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With the Boundaries carefully coloured.
From intirely New Drawings^ nud engraved by SiDNhv IIai.i..
1.
2.
;3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18,
19
20.
21.
22.
•2:i.
24.
25.
LIST OF
EASTF.nN IIkMISI'IM.IIK. I
W 1 STKiiN J^nro.
The Wohi.u.
I'knopi;.
RniMSH 1.SI.KS.
Enci-and am> Walis.
Scotland.
IllFLAND.
Fran(e.
Russia.
Prussia.
austiiia.
SWKDF.K AND NoiiWAY.
Nf.tiiehlands.
Denmahk.
NOHTHEBN Gr.nMANY ; COM-
I'KisiNG Hanoveji, Bruns-
wick, Mecklenburg, &c.
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Southern Germany ; com-
prising Bavaria, Wiriem-
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North Italy.
South Italy.
Spain and PonTu<iAL.
Portugal.
Switzerland.
Turkey in Europe.
Greece.
MAPS.
2t). Asia.
27. IIlMJOOSJAN.
28. Persia.
29. China.
30. Palkstim:.
31. Turkey in Asia.
32. BiRMAll, WITH PAKlt OF
Anam and Siam.
33. East India 1^>lands.
34. Pacific Ocean.
35. New Sociii Wales.
36. Van Dieuan's Land.
37. Africa.
38. E(;vi'T.
39. Nubia and Auvssinia.
40. Souihern Africa.
41. Western Africa.
4 2. Northern Africa.
43. North America.
44. United States.
45. British Aimerica.
46. Mexico and Guaiimala.
47. West Indies.
48. Canada, New Brunswick,
AND Nova Scoiia.
49. South America.
50. Colombia.
51- Bra/ils and Paraguay.
52. Peru.
53. Ciiii.i, La Plata, and Bo-
livia, OR Upper Peru.
! Tn royal 8vo. 21.^ in cloth,
An INDEX of the NAMES in the above, with References to the
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London; Longman, Reus, Oime, Brown, (rreen, and Longman.
18 «
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DICTIONARY,
P«ACT,CA,, THEOHETICAL, AND HrsTORICAL,
OF
COMMERCE
AND
COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION;
ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS
AND PLANS.
BY J. R. M^CULLOCH, ESQ.
sEconro edition,
CORRECTED TimonOHOUT, AND r.
REATLY ENLARfjRD,
ulee, ,le, b.sogni, ,.ei sentimenti, e ti6ucZ"f^ °' ** '■"*=""«"° '»
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Mi:ii(ir I. <• I ...v
t < > .Ic.l til lluT olyi.tH. Tlu want ft n vnit iiii.l iu I urati* littailN a"< (<> i»«\tr.il
mij.ortaiit HultjirtH, ha«t luiti an tilisttw !«• »«• havr n<>t, in all » umi, U'tn iildt- t«i
<•>( ft I'lni' ; t<ut tliosr III Hiu (UuTt-i* laiiiiliar Mitii Mt< ii iiim Kiicatioiis ss\\\ not,
,S |htIii|is, Ik- (ii>j»>«.(i| scvcrt'U 111 ( « iitiirt' unr ilffi< nni u-> m tlll^ if»j'«if.
Ihc I liaiii,', •. Ill tin l.i\% iH-ariiic iijioii i <iiimitr» i il tr.u^^al tion-. Ii.ut- W-w i .ir«'-
tiili\ "iiMi ilit il. < itiiii.iii .i!>>!r.u!-' i>t all flu- late < ^l^t^J!ll"l Ait-, .irr i iiiit..lii«-«l in
f h»* artiv 1<> loioMh^ *M> ( .>i«i>\ 1h\I'I, Imi-uktvtikn \m> 1.\ ruK 1 »ti«».n,
N * \ |i. \ 1 l> iN I. \ \V », Kl '. l". I 1< » , '•<) I ••'.! 1 M.. \W n t lli'l s', >.,, i\ ,-.
Il riit- alH>ii(ion i>t till I . t^' ill ill < ' MUj< iii\ 'i ( t >riiitii'rt lat iii'>iii>|iiil\ . ainl tiic
uirt-at iiii'l L'''i'N%mc inti rr-'t tii.it li !■< m i«>..Hr ,iniu «• l». tii t\> itr»| al^lll:^^t a!
i liifttt ao to till- I irtiiiiK ft lal k it|ial<il.ti(i au.i |>rtititrs ut Iii>ii.i, ( 'una, uiui otiu-r
I'.iiti-rn rtiiiiitri.», Imv-- nia.i<- ti^ !>« %f.i\i jk • u' ..r attriitutn tii tir.s ilc|.artiiuiit .
I'lir arliil("< IUm.k.'K*, i<»i\\i\, K.'MIm^, I'.i-miki*. hiixijui*. < k\ -
^ < I r 1 » , t \ S 1 . I N , t . . I I \l in I , I \ ^ r 1 N IM \ i . . VI ; ■ V S \ \ N I • I \ - 1 1 M M i ^ , I M > 1 . ' I ,
NIs'M'", Nt«l>l(»^, N!*NI1I\. M.'.ll*. Nll^l^t*, \\S..»-Vi;»l*, 1C»\ \*,
>iN(.»t(>ni, l\ii»*, !t*,\. intit.itn, It I-. !• ii'-\til, a 1,'rt iilcr II1.V-. •> ui i('ii'nf
auil Wfil-auf luiitii a'i«l di-ta.U an to fiu' i oiniinr. i- ol tlu' > ast ( i»iintrt> s >tr« ti-iiuii;
li'iiii the Vralui (iiiil to tin- ( liitii"*'' Sva, itiaii is to li • lonni in »ui\ otiicr
s I'.iiu'Iiili piil'ln itioii, 111 . ompiliiiv' flu "«• an. I otfi. r .irtiilf., »«• ti»iu.a iisuili
valu.iliic a«.MstaMi I' iroiii Jolm < ias> tiir.l, r..<i|.
I'ln artiiU' H\NKiNi. i> nio-tU lit « |il••^llll•^ t-nitiofiv 111;^ thi- latf a»t jUoUhi;^-
111:^ tiir ihartrr i>; tin Hank of" l.iii;! in>l, .mi flif iii<»rr luijM.rtanf •itta.li uHfii m
tin- Uf|><»rt ot tin- Silti t ( oiniiiitfi'c on tin- l»itu>»al ol tiic liank \ ii.uttr, tlii«
artu Ir > ontaiiis sonit iio\<l ani niijiortiuit iniornk^itioii n.it « Ui w invf to Ik- nut
•.»il!i N.I a. louiit ol till- issiirs ol t!ir Hank ot l.iulaii.l li.i* Ii.llurto I'tiii ['lit -
■ I li<> iitii 'ri iii«rWr.( it\\\\ Jiii Stt.r.tk wr-ti i nt m, tl •• T. r<ii4Pf iit'l >ii
1 *M/4 > a
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liii: .si:( oM) i:i)i I ION
Itn fir^f iiiijiri>inii» .it tlii^ l)t< tioinrv , I .>ll^!-.flll^' ut ^,im»»i , ,,jiu-«, « i< i-iitinlv
""l I <ijj III It s' tii.m iiiiH- muntliN truii the il.itr i»l its [nililit .uikii. \N • tyi 1 vi rv
ili'«-|il\ inil( (ifci i<> tin- I'ul'li. I'>r tlu^ uin >jiiivi» ai |)r<Mit <»t ifs .ijipnilia!! n ; .iii.l \m'
li.«\ (• niilf.niMiri'il to t \ m, f our i^ratitiiilr, l>v laUtiirin^ to rtiiilrr tin- work l.s-. iiu-
«liMT\ III'; .1 I .iiitinii.ini r «>t tin l.j\ our w ith «liuli it h.is \hvu lioii •iir«-<l. In tlic
|iros« I iiii.iM of' ihii otijcit, »«■ > .111 truU .itliriii we li.ivr .;ruil.;ttl luitlu r l.il>oiir
iior < AjMiisr. \\ r tiavi' siil'jcitril i-si'r\ part ><\ tin- woik to a i an tut rcviMon;
have ri>.|r.i\oiirc I fo ira.li. ate the errors tliat iia.l i r. [it lutet it ; fo iinproM' tiio-t-
jiarfi that v*rr« in. oiin»l<tf or «iif«'t tisf ; .iiul to supplv sin l» aitnlis as ha. I lu.ii
oiuittr.l. \\ r .l.irr not (l.iltt r t»iirs« Urs w itli tin- i.lta that wi- liu.r linl) sui-
< < i-.lt.l in llust olijttts. Tlu' want «>t rmnt iin.l atturufi- Urfails us ti» ««*ir.il
int| iirtant snSjntH, li.»s ln« n nn ohitm Iv v»r hwvr ntit, in ittl . usr^, ln'< n aldr to
i'S<Ti onu- , l>ut those 111 tin> ii»i,'i''«" Ijiniiluir with su. ii nuestii,'atioii«. will not,
l^l rhai's, Ik- l|ls[^»se^i se\ir«lv to . t iisure oiir tlefu lent les III tiiiH reH|tei.r.
IIh' ihanv;ii in titr lav* iK-iinni; n|<on lOinniiTt i il transat tunis have tn-iii t arr-
lulU s|ie. nieii. ( opiou, a!>>trii(s oi all tin- late < ustoins .\. ts .ire . ont,ine«i in
the aril. K •. < oi o\u ^ \m» I ..i i.\ \ I m » ni . Imioh i irios \ m. I xcdk i 1 1 i< n,
N \ \ l.. V 1 Ion i. » iV s, Id i.Is I 11 > , "'•I I "...M M., \S \ K Ml ol s I S i. , i\ e.
the alH'liti.iii ot tiie l.tst III ill < .'iiijiiin's t > tinuiiri lal iih iiiojoU , aii.t tiie
creat ami u'rowm.; int« rest tjiat has ni eo..<.<-ij«ieni o bet n e\. U..I ai;ioii,".t al
.lasses us lo the rotnnuf.ial i aiiahil.tu s unl prntwe.* ot In.lia, < hina, ami other
I'.astern eonnfries, have ina.le lis hestosv |,e. nhar attenCi.tn t.> th;s ilij>artiiien! .
VUv art!, li s H >\..K.'K *, H » r \v I » , M.mn v \ , IW sni u i •. Ui ^-..u; mi ♦, < u -
l|t!V,(\Nli'N (.•IIVIII.', |\sr|NI'l»(.>»l!'\N\ VNI.j^^l iNMi^-, Ishl.'.,
^! f »o*, N( »|iM »^, M \ Ml 1 X , NI" II \, Ml *. V 1
^ S . . V ^ \ I l\ I
U \ Nu.ii'N »,
>»M.UoKt, Ivii*", 1^»,A. loiitaiii, If Is li lieveil, ,i i.'ri.atr Iliads ot fi'unt
un«l weil-iinthentii siN <l defaiis as to the nuniin T» f of f In- v .ist < ouittrti s stret.-hini"
Iroin thf Vrahse (mlt to the < hiiies • Sea, th.ni is to h • l.-uiil i;i lur. otlier
Ivniftinh puhlu atioii. In iinn[>i!in;; these an I oth, r artules, we lieiiv.u iiunh
vahiahle assistaine Iroiii John (Vawliir.l, l.si[.
The iirtnU- H\NKlNt. IS iiiostU lu vv . Jli-suies enil>o<!\ !ii^ th<- la'«' lut prolon:;.
ni- the . hartrr u! the l^mk ol' l.n;;!an.l. an. I the niorr iniiMrtant ileta:!s .nen in
the Keport o! the >e!e. t ( oiiimitti*.- on the lUnewal ol tin- Haiik < harter, fhi»
artule t .nitaiiis some novel an. I nii|'ortunt inioruKition n.tt tkse'.vhere to In- aft
with. N.' .t.iotint .>! til. isMu s oi th( Bank o! I'.n-lan.l Ikm Ii.tl.ert.. !'ien pnl -
• }}>r «<t..>4 tlllttkC'l w It. »n .«■(■ rok xrl. I n> 11 O'*" f'ttlWt ot't "li
irj'j/*;}-*
iv I'ln I \( I .
ii*l>f.l, tliiit «\lriul<. fiirlluT l«.i. k tliiin 1777. Hut lliin Wdii iri»< \ i* ti«>». I.>r
flu- hfxt tiinr, sii|i|.li( .1 ; tin I )iri'. t.<r- li.i\'ni: .>Ii1icihl'I> liiriii-|i( .1 as \suU an
nniMint ol' the iv*iH'' «'l tin H.iiik on tin- ."'fli <<\ I « l<ni.ir\ uml tin- A\>X <>t
AiiiTU-t 111" tiw h \«ar. Ii.nii I'""". \»illun lniir wat^ >*( Us < .'.ililiHlnnriif . ilowii f.>
till |>r( sent tiiiK \S , li.ivi .1 -.• |'r.>.iirr«l a st.itrmnit. Ir'iii iiulhnritx . ••! lln*
tni»il«- I't tran .utiii^' lMi»in««.H id tlx' lUiik ft' >>ot!aml; .iml liaM- Ihtd iilOr tn
i»ii|i|iU s»\«Tal a.l.litioiial |arti. ulars, lx>th «itli Ti -[Kit to hrili-li ami to lorrii;u
lunks.
\\ r lia\( rnntlr iiian\ a<iili; loii-. t<>. anil altrraticuio in, flir nuini rou> urtn It »
ilrstnptivr ot tli< >,(rion>. » oniiiioilitii s that fi>rni tl\c niatrnaU .i| loininrrti', anil
thf hixtorital iioti,!-. In «luth miihi ot tlniii arr a. < oiii|>.nM( il. Wi Iio|m tlii\
Hill U' touiiil iiion ai 1 iirati anil <oni|>lil« than lorin'ri\.
Tin <»a/i tfjcr tl« partiinnt. or that « inl>ra. tnc at » ount» ot the |iiini i|>ul (on ii:ti
fniixtrunnx wilh Mhuh this lonntrN inanitanix a ilin ■ f mfrri out »<•, s»,is.
jHThai'H, tin- iiio»t liitiiliM- HI ihi ol.l iilitson. It if he no loiii;! r in fin- pn-
tijrajnrnf. thi ini|iro»« tin nt ha* 1h-« n |>tinri|iali} owim: to offn lal > o-o( oration.
Tlir >ort ol in!orination »«• ilrMrnl »•> to tin- ;:rrat Ma-ixTt fimns < oiilil
not t>« lit nvi^l (roin UNik", nor Iroin an\ -oiiri < •< a< 1 1 -oiiMf to thi |iiil>lif ;
mill If \* a> Hti f-'-arN , tlnrt'ori-, fo -t f .i.'miit t \|.lorin^* othiTi. In llii» \ u w
*»f iln s* i:i> a ••» rii - of i^iit rn*. iinhrai in;: an nnf<ticatit>n til ini|>ort« aiiil
cxtHtrt*. KHiinariial anil shi|>|'ini; nvnlation*. |'orf • hari;**, tlntn>, A i , ilia!
iincht \h tran-niif ft .1 to ain |Mirt ui an\ part ol tin- worhl Tin ft- v%oiiiil,
ho\»i\fr, III II tin iii-faJii « -», lia\i Ufh ninth ililTni'lfv in t'tttni;; tin in an»wir«il
Mitli tin rrtitn-iti- tart- aiiii attinlioii l>> pruafi iniii\ iiluaU ; ami tin- <•! In iin-
wiiultl liaM lial |i..t a Mrs [ artial mu i i >», hail if not Im t ii lor tin I'm IhIU iunl
rfffCtual uilt rti rt 111 t ot ^l• I*' !i'! Ihointon. Aim to tin- iinj.ortanu- of
hn\int; tin- ijm rn- jiroj.(r,\ ai.-iMt rt-«l, In- volitntar-.U iiiuU rf,iM>k to nv Iim
infiiii'in I \»ith Kortl I'alnn r«ton t" j,'t t tlnm tfanMinttiil :o tin- ( imimiN Tin*
lln- Nt>|tlc I,ortl ino-t rraliiv tinl ; aji.j aniwt fs lia\i Iki ri rtttmtl iVtnn tin-
gTfnf»T niinilHT ol ihtnc- Imu tionnru*. I h«ri' i*. oi i onrM-, a t oiimiIi r tMi-
in<*«{Ualit\ unMiiijjit tin 111 ; tuit fin \ aliio^t ail irnlMMlj n j;r»-at lUal o| ^.ilualiif
ittltirina'ion, ainl oonir of thriii an ilraMii iiji with a ti<-|;ri ■- ot ikiil ami H;ijii<it\,
HJni ih»| ,a\ an i \trtit ■>! n -< art h an.l a lapavilx ot o!i*« r* ation, that r« M« i t
tin- hi;:ln-»t t niiit on llnir author--.* ""
Tin- in!i>riiK<tioti tlni-< ot'tainiil, luMc-il to what mi- rittistil thriMi;:h ofjn r, l>n'.
Uttt li-Mt aufln lit ii I hainn I-,' Mipilinl li' with tin nnani ot ilt ^. rihinc t v* n <■ tln-
nninlM r ol l-ini^'n »ia ptirft mttuttl m onr l.>rin«r t-.litton , uiul o| t nl.ir-.'int'.
aiiK-mlin;;, aiul lorriitni): tin- aitotititt nt mu h a« Mtrc mttiit-ii lU ^lllt - nan h
full* r tUfiiiN than liavt- «\tr Ikiii |irt\ioa!»U imMiihttl ot tin- iiaturi- anil i-*trnl
ol tin- tnult ot iiianv of tht ■>«• | ..i. t », tin r«-»i.lt r « t,l, ni nii»»f iiiHirtn, r«, ftHil a nil-
ruitc ni t onn! ot tin rt-vulations tn Ix o|im r\i -1 rt-'«|x« tn jj tin* t n'rv .nul i 1« arin^' ol
• hip* anti t'lHttU, \»ith %tat«-in«-nl' ot tht- tliffi n nt pitiiln i harj^t s lani on ^hipjun.'. f h«
rati-« ot t ttiDiiii^-ion anil I'rokrrat't-, tin ilntn-« on tin- prim ijmI i,''>o.iii ini|M»rti-tl iin<t
f\it
irtitl, tin prii t • «
mt
to t n lit, Itaiikin
if ]ri«\ iMoii«, tin- rt f.Mil.if lon-i tit to ijn.trantint- , tin pra>tii(
N^ I- h.i\r Jill. I
»iMi .i\.\rnf> t»l i.tliff partii iil.iri
cli-»(nlKi| tin- puffs; ami li.ivt >pti ifj. it tht ir litpth ot wafir, fin lonr-r to !•.
ftiiTt-tl l>\ mmhIi Mil tiittriii^', witii till mh 1 nt to pili.'.»;^« , .»ii,i ihi- t«t-^ on
nt t •Hint of pilot*, iijht-hoiiiM •«, \, . Ai it ih \« r\ ilitin nit to » on»« \ a »uf!n n nth
diitimt itlt a of a M-.i-j.ort lt\ an\ ilt -i nptio- , »»,- li.m- t*i*rn plaiii, lak< n Iroi:
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B</r<lr«wt,( '.ttti »i.i*, \-i.i*.. f U)i.. I
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flir l;«fr«il itml Ik'sI ..iithoritu ■«, "it .ilnnif ii ilnxiii ul' thr |>rii)i-i|ial fornw'H ixirt^.
WIkiIut vm' li.iM' siiiirnlril, ii more tli.iii \\i- < ;iii scutnrr fu say; liiif we h(>p»»
ysv hiwr ^.iitl riioii 'h tt> xafi-ttv tin- rr.nlrr. tliit wf li:uc -li.ircd no |>iiiii> t<»
liiriiiolt liiiii Mitli aiitlit iitii iiitoriiiatiiin mi tliin iiii|Mtrt.iiit ili'|i.irtiiinit.
riuT»KiiK, i>r I'alilr nt Piifus mi Im|i<>rf-, \( ., in flu-, rditioii, is hittlilv
tiii|><irtaiit ainl \<iliial)lr. It ih ili>i>it-<l into llinr tnliiiiins: tlir rir<it CMnraiiuiii; an
nxmiiit ot the riiHiitii,' iliitim jxu.'ililr nil tlic iiii|i<irt.tii<iii ni turi i;:ti |ir<>«iii«-t<i tor
limiir iisr, a"* tin- h.iiiu \m r« (i\i .1 l.s fin \( t i>t |,i«.t vr.ir. A \ ^ U lil. 1 \ . i ap. .Vi.
riic iir\t (kIiiiiiii cxIiiliitH the diitits pavaMc mi tin- ■«atiu- iirtii Iri in l^l!>, as
fix* <l b% tin- Ai t .'»'» <fi i>. III. I a|i. .1.'. : anil llir tliird ainl lii-t i •iliiiini cxIiilutN tlu*
iliitn s a-, till > MIT*' I'lM-d III ITs'i |i> Mr Put's < >>iiM>liilati"'ii Ai t, tin "^i ( im. I II.
laji. I.'*. I In- tlutiri arr r.itt.l f hruiii;lii>iit iii liii|><Tiai wriu'lifs and imaMirt""* ;
mid a[l<iwan«»H lia»r Uni inadr |i>r dillrriinn ni tlir ii).>d<- "•[ . li.ircnii.', ^0. \\\r.
nadi r li.it, tlnrrt«»r«', Utun- Inni, and rii.iy t oniparr tM;,'rtlH r, tin pn •.mt t UHt<)iii<t'
dulits Mitli tlirtlutirs .In tiny >t(n>d .it tin- nid nl tlu" l.itr v*ar, an I at if> i mii-
iin in ciiii'iit. Nil stiiiil.ir laMr it t<< l>i- iiirf with in an\ Ktlnr work. \V »• are
ind<t«tr<l lor It to .1. h Ullllir, i .m| , of fhi llo.ird o! Ir.i If, at vvhoM MiL,'i;f"ttion,
,iiid imdi r \»lii'M- dirntion, it h.i-> It* n prep. in d. It-, i oiiijuLition \va-< ,i sNork of
Crrat lalNMir nid dilTn iilty ; and toitld iiof li.i\t h' ni at < oiiiphnlii'd |)\ .iiu one
not thoroii^hU ati|natiitid wifli tin- i vi'fonis aif-«, .md ilu \.irioiin » h.u>i;fi in the
uiodi ot a-«si-N>iii/ fit" dii'ii ^ !?•■ .!« > iir.i \ uM\ hi- ri-In d 'in.
Mil .irtnli -"I »\in \Mi *>! wi I u Mil i mit.iiiis .i tull ahstrait ot the late
iiii|Mirt.iiif «f.i;ii»>- lor fill- .ilHditioii of >l.ivrr\.
Nnion^' tin- ii«\* .irtn li-s o| a iium < ll,»nrou> ih m r'ption, m.u Im- sp«-i died tho-»e
on \l II Nt, |oM *N l»l VM", I'oll I » riON, r U I > Ik \|l» , im . k **\ 'ff M, >w< .
Oil fill- «hoh. «r trii^t It >»iii t'« tiiiiii.l. tii.it tin- -.vork has Ix i ii niiprovetl
throiii;hoiif, i it In r \>\ tin i orrc. tioii ot llll^t,lk«•s, ..r In the .idditimi ot new and iise-
tiii 111 Iff IT >ti.l, ho -At SI r, .M .iri v*i U ,n ,iri f hi' it u in v.irion- ri-«pi i ts drtt-i. tui- ;
hilt we .ire not without hopes that tlmst wli.i l.mk into it wid he iiidiiL'riit enmi^h
to Inhex- th.it this has U-« ii^ owiiii; .is mm h to the t-\trenie difVniiltv, or r.ither,
perhaps, the uii|>ossi|)iht \ , ot ohlaiiriii.,' ai i iir.ite nitorniatimi r» sp«-i tin,' some ot
the su!i|«(ts treated ot, .is to the want ot » are 4ind atti iition on mir part. I. veil
.IS n-cards m.mv import. mf lopu s < oniin ted ssith the > ommeri e and inanutiu--
furis ..| <triat lUi'.iin, wr h.ut li.id to ri vTit the w.int ot .'.ntlieiitu details,
and hetii olih-id to ^rope our s».i\ in the d. irk. Nothing, indeid, i an evietd
the a. iiiiaiN and iniiiin'Mis arr.ini;« iin nt ot tht- » ii>toms .ui omits tiirinslud
l'\ the liispit tor <«eniral of Imports .mil l.xjiorts. iUit,owiii;^' to the want ol
am ihtails .IS to the . ro>s., h.iniu 1 trudi h<tv»ein liri.it MriMiii and Irt-land, the
\.iltii' o| thisr .iiioun'.<< Is mm Ii dii.iinisin d. I In lon.tilion .md h.iluts of the
piiipit ><t Iri l.ind . III. i lit 4)11'. It Untiiiii are si>\ir^ >iif!(rent, th.i'. i mu liisioii!i
dediiri <i Iroiii i oiisidt i in^ tht- tr.tde or i oiisiniiptioii ot the I ntted Kiii;,'dotii r-'i
••:«i»i» , are t'eniTidl , ot *(r\ little \ aim- ; .md ina\, ind«ed, iinUss t.irelullv silted,
he thi- most t;ill.ii ions iiiia;;inah!e ; while, owiiil; to the want ot .in\ .uimiiit
1 I the tr.lde iMfwiill the- two irreat dlMMons ol the eliipin , it is not posMhlf ai -
I nniteU to i stmiati- tin- > misiimptniii nl tiilnr, or ti» ohtain an\ sun- means ot
Jiidt;iin» ot tin ir rispr.fivc prt>i;r«-sn in VM.ilth .md mdnstr\. .\s n spfi ts iiiaiui-
ta. tiirt s, tlnri- is a still ;;reater det'n u n. \ ol tnistworths , i ompn lu iisive iletails.
We iiiluiiitled the artu li s relatiiii: to theui in this work, to the Inchest praaiial
.inthoritleM ; so that wi iiiv line to flunk liiev .ui .ihoiit .is a»iiir.ite as tlies laii
Mill \h- rt ndi red in the iihsfim- ol othii.il reliinis. It is lar, liowi\ir, troin
1 reditahle to the loimtrv, th.it we should he oMi;;eil. iii matters ot mu li import-
?l
i'Ui:i Aci-
anr«', to n'»ort to priviitr niii) im»(HMi*il»lr ittili\iiiuiiU for tlir mm-hu* of riMniiii*
nt thr tnilh. Stati«>tit;il h( inicr in Itrr.U hritHiii i». ii)<lr«il, i»t a \rry Ihm rhlt :
HM.I wi iirr not ol tin- mmtln r ol tlioM- \t)to •im|>|>ooi' that it Mill r>rr W iiiati*-
rinlK iinpnivrti, iinlr*« coxcrniiHiil iMtiiinr more «riiiililr, tliao it liu* hitherto
«hoMii iIm If to Ix', ol it« iin|-.trtaiu r, aiul «rt iniuhiiirrv in imiiioii, ailri|iiMlr to
prot iin* t«>rrr»l ami joinprclM n^nr rittirn-
Till' »fnfi««tiial Tablr> pii''li«.hr(l l>\ tin- Hoaril «»f 1 ra.lr riiihnu 4- thi oiiliotiiit r
»( liiiiiiiri'iU ol Hiroiint«, statttrtil o\tr a \a>t iiia'><> ot l'.iniainnilar\ p.i|>< r«.
This M-rin to tx- lOl|lp|||^| Mith crrat i arr ami jiKiciiiriil, ami art- n ^(-r\ \aliial)lr
HiMpiioitioti \\ )' li.nr trttpiciitU Ix rn lart;('U tiiilrhtc*! to tluiii. Miit their
Hrriiiv.M'incnl, nn>i their t'oii»tatitl> in« rrit->ii)i> miniltrr aiul hulk, iiinVr tli« iii i|uitc
unfit lor Uin^' rriiiliU t>r ail\anfaL*cou"l\ ««»n»ulte'l li\ pratlu.il men. \\>*'^^ part
«»f the return* relatiiiL* to the | run ipal arfi« U ■• i:neii in this wdriv. i;o Un k to a
niiirh more ili«tant |>«'noi| than thoH« piil>likhe«l \>\ the lUtari ol I radr.
\\ I h.ive M'<n no ri.ivin to iii<H|it\ or alter aii\ I'MINi iii» <'| < nti vi iu i o
I'l'i I" > a.|vaiu«««i in our lorjner f<litioii. In *<'tne luktain e«, we li.oe \arir«l the
e\po»itiou a little, hut that i<» ail. In iter\ i aM. lio\»e\rr, vte ha^e M'|mrale<l the
pr.u tiral. Ir;r.»l. »nil hiNtoru al »tateiiniit* Irom tho%e ol a «|m-i ntatne nature ; %*i
that those luoxt tli^iHiHeii to ih-iunt troin our theorttual imtioii!* will, «»«• hop*-,
l»r rea.l* tt» a«linit that tin \ ln\< i,.>! |m « n .iltiw..! ti>iiitra«t Ironi the |ra(tiial
ilt!lil\ ol the work.
The iiiapv \:\\fi\ with the foniief e.|iti.>n h.«\«' In-eii |«ttrt:all\ re-«-ni;ra\e«l, nn.l
ot!uTw.»e improvcii. l.\iluM\e ol the plan* alrea<j\ relerresl to, the preieiil
•^lition ( ontaln^ two new inap'« . "<ne, ol tile i oiiipL ;ei| ainl pro|Hi<«et| > iiiaN an i
r.iil-romls nl dn.it hntam ani Inlainl; eNlnhitnik*, al»o, the i oal fiel.N, the
po-itMii ol the <iiffer( nt !i;.'lit-lioiise*, Ae. : tlu' othi r map evhihilH the mouths of
thirnir*. Nli r^es an<l I >■ i-, ami the « tMi!iir\ from l.ixrpo'i! tt> Mam In •.t<r, with
ihe \anous linis ol » omnninn ation |v< t w i c u ihe*e two treat ami lIoiiri«hiii|; « ui-
jH»nutn'«. I'.iTt \\.\> Iwen hiken to reii<l«r iheni a« rurate.
The itMjMirta'it *<rute ifom- to u-. or ratlur to the puhlie, \'\ NI' I'.Milttt
Ttioin'»t»n, Ml fhi- ol.t.uimu* <'l tin < ■msulir Ketnrn-. i< a |>art oiil, of what we
nwi !,i that sent!< in 111 W > ncxrr iipphe^i to hiiii li>r nn\ »i>rt o| inioriitntioii
uliuh It WHO III hlo [Htwir to siippU, that he <lnl m*t lorthwiili pLiee at our Irre
ilispos'i. That »v»teui ol 1 "iiiinert lal |m>I,i\, o| whieh tlu" |{i;.'ht lloiiuiimhle
pjiitr-tiiaii 1^ the eii!i;.'htenr.| aiil eliHpiint lieitmlir, has iiothiii;; tt< liar Irom
piihliittv. < >n t'.t ■■•ntr.irx, the Nrlitr inf«inn«*«| the puhin lH-t<ifiie, the more
fi;ll\ th< real tait* an.l « ifi ui»i»tam e« nlatin;.* to it .ire l<rou;:ht iK'fore iheni, th«-
more will the\ t>e vitiofie.l o! tin •Mlun(llleo^ of the iiieaoiirro a.l\o«ate«l |i>
Mr. ThoniHon, ami of tluir t«*;ii^ im;nenti\ well htte<l to pruiiiote ami eon»«iiulale
ihf 4 inninen iai trrealie •«•» ami pro»|»«rit\ of ihr i-inpiri-.
It is proper, hUo. to Mate. that. iHsnies thf lloar>l of I'ra.le, all the other
(!epurfim-nt» i<( (.•<'\»Tniin nt !o whuh we lia<l o. . usiou to apph. .Iisiovereil e\er\
aii\i«T\ to l>e ol US'- to ii-<. \\ ( ha\e heeii purtn ularK tmiel>te<l to Mr >pririi;
Mm. •* r Hrnr\ I'arm.l ; Mr \S.«.i. tl
lairn n o
f tin li^.ar.l of >
a\<
tanip^ ami
Mr. \ ill «-rs, .\mt.as a.l-.r at .Ma.lri-l ; an.l Mr. Maver. of the! olonial
nffi
1 <•.
We are ii!i<ler peeuhar o!il);»ations to the n am mefiaiitile ami |>rnute jteiitle-
ns'-n 111 this ami othrr < oimtrns, who hix lavourt-l us with > oiiiniuntentionK.
We har.llv v\cr a;iplie(i to afi\ om-, howe\er mm h en-.»M;:eil iii t>ukiiu-%i>, for hii\
iiirormatioii eoimn;; williui hm .1 piirtim-nt. whuh he tli.l not rea-hU furnish. We
lia\c not nu-t with am lll\st^^^, < oiiceainu tit, or alle<tatiiMi of i on. eahmnt.
nii:i At'K.
vu
I-.vtTv in.livi.l.irtl Mt<mr.l .liijN.if.l f.. ttll u-. ull tluU lu knc\s ; und f,LVcrul K«»-
tl.iiirn haxr f.ikn. » .l.urrt ul tr.Mil.U- «hli r.H|KHl t.. vuru.us urtltle* m thi»
%*ork. tor vihi. Ii oiir fliaiik- hh.I k'nititu.lr iii.»k< l.iit u (hmt mum.
Tl.r rx|MMMr ol r. |.ni)tii.i; •« *"rl^ "» ''"'' •""■{, i.M.laniii.tf ii >;rrat»T iiutM of
n^Miir^ Hn>l ot Mimll tM"" '*'"" »"^ '"*'" *"'"""' '" '*"" '•"^'''•'•' '•"'kt""*^'' '" T''t^"
i-nonnoii. This ..liti-.i, i,. tlur.l..r. . ntrrrof n^-.I ; .m.| ^mU not \h- n . a.t U>r n
tV« >.-arv Hnt «r nitni-l to puhU-li. hIuimvit tl..> mviu to U- numrnl,
S,i|.|.l.MmM,t^.onta.i.n.u' •«?«««•"""<*-'•'»"> alt. nitM.n. m thr .L.tun on . .m.m.Klm. h,
nn.l in thr Ian, xn.l niTMlation- a* ro . onunrr. wl aftair. in l.rnil lintain and
r..rni:n M.untru... v».t(. sn. f. a.l.lrti.Mml uUorniation on ..th. r (..[.i, % a,, nni> so ni
to iH.HM-^H crm-ral int.r.M. An.l «.• .lo n.o.f anM..u^l> \u>\>v that o,.r nirnantilc
«n.l ollirr Inrn.N ..t honu- an.l ahroa.l v. .11 rnal.lr us to n.akr iIkm- >u|.|.l.n.n>t-i
i„ u-Hul «H (M.^n.hlr. In |.on.lin.' out wl.ato.r ^rror^ or onnvion- lhr> may
,.. r, nw nt thr prrM-nt nliti.Mi. and t.> hu|.| Ivn.c .i- «'«»» »n -^h ilftmU. Miuh ..I
..l,.,t .. M.oHt u.lu»l.|r n. tin, v.,.rk l.a^ h.-.n .i.rnr.l Iro.n tlu' ( iruiU^ ..HUtd
l.s nHf.ant.lr hon^r.. I.rok.r^. \. . ; and thr tranM.UHH.on to us. throui;h
M.H^rv lAM.uMnan and To . o| .u. h dorunimt,. m .^i/ ■//';' C"'"'-^' /-n-uri rir
,,m rrrrirf. An\ ^tipulntioi.H a- to thr us. to !>,• mad. o| th.MU will Iw carrtully
at»rnd.-dfo; and >»<• In t' no .mr will considiT his (in ul.ir an not Ixuip ol" tulTu u-nt
intrrr>t to l>r aKrjitablc lo u-*.
k 4
i
tr
lu
<>i
i,'»
:ii
._
iMii:i A( i:
f
ri>
iiii: riKsr i.diiion
It li.w lH»n tin mihIi oI tin Aiitli<«r .in. I I'lil-Unlu m t.| lln- NV.-rk, fli.it if sIkmiKI
|.« ,1, » tlni>ii>.l> iiM hil iU |Hi-.si|ilf. Il flu) Ik- lint <!»•« » ui .1 m tin ir « k|>i« latii.ii!..
It iiiiU Nf i».U;»ittiik;«'*'Ui»l) riii|>l">\i<i, .t- .» sort ..t imlf mninn, \<\ nun liaiitn,
fr.wli rs, shn>-<'witi r-, .m.l •.lin».iiia.<»tir»t, ii» »i>ii'lu« fni;; ili« .It taiUot' tlitir rf.|.ti tivc
liuMiHHMv It In li.«|>«.l, liMV»t\ir, that till.-. ..hji. I lia^ !>ri ii atfaiii.tl \*ltli..ul
.. mutiny' tin- ..-iiMiUrafiiMi .>t aii> topu, iii. i-Uiit to tlir •.ul-jn t. that ««« iiii<l i aU
iiilatnl ti> inak« th« l»t.ik i;riurall> -ttrui «al»l«', uiul to rn oiiiiiu lul it f" tlir
alti ntioii ot all i !«.■«•««•«.
Ila.l our ol'jii t brill iiurilv to , 4>n>i,lrr roiiiiiu r. i a-* a ■>« h in i-, or to iiui ill-
i,'ut«' 't-« prim ijili". ^M nIioiiI.I ii..t lia\r a.lo|it»«l tlir toriii ol a I )u tioiiar\ . lUit
loiiiMu-rn- Miiot a -lU iiir oiils, l>iit i»No .in 'tit ot tin- iitiiio-.t |>ra» tu al iiii|'ortaiiir,
aii.liii flu proM. iitioii ol v*lii. Il a wry Iatjv prop..rfion ot flu- population of «\( ry
,niliM-«l »oinitr\ \-y aiti\rl\ iiik'aicr.l. Ilnut. to l.r iT'iurallv iixliil, a w^rk on
loimiurii- ^lioiiM lomt'inr piaifi... th-orv, an.l lu>tor\. Ditlirmt r. a.lrfs ma)
rr»ort !<• it tor .iitli n iit puriw*-.* n ; .in. I r\t r\ one sliouM It ahir to fiii,l m it i li ar
aii.i ail uratf intorti;atH'ii, v*liitlur hi>» ol>j« 1 1 ht to mak. huiss* IT familiar with
ili-tuil-., to atijuirf u know li.lu'« ot' prim i|>l«H, ur to iiarii ll;< rt \olutioiii thai
haM- tak« n plan- m thr >ario",> Upartimiit^ ot tra.lf.
Thr lollowmn nhort outhiir ot \*hat flu-. W Tk > ontaiii-- ma\ i iiaMt ih.- rt a.lir
to » .tiinatf ill. prohalMiit) ol lf^ tulhUini; tin- ol.ji.t- hr wUuh it ha^l>»^ll
iiiti iiiii-il : —
I. It loiitaiiii lUiouiit* olthf \ariout artic Us wliu h lorm thr Mihjut luatti r ol
loinimrnal lraii-<a> tioiiH. To tluir I .iii;li'>h naimi arr, tor thr most part, miI'-
joiiutl tlitir iv noimiiout appellations in Irnuh, tuniaii, Italiiin, |{u--,ian.
>i>*uiish. >■« . ; an.l •.oim liim s, uUo, m Xral'U , Hiihioo, ( Iiiikm', .iiul oftu r I'asttrii
IrtnjjuaiCfi. NV . ha\r iiuliuvournl, li\ i oiiMiltiHi; llu- l>t -.t authoritifs, to iiiakt
thr iU«i riptioiu ol I oiummlitui a.s aiiuratra.s jMcsitilr; ami h.ivr poinfctl out tlu-
It stt or marks I'v Mlmh tluir i;oo»liuss ma\ hv asurtaimil. I h«- plaits wluri-
ihry itrr produmi an- aUo sjk'i ifu-il ; thr ijiuuititus lAportnl Irom suih plans;
uixi ihf ililliTt lit r«i,'uUtioiis, .lutu-s, \,. .itfiitiiii^ tluir importation an.l t\[>oit-
ati'ii, lia\r In t n larrlnll) stuttil, an.l tluir mlhuiuf lAamim.l. Tin- pruts .-I
most artiilis havi- Ui-n ijutii, soiiu tiiiiis tor a li nmluiuil piTioil. Historual
iiutius arr m.srrti.l illustratut- ol tin- risi- iuul pro^jriss ot tlit- trailr in tlu' ii:ost
iinpurtiUit artulis; iui.l it is hoptil, that thr intormation niih.-'ifil in thi--f
notucn v»ill Ik- loiuiil to Ik- jls autluntu as it is intt rt stiii^*.
II. Thi N^.'ik oiit.nns .1 ^1 luial aitii It .>ii ( o»mi Hi I , ivplanat.TS .■( it^ na-
turr, pf im ipUs,.ui.l ol>n . t«, aiul niihrai iiu' .ui iii(pnr\ iiif" flu- polu \ ol rt 'trii tioiis
rivi I Aci:
intriiilc^i to |iriMiit»f«' iuiliiMrv at hoiix-. or to iuhaiiri- ilir pu!<!u iiifrr«st> l>»
CM liitiint: or r» striiiniMi: ''"■« U'li t om|Kiitiot». l'\. lu^m. Iiowim r, ol tliio c< m-ral
arflilr, wr li.iM' -, j.ar;»ti-!\ <\.iiiiinr.l tin oj.t r iti..ii ol tlir .visiin- ri'.tt i. tioiis
on the fra.ic m |'.irlK ul.tr artu !i", .m.l \Mtli |Mr!i. iil.ir . ouiitrw >, in tin- m i oinitt
ol' t!ioM .irtii li-", iiiwl o) till' ^Tt at sf.i.|.,.r( tovnc. |vi !oii;;in;: to t!i< .ouii?ru<»
n tirri.lt". 1 In rf iiiii"»t. <>l ioui*«. I»i in.>rc or li -.s ..i v,iiiit n< * in the iiis< u^-
Mon ol siK h I'oiii!^, tin 1 nin ij'If N4 iiw h run- thronjli llnin Imui;: >'!'""' ■•'■ '*"'
in a OutionarN tin- i- ot no . on>i ijn« m >• 1 lie ri a.l< r hiIImiu n^nlf^ inorr
than our or !«o artu Ir* at .\ tinu- ; an.l it i- of mlinitiis n <'rr ni.portan.r f>i
l>nn;: the w'lo'lr Milni , f a! on, ( l-« !or« luin. (Iian to s(« k t.« avoi.i tin appi ai ant r
»>1 niHtition 1m ri !i rrmc tr.'m I'tu- arfi<!» h> an-'iln r li^ tins \Ni.rk --n. li
r( !< ri nr« ■> aTv n.ulr .i>' •'tUloiii a"- jtosNitiu .
Ill 'IIk artn Ir- «!ni h ti'Ti |>arf n i.l t''\ r< •< r to , ..nnn. rri i! naM -a* ion arr
\\ ) K \>.t . Hu 1 s >'i I. n>iN.., ll'TToMm . « II \ t« T t in ni 1 N . I m o.mt . M «-t i h,
N *\ 1.. » 1 ns I. \ >v -, I h* N ( I- >■ lu <.!•• 1 i. > , ** VI \ <■.! . *<t * >i I > . >!i 1 r^, \^ I' t ■ K ,
\ IfK sf arti. li •> t n'|ira< f a [•rt•?^ Inll < xiw.-Hion ol tlif la\« an |. . »ln|i| im; :
\M h.'.M- jarti. u!ar;\ i iiii«\n or.rn! ?<■ ixintnt th. pruili jf •• rni.'\«il I'V Hn!i-.h
shii"- ; tli« tondttioii". an<l (or rali'u «, tin ob-. r\ .mu i ol « lii< l> i* in . rs^.jr) to
thr ai i]\n»ili<>n an. I |'r»--( r\ ali-n of • m h prn ilr^'i <., anil t.« f tir traii'-li n in c ol
rrotK rt \ in •>!nii.' , tin r< -[»i«n »;!iiht n •• in' nrre .1 1m f!ii nKo*!! r* an. I .>%» i.i ri n» !ni :r
laI>a<it^ ol' niibln < arrn r-- ; :ui.i thr rniproial lintn ■« an i .>1il).Mi\<>nH ul ..wni-rs.
JiKi'-trr-, all. I s( iiMM n In this ,i« |.art nu nt. wr Inm made i on-.i.ii'r:il'ir ii".*- "t thr
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I intir.il ini; ,!i h an ivtrmir rani,'i- auil iii\(Tsitv o| sul')iits, as to ni.uu 0} whuh
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no oiir vm!1 (>«■ ofh n.liil •'houM hr tlitr« t a trw <rrors. At tlu s.nnr fiiiii' wi- 1 an
lioiu st;v s.»\ tli.it in iflnr lalnnir nor r\[^nsi h.is Iktii s[i.irri| to rt mhr tin- \S ork
wortlu ol lh«- [luhlir I ontiihni r and (i.iiron.ii,-!-. I Iw .inthor li.is h«( n almost
iiui'^Hanth rn'jac'l iij'on it tor lifwarils of tluic \c.ir-, ami hr in.iv In said
to h.iM- sj.rnt till |prt\iiMis |.art ot his !il«- in (iripanitL: tor 'In niidi rtakiiic.*
H' h.isdirui I \.»lna!>ic assist. imi trom soiin- disiiii^-inshcd otin lai l.'( iitlfiiitii,
uiitl Ironi ni.inv (iiunrnt iinri h.mts ; and Ihh cndt-av onnd, whrri\iT it w.ts
pnutu ahlr. to Imild his lomlusion^ ui'on ortu lal doiiunrnfs. I^n? m vit\ m.inv
uist.uuTH hr h.ii lM«'n ol>lii,'id to .idojit h'^s .inthrntii data; and he do< s iM>t sup.
post that In- h.»s l..»d s.i4.-.i,it\ (noii^'h alv*a\s fo rrsurt to the Ix-sf .nithurifiis, or
th.if, anwdsf 1 onflit tin^* and 1 ontr.idu lor\ si.itiincnts, In- has unitorinU s« In-tfd
thosi- most \*orfh\ ol t'tini; ri Ind iiptm, or th.it thr inti Ti iii i s hi h.is dr.iw n .ire
alw.ivs sill h at thr rt-al > iri uinst.uu • s oi tin i asi would vv.irr.nit. Hiit hr has
ijonr Ik" t'< st not to !>«■ v* mtin,; -ti fhist rispnt-. Not !>i;n„» i nvractd ni an\ sort
ol |m;siii«-^s, nor hrlli^ Ulliiir Ui\ di s, riptloli ot oMi^.itioli to .i.m; polifii .li p,»r!\,
thiTi- was nothiii;.' t't iiidiii r iis, in.in\ iiisf .iiw i ,!••,. .,iu r.i. or j'lr \ irt tts'' truth.
NV r h.»M , thrri lore, 1 rnsurid Iritis und o['«iil\ w li.itrv 1 r w r . oiisidiTid wron-;
but thr ^Toui.ds ol our opituon an- unitorriiiv a<tii^Mird ; so that thr rr.idt r iiia\
alwaxs judiTf tor lurs* it ,is f.> I's lormtiuss. Mnr soir ohjrt t has |t«-rn to
produi I ,» w ork (h.i: sliould In i^*in<ra!i> n-.rlul, p.irtn ii!.ir!\ to iiHrih.ints aiiil
tr.nit fs, ,uid wt.uh -hou.d *>« 1 n dit.il>lr to oi,rsrI\is, W Inthrr wr h.iM- Mtr-
rrrdid, thr .iw.iri it "'.i p',!'!'. will show; and to if wt suhnatour iahonrs.
not with •■ In^-id m.i.t!. .1 1.. 1 .' hut with .m .niious hopr tli.ir it i!i.i\ !>«> t'ound
wr have ;i"t iiiisrippl.'N id oi;r tiinr, nid ini^a^'rd in .ni nndrrtakin:: to<i vast
|..r • Mir liii. ;trd ini ai -
I'hr 1. liiowii:!.' n. •! ■ 1 ' "' "oin- .il thr iiios' . i U !iratr.l I oiiiiin ri lal I )u t lon.trirs
v V iio», pirhaps, l>r nn.li 1 1 pt.iMi . \t all r\< nt s, thr\ will show th.lf thrrr is ,il
;.,-, r.M'iii t'T till pii s. 11? .t!tnn|>t.
Ill, !,•;■ I I >' fl •;':.'!.• r ,ir ( • ••/! fii, • i ' . Ih'v" 1 .111. I pri'lilp.lhv lAiillfrd I",
\| >.,■,,., 1 ,j 1 'oi .i| ( iisjoii s at I'.ir- , ui.l I oiiiplrfrd l'\ his hrotlur, the
.\!>tn "^.o i: , < 1 on ol >'. M.iiir, w.i- piililishi d .It I '.iris m I 7 ;?.J, in two \oluiiu s
lolio : .1 'ui'p' il ' "' d voiiinic Ih-uii: .iddrd in H J" I hi- wis thr lirst work ot
tlu kind th.it .ipi ' 'M I in mo>h rii I iir .pr, .ind li.i. Iiiriuslud thr prim ip.il p.irt
i>( thr ni.i!i ri.i • I'r iiiosf ,if ihosr li\ whuh it li.is U-rn todowcd. I hr iindrr-
takin • was i.i'rr.iiU p.itronisrd liv thr I rrm h ijo\ rrniin iif , who jiistlv lon^idiTnl
that .» * oiiiMi fi ! 's I *!' tion.ii \ , il will I \ri nl rd, Would I'r ot natiop.il m porf.nu r.
,» ,, i la • 11 ' >• . ■*'
1 I ■ ■ '•«»,!'
X»v
iTiriAt ti
Mi-niC a nunulrriiJilr, :in«l. i'iil»Ttl. thr nioft \:ilii.ilit(', |Hirti<)n «»l M. Sa%ar\'«
>»i>rk i» ion)|Mlril Inun M( iiiMir-. MUf ". i. li> <»nlrr nf in)vrriinirn», h\ flu-
in»|M^ li>r* of inanntn. tun H iii I'riinn', i»n<l In fhr Frnu li nin«iilH id forntn lonn-
trie*. An rnlarcol «i»ti iinprini-il l^^l(Inn o! thr Ifnttunnatrr \mis pnMi-^hrsi at lir-
nrvn in I 7.><i, in "ix UAu> mAwuv*. Hut l)ii' lH'««t nlifiKti i« thai <<| ( (ipciihacrn, in
U\v \oiiiini^ luiio ; tlu- tjr>.t ol winch .ip|Harril in M.t'.i, ;*iitl !hc Uot in IVid.
Morr th:ui tlir h^lf <>| th»< \»<Tk , ..iiM»t<. i>( mriftrr .JfK -i-thi r f«>mvn t" it«
|»rt»f^icr i>h|r«t. 1^ i-, in t.Kt. a v,>rt ol l>ii-rii>n:tr> .t) M.tinilartiirr« ii^ nrll in» <•»
C"«>nini« Ti « ; i|«"*»Tij'ti.>n'. Ihiii); gi\rn. whn h arr. ni« i-^sanU |»«-rh.i|i<.. m iii<«.t
uutaiu i'« f\n^iiin»:l\ uiroMipliti*. an. I whi. h (hr «imt ot pLtli* oftrn rnulir* nn-
iiif<'lli;;il'lr, of tin* inrth'Hl* lolK^wiil in th«' in;»niifa« tur«' oj thi i onin)o,!ifir«
ilr«.« rilx*<l. It It .»Uo fillr.l with lrni.'th< nnl iirti<.lr« mi •nhjcif'. <.| nafnr.u hi«-
tor>.onthr h\f law » an<l pn^ili*!;** of .lifti n nt i orjHinitioi.-, an<l a *an(t\ of
<Mihj«*if'' nowiM" ( onnci ti'ii wit!i ('ontini ri lal pnr»iiil». NK ..m-, howivrr, mil
Ichtk info It tor an\ ili-t (-lo|K'iiH-nl ol «^>nn<l pnin tpir*. or tor i°nlar;.>t-il \i(-h«
It 1* >«]ual>ir ft» a rr|Trf<'r» >*( Uut'> n inlntf to ii>innirrti- anii naiuila< fiirr* nt
thr miniiu-nr«-inriif ol la«t i<nliir\, <oil(«f«-«l with lamlalilr i art an<i iriiliMtr^ ;
hut thf ipirit \«huh jH-ninlr- it in that ot a in*toin« I'fTHir, Hn«i not that of «
tnrri hant or a phiiovoph< r. " \ wrv-ti/ tiitit irt rrfirji.-ii, 1/ Im.i ;•.'»(? ,' n ri;rjrrr
$ri lr<ir>rrt .Mi" '''» i^"^»itifr , ft riii n^attt-iri t\untttlrt <Jn jir-^r'-ft >iu . "nii^f ir rt
fir r m.iyiitr'/f •.f>lsf tcnrni frru-n, t'-h''H't ci r/i'^'-i rf i..h nif'-^l'^lth'K ."
7"hr pn-if-tlini; rxfrai f !■> t :, 'he I'rTt*jV< tn», in onr >o!iinH" «m tavo, puhli*hitl
\i\ thf Ahlv Nr'r»!i«-t, in I7«>'' 'i-v* ( otntri' r. -at H'ltnitiar*. to U- 1 oniplrf i^l
in fi»r or pr<»hal'l> •■ix »oiiimrt ; >> nu" l*roHjv»M lu^ i« a \»..rk i>f tfrrlin^
rnrr-.t ; anii 'rotn thr at knowIti!:'ri| Irarniii;:. taltiitt. aiul < ajwi in of it». author for
lalit»nou» r\<r!ion, thrtc 1 aji Iw- no <|oiiht that, haJ tin- pro)r«t«.l I>)ifion.us
l»ci-n 1 oit>[.!rfr<l. if w.'-i'i! \\n%r \n-r\\ infiiiifrl\ hi jwnor to that o| >t«\af\ If
apjKar* ( l*ro«jM« fu-. pp i'li .17 i ) that ^!or^ i!i-t hail l>r«ii rn;raC' «l for a in.intur
of \«-ar» Ml pn j'«r if loll* for tht crraf »i>rk. anil that hr hati ania»»<il a Ur;jf
(olltifion of |..Mtk^ an. I !nanu*i r^ji(» nlafnr !i' fhr 1 onrinTi r, iia* i/af i«>n, tol.*.
nir->, ar?«. \» . of Iran. I- and ofh<r i'»unfrn» \ht rMtr| riv wat IwvMin iin^trf
thr .iu*pu»'« "f M 1 rinLtinr. Infinilaiif of | maiu > , aiui wa« pafroni»<-^l \>\ N!«««r«
I.'A»rril\ an. I fW-rtni. < otiipf r<>ll«-r^ lirm-ral Uiif wlnthtr it v««rr ovimc fo fht-
(jicanfii nafiirr of thr un<lrrtakii';>', to fh«- ai.fh«»r ha»in;; l>ri oiiir too nun h rn-
(jT<»M-J with i»fh«r jairiisif". tii« >«afif of <iifh< n-tit « in ourai'rnirfif , "r »«'iin- o!h<r
ianw. no part of tfir pri'j><-»r<| lh(flonar^ rxrr i»pj>«-arr>l, \\ r .trr i!.'t)ofv«i»f of ihr
fair of thr \aJuaMr . • 'lit « fion i.f !Man..»< npf <■ t:>.wir \'\ fh« Ahix N1-.ri! <• Hii
|i»»<>k» wrrr V..M a*. I'ar!» ••iffiin tin it- Irw \<-iir»
A J o'liiiMftial Ih<fM!iar^. m fhrrr »..!\i;n«^ |?o, f.-rniin^' p.Ut of thr f-'t, <j. ...
f^4tr MrlKiiii'ptf ,'*:\> puhi.-hr.f a! |'afv« in I . •• i If l« wts nlirtpui'U r\««iilr«l,
ami i<in!aiii> iniin«-r<'n» nrtii Us fl!.«! im/fit fi«»r txrn s<l% antat?ri>u*U h ft «in!
Tllr ntltor* a< kno«)( .i^*r in fhnr I'rriair that fhr\ lia»r. III linwl UMtaltt r«, |it-« n
ob'ufc'rxj to iMirroM froir, *»a>«r», I h« l»r»f part* i>\ thr viork i\Tr t optnl from ffw
rxlifion <ff thr l''ul< (otfitl itt (..»-,,«-'•( r of |(i. ar>l, pnt'iti«hri| at \n;4tc'r>iani
in I7>«l, in two »o!iiinr» If.i •
T)^^ rAf.)i-»t ( -otiiMirr. ;.-.! ihifionaiv pii)<!i«{ic <l in i ni,-tatiil, >• a» • on piii-tl \i\
^lala»^» I' -'Mrfliw .vv f . I •■,^, .t .hh?nit anti in.|< tut i* «l»lr wfHif. I lir til <t |Kirf
< noriiiotit folio
ai
th
Ir-
of fh» f:r»t rxjition
alitxafri
I in 17 il '|>i< la>l iitittoti, in !<
»'<!iifn«-». via* puhli>hril in 177 i !• i^ « ha/i,'t-af>ir witli the *«ji.r drir* f i a» that
k I
; » • • >.t~i (»iL.;,*t<«<^
.►t »» t •«•«- » • r< I
» > f W Ik
ft §' r^i -.«r>ft»^* r
i'!{i:i \( 1,.
XV
'•t M. >a\ar\, mT which, iiuU"«-<l, if ii l'i>r fhr mi>-.f pjiif a lit- ral traii-latioii. The
nufhor h.t> tiuulc no irt'nrt to loiuh uic i>r (<>iu(>mr the --tatfiiuiits tiiui»r ilit}ir«-nt
article-., which (irr Irrijiu-ntU in>t a litfh- « onlra.lii furv ; at the lanic fiiiic that
main i>f thnii arc lotalU uin <Miiir< tnl with (oinmrrii.
In l7tJI. Huhanl l<<>lt, l".<<i|. |nil)li-.hid a ( 'ommcn i.il Dutixnarv in I'H.- |.rtttv
largr folio \.i!iimr, The l»-.t part nt ihi^ wi>rk i-. m frrface, whhh vsa.s >(»iitri..
hii'r.i !i\ I)r. .lii)iii>oii Ir i-. lur the iiimt |>.»rt ahriii/eij Irmii l'i>ith-thv*a\ t ; hut
It I oiifaiiit soiiif iisrhil urijiimil artu hs, mixitl, h<>«iA(r, with inaiiv aheii t" the
-iilijei f.
In 1 7'iii, a < '"ininorrial I)ictii>nar\ was pul'li^hi i|, in i\\-i rather thin luho
\<>liiiiM"i. h\ njomu'^ Mtirtuin r, I --'j-, if that finn- \i.i-t llli^lli hTtlie NetluT-
1,ah<|h. riiis M a iiiitrs- c<'iiun<><liiiui ainl in tter arr:ini;e>l, init ii"f a iib-rc \aliiahlr
\».>rk thiui that <>f I'.isth thwav t. The |)ian <>i the luthir i inlTaees, hke that
ol liM |ir c, CNS'ifH, too ^Teat a \ariet\ otohji.t-, more lljun hah thf %*ork lieinij
hilr«l with citicraphical artnlr-, aii'l artii ies .le-x tiImii:: the j>nH«>«is«-H ( arrieil on in
.lith r nf ilepurtinrn?- o| nianiilactiirini; iiiiiit^trv ; th.M- are al-*> artu Ic on \ery
main "suhji-t f>«, inch at arclutet ture, the nafiinil hi-.forv ot theo«ean, tht laml-
ta\, the ijualilicatioiis oj' Mirijron-., iVc , the rehitioii oi whiih to lonnnerce,
ua\ ication, nr luanntai turret, it ••♦■I'ln* ilitFu nit to ih'"'ver.
in l^li*. a romnieri ial Dictionary s»a- }iiihh-«he'l, lu one thick octavo \ohinie,
purjM>rtni;r to \u- hs Mr. M.irtuinr. We nn.h r^'aii !, howisir. tlia! he hail init
little, i! an\ thin,', to. hi with it-. . oiiijnlation I', i-. <iuite niiworths ot the ^iili-
ji-«t. an.l o( the ejxich whiii it appeareil. It li.i- >11 theJaiilts ot tho>e h\ whuh
I? w)i> I'rrceihii. w'.th hut lew petnluir mint-.. IV ini; not imlv a Diitionarv ot
loinnuTM- ami Na\ lication, hut ol Maiiula. tiirt h, it <onta^^^ an. omits ot the .hl-
jVrrnl art*: hut to .UitriU' tin ••«• in a nati-t.i* tor) ami ri .ill\ uietiil manner,
Woui.l rifjuirr vveril \..ann)N, .tnl th< .o-ojrtratioii ot inan_\ in.iu uluaU : so
that, while th« a. . ounts rifi rreil to .ire wor'h vi rv htth , tliev o»cuj>\ -o l.iri:*' a
nimce that liHun ha* not Keen lett t-'r the propir aist ussioii ot those suhjet ts
from which aione the work .iermi wlutevir \uliie it jMtss, sst s. I hi.s, th« re is
an arti. h ot twenty •lv»o pai,»t« tchnuail) iles» nhlll;: flu' \arIoli^ proct sses ot
the art o! |.,niitii:^\ while f!ie (.'eiier.il .irtn le oii .oimiierie is (onipriseii m less
than /•■•■ twii.'ft The art;. Ies on .0111 and inom ^ <lo not to.-ether oci np\ tonr
p.H'' •». l-^HiK' . oii^i.Uraf'U U-^s (h.m the tpai e allotted to the artulet on 1 ncraMiii;
an.l et.hmv' 'nnTe is not a worvl ^.o.! as to the v ir. uinsfances win. h .Utennme
the lotirM- ol e\ihan,.'. ; aii.i the ini(oiti»iit ^lihje. t ol . re«lit i^ .lispose.l ..t in
\r%* than /u.. Irt> 1 ' Perhips, h,.w,v. , the i^reatett .lele. t in the work i- its ;..t.il
want ot an\ tliuiiC hk. *. leii. . No attempt is ,Mr ic.i.h t..e\plaui the pnii-
.iples on win. h aii\ ..per.itioii .lepctiils. I.\.r> thni;; is trratt.l as it it wert- un-
pin, al an.l a/hitrar* l.\cf|>t in the hiral arti. h s, 11.. autlu-ritu s iire .jtiote.l ;
•^.. tliat \rT\ .ftie .U|.riuhnie .an U- plund 011 thi itatenunts a.lvaiue.l.
In .mother ( omm-r, tal Du tioiiar\ , republished withm ihcM Uw \<ar>. the
i;rn«-ral arti. le .ni . ..maier. »• .onsi,[s ..l .1 .lis. ussi.m with respe. t to simple .ui.l
coin|K»un i .len. an.l, an.l simple an.l -l.tiit-U- competition ; liukilv tl.e arti. le ,loes
.|>..{ hll .(Utte a I .ii.'« . htiii^ lonsuU-ral'l'. sh.>rt. r than the .Ies. npti.m .'t the
kttlrl.lo'.i opr
I lulrr the-e . ifv um-taii. es. we ,1.. think that tin re is room !.ir a m s^ Duti.-iiarv
oMoninurcr and r..mmrr.ud .Na> ii;atu.n ; iin.l wh.itewr inav W th.-ii-ht ot .nu
\S.irk, it .uiniot Ik- sai.l that m Lrin^Miu: it into the h. l.l «e are en. r..a. hiiu' on
(ffinin.l alrra.l^ tnl.\ .•. . npie.l
/ -
^ ,Ue>l »ih1 M.lil a* f»!*r «14«-
run Ml M
t »»ri»« ■" ». »•' I »••»».
IWin>^.s!iiMMtt#IMM
L
'■'»*%-a-'>.i*Ww:*- *v--».- - .-.'*-<|W»'«^- «•,
1)1 ( I I () N A \i \
OF
C () M M i: U ( I
»Mt
( OMMLIM I AL N A\ K. A rioN.
.\ \^I. \i »i, or .ViiM.i ii!«a»iit< t'.-r li>|iii<l-, iiMil .tt Aiii^ti ril.iin, \iilw<ri), IIanil>iir(;li,
1 t.ii'k l<iit, ,\<-. A( Ainstt iil.tin It !• iK'.irK ri|iitl In tl I nj;|]«li nii.t' ^.illi'rw, .il Aiiluiip
to i'.'. )lilli>. at llaii>l>iir(tli tii ;><j tlitlii, .iiiil .il I r.uiklorl (u .'• dittn.
All \ N I •( > N >l I . S I , in «««niiiM rri- .imi itA\ i|.' iIikii, Is w.« il t.i i \[ri v the .iI'iih inning;
ur MirroiiiUriin; nl tlu' «lii|i I'f (•iii«l« iiKiinil t" llu- idmiti r.
Il i« ill III. I>y iIh' I-iw i>I l.n;;!«i)<l. lli4( ttic ii:'.iiri«l Ii4'« t\iv ri;;li'. tn .iImiiiIkm, .iml t<i
I'litiiji* I il«' !ii*iirir'« t.i |>j\ lilt «*!.iil«- *.iln»- t>r ill*' t( iiij' in->iiri<!, in tM-rv (■.i.>4- •• « In n-,
\>\ tilt- linpiH-tiiii); lit 4in <>r iIk' iuisf<>rtiiiit'« or ptrili inMiri.i .i^.iin«t, lliv M>\.t^'<' is insi,
or Dot wiirdi |itir<iiiiii|;, .iiiil llic |'r>ij<«l(<l aiitintiiri- is littstraitii, nr mIuD' tlit- thint^
iiisiiri'ti i« s<> iLitt>,^;iii i<iiit s|>i>llt<l A« ti> In- hI lit'li' 'f ito ^.llll•' (n (lit- owr.ir , iir \tiurt'
llu- «.ii« i|;v i« \tt\ liijjli ; nr w lit r«' » lii»» M »a»«<l Is nf l« vs \.»liic tli.m llu- Irt i^l.t ; i>r
uluTf f'irtli«-r « ip'ii^- «» iii-\-i'»-s.>r\ , ami ttn- lus'in r Mill t.nt iiiuii rt.iki tn \:t\ tl;j|f.
«t(>«n««-, \c. — ( \/.(r •A..>'i', IxM.k I i4|>. 1 ;. ^ I •
Aluii<t<>liiiifiit \tt\ fri'iiiiciillv li»k«-< jiUcf III I is«-. iif' r.>|.fiir>' the liiv> is th« :i ("(.ll,
4M<t no i|>it"sti<iii t'.iii Arise in ri-«|><n'l tn it. In >'.is« «, lii>wi\ii, in nlnili .i slip .iiiil i->r^ii
an- i«s' t)iliirt'<l u it\ii* tui \ <i ti/H' fA.iMA.- ,J)t:,t'it fA«- I. y>i.;r ii «, / /...•f. tin' llistir<«i is rot
intHli-sl to jliat lion. I hi' tlKfl- •/'KHi/lUi/ III A stlip IS |lo( lilt null ol It^lt' slu h 4 Inss .Is
Mill jiisiiiS .III .<l>.iiii|otiiiM lit. ir l>\ s> iiu liirtiiii.xtc ui't'iiUr^ |i\ till- «'\ti(i.>iis oT till'
inw. or li% iiii\ Uirrowxl .issist.ii:< > . (In- ship In- ;;o( ol) ,intl nriicriil i.iitiiliit' >t roii-
tiii^iii'v; l'« r iiV:i^i-, It IS not .1 toi-ii '..-.A, .111(1 tl'< I'lsiin rs .ir»- oii|\ ji.ilili- Jiir tlu- «xp«iiM-»
i«'i .t'ioiiitt I'S ll.r sir li ilit'.^. Il !'• >'.i!\ M litri' till- slr.tiiilini,' is lolUiuni li\ >hiyH<"k, or
III itii\ otiii r n A\ rt'iiili rs it.i- siiip ir.i..i|!sil>U' ol |'ri>s< iiitin;; li« r von.i^i-, that tht- insiirtil
t'4n .il>ai\i!.in.
Il l.itlx'sn ili'viiit'ii. lint ii.iriui;r»- MistiiliHil III .1 MiS.i;;*- lo flu- ,\(iiit ol' I'ort > -< i^lit
(■♦r i-iiil. of (111- sjlu«- o| tlu- "liip, liiil not I'i'.tittt- llu- irsiiriii lii .I'-uulon. It' .1 i.ii^'o
l« iLiiiua^'i'ii in till- omrM- ol * *o\.i(;»', ttin! it .ip|K.trs lli4( wliat Ii.isIhiii s.imiI is I. %s iImh
tlir .iri.i'wnl ol' In i^ilit, it is li> l>i to In- .» total lo%». — 1 /'irA .« Iinur,ini r, r.ip. '>. 1
V\ !v» n l>> till- •«■» ur fill! «• of .in\ ol tin- jisrils iiisiiri>i j);4ii.sl thi- iiiMirnl li-i-. .uijiunil
a ri^'til (•> .lUiniloii, lie is ut IiIhtIv i-ltlu-r to jluinlon or not, .is li« tiiiiik.s pri<|isr. Iti is
ill 11- <A«< Uitiiul to .ilkiiiil I , tuit it III- lit.ikr .tn t'U'Vtion, .tml rtsailsi to .it>.iiiilo(t. In ii'ust
aliiiU- li> Ins rt-viliilioii, .iml li.i* no |oii;;ir tlu- po», r to »-l.utii lor ■! lk.krl1.1l lo-v. In s«itii«-
tori-ifjii fiiiinli i.-s s|^sil'>' ("sri.nlsaii lt\ii| l-> l.i\* Millun « Iml. ll - lisuriil, tftri |i« in;;
iiiftii iiuii of iIh- Ii>-.s, must I ttt t I itiiir to .ll ill:) Ion or ii< 1. If tl.is i oiirti \ , lu'Vt t w r, Im
pjrtii tilar |K-tioil IS titiil for ttii« piirpi-M- ; )<ut tin- riili- is, tl.al il ilu- lll^tilt>l litlcriiuiit-
to (tIkintloM, III' liilist ii'tiiii.ili- siati il(-ti rtniii.it I 11 to tl.v llMiints witiuii .1 rtt.'<oN>i/i«V
frrt»( jrti-r III- lias );iA int« lli;;i-ni'«" of tin- Irnss, .iii\ mi'.nrvvxsar > ili !.u in ni.iLinj; tins
il'.ttinjitiiin lit-iii|^ II itrpri till lo iiu-ai) tliat li<- Ii4s ilnitUii n.>t to iilutitlon.
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8 ABATEMENT ACAPULCO.
In case of a slitpwreck or otiier inisfortunc, the captnin and crew arc bound to exert
theinselvi's to the utmost to save us much property as possible ; and to enable them to do
this without prejudice to the ri^ht of abandonment, our policies provide that, ♦' in case of
any loss or misfortune, the insured, their factors, servants, nnd assigns, sliall l)e at liberty
to sue and labour about the defence, safeguard, and recovery of the goods, and merchan-
dises, and ship, I'^c, without prejudice to the insurance ; to the charges wlicreof the in-
surers agree to contribute, each according to the rate and (juantity of Ids subscription."
" From tlu; nature of his situation," says Mr. Serjeant Marshall, " the captain has an
implied autliority, not only from the insured, but also from the insurers and all others
interested in the shi]) or cargo, in case of misfortune, to do whatever be thinks most con-
ilucive to the general interest of all concerned ; and they are all bound by his acts.
Tliercfore, if the ship be disabled l)y stress of weather, or any otlier peril of the sea, the
ca))tain may hire another vessel for the transport «>f the g(H)ds to their port of destination,
if he think it fur the interest of all concerned that he should do so; or he may, upon a
capture, appeal against a sentence of condemnation, or carry on any other proceedings for
the recovery of the ship and cargo, jjrovided he has a probable ground for doing so ; or
he may, upon the loss of the ship, invest the ])roducc of the gcxxls siived in other goods,
which lie may ship for bis original port of destination ; for whatever is recovered of the
eflects insured, the captain is accountable to the insurers. If the insured neglect to
abandon when he has it in his ]>ower to do so, he adopts the acts of the captain, and he
is bound by them. If, on the other hand, the insurers, after notice of abandonment,
suffer the captain to continue in the management, be becomes their agent, and they are
bound by his acts,"
As to the sailors, when a misfortune happens, they are bound to save and preserve the
merchandise to the best of their jwwer ; and while they are so em]>Ioyed, they are entitled
to wages, so far, at leiist, as what is saved will allow ; but if they refuse to assist in this,
they shall have neither wages nor reward. In this the Itbodian law, and the laws of
Oleron, Wisby, and the Ilanse Towns, agree.
The policy of the practice of aliandonment seems very questionable. The object of
an insurance is to render the insurer liable for whatever loss or damage may be incurred.
But this ol)ject does not seem to be jiromoted by compelling him to pay as for a total loss,
when, in fact, the loss is only partial. The ca|)tain and crew of the ship are selected by
the owners, are their servants, and are responsible to them for their proceedings. But
in the event of a ship being stranded, and so damaged that the owners are entitled to
abandon, the captain and crew become the servants of the underwriters, who had nothing
to do with their appointment, and to whom they are most probaldy altogether unknown.
It is admitted that a regulation of this sort can hardly fail of leading, and has indeed
frequently led, to very great abuses. We, therefore, are inclined to think that abandon-
ment ought not to be allowed where any property is known to exist; but that such pro-
perty should continue at the disposal of the owners and their agents, and that the imder-
■writers should be liable only for the damage really incurred. The first case that came
before the British courts with respect to abandonment was decided by Lord Hardwicke,
in 1744. Mr. Justice BuUer appears to have concurred in the opinion now stated, that
abandonment shoidd not have been allowed in cases where the loss is not total.
For further information as to this subject, see the excellent works of Mr. Serjeant
Marshall (book i. cap.13.) ; and of Mr. Justice Park (cap.9.) on the Law of Insurance.
ABATEMENT, or Rebate, is the name sometimes given to a discount allowed for
prompt payment ; it is also used to express the deduction that is sometimes made at the
custom-liousc from the duties chargeable upon such goods as are damaged. This allow-
ance is regulated by the 6 Geo. 4. c. 107. § 28. No abatement is made from the duties
charged on coffee, currants, figs, lemons, oranges, raisins, tobacco, and wine.
ACACIA. See Gum Arabic.
AC A PULCO, a celebrated sea-port on the western coast of Mexico, in lat. 16° 50^' N.,
long. 99^ 46' W. Population uncertain, but said to be from 4,000 to 5,000. The
harbour of Acapulco is one of the finest in the world, and is capable of containing any
number of ships in the most perfect safety. Previously to the emancipation of Spanish
America, a galleon or large ship, richly laden, was annually sent from Acapulco to
Manilla, in the Philippine Islands ; and at her return a fair was held, which was much
resorted to by strangers. But this sort of intercourse is no longer carried on, the trade
to Manilla and all other places being now conducted by private individuals. The exports
consist of bullion, cochineal, cocoa, wool, indigo, &c. The imports principally consist
of cotton goods, hardware, articles of jewellery, raw and wrought silks, spices, and
aromatics. Acapulco is extremely unhealthy ; and though it be the principal port on
the west coast of Mexico, its commerce is not very considerable. The navigation from
Acapulco to Guayaquil and Callao is exceedingly tedious and difficult, so that there is but
little intercourse between Mexico and I'eru. The monies, weights, and measures arc the
same as those of Spain ; for which see Cadiz.
4
i
ACIDS.
8
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AC!IDS, arc a class of com|u)iinds which arc <Ust!n(:;uishc>d from all others ))y the
following ))ropt'rtii's. Tht-y aro /generally jiosscsscd of a very sliurp and sour taste ;
roddcti till' infusions of hhif vcgc-taUiu colours ; are o(\vi\ liighiy corrosive, and enter into
coniliiiiation with the alkalies, earths, and metallic oxides ; forming compounds in which
the characters of the constituents are entirely destroyed, and new ones produced differing
in every respect from those previously existing. The (juality or strength of an acid is
generally ascertained, either Iiy its specific gravity, which is found by means of the hydro-
meter, it the acid he li(|uid, or by the (juantity of pure and dry subcarhonate of potass
or soda, or of carbonate of lime (marble), which a given weight of the acid re(]uires
for its exact neutralisation. This latter process is termed Acidinietry, or the ascertain-
ing the quantity of reiil acid existing in any t)f the licpiid or crystallised acids.
Tlie principal acids at present known are, the Acetic, Uenzoic, ISoracic, Uromic, C"ar-
bonic, t'itric, Chloric, Cyanic, Fluoric, Ferroprussic, Gallic, Ilydrobromic, Ilydriodic,
Iodic, Lactic, Malic, Margaric, ^fetmic, iVIuriatic or Hydrochloric, Nitrous, Nitric,
Oleic, Oxalic, Phosphoric, I'russic or Hydrocyanic, Purpuric, Saccholactic, Suberic,
Sulphurous, Sidphuric, Tartaric, Uric, and many others which it w<mld l)c sujjertluous
to (letail. It is the most important only of these, however, that will be here treated of,
and more particularly those employed in th • arts and manufactures.
Afi'tic or pyrol Igneous acid. —This acid, in its pure and coiiccntratetl form, is obtninrd from the fluid
matter which |m«ae» over in diiitillatioii, when wo(mI is exposed to heat in elose iron cylinders. This fluid
is a mixture of acetic acid, tar, and a very volatile ether ; from these the ucid may be separated, alter a
second ilistillation, by saturallnK with chalk, and evaporating to dryness ; an acetate of lime is thus pro.
curc<l, which, by mixture with sulphate of smla ((ilauber's salt), is (leconiposed, the resulting compounil«
beniKan insoluble sulphate of lime, and a very soluble acetate of smla; these arc caiiily separated from
each other by solution in water and tiltration ; the acetate of siMla l>v'mg obtained in the crystalline form
by evaporation. From this, or the acetate of lime, some manufacturers em|)loyinR the former, others the
latter, tiu; acetic acid is obtained by distillation with sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol) ; as thus procured, it is
a colourless, volatile fluid, liavinK a very punRcnt and refrcshintt odour, and a strong acid taste. Itt
streuRth should be ascertained by the quantity of marble required fur its neutralisation, asitsspeciflc
gravity does not give a correct indication. It is employed in the preparation of the acetate of lead
(sugar of lead), in many of the pharmaceutical compounds, and also as an antiseptic.
Vinegar is an impure and very dilute acetic acid, obtained by exposing either weak wines or infusiona
of malt to the air and a slow fermentation ; it contains, besides the pure acid, a large quantity of colouring
matter, some mucilage, and a little spirit; from these it is readily separated by distillation. Theimpuritiet
with which this distilled vinegar is sometimes adulterated, or with which it is accidentally contamlnateil,
are oil of vitriol, added to increase the acidity, and oxides of tin or copper, arising from the vinegar
having been distilled through tin or cop|>er worms. These may be easily detected ; the oil of vitr.ol by
the addition of a little solution of muriate of barytes to the distilled vinegar, which, should the acid be
|irc8ent, will cause a dense white precipitate } and the oxides of tin or copper by the addition of water
nnpregnated with sulphurcted hydrogen. Vinegar is employed in many culinary and domestic oi)orations,
and also very largely \n the manufacture of the carbonate of lead (white lead).
Benzoic acid— exists naturally, formed in the gum benzoin, and may be procured cither by submitting
the benzoin in fine powder to repeated sublimations, or by digesting it with lime and water, straining oli'
the clear solution, and adding muriatic acid, which enters into combination with the lime, and the benzoic
acid, being nearly insoluble in water, falls as a white |)owder ; this may be further purifled by a sublim.
ation. Benzoic acid is of a beautiful pearly white colour when pure, has a very peculiar aromatic odour,
and an acrid, acid, and bitter taste ; it is used in making pastilles and perfumed incense. This acid also
occurs in the balsams of Tolu and Peru, and in the urine of the horse and cow.
lioracic acid — is found in an uncombined state in many of the hot springs of Tuscany, as also at Sesso
in the Florentine territory, from whence it has received the name of Sessolin. In Thibet, Persia, and
South America, it occurs in combination with soda, and is imported from the former place into this
country in a crystalline form, under the name of Tincal. These crystals arc coated with a rancid, fatty
substance, and require to be purified by repeated solutions and crystallisations ; after which it is sold under
the appellation of borax (bi-boratc of soda) ; (Yom a hot solution of this salt the boracicacid is readily ob-
tained, by the addition of sulphuric acid in slight excess ; sulphate of soda is formed, and the boracic
acid crystallises as the solution cools. When pure, these crystals are white, and have an unctuous greasy
feel ; they arc soluble in alcohol, communicating a green tinge to its flame ; when fused it forms a trans,
parent glass, and has been found by Mr. Faraday to unite with the oxide of lead, pioducing a very
uniform glass, free from all defects, and well adajitcd for the pur|)0se of telescopes and other astronomical
instruments. Borax is much employed in the arts, particularly in metallurgic operations as a flux ; also
in enamelling, and in jiharmacy.
Carbonic acid. — This acid occurs very abundantly in nature, combined with lime, magnesia, barytes,
aerial acid, fixed air, mephitic acid ; from any of these it is easily separated by the addition of nearly any
of the other acids. In its uncombined form, it is a transparent, gaseous fiuid, having a density of l'5o,
atmospheric air being unity ; it is absorbed to a considerable extent by water, and when the water is ren.
dered slightly alkaline by the addition of carbonate of soda, and a large quantity of gas forced into it by
pressure, it forms the well known refreshing beverage, soda water. This gas is also formed in very large
(quantities during combustion, respiration, and fermentation. Carbonic acid gas is destructive of animal
life and combustion, and from its great weight accumulates in the bottoms of deep wells, cellars, caves,
&c., which have lieen closed for a long period, and numerous fatal accidents arise frequently to persons
entering such places incautiously; the precaution should always be taken of introducing a lighted candle
prior to the descent or entrance of any one ; for should the candle be extinguished, it would be dangerous
to enter until properly ventilated. The combinations of carbonic acid with the alkalies, earths, and
metallic oxides are termed carbonates.
Citric acid — exists in a free state, in the juice ofthe lemon, lime, and other fTuits, combined however
with mucilage, and sometimes a little sugar, which renders it, if required to be preserved for a long
period, very liable to ferment; on this account, the crystallised citric acid is to be preferred. It is pre.
pared by saturating the lemon juice with chalk : the citric acid combines with the lime, forming an insoluble
compound, while the carlmnic acid is liberated ; the insoluble citrate, after being well washed, is to be
acted upon by dilute sulphuric acid, which forms s->. :,,hate of lime, and the citric acid enters into solution
|n the water ; by filtration and cvajioration the citric acid is obtained in colourless transparent crystals.
The chief uses to which it is applied are as a preventive of sea scurvy, and in making refreshing
acidulous or effervescing drinks ; for which latter purposes it is peculiarly fitted from its very pleasant
flavour.
Fluoric acid— ii found in the well known mineral fluor spar in combination with lime; from which it is
B 2
ACIDS.
pniciircil in tlio lii(i'i.I form, by ilistillatinn v.itli dilute siili)liuvi(; aciil in a Icadoii or silver retort; tlii!
riCMvcv ^llnlll^l bu 111' tho sinic niatcii.-il as llu- retort, anil kept roiil l)y ici> or snow.
I'liis a<'iil i< f^aAiMiiis in its piiri' l(irni, hi;,'lily corrDsivc, anil int'.'nsi'ly acid ; it is rapi<lly alisiirbiMl liy
water, ei)niir.uiiiratin;; its properties to that Hiiid. Its eliief n-," is lor clehiMK on ulass, wliieli it
t'ornicles with i^riMt rapidity. I'or tliis pur|iose a ihin coatirif; of wax is to Ih? melted on 'he .^nrlace of the
H'ass, and tlie sketch dr.iwn by .i lite.' Ii.u'd-poinled instrunu'iit thron;^h the w.ix ; the Txpiid acid is then
l)!inred on i'., and alter a short time, on the removal of the acid and coatitif;, an etcliini; will lie loniid in
the sidista.ice of the ^lass, A very excellent appl.eation of this properly, possessed by llunrie acid, is in
the :oii;;hi.i,L; the shades for table lamps. All the metals, except siber, lead, and plutiiia, are acted ujion
by this acid.
llallic acid. — The .stuirco from which this ari<l is (generally obtained is the init f^all, a liard protuberance
jirodueed on the oak by the puncture of insects. Tiie most simple nietliod of proeiiriiiK the acid in its
pure form, is to snbir'it the jjalls in line iiowder to sublimation in a retort, takiiif; c:ire that the beat be
applied slowly and u.'b caution ; the other processes r<'(piire a very loiif; perio<l for their eoinpletion.
When pure, Kallie acid has a white and silky appe.irance, and a highly astrinjient and slightly acid taste.
Tlie nut galls, which owe their properties to the gallic acid they c nilain, are employed very extensively
in the arts, for dyeing and staining sil' cloths, anil woods of a black <(ilour ; this is owing In its fonniiig
with the oxide of iron an iuti'iise black |.recipitalc Writing ink is made on the same prineinle : a very
excellent receipt of the late Dr. lilack's is, to t;ike ;i (iz. of the best Alcj.po g.ilis in line powner, I oz. sul-
l)hate of iron , green vitrioP, I oz. logwood linely rasped, 1 oz. gnm arable, iiih> piiit of the best viiu'gar,
one pint of solt water, and < n. lO <'lovi's ; in this casi' the bl.nk precipitate is k, pt ^nspended by the gum.
Jli/dn'iiilic iicid, — a compound of io.iine an<l hydrogen, in its si'parate lorm is of very little imporlance
in tlie.irts; its combinations with pot.iss, sod.i, and otlier of the metallic oxi.les, will be trea'"l of
liereafter.
Millie ttriil — exists in the juices of many fruits, particularly the apple, as also in the berries of the
service ami mountain a-'>.
Mcciinic mill — is found in op'.nm, in combination with morphia, forming the nipconato of nioriihia, on
which the action of opium principally depends.
Miii-idtir Ill-ill, (ir t:/>iri/.\- u/ sn/Ls. — I'bis acid (the hydrochloric of the I'ronch chemists) i.s mannl'actnreil
from the clilori<le of scdimn ilry sea s.ilt , by the action of sniplniric acid (oil of vitriol). ThemcHt ecomi-
mica' |)roportions are 'JO pounds ,,f fused salt, and 'JO pouiuls of oil of vitriol previously mixed with
an ccpial weight of water ; these are pl.iccd in an iron or eartlu'ii pot, to which an earthen bead and
receiver are adapted, and submitted to distillation ; the nniriatic acid passes over in the vaporous form,
and may be easily condensed. The liipiid acid thus obtained shonlil have a specilie gravity of 11",
water being eijual to lOO; it has a strong acid taste, and a slight yellow colour; this is owing to a
small <|nautity of oxide of iron. Hy reil'slillalion in a glass retort at a low temperature, it may
be obtained perleetly jmre and <'olonrle<s. It sometimes contains a little sulphuric acid ; this is detected
by a solution of muriate of barytes. .Muriatic aci<l, in its inicoiiibiiied state, is an invisible el.islic
}!as, having a very strong allinity for water; that lluid absorbing, at a temperature of 10" Ivdirenheit, iS()
times its volume, and tlii" resulting liipiiil acid has ,i densily of IJl. .'so great is this atlraclion for w.iter,
that when the gas is liber.ded into the air, it .ombines with the moisture .always present •■! that med!uiii,
forming dense while vapours. Its condiinations with the alkalies, ."vc. are termed iiiur!..U".s ; those of the
greatest importance are, the muriates of tin, ammonia, barytes, and sea salt I'he lest lor the presence
of muriatic aciil in any liijuid is the nitrate of silver ^luii.ir caustic), which cau.scs a curdy white pro.
fipitate.
i\ilric nridyOr aqiinfi>rli.i. — This, wliicli is one of the most useful acids with which the chemist is
acijnainted, is prepared by acting upon saltpetre (nitre or nitrate of potass) with oil of vitriol : the jiro-
portions best suited for this purpose are, three (larts by weight of nitre and two of oil of vitriol ; or 100
nitre, and lio oil of vitriol previously diluted with "(! of wati r ; either of these iiroportions will produce a
very excellent acid. When submitted to distillation, which should be conducted in earthen or glass
vessels, the nitric acid passes over in the form of vapour, and abisulphate of potass \si.\\ mixum) remains
in the retort.
Nitric acid of commerce has usu.ally a dark orangt^-r 1 colimr, giving ofl' copious fumes, and having
n snecitic gravity of l.iO, water tieing lOli. It is strongly acid and highly corrosive. It may be obtained
perfectly colourless by a second distillation, rejecting the (irst portion that passes over. It is much
employed in the arts, for etching on copper.plates for engraving; also, for the separation of silver from gold.
In the'process of i|uartation. In pharmacy and surgery it is extensively used, and is employed for destroy-
ing contagious ciHuvia. Combined with mi'.iaji" acid, it forms aqua regia (nitro-muriatic acid), used as
a solvent for gold, platina, i\c. 'i'his acid is freipu'iitly contaminate<l witl. the muriatic and sulphuric
acids ; these may be detected In the followi ig metluKls — A portion of the su.siiected acid should be diluted
with three or four times its volume of distilled water, and iliii'ed into two glasses; to one of which
nitrate of silver (.lunar caustic in solution) i.-. to be ailded, and t die other, nitrate of barytes : if mnriatie
acid be present, a wdiite curdy precipitate wul be thrown down by the former; and if sulphuric, a white
granular jirecipitate by the latter.
Oxiilic arid — o-rurs in combination with potass as binoxalatc of potass in the diflerent varieties of
Rorp'l, from whence the binoxal ■ ■ of potass has been termed salt of sorrel. This acid is usually prepared
by the action of i^'tric acid upi. siig.ir, evaporating the solution, after the acti(m has ceased, to the con-
slstence of a .s^'riip, and redissolving and recrystallising the crystals w hich arc thus procured.
It is sold in small white acicular crystals, of a strongly acid taste and highly .loisonous, and sometimes
in its external appearance bears a strong similarily to Kpsom salts sulphate of magnesia^ wbieli it has been
unfortunate • fre(|nently mistakr Tor. It is instantly distinguished from I'^psom salts by placing a small
crystal upon the tongue ; w hen ii.s strong acid taste, compared with the nauseous bitter of the sulphate of
magnesia, will be (piite a sutticient criterion. In cases of poisoning however by this acid, lime, or chalk,
mixed with water to form a cream, should be immediately admiiustercd, the condiinations of oxalic acid
with these substances being perfectly inert. It is employed in removing ink stains, iron moulds, Xc. from
linen and leather ; the best proportions for these purposes are, 1 oz. of the acid to a pint of water. '1 he
most delicate test of the presence of oxalic acid is, a salt of lime or lime-water, with either of which it
forms a white precipitate, insoluble in water, hut soluble in acids. Its combinations are ternuMl oxalate.".
fliDsp/iorir mid — is of very little importance in a commercial point of view, except as forming with
lime the earth of bones (phosphate of lime\ It is prepared by heating bones to whiteness in a furnace;
from this phosphoric acid is obtained by the action of snlphnric acid, still combined, however, with a
small ipi.uitily of linu". I'he action of nitric acid upon phosphorus, the latter being added gradually antl
in small pieces, yields this acid in a state of purity ; its combinations are termed phosphates.
I'riis .ir arid, or lii/drori/anir arid. — This .acid, which is the most virulent and piiisoiions acid known, is
oontaiiL!"! in peach ii'iossnms, bay leaves, and many other vegetable proiluctions, which owe their peculiar
odour to the presence of prussic acid. For the purposes of ni.'dicine and cher stry, this acid is pripared
t-'itber by distilling one part of till' cyanuret of mercury, one part of muriatic acid nf specilie gravity 11,).
and six parts of w.iter, six parts of jirussic acid being collected ; <ir, by dissolving a cert.iin weight ot
cyanuret of mercury, and passing a current of sulphureled hydrogen through the solution, until the
w'hole of the mercury sh, ill be precipitated; if an excess of siiipliuieled hydrogen should be present, a
little carbonate of le.id whii^ I. ad\ will remove it ; on lillering, a colourless prussic acid will be oblaiued.
Uy the lirst process, whiih is the one fidlowed at Apollieearies' II.ill, the aciil has a density lilii, water
being ei(n.il to KKKI ; by the latter, it may bepiiKiiredof any required slrenglb, depending on ilie iiuanlity
ACORNS.— ADAMANTINl': SPAH.
5
IsomotiniPS
t lias tiofii
lii^ a small
kulpliati' of
J>, or chalk,
loxalic ai'iii
Is, iVc. I'ri'in
latpr. I hn
1)1' wliirh it
M oxalate?.
l-iiiiiiK' with
la furnace;
lor, with a
Jaually ami
[ known, in
■ir pcciiliar
Is (iri'iiarcd
Vavit\ 1 l.i.
wcinlit (it
until tlio
[|ircscnt, a
(dilainwl.
i!i">, water
leiiuaillity
K
of ryaniiret of mercury dissolved. The best lest for tlic presence of this acid is, first to add a small ijoai lily
ot the pnilosuliihate oV iron (suhiliini of (,'reeii vitriol', then a little siilulion ol ij<ila.<fa, and la.-lly lulutcd
sulphuric add ; il prussic aciil lie present, prussian lilue will be lornicd. Us conihinaliuns aiiM ailed iiriis.
siatcs or hjdrocyanates ; when in its concentrated form, it is so rapid in its ellects that large animuls have
been killed in tlie short space of K(l .seconds, or from a minute to a minute and a half _
SH//)/iiiriiu.s iiciit is formed whenever sulphur is burnt in atmospheric air: it is a sniliicatinfj and
luniKent gas, strongly acid, bleaches vegetable colours with great rapidity, and arrests the process of
vinous fermentation. I'or tliese inirposea it is therefore very much employed, especially in lileailiing
woollen gooils and straws. Kermeiitation may be immediately arrested by Imrniiig a small (|uantity ol"
Bulphnr in casks, and then racking otl' the wiiie while still lermenting into them; this Ireiiiiently gives
the wine a very unpleasant taste of suli>liur, which is avoided by the use of sulphate of potass, iiuule by
impregiiH'iiig a solution of potass with sulphurous acid y.iiK.
iSu/p/iiiiic itd/l, or oil «f vitriol — called oil of vitriol iMin its having been formerly manufactured from
preen vitriol 'snlpliate of ir<in\ In some jiarts of the CoiKinent this process is still followed. The method
generally adopte<l in this country, is to introduce nine parts of sulphur, intimately mixed with one ii.irt of
nitre, in a state of .ictive coinbuUion, into large le;iden chamber.^, the bottoms of which are covered with
a stratum of water. Sulpluiroiis and nitrons acid gases ,ire generated, w hich entering into conibinatioii
form awhile crystalline solid, wnicli falls to the iMittom of tlio chamber; the instant that the water
comes in contaol with it, tiiis solid is decomposed with a hissing noise and ellerveseeiice, sulphuric aciil
combines with the water, and nitroii.s gas is liberated, which ccjiiibiiiing with oxygen troin the air of the
eliamber, is converted into nitrous aci>l gas, again comlnnes with sulphurous acid gas, and again falls to
the bottom of the chamber : this process eoiuinues as long as the comliustion of the sulphur is kept up, or
as long as atmospheric air remains in the chamber; the nitrous acid merely serving as a means for tlu;
Iraiislerence of oxygen from the alniosiihere to the sulpliurous acid, to convert it into snipliiirie acid.
'J'lie water is removed from the chamber when of a. certain strength, and replaced by fresh. These acid
waters are then evaiion.ted in leaden builers, and (iiially concentrated in gla.ss or platina vessels. As
thus manufactured, sulphuric acid is a dense oily Huid, colourU^s, intensely acid, and highly corrosive,
and has a specific gravity ol l.Hlli, wider being ecjual to i.(l((). iliis acid is the most iini)ortant with which
we are acquainted ; it is employed in the niannlacture of the nitric, muriatic, acetic, pho.sphorie, citric,
tirtaric, and many other acids ; also in the iireparatioii ot chlorine, for ihe manufacture ol the bleaching
powder ioxymuriate of lime or chloride of hme), for the preparation ol'sul|)hate of mercury, in the maniu
(acture of calomel and corrosive sublimate, and in innumerable other chemical manula'ctures. In the
practice of physic it is also very much employed. It usually contains a little oxide ot lead, which is
readily detected by diluting the acid with about four times its volume of water, and allowing the sulphate
of lead to subside Its ((iinbinations are denominated siiljihates. The fuming sulphuric acid, as manu-
factured at Nordhausen, contains only one half the quantity of water in its composition.
Tartaric mid. — This acid is iirociired from the cream of tartar ^bitartrate of potass), obtained by
lurifying the crust which separates <lnring the fermentation of wines by solution an<l crystallisation.
IVIien this imrilied bitartrate IS dissolved, and lime or caihnnato of lime added, an insoluble tartrate of
lime tails, which after washing should lie acted upon by sulphuric acid ; sulphate of lime is thus foimed,
and the tartaric acid enters into solnlioii, and may be obtaine<l by evaporation and crystallisation. It is
I'mjiloyed very mueli in the arts, in calico printing, as also in inakipg ellervescing draughts and powders
in jiharmai^.
I'ric acid — is an animal acid of very little importance, except in a scientific point of view : it exists in
the excreiiient of serpents, to the amount of Uj per tent., and forms the basis of many of tlie urinary
calculi and gravel,
N. U. This article, anil that on alkalies, has been furnished by an able pi-actical chemist.
ACOllXS (Ger. Ekheln, Ecltern; Fr. Ghtnds ; It. G/iinmle ; Sp. /?c//otos; Rus.
Se/iiilii(lii ; Lat. (•Idiidcs), t\w seed or fruit of the oak. Acorii.s formed a part of the
food of man in early ages, and frequent alhision is made in the cla.ssics to this circum-
stanee ( J'in/il, GcDrg. lib. i. lin. 8. ; Orid. Mtl. lib. i. lin. lOfi, &e. ). In some countries
they arc still used, in periods of scarcity, as a substitute for bread. ^Vifh lis they aie
now rarely u-ed except for fatteninj; liogs and jioultry. They are said to make, when
toasted, with the addition of a little fresh butter, one of the best substitutes for coflee.
Their taste is astringent and bitter.
ACOUUS (Cii/dfiuis iirniiKiticiis), sweet flag, or sweet rii.sh, a red or knotty root, about
the thickness of the little finger, and several inches long. " U'he root of the sweet flag
lias a pleasant aromatic odour, similar to that of a mixture of cinnamon and all.s])ice. Tiic
taste is warm, pungent, bitterish, and aromatic."- — ( 'J7i(ims()u\s DhitetisiiUmj.) The root,
wliich is used in medicine, was formerly imported from the Levant, but it is now obtainetl
of an eipially good quality from Norfolk.
ACUH, a measure of land. The Imperial or standard English acre contains 4 roods,
each rood 10 p.iles or perches, each pole 'J7i.'| scjuare feet ; and consequently each acre
= 'iri,.j(;0 square feet. I'reviously to the introduction of the new system of weights and
measures by the act .'J Geo. IV. caj). 71., the acres in use in difl'erent iiarfs of Kngland
varied considerably front each <ither and from the standard aeie; but these customary
measures are now abolished. The Scotch acre contains four roods, each rood '10 falls,
and each fall :!()' ells; the ell being equal to ;i7-0f; Imjierial inches. Hence the Imperial
is to the Scofeli acre nearly as 1 to \\, one Scotch acn- being eipial to l-L'O'l Imperial
r,^ poles; ;!0| Irish being equal
acre, .. .lisli acre is equal to 1 acre '_' roods
to li) Imiierial acres,
A1).\.AI.\\T1\K SPAR (Hind. Con/Hf/((»(), a .stone so called from its li.-irdncss,
found in India, Ava, China, &c., crystallised, or in a mass. It is ascertained to be a
sjieeies of sajiiihire. The Indian variety is the best. Colour grev, with shades of green
and light lirown; fracture filiated and sjiarry, sometimes vitreotis. It is brittle, and
M) hard as to cut rock crystal and most of the gems. Specific gravity from 3-71 to 4'18.
'Ihe Chniese variety diller.s from tlio Indian in containing grains of mairnetic iron ore
disseminated through it, in being gcnernlly of a darker colour, and having pxternally a
rli<iioi/„nt lustre ; its siiecilic gravity is greater, and its hardness bomewhat inferior. It
!•- cnqiloyed to jioliJi gems,
U r,
6
ADJUSTiMENT. — ADVERTISEMENT.
ADJUSTMENT, in commercial navigation, the settlement of a loss incurred by the
insured.
In the case of a total loss, if the policy be an open one, the insurer is obliged to pay
the goods according to their prime cost, that is, the invoice price, and all duties and ex-
penses incurred till they are put on board, including the jjrcmium of insurance. Whether
they might liave arrived at a good or a I)ad market, is held by the law of England to be
immaterial. The insurer is supposed to have insured a constant and not a variable sum ;
and in the event of a loss occurring, the insured is merely to be put into the same situ-
ation in which lie stood before the transaction began. If the policy be a valued one, the
practice is to adopt the valuation fixed in it in case of a total loss, unless the insurers
can show that the insured had a colourable interest only, or that the goods were greatly
over-valued. In the case of all partial losses, the value of the goods must be proved.
" The nature of the contract between tlie insured and insurer is," says Mr, Justice
Park, " that the goods shall come safe to the port of delivery ; or, if they do not, that
the insurer will indemnify the owner to the .imount of the value of the goods stated in
the policy. Wherever then tlie property insured is lessened in value by damage received
at sea, justice is done by putting tlie merchant in the same condition (relation being had
to the prime cost or value in the policy) in which he would liave been had the goods
arrived free from damage ; that is, by paying him such proportion of the prime cost or
value in tlie policy as corresponds with the proportion of the diminution in value occa-
sioned by the damage. The question then is, Iiow is the proportion of the damage to
be ascertained? It certainly cannot be by any measure taken from the prime cost;
but it may be done in this way ; — Where any thing, as a hogshead of sugar, happens to
be spoiled, if you can fi.t whether it be a third, a fourth, or a fifth worse, then the da-
mage is ascertained to a mathematical certainty. How is this to be found out? Not
by any price at the port of shipment, but it must be at the port of ddlvery, wlien the
voyage is completed and the whole damage known. Whether the price at the latter be
high or low, it is the same thing ; for in either case it equally shows whether the da-
maged goods are a third, a fourth, or a fifth worse than if they liad come sound ; con-
sequently, whether the injury sustained be a third, fourth, or fifth of the value of the
thing. And as the insurer pays the whole prime cost if the thing be wholly lost, so if it
be only a third, fourth, or fifth worse, he pays a third, fourth, or fifth, not of the value for
which it is sold, but of the value stated in the policy. And when no valuation is stated in
the policy, the invoice of the cost, with the addition of all charge, and the premium of
insurance, shall be the foundation upon which the loss shall be computed."
Thus, suppose a policy to be effected on goods, the prime cost of which, all expenses
included, amounts to 1,000/. ; and suppose further, that these goods would, had they
safely reached the port of delivery, have brought 1,200/., but that, owing to damage they
have met with in the voyage, they only fetch 800/. ; in this case it is plain, inasmucli as
goods that would otherwise have been worth 1,200/. are only worth 800/., that they have
been deteriorated one third ; and hence it follows, conformably to what has been stated
above, that the insurer must pay one third of their/jr/we cost (1,000/.), or 333/. 6«. &d.
to the insured.
In estimating the value of goods at the port of delivery, the gross and not the neti
proceeds of the sales are to be taken as the standard.
A ship is valued at the sum she is worth at the time she sails on the voyage insured,
including the expenses of repairs, the value of lier furniture, provisions, and stores, the
money advanced to the sailors, and, in general, every expense of the outfit, to which is
added the premium of insurance.
When an adjustment is made, it is usual for the insurer to indorse upon the policy
" adjusted this loss at (so much) per cent." payable in a given time, generally a month,
and to sign it with the initials of his name. Tiiis is considered a.s a note of hand, and
as such is prinUi facie evidence of the debt not to be shaken, but by proving that fraud
was used in obtaining it, or that there was some misconception of the law or the fact
upon which it was made. See, for a further discussion of this subject, the article Marine
Insijranck, Park on the Imw of Insin-ancc (cap. 6.), and Marshall (book i. cap. 14.).
ADMEASUREMENT. See Tonnaok.
ADVANCE implies money jiaid before goods are delivered, or upon consignment.
It is usual with merchants to advance from a half to two thirds of the value of goods
consigned to them, on being required, on their receiving invoice, bill of lading, orders to
insure them from sea risk, &c.
ADVEllTISEMENT, in its general sense, is any information as to any fact or
circumstance that has occurred, or is expected to occur ; but, in a commercial sense, it is
imderstood to relate only to sjiecifie intimations with resjiect to the .sale of articles, the
formation and dis.solution of partnerships, bankruptcies, meetings of creditors, &c.
Until last year, a duty of 3s. 6d. was charged upon every advertisement, long or short,
inserted in the Gazette, or in any newspaper, or literary work published in parts
ADVICE. — ALCOHOL.
jy the
to pay
nd ex-
hether
I to be
sum ;
le situ-
ne, the
nsurers
greatly
vcd.
Justice
ot, that
tatcd in
received
ing had
e goods
: cost or
ue occa-
image to
ne cost ;
ppens to
II the da-
it? Not
when tlie
latter be
r the da-
nd; con-
ae of the
jt, so if it
i value for
5 Stated in
rcmium of
expenses
had they
mage they
imucli as
they have
ecn stated
6«. Sd.
ot the nett
insured,
stores, the
o which is
the policy
a month,
hand, and
that fraud
or the fact
le Maiiine
:ap. 14.)-
signment.
of goods
, orders to
ny fact or
sense, it is
Vticles, the
^itors, &c.
or short,
in parts
'^
■^
or numbers. This duty added about 100 per cent, to the cost of advertising, for the
charge (exclusive of the duty) for inserting an advertisement of the ordinary length in
the newspapers rarely exceeds 3s. or 4s. In 1832, the duty produced 155,401/. in
Great Britain, and 15,249Z. in Ireland.
Last year (18331 the duty on advertisements was reduced to 1*. 6rf. ; and this, we have no doubt, will
occasion such an increase of advertising as to prevent the revenue from being materially injured by the-
reduction But, instead of being moditicd merely, this is a duty that ought to be wholly rei)calcd. Its
oneration'is necessarily most unequal, and, in many instances, most oppressive. Can any thing be more
B arinulv unjust than to impose the same duty on a notice of the publication of a sixpenny pamphlet, or
of a servant being out of place, as on an intimation of the sale of a valuable estate ( But as it is alto,
eether impossible to impose the duty on an ad valorem principle, this injustice cannot be obviated so long
as it is mainuined. In a commercial country, a duty on ailvertiscments is peculiarly objectionable, inas-
much as it checks the circulation of information of much importance to mercantile men. v\e, there.
fore hope that this unjust and impolitic tax may be speedily given up. Its abandonment would not cause
any diminution of revenue : for it is abundantly certain that its loss would be more than made up by the
increased productiveness of the duties on paper and newspaper stamps. For an account ot the operation
of the stamp duty on literature, see Books.
ADVICE, is usually given by one merchant or banker to another bi/ letter, inform-
ing him of the bills or drafts drawn on him, with all particulars of date, or sight, the
sum, to whom made payable, &c. Where bills appear for acceptance or payment,
they are frequently refused to be honoured for ;vant of advice. It is also necessary to
give advice, as it prevents forgeries : if a merchant accept or pay a bill for the honour of
any other person, he is bound to advise him thereof, and this should always be done
under an act of hoiwur by a notary public.
AGARIC, a fungus growing on the trunks of trees. That produced in the Le-
vant from the larch is accounted the best. It is brought into the shops in irregular
pieces of different magnitudes, of a chalky whiteness, and very light. The best is easily
cut with a knife, is friable between tlie fingers, and has no hard, gritty, or coloured veins.
It is used in medicine and dyeing. — (Lewis, Mat. Med.)
AGATE (popularly Cornklian), {Get. Achat ; Du. Achnat ; Tr. Agate ; It. Agata ;
Jlus.Agat; hat. Achates). A genus of .semi-pellucid gems, so called from the Greek
axarts, because originally found on the banks of the river of that name in Italy. It is
never wholly opaque like jasper, nor transparent as quartz-crystal ; it takes a very high
polish, and its opaque parts usually present the appearance of dots, eyes, veins, zones, or
bands. Its colours are yellowish, reddish, bluish, milk-white, honey-orange, or ochre-
yellow, flesh-blood, or brick-red, reddish brown, violet blue, and brownish green. It is
found in irregular rounded nodules, from the size of a pin's head to more than a foot in
diameter. The lapidaries distinguish crates according to the colour of their ground ;
the finer semi-transparent kinds being termed oriental. The most beautiful agates found
in Great Britain are commonly known by the name of Scotch pebbles, and are met with in
different parts of Scotland, but principally on the mountain of Cairngorm ; whence they
are sometimes termed Cairngorms. The German agates are the largest. Some very
fine ones have been brought from Siberia and Ceylon. They are found in great plenty
at the eastern extremity of the settlement of the Cape of Good Hope ; and are still met
with in Italy. But the principal mines of agate are situated in the little principfility of
Ilajpepla, in the province of Gujrat, fourteen miles distant from the city of Broach,
where C'.iey are cut into beads, crosses, snuff-boxes, &c. They are exported in con-
siderable quantities to other parts of India, and to this country ; and hence, perhaps, the
jewellers' term " broach."
AGENT. See Factou.
AGIO, a term used to express the difference, in point of value, between metallic and
paper money ; or between one sort of metallic money and another.
ALABASTER (Get. Alabaster ; It. Alabastro ; Vt. Albdtre ; Uus. Alabastr ; Lat.
Alabastrites). A kind of stone resembling marble, but softer. Under this name are con-
founded two minerals, the gypseous and calcareous alabasters ; they are wholly distinct
from each other when pure, but in some of the varieties are occasionally mixed together.
The former, when of a white or yellowi.sh, or greenish colour, semi-transparent, and
capable of receiving a polish, is employed by statuaries. It is very easily worked, Init is
not susceptible of a polish equal to marble. Calcareous alabaster is heavier than the
former ; it is not so hard as marble, but is notwithstanding susceptible of a good polish,
and is more used in statuary. The statuaries distinguish alabaster into two sorts, the
common and oriental. Spain and Italy yield the best alabaster. That produced at
Montania, in the papal states, is in the highest esteem for its beautiful whiteness. In-
ferior sorts are found in France and Germany. Alabaster is wrought into tables, vases,
statues, chimney-pieces, &c.
ALCOHOL, ( AKDENT Spirit) (Fr. Esprit de Vin ; Ger. Wvingeist ; It. SpirUo
ardente, Spirito di Vino, Acquarzente), the name given to the pure spirit obtainable
by distillation, and subsequent rectification, from all licjuors that have undergone
the vinous fermentation, and from none but such as are susceptible of it. It is liglit,
transparent, colourless, of a sharp, penetrating, agreeable smell, and a warm stimulating
B 4
8
ALDER. — ALE AND BEER.
h
taste. It is quite the same, whether obtained from brandy, wine, whisky, or any other
fluid wliich has been fermented. The specific gravity of alcohol when perfectly pure is
from -TJ'J to -SOO, tiiat of water being 1,000 ; but the strongest spirit aftbrded by mere
<listillation is about -820; alcohol of the shops is about -835 or '840. Alcohol cannot
be frozen by any known degree of cold. It boils at 174°. It is the only dissolvent of
many resinous substances; and is extensively used in medicine and the arts. — {Drs.
A. T. Thomson, Ure, &c. )
ALDER, the Bctula alnus of botanists, a forest tree abundant in England and most
parts of Europe. It thrives best in marshy grounds and on the banks of rivers. It
rarely attains to a very great size; its wood is extremely durable in water or in wet
ground ; and hence it is much used for piles, planking, pumps, pipes, sluices, and ge-
nerally for all purposes where it is kept constantly wet. It soon rots when exposed to
the weather or to damp ; and when dry; it is much subject to worms. The colour
of the wood is reddish yellow, of different sliades, and nearly imiform. Texture very
uniform, with larger septa of tiie same colour as the wood. It is soft, and works easily.
— ( TredgohVs Principles of Carpentri/. )
ALE and BEEIl, well known and extensively used fermented liquors, tlie principle
of which is extracted from several sorts of grain, but most commonly from barley, after
it has inidergone the process termed malting.
1 . Historical Notice of Ale and Beer. — The manufacture of ale or beer is of very high
antiquity. Herodotus tells us, that owing to the want of wine, the Egyptians drank a
liguor fermented from barley (lib. ii, cap. 77.). The use of it was also very anciently
introduced into Greece and Italy, though it does not appear to have ever been very
extensively used in these countries. Mead, or metheglin, was probably the earliest
intoxicating liquor known in the North of Europe. Ale or beer was, however, in com-
mon use in Germany in the time of Tacitus {Morib. Germ. cap. 2!5. ). " All the
nations," says Pliny, " who inhabit the West of Europe have a liquor with which they
intoxicate themselves, made of corn and water {fruge mndida). The manner of making
this liquor is somewhat dilferent in Gaul, Spain, and other countries, and it is called by
many various names ; but its nature and properties are every where the same. The
people of Spain, in particular, brew this liijuor so well that it will keep good for a long
time. So exquisite is the ingenuity of mankind in gratifying their vicious appetites, that
they have thus invented a method to make water itself intoxicate." — {Hist. Nat. lib. xiv.
cap. 22.) The Saxons and Danes were passionately fond of beer; and the drinking of
it was supposed to form one of the principal enjoyments of the heroes admitted to tlie
hall of Odin. — {Mallet's Nort/urn Antiquities, caj). C, &c. ) The manufacture of ale was
early introduced into England. It is mentioned in the laws of Ina, King of Wessex ;
and is particularly specified among the liquors provided for a royal ban()uet in t.ie reign
of Edward the Confessor. It was customary in thereignsof the Norman princes to legulate
the price of ale ; and it was enacted, l)y a statute passed in 1 272, that a brewer should
be allowed to sell two gallons of ale for a penny in cities, and three or four gallons for
the same price in the coimtry.
The use of hops in the manufacture of ale and beer seems to have been a German
invention. They were used in the breweries of the Netherlands, in the beginning of the
fourteenth century ; but they do not seem to have been introduced into England till 200
years afterwards, or till the begiiming of the sixteenth century. In 1530, Henry VIII.
enjoined brewers not to put hops into their ale. It would, however, appear that but
little attention was paid to this order; for in 1. '552 hop plantations had begun to be
formed. — {lieckmann's Hist. Invent, vol. iv. pp. 3136 — 341. Eng. ed.) The addition of
hops renders ale more palatable, by giving it an agreeable bitter taste, while, at the same
time, it fits it for being kejjt nnicli longer without injury. (Jenerally speaking, the
English brewers em])l()y a niii'.h larger quantity of hojis than the Scotch. The latter
are in the habit of using, in brewing the fine Edinburgh ale, from a pound to a pound
and a half of hops for every Inisliel of malt.
2. JJistincfioa httircen Ah: and Beer, or Porter. — This distinction has been ably
elucidated by Dr. Thomas Thomson, in his valuable article on Brewing, in the Sujiple-
ment to the Eneyelopivdia Ihifainiica ; — " Doth ale and beer are in GreiU Britain
obtained by fermentation from the malt of barley ; but tliey differ from each other in
several particulars. Ale is light-coloured, brisk, and sweetish, or at least free from
bitter ; while beer is dark-coloured, bitter, and much less brisk. What is called porter
in England is a species of beer ; and the term " ])orter " at present signifies what was
f'>; merlv called sfrom/ in
The oritrinal diUerence l)etween ale and beer was owinji to
\
the malt from which they were ])repare(l. Ale malt was dried at a very low heat, and
consequently was of a jiale colour ; while beer or jiorter malt was dried at a higher tem-
perature, and had ()f consequence MC(|uire(l a brown colour. This incipient charring had
developed a ])eculiar and agrL'ea!)le bitter tasle, which was communicated to the beer
^long with the dark colour. Tiiis bitter taste reiideied beer more agreeable to tl
f
%
ic
li...
ALE AND BEER.
Icrm.an
of the
ill '200
Ihat but
h to be
lition of
le same
<r, the
latter
pound
ably
Mi))ple-
IHritalu
Ither iu
\c from
jmrler
jiat vas
Iving to
■at, and
Ilt tcm-
ling had
|iie beer
to tliC
palate, and less injurious to the constitution than ale. It was consequently manufac-
tured in n-reater (jiiantities, and soon became the common drink of the lower ranks in
England. When malt became high priced, in consequence of the heavy taxes laid upon
it and tlu <'reat increase in the price of barley which took place duruig the war of the
French revolution, the brewers found out that a greater quantity of wort of a given
strength could be prepared from pale malt than from bri. vn malt. The consequence
was that pale malt was substituted for brown malt in the brewing oP^porter and beer,
AVe do not mean that the whole malt employed was pale, but a considerable proportion
of it. The wort, of course, was much paler than before ; and it wanted that agreeable
bitter flavour which characterised porter, and made it so much relished by most i)alates.
The porter brewers endeavoured to remedy these defects by several artificial additions.
At the same time various substitutes were tried to supply the place of the agreeable
bitter communicated to porter by the use of brown malt. Quassia, cocculus indicus,
and we believe even opium, were employed in succession ; but none of them was found
to answer the purpose sufliciently. Whether the use of these substances be still per-
severed in we do not know ; but we rather believe that they are not, at least by the
London porter brewers."
3. Adulteration of Ale and Beer — substitution of Raw Grain for Malt. — Tlic use
of the articles other than malt, referred to by Dr. TJiomson, has been expressly forbidden,
under heavy penalties, by repeated acts of parliament. The act 56 Geo. 3. c. 58.
has the following clauses ; —
" No brewer or dealer in or retailer of liccr shall receive or liavo in liis possession, or make, or use, or
mix with, or put into any worts or beer, any li(iuor, extract, ralx, or other material or pre|iaration for the
purpose of darl<cning the colour of worts or beer; or any liquor, extract, calx, or other material or )ire.
i)aration other than brown malt, ground or unground, as commonly used in brewing ; or shall receive, or
have in his possession, or jsc, or mix with, or put into any worts or beer, any molasses, honey, liquorice,
vitriol, quassia, cocculus indicus, grains of paradise, Guinea pepper, or opium, or any extract or prepara-
tion of molasses, honey, liquorice, vitriol, quassia, cocculus indicus, grains of paradise, (iuinea iJCjiper, or
opium, or any article or preparation wtiatsoever for or as a substitute for Mnit or liops, upon pain that all
such liquor, extract, calx, molasses, honey, vitriol, quassia, cocculus uidicus, grains of i)ar:idise, (iuinea
pepper, opium, extract, article, and preparation as aforesaid, and also the said worts and beer, shall bo
forfeited, together with the casks, vessels, or other packages, and may be seized by any officer of excise;
and such brewer of, dealer in, or retailer of beer, so offending, shall for each offence forfeit '.'( 0/.
" No druggist, or vender of or dealer in drugs, or chemist, or other person whatever, shall sell, send,
or deliver to any licensed brewer of, or dealer in, or retailer of beer, knowing him to be so licensed, or
reputed to be so licensed, or to any other person for, or on account of, or in trust for, or for the use of
such brewer, dealer, or retailer, any colouring, from whatever material made, or any other material or
preparation other than unground brown malt, for the purpose of darkening the colour of worts or beer ;
or any liquor or preparation heretofore or hereafter made use of for darkening the colour of worts or beer,
or any molasses or other articles, as mentioned in the first section, f()r or as a substitute for malt or hops
respectively ; and if any druggist, or vender of or dealer in drugs, or any chemist, or other person what,
ever, shall so do, all such liquor called colouring, and material or preparation for the purpose alore^aid,
and liquor and preparation used for darkening the colour of worts or beer, molasses, and article or prepar-
ation to be used as a substitute for malt or hops, shall be forfeited, and may be seized by any officer of
excise; and the druggist, vender, dealer, chemist, or other person so oH'ending, shall forfeit iJdU/."
Hy the act 1 Will. 4. c. 51. for the repeal of the ale and beer duties, it is enacted { \ 17.), " that no brewer
shall h.ive in his brewery, or in any part of his entered premises, or in any mill connectid with such
brewery, any raw or unmalted corn or grain ; and all unmalted corn or grain which shall be found in such
brewing premises or mill, and all malted corn or grain with which such uinnalted corn or grain may have
been mixed, shall be forfeited, and may be seized by any officer, together with all vessels or packages in
which such raw or unmalted corn or grain shall be contained, or in which such unmalted com or grain,
and the malted corn or grain with which the same may have been mixed, shall be contained ; and every
brewer shall for every such oflencc forfeit £00/."
4. Descriptions of Ale and Beer. — Previously to 1823 there were only two sorts of
beer allowed to be brewed in England, viz. stronp beer, that is, beer of the value cf
\Gs. and upwards the barrel, exclusive of the duty; and small beer, or beer of the
value of less than 16s. a barrel, exclusive of the duty. In 1K23, however, an act was
passed (4 Geo. 4. c. 51.) authorising the brewing, under certain coi ditions, of an in-
termediate beer. But this sort of beer was either not suited to tlie public taste, or, which
is more probable, the restrictions laid on the brewers deterred them from engaging
extensively in its manufacture.
This limitation and classification of the different sorts of nlc and bocr, according to
their strength, originated in the duties laid ui)(m them; and iu)w that these diities
have been repealed, ale and beer may be brewed of any degree of strength. This is an
immense advantage.
5. liet/tdaiions us to the Manufacture of Ale and Beer. — Since the abolition of the beer
duties, these regtdations are very ivw and simple; and consist only in taking out a
licence, entering the iiremise.s, and abstaining from the use of any article, other than
malt, in the ])reparation of the beer. A brewer using any jdace, or mash-tun, for the
purpose of brewing, without having made an entry thereof at the nearest excise ofTice,
forfeits for every such offence 'JOO/. ; and all the worts, buer, and materials for making
the same, together with the ma.sh-tun, are forfeited, and may be seized by any oflicei"
— Brewers obstructing oflicers shall, for every such ofFence, forfeit 100/. — d" Will. 4.
c. 51. §^ 15, 1«.)
G. Licence Uutits. — Xumher of Brewers The licence duties payable by brewers
mm
mm
10
ALE AND BEER.
of ale and beer, under the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 81., and the numbers of such licences granted
during the years 1829 and 1832 are as follow : —
Number of Licences
Sums charged
tor Licences.
granted.
1829.
1832.
£ s. d.
Common brewers of strong l)cer, not exceed
ng 20 barrels
10
2,8.'>4
8,.5<l3
Exceeding 20 and not exceeding 50 barrels
• . .
1
4,871
(5,844
- M) — m) —
....
1 10
(i,<J97
9,1 (i2
■_ 1(H) _ 1,()(K) —
. • .
2
11,562
16,828
— 1,(KK) — 2,(XH) —
- . . .
.3
297
019
— 2,(K)0 — 5,(KK) —
• - - -
7 10
249
488
_ 5,(KK) — 7,rm —
....
n 5
03
124
— 7,.'J00 — 10,(X)0 —
...
15
24
71
— lO.OOO — 20,000 —
. - . -
yo
32
89
— 20,()(K) — 30,(XX) —
....
45
5
23
— 30,(X)0 — 40,000 —
....
(iO
2
(■
Exreetling - - - 40,(K)0 —
.
75
12
15
Hrcwers of table beer only, not cxceetling 20
parrels ...
10
22
51
Exceeding 20 and not exceeding .00 barrels
....
1
8
9
— SO — 100 —
-
1 10
13
12
Exceeding - - - - 100 —
. . • *
2
111
27
Ki'tail brewers of strong beer . . .
.
5 r,
1,279
.50
The great increase in the number of brewers in 1832, as compared with IBS'), is to be ascribed to the
abolition of the beer duties in 1830,
N. li. The barrel contains 3() gallons, or 4 (Irkins of 9 gallons each, Imi>erial measure. It is enacted,
(1 Will. 4. c. 51. 4 7.), that from the 10th of October, 18o0, brewers are to pay their licence duty according
to the malt used uy them in brewing, and that every brewer shall be deemed to have brewed one barrel
of beer fur every two bushels of malt used by such brewer.
Account of the Number of Brewers, Licensed Victuallers, Persons licensed for the sale of Beer, &c. ;
with the Quantities of Malt used by such Brewers, &c. in England, Scotland, and Ireland, during the
Year 18,52.— (/'nW. Paper, No. 95. Sess. 1833.)
Countries.
Number of
Bushels of Malt used by
Brewers.
Licensed
Victuallers.
Persons li-
censed for
the tteneral
Sale of Beer.
Victuallers
who hrew
their own
Beer.
Versons li-
censefl for
the general
Sale of Ueer,
who brew
their own
Beer.
Brewers.
Licensed
Victuallers.
Tersons li-
censed for
the general
SaleofBLvr.
England
Scotland
Ireland
Unite<l Kingdom
1,753
-21H
216
50,7%
17.070
30,917
24,2<)3
318
13,102
13,891,851
893,iK)l
1,543,26.5
8,898,789
96,505
3,093,519
2,185
67,866
30,917
24,fil 1
13,102 16,.'329,017
8,<)<I5,294
3,01)3,519
It is enacted, (1 Will. 4. c. 51.,) that every person who shall sell any beer or ale in less quantities than
four and a half gallons, or two dozen reputed quart bottles, to be drunk elsewhere than on the premises
where sold, shall be deemed a dealer in beer.
7. Progressive Cnnsiimption of Ale and Beer. — IVIalt li^juor early became to the laI)our-
ing classes of England what the inferior sorts of wine are to the people of France, at
once a necessary of life and a luxury : the taste for it was universally difTused. There
are, however, no means by which an estimate can be formed of the quantity actually
consumed previously to the reign of Charles II. IJut duties, amounting to 2s. 6d. a
barrel on strong, and to 6d. a barrel on small ale or beer, were iin])oscd, for the first
time, in 1660. These duties being farmed until 1684, the amount of the revenue only
is known ; and as there are no means of ascertaining the proportion which the strong
bore to the small beer, the quantities that paid duty cannot be specified. But, since the
collection of the duty was intrusted to officers employed by government, accurate
accounts have been kept of tlie quantities of each sort of beer on which duty was paid,
as well as of the rate of duty and its amount. Now, it appears, that, at an average of
the ten years from 1684 to 1693 inclusive, the amount of ale annually charged with
duty was as follows : — Strong ale - - 4,567,293 barrels.
Small do - - 2,376,278 do.
Soon after the Revolution several temporary duties were imposed on ale and beer ;
but in 1694 they were consolidated, the established duties being then fixed at 4s. 9d. a
barrel on the strong, and at Is. 3rf. on the small beer, instead of 2s. 6d. and 6d., which
had been the rates previously to 1 690. This increase of duty had an immediate effect
on the consumption, the quantity brewed during the ten years from 1694 to 1703 being
as follows : — Strong ale - - - 3,374,604 barrels.
Small do. . - _ 2,180,764 do.
The whole of this decrease must not, however, be ascribed to the increase of the beer
duties only ; the duties on malt and hops having been, at the same time, considerably
increased, operated partly, no doubt, to produce the effect.
PiJlii
ALE AND BEER.
11
8,5<I3
(),K44
'J,Ili'2
fi,8'J8
tilt)
488
V2i
71
89
23
H
16
51
9
12
27
50
laI)our-
mcc, at
There
ictually
6(1. a
[he first
|uc only
strong
ince the
liccuratc
IS paid,
;rage of
id with
beer;
9d. a
which
effect
being
tie beer
lerably
During the five years ending with 1750, tlie ale brewed amountc<l, at an average, to
3,803,580 barrels of" strong, and 2,162,540 barrels of small. — (^Hamilton's Principles
of Taxation, \). 255. )
The ale brewed in private families for their own use has always been exempte<l from
any duty ; and it may, perhaps, be supposed that tlic falling off' in the consumption, as
evinced by the statements now given, was apparent only, and that the decline in tlie
public lirewery would be balanced by a proportional extension of the private brewery.
IJut, though there can be no doubt that the quantity of beer brewed in private families
was increased in consequence of the peculiar taxes laid on the beer brewed for sale, it
is abundantly certain that it was not increased in any thing like the ratio in which the
other was diminished. Tliis is established beyond all dispute, by the fact of the con-
sumption of malt having continued very nearly stationary, notwithstanding the vast
increase of population and wealth, from the beginning of last century down to 1750,
and, indeed, to 1830 ! — (See Malt.) Had the fact, as to malt, been different,
or had tlie demand for it increased proportionally to the increase of population,
it would have shown that the effect of the malt and beer duties had not been to lessen
the consumption of beer, but merely to cause it to be brewed in private houses instead
of j)ul)lie breweries : but the long continued stationary demand for malt completely
negatives this supposition, and shows that the falling oft' in the beer manufactured by
the public brewers has not been made up by any equivalent increase in the supply
manufactured at home.
1. An Account of the Quantity of the different Sorts of Beer made in England and Wales, in each
Year from 1787 to 18^, both inclusive, the Kate of Duty, and the total Produce of the Duties
(English Ale Oallons).
. Years
cnilcd
5th July.
Strong Beer.
Table Beer.
Small Beer.
Total Amount of
Duty.
Barrels.
Rate of
Duty.
Barrels.
Rate of
Duty.
Barrels.
Rate of
Duty.
1787
4,42fi,482
8*. Orf.
485,020
'os. M.
I,3l2,.'i01
Is. 4rf.
£'l,9.i2,922
lOs. 8rf
1788
4,;JO»,K95
—
524,176
—
I,.i34,i47
1,889,580
17 4
17hi)
4,437,831
—
514,900
—
1,244,046
— •
l,9a5,303
16
1790
4,52.';,9.5()
—
546,260
—
],282,l.'-.7
—
1,977,7!'6
2 8
1791
4,7.'".4,.5S8
—
579,742
—
1,347,086
—
2,078,602
4 8
1792
5,082,293
—
625,260
—
1,401,870
_
2,2.0,l(i4
4
179.J
5,lfi7,8.50
—
620,207
—
1,414,255
..
2,2.54,4.54
14 4
17!H
5,011,320
—
586,.').'H
—
1,446,939
—
2,188,973
14
1795
5,037,804
—
.576,464
—
1,453,036
_
2,198,4<iO
5 4
1796
5,,'!()4,4.';3
—
565,630
—
1.479,130
—
2,385,234
7 4
17!»7
5,839,627
—
584,422
—
1,518,512
2,524,748
4 8
1798
5,784,467
—
622,0&1
—
l,r.47,.570
—
2,510,267
14 8
n!"9
5,774,311
611,151
—
1,597,139
2,507,872
19 8
18(X)
4,824,306
—
574,995
—
l,360,.'i02
— .
2,106,671
15 8
I8U1
4,735,,574
—
500,025
—
1,191,930
_
2,048,695
7
1802
5,34.5,884
9 5
S<)2,022
—
976,787
«
2,.'i21,198
4
1803
5,582,516
—
1,660,828
—
2,782,263
13 4
1»4
5,265,623
10
1,779,570
_
2,810,768
10
iKo;
5,412,131
—
1,776,807
—
2,883,746
4
]8()(.
5,443,,0O2
—
1,771,754
—
2,898,926
8
1807
5,577,176
—
1,732,710
—
2,961,8,09
180i
5,571,360
—
1,710,243
—
2,956,704
6
18(9
5,.513,m
—
1,682,899
—
2,924,845
8
If.lO
5,753,319
—
1.635,588
—
3,040,218
6
1811
5,902,903
1,649,564
—
3,116,407
18
1812
5,860,869
1,593,395
—
3,089,774
1813
.5,382,946
—
1,455,759
—
2,837,048
18
1814
5,<)24,015
—
1,432,729
—
2,955,280
8
1815
6,1,'50,544
—
l/j 18,302
—
3,227,102
4
1816
5,982,379
__
1,514,867
—
3,142,676
4
1817
5,2:56,0*8
—
1,4.53,960
—
2,76.3,420
1818
5,364,009
— .
1,434,642
2,82;1,468
14
1819
5,629,240
—
1,460,244
—
2,960,644
8
1820
5,296,701
1,444,290
2,792,779
10
1821
5,575,8,30
—
1,4,'39,970
—
2,931,912
1822
5,712,937
_
1,4!)2,2H!
—
3,(H)5,6i)6
12
1823
6,177,271
—m
l,4l9,.0S;i
—
3,230,594
8
1824
6,188,271
~
1,401,021
"
Intermediate
Beer.
3,234,237
12
182.5
6/m,(m
—
l,4a5,750
—
%V>9 5
3,401,296
15
It appears from the foregoing table, that the quantity of strong beer manufactured
by the public brewers had increased about a third since 1787 ; but the quantity of
malt consumed in 1787 was quite as great as in 1828; a fact, which shows conclu-
sively, either that the quality of the beer brewed in the public breweries has been
deteriorated since 1787, or that less, comparatively, is now brewed in private families;
or, which is most probable, that both effects have been produced.
mm.
''!'
I
i t
12
ALE AND BEER.
II. An Arcoiint of tlio Qiiniitity of all the clifTiTont S<irt8 of Hcrr, stutcil in nnrri'l*, made in racli Vi'.ir,
IVdin !A\\ (if January 1S'2.'> to Mil of January IH.'iO; tlif HaloH of Duty piT ilarrcl ui I'at'li Year, anct
'I'otal Amount tlii'rvof in each Vt-ar In KuKland and Si'otlanil {I'm I. I'ti/ur, No. I'.K). Si's*. IK'A).)
Vt';irH emlfil
6th Juiiuury
i.si;ii
1S!^7
1S28
1829
1830
182r.
IS'27
1828
18C9
f
18:50
)
EN ;I,AND.
Number of liarrcU, Ini|icrinl Mvaturc. *
Htrong.
7,(K)S,IU
4,177,'.'v!r.
2,012.71.7
;i,K!l;"),'J2(i
2,.')l)(l,Ui;i
a,sni,r>i!)
2,til7,li!»l
3,'i<i!»,J(i4
2,J'7it,!i.iO
Knte
PIT 1
ll.irri'l, I
t.
</.
!»
10
SI
!)
10
<l
<)
10
!t
V
10
9
<>
10
Talilf
l,lKlti,Hi)<)
l,0Hi,7'.'t>
.'•.(I-.',! 127
iW!i,.'^27
.WJ.iSl
977,9i>2
.'■..-.2,4.^7
K7!l,K7lt
.'i(KI/)!K)
Il.ili- per
ll.irri'l.
(/.
Ill
111
Hi
■ij
iij
<il
lU
Inlcnnitliate.
Ill
scon. A NO.
(i.liK)
7,707
(i2,(ii7
.';,".,4fth
Il.iii' iM'r
ll.irri'1.
Tutiil Atnoiint iif
Dill).
.V. il.
4 11
jfc" ,«. (/.
.■i,4!l2,779 10 4
;J,2ti5,4*l 14 ti
:i,128,047 9
3,217,812 2 a
2,917,828 8 4
1,'3;,<H)3
ll(V'9t
102,7ti9
9,2;V)
10l,47;>
17,2+8
94,3.S7
lli,.'ilii)
.V.
rf.
9
10
9
9
10
9
9
10
9
9
10
9
9
10
Cfi 1,0,1.';
21!»,7'-'2
.'■.l,<il3
187,873
,'..!,420
178,.'. :o
tW,!i|3
l(il,488
ti7,«!iti
d.
11
11
11
ii
11
i|
11
9i j
11 '
1-
}-
s. >l.
£ s. d.
91,731 2 2
79.9JI 4 7
72,ar. 4 4
7li,h8j 9 11
71,733 17 C>
N. B. The duty on beer being repealed in 1830, there are no later aceounts of the ijuantily brewed.
III. An Account of the Number of Barrels of .StroiiR Ueer exported in each Year, from 5th of January 1S25
to .5th of January I8,;0.
I ;
flSOfi .
IH27 -
Years cndetLWi of January - .- 1S28
1829
I ls,;o
NuinUrof Itarrels (Iiniierial .Measuri)
exiiuitiil IVuiii
KiiKlanil. 1 Si'iitland.
Irflaiul.
.W.OIS
42,(>02
.W,471
71,842
74,!KI2
1,827
l,l!79
2,,'.09
.3,,;o-i
3.131
9,8.M
10,(K)0
11.2(il
14,4!l<)
i.S2(r7
The exports in 1832 were 70,130 barrels.
It has been contcnik-d by some, tliat the condition of the bulk of the ])ooi)Ic has
declined since the connneiicenient of tlie late Frencli war; and that this decline, and
not the duties and restrictions on the manufacture and sale of malt and beer, has been
the real cause that the consumption of malt li(iuor.i continued stationary during the thirty
years ending with 1 s;K). Hut nearly four millions of persons were added to tiie population
of England and Wales during the eighteenth centiu'v, and it is admitted, on all hands,
that the condition of the middle and lower cla.sscs was, at the same time, vastly im-
proved. In.sfead, however, of increasing, as no doubt it would have done but for
some very powcrfid counteracting cause, we have .seen that the consinnjition of malt
li(pior contimied stationary during the whole ut lust ccnturi/ ; so that the fair presmnp-
tion is, that it continued stationary during that jieriod of the jinsent vvntiiri/ already re-
ferred to, not because the (leople have become less able to purcha.sc beer, but because
the same causes which formerly jirevented the increase of consumption have continued
to operate. If we except a portion of the peasantry in seme of the southern counties,
where the pernicious i)ractice of paying wages out of the poor's rates has been intro-
duced, it will be found that the condition of the labouring classes has been, speaking
generally, changed very much for the better during the last thirty years. Their health
has been remarkably imjiroved ; a residt which could hardly have taken place without
an improvement in their habits as to clwinliness, and in their ordinary acconnnodations ;
and, indepeMdiMit of this circumstance, the fact that the lower classes have lodged uj)-
wards of Jiftcvn millions sterling in S.avings' IJanks, and that upwards of a million of
them are members of Friendly Societies, shows pretty clearly that, though they may
not be anywhere so comfortable as could be wi.shed, and though, in Kent, Ilamp.sbire,
and some other southern counties, they arc exposed to very great privations, their con-
dition is, on the whole, sujierior to what it has ever jireviously been. It h;is further
been contended, that if the decline in the consumption of beer cannot be ascribed to any
1
f
* The alo p.illoii contains C82 cubic inches, aiul the Imperial gallon 277i : the latter being 'part less
than the furnier. "5
*".^mw.*^
AI.E AND UEEH.
13
4
7
4
4
9
11
17
5
8.
tl.
'M
8
:n
11
'J
O
fiilllii^; «ifr ill tlic condilion of llii- |io()i)Ic. or in tlu-ir i)0\vpr to luirclinsc mnlt liipiors
till' t'iiir iiili'iTiut.' is, that it Ims (nif^inatcd in a diaiige of taste; and llii- iiiiriasid con.
smiilitioii of spiriHioiis ii(|nois that lias taivtii placL- of hUu yais huK lii'iii iippiahd to
in piDof tlial smh is the fait. I'-iit this iniivasf has liwii very (,niatly i-xafrfffiati'd :
adinillinjr. howivfr, that thi- ciriiMnstaniis aiv rialiy suili as liavc l)c-in riprisintul,
\\w (|ui'Mion iiistanlly iirnrs, to wliat is this ilianfji- of tasto owin;^? How conns it
tliat till- iK'oiilo of kii^hmd shoidd ho liss partial tliaii licri'lofori- to that pahitahle
and luitritioiis hi'vciaj^i" to which lliiy have iii'oii iorif? aciiistonii'd, and that they
should \w. ri'sortin^; to ardent spirits and other deleterious co:>iponnds, destruetive
alike of their health and morals? Jf we mistake not, it will be found to he wholly
owin<; to f'lo duties and restrictions that have been laid on the manufacture and sale
of heer.
H. Diillin on .llf tiiiil lliir : olil /liriishiif Si/slim. — The duty on malt is '_'().«. Hil. a
(juarter; on hops '_'</. a poniul ; and on stroiif,' heer, which forms five tenths of the whole
(pianlily hrewcd, the duty was !).v. !()(/. a liarrel. It is connnoidy estimated, that from
three to three and a half barrels of heer are mannfactmed from a (piarter of mall ; and
that each (piarter of malt reipures twelve pounds of hoi>s. Now, supijosinfjlhat tinee and
a ipiarler barrils of beer are iirtxluced from aipiarter of malt, the duties allecting it, down
to the loth of October, l.SlK), were
Duty laid directly on malt
Ueer duty on three and u quarter barrels
Hop duty _ _ _
and dividing this sum of .ILv. 7</. by H}, the duties allecting each barrel of beer will
be 17s.
Sneli duties are obviously o|)pressive. 'I'he i)riee of barley does not at nn average
exceed ti.'Js. per (juarter. Hut the duties on malt or beer jiroduced from a ipiarfer of
barley (exclusive of the hop duty ) amounted to 5\>s. Id., being i'(]ual to 150 j)er cent,
upon the cost of the barley em])loyed ! Need we seek elsewhere for the cause t>f the
stationary demand for malt liipiors? 'l"he taxes on wine, liritisb spirits, tea, and coflee,
do not, in any case, exceed UK) per cent. Nor can there be a doul)t that the dispro-
portionately heavy burden that has thus been imjioscd on the natural and healtliy beverage
of the lower classes lias principally contributed tu lessen its consianption, and to causu
tliein to resort to less salubrious substitutes.
In another point of view, the beer duties were still more indefensible. They afFecfcd
only that description of beer which was hreiird for sale ; and as all the biglier classes
brewed their own beer, the duty fell only on the lower and middle ranks of the com-
nmnity, and jiarticularly the former. It is singular, that a tax so grossly ime<|ual and
oppressive should have been so long submitted to. Should the pid)lie necessities re(]uire,
at any future jieriod, that an eflbrt should be made to increase tlic revcntie from lieer,
the fair and i)roper method would be to increase the malt duties. They allcct alike those
who brew the beer which tliey consume, and those who buy it from a public brewer.
Their increase would not recpiire the emjiloyment of any additional officers ; for it is
obvious, that the same officers and regulations that serve to collect a duty of '20s, Hil.
would equally serve to collect a duty of ',]0s. ; and, what is most ini])ortant, an increase
of this sort woidd not require any interference with the process of brewing.
15ut besides the obstacles to the consumption of beer arising from the oiqiressivc duties
■with which it was burdened, the system recently in force of granting licences for its
sale, opposed obstacles that were hardly less formidable. Previously to 1 8:50, no one
could open a house for the sale of beer without first obtaining a licence renewable
nimually from the magistrates ; and as these functionaries were actuslomcd only to
grant licences to tb.e occupiers of partkuhir houses, the brewers naturally endeavoured,
in order to ensure the sale of their beer, either to buy up those houses or to lend money
upon them: and in many extensive districts a few large cajiitalists succeeded in engrossing
most of the public houses; so that even the apiJcarance of conqietition was destroyed, and
a ready market and good jirices secured for the very worst beer !
We, therefore, look upon the abolition of the beer duties, and the granting per-
mission to all individuals to retail beer ujion taking out an excise licence costing '21. '2s.,
as highly advantageous measures. The rejjeal (>f the duty has put iin end to the unjust
distinction that previously obtained ; the }ioor man is no longer burdened with a heavy
tax, from which the noble and affluent of the land were exempted; but all classes are
placed, in so lar at least as the duties on beer are concerned, in the same situation. The
fall of price caused by the abolition of the duty, by rendering beer more easily obtainable,
will do much o check tlie consumi)tion of spirits; and will, at the same time, powerfully
contribute to M,e health and comfort of the poor. The change in the mode of licensing
houses for the retail o( beer has introduced into tlie trade that system office competition
^
14
ALE AND BEER.
tlmt is so advantngooiis. It is no lonj^or in the power of nny comliination of l)rcwers to
maintain tliu price of beer ut an unnatural elevation ; anil the public may now depend
on lieing supplied with malt liquorH at the lowewt price that will serve to indemnify the
brewers.
9. ComplitintH of the Increase of Beer Shops. — In despite, however, of what has now l)ecn
stated, it is strenuously objected to the late measure for licensing houses for the sale of
beer, that it h ' . to their excessive multi])lication in different parts of the country, and
has >■) consequence, had a most pernicious influence on the public morals: but there do
not .seem to be any good grounds for such statements. The whole number of public
houses licensed for the side of lieer and ale only in England and Wales, during the year
ended :)lst of .'March, !«;{;$, was 4,8'Jl ; while 47,ii8(J houses were licensed, during the
same year, for the sale of beer, ale, and spirits. — (Pari. Paper, No. '1'26. Sess. 183:5.)
Whatever, therefore, may be the inconveniences arising from the number of the latter, it
does seem ludicrous to imagine tliat they can be materially increased by the opening of
the beer sho])s. On the contrary, we should think that every measure which has a
tendency to substitute beer shops for spirit shops must be advantageous ; and such is the
l)recise erteet of the act 1 Will. 4. cap. 64. Its privileges are acquired by those only
who conflnc themselves to the side of beer ; and until it has been shown that the drinking
of beer is less advantageous, or more pernicious, tlian the drinking of spirits, we shall not
be inclined to lay much stress on the complaints so frequently put forth as to the number
of beer shops. In order, however, to check their unnecessary multiplication, and to
ensure as far as possible the maintenance of g(K>d order in them, it might be expedient,
perhaps, to increase the license duty, and the security reijuired from those applying for
a licence, and to facilitate the suppressicm of disorderly houses : but we protest against
any attempt to lessen the number of public houses by reviving the old licensing system,
with the injustice and jobbing inseparable from it, and from every modification of it.
10. Existing Regulations with respect to the Sale of Beer. — The sale of ale, beer, &c. by
retail in England, is now regulated by the act 1 Will. 4. c. 64., of which we subjoin a
|>retty full abstract.
Licenses to be granted by commissioners of excise, or by persons autliorised by tliem ; to cost SA 2«. a
year : not to authorise the sale of wine or spirits ; not to be granted to slicrifTa' otflccrs, nor to any [lerson
executing the legal process of any court of justice, nor tu any person not being a householder assessed f
the parish. — ^ '2.
The party requiring such licence to enter into a bond to the commissioners, with one sufficient surety
in the penalty of 'JO/., or with two sufficient sureties in the penalf- \( !()/. each, for the payment of any
penalty or sun* of money, not exceeding the amount of such ir 10/. respectively, which- shall be
incurred for any offence against this act by the party to whom such iicc shall be granted ; and no person
license<l to sell beer by retail, or not being a householder paying the poor rates, shall be surety in any suca
bond. — ^ 4, 5.
Every person who shall be licensed under this act, shall cause to be painted, in letters three inches at
least in length, in white upon a black ground, or in black upon a white ground, publicly visible anil
legible, upon a Imnrd, to b..- placed over the door of the house in which such person shall be licensed, the
Christian and surname of the persons mentioned in such licence, at full length, together with the words
" Licensed to sell Heer by Retail ; " and every such person shall keep up such name and words during
all the time that uich jicrsau shall continue so licensed, upon pain of forfeiting for every omission 10^ —
No person to sell any beer by retail, under this act, after the expiration of any licence granted, nor in
any hou.^c not specified in such licence ; and any person selling beer by retail, not being duly licensed, as
the keeper of a common inn, ale-house, or victualling-house; or if any such person, so licensed, shall deal
m or retail any wine or spirits, he shall, for every such offbnce, forfeit 20/., half to go to the informer and
half to the king ; such penalty to l>e recovered as other excise penalties ; and the powers of the excise act
7 & 8 0. 4. c. 53, &c. extended to this act. — ^ 7, 8, 9.
Persons trading in partnership, and in one house, shall not be obliged to tike out more than one licence
in any one year : provided also, that no one licence shall authorise any person to sell beer, in any other
than the house mentioned in such licence. — ^ 10
In cases of riot or exjx:cted riot or tumult, every person liccnse<l under this act, and keeping any house
situate within their jurisdictions, shall close his house at any time which the justice or justices shall
direct ; and every such person who shall keep open his house at or after any hour at which such justices
shall have so ordered or directed such house to be closed, shall be deemed to have not maintained good
order and rule therein, and to be guilty of an offence against the tenor of his licence. — ^11.
Kvcry person licensetl to .sell beer by retail, shall sell (except in quantities less than a half pintl by the
gallon, quart, pint, or half pint measure, sized according to the standard ; and in default thereof, he shall
for every such oflTence forfeit the illegal measure, and pay not exceeding 40s., together with the costs of
the conviction, to be recovered within thirty days next alter that on which such offence was committinl,
before two justices ; such penalty to be over and above all penalties to which the ofTender may be liable
under any other act. — \ \'i.
Every seller of beer by retail, having a licence under this act, who shall permit any person to be guilty
of drunkenness, or disorderly conduct, in the house mentioneil in such licence, shall forfeit the sums
following: for the first offence, no', less than 40.?. nor more than 5/., as the justices, before whom such
retailer shall lie convicted, shall adiudge ; and for the second offence, any sum not less than .5/. nor more
than 10/ ; and for the third offence , any sum not less than 'id/, nor more than .WA ; and it shall be lawful
for the justices, before whom any such conviction for such third ofTence shall take place, to adjudge, if
they shall think fit, that such offender shall be disqualified from selling beer by retail for the space of
two years next ensuing such conviction, and also that no beer shall be sold by retail, by any person in the
house mentioned in the licence of such offbndcr ; and if any person so licenced shall, knowingly, sell any
beer, ale, or porter, made otherwise than from malt and hops, or shall mix, or cause to be mixed, any
drugs or other pernicious ingredients, with any beer .sold in his house, or shall fraudulently dilute, or iu
any way adulterate, any such beer, such olTender shall, for the first otl'ence, forfeit not less than lOA not
more than 30/., and for the second such offence such offemler shall be adjudged to be dis(|ualified from
selling beer, ale, or porter, by retail, for the term of two years, or to forfeit not less than 20/. nor more than
50/., and shall be subject to a like penalty at every house where he shall commit such offbnccj and if anv
i
ALE AND BEER.
15
I house
shall
jstlces
good
l)y the
shall
bsts of
kitted,
I liable
Iguilty
' 8ums
such
J more
lawful
JgP. if
lace of
111 the
|ll any
any
or in
|)/. not
from
!than
■if anv
porion shall, (lurinft any term In whirli it shall not be lawful for boer to be sold by retail on the premise!
of any od'ciuier, sell any Imht by retail on such premi^irs, knowing that it wan not lawful to be sold, such
ott'vniler shall forfeit not less than 10/. nor more than '2tH. ; every person suffering the conditions of the
licence to lie infringed to be deenu'd guilty of disorderly conduct — ji 1.).
Retailers' houses not to lie o|ien \m-i\ .ro four in the morning, nor after ten in the evening ; nor between
the hours of ten in the foren(x)n and une in the anernoon, nor at any time between the hours of three and
live in the alternoon, on any Sunday, (UkmI Friday, Christmas-day, or any day ap|>ointcd for a public fast
or thanksgiving ; anil any iwrson onl'nding herein shall forfeit 40». for every olllMice ; every U'paratc sale
to be tlct-nictl a separate ollbnce, — ^ 14.
All iienalties under this act, except for selling beer by any person not duly licensed, shall be recovered,
U|X)ii the iiifornmtion of any person before two justices in |H'tty sessions ; and every such penalty shall bo
prosecuted for within three calendar months next after the oHl'ncc ; and every jwrson licensed under this
ttct, who shall be convicted before two justices, shall, unless proof bu adduced to the nalisfuction of such
Justices, that such (lerann had been theretofore convicted before two justicei, within the space of twelve
calciular months next prece<ling, be adjudgetl by such justices to be guilty of a first oflcnco agiilnst thit
net, nnd to forfeit and pay any penalty by this act imposetl for such oHence, or if no specific |)enalty lie
iniiMMoil, then any sum not exceeding !>!., together with the costs of the conviction; and if proof bo
ndduced to the satisfaction of auch justices, that such |)crson had been previously convicte<l, within the
eiKicp of twelve c.ilcnilar months next preceding, of one such ofl'ence only, such (lerson to be adjudged
guilty of a second otU'uce against Ihiii act, aiul to forfeit and pay any penalty by this act imposed fur such
olleiire, or if no specific penalty be so imposed, then any sum not exceeding 1(7., together with the costs
of conviction ; and if proof shall be Adduced that such [lerson had been previously convicted within the
»t>ace of eighteen calendar iionths next preceding, of two such separate onL-nces, nnd if proof l)e adduced
that such iKTSon, so charK<-d, is guilty of^ the offence charged against him, such person shall be adjudged
to be guilt) of a third oH'ence against this act, and to forfeit and |>ay any penalty imposed by this act, in
respect of such oftt-nce, or if no such specific |)enalty shall be imijosed, then to forfeit and i)ay the sum of
mu., together with the costs of conviction. — ^ 15.
The party, convicted of any such third offence, may appeal to the general sessions, or quarter sessions,
then next ensuing, unless held within twelve days after ( unviction, and in that case, to the then next aul><
sequent sessions ; and, in &uch case, the party convicted shall enter into a recognizance, with two sureties,
personally to appear at the said general or quarter sessions, to abide the judgment of the court ; and to
pay such costs us shall be by the court awarded ; or, in failure of the party convicted entering into such
recognizance, such conviction shall remain goml and valid ; and the said justices who shall take such
recognizance, are also required to bind the iHirson who shall make such charges to appear at such general
or quarter >cssions, then and there to give evidence against the person charged, and, in like manner, to
bind any other person who shall have any knowledge of such ofl'ence ; and it shall be lawful for the said
general or quarter sessions to adjudge such person to be guilty of such third offence against this act, and
such adjudication shall be final ; and it shall be lawful for such general or quarter sessions to punish such
ollender by fine, not exceeding KKl/ , together with the costs of such up|>eal, or to adjudge the liciiiicc to
I '"'"'^'^''•^1 "'■ 'hat no beer be sold by retail in the house for the term of two years, and if such licence
sha 1 be adjudged to be forfeited, it shall iicnceforth be void : and whenever, in such case, the licence of
such offender shall be adjudged to be void, such off'ender shall be deemed incapable of selling beer, ale, or
porter, by retail, in any house kept by him, for the space of two years, to be computed from the time of
such adjudication ; and any licence granted to such person during such term shall be void. — ^ lli.
In default of payment of penalties, proceedings may be had again.st the sureties. — ^ 19.
Any person summoned as a witness, who shall neglect or refUse to ap|)car, and not make such reasonable
excuse for such neglect, &c. as shall be admitted by such justices of sessions, or who, appearing, shall
refuse to be examine<l, shall, on conviction, forfeit not exceetling 10/.— ^ 20.
Offenders refusing or neglecting, within seven days after conviction, to pay the i>cnalty imjiosed, and
any costs assessed, such justices may issue their warrant, to levy the amount by distress and sale, together
with the costs of distress and sale ; and in every such case, such offenders, if in custmly, shall be forthwith
dischargiHl ; but if the goiMls and chattels are not sufficient, such justices may commit the offbnder to the
common gaol or house of correction for not exceeding one calendar month, if the penalty shall not be
alwve ;>/. i for not exceeding three calendar months, if the penalty shall be iii'ove 5/. and not more than
10/. ; and for not exceeding six calendar months, if the penalty shall be abovu 10/. ; provided, that when-
ever such offender shall pay to the gaoler or keeiHjr, or to whomsoever such justices shall have appointed,
the penalty and costs, together with all the costs of apprehension and conveyance to gaol, at any time
lireyious to the expiration of the time for which such offender shall have lieen committeil, such offender
shall be forthwith discharged. — ^21.
No conviction under this act, nor any adjudication made upon appeal therefrom, shall be quahhe«l for
want of form, nor removed by certiorari ^ 27.
Every oction against any justice, constable, or other person, for any thing done in execution of his duty
under this act, to be commenced within three calendar months, and not afterwards; and if any jierson be
sued, he may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in evidence. — ^ 28.
This act not to affect the two universities, nor the vintners' company in London ; nor to prohibit the
•ale of beer at fairs, as heretofore.
11. Scotch Ah and Beer Duties. — The duties on ale and beer in Scotland have been
for a lengthened period the same as in England.
At the union in 1707, the English duties on ale and beer were introduced into Scot-
land. But, besides strong and small beer, the Scotch had an intermediate species, which
they called two-penny, and which was their favourite beverage. The duty on this de-
scription of beer was fixed, at the union, at '2s. !;{</. a barrel. For thirty years after its
imposition, the quantity of two-penny that paid duty was always above 400,000, and
sometimes exceeded 500,000 barrels a year. But in 1760 the duty on two-penny was
mcreased to 3.?. 4j</. and the consumption immediately fell off to between 100,000 and
200,000 barrels ! The quantity that paid duty in 1«00 amounted to M 9,803 barrels.
The manufacture of this species of beer cea.sed entirely in 1802.
No account has been kejit of the ijuantity of beer brewed in Ireland since 1809, when
It amounted to 960,300 barrels {Morewood on Intoxicatinq Liquors, p. 353.) Per-
haps it may now amount to from 1,000,000 to 1,200,000 barrels.
1 2. Regulations as to the Exportation of Beer. — Ale or beer exported to foreign parts as
merchandise is allowed a drawback of 5s. the barrel of 36 gallons, Imp. nieas. But
before any debenture for the above drawback shall be paid, the exporter or his prin-
cipal clerk or manager shall make oath thereon, before the proper officer of excise, that
such ale or beer was put on board the exporting ship as merchandise to be sent beyond
^
16
ALKXANDRIA.
i I
|i
sr.if, and n(» ))int tliiTo >!' r.>r tlic ship's iisi' ; niui tliiil, nccordinp to tin- hcsf of liis know-
)i'(l;;i' and lii'lii't', the wuni' has hi'cii liri'wi-cl wholly I'roni malt whiili has la'i'ii cliui-^cd
wiih and jimIiI tla* thity oC 2.y. lil. a l)iishi'l, and sliall also specify in such oath the tiniu
when and the place where; and the hrewer, l)eii\j^ an entered am! licensed lirewer for
s.de, hy whom such beer or ale was hrewed, and that the ({uantity of malt used in
Idvwin;^ was not less than two hiisliels (Imp. ineas. ) for every 'Mi gallons of sucli lieer
ur ale. Persons niakin<{ false statements forfeit the sum uf 2001. and the debenture is
void. —(I Will. 'I. cap. .'51. § 11.)
AF-KX AM1)1M.\, so called from its founder, .\lexanJer the Great, the j)rincipal sea-
port of l');.;yi>t) on the coast of the -Mediterranean. It is situate nhout I'J nules W. of the
('ano|iic miiulh of the Nile; the I'liaros Wmff, in lat. IJI ' I'Jj N., lonj;. 'JD'.'JllJ' E.
The situation of tin-, famous city was most adnn'rably chosen. Until the discovery of
the route to India i)y tlie Cape of (jood Hope, Ivjtypt formed tlie natural seat of the
commerce between tlie eastern and western worlds; and Alexandria was placed in tlie
most favoin-able ])osition in i'l^y|)t for an emporium. It is the only ]>ort on the whole
northern coast of that country where there is, at once, deep water, and security for
ship|)iMg throuf^hout the year. The ports of llosetta and Damietta, the former on the
west, and the latter on tiie eastern arm of the Nile, are both dillicult of entrance,
each havin;r a bai-, upon which there is always a danpjerous surf. Ships bound for Alex-
andria avoid this serious inconvenience ; and liy means of an artificial navifjation,
sttetcliin<j from the city to the western branch of the Nile, it has, for a wliile at
least, almost the same facilities of internal navigation that are enjoyed by the cities
referred to.
It may be proper, however, to mention that this artificial communication with tho
Nile has not always been ojjen. It existed in antiquity, but fell into decay during the
barbarism of more modern times. After being shut up for some centuries, it has
been re-ojieiied by IVIohainmed Ali, who has dug a canal from Alexandria to Fouali
on the Nile, about iJ? miles above llosetta. This important work is 'Ifi miles in
length, iK) feet in breath, and from 15 to 18 feet deep. It w;is opened in 181!); but
owing partly to the nature of the ground, partly to some defects in its construction, and
partly to the mud deposited by the water of the Nile, it is difiicutt to keep in repair;
and cannot now, it is said, be navigated except during the period of the inundation.
Its free navigation at all periods would, however, be of the greatest advantage, not to
Alexandria oidy, but to all Kgypt ; and it is believed that this might be secured by
facing the canal with brick, and putting it otherwise into good order.
Ports, Sfc. —'Vhe ancient city was sifuatctl a little more inland tlian tlie modern one, opposite to tho
jinall island of I'liaros, on which was erected the lighthouse, so celebrated in antiquity {Cusar itc IMIo
Cii'i/i, lib. iii. cap. Hi.) This island was, partly by artificijil means, and p.irtly hy natural causes, ;;radually
joined to the land hy a mound, and on this the new town is principally built. The isthmus and island
liave now the form of a T, its head being N.K. and S.W. As(|uare castle, or tower, built on a small islet or
ruck, at the extremity of a mole projectinj? from the north-east angle of the city, is still called the
l*liaros, and a light is regularly exhil)ited upon it. On each side of the city there is a port. That on the
western, or African side, called the Old Port, is by far the largest and best. It stretches from the town
westwards to Marabout, .ibout six miles, and is ,-ibout a mile and a half wide. It is hounded on the
north, partly by the western tongue or angle of the island on which tho city is partially built, and
partly by rocks and .sand banks. It has three entrances. 'J'lic first, or that nearest the city, having
17 feet water, is about two miles S. \V. from the large building, situated a little to the westward of tho
town, called the p.ilace ; but it is loo narrow and (litlicult to lie attempted by any one not thoroughly
acquainted with the port. The ras/itn side of the second or middle entrance is marked by huoyg which
lie about two miles and three ([Uarters .S W. from the palace j it is .ibout a quarter of a mile wide, and
Jias, where shallowest, '21 feet water The third or western entrance has its trcslcrn boundary within
about three eighths of a mile from the cast end of Marabout island ; it is about half a mile wide, and
lias from i,',0 to 'J7 feet water in its sliallmvest places. This last is the best entrance. Ships, when in,
may anchor close to the town in from '2'2 to W feet water, and there is good anchorage in deep water
all along the shore. Foreigners were formerly excluded from this port ; but this prohibition no
longer exists.
The New or .Asiatic harbour is on tho eastern side of the town. A rock c.nlled the Diamond lies a
little to tho east of the I'haros tower ; and ships entering the [uirt ought to have this rock about a
cable's length on the right If they get imicli further to the left, they will come in contact with a shoal
which stretches westward from the i'hardlon, or little tower, on the e.ist side of the port. The water
immediately within tlie port S. W. from the I'haros is from .iO to K) feet deep ; but the space for anchorage
is very limiteil, and is exposed to the northerly gales ; and the ground being foul and rmky, hempen cibles
are very apt to chafe, and several accidents have happened in conse<|Ucnce to ships unprovided with iron
cables. Ordinary ticks rise 2 feet ; but during the overflow of the Nile the rise is 4 feet. Variation IjO
vicst. — See P/aii uf Ale. rand lUi, by Lieut. Falbe.)
Ancient and Muilrrn City. — Under the I'toleinies and Romans, Alex<mdria was the first commcrci.al
city in the world. It sulRTcd gre.atly by its reduction by the .Saracens in fVI-it ; but it continued to be a
place of considerable commercial importance till the dopotism of the Mamelukes and Turks, and tho
discovery of the route to India by the Capi' of (iood Ilfipe, ci)mi)leted its ruin. Under the I'tolemie.«, the
population is believed to have amounted to .about .)(IO,mK>, and liie city w.as adorned by a v.ist number of
magniliceiit structures. At iirescnt the population varies with the seasons of the year, "but, when greatest,
it is not supposed to exceed 2,"),0(H1 ; and may vary between this amount and lli.dCO or IS.IKIO. The
appearance of tho ino<lern town is most unpromising. " It may be justly said, that in the new city of Alex,
niidria we find a poor orphan, whoso solo inheritance has been tlie venerable name of its fatlier. The vast
extent of the ancient city is contracted in the new, to a little neck of land, between the two ports. Tho
most sui)crb temples are changed into plain mos(|ues ; the most magnihreiit palaces into houses of a liad
structure; the royal seat is become a prison for slaves ; an opulent and nunieroiis people has given way
to a small number of foreign traders, and to a multitude of wretclics, that are the .servants of those on
whom they depend : a place formerly so famous for the extent of its commerce, is no longer any thing
ALEXANDRIA.
17
more lli.nii n mere plico of rmlinrkliiR i In (liio, it In fuit a pliiriilx Ihnt rpvlvM fVotn it* own mlii'i, it 1«, nt
liKiHt, n ri'|itilc. s|iruiiK Iniiii tlic dirt, tlu- ilu«t, :iiiil riirniptloii with wliich tliv Aicuriui dait iiili'itcd tlie
wliiilc cniinlry " — {Xiirili'ii'ii TiiU'rls, Kiifj. tr.'iiiH. Nvofil. p. .i7.) 'I'lii'm ia ri'nucm, liiiwrvtr, tii Ihiiilitliat
thin •tril<iiiK ili'Ki:ii|>lli>ii, lliniiKli ncciirnti' at llio time uiicii II wait wriltrn (17.17), nilivcyii too iiiiliivniir.
nlilc nil iili'ii <il till- prt'Hi'iit utiilc ol' Aiixaiulrta. 'I'lii' vlKiirniiA K"V('rniii('iit nt IMdliniiinuil Ail. tiy liitri>-
(liii'inx r<iinpnrntlvi- Kcciirlty ami xiiciil iinirr liitn KKVpl, Inm latterly rovlvcil tlif ('iiiniiun'c nl Alcxniiilrin,
wlil( li liaH i\^n\\\ licfdiiii' a jilnfi- rii coiiHidiTalilc liniHirtaiicf In tlic trndliiK world.
TiiitliiJ /l/rjiniilrid.— l\\c inipiirtii principally ((iiisiiit (if nittdii ttutlii, tinilicr, liardwarc. Iron and
till, tdhano, mnriiiiK-ry, aniinniiilion, iiilk koiuIk, wooIUih, iilavc», Dn\ Tlic exports coiuiKt ol raw coiloii,
wheat and liarley, riee, linen, flax, linsved, aiiKar, rolleo ^Iroin tlic Itrd Sea), drnxi*, )<i«>i», »al-anunoiiiar,
•allViiii, «ax, \c.
'Mie priiieip.ii articles of importation info this roiintry from Kxypt are cotton, flax and linnped, tenna,
and ^'iini. Of these, eottnn is liv Inr the mutt ini|Hirtant. VVu began to imiiort it In lU'll; and ainco
then tlic imports have lircii na followa : —
Yean. i llalca.
V<'arii.
Hales.
Years.
Hales.
1H'J,7
Ih'.'li
3H,()'.'ii
lil.lrj.)
47.ii.'l
lHii7
1HS!!I
'J'.',4,->(l
,7.',HS!I
^•>,7.;!t
|H.il
1h;2
1 tjr.'i
.■;H,i'.'t
4I,1n:1
In 19,12, the I'rrneh imported ZI.Hd? Imlea of KRyjitian cotton ; the import* nt Trlcate during the .<amo
vear were alioiit .(^IHX) hales; and thiihe at I.CKiiorn ami Oenoa wore, together, almiit the same as at
'J'riente. 'I'he hale of Kgyptian cotton wei(;lis aliiiut 'J'.'d ll)s. 'I'hia important trade owes ita exi«leiiec
almost entirely to the exertions of the I'acha, liy whom the cotton plaiiiations have lieen e>talilished.
'I'he cotton exported is all lon^^stnple, hut of two soits: one eidled In K.Ky|it mnkko, and in Kntilaiid
comnion K;ivptiBn; the other, the produce of soa-iKland seeil, called in EK\pt Seiinaar, and In Knulaiut
«ca.i.«lanil i;i(yplian. llcsides tliese two ilescriptions, Knypt produces from l.'J,(Hi(l to !.'(),(l/(l bales of short.
Ktaple cotton, similar in (juality to that of Smyrna, and cliielly consumed in the country. 'Ihe cotton
brouKlit from Kftvpt is found tol)e amongst the most useful that is Rrown : tlint raised from sca-isiand aietl
ranks next to Aincrican sen-island. The exports from this country to I''Bypt principally consist of cotton
Roods and twist, earthenware, iron and steel, arms and ammunition, Kv. 'I'heir rca/ value amounted, in lS,il,
to l'2'i,H:W. ; hut besides what goes direct, a Roml deal of Jiritish produce IIikIk its way to I'Kypt at secoml
hand from Malta, Smyrna, Ac. Constantinople and tlie islands of the Arcliipelatjo are the (jrent market*
for the wheat and other ((rain exported Irom KKyp*. <''e (|uniitity sent to them heiiip sonielinics very larRe.
The au|iplies are, however, extremely uncertain. Kvery Ihinj; in Kpypt depends on the Nile; anil
when It doea not rise to the usual height, the crops are very mu( h below an average, lieans nru
extensively cultivated, and have sometimes been brought to ICngland, but rarely, it ever, with ailvan-
tage to the importers. They are very inferior to Knglish beans, and are peculiarly (.ubject to the worm.
No oats are raised in Kgvpt, the horses being entirely fed upon Imrley. Desides cotton, the I'acha haa
turned his attention to the culture of sugar, iniligo, \c. 'I'he first lias long been raised in Mgypt, hut
the exports are not very considerable. Silk is grown to some extent. 'I'he date-palm thrives in every
part of Kgypt, and the fruit is largely exported. It is singular, that notwithstanding the luxuriance of
many of its vegetable productions, J'lgypt should be entirely destitute of timber. — (Liirth' /tc/ioit nf
1S'.'7, (m ///(• I'rkr iif Fonipn dim, Min. of Kviri. p. 1211., and private iti/vrnuilion.)
In IS.'il, there entered the port of Alexandria 1,21,') shijis, of the burden of 1!IH,2P!) tons. Of these,
the Austri.in were the most numerous; next, the Knglish and Ionian; and then the l-'renrh, Sardi-
nian, .Spanish, Sec.
Monet/. — .Accounts arc kept at Alexandria, as at Cairo, in rvrrent piastres, cacli piastre bring equal to
40 paras, or mcdini, and each medino to 20 a.sperR. The medino is also divided into K borbi, or (i Ibrli. A
purse contains 2.">,(XK) mcdini. The piastres struck in 182fi contain a great deal of alloy ; l.'ij or l(i piastres
= 1 Spanish dollar ; hence 1 piastre =: S\(i. sterling, very nearly. Tayments in transactions of any
imnnrtanre are generally made in Spanish dollars.
ii'eiphls and Measures. — The yani, or pik, — 2C'8 Knglish inches; liencc lOflplks = 74'41S Knglish
yards. The measures for corn are the rhebelii', and the quillot or kislox : the former r. \:,{H Knglish
bushels, the latter = 4'7"9 ilitto. The eantaro or quintal = KK) rotloli, but the rottolo has difU'rent ii.iiirea
and weights ; 1 mttoln forforo •=. ViHl II). avoirdupois ; 1 rottolo taiclivo ~ \"','Alt lb. ditto; 1 rottolo xouro
or zaro = 2()7 lbs. ditto; 1 rottolo niina — rfi7 lb. ditto. — {Manuel Universel de SeHeu/treelier.)
Duties With the exception of the commercial monopolies of the I'acha, and the arbitrary principle*
on which he fixes the prices of commodities, there is nothing objectionable in his policy as to
commerce, 'i'he duties on imports are only !i per cent. We believe, however, that a small increase of
the customs duty would compensate the Pacha for the abolition of most of bis monopolies ; and there
can be little doubt that his subjects would be materially benefited by the change.
Policy of the. Pacha. — It is to be regretted that Mohainined Ali, wlio, in mnny
respects, is one of the most extraordinary persons of tlie age, should have no just idea
of the principles, by the adoption of which his plans of improvement might be pcr])e-
tuated, and industry be rendered really flourishing. He leaves nothing to the discretion
and enterprise of individuals. lie may, indeed, be said to be the sole proprietor,
manufacturer, farmer general, and wholesale merchant of Egypt. lie has monopolisctl
the entire foreign trade of the country ; and has fixed the price to be paid for every
article to the cultivator, and the price at which it is to be sold to the foreigner. Hence
the extension of cultivation, and the growth of commerce and manufactures, have been
of no real advantage to the bulk of the nation ; and hence, also, the risk, in the event
of the reins of government falling into less vigorous or able hands, that the fabric «)f
ajiparent prosperity which the Pacha has been attempting to raise, may fall to pieces :
but we would fain hope that the influence of the many intelligent Europeans now in
Egypt, and the observations which the Egyptians sent to England and France by the
Pacha cannot fail to have made upon the advantiiges resulting from the security of
property and the freedom of industry, may be instrumental in paving the way for the
graduaJ introduction of a more enlarged and liberal system.
Ancient l\-(uk of Alexandria. — As alresdy remarked, Alexandria M-as, for a long
aeries of years, — first under the Greek successors of Alexander, and subsetniently under
the Romans, — the principal entrepot of the ancient world. Most jiart of the traffic l)e-
tween Asia and Europe tliat had at a more early period centered at Tyre, was gradually
C
Js*«t -...-_ .'_.
w
w
18
ALEXANDRIA.
diverted to this new einporiiim. An intereoursu between the ports on the eastern coast
of I'',}jypt, and those on the opposite coast of Arabia, liad subsisted from a very early
period. That between I'>,!iyi)t and India was more recent. It was at lirst carried on by
sliijjs, whiuii havini; sailed down tiie lied Sea from Myos Hormos and IJerenice, coasted
along the Aial)ian siiores till tiiey readied Cape Ilasselgate, wiience a siiort course
brougiit tlieni to India near tiie mouth of tlie river Indus. This was the course fol-
lowed during tlie dynasty of tiie I'tolemies ; but about SO years after Kgypt had been
annexed to the lloinan empire, Ilippalus, tiie commander of an Egyptian ship trading
to India, having observed tiie regular shifting of the trade winds, yentured to sail
with the western monsoon from the Straits of IJabelinandeb riglit across the Arabian
Ocean ; and was fortunate enough, after a prosperous voyage, to arrive at Musiris, in that
part of India now known by the name of the Malabar coast. Having taken on board a
cargo of Indian [iroduee, Ilippalus returned in safety with the eastern monsoon to
Egvjit. This discovery •v'ii.s deemed of so much importance, that the naiue of the dis-
coverer was given to 'lie wind wliicli had carried him across the ocean to India: and
how trilling soeve: this voyage may now appear, those who consider that Ilippalus had
no compass by which to direct his course, and that on lug to this circumstance, and the
otlicrwise imjierfect state of ttie art of navigation, the ancients seldoir ventured out of
sight of land, even in seas with whicii liiey were well ac(piainted, will be forward
to admit that his eiiterjjrise and daring were nowise interior to bis »uccess; and
that he was well entitled to the gratitude of his contemporaries and Uie respect of
posterity.
From the epoch of this discovery, fleets traded periodically from Egypt to Mus'ris,
conveying the products of iMirojie to India, and conversely. The Indian goods ha\ing
b'!en landed at Myos Ilonnos and IkTenice, were thence conveyed by caravan> to
C'optos (the inoderii Kenne), on the Nile, where they were put on lioard lighters and
sent to Alexandria, whence they were distributed all j)ver the western world. I'lie
goods sent to India were conveyed io ^lyus Ilonnos and Berenice by the same 'Mute.
i\Iyos Ilonnos was situated on tlie shore of the Arabian gulf, about a degree to the
north of the modern ])ort of Cosseir. The <listance from it to C'optos, in a straight
line, is al)ont 70 Englisli miles. Uerenice was situated a good way further to the south,
being nearly under tlie tro|)ie. It w;ls built by I'tolemy I'hiladelplius. Its distance
from Co])tos is stated by I'liny at 'JaH Uoinan miles ; the dillerent resting places on the
road were determined by the wells, and the journey occupied about 12 days. I'tolemy
seems to have preferred this st; tion to Myos Ilonnos, thougli the land carriage to
Coptos was so much further, from its greater proximity to the Straits of ISabelniandeb.,
and its lessening the voyage up the \W'd Sea.
I'liny says that the tost of the Indian commodities brouglit to Home through Alex-
andria was increased a hundred fold {ci utiipHiitto riiiiiiiil) by the exjiense of carriage, &c.
We suspect that this is a rhetorical exaggeration, meaning merely that their price was
very materially enhanced. If the increase was to any thing like the extent mentioned,
it must have been owing to the iniiiosition of opjiressivc toll-- and duties, for it could
not possibly have been occasioned by the mere expenses of conveyance.* — (Pliii. /fist.
Niif. lib. vi. caj). 'J.i. ; Aimil/ioii, ('niiiiiunc (Ln Et/i/ptliiis, pp. lo'l — 17(j. &c. ; liohcrf sun's
Ainiiiit Iiiillii, note 20. iS.c. )
Hesides this iin|)ortant traflic, \v-liieli sup])Ii';l Home and the western world with the
silks, sjjices, precious stones, and otiier products of Arabia ;nd India, a great trade in
corn was carried on from Alexandria to Rome. Egypt, for a lengthened period, consti-
tuted the granary from which Koine, and afterwards Constantinople, drew the jiriiicipal
part of their supplies ; and its |)ossession was, or that account, reckoned of the utmost
conseipience. Augustus employed inerehantmeu of a larger size tlian any that had
in'eviously traded in the .Medilerranean, to convey the corn of I'^gyjit to Ostia. They
were escorted by ships of war. The fleet received the names of sucni and fi:li.v imbole ;
and enjoyed several peculiar inivileges. The ships belonging to it were tlie only ones
authorised to hoist the small sail called sup/ in nun, when they drew near the coasts of
Italy. Some of the fast-sailing vessels attached to the fleet were sent on before,
to give notice of its a))proaeii ; and a deputation of senators went down to Ostia to
receive the ships, which anchored amid the acelainations of an immense number of
sjiectators. The captains were obliged to make oath that the com on l»oard their ships
was that whicli had been delivered to them in Egvnt, and that the cargoes \rere entire
as shipped. — (Hurt, Commerce et Xurii/iitton ilcs Ancicns, caj). xlviii. ; Scntat: Epist.
cap. Ixxvii. &c. )
♦ III tlio Kith rpiitury, tho rnst of Indian ooirimnditips broiiRlit to Western Europe l)y way of Aloxan.
<1ria aid AI('|i|)o was about llirrc times the cost of tliose linm.nlit by tlie I'api' of (.'ood IIo|m' (.See
jH.sl, Fast Imii\ t'liMi'AW, His/m-i/ iif ) Hut Kgyiit was then lii-i'iipicd liy the .M.iniclnki-s ami lurks,
who threw evciy sort of obsliidc in t!ie way of coiiiiiicrcc, and loaded it with the most oppressive
exactions.
k
ALICANT.
19
Iwitli flu!
trade in
|l, cinisti-
piiiK'ipal
utmost
hat had
Tlu'y
cillliiilc ;
Inly ones
.•oasts of
be loll',
lOstia to
niber of
■ir ships
.■ entire
Iff Epiiit.
Alcxan-
V — (Sre
1(1 I'urks,
bppressivf
Intercourse with India hy Alexandria. — These few details will, perhaps, serve to give
a faint idea of the imiiortane.; of Alexandria in the connnerce of anti<piity. It is ini-
possible, indeed, for any one to glance at a map of the world, or of the ancient hemi-
sphere, and not to jjcrceivc that I'^gypt is the natural entrepot of the commerce between
Ilindostan and Einope. Nothing but the barbarism in which it has been so long in-
volved, could make the intercourse with India and the East he wholly carried on by
the Cape of tiood lIo|)c,
The difficulty of navigating tlie Hed Sea seems to have
been much exaggerated. Generally sjieaking, its western side is shallow and infested
witli coral reel's; init on the Arabian side the water is deep and unobstructed; and vessels
availing tliemselvcs of tne projjcr seasons for sailing up and down the sea, may navigate
it expeditionslv, and mi perfect safety. — (See Ciptain (^'snei/'s Keport in Papers
reliitimi to India, jjrinted hy order of the House of ("onnnons, August Kj. lH;iv!.)
We hiive, therefore, little doubt that, in the event of good order and civilisation being
again established in l^gypt, some considerable portion of the Indian trade will revert to
it's ancient channel. There is not, we api)rehe:ul, much reason to think that the jiroject
entertained by the rtolemics, of cutting a canal across th;- Istlunus of Suez, will ever
succeed. The distance is not great, but, notwithstanding this cireumstan e, and the
flatness of the ground, the fact of its consisting almost wliolly of moveabJe, parched
sai'.d, jiresents obstacles to the undertaking, that A'olney ( i'i>i/<i<ie en Si/rie, cVc. cap. xiv.),
and ether good judges, have declared insuperable. The route l)y t'osseir (nearly the
same !,s that by Myos Ilormos) seems, all things considered, to jjresent tlie fewest
obstacles. The water in the port of Cosseir is deep, and the anchorage jiretty good. —
( C/iesne/.t Uepnrt.) The distance from Cosseir to Kenne (Coptos) may be taken at.
about 70 English miles ; and it would not be very difficult to construct a road between
lliese points. After reaening Kenne, the good, woidd, as of old, be embarked on the
Nile for Alexandria, &c. Hence the importaj.ic, in a general jjoint of view, of the
civilisation of I'-gypl. I'ven were it jjroductive of no other conse(|uences than the
facilitating of the corres|)()ndence between Etn-ojie :md the East, it woidd not he easy
to overrate its -.mportance ; l)ut the fair ])resunii)ti()n imdouhtedly is, that other results
wouhl follow ; and that the Mediterranean ports would in future derive the i)rincipal
part of tlieir Indian commodities by way of Alexandria. The more westerly lMM()|)eaii
ports would continue, we believe, to use the jiresent channel of intercourse with India.
\Vlicther these antici])ations are ever destined to be realised, it is impossible to say;
but the pro;.;ress already made by RIoIn nined Ali in introducing a better order of
thmgs into l.gy))t, and tlie jiresent state of the Ottoman cniiiire, which !;eeins fast falling
to pieces, would apjjcar to warrant the conclusion that important changes may be ex-
jiected in the East. At .ill events, the brief statements now made, can hardly be deemed
out of jnace in a work intended to exhibit, however imperfectly, the history, jirinciplcs,
and channels, as well as the details of commerce.
ALICA XT, a sea-jmrt town of Spain, in Valencia, in lat. SS'^ 20' 4l" N., long. O' ?>0'
W. l'oi)ulati()r. about 1-1,,')00, and declining. The port is an open and spacious bay,
between Ca)ie de la Huorta on the north-east, and Isia Plana on the south, listant from
each otlier S. \V. an(' N. V.. .ibout 10 miles. Slii])s may enter on any course between these
jioiiits, steering diri'ct t'l r I he castle, which stands on an eminence about '100 feet high.
'I'liose of considerable burden moor N. and S.. distant from ^^ to 1 mile from shore, in
from 4 to S fathoms water; they are ex])osed to all winds from E.N.I^. to .S. Iiv M. ;
but the holding ground is good, and there is no instance during the last twenty years of
a shi|) having been driven from her inoorin'.ts. Small craft lie alongside the mole, «liich
is alrea<ly ;5'J0 yards in length, and is to be projected still further into the sea. There
are no pilots. The trade of Alicant, though still considerable, has declined nnuh u itliin the
last few years ; a consequence jjartly of the emancijjation of America from the Sjianish
yoke, but mo'c of the ojipressive duties laid on the imjiortation of most articles of foreign
]iroducc into Siiain — (see Hakcklona), and the extensive smuggling c.iiricd on from
Cadiz and (jibraltar. Its exports consist princi])ally of barilla, almonds, wine, ami raisins,
with small (juantiiies of olives, olive oil, brandy, figs, salt, wiuil, silk, anise, ^e. The
barilla of .Micant, which is of the finest (piality, is almost wholly taken off by England.
The exports amount to from .')0,0(K) to 90.«6o (jnintals.* The cilehrated sweet wine,
tent (vino tint' ). is exported from this port, principally lor Ur;izil ; ;i little dry wine goes
to (iibrallar. Almonds, of which about 10,O00 (luinlals are exported, go mostly to
Hamburgh. The raisins are not of the finest ipi.-ility ; those brouglit to I'.ngl'and
are jirineipally used in confectionary. Oil, which was formerly sent in large <|uan-
lities t(. South America, is now comparatively neglected. Dates .-ire ex))orted, and are
not unfre(piently sold here as IJarI>ary dates. The imports consist principally of linen,
salted fish, tobacco, grain, iron, timber, sugar, coflee, indigo, cochineal, cotton and
cotton stntls, Ike. The linens, of which from ,'i50,0(M) to .'jOO,(K)() yards are annually
Tins is llir roiisul's statement
Mr. IiisUss fpprcscnts the cxjiorl* as roiuiclcrdbly grcatrr.
C '_'
'f^^
'20
ALIENS.
imported, arc furnished almost wholly by rrancu and Genoa. Tn ISHl, tliere entered
tli(! jiort of Alicant 157 foreij^n vessels, of tlie burden of 1(),71.'> tons; of tliese were,
Hritish .'J'l, biuden .l," 19 tons; I'reneh '15, burden ;J,080 tons ; Sardinian -K), burden
4,166 tons; Swedish 5, burden 1,;J50 tons, &c.
It was stated in the former edition of this work, that larp^c quantities of Henicarlo
wine were shipped at Alicant for Cette : but this is a mistake; almost all the IJeniearlo
beint; shipped from the northern ports of Valencia, and principally from lienicarlo,
whence it has its name. — (lii;/liss's Spain in 18;J0, j). 34'i. )
ShipiUm: Charges. — These vary acconling to the burden of the ship, and the country to which slie
belonKs. (Jn a ship of jUO tons unloatling and loading mixed cargoes, they would be, including consulage.
as follows : —
Spanish
British
Trench
Danish
£ s. d.
I> •) 4
11 V2 4J
\-> 7 10
Ij Iti l()i
Swedish
Kussiaii
Dutch
American
£ s. <l.
\r> 1 1()2
14 11 U>i
I'i lit tij
IJ 17 IDJ
Ciislmn house Hcnulations. — A manifest of the carRo, the ship's tonnage, and nunil)er of crew.
Dust lie presented within U hoiiis after pratitjue b.'ing niven, when two olHcers are put on hoard to
prevent smiipKling. The consignees then make entry of llie articles consigned to them, and obtain an
order to l:ni(l and bring them to the Custom-house, where they are insfieeted and the (hities ascertained ;
but before obtaining this order, the consignees must produce a ct-rlijirnlr tif origin from the Spanish
i'.)nsul at the jmrt of hiding, if it be in a foreign eoiuitry, for without this the entry is not alli/wcd, and
the goods are deposited in the Custom-house until it be olitained. When the discharge is completed, thi^
vessel is scarcheil by the surveyor, who reports having done so to tlie collector. To load the whole or
part of an outward cargo, the ina>-(er has to report his intention to the collector, who gives his order per-
mitting goods to be shipped, and the shippers make their spccilie entries. When the vessel is loaded, llie
w.iiting olhcers make their return to the collector; who, on being presented with the receijits of the
captain of the port and of the Pr.itique office for their respective charges, grants iiis clearance, upon which
a bill of health is obtained, and ibe vessel is clear for sea.
Il'iiyehiiii.iiiii; Si/stcm. — (Jood s that may be legally imported, may be deposited in bonded warehouses for
twelve months, paying, in lieu o.'all charges, 'J per cent, ad valorem, but at the end of the year they mn>t
be either taken for home consumption or re-shipped. The i.' per cent, is charged, whether thego(Hls lie
for a day or the whole year. In charging duties, no allowance is made for waste or damage ui the
warehouses.
Jiatcs nf Coiinmssion are usually '.'J per cent, on sales and purchases ; J per cent, is commonly charge<l
on the negotiation of bills, (ioods arc commonly sold at A months' credit. Ordinary discount at the rate
of li per cent, per aninnn.
Alicant is not a favourable place for repairing ships, and provisions of all sorts .ire scarce and dear.
Vessels with foul bills of health, or coming from an infected or suspected place, though with clean ljill.«,
are usually ordered to I'ort Mahon to perform (juarantine. But vessels coming with clean bills obtain,
under ordinarv circumstances, immediate pratique.
Monei/. — Accounts are kept at Alicant in hbras of 20 sucldos ; each sucldo containing 12 dineros ; the
libra, also called the peso, =: 10 reals ; and a real of Alicant = 'JT'-' maravedis of plate, or 51 'Z niara-
vcdis vellon. The libra may be valued at .J.v. Ctd. sterling, and the real at 4}(/. ditto.
IVeil'hts and Measures. — The earga =: 'Ji quintals ;; 111 arrol>a.s. The .-irroba consists either of 24 Large
pounds, or of ;;t) small ditto; the latter b'aving I'J Castilian ounces to the pound, the former IS. The
arroba = 27 lbs. (ioz. avoirduiiois ; but at the Custom-house the arroba =: '-',> lbs. of l(i oz. each.
The principal corn measure is tlie cahiz oreattise, containing U' barchilUis, MGuiedios, or U'iquartillos.
Theeahiz — 7 Winch, bushels, nearly.
The principal rKpiid measure is the cantaro of 8 medios, or Ifi qnartillos. The eantaro = 305 English
wine gnllons. The tonnelada or ton contains 9. pipes. Hi) arrobas, or 100 cantaros.
'llie yar<l or vara, divided into 4 |>alinos, is ::= 2!l!»ii, or very nearly .id Knglish inches.
{Cotisui's .Insiver to Cirenlar Queries; /u(;/i.ss's Spain in 1830, vol. ii. p. 3l)4. \e. ; Kelly's Camhist, S<e.)
ALIEN'S. According to the strict sense of the term, and the interpretatio.i of tlie
common law, all individuals born out of the dominions of the crown of Euj^iand («/*//»
nntus) are aliens or foreipners.
It is obvious, however, that this strict interpretation coidd not be maintained without
very great inconvenience ; and the necessity of making exceptions in favour of the
diiidren born of native parents resident in foreign countries was early recognised. The
25 I'.dw. ;i. Stat. 2. eiu'cts, that all children born abroad, provided luit/i the parents
were at the time of their birth in allegiance to the king, and the mother had pas.sed the
seas by her husband's consent, might inherit as if born in England. And this relaxation
has been carried still further by several modern statutes : so that all children born out of
the king's lige.-mce, whose fathers, or grandfathers by the father's side, were natural born
sidijeets, are now tieemed to be tliemselves natural born sidijccts ; mdess their ancestors
wi're oinlawed, or banished beyond sea for high treason, or were, at the birth of such
children, in the service of a jirince at enmity with Great IJritain.
Salurali.'iiilion of Aliens. — Aliens may be nafiirali'^ed bv act of parliamcTit. which puts them in exactly
the .same conditioii as natural born subjecls, exeeiil that I hey are incapable of being members of the I'rivy
Council, of being eleite<l to serve in parliament, or of holding any ofhee of trust inider the crown.
A denizen is an alien born, who has obtained letters patent, <t itonalioiie regis, to make him an Knglish
subject. He occupies a kiiiil of middle station between a natural born subject and an alien. He may
acquire lands by pun base or devise, but not by inheritance ; and may tr.insmit such lands to his children
b<irn alter his denization, but not to those liorii before — illlaeistime's Cimi. book i. cap. 10 )
An alii'n may also Im naturaliseil by serving on board any of his M.ijesty's ships of war, in time of war,
for three years, or, if a proclamation has been issued to that cHcct, for two years. — tii O't'o. 4. cap lO'J.
n Hi. 17)
Influence of the Risiiknce of /(lieii.s. — 'There can lie no doubt that, generally speaking,
t!ie resort of foreigners to a. eoimlry, and Iheir residence in it, are higlily conducive to its
interests, 'i'hose who emigrate in order to practise their calling in an old settled cou:ilr\,
ute jivetly unifinndy distinguished for acliviiy, enterprise, mid good conduct. The
ALIENS.
21
native inli,il)itaiits liavc so many ailvantai^os on tlifir bide, tliat il would be absurd to
suppose tliat (()ieigni.TS sliould ever come info any thing liiie successful competition with
fliem, unless iliey were ac<iuainted witli some branch of trade or manufacture of whicii
tlie others were ignorant, or jjossessed superior skill, industry, or economy. IJut whether
aliens practise new acts, or introduce more perfect processes into the old, or display
superior economy, &c., their inllux cannot fail to be of the very greatest advaiUage.
lliey jiractically instruct those among whom they reside in what it most concerns them
to know, that is, in tliose departments of art and science in which they are inferior to
others; and enable them to avail themselves of whatever foreign sagacity, skill, or prac-
tice has produced that is most perfect. It is not easy, indeed, to overrate the benefits
conferred on most countries by the resort of aliens. Previously to the invention of printing,
there was hardly any other way of becoming acquainted with foreign inventions and dis-
coveries ; and even now it is far easier to learn any new art, method, or process, from the
exani|)le and instruction of those familiar with its details, than from the best possible
descriptions. The exi)erience, indeed, of every age and country shows that the progress
of nations in the career of arts and civilisation depends more on the freedom of commerce,
and on the liberality with which they have treated foreigners, than on almost any thing
else.
Eiif/li.sh Lii/isldiion as t j Aliens. — But, notwithstanding what has been stated above,
an antipathy to resident tnreigners seems to be indigenous to all rude and uncivilised
nations. Whatever is done by them appears to be so much taken from the employment,
and, conse<iiiently, from the subsistence of the citizens ; while the advantages resulting
from the new arts or improved j)ractices they intrtiduee, for the most |)art manifest them-
selves only by slow degrees, w\d rarely make any impression on the multitude. Hence
tlie jealousy and aversion witli whicli foreigners are uniformly ri^garded in all coimtries
not far advanced in civilisation. The early Greeks and liomans looked upon strangers
as a species of enenu'es, with whom, though not actually at war, they maintained no sort
of friendly intercoiu-se. " Ilostis," fi:i\H Cicero, " apitd nvijoris nostras is clicebatur, ijueni
nuiu- pireijrinuni diiimtis." — (I)c Off. lib. i. cap. \2.) It may, therefore, be considered
as a striking jn-oof of the good sense and liberality of those by whom it wius framed, that
a clause is inserted in Magna Cliarta which has the encouragement of connnerce for its
object; being tu the effect, that " all merchants (if not ojjenly prohibited before) shall
have safe and sure conduct to depart out of and to come into England, to reside in and
go through Kngland, as well by land as by water ; to buy and sell without any manner
of evil tolls, by the ol<l and rightful customs, except in time of war; and if they be of a
land making war against us, and such be found in our nation at the beginning of the
war, they sliall be attached without harm of body or goods, until it be known imto us,
or our chief justice, how our merchants be entreated in the land making war against us;
and if our merchants be well entreated there, shall l)e so likewise here."
lUjt until the era of Edward I. the stipulation in the Great Charter as to foreign mer-
chants seems to have been little attended to. It is doubtful whether, previously to his
reign, they could either hire houses of their own, or deal except through the medium of
some Kngiishnian. I'ut this intelligent prince saw the advantage that would result to
the trade and industry of his sidyects from the residence and intercourse of Germans,
rieniings, Italians, and other foreigners, who, at that time, were very superior to the
English in most branches of n>anufactures and commerce. lie, therefore, exerted him-
^olf to procure a rejjcal of some of the more oppressive restrictions on aliens, and gave
fiiem a charter whicli conveyed considerable jirivileges.* Down, however, to the reign
of Edward III., it continued to be customary to arrest one stranger for the debt, and
even to ))unish him for the crimes and misdemeanors of others! It may ap[n.ar extraor-
dinary that the gross injustice of this barbarous regulation ever p' rmitted it to be
adopted ; and yet it was probably, at one jjcriod, the conunon law of most European
states. As soon, however, as the foundations of good order and civ.lisation began to be
laid, its operation was sucn to be most iiernicious. In 1;S'_'5, Edward 1 1, entered into a
convention with the Venetians, in which it was expressly stipulated l\u.* they should
have fidl liberty to come to iMigland to buy and sell commodities, without 'lei'ng liable
for the debts or crimes of others. Conventions to the same eflt'ct were entered "nto with
other foreigners. At length, in l.'i.'5;i, this disgraceful i)r.actice was put an end to by
L'7 Edward;), stat. ii. cap. 17. ; it being (jrovided in this statute, not only that no
Nfranger shall be impeached for the tresjiass or debt of another, but that, in the event of
a war breaking out with any foreign power, its subjects, residing amongst us. shall be
warned thereof by proclamation, and be allowed forty days to arrange their aflairs, and
* .'I'tiis < liarirr was ronnriiiod by Kdward III. in 1.>2H. Among other cl.auses, it has the following, viz. :
l-t, I li:it oil iiriy tri:il IhImiiii liircifiiicrs ;iiiil KnKlislHiirii, the jiirv sliall be h:ilf foreigners ; 2d, 'I'hat a
pidlKT pcrsdM hh.ill li(> ;i|.p,.iiiUd ill I.niMlcn u> W jii^ticinrv lor toriimi iiiercliaiit.s ; and, j'd, That there
»liall be but one «ii(5lit and naaaure tliiouglioiit llie Kingdom. — (,;«,(t /jo//, anno IJOx'.)
C ;j
f.fr
^P
22
ALIENS.
i
] ;
to (k'part out of tliu kingdom ; and that, under special circumstances, tliis term may ha
exteniled. Tliere are ft;w acts in the statute-book that reflect more credit on their pro-
j)osers, or that iiave been more advantafjcous than this.
In eonseciiience of tlie encouragement fjiven by Edward III. to such of the woollen
manufacturers of Flanders as chose to immijrrate to Knffland, a j^ood many came over;
and it is from their immifiratiim that we may date the imjjrovement and importance of the
woollen manufacture in this country. — (See Wooi.i.kn Manukaciure. ) 15ut this
jiolicy, however wise and judicious, was exceedinj^ly unpopular. '' le foreifjners were
openly insulted, and their lives cndanjieretl, in London and other laip;e towns ; and a few
of them in conseiiuence returned to Flanders. Ivlward, however, was not to he driven
from his purpose by an imfounded clamour of this sort. A proclamation was issued, in
which every ])ers()n accused of disturbinjj or attacking; the foreign weavers was ordered
to be connnitted to Newgate, and threatened with tlie utmost severity of punishment.
In a iiarliament held at York, in l;i:5."), an act was [lassed for the better jjrotection and
security of foreign merchants and others, by which penalties were inHicted on all who
gave them any (listurbance. This seems to have had the ellect, for a while, at least, of
preventing any outrages.
'I'he corporations of London, IJristol, and other great towns, have been at all times
the princijjal enemies to the immigration of foreiguers. Perhaps, indeed, they were not
more hostile to them than to such of their o.vn countrymen, belonging to another part
of the kingdom, as should have attempted to settle amongst them without being free
of their corporation. Hut in denouncing foreigners they had the national |)rejiidice
on tiieir side; aiul their attempts to confirm and extend their monopolies by their exclu-
sion were regarded as the noblest ellbrts of patriotism ! I-dward III. was fully aware
of the real motives by wRIch they were actuated, and steadily resisted their pretensions.
But in the reigns of his successors they succeeded belter : some of these were feeble and
imfortunate, whilst others enjoyed the crown only by a dis])uted title, and in defiance of
jiowerl'ul competitors. The support of the great towns was of the utmost consc(|uence
to such i)rinces, who, whatever might be their own opinion as to its j)olicy, could hardly
venture to resist the solicitations of such oowerful bodies to exclude strangers, aiul to
impose restrictions ou commerce. From the death of Edward III. to the reign of
Eli7.aheth, the progress made by the couiUry was not inconsiderable, but it was little
promoted by legislative enactments. Throughout the whole of this jjcriod, the influence
of corporations seems to have ])redominated in all matters relating to trade and the
treatment of foreigners ; and our legislation jjartook of the selfish, monopolising character
of the source whence it was i)riiicipally derived. Were the acts and ])roceedings as to
aliens the only memorials of our policy from l:i77 to IfidO, we should certainly seem to
have retrograded materially during the interval. Some of tlicse acts were jiassed with
so little consideration, and were so very al)surd, that they had to be immediately repealed.
Of this sort was the statute of the 8 Henry G. cap. i2l., to the clVect " that no English-
man shall within this realm sell, or cause to l)e sold, hereafter, to any merchant alien,
any maimer of merchandises, but only for ready payment in hand, or else in merchandises
for merchandises, to he paid and contented in hand, upon pain of forfeiture of the same."
Hut as an enactment of this sort was very speedily found to be more injurious to oiu-
selves than to the foreigner, it was repealed in the following sessioiis.
The more tyrannical tlieir conduct in other respects, the more were oiu" princes disjiosed
to humour the national prejudice against foreigners. If not a cheap, it was, at least, an
easy method of acquiring i)oi)ularity. In the very first ))arliameiU af\er the accession of
lliehard III., a statute was ])asse(l full of the most ridiculous, contradictory, and un-
founded allegations as to the injury sustained by the influx of foreigners, and lii\ing
them under the most oppressive restraints, ("ousidering, indeed, the sort of tieatnuiit to
wiiich aliens were then exposed, it may excite siirjjrise that they sluuild ever have thought
of visiting the country; and. in |)oint of fact, it appears that thi losort of foreign mer-
chants to our ))orts was materially impaired liy the statutes refemrtl to, and others of the
same description. This is evident from the act 1 !' Henry 7. crju. 6., where it is stated
that " woollen cloth is not s,)ld or uttered as it hath been in divers parts," and that
" foreign commodities and merchandises are at so dear and exceeding high price, that
the buyer cannot live thereon." IJut in despite of this authoritative r\|M»si'ion of the
niiscliiefs arising from the restraints on aliens, and on trade, they \Mre t*>th increased in
the reign of Henry VIII. And it was not till the nign of Eli/ibith iti;it the preten-
sions of the corporations seem to have been disregarded, and an aUetUpt made to act,
not by starts, but consistently, on the prliey of Edward \\\.
The influx of foreigners duiinu the ii'igii of I'.li/.ahelli was occasioned chiefly by the
perseeulions of the Duke of Alvii and the S|)iiiii.iids in the Low C'(juntries. TUc friends
of the reformed religion, wliich. :n ri.*' time, «as far from being firmly establisfied. and
the government, were glad tf> reivJM- sin-i aii accession of stri'iigth ; and f\oui the -npe-
riority of the Flemings in commerei *iul nianuf<K'turcs, the immi^iauls coutnliule*
I
ALIENS.
23
matcriiilly to tlio improvement of the arts in Kngluiul. It would st'cm, liowcvcr, that
till' ministers of Klizabetli eontented tiieinselves, perliaps that tliey iiii{{ht not excite the
public prejudice, with declining to enforce the laws against aliens, without taking any
very active steps in their favour. .
In the reign of James I. the corporation of lA)ndon renewed with increased earnest-
ness their complaints of aliens. In KJ'J'J, a i)roelamation was issued, evidently written
bv James himself, in which, under i)retepce of keejiing " a due temi)erament" between
the interests of the complainants and those of the foreigners, he subjects the latter to
fresh disabilities.
Since the revolution, more enlarged and liberal views as to the conduct to be followed
witli r!'s])ect to aliens have contiinied to gain ground : several of the restraining statutes
have fallen into disuse, while others have been so nuich modified by the interference of
the courts, wiiich have generally been inclined to soften their severity, that their more
ollensive jjrovisions are beeome inoperative. In 1 "OS, an act was i)assed, notwithstanding
the strenuous ojiposition of tiie corporations, for tlie general naturalisation of all foreign
jirotestants ; but the jirejudice against them was still so powerful that it was repealed
within about three years. Some unsuccessful attemjjts have since been made to carry a
sintilar measure. One of these, al)out the middle of last century, occasioned the luib-
liealion by Dr. Tucker of two excellent p:unphlets, in which the policy of the natural-
isation act is most ably vindicated, ai\d the arguments against it successfully exposed.*
Hut no such statute has hitherto been passed, and aliens still continue sidyect to various
disabilities.
Disabilities of Aliens. — The prinrip.il of these rog.nrds the possrssioti of fixed property. It is ruled
that laiul." pureii.isMi liy an alien Cor his own use, may he seized liy the kiii(;. " 11," says I'lackstoiie, " ho
eould nefjuire a jiernianent i>roperty in lands, lie must owe <in alleKianee, e>|iially pi>rnianent with that
property, to the king of Kn);land; whi<'h would proliahly he ineonsistent with that wliirli he fiwis to his
own natural liege lord : l)e>ides tliat, tlureliy the nation iiiinht in him be suhjeet to Ion i^n intlueni e, and
tiel many otlier inronveiiieiiees. VVherelbVe hy the civil law surh rontraets were made void, hut the
priTiee had no sueh lulvantage of lorleituie theriliy as with us in Jinyland." — [Cum nicntii lies, hook i.
cap 10.)
An alien rannot take a hencfiee without the king's consent, nor can he enjoy a place of trust, or f.ike .i
grant of lauds from the erown. Aliens may, however, .ncquire property in money, goods, or other personal
estate, and may have houses for the purpose of their hahitation, and for parrying on their husiness. 'I hey
may hring actions as to their personal elleet.s, and may dispose of them by will. 'J'he ilioit d'aiihitiiie [jus
alhiniiliis, i. e. niilii "-./«,s), or the right of the erown to succeed to the elti'cts of an alien at his death, so
long the custom i . I'tance, never obtained in Kiigland. If an alien abroad die intestate, his whole properly
here is distriblile I according to the law of the country where he resided ; but such residence must have
been stationary, ind nut oeeasionul, otherwise the foreign munieipal rigulations will not apply to the
projierty.
A liens may trade as freely as natives ; .ind for these many years past, the duties of paekni^e and scavafic
in the port of London, repealed in IS.i i, were the only pe< uliar duties with which they were buriiened.
The st.itutes of Henry \'I1I. restraining alien artificers from working lor themselves, are understood to
have beex repealed by the stat. 5 Eliz. cap. 7. ; and they are quite at liberty to employ themselves as they
please.
Aliens indicted for felony or mis.iemeanor are tried liy a jury of whii h half are foreigners; a i>rivilegc
they have enjoyed, as already .seen. »ith simie (lartial interruptions, from the reign of Kdward 1.
Oimtitiiins iij lle.sideiiee. — Durmit the l;ite war, aliens were placed iitider the survilllaiice of the iiolice ;
they were obliged to send fre(|;.iiit reports of iheir re>i<lenee, an<l of the nuiile in which thev were
employed : and were liable to bi sent out of the kingdom at any nioimiit by an order from the sicriiary
of stale, rile conditions under wliu h they now reside amongst us are emhodied in the 7 lUo. -k cap. .4.
'I his act requiris every master of a vessel irriving from foreign parts to dec' ire in writing (he names,
rank, occupations, I've, of all aliens on board such vessel, or who have been iiided from it any wliere
within fill' realm. .Sueh dei 1 ir.itioii to be made iinmedialely on arrival negleiting or refusing ti make
it, (.r making a l.ilse one, is punished by the forfeiture of i.'o/., and a further sum ot In/, for each .ilii n in
such vessel, or landed from it within the realm. Aliens bomi.fide emjiloyed in the navigation of the vctsel
are exeeptiil. — ' 1.
The act then goes on to lay down the conditions of resideiu'c, which are merely that every alien is
rei|iiired to make a declaration ai,d registry, renewed half yearly, or olteiur il reiniireil by the sei rotary of
slate, of Ills name, abode, and occupation. Aliens neglecting to make such declaration, or making a false
one, are, for every sueh olU'iice, to forfeit any sum not exceeding 517., or be imprisoned any time not
exceeding six inontlis, at the iliscretion of two justices.
I'lilii 1/ of til ■ I.iiirs (IS to .tliviis. — The reasons assijinc.! by I\Ir. .Tusiice IJlackstone
and otiiers for preventing aiiens from acijuiiing fixed property .seem to be very unsatis-
factory. In small states there might be grounds, perhaps, for fearing lest the easy
admission of aliens to tlie riglits of citizenship should give them an improper bias; but
in a comitry like England, such ai>preheiisions would be tpiite futile. In this respect
the exaini)le of Holland seems tpiite tiecisive. Notwiflistandiiig the conip.iiatively
limited poi)ulation of that country, it was " the constant jiolicy of the republic to make
' ' I'laiid a iicrpetiial, safe, and secure asylum for all iierseeuled and o]>presscd strangers ;
II'. alliance, no treaty, no regard for, nur solicitation of any potentale whatever, lias nt
any lime Invn able to weaken or destroy, or make the state rieede from protecting, those
wliM havetlwl to it Hir their own security and selt-preser>alion." — {Vio)»>s,ih tj'nr umnul-
i nil the 7V(»/c <if //o//,;h</. printed by .lutliority. I.ond. 1751.)
.\ short residrnee in the couiilry, and a sinall payment to the <-l.-ite, was all that was
vetpiited in Hoiiaixd to entitle a foreigner to every privilege enjoyed by a native. And
» I listorioii BcmarLs on **ut late ^■!^tuializat^on Kill, 17,".! ; Oucrios wca.iioiu'd by tlie late Naturalization
•lid, t,.(i,'. '
C 4
J
21
ALKALIES,
it is of inii)ortance to icinark, tlint it lias not bueii so iniicli as insinuated tliat this liberal
t(iii(iuLt was in any instanco productive of u iniscliievoiis result. On tlie contrary, all
tlie lii^;liest autliorilies consider it as one of the main causes of the extraordinary progress
made hy the rcpnhlic in wealth and commerce. It is said in the ofKcial ])aper just
<)uoted, that " Tlirouj^liout the wliole course of ail tlie persecutions and opjjressions that
have occurred in other countries, the steady adherence of the rcpid>lic to this fundamental
law has been the cause that many people have not oi:'y fled hither for refuge, witii their
wliole stock ill ready cash, and their most valuable ert'ects, hut have also settled and
esiabiished many trades, fabrics, manufactures, arts, and sciences, in this country ; not-
withstanding the first materials for the said fabrics and manufactures were almost wholly
wanting in it, and not to be procured but at a great expense from foreign jiarts." {Ibid.)
Witii such an example to appeal to, we are warranted in affirming that nothing can
be more ridiculous than to suppose that any number of foreigners which it is at all likely
sliould ever come to England under the most liberal system, could oc< ision any political
inconvenience ; and in all other resjiects their immigration would be advantageous. A
general naturalisation act would, therefore, as it appears to us, be a wise and {lolitic
measure. It might be enacted, that those only who had resided three or four years in
the country, and given proofs of their peaceable conduct, should be entitled to participate
in its advantages. •
(Some parts ol this artiric have been l)orro\vr(l from tlio Trcathe on Commerce written for tlie
Society lor the PillUbion of Useful Knowledge, by the author of this Work.)
ALKALIES. The distinguishing characters of these bodii.-s are, a strong acrid and
jiowerfully caustic taste ; a corrosive action upon all animal matter, destroying its texture
with considerable rapidity; exposed to the atmosphere, when in their caustic state, they
absorb carbonic acid with great rapidity, and become carbonated (or iviMd). 'llieir action
ui)on vegetable colours also aflbrds xis means by which the presence of an uncombined or
carbonated alkali may be detected ; the yellow colour of turmeric is changed to a red
brown tint when immersed into solutions containing them ; the blue colour of the litiniis,
after being reddened by an acid, is again restored ; the infusions of the red cabbage, the
violet, and many other purple vegetable colours, are converted to green. Litmus jiaper
reddened by carbonic acid is, however, the most delicate test of the presence of an alkali.
With the various acids they also combine, forming the very important and extensive class
of compounds generally called salts ; a salt being any compound formed by the union of
an cicid with an alkali or a metallic oxide.
Alkalimetry. — The method by which the value of the alkalies, or carbonated alkalies, is determined,
Ijcing of cousiilerablc ini])ortaiice in a commereial jKiint of view, we shall here treat it somewhat in detail.
It is an estabhshcd fact, that -19 parts by weight of oil of vitriol of the speiitic gravity 1K18.5, are exactly
e<iuivatent to the neutralisation of 70 parts by weight of pure carbonate of (mtash, or48of pure potass, or 51
ot carbonateof soda, or J2of so<la; and that "tt parts of oil of vitriol will therefore be necessary to neutralise
1(K) parts of carbonate of potass : hence, by employing a glass tube of about two ounces' canacily, and
accurati>ly divided into 1()0 equal parts, tak'iig 7U grains of oil of vitriol, and diluting it witli water, to
make the 100 measures complete, every measure of thi.s dilute acid must be equal to a grain of pure car.
boiiate of potass. The |)er centijge of real carbonate of potass existing in any sample of pearlash may be
at once ascertained by taking \W grains of the sample, dissolving it in hot water, straining, and adding
by degrees 100 measures of the test acid above mentioned ; the point of neutralisation (when it ceases to
aflect litmus paper or reddened litmus) being accurately ascertained, the residual acid will give the per
centagc of impurities ; for instance, say that ~!> measures of the dilute acid have been employed to render
100 grains of a sample of pearlash perfectly neutral, then we have ascertained that it contains '.."i per cent,
impurities The same process of course must be followed in examining samples of barilla or kelp, except
that the alkali contained in them, being carbonate of smla, (•O'V.j of oil of vitriol must be employed iiLstead
of 70. The process recommended l)y Mr. Faraday, and in which he uses only one test acid, is as follows:
>nto a tube about three quarters of an inch in diameter, and nine and a half long, and as cylindrical as
possible tlirmigliout its whole length, 1,(HK) grains of water are to be weighed, and the space occupied
marked on the tube by a iine tile; this space is then divided from above downwards into UK) equal parts.
At v'J-tt, or 7i).'>t> parts from the bottom, an extra line shoulil be made, and sinla marked opposite to it;
atlSiK) pi)ta«s should be marked in the .same way ; at. '>+•()), carbonate of scHJa ; and at (w, carbonate of
potass. A diluted acid is now to be prepared, which .-hall have a specilic gravity ri'i7 ; and this is made
by mixing intim.-itely together 1!) parts by weight of oil of vitriol, and 81 of water. The method to be fol-
liiwed in the employment of this acid is a.^ Ibllows : — The dilute acid is to be measured in the tube up to the
line opposite to w hich the alkali sought for is marked ; if barilla, w liicli contains carbonate of soda, ,";+ lU
merisures are to be taken. 'I'lie 1(K) measures are then made up by the addition of water, and is then
ready for u.se, following the method before stated.
The alkalies are four in iniml)cr, namely, ammonia (or volatile alkali\ (lotass (or vegetable alkali), soda
(or mineral alkalii, and lithia ; which last is of so little importance that ue shall not treat of it liere.
The coml'ii)atu)ns of these alkalies with the various acids, whenever they form compounds of any im-
porlance, will be noticed.
Jiiimiinia, or S/tirif.i of Ilnrtslmrn, or J'olitlilc Alknli, — in its uncimibined form, is an elastic gaseoug
lioily, having a very pungent and sullbcating odour, destroys animal life, converts the yellow of turmeric
paper to a brown, which, from the volatility of the alkali, is again re.>tored by a gentle heat to its original
(dlour. 'I'his gas is rapidly absorbed by wacer, which takes into solution'aboiit 7H(» times its volume,
forming the liijuid ammonia, or what is commonly called hartshorn. Ammonia is liberatisl whenever any
of I he com pi 111 I ills of this alkali are acted upon by potai.i, soda, lime, and many other alkaline earths. Lime,
from its being tlu most economical, is generally employed : the best proportions for its preparations are
e.jual weights of ."al .Miiuioiiiac (muriate of ammonia', aiid I're-h slaked lime When these are intriHluced
into a retort, and heat applieil, ammonia is libiralcd in the gaseous form, and is conducted by a Wetter's
safety tube into a vessel of water, by which the gas is instantly ali.sorljed. Aluriate of lime remains in the
retort : sometimes water is added to the mixture, and then distilled. As thus obtained, it has a specific
gravity of P.io or VMI, water being equal to ILW. The most concentrated solution of ammonia has the
f|)ccific gravity 875.
Jh
ALKALIES.
25
Carbonate u/ Ammonia, or Volntile Salt, or Suhcarbimafe of Amnionic. — TMi salt, which Is very much
employwl in varidus prcKCSscs ol the ;irts, was liirmcrly obtained by the action of chalk (carbonate cClinu')
u|M)ii muriate of ammonia ; a double ilccompositiontalves place. Carbonic acid and ammonia are sublimed
ill vapour, and muriate of lime remains in the vessel. A much less expensive process is, however, now
followed, namely, from the waste gas I icpiors obtained in the purification of coal gas ; these are evaporated,
ami the black impure sulphuric acid added, liy this means a sulphate of ammonia is formed, and the
carbonate procured from it by the action of powdered chalk, as in the former jirocess.
Its uses are principally in forming other compounds of ammonia, as smelling salts ; and it is likewise em.
p'oyed rather extensively by pastry-cooks for making light pastry, which is caused by the volatile carbonate
of ammonia escaping and raising up the pastry by the heat of thcuvcn. It is entirely dissipated during
the baking, so that no ill effect can arise from its use.
Iloth this comiiound and the preceding act as violent stimulants on the animal system.
Muriate of Ammonia, or Sal Ammoniac — was formerly brought to this country from Egypt, where it
was procured by submitting the soot of camels' dung (there employed for fuel) to sublimation in closed
vessels; it is, however, ?t present manufactured in very large quantities in this country in a variety of
ways. The most economical processes are either submitting sulphate of ammonia mixed intimately with
muriate of soda (sea salt) to sublimation, or by substituting the bittern of sea water, which consists chieHy
of muri.ite of magnesia, for the sea salt. In the first process a sulphate of soda is formed, and the muriate
of ammonia, which, being volatile, rises in the vaporous form, and is condensed in the cool parts of t.he
apparatus: in the latter process, a sulphate of magnesia (Kpsom salts) results. It is generally from this
salt tmuriate of ammonia) that the liiiuid ammonia is manufactured : it is also employed in tinning and
soldering, to preserve the metals from oxidation. It is a scini-traiisparent, tough salt, having an acrid
and cool taste, and is usually met with in the form of hemispherical inas.«es. Hal ammoniac is made at
( 'all utta, and is thence exported to (Jrcat liritain, the United States, and the Arabian and I'ersian gulfs.
Ill lK:4-'i'>, the exports amounted to 114 tons.
Su!/i/iatc of Ammonia. — The preparation of the sulphate has been already given uiuier the head of am-
monia J it is employed in the manufacture both of the carbonate and muriate.
Acetate of Ammonia. — The spirit of Mindererns is obtained by acting upon the carbonate of ammnniii
by acetic acid ; the carbonic acid escapes with effervescence, and an acetate of ammonia is formed ; it is
employed in medicine as a febrifuge.
All these salts of ammonia have the following properties; —they are volatile at a low red heat; the fixeii
alkalies decomiiose them, combining with their acid, and the ammonia is liberated.
When combined with a fixed acid, such as the boracic or phosphoric, they are decomposed, the am-
monia alone being volatilised, and the acid remaining pure. This process was ilescribed for obtaining
pure jihusp/ioric aciit.
/'"lass, or I'cs^etalili: Alkali. — The original source of this alkali is in the vegetable kingdom, whence
is di rived its name of vegetable alkali. When wood is burnt, and the ashes lixiviated with water, boiled,
strained, and evaporated to dryness, an intensely alkaline mass is obtained, which is known by the name
of potash, from this process being conducted in iron pots. It is then removed to a reverberatory furnace,
and submitted to heat, and a current of air. This bums out extractive matter and other impurities, and
the salt assumes a pearly white colour, and is hence called pearlashes. Care should be taken, during this
jiroce.ss, that the potashes do not enter into fusion, as this would destroy the full effect of the operation.
Pearlashes. — I'earlaahcs generally contain about from HO to S3 or 84 per cent, of pure carbonate of
potass. Its uses in manufactures arc numerous and important. It is employed in making flint-glass, of
which it constitutes about one sixth of the materials employed ; in soa|>-making, esiiecially for the softer
kinds of soap: for this purjiose, however, it is first rendered caustic by means of lime. In the rectifi-
cation of spirits, large quantities are employed to combine with the water previously in union with the
sjiirit.
Subcarbimatc qf Potass, or Salt of Tartar — is used in preparing the subcarbonatc of potass of the I'harniiu
cop<eia, (carbonate of potass of the chemical nomenclature,) and likewise in rendering hard spring waters
-soil, and in cleansing subitanccs from grease ; it is sometimes called salt of wormwood. When made by the
lieflagration of two parts of tartar of argol and one of nitre, it is called black flux, and is used extensively
in metallurgic operations.
From the subcarbonatc of potash the pure and uncombincd potass is obtained, by adding an equal
w."ght of fresh burnt lime, jireviously slaked, aiid boiling them with half their weight of water. l?y this
process the lime combines with the carbonic acid, and the potass remains in solution in its caustic .'itate ;
by boiling the clear solution rapidly in iron vessels, and submitting it to fusion, we obtain the fused
potass.
If it be required perfectly pure for chemical purposes, it is necessary to evaporate in silver vessels, and
dissolve in strong alcohol. This fakes up the pure potass, and leaves any portion of the subcarbonatc that
may not have been acted upon by the lime ; then the alcohol is to be distilled off', and the potass fused at
a ed heat, and poured out in its liquid state on a cold slab. As thus procured, it is a white, brittle mass,
highly deliquescent, absorbing moisture and carbonic acid nipidly from the atmosiihere. When evaiior-
ated in iron vessels it has a dirty colour, and lets fall a quantity of </\idc of iron, when dissolved in water,
from its having acted upon the iron boilers.
I'otass acts with great rapidity upon animal substances, ilestnuing their texture, and is on this
account employed as a caustic, and was formerly called lapis iiiftrnalis.
Carbonate {or, in the chemical noinenclature, liicarhunate) of Potass — is prepared bv passing carbonic
acid gas through a solution of the subcarbonatc: and evaporating at a temperature bcli'nv i\'J\ and crys-
tallising. It is used in making cflervesciiig draughts. It loses one proportion of its carbonic acid when
heated, and is converted into the subcarbonatc.
Sulphate of Putass, or Sat Poh/clircst, or lilriolalcd Tartar — is obtained by submitting the salt, which
remains after the manufacture of nitiicaciil from nitre and sulphuric acid, to a red heat, or by ncutralis.
ing the excess of acid contained in that salt by subcarbonatc of potass.
Ui.uilpliate of Potass, or Sat Enixutn, — This is the salt mentioned above, as the residue from the process
for obtaining nitric acid. It is employed, in very large quantities, in the manufacture of uluni ; also in
tinning iron, for pickling, as it is termcil ; it is siimetimes also used as a flux.
Kitrate of Potash, Nitre, or Saltpetre. — This salt, which is of so much importance in every branch of
the arts, is found native in many parts of the world, especially in the Kast Indies. It is obtained from
soils composed of decomposing granite, the felspar of which gives rise, as is supposed, to the jiotass. The
nitric acid is not so easily accounted for, except it is by a union of the nitrogen and oxvgen gases of the
atmosphere taking place in those hot climates; lor, from authenticated accounts, no ■(Iccaying animal
or vegetable matter exists in the nitre districts of India. Hy lixiviatioii with water the nitre is dissolved
from the soil, which is again thrown out into the air, to be washed the following wi.r ; so that if is
formed continually. These lixiviations are then evaporated ; and when of a certain stiiiigth, a iniantity
of common salt scp.irates, which is removed as it falls ; and the nitre is then crystallised and imported
to this country, always coiitainiiig a certain quantity of impurities, which are deducted in the purchase
ot large quantities of the article, being termed its refraction. It is generally used for the manulacture of
gunpowder and pure nitric acid, refined or re-ervstallised
Nitre may be also made artificially, in beds of decaying vegetable or animal substances, mixed with old
moitaror other refuse calcareous earth ; these are watered ociasionallv, too much moisture being hurt,
lui; alter a certain period, depemling on the rapiditv with which the process has gone on, the whole is
MiJimtted to liMviatioii lu^'Ltlicr with wood-ashes, which cont.iin subcarbonatc of (lotass, and which de-
26
ALKALIES.
I
i<
!
\\ ^
! .
composos any nitrate of lime formed, of which there is Rrncrally n roiisiilornl)lo quantity. Alh>r the
lixiviatinn ia complete, which tal(es tome time. Die Milution is separated and Ixiiled (lown ) the nM .«epa-
rates aa in the other prm'ess, and the nitre is then rrystalliite<l. It w.is from this sonrce that the whole ot
the nitre, nearly, employed hy the French duririK the long protracted war with the continental powers,
was ohtaincd.
Nitre has a cold, iicnetratinK, and nauseous taste ; enters into igneous fusion at a gentle heat, and is
then moulded into round cakej called sal prunella. It is einployc<l in the manufacture of nitric acid; of
gunpowder, which is ooini>osed of"."' parts l>y weight of nitre, iji of charcoal, anil !l of sulphur ithe nitre
for this purpose should he of great purity) ; and in the maruifarturc of od of vitriol : as a Hux it is one
of the most powerful we possess ; it is also used fur the preservation of animal food, ami in making fri-
f;ori(ic mixtures: I oz. of nitre dissolved in :> oz, of water lowers its temperature IJ degrees of l-'ahren-
leit's thermometer. — iSec Saltpiitrk.)
Oxalali- and Hinoxnlali- of t'olass. — I'he binnxalate of potass, or salt of lemon, or sorrel, hy both which
last names it is very commonly known, is procured from the jui( eof the common sorrel (Uuniex Acetosa),
or the wo(m1 sorrel ^Oxalis Acetosella), by crystaliisation, alter the feculent matter has heen separated hy
standing a few day.s. Its chief uses are, in removing ink spots or iron moulds ; and also as a refreshing
beverage when mixed with sugar and water.
I'he neutr.il oxalate i.< obtained fnnn this salt by combining the excess of acid which it contains with a
lolution of snbcarlionate of potass. Is very much u»«l in chemistry, as the best test of the presence ol lime.
'J'artia/i' niiil Ilitarlriitt' of Potass. — llitartrate of potass, or cream of tartar, is, when in its crude and
impure state, called argot, and is deposited in the interior of wine casks during fermentation, and from,
this source the whole of the cream of tartar is obtained. It is generally of a very dark brown colour, but
may be puriliwl and rendered perfectly white by soluticm and crystallisation. It is employed very exien.
sively in flyeing, h,>t.making, and in the preparation of tartaric acid, and many of the compounds of
tartaric acid, as tartar cmelic, .soluble tartar i,tartrateof potassl : when heated to redness it isconverteil into
carbonatcof potass and charcoal ; mixed with half its weight of nitre and thrown into a red hot crucible it
forms the black lliix, and with its own weight of nitre the white Hux, both of which are very much em-
ployed in metallurgic operations. The tartrate is made by the addition of subcarhonate ot potass to a
sulutinn of the bitartrate until |>erfectly neutral : it is use<t in medicine as a mild purgative.
Firrori/iinntr or Pi iissintc of Potass. — This salt is obtained by the action of subcarhonate of potass, nt a
low red lieat, upen refuse animal matter, such as hoofs, horns, skin, \c., in the proportion of two of sub.
carbonate, to four or live of the animal matter. Hut the process recommended by M. (iautier is |)refer.
able; he finds, that when animal matter is healed with nitre, it yields a much larger (piantitv of the
ferroprussiate than when either potass or snbcarljonate of potass are employeil ; the proportions he finds
most economical are, 1 part by weight of nitre, 3 parts of dry blood, and iron scales or filings eipial to a
fiftieth of the blood employed.
The eoagulum of blood is mixed intimately with the nitre and iron filings, and dried by exposure to
the air; they are then submitted to a very low red heat, in deep iron cylinders, as long as vapours con-
tinue to be liberated ; when cold, the c<mtents are dissolved in H or 1.5 times their weight and strained.
On evaporati<m, till of the specific gravity 1"JS4, and allowing it to cool, a large (luantily of bicarbonate
of potass crystallises, and by further evaporation till of the specific gravity IJOti, the ferroprussiate of
potass crystallises on cooling. This is to be recrystallised. It is a beautiful yellow salt, very tough, having
a tenacity similar to spermaceti, and is decomposed at a re<l heat. It is employed very extensively in
dyeing blues, and in calico printing ; also in the mamifacture of Prussian blue, which is a compound of the
ferr(>prus^ic acid and oxide of iron, prepared by adding 1 part of the ferroprussiate of potass dissolved in
water, to 1 part of copperas, and 4 parts of alum in solution.
I'hruiiiatc «/ Potass This salt is obtained fn
from the native chromatc of iron by the action of nitre at
a full re<l heat in eipial proportions. Hy solution, tiltration, and eva])oration, a beautiful lemon.yellow
coloured salt results. It is very much employed in dyeing, calico printing, aiul calico making, from its
prixlucing bright yellow precipitates with solutions of lead.
llirhromatc (if Potass — is prepared from the above-mentioned salt, by the addition of nitric acid to the
yellow solution obtained from the heate<l mass by the action of water; on evaporating this, a dark led
coloured salt crystallises, which is the bichromate. This is also very largely employed by the calico
printers, and when mixe<l in solution with nitric acid, possesses the property of destroying vegetal)le
colours ; on this account it is of great importance, as it at the same time removes a vegetable colour, and
forms a base for a yellow dye.
C/i/orntr or Ht/fifroxymurintt' of Potass. — The preparation of this salt is attended with some little diffi-
culty, anil requires a great deal of nicety. It is obtained by passing a current of chlorine gas through a
solution of caustic potass; then boiling and evaporating; the first salt that separates is the chlorate of
IKitass ; and by further evaporation, muriate of potass is obtained. It is use<l in making matches for In.
stantaneims light boxes, which are prej'arcd by first dipping the wood in melted sulphur, and then into
a thin paste, formed of ,'3 parts chlorate of potass, 'J parts starch, and a little vermilion ; with sulphur it
forms a very ex])losive compound, generally employed for filling the percussion caps of fowling-pieces.
Soda, or ilineial Alkali. — The sources of this alkali in nature are various. It is obtaineil in ccnnbinatinn
Willi carbonic aciil, when plants which grow by the sea siiie are burnt. The ashes thus obtained are calleil
barilla and kelp; and also in some countries it is found as an efflorescence upon the surface of the earth,
ami is called nitriim or natron ; this occurs particularly in Kgypt and South America. Trona is also
anolluT native carbonate of .soda, and is exported from Tripoli. In cond)ination with muriatic acid it is
also found in immense abundance, forming the rock salt, and sea salt, or muriate of soda. It is obtained
fiom the carbonate exactly in the same way as potass is obtained fnmi its carbonate, namely, by boiling
it with fresh burnt lime previously slaked, decanting the clear solution, and evaporating and fusing. It
is a white brittle substance, and by exposure to the air becomes converted into a dry carbonate. Its uses
in the aits and manufactures arc of considerable importance. In snap-making it is employed in very large
quantities, and for this pur)>ose is generally procured from barilla or kelp, by mixing them with lime, and
by the infusion of water procuring a caustic soda ley ; this is mixed with oil and fatty matters in various
proportions, and boiled ; the saponification of the i'atty matter takes pl.ace, and the soap formed rises to
the surface ; the ley is then drawn from beneath, and fresh leys atlded, until the soap is completely free
from oil ; it is then allowed to dry. Soda is also employed in the manufacture of plate, crown, and bottle
glass, though for this ])urpose it is generally in the form of carbonate or sulphate.
Subcaihonatr i)f' .Sixla. (In the chemical nomenclature it is called carbonate.'' — This is generally pre-
pare<l frcmi liarilla, which contains about from l(i to i!+ per cent. Karilla is procured by incinerating the
salsiilii soda, and other sea.side plants ; it is made in large <|uantities on the coast of .'^pain. Kelp is another
impure carbonate of soda, but tloes not contain more than + or ."> per cent ; it is the ashes obtained from
sea weeds by incineration, and is made on the northern shores of Scotland. From these, the crystallised
carbonate lOr subcarhonate, as it is more frequently called! is made hy the addition of a small cpiantity of
water, boiling, straining, evajiorating, and skimming off the common .salt as it forms on the surface; on
cooling, the subcarlionate of soda crystallises. Another method is by heating the sulphate of soda with
carbonate of lime and charcoal, and then dissolving out the soluble carbonate ; also, by the action of car-
bonate of potass (pearlaslO upon solutions of sea salt. — (See iUlill.i.A and Kin.p.)
liirarliiiiintr of .Soda — is procured by tiriving a current of carbonic acid gas through solutions of the
carbonate, and then evaporating at a temperature below 21v!° Fahrenheit ; it is chieMy employed in making
soda water p'lwders. This is tlie carbonate of soda of the I'harmacopcria. By the application of a red heal
it loses carlionic acid, and is converted into the subcarhonate.
\
i
ALKANET. — ALMONDS.
27
Snlnhnte n/ Suda, or Glituhfr Sa/tn. — TUU salt, which hns received the name of Glauber, from its «li».
rovorer is the rc^iiliie ol a great many chuinical processes j for iiintaiice, when muriate of soda i» acted
upon by oil of vitriol, mi'.riatic aciil and tiilphate of soda result ; in niakiMK chlorine gas for the manu-
facture of the chloride of lime, or bleachinii powder, sulohate of smla and sulphate of manxancse result ;
the materials employed liciiiK sea salt, sulphuric acid ^oil of vitriol), and black oxide of maoKaiiese : ulso,
in the prepar:rtiiiii of acetic aciil from the acetate of soda, and in the preparation of muriate of ammonia
from sea sidt and sulphate of ammonia. Sulphate of swla is a colourless, transparent salt, eHloresces readily
when exposed to the air, and becomes converted into a tiry powder ; it lias a cold, bitter taste. It is used
fir the preparation of carbonate of soda, and as a medicine. It is found native in some countries, particul.irly
in I'ersiaand South America — frequently as an efflorescence upon new walls.
Kiliatf oj Sutla. —This salt is found native in some parts of the Ka»t Indies, and is called, ftrom its square
form, cubic nitre; it is, however, very little used.
Mm lull- (ifStida, or Sea Salt. Ibis compimiid is found in immense quantities in the earth, and is called
from this circumstaiue rock salt, or sal k'''". 'I'he mines of t heshire and Droitwich, in this country, and
those in Poland, Hungary, and Spain, and many others, afford immense (I'.i.int'ities of this com|>ouiid. It
is also obtained by the evajjoration of sea water, both spontaneously in pits formed for the purfMise, and in
liirne iron boilers ; the uncrystallisable fluid is called the bittern ; basket salt is made by placing the salt
alter evaporation in conical liaskets, and passing through it a saturated solution of salt, which ilissolves
and carries oil' the muriate of magnesia or lime. I'ure salt should not become moist by exixisure to the
air; it decrepitates when heated; it is employed for the preparation of muriatic acid, carbonate of soda,
muriate of anunonia, and many other operations ; also in glazing stone-Ware, pottery, S.c. ; and from its
great antiseptic properties, i» used largely for the preservation of animal food ; as a liux also in metal-
lurgy.
y/'icn/Cd/'.Sorfrt, or Bi)»(i.f. — This salt is found in Thibet and Persia, deposited from saline lakes; it is
calle<l tincal, and is imported into this country, where it is purified by solution ; the fatty matter with
which the tincal isalwavs coated being removed, and the solution evaporated and crystallised ; its principal
uses arc as a Hux, Iroinits acting very powerfully upon earthy substances.
ALKANET, oil AXC'IIUSA (Ger. 0/7w/j«< ,- Du. Ossetong ; Vr. Oreanette ; It. An-
vusii ; Sp. Arciiiiftn), iispecics ofbuf^loss {Atiiliusa tinctoriii Lin.)- It hasbecn cultivutud
ill Englaiicl; but is found of the finest quality iti 81l)fria, Spain, antl more particularly
in tlie .south of I'ranee, in the vicinity of Montpellier. The roots of the plant are the
only parts that are made use of. When in perfection, they are about the tliickness of the
finger, having a tliick bark of a deep pin-plish red colour. This, when separated from
the wliitish woody pith, imparts a fine deep red to alcohol, oils, wax, and all unctuous
substances. To water it gives only a dull brownish hue. It is principally emj)loyed to
tint jjomatums and unguents, wax used in the making of fancy candles, oils employed in
the dressing of mahogany, rose-wood, <kc. The alkanet brought from ( Onstantinople
yields a more beautiful but less j)ermanent dye than that of France. — (Lewis's Mat. Med.;
Mai/iiien, Dictiuiinaire (As Prvductions.)
The ilufy, which was previously very oppressive, was reduced in 1832 to 2i, a cwt. In that year it pro-
duced \,~K'il. is. Srf. This, supp<isiiig it to have been all charged with the 'is. duty, shows a con&uniptiun
of 17,87J cwt. 'I'he price varies from '■Sis. to JUi. a cwt.
ALLOWAN'CES, TARES, &:c. In selling goods, or in paying duties upon them,
certain deductions are made from their weights, dejiending on the nature of the packages
in which they are enclosed, and which are regulated in most instances by the custom of
merchants, and the rules laid down by public ofticcs. These allowances, as they are
termed, are distinguished by the epithets Druf>, Tare, Trdt, and Chff.
Drnft is a deduction from the original or gross weight of goods, and is subtracted before the tare is
taken of?".
Tare is an allowance for the weight of the bag, box, cask, or other package, in which goods are
weighed.
Heal or {.pen tare is the actual weight of the package.
i'listoniarj/ tare is, as its ni;me imiilies, an established allowance for the weight of the package.
I'iiniiiKleii tare is an estimated allowance agreed upon at the time.
Aiyratif tare is when a few jiackages only among several arc weighed, tlieir mean or average taken, and
the rest tared accordingly.
Sii/nr.tarc is an additional allowance, or tare, where the commodity or package exceeds a certain
weight.
Wlieii tare is allowed, the remainder is called the nett weight ; but if trett be allowed, it is called the
sulllc irrifi/it,
Trcit is a deiUictioii of -tlbs. from every 104 lbs. of .«uttle weight.
This allowance, which is said to be for dust or sand, or for the waste or wear of the commodity, was
formerly made on most foreign articles sold l-y the iiound avoirdupois ; but it is now nearly discontiiun d
by merchants, or else allowed in the [irice. It is wholly abolished at the Kast India warehouses in London ;
and neither trett nor draft is allowed at the t'ustom-house.
('/((//; or Cloiipli, is another allowance that is nearly obsolete. Tt is stated in arithmetical books to be a
deduction of i.' lbs. from every 3 cwt. of the sfcuiid stiltlr ; that is, the remainder after trett is subtracted ;
but inerchants, at present, know doff only as a small <leduction, like draft, from the original weight, and
tills only from two or three articles. — iSee Kelly's Cnmbi'st, art. " London.")
I''or an account of the tares and allowances at London, see Tare; for the tares and allowances at the
great foreign trading towns, see their names.
ALMONDS (Ger. Mandebij Du. Amandekn ; Vi: Atnandes; It. Mandnrii ; Sp. Al-
mcndrii ; Port. Aniendo; Rus. Minded; Lat. Ami/t/dahr aviiira; didces),a kind of medicinal
fruit, contained in a hard shell, that is enclosed in a tough sort of cotton skin, 'i'he tree
{Aiiii/fldidu.t communis) which produces this fruit nearly resembles the jieach both in
leaves and blossoms; it grows spontaneously only in warm countries, as Sjiain, and par-
ticularly Bari)ary. It flowers early in the spring, and ])rod\ipes fruit in August. Almonds
are of two sorts, sMcet and bitter. They are not distitigiiisliable from er.ch other but by
the taste of tlie kernel or fruit. " The Valentia jdnioiul is sweet, large, and flat-pointed
at one extremity, and compressed in the middle. The Italian almonds are not so sweet,
51
28
ALOLS.
It
i :
V
smalliT, luul loss (ki)rossi'il in tlio middle. Tlio Jurdaii nlinoiuls come from IMidn;?i», and
an- till' hi'st swi'i't alinoiids hron^lit to Kn};laii(l. Tlii'y aro longer, (latter, k'ss )i(iiiito<l
at Olio 011(1 and loss round at tlio otiior, an<l liavo a palor ciitiolo than tlioso wo liavo do-
soriliod. 'I'lio swoot almonds aro iiii|iorlod in mats, casks, and hoxos ; tlio liittor, wliioli
oomo oliiolly troin Moj;a<loro, arrive in boxos." — ( 'J'/inm.sDn'.s J)lsi>iii.iiitiiri/.)
Diitiis lilt .IliiiiHiils. — l'r('vioii*ly ti) IHW, iiIiikmiiIh wcri' .imihiik Hit' ir.osl (jrossly iivi'rt.nxcd nrllolos in
till' Itiiti'h larilf; Imt tlii' siilp|i)iiii-il sliilniii'iil sIkiws lli.it tlii' iluln'ii wrrr lliiii iiiatiTJully rrtliicrd. It
hntluT ii|i|i)'.irH t'roiii it, that tlioiiKli tin- duty on liitliT aliiiund.Hiii |M ,'i anidiuilrd Id only alioiit MU'cit/lith
part ol' it!> ainiiiiiit in lH:d, thi' rovi'inii; di'rivi'il t'rinii tlicin did nut tall oil' niort' than aliont hall, iihowinx
tliat ihc consniniitioii had iiicrrasfd in a,/c(H;/D/i/|iri)|>()rlion ! The ri'vcnui' Iroin Jordan nlinoiidii in 1H.J1
was 7,S.i()/. ; anil In IS >i, j.dli 7. ; tlimiKh llif duly in llio latter year was lesn than halt what it had hceii in
the Ibriner. I'lie resulls ot Ihr reiluclimi ol'the duly on other mirts of alinonili* are exnrlly minilar. 'I'IiIh,
therelnre, in a sIrikiiiK instaliee otlhe henelinal induenee olri-asoinhle duties. The lair |ireHinii|>(i(iii in,
tlial in a lew years the leveiiue Iroin aliiiiiiids, under the preiient inuderute duties, will be much creator
than it has ever lieeii under the high duties.
An AerounI of the dillerent l)eseri|itions or Alinnnds iMi|>orteil into the United Kingdom In (he Venn
isil and is;:, the It.des of Duty thereon, the I'rodure of the Duties, with the Countries from whenee
(lie Aliniiiids were liroiiKliI, and s|ii-uifyinK the Uuuiititivs brought from eaeh. ^ (Ubtaiiied fiuiii the
Cusliiiii-lhiiisi- fill this Work)
Cimnlrios from which
imported.
^uanlities inipo
rled.
itiller .Vlinoiulit,
Jiinluii Atimmd
1.
Aliiiuiiili ur iitim Nurti.
IHil.
IN
.;•.'.
IS.!I.
IH
.j2.
is.;i.
IH
;2.
(11/.
fra. Ills.
( ii'i.
^r«. //.«.
i'tft, ura. It'i,
1 III.
/jM. Ilia.
Viil. .iiji.lha.
1 III.
ira. Ilia.
(ierinnnv ...
.
,
ml
2 y
.
.
.
1U,J Ii 2
:)
(1 «
riie Netherlands
..
.
1.M
2 24
.
.
.
.
II
1 !l
I'r iiiee - • . .Id
I i.".'
4,i
1 24
.
.
.
r>:iO (1 22
54!!
1 12
I'orluxal, Azores, and) ,
M.idciia - - -j] '
i 'J I
■
-
1 2 10
1 8
3.JI 2 2.-)
■o..'J
J 2
Spain
1
i d
2
2 Hi
2,.ilil 2 ,1
l.UJ
3 11
2,lil8 2 1(» ' l,8Ji
.'! 17
(iilir.iltar . . -
i!i;
•i 7
.
.
l.;i) I) 2.i
tl
l.S
v.; J I) 22 8(!
1 12
Italy
k'lf
•i ti
is
2 24
1) 2 II
(J 2
l;j| J 1> 140
(1 r>
M.dti
_
.
.
.
U 1 .0
U Ii
t) 27
.
Turkey ...
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
IJ
.
■l'ri|H>li,Harbary,andMi>- } .. ...
roeeo - . -j Ji"-'
•i Ct
2,ii;i7
21
-
-
.
:-',lJ8 2 11 i;,018
.1 1.-.
Capeof Ciood Hope
.
.
.
.
.
,
1) fi 1
14
Ivist Indies ...
.
.
-
.
.
,
,
1 2i
1 21
I'liited States of America
*
.
lUI
S l.i
.
.
.
. .
_
Isles of liuernsey, Jersey, J
and Man - - -J
-
-
-
-
1
1 27
7 1 2.^.
r, 14
Total
■■'.■>"-'
1 .">
'-VKW
1.".
•JA'.H (1 1:! ' i,-.r. :i ii;
'.\l :',.') 2 M !',iO'J
II Jii
Hates of Duty per
Cwt
JE
.«. (/.
£
*. <i.
£ t. ll.
£
*. rf.
£ s. ll.
.£
t. ll.
Kroin ForeiKii Countries
1
11 8
4
4 l."> 11
2
II
2 7 Ii
I
tl II
From ItritLsh Possessions
(1
l'> 10
4
2 7 G
1
()
2 7 (i
1
Nett prmlucc of the Duties
2,2'.iO
a 2
1,068
17 1
7,R30 r> 11
,'">,0<I2
6
7,8J0 17 6
.5,4(if>
r, 7
Almoiuis were worth, in bond, in the London market, in August 183J, Jordan, 'i5s. to HIO*. per ewt. j
Karbary ^bitter}, 31s. per ditto ; Valencia .sweet), 72j. to 75s. per ditto.
.\rA)ES(Dn. .'Uiic; Vr. AUn's; Gor, and Lat. Aloe; Hus. ,S,//./;-; Sp. Ahc ; Arab.
Miiciliiir), a bitter, {tummy, rosiiunis, inspissated jiiico, oblained from tlie leaves n'' 'lie
plant of the same name. 'I'iiero are four sorts of aloes met with in oommerco; \ i/.
,'<iiciifriin; Ili'i>ntii\ Ciilnilliiii', and Ci'jic:
1. SMotiiiii' — so e.illed from the island of .Sorulrn, in the Indian Ooenn, not very distant from Capo
fJuardaliii, where the plant i.f/m' siu'ciilii , of whieh this species is the produce, grows almndantly. It is
111 pieces of a reddish brown colour, gl()S>y as if varni-hed, and in some degree |H'llucid. When reduced
to powder, it is of a liright golden colour. Its taste is extremely bitter ; and it has a peculiar aromatic
odour, not unlike that of the russet apple decaying. It softens in the hand, and is adhesive j yet is suf-
licieiitly pulverulent. It is imported by way of Smyrna and Alexandria, in chest.t and casks, but is very
scarce in l^iiglaiid.
2 Ilr/iiilic. — The real hepatic aloes, fo called from its liver colour, is believed to be the produce of the
Aim- jteifoliatn, which grow> in Veineii in Arabia, from which it is exj)orted to Itoinluiy, whence it finds
its way to Kurope. It is duller in the colour, bitterer, and has a less pleasant aroma th.in the .Socotrine
nines, for which, however, it is sometimes substituted. Harbadoes aloes, which is (dteii passed oil' for tlic
hepatic, is the produce of the Alor i'ii/f;.iii.-:. It is brought home in calabashes, or large fiourd shells, con-
taining from mi to 7(1 lbs. It is duskier in its hue than the liombay, or real hepatic aloes, and the taste is
more nauseous, ami intensely bitter. The colour of the powder is a dull olive yellow.
J. Ciibaltiiir, or Horst; Alucs seems to be merely the coarsest sjiecies or refuse of the I'arbadoes aloes. It
is useil only in veterinary medicine ; and is easily distiiiguislieii by its rank fu'tiil smell.
4. C(//)c' AIih:i is the produce of the .line ."/liciilii, which is fouml in great abundaiK'e in the interior of
the Cape colony, and in Meliiida. The latter furnishes the greater part of the extract sold in Kurope
under the name of Socotrine aloes. The odmir of the Cape aloes is stronger and more dis.igreeable than
that of the Socotiiiu' ; they li.ive, also, a yi ilower line on the outside ; are less glo.ssy, softer, and more
pliable ; the colour ol the powder is more like that of ganibo.';e th.iii that of the true Socotrine uloes. — .
\.iitiiilic's Milt. 1:i'.Ihui i Thoiiuon'i Di^/inisuluri/ h<m\ Miit. Miiiicii.)
■m.
n\
' f
i
ALOKs-vvooi). — amiu:u-(;rks.
89
1
11
•J
It
11
'20
I mt V(-ir tlioaiity nil nUh'n v/iu riHliirotl t(i2rf. |>«r Il>, on tliimc (torn n nritish possrsilnn, miil toKrf.
on I'liin.' IVoiii » l'irci«ii ((iiiiitrv. 'I'lu' iliily pnKliici'il I.SIOA r,,*. iW. of iirtt r.vcmif ; Imt^H the old raton
oCiliity c'Xiitfil (liiiiliKa P^'ft ni >'><• yi'"''. " <''"'» ""' "HiT'l tl'>' "n'aiis ol'dt tfiininiiin the i-«iiHUiiiptioii.
ALOHS-WOOl) ((iir. Voihnlz; Dii. .tliHluiHt, I'linitli/shont ; Vr . Ituin <!' Alocn ; It.
Liqiiii ili lliif; S|). Aliie chino; I.at. Lii/iiiiin .Hots; Sans. Ai/uiii ; IMiilay, .'1;/ilii; Siinn.
Kiniiii), llif pnxluci' of a laifro forost triis to hi' t'ouiul i^ most of tlii' countries bctwoi'ii
I'liiua and India, from tliu 'Jllli di'^roc of north iatitiidu to tin- iM|ualiir.
It nc'i'iiisto lit' tlic result ola ilini'a»i'il action coiiliiii'il to a small part ol'a lew troi'x, uC wjjicli tlic rest of
llic wood in wholly v«UiiU"'s. It appcarH to be iiiori- or li'S« l'r(i|Mcot aiiorilinK to »oll iiid <lliijatc', and
Iroin tlif same caiisrs to dilli-r matorially in quality. It Ih produccti both in tlio urcalc^' i|iiantily anil pt-r-
(otion in the- comdrics and islands on the rant coast cd' the (lull of Siarn. 'Ibis artic .• is in IiikIi repute
for funiiuatioiiii, and a« incense, in all Hindu, Mohammedan, and Catholic countries. It Ibrnierly brouKilit
a verv hiub price beiiiK at one tinn- reckoned nearly as valuable an ,:old. It it now comparatively elu ap,
(lidUKb the liiiesl »|>.'eimenH are still very dear. Ihe accounis oC lli,.s article in most books, even ol K<«'a
anihority, are singularly contradictory and inaccurate. Iliis is more snr|)risin|,', as I,a l.oub* re has dls-
linclly stated, that it consisteil only id" in /dins riii.'niiltiiirnDiiimx tliiiis ihxarlinii / iinr icrlaiiic csiiiri:
Tdtilf iirliir ill- iil/r expi'rr n'rii " /'"•»,' c< irii.t qui rn imf, iir /c.v iml fins tmis ,u vii'nu- riiilinit." —
(Uoy.iumedeSi.im.t,!. p. 4.'i. I'-'moed.) The dilllculty of lindint,' Ihe trees which bappen to be diseased, and
olKettiiiK at the diseased portion, has niveu rise to tlie tables that have been current as to it.s oriKin. 'I'lie
late Dr lioxlnuKh introduced the tree which yields this proilinlion into the Hotaiiical (iarden at Calcutta,
from the hills to the eastward of Sylhet, and described it under the name of Aiiiiilliiriu Anahii-hii.
ALUM (Gcr. Ahtun; Dil. Aluin; Vr. Ahin ; It. tlluiw; Sp. Alhimhre ; \\w.
h'lnmszii ; I.at. Alinmii ; Aral). Shd>), a salt of;jreat imiiortaiice in the arts, consistinf; of
a ternary (•<nn]Hnin(l o\' iiliiiiuniim, or jnne argilhieeoiis earlh, jiotass, and siiliihiirie acid.
Ahim is sinnctimcs finnid native; hut hy far tlic {jrcalcr i>art of that which is met wilii
in conmiorce is artificially prejjarcd. Tlic best alum is the Hninan, or that which is
manufactured near C'ivita V'ec" hia, in the I'apal territory. It is in irrcfjtilar, oetaliedral,
crystalline masses, ahout the si/c of a wahnit, and is o])a(|ue, !>cinf; covered on the surface
with a farinaceous cftloresccnee. Tlie licvant, or Iloch aliun, is in fraf^menls, ahout the
size of the former, hut in wliieh tlic crystalline form is more ohscure ; it is externally of
a dirty rose-colour, and internally cxliihits the same tiiif^e, hut clearer. Jt is usually
shijiped for Ktirope from Smyrna; hut it was anciently made at Uoccha, or Kdcssa, in
Syria; and hence its name, Itocli alum. Hiif^lish alum is in larj^c, irrcfiular, semi-
transparent, coltnirless masses, havinf^ a };l;issy fracture; not eilloresecnt, and considerahly
harder than the others. It is very inferior to either the Uoman or Koch alum. The
principal use of alum is in the art of dyeiiifj:, as a mordant for tixiiif; and giviiij.; per-
manency to colours which otiierw ise would not adhere at all, or hut for a very short titnc;
hut it is also used for a great variety »)f other purposes.
lieekmanii has shown {Hixfnri/ nf Tnvmtiims, vol. i ait " .Mum") that the aiuienls wore unacquainted
with alum, and that the sulislaiice which they desiKUatcil as such was merely vitriolic earth. It was first
discovered by the Orientals, who established alnm works in Syria in the tliiilec^dh or lour' entli century.
'I'he oldest alum works in l'!uro])e were eii eted .liout the miildle i.( the filteenlli eeiiturj 'I'owards tin;
eoiielusioii of the rt ign of yiieen Elizabeth, Sii i honias Chaloner established Ihe lirst alum work in Kng.
land, near Whitby, in Yorkshire, where the principal works of Ihe sort in this country are btill carrieil on.
There is a large alum work at llurlelt, near I'aisley. Alum is largely inaiiuf;iclured in ( hina, and is thence
exported to all the western Asiatic countries. In ISJI, 11,77!' picnls {'hj tons) were exported from
Canton.
AAIHER (Gcr. Biriisliin ; Yin. Parnslcvn ; Y)i\. licrnstirn, liiiv. ; Vr. AmJirc jinine ;
It. .'imhra i/iiil/it ; Sp. .Imhiir ; Rlis. Jiintar ; I'ol. liursztyii ; Lat. Siiirintim, Ehdnnii), a
brittle, li{;lit, hard substance, usually nearly transparent, smnefimi's nearly colourles.s,
but commonlv yellow, or even <'iep brown. It has considerable lustre. Specific f^raviiy
l'()fi.7. It is found in nodules or rounded ma.sses, varying from the size of coarse sand
to that of a man's h;n"l. It is tasteless, without smell, except when pounded or heated,
when it emits a frafji r oilour. I' is highly electric. IMost authors assert that amber
is l>ituminous; but \) riiomson st.-ies, that " it is undoubtedly of a vegetable origin ;
and though it ditlers froi resins in some of its projierties, yet it agrees with them in so
many others, that it may v ithout impro|)ricty be referred to them." — ( Clmnistry, vol. iv.
p. 147. 5th ed. »
I'iooes of amber on .i-ionally enrlosP iiarls' of to^ids and in.wcts in their substance, which are be.iiiti-
fillly preserved. It is \>- ncipally found on the sl^.ores of romerania and Polish I'riissia ; but it is some,
times dug out of the ea' 'i in Ducal I'russla. It is also met with on tlie hanks of the river (iiarelta, in
.Sicily. .Sometimes it i liiund on the past coast of Hritaii' and in gravel pits round I.ondon. The
largest mass of amber i wr (bund was got iie.ir the surt.r of Ihegniind in I.iiliuaiii.i. It weighs
18 lbs., and is preserved in the royal cabinet at Iterlin. M st of the an ber imported iiito this country
comes from the lialtie, but i small <]ii uitity comes from bi ily. Amber was in very high estimation
among the ancient.s, but is iioi* compaiatvely neglected.
AMREll-GRIS, OH AMBEU-GIIEASE (Gcr. Amhir l)u. Amber ,- Vr. .4mlwr.
yris ; It. Amhra-griijia ; Sp. Anihur-i/ris ; I.at. Ambra, Ambni iirmia), a solid, opaque,
generally a.sh-coKuired, fatty, inflammal)lc substance, variegated like marble, remarkably
light, rugged and uneven in its surface, and has a fragrant odour w lien heated ; it does
not eii.rvtsce with acids, jnelts freely o\er the fire into a kind of yillow resin, and is
hanly sohibe in spirit of wine. It is found on the sea-coast, or floating un the sea. near
the coasts <"' India, Africa, and Brazil, usually in mall pieces, but sometimes in isses
of 50 jr 1 GO lbs. weight. " Various opinions have Ix'en entertained re«.jiecting its oi in.
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30
AMETHYST. — AMMUNITION.
Some affiritiud that it was tlic concrete juice of a tree, others tliought it a bitumen ; hut
it is now considered as jjretty well established that it is a concretion formed in the sto-
mach or intestines of the P/iy«c<t'r /n«cj-oct7i/(«/«s, or spermaceti whale." — {T/nminon's
Chemistry.) Ambergris ought to he chosen in large pieces, of an agreeable odour, entirely
grey on the outside, and grey with little black spots within. The purchaser should be
very cautious, as this article is easily counterfeited with gums and other drugs.
AMETHYST (Ger. ^/m(.'/%s< ; Vr. Amethyste ; It. Amatista ; ii\). Amelisto ; Lat.
Amclhystus), a precious stone, of which there are two species differing widely in quality
and value.
The Oriental amethyst is a gem of the most perfect violet colour, and of cxtraorilinary brilliancy
and beauty. It is said to be as hard as tlie sapphire or ruby, with which it also corresponds in its form
and specific gravity — (sec S,\prinRE\ dittering in colour merely. It has been met with in India, Persia,
Siam, and other countries; but it is exceedingly scarce. That found in India is said by Pliny to l)e the
best. Wiinci/m/um nmelliysti InUice tenent Nat. Hist. lib. xxxvii. cap. 9.) Mr. Mawe says he had
rarely seen an oriental amethyst olCered for sale, unless small and inferior in colour. Mr. Hope, the
author of Anastasius, had in his cabinet the finest gem of this sort in Euro;'e. This exquisite specimen
exceeds an inch in its greatest diameter; in daylight it exhibits the must beautiful violet colour, while
by candle-light it is a decided blue.
Tlie Occidenlal ametliysf is merely coloured crystal or quartz. — " When perfect, its colour resembles
that of the violet, or purple gr.ipe ; but it not unfrequently happens that the tinge is confined to one part
of the stone only, while the otl)er is left almost colourless. When it possesses a richness, clearness, and
uniformity of liiie, it is considered a gem of exquisite beauty ; and as it occurs of considerable size, it i»
suited to alt ornamental purpo.ses. In specific gravity and hardness it bears no comparison with the
oriental amethyst; it is also inferior in lieauty and lustre; though I have often seen the common ame-
thyst offered for sale as oriental. Brazil, Siberia, and Ceylon produce very tine amethysts : they are
found in rolled pieces in the alluvial soil, and finely crystallised in fissures of rock. From the first of
these localities, they hpve lately been imported in such quantities, as considerably to diminish their
value: but as they are the only coloured stones, except garnets, that are worn with mourning, they
still retail', when perfect, a distinguished rank among the precious gems. The present |)rice of inferior
lighl-coloured stones, in the rough state, is al)Out 20i'. per pound, whilst those of good quality sell at 10s.
or 12s. per ounce. Amethysts calculated for brooches or seals may be purchased at from iSs. to two or
three guineas each, for which, ten years ago, treble that sum would have been given." — (-l/nujf o/j
Diamonds, i!d ed. pp. llj— 117.)
AMIANTHUS, ASIJESTOS, or 3I0UNTAIN FLAX, a mineral of which there
are .several varieties, all more or less fibrous, flexile, and elastic. It is inconsumable bj* a
liigh degree of heat ; and in antiquity the art was discovered of drawing the fibres into
threads, and then weaving them into cloth. Pliny says that he had seen napkins made of
this substance, which, when soiled, were thrown into the fire, and that they were better
cleaned by this means than they could have been by washing! Hence it obtained frotn
the Greeks the naine of Ayittai'Tos (undefiled). Its principal use, as stated by Pliny, was
to wrap the bodies of the dead previously to their being exposed on the funeral pile, that
the ashes of the corpse might not be mixed with those of the wood. And in corrobo-
ration of this statement we may mention, that in 1702, a skull, soine calcined bones,
and a quantity of ashes, were found at Rome, in a cloth of amianthus nine Roman palms
in length by seven in width. Its employment in this way was, however, confined to
a few of the very richest families, incombustible cloth being very scarce, and bringing an
enormously high price. liuriim inveiitu, difficile tc.vtu propter hrevitatcm. Ciim invcntuni
est, Kcqnat prctia excellentium margaritartim. — (Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xix. cap. 1.) The
disuse of the practice of creiiiation, or of burning the dead, caused the manufacture of
ainiantliinc cloth to be neglected. Several tnoderns have, however, succeeded in making
it ; but, if it be not lost, the art is now rarely practised. — (For further particulars, .see
liees's Cyclnpa'dia. )
AMMONIACUM {Vr. Gomme Ammoniaque ; It. G omnia Ammoniaco ; Sp. Goma
Amnioniaco ; Lat. Ammoniacum ; Arab. Feshook), a concrete resinous juice obtained
from a plant resembling fennel, found in the north of Africa, Arabia, Persia, the East
Indies, &c. Pliny .says that it derived its name from its being produced in the vicinity
of the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Africa. — (Hist. Nat. lib. xii. cap. 2.'3.) It has a
faint but not ungrateful smell ; and a bitter, nauseotis, sweet taste. The fragments are
yellow on the outside atid white within, brittle, and break with a vitreous fracture ; their
specific gravity is 1 "207. The best ammoniacum is brought from Persia by Boml)ay
and Calcutta, packed in ca.ses and chests. It is in large masses, composed of small
round fragments or tears ; or in separate dry tears, which is getierally considered a sign
of its goodness. The tears should be white internally rnd externally, and free froin
seeds or other foreigti substances. Reject that which is soft, dark-coloured, and foul.
It is used principally in the materia medica, and the quantity iinported is but small. —
(_Rees\'< Cyclopwdia ; Tfiomson's Dispensatory ; MUhurii's Orient. Com. §'c'.)
AMMONIAC (S/\L). See Alkalies {Muriate of Ammonia).
AMMUNITION, a term expressive of the various implements used in war.
No ammunition can be imported into the United Kingdom by way of merchandise,
except by licence from his RIajesty, and such licence is to be granted fitr furnishing his
Majesty's stores only, under penalty of forfeiture. — (« Geo. 4. c. 107. ) His Majesty may
forbid, by order in council, the exportation of any saltpetre, gunpowder, or any sort of
V.
'I;
AMSTERDAM.
SI
ammunition. Any master of a vesst-l exporting ammunition when so forbidden, shall
for every such offence forfeit 100/. — ('29 Geo. 2. c. 16.)
AIMSTKKUAM, the principal city of Holland, situated on the Y, an arm of the Zuyder
Zee, in lat. 5'/^ '.-',i' N., and long. 4^" 40' E. From 1580 to 1750, Amsterdam was, per-
haps, the first commercial city of Europe; and thougii her trade has experienced a
great falling off since the last-mentioned epoch, it is still very considerable. In 1785,
t'.< |)oi)ulation is said to have amounted to 2:55,000 ; in 1814, it had declined to 180,000 ,
')ut at present it exceeds '200,000. The harbour is spacious and the water deep ; hut on
iiccount of a baiJc (the Panipus) whire the Y joins the Zuyder Zee, large vessels going
or coming by that .sea are obliged to load and unload a part of their cargoes in the roads.
The navigation of the Zuyder Zee is also, by reason of its numerous shallows, Tcry intri-
cate and difficult ; and as there were no hopes of remedying this defect, it became neces-
sary to resort to other mi.ms for improving the access to the port. Of the various plans
suggested for this purj.use, the preference was given tc the scheme for cutting a canal
capable of admitting tlie largest class of merchantmen, from the north side of the port of
Amsterdam to Newdiej), ojiposite to the Texel, and a little to the east of the Ilelder.
This canal has fully answered the views of the projectors, and has proved of signal service
to Amsterdam, by enabling .ships to avoid the Pampus, as well as the difficult navigation
of the Zuyder Zee, where they were freciuently detained for three weeks, and to get to
Newdiep without any sort of risk in less than 24 hours. The canal was begun in
181!), and completed in 1825. The ground between its extremities being nearly level,
it has only a lock at each end ; and the dues and charges on account of towing, &c.
are very moderate. At Newdiep the water is deeper than in any other port on the
coast of Holland, and ships are there in the most favourable position for getting expe-
ditiou.sly to sea. — ( See Ca jjai.s. ) The imports principally consist of sugar, coffee, spices,
tobacco, cotton, tea, indigo, cochineal, wine and brandy, wool, grain of all sorts, timber,
])itch and tar, hemp and flax, iron, hides, linen, cotton and woollen stuffs, hardware, rock
salt, tin plates, coal, dried fish, &c. The exports consist partly of the produce of Holland,
partly of the produce of her jjosse.ssions in the East and West Indies and other trojiical
countries, and partly of commodities brought to Amsterdam, as to a convenient cntreput,
from different parts of Europe. Of the first class are cheese and butter (very important
articles), madder, clover, rajie, hemp, and linseeds, rape and linseed oils, Dutch linen, &c.
Geneva is princijially exported from Schiedam and Rotterdam ; oak bark principally from
the latter. Of the second class are sjjices. Mocha and Java coffee; sugar of Java, Brazil,
and Cid)a ; cochineal, indigo, cotton, tea, tobacco, and all sorts of Eastern and colonial
products. And of the third class, all kinds of grain, linens from Germany, timber and
all sorts of Baltic produce ; Spanish, German, and English wools ; French, Rhenish, and
Hungarian wines, brandy, &c. The tr.ide of Amsterdam may, indeed, be said to com-
prise every article that enters into the commerce of Europe. Her merchants were
formerly the most extensive dealers in bills of exchange. And though London be now,
in this respect, far superior to Amsterdam, the latter still enjoys a respectable share of
this business.
The Bank of the Netherlands was established at Amsterdam in 1814. It is not, like
the old Bank of Amsterdam, which cea.sed in 1796, merely a bank of deposit, but a bank
of deposit and circulation formed on the model of the Bank of England. — (See Banks,
FORKIGN. )
For an accoinit of the Dutch fi.sheries, see the articles IIf.uuing Fishery and
WhAI.E FlSHEHY.
vicinity
It has a
^lents are
Vo ; their
[Bombay
lof small
td a sign
lee from
[nd foul.
Imall. —
ki an disc,
liing his
Isty ifiay
sort of
Ships entering the Port of Amsterdam during the three Years ending with 1851, .specifying the Coun-
tries whence they C'lnie.
Countries.
182!).
Sliips.
4!t<)
1,1.54
"ii
7
4i;
7i»
82
18
IS.^O.
Sllips. '
788
8lJl
1()5
10
.'i7
it."!
114
20
1S31.
I'orts of Norway anci North Sea . . . -
lialtic and Arrhangf'. .---..
Mediterranean, France, Spain, and Portugal . . -
South America - - . . . -
Nortli America .....
West Indies - . . . - . -
Orcat Britain .....
East Indies and China .....
Total
Ships.
f)t)l
5(W
<J!)
10
40
77
ai!)
23
1,<J7.'5
l.PDfi
1,624
There are no means of ascertaining the fonnaRC and the crews of these vessels. About 220 or 230
large ships belong to Amsterdam ; they are employed in the Kast and West India trades, and in trading
to llio Baltic, the Mediterranean, Stc. There is comparatively little coasting trade at Amsterdam, the
communication v.'ith most other ports in the vicinity being principally kept up by canals, and that witl"
Friesland by regular packets. The total number of ships of all sorts annually entering the port amounts,
at an average, to about 2,200.
yt
■ I
w
I (
I
i <
^ !
32
AMSTERDAM.
Account of some of the principal Article.4, spocifying their Quantities and Values, imported into Amstcr-
dam by Sea during t'l. Years 182'J, ISiiO, and 1H.J1.
Denomination of Mer-
Destriji-
tion of
18.'!).
8,;o.
IS,-!].
Value in
Value
Value in
Value
Value in
V..lue
ctiamlise.
Package.
Quantity.
Dutch
in Ster-
Quantity.
Dutch
in Slur-
Quantity.
Dutch
in Mer-
Al4)iiey.
1">B-
Aloney.
linn.
Money.
lin^.
Florins.
£
Florins.
.«'
Florins.
.£
ronfue, Enst India •
1 a^lis
100,000
2,016,000
168,000
81,470
1,667,4.17
M8,!153
121,500
2,704-590
225,388
1,!I70
.197, l.W
.-..1,10(,
2,270
436,1811
.16,2.111
1,190
299,'*.S()
21,9'«l
Ditto
II.U'S
4.'5,7IK)
2,79G,80 1
231,()(i0
50,770
3,096,970
i5S,(18ll
21,280
1,912, ll'O
161,86(1
Sugar, West India -
Casltt
i:),ooo
.1,.151,fiO()
27'J,.1(10
21, .WO
3,380,608
i81,7l7
19,8.00
3,'!23,6I(I
268,657
Chests
22,200
l,7.')S,2IO
WifiW
8,S20
579,174
48,290
17,690
1,0S2,628
90,219
Ilra/il
Do.
1,.170
.1(i9,90(l
30,S2.'>
1,060
218,625
lH.'iili
1,260
255,1. 'il
21,263
2,').'>0
.'>-!,7liO
1,1811
11,100
191, .520
15,'i6ii
27,800
486,500
40,510
Client!)
810
fiS,00(l
5,666
1,800
122,1.10
10,177
— Ditto
Caniste n
1,'ISO
122,S.VI
1(1,210
2,.'.30
126,879
10,575
7,130
457,873
38,1.54
— Ditto
11.1^9
1,S10
.Ifi.SKi
,1,076
6,6.10
110„1S9
9,200
Cotton Woo!, American
Do.
.0,190
6.")(i,0l(i
51,670
3,710
466,752
38,8911
1,190
178,800
11,90(1
Do.
220
21, .110
2,026
40
4,680
390
.100
31,080
2,655
- Mest India
Do.
2.900
'119,().-)0
31,920
4,270
609,756
50,813
2,590
318,837
29,070
— East India
Do.
1,S00
1 12,2(K)
11,850
490
44,120
3,677
li(il)
63,6 Id
5,.1(I0
Casks
7,100
l,17(i,.100
123,(IS0
5,520
1,0.13,62(1
86,137
5,220
963,715
81 1,3 1'.;
— Vir4tnia -
Do.
(120
90,lil.1
7,'),'>0
5,310
67.1,712
56,113
6,0'jO
821,t6!l
68,1.15
— Kintuckv •
Uo.
2,2.-0
29S,l,-,0
2l,Si6
580
72,007
6,0011
180
2.1,55n
1,965
Hidt'^
2.S,200
3.VJ,5.'JO
29,96(1
48,600
577,125
48,0'll
42,000
493,.',0I
41,125
naea
CSO
,1.),.120
'i.T:-
1,1. iO
35,220
2,935
2,060
118,'^ 11
9,851
llil-i
Casks
12,200
921,(i,1.S
7.,o'.(l
7,570
487,129
40,51)1
5,830
40 S,5l IS
31,01'.;
l)a^'3
12,fillO
167,89,'J
1.1,9911
8,800
100,200
8,312
2,260
4,576
380
fansecil
Lasli
r i.i,.iso
equal to I
' llO,.500 f
uu.irtefs
12,870)
3,211,200
267,000
r 10,8701
■{or 11 1,1.15 J.
tquarters J
2,250,090
187 500
f 3,1707
\ or 33,2S5 J.
(.iiuarierj J
656, 19(.
51,683
C 10,9107
r 13,3007
Wheat
Do.
■ l.W.l.V) f
quarters
4,350,060
362,fl0,-i
•{or 11 1,870 {.
,1,1S.1,.540
26,5,295
•Jorl.19,(i.)0j.
l,402„1OO
366,858
(.quarters )
tfiuarters J
Rye
Do.
12,260
equal to f
■ 128,730 f
quarters
2,022,900
10,S,575
f 15,3107
■{or 161,070 J.
i iiuarters \
2,515,760
209,616
I 18,2907
^or 192,015'.
tquarters j
3,810,90(1
320 075
Marloy
Do.
I 1,100"
3 equal to f
i ll,.'i,)0 f
( quarters 1
1 16,300
12,192
\ 2,7707
•{nr29,0,S5 }. 396,110
( quarters ' J
33,00:1
r 2907
•{or 3,0 15 J.
(.Iiuarters )
42,31(1
.1,528
DurinR the year IS.ll, there wore sliippod from France for Holland, according to the official accounts
given t)y the French Custom-house, ,5,488,,')72 litres, or I,.'J72,18S wine gallons of wine. The total imports
of ,\msierdam in ISil are estimated in the Arcliives </« Commerce (torn. i. p. 23i).l, at 8.'i,lli!»,700 (rancs
(.i.KlO.OOO/. sterling), and the exports at 7'-',7(i(),000 francs (2,910,(100/. sterling^. During 18j1, <«,324 Ihs.
(English' of cheese, ,>S0 tons of oil cake, 2,18? tons of oak bark, and 2.j,l()0 quarters of wheat, were exported
from Amsterdam for Gre.it Britain. The exports for Kngland of butter, flax and tow, cloves and nut-
megs (of which articles the Dutch have a monopoly}, smaltz, linens, hides, &c., were very considerable.
Expenses nf Ships in Amsterdam. —The expenses of a ship of 300 English tons, or hM Dutch lasts, with
n mixed cargo on board, inwards and outwards, coming and departing by the canal, were, in 1832, as
follows : —
.-\rrivini; from
lireat lliitaiii.
Arriving from the
iMediterrant-an.
Lock dues in the canal, and charges — inwards
Ditto ... outwards
Measuring the ship -
'i'onnage dues, inwards and outwards - - .
A cliaige called Port money ...
Haven money .....
Quay or key money - . . .
Periiiit to consume provisions free of excise dues
Clcar.ance ......
Expenses of clearing, fees, &c. . . . -
Total
£ s. a.
4 10
2 10
1 10
ij 12
1 12
1.3
1 2
8
."; n
2 18
.€ s. ft.
8 10
r> 10
1 10
2.5 12
2
13 (5
1 2
8
12 6
2 18
.£•41 6
.£ IS ]ii
There is besides, the merchants' and brokers' commission on recovering and procuring freights oeno
rally settled by agreement. ' b '- b ""i b'-"<--
The tonna/je duty is ir, cents ,'9rf.) the Netherlands ton (nearly enu.al to the Britishl inwards inrt H,»
s.ame o,.t,yards with the addition of tlieSytidicate tax of S3 per^cVt ^s pa a" e on ?Zr A v"^, y
ships bearing the following flags, viz. Netherlands, Rritish, North American, Diinish Hanoverian H-,m
burgh, Bremen, Lubeck. Meckle.iburg, Oldenburg. Russian, Portugue'e^'A,^ iatl, SyrTan ^^lo^^a'
Swe. ish, Norwegian, Prussian, Turkish, Rm de la Plata. Others pay ,'571 cents (lUrf.) per ton iiiwaids'
and the same outwards every voyage. ' j » \ »»■••; !'>-• <•"'■ "iwarus.
The charge called port money is payable half on entry, and half on dep.nrfurc; and that called haven
^n'is, orSt UU. " '" "^ ^ °"^ ""^ ''''°'° "'"^ "* ""-' '^•■'""' «moun?s to 12 flor
Qunrnntine. — The quarantine station is at the island of Wierengen near the Holder
Commission -Jhc usual rate of commission or factorage on the' purchase or sale of goods is 2 ner
cent., .and on lull transactions \ and J per cent, according to their nature "^
Provisions of .all sorts are abundant at Amsterd.am, and rea.sonably (^heap. The wages of shins' car
renters vary from 1 flor. 20 cents to 1 flor. 80 cents ; that is, from about "s to .3,v a dav
For an account of the prices of corn at Amsterdam, see C'oun Thadf and Corn i'aws
Ciistom-hnnse /{egidntwns- Captains of ships are hound to make, within 21. h<^urs of their arrival
at -Vm.terd.am, or any Dutch port a declaration in writing, „f the goods of which their c.argo consists
If the captains be not acquainted with the goods of which the cargo consists, they muTt make he r
decara ion under he general term of mcrcAandisr, and exhibit the bills of lading .Xn^ with the
declaration. I he Custom-house otticers are instructed to inform the captains of all f«r.naliUes^«,uired
;^
4
I
AMSTERDAM.
23
into Amstcr-
1831.
Valuu iti
Dulcli
Money.
Florins.
2,:m .'I'jip
l,!H'i,ll'(l
5,'^^.1,(il(l
l,()->'^,(i'^S
■l»(J,.')0(J
■i.57,sr-
KS.Sdll
.Tl.llSd
31S,S.-)7
(1.1,1110
nc.i,; 1.-.
8'^i,ti;ii
2.T,.*i.'i(J
"til.l.'.dll
llH.'^n
■I,.'j7(
C5f;,I9(
i,m2,,iu(i
.l,Sio,!)(in
V..1UI.
n Nter
linK.
£
'^'.'.-...ISS
■il.il'KI
llll.Sfill
'i(is,i;r,7
aii,'-'i:(
'tii,,'j|ii
.-S.l.'il
ii/ifid
.'),.1{KI
Sll,.-)l'^
(is, I,-..
i,ii(i.
•41,1',!
V.S.'il
.•51,l)l'i
3SI)
.')t,CS.-
iCfi.SjS
120 07.^
.1/.2S
cial accounts
total imports
>9,7()0 francs
1, 9;J,32-t lbs.
ere exported
'OS and nut.
nsiderable.
h lasts, with
;, in 1Sj2, as
Vtini the
ranuun.
rf.
I)
6
6
,'hts, gene.
and the
■ n year l)y
ian, Ham.
Saloiiica,
inwards,
lied haven
to 12 flor.
ds is 2 per
ships' car.
nr arrival
consists.
lake their
with the
i required
All goods, whetlicr for home consumption or transit, may be deposited In bonded warehouses. If re.
cxportiHl by sea, they jiay no duty ; but if re-exported by canals or otherwise for tlie interior, they are
sul)joct to a transit duty. 'I'lie warehouse rent chargeable iicr month on a quarter of wheat (Imp. meas.)
is, on an upp.er lott, \%d., on an under do. l^d. ; on a ton (Eng.) of sugar in casks, the charge is S</. ; in
chests or mats, fx/. ''
'i'he business of insurance is extensively practised at Am.sterdam ; the premiums are moderate, and
tlie security unexccptionabU'. 'Ihu high duty iniposuii in this country on policies of insurance has con.
tributed to the increase of this business in Holland.
Credit, Discount, f,r. — Holland is, and has always been, a country of short credit. A discount is
usually given for prompt payment, at the rate of 1 per cent, tor six weeks, and of 2 per cent, (or
two months; but the terms ol credit on most articles, and tlie iliscount allowed lor ready money, have
been fixed by usage, and are regarded as cssenti.il conditions in every liargain. Some of the more im.
portant of these terms and discounts are s])ecified in the following table. In consequence of the pre.
ference given in Holland to ready money transactions, it is not a country in which adventurers without
capital have much chance of speetlily making a fortune. " Rien, en (lilt, de plus facile que de sVtablir
a Amsterdam ; mais rien dr p/us difficile que de s'y soiitenir sans des i;raiides ressotirces. Dans cetto ville,
oil I'argent abonde, od on le prete contre des sCiretes il si bon marclii', // est pimrlant impossihie de s'en
procurer i credit; et sans argent il n'y a plus de possibilite d'y travailler, que de trouver quelqu'un qui
veuille de se charger d'un papier nouveau qui ne seroit pas appuyt! d'lin crt dit que I'opinion, la protec.
tioii, ou des cllbts reels feroient valoir & la bourse. Les Hollindois suivent Ift.dessus tlvs maximes tr6a
austferes, meme & I'egard des maisons d'une certaine consideration." — [Kjicyelnpedie Methoriique, Com-
9/icrce, t. ii. p. fiuO.) llut this austerity is not a disaih antage, but the reverse. It prevents connnerce from
degenerating, as it has too often done in other places, into gambling adventures, and pliu'es it on a com.
paratively solid foundation. And it should be mentioned to the honour of the i)uteh, and as a proof of
the excellence of this system, that, notwithstandinj,' the distress and loss of trade occasioned by the inva-
sion and occupation of their country by the French, the bankruptcies in 179.^ and subsequent years were
not, comparatively, so numerous as in England in ordinary seasons! The regulations in the Code Napo.
leon as to bankruptcy are enforced in Holland.
It has long been the practice in Holland to make, on selling articles, considerable deductions from
their V/cight, particularly from those of large bulk, as compared with their value. These tares and
drafts, as they are termed, are now fixed by ancient usage: and the most important amongst tliem
are here specified.
Ashes 421bs.perca.sk
Tarct and Athwaiuet on the principal ArticttH sold at
Amslcrdum,
Tares. Allowances.
(Draft and Discount.)
rl8 nit-nths* dis-
count, and 1
' jier cent.
«-"■- percent ['''^^'i^^u
Cocoa, Caracas 42 lbs 1 jier cent.
Maranliam ... ditto ~
Cavenne ditto
Martinique ... ditto
Surinam (; percent
India in ge.y"**^'J^ per rent.,
^j,p.^l °^ ^ f casks real tare. .
Uourbon | ^^^^^^ V^r original
Java 14 Ills. i»er euuny .
Mocha Vi lis. per bale ..
Cotton, Suvat and1c„„_
Rin^al jSpercent
alt other kinds . 6 per cent
Ctitton yarn twist .... .——
and *i
2 percent, and 2
'' per cent.
I iuUt;n, Bengal real tare
Cochineal 3^4 lbs> •...
(ialls 6 lbs. or 20 lbs. ..
(Juras, Senegal IG lbs. 1 libs, or 21
Harbary J lbs
Arabic 14 lbs. or .10 lbs
2 per cent, and 1
per cent.
1 per cent.
1 1 i>er cent. 2 iK?r
^ cen*. and 1 per
/ cent.
r4 jier cent. auj;.
< mcnt.
(.1 perrcnt.deduct.
f 2 per cent, and 2
I. per cent.
(2 per cent, and 2
f per cent.
I'Off^vood 2 and .T per cent. .1 „ ,^„„ „„„.
Fustic 2percent j2percent.
Hides, Huenos Ayres.l o •■ i,. i
^c. , , \ ^ '^s. per hide
I.inens, Flemish - —
all other kinds . .
nils
E2 per cent, and 1
per cent.
2 per cent, and 1
per cent.
1 per cent.
1 i'er cent.
Kast India G lbs.
Saltpetre .
Liijuorice real tare and 4 lbs. ■
Spices, pepper.
Uiie, Carolina real tare \'i yer cent, and 2
per cent.
R ). 1 1 n . r ' V*^^ cent, and U
^^^*11« \ percent.
[2 per cent, and 1
i per cent.
cinnamon*.!!::]'^-5^l»-0'f"^^8'
cloves and mace . 1 per cent.
pimento j *V.lJ?' """'* ^*'*"*'l i
nutmcKs lio'^"'"*: M por cent.
^ 02|»ercent j
pincer s lbs. b. Iti lbs 2 \^t cent.
Supars, Aiartinique . . 7 ..
>18 per cont |
St. Dominiro. . '
St. Croix
Surinam .
Kn^lish colo-
nies
Henierara ...
Herbice
Kssetiuib'
Itra/!l, white.
Ditto, Mii'cn-
vado
20 per cent 1 2 per cent, and 2
f per cent.
ISiier cent.
Havannah .
.'.iva
RO lb.
4S1I>'.
I 18 months* dis-
I count, 2 per
i cent, and 2 per
[ cent.
12 per tent, and 2 i
S per rent.
Salt
Tea, l.ohc-a .
™:s:™«;:;::::hnba.h2iib..
cami)ui
h\
... 18n>a
i;;i^in::::::*::}^8^i'^^^^>^*--
1 per cent.
- 1 per cent*
Tobacco, Man-land .
Virginia . .
casks taicd ... .
2 and H percent.
Tin plates 2 per cent
3 baj«i t.ired, and 2'
■ » lbs. per 176 lbs.
Wines
31 adder casks tared
\\'ool, Spanish .
)
■ iiLT lem.
1 7 21 mtmths* di
> count, and
■ J i>er cent.
2 per cent, and 4
per cent, da-
maged, and 1
jjcr tent,
jier tent.
Herrings 3 or 5 )>cr cent.
Smaltz 36 lbs.
Flax, hams, seetls, Ke-
nevn, grain ..
Ihitter
Hides
Cheese, Edam . .
Goi.da .
nt. ..-J
.} -
IM.T
1 per cent
10 lbs. |ier c.-isk,
and 2 per cent.
1 iHjr cent. 2 per
cent, and 2 per
cent.
2 per cent.
1 per cent.
none.
2 and 1 per cent.
2 per cent.
1 per cent.
Sugar
The above- are tbe cuslnmary tares and other allowance
made by the merchants In their transactions with each other.
Hut in pavhiK Ibe import duties at the (Custom-house, the tare
upon Kiods paving duty by weifjbt is, with the exceptions un-
dermenlioned, (ixcrt at i:) per cent, for such - are in casks or
barrels, and at S per cent, for such as are m packages, ra-
nisters, mals, baskets, A:c. Merchants dis.salislied with tl.ese
allowances mav j.ay the duly according; to the reiil weight,
ascertained by the customs officers at their exjieiise.
Bxrepliom — The tare upon grain imported in sacks is tixetl
at 2 per cent.
I'orcelain, l.'i per cent.
IniliL'o -f '" cnests, 25 i)er cent.
inoihO I ji, scrons, 15 per cent.
rchests from Havannah, 18 per cent., other places 20
I |icr cent.
J catiisiers, 10 per cent.
[ casks and packages, 15 and 8 per cent. The tare
I upon sugar relineii in the interior and exiiorted,
<- is 12 per cent, per barrel, 8 per cent per pack.ige.
Alliitrattcct fur Imkage are made upon all liquids, including
treacle and honey, as follows, viz.
Coming from England, the northern ports of Europe, and
France, bv inland navigation, fi per cent.
From trance by sea, imd from other countries by the rivers
Rhine and Waal, 12 per cent.
From .iny other i>ort or place, 1-1 per cent.
Finally, from whaicver place the same may come,upan train
oil, 12 per cent. ; blubber, 6 per cent,
In case liquids shall have experienced, upon the vovage, such
leakage as shall cauve the importer to lie dissatistied with the
a'lowance before specified, he is permitted to pav the duty
upon the actual quantity, to be ascei'taineil by tne' officers at
the importer's expense.
Mraifi/. — Accounts used to be keiit at Amsterdam by the
pound Flemish = (i florins:»!20 schillings = 120 stivers = 240
Ktoats=ln20 pinnings. But In 1820, the decimal system
was introducetl. In order, however, to cause as little incon.
venience as possilile, the tlorin -■ \t. 8|t/. .sterling, was made
the unit of llie new svs'.em. The tlorin is supposed to be di-
vided into 100 equal parts or cents ; and the other stiver coins
are equal multiples or sub-multiples of it. The new gold coin
is callwl the tlorin piece, and is worth 16t. 6|</. very ne.?rly
Hut riccounts are still sometimes kept in the old wav or b?
D
til
St
AMSTERDAM.
the pound Flemish. Par of exchange between Amstenlam
■ml l.oiidon is 11 tlor. ,'iH cents per |H)»n<l stirliiiR.
l»>i^'/i(» anil Mtiimnt. In ISM), the French syslrm of
wt'i^jhtf. and meas\ires was introduced Into the Xutnerlands,
the names nnly bein^ ch.in^ed.
The fund is tlie unit of wei(,'ht, and answers to the French
ktloKraminc. Its divisions are the ons, luod, wiKtJe, and
kurrel.
The elk, which is the unit or element of lonR measure,
equals the French tiirtir. Its decimal divisions are the palm,
dulm, and streei> ; and its decimal multiples, the roeile and
mljle.
The vierkimle ellc, or square ell, Is the unit of suiierndal
measure ; and answers to the centiare or twlrv i-itrn^ot' France.
Its divisions are the vierlcante palm, vierkante duim, and the
vierkante stieep; and its multiples, the vierkante roede and
vierkante bunder.
The kfiliiikc ellc is the unit of measures of capacity i and
equals the French tUre. Its divisions are the kubicke palm,
kubicke (hiim, and kubicke streep.
J'he term rvisse is f^iven to a kuliicke elle of fire-woml.
The kiiii is the unit of meastires for dry wares, and Is the
cube of the palm : answering; to the French litrf. Its division
is the maatje, .and its multiples the schcnel and miuldc ; the
latter is also called the zak, and equals the French hectolitre.
30 muuden make 1 last.
The hill is the unit for liquid measure, and is the cube of
the palm ; it corresponds to the French litrv. Its divisions are
the maatic and vimjerhoeil, anil 100 kansm.lke a vat or cask,
which equals the French hectolitre.
The apothecary's new poimd is \'A ounces, Ofi drachms, 288
scruples, or 5,7(iO grains ; and a'^swers to 37j grammes, or
6,7Hi Kn^lish grains.
lly the old method of calculating, which is not yet entirely
Rupersedj- 1, the i>ound of Amsterdam was = to IMIK lb. avoir-
duirais, or 100 lbs. Amsterdam = lOS 'J'^.llbs. avoirdupois.
The lull or measure for corn = '^7 mudden=l(l qurs.
5^ bushels Winchester measure. The mim liquid inea-
sure™*! ankers=S steckans = 21 vierteLs = t>'l stoops or
«toppen = l'28 min«les = Z)G pints= II KiiKlish wine fiallons.
The stoop coutidns 5 l-8th pints Knglisli wine measure.
100 mingles are equal to 112 English wine gallons, or 2G l-Sth
Knulish lieer gallons, or 2(1 2-3d Imperial gallons.
F^-ench wine is sold per hogshead of ISO mingUnt.
Spanish and I'orluguese wine, per pipe of .ll!! ilitto.
French brandv, (ler hogshead of .10 viertels.
Hcer, jier barret (equal to the aam) of . 12S mingles*
\'eget.d»le oils, ]ier aatn, of 120 ditto.
Whaleoll, per ditto lb ililto.
Hum Is sold |ieroH*erof 2 steckan=llH Kngli^h wine
gallons.
The foot of .Vmsterdam = II l-7th English inches.
The Rhinel.amI foot ... = 12 ditto.
The ell, cloth measure = 27 1-I2th ditto.
H<trk milt Is sold iier hondert of 401 maaten, making 20 tons,
or 1,(100 lbs. Dutch.
Pit coal is sold per hoed of 38 m.iaten j nine hoe<ls nre five
chaldrons of Newcastle, or six hoeds are five chaldrons of
I.ondtm.
Butler is sold per barrel ; the barrel of Lcyden is .120 lis.
nelt. — th.it of Friesland 28 lbs. nett — and the common Dutch
barrel .1.16 lbs. gross.
A lastiif herriiigi is reckoned at 12, 11, or H barrels.
A lust of vitch is 12 barrels.
A last (]}' tar, 1.1 barrels.
A hag of seed = 2^ \\'inchester quarters.
A hist for freight is reckoned 1,0110 lbs. equal to two English
tons.
Eight hogsheads (or o\hofts) of wine
Twelve barrels of pitch
Thirteen barrels ot tar
Twenty chests of lemons, SiC,
4,000 liis. of iron, copper, and colonial produce
1,000 lbs. of almonils
2,000 lbs. of wool or feathers
A last of wbe.at is considered 10 per cent, higher than one
of rye, and the bvtter 20^ percent, higher than oats, and 10
per cent, higher than seed. A last of iialtast is only 2,000 lbs.
— These details have been derived from the answers by the
British consid to the circular queiieii, the Dicthmiviire tin
Ctninnetce, (Kjin/. Mc'thml.) torn. ii. pj). 3.51— biO., Kelly's
Caiiibiatf iinvatc iiif'ytnutitm, iS'c.
are reckoned
as one l.ist
in -ett! ng
tbi' freight
of ships.
Magnitude of the Commerce of Holland in the seventeenth Centunj. — Causes of its
Prosperity and Decline. — M'e believe we need make no apology for embracing this
opportunity to lay before our readers the following details with re.spect to tiie commerce
and commercial policy of Holland. It forms one of the most instructive topics of
investigation ; and it is to be regretted that so little attention should have been paid to
it in this country.
P.tviously to the commencement of the long-continued and glorious struggle made
by the Dutch to emancipate themselves from the blind and brutal despotism of Old
Spain, they had a considerable marine, and had attained to distinction by their fisheries
and commerce ; and the war, instead of being injurious to the trade of the republic, con-
tributed powerfully to its extension. After the capture of Antwerp by the Spaniards,
in 1585, the extensive commerce of which it had been the centre was removed to the
ports of Holland, and principally to Amsterdam, which then attained to the distinction
she long enjoyed, of the first commercial city of Eurojie.
In 1602, the Dutch East India Company was formed; and notwith.standing the
pernicious influence of that association, the Indian trade increased rapidly in magni-
tude and importance. Ships fitted eitlier for commercial or warlike purposes, and
having a considerable number of soldiers on board, were sent out within a few years of
the establishment of the company. Amboyna and the ^loluccas were first wrested
from the Portuguese, and with them the Dutch obtained the monopoly of the spice
trade. Factories and fortifications were in no long time established, from Bussorah, near
the mouth of the Tigris, in the Persian Gulf, along the coasts and islands of India as
far as Japan. Alliances were formed with several of the Indian princes; and in many
parts, particularly on the coasts of Ceylon, and in various districts of Malabar and
Coromandel, they were themselves the sovereigns. Batavia, in the large and fertile
island of Jav.a, the greater part of which had been conquered by the Dutch, formed the
centre of their Indian commerce ; and though unhealthy, its port was excellent, and it
was admirably situated for commanding the trade of the Eastern Archipelago. In
1651, they planted a colony at the Cape of Good Hope, which had been strangely
neglected by the Portuguese.
Every branch of commerce was vigorously prosecuted by the Dutch. Their trade
with the Baltic was, however, by far the most extensive and lucrative of which they
were in possession. Guicciardini mentions that the trade with Poland, Denmark,
Prussia, &c., even before their revolt, was so very great, that fleets of 300 ships arrived
twice a year at Amsterdam from Dantzic and Livonia only; but it increased pro-
digiously during the latter part of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth
centuries. The great population of Holland, and the limited extent and unfruitful
nature of the soil, render the inhabitants dependent on foreigners for the greater part of
their supplies of corn. The countries round the Baltic have always furnished them
with the principal part of those supplies ; and it is from them that they have been in
the habit of bringing timber, iron, hemp and flax, pitch and tar, tallow, a.shes, and other
bulky articles required in the building of their houses and ships, and in various ma-
nufactures. Nothing, however, redounds so much to the credit of the Dutch, as the
* '^-
AMSTERDAM.
35
Hom.orSGl-Sth
lon<t.
. .. ISOminKli'S.
sr.l ilitto.
... 5tl vitTteU.
... I'^S ntiiijfli'Si
.... l^lilillii.
KlililU).
1^ Kn((lisli wine
1 tncheSi
', raakinB^Otons,
Inu hosHls nre five
(ive chalilrcins of
,ey(len is .TiO 11«.
it? common Dutch
14 barrels.
aal to two EnijIWh
are rerkoncil
as line l.'iHt
in -ett! lig
till' fniKlit
ot'sliijis.
. highor llian one
than o;it-i and II)
t is only •^,(1111) IlK.
he answers l»y the
le Dictionnttire (In
551-tiiO., KMn't
Causes of its
fibracing this
lie commerce
tive toiiics of
been paid to
truggle made
otism of Old
their fisheries
republic, con-
he Spaniards,
moved to the
he distinction
istanding the
lly in niagni-
burposes, and
few years of
first wrested
of the spice
ussorah, near
of India as
and in many
[Malabar and
[e and fertile
, formed the
lellent, and it
ptlago. In
•en strangely
Their trade
which they
Denmark,
lips arrived
pcreased pro-
seventeenth
lid unfruitful
leater part of
Inished them
have been in
and other
1 various ma-
)utcli, as the
policy they have invarial)ly followed with respect to the trade in corn. They have, at
all times, had a large cajiital embarked m this business. The variations which are
pei])etually occurring in the harvests, early led them to engage very extensively in a
sort of speculative corn trade. When the crops happened to be unusually productive,
and prices low, they bought and stored up large quantities of grain, in the expectation
of profiting by tlie advance tiiat was sure lo take place on the occurrence of an un-
favourable year. Uepeated efforts were made, in periods when prices were rising, to pre-
vail on the government to prohibit exportation ; but they steadily refused to interfere.
In consequence of this enlightened policy, Holland has long lieen the most important
Euroiiean entrepot for corn; and her markets have on all occasions been furnished with
the most abundant supplies. Those scarcities which are so very disastrous in countries
without commerce, or where the trade in corn is subjected to fetters and resti'oints, have
not only been totally unknown in HoUanO, but became a copious source of wealth to
her merchants, who then obtained a ready and advantjigeous vent for the supplies ac-
cumulated in tlieir warehouses. " Amsterdam," says Sir Walter Itoleigh, " is never
without 700,000 quarters of corn, none of It of the growth of Holland ; and c dearth
of only one year in any other part of Europe enriches Holland for seven years. In
the course of a year and a half, during a scarcity in England, there were carried
away from the ]iorts of Southampton, Bristol, and Exeter alone, nearly 200,000/. ; and
if Eondon and the rest of England be included, there must have been 2,000,000/. more."
— ( Observations touching Trade and Commerce with the Hollander, Miscel. Works, vol. ii.)
The very well informed author of the liichesse de la Ilollande, published in 1778,
observes, in allusion to tliese circumstances, " Que la disette de grains rcgne dans les
qiiatre parties du monde ; vous trouvercz du froment, du seigle, et d'autrcs grains a
Amsterdam; ils ii'i/ mfinquent jamais." — (Tome i. p. 376.)
Tlie Bank of Amsterdam was founded in 1C09. The principal object of this esta-
blishment was to obviate the inconvenience and uncertainty arising from the circulation
of the coins imported into Amsterdam from all parts of the world. The merchants who
carried coin or bullion to the Bank obtained credit for ai! equal value in its books : this
was called bank-money ; and all considerable payments were effected by writing it off
from the account of one individual to that of another. This establishment continued to
flourish tiil tlie invasion of the French in 1795.
Between the years 1651 and 1672, when the territories of the republic were invaded
by the French, the coiT.mcrce of Holland seems to have reached its greatest height.
De Witt estimates its increase from the treaty with Spain, concluded at Munster in 1643,
to 1669, at fully a half. He adds, that during the war with Holland, Spain lost the
greater part of her naval power ; that since the peace, the Dutch had obtained most of
the trade to that country, which had l)een previously carried on by the Hanseatic mer-
chants and the English ; that almost all the coasting trade of Spain was carried on by
Dutch shipping ; that Spain had even been forced to hire Dutch ships to sail to her
American possessions ; and that so great was the exportation of goods from Holland to
Spain, that all the merchandise brought from the Spanish West Indies was not sufficient
to make returns for them.
At this period, indeed, the Dutch engrossed, not by means of any artificial monopoly,
but by the greater number of their ships, and their sujierior skill and economy in all
that regarded navigation, almost tlie whole carrying trade of Europe. The value of the
goods exported from France in Dutch bottoms, towards the middle of the fourteenth
century, exceded 40,000,000 livres ; and the commerce of England with the Low
Countries v,as, for a very long period, almost entirely carried on in them.
The business of marine insurance was largely and successfully prosecuted at Amster-
dam; and the ordinances published in 1551, 1563, and 1570, contain the most judicious
regulations for the settlement of such disputes as might arise in conducting this difficult
but highly useful business. It is singular, however, notwithstanding the sagacity of the
Dutch, and their desire to strengthen industrious habits, that they should have prohibited
insurance upon lives. It was reserved for England to show the advantages that might
be derived from this beautiful application of the science of probabilities.
In 1690, Sir William Petty estimated the shipping of Europe at about 2,000,000
tons, which he supposed to be distributed as follows : — viz. England, 500,000 ;
France, 100,000 ; Hamburgh, Denmark, Sweden, and Dantzic, 250,000 ; Spain, Por-
tugal, and Italy, 250,000 ; that of the Seven United Provinces amounting, according
to him, to 900,000 tons, or to nearly one half of the whole tonnage of Europe ! No
great dependence can, of course, be placed upon these estimates ; but the probability is,
that, had they been more accurate, the preponderance in favour of Holland would have
been greater than it appears to be ; for the official returns to the circulars addressed in
1701 by the commissioners of customs to the officers at the diflTerent ports, show that the
whole mercantile navy of England amounted at that period to only 261,222 tons, carry-
ing 27,196 men. •— ( Maopherson's Annals of Commerce, anno 1701.)
D 2
36
AMSTERDAM.
■i I
'if
It mny, thcrcfori', 1)P fairly coiicliKltil, that, tluriiif!; the spvcntpcntli century the foreign
comiru'rce and navij^alion of Holland was greater than that of all lMn-o|)e besides; and
yet the country which was tlie seat of this vast connnerce had no native ])n>(hice to
export, nor even a piece of timber fit for ship-building. All had been the fruit of
industry, economy, and a fortunate combination of circiunstances.
Holland owed this vast commerce to a va 'iety of causes : partly to her |)ecidiar situ-
ation, the industry and economy of her inhabitants, the comparatively liberal and
enlightened system of civil as well as of cci'nmercial iiolicy ai'opted by the republic; and
partly also to the wars and disturbances that prevailed in most Kurojiean countries in
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and jirevented them from emulating the success-
ful career of the Dutch.
The ascendancy of Holland as a commercial state began to decline from about the
commencement of last century. Atter the war terminated by the treaty of Aix-la-
Cliapelle, the attention of the government of Holland was forcibly attracted to the state
of the shipping and foreign commerce of the republic. The discovery of means l)y
which their decline might be arrested, and the trade of the republic, if jiossible, restored
to its ancient flourishing condition, became a jjrominent object in the speculations of every
one who felt interested in the public welfare. In order to procure the most correct in-
formation on the subject, the Stadtholder, William IV., .addressed the following rpieries
to all the most extensive and intelligent merchants, desiring them to favour him with
their answers : —
" ] . What is the actual state of trade ? and if the same should be found to be dimi-
nished and fallen to decay, then, 2. To enquire l)y what methods the same may be sup-
ported and advanced, or, if possible, restored to its former lustre, repute, and dignity?"
In discussing these questions, tho merchants were obliged to enter into an examin-
ation, as well of the causes which had raised the commerce of Holland to the liigh pitch
of i)ros])ority to which it had once attained, as of those which had occasioned its subse-
quent decline. It is stated, that, though not of the same oj'iinion upon all points, they,
speaking generally, concurred as to those that were most imjjortant. When their
answers had been obtained, and compared with each other, the Stadtholder liad a dis-
sertation prepared from them, and other authentic sources, on the commerce of the
republic, to which projiosals were Kubjoined for its amendment. Some of tl.e ])rincii)les
advanced in this dissertation apply to the case of Holland only ; but most of them are
of universal a])plication, and are not more comprehensive than sound. V/e doubt, indeed,
whether the benefits resulting from religious toleration, political liberty, the security of
projjcrty, and the freedom of industry, have ever been more clearly set forth than in this
dissertation. It begins by an enumeration of the causes which contributed to advance the
commem of the republic to its former imexampled ])rosperity; these the authors divide
into thrc classes, embracing under the first those that were natural and i)hysical ; under
the second, those they denominated moral ; and under the third, those wliich they consi-
dered wlventitious and external ; remarking on them in succession as follows : —
" I. The natural anil physical causes arc the advantaRos of the situation of the country, on the sea,
and at the mouth of considerable rivers ; its situation hetwocn the northern and southern parts, which,
t)y l)eing in a manner the centre of all Kuropc, made the republic become the general market, where the
merchants on botli sides used to bring their superfluous commodities, in order to barter anil exchange
the same for other goods they wanted.
" Nor have the barrenness of the country, and the necessities of the natives arising from that cause,
less contributed to set them upon exerting all their api)ru'ation, industry, and utmost stretch of genius,
to fetch from foreign countries what they stand in need of in their own, and to support themselves by
trade.
" The abundance of flsh in the neighbouring seas put them in a condition not only to supply their own
occasions, but with the overplus to carry on a trade with foreigners, and out of tlie])roducc of the fishery
to find an equivalent for what they wanted, through the sterility and narrow boundaries and extent of
their own country.
" II. Among the moral and political causes are to be placed, The unalterable maxim and fundamental
law relating to the free exercise of diilerent religions; and always to consider this toleration and coe...
nivancc as the most etibctual means to draw foreigners from adjacent countries to settle and reside here,
and so become instrumental to the peopling of these provinces.
" The constant policy of the republic lo make this country a perpetual, safe, and secure asylum for an
persecuted and oppressed strangers. No alliance, no treaty, no regard for or solicitation of ariy potentate
whiitcvcr, has at any time been able to weaken or destroy this law, or make the state recede from pro-
tecting those who have fled to it for their own security and self-preservation.
" Throughout the whole course of all the persecutions and oppressions that have occurred in other
countries, the steady adherence of the republic to this fundamental law has been the cause tli'^t manv
people have not only fled hither for refuge, with their whole stock in ready cash, and their most valuable
cH'erts, but have also settled, and established many trades, fabrics, manufactories, arts, and sciences, in
this country, notwithstanding the first materials for the said fabrics and manufactories were almost wholly
wanting in it, and not to be procured but at a great expense from foreign )>arts.
" The constitution of our form of government, and the liberty thus accruing to the citizen, are further
reasons to which the growth of trade, and its establishment in the republic, may fairly be ascribed ; and
all her policy and laws are put upon such an equitable footing, that neither lite, estates, nor dignities,
depend on the cajirice or arbitrary power of any single individual ; nor is there any room for any persoii,
who, by care, frugality, and diligence, has once acquired an aflluent fortune or estate, to fear a ilepriv-
afion of them by any act of violence, oppression, or injustice.
" The admini.itration of justice in the country has, in like manner, always been clear and impartial,
and without distinction if suiierior or inferior rank, — whether the parties have been rich or poor, or
were tills a foreigner and th.'.t a native; and it were {jreatly to l)e wished we could at this day boast ot
^
''Tirci'Tr^xv..zfr^-'v:rn.--r--''r .rr! T ,. T- M a i
AiMSTEUDAM.
SV
(lie foreign
•sidi's; iiiul
produce to
he fruit of
>culiar sitii-
lilK-ral ami
public ; and
L'ounlries In
the succcss-
n about the
! of Aix-la-
to the state
if rncans by
ble, restored
ions of every
,t correct in-
king queries
ir him with
1 to be dimi-
may be sup-
id dignity?"
an examin-
le high pitch
jed its subse-
points, they,
When their
\Y had a dis-
merce of the
the principles
t of them arc
doubt, indeed,
lie security of
lb than in this
() advance the
liuthors divide
^■sical ; under
h they consi-
■y, on tho sea,
. parts, whii'h,
|iikft, where the
and cxi'hango
Jrom that caiiso,
Irctcl; of genius,
It themselves by
luppl:
j)ly their own
be" of the fishery
Is anil extent of
liu) funilamcntal
I'ratioM ami con-
aiul reside here,
asvlum for an
uf aiiy pnteiitato
ccede from pro-
hiirred in other
Imso tli-"t many
Tir most valuable
Ind sciences, in
[e almost wholly
Izcn, are further
ascribed; and
p, nor dignities,
I for any pcrsoii,
|to fear a depri\-
. and impartial,
Jricli or poor, or
Ills day boast ot
sncli impartial quickness and despatch in all our l<t;al processes, considering how great nn influence it
lias on trade.
" To sum up all, among.^t the moral aiul jiolitical causes of the former flourishing state of trade, may t)e
likewise placed the wisdom and prudence of the admiu'^tratioii ; the intrepid lirmiiess of the councils ;
the faithlidncss with which treaties and engagements were wotit to be fultilled and ratified ; and particu.
iarly the care anil caution practised to preserve tranipiillity and peace, and to decline, instead of entering
oil, a scene of war, merely to gratify the ambitions views of gaining Iruitless or imaginary conr|Ucsts.
" Hy these iimral and iiolitical maxims was the glory and reputation of the republic so far spread, ami
foreigners animated to place so great a eonlidence in the steady deierminations of a slate so wisely and
prudently eoiulucted, that a concourse of them stocked this country nitli an augmentation of inhabitants
and useful hands, whereby its trade and opulence were from time to time increased.
" III. Amongst the adventitious and external causes of the ri.se and flourishing state of our tr.'.de may
be reckoned —
" That at the time when the best and wisest maxims were adopted ir the republic as the means of
making trade flourish, they were neglected in almost all other countries ; and any one, reading the his.
lory of those times, may easily discover, that the persecutions on account of religion throughout Spain,
Ibabant, I'laiulers, and many other states and kingdoms, have powerfully promoted the establishment of
commerce in the republic.
" To this happy result, and the settling of manufacturers in our country, the long continuance of the
civil wars in France, which were afterwards carried on in Germany, England, and divers other part.s,
have also very much (-onlributed.
" It must he added, in the last place, that during our most burthcnsome and heavy war,^ with Spain
and I'ortugal (however ruinous that jieriod was lor commerce otherwise), these powers had both neglected
their navy ; whilst the navy of the republic, by a conduct direcily the reverse, was at the same time
formidable, and in a cajiacity not only to protect the trade of its own subjects, but to annoy and crush
that of their enemies in all quarters."*
\' \Ve believe our readers will agree with us in thinking that these statements reflect
the greatest credit on the merchants and government of Holland. Nothing, as it
apjiears to us, could be conceived more judicious than the account they give of the
causes which principally contributed to render Holland a great commercial comnion-
wealth. The central situation of the country, its command of some of the principal
inlets to the continent, and the necessity under wliich the inhabitants have been pliiced,
in consequence of the barrenness of the soil and its liability to be overflowed, to exert all
their industry and enterprise, are cireuinstances that seem to be in a great degree
peculiar to Holland. IJut though tliere can be no doubt that their inllueiiee has been
very considerable, no one will pretend to say that it is to be compared for a moment with
the influence of those free institutions, which, fortunately, are not the exclusive attributes
of any particidar country, but have flourished in Phrenicia, Greece, England, and
America, as well as in Holland.
Rlany dissertations have been written to account for the decline of the commerce (;f
Holland. But, if we mistake not, its leading causes may be classed under two pro-
minent heads, viz. first, the natural growth of commerce and navigation in otiier
countries; and second, the weight of taxation at home. During the period when the
republic rose to great eminence as a commercial state, England, France, and Spain, dis-
tracted by civil and religious dissensions, or engrossed wholly by schemes of foreign con-
quest, were unable to ajiply their energies to the cultivation of cominerce, or to witlistand
the competition of so industrious a people as the Dutch. They, therefore, were under
the necessity of allowing the greater part of their foreign, and even of their coasting
trade, to be carried on in Dutch bottoms, and under the superintendence of Dutch
factors. 15ut after the accession of Louis XIV. and the ascendancy of Cromwell
had iiut an end to internal commotions in France and England, the energies of these
two great nations began to be directed to pursuits of which (he Dutch had hitherto
enjoyed almost a monopoly. It was not to be sujijiosed, that M-hcn traiujuillity and a regular
system of government had been established in France and England, their active and
enterprising inhabitants would submit to sec one of their most valuable branches of
industry in the hands of foreigners. The Dutch ceased to be the carriers of Eurojie,
without any fault of their own. Their performance of that fimction necessarily termin-
ated as soon as other nations became possessed of a mercantile marine, and were able to
do for themselves what had jireviously been done for them by their neighbours.
Whatever, therefore, might have been the condition of Holland in other respects, the
natural advance of rival nations must inevitably have stripped her of a large portion of
the commerce she once possessed. But the progress of decline seems to have been con-
siderably accelerated, or rather, perliajis, the efforts to arrest it were rendered ineffectual,
by the extremely heavy taxation to which she was subjected, occa.sioned liy the unavoidable
expenses incurred in the revoludonary struggle with Spain, and the subse<iuent wars
with France and lliigland. The necessities of the state led to the imposition of taxes
on corn, on flour when it was ground at the mill, and on bread when it came from (ho
oven ; on liu(ter, and fi.sh, and fruit ; on income and legacies ; the sale of liouses ; and,
ill short, almost every article either of necessity or convenience. Sir William Temple
mentions that in his time — and taxes were greatly increased afterwartls — one fish saute
was in common use, which directly j^aid no fewer than th'nii/ diflerent duties of excise;
* Tlie ni.scrt.itlon was Iraiislatcd inlo Knglisli, and published at Lond, n in 17:i. We have quotid
fioiii the translation,
D ;{
FT,
■^
ij 1,
; I
n
M
38
AMSTERDAM.
J i
ana it was a common saying at Anisturdani, that evury disli ul' TimIi brought to tabic was
paid for once to tlie tishcrnian, and «/.f times to thu state.
The pernicioiis influence of this heavy taxation has been ably set fortli by the author
of the liic/tesse ik lit Jlolliinik', and otlier well-informed writers ; and it has also been
very forcibly pointed out in the Dissertation already referred to, drawn up from the
communications of the Dutch merchants. " Oppressive taxes," it is tiiere stated, " must
be placed at the head of all the causes that have co-operated to the prejudice and dis-
couragement of trade ; and it may be justly said, that it can only l)e attributed to them
that the trade of this country has l)een diverted out of its channel, and transferred to our
neighbours, and nuist daily be still more and more alienated and shut out from us, unless
the progress thereof be stopped by some (piick and eflectual remedy : nor is it diflicidt to
see, from these contemplations on the state of our trade, that the same will be effected by
no other means than u diminution of all duties.
" In former times this was reckoned the only trading state in Europe ; and foreigners
were content to i)ay the taxes, as well on the goods they brought hither, as on those they
came here to buy ; without examining whetlier they could evade or save them, by fetch-
ing the goods from the places where they were produced, and carrying others to the
places where they were consumed : in short, they paid us our tfixes with pleasure, without
any farther encjuiry.
" But, since the last century, the system of trade is altered all over Europe : foreign
nations, seeing the wonderful effect of our trade, and to what an eminence we had risen
only by means thereof, they did likewise apply themselves to it ; and, to save our duties,
sent tlieir superfluous products beside our country, to the places where they are most
consumed ; and in return for the same, furnished themselves from the first hands with
what they wanted."
But, notwithstanding this authoritative exposition of the pernicious effects resulting
from the excess of taxation, the necessary expenses of the state were so gi-eat as to render
it impossible to make any sufficient reductions. And, with the exception of the transit
trade carried on througii the Rhine and the Meuse, which is in a great measure
independent of foreign competition, and the American trade, most of the other branches
of the foreign trade of Holland, though still very considerable, continue in a com-
paratively depressed state.
In consequence principally of the oppressiveness of taxation, but partly, too, of the
excessive accumulation of capital that had taken place while the Dutch engrossed the
carrying trade of Europe, profits in Holland were reduced towards the middle of the
seventeenth century, and have ever since continued extremely low. This circumstance
would of itself have sapped the foundations of her commercial greatness. Her cajiitalists,
who could hardly expect to clear more than two or three per cent, of nett profit by any
sort of undertaking carried on t home, were tempted to vest their ca])ital in otlier
countries, and to speculate in loans to foreign governments. There are the best reasons
for thinking that the Dutch were, until very lately, the largest creditors of any nation in
Europe. It is impossible, indeed, to form any accurate estimate of what the sums
owing them by foreigners previously to the late French war, or at present, may amount
to ; but there can be no doubt that at the former period the amount was immense, and
that it is still very considerable. M. Demeunier {Dictionnaire de rEconomie Politique,
tome iii. p. 720.) states the amount of capital lent by the Dutch to foreign governments,
exclusive of the large sums lent to France during the American war, at seventy-three
millions sterling. According to the author of the liichesse de la Holkinde (ii. p. 292. ),
the sums lent to France and England only, previously to 1778, amounted to 1,500,000
livres tournois, or sixty millions sterling. And besides these, vast sums were lent to
private individuals in foreign countries, both regularly as loans at interest, and in the
shape of goods advanced at long credits. So great was the difficulty of finding an
advantageous investment for money in Holland, that Sir William Temple mentions, that
the payment of any part of the national debt was looked upon by the creditors as an evil
of the first magnitude. " They receive it," says he, " with tears, not knowing how to
dispose of it to interest with such safety and ease."
Among the subordinate causes which contributed to the decline of Dutch commerce,
or which have, at all events, prevented its growth, we may reckon the circumstance of
the commerce with India having been subjected to the trammels of monopoly. De Witt
expresses his firm conviction, that the abolition of the East India Comi)any would have
added very greatly to the trade with the East ; and no doubt can now remsiin in the
mind of any one, that such would have l>een the case. * The interference of the
administration in regulating the mode m which some of the most important branches of
industry should be carried on, seems also to have been exceedingly injurious. Every
* For proofs of tliis, see the article on the Commerce of Holland in the Edinburgh Review, No. 102.,
f'om which most part of the.ic statements have been taken.
\
sssiassiP!3K-^ : ■:— ■-
ANCHOR.
80
tabic was
r the author
ts nisu been
up from the
iitfd, " must
lice and dis-
ited to thorn
[brrt-d to our
)in us, unless
it diflic'uit to
c effected by
nd foreigners
)n those they
.'in, by fetch-
)thers to the
sure, without
■ope : foreign
we had risen
'e our duties,
ley are most
it hands with
L'Cts resulting
t as to render
of the transit
reat measure
thcr branches
e in a com-
y, too, of the
.Migrossed the
middle of the
1 circumstance
r ciipitalists,
profit by any
tal in other
best reasons
iny nation in
lat the sums
may amount
mmense, and
ie. Politique,
:overnments,
seventy-three
p. 292.),
o 1,500,000
vcre lent to
and in the
finding an
ntions, that
rs as an evil
ing how to
lew, No. 102.,
proceeding with respect to the herring fishery, for example, was regulated by the orders
of goveriiTiient, carried into efleet under the ins])ecti()n of officers a|)poiiited for that
purpose. .Some of these regulations were exceedingly vexatious. Tlie jieriod when the
fisliery might begin was fixed at five minutes jmst twelve o'clock of the night of the 2-lth
of June ! and t!ie master and pilot of every vessel leaving Holland for the fisliery,
wire ol)li}ie(l to make oatli that they would respect the regulation. The species of salt
to be made use of in curing difrerent sorts of herrings was also fixed by law ; and there
were endless regulations with respect to the size of the barrels, the nmiiber and thickness
of the staves of wiiich they were to be nia<le ; the gutting and packing of the herrings;
the branding of the barrels, 8lC. &c. — (Jlisloiie (ten Pirhis, &,r. dans les Mcrs ilu NonI,
toni. i. cha]). 24.) These regulations were intended to secure to the Hollanders that
superiority which they had early attained in the fishery, an<l to prevent the reputation of
their herrings from being injured by tiie bad fiiith of individuals. Hut their real cHect
was precisely the reverse of this. Hy lying up the fishers to a system of routine, tliey
j)revei'.t''tl tliem from making any imiirovenients ; while the facility of counterfeiting the
jjublic marks opened a much wider door to fraud, than would have been opened had
government wisely declined interfering in the matter.
h\ des))ite, however, of the East India monojioly, and the regulations now described,
the coniniertial policy of Holland has been more liberal than that of any other nation.
And ill '.'onse(pience, a country not more extensive than Wales, and naturally not more
fertile, coiwjuered, iiuleed, in a great measure from the sea, has accumulated a po])ulation
of iijiwards of two millions; has maintuined wars of unexampled duration with the most
jjowi'it'ul monarehies ; and, besides laying out immense sums in works of utility and
ornaiiient at home, has been enabled to lend hundreds of millions to foreigners.
During the oceniJation of Holl;ind by the French, first as a dei)endeiit state, and
snbse(iuently as an integral i)art of the r'rench empire, her foreign trade was almost
entirely destroyed. Her colonies were successively conquered by Kngland ; and, in
addition to the loss of her trade, she was burdened with fresh taxes. Hut such was the
vast accmmilated wealth of the Dutch, their jirudence, and energy, that the influence of
these adverse circumstances was far less injurious than could have been imagined ; and,
notwitlistanding all tlie losses she had sustained, and the long interrnjition of her com-
mercial jnirsuits, Holland continued, at her emancipation from the yoke of the French
in 1814, to be the richest country in Europe! .Tava, the IMoluccas, and most of her other
colonies were then restored, and she is now in the enjoyment of a large foreign trade.
Her connection with llelgium was an unfortunate one for lioth countries. 'I'he union
was not agreeable to either jiarty, and has been injurious to Holland. Helginm was an
agricultural and maiud'acturing country ; and was inclined, in imitation of the French,
to lay restrictions on the importations of most sorts of raw and manufactured produce.
A policy of this sort was directly opi)()sed to the interests and the ancient practice of the
Dutch. Hut though their deiuities prevented the restrictive system from being carried
to the extent proposed by the .Helgians, they were unable to prevent it from being carried
to an extent that materially aflected the trade of Holland. Whatever, therefore, may be
the conse(]uences as to Helginm, there can be little doubt that the late separation between
the two divisions of the kingdom of the Netherlands will redound to the advantage of
Holland. It must ever be for the interest of England, America, and all trading nations,
to maintain the independence of a state by who.se means their productions find a ready
access to the great continental markets. It is to be hoped that the Dutch, profiting l)y
))ast experience, will adojit .such a liberal and conciliatory system towards the natives of
.Tav.i, as may enable them to avail them.sclves to the full of the various resources of that
n()l)le island. .And if they do this, and freely open their jiorts, with as few restrictions
as possible, to the sliijis and commodities of all countries, Holland may still he the centre
of a very extensive coinnierce, and may continue to preserve a respectable place among
mercantile nations. Even at this moment, after all the vicissitudes they have undergone,
the Dutch are, beyond all cjuestion, the most opulent and industrious of European
nations. Vnd ihiir present, no less than their former state, .shows that a free system of
government, security, and tiie absence of restrictions on industrv, can overcome almost
every obstacle ; " can convert the standing pool and lake into fat meadows, cover the
barren rock with verdure, and make the desert smile with flowers."
ANCHOR (Fr. Ancrv ; Lat. Anchora ; Gr. h-yKvpa.), a well-known maritime in-
strument used in the mooring or fastening of ships. It consists of a shank having two
liooked arms at one end, and at the other end a bar, or stock, at right angles to the
arms, with a ring to which the cable is fastened. The arms, shank, and ring should be
made of the very best and toughest iron ; the stock is for the most part of oak, but it it
fre(|neiUly also, especially in the smaller anchors, made of iron. On being let go, or
cast into the water, the anchor sinks rapidly to the bottom, and is thrown by the stock
into such a position that the fvhe, or point of one of the arms, is sure to strike the ground
perpendicularly, and being kept in that direction, unless the bottom lie particularly hard
D 4
^tm
u
40
ANCHORAGE.
w
or rocky, sinks into it, anil cnnniit l)i.' dislodfrcd, wliore the ground is not soft or oozy,
witiiout u violent ctl'ort. Wlien tliu anuhor is dislodged, it is said, liy tlie suilors, to cumg
home.
Sci'ing tliat tlio safi-ty and preservation of ships and crews are very frequently depeni).
cnt on tiicir luicliors and cables, it is needless to say that it is of the utmost iinportancu
that these should he of the most a))proved (juality and construction.
I'iVery siiip has, or ougiit t(» have, three principal anchors; viz. Ist, the sficet luirfinr,
the largest of all, and only let down in eases of danger, or when the vessel is riding in
a gale of wind ; 'Jd, the heM howvr anchor ; and, ;5d, the small bower anchor. 'I'here are,
besides, smaller anchors for mooring in rivers, ports, &c. The largest class of men-of-
war have six or seven anchors. The weight of an anchor is determined |irinci])ally hy
the tonnage ; it lieing usual to allow, for every 20 tons of a ship's l)urtlien, 1 cwt. for the
weight of her best bower anchor ; so that this anchor in a ship of 100 tons should weigh
about 20 cwt., or a ton.
To cast, or let go, Ihc anchor, la to let the anchor fall from the ship's bowa into tlic water, ao that it may
tnke hold of the Krnuni).
To (trap Ihe auchur, U to mnl<c it cotno home ; that is, to disIoilRC it from it» bed, and to {Irag it over or
tliroiixh tile ground. This may bo orcasloiicd by the anchor bcioK too liKht, by the violent istrainiiig of
the calile in a storm or a tnirrent, by the too (jreat hardness or soilness of the Kround, &c.
To wrt'if/i the anchor, is to dislodge it from its hold, and heave it up by means of the capstan, &c.
Law as to Anchors Icjt, nartcit from, S/c By the I & '2 (ieo. 4. c. V/i., pilots and other persons taking
possession of anchors, cables, and other ship materials, parted with, cut from, or left by any vessel, whe.
thcr in distress or otherwise, shall give notice of the aairkc to n deputy vice. admiral, or his agent, within
forty-eight hours, on pain of being considered as receivers of stolen goods; and if any person .«hall
knowingly and wilfully iiurchasc any such anchor, &c. that shall have been so olitained, without its being
80 rc|iorted, he shall be held to bo a receiver of stolen goo<ls, and sutTer the like punishment as for a mis.
demeanour at common law, or be liable to be transported for seven years, at the discretion of the court.
Any master of a ship or vessel outward-bound llniiing or taking on board any anchor, fee. shall make a
true entry of the circumstance in the log-book of such ship or vessel, reimrling the '^■;mc by the first
po.sBiblo opportunity to the Trinity House, and on his return shall deliver the article to i;.e deputy vice-
admiral, or his agent, nearest to the port where he shall arrive, under a penalty of not more than KX)/.
nor less than JO/., on conviction before a magistrate on the oatli of one witness; one half to g(t to the
informer, the other half to the Merchant Seamen's Society, established by i-l) Oco ■'. c. .'-S. : he siiall also
forfeit double the value of the article to the owner. And every pilot, hovcller, b latnian, See. who shall
convoy any anchor, &c. to any foreign harbour, port, creek, or bay, and sell and d.sposo of the same, shall
be guilty of felony, and be transpurteil for any term not exceeding seven ye-rs. — (See S.iLVAiiE.)
Invention of the Anchor, — This instrument, admirable alike for its simplicity and
effect, is of very considerable antiquity. It was not, however, known in the earliest
ages. The President de Goguet has shown that it was not used hy the Greeks till after
the Trojan war; and that they were then accustomed to moor their sliijis by means of
liirge stones cast into the sea, a practice which still subsists in some rude nations. — ( Orhjin
of Laws, vol. ii. p. 3H0. Eng. trans. ) Pliny ascribes the invention of the anchor to the
Tyrrhenians. — {Hint. Xut. lib. vii. ciip. 5G.) At first it had only one arm, the other
being added at a subsequent period; some authors say, by Anacharsis the Scythian. —
( Orii/in of Laws, vol. i. p. 293.) Since this remote epoch, the form and construction
•)f the instrument seem to have undergone very little change.
ANCHORAGE, or ANCHORING GROUND. Good anchoring ground
should neither he too bard nor too soft ; for, in the first case the anchor is apt not to
take a sufficient hold, and in the other to drag. The best bottom is a stiff' clay, and next
to it a firm sjind. In a rocky bottom the flukes of the anchor are sometimes torn away,
and hempen cables are liable to chafe and be cut through. It is also essential to a good
anchorage that the water be neither too deep nor too shallow. When too deep, the pull
of the cable, being nearly perpendicular, is apt to jerk the anchor out of the ground ; and
when too shallow, the ship is exposed to the danger, when riding in a storm, of striking
the bottom. Where a ship is in water that is land-locked, and out of the tide, the nature
of the ground is of comparatively little importance.
The anchorage of ships, especially ships of war, being a subject of great importance to the naval and
commercial interests of the kingdom, several statutes have been enacted with resp ct to it. The first
which it is necessary to notice here is 19 Geo. 3. c. ii. It prohibits masters of ships from caiiting out bal-
last, or rubbish of any kind, into any harbour or channel, except on the land where tlie tide never comes,
on pain of forfeiting not more than !>l. nor less than .'jOs. on conviction bt fore a justice on view, or on the
oath of one witness, or of being committed to prison for two months ; which penalty is increased to 10/.,
over and above the expense of removing the same, by lA Geo. 3. c. l.OR In pursuance of the same object,
5+ Geo. 3. c. loS). enables the Lords of the Admiralty to establish regulations for the preservation of the
king's moorings or anchorage, as well as for those of merchant ships, in all the ports, harbours, channels,
&c. &c. of the United Kingdom, as far as the tide flows, where or near to which his Majesty hiis, or may
hereafter have, any docks, dock-yards, arsenals, wharfs, or mooriii?s. It prohibits all descri))tions of pri-
vate ships from being moored, or anchored, or placed in any of his Majesty's moorings, Ac. without special
licence obtained from the Admiralty, or other persons appointed to grant such licences, on pain of forfeit-
ing not exceeding 11)/., one moiety to his Majesty, the other to the informer, on conviction before any
justice of the peace or commissioner of the navy.
It further prohibits the brcannng of private vessels in such places, otherwise than appointed by the said
authority of the Admiralty ; and the receiving or having gunpowder, beyon(l a certain limited qunnlity,
under a penalty of 5/. for every five jmunds' weight of such powder beyond the <|uantity allowed. It pro-
hibits, likewise, all such priv.ito vessels, in any such i)l.nces, having any guns on board shotted or loaded
with ball, as well as firing and disch.irging any such before sun-rising and after sun-setting, under a
^
ANCHOVY.— ANTIMONY.
41
|c naval and
The first
igout bal-
L.'ver comes,
[r, or on the
iscil to 10/.,
lame object,
Ition of the
fe, channels,
lias, or may
J ions (ifpri.
Iiout special
V of IbrCeit-
bcCore any
I by the said
1 (luantity,
bd. It pro-
Li nr loaded
Ig, under a
prnnlty of .;/ for every |.;iin «n shciltiMl, iiiid l(V
vi'smIkoI war. Ill liarlx'iM ni.ihrerc, ami nthcrs in their ,im1, a ri|;lit ol si arch in all irnatc \c»6elsi(o
niiKircil ill such places, anil iiilliil* a penally ol In/, on risiMaiice.
As( HoiiAci-: also iiK'uiis a duty laid on ships i'ln- liii' use of tlit' port or liMrlioiir.
ANCHOVY ( Fr. Aiivlwh ; It. Ai-ciuijlif ; L«t. i'.itvritsifoliiH), a sniall lisli (f7»/»«
(iin-tiniailKs Lin.), eoinnion in tliu Mediterranean, reseinlilinf:; tlie sprat. 'I'liose linnijilit
I'ldiii (iorj^ona in llie Tiiscaii .Sea are estei. nctl the hest. 'I'hey shonid lie ehosin small,
fresn pickled, white outside and red uviiiin. Their hacks should he round. 'I'lio sar-
dine, a lish which is Hatter and larj^er than the anchovy, is (retjncntly suhslitukd for it.
About l'2(),()(H;lhs. are annually entered for home consumption.
AN(JKI.1'.'A, a hirf^e umhelliferous plant, with hollow jointed stidks, of whiili there
are several varieties. It grows wild, and is cultivated in moist pl.-ices lU'ar I.oiKJon, and
in most European countries from Laiiland to .Spain. Its roots are thick, fleshy, and
resinous; liave a fiafjrant a{i;recahle smell, and a hitterish punf^ent taste, mixed with a
pleasant sweetness glowing un the lips and palate for a long time after they lia\i' hien
chewed. 'l"o preserve thini, they must lie thoroughly dried, and kept in a weil-.iireil
place. Tlie other parts of the i)l!mt have the same tiiste and flavour as the roots, hut
in an inferior degree. The leaves and seeds do not retain their virtues when kiiil. The
London confectioners make a sweetmeat of the tender stems. 'I'he faculty usi'd to direct
that none but the roots of Spanish angelica shoidd be kept by the dniggisis. In Nor-
way tlic roots are scmietimes used as bread, and in Iceland the stalks are eaten with
butter. Here the ))lant is used only in confectionary and the materia medica. —
(Lcifis'ii Altit. Mtii. ; Jievs's ('i/(ltij)(C(ii<i, §*c. )
The duty of 4s. per r«t. on Angelica produced, in 1832, 27 J/. 2*. lOU , showing tliat ],o'j cwt. had hccii
entered lor home consumption.
ANLSE, oa ANISUIM ( Fr. Atiis ; It. Anice ; Lnt. Aitimnii), a sniall seed of an <ihli ng
shape. It is cultivated in Germany, l)Ut the best comes from Spain. It is also a pro-
duet of China, whence it is exported. It should be chosen fresh, large, pluu.;), newly
dried, of n good smell, and a sweetish aromatic taste.
ANKER, a liquid measure at Amsterdam. It contains abjut 10;} gallons English
wine measure.
ANNOTTO, okARNOTTO (Fr. Itocon ; Ger. Oilcan; It. 0//(/««), a sjieeies of red
dye formed of the pulp enveloping the seeds of the Jiiaa tml unu, a ])lant connnon in
South America, and the East and West Indies; but dye is lu'ide, at least to ;my extent,
only in the first. It is prepared by macerating the pods in boi'ing water, eMr.icting the
seeds, and leaving the pulp to subside; the fluid being suhsecpiently drawn off; the
residninii, with which oil is sometimes mixed up, is placed in shallow vessels and gradu-
ally dried in the shade. It is of two .sorts, \\7.. Ji(i() or volte, and toll amiutto. 'I'he first,
which is by far the most importiuit article in ;i commercial point i)f view, is furnished
almost wholly by Cayenne, and comes to us ju-inciijally by way of tlie I'nited States. It
is im])orted in square cakes, weighing 2 or 3 lbs. each, wrajiped in b.Miana leaves. \\lic'n
well made, it ought to l)e of a bright yellow colour, soft to the touch, and of a good con-
sistence. It imparts a deep but not durable orange colour to silk and cotton, and is used
for that purpo.se by the dyers. Roll aniiotto is principally brought from IJrazil. The
rolls are small, not exceeding 2 or ;5 oz. in weiglit ; it is hard, t'ry, and comi)act,
l)rownish on the outside, and of a beautiful rul colour A\ithin. The h.tter is the best of
all ingredients for the colouring of cheese and butt<?r ; and is now exclusively used
for that purjjose in all the IJritish and in some of the continenta.' dairies. In
Gloucestershire it is the practice to allow an ounce of annotto to a cwt. of cln.'ese ; in
Cheshire, 8 dwts. are reckoned sufKcient for a cheese of CO lbs. AVhen genuine, it neither
afl'ects the taste nor the smell of cheese or butter. The .Spanish Americans nix annottu
with their chocolate, to which it gives a lieaiitifid tint. — (G't-iii/'s Siippiiment to the
P/iarmacopaias ; LoudoiCs Encyc, of Agriailture, and private information. )
At an average of the three vcars ending with IS.'Jl, the annotto entered for home consumption
amounted to l'.S,,'i28 lbs. a year. Previously to KS.W, the duty on flag annotto was IS.s-. Si/, a c wt., and on
other sorts 5/. I'i.v. ; but the duty is now reduced to 1,«. a ewt. on the former, and to 4,s'. oi the latter.
This judicious and libera! reduction will, we have no doubt, be followed by a considerable incrca.'c of
consumption. The price of flag aimoltu varies in the market from Grf. to is. per lb., and cf roll from
Is. to Is. 6rf.
ANNUITIES. Sec Interest a.nd Annuities.
ANTIMONY (Ger. and Du. ,S;«(w//((.s ; Vr. Aniimnine ; It. Antinmnl:) Ilus. ,/////-
monia ,- Lat. Aiitiwovimn), a metal whicli, when pure, is of a greyish white colour, ami has
a good deal of brilliancy, showing a radiated fracture when broken ; it is converted by
exposure to heat and air into a white oxide, which sublimes in vajjoiu'-. It is f'ouiid in
Saxony and the Ilartz, also in Cornwall, Sjjain, France, Mexico, Siberia, the Eastern
Islands, and ISIartaban in Pegu. We are at present wholly siipjilied. w itli this metal
from Singapore, which receives it from Borneo ; it is imiwrtei'. in the shape of ore, and
i
i
I- ;
!i
il '
i ,' '
\!
if
! t
42
ANTWERP.
coninionly as liallast. It is about as liartl as gold ; its sj)ccific gravity is about 6*7 ; it
is easily reduced to a very fnie powder; its tenacity is such that a rod of I'jtli of an inch
diameter is ca])able of sii|)|>orting 10 lbs. weight. iXiitimony is used in medicine, and
in the composition of metal types for printing. The ores of antimony are soft, and
vary in colour from light lead to dark lead grey ; their specific gravity varies from
4"1 to ()'8 ; they jjossess a metallic lustre, are brittle, and occur in the crystallised massive
forms. — ( T/ioiiison's C/icmistri/, and private iiifurimttion. )
ANTWKUl', the prineii)al sea-port of Heigium, long. 4° 22' E., lat. 51° 14' N. A
large, well built, and strongly fortified city, situated on the Scheldt. It has about 65,000
inhabitants. Previously to its capture by the S])aniards, under Farnese, in 1585, Ant-
werp was one of the greatest connnercial cities of Eurojje ; but it snflered much by
that event. In 1648, at the treaty of W tphalia, it was stipulated by Spain and Hol-
land, that the navigation of the Scheldt should be shut up ; a sti)>ulation which was ob-
served till the occupation of IJelgium by the Trench, when it was abolished. In 1803,
the improvement of the harbour was begun, and extensive new docks and warehouses have
snice been constructed. Ships of the largest burden come uj) to the town, and goods
destined for the interior are forwarded with the greatest facility by means of canals.
Almost all the foreign trade of IJelgium is at jjresent centred in Antwerp, which has
again l)ecome a place of great commercial importance. Uy a decree issued in 1814, all
goods are allowed to be warehoused in Antwerp eii viitrvpot, and may be exported on
paying a charge of ;V per cent, ad valonm. The exports chiefly consist of corn, seeds,
linen, lace, carpets, flax, tallow, hops, iSic. The im])orts jjrincipally consist of cotton, wine,
hardware, sugar, tobacco, eod'ee, and all sorts of colonial produce.
Monvji. — Accounts arc now commonly kept in ^oims of IS Ki, worth Ijt. SJrf. sterling. The florin is
(liviik'il into '2(1 sons, anil the sou into ;> cents, t'ornierly accoinits were kept ni the iionnd I'lcniish — L'J
rix liollars = (i Hoi ins = 'JO schilhngs = I'-'O stivers = VHI K'oats = l,i>JO pcnnings. — (.See Iaiilb ok Coi.ns.)
Th!" par of exchange between .Antwerp and London is 11 Horins ,';« cents per pound sterling.
Iffi'lili/s anil Miuisiiirs Hy a law ot IHKi, the Freiuh system of weights and nu'asures was adopted in
the Netherlands on the Isl of January, IK'-'O; but the old denominations arc rctaiiu'd. The pond is the
unit or weight, and answers to the l-'rench kilogramme. — (See AMSTUiinAM.)
Of the old weights, which are still occasionally r» ferrcd to, the i/iiintit/ of 100 lbs is equal to 103^ lbs.
avoirdiipois, 100 lbs. avoirduiiois being eonsequeutly equal to iJiiH lbs. of Antwerp. A schippound is equal
to .') quintal,''., or 300 lbs. ; a stone is ct|ual (o S lbs.
Of the old measures, a viertel of corn = I- niacken ; .STj viertels :: KinI ; and •)() viertels =: lOi Imjierial
([uarteri very nearly. The aam of wine contains ,0(1 stoopen, or .i()^ Knglish wine gallons.
Of Ihe weights ami measures now current, ;")()j lbs. = 11'.' lbs, Knglish ; Kdlbs. -. KHJ kilogramme! ot
France, or 'Jl'<!ij Antwerp old weight. One barrel — '.'(i,j gallons Knglish = 100 litri s French.
CiisloinJiuimr licj^iilations. — Captains of ships arriving at Antwerp, or any of the Itelgian ports,
must make, within i.'4 hours, a declaration in writing, of the goods of which their cargo consists;
specifying the marks and numbers of the bales, parcels, .S:e. ; their value, according to the current price
at the time when the declaration is made ; the name of the ship or ves.sel, as well as that of the captain,
ami of the country to which she belongs, ^c.
Shipping. — The ships entering the port of Antwerp, during the five years ending with 18'J8, have been
as follows : —
Years.
1824
18i5
IS'Jt)
.Ships.
Years
()HI
18L7
800
1K«
yj8
Ships.
. mi
- 1'55
Of the 800 ships entering Antwerp in ISSo, 11+ were from Liverpool, ll'l from Lomlon, 44 from Hull,
48 from Havre, 41 from liordeanx, i\ from I'etersburgh, 'Z\ from New York, i'l from Cuba, '2() from Hio
.laneiro, 11 from Batavia, iVc, — [liui/cliii iltn Sciciwts (jinfiiii/iliiqiiis, lor Janu:MV, l^'2!', and February,
lyi().)
The commerce of Antwerp suffered much, in i8.jl and 18.>J, from the hostilities between the liclgians
and Dutch. In 1831, there were only 388 arrivals of foreign ships.
Comparative Statement of the Imports of the un<lermentioMed Goods, at Antwerp, since 1827,
and of the Stocks at the Close of each Year.
Imports.
Stoi
ks, 3lsf Oeeemher.
Articles,
\S-i7.
IS'iS.
IS' 111.
1,'>,1I).
IS.Il.
IS,Ti.
S,.'.Oi
lHi7.
i;nn
IS'^S.
IS'^9.
1S,10,
1S,11,
1S,T^,
l,soii
Ashes, f.S. barrels
7,I.-.S
11,(117
ii,,ir,;
«,!).'. 1
7,1V^
son
'.^,ll.'iO
'.ill
r.,'.o
— Russia casks
■l.fjl
l.'iOl
,^,!IS7
1 ,li."i!l
7'^S
,1,.'i,'iS
1,01111
'ii«i
l.'^OO
ii.'.O
,'..'>0
7.'.0
('ofFHe - tons
li.-.,10ll
'^'>.'t(iii
'^,1,('SII
'.il.llO
ln„-iiii
11,7011
h.'.'.'.O
s,(;.vi
S,l,10
4,0(K)
!i,700
l,'.Oll
Cottuii - l)ale-,
'Al.los
l^,.-.■l
-.T,'1S;-|
'JI.Sl'i
l.'i,7-'0
'^s,(;s7
■l.l'^o
.'.,.'iii.i
(i,l.'i.',
1,700
1,0.'.0
!I00
llid.'s, S.A. .\,i.
!ill„1l!l
IIS,.-,'^!
l(;-','.77
,-] I0,.''>l)7
•ns,>i'.\n
,1li'.',S7S
1,0110
1 ,.1'.0
1,1,1.00
'^•^,,'.00
,1K,,'.00
ij'i.ooo
IndJKO - rhi'sts
1 ,,-..-.7
'.i.lM.-i
l.sic
I.OIm
1,1,1
f;iii
us:
i;iii;
717
•^Sli
l7.^
^111
— - soriins
yi'.'
,1S(I
7'^.'i
wn
I',f0
vrj>
■^i:
•/(.S
,ii;o
101
■V,
li.'.
Pimento . baj^s
I.SIM
I.>i7cl
l.SIII
U.Vil)
.'»7''
,'i(i',i
,'|0II
.'.00
'il 10
iiyo
200
'iOO
l'e|i|ier, small tic).
'li,\ I'l
(;„-.i(i
1 1 ,.'.'iV
!'<!,!)!)!(
li.ioi:
•l.'.KKI
l'.',,'iOII
n,oiiii
8,100
1,000
4,000
1,000
Kire - lierres
1 l„-.(l.-
l,",',lil
I.S.71',:
•a.mi
(i.O'^ll
ll,l.-iK
'^,.1110
l.idOII
.'.,OIHt
,|,.'.00
7110
,100
— - hays
oi.s'.i;
,"S,SS'l
l'S,S'^7
41,.'i.W
IC.IS.I
I0,l,-),1
11,100
,10,000
1.1, ',00
'.!,.'.I10
,1,.'.lill
l.riiio
Siipar - Ions
'S.dtlO
17, sill); ■^•1,7,""
10, .Ml
u,soo
I'^'/on
,1,.170
'^,liOII
S,0,',0
l,'^'.o
1, 'II III
l,l,'.ll
1 ea • parkatres
l,w;t
ni, is(;
L'^VI
Sll
r),77S
•i,i.V>
1,S7S
1„1,1.-.
,T,I1
1 .'..'.
1, III III
1 oliarco - htlils.
1,1,'
'i,-'>S, 1,,M'.'
'2X':^
8,,ii;i
l'^,S'^.->
,17:.
717
■.! i'l
•10
l,ll!l
1,'.'I10
r,0!_'\iootl • tons
71 M.
2,-im s.'..'i
!l.->'.'
l.MO
1,',!II0
70(1
!I00
,1.-|0
1,10
.-.oo
,1S0
I'lislir . (|„.
.'>7.T
S'i'i l,ll.1!l
'2,(IM
•i-'-<
,11.'.
im
,K«)
1!MI
li'H)
1111
•^'.
* -■
^
In the imports of 1831 and 183'2, are included those received through Ostcnd which were destined for
this port. The stocks of these gooils now at Ostend, or on their w.iy tlience, are also included.
APPLES. — APPRENTICE.
43
out 6-7 ; it
I of an inc'ii
(licine, and
i soft, and
k^arics from
sed massive
14' N. A
)OUt 6.'5,000
1585, Ant-
I much by
II and Hol-
ich was ob-
In 1803,
houses liavc
and goods
is of canitls.
I which has
in 1814, all
"xportcd on
:orn, scuds,
jtton, wine,
The florin is
KU'iiiish = a*
iLE OK Coins.)
/as adnptcil in
ic ponti is tliu
lal to VK3i lbs.
)i)Uiicl is cijual
: lOi Imperial
ilogrammcs o)
h.
iielKiaii ports,
ir{40 consists ;
lurrt'iit price
t' tlie captain,
11:8, have been
lips.
8'2i2
H
from Hull,
2(1 from llio
il IV'bruary,
the Hclgiaiis
e 1827,
er.
S.TI.
ls.v^
(ir.o
1,S(1(I
.'i.'iO
7,'i(i
'i,7(l(l
l.'KXi
l.ll.'iO
!l(l(l
K,.'i(M)
U'i,(l(KI
l7.^
iW
'2(1(1
ydd
1,(1(1(1
1,(1(1(1
7(1(1
,-.(l(l
^,,'>(;(i
l.riiid
1,1(1(1
l,i,'i(i
1 .'»ri
l,(i(i(i
1,1 Ml
.i,v(i(i
,'.(1(1
.ISO
,11(1
v>
The following goods were imported
at
Antwerp in
18.'3')
"rom .
ill plaops :
ri.iics.
CoHec.
SiiKar.
Hides. Cotton
Ci^k^. ilarri'U,
lIlKs.
(■a.slc>.
( Itraz.
'V.li
ISM
I{.Y.IIav: Can.
Uariels.
^lil""
1 17
yd.l
■21,0
lla),'».
Ill,.l|i.
1,1,1(1.
1,(17-
.11,.- (
(IxiVCow. llale«.
(jreiit Itritaii'
S. .Ame ici iiiid \V. Indies
IJnitMl St.itt's
Coiitiiu-Dt of Kurope
KiVit Iiulim
.Joisey and (JutTiihuy
■ill li
V!
!KI 1(W
71,l'21
.Vl,|ll'2
11, (ICO
l'J,'/'.»S
i 1(1,7(111
IIW
l„17.'i
Kll
S,l(Ol ',!,1,-1
,1(I,(ISS| - -
l,7,-.'i! - -
■4'Jl - -
m' - -
(l.'i.ll.l l'i,7S'.l
•i(l'.,7.'iii! I.d.i.l
(.i.,(ir'l' 1.1,7.'M
7,1. Kli -
1(1 ■,S7>> ■'>!,' S7
Tot,lls ■ -1 .Til 17'l
l,IS'l
l(l,'i!l'.l V,l.>l| l.ll.i.T
riaies.
Topper,
Pimento
HagH.
Ashe.s.
r. Slat. KiiNsia.
Uice.
liuli);(i.
I'oliac.i lea.
I)V( WdOdS.
Uaiis.
Tiurc-vs.
l.'.I.Ki
10,7.11
l,7;il
lla-s.
(:h>ts.
Serns,
71
171
H
IIIkU. !l>a>l
.
.'r..ns.
l'.Tuii.s.
tireat Hritalii
S. Amc'r..'ii \V. Iiulie,
l^nittHt Statfs
Omtiiieiit of Kurope
K.-lst Imlli-i
Jersey aiul (tiuTilsey
Tol.iU
(i.OrtO
•iVi
350
77'J
'■,V.l'i
'.i.lIKi
'J.'.l.'iS
l.'iii
1,-.
.'i'i(i
'il
11
l.liw, • -
lo,s,i:i l,i,Vi
(l.'idd
.11.5
li,'lfi(l 1 M'i
K
,.'i'l(!
^
,.'i(iS
11
,|.-.K
iii,i.-.r.
(11(1
'.
.•.',!
1 •i,H'>r> ,i,7."is
1 ,*'(l(l
.11.'.
destined for
cI.
Conditions under which (!(H>ds are sold. — On goods generally 2 per cent, is allowed for payment in 20
days, ami li per cent, on credit of (i weeks or ii months. On cottons, .it 'JO days' credit, ;J pir cent, are
allowed, and 1 J per cent, on a credit of 'J or 3 months. On ashes, liide^^, and sUHar, o per cent, tor UO
days, and 11 per cent, for three months' credit.
Tares. — West India, Urazil, and Java colleo, in single bags, 'J per cent., and Ilavannah injoncs, jib.
per bag extra. Uourbon, in whole bags, IJ lbs., and in j ilo. 'ij lbs. Tiniento, pepper, and giiigir, in hags,
'2 per cent.; on these articles, as al.^o collie, in casks and barrels, real tare. Cas.sia lignea, and i M.iia-
inon, in bales, 10 per cent. ; anil in chests, ti to lij lbs. per chest. Ashes, li pt'r cent, Oticrcitron b.irk,
10 per cent. Cotton, in bales, 1. per cent., exclusive ol ropt'S ; and in serous, (i lbs. per seron. Horse
hair, real tare. Indigo, in chests or barrels, real tare; and in serous, Hj to " lbs. per sc ron. Uice, in
casks, 12 percent. ; and in bags, 'J per cent. .Mn.scovado sugars, in casks .nid barrels, and Havannah clayed,
in boxes, H per cent. ; Hrazil, in chests, Id per cent. ; Java, in canisters and baskets, it per cent. : .slam
and Manilla, in liags, 3 per cent.: liengal, in triple bags, ", lbs eat h : liourlion, in mats, fi per cent,
lioliea tea, exclusive of wrappers, 4() lbs. per chest, 2+ lbs. per i ditto, and 1,; lbs, jicr J iiilto, UJ lbs. per
^ ditto; line black and green tea, 12 to l.ilbs. per i clle^t, !ilbs. per j. ditto, 7 lbs. per J iiitto, .) lbs, per
l-12th ditto, 31bs. per l-l(ith iiitto, and 2 per cent, in boxes I'obacco, real tare : no ilraft or otiier deduc-
tion allowed. — (From the Ciiriilnr ofJo/lir, CUhburn, mid Co.)
APPLES, the fruit of tlie Pi/riis Mtilii.i, or apple tree. It is very extensively culti-
vated in most temperate climates. An immense variety and (juantity of excellent ;ii)|)les
are raised in England, ji.-irtly for the table, and jiartly for maiuifactiirinjr into cider.
Tiio.se einjiloyed for tlie latter jiiirpose are coniparatively harsh and austere. 'I'lie
principal cider counties are Hereford, Monmouth, Gloucester, Worcester, Somerset, and
Devon. Mr. Marshall calculates the produce of the first four at ;J(),()0() lilids. a year,
of which Worcester is sujiposed to supply 10,000. Half a hogshead of cider may be
exiK.'Cted, in ordinarily favourable seasons, from each tree in an orchard in full hearing.
The number of trees on an acre varies from 10 to 10, so that the (juaiitity of cider must
vary in the same proportion, that is, from 5 to '20 lilids. The jiroduce is, however, very
fluctuating; and a good crop .seldom occurs above once in three years. — {Liiiidun's
Eiici/c. of Ayrifullurc, ^w. )
Hesidos the immense consumption of native apples, we import, for the table, considerable supplies of
French and American a)iples, especially the former; the entries of foreign ajiples lor home consiiniption
having aiiimiiited, at an iuerage of the three years ending with I8.';i, to .'i(),i I'J bushels a year. Were it
not for the ojipressive iluty of is. a bushel, there can be little doubt that the imports would be decidedly
larger. The apples produced in the vicinity of New York are universally admitleil to be the tinest of
any ; but unless selected and packed with care, they are very apt to spoil before reacbing Kngland. The
exports of apples from the United States during the year ended the ,j(ith of .September, 18.J2, aniounted to
(i,i>i8 barrels, valued at h^oH doll.irs. Of these, l,.';7ii barrels were shipjied lor Kngland, — (I'li/iers imh-
lished bij the Hoard of Trade, p, lOi. ; Papers laid hejure Cungiess, 1.5th of February, l.s.i.;.)
APPRENTICE, a young person of either sex, liound by indenture to serve some
particular individual, or comiiany of individuals, for a specified time, in order to be
instructed in some art, science, or trade.
According to the common law of England, every one has a right to cmjiloy himself at
jileasnre in every lawful trade. Hut this sound priiicijile w;is iilmost entirely subverted
by a statute passed in the fifth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, commonly called
the Statute of Apprenticeship. It enacted that no person should, for the future, exer-
cise any trade, craft, or mystery, at that time exercised in England and Wales, unless he
had previously served to it an aiiprenticeship of sercii years at least ; so that what had
before been a bye-law of a few ''orporations, became the general and statute law of the
kingdom. Luckily, however, (he courts of law were always singularly disinclined to
give ett'ect to the provisions of tiiis statute; and the rules which they established fi)r its
interpretation served materially (o mitigate its injurious operation. Hut though its im-
policy had been long aiiparent, it was continued till 1814, when it was repealed by the
54 Geo. ;). c. 96. This act did not interfere with any of the existing rights, privi-
leges, or bye-laws of the ditferent corjiorations ; but wherever these do not interpose,
the formation of apprenticeships, and their duration, is left to he adjusted by the parties
themselves.
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AQUA FORTIS. - ARCHANGEL.
The ropjiiliUioiis with respect to the taking of apprcntiees on hoard sjiip, the only part
of this suhjeet tliat projierly comes within the scope of this work, are embodied in the
4 Geo. '1. c. 2'). Tiiey are as follow ; —
From the 1st of .lamiary, \HH, every in.istor of a merchant ship exceeding the burden of 80 tons shall
have on board his ship, at the time of such ship clcariii;; out from any port of the United Kingdom, one
apprentice or apprentices, in the following proportion to the number of tons of her admeasurement,
according to the certilicate of registry ; viz.
Tor every vessel exceeding 80 tons, and under 200 tons, 1 apprentice at least,
200 400 — 2
4<)0 rm — ;j
m) 700 — 4 ^—
700 and upwards . . 5 — ^—
who sh.ill, at the period of being indentured, resiiectively he under the age of 17 years ; provided that
every apprentice so to be employed on board any vessel, as above described, shall he duly indented for at
least four years ; and the indentures of every such apprentice shall be enrolled with the collector and
comptroller ai uie Custom-house of the port whence such vessel shall first clear out after the execution of
such indentures. — ^2.
Kvery apprentice so enrolled is hereby exempted from serving in his Majesty's navy until he shall have
attained the age of 21 years ; provided he is regularly serving his time either with his lirst master or
Ehi|).owner, or some other master or ship-owner to whom his indentures shall have been regularly trans-
ferred ; and every owner or master neglecting to enrol such indentures, or who shall suller any such aiv
prentice to leave his service, exce|)t in case of death or desertion, sickness, or other unavoidable cause, to
be certified in the log book, after the vessel shall have cleared outwards on the voyage U)>on which such
vessel may be bound, shall for every such olleiice forfeit 10/., to be paid in manner following ; th.it is to
say, one moiety by the owners of such vessel, and the other moiety by the master thereof, to be levied,
recovered, and aiiplied, in manner hereinafter mentioned.— 5 4.
Every person to whom such apprentice shall have been bound may em])loy him, at any time, in any
> essel of which such person may be the master or owner ; and may also, with the consent of such appren-
tice, if above 17, and if under that age, with the consent of his parents or guardians, transfer the niilen-
tures of such apprentice, by endorsement thereon, to any other person who may be the master or owner
of any registered vessel. — J ~>.
No stamp duty shall he charged on any such transfer by endorsement. — § 6.
And by C Cieo. 4. c. 107. ^ 1 iH. it is enacted, that no person shall be deemed to be an apprentice for
the purposes of the preceding act (4 Geo. 4. c. 2.').), unless the indenture of such apprentice shall have
iK'en enrolled with the collector and comptroller of the port from which any such apjirentice shall first go
to sea alter the date of such indenture; or in default of such enrolment, until the .same shall have been
enrolled at some port from which the ship in which such apprentice shall afterwards go to sea shall be
cleared.
By sta*. 7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 5(i. ^ 7. it is enacted that no higher duty than 2s. shall be charged upon the
indenture of any apprentice bound to serve at sea in the merchant service.
AQUA FOIITIS. See Acin (Nitric).
AQUAM.\11INE. See Beryl.
AQU.V VITiE (Ger. Aqunvit ; Fr. Euu de vie ; It. Acqtia vite ; Sp. Apun ih
ridn ; llus. Wodka ; Lat. Aqua citcx;), a, mmvi familiarly applied to all native distilled
.s))irits; equivalent to the eau de vie, or brandy, of tlie French, the wliiskij of the Scotch
and Irish, tiie (jciieim of the Dutch, &c. In this way it is used in the e.xcise laws relating
to the distilleries.
A ll.VNGOE.S, a species of beads made of rough carnelian. They arc of various
forms, as i)arrel, bell, round, Sec, and all drilled. 'I'lie barrel-shaped kind, cut from the
best stones, are from two to three inches long, and should be chosen as clear as possible,
whether red or white, having a good polish, and free from flaws. The bull-shaped are
from one to two inches long, being in all respects inferior. Considerable (piantities were
formerly imi)orted from Bombay, for re-t'Xi)ortation to .'\frica; but since the abolition of
the slave tr.ide, the imports and exports of arangoes have been comparatively trifling. —
(iMilliiini's Orient. Com,)
.\UCII.\XGHL, the principal commercial city of the north of Russia, in lat. 64°
:54' N., long. 38° 5!)' E. It is situated on ihe right bank of the Dwina, about SO English
miles above wliere it falls into tiie White Sea. Population, 7,000 or 8,000. The har-
bour is at the island of Sollenbole, about a mile from the town. The bar at the moutli
of the Dwina h.■l^i generally 14;; feet water; so tliat ships drawing more than this depth
nuist be partially loaded outside the bar from lighters. The Dwina being a navigable
river, traversing a great extent of country, renders Archangel a considerable cntrc/iot.
It was discovered in 1554, by the famous Uichard Chancellor, the companion of Sir
Iliigii Willonghby in his voyage of discovery ; and from that period, down to the found-
ation of Petersbnrgh, was the only port in the Russian em|)ire accessible to foreigners,
'i'lnnigh it has lost its ancient importance, it still enjoys a pretty extensive commerce.
The principal articles of export are grain, tallow, flax, hemj), timber, linseed, iron, pota.sh,
mats, tar, &c. Deals from Archangel, and Onega in the vicinity of Archangel, are
considered superior to those from the Baltic. Hemp not so good as at Riga, but pro-
portionally chea|)er. Tallow is also inferior. Iron same as at Petersburgh, sometimes
cheaper and sometimes dearer. The (juality of the wheat exported from Archangel is
about etpial to that from Petersburgh. Tlie imports are not very extensive, 'i'hey
consist jn-incipally of sugar, coffee, spices, salt, woollens, hardware, ivc. The merchants
of Vrcliangel are said by Mr. Coxe to be distinguished for honesty and intelligvnce. —
{Tranls in llu' Xorth nf Eiiroitc, vol. iii. p. l.'.t). )
^
I
I
^
le only part
died in the
r 80 tons shall
hkiiigtluiii, one
ncasurcmcnt,
provided that
idcntcd for at
collector aiul
! execution of
he shall have
rst master or
gularly traiis-
aiiy such ai>-
able cause, to
1 which such
IS ; that is to
to be levied,
' time, ill any
such ajipren-
er the uulen.
ster or owner
pprcntice for
ix" shall have
shall first go
ill have been
3 sea shall be
jed upon the
AguH tie
y\i distilled
the Scotch
ivs relating
of various
It from the
IS possible,
shaped arc
titles were
bolition of
trifling. —
n hit. 64°
30 English
The har-
he nioutli
this depth
navigal)le
entrepot.
on of Sir
:he found-
'oreigners.
onmierce.
•n, potasli,
Eiiigej, are
but i)ro-
■jonietinies
.■lianf:;el is
e. 'I'liey
iK'rcl'.iints
it'Mice, —
ARGOL. — ARRACK. 45
Acoonnt of the QuantiUos of the principal Articles exported from Archangel duri.i,; each of the Six
Years ending with IWd'i.
Articles.
1827.
1828.
182U.
1830.
1831.
1832.
riax - - pool's
i\\K>^)
54,877
131,1(K)
102,38,5
200,485
120,719
tirain, Harley chets.
.•i,(i70
550
11,705
1,897
8,(v57
323
Oats - do.
aw.sio
47,1J7
352,792
84,039
220,109
27,779
Rye - do.
44,108
3i),10()
i)i),400
1,57,04;5
174,102
189,4H(i
Wheat do.
'-',017
11,777
1 1.3,738
83,4*)U
104,0,37
37,728
Hemp . - poods
4(;,i>7f)
45,0!i3
.57,317
03,057
53,8.5,5
51,142
Iron - - ilo.
()i.,;jiu
(i'>,013
117,201
110,.372
89,075
47,309
Linseed . - diets.
78,01-2
131,804
13ii,!)ii8
142,1,58
95,039
103,494
Mats - - pieces
1,30 J,. "hU
5.)0,,3.5.)
051,4,38
074,481
424,119
841,4,50
I'itch - - barrels
i;!,i(;i)
il,!>73
8,407
17,917
8,2.37
13,434
I'otashcs - - poods
10,lliii
3,!I07
3,209
l(M)f)5
12,823
9,205
Tallow - - do.
1U0,(),J+
180,120
150,778
135,1.57
119,204
1)0,203
Tallow candles dii.
'2,81.5
3,422
3,77.i
4,7.50
3,491
2,937
Tar ■ barrels
91,L'i.'0
70,i»85
37,7(i4
!»2,,548
52,107
58,014
Train oil . poods
'iJ,'217
17,004
10,534
19,109
4,129
8,989
Wood, Deals pii'ces
38i?,-J45
240,520
200,771
415,989
238,(>00
2,34,313
Batti lis do
84,7W
73,1,33
75,.3.35
121,420
()3,175
43,354
Deal ends do.
74,(H4
50,0iiO
04,100
101,285
53,303
44,535
riie total value of the exports in 1831 was estimated at 14,750,750 rubles, while that of the imports w?s
limateil at only 1,1.55,872 rubles. During the same year there arrived at Archangel 443 ships ; of which
!| wi^rr Itrili^li. !•' niili'h_ 14 Prli«;si;ili. 1^' Mnrklnnhlirf^h. >te.
34;i were Uritisli, 12 Dutch, 14 Prussian, 12 Mccklenburgh, &c,
Account of the Number of Ships that sailed from Archangel during each of the Six Years ending
with 1832.
Years ...
1827.
1828. 1829.
1830. 1831.
1832.
Ships ...
380
290 450 505
445
30-1
The trade of Archangel is very much influenced by the demand from the more southerly parts of
Kurope, and especi.illy from England, for corn. When a brisk demand is anticipated, oats are brought in
large quantities from the interior, sometimes even from the distance of 1,.500 miles, in- covered barks
capable of hoUling .several hundred quarters. But as there are few extensive mercantile establishments
here, the supplies are scanty, except when a large demand has been expected for some time previously to
the season for bririging them down. — {Oddi/'s Eiirupcan Cnmmcrcc, and private iiifuimation.)
Monies, Tl'i'ia/its, and ilcasurcn, same as at I'etersburgh ; which sec.
ARGOL, AllGAL, OR TARTAR (Ger. Weinstein ; Du. Wynstccn ■ Fr. Tartre ;
It. S)). and Port. J'urtiiro ; Ru.s. Winnui kamcn ; Lat. Turta -us), a hard crust formed
on the sides of the vessels in whicli wine has been kept; it i'i red or white according to
the colour of the wine, and is otherwise impure. On being piu-ified, it is termed cream
or enjstdh ofturtiir. It consists principally of bitartrate of potash. White .irgol is pre-
ferable to red, as containing less drossy or earthy matter. The marks of good argol of
eitlier kind are, its being tliick, brittle, bird, brilliant, and little earthy. Tliat brought
from Bologna is reckoned the best, and fetches tlie highest jirice. Argol is of considerable
use among dyers, as serving to dispose the stutts to take their colours the better. Pure
argol, or cream of tartar, is extensively used in medicine. It has an acid and rather
unpleasant taste. It is very brittle, and easily reduced to powder : specific gravity 1*95.
48s. to 50s.
ARISTOLOCniA (Fr. Serpentairc ; Ger. Schlangenwurzel ; It. Serpentaria •
Lat. Arisfolitchia scrpenfariti), the dried root of Virginia snake-root, or birthwort ; it is
small, light, and bushy, consisting of a numlier of fibres matted together, sprung from
one common head, of a brownish colour on the outside, and pale or yellow within. It
has an aromatic smell something like that of valerian, but more agreeable; and a warm
bitterish, pungent taste, very much resembling camphor. — (Ency, Metrop.)
ARM.S. See Fire- Arms. -^
ARQUIFOUX (Ger. Bleyghuiz ; Fr. Arquifou ; \t. Archlfoglio ; Lat. Galena),
a sort of lead ore, very heavy, easily reduced to powder, and hard to melt ; when it is
broken, it parts into shining scales of a wliiti.sh colour. The potters use it to give their
works a green varnish ; and in England it is commonly called potters' ore. Arqnifoux
is exported from England in large lumps; it should be chosen heavy, the scales bright
and resembling tin-glas.s.
AUlt.V( k, oil RA(K(Fr. Arac ; Ger. Arrach, Rack; Du. Arak, Rak ; It. Araco .-
S]). Ani/i; Pijrt. Arucu! Rus. Arak), a spirituous liquor manufactured at different
places ill the E;;st.
Arrack is a term applied in most parts of India, and the Indian islands, to designate
every sort of spirituous liquor; a circumstance which accounts for the discrepancy in the
statements as to tlie materials used in making it, and the mode of its manufacture. The
3C
^
t I
■■'- i'
. 1}
t I
i!.
:i
\
46
ARROW-ROOT. — ASAFCETIDA.
arrack of Goa and Batavia is in liigli estimation ; that of Columho or Ceylon has been
said to be inferior to the former ; but this is doubtful. Goa and Columho arrack is in-
variably made from the vcfifetable juice, toddy, which flows by incision from the coco nut
tree ( Cocns nucifera). After the juice is fermented, it is distilled and rectified. It
usually yields about an eighth part of pure s])irit. liatavia or Java arrack is obtained by
distillation from molasses and rice, with only a small admixture of toddy. When well
prepared, arrack is clear and transparent ; generally, however, it is slightly straw-coloured.
Its flavour is ))eculiar ; but it difl'ers considerably, no doubt in consequence of the various
articles of which it is i)rcpared, and the unerpial care taken in its manufacture. In
England, arrack is seldom used except to give flavour to punch : formerly the imports
were quite inconsiderable ; but they have recently increased so as to amount, at an average
of the years 1829 and 18.'50, to a!)ove 30,000 gallons a year. In the East its consumption
is immense. It is issued to the soldiers in India as part of the established rations ; and
it (s supplied, instead of rum, to the seamen of the royal navy employed in the Indian
seas. It is one of the principal products of Ceylon. Its prime cost in that island
varies from 8(/. to lOd. a gallon ; and from 600,000 to 700,000 gallons are annually
exported, principally to tiie ])residencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay. It is sold in
Ceylon by tiie legger of 150, and in .Java by tlie legger of 160 gallons. In 1829, the
first quality of .lava arrack sold in Batavia at 160 florins the legger, or Is. 8|t/. per gal-
lon. The second quality fetched 1L'.5 florins.
Pan'ah-arrack is a phrase used to designate a spirit distilled in the peninsula of India, which is said to
be otleii rendered unwholesome by an iidnuxture o( gaiif-a (Catinnl/is sa/i'ia), and a species of Datura, in
the view of increasing its intoxicating power. Uut it is not clear whether the term pariah-arrack be
ine^int to imply that it is an inferior spirit, or an adulterated compound. This liquor is sometiines dis-
tilled from coco nut toddy, and sometimes from a mixture of jajjKery, water, and the barks of various
trees. — (See Miiburn's Orient. Com. s and Mr. Mar.i/iall's valuable Essai/ on the Coco Nut Tree, p. 18.)
AIlllOW-ROOT, the pith or starch of the root Marnnta arundinucea. It hiis re-
ceived its common name from its being supposed to be an .intidote to the poisoned
arrows of the Indians. The powder is prepared from roots of a year old. It is reckoned
a very wholesome nutritious food : it is often adulterated, when in the shops, with the
starch or flour of ])otatoes. It is a native of South America ; but has been long intro-
duced into the West Indies, where it forms a jjretty important article of cultivation.
An excellent kind of arrow-root, if it m<ay be so called, is now prepared in India from
the root of the Curcuma anyustifdia. The plant is abundant on the IVIalabar coast,
where the powder is made in such quantities as to be a considerable object of trade.
.Some of it has been brought to England. The Maranta arundinacea has been carried
from the West Indies to Ceylon, where it thrives extremely well, and where arrow-root
of the finest (luality has been manufactured from it. — [AinsUe's Mat. Indica.)
At an averape of the three years ending with 1831, the arrow-root entered for home consumption
amounted to 441, ;Bi! lbs. a year I'reviously to last year (18)2', the duty on arrow-root from a British
|X)ssession was ',)s. 4(1 a ewt. ; but as it is now reduced to l*. a ewt., aconsiclerable increase of consumption
may be cx|iected. It was quoted in the London market, in August, 18J3, at from 9rf. to l,v. lO/. per lb.
ARSENIC (Ger. Arsenik ; Fr. Arsenic; It. and Sp. Arsenica; Rus. Miischjah ;
Lat. Arsenicum). This metal has a bluish white colour not unlike that of steel, and a
good deal of brilliancy. It has no sensible smell while cold, but when heated it emits a
strong odour of garlic, which is very characteristic. It is the softest of all the metallic
bodies, and so brittle that it may easily be reduced to a very fine jiowdcr by trituration
in a mortar. Its specific gravity is 5 "76. — ( T/iomson's Chemistry.)
Metallic arsenic is not used in the arts, and is not, therefore, extracted from the ore, except for the
purpo.ses of experiment or curiosity. The arsenic of commerce is the white oxide, or arsenioiis acid of
chemists. It is a white, brittle, compact sub,stancc, of a glassy appearance j is inodorous ; Ikis an acrid
taste, leaving on the tongue a sweetish impression ; and is highly corrosive. In its metallic state, arsenic
exerts no action on the animal system ; but when oxidired, it is a most virulent poison. Tlic arsenic of
the shops is sometimes adulterated with while sand, chalk, or gypsum: the fraud may be detected by
Heating a small portion of the suspected powder ; when the arsenic is dissipated, leaving the impurities, if
there be any, behind. Though the most violent of all the mineral poisons, the white oxide of arsenic, or
the arsenic of the shops, is yet, when judiciously administered, a medicine of great efficacy. It is also
used for various purposes in the arts. It is principally imported from Saxony and Uuhemia. — {^Thomson's
Chemistry; A. T. Thomson's Di.spensatury.)
ASAFCETIDA (Ger. Teufehdrech ; Du. Duircfsdreck ; Fr. Assa-fetida ; Sp. Asa-
fctida ; Lat. Asa-fatida ; Per. Unyoozeh), a giun resin, consisting of the inspissated
juice of a large umbelliferous plant, the Ferula asafvetida. It is produced in the
southern provinces of Persia, and in the territory of Sinde, or country lying at the mouth
of the Indus.
It is exported from the Persian gulf to Bombay and Calcutta, whence it is sent to Europe. It has
a nauseous, somewhat bitter, biting taste, and an excessively strong, foetid, alliaceous smell : the newer it
is, it possesses its smell and other peculiar properties in the greater perfection. It is imported, packed in
irregular mas.ses, in mats, casks, and cases ; the last being, in general, the best. It should he chosen clean,
fresh, strong-scented, of a pale redilish colour, variegited with a number of line, white tears: when
broken, it should somewhat resemble marble in appearance ; and, after lieing exposed to the air, should
turn of a violet red colour. That whicn is soft, black, and foul, should be lejected. 'J'he package!
should be carefully examined, and ought to be tight, to prevent the smell from injuring any other article.
In J8'25, the irapoits of asafoetida amounted to 10fi,7T0 lbs., but they have not been so large since; and in
j^
l>
ASARUM.— AUCTIONEER.
47
1830, only 8,722 lbs. wore imported. We have not learned the quantity cleared for consumption, but it
must be trifling. In this country, it is u^ed only in the materia medica. In France, it i.s used lioth in that
way, and to soino extent, also, a,< a condiment. It is worth, in bond, in the London market, Crom 2/. to
8/. per cwt [Milbiirn's Orient. Com. ; Pail. Piipcm i and private in/ormatiun.)
ASARUM (Fr. Asarct ; Ger. Hazelwurzel ; Sj). Asiiro (II' Eiirojm), tha root or ihk'd
leaves oftlie a.saral)acca. The leaves are nearly inodorous; their taste slightly aromatic,
bitter, acrid, and nauseous. The powder of the leaves is the basis of most cephalic sniitts.
A good deal of their acrimony is lost in keeping: they should, consecjuently, l)e used in
as recent a state as p()ssii)le, and dried without the ajjplication of nnich heat. Asarabacca
grows in several parts of England, particularly Lancashire and Westmoreland.
ASH (COMSiON), the Fnixinun excdxior of botanists, a forest tree of which there
are many varieties. It is abmidant in England, and is of the greatest utility.
The ash is of very rapid growth ; and, unlilic most other trees, its value is rather increased than di.
minished by this circumstance. Lilie tlie chesnut, the wood of young trees is most esti emed. It grows
on a great variwiv of soils, l)ut is l)e>t where tlie growth lias been most vigorous. It is inferior to tlie o.ik
in istilfiiess, and I- more easily split ; but in toughness and ela.-ticity it is far superior to the oak, or to any
other species oft mber. Hence its universal employment in all those parts of nuichinory which have to
sustain sudden >;iocks, sucn as tlie circumference, teeth, and spokes of wliicls, ship-blocks, &c., and in
the manufacture of agriciUtural implements ; in the latter, indeed, it is almost exclusively made use of.
'Ihe want of prolonged dural)ility is its greatest defect ; and it is ton flexible to be employed in building.
The wood of old trees is of a dark brown colour, sometimes beautifully figured ; the wood of young trees
is brownish white, with a shade of green. The texture is alternately compact and porous: where the
growth has been vigorous, the compact part of the several layers bears a greater proportion to the si):ingy,
and Ihe timber is comparatively tough, elastic, and durable. It has neither taste nor smell ; and, when
young, is ditticiilt to work. The mountain asli ( I'l/rtis aitciiparia) is quiteadiderent tree from the eoiiiiiKm
ash, and its timber is far less valuable {Trcdgold's Principles nf Carpcntri/ ; Timber Trees and I'ruitji,
ill Lib. of Entertaining Knoteleilge, ^c.)
ASHES (Fr. Vcdasse ; Ger. Waldasc/ic ; Du. Weedas ; Da. Veedushv ; It. Fvccia
hruciuta ; Sp. Aliimbre da hez ; llus. Weidusch ; Lat. Cineres injecturii), the residuum,
or earthy part, of any substance after it has been burnt. In commerce, the term is ap])lied
to the ashes of vegetable substances ; from which are extracted the alkaline salts called
potctsh, pearlash, l)arilla, kelp, &c. ; which see.
ASPHALTUM. See Bitumen.
ASS (Fr. Ane ; Ger. Esel ; It. Asino ; Lat. Asinus), the well-known ijuadriiped of
that name.
ASSETS, in commerce, a term used to designate the stock in trade, and the entire
property of all sorts, belonging to a merchant or to a trading association. It is also
applied to goods or property placed, for the discharge of some particular trust or obli-
gation, ill the hands of executors, assignees, &c.
ASSIENTO, a Spanish word signifying a contract. In commerce, it means the
contract or agreement by which the Spanish government ceded first to a comjiany of
French, and afterwards (by the treaty of Utrechl) to a company of English merchants,
the right to import slaves into the Spanish colonies. — (^Brovgham's Colonial Policy,
vol. i. p. 439.)
ASSIGNEE, a person appointed by competent authority to do, act, or transact some
business, or exercise some particular privilege or power, for or on iiccount of some .speci-
fied individual or individuals.
Assignees may be created by deed, or by law : by deed, where the lessee of a farm
assigns the same to another ; by law, where the law makes an assignee, without any
appointment of the ])erson entitled, as an executor is assignee in law to the testator, and
an administrator to an iiitest.-'te. The term is most conmionly ai)))lied to the creditors
of a bankrupt ajipointed to manage for the rest, and who consequently have the bank-
rupt's estate assigned over to them. — (See Bankuupt. )
ASSIZE. See Bkead.
ASSURANCE. See Insukance.
AUCTION, a public .sale of goods to the highest bidder. Auctions are generally
notified by advertisement, and arc held in some o])eii place. The biddings may be made
either by parties present, or by the auctioneer under authority given to him ; the sale is
u.suaJly terminated by the fall of a hammer.
AUCTIONEE'. person who conducts sale? oy auction. It is his duty to state
the conditions of sale, to declare the respective biddings, and to terminate the sale by
knocking down the thing sold to the highest bidder. An auctioneer is held to be law-
fully authorised by the ])urcliaser to sign a contract for him, whether it be for lands or
goods. And his writing down the name of the highest bidder in his book is sufficient
to bind any other person for whom the highest bidder purchased, even though such per-
son be present, provided he do not object before entry.
Every auctioneer must take out a licence, renewable annually on the ."jth of July, for which he is
charged .O/. ; and if he sell goods fur the sale of which an excise licence is specially lecjiiireil, he must also
take out such licence, iinliss the goods be the pniperty of a licensed person, and sold for his behalf aiid
on his entered premises, in which case such additionariicence is not required. — ffi Geo. 4. e. 81.)
Auctioneers within the limits of the chief excise oflice in London are bound,' when thev receive their
licence, to give security to the excise by iond, themselves in l,(!(i()/. and two sureties in'SOtV. each, to
deliver in within twenty-eight days of any tale a true and patticular account of such sale, and to pay the
■■'<*=
sJ£SS£saaiaBaiiiBM«=
waaam
m
\i t
: y
l\
\ \l 11
; i
I I
,'. '
! ■
} , I;:
48
AUCTIONEER.
diitios oil \.hc same. Auctioneers refusing or delaying to pay the duties within the spccifled time, forfeit
tlii'ir l)(>ii(l ami tlio bonds of their sureties, and doiil>le the amount of the duties. — (19 Gro. 3. e. 5fi.)
Auctioneers catryiiiK on llieir trade without the limits ot the Iiead otHce give bond, tliemsclvcs In 500/.
and two sureties in fiOA eaeh, to render an account of the duties accruing on sales, and to pay them within
six weel<s, under the penaliies already mentioned. — (1!) OVo. .'). c. C>Ct., and oH (Iro. 3. c. Bi.)
A licensed auctioneer going from town to town by a public stage coach, and sending goods by a public
conveyance, and selling them on commission by retail or auction, is a trading person within the 50 Geo. S.
c. 41. k ti., and must take out a hawker's and pedlar's licence.
The folliiwing duties are payable on goods sold by auction : —
l'"or every iOs. of the purchase money arising or payable by virtue of any sale at auction for the benefit
of the growers or lirst purchasers respectively of any sheep's wool, the growth or produce of any part of
the United Kingdom, '.'</.
For every ata. of the purchase money arising or payable by virtue of any sale at auction of any interest
ill possession or reversion in any freehold, customary, eo|)yholil, or leasehold lands, tenements, houses, or
hereditaments, and any share or shares in the capital or joint stock of any corporatiim or chartered com.
pany, and of any annuities or sums of money charged thereon, and of any ships and vessels, and of any
reversionary interest in the public funds, and of any plate or jewels, and so in proportion for any greater
or less sum, 'd.
For every 20,v. of the purchase money arising or payable by virtue of any sale at auction of furniture,
fixtures pictures, books, horses, and carriages, anil all other goods and chattels whatsoever, and so in
pro|)ortion for any greater or less sum, l*.
The duties to be paid by the auctioneer, agent, factor, or seller by commission.
Uy Stat. 2!) Geo. .i. c. ti'i. H I, y., no duty shall be paid for piece goods solil by auction, wove or fabricated
in this kingdom, which shall be sold entire in the piece or (piantity as taken from the loom, and in lots of
the price of i,'!)/. or upwards, and so as the same be sold in no other than entered places, and openly shown
and exposed at such sale.
And the auctioneer shall, besides the bond given on receiving his licence, give a further bond in 5,000/.
with two sureties, that he will, within fourteen days after every such sale, deliver an account thereof at
the next excise ollice, and will not sell by auction any goods woven out of this kingdom, or woven in
this kingdom, which shall not be sold in the entire piece, without payment of the proper duty. ^ fi.
Uy stat. 41 Geo. 3. c. 91. ) 8., all corn and grain of every sort, flour, and meal, and all beef, pork, ham.s
bacon, cheese, and butter, imported intofireat Hritain,shiill be free of the duty on the first sale thereof by
auction on account of the importer, so as the same be enteretl at some custom-house at the port of import,
ation, and the sale thereof be within twelve months and by a licensed auctioneer.
By Stat. .'30 Geo. .'3. c. 2i).,all goods imported by way of merchandise from I «crt/(in, and by 32 Geo. 3. c. 41.,
all whale-oil (and by 41 CJeo. 3. c. 42., all elephant-oil, produced from sea-cows or sea.elepnants, and com.
nionly called " elephant's oil,") whalebone, ambergris, and head-matter, and all skins of seals and other
animals living in the sea, and also elephants' teeth, palm-oil, dyeing-wood, dr.igs, and other articles for
dyers' use, and all mahogany and other manufactured wood for the use of cabinet-makers and other manu-
facturers, imported in British ships from Africa and (by 42 Geo. 3. c. 93. ^ 3.) Atncrica, or any British
settlement abroad, shall be free of the excise duty on the first sale thereof at auction by or for the account
of the original importer to whom the same were coiisigne<l, and by whom they were entered at the
Custom-house, so as such sale be made within twelve months after such goods are imported, and the same
be sold by a licensed auctioneer.
By Stat. 19 Geo. 3, c. 5fi. ^ 13., no duties shall be laid (1.) on any sale by auction of estates or chattels made
by order of the Court of Chancery or Exchequer, or courts of great sessions in Wales ; (2.) on any sale
made by the Kast India or lludsim's Bni/ companies : (o.l by order of the commissioners of customs or
excise : (4.) by order of the Hoard of ordnance : (;">.) by order of the commissioners of the navy or victual,
ling oiHcos : (6.) on any such sales made by the sheriff', for the benetit ot creditors, in execution of judg.
ment: (7.) on sales of goods distrained for rent : (8.) on s"!es for non-payment of tithes : (9.) on sales of
effects of bankrupts sold by assignees: (10.) on goods imported by way of merchandise from any British
colony in America, the same being of the growth, produce, or manufacture of such colony, on the first
sale thereof on account of the original importer to whom they were consigned, and by whom they were
entered at the Custom-house, so as such sale be made within twelve months after importation (see 59 Geo. 3.
c. ,54. \ 3.) : (11.) on any ships or their cargoes condemned as prize, and sold for the benefit of the captor :
(12.) on any ships or goods wrecked or stranded, sold for the benefit of the insurers or ])roprietors : (13.) on
the sale of any goods damaged by fire, and sold for the benefit of the insurers : (14.) on any auction to be
held on the account of the lord or lady of the manor for granting any copj hold or customary messuages,
lands, or tenemeiits for the term of a life or lives, or any number of years : (15.) on any auction to be held
for the letting or demisingany messuages, lands, or tenements for the term of a life or lives, or any number
of years, to be created by the person on whose account such auction shall be held : (Ki.) on the sale of any
wood, coppice, produce of mines or quarries, or materials for working the same ; or on the sale of any
cattle, and live or dead stock, or unmanufactured jiroduce of land, so as such sale of woods, coppices,
produce of mines or quarries, cattle, corn, stock or produce of land, may be made whilst they continue on
the lands producing the same, and by the owner of such lands, or proprietor of or adventurer in such
mines or qii.irries, or by their steward or agent.
By Stat. .J2 Geo. 3. c. b3. ^ 1., all coffee imported in any liritish ship from any British colony in America
may be sold by auction, free of the auction duty, whilst the same shall remain in warehouses under the
act 43 Geo. 3. c. 132. or any other act
Certain articles from the United States, as regulated by the act B\> Geo. 3. c. 54. ^ 3., and goods from
Portugal imported uniler stat. 51 Geo. 3. c. 47-, may also be sold by auction free of duty, if on account
of the original importer, and within twelve months of their importation.
15y stat.' 19 Goo. 3. c. 5(). ^ 9., the auctioneer, if the sale be within the limits of the chief office of excise in
London, shall give two days' notice at the said oltico, elsewhere three days' notice to the collector or at the
next excise office, in writing, signed by him, specifying the particular day when such sale shall begin ;
and shall at the same time, or within twenty-four hours after, deliver a written or printed catalogue,
attested and signed by such auctioneer or his known clerk, in which catalogue shall be particularly
enumerated every article, lot, itarccl, and thing intended to be sold at such auction. And if he shall
presume to make such sale without delivering such notice and catalogue, or sell any estate or goods not
enumerated therein, he shall forf<'it 21)/.
By stat. 32Geo. 3. c. U., every auctioneer who shall have delivered such notice or catalogue sh.iU,
within 28 days (if within the limits of the chief ollice of excise, elsewhere within six weeks) after the
day specified in such notice for such sale, deliver at such chief office, or to the collector of excise in
wliose collection such sale has been or was intended to be, a declaration in writing, setting forth whether
or not any such sale had been or was opened or begun under such notice, or any article, lot, parcel, or
thing contained in such catalogue was bid for or sold at such auction; and such auctioneer, or person
acting as his clerk as aforesaid, shall make oath to the truth of such declaration before the said commis.
sioners or collector, on pain of forfeiting 50/. for every neglect or refusal of delivering such declaration,
verified as aforesaid.
'I'he real owner of any estate, goods, or effects put up to sale by way of auction, and bought in either
by himself or by his steward or known agent employed in the management of the sale, or by any other
person appointed in writingby the owner to bid for him, shall be allowe<l the duties, provided notice in
writing he given to the auctioneer before such bidding, both by the owner and person intended to be the
I
j'x
-l!^
AUCTIONEER.
49
n America
under the
!Oods from
)ii account
if excise in
ir or at the
lall begin ;
catalogue,
articularly
It' lie shall
goods not
gue shnll,
) after llie
excise in
Ih whether
1 parcel, or
, or person
Id commis.
pclaration,
It in either
\ any other
notice in
i to be the
bidder of such person beinn appointed by the owner ; and provided euch notice Ix? verified by the oath of
the auctioneer, as also the I'airnoss ol the transaction to the best of his knowledge and beliijf. —
(I'J (iVo. 3. c. flti., s;8(i'i'(i. J. c. .57.1 An amtioncer employed in a case of this sort, and neglecting to take the
proper steps to prevent the duties from attaching, may he obliged to pay them himself. — (I'J (leu. 3. c. 50.)
If the sale of an estate be void througli defect of title, the commissioners of excise, or
justices of the peace in tlie county, may, on oath being made, grant relief for the duties
liaid. Claim must be made within twelve months after the sale, if rendered void within that
time ; or if not rendered void within that time, within three months after the discovery.
The auctioneer is by law liable to pay the auction duties, but he may recover the
s;ime from the vendor. The conditions of sale iisiwUy oblige the buyer to pay the
whole, or a \r.irt of the duties ; and upon his refusing or neglecting to pay them, the
bidding is void.
An auctioneer who declines to disclose the name of liis principal at the time of sale,
makes himself icsponsible. But if he disclose the name of his principal, he ceases to bo
responsible, either for the soundness of or title to the thing sold, uidess he have expressly
warranted it on his otin responsibility.
If an auctioneer pay over the produce of a sale to his employer, after receiving notice
that the goods were not the i)roperty of such employer, the real owner of the goods may
recover the simount from the auctioneer.
It has long been a common practice at certfiin auctions (called for that reason mock
auctions) to employ jnijfii:^, or mock bidders, to raise the value of the articles sold by
their apparent coinjietition, and many questions have grown out of it. It was long
ago decided, that if !he owner of an estate put up to sale by auction employ puflers
to bid for him, it is a fraud on tlie real biduer, and the highest bidder cannot be com-
pelled to complete his contract. — (6 T. Hep. p. 642.) Kut it would seem as if the
mere employment of puff'evs under any circumstances were now held to l)e illegal.
" 'i"he inclination of the courts at the present time is, that a sale by auction shoidd be
conducted in the most open and jjublic manner possible ; that there should be no reserve
on the part of the seller, and no collusion on the part of the buyers. I'uffing is illegal,
according to a late case, even though there be only one puffer ; and it was then decided
tliat the recognised practice at auctions of cm])loying such persons to bid upon the sale
of horses could not be sustained." — ( Jloulri/ch on Commercial Law, p. 262. )
A party bidding at an auction may retract his offer at any time before the hammer is
down. Another clearly established principle is, that verbal declarations by an auctioneer
are not to be suffered to control the printed conditions of .sale ; and these, when pasted
up under the box of the auctioneer, are held to be sufficiently notified to purchasers.
Auctioneers, like all otlier agents, should carefully observe their instructions. Shoidd
those who ei«ploy them sustain any damage througli their carelessness or inattention,
tliey will be responsible. They must also answer for the consequences, if they sell the
property intrusted to their care for less than the price set upon it by the owners, or in a
way contrary to order.
An auctioneer who has duly paid the licence duty is not liable, in the city of London, to
the penalties for acting as a broker without being admitted agreeably to the 6 Anne, c. 16.
The establishment of mock auctions is said to be a cotnmon practice among swindlers
in I^ondon. Persons are frequently placed at the doors of such auctions, denominated
barkers, to invite strangers to come in ; and puffers are in wait to bid up the article much
i)cyond its value. A stranger making an offer at such an auction is almost sure to have
the article knocked down to him. Plated goods are often disposed of at these auctions ;
but it is almost needless to add, that they are of very inferior quality. Attempts have
sometimes been made to suppress mock auctions, but hitherto without much success.
We subjoin
An Account of the Number of Auction Licences granted from the 5th ol January. 1819, with the
Amount of Duty received on Sales by Auction ; distinguishing each Year, and specifying those who
have taken out such Licences for Town, Country, and Town and Country, down to ISol. — [Pari.
Paper, No. 138. Sess. 18,31.)
Years endcl
Number of
Amount of Dulj- recei\
ed on Sales
Number of Licences taken out.
fAh of January.
Auction Licences.
by Auction
For Town.
For Country.
For Town and
Country.
£ s.
rf.
1820
2„';.-,7
2r,r,,r,r4 16
9
327
2,124
106
1821
2,770
22;j,(i.5() 5
9
338
2,323
109
Wi2
2,!«9
2()2,.317 18
2i
S09
2,523
107
182,3
2,8!I7
2()0,,322 8
1
343
2,4.33
121
182+
2,9,';9
223,8.'5.'; 4
9
334
2,493
112
182.')
2,>'41
279,204 1
9|
338
2,490
107
1826
2,!)I0
m^,rm 12
u
357
2,4;37
1!6
1S27
2,<)81
22,-),()()l 9
u
607
2,325
49
l.S'JS
:\\ni
2r>(),2,;9 10
3
_
2,577
542
182!)
<ro
2.!.^,417 18
1!'J
_
2,422
5.50
18.50
,3,(1+3
22.';,2.';8 11
H
_
2,519
524
18.;i
2,107
20,3,090 17
— .
2,478
489
E
m
mmm
i r
.^1
!'l W
I;
^1^
11:1-
l! ■ iJ i
!':,|
vf ?i
I ,:
I? » 1
1)
::i (
( h '
>\ ■ . r
50
mtm
AVERAGE.
mm
■np
Account of the Produce of the Auction Duties, In each of the Three Years, ending the 5th of January,
18.'S.'3, distiiiKUishing the Amount pnld under separate Heads.
1
England
Scotland - . .
Ireland - - - -
Year ended 5th of January, 1831 -
Amount of Auction Duties on the S.ile of
Total Produce.
Estates.Houscs,
Aiinultius,
Hlii|)s, I'liitc,
Jewels, &c.
Household Furni-
ture, Ilor»rs,
(Carriages, and all
oilier (jcMxls
and C^tiattela.
Sheep's
Wool.
Foreign
Produce i First
Sale thereof.)
£ s. d.
72,348 19 6
7,150 (i 7
1,952 13 5
£ s. d.
128,184 13 1
12,387 11 3
9,(i04 18 8
£ s. d.
11 14 9
19 9
6 9
£ s. d.
2,865 13 4
85 10 11
£ s. d.
203,411 8
19,624 8 6
10,957 18 10
81,451 19 6
149,577 3
13 1 3
2,951 4 3
233,993 8
England . . -
Scotland • . . -
Ireland . . .
Year ended 5th of January, 1832 -
76,164 3
4,863 9 7
1,616 8 5
122,088 8 11
12,014 11 3
8,847 2 7
25 10 11
16 9
7 3
2,857 3 8
69 7 2
1 7 5
201,135 6 6
16,948 4 9
10,465 5 8
82,644 1
142,950 2 9
26 14 11
2,927 18 3
228,548 16 U
England . . -
Scotland - - . .
Ireland • -
Year ended 5th of January, 1833 -
79,218 9 8
5,436 13 8
2,213 5 5
126,126 15 2
12,2!)4 3 7
8,180 5 4
15 10 6
1 2 2
2,694 13 8
13() 2
13 2
208,055 9
17,867 19 7
10,394 3 11
86,8<» 8 9
146,601 4 1
16 12 8
2,831 7
236,317 12 6
Excise Office, London, 5th of August, 1833.
AVERAGE, a term used in commerce and navigation to signify a contribution
made by the individuals, when they happen to be more than one, to whom a ship, or
the goods on board it, belong, or by whom it or they are insured; in order that no
particular individual or individuals amongst them, who may have been forced to make a
sacrifice for the preservation of the ship or cargo, or both, should lose more than others.
" Thus," says Mr. Serjeant Marshall, " where the goods of a particular mercliant arc
thrown overboard in a storm to save the sliip from sinking ; or where the masts, ciibles,
anchors, or other furniture of the ship, are cut away or destroyed for the preservation of
the whole ; or money or goods are given as a composition to pirates to save the rest ; or
an expense is incurred in reclaiming the ship, or defending a suit in a foreign court of
admiralty, and obtaining her discharge from an unjust capture or detention ; in these
and the like cases, where any sacrifice is deliberately and volinitarily made, or any
ex[)ense fairly and bond fide incurred, to prevent a total loss, such sacrifice or expense is
the proper subject of a general contribution, and ought to be rateably borne by the
owners of the ship, freight, and cargo, so that the loss may fall equally on all, according
to the equitable maxim of the civil 'iw — no one ought to be enriched by another's loss:
Nemo debet lociipletari aliend jacturd."
Upon this fair principle is founded the doctrine of average contributions ; regulations
with respect to which liaving been embodied in the Rhodian law, were thence adopted
into the Roman law ; and form a prominent part of all modern systems of maritime
jurisprudence. The rule of the Rhodian law is, that " if, for the sake of lightening a
ship in danger at sea, goods be thrown overboard, tlie loss incurred for the sake of all,
shall be made good by a general contribution." — (-Dj^r. lib. 14. tit. 2. § I.; Schomberg
on the Maritime Laws of Rhodes, p, 60.)
Formerly it was a common practice to ransom British ships when captured by an
enemy, the ransom being made good by general average. But this practice having been
deemed disadvantageous, it was abolished by statute 22 Geo. 3. c. 25., which declares,
" That all contracts and agreements which shall be entered into, and all bills, notes, ami
other securities, which shall be given by any person or persons, for ransom of any ship
or vessel, merchandise, or goods, captured by the subjects of any state at war with his
Majesty, or by any person committing hostilities against his Majesty's subjects, shall l)c
absolutely void in law, and of no effect whatever ;" and a penalty of 500/. is given to the
informer, for every offence against this act.
Average is either general or particular; that is, it either affects all who have any
interest in the ship and cargo, or only some of them. The contributions levied in the
cases mentioned above, come under the first class. But when losses occur from ordinary
wear and tear, or from the perils naturally incident to a voyage, without being vuhmtarilg
encountered, such as the accidental springing of masts, the loss of anchors, &c., or when
any peculiar sacrifice is made for the sake of the ship only, or of the cargo only, these
losses, or this sacrifice, must be borne by the parties not immediately interested, and are
consequently defrayed by a particular average.
There are also some small charges called jietty or nccvstomed averages; it is usual to
charge one thiid of them to the ship and two thirds to the cargo.
No general average ever takes place, except it can be shown that the danger was
K
) \
AVERAGE.
51
of January,
>lal Produce.
£ s. d.
)3,411 () 8
il,ta+ 8 fi
10,957 18 10
33,993
8
OLisr,
lf),9+S
10,4G5
() t)
4 9
5 8
i38,r>t8 16 U
08,0.05
17,8fi7
10,394
9
19 7
3 11
3(i,3l7
12 6
ontribution
n a ship, or
ier that no
I to make a
han others,
erchant are
asts, cables,
servation of
;he rest ; or
Kii court of
n ; in these
ide, or any
r expense is
)rne by the
1, according
ather's loss :
regulations
ice adopted
of maritime
ghtening a
sake of all,
Schomberg
ured by an
having been
ch declares,
notes, and
of any ship
'ar with his
cts, shall ho
jiven to the
o have .any
evied in the
jin ordinary
T vuluntdrihj
c, or when
only, these
ted, and arc
t is usual to
danger «as
imminent, and that the sacrifice made was hidispenmhle, or supposed to he indiapcnsahle,
by the captain and officers, for the safety of the ship and caryo. 'I'hc captiiin, on coming
on shore, should immediately make his protests ; and he, with some of the crew, siiould
make oath that the goods were thrown overboard, masts or anchors cut away, money
paid, or otlicr loss .sustained, for the preservation of the ship and goods, and of the lives
of these on hoard, and for no other purpo.se. The average, if not settled before, should
then be adjusted, and it should be paid before the cargo is landed ; for the owners of the
ship have a lien on the goods on board, not only for the freight, but also to answer all
averages and contributions that may he due. But though the captain should neglect liis
duty in this respect, the sufferer would not be without a remedy, but might bring an
action either against him or the owners.
The laws of different states, and the opinions of the ablest jurists, vary as to whether
the loss incurred in defending a ship against an enemy or pirate, and in the treatment of
the wounded officers and men, should be made good by general or particuJar average.
The Ordinance of the Hanse Towns (art. 35.), the Ordinance of 1681 (liv. iii. tit. 7.
§ 6.), and the Code de Commerce (art. 400. § 6.), explicitly declare that the charges on
account of medicine, and for attendance upon the officers and seamen wounded in
defending the ship, shall be general average. A regulation of this sort seems to be
founded on reason. But other codes are silent on the subject ; and though the contrary
opinion had l)ecn advanced by Mr. Serjeant Marshall, and by Mr. Justice Park in the
earlier editions of his work, the Court of Common Pleas has unanimously decided, that
in England neither the damage done to a shij), nor the ammunition expended, nor the
expense of healing .sailors wounded in an action with an enemy or ])irate, is a subject of
general average. — (Abbott on the Law of Shipping, part iii. cap. 8.)
IMuch doubt has been entertained, whether expenses incurred by a ship in an inter-
mediate port in which she has taken refuge, should be general average, or fall only on
the ship. But on principle, at least, it is clear, that if the retreat of the ship to port be
made in order to obviate the danger of foundering, or some other great and imminent
calamity, the expenses incurred in entering it, and during the time she is forced by stress
of weather, or adverse winds, to continue in it, ought to belong to general average.
But if the retreat of the sliip to port be made in order to repair an injury occasioned by
the unskilfulness of the master, or in consequence of any defect in her outfit, sucli, for
example, as deficiencies of water, provisions, sails, &c., with which she ought to have been
sufficiently supi)lied before setting out, the expenses should fall wholly on the owners.
When a ship (supposed to be seaworthy) is forced to take refuge in an intermediate
port, because of a loss occasioned by a peril of the sea, as the s^iringing of a mast, &c.,
then, as the accident is not ascribable to any fault of the master or owners, and the re-
treat to port is indispen.sable for the safety of the ship and cargo, it would .seem that any
extraordinary expense incurred in entering it should be made good by general average.
Supposing, however, that it could be shown, that the ship was not, at her c itset,
seaworthy, or in a condition to withstand the perils of the sea; that the i.iust, for
example, which has sprung, had been previously damaged; or supposing that the
mischief had been occasioned by the incapacity of the master ; the whole blame would, in
such a case, be ascribable to the owners, who, besides defraying every expense, should be
liable in damages to tlie freighters for the delay that would necessarily take place in
completing the voyage, and for whatever damage might be done to the cargo.
These, however, are merely the conclusions to which, as it appears to us, those must
come who look only to principles. The law with respect to the points referred to,
differs in different countries, and has differed in this country at different periods. « A
doubt," says Lord Tenterden, " was formerly entertained as to the expenses of a ship in
a port in which she had taken refuge, to repair the damage occasioned by a tempest ;
but this has been removed by late decisions. And it has been held, that the wages and
provisions of the crew during such a period must fall upon the ship alone. But if a ship
sliould necessarily go into an intermediate port for the jiurpo.se only of repairing such a
damage as is in itself a jjroper object of general contribution, possibly the wages, &c.
during the period of such detention, may also be held to be general average, on the
ground that the accessory should follow the nature of its principal." — (Law of Shipping,
part iii. cap. 8.)
Perhaps the reader who reflects on the vagueness of this passage will be disposed
to concur with Lord Tenterden's remark in another part of the same chapter, " That
the determinations t f the English courts of justice furnish less of authority on this
subject (average) than on any other branch of maritime law."
The question, whether the repairs which a ship undergoes that is forced to put into an
intermediate port ought to be general or particular average, has occasioned a great
diversity of opinion ; but the principles that ought to regulate our decision with respect
to it seem pretty obvious. Injuries voluntarily done to the ship, as cutting away mnsls,
yards, &c. to avert some impending danger, are universally admitted to be general
E 2
w.
nmm
mm
mmtmrnimm
mm
52
AVERAGE.
t
«,»
!
nvL'iagc. It seems, however, liiinlly less clear, and is, indeed, expressly laid down by all
the >;reat authorities, that injuries done to tlie shij) hy the violeiiee of tlie winds or tiic
w.ives should l)e particular uverajje, or should fall wholly on the owners. The ship, to
use the adniirai>le illustration of this principle ^iven in the civil law, is like the t(M>l or
instrument of a workman in his trade.' If in doin^ his work he break his hammer, his
unvil, or any other instrument, he can claim no satisfaction for this from his employer. —
(I)i<f. lih. xiv. tit. 2. § 2.) The owners are hound, both by the usual conditions in
all chartcrparties, and at common law, to carry the carf^o to its destination ; and they
must consequently be bound, in the event of the ship sustaininf? any accidental or
natural damage during the voyiige, cither to repair that damage at their own expense, or
to provide another vessel to forward the goods. In point of fact, too, such subsidiary
ships have often been provided ; hut it has never been pretended that their liire was a
subject of general average, though it is plain it has quite as good a right to be so
considered as the cost of repairing the damage done to the ship hy a peril of the sea.
Hence, when a ship puts into an intermediate port for the common safety, the charges
incurred in entering the port, and doirn to the. enrUent time tkat the tciml iind weather
become fiivournhle for leaving it, ought to be general average ; but the re])air of any
damage she may have sustained by wear and tear, or by the mere violence of the storm,
or an accidental peril, and the wages of the crew, and other expenses incurred after the
weather has moderated, should fall wholly on the owners.
It has been, however, within these few years, decided, in the case of a British ship
that had been obliged to put into port in consequence of an injury resulting from her
accidentally coming into collision with another, that so much of the repair she then
underwent as was nbsoluteli/ nece»aary to enable her to perform her voyaije should be
general average. The Judges, however, spoke rather doubtfully on the subject ; and it
is exceedingly difficult to discover any good grounds for the judgment. — (Plummer and
Another t>. Wildman, 3 M. ^ S. 482.) — It seeras directly opposed to all principle, as
well as to the authority of the laws of Rhodes (^Dig, 14. tit. 2.), of Oleron (art. 9.), of
Wisby (art. 1 '2. ), and to the common law with respect to freight. Lord Tenterden has
expressed himself as if be were hostile to the judgment. It is, indeed, at variance with
all the doctrines he lays down ; and the terms in which he alludes to it, " yet in one
case," appear to hold it forth as an exception (which it certainly is) to the course of
decisions on the subject.
It is now usual in this country, when a vessel puts into port on account of a damage
belonging to particular average, which requires to be repaired before she can safely
proceed on her voyage, to allow in general average the ex])ense of entering the port and
unloading, to charge the owners of the goods or their luiderwriters with the warehouse
rent and expenses attending the cargo, and to throw the expense of reloading and
departure on the freight.
According to the law of England, when a ship is injured by coming into collision
with or running fo)d of another, if the misfortune has been accidental, and no blame can
be ascribed to either party, the owners of the damaged ship have to bear the loss ; but
where blame t n be fairly imputed to one of the parties, it, of course, falls upon him to
make good the damage done to the other. The regulations in the Code de Commerce
(art. 407.) harmonise, in this respect, with our own. According, however, to the laws
of Oleron and Wisby, and the famous French ordinance of 1681, the damage occasioned
by an accidental collision is to be defrayed equally by both parties.
The ship and freight, and every thing on board, even jewels, plate, and money, except
wearing apparel, contribute to general average. But the wages of seamen do not con-
tribute; because, had they been laid under this obligation, they might have been
temiitod to oppose a sacrifice necessary for the general safety.
Different states have adopted different modes of valuing the articles which are to
contribute to an average. In this respect the law of England has varied considerably at
iliftierent periods. At present, however, the ship is valued at the price she is worth on
her arrival at the port of delivery. The value of the freight is held to be the clear sum
which the ship has earned after seamen's wages, pilotage, and all such other charges as
come under the name of petty averages, are deducted. It is now the settled practice to
value the goods lost, as well as those saved, at the price they woidd have fetched in ready
money, <tt the port of delivery, on the ship's arrival there, freight, duties, and other
charges, being deducted. Each person's share of the loss will bear the same proportion
to tlie value of his property, that the whole loss bears to the aggregate value of the ship,
freight, and cargo. The necessity of taking the goods lost into this account is obvious ;
for otherwise their owner would be the only'person who would not he a loser.
When the loss of masts, cables, and other furniture of the ship, is comi)ensated by
general average, it is usual, as the new articles will, in all ordinary cases, be of greater
value than those that have been lost, to deduct one third from the value of the former,
liviving two thirds only to be contribiitcd.
AVERAGE.
09
\vn l)y oil
(Is «>r tlic
e ship, to
he t(M>l or
miner, liis
iployer. —
iditions in
and tlioy
idental ur
xpeiisc, or
subsidiary
lire wiis a
t to l)i; so
(f tho soa.
ic charges
((/ weather
air of any
the storm,
d after tlic
iritish ship
T from her
r she then
shouhl be
ect ; and it
immer and
rinciple, as
art. 9.). oH
iterden has
riance with
" yet in one
e course of
f a damage
can safely
le port and
warehoi'.se
)ading and
^o collision
blame can
loss; but
ton him to
Commerce
to the 1.1WS
I occasioned
^cy, except
|) not con-
bave been
ich arc to
|derably at
, worth on
Iclcar sum
pharges as
practice to
in ready
and other
|)roportion
' the ship,
obvious ;
Insatcd by
T[)f greater
K' former,
Dut the mode of utljustiiig an average will l)u better underKtoud by the following
example, extracted from C'liief Justice Tenterden's vuluublu work on the Litw of Shijijiini/,
part iii. cap. K.
" The reader will suppose that it became necess«iry, in the Downs, to cut the cable of
a ship destined for Hull; that the ship afterwards struck upon the Goodwin, whidi
compelled the master to cut away his mast, and cast overboard part of the cargo, in wliiih
o|)eration another part was iiijiu'ed ; and that the ship, being cleared from the sand>|
was forced to take refuge in llanisgate harbour, to avoid the further effects of the storm.
AMOUNT UF LOSSEa
VALUB UP AHTICLUS TO tONTHIHUTl
£
£
(Ji)oils of A. ciist overboard
.OIM)
(ioods of A. east overboard
.000
DainiiKf of the ){ooii.s of U. by tho jettison
'^(X)
Sound value of the goods uf 11., deduct-
KreiKht of the goods cast ovoihoard
100
ing freight uiid charges
l.tMK)
I'rice of u iiiw cable, anchor, and 1
Goods of l". - . . •
.0(10
mast . - jf.i(»lS-
£(X)
of 1). . . .
52,0(10
Deduct one third - limj
of K -
.O.iHK)
KxjU'nsi' of bringing thr ship oil" the sands
50
Value of the ship ...
i,0(K)
filiitagL' and (lort duties going into the
Clear freight, UeUuutiii|{ wages, victiiuls,
harlionr and out, and coniniission to the
«£C. . . • - .
8(10
agont wild made tlie disbursements
100
Expenses there . ...
a">
Adjusting this average
\
Postage .....
Total of losses - • £
1
Total of contributory values . £
1,1H0
11,W)0
Then, 11,800/. : 1,180/. : : 100/. : 10/.
" That is, each person will lose 10 per cent. u|)on the value of his interest in the cargo, ship, or freight.
Therefore, A. loses 00/., H. !(«)/., C. .0(1/., U. 200/., K. .000/., the owners L'80/. ; in all, 1,180/. Upon this
calculation, the owners are to lose Si80/. ; but they are to receive IVom the contribution ,i80/., to make
good their disbursements, and lOU/. more fur the freight of the goods thrown overboard ; or 480/.,
minus '.^80/.
They, therefort>, are .ictually to receive . - . . ' £ 200
A. is to contrib((le .00/., but has lost .000/. ; therefore A. is to receive ... 4.0O
U. is to contribute lUO/., but has lost 200/. ; tliereforc U. Is to receive ... loo
Total to be actually received - • £ 700
On the other hand, C, D., and E. have lost nothing, and arc to pay as before; viz.
Total to be actually paid . • £ 70U
:c. £M
200
500
fC. £ti
■JD. 20
tE. SO
which is exactly equal to the total to be actually received, and must be paid by and to each person in
rateable proportion.
" In the above estimate of losses, I have included the freight of the goods thrown
overboard, which appears to be proper, as the freight of the goods is to be paid, and
their supposed value is taken clear offreight, as well as other charges. In this country,
where tlie jnactice of insurance is very general, it is usual for the broker, who has pro-
cured the policy of insurance, to draw up an adjustment of the average, which is com-
monly paid -"n the first instance by the insurers without dispute. In ca.se of dispute,
the contribution may be recovered cither by a suit in equity, or by an action at law,
instituted by each iiulividual entitled to receive, .against each party that ought to pay, for
the amount of his share. And in the case of a general ship, where there are many con-
signees, it is usual for the master, before he delivers the goods, to take a bond from the
difrerent merchants for payment of their portions of the average when the same shall be
adjusted."
The subject of average does not necessarily make a part of the law of insurance ;
thougl, IS insurers, from the terms of most policies, are liable to indemnify the insured
against .iiose contributions which are properly denominated general average, its con-
sideration very frequently occurs in tjuestions as to partial losses. But in order to
conline assmances to that which should be their only object, namely, an indemnity
against real and important losses arising from a peril of the sen, as well as to obviate
disi)utcs respecting losses arising from the perishable ciuality of the goods insured, and
all trivial subjects of difference and litigation, it seems to l)c the general law of all
maritime states, and is expressly, indeed, provided by the famous Ordinance of 1G81 (see
liv. iii. tit. G. § 47., and the elaborate connnentary of M. Valin), that the insurer shall
not be liable to any demand on account of average, unless it exceed one per cent. An
article (No. 408.) to the .same effect is inserted in the Code tie Cowmeree ; and, by sti-
jjulation, this limitation is frequently extended in French policies to t/iree or four per
cent. A similar practice was adopted in this country in 1749. It is now c(jnstantly
stipulated in all jiolicies, that upon certain enumerated articles of a quality peculiarly
l)erishal)le, the insurer shall not be liable for any partial loss whatever ; that upon certain
others liable to partiid injuries, but less diHicuIt to be preserved at sea, he ^hall only be
liable for partial losses above ^fire per cent, ; and that as to all other goods, and also the
1 ■ V
. i
■ ','
It :<
M
AVOIRDUPOIS. — DAOOAGE.
ship and fn-ij^lit, liu kIiuII only ho liiil)k> for pnrliitl Unwn above three per cent. Tin's
Klipiiliitioii is inadi' ity ii inoinonnulnni insi-rtod ut thu bottom of ail poh'cii's dunu nt
Lloyd's, of the followiii}; tcnoiir : — " N. H. Corn, fish, suit, fruit, flour, uiui seeds, are
warranted free from averaj^e, indess general, or the ship be stranded ; sugar, tobacco,
hemp, flax, hides, and skins, are warranted free from average under 51, percent. ; and all
other goods free from average under 3/. per cent., unless general, or the ship he stranded."
The form «)i' this memorandum wius universiilly used, as well by the lloyal Exchange
ar)d London Assurance Companies as by private underwriters, till 1754, when it was
tiecided that a shij) having run aground, was a stranded ship within the meaning of the
memorandum ; and that although she got oil* again, the underwriters were liable to the
average or partial loss upon damaged corn. This decision induced the two Companies
to strike the words •• or the ship he strnndvil" out of the memorandum ; so that now
they consider themselves liable to no losses which can ha|)pen to such commodities,
cxce]it general averages and total h)sses. The old form is still retained by the privntu
underwriters. — (See SruANOiNo.)
The reader is referred, for the further discussion of this important subject, to tlio
article Mauine Insurance; and to Mr. Steveim's Essaij on. Average ; Abbott on the Law
of Shippimj, part iii. cap. H. ; Marshall on Insurance, book i. cap. 12. s. 7.; I'ark on
Jnnuranee, caj). 7. ; and Mr. licneche's elaborate and able work on the Principles of
Inilemnili/ in Murine Insurance..
AVOIllUUrOIS, a weight used in determining the gravity of bulky commoilities.
See Weiohts and Measuues.
B.
r .1
(I
BACON (Ger. Speck; Du. Spck ; Fr. Lard; It. Span, and Port. Lardo; Rus.
Solo; Lat. Lnrdum) is made from the sides and belly of the pig, which arc first
thoroughly imjjregnated with salt; then suffered to renmin for a certain period in brine;
and, lastly, dried and smoked. The counties of England most celebrated for bacon are
York, Hants, Berks, and Wilts. Ireland produces great quantities of bacon ; but it is
neither so clean fed, nor so well cured, as the English, and is much lower priced.
Of the Scotch counties, Dumfries, Wigtown, and Kirkcudbright are celebrated for
the excellence of their bacon and hams, of which they now export large quantities,
principally to the Liverpool and London markets.
The imports of bacon and hams from Ireland have increased rapidly of Inte years.
Tlie average quantity imported during the three years ending the 25th of March, 1800,
only amounted to 41,948 cwt. ; whereas during the three years ending with 1820, the
average imports amounted to 204,380 cwt. ; and during the three years ending with 1825,
they had increased to 338,218 cwt. In 1825, the trade between Ireland and Great
Britain was placed on the footing of a coasting trade ; and bacon and hams are imported
and exported without any specific entry at the Custom-house. We belicv?, however,
that the imports of these articles into Great Britain from Ireland amount, at present, to
little less tlian 500,000 cwt. a year. The quantity of bacon and haras exported from
Ireland to foreign countries is inconsiderable ; not exceeding 1,500 or 2,000 cwt. a year.
The duty on bacon, being 28s. the cwt. is in effect prohibitory. The duty on hams
is the same as on bacon. By the 7 Geo. 4. c. 48. bacon is not to be entered to be
warehoused except for exportation only ; and if it be so warehoused, it cannot be taken
out for home use.
BAGGAGE, in commercial navigation, the wearing apparel and other articles
destined for the sole use or accommodation of the crews and i)assengcrs of ships. The
following are the Custom-house regulations with respect to baggage : —
Baggage and apparel accompanied by the proprietor, worn and in use (not made up fur tlic purpose of
being introduced into this country), exempte<l from all duty on importation.
Articles in baggage subject to duty or prohibited may be left in custody of the officers of customs for
a ]>eriod of six months, to give the party an opportunity of paying the duty or taking tlicm buck.
— {Customs Order, August 6. 1822.)
If unaccompanied by proprietor, proof must be made by the party that it is as aforesaid, and not im-
ported as mcrcliaiidisc, otherwise it is subject to a duty of 20 per cent.
If not cleared at the expiration of six months from tlie date of landing, it is liable to be sold for duty
and charges, the residue (if any) to be paid to the right owner on proof being adducod to the satisfaction
of the honourable Board.
One fowling-piece and one pair of pistols accompanying the party, bondfide in use, free per Customs
Order, July .5. 1825.
Spirits, being the remains of pas.^engers' stores may be admitted to entry. ^ (6 Geo. 4. c. 107. h 107.)
One pint of drinkable spirits of whatever strength, or half a pint of cordial or Cologne water, in baggage
for private use — free. — {Treasury Order, October 20. 1820.)
Carriages of British manufacture, in use^free {Treasury Order, September 26. 1817.)
Glass, in dressing or medicine cases, of British manufacture, free upon proof that no drawback has
been tecc\v&\.— {Treasury Order, Decembers. 1821.) — .Xyren's Tables.)
English Books reprinted abroad. — Not more than a si/ii^'e copy of each work is allowed to be imported
in a p.issenger's baggage, and tor the private use of the party himself. — (Cu.itoms Order, 29th of
June, 1830.) —Such works arc absolutely prohibited to be imported as merchandise. — (See Books.)
■f
1 '
BAHIy*.
SS
820, the
th 1825,
ind Great
imported
however,
esent, to
rtcd from
,1 year.
on liams
red to be
be taken
I purpose of
customs for
them buck.
and not im-
old for duty
satisfaction
Pattfnfert iffnt/ing having Forrign Ouodt in their Potsf is/on. — Tlic following claunc In the art 9 A 4
Will. 4. c. .W. has rtfcri'iiri' to this nulijoi't : — " If any luiici-nKPT or tilhtT |K.Tion, on Iniard any vtiicl or
boat, ahall, upon licinK tiui'Htioiicd hy any ruatomi otHcor, whcthi-r tie or alio has any fon-JKn Koodi u|K)n
Ilia or her pcr.Hon, or In hia or hrr posii-aaion, deny the aamc, and any audi KO<Hla ahull, alter auch denial,
tie diai'Ovi'rril upon Ilia or her pcraoii, or In hia or her |M)8iciwlon, luch Kooda shall be forfeited, and audi
peraoii ahnll forfeit treble the value of audi jjooda."— 4 37.
13A1IIA, OB ST. SALVADOR, n large city (formerly tlic capital) of Brazil, con.
tigiioiis to Cajie St. Antonio, which forms the right or eastern side of the entrance of
the noble hay of Todos os Stmtos, or All-Saints. According to the ob.servation.s of
M. Kous.sin, the light-house on the Cape is in lat. 15° cVriO" S., long. 38° .10' \V. The
opposite side of the entrance to the bay is formed by the island of Taporica, distant from
( iij)e St. Antonio about 2A leagues. Hut a bank along the shore of the island narrows the
passage for large ships to about two thirds this distance. Another bank nn)s S.S.VV.
from ("ape St. Antonio about Ih league. Within, the bay expands into n capacious
basin, having several islands and harbours, the depth of water varying from 8 and 10 to 40
iiithoms, aflbrding aitiple accommodation and secure anchorage for the largest fleets.
Plan. — The subjoined wood-cut conveys a rlcarcr and l)cttcr Idea of this celebrated bay than could 1)0
acquired from any deiicrijition. It Is copied, without any reduction, from a rcviaetl edition of a Portuguese
(hurt, published by Mr. Laurie ( and exhibits the banks, aoundlnxs, niu'horagc, &c.
awback has
Kil
'it^(^Zi^'''V'^''^^-''"~J''S,^^'^^^*-^"^^^' ""'' '■'"■' "<■ St. Antonio; B. Fort do Mar; C. Fort
Han a;X'e?«S:'r fathom'""'"' IM^'a ^os Frados , G. Fort Beaumont. The figurce in ,),.
E 1
V
I r
I ^l;
i
fcl
I'll
1
.,1
'
'i
i-
: ii 1 ■
1 (
- ii
'I '?
I '. .!
i
I
^:r
U f
*-r!
56
BALACHONG. — BALANCE.
There is another entranee to the l)ay, j)artly oxhibitetl in the above plan, on the
west side of the island of 'I'aporica ; l)ut it is narrow, intricate, and at its mouth lias
not more than 6 feet water. Several rivers have their emhoiichure in the hay, wliieh
generally occasions a current to set from the north end of tlie island by Cape St.
Antonio; when the rivers are flooded, this current is sometimes very strong;. The
light-house at the extremity of the cape lias no great elevation, and cannot be seen at
a distance of more than 3 or .li- leagues. The usual place of anchorage is abreast of the
city, north and south of Fort do IVIar.
The city is partly built on the beach, but principally on pretty high ground im-
mediately contiguous. The public buildings, particularly the churches, are numerous,
and some of them magnificent ; but the streets are narrow, ill paved, and fdtiiy. Popu-
lation, ly.'j.CXW. The city is defended by several ports, but none of them are of very
great strength.
The trade of Baliia is very considerable ; and will no doubt continue to increase. 'l"hc
average exports amount, at present, to about 'l.'JjOOO chests (l;j cwt. each) of sugar;
3.'),(XX) bags (170 lbs. each) of cotton; 4,CXK) tons of coil'ee, with hides, tobacc >, rice,
dye and fuiey wiods, bullion, &c. The imports are similar to those of Uio lie .laiieiro,
to which the reader is referred for some account of the commerce of lirazil, witii jjarti-
culars as to duties, charges, &c. There are several private building yards at Tapagi))pe,
in which ships of all dimensions are built; they are handsome, well modelled, and tiie
timber very suitable for the purpose.
Monies, }t'eii;/ifs, and Measures of Brazil s.-ime .is those of Portugal ; for wliirh, fcc Ijshon. The
tilqiikre, or measure for corn, rice, \.-. ilillurs in dinbront provinces, boiuf; in some I'ii bushel Winch,
ineas., and in others 1 only. At Bahin it is estimated at 1. Wine and olive oil pay duly on hcing
imi>orted by the pipe, hogshead, or barrel : they are retailed by the frasco or case l)ottle =+'.") pints
Knglish wine measure. In 1H'J8, li.'2 llritish ships, carrying 1.'.'>,1()() tons, entered Uahia. — '•^Annuturc
till Cotiiiiiercc Maritime for 1833, p. .083. ; and private information.)
BALACHONG, an article consisting of jxiunded or bruiseil (isli. Small fisii, with
prawns and shrimps, are principally employed in making it. Tliough fa'tid and offensive
to strangers, this substance, used aj, a condiment to rice, is largely consumed in all tiie
countries to the east of Bengal, including the southern provinces of China, and the
islands of the Ea.steru Archipelago. Its distribution gives rise to an extensive internal
traffic.
BALANCE, in accounts, is the term used to express the difference l)etween the
debtor and creditor sides of an account.
BALANCl , iu commerce, is the term commonly used to express the dilTerencc
between the value of the exports from and imports into a country. The balance is said
to be favourable when the value of the exports exceeds that of the imports, and unfavour-
able when the value of the imjiorts exceeds that of the exjiorts. According to the
Custom-house returns, the official value of the exports from Great Britain, exclusive of
foreign and commercial merchandise, during the year ending 5th of January, lS!i,3,
amounted to 64,582,037/. ; and the official value of the imports during the same year
amounted to 43,237,416/. ; leaving a favourable balance of 21,344,021/.
The attainment of a favourable balance was formerly regarded as an object of the
greatest importance. The precious metals early acquired, in consequence of their being
used as money, an artificial importance, and were long considered as the only real wealth
cither individuals or nations could possess. And as countries without mines could not
obtain supplies of these metals except in exchange for exported products, it was concluded,
that if the value of the commodities exported exceeded that of those imported, the balance
would have to be paid by the importation of an ecjuivalent amount of the precious metals ;
and conversely. A very large proportion of the restraints imposed on the freedcnn of
commerce, during the hist two centuries, grew out of this notion. 'J'he imiiortance of
having a favourable balance being universally athnitted, every effort was made to attain
it; and nothing seemed so effectual for this purpose as the devising of schemes to
facilitate exportation, and to hinder the importation of almost all products, excejit gold
and silver, that were not intended ti)r future exportation. But the gradual tliough slow
growth c.f sounder opinions with resi)ect to the nature and functions of money, showed
tiie futility of a system of policy having such objects in view. It is now conceded on ail
hands tliat gold and silver are notliing but coniniodilies ; and that it is in no respect
necessary to interfere either to encourage tiieir importation, or to prevent their export-
ation. Ill Great Britain they may be freely exported and imported, whether in the shape
of i-oin or bullion. — (See Coin.)
The triiti) is, Iiowever, tiiat the theory of the balance of trade is not erroneous merely
from tlie false notions whicli its advocates entertained witli respect to money ; it proceeds
on radicaiiy mistalieii views as to tiie iiatuve of commerce. The mode in wliich tiie
balance is usually estimated is, indeed, completely fallacious. Supposing, iiowever, tiiat
it could be correctly ascertained, it would be found, in opposition to the eomnion opinion,
that tiie imports into every eomineieial country generally exceed the exports; and tliat
%M..i
BALANCE.
57
when a balance is formed, it is only in certain cases^ anil those ol' rare occurrence, that it
is cancelled by a bullion jjayment.
1. The proper business of the wholesale Tuercliaiit consists in carryiiifi; the various
i)ro<lncts of the (liHereut countries oftliL- world, IVoni llie places where their value is lerst
to those where it is greatest; or, whicli is the same thing, in distril.uliiig them according
to the cH'ective demand. It is clear, however, that tliere coultl be no motive to export
any sjjecies of produce, unless ''v. which it was intended to import in its stead were of
greater value. When an Kngll.ih mer"hant commissions a (juantity of I'olish wheat, he
calcidates on its selling for so nnich more than its jjrice in rolaiul, as will Ir- sulliciei.t
to pay the expense of freight, insurance, &c., and to yield, besides, the connnou and
ordinary rate of profit on the capital eni))loyed. If the wheat did not sell for this much,
its importation would obviously be a h)ss to the importer. It is plain, thin, that no
merchant ever did or ever will ex))ort, but in the view of imixiitiug s(nnetidiig more
valuable in return. Ami so far from an excess of exjjorts over imports being any
criterion of an advantageous connnerce, it is directly the reverse; and the truth is, not-
withstanding all that has I)een said and written to the contrary, that unless the value of
the imports exceeded that of the exjjorts, ji)reign trade could not l)e carried on. Were
this not the case — that is, were the value of the exjiorts always greater than the value
of the imixirts — mcrdianls would lose on every transaction with foreigners^ and the
trade with them would be speedily abandoned.
In England, the rates at which all articles of export and import are oihcially valued
were fixed so far b.ick as UiiJd'. l!ut the \ery grei'f alteration that has since taken place,
not oidy in the value of money, but also in the cort of most ]y,irt of the eonunodilies
l)roduec(l in this and otlier countries, has rendeied this ollicial valuation, though valuable
.IS a means of (!etern)ining their (juantity, of no use whatever as a criterion of tlie true
value of the exports and imports. In order to remedy this defect, .an account of the niil
or ilithiml value of the exports is amuially ])rei)ared, from the dcclaratii.'ue of the
meiclianis, and laid before parli.unent : there is, however, no such account of the imiiorts ;
.and, owing to the didiculties which high duties throw in the w;iy, it is, ])erhaps, imi)ossil)le
lo fr.une one with any thing like iiccuracy. It has also been alleged, and apparently with
someiirohability, that mercliants have not imfrecpienfly been in the habit of exaggerating
the value of articles entitled to drawbacks on ex|)ortation ; but the recent extension and
imin-ovement of the warehousing system, and the diminution of the innnher of drawbacks,
nuist materially lessen whatever fraud or inaccuracy may have arisen from this source,
liuleed, as most articles are charged with :m <i<l vdloirm duty of 10*-. jier cent, on export-
ation, we should consider that, if anything, their value would be rather imder than over-
rated. We believe, however, that their dechi'-ed value conies very near the tnitli ; at least,
sufhciently so for all practical purjioses.
Now tile declared value of the exports in 183'2 was only 3f;,046,0'i7/., l>eing little
more than half their official value, and ujjwards of 7,000,000/. under the ofhcJal
value of the imports. M'hat the cxces-us of the latter might be, had we the jueaiis of
comparing their real value with that of the exjiorts, it is imjiossible to say : l)ut there can
be no manner of doubt, that, gener.ally speaking, it would he very considerable. The
value of an exjiorted connnodity is estimated at the moment of its l)eing sent abroad, and
hcfoir its value is increased by the ex))ense incurred in transporting it to the |)lace of its
destination ; whereas the value of the connnodity imported in its stead is estimated afhr
it has arrived at its destination, and, conscfpiently, after its value lias been enhanced Iiy
the cost of freight, insurance, imiiorter's jirofits, &c.
In the I'nited .States, the value of the imjiorts, as ascertained by the I'listom-lunise
returns, always exceeds the value of the exports. And although our practical politicians
have been in the habit of considering tiie excess of the former as a certain jiroof of a
disadvantageous commerce, " it is nevertheless true," says l\Ir. I'itkin, " that the real
gain of the United States has hrcii iiearli/ in proportion iis ilicir imports Ikivv eacvcihil t/iiir
c.vjiorts.'" — (Commvrci: of tfic Viiitvd Slafi's, 'Jd ed. ]). 280.) The great excess of
American iinjiorts has in p.irt been occasioned by the Americans generally exjiorting
their own Mir|)lus produce, and, conse((uently, receiving from foreigners not only an
etpiivalent for their exports, but also for the cost of conveying them to the foreign
market. " In ISII," says the author just fjuofed, "flour sold in America for nine,
ilollors and ii half \w\- barrel, and in Sjiain for _////(•(•» r' 'llnra. The value of the cargo of
a vessel carrying ."jjOOO !)arre!s of ihuir wcnild, therefore, be estimated at the iieriod of its
exportation at 47,500 dollars; but as tliis flour would sell, when carried lo .Spain, for
T.^CXX) dollars, the .American inercliant would he entitled to draw on his ager.t in Spain
for 'J7, 500 dollars more than the Hour cost in America; or than the sum for which he
could have <lrawn, had the flour been exported in a vessel lielongiiig to a .Spanish
merchant. Hut the transaction would not end here. The 7.:,00() dollars would be
vested in some sjiecies of Sjianisli or other European goods fit for the American market ;
mIu! the freight, insurance, i^c, on account of the return cargo, wtuld probably iiicieaM;
.11
\r ^
58
BALANCE.
H
i ■'
its value to 100,000 dollars ; so that, in all, tlio American merchant might have imported
goods worth 5'2,500 dollars more tlian the flour originally sent to Spain." It is as
impossible to deny that such a transaction as this is advantageous, as it is to deny that its
advantage consists entirely in the excess of the value of the goods imported over the value
of those exported. And it is equally clear that America might have had the real balance
of payments in her favour, though such transactions as the above liad been multiplied to
any conceivable extent.
II. In the second place, when a balance is due by one country to another, it is but
scldcmi that it is paid by remitting bullion from the debtor to l..c creditor country. If
the sum due by the British merchants to those of Holland be greater than the sum due
by the latter to them, the balance of payments will be against Britain ; but this balance
will not, and indeed cannot, be discharged by an exportation of bullion, unless hullion he,
at the time, the cheapest exportable commodity ; or, which is the same thing, unless it may
he more adraiitageoudy exported than any thing else. To illustrate this principle, let us
sut.'])ose that the balance of debt, or the excess of the value of the bills drawn by the
merchants of Amsterdam on London over those drawn by the merchants of London on
Amsterdam, amounts to 100,000/.: it is the business of the London merchants to find
out the means of discharging this debt with tlie least expense ; and it is plain, that if
they find tliat any less sum, as 96,000/., 97,000/., or 99,900/., will purchase and send to
Holland as much clotli, cotton, hardware, colonial produce, or any other commodity, as
would sell in Amsterdam for 100,000/., no gold or silver would be exported. The laws
whicli regulate the trade in bullion are not in any degree diflfcrent from those which
regulate the trade in other commodities. It is exported only when its exportation is
advantageous, or when it is more valuiible abroad than at home. It would, in fact, be
qiute as reasonable to expect that water should flow from a low to a high level, as it is to
expect that bullion should leave a country where its value is great, to go to one where it
is low ! It is ne-'er sent abroad to destroy but always to find its level. The balance of
payments might be ten or a hundred millions against a particular country, without
causing the exportation of a single ounce of bullion. Common sense tells us that no
merchant will remit 100?. worth of bullion to discharge a debt in a foreign country,
if it be possible to invest any smaller sum in any species of merchandise which would sell
abroad for 1 00/. exclusive of expenses. The merchant who deals in the precious metals
is as much under the influence of self-interest, as he who deals in coffee or indigo ; but
wliat merchant would attempt to extinguish a debt, by exporting coffee which cost 100/.,
if he could effect his object by sending abroad indigo which cost only 99/. ?
The argument about tlie balance of payment is one of those that contradict and con-
fute themselves. Had the apparent excess of exports over imports, as indicated by the
British Custom-house books for the last hundred years, been always paid in bullion, as
the supporters of the old theory contend is the case, there ought at this moment to be
about 450,000,000 or 500.000,000 of bullion in the country, instead of 50,000,000 or
60,000,000, wliich it is supposed to amount to ! Nor is this all. If the theory of the
balance be good for any thing — if it be not a mere idle delusion — it follows, as every
country in the world, with the single exception of the United States, has its favourable
balance, that they must be paid by an annual importation of bullion from the mines
corresponding to their aggregate amount. But it is certain, that the entire produce of
the mines, though it were increased in a tenfold proportion, would be insufficient for this
purpose ! This reduetio ad ubsurdum is decisive of the degree of credit that ought to
be attached to the conclusions respecting the flourishing state of the commerce of any
country drawn from the excess of the exports over the imports !
Not only, therefore, is the common theory with respect to the balance of trade erro-
neous, but the very reverse of that theory is true. In the first pliice, the value of the
commodities imported by every country which carries on an advantageous commerce
(and no other will be prosecuted for any considerable period), invariably exceeds the value
of those which she exports. Unless such were the case, there would plainly be no fund
whence the merchants and others engaged in foreign trade could derive cither a profit
on their capital, or a return for their outlay and trouble ; and in the second place, whether
the balance of debt be for or against a country, that balance will neither be paid nor
received ii. bullion, unless it be at the time the commodity by the exportation or im-
p >rtation of which the account may be most jnofitably settled. Whatever the partisans
of the doctrine as to the balance may say about money being a preferable product, a
march indise par excellence, it is certain it will never appear in the lift of exports and
imports, while there is any thing else with which to carry on trade, or cancel debts, that
will J iuld a larger profit, or occasion a less expense to the debtors.
It is difficult to estimate the mischief which the absurd notions relative to the balance
of trade have occasioned in almost every commercial country ; — here they have been
particularly injurious. It is principally to the ])rovalence of prejudices to which they
Lave ^iven rise, that the restrictions on the trade between this country and France are to
m
BALE. — BALLAST.
59
tvc imported
." It is as
Icny that its
er the value
real balance
nultiplicd to
er, it is but
ountry. If
he sum due
this balance
IS bullion be,
.iiless it may
eiple, let us
•awn by the
London on
mts to find
ain, that if
and send to
imodity, as
The laws
liose which
lortation is
in fact, be
, as it is to
le whore it
balance of
■y, without
js that no
n country,
would sell
ous metals
idigo; but
cost 100/.,
and con-
ed by the
)ullion, as
lent to be
X5,000 or
iry of the
as every
avourable
he mines
'odiice of
for this
ought to
of any
de erro-
le of the
)mmerce
he value
no fund
a profit
whether
aid nor
or im-
artisans
)duct, a
rts and
Its, that
balance
e been
h they
! are to
be ascribed. The great, or rather the only, argument insisted upon by those who pre-
vailed on the legislature, in the reign of William and Mary, to declare the trade witli
France a nuisance, was founded on the statement that the value of the imports from that
kingdom considerably exceeded the value of the commodities we exported to it. The
balance was regarded as a tribute paid by England to France ; and it was sagaciously
asked, wliat had we done, that we should be obliged to pay so much money to our na-
tural enemy ? It never occurred to those who so loudly abused the Frencli trade, that
no merchant would import any commodity from France, unless it brought a higher
price in this country than the commodity exported to pay it ; and that the profit of the
merchant, or the national gain, would be in exact proportion to this excess of price.
'I'lie very reason assigned hy these persons for prohibiting the trade affords the best
attainable proof of its having been a lucrative one ; nor can there be any doidit that an
unrestricted freedom of intercourse between the two countries would still be of the
greatest service to both.
BALE, a pack, or certain quantity of goods or merchandise ; as a bale of silk,
cloth, &c.
Bales are always marked and numbered, that the merchants to whom they belong
may know them ; and the marks and r.umbers correspond to those in the bills of lading,
■■'M 8ic, Selling under the hale, or under the cords, is a term used in France and other
';^' countries for selling goods wholesale, without sample or pattern, and unopened.
M-M UALKS, large pieces of timber.
I5ALLAST (l)u. Ballast; ¥r. Lest; Ger. Ballast; It. Savorra; Sp. Lastre ; Sw.
Ballast), a quantity of iron, stones, sand, gravel, or any other heavy material, laid in a
ship's liold, in order to sink her deeper in the water, and to render her capable of carry-
ing sail without being overset. All ships clearing outwards, having no goods on board
other than the personal baggage of the passengers, are said to be in ballast.
The quantity of ballast required to fit ships of equal burden for a voyage, is often materially diflffcrcnt ;
the |>ro|)orti(iii l)cinf; always less or more, according to the sharpness or flatness of the ship's bottom,
called, by seamen, the Jloor.
The proper ballasting of a ship deserves peculiar attention, for, although it bo known that ships in
general will not carry sutficient sail, till they are laden so thatr the surface of the water nearly glances on
the extreme breadth midships, more than this general knowledge is required. If the ship have a great
weight of heavy ballast, as lead, iron, &c., in the bottom, the centre of gravity will be too low in the hold ;
this no doi^ht will enable her to carry a press of sail, but it will, at the same time, make her sail heavily,
and roll so violently, as to run the risk of being dismasted.
The object in ballasting a ship is. therefore, so to dispose of the ballast or cargo, that slje may be duly
poised, and maintain a projier equilibrium on the water, so as neither to be too st(ff', nor too crank, qua-
lities equally pernicious. If too stiflT, she may carry much sail, but her velocity will not be proportionally
increased ; whilst her masts arc endangered by sudden jerks and excessive labouring. If too crank, she
will l)e unfit to carry sail without the risk of oversetting.
Stilfhess in balla-sting is occasioned by disposing a too great quantity of heavy ballast, as lead, iron,&c.,
in the bottom, whicli throws the centre of gravity very near the keel ; and this being the centre about
which the vibrations are made, the lower it is placed, the more violent is the rolling.
Crankness, on the other hand, is occasioned by having too little ballast, or by disposing the ship's
lading so as to raise the centre of gravity too high : this also endangers the m.ists when it blows hard j
for when the masts cease to be perpendicular, they strain on the shrouds in the nature of a lever, which
increases as the sine of their obliquity ; am^ it is superfluous to add, that a ship that loses her masts is
in great danger of being lost
Hence the art of ballasting consists in placing the centre of gravity to correspond with the trim and
shape of the vessel, so as to be neither too high nor too low ; neither too far forward, nor too far aft ;
and to lade the ship so deep, that the surface of the water may nearly rise to the extreme breadth mid.
ships : she will then carry a good quantity of sail, incline but Uttle, and ply well to windward. — (See
Falconer's Marfnc Dictionary.)
The mischievous consequences of not attending to the circumstances now mentioned are often experi-
enced by ships loading barilla, brimstone, and such heavy articles, on the coasts of Sicily and Spain. The
habit there is to cut large quantities of brushwood and faggots, and to spread them in the hold, to hinder
the cargo from sinking the centre of gravity too low, and causing the ship to labour violently ; but it very
frequently happens that the pressure of the cargo on this sort of dunnage is so great as to squeeze it into
a much smaller space than could at first have 'ecn supposed ; so that ships after getting to sea ar' :.ome-
times obliged to return to port, to unload a part of their cargo, to prevent their foundering. In such cases
firm dunnage, such as oak staves, should, if possible, be always employed. — (See Jackson's Commerce t\f
Mcililcrrancan, pp. li) — lt'8.)
Ships that have cargoes of light goods on board require a quantity of ballast ; increasing, of course,
according to the greater lightness of the goods. The following table shows the average quantity of ballast
allowed to ships of war : .—
Ballast allowed to the following Ships.
fiuns.
Tonnage.
Iron, Tons.
Sliinglea, Tons,
Guns.
Tonnage.
Iron, Tons.
Shinglis, Tons.
no
2,2<X)
180
370
36
870
65
160
1(10
2,(190
180
370
32
7(K)
65
140
98
2,110
KiO
am
28
(iOO
60
100
90
1,870
KiO
350
24
TAX)
50
80
80
i,(ia)
140
300
22
4.W
SO
70
74
1,700
80
270
20
4(0
50
60
04
1,370
70
2(10
Sloop - .
3(K»
SO
40
M
1,100
fw
170
Brig - .
KiO
a)
15
44
!«K)
(!>;
KiO
Cutter .
^
20
J seldom any.
r>8
9.W
70
170
Sloop - ■
—
15
The iron ballast is first stored fore and aft, from bulk-head to bulk-head; then the shingle ballast ig
spread and levcUctl over the iron.
fl '
:.:i
1 1
hi
II
I ■
•1!
'!
i i
L (
ll
60
BALSAM.
1
The soil of tlic river Thaines from Irf>n(Ion Bridge to tlip sea is vested in the Trinity Ilniiso corv>or/i.
lion, and a sum of 10/. is to be paid for every ton of ballast taken from tbe .'liannel of tlie river without
due authority from tlie said eorporation. Ships may receive on I. ird land billast from the (|Uarrie«, pits,
&(:. east of Woolwieb, provided the (|nantity taken in a year ilo ni.i exceed the number of tons notified ti»
tlie 'I'rinily corporation. Land ballast must lie entered^ and lil. paiil per ton on enteriiiK No ballast in
to be put on board before entry at the ballast oflice, under a penalty of ">/. a ton. 'i'hc 'i'rinity corporation
is authorised by the a Cieo. 4. c. 1 1 1. to charge the following rates for all ballast demanded and entered ul
the ballast olHce, viz. ; —
I'or every ton ('JO cwt.l of ballast, not being washed ballast, carried to any .ihip or vessel employed in
the coal trade, the sum of Is.
For every such ton carried to any other British ship or vessel, the sum of Is. 3rf.
For every such ton carried to any foreign ship or vessel, the sum of \s. Id.
I'or every ton of washed ballast carried to any ship or vessel employed in tlie coal trade, the sum of is.
For every ton of washed ditto carried to any other liritish ship or vessel, the sum of 2s. Gil.
For every ton of washed ditto carried to any foreign ship or vessel, the sum of 3s. 'Zil.
And for every ton of ballast delivered in or unladen from the Inward West India Dock, the further
sum of )(W. i and for every ton of Imllast delivered in or unladen fnmi the Outward West India Dock,
the further sum of Ir/. ; and for every ton of ballast delivered in or unladen from the London Docks, thi
further sum of W. ; and for every ton of ballast delivered in or unladen from the Inward Kast India Dock,
the further sum of 1(W. ; and for every tim of ballast delivered in or unladen from the Outward Fast
India Dork, the further sum of 4rf. ; and for every ton of balla.st delivered in or unladen from the ('oin-.
niercial Dock, the further sum of 4(A ; and for every ton of ballast delivered in or unladen from the Ka.st
Country Dock, the further sum of 4*/. ; and for every ton of ballast delivered in or unladen from the
City Canal, the further sum of \(l. ; and for every ton of Ijallast deliveretl in or unladen from the Surrey
Canal, tbe further sum of 4(/. ; and for every toil of ballast delivered in or unladen from the llegenfs
Canal, the further sum of 4i/.
Which further rates or prices shall be payable and paid over and above the ro.spective rates first
montlone.l.
In ih.i'-l, the gross receipt of the sums paid on account of ballast to the ballast ollice, on the Thames,
amounted to 2;"),'.''J0/. I!i\. \il. The expenses amounted, during the same year, to about '.';i,(KM)/.
'I'he ball.ist of all ships or vessels coming into the Thames is to be unladen into a lighter, at the charge
of d(/. a ton. If any ballast be thrown or unladen from any ship or vessel into the Thames, the captain,
master, \c. shall for every such offence forfeit '20/ No ballast is to be received on board otherwise than
from a lighter, liy the stat. .'j4 (Jeo. 3. c. 14!t. it is enacted, that no person shall, under a penalty of 10/.
over and above allexpenses, discharge any ballast, rubbish, &c. in any of the ports, harbours, roadsteads,
navigable rivers, &c. of the United Kingdom ; nor take ballast from any place prohibited by the Lords of
the Admiralty.
The masters of all ships clearing out in ballast, arc required to answer any questions that may be put
to them by the collectors or comptrollers, touching the dejiarture and destination of such ships
(a\-4 (17//. 4. c. ,")'.'. s^SO.)
If afurcij-n ship clear out in ballast, the master may take with him British manufactured goods of the
value of 'JO/., the nuite of the value of U)/., and 5/. worth for each of the crew. — \ 87.
B.VLSAINI (Gor. Bahum ; Dii. II ahem ; Fr. Batimc ; It. and Sp. liulsumo ; Lat.
Bulsumum). Balsams are vegetable juices, either liquid, or wliicli spontaneously become
concrete, consisting of a substance of a resinous nature, combined with benzoic acid, or
wliich are cajiable of affording benzoic acid by being heated alone, or with water. The
li()tad balsams are copaiva, opobalsam, balsam of Peru, storax, and Tolu ; the concrete are
benzoin, dragon's blood, and red or concrete storax. — (Dr. Ure.)
1. Copaiva (Fr. Baume de Copahu ; Ger. Kopaira Balmim ; Sp. Ci pai/va), obtained
from a tree (Copaifira) growing in South America and the West India islands. The
largest quantity is furnished by the province of Para in' Brazil. It is imported in small
casks, containing from 1 to I^ cwt. Genuine good copaiva or cojiaiba balsam has a
peculiar but agreeable odoiu", and a bitterish, liot, nauseous ta-^te. It is clear and trans-
jiarent ; its consistence is that of oil ; but when exposed to the action of the air it becomes
solid, dry, and brittle, like resin. — ( T/iomson's Dispcimatori/,)
'2. Ojmhaham ( Fr. Balsnmicr de la Mecqiic ; It. Opohahamo ; Pat. Btdsamnm renim
album, yT!;/i/pfi(icHm ; Egypt. B(dessan), the most precious of all the balsams, com-
monly called Balm of Gilead. It is the produce of a tree (Ami/ris Gi/eadeiisis), indige-
nous to Arabia and Abyssinia, and transplanted at an early period to Judea. It is
obtained by cutting the bark with an axe at the time that the juice is in the strongest
circulation. The true balsam is of a pale yellowish colour, clear and transparent, about
the consistence of Venice turpentine, of a strong, jjenetrating, agreeable, aromatic smell,
and a slightly bitterish ])ungent taste. By age it becomes yellower, browner, and
thicker, losing by degrees, like volatile oils, some of its finer and more subtile parts. It
is rarely if ever brought geimine into this country ; dried Canada balsam being generally
substituted for it. It w;is in high repute among the anc ents ; but it is now princijially
used as a cosmetic by the Turkish ladies. — (Dr.s. Ure a td T/iomsnii.)
The Canada lialsatn, now referred to, is merely ^jhc /)/, pentiiie. It is the produce of
ihe Pinii.i Biilsamca, and is imported in casks, each co!it;i ning about 1 cwt. It has a
strong, but not a disagreeable odour, and a bitterish tasti ; is transi)arent, whitish, and
has the consistence of coi)ai\a Iialsam. — (See Tuiu'kntin e.)
" Szalia and Beder are the only places in the Iledjaz where the balsam of Media, or Balcssan, can be
procured in a pure state. 'I'ho tree from which it is collected growi in the ncigliliouring mountains, but
principally uiion Djebel Sobh, and is called, by the Arabs, Beshein. I was informrd that it is from 10 to
l."> feet high, with a smooth trunk, and thin bark. In the middle of ."iuinmer small incisions are made in
the bark ; and the juice, which iininediately issues, is taken off with the tliuinb nail, and put into a
vessel : the gum appears to be of two kinds, one of a white, and the other of a yellowish white colour ;
the first is the most esteemed. I saw here some of the latter sort in a small slurp-skin, which the Be.
clouins use in bringing it to marl. el : it had a strong tnr|icnliiie smell, and its taste was bitter. The people
of Szafr.i usually adulterate it with sesanuim oil and tar. When tliey try its purity, Ihey dip f heir finger
into it and then set it on lire ; if it burn w itliout bulling or leu ing a nuiik on Ihe linger, they judge it
^ Jit!
BALSAM.
61
obtained
The
in small
:iin lias a
iiul trans-
becomes
nm vcrum
ms, com-
I, indlge-
It is
stronjffst
int, about
ic smell,
ner, and
[irts. It
generally
ineipally
an, can be
fains, but
IVoni 10 to
e niiulc in
lut into :i
colour ;
li tho He-
be people
eir linger
y jiulgo it
to tic of good quality, but if it burn the finger as soon as it is set on (Ire, tliey consider it to be adiil-
terateil. I remember to have read, in liruce's 'I'ravels, .ui account of the mode of trying it, by letting u
drop fall into a cup filled with water; the go(j(l balsam (ailing coagulated to the bottom, and the bad
dissolving and swimming on the surface. 1 tried this experiment, which was unknown to the peojilc
iiere, and found the dioi> swiin upon the .later ; 1 tried also their test by fire upon tho linger of a
Hedouin, who had to regret his temerity : I, therefore, regarded the balsam sold here as adulterated j it
was of less density than lu)uey. 1 wished to purchase some ; but neither my own baggage, nor any of
the shops of Szal'ra could furnish any thing like a bottle to hold it ; the whole skin was too dear. The
IJedouins, who l)ring it here, usually demand two or three dollars per pound for it when quite pure ; and
the Szafr.i .\rabs resell it to the hadjeys of the great caravan at between H and I'J dollars per pound in
an adulterated state, it is bought up principally by l'cr!i\j\\s." — {JJiirck/iai(lt's Travt'ls in Arabia,
vol. ii. p. li.';!.)
.'J. Btihani of Pltu (Vv. Biiymfi de Peru ; Gur. Pcruvianhcher Udham ; Sp, Balsumo
(h: Qiiini/Hinit ; Lat. Jidlsdiniiin Pcriiviiiniim), the jiroduce of a tree (Myrni-i/lon Pfrui-
firum) growing in the warmest parts of South America. 'l"he balsam procured l)y
incisions niade in the tree is called white liquid liidstnii ; that which is found In the shops
is obtained by boiling the twigs in water : it is imported in jars, each containing from
'JO to 40 lbs. weight. It has a fragrant aromatic odour, much resembling that of ben-
zoin, with a warm bitterish taste. It is viscid, of a deep reddish brown colour, and of
the consistence of honey- — ( Thumsnu's Dispcusidory.)
4. Storiix (Vr. Sliiriix ; Ger. S/ri/iixliniom ; It. Sturace ; Syi. Azuiiibur ; Lat. Sti/rax ;
Arab. Usteruli), 'le produce of a tree ( .Sy//r.7.i' rt^u'//(«/t') growing in the south of Europe
and the Levant. Only two kinds are found in the shops ; storax in tears, which is jnire ;
and storax in the luni]i, or red storax, which is mixed with sawdust and other iin])urities.
IJotli kinds are brought from the Levant in chests and boxes. Storax has a fragrant
odour, and a jjleasaiit, sub-acidulous, slightly pungent, and aromatic taste ; it is of a
reddish brown colour, ;md brittle. -^( 7'/(oh(.vo//'.s Dispensatory.)
5. Tiiln, Jialsaia of {Vr. liaumc de Tolu ; Ger. 'Pol utunischer Balsam ; Sy>, B<dsamode
Toll/). Tlie tree which yields this lialsam is the same as that which yields the balsam
of IVru ; it being merely the white balsam of Peru, Iiardened by exposure to the air.
G. Benzoin, or lieiijanun ( I'r. Benzoin; Ger, Benzoe ; Sp. Benyui ; It. Belziiino ;
Ijiit. Benzoinum ; Aral). I.ihau; Mind. I.nban ; Jav. Menian ; INIalay, Caminyan'), is
an article of much greater commercial imjiortance than any of those balsams previou.sly
mentioned. It is obtained irom a tree {Sfyra.v Benzoin) cidtivated in Sumatra and
15orneo, but particularly the former. 'J'he plants produce in the seventh year. The
balsam is obtained by making incisions in the bark, when it exudes, and is scraped oiT.
During the first three years, the balsam is of a clear white colour, after which it becomes
brown. Having borne 10 or 12 year.s, the tree is cut down, a very inferior article being
obtained by scra|)ing the wood. The balsains procured in these different stages are dis-
tinguished in commerce, and differ widely in value. Benzoin h.ts a very agreeable, fra-
grant odour, but hardly anytaste. It is imported in large masses, packed in chests and casks.
It should he chosen full of clear, light-coloured, and white spots, having the appearance of
white marble when broken : it is rarely, however, to be met with in so i)ure a state, l)ut
the nearer the approach to it the better. The worst sort is blackish, and full of impuri-
ties. — (Millturn's Orient. Com., and private information.)
i\Ir. Crawfurd has given the follo\ving interesting and authentic details with respect
to this article : — " Henzoin, or frankincense, called in commercial language IJenjamin,
is a more general article of commerce than camphor, though its production he confined
to the same islands. IJenzoin is divided in commerce, like camphor, into three sorts,
(head, belly, foot), according to quality, the comparative value of which may be ex-
pressed by the figures 10.5, 45, 18. I5enzoin is valued in projiortion to it'' .hiteness,
semi-traiuiparency, and freedom from adventitious matters. According to its purity,
the fir.st sort may be bought at the emporia to whicli it is brought, at from .50 to 100
dollars per jjicul ( l;i;5j lbs.) ; the second from '2.5 to 45 dollars; and the wor.sli from
8 to 'JO dollars. According to Linschoten, benzoin, in his time, cost, in the market of
Sinida Calapa or Jacatra, from lO^^fj to '■25-f^% wSpanish dollars the i)iciu. IJy Niebuhr's
aecoimt, the worst benzoin of the Indian islands is more esteemed l)y the Arabs than
their own best olilianum, or frankincense. In the London market, the best benzoin is
fourteen times move valuable than olibaniim, and even the worst i?.\ times more valuable.
Benzoin usually sells in England at 10s. per pound. The (luantity generally imjiorted
into England, in the time of the monopoly, was 312 cwts. The principal use of this
commodity is as incense, and it is ecpially in request in the religious ceremonies of Ca-
tholics, .Mohammedans, Hindus, and Chinese. It is also used as a luxury by the great
in fumigations in their houses; and theJapane.se chiefs are fond of smoking it with
tobacco. Its general use among nations in such various states of civilisation, and the
steady demand for it in all ages, declare that it is one of those commodities, the taste for
which is inherent in our nature, and not the result of a i)articular caprice with any in-
dividual people, as in the case of Malay camphor with the Chinese." — ( Indian Arihi-
fihujo, vol, iii. p. 4 1 8. ) The imjiorts of benzoin, at an average of the three years ending
with 1830, were 50V3y7 lbs. a year.
I
62
DALTIMORE. — BAMBOO.
I"; ;■
1 1
All i iforior <loscrli)tlon of benzoin, tlin imxluco of n tlifll-rj-nt (rco from l!ie Sti/ntx
bcmoin, is prociucwl in Siiun. It i; "oniimriilivcly clioiij) and aliinuiant.
7. Drtii/oii'» Itlood (Vr. SniKj-Drit' ,in ; Liit. SniKjuis Dracotiis ; Arab. Jhiinii/d/thwiiiu ;
Iliiul. lfcr<i(lu/ti/), till' proiinco of a larf^e spwics of rattan {diliiintis Draco) f^rowin;; on
the iiortli and north-east coast of Sninatra, and in some parts of liorneo. It is largely
exported to ('hina, and also to India and lOurope. It is either in oval drops, wra|)pe(l
up in flaj^-leaves, or in larfje and j^enerally more imi»ure masses, composed t>f smaller
tears. It is externally and internally of a «leep dusky red colour, and when powdered it
slu)uUI become of a bri^rht crimson ; if it be black, it is worth little. When broken and
held up agiunst n strong light, it is somewhat trans]>arent : it has little or no smell or
tiiste ; what it has of tlie latter is resinous and astringent. Dragon's l)lood in drops is
much preferable to that in cakes ; the latter being more friable, and less comjuict, resin-
ous, and pure than the former. Being u very costly article, it is very apt to be adul-
terated. IMost of its alloys dissolve like gmus in water, or crackle in the fire without
proving inllammable ; whereas the genuine dragon's blood readily melts and catches
tiame, and is scarcely acted on by watery liquors. It sells in the market of Singapore at
from 15 to M.'i dollars ^ler picul, ucconling to quality: but the Chinese have the art of
purifying and refining it, when it sells at from 80 to 1(K) dollars per picul. The price
of the best dragon's blood in the l-ondou market, varies from iil/. to L'.^/. per cwt
(^Millmrns Oritiit. Coin.; CnimfiinVs I'Jasl. Archip. ; i\\\i\ primiU: inJ'orimUUm.)
The nett duty on balsams imported into (Jreat liritain In 18:5'J amounted to
2,4U)/. 8.?. !()(/.
IJALTIlMORfi, ft large and opulent city of the United States, in INIaryland, situated
on the north side of the I'atapsco river, about 11 miles above its entrance into (Chesa-
peake bay, in lat. .SO ' 1 7' N. long. 7()" :U)' W. Population in 18;iO, 8I,0OO. The
harbour is sjjaciotis, convenient, and the water deeji. 'I'he exports ))rincipally consist of
tobacco, wheat and wheat-Hour, hemp and llax, (lax-seed, 1 ndian corn, aii(l»)ther agricultural
jnoducts, timber, iron, &c. The imports principally consist of cottons and woollens, siigiu-,
coflee, tea, wine, brandy, silk goods, spices, rum, fn:. There were, in 18:iO, ten banks in
this city, with au aggregate caiiital of (;,888,(>!)1 dollars; the total dividends for the same
year amountud to liU'-M 18 dollius. being at the rate of ry\ per cent. There were also
four marine insurance companies, with a capital of 1,'_'(K),(HX) dollars, producing a dividend
of nearly 15 per cent, on the capital paid up ; and two (ire insurance companies, one of
which is on the ))rinciple of mutual guarantee. — {S/utnntiit by J. 11. (Hoiltlnrd, New
York Dili/;/ .hlfcrtlsn; '_'<)th of January, 18:51.) The registered, enrolled, and licensed
tonnage belonging to IJaltimore, in December, 18:JI, amounted to C^'Jfi;} tons, of which
17,57') tons were emi)loyed in the coasting trade. The total value of the articles im-
ported into IMaryland, in the year ending the :!Oth of September, 18:!2, was 'l,6''J!),.'K):i
dollars; the lOt'il value of the exjjorts during ilie same year !)eing 'l,l99,f)18 do.
(i'<7((7-.s- /((/(/ liifore CoiH/rrss, I5th of February, 18;>;5. ) In INIarylaiid the dollar is worth
7*'. 6(1. currency, 1/. sterling being=l/. I;!;.-. 4(1. currency. For an accmmt of (he cur-
rency of the diit'erent states of the Union, with a table of the value of (he dollar in
each, see Nkw Yjikk ; and to it also (he reader is referred ft)r au account of (he foreign
trade of (he Uni(ed Sta(es. Weights and measures same as those of England.
Kx{M)rt.i of Flour. — IJaltimore is one of the iirincipiil jiorts of tlie United States for the export of flour.
None is all'iiwcil to be sbipiii-il fnmi any i)ort oftliel.nion till it has been insiii-cted by public otiicors
appointiHl for the imrpose, anil its (piality branileil un tlie barrel. --(See Ni;w S'ohk.) It appears from
the reports of tlie.se oUieors that the Hour inspeeteil at Ualtinioro during the live years ending with 1S;>0,
was as follows : —
Vt'ivrs.
AVIu'ftt Flower.
live Klour.
Iiiili.m Corn SIcMl.
ll.irr.ls. llalfl.^irri'ls.
n.irrt'Is. ll:i[rii,irr(-ls.
IlliiK.
ll.irri.'s.
ll.iiriintrpls.
'JO
2
11
1
IS'.'ii
I.S27
1,S'2S
IS'.'!)
1S,«)
.'■)S,;,(i7i
rmi, '.'.">!•
.W.OIO
4(;i!,l4|.
.'W7,S7-''
'A',!^a
is.s.sj
!.-.,.!•
I;i,Sii,"i
1,0! IS
1,S74
4,K)!t
I '-',777
4,4. ;ii
4
48
_ at
41.".
l.liltil
'J,(i!l!l
•v.! 14
S,7!'S
(),is;;
."., l.'i.S
In lS,)-2 there were iiispeeted .')lS,ii74 barrels, and 17,.")44 half barrels of wlieat Hour. The inspections of
tob.veo during the same year amounted to .4, i;j(i hhds.
BAMBOO, (Kr. Bumhmi, Bdinhochc.i ; Gcr. Indlttiihclwr llohr ; It. Tiamhu ; Hind.
Runs ; Malay, IhUiVi ; Jav. Prcii;/), a species of cane, the liamhos (ininiliiinced of
botanists. It grows every where within (he tropics, and is of (he grea(est u(ili(y:
strictly speaking, it is a gigaudc grass witli a ligneous .stem. It often rises to (he height
of 4\: . . 50 feet, and sometimes to even double those heights. Like most plants long
and >. t'lisively cultivated, it diverges into many varieties. Smne of these are dwarfish,
while - rs, instead of being hollow canes, are .solid. The bamboo is of rajiid growth,
and in tour or live years is tit for many uses, but does not bear fruit or grni'-. till it ba
'J5 years old, after which it perishes. The grain makes tolerable bread. The young,
A
i
BANDANAS. — HANK.
G3
n the Stymx
mnliikhwitin ,•
) j^rowin;; on
It is largely
ops, wriippod
L<(i of Niiialler
I powilerod it
I brokiMi and
* iiu siiu-ll or
[1 ill drops is
npiict, resin-
it to be adul>
I lire witliutit
and catches
Sin^rapore at
^e the art »>f
The price
'. jjcr cwt. —
m.)
luiuunted to
land, situated
! into ('hesa-
l,a)0. The
lly consist of
r agricultural
(illens, sugar,
ten l>aidcs in
for the same
re were also
ig a dividend
anies, one of
ftxiditnl, New
and licensed
JUS, of which
articles im-
as ■iyG'J'KMV.i
,l!)9,f)18 do.
liar is worth
of the cur-
ie dollar ill
the foreign
ud.
xpnrt of flour,
[lublio otiicors
.•i)i|)i-;iis Croiii
iib'witli 18;iU,
ll.ilf iKirrels.
CO
2
II
1
ilKSllCL'tioilB of
liii ; Hind.
idiitiicua of
st utility :
the height
ilaiils long
e dwarfish,
id growth,
-. till it be
he young,
l)Ut gigantic shoots, ns tiiey spring from the earth, make n tender mid good esculent
vegetable. The mature bamboo is emiiloyed in an iinmense variety of ways, in the
construction of houses, bridges, boats, agricultural implements, &c. Some varic'ies grow
to such a size as to be, in the largest part, near two feet in circumference, and single
knees of these are used as pails or buckets. The Chinese are believed to fabricate their
cheap an<l useful paper of macerated bamboo. The canes used in ICurojie as walking
sticks are not bamboos, but rattans — a totally distinct class of plants. Uamboos arc
never used for that purpose. — ( PriidU: tiiformitlioii. )
IJANDANAS, silk liandkercliiefs, generally red spotted with white. They were
formerly manufactured only in the East Indies; but they are now manufactured of a
very good (juality at (jiasgow and other places.
BANK. HANKING. IJanks are esUiblishments intended to serve for the safe
custody of money ; to facilitate its payment by one individual to another ; and, sometimes,
for the accommodation of the public with loans.
I. Hankino (Gknerai- Phincipi.es of).
II. IJank of Knoi.ano (Account ov).
III. Banks (Enui.isu I'iuvate and PKOViNfiAL).
IV. Hanks (St:(m:ii).
V. Hanks (Iiiisii).
VI. Hanks ( Fouiikin).
VII. Hanks (Savings).
I, Banking (GiiNKKAi, I'iuncii'ies of).
Banks are commonly divided info two great classes ; banks of deposit, and banks of
circulation. Tiiis division is not, however, a very distinct one ; for there is no bank
of deposit that is not, at the same time, a bank of circulation, and few or no banks of
circulation that are not also banks of deposit. Hut the term banks of deposit is meant
to designate those wliicli keep the money of individuals and circulate it only; while the
term banks of ciiTiilation is a])plie(i to those wiiich do not thus confine their circulation,
but issue notes of their own payable on demand. The Bank of England is the principal
bank of circulation in the empire ; but it, as well as the jirivate banks in England and
Scotland that issue notes, is also a liaiik of deposit. The private banking establishments
in Eondon do not issue notes, and tlieic are many similar establishments in Lancashire,
and other parts of the country.
( 1. ) Uliliti/ of llanlis, I'rivnte. hmikiiKj Computiies of London. — The establishment of
banks has contributed, in no ordinary degree, to give security and facility to all sorts of
commercial transactions. They allord safe and convenient places of deposit for the
moiiey that would otherwise have to be kept, at a considerable risk, in private houses.
They also prevent, in a great measure, the necessity of carrying money from jilace t()
place to make payments, and enable them to be made in the most convenient and
least expensive manner. A merchant or tradesman in London, for examjile, who em-
ploys a banker, keeps but very little money in his own liands, making all his coi>-
siderable jjayments by drafts or checks on his banker; and be also sends the various
checks, bills, or drafts jiayable to himself in London, to bis bankers before they become
due. By this means he saves the trouble and inconvenience of counting sums of money,
and avoids the losses he would otherwise be liable to, and wcmid no doubt occasion-
ally incur, from receiving coins or notes not genuine. Perhaiis, however, the great
advantage derived by the merchant or tradesman from the einiiloyment of a banker,
consists in its relieving him from all trouble with rcsjiect to the i)resentation for
payment of due bills and drafts. The moment these are transferred to the banker,
they are at his risk. And if he either neglect to present them when t\uv, or to have
them properly noted in the event of their not being paid, he has to answer for the
conscrpiences.
" 'J'his circumstance alone must cause an immense saving of expense to a mercantile
house in the course of a year. Let us sujipose that a merchant has only two bills due
each day. These bills may be payable in distant parts of the town, so that it may take
a clerk half a day to present them ; and in large mercantile establishments it would take
up the whole time of one or two clerks to present the due bills and the drafts. The salary
of these clerks is, therefore, saved by keeping an account at a banker's : besides the
saving of exjjense, it is also reasonable to suppose that losses upon bills would sometimes
occur from mistakes, or oversights, from miscalculation as to the time the bill would
become due — from errors in marking it up — from foigetfuliiess to present it — or
from presenting it at the wrong place. In these cases the indorsers and drawees arc
exonerated ; and if the acceptor do not pny the bill, the amount is lost. In a banking
house such mistakes occur sometimes, though more rarely ; but when they do occur,
fvt
HANKING ((JENKHAL PRINCIPLES OF).
i:';
.A
:-■''-
!•■[
\ I k
V
a^A
f ■)( i
II
! i
)■
ll
n ' '3K.
ib
!!i
tlic loss falls 111)011 tliL- binikor, niul not uiion his customer." — (Gilhnrl'ii Practical
OhstrratioiiK on Hiiii/.i):;/. )
It is on otliur f^rouiuls particularly (losiral)li! for a mcrcliant or tradesman to have
an account with a hankin}; lu)usc. He can refer to liis hankers as vouchers for his
respcctahility : aiul in tiie event of his wishin<f to iuijuiic any information with respect
to the circumstances, or credit, of any one with whom he is not ac(iuainted, his hankers
will render liini all the assistance in their power. In this respect they '•••ve great
facilities, it l)eiiig tiie common practice amongst the bankers in London, and most other
trading towns, to connmuiicate information to each other as to the credit and solvency
of their customers.
To proviiic Ibr the |)iil)lic security, the statute 7 & fi Geo. 4. c. 20. ^ Ifi. " for tlic punishment of cm-
liozzlcnK'nt cimiiuiUuil by ii|,'i'nts intrustcit with property," enacts, " '1 hat if any money, or security for
Hie payment uf money, shall be intrusted to any banker, merchant, broker, attorney, or other agent, with
any direction /// vrilhiii to apply such money, or any jiart tliereof, or the proceeds, or any part of the pro-
ceeds of such security, for any purpose speciiied in such direction, and he shall, in violation of good faith,
and contrary tu the purpose si. speciiied, in any wise convert to his own use or benelit such mjjney, secu-
rity, or proceeds, or any part thereof n pectively, every such olfender shall l)e guilty of a niisdenicanor,
and being convicted thereof, shall be hablc, at the discretion of the court, to be transported beyond seas,
for anv term not exceeding fourteen years, nor less than seven years, or to suffer such piniishment by fine
or imiirisornnent, or l)y both, as the court shall award ; and if any chattel or valuable security, or any
power of attorney for the sale or transfer of any share or interest in any public stock or fund, whether of
this kingdom, or ol' (ireat liritain, or of Ireland, or of any foreign state, or in any i'und of any body corpc^
rate, cojiiimu) or society, shall be intrusted to any banker, merchant, broker, attorney, or other agent, for
safe custody, (ir tor any special j)urpose, without any nittlwrily to sell, negotiate, transfer, or idedge, and
he shall, in violation of good faith, and contrary to the object or |)uri)0se which such chattel or security,
or power of attorney, shall have been intrusted to him, sell, negotiate, transfer, pledge, or in any manner
convert to his own use or benelit such chattel or security, or the proceedsof the same, or any part thereof,
or the share or interest in stock or fund to which such power of attorney shall relate, or any part
thereof, every such ollender nhall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and being convicted thereof, shall be liable,
at the discretion of the court, to any of the punishments which the court may award as hereinbefore
last mentioned."
Tliis act is not to affect trustees and mortgagees, nor backers receiving money due \\\ian securities, nor
securities upon which they have a lien, claim, or demand, entitling them by law to sell, transfer, or other,
wise dispose of them, iniless such sale, transfer, or other disposal shall extend to a greater number or
part of such securities or ellects than shall be requisite for satisfying such lien, claim, i';:c. — \ 50.
Nothing in this act is to prevent, impeach, or lessen any remedy at law or in equity, which any party
aggriev(>d by any such otl'ence might or would have had, had it not been passed. No banker, merchant,
&c. shall be convicted as an ollender against this act, in respect of any act done by him, if he shall at any
time previously to his being indicted for such offence have disclosed such act on oath, in consequence of
any compulsory process of any court of law or equity, in any action bom'i Jidc instituti-il by any party
aggrieved, or if he shall have disclosed the same in any examination or deposition before any commis-
sioner of bankrupt. — ^ 5'J.
The Bank of Englaiul, and the private banking companies of London, as well as
some of the Englisii provincial banks, charge no commission on the payments made
and received on account of those who deal with them. Hut they allow no interest on
the sums deposited in their haiuls ; and it is either stipulated or distinctly understood
that a person emi)loyiiig a banker should, besides furnishing him with suilicient funds
to i)ay his drafts, keep an average hihtnce in the banker's hands, varying, of course,
according to the amount of business done on his account ; that is, according to the num-
ber of his checks or drafts to be paid, and the number of drafts and bills to be received
for him. The bankers then calculate, as well as they can, the probable amount of
casli that it will lie necessary for them to keep in their coffers to meet the ordinary de-
mands of their customers, and em))loy the balance in discounting mercantile bills, in tlie
purchase of govermneut securities, or in some other sort of profitable adventure ; so that
their jirofits result, in the case of their not issuing notes, from the difl'erence between the
various expenses attendant on the management of their establishments, and the profits
derived from such part of the sums lodged in their hands as they can venture to employ
in an advantageous way.
Tlie directors of tiie IJaiik of England do not allow any individual to overdraw his
account. Tliey answer drafts to the full extent of tlie fuiuis deposited in their hands ;
but they will not pay a draft if it exceed their amoimt. Private bankers are not generally
so scrupulous ; most of them allow respectable individuals, in whom they have confidence,
to overdraw their accounts; those who do so jjaying interest at the rate of ,5 per cent,
on wliatever sums they overdraw. The possession of this power of overdrawing is often
a great convenience to merchants, while it is rarely ])roductive of loss to the Itanker.
'i"he money which is overdrawn is usually replaced within a short jieriod ; stnnetimes,
indeed, in the course of a day or two. The directors of the IJank of England decline
granting this facility from a disiiieliuation on their part to come into competition in a
matter of this sort with private bankers, who transact this kiiul of business better, pro-
ba!)ly, than it could be done by a great establishment like the Bank.
Tile facility which banks allbrd to the public in the negotiation of bills of exchange,
or in the making of jiaymei'ts at distant iilaces, is very great. INIany of the banking
companies established in diHi.rent districts have a direct intercourse with each other, and
they liave all corresiiondents n. London. Hence an individual residing in any part of
the country, who may wish to make a payment in any other part, however distant, may
I. m
BANKING (GENEUAL PlllNClPLES Ol ).
65
I Practical
lan to li.ive
icrs for his
itli respect
liis iKiiikers
'-.five great
most other
id solvency
imcnt of cm-
r security for
,'r .iRcnt, with
irt of the pro-
of good faith,
iiiyiicy, secu-
iiisdcnicnnor,
I beyond seas,
limeiit liy Hne
nirity, or any
d, whether of
ly body corpo-
her apent, for
ir pledge, and
.'1 or seeurity,
II any manner
,• part thereof,
■, or any part
hall be liable,
> hereinbefore
securities, nor
sfer, or other,
ter number or
- s^ 50.
icli any party
er, merchant,
ic shall at any
onsequence of
I by any party
i any cumniis-
1, as well as
^ents made
interest on
understood
ient fimds
of course,
the num-
e received
amount of
rdinary de-
lls, in the
so that
etween the
the profits
to employ
re i
jrdraw his
.'ir hands ;
generally
;onfidence,
per cent.
ig is often
le hanker.
Dmetimes,
nd decline
ition in a
jtter, pro-
lexchange,
hanking
jther, and
liy i)art of
fant, may
r*
m^
effect liis ohject by applying to the hank nearest to him. Thus, suppose A. of IVn-
zjince has a payment to make to H. of Inverness: to send the money hy i)ost would he
liu/ardoiis ; and if there were fractional parts of a pound in the smn, it would hardly ho
liratticahle to make use of the post: how then will A. manage? He will j^ay the sum
to a banker in I'enzance, and his debtor in Inverness will receive it from a hanker there.
The transaction is extremely simple : the I'enzance banker orders his corrcsjior.dent in
London to pay to the correspondent of the Ii.vcrncss bar.kcr the sum in question on
account of U. ; and the Inveriiess banker, bciiig advised in course of yiOf.l of v hat has been
clone, pays H. A small connnission charged by the Penzance banker, and the postages,
constitute the whole expense. There is no risk whatever, aid the whole affair is
transacted in the most commodious and cheapest manner.
By far the largest proportion both of the inland bills in circulation in the countrj,
and also of the foreign bills drawn ujjon Great llritain, are nuide payable in London,
the grand focus to which all the pecuniary transactions of the empire are ultimately
brought to l)e adjusted. And in order still further to economise the use of money, the
principal bankers of the metropolis are in the habit of sei:(Jii;g a clevk each day to the
clearing house in Lombard-street, who carries with him the various bills in the possession
of his house that are drawn upon other hankers ; and having exchanged them for the
bills iu the possession of those others that are drawn upon his constituents, the balance
on the one side or the other is paid in cash or Hank of England notes. I5y this con-
trivance the bankers of London are enabled to settle transactions to the extent of several
millions a day, by the employment of not uiore, at an average, than from 200,CC0/. to
500,000/. of cash or Bank notes. — (See Ci.eaking House.)
In consequence of these and other facilities afforded by the intervention of bankers
for the settlement of pecuniary transactions, tlie money required to conduct the hnsincss
«)f an extensive country is reduced to a trifle only, compared with what it would other-
wise be. It is not, indeed, jjossible to form any very accurate estimate of the total
sjiving that is thus effected ; hut, supposing that 50 or 60 millions of gold and silver
and bank notes are at present required, notwithstanding all the devices that have been
resorted to for economising money, for the circulation of Great Britain, it may, one
should think, be fairly concluded, that 200 millions would, at the very least, have been
re(iuired to transact an equal extent of business but for those devices. If this statement
be nearly accurate, and there arc good grounds for thinking that it is rather under llii.n
over rated, it strikingly exhibits the vast importance of hanking in a public point of
view. By its means 50 or 60 millions are rendered capable of performing the san-.o
functions, and in an infinitely more conimcdious manner, that would otherwise have
required four times that sum ; and siijjijosing that i.0 or SO niillioi.s arc employed hy
the bankers as a capital in their establisl'.ments, no less than 120 or 130 millions will
be altogether disengaged, or cease to be employed as an instrument of circulation, and
made available for employment in agriculture, nunuifaclures, and commerce.
(2.) Substitution of Bank Notes fur Coins. Means hy which the Value of Bank Notes
ftuiy he sustained. — Not only, however, docs the formation of banking establishments
enable the business of a country to be conducted with a far less amoiuit of money, but
it also enables a large portion of that less amount to he fabricated of the least valuahle
materials, or of jiaper instead of gold. It woidd, however, alike exceed the limits and
be inconsistent with the objects of this article, to enter into lengthened details with respect
to the mode in which this substitution originally took place. It is sufficient to observe,
that it naturally grew out of the progress of society. When governments became
sufliciently powerful and intelligent to enforce the observance of contracts, individuals
possessed of written promises from others that they would j)ay certain sums at specified
periods, began to assign them to those to whom they were indebted ; and when those liy
whom such obligations are subscribed are persons of whose solvency r.o doubt can be
entertained, they are readily accepted in payment of the debts due hy one individual to
another. But when the circulation of obligations or bills in this way has continued for
a while, individuals begin to perceive that they may derive a profit by issuing them in
such a form as to fit them for being readily used as a substitute for money in the
ordinary transactions of life. Hence the origin ot bank notes. An individual in whose
wealth and discretion the public have confidence being applied to for a loan, say of 5,0C0f.,
grants the applicant his bill or note payable on demand for that sum. Now, as this note
passes, in consequence of the confidence placed in the issuer, currently from hand to hand
as cash, it is quite as useful to the borrower as if he had obtained an equivalent amount
of gold; and supposing that the rate of interest is 5 per cent., it will yield, so long as it
continues to circulate, a revenue of 250?. a year to the issuer. A banker who issues
notes, coins as it were his credit. He derives the same revenue from the loan of his
written promise to pay a certain sum, that he would derive from tlie loan of the sum
itself; and while he thus increases his own income, he at the same time contributes to
increase the wealth of the society. Besides beii^g incomparably cheaper, bank notes are
hi
'I
■ {1!
(
1
: ' <
'1
i
1
i
(
;
^
66
BANKING (GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF).
niso incomparably inoru commodious than a metallic currency. A bank note for 1,000/.
or 100,0(X)/. may be carried about with us mucit facility oa a single sovereign. It is of
importance, too, to observe, tliat its loss or destruction, whether by fire, shipwreck, or
otherwise, would be of no greater importance in a public point of view, than the loss or
destruction of as much paper. No doubt it might be a serious calamity to the holder ;
but to whatever extent it injured him, it would proportionally benefit the issuer, whereas
the loss of coin is an injury to the holder without being of service to any one else ; it is,
in fact, so much abstracted from the wealth of the community.
Promissory notes issued by private individuals or associations circulate only because
those who accept them have full confidence in the credit and solvency of the issuers,
or because they feel assured that they will be paid when they become due. If any
circumstances transpired to excite suspicions as to their credit, it would be impossible
for them to circulate any additional notes, and those that they had issued would be
immediately returned for payment. Such, however, is not the case with paper money
properly so called, or with notes that are declared ler/al tender. It is not necessary, in
order to sustain the value of such notes, that they should be payable at all ; the only
thing that is required for that purpose is, that they should be issued in limited quantities.
Every country has a certain number of exchanges to make; and whether these are
effected by the employment of a given number of coins of a particular denomination, or
by the employment of the same number of notes of the same denomination, is, in this
respect, of no importance whatever. Notes which have been made legal tender, and
are not payable on demand, do not circulate because of any confidence placed in the
capacity of the issuers to retire them ; neither do they circulate because they are of the
same real value as the commodities for which they are exchanged ; but they circulate
because, having been selected to perform the functions of money, they arc, as such,
readily received by all individuals in payment of their debts. Notes of this description
may be regarded as a sort of tickets or counters to be used in computing the value of
property, and in transferring it from one individual to another. And as they are no
wise affected by fluctuations of credit, their value, it is obvious, must depend entirely on
the (piantity of them in circulation as compared with the payments to be made through
their instrumentality, or the business they have to perform. By reducing the viipply of
notes below the supjjly of coins that would circulate in their place were they withdrawn,
their value is raised above the value of gold ; while, by increasing them to a greater
extent, it is proportionally lowered.
Hence, supposing it were possible to obtain any security other than immediate con-
vertibility into tl)e precious metals, that notes declared to be legal tender would not
be Issued in excess, but that their number afloat would be so adjusted as to preserve their
value as compared with gold nearly uniform, the obligation to pay them on demand might
be done a^/py. But it is needless to say that no such security can be obtained. Wherever
the pc-..er to issue paper, not immediately convertible, has been conceded to any set of
person:;, it has been abused, or, which is the same thing, such paper has uniformly been
over-issued, or its value depreciated from excess. It is now admitted on all hands to
be indispensable, in order to prevent injurious fluctuations in the value of money, that
all notes be made payable, at the pleasure of the holder, in an unvarying quantity of
gold or silver. This renders it impossible for the issuers of paper to depreciate its
value below that of the precious metals. They may, indeed, by over-issuing paper,
depress the value of the whole currency, gold as well as paper, in the country in which
the over-issue is made ; but the moment that they do this, gold begins to be sent abroad ;
and paper being returned upon the issuers for payment, they are, in order to prevent
the exhaustion of their coffers, compelled to lessen their issues ; and thus, by raising
the value of the currency, stop the drain for bidlion.
It does, however, appear to us, that it is not only necessary, in order to prevent the
over-issue of paper, to enact that all notes should be payable on demand, but that it is
further necessary, in order to insure compliance with this enactment, to prohibit any one
from issuing notes until he has satisfied the government of his ability to pay them.
The circumstances that excite public confidence in the issuers of paper are often of the
most deceitful description ; and innumerable instances have occurred, of the population
of extensive districts having suffered severely from the insolvency of bankers in whom
they placed the utmost confidence. In 1793, in 1814, 1815, and 1816, and again in
1825, a very large proportion of the country banks were destroyed, and produced by
their fall an extent of ruin that has hardly been equalled in any other country. And
when such disasters have already happened, it is surely the bounden duty of government
to hinder, by every means in its power, their recurrence. It is no exaggeration to
afl[irm, that we have sustained ten times more injury from the circulation of worthless
paper, or paper issued by persons without the means of retiring it, than from the issue
of spurious coin. It is said, indeed, by those who are hostile to interference, that coins
are legal tenders, whereas, notes being destitute of that privilege, those who suspect
BANKING (GENERAL PllINCIPLES OF).
67
for 1,0001.
1. It is of
pwrcck, or
the loss or
he holder ;
er, whereas
else ; it is,
nly because
the issuers,
le. If any
3 impossible
d would bo
aper money
lecessary, in
11 ; the only
d quantities.
or these are
imination, or
n, is, in this
tender, and
laced in the
ey are of the
hey circulate
are, as such,
is description
; the value of
IS they are no
id entirely on
made through
the supply of
ey withdrawn,
I to a greater
nmediate con-
[er would not
preserve their
demand might
id. Wherever
to any set of
niformly been
all hands to
|f money, that
ig quantity of
depreciate its
ssuing paper,
[ntry in which
sent abroad ;
[er to prevent
s, by raising
lo prevent the
1 but that it is
])hibit any one
[to pay them.
I often of the
he population
kers in whom
[and again in
1 produced by
iuntry. And
If government
iggeration to
of worthless
Irom the issue
\ce, that coins
who suspect
them ore at liberty to refuse them : but, whatever notes may bo Iti law, they oro, in very
many districts, yractimlly, and n fact, legal tenders ; and could not be rejected without
exposing the parties to much inconvenience. It sliould also be observed, tliat labourers,
women, minors, and every sort of persons, however incapable of judging of the stability
of bunking cstabiisliments, are dealers in money, and consequently liable to be imposed
upon. This, tiien, is clearly a case in whicli it is absolutely imperative upon govern-
mont to interfere, to protect the interests of those who cannot protect themselves, either
by compelling all individuals a])plying for stamps for notes, to give security for their
payment, or by making sure, in some other way, that they have the means of paying
them, and that tlie circulation of the notes will be a benefit and not an injury to the
public.
A security of this sort has been exacted in the case of the Hank of England ; and the
whole 14,«8f;,000/. lent by the Hank to government, must be sacrificed before the holders
of lier notes can sustain the smallest loss. Her stability has, therefore, been truly said,
by Dr. Smith, to be equal to that of the British government. The system of taking
securities having been found to answer so well in the case of the Hank of England, is a,
powerful argument in favour of its extension. Were securities taken from the country
banks, their ultimate failure, in tlie capacity of banks of issue, would be rendered im-
possible ; and a degree of solidity would l)e given to our money system, which it is idle
to expect it can ever attain, so long as it continues on its present footing.
It is exceedingly diHicult to jjrevent the issue of forged notes. Various schemes have
been suggested for this purpose; and though it is hardly possible to supjiose that
an illimitable note will ever l)e produced, it is contended, that by judiciously combining
different sorts of engraving, forgery may be rendered so difhcult, as to be but rarely
attempted. Hut however this may be, during the period from 1797 to 1819, when
tlie Bank of England issued 1/. notes, their forgery was carried on to a great
extent. And the desire to check this practice, and to lessen the frequency of capital
punishments, ajjpears to have been amongst the most prominent circumstances whicl-
led to the return to specie payments in 1821, and the suppression of 1/. notes. — (See
Table I.)
(3.) Bunk of England Notes legal Tender. — According to the law as it stood previ-
ously to the present year (18;M), all descriptions of notes were payable at the pleasure of
the liolder, in coin of the standard weight and jjurity. But the policy of such a regulation
was very questionable ; and we regard the enactment of the late stat. .S & 4 Will. 4.
c. 98., which makes Bank of England notes legal tender, every where except at the
Bank and its branches, for all sums above 51., as a very great improvement. So long as
the notes of the Bank are themselves convertible, at the pleasure of the holder, into coin,
an arrangement of this sort will, it is obvious, effectually prevent any over-issue of country
paper, at the same time that it is free from many very serious disadvantages that attached
to the former plan. The unjust liabilities imposed upon the Bank of England by
the old system, placed her in a situation of great difficulty and hazard. They obliged
her to provide a supply of coin and bullion, not for her own exigencies only, but for
those of all the country banks ; and, what is harder still, they exposed her to be deeply
injured by any misconduct on the part of the latter, as well as by the distress in whicli
they might accidentally be involved. In consequence, her free action has been at all times
in some degree impeded ; and her power to render assistance to the banking and mercan-
tile interests in periods of discredit materially diminished. The country banks kept but
a small supply of coin in their coffers. They were all, however, holders, to a greater or
less extent, of government securities ; and whenever any circumstance occurred, to occasion
a demand upon them for coin, they immediately sold or pledged the whole or a portion of
their stock, carried the notes to the Bank to be exchanged, and then carried the specie to
the country. Hence, when any suspicions were entertained of the credit of the country
banks, or when a panic originated amongst the liolders of their notes, as was the case in
1793 and 1825, the whole of them retreated upon the Bank of England, and 700 or
800 conduits were opened, to draw off the specie of that establishment, which was thus, it
is evident, exposed to the risk of stoppage without having done any thing wrong. It was
not tlic drain for gold from abroad, but the drain for gpld from the country, that nearly
exhausted the Bank's coffers in 1825, and forced her to isssue about a million of 1/. and
21. notes. The currency could not possibly be in a sound healtliy state, while the Bank
of England, and, through her, public credit, were placed in so perilous a situation.
But the making of Bank of England notes legal tender at all places except the Bank,
will tend materially to protect her from the injurious consequences of panics or runs
among the holders of country bank paper ; and while it does this, it will not, as it .ppears
to us, in anywise impair the securities against over-issue or depreciation.
It was, no doubt, contended during the discussions on the late act, that the measure
now referred to would lead to the depreciation of provincial paper ; inasmuch »s the
expense of sending notes from a distance to I^ondon, to be exchanged for gold, would
F 'J
-I
|! J
^^
H
li .J
^i
!, -^
I
i 1
68
BANKING (GIiNi:ilAL PUINCirLrS OF).
prevent nr.y one from (leiniiiulin({ Dank uf England notes from eoiiiitry Imnks in good
ei'eiiit, till the viiliie of the notes issued by tliein was so much depreciated l)el(>w the
valiie of \i,oU\, that the difll-renee would more than \my tlie expense of sending them to
London, and bringing gold back. Hut this notion proceeds on a radical misconception
of tlie nature of the old as well m of the new system of currency. There cannot, in
|:oint of fact, l>e the least diflerencc, as respects value, in the provinces, between Kank
of England paper, now that it is legal tender, and gold. I^indon being the ]>lace where
the exchanges are adjusted, the value of money in every part of the em])ire must depend
un its value in it ; and this, it is plain, cannot be in any degree affected by the late mea-
sure. Formerly the provincial currency, gold as well as pa|>er, might be, and, indeed,
fre(|uently was, depreciated. This was brought about either by an over-issue on the part
of the country banks, generally, in the first instance, the effect, but always, in the end,
the cause of a rise of prices ; or by the issues of the Dank of England being, in conse-
quence of an adverse exchange, narrowed sooner or more rapidly than those of the
country banks. In either case, the provincial currency being redundant as compared with
that of the metropolis, there was a demand on its issuers for bills on London ; hut it
is material to observe, that, unless their credit was suspected, there was not, in such
cases, any demand upon them for gold. It is, indeed, obvious that u redundancy of the
currency is a defect that cannot be obviated by getting gold from the country banks,
imless (as hoarding is out of the (piestion) it be intended to send it abroad ; and that
may always be done better and chvuper by getting from them Dank of England notes, or
bills on London. A local redundancy of the currency may take place in future as it
has done formerly ; and its occurrence cannot be prevented, even though paper were
wholly banished from circulation, so long as the whole currency is not supplied from
one. source, and as London is the focus where the exchanges with foreign countries are
adjusted. Dut the statements now made show that it is a radical mistake to sui)|)osc
that it can take jilace more readily, or to a gre-.ter extent, under the new system than
formerly. In this respect no change has been made. Dut while our ancient security
against over-issue is maintiiined unimpaired, the recent arrangements increase the stability
of the Dank of England, and conse(iucntly imi)rove our whole pecuniary system.
If any doubt could possibly remain as to the operation of the new system, it would
be removed by referring to Scotland. Gold has been practically banished from that
country for a long series of years ; and yet no one pretends to say that ju'ices arc
higher in Scotland than in England, or that her currency is depreciated. The Scotch
currency is kept at its proper level, not by the check of gold payments, but by the
demand fur bills on London ; and it is as effectually limited in this way as it could be
were the banks universally in the habit of exchanging their notes for gold. On what
groimds, then, is it to be apprehended that the obligation to give Dnnk of England notes
or bills on London, will be less effectual in restraining over-issue in Yorkshire or Durham
than in Scotland ?
A banker who issues notes must kecj) beside him such a stock of cash and bullion, as
may be sufficient to answer the demands of the public for their payment. If the value
of the cash and bullion in his coffers were equal to the value of his notes in circulation,
lie would not, it is plain, make any profit ; but if he be in good credit, a third, a fourth,
or even a fifth part of this sum will probably be sufficient ; and his profit consists of the
excess of the interest derived from his notes in circulation, over the interest of the sum
he is obliged to keep dormant in his strong box, and -the expenses of managing his
establishment. The Dank of England, as will be afterwards seen, keeps an average
stock of coin and bullion equal to a third of her liabilities.
(4.) Legal Description of Rank Notes. — Dank notes are merely a species of promissory
notes. They are subscribed either by the parties on whose account they are issued, or
by some one in their employment, whose signature is binding >!\;on them. A Dank of
England note for 51. is as follows : —
OBana of (2BttBltinD,
N'
N°
I promise to pay to Mr. Thomas Rippon, or Bearer,
on Demand, the Sum of Jf jDe Pounds.
1833. September 9, London, 9 September, 183S.
For the Gov" and Comp' of the
J^fitt. BANK of ENGLAND.
A. B.
J
*^ 1 1-
nks in f^ood
'i\ bi'low tlic
liiif? tht-m to
liseoiicuption
re cannot, in
.'tween Munit
• place where
must depend
Ihe liite nu'ii-
and, indeed,
c on tlie part
I, in the end,
n^, in conse-
those of the
jinpared with
ndon ; but it
not, in such
ulancy of the
luntry l)anks
id ; and that
land notes, or
n future as it
h pai)er were
,upplied from
countries are
ke to supi)ose
V system than
cient security
ise the stability
system.
stem, it would
hed from that
that i)rices arc
'I'lie Scotch
iits, but by the
as it could be
)ld. On what
''.ngland notes
e or Durham
and bullion, as
If the value
n circulation,
ird, a fourth,
onsists of the
St of the sum
managing his
■ps an average
1 of promissory
are issued, or
A Bank of
N°
np» of the
.AND.
HANKING (GENEIIAL PRINCIPLUS ()1>
(iy
No jiai
liculur form of wonls is nwessary In a bank note. The essential rciiuisites are,
Kn^luiul and Wak
less till
^/.,
L'linite
Scotland and Ireland not less than I/.), tliat it should tie payanie to nearer on (iiinaiui,
and that it should he properly stamped. I'roinissory notes, though issued by bankers, if
not payable to bearer on demand, do not come under the denomination of bank notes :
they are not, like the latter, taken an ciisli in all ordinary transactions ; nor are they, like
thi'in, assignable by mere delivery.
The circulation of notes for less than.')/, was restrained by law(stat. l.'j Geo. 3. c. .51.)
from 17(i6' to IT!»7. In 1808, it was enacted by stat. 48 Geo. :». c. 88., that all bank
notes, promissory notes, or other negotiable instruments for less than 20». should be
absolutely void: a penalty of from 20*. to .'5/., at the discretion of the justices, being
imposed on liieir issuers. It was enacted by the 7 Geo. 4. c. «., that the issue (»f all
bank notes or promissory notes for less than 5l. by the Hank of England, or by any
licensed I'.nglish bankers, and stamped on the .^tli of February, I8'^6', or previously
(after which period such notes were not stamped), should terminate on the 5tli of April,
18 '.'9.
The stamp duties on bank notes or promissory notes payable on demand, arc —
Not cxciTiliiiK I
Lxcvv(liii|{
1
r>
10
20
.'JO
50
£ I. rf.
iind not exceeding 2
2
_ ' 5
5
_ 10
— 20
— .")<)
— 50
U — IIHJ
£
(.
rf.
5
(1
10
1
3
I
'J
2
3
(1
5
»
(i
Which notes may be reissued after p.iyment, us often as shall be thought fit, provided
they be issued by a banker or person who has taken out a licence, renewable annually,
and costing :«)/., to issue notes jjayable to bearer on demand. Any banker or other
person issuing such riissuable notes, without being duly licensed, shall forfeit U\Ol. for
every olleiice. — (,';5 r,Vo. :J. c. 184. § 27.)
These conditions do not ajjply to tlie Hank of England, the stamp duties on the notes
of that establishment being compounded for at tlie rate of .0,J0O/. per milUon of its notes
in circulation.
Notes or bills not payable to bearer on demand, are not reissuable, under a penalty of
50/. — (Tor the stamp <lnties ad'ecting tliein, see Exciiance.)
By the 9 (Jeo. 4. c. 'J'.i., I'-nglish bankers not in the city of London, or within three
miles thereof, are authorised to issue jiromissory notes, and to draw and issue bills ot
exchange, on unstamped i)apcr, for any sum of 51, or upwards, expressed to be payable
to the bearer on demand, or to order at any period not exceeding 7 days after sight,
(bills may also be drawn at any period not exceeding 21 days after date,) upon
obtaining licences, costing :!0/., to that ett'ect, provided such bills of exchange be drawn
upon bankers in London, Westminster, or Southwark ; or jirovided mh h bills be drawn
by any banker or bankers at the jilace where he or they shall be licensed to issue
unstami)e(l notes and bills, upon himself or themselves, or his or their copartner or
copartners, jiayable at any other jjlace where such banker or bankers shall be licensed
to issue such notes and bills. Bankers having such licences, are to give security by bond,
that they will keep a true account of all i)romissory notes and bills so issued, and nccount
for the duties on them at the rate of .'J.v. 6<l. for every 100/., and also for the fractional
parts of 100/. of the average value of such notes and bills in circulation. Persons post-
dating unstamped notes or bills shall, for every such offence, forfeit 100/.
(.5. ) Lef/al Effect of the Payment of Bank Notes. — Notes of the Hank of England were
not, previously to the act .1 & 4 Will. 4. c. S8., like bills of exchange, mere securities,
or documents of debt, but were treated as money or cash in the ordinary course or
transactions of business ; the receipts given apon their payment being always given
as for money. Now, however, they are legal tender, every where except at the Bank,
for all sums above 5/. All notes payable to bearer are assignable by delivery. The
holder of a bank note is prima facie entitled to prompt payment of it, and cannot be
affected by the previous fraud of any former holder in obtaining it, unless evif'^iice be
given to show that he was privy to such fraud. Such privity may, however, be inferred
from the circumstances of the case. To use the words of I^ord Tenterden, " If a person
take a bill, note, or any other kind of security, under circumstances which oui/ht to excite
suspicion in the mind of any reasonable man acquainted with the ordinary aflUirs of life,
and which ought to put him on his guard to make the necessary inquiries, and he do
not, then he loses the right of maintaining possession of the instrument against the
lawful owner ."—(Guitdhall, 25th October, 1826.)
Country bank notes are usually received as cash. But though taken as such, if they
he presented in due time and not paid, they do not amount to a payment, and the de-
liverer of the notes is still liable to the bolder. It is not easy to determine what is a
E 'J-
;■/!
Fl ''
I?
(it!
■ '\
I I
11 1 .
';! .
1'.
ti
: m
■?': !'
70
BANK OF ENGLAND.
due or reasonable time, inasmuch as it must depend in a great measure on the circum-
stances of each particular case. On the wliole, the safest rule seems to be to present all
notes or drafts payable on demand, if received in the place where they are payable, on the
day on which they are received, or as soon after as possible. When they have to l)e
transmitted by post for payment, no unnecessary delay should be allowed to intervene.
— (Chitti/'s Commercial Law, vol. iii. p. 590., and the art. " Check" in this Dic-
tionary. )
II. Bank of England (Account or).
( 1 . ) Historical Ski:tch of the Bank. — Tliis great establishment, which has long been the
principal bank of deposit and circulation, not in this country only, but in Europe, was
founded in 1694. Its principal projector was Mr. William Paterson, an enteri)rising
and intelligent Scotch gcntbman, who was afterwards engaged in the ill-fated colony at
Darien. Government being at the time much distressed for want of money, partly from
the defects and .ibuses in the system of taxation, and partly from the difficulty of bor-
rowhig, because of the supposed instability of the revolutionary establishment, the iJank
grew out of a loan of 1,200,000/. for the public service. The subscribers, besides
receiving eii/ht i)er cent, on the sum advanced as interest, and 4,000/. a year as the
expense of management, in .ill 100,000/. a year, were incorporated into a society deno-
mintited the Governor and Company of the Bank of Ed gland. The charter is dated the
27th of Julv, 1G94. It declares, amongst other things, th.it they shall " be capable in
law, to purchase, enjoy, and retain to them and their successors, any manors, lands, rents
tenements, and possessions whatsoever ; Jind to purchase and acquire all sorts of goods
and chattels whatsoever, wherein they are not restrained by act of parliament ; aud also
to grant, demise, and dispose of the same.
" That the management and government of the coqioration be committed to the
governor, deputy governor, and twenty- four directors, who shall be elected between the
tJ5th day of March and 25th day of April, each year, from among the members of the
Company duly qualified.
" Tliat no dividend shall at any time be made by the said Governor and Company, save
only out of the inte est, profit, or produce arising by or out of the said capital stock or
fund, or by such dealing as is allowed by act of parliament.
" They must be natural born subjects of England, or naturalised subjects ; they shall
have in their own name and for their own use, severally, viz — the governor, at least
4,000/., th.e deputy governor 3,000/., and each director 2,000/. of the caw'cal stock of the
said corporation.
" That thirteen or more of the said governors and directors (of which the governor
or deputy governor must be always one) shall constitute a court of directors, for the
management of the affairs of the Company, and for tlie appointment of all agents and
servants which may bo necessary, paying theui such salaries as they may consider
reasonable.
" Every elector must have, in his own name and for his own use, 500/. or more
capital stock, and can only give one vote. He must, if required by any member present,
take the oath of stock ; or the declaration of stock, in case he be one of the people called
Quakers.
" Four general courts to be held in every year ; in the months of September, De-
cember. April, and July. A general court may bo summoned at any time, upon the
requisition of nine proprietors, duly qualified as electors.
" Tht majority of electors in general courts have the power to make and constitute
by-laws and ordinances <br the government of the corporation, |.rovided tiiat such by-
laws and ordinances be not repugnant to the laws of the kingdom, and be confirmed and
apjvroved, according to the statutes in such ease made and provided."
The corporation is prohibited from engaging in any sort of commercial undertaking
other than dealing in bills of exchange, and in gold and silver. It is autiiorised to ad-
vance money upon the security of gtiods or merchandise pledged to it j and to .sell, by
public auction, such goods as are not redeemed within a specified time.
It was also enac:ed, in the same year in which the I5ank was established, by s atuto
6 Willia n and IMary, e. 20., that the I5ank " shall not deal in any goods, wares, or
mjrchandise (except bullion), or purchase any lands or revenues belonging to the crown,
or .advance or lend to their IMajesties, their heirs or successors, any sum o<- smns of
money by way of loan or anticipation, or any part or parts, branch or branches, find
or funds of the i'?venue, now granted or belonging, or licreafter to be granted to ilieir
IMajesties, their heirs and successors, other than such fund or funds, part or parts, br.anch
or branches of tiie said revenue only, on \\!\ich a credit of loan is or shall be granted
by parliament." And in 1(>97 it was enacted, that the "common capital and principal
btock, and also the real fund of the Governor and Company, or any profit or produce' to
M
BANK OF ENGLAND.
71
the rirciim-
» prcsLMit all
able, oil the
T have to l)e
> intervene.
I this Dic-
mg been the
Europe, was
enterprisin}?
ed colony at
, partly from
:ulty of bor-
t, the Bank
)crs, besides
year as the
jciety deno-
is dated the
le capable in
lands, rcntK,
irts of goods
lit; a! id also
litted to tlic
between the
mbers of the
jmpany, save
ital stock or
i ; they shall
rnor, at least
. stock of the
the governor
tors, for the
1 agents and
ay consider
\1. or more
iher present,
beoi)le called
fember, De-
iipon the
Id constitute
jiat such by-
|n firmed and
idertakiiig
rised to ad-
Id to sell, by
I, by satnle
|s, wares, or
I the crown,
Joi' sums of
Inches, frnd
led to ilicir
(arts, l)ranch
be granted
lid principal
1 product' to
l)e made thereof, or arising thereby, shall be exempted from any rates, taxes, assess-
ments, or impositions whatsoever, during the continuance f)f the Bank ; and that all the
profit, benefit, and advantage, from time to time arising ...i, of the management of the
said corporation, shall be applied to the uses of all the members of the said corporation
of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, raleably and in proportion to
each member's part, share, and interest in the common capital and principal stock of the
said Governor and Company hereby established."
It was further enacted, in 1697, that the forgery of the Company's seal, or of any
sealed bill or Bank not", should be felony without benefit of clergy, and that the making
of any alteration or erasure in any bill or note should also be felony.
In l69fi, during the great recoinage, the Bank was involved in considerable difficulties,
and was even compelled to suspend payment of her notes, which were at a heavy discount.
Owing, however, to the judicious conduct of the directors, and the assistance of govern-
ment, tlie Bank got over the crisis. But it was at the same time judged expedient, in
order to place her in a situation the better to withstand any adverse circumstances that
might afterwards occur, to increase her capital from 1,200,000/. to 2,201,171/. In
1708, the directors undertook to pay off and cancel one million and a half of Exchequer
bills tliey had circulated two years before, at 4^ per cent., with the interest on them,
amounting in all to 1,775,028/. ; which increased the permanent debt due by the public
to the Bank, including 400,0(X)/. then advanced in conside.ation of the renewal of the
eliarter, to 3,f?75,028/., for which they were allowed 6 per cent. The Bank capital was
tlien also doubled or increased to 4,402,:34:i/. But the year 170S is chiefly memorable,
ill the history of the Bank, for the act that was ti'cn passed, which declared, that during
the continuance of the corporation of the Bank of England, " it should not be lawful for
any !)ody politic, erected or to be erected, other than the said Governor and Company of the
Bank of England, or for any other persons whatsoever, united or to be united in covenants
or partnership, exceeding the number of 6 persons, in that part of Great Britain called
England, to borrow, owe, or take up any sum or sinns of money on their bills or notes
payable on demand, or in any less time than 6 months from the borrowing thereof." —
This proviso, which has had so powerful an operation on banking in England, is said to
have been f licited by the Mine-adventuro Company having commenced banking business,
and begun to issue notes.
It has beer, pretty generally imagined, from the private banking companies in the
metroiiolis not issuing notes, that they were legally incapacitated from doing so. But
the clause in the act of 1708, v.hich has been the only restriction on the issue of notes,
a])plied generally to fill England, and had no peculiar reference to London. The fact
that hanks with 6 or fewer partners have not issued notes in the metropolis, as well as
in the provinces, is, therefore, ascribahle .either to their being aware that their notes
would obtain no considerable circulation concurrently with those of a great association
like the Bank of England, or from their believing that their issue would not be pro-
fitable.
The charter of the Bank of England, when first granted, was to continue for eleven
years certain, or till a year's notice after the 1st of August, 1705. The charter was
further prolonged in 1697. In 1708, the Bank having advanced 400,000/. for the
public service, without interest, the exclusive privileges of the corporation were pro-
longed till 17,'53. And in consequence of various advances made at diflerent times, the
exclusive privileges of the Bank have been continued by successive renewals, till a yeir's
notice, after the 1st of August, 1855, under the proviso that they may be cancelled on a
year's nolioe to that eflfect being given on the 1st of August, 1845.
We subjoin
An Account of the successive Renewals of the Charter, of the Conditions under which these Ilcncwals
were made, and of the Variations in the Amount and Interest of the Permanent Debt due by (iovern-
ment to the Uank, exclusive of the Dead Weight.
IMte of
lUmL'wal.
IGM.
IC'iT.
Conditions under which Renewals were made, and Permanent Debt contracts).
Charter granted under the ict 5 & 6 Will. 3. c. 20,, redeemable upon the
expiration of 12 months' notice after the 1st of August 170,5 uion
payment by the pubhc to the liaiik of thedeincnds therein sperilied
Under this art the Hank advanced to the public 1,2(H),(X)0/, in con-
sulcmtion of their receiving an annuity of I'JO.CHK)/. a year, viz 8 per
rent, interest, and 4,()()(l/. lor management . .
Charter rnntinued by the 8 Ji it Will. 3. c. 20. iill 12 months' notice after
1st of AugiLst, 1710, on payment, ^c.
Under this act the liank took upand added to theirstnck 1.001,171/
txclieyuer bills and tallies. ' '
Carried forward
rermanent Debt.
». d.
1,200,000
I.WO.dOO
t ,1
:i
F 4
s
72
BANK OF ENGLAND.
;. I
i i
i$-i
% '1
*li
An Account of the lucccsslvc Renewals of the Charter, &c, —continted.
Date of
Renewal.
Conditions under which Renewals were made, and Permanent Debt contracted.
1708.
1713.
1742.
17M.
1781.
1800.
1833.
Drought forward -
Charter contin-,!Hl by 7 Anne, c. 7. till 12 months' notice after Ist of
August, 17.'.% on payment, &c.
Under this act the Hank advanced 4'M,CiOOI. to Rovernment with-
out interest; and dclivcri'd up to he can;^('lle<l 1 ,77.';,027/. 17.». lOrf.
Kxohcqucr hilLs, in consideration of their receiving an annuity of
106,;')OI/. [lis , being at the rate of (i pc. cent.
Charter continued by 12 Anne, stat 1. c. 11. till 12 months' notice after
1st of Auiiiist, 171-, on ijayincnt, &c.
In 17 If), by tlie 3 (ieo, 1. c. 8., Bank advanced to government, at
5 per cent. - ., -
And by the same act, the interest on (he Exchequer bills cancelled
in 1708 was reduced from (i to 5 per cent.
In 1721, by 8 (Jeo. 1. c. 21., the ?outh .Sea Company were authorised
to sell iO;),(K)0/. governnicnt annuities, and corpt)ra(ions pur-
chasing the same at 2o yc.irs' purchase were authorised to add the
amount to their capital stock, fhe Bank i)urchased the whole of
these annuities at a) years' purchase
5 pur cent. Interest was payable on tliis sum to Blidsummer,
17-27, and thereafter, * per cent.
At different times between 1727 and 1738, both inclusive, the Bank
received from the public, on account of permanent debt, 3,275,027/.
17*. !()(/., and advanced to it on accotnit of ditto, 3,000,000/. : Dif-
ference .....
Debt due by the public in 17 8 . . . .
Charter continual by 15 Geo. 2. c. 13. till 12 months' notice after 1st of
August, 17(i4, on payment, &c.
Under this act the Bank advanced l.fiOO.OOO/. without interest,
whic. being added to the original advance of 1,2IK),000/., and the
400,(K)0/. advanced in 1710, bearing interest at (> per cent, reduced
the interest on the whole to 3 per cent. ...
In 1745, under authority of 19 Geo. 2. c. (5., the Bank delivered up
to be cancelled '.)8(),()()0/. (if Kxchequer bills, in consideration of an
annuity of ,3!1,47VV., Iieinc at the rate of J per cent,
In 1749, the 23 Geo. 2. c. C. reduced the interest on the 4 per cent,
annuities held by the Bank, to 3i percent, for 7 years from the 25th
of December, 1750, and thereafter to 3 percent.
Charter continued by 4 (ioo. 3. c. 25. till 12 months' notice after 1st of
August, 178(i, on payment, &c.
Under this act theBankpaid into the Exchequer 110,000/. free of
all charge.
Charter continued by 21 Geo. 3. c. GO. till 12 months' notice after 1st of
August, 1812, on payment, He
Under this aet the Bank advanced 3,(Ki;),'KX)/. for the public service
for 3 years at 3 per cent.
Charter continued by 10 (ico. 3. c. 28. till 12 months' notice after 1st of
August, 183.3, on pavmcnt, \c.
Under this act the Bank advanced to government 3,000,00.01. for 6
years without interest ; but in pursuance of the recommendation of
the committee of 1807, the advance was continued without interest
till fi months after tlie sijiii.iture of a definitive treaty of peace.
In ItiK), the Bank, uniier authority of the act ."i() Geo. 3. c. 9f>,
advanced at 3per cent., tolie .ep.iid on or before 1st of August, 18.i3
Charter continueil by j& 4 Will. 4. c. i'H. till 1? months' notice after 1st of
August, 18;)5, with a proviso that it may be dissolved on 12 months'
notice alter ".st of August, ISk'i, on payment, S:c.
'I'Ins act directs that in future the Bank shall de.Uict 120,0nn/. a
year from their charge on acioiint of the management of the public
ilebt; and tliat a fourth part of the debt due by the public to the
Bank, or 3,(),;iS,2,"()/., be paid oil' . • . . -
I'erm.uirnt advance by the Bank to the public, bearing interest
at 3 ])er cent., independent of the advances on account of de.id
weight . - - • -
(ermaneat Debt.
£ s. d.
1,200,000
2,175,027 17 10
2,000,000
4,000,000
9,375,027 17 10
275,027 17 10
9,100,000
1,600,000
986,000
3,000,000
14,')8(),800
S,638,2.")0
ll,048,,-)5()
For further details as to this subject, see the Appendix No. 1. of the Report o/ 18,32 on the Renewal of
the Rank Charter, nwii the acts ni parliament referred to in it; see also James PostlcthwayVs History
oft' .ievenue, pp. 301 — 3iO. ; and I'ainiiaii on the Funds, 7th ed. pp. 85 — 88. &c.
The capital of the Bank on which dividends are paid, has never exactly coincided
with, though it has seldom diiFored very materially from, the permanent advance by the
lianii to the public. We have already seen that it amounted, in 1708, to 4,40'J,;HS/.
Between that year and 17'i7 it was incrca.sed to near 9,000,00(V. In 174fi, it amounted
to 10,780,000/. From this period it underwent no change till 1782, when it was increased
8 per cent., or to 11,612,400/. It continued stationary at this sum down to 1816,
when it was raised to 14,5J3,000/. by an addition of 25 per cei»t. from the profits of
the Bank, under the provisions of the act 56 Geo. ^. c. 96. The late act for the renewal
of the charter, ;} & 4 Will. 4. c. 98., directs that the sum of .'3,6.'}8,250/., the portion of
the del)t due to the Bank t,) he repaid by tlie ])ul)lic, shnll be deducted from the Bank's
capital; which will, tiierefurc, be in fiilure 10,91 1.7J(V. — ( /f (/)";■< im lidnk Charter,
I'tpinn. No. J.!.)
BANK OF FNGLAND.
73
ed.
Permanent Debt.
£ s. a.
1,200.000
2,175,027 17 10
2,000,000
4,000,000
9,375,027 17 10
275,027 17 10
9,100,000
1,600,000
986,(m
.ooo.noo
•>8(i,8UO
6')8,2,')0
048,r) 50
the Hcm'iral of
\wayVs Uistoiy
tly coincidt'd
vance by tlic
) 4,402,;H;j/.
it amuuntcil
vas increased
(vn to 1816,
18 profits of
the renewal
e portion of
1 the Bank's
ink Charter,
The Bank of England has been frequontV affected by panics amongst the holders of
its notes. In 1745, the alarm occasioned by tlie advance of the Highlanders und'.r the
Pretender as far as Derby, led to a run upon the Bank ; and in order to gain time to
concert measures for averting the run, the directors adopted the device of paying in
shillings and sixpences ! But they derived a more effectual relief from the retreat of
tlie Highlanders ; and from a resolution agreed to at a meeting of the principal merchants
and traders of the city, and very numerously signed, declaring the willingness of the
subscribers to receive Bank notes in payment of any sum that might be due to them, and
pledging themselves to use iheir utmost endeavours to make all their payments in the
same medium. . , , ,
During the tremendous riots in June, 1780, the Bank mcurrcd considerable danger.
Had the'itiob attacked the establishment at the commencement of the riots, the con-
sequences might have proved fatal. Luckily, however, they delayed their attack till
time had been afforded for providing a force sufficient to insure its safety. Since that
period a considerable military force is nightly placed in the interior of the Bank, as a
protectio in any emergency that may occur.
In the latter part of 179'i .- id beginning of 1793, there was, in consequence of a pre-
vious over-issue on their part, a general run on most of the privave banks ; and about
one third of these establishments were forced to stop payment. This led to a consider-
able demand for coin from the Bank.
The year .797 is, however, the most important epoch in the recent history of the Bank.
Owing partly to events connected with the war in which we were then engaged — to loans
to the Emperor of Germany — to bills drawn on the treasury at home by the British
agents abroad — and partly, and chiefly, perhaps, to the advances most unwillingly made
by the Bank to government, which prevented the directors from having a sufficient con-
trol over their issues, — the exchanges became unfavourable in 1795, and in that and the
following year large sums in specie were drawn from the Bank.* In the latter end of
1796 and beginning of 1797, considerable apprehensions were entertained of invasion,
and rumours were i)ropagated of descents having been actually made on the coast. In
consequence of the fears that were thus excited, runs were made on the provincial
bat'ks in different parts of the country ; and some of them having failed, the panic be-
cain " fieneral, and extended itself to London. Demands for cash poured in upon the
'.tai. ' nw all quarters; and on Saturday, the 25th of February, 1797, she had only
. . of cash and bullion in her coffers, with every pro.pectof a violent run taking
))lace on the following Monday. In this emergency an order in council was issued on
Sunday, tlie 26th. proliibiting the directors from paying their notes in cash until the sense
of p.irliaincnt had been taken on the subject. And after parliament met, and the mea-
sure had been much discussed, it was agreed to continue the restriction till six months
after the signature of a definitive treaty of peace.
As soon as the order in council prohibiting payments in cash appeared, a meeting ot
the jirincipal bankers, merchants, traders, &c. of the metropolis, was held at the INIaiision-
IiDuse, when a resolution was agreed to, and very numerously signed, pledging, as had
been done in 1745, those present to accept, and to use every means in tiieir power to
cause IJank notes to be accepted as cash in all transactions. This resolution tended to
allay the ajipreliensioiis that the restriction had excited.
Parliament being sitting at the time, a committee was immediately appointed to ex-
amine into the affairs of the Bank ; and their report put to rest whatever doubts might
have been entertained with respect to the solvency of the establishment, by showing that
at the moment wlwn the order in council appeared, the Bank was possessed of property to
the amount of 15 5) 3,690/., after all claims upon it had been deducted.
Much differei • opinion has existed with respect to the policy of the restriction in
• So early as Y .- n >i r, i?')*, the court of directors represented to government their uneasiness on
account of the . iw-ii •-' ■ of e debt due by the government to the Bank, and anxiously requested a re-
payment of at I :>st a ■ .i. .cttiblc part of what had been advanced. In January, 17LW,'they re.«olve<l to
linnt tlieir advances up.. ta.t'ny bills to .'dlO.OOO/. ; and at the same time they iiiformed Mr. Pitt that it
was their wish that he wculc just his measures for the year in surh a manner as not to rievi<"l on any
/urt/itr assistance from them. On the llth of I'ebruarv, Hiti, they resolved, "'I'hat it is the .pinion of
this court, founded upon the experience of the late Imperial loan, that if any (\jrthcr loan or advance of
money to the emperor, or to any of the foreign statCT, should in the present state of atthirs take place, it
will, ui all probability, prove fatal to the Hank of Kngland. The court of directors do, therefore, most
earnestly deprecate the adoption of any such measure, and they solemnly protest against any responsibility
for the calamitous consequences that mav follow thereupon." But notwithstanding these, and manv other
Fimilar remonstrances, fresh advances of money were made to our foreign allies, and fresh demands upon
the Bank ; the directors reluctantly abandoning their own better judgment to what they truly termed the
pressing solicitations " of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and their desire to avert " the probable dis-
tress which a refusal (on their part) might occasion, in the then alarming situation of public aHiirs."
But notwithstanding the difficulties of the Bank were greatly aggravated by that conduct on the part of
government .■■ "inst which the directors had so strongly protested, she could hardly, in any state of her
amurs, have ;; ■' sately over the crisis of 1797. The run upon the Bank that then took place, was occa.
h
n
*:
' ^ if
ii \
It
Binned by
imnicdiittci
Jf invasion ; and it is clear, as rcniarke<l in the text, that while they continued, no jwipcr
111 -.tible into gold coulil remain in circulation,
^l
I ,
I !
"1 '■
I
1 !
' I
7t
BANK OF ENGLAND.
t
1V97 ; but, considering the peculiar circumstances uiiuer which it took place, its ex-
pediency sceins abundantly obvious. The run did not originate in any over-issue of
Bank p.tper ; but grew entirely out of political causes. So long as the alarms of invasion
continued, it was clear that no Bank paper immediately convertible into gold would
remain in circulation. And as the Bank, though possessed of ample funds, was without
the means of instantly retiring her notes, she might, but for the interference of govern-
ment, have been obliged to stop payment ; an event which, had it occurred, must liave
produced consequences in the last degree fatal to the public interests.
It had been generally supposed, previously to the passing of the Restriction Act, that
Bank notes would not circulate unless they were immediately convertible into cash ; but
the event showed, conformably to principles that have since been fully explained, that
thi;i was not really tie case. Though the notes of the Bank of England were not,
at the passing of the Restriction Act, publicly declared to be legal tender, they were
rendered so in practice, by being received as cash in all tr.insactions on account of govern-
ment, and of the vast majority of individuals. For the first three years of the restriction,
their issues were so moderate, that they not only kept on a par with gold, but actually
bore a small premium. In the latter part of 1800, however, their quantity was so much
increased that they fell to a discount of about 8 per cent, as compared with gold, but
they soon after rose nearly to par; and it was not until 1808 that the decline of their
value excited any considerable attention. Early in 1810, they were at a discount of
about 1.^^ per cent. ; and this extraordinary fall having attracted the attention of the
legislature, the House of Commons appointed a committee to inquire into the circinn-
stances by which it had been occasioned. The committee examined several witnesses ;
and in their report, which was drawn up with considerable ability, they justly ascribed
the fall to the over-issue of Bank paper, and recommended that the Bank should be
obliged to resume cash payments within two years. This recommendation was not,
however, acted upon ; and the value of Bank paper continued to decline, as compared
witli gold, till 1814.
At the period when the restriction on carV payments took place in 1797, it is supposed
that there were about 280 country banks in >" »-'"; but so rapidly were these esta-
blislnr.ents multiplied, that they amounted to ,'00 in 1813. The price of corn,
influenced partly by the depreciation of the cur . , and the facility with which dis-
counts were obtained, but far more by deficient harvests, and the unprecedented diffi-
culties which the war threw in the way of importation, had risen to an extraordinary
height during the five years ending with 1813. But the harvest of that year being
luuisually productive, and the intercourse with the Continent being then also renewed,
prices, influenced !)y both circumstances, sustained a very heavy fall in the latter part
of 1813, and the beginning of 1814. And this fall having proved ruinous to a
considerable number of farmers, and produced a general want of confidence, such a
destruction of provincial paper took place as has rarely been paralleled. In 1814,
1815, and 1810', no fewer than L'lO country banks stopped payment; and ctyhtif-niiw
commissions of bankruptcy were issued against these establishments, being at the
rate of one commission against every ten and a half of the total number of banks existing
in 1813.
The great reduction that had been thus suddenly and violently brought nbout in the
quantity of country bank pajjcr, by extending the field for the circulation of Bank of
England paper, raised its value in 1817 nearly to a par with gold. The return to casli
payments being thus facilitated, it w.as fixed, in 1819, by the act 59 Geo. 3. c. 78.,
commonly called Mr. Peel's Act, that they should take place in 1823. But to prevent
any future over-issue, and at the same time to render the measure as little burdensome
as possible, it was enacted, in pursuance of a plan suggested by the late Mr. Rieardo,
that the Bank should be obliged, during the in*".val from the passing of the act till the
return to specie payments, to pay her notes, if required, in bars of standaid bullion of
no' less than sixty ounces' weight. This plan was not, however, acted ujion during the
period .illowed by law ; for, a large amount of gold having been accumulated at the
Bank, the directors preferred recommencing specie payments on the 1st of May, 1821.
— (See Table III. for an account of the price of bullion, the depreciation of paper, &c.
from 1800 to 1821.)
A great diversity of opinion has been entertained with respect to the policy of the
return to the old standard, in 1819. By one party it has been represented as a wise and
politic measure : they contend that Mr. Peel's Act not only put an end to those fluctu-
ations in the value of money, which had previously been productive of great mischief,
and gave eifcct to the solemn engagements into which the public had entered with the
national creditor, but that it did this without adding any thing material to the national
burdens. But another, and, perhaps, a more numerous parly, take a totally different
view of this measure : they contend that the public was not really bound to return to
cash payments at the old standard at the termination of the war; that the return has
l\
BANK OF ENGLAND.
75
place, its cx-
oviT-issue of
ns of invasion
> gold would
, was without
;e of govern-
i, must have
ion Act, that
ito cash ; but
plained, that
id were not,
;r, they were
(It of govern-
e restriction,
but actually
was so much
th gold, but
line of their
discount of
ition of the
the circum-
d witnesses;
stly ascribed
k should be
in was not,
IS compared
is supposed
these csta-
ice of corn,
which dis-
lented diffi-
Ltraordinary
year being
io renewed,
latter part
"nous to a
cc, such a
In ]8M,
iyhti)-nine
g at the
s existing
out in the
f Bank of
rn to cash
c. 78.,
o prevent
rdcnsome
liicardo,
ict till the
>ul]ion of
uring the
ed at the
ly, 1821.
aper, &c.
;y of the
wise and
ic fluctu-
miscliief,
with the
national
dilT'erent
eturn to
urn has
very greatly enhanced the value of the currency ; and that this enhancement, by adding
proportionallv to the fixed burdens laid on the industrious classes, has been most inju-
rious to their interests. It will, however, be found in this, as in most cases of the sort,
tliat the statements of both parties are exaggerated ; and that if, on the one hand, the
measure has not been so advantageous as its apologists represent, neither, on the other,
has it been nearly so injurious as its enemies would have us believe.
In discussing this question, it is material to observe that the value of paper, which
had been in 1815 and 1816 about 16| per cent, below that of gold, rose in 1817 and
1818, from the causes already mentioned, without any interference whatever on the part
of government, to within little more than 2^ per cent, of the value of gold ; and that in
1819 the depreciation only amounted to 4^ per cent. — (See Table III.) It is, therefore,
quite ludicrous to ascribe to the act of 1819, as is oilen done, the whole rise that has
taken place in the value of the currency since the peace, seeing that the currency had
been for three years previousli/ to its enactment from 12i to 14^ per cent, above its value
in 1815, and from 21 to 23 per 'cnt. above its value in 1814! The main object which
the promoters of the act of 181 iiad in view, was to sustain the value of the currency at
the point to which it had recovered itself, without legislative interference. This, however,
could not be done without recurring to specie payments ; and the difference of 4^ per
cent, tliat obtained in 18r> between the value of gold and paper, was not deemed suffi-
ciently considerable to warrant a departure from the old standard, and from the acts
engaging to restore it. .,
IJut it is alleged, that those who suppose that the act of 1819 added only 4J per cent,
to the value of the currency, mistake altogether the effect of the measure. It is
admitted, indeed, that paper was then only 4^ pjr cent, less valuable than gold ; but by
reverting to specie payments, we made an unexpected purchase of thirty millions of gold ;
and it is affirmed, that this novel and large demand, concurring simultaneously with the
contraction of paper in several of the continental states, and with a falling off" in the
supply of bullion from the mines, had the effect of adding very greatly to the value of
gold itself, and consequently to that of the currency. It is very difficult, or rather, per-
iiaps, impossible, to determine the precise degree of credit that ought to be attached to
this statement ; but while we incline to think that it is well founded to a certain extent,
we see no grounds for believing that it is so to any thing like the extent that has been
stated. The gold imported into Great Britain, to enable the Bank to resume specie
payments, was not taken from any particular country or district, but was drawn from
the market of the world ; and considering the vast extent of the supply whence it was
derived, it is against all reason to sujjpose that its vsilue could be materially influenced
l)y our pinx'lKises. We doubt, too, whether the contraction of the paper currency of
some of the continental states, and the substitution of specie in its stead, was not more
than balanced by the cessation of the demand for specie for the military chests of the
different armies, by the stoppage of the practice of hoarding, and the greater security
consequent to the return of peace. And with respect to the falling off' in the supplies
from the mines, it is not a circumstance, supposing it to have had a considerable
influence, that parliament could taki- into account. It could neither determine the
extent to which bullion had been raised, nor at what point the rise would stop, nor
bow soon it might again begin to tlecline. The diminution in the supply of bullion
had then continued for too short a period, and its influence on t''ie value of gold
was much too uncertain, to make it a ground for interfering in an} degree with the
st.nndard.
The decline in the price of most articles that has taken place since the peace, has been
often referred to, as a conclusive proof of the great enhancemint in the value of bullion.
But the inference is by no mciins so certain as has been represented. The prices of
commodities are as nnieh affected by changes in the cost of their production, as by
changes in the quantity of money afloat. Now, there is hardly one of the great articles
of commerce, the cost of which has not been considerably reduced, or which has not
lieen su|>plied from new sources, within the last few years. The growth of corn, for
example, has been vastly extended in France, Prussia, and generally throughout the
Continent, by the splitting of large estates, and (he complete subversion of the feudal
system ; and the reduction of its price in this country is, at least, as nuich owing to the
extraordinary increase of imports from Irela.id, as to any other cause. The fall in the
price of wool is most satisfactorily accounted for by the introduction and rapid multipli-
cation of Merino sheep in Germany, wlicre they seem to succeed even better than in
Spain ; and by the growing imports from New "Holland and elsewhere. And a very
large portion, if not the whole, of the fall in the price of colonial products, is admitted,
on all hands, to be owing to the destruction of the monopoly system, and the vast
extension of cultivation in Cuba, Brazil, Louisiana, Demerara, ^c. Although, there-
fore, we do not deny that the falling off" in the supply of bullion from the mines must
have had bonic influence on prices, wc hold it to be the greatest im.igiiiabic error to
! •
i
>'
76
BANK OF ENGLAND.
1 1.
i-
I
If \'h
:.i
» ;,n
itr
ascribe to it the entire fall that has taken place since tlie peace. Were its cflTect rntid :it
10 per cent, we believe it wuuld be very considerably overstated. —(See art. I'kecious
Metals. )
On the whole, therefore, we ai'- disposed to approve of the conduct of those who
framed tlie act of 1819. That it added to the burdens of the industrious classes, and
has been in so far hostile to the public interests, it seems impossible to doubt ; but it has
not done this in any thing like the degree which its enemies represent. Tlie period,
too, when it was passed, is now so distant, that the existing engagements amongst indi-
viduals have almost all been formed witli reference to the altered value of the currency ;
so that whatever injury it may have occasioned in the first instiuice, must be nearly gone
by. To modify or change the standard at this late period, would not be to repair injus-
tice, but to commit it afresh. At the end of the war, the circumstances were consider-
ably different. The standard had been really abandoned for the previous 18 years;
and, perhaps, we may now say, that it would have been better, all things considered, had
the mint price of bullion been raised, in 1815, to the market price. But having sur-
mounted all the difficulties attendant upon the restoration of the old standard, and
maintained it since 18;il, it would be in the last degree impolitic to subject it to new
alterations. Should the country become, at any future period, unable to make good
its engagements, it will better consult its honour and its interest, by fairly compounding
with its creditors, than by endeavouring to slip from its engagements by resorting to the
dishonest expedient of enfeebling the standard.
The price of corn, which had been very much depressed in 1821 and 1822, rallied
in 1823; and this circumstance contributed, along with others peculiar to that period,
to promote an extrfiordinary rage for speculation. Tlie issues of the country banks being
in consecjuence far too much extended, the currency became redundant in the autumn of
1824 ; and the exchanges having been depressed, a drain for gold began to operate upon the
Bank of England. But the directors of the Bank having entered, in the early ])art of
that year, into an engagement with government to pay off such holders of 4 per cent,
stock as might dissent from its conversion into a 3^ per cent, stock, they were <)l)]iged
to advance a considerable sum on this account after the depression of the exchange. This
tended to counteract the effect of the drain on the Bank for gold ; and, in consequence,
the London currency was not very materially diminished till September, 1825. When,
however, the continued demand of the public on the Bank for gold had rendered money
scarce in the metropolis, the pressure speedily extended to the country. Such of the
provincial banks — and they were a numerous class — as had been originally established
without sufficient capital, or had conducted their business upon erroneous principles, began
to give way the moment they experienced an increased difficulty of obtaining pecuniary
accommodations in London. The alarm, once excited, soon became general ; and con-
fidence and credit were, for a while, almost wholly suspended. In the short space
of 6 weeks, above 70 banking establisiiments were destroyed, notwithstanding the
very large advances made to them by the Bank of England ; and the run u\nyn the
Bank, tor cash to supply tiie exigencies of the country banks, was so heavy, that she was
well nigh drained of all the coin in her coffers, and obliged, as already remarked, to issue
about a million of \l. and '21, notes.
In order to guard against a recurrence of the wide-spread mischief and ruin, produced
by this and the previous bankruptcies of the counC; y banks, it was resolved, in IHl'C, with
consent of the Bank of England, to make a change in the law of 1 708, limiting the
number of partners in banking establishments to 6 only. And it was accordingly
oa.'cted, that thenceforth any number of partners might form themselves into associations,
til carry on the business of banking, including the issue of notes, any where not within
sixty-Jive miles of London. The directors of the Bank of England came, at the same
time, to the resolution of establishing branches in some of the principal towns; and, at
this moment, branch banks are established in Gloucester, Manchester, Birmingham,
Leeds, Liverpool, Bristol, Exeter, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Hull, Norwich, &c.
The branch banks cannot fail of being highly useful : but we believe that the benefit
resulting from the formation of joint stock banks will not be nearly so great as has
been anticipated. — (See post, 13anks (English Provincial).) So long as every
one is allowed to issue notes without any sort of check or control, a thousand devices
may be fallen upon to insure a certain circulation to those that are most worthless.
At best, this measure is but a feeble palliative of inveterate disorders. It is quite
illusory to expect to make any real improvement upon the system of country banking
in England, by the mere introduction of a plan for alloivinr) banking establishments with
large capitals to be set on foot. There have always been, and are at this moment, a
great number of such establishments in England. What is re.illy wanted, is the
adoption of a system, that will exclude the possibility of notes being discredited, by
preventing all individuals or associations from issuing such us have not been previously
guaranteed.
BANK OF ENGLAND
1 1
ts effect rated at
J art. PiiEcioL's
:t of tliosc who
lus clfisscs, and
ubt ; but it lias
Tlie period,
I amongst indi-
tlic currency;
be nearly gone
to repair injus-
were consider-
.-ious 18 years;
lonsidered, had
ut having sur-
standard, and
ject it to new
to make good
■ compounding
esorting to tlie
1 1822, rallied
to that period,
ry banks being
the autumn of
crate upon the
e early part of
of 4 per cent,
were <)!)li<^c'd
change. Tliis
I consequence,
825. When,
idered money
Such of the
lly cstablislied
icii)les, began
ing pecuniary
al ; and con-
short space
anding the
un upon tlie
that she was
rked, to issue
in, produced
182C, with
limiting tlie
accordingly
associatioiis,
e not within
at the same
vns ; and, at
irniingham,
cc.
the benefit
rcat as has
as every
and devices
worthless.
It is quite
ry banking
ments witli
moment, a
ted, is the
redited, by
previously
'**'
Besides attempting to lessen tho fri-quency of bankruptcy among the country banks,
1)V rei)Ciiling the law limiting the number of partners, it was further resolved, in 1820',
to prohibit the future issue of 1/. notes. The policy and effects of this measure have
given rise to much dispute. It seems dear, that it has gone fiir to shut up one of the
most convenient channels by which the inferior class of country bankers contrived to get
their notes into circulation, and must, in so far, do gocxl. IJut there are many other
channels still open to them ; and to imagine that this measure will place the pro-
vincial currency on that solid basis on which it ought to be placed, is q\iite visionary.
There were no notes under 5/. in circulation in 1792 ; and yet fully one third of the
country banks then in existence became bankrujit ! The truth is, as already stated, that
it is not possible to guard against loss and fraud, from the i)roceedings of the country
bankers, otherwise than by compelling them to give security for their issues ; and, as
security may as easily be given for 11. notes as for those of .'3/., the suppression of the
former does not appear to liave been at all essential. No doubt can, however, be ei er-
tained. that the representfitions as to the extreme injury occasioned by the withdrawal
of the 1/. notes have been very greatly exaggerated; — though it is at the same time
obvious, that the means of the bankers to make advances, as well as the profit derived
from making them, must both have been diminished by the suppression of the small
notes ; and it would be foolish to deny that this circumstance must have occasioned some
loss and inconvenience to many individuals.
These remarks are meant to apply only to the case of the country banks. The extra-
ordinary extent to whidi the forgery of the 11, notes of the Bank of England was carried,
affords, perhaps, a sufficient vindication of the policy of their suppression. But the
comparatively limited circulation of the country banks, and, perhaps we may add, the
greater attention paid to the mjinncr in which their notes were engraved, hindered their
forgery from becoming injuriously prevalent.
(2.) Cash kept by the Bank. Ih'gtdation of her Issues. — Of late, the Bank directors
have endeavoured, as a general ride, to have as much coin and huUion in their coffers as
may toyether amount, when the exchange is at par, to a third part of the Jlank's lialiilifies,
including deposits as well as issues ; so that, in the event of the notes afloat, and the
public and private deposits in the coflTers of the Bank, amounting to 27,0OO,0(X)/. or
30,000,000/., they would not consider the establishment in a perfectly satisfactory state,
unless she was, generally speaking, possessed of about 9,000,000/. or 10,000,000/. of
coin and bullion. Such a supply seems to afford every requisite security ; and now
that the notes of the Bank are made legal tender, and that slie must be less exposed
than formerly to drains during panics, it may, probably, be found to be unnecessarily
large.
The issues of the Bank are wholly governed, at least in all ordinary cases, hy what
Mr. Horsley Palmer expressively calls " the action of the public :" — that is, they arc
increased during a favourable exchange, or when bullion is sent to the Bank to be ex-
changed for notes, and diminished during an unfavourable exchange, or when notes are
sent to the Bank to be paid. If the exchange were so favourable that the Bank was
accumulating considerably more bullion than was equivalent to the third part of her
lial'iiities, the directors would seem to be justified in adding to the currency by buying
a larger amount of government securities, or by increasing their discounts, &c. ; and
conversely, if the exchange were so unfavourable as to depress the supply of coin and
ijullion considerably below the average proportion. But the most intelligent directors
seem to think that this would be an midue ir.terference ; and, in all but extraordinary
cases, the rule of the Bank is, to allow the public to regulate the currency for itself through
the action of the exchange.*
It is frequently said that the value of money, and, consequently, that the price
of all sorts of property, depends on the fiat of the Bank, by which it is capriciously
elevated at one time and depressed at another. But the account now given of the
mode in which the issues of the Bank are regulated comjiletely disproves such state-
ments ; and independently of this, every one who knows that the Bank must pay her
notes in coin when presented, and that coin maybe at all times obtained from the Mint,
without any charge, in exchange for bullion, must know that the very supposition of their
being true involves a contradiction.
(fj.) Bank of England in its Connexion with Government and the Fuhlic. — The Bank
of England conducts the whole banking business of the British government. " It acts
not only," says Dr. Smith, " as an ordinary bank, but as a great engine of state. It
receives and pays the greater part of the annuities, which arc due to the creditors
of the public ; it circulates Exchequer bills ; and it advances to government the annual
• Mr. Horsley Palmer's evidence before the I.ito committee of the House of Commons on the Bank
rharfcr cnnlaiiis l>y far tlio lu'st eximsitioii ivrr given to the public, of the mode in wliich the business
(It thr liiiiik (It I iifjiand is cdmliu tid. It if al.-d hifjhiv deserving of attention, fri.m its general ability,
ar.d llif strong and steady light which it thr( ws on the |i-ii,ii|>lct of lankiiif and currciu y.
ill
r
I'l J
I'
3 '!
I|
78
BANK or ENGLAND.
amount of tlio land and inolt tuxes, which iiru frequently not paid till some year thcro
aJlur."
(4.) Advances hy the Bank in D'lAcounts, Sfc, — The greater part of the paper of tho
Bank has generally been issued in the way of advances or loans to government, upon
security of certain branches of the revenue, and in the purchase of Exchequer bills and
bullion ; but her issues through the medium of discounts to individuals have, notwith.
standing, been at all times considerable, while, during war and in periods of distress,
they have been occasionally very great. Generally speaking, however, the directors do
not think it advisable to enter into competition with private bankers in the transacting
of ordinary banking business, or in the discounting of mercantile paper. Mr. Ilorsley
Palmer is decidedly of opinion, that all banking business, apart from the issue of notes,
js better transacted by ])rivate bankers than by public bodies. — ( Min. of EviUcncc, p. ;J7. )
He also thinks, that were the Hank to come fairly into competition, at all times, with
the private bankers Jind other individuals in discounting, it would be very apt to lead,
every now and then, to an excess of the currency, and a fall of the exchange, producing
fluctuations that could not fail to be most injurious. At present, theretbre, and gene-
rally since the peace, the rate of interest charged by thf Hank for loans has been some-
what above the market rate. The consc<pience is, that, in ordinary periods, very few
applications are made to lier for discounts. Hut, at the same tinie, every one who has
any reasonable security to offer, knows where they may always be had ; wliile the rate of
interest charged by t!ic Hank necessarily forms a maximum rate which no other esta-
blishment can exceed. When, however, any circumstances occur to occasion a pressiu'e
in the money market, or a difficulty of obtaining accommodations in the usuiil channels,
the market rate of interest immediately rises to the rate fixed by the Hank ; and on
. such occasions, the jjrivate bankers, and the public generally, resort to the Hank for aid.
She then becomes, as it were, a hank of support ; and has, as such, on many trying occasions,
particularly in 179;!, 1815 and 1816', and lH'25-'26, rendered the most essential service
to public credit, and to the commercial interests of the country. The usual limited
amount of the Hank's discotnits does not, therefore, ])roceed, as has l)een absurdly enough
stated, from any indisposition on the part of the directors to render every assistance in
their power to the eoininercial classes, but is, in fact, the effect of such disposition. They
consider, and we believe justly, that, except under peculiar circumstances, the business of
discounting and banking is best conducted by private parties ; and that, by abstaining
from coming into competition with them, they are better al)le to act iis a liank of suj)-
port — that is, to sustain pul)lic and private credit by making extraordinary advances in
seasons of distress and difficulty. This is not to neglect the interests of the mercantile
classes, but to jjromote them in the best and most efficient manner, even though it should
be at the expense of the Hank.
No. XIV. of the accounts subjoined to this article shows the average annual amount
of commercial jjajjer discoinited by the Hank in London, from 1795 downtolSfjI.
Hut the subjoined account will probably be deemed still more interesting, from its ex-
hibiting in detail the variations in the discounts by the Hank during the 17 years ending
with 18:51. The sudden increase and immense amount of the discounts, in the last (piarter
of 1825 and the first quarter of 18ii6, show the vast importance of the assistance
then rendered by the Hank to the trading interests. Had this assistance been with-
held, or the Bank not been in a situation to render it, it is not easy to estimate the
consequences.
r -i
Account of the AvcraRO Amount of Rills and Notes disrountcd by tlie Hank of Englnni), in carli
Quarter of each oC the Seventeen Years ending with ISJl. — [Appen. to Hep on Bank Charter,
No. yfi.l
ls( Ouarter, (MuUnc
2il (Junrtir, emlliiK
eld Ounrtcr, en(linf»
ith Qlliirfer, ending
.Tktof.M.irili.
.llMli lit' .liinu.
30tli ut .'■I'pt nilier.
.•Jl^t of l»e<cnilitr. ;
£
.£
£
£
1815
l;3,tiii,r.oo
].-3,8K),r)00
lfi,iil.-i,2(l0
].-),7i7,.3no
181(5
it,:;i:>,!i(,()
1J,.)8(),4<)()
10,;")ti9,4()0
7,3<I<I,8(K)
1817
5,8'.'.J,.-.(K)
4,U8,.;(K)
3,.S-2!»,.';(X)
2,.->4 1,200
1818
Si,!l7li,!K)0
2,847,800
4,()10,400
fi,S(>.'),7()()
1819
8,;i(i.i,7(i()
(),(»2,;300
f),()21,(iOO
5,(H2,20O
isao
4,8I(),7(R)
3,()0.';,,'K)0
3,9S7,(iOO
3,l;;(i,7(H)
1821
,'3,ii-38,;)(Kl
2,71."),1(K)
2,'.'n4,I0O
2,4.0!t,,i(K)
18'-''2
3,1.37 ,(KX)
3,'J16,.-|(K)
3,;i88,7(X)
3,724,(i0()
182;!
4,1()7,2(K)
•ofirafim
2,801,4(H)
2,;J.>4,y(K)
I824
2,.'2li,8(K)
e,.'')53,;")(K)
2,44<l,80()
2,24K,!)()0
18^5
2.4(i(;,800
3,973,700
.5,486,000
7,839,.'i(;()
IRV'fi
it,.«ii,700
5,().i7,4(K)
2,9;J(),.5U0
2,l(M,8(iO
1827
i!,IiW,li(K)
1,226,400
1,107,.500
1,239,8(K)
I8'J8
l,'JflH,-KN)
l,lfi,'"),(i(X)
1,170,800
2,1.07,2(X)
18v!9
.'i,!l.j'-',!l(K)
3,283,7(K)
2,611,8('0
2,l;")y,7(X)
18.-30
l,K(i(),.'i(H)
],414,(i00
l,27.'i,(K)0
1,930,7(X)
1831
2,.51! 1,2(10
3,'-'4<).20O
3,422,.'iO()
3.77 1, .-KK)
. ...^
BANK OF ENGLAND.
79
! year thcr© ,
paper of the
nineiit, upon
|UL>r bills and
ive, notwitli-
Is of distress,
! directors do
ic transactiuf?
Mr. llorsliy
ssue of notes,
idvncc, p. ;}7.)
II times, with
y apt to lead,
re, producing
re, and gene-
as been sonie-
iods, very few
r one who has
lile the rate of
lo other esta-
ion a pressure
isual channels,
Jank ; and on
Bank for aid.
ying occasions,
sential service
usual limited
isurdly enough
■y assistance in
losition. They
the business of
, l)y al)staining
a bank of sup-
n-y advances in
the mercantile
ough it should
annual amoimt
down to 18:il.
from its ex-
years ending
le last (piarter
the assistance
ice been with-
to estimate the
England, in each
i/j Bank Charter,
Quarter, etiHinK
>tiif llwenihiT.
~£
:),717,.-if)0
f),S(>j,7(i()
S,(H'2,'2(X)
3,l;;i',7(X)
2,4r)!l,.J(K)
;),7i;+,<iix'
2,;!.;4,ax)
7,s3<i,."h;()
e.KH.WiO
l,'iJ9,R(K)
2,1.")7,2<K)
S.l.O'-'.'CO
1,!j3(),70()
3,771,.''<X>
Tile annual average loss !)y bml debts on the discounts of the Hank of England in
J.ondon, from 17yl to 18;J1, both inclusive, has been 31,f)'yH/. — {Apjtvn. to Jivji. on
Bunk C/mrtir, No. GO.)
(5.) Adriincrs hi/ the Ihink to Cot'crnmi-iit. — These are made on account of the jjroduce
of taxes not yet received, and on tlie security of Excl- .,.ier bills, &c. 'I'liey varied, from
17<»'J down to IHIO, from about 1(),(X)0,(KX)/. to a'.)out lfi,()(X),()0O/. During the re-
mainder of the war, and down to IH'JO, they weie a good deal larger ; tliey were, at
average of each of the 7 years ending with that last mentioned, m follows : —
an
rsiti
IHIV
. SO.IHI.fHH)
- -ai.ini-.Koo
- i;,J,;")t4,(Ki()
. 27,;J47,()00
18IH
IHl'J
1K20
. 2S,(H)1,0(I0
- 24,(i.Jti,!i7.'>
But in these are included about 1 ,(X)0,()00/. a year paid to government out of the smns
issued on account of the dividends, but not claimed. This can hardly be regarded as an
advance l)y the Hank.
In ISly, provision was made for reducing the amoimt of these advances; and they do
not at present, excluding the permanent advanc , on account of the dead weight, exceed a
third of tln.'ir amount in IH'JO. They are ret> esented by the Exche(|uer bills and defi-
ciency bills in the hands of the Bank ; and tlie average amount of these in her possession
during the 4 years ending with 1 SiJl , was as follows : —
£ I ^
lSi28 . - - <»,3(;7,fl,30 1830 - - - 8,7H;1,730
1829 . - - 8,ti(J4,U'J0 I IHJl ... (i,73;j,2(i()
(Apiioi. to Itep. on liuHk Charter, No. 64.)
(6.) Balances of Public Money, — In point of fact, however, n very large part of these
advances has been nominal only, or has been virtually cancelled by the balances of ])ublic
money in the hands of tlie Bank. Thus, from 1806" to 1810, both inclusive, the average
advances to government amounted to 14,492,970/. But the average balance of public
money in possession of tlie Bank during the same period amounted to about 1 1,000,000/. ;
so that the real advance was eoual only to the difference between these two sums, or to
about .'3,.500,()00/. This statement completely negatives, as Mr. Tooke has justly stated,
the supposition so commonly entertained and reasoned upon as a point beyond doubt, that
the Bank was rendered, by the restriction, a mere engine in the hands of government for
facilitating its financial operations. — (First Letter to Lord G'rcnville, p. f)'4.)
The Bank being enabled to employ the greater part of the balances of public money
in her hands as capital, they have formed one of tlie main sources of the profit she has
derived from her transactions with the public. This subject was brought very prond-
nently forward in the Second Report of the Committee of the House of Commons on
I'ublic Expenditure in 1807. And it was agreed in the same year, that the Bank
should, in consideration of the advantages derived from the public balances, continue
the loan of 3,000,000/. made to government in 1800 for fi years, without interest, on
the same terms, till 6 months after the signature of a definitive treaty of peace. In
1816, this sum was finally incorporated with the debt due by government to the
Bank, at an interest of 3 percent. In 1818, the public balances had fallen to about
7,000,000/. ; and they have been still further reduced, in consequence of measures that
were then adopted. They amounted, at an average of the 3 years ending with 1831,
to 4,157,570/.— (See Table XII.)
A part of the jiublic balances is formed of the dividends payable at the Bank, but
unclaimed. The balance arising from this source has sometimes amounted to above
1,000,000/.; hut in 1808 and 1811, arrangements were made by which the balances
growing out of this fund have been much reduced.
(7. ) Management of Public Debt Previously to 1 786, t!ie Bank received an allowance
on this account — that is, for trouble in paying the dividends, superintending the trans-
fer of stock, &c. — of .-Jes/. 10s. a million. In 1786, this allowance was reduc-d to
450/. a million, the Bank being, at the same time, entitled to a considerable allowance
for her trouble in receiving contributions on loans, lotteries, &e. This, however,
tho,;gh long regarded as a very improvident arrangement on the part of the public,
w.'.s acquiesced in till 1808, when the allowance on account of management was reduced
to 340/. a million on 600,000,000/. of the public debt ; and to 300/. a million on all that
it exceeded that sum, exclusive of some separate allowances for annuities, &c. The im-
pression, however, was still entertained, that the allowances for management i'-ould be
further reduced; and the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 98., for the re.-ewa) of the charter,
has directed that 120,000/. a year shall be deducted from their f, "ount. During the
year ended the 5th of April, 1832, the Bank received 251,461/. for the management of
^^» Jhcse are tlir averages of the total advances on tlic 26th of February, and the 26tli of August, cad.
s
jOm
p
80
BAWK OF ENGLAND.
J m
tlie puWic ik'ht, ami annuities. Tliis Item may, therefore, be tulveii for the future at
about IIJO.OOO/. a year.* — {Report on IJank Charter, Appen. \t. ;J.".)
It should be ol>serve(), that the responsibility and exiiense incurred by the Dnnk in
managing the i)nl)Iic debt are very great. The temptation to the commission of
fraud in transferring stock from one individual to another, and in the payment of
the dividends, is well known ; and notwithstanding the skilfully devised system
of checks adopted by the Bank for its jirevention, siic has fre()uenfly sustained very
gre.it losses by forgery and otherwise. In ISO;j, the Hank lost, through a fraud com-
niitted by one of her [jriiicipal cashiers, Mr. Astlett, no less than :HO,CX)0/. ; and the
forgeries of Tauntleroy the banker cost her a still larger sum! At an average of the 10
years ending with lH;fl, the Hank lost, through forgeries on the public funcls, 40,201/. a
year.f — ( lii-pm-t on Hunk Cliartcr, Ajipeii. p. 16.).)
The total sum paid by the public to the Bank on account of the loans raised, Exche-
quer bills funded, transfer of ,'J^ per cent. Htock, &c. from 17M to 1820, both included,
amounted to ■12f),7i).'5/. Is \\(l.—(l'arl. P.iper, No. 81. Sess. 1822.)
(8.) Deuil Wiihiht, — Besides the transactions alluded to, the Bank entered, on the 20tli
of March, 1823, into an engagement with government with resi)ect to tlie public pensions
and annuities, or, as they have been more commonly termed, the dead u-eiyht. At the
eiul of the war, the naval and military pensions, superannuated allowances, &e. amounted
to above .'j,000,OOC)/. a year. They would, of course, have been gradually lessened and
ultimately extinguished by the death of the parties. But it was resolved, in 1822, to
attempt Ui spread the burden etpially over tlie whole period o'l fortij-Jii'e years, during
which ii was cidculated the annuities would continue to decrease. To elTect this
purpose, it was su|)]>used that, upon government offering to pay 2,800,0(X)/. a year for
4't years, capitalists would be found who would undertake to pay the entire annui-
ties, according to a graduated scale previously determined upon, making the first year
a payment of 4,900,000/. and gradually decreasing the payments until the forty-fifth
and last year, when they were to amount to only ;JO0,00O/. This supposition was not,
however, realised. No capitalists were found willing to enter into such distant engage-
ments. But in 1823 the Bank agreed, on condition of receiving an annuity of 585,740/.
tor forty-four years, commencing on the 5tli of April, 1823, to pay, on account of the
pensions, &e., at diff.'rent specified periods, between the years 1823 and 1828, both
inclusive, the sum of 13,089,419/ —(4 Geo. 4. c. 22.)
(9.) Rate of Discount, — The Bank discounted privfite bills at 5 per cent. durin{>
nearly the whole period from her establishment till 1 824, when the rate was reduced to 4 pei
cent. In 1825, it was raised to 5 percent. ; but was again reduced to 4 per cent, in 1827
at which it continues. It may well be doubted, however, whether the rate of discount ough
not to be more frequently varied, as occasion may require. When the currency happens
from any cause, to become redundant, its contraction, always a matter of some difficulty,
is to be effected only by the sale of bullion or public .securities by the Bank, or by a
diminution of the usual discounts, or all. But were the Bank to throw any consider-
able amount of public securities upon the market, the circumstance would be apt to
excite alarm ; and, even though it did not, it would be difficult to dispose of them
without a heavy loss. Hence, when a reduction is determined upon, it is most com-
monly effected partly by a contraction of discounts ; and it is plain, that such con-
• Sec Table VI. for an account of the sums paid by the public to the Bank, for the management of
the public debt during the year 1829.
"t \Vc .subjoin an abstract of the principal provisions in the late statute with respect to the forgery of
bank UDtcs, powers of attorney, &c.
It is enacted, 1 Will. 4. c. tki., that if any person shall forge or alter, or shall offer, utter, dispose of, or
put oH; knowing the same to be forged or altered, any Exchequer bill or Exchequer debenture, or any
indorsement on or .-issignation of any such bill or del>enture, or any East India Ixind, or indorsement upon
or assijtiiation of the same, or any note or bill of the Hank of England, or a bank post bill, or any
indorsement on or a.s8ignment of any bank note, bank bill of exchange, or l>ank post bill, with intent to
defraud any person whatsoever, he shall be guilty of felony, and shall \i\wn conviction sutl'cr death as a
felon— ^ 3.
Persons making false entries in the books of the Bank of England, or other books in which .accounts ol
public stocks or funds are kept, with intent to defraud, shall suffer death as felons ^5.
By the same act, the forging of any transfer of any share of, or interest in, or dividend upon, any public
stock, or of a power of attorney to transfer the same, or to receive dividends thereon, is made capital. If
any person, falsely personating the owner of any share, interest, or dividend of any of the public funds,
thereby transfer such share, Ac, and receive the money due to the lawful owner, he shall upon conviction
suffer death as a felon. — \ 6.
And any person cndcauouritif; by such false personation to procure the transfer of any share, interest,
&c. in the public funds, may, upon conviction, be transported beyond seas for life, or for any term not
less than seven years, or be imprisoned for any term not more than four, nor less than two years. — ^ 7.
The forgery of the attestation to any power of attorney for the transfer of stock is to be punished by
transportation for seven years, or by imprisonment for not more than two and not less than one year.
— 5 8. ..
Clerks or servants of the Bank of England knowingly making out or delivering any dividend warrant
for a greater or less amount than the party in ' ~sc behalf such warrant is made out is entitled to, may,
upon conviction, be transported beyond seas for the tenn of seven years, or imprisoned for not more than
two nor lcs« than one year. — \ 9.
ic future at
:hc Bauk in
ninission of
pnymcnt of
ist'd system
staincil very
I fijuul coin-
0/. ; and tlic
gc of the 10
Is, 40,201/. a
lised, Kxflio-
oth included,
I, on the 20th
d)lic pensions
ifjht. At the
&c. amounted
lessened and
I, in 1822, to
years, during
ro effect this
)0l. a year for
entire annui-
; the first year
the forty-fifth
>sition was not,
distant cngage-
ity of 585,740/.
account of the
nd 1828, both
cr cent, during
reduced to 4 pe>
prcent. in 1827
f discount ough
rrency happens
some difficulty,
Bank, or by a
any consider-
mld be apt to
ispose of them
is most corn-
that such con-
he management of
to the forgery of
itter, dispose of, or
debenture, or any
inilorsement upon
A post bill, or any
bill, with intent to
11 sutt'er death as a
which accounts of
id ui)on, any public
I made canital. If
■ the public funds,
all upon conviction
iny share, interest,
Tr for any term not
1 two years.— ^ 7.
1 to bo punished by
less than one year
I dividend warrant
■is entitled to, may,
I for not more than
BANK OF ENGLAND.
81
traction caimot be made except by rejecting altogetlier some of the bills sent in for
discount, or, wliich is in etlect the same thing, by shortening their dates, or by raising
tlie rate of interest, so that fewer may he sent in. Of these methods, the last seems to
he in every respect the most expedient. When bills are rejected for no other reiisou
than tliat tlie eurreney may l)e contracted, the greatest injury is done to individuals,
who, entertaining no doubt of getting their usual accommodations from the IJank, may
have entered into transactions which they are thus deprived of the means of completing.
\Vere the reduction made by raising the rate of interest, it would principally affect those
who are hixt iihle to hiitr it ; at the siune time that its operation, instead of being, like the
rejection of hills, arbitrary and capricious, would be uniform and impartial. It does,
tlierefore, seem that the 15ank should never throw out good bills that she may contract
her isMi's; hut that when she has resolved upon such a measure, she should, provided
the contraction cannot be made by the sale of bullion and jjublic securities, raise the rate
of discount. The Bank couhl not, however, act in the way now suggested, until the
usury laws were mo<lified ; but the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. cap. 98. has exempted all bills not
having more than ;5 monilis to run from their operation ; and it is to be hoped that tiiis
serious inroad on these antiquated, mijust, and impolitic laws may be followed by their
total repeal.
The dividends on Bank stock, from the establishment of the Company to the present
time, have been as follows: —
Yean.
Divldenil.
Years.
Dividend.
KiM
8 per cent.
Michaelmas
- 1732
5i per cent
li>!)7
!) —
Lady-day
- 1717
5 —
17ii!'
Varied from 9 to
Ditto
- n.w
^* -
r>i per cent.
Michaelmas
. 17(14
5 —
I<ady-day
'Micnaelinag
- n.'jo
'(i -
Ditto
- 17H7
■'i -
. 17^0
r,i -
Ditto
- 17HI
—
.dy-ilay
. 1731
fi —
Lady-day
- 17S«
7 —
iv liai'linas
- 1731
Si -
Ditto
- 1807
10 —
Lady.day
- 1732
fi -
Ditto
- 1«23
8 —
Previously to 1759, the Bank of England issued no notes for less than 20/. She
hegan to issue 10/. notes in 1759; 51. notes in 1793; and 1/. and 2/. notes in March,
1797. 'Hie issue of the latter ceased in 1821.
(10.) Interest oh Deposits. — The Bank of England docs not allow, cither in London,
or at her branches, any interest on deposits ; but it would be exceedingly desirable if she
could safely make some alteration in this respect. The want of the power readily to invest
small sums productively, and, at the same time, with perfect security, tends to weaken
the motives to save and accumulate. Nothing has contributed more to diffuse a sjiirit
of economy, and a desire to save, amongst all classes of the population of Scotland, than
the readiness with which deposits of small sums are received by banks of undoubted
solidity in that part of the country, and the allowance of interest upon them. — (See
Banks (Scotch).) This advantage is in some degree, indeed, secured in England, by
the institution of savings banks. These, however, are but a very inadequate substitute.
They are not open to all classes of depositors ; and of those to whom they arc open, no
one can deposit more than 30/. in a year, and 150/. in all. — (See Banks (Savings).) But
it is desirable that every facility should be given to safe and profitable investments.
" Were the English banks, like the Scotch banks, to receive deposits of 10/. and ujiwards,
and allow interest upon them at about 1 per cent, less than the market rate, they
would confer an immense advantage upon the community, and open a source of profit to
themselves. This is, in fact, a part of the proper business of a bank. A banker is a
dealer in capital, an intermediate party between the borrower and the lender. IIo
borrows of one party, and lends to another ; and the difference between the terms at
which he borrows and those at which he lends is the source of his profit. By this
means, he draws into active operation those small sums of money which were previously
unjiroductive in the hands of private individuals, and at the same time furnishes accom-
modation to another class, who have occasion for additional capital to carry on their
commercial transactions." — (See GilharVs Practical Observations on Banking, p. 52.)
In further corroboration of what has now been stated, it may be mentioned that it
was estimated by a very well-informed witness (Sir J. G. Craig), before the Lords'
Committee on Scotch and Irish Banking, in 1826, that the deposits in the Scotch banks,
at tliat period, amounted to about 24,000,000/., of which more than a half consisted of
sums from 10/. to 200/. ! This is a most satisfactory proof of the vast importance of the
system. Perhaps it is not going too far to aflSrm, that but for the receiving of deposits
by the banks, and the allowing of interest upon them, not one third of the simis under
200/., and not one half of those above it, would ever have been accumulated. — ( See Banks
(Scotch).)
, ^ We are not, however, able to say whether the Bank of England could offer interest
tpn deposits without having so large a sum forced upon her as might endanger her
G
n'l
i .'
I i
82
BANK OF ENGLAND.
(I .
11 '
!i ■■'■
I .¥'.
' ill i
11 I
ii J
stability. And it were hotccr that tlio system sliould continue as at present, timn that
any risic of tliis .sort .should be incurred.
Since lH'-'(>, the |)rivnte de|i()sits in the iinnds of the lianli liiive nearly doubled. Their
increase is mainly ascribable to the preceding panic, and the loss that was then occasioned
by the failure of private banks.
The composition paid liy the Bank at the rate of :t,.!;00/. per million, as an e(piivalent
for the stamp duty on her notes, amounts, at an average, to about 7(),(XX)/. a year.
(11.) Mvtliod iif atmliicttn;! Business tit the Dank. — All accounts kept at the Dank with
individuals are termed dniwiii;/ luroitiitii ; those with whom they are opened being entitled
to <lraw checks upon them, and to send the bills and drafts in their favour to be presented
by the Hank, exactly as if tiiey dealt with private hankers. There is no fixed sinn with
which an individual must o|)eii a drawing account ; nor is there any fixed sum which the
Hank recpiires him to keep at his credit to indenuiify them fur their trouble in answering
his drafts, &c. 3Ir. Ilorsley I'almer gave in his evidence the following statement as to
the facilities granted by the IJank in drawing accounts since IH'J.I : —
1. The Bank receive dividends by power of attorney for nil persons liaving drawing accounts at the
Itank.
2. Dividend warrants are received at the Drawing.offlrc for ditto.
3. ICxchcqucr liills and other seciirities arc rci'civod for ditto; the bills exchanged, the interest received,
and the amount carried to their respective accounts.
4. Checks may l)C drawn for ,0/. and upwards, instcid of 10/. a.s heretofore.
5. Cash.boxes taken in, contents unknown, lor such parties as V
I keep accounts at the Rank.
6. Bank notes are paid at the counter, instead of drawmg tickets lor them on the pay clerks as hereto,
fore.
7. Checks on city bankers paid in by three o'clock may be drawn for between lour and flvoj and
those paid in before four will be received and passed to account the same cvcninK.
8. Checks paid in alter four arc sent out at nine o'clock the following morning, received and passed to
account, and may be dr.iwn for as soon as received.
1). Dividend warrants taken in at the Urawing-offlce until flvc in the afternoon, instead of three as
heretofore.
10. Credits paid into .iccount arc received without the Bank book, and arc afterwards entered therein
without the party claiming thcni.
11. Bills ot exchange accepted payable at the Bank arc paid with or without advice; heretofore with
advice only.
I'i. Notes of country bankers payable in London are sent out the same day for payment.
13. Checks arc given out in books, and not in sheets as heretofore.
A person having a drawing account mai/ have a discount account ; but no person can
have the latter without, at the same time, having the former. Wl;cn a discount account
is opened, the signatures of the parties are entered in a book kept for the i)uri)ose, and
powers of attorney .ire granted, emjiowering the persons named in them to act for their
principals. No bill of exchange drawn in the country is discounted by the Hank in
London under 20/., nor London note under 100/., nor for a longer date, under existing
regidations, than three months.
The number of holidays formerly kept at the I3ank has recently been reduced about
a half, in the view, as .stated by the directors, of j)reventing the interriii)tion of business.
There are no holidays in the months of JMareh, June, SeiJtember, and December, except-
ing Christmas ; Easter Monday and 'J'uesday jire no longer ke|)t.
We subjoin an account of the days for transferring stock, and when the dividends are
due at the Bank, the South Sea House, and the East India House: —
Transfer Days at the Bank. Kiviilomls
" due.
Bank Stock. — Tues. Thurs. and Frid
3 per Cent. lied Tues. Wed. Tliurs,
and Frid.
31 per Cent. 1818.— Tues. Thurs. and Frid.
3 per Cent. ITM. —Tues. and Thurs. -~) ■. r.
^percent. Cons. — Tues. Wed. Thurs. V,,,,- r
and Frid. - • - ,yu^y •>■
3J per Cent. Bed. — Tues. Wed. Thurs. )
and Frid. . - -(April .5.
Long Annuit. to Jan. 1860. — Mond. f Oct. 10.
Wed. and Sat. - - -J
4 per Cent. 1826. — Mond. Wed. and f April .5.
Krid. - - - - i Oct. 10.
New SJ per Cent Annuit. —Tues. Wed. ■)
Thurs. and Frid. . - -(Jan. .1.
New 5 i)er Cent. Annuit Tues. Wed. f July 5.
and Frid. - - -J
Annuit for Terms of Years, ending
10th of Oct. 18.">9, pursuant to 10 Geo.
4. —Tues. Tliurs. .ind Sat
1
d.3
April 5.
Oct. 10.
''\
April .0.
Oct. 10.
Annuit. for Terms of Years, ending ,')th J , ^
of Jan. 1860, pursuant to 10 Geo. 4 — S ,,,,„ r."
Tues. Thurs. and Sat. - .>''"'' ■'■
Diviilt'iull
du
Life Annuit., if transferred between"
Jan. .I. and April 4., or between July Ci.
and Oct. !».
Life Annuit., if transferred between ■> . .. .
April ,■"). and July 4., or between Oct. 10. }■ ^>'"^". ■
and Jan. 4.
'?.Tan. ,-..
;jJuly5.
Oct. 10.
At the South Sea House.
3i per Cents. — Mond. Wed. and Frid.
r Jan. '>.
■ IJuly
3 per Cent. Old Annuit. — Mond. Wed. C April X
and Frid. . - . t Oct. lU.
3 per Cent. Jsew Annuit. — Tues. Thurs. 1 . „ ^
.•uid.Sat. - - -n"?,V:'r
3 per Cent. Hoi. — Tues. and Thurs. . J ' '''
At the East India House.
India Stock. — Tues. Thurs. and Sat
Interest on India Bonds, due
(■Jan.
} July.
J Mar. ,11.
I Sept -M
Tickets for preparing transfer of stock must be given in at each office before one o'clock ; at the E.ist
India House, before two o'clock. Private transfers may be made at other times than as above, the books
not being shut, by paying, at the Bank and India House, 2s. (irf. extra for each transfer ; at the South Sea
House, 34'. 6rf.
Transfer at the Bank must be made by half-past two o'clock : at the India House, by three : at the
South Sea House, by two : on Saturday, by one.
':; i 'V
ent, tlmn that
,iiblc(l. Tluir
ucn occiisioiK'il
on p(iviiviilcnt
, 11 year,
tlic Hunk will)
I lii'ing I'lititU'il
to be i)resfiitf(l
Hxed sum witli
Sinn which the
le in answering
statement as to
ig accounts at tlio
,c intc»c»t received,
Bank.
ay clerks as licrcto-
lour ami five; ami
3iveil and passed to
, instead of three as
ards entered thercni
ice 1 heretofore with
iment.
ut no jjcrson can
% discount account
r tlie iiurpose, and
em to act for thciv
Hank in
\ by tl
ite, under existui;,'
L>cn reduced about
iption
of busnuss.
December, exeept-
the dividends are
. dut'.
■d between lj3„-,_
vten Julyf). >juiy J.
'7 April r..
•^Ott. 10.
between
^ecii Oct. 10.
)use.
and Fnd. - [juU :,.
lond. Wed. J April .-
rues. Thurs.
1 Thurs.
House.
d.J A.
. I Oct. 10.
»• 7 Jan. -,.
-f July.'-.
f Jan.
and Sat • 1 juiy.
f Mar. ,">!.
- I Sept. 30.
Leo-clock: at the East
Ian as above, the 1.00 s
Lfer; at the South sw
Luse, by three: at the
BANK OF ENGLAND. 8S
Expense of transfer h' k .stock, for 2.';/. and under, !)... ; above that sum, 12.f.
' 1 .Stock, fur 10/ 1/. n)» ". 1".
n .Sea Stock, ifumier 1(H)/ <M. Cut I'J.«.
Pnwrrs nfnltornev loi me sale or trannfer of slock to be MX at the liaiik, \c. for examination, one day
be'orc tliey cm lie acted upon ; if for receiving dividends, present them at the time the first dividend i*
'"'Vhu cxiunse of a iiowcr of attorney is 1/. 1#. fir/, for each stock ; but for Hank, India, and South Sea
st.Kk 1/ ll> IW II wanted lor the same day, half.piiitt twelve o'clock \» the latest time for receiving
orderi. mM.oxe» lor rcceivioK powers of allormyl(.r sale close at two.
Probates of wills Utters of administration, and other proofs of decease, must be left at the Hank, fiC.
for rcKi»tr..ti from two or three clear days, exclusive of holidays. , .u . ., ■ , ,
Sl.uk cannot he adilcd to any accmint (whether siiiKle or joint) in which the decease of the individual,
or'oneor more ol a joint party, has taken jilace; and the decease to be proved as soon .is piacticablc.
Powers of attornev, in ca^' of the death of a parly or parlies KiantiliK it, hecome void.
The unaltered possession of MU. or upwards Hank stock, lor six nionlhs clear, gives the proprietor a
vote.
(I'J.) Ihnnch Hanks of the liank of ]'hi(/liin>l. — The Hank of England, as already
observed, lias witliin tliese few years estahlisiied ♦iraneh hanks at several of tiif most
considerable towns throughout tiie country. The mode and terms of coiuluctiiig business
at these establishments have been described as follows: —
" Tiie bnincii hank (of Swansea, and the same is true of those established in other
lilaces) is to be a secure place of deposit for jjcrsons having occasion to make use of ii
bank for that purpose; sucli persons ore said to have f/r((H(H(/ «ccoi/(i/» .• to facilitate to the
mercantile and trading classes the obtaining discounts of good and unexceptionable bills,
founded iiiion real transactions, two approved names being retpiired upon every liiil or
note discounted ; these are called discount accounts. The application of parties wlio
desire to ojien discount accounts at the l)ranch are forwarded every Saturday to the
parent establishment for approval, and an answer is generally received in about ten days.
When approved, good bills may be discounted at the branch without reference to London.
Hills i)ayable at Swansea, I-ondon, or any other place where a branch is established, are
discounted uiuler this regulation. The dividends on any of the public funds, which aru
j)ayable at the Jhmk of Kngland, may be received at the branch, by persons who iiavo
opened • drawing accounts,' after signing powers of attorney for that purjjose, whicli the
branch will jirocure from London. No charge is made in this case, except the exjienso
of the power of attorney and the postages. Purchases and sales of every descriptioti
of govcrnmont securities are eflected by the branch at a charge of ^ jier cent.,
which includes brokerage in London, and all expenses of postage, &c. A charge of
+ jier cent, is also made on paying at the Hank of England, bills accepted i per-
sons having drawing accounts at Swansea, such bills to be advised by the braiu ii ; also
for gr'"Uing letters of credit on London, oi on the other brandies. The branch grants
bills f.ondon, payable at 'Jl days' date, without acceptance, for sum: of 10/. and
iipv I'ersons having drawing accounts at Swansea may order money to be paid at
the .n London to their credit at this place, and rice versa, without expense. The
branch may be called upon to change any notes issued and tiated at Swansea ; but they
do not cliange the notes of the Hank in London, nor receive them in jiayment, unless as
a matter of courtesy where the parties are known. Hank jjost bills, which arc accepted
and due, are received at the branch from i)arties having drawing accounts, and taken to
account without any charge for postage ; but imacce])ted Hank jjost bills, which must be
sent to London, are subject to the charge of postage, and taken to account when due.
No interest is allowed on deposits. No advance is made by the branch upon any
description of landed or other jjroperty, nor is any account allowed to be overdrawn.
The notes are the same as those issued by the parent establishment, except being dated
Swansea, and made payable there and in London. No note issued exceeds the sum of
500/., and none are for a less amount than 51."
(13.) Act for the Renewal of the Charter. — We subjoin a full abstract of the act 3 &
4 Will. 4. c. 98., continuing the charter, and regulating the exclusive privileges of the
Bank of England.
The first section, after referring to the acts 39 & 40 Geo. 3. c. 28., and the 7 Goo. 4. c. 4(5., goes on to
declare that it is expedient that certain exclusive privileges of banking be continued to the Oovernor
and Company of the Bank of England, for the period, and upon the terms and conditions hcrein-alter
mentioned. — 51-
yi) Banking Company of more than 6 Persons to issue Notes payable on Demand witliin London, or fi.'j
^liles thereof. — That during the continuance of the said privilege, no body politic or cor]x)ratc, and no
society or company, or persons united or to be united in covenants or partnerships, exceeding 6 persons,
sliall make or issue in London, or within &5 miles thereof, any bill of exchange or promissory note, or
cni,Mgement for the payment of money on demand, or upon which any person holding the same may
obtain payment on demand: provided always, that nothing herein or in the said act of the 7 Geo. 4.
c 4(1. contained shall be construed to prevent any body politic or corporate, or any society or company^
or incorporated company or corporation, or co-partnership, carrying on and transacting banking business
at any greater distance than fiS miles from London, and not having any house of business or establish-
ment as bankers in London, or within 65 miles thereof, (except as herein.aPer mentioned,) to make and
issue their ^Ms and notes, payable on demand or otherwise, at the place at which the same shall be issued,
being more than 05 miles from London, and also in London, and to liave an agent or agents In London,
or at any other pl.ice at which such bills or notes shall be made payable, for the purpose of payment only,
hut no such bill or note shall he for any sum less than 5/., or be re-issued in London, or within 65 mile*
thereof..— ^ 2.
i ^2
i
!rl
i) V
mmm
■ •*1 ■
I I
i I'
l^'H
M
m
if
Hi!
! .1
\ 1
t
Si
BANK Ot' ENGLAND.
ri';,
, /
[i
Companirs o, Partnerships maij furry on. Uauking in l.imihm, or vu'lhin M Miles t/ii'rrof. — AtiA
wliorcas llie intention nl' this act i", that the Hank of Kngland .<^lnll(l, (liirin){ tlic prriod Ktatcd in this
net ^su^jl■ct ncvcrtlit'lcss to snrli rcdcniption as is di-scribcd in this a('t),continni' to hold and enjoy all the
exrlusive privileges of hanking given hy the act .')!• \- M) (ieo. .'!. e. 'JS. as regnlatcd hy the act 7 <!po. 4.
c. Ui. or any prior or stihseipient act or acts of parliament, lint no other or further exclusive privilege
of banking : and whereas doubts have arisen as to the construction of the said acts, and as to the extent
of sucn exclusive privilege; and it is expedient that all such doubts shoulil be renioveil, bi" it therefore
declared and enacted, that any b(Mly politic or ccporate, or society, or company, or iiartuership, although
consisting of more than (i persons, may carry on the trade or business of lianking in London, or within
(>."> miles thereof, provided tliat such body jioiitic or corporate, or society, or company, or partnership, do
not borrow, owe, or take up in Kngland any sum or sums if moiu'y on their bills or notes payable on
tieinand, or at any less time than li months from the borrowing thereof, during the continuance of tliu
privileges granted by this act to the said (iovernor ami Company of the Hank of Kngland — J .i.
,/// /{(ink (if llnjilaiid Xota iiayablc on Dfitiaii'l issiifil out of IaiikIoh piii/iiltlr at i/ic I'liirr wtn'rf
issiii-(t, \i: — Krom and alter tlie 1st of August, ISU, all promissory notes payable on demand of the
(iovernor and Company of the Hank of lOngland issued at any place in ICiigland out of L<indon, where
the trade and business iif banking shall be carried on lor anil on behalf of thetsaid (iovernor and Com.
iiany, shall he made payable at the place whure such promissory notes shall hi! issued ; and it shall not be
lawful for the said (iovernor and Company, or any committee, agent, cashier, ollicer, or servant of the
same, to issue at any (ilace out of London, any promissory note payable on demand not made |iayable at
the place where the same shall be issued, any tiling in the said act 7 Ueo. !■. e. Mi. to the contrary not.
wilhstaniling. — <j 4.
l-:.t(lti.iirr Pririlt'sics to end upon One Yrar'.i Notirr at the cm/ of 10 Years after .Itinust, lS.il-. — U|miu
one year's notice given within ti months after the expiration of 10 years from the 1st of August, \H ,i,
and upon repayment by parliament to the said Ciovernor ami Company, or their sucitessors, of all principal
money, interest, or annuities which may be iliie from the public to the said (iovernor and Company at the
time of the expiration of such notice, as is herein. after stipulate<l and provided in the event of such notice
'leiiig deterred until after the 1st of August, IH."i,0, the exclusive privileges of b.uiking granted by this act
shall cease and determine ai the expiration of such year's n<itice ; and any vote or resolution of the
House of Commons, signilied by the Speaker of the said house in writing, and delivereil at the public ollice
of the said (iovoriiur and Company, ur their successors, shall be deemed and adjudged to be a sullicieiit
notice. — 5 .'>.
Hank Soles to he a legal Tender, except at the Hank and llruneh Itdnks. — Vrom and after the 1st of
August, 1S,)1, unless and until parliament shall otherwise direi't, a tender of a note or notes of the
(iovernor and Company of the Hank of Kngland, expressed to he payable to bearer on demand, sh.dl he a
legal tender, to the amount expiessed in such note or notes, and shall lie taken to be valid as a tender to
.^tich amount for all sums above .">/. on all occasions on which any tender of money may be legally made.
So long as the Hank of Kiiglam' sh "'iitiime to pay on demand their said notes in legal coin : provided
always, that no such note or notes sii.i.i be dtemeil a legal tender of payment by the (iovernor and Com-
pany of the Hank of Kngland, or any branch b.nik of the said (iovernor and Comp.iny : but the said
(iovernor and Company are not to become liable or he re<piired to pay and .satisfy, at any branch bank of
the said (iovernor a id Company, any note or notes of the said (iovernor and Company not maile specially
payable at sncli branch bank ; but the sa'd (iovernor and C,>mpauy shall be ii.ible to pay and sati: fyai tli(>
Hank of Kngland in London all notes of the sai<l Ciovernor and Comp.uiy, or of any branch therei •'. — ^ (i.
imis not liiieiiij: more thr.r. .) Months to rnn, not snltjeet to I'snri/ l.airs. — No hill ofexchuigeor
promissory note iiiailo payable at or within ;i months alter the date thereof, or not having more .hail ■>
months to run, shall, by rea.son of any interest taken thereon <ir secured therein', or any agreement m pay
or receive or allow interest in discounting, negotiating or transferring the same, he void, nor shall the
'iabdity of any party to any hill of exchange or promi>sory note be all'i'Cted by reason of any statute or
Saw in force for tli.^ prevention of usury ; nor shall .my person or persons drawing, accepting, indorsing,
or signing any such bill or note, or lending or advancing any money, or tikiiig more than the present
rate of legal interest in (treat Hritain and Ireland resiieciively for the loan of 'ii.Miey on any such bill or
note, be suliject to any penalties under any statute or law relating to usury, or any other penalty or liir.
feiture ; any aiing in any law ur statute relating to usury iii any [lart of the United Kingdom to the con.
tr.iry iiotvvithstaiuling. — ^7.
Aeeonnts of Hull ion and of Notes in Cirenlatiiin to he sent ireekl// to the Chancellor of the Exchequer
An account of th.- amount of bulli<in anil sei'urities in the Hiiiik of Kngland belonging to tiie s.iid
(iovernor and Coinpaiiy, and of notes in ci'culation, and of depo.-ivs in the said Hank, shall he trans,
iiiilteil weekly to tiie Chan.ellor of the Kx' eipier liir the time I'.ing, and such accounts shall be con.
solid, iteil at the end of every month, and an average state of the Hank accounts of the preceding ;!
months, made from such consolidated accounts as afoiesaid, shall be published every uiontli in the next
dlicceeding Loiiilon (iazette — (j 8.
i'niilie to 1)01/ the Hunk \ Part of 14,liSi;,SlK)/. — One fourth part of the debt of 1 l.iKisKOO/., now duo
from the public to the UoVviHor and Company of theliaiik of Kn-laiid, shall and may be repaid to the said
(iovernor and Com.iany. -- 5 9.
Capital Stock of the Hank tnai/ he rednced. — A ponpral court of proprietors of the said Governor and
Company of the Hank of Kngland shall be held some time between the jMssing of this act ami theotli iit
October, lSi4, to determine upon the propriety of dividing and .ippropriatiii,' the sum .if .'),(> )iS,'2."i(l/. out
of or by means of the sum to be repaid to the said (iovernor :'"(' Company as before mentioned, or out ii/
or by means of the •uiiil to be provided for that purpose amongM i! •■several ;.>"r.soiis, bodies politic ur
corporate, w ho may be [iroprietors of the capital stock of the said (iovernor and Company on the said ,"illi
of October, IS.il, and upon the manner and the time for ma' 'iig such division and appropriation, nut
inconsistent with the provisions for that purpose herein con' iiiu.' , and in case such general court, or
any :..■.' .urned general court, sli.ill determine that it will be proper to make such division, then, but nm
oth.iiwi.'ic, the capital stock of the said (iovernor and Company shall be,and the same is hereby declared to
be reduced from the siimof l+,."i.") ),(Kl(l/., of which the same m- ■■ consists, to the sum of lo,!il+,7.")0/., making
.1 reduction or cliti'ereiice of ,i,(i i,S,'i'ill/. capital stock, and siu !' reduction shall take place from and alter
the ."itli of October, IS it; and thereupon, out of or by means of the sum to be repaid to the said (iovernnr
;o Company as hereiii-before mentioned, or out of or hy means of the fund to lie provided for that purpose.
the sum of .),iiiS,'2.'i(V. sterling, or such proportion of the said fund as snail represent tin- same, shall Iw
appropriated ami divided amongst the several persons, bodies politic or corporate, who may be proprietois
of the said sum of l+,.'i."),'i,(KKI/ IJank stock on the .said fith of October, W'A, at the rate ef 'iV. sterling for
every KX)/. of Hank stock which such persons, boi'ies poU c and corporate, may then be proprietors of, ur
shall have standing in their respective names in the books kept by the said Governor and Company for llu
entry and transfer of such stock, and so in proportion for a greater or lesser sum. — ^ lit.
(loi'crmir, Ueptiti/, or Directors not to lie dis(/iialilied In/ Hediiction of their Share of the Capital Stock.—
The reduction of tiie share of each proprietor in the capital stock of the said (iovernor ami Conioaiiy of
the Hank of Kiigl.. -d, by the repayment of such ^ part thereof, shall not ilisi|iialify the pres-nt go. iriini,
deputy governor, or directors, or any or either of them, or any governor, deputy governor, or dirc'liir
who may be chosen in the room of the present governor, deniity governor, or directors at any time 'lefnre
the general court of the said (iovernor and Company to 1 ■ hclil iietweeu the iitll of .March ai d .lie 'i'..'!i
of April, l.S.j.'i : provided that at the sc.id general court, and from and .ifter the same, no gover..or, depiitv
govcnior, or director of the naid cuiporatiui. shall be capable of Ueiii ■ chosen 6uch governor, deputy
1 1',
a2s.lfi3biir
BANK OF ENGLAND
85
lt:i thereof .— \^^
rioil stated in this
1(1 ami enjoy all the
y tlii< act 7 <!e<>. 4.
excliisivf iiriviloKC
ml as to the extent
■eil, lie it tlieiotViro
rtnersliip, although
I.oiuton, or within
, or partnership, tlo
r notes payable on
rontimiance ol'tln;
iml — 5 •>.
It Ihf I'iiici- whrrr
on demand of the
t ol' London, where
iovernor and Com.
and it shall not be
r, or servant of the
lot made payable at
I the contrary noU
iHiisf, 1S.U. — UiK)n
1st of Aunnst, l«i+,
isors, of all principal
and Company at ihe
i-vent of such notice
; (,'ranteil by this act
ir resolution of the
d at the pid)lic ollici-
;ed to be a sulUcient
I and after the 1st of
lote or notes ol tin?
II demand, shall be a
valid as a tender to
nav be legally made,
ietjal coin : provided
liovermir and Com-
mp.inv •- bnt the said
t any branch bank (it
ly not made spcvially
pav and sati;iyai IIm?
iraiich fhere( •'. — «) il.
) l)ill of exch vngeor
t havinK more .ban .i
my ai;reement ii pny
|)C void, nor shall the
son of any statute or
ccptiriK, indorsmt,',
ire than tlie present
on any sm'li bill or
ither penalty or for-
Kingdom to the con.
,if III,' Excbcnncr. —
'idiiginK to llie s;iid
iaMK, shall be trans,
■onnts shall be ciin.
i>f the precedniK' ;'.
month \\\ the next
I t,iWr>,H(H)/., now due
be repaid to the said
said (iovernor and
act and the Tilh ol
nm ,if .■),ti!«,i">ll/- out
nentioned.or out ".'
IMS, bodies politic or
pany on the said jth
1 appropriation, not
h general court, cr
vision, then, but nuc
is hereby declared to
•lil,ill4,7;")0/.,makinK
)lace from and after
..) the said (iovernor
Ided for that purp()»e.
|it the same, shall Iw-
) mav be proprietois
le (>f iV. sterluiK fur
Ibe proprietors of, or
Imd Couipany for tlu
llO.
\lhr Capital Stack. —
Lor ai'd Conmany (if
le prcs-'nt Ko.iriidr,
lovenior, or dire-'tcir
fiat iinv time 'icforc
jMarchai d .he-i.;!i
Ino gover.or, ilciHitv
III governor, dcimty
covornor, or director, 0' shall contintio in nis or their rc<:|)cctivc ofTIcos, unless !ic or thry respectively
shall at the time of snc'i choice have, and durmg such liis respeetivp ollice continue to have, in his ami
their respective name, in liis and their own rifjlit, and for his and their own use, the respective sums or
fihares of and in the capital stock of the said corporation in and by tin; charter of the said (iovernor and
Company prescribed as the <|iialilication of governor, deputy Kovernor, and directors res^iectively. — ^ II.
I'roiirirlurs mil to lie ilisi/iKiliJiril. — l'r<iv\tWi\ iiho, and be it enacted, that no proprietor shall be dis-
nualified from alteiidiiiK and viuiig at any general court of the said (iovernor and Company to be held
between the said ."ith of October, IH.'M., and Ihe'.Tith of April, IS,'!.'), in ronsecinence of the share of such
jiroprietor of the capital stock of the said (iovernor and Company having been reduced by such repHyment
as aforesaid below the sum of "ilKI/. of the said capital stock; jirovided such proprietor had in his own
name the full sum of ."iiH)/. of the said capital stock on the said .Otli of October, lH;i4; nor shall any pro-
prietor be rei|uired, between the said Sth of October, 1B.J4, and the '^tMi of April, IHJj, to take the oath
of (]ualilication in tlie said charter. — ^ 1.'.
JliDik III iltiluci l'2l),(H»(l/. frnm Sum nlhinvil fur Mannpcmcnt of Xatinnal IMit. — Froin and after t he
1st of .August, 1H,;4, the said (iovernor and Coiiipany, in consideration of the privileges of exclusive bank-
ing given by this act, shall, during the continuance of such privileges, but no Lm/er, deduct from the
Kiiiiis now p.iyable to them, for till charges of manageinent of the public unrei'ieemc! debt, the annual
Slim of 12(l,(»(MI/., any thing in any act or acts of parliament or agreement to the contrary notwithslaiid-
ing: provided always, that such deduction sh;ill in no respect prejudice or allect the right of the said
(iovernor and Company to be i>aid for the management of the public debt at the rate and aircording to the
terms provided by the act 4S (ieo. ;i. c. 4., intituled " An A( t to authorize tlu ulvaiicing for the | ublic
Service, 11)1011 certain ("oiiditions, a rroportion of theHalance remaining in theliank of Kngland for I'ay.
iiieiit of unclaimed Dividends, Annuities, and Lot; Ty Prizes, and lor regulating the Allowances to bu
made for the Management of the National Debt." — ^ 13.
Provisiiins iif Act of A) * 40 (!co. ,'>. to remain in force, eicept as altered by this Act. — All the powers,
authorities, franchises, privileges, and advantages given or recognised by the said recited act of the .'iiJ^
4(Kieo. ,). c. 'JS. aloresaid,as belonging to or enjoyed by the (iovernor and Company of the Hank of Kngland,
or by any subse(|uent act or acts of parliament, shall be and the same are hereby declared to be in full
force, and continued by this act, except so far as the same are altered \y this act, subject nevertheless to
such redemption upon the terms and conditions following; (that is to say,) that at any time, upon \'i
months' notice to be given after tlie 1st of August, IS.O.O, and upon repayment by parliament to the said
(iovernor and Company, or their successors, ol the sum of 11,01.0,101)/., being the debt which will remain
clue from the publii^ to the said (iovernor and Com]iany after the payment of the \ of the debt of
l+,,>Hii,K04/. as iiereiii.before jirovided, without any deduction, discount, ■ abatemeiit whatsoever, and
upon jiaymeiit to the said (iovernor and Comiiany and their succe.ssoi of all arrears of the sum of
1IH),()()0/. per aiinuni in tlie .said act of ,'Jil \- 4(1 (ieo. .i. aforesaid mentioned, together with the interest or
annuities payable upon the said debt or in respect thereof, and also upon repayment of all the principal
and interest which shall he owing unto the said (iovernor and Company and their successors upon all
such tallies, e.\che(|uer orders, exclicijiier bills, or )iarliamentary funds which the said (iovernor and Com-
pany, or their successors, shall li.ive remaii'ing in their ha'ids or be entitled to at the time of such notice
to be given as la^t aforesaid, then and in such case, and not till then, (unless under the proviso herein-
before contained 1 the said exclusive privileges of banking granted by this act shall eeiise and determine
at the expiration of such notice of 1" months. — \ 14.
Tables cxhihiting a View of the ClrcuhUloti, Deposits, Profits, §'c. of the Dank of Enyhind.
No. I. — \ Ilcturn of the Number of Persons convicted of I'orgcry, or passing forged Notes and Post Bills
of the Bank of Kngland, in each Year, from 17itl to 18'J'J, inclusive.
ConvlolionsL,
.,. . 1 V 1
Years.
r.iiiit.ii
('. inic-
tiuii^i.
for hiiviii|4
(<)i/;t'(l it;iiik
NdUs in
liuv (if Ci 11-
vicliims (■.'( )i
Viar.
Years.
Capital
tyonvic-
tiuns.
fin- ilHVillfr
I'ur^td )l;i)i](
Ndtcs ill
I'ossL'ssion.
Iota) Ndin-
litT (if ('(in-
vicliotihuach
Vuar.
17!tl-17%
nil.
nil.
nil.
isi;i
9
49
58
17' 17
1
-
1
1814
r,
3!)
44
]7!»S
11
-
11
181.0
H
.01
.09
17:)9
I'J
.
12
IHKi
21)
84
104
LSI 10
ii!)
.
'.'!)
1S17
;i,{
9;0
128
IHOl
;>j
1
00
1818
(12
lii,0
227
inov;
OiJ
12
44
181!)
;j.j
lliO
l!l,i
1,S0,J
7
1
8
I8;'i)
77
27,0
352
1S04
l.i
8
21
!821
41
93
i.;4
IHO.O
10
14
S24
i;*22
lli
,
Ki
ISdh"
nil.
<)
9
18'.'i
<>
_
<>
lH(l7
1'!
i.!4
40
1824
.0
_
.0
1H08
9
S!3
3'2
182,0
2
.
3
IHOit
<-2i
ii!)
.02
18' '(i
18
4
22
1X10
10
l(i
2t)
1S27
24
24
1811
r,
I'J
24
18-28
10
.
10
ISlii
Cii
'x'ti
,02
182!)
l;i
1
14
.• *^^ ^" ,'A in.;:.
The Hank of Kngland does not possess the means of stating or distinguishing the punishments inllicted
for the said crimes.
No. II. — A Heturn of the Number of Persons convicted of Forgery on the Bank of England connected
wjth the Public Kuiids, Bills of Kxchange, or otherwise, except Bank Notes, &c., in each Year, from
1791 to 182!), iiiclusi\e.
Conviclions.
-•)0
91
1 ;92
17113 T
1794 J- .
17115 J
17y(i
1797 -
1798
1799 .
1
nil.
2
nil.
2
nil.
3
nil.
Convictiuns.
1800
1801 .
1802
1V03
180t
1 80,0
180li
1807
1808
180!)
Convictions.
1810
nil.
1811 -
1812
1813 -
1814
1815 -
sil.
18l(i
1817
nil.
18187
1
18191
. nil.
2
- nil.
2
1
- nil.
2
3
1 nil.
Convictions.
1820 1
1821 j
1822
1823
1824
nil.
nil.
1829
The Bank of England i"<ieg not possess the menns r, stating or distinguishing the punishments InllicttjU
for the said crime*. _i2()th of May, 18J0,
ifl
n Jl
I'
'1'
* I'
r fi'i
i
^ t
'1' ',
1
i
: I
.1
J!
I
86
BANK or ENGLAND.
No. 1 1 1.— -An Account of tho Average Market Price of Rullion in each Ycnr, from 1800 to 18-21 (taken from
(ilHcial l)ocimiciits\ of the Average Value per Cent, of the Currency, estimated by the Market I'ricu
of CiuUI for the same l'erioit,an(l of the Average Depreciation |H.'r Cent.
.VveraKf Prife of
AvtTilj^rlHTCrHt.
.\ vcra^f 1 U'nre •
Average Trii-e of
Avcrniu'*' jH'rCrnt.
Aver.lge Dcpre-
(iiilil iK.*r o/.
tilt' Cuirt'iu-v.
fiillioii per t.i'ni.
Years.
(loltl per «/..
thi; Ciirrt'm'y-
(-i.ilidll per t.ellt.
£ s. (I.
£ .V. it.
£ s. (1.
£ s. d.
£ s. il.
£ s. </.
ISi'Kl
.1 17 Idi
loo
Nil.
1811
4 4 (>
m ,1 2
7 16 10
IMIl
4 5
ill 12 4
8 7 8
IHl'J
4 !.'> ti
7!) r, 3
20 14 !l
lH(i2
4 4
02 14 2
7 Ti 10
18 l.i
.<■• 1
77 2
22 18
ISI),i
4
•17 Ii 10
2 1.} 2
IS 14
r< 4
74 17 ti
2.") 2 (i
hsot
4
07 Ii 10
2 l.i 2
IS I.-.
4 1 i (i
83 r> 9
Iti 14 3
lso."i
4
!)7 ti 10
2 l.i 2
IHhi
4 l.i fi
8j 5 !)
Hi 14 3
18(1(1
4
!I7 (i 10
2 l;i 2
1817
4
!)7 (i 10
2 13 2
1H()7
4
!»7 (i 10
2 l.i 2
1S18
4
07 (i 10
2 13 2
1S(IS
4
07 () 10
2 l.i 2
181!)
4 1 li
!l.j 11
4 !)
ISO!)
4
07 li 10
2 l.i 2
1820
;i 1!) 11
07 8
2 12
IHIO
4 10
8(! 10 I)
l.i l>
IS'JI
:\ 17 liii
IIKI
Nil.
No. IV. Account of the Dehts and Assets (exclusive of the Hank CapifaU of the Hank of KiiKland ;
cxhihitiiiK, on tlin one haiiil, the Aiiiimnt of Hank Notes, Tost Hills, \c. in Circulation, anil of the
public and private Depo.iils in the Ilamls of the Hank ; and, on the other, the Anuiuiit of the various
public and private Securities, and of tiie Hullioii hclil by the H.ink, on the .ilst of August, in each
Year, from 1778 to 1831 inclusive. — tl'rom the Appendix, Nu. 5. nf Itc/wrl on Btiiilt C/itirtci:)
31 August, 1778.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1770.
Circulation
Dcpoiiits
31 Atignst, 1780.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 17SI.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 17S2.
Circulation
Deposits
30 August, 178a
Circulation
Dciiosits
33 August, 17S4.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1785.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 17S6.
Circulation
Deposits
£
0,758,070
4,715,.580
31 August, 1778.
securities - {[ll^^^, ;
Uullion
- - - Uest, 1,-282,740/.
31 August, 1779.
Securities - | {i;^;^:^ ;
Hullion
- - - Uest, l,;!55,5ri()/.
31 August, 1780.
Securities - [^^^^^^ '_
ItuUioii
. . - Rest, 1,527,510/.
31 August, 1781,
Securities . [{Il^^^^, :
Uullion
. - - Uest, 1,742,040/.
31 August, 1782.
securities • [^^1^, Z
Uullion
- - . Rest, 1,921, .580/.
30 August, 1783.
Securities - [ j^^ I
Bullion
. . . Rest, 2,018,900/.
31 August, 1784.
Securities - [{ii^^^i^e I
Uullion
. . . Uest, 2,2Ol,.570/.
31 August, 17S,5.
securities - [ jl^^^ii^, ;
Hullion
- - - Uest, 2,008,930/.
31 August, 1780.
securities - {^l^^i^^ I
Bullion
. . . Rest, 2,038,200/.
£
0,540,4,1,3 i
3,087,537 j
7,493,049 I
2,350,191 j
0,740,5 It }
3,005,02.1 J
0,009,457 )
4,501,0,53j
8,!)87,.573 }
4,490,217 j
9,500,037 1
4,275,703 j
8,4,35,777 }
4,088,003 j
0,725,8!)! }
3,218,079 j
7,i)88,241 1
2,390,539 j
■ m
£
9,1127,970
3,128,4!.>0
11,471,(150
|i^,75tl,,i<K)
7,27t;,5IO
.5,201,(140
9,849,840
3,983,;!(:u
12,477,580
13,8i,3,l*)
«
(;,34 1,000
t),(i55,8(K)
10,;!45,510
4.179,.i70
12,!>!I7,I00
14,.524,!tIo
I'V
i
(■,309,430
.5,!'2 1,030
11,110,510
2,802,590
13,973,1(H)
12,231,000
0,750,310
0,75!),4.50
13,483,7!)0
),950,5.")0
13,5IS,7(iO
1 5,440,.; K)
0,307,270
0,105,(i.J0
13,841, 8(K)
.'790,OHI
l-.',4U.:i.'0
14,4.il,SSI)
5,5!v2,r.l0
0,207,1 :o
12,.524,:;SU
1,539,8,;()
ii,s.>!i,i;k)
14,(104,'-' id
fl,.570,0.10
0,2r.',o;()
1
9,!)44,.".7() j
5,487,040
lJ,8'.'2,(iS0
l,".,4;i,ill(l
8,184,3; iO
5,807,240
10,378,780
C,311,0,)0
14,051,."i70
10,(18<J,8j(I
^1 '■
1821 (taken from
10 Market Trice
1 l-lillioll IHT (Wit.
£ s. </•
7 16 10
20 14 9
22 IS
25 2
10 14 3
10 14 3
2 13 2
2 13 2
4 9
2 12
Nil.
link of F.nsland
»
:iliou, ;in(l ol the
mil of llie varicma
• August, in each
•A
irh-r.)
^1
£
9,1)27,970
3,128,420
iy,750..3!X)
^9»
Hi
^'J ' I 9,849,S 10
3,9H.!,3(:U
2..J
l;i,8.);5,Mt)
10,345,510
4,179,.i70
14,.524,910
IMUVilO
2,802,590
13,973,1(K)
73 7
17 j
03 j
13,483,7!K)
),y5li,5.')0
l,-),44i),.:i()
13,8H,8IK)
.TilO.dH)
14,+. 11, SSI I
12,524,;;Sl)
1,539,830
14,1104,2111
' 5,lS7,()4l)
'i574;i,oiii
!,"] 10,378.7W
"9 i
^ ' 0,311,(U)
10,(i8l',8Jt>
BANK OF ENGLAND.
Amount of Notes in Circulation, and Ocposita, and Securities held by the X^3X\\i — continued.
87
;;i August, 1787.
Circulation
Deposits
30 August, 178H.
Circulation
Dqiosits
31 August, 17S<y
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1790.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1791.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1792.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1793.
Circulation
Deposits
30 August, 1794.
Circulation
Deposits
31 -August, 1795.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1790.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1797.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1798.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 171)9.
Circulation
Deposit?
£
9,OS5,720
5,OJl,.04O
31 August, 1787.
liullion
. . . llcst, 2,829,400/.
30 August, 1788.
liullion
- - - Itest. 2,937 ,9(i0/.
31 August, 1789.
securities - [ {l;^:!;^ J
liullion
. - . Rest, 2,819,370/.
31 August, 171K).
securities - J ilj^^, :
Bullion
. . - Rest, 2,757,310/.
31 August, 1791.
truhlic
tjccunties - J Private .
Bullion
. . - Rest, 2,705,400/.
31 August, 1792.
securities - [{ij^J^^ I
Bullion
- - - Rest. 2,730,510/.
31 August, 1793.
securities . {}^^^ I
Bullion
. - - Rest, 2,823,830/.
30 August, I'd*.
•securities - {^^^ I
Bullion
- - - Rest, 2,994,080/.
31 August, 1795.
Securities . [{I;^^;^ ;
Bullion
. - . Rest, ,3,109,090/.
31 August, 1790.
Bullion
- - - Rest, .3,245,310/:
31 AuRU.st, 1797.
securities - {^H^^^ ;
Bullion
. . . Rest, 3,471,320/.
31 August, 1798.
securities - [™, ".
Bullion
- . - Rest, 3,414,410/.
31 August, 1799.
securities - \^]^^ ;
Bullion
- - - Rest, 2,899,490/.
£
R,0(]>i,:W3 7
3,787,.357j
8,840,008 7
2,7,3(^2,523
9,(iOI,8.59 7
2,03.5.901 j
10,047,2.57 )
l,95(i,203j
10,921, .300
1,898,010.
10,71.5,041 7
3,190,b(i9.
10,.381,a38 7
4,427,842 J
8,803,048 7
3,583,412J
l,';,2.50,!IO4 7
3,7.i9,01(;j
10,875,347 7
«,150,123j
8,705,224 7
9,495,9J(ij
10,930,0,38 7
6,419,602 j
9,4v52,9.55 7
7,477,485 j
£
11,8.53,000
0,29.3,000
1.5,31 7,21 »J
18,144>,(ii>()
10,002,880
5,5i:8,(i40
11, .570,320
0.8!>9,1(W
15,5.i 1,520
18,'K 19,480
1I,121,SW
0,4<)2,450
1
11,097,700
8,045,8(n
17,524,2.-.0
20,,34.i,(i20
11,4;)J,310
0,1! 19,200
12,003,520
8,;j8(i,.'j;;o
17,032,540
20,.;8!',8.'XJ
11,072,320
0,437,7.30
]2,819,94<)
8.0.55,510
18,110,0.00
20,875,4.50
ll,00fi,,300
5,52(i,480
13,905,910
5,.3.57,38()
10,.>-J2,780
l!l,20,i,'.;!H)
10,80,5,0.50
(i,442,810
14.809,080
5,322.010
17,307,8liO
20,131,0!K)
10,280,780
5,93.5,710
12,440,400
0,770,110
10,222,4fX)
19,21(i,.570
10,802,200
8,154,980
'/i2()
",0
22, liii 1,^,70
19,017,180
9,240,790
0,(i50,320
17,025.470
2,122,9.50
15,90,3,110
19,148,420
11,114,120
7,7<);),350
18,201,170
4,089,620
18,879,470
22,,3.50,7W
12,180,010
8,;i00,720
17,>349.04O
0,540,100
!:o,4«i,,;30
23,895,740
13,3S9,490
7,012,240
16,930,440
7,000,780
2I,(.3!,7;(» 1
23,931.220
I
■llj
#
88
BANK OF ENGLAND.
Amount of Notes in Circulation, and Deposits, and Securities held by the Banli— continued.
\'l
I 1
I k
i!,! \ J:l
.in< !
30 August, 1800.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1801.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1802.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1803.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1804.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1805.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1806.
Circulation
Deposits -
31 August, 1S07.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1808.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1809.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1810.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1811.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1812.
Circulation
Deposits
£
15.047,180
8,335,060
30 August, l60C.
securities . {!^^^ ;
Bullion
- - - Rest, 3,906,630/.
31 August, 1801.
securities - [f.^^^i^, :
Bullion
- - . Rest, 3,854,890/.
31 August, 1802.
securities - {^l^, I
Bullion
- - - Rest, 4,168,370/.
31 August, 1803.
s-uHties . {i:;^«, :
BuUiuu
- - - Rest, 4,710,770/.
31 August, 1804.
securities - [™, T
Bullion
. . - Rest, 4,836,450/.
rn August, 1805.
Securit.es . [{l^l^^^ ;
Bullion
- - - Best, 4,960,870/.
31 August, 1806.
securities - {^^, [
Bullion
- - - Rest, 5,024,320/.
31 August, 1807.
f Public
Securities . J private -
Bullion - - ..
. . - Rest, 4,953,740/.
31 August, 1808.
securities .. [^^, I
Bullion
. - - Rest, 5,136,230/.
31 August, 1809.
securities - [{I^^llL I
Bullion
. . - Rest, 5,256,390/.
31 August, 1810.
Securities - [ prWate -
Bullion
- - - Rest, 5,754,110/.
31 August, 1811
Securities - ^private .
Bullion
. . . Rest, 5,964,070/.
31 August, 1812.
tl'ulll'C
Securities - {^ pr,vate .
Bullion
- - . Uc,t, 6,'599,600/.
£
13,586,590 7
8,551,830J
11,926,873 7
10,282,6973
13,528,.';e9 7
13,584,7613
13,336,179 7
13,582,6()1 3
14,993,395 7
10,833,2853
11,41.3,266 7
16,359,5843
14,167,772 7
15,305,3283
13,410,055 7
10,526,8953
14,956,394 7
14,287,6963
1,5,.307,673 7
18,127,597 J
17,198,677 7
2.3,775,0933
21,884,248 7
15,199.0323
21,165,1»K)7
17,010.9303
£
22,138,420
5,150,4.50
23,382,240
27,288,870
14,556,110
8,133,830
22,209,570
4,335,260
22,1)89,940
26,544,8.;0
17,097,630
9,739,140
27,113,360
3,891,780
26,836,77(J
31,(X)5,l.lO
15,983,330
9,817,240
26,918,840
3,592,500
25,800,570
30,511, ,340
17,153,890
9,715,530
25,826,680
5,879,190
26,8ti9,4'-'()
31,705,870
16,388,400
14,(H8,080
£7,772,850
7,624,500
.30,436,180
35,.')97,.350
21,027,470
9,636,330
29,473,100
6,215,020
35,(188,1'J)
3(),6ti3,!-'00
19,678,360
11,789,200
29,930,9,50
6,484,359
31,467,5r)0
36,421, .-;(«)
17,111,290
15,012,510
29,244,090
6,015,940
35,20(),o;;()
30,123,800
19,574,180
1?,2;)7,1S0
33,435,270
3,6.52,4^0
31,8J1,360
37,087,751)
24,793,990
13,617,520
40,973,770
3,191,8,-iO
38,411,510
44,l(>.5,ii'Jil
2.3,286,850
11,075,660
37,083,'J.M)
3,24:!,.-;(K)
34,362,510
40,:i'.(i,..N(i
2.3,026,880
11,848.910
38,176,120
3,09f»,270
31,875,790
41,27. <'
lf%
continued.
£
22,138,420
5,150,450
27,288,870
22,209,570
4,335,260
26,544,8:50
27,113,360
3,891,780
31,(K)5,140
26,918,840
3,592,500
30,511,340
;J
n
p]
P5
?!
ii
PS
25,826,680
5,879,190
31,705,870
£7,772,850
7,624,500
35,397,350
29,473,100
6,215,020
~3ivi88,I20
29,936,950
6,484,350
36,421, 3(K)
29,244,!)!'0
6,015,940
35,26(),(i;5()
33,435,270
3,(5;")2,4^:()
37,087,750
40,973,770
3,191,850
44,lt!.'>,ii'Jll
37,0H3,2Sll
3,24:!,3(K)
40,:5'-(i,.'SO
h\\ 38,170,120
' ' 3,«i<»,270
BANK OF ENGLAND.
Amount of Notes in Circulation, and Dc|)08it!;, and Securitici held by the Bank — continued.
89
31 August, 1813.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1814.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1815.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1816.
Circulation
Deposits
30 August, 1817.
Circulation
De])Osits
31 August, ISl?.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1819.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1820.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1821.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1822.
Circulation
Deposits
30 August, 1823.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1824.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1825.
Circulation
Deposits
1
£
24,828,120
11,159,730
31 August, 1813.
Securities - \^;^, '_
Bullion
. . . Rest, 6,830,500/.
31 August, 1814.
Securities - [i:;-^, ".
Bullion
. . . llest, 7,225,410/.
31 August, 1815.
Securities - {jl^^^^^e I
Bullion
. . . Rest, 8,318,550/.
31 August, ISlfi.
Securities - [ f.^^'i^i, -.
Bullion
. .. . Rest, 6,227,220/.
30 August, 1817.
f Public
Securities - J private .
Bullion
. . . Rest, 5,645,530/.
31 August, 1818.
f Public
Securities - J private -
Bullion
. - . Rest, 4,604,040/.
31 August, 1819.
securities - {^l^, ".
Bullion
- . . Rest, 3,779,060/.
31 August, 1820.
Securities - [^^l^, -.
Bullion
. . . Rest, 3,.'330,950/.
31 August, 1821.
securities - [JltfJilf, ".
Bullion
- - - Rest, 3,.095,580/.
31 August, 1822.
securities - [}:;f,'i?, ;
Bullion
. - . Rest, 3,524,240/.
30 August, 1823.
securities - {^^, ]
Bullion
- - - Rest, 3,067,020/.
31 August, 1824.
securities - {'^l^^ .-
Bullion
1 - . - Rest, 2,880,030/.
1 31 August, 1825.
; securities . [ j:;-^!!?, :
liuUiun
1
' - - - Rest, 2,9.30,9.00/.
£
25,.091,3.36 7
14,514,744 j
.■34,982.485 7
13,363,4753
24,194,086 7
20,(560,0943
26,097,431 7
11,182,1093
27,098,2.38 7
5,507,3923
27,257,012 7
5,113,7483
25,419,148 7
6,321,4023
19,173,997 7
4,(572,1233
1.0,752,9.031
2,722,587.
13,668,a097
3,622,1513
11,842,8777
5,624,6933
14,649,187 7
6,255,343.
17,414,.%6 7
7,691,4(543
£
40,106.r:o
2,712,270
3".,987,8;-.0
42,81S,;5.0O
28,368,200
14,849,<M0
48,345,960
2,097,680
43,218,230
50,443,64(»
27,248,670
12,69l>,000
44,854,780
3,409,040
39,944,670
4d,2(i3,':'J()
26,758,720
ll,8.'-)6,380
37,279,540
7,562,780
38,615,100
44,842,;520
29,.543,780
9,0&4,590
32,605,030
11,6(58,260
38,628,370
44,27.3,890
20,202,1.50
7,927,730
32,370,760
6,363,160
34,129,880
3S,733,!I20
25,252,690
6,304,160
31,740,550
3,595,360
31, ,056,850
3.'5,.335,910
24,299,340
4,420,910
23,846,120
8,211,0,S0
28,721 1,2,")0
32,0.07,20(1
20,295,300
5,818,4.00
18,475,540
11,233,590
26,113,7.00
29,709,130
17,461,790
6,399.440
17,290,510
10,097,960
23,8(54,230
27,388,470
19,231,240
7,827,350
17,467,370
12,608,240
27,O,08,,59O
30,125,610
20,132,120
9,679,810
21,<K)4,.03O
11,787,430
29,811,930
32,(!91,960
19,.398,840
6,410,5(50
25,106,030
3,6,34,320
28,74O,3.".0
25,8(I9,KK)
Ail
M
r
ii
1 ii i 1 '
IJI
^ii*
v>, ^^
ti
I
I
J,
BANK OF ENGLAND.
Amount of Notes in Circulation, and Deposits, and Securities held by the Bany— continued.
31 August, 18^0.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1827.
Circulation
DciH>sit8
30 August, 1828.
Circulation
Deposits •
31 August, 1829.
Circulation
Deposits
30 August, 1830.
Circulation
Deposits
31 August, 1831.
Circulation
Deposits
7,1!J!I,8()0
a8,7(i.3,4a)
22,7-»7,r)00
8,0:)2,0!X)
3(),7!)y,<i'J0
21,.3;J7,,^10
10,201,280
.•il,;J.")S,7iK)
l'J,.W,380
!Vi3:i,070
28,;JS2,450
21,404,700
ll,(i2(),840
3.1,08,^,540
18,538,030
9,0()9,310
27,l)07,94()
Securities
Bullion
31 August, 1826.
r Public
• I Private
17,713,881
7,713,881 I
7,369,749 J
25,083,rK30
6,7.54,230
nest, 3,074,440/.
Securities
Bullion
31 August, 1827.
f Public
" I Private -
Rest, 2,803,400/.
Securities
Bullion
30 August, 1828.
f Public
I Private
- Rest, 2,84,5,620/.
Securities
Bullion
31 August, 1829.
f Public
I Private
Securities
Bullion
Rest, 2,874.890/.
30 August, 1830.
" " ubiic
rivate
f Public
fPr
- - - Rest, 2,030,630/.
Securities
Bullion
31 August, 1831.
(■public
I Private
I9,8f)9,,595 7
3,389,725 i
20,682,776 >
3,ii:;2,754i
20,072,440 7
4,589,370 J
20,911,616 7
3,654,074 J
18,056,.5,527
5,848,478 J
31,837,H.i()
23,199,320
10,463,770
Rest, 2,736,850/.
33,6('>.3,0!i0
23,905,530
10,498,880
34,404,410
24,661,810
6,795,530
31,457,340
24,505,690
11,150,480
35,716,i7i
23,905,030
6,439,7(10
30,344,-/ <K)
No. V. — An Account of the total Amount of Outstanding Demands on the Bank of England, and
likewise the Funds for discharging the same ; 30th of January, 1819.
Dr. . . The Bank, ' -
30th January, 1819. . . Cr. |
£'
By advances on government
£
To Bank notes out
26,094,430
securities ; viz.
To other debts ; viz.
On Exchequer bills, on malt.
Drawing accounts
1
&c. 1818
Audit roll ...
[■ 7,800,150
Bank loan, 1808 -
Exchequer bills deposited
Supply, 1816, at 4/. per cent. .
And various other debts
)
Growing produce of the conso-
lidated fund to 5th of April,
1819, and interest due, and
y 8,438,600
33,894,580
loans to government on un-
Balance of surplus in favour of
the Bank of England, exclusive
claimed dividends
By all other credits, viz.
of tiie debt from government.
Cash and bullion
at 31. per cent.
Exchequer bills purchased, and
w£l 1,686,800
interest . - .
And the advance to government,
Bills and notes discounted
- 30,(558,240
per 56 Geo. 3. cap. 9(). at 3/.
- 5,202,320
Treasury bills for the service o!
per cent.
Ireland - - -
^3,000.000
Money lent, and various other
articles ...
By the permanent debt due from
.
Jt' ;'>!V)9ii,W0
£ 39,()9(i,!KK)
government, ior the capital of
the Bank, at 3/. per cent, per
.innum . - - -
£ 11,680,800
By the advance to government.
per act 5(i Geo. 3. cap. 96. at
3/, per cent, per annum
£ 3,000,000
Bank of England,
22d of February, 1819.
WiLU*M Dawes,
Accountant General
BANK OF ENGLAND.
91
ontinued.
£
25,083,(W0
fi,754,23()
31,837,8>)0
10,403,770
33,()fi.'3,0!H)
23,905,r)30
10,498,880
34,404,410
24,601,810
6,795,530
31,457,o40
24,565,690
11,150,480
i]
35,71(!,i7!!
23,905,030
6,43!i,7t;0
30,344,'/ <H)
of England, and
Cr.
t £
•i
^
. 8,438,600
30,658,'J40
£ 39,();)0,<XX)
£ 11,686,800
£ 3,000,000
I WES,
Itant General
No VI.— An Aoroont of Money paid or payable at the Bank of Kngland, for the Management of the
Public Debt, in the Vcar 1829, together with an Account of all the Allowances made by the Public to
the Hank, or chargi'd hy the Hank .igainst the Public, for transacting any Public Service in the Year
18^9; ilcscribing the Nature of the Service, and the Amount charged thereon in the said Year, and
inciuilingany Sum under the Denomination of llouse-money, or House Kxpenscs; and also, any Sum
under the Denomination of Charges of Management on South Sea Stock, and stating the aggregate
Amount of the whole.
Denomination of Pajitien'.i.
Charge for management of the unredeemed public debt for one year, ending the
.'itii of April, 18311, being the ainiual period at which the accounts are made up, as
directed hv the act 48 Geo. .3. c. 4. - - - - - -
Ditto, ditto, for one year ending ditto, on sundry annuities, transferred to the Com.
niissioners, lor the Reduction of the National Debt, for the purchase of life
annuities per act 48 Geo. 3. and subsequent acts ....
Charges of management, being part of an entire yearly fund of 100,000/. enjoyed
by the Governor and Company of the Hank of England, originally by the act of
the ytli and (ith of William and Mary, c. 20., ronfirmcd to the s.iid Governor and
Company bv several subseq'icnt acts, and lastly by the Act of the 39th an'i 40th
(Jeo. 3. c. '28., as ))er lleturn made to the Honourable House of Commons, on the
'.'1st of June, 1816 - - .....
Ditto, ilittn, on 4,(J()0,000/. South Sea stock, purchased by the Governor and Com.
paiiy of Uie Hank of F.ngland of the South Sea Company, and transferred by them
to tlie said (iovernor and Company, in pursuance of the act of the 8lh Geo. 1. ('.21.,
and wliich charges of management were assigned by the said South Sea Company
to the said (iovernor and Company, out of a sum of 8,;397/. 9s. Orf. per annum then
paid by the public to the said .South Sea Company for charges of management on
their lunds, as per lleturn made to the Honourable House of Commons, on the
21st of June, 1816 .... ...
Amount.
£ s. d.
C48,H7 17 S|
2,922 1 1 9
4,000
1,898 3 5
^2.57,238 12 4|
Bank of England, 1 1th of March, 1830.
T. Ilippo.v, Chief Cashier.
No. VII. — The following is an Account of all Distributions made by the Bank of England amongst the
Proprietors of Hank .Stock, whether by Money Payments, Transfei of 5 per Cent. Annuities, or other-
wise, iniderthe Heads of Honus, Increase of Dividend, and Inert ase of Capital, betwixt the 2;)th of
Eebruary, 1797, and 31.n of March, 1832, in addition ' j the ordinary Annual Dividend of 7 per Cent,
on the Capital .Stock of that Corporation, existing iii 1797, including therein the whole Dividend paid
since June, 1816, on their increased Capital: stating the Period when such Distributions were made,
and the aggregate Amount of the whole. — {Appen. No. 29.)
Denomination and Periods of Distrittution.
In June 17!''9: 10/. per cent, bonus in 5 per cents. 1797, on 11, '.12,400/., is
May, L 1 : ,'j/. per cent, ditto, in Navy 5 per cents, ditto ...
November, 1802 : 2/. Ws. per cent, ditto, ditto, ditto . . . .
October, 1804: .0/. per cent, ditto, cash, ditto - . . .
October, 1805 : 5/. per cent, ditto, ditto, ditto .....
October, 1800 : .5/. per cent ditto, ditto, ditto .....
From April, 1807, to Oct. f Increase of dividends at the rate of 31. per cent, per
1822, both inclusive J annum on 11,642,400/., is, 16 years - .
From April, 1823, to Oct. f Increase of dividend at the rate of 1/. per cent, per
1829, both inclusive i annum on 11,642,400/., is, 7 years . . .
In June, 1816 . . Increase of capital at 25 per cent, is
From Oct 1816, to Oct f Dividend at the rate of 10/. per cent per annum on
1822, both inclusive I 2,910,600/., increased capital, is, OJ years
From April, 1823, to Oct f Dividend at the rate of 8/. per cent per annum on
1831, both inclusive I '.',910,600.'. increased capital, is, 9 years
Aggregate amount of the whole
Annual dividend payable on Bank stock in 1797, on a capital of 11,642,400/. at the
rateof 7/. per cent per annum .... . .
Annual dividend payable since June, 1816, on a capital of 14,553,0f;0/., to October,
18'22, inclusive, at the rate of 10/. per cent per annum ...
Annual dividend payable from April, 1823, to the 31st of March, 1832, both inclusive,
on a capital of 14,053,(K)0/., at the rate of 8/. per cent, per annum
Amount.
£
1,164,240
.582,120
291,060
582,120
582,120
582,120
5,588,352
814,908
2,910,600
1,891,890
2,095,632
.^17,318,070
J^" 8 14,968
£ 1,4.55,300
£ 1,164,240
Bank of England, 27th of June, 1832.
No. VIII.
fating the Description (
Appen. to Ilrpor
WlLLIA.M Smee, Dep. Acct
0. VIII. — An Account of the Profits of the Bank of England, in the Year ending 29th of February
1S;!2; stating the Description of the Securities held by the Bank, and the Sources from which the said
I'rotits have accruetl. — {No. 15. Appen. to lirport.)
Interest on commercial bills - . ...
Interest on Exchequer bills . - . ...
Annuity for 45 years (the dead-weight account) ....
Interest on capital received from government ....
Allowance received for management of the public debt ...
Interest on loans on mortgages • . . .
Interest on stock in the public funds .....
Interest on private loans - . . . . .
Profit on bullion, commission, rent, receipts on discounted bills unpain, management of
the business of the Banks of Ireland, of Scotland, and Royal Hank of Scotland, and
sundry items . - . . . .
£
130,695
e(H,109
451,415
446,502
251,896
60,684
15,075
56,941
71,859
i
^iii
*
^y 1
^1,689,176 f
msm
02
BANK OF ENGLAND.
Ir 1,
! f
No. IX. — Expoiiic.i of the naiik of Knglnnd, for the Year ending Ci'tli of Fi'brunry, 18,12.
nil.
National debt department
Kank notes
liankiiiK ilepartinent
£
(H.
£
'nt
Kit.ll,']
.'^alarien and prnsiung
i>lH,(K);t
•
KKi.dD-i
House expen.ses • -
;j!M«7
. -
lilMi^J
Directorb' allowance
H,(IOil
y
Kent
4o,(J()()
/
KxpenseH at eleven hranehes, arising
/
t'roni the liankiiiK department
'.,:im
X
Kxpeiise.s attending tlie eireidation of
/
'.',ri4HI,(MMi/. of l)raneh Hank of ling-
/
land notes, at eicven branches
£
2H,.';<)H
/
.t";i.)!t,H)()
JJ!V«H)
No. X.— An estimated Account of Prolit derived by the Hank from Circidation of Promissory Notes,
and I'runi Uovernmcnt liiitiinuiis. — {Aji/wii. Su. Uli.)
£
ai.oiio.ono
4,()(HI,(HI()
Circniation
(iovernment deposits
!.'l-,{)(K),()()li, of which two thirds arc estimated to be invested in securities, and
one tliird in bullion.
Securities of l(;,Ofin,()(H)/. ; viz.
!l,(«i(l,(l()i) Kxchequer bills - - . .
^(](l,(HiO stock - . - .
l,(HiO,()ii() adv.inces for circulation on discount
.■■)(Kl,(l(X» country discount - . .
4,7(HI,(I(M)
!(■),( K«),(KX)
Deduct,
Kxpcnse of circulation -
Kxpense of Koverinnent deposits
.Stamp duty on circulation - .
1 per cunt, on capital (.held by government at 3 per cent.)
T/ie riihlic Debt.
Amount received from government fo' management of the
the ye.ir ending -''th of Aj)ril, 18.)'2, including life atuuiili
Jlanagi nient of lite ainiuities, supposed to be transferred
Deduct,
Kxi)enses for mau.igement of the national debt
Average of forgeries per annum, during the last ten years
nt 2Jpcr cent.
-jji -
-ik -
public debt, for
L-.S
£
20i.',r)n()
;>(),(»( K)
17,.'i(K)
V.';;,87.'>
£
4(17,875
33,1,000
£
13t,8"."<
44,000
lOfi.rmo
lO.tHX)
7ll,0<K)
H7,(MiO
2J1,000
J,(HX)
1()4,()0()
40,000
248,000
204,000
- -
Estimated profit
.£"17«,H7;''
No. XI. — .State of the A fl'airs of the Bank of England, 29th of February, 1832.
'Mfl/ ( ii
ifi
Dr.
I'o Hank notes outstanding
I'o public deposits, viz.
Drawing accounts -
lialance of audit roll
Life annuities impaid
Annuities for terms of
years unpaid
Exchequer bills deposited
i'o private deposits, viz.
Drawing accounts -
Various other debts
Po the Bank of England for
the capital . - -
I'o balance of surplus in
favour of the ISank of
England
£
•.',n,-!4,7P0,
.")")0,.'i")0
85,030 1
£
18,051,710
- 3,198,730
3R,3fiO
4!KJ,000 .
5,fKS,'?,870!j r,-^^^Q
54,500
14,553,000
2,1)37,760 '.
- £ 4|.,17!t,li3()
Cr.
By advances on government
securities ; by Exchequer
bills on the growing pro.
diu'e of the consolidated
fund in the quarter ending
5th of April, 1832
Ditto, 5th of July, 1832
Exchequer bills on supplies,
1825
Ditto for 10,500,000/. for 1825
Uy the advances to the trus.
tees a)ipuinted by the act
3 Geo. 4. c. 51. towards the
purchase of an annuity of
585,740/. for 44 years from
5th of April, 1823
By other credits : viz.
Exchequer bills purchased
, Stock purchased
City bonds
Bills and notes discounted -
Loans on mortgages •
London Dock t'ompany .
Advances on security, and
various articles
By cash and bullion
By the permanent debt due
from government
3,428,340
097,000
7,fi00
2,000
4,131,9^1
2,700,000
7(H,(i(H)
500,000
2,951,970
1,4;J2,100!
227,500|
570,690
Rest or stirplus brought down
Bank capital due to proprietors
10,89",8.SI
■ 9,100,8111
5,C93,l.';ii
14,68fi,Sn(
.i"4-l.,179,iMi
2,(i >7,7iii
14,5.53,(M«
.*■ 17,l!K),7(i<i
il>^
a? v.,-*-
ry, 18:12.
i
_
£
!>1H,(iO;i
at,lH7
H.IIDO
4<MKH)
il'B
.0,702
lof
"K-
SH/HIS
£
JJit.KHt
tomisiory Notes,
in gccutitics, and
107,875
333,000
248,000
20-t,000
13t,8"r.
44,000
j£"l7H,K7;
1832.
I
340
,000
m{
,000]
- 4,134,<J4(
),(
,000
,(i(H)
1,(100
,!I70
!,UK)
',5U0
1,690
I
10,897,881
9,lG6,8ri(
5,293,13'
14,f)8fi,S0(
je4-4,179,tl-!i
2,li !7,7f'.<
14,5.53,(HX
£ 17,190,7(i('
BANK 01' ENGLAND.
9S
No. XII.— All Accnuiit of tlip AvcrnRO n^RrfRatc Amounts nf Public IK'iiodits in the HamU of tlie Bank,
Iroin llio War \M*); tlii.tiiiKuii>liiii){ eai;h Year. — (/l/z/H-n. A'o. 'J4.)
Yt'nr.
Aniollilt.
Year.
Aliiiiuiit.
\ear.
Ainounl.
Vt'iir.
Aniniint.
£
£
£
£
18' '7
li!,r47,.ol
1S14
i'j,i.^8.i;27
1820
3,71.i.442
IH'Jii
4,'J 14,271
IMIIS*
M,7iil,44S
IKI.-.
ll,7;7,4i(>
1S21
3,Mi;o,l/.7
18-,'7
4,'.''J.i,h(i7
|H(I<I
|i,oii.;,i;i.s
IMii
l(l,.S(i7,(iti()
\W>
4,107.8.0.)
18'.'H
.■i.8'Jl,ii!i7
IHIO
ll,!i.(Mi>7
1S17
H,ii<l!M.i3
18J,J
f>,tiM,it.','>
IHWI
.•i,8(W,t;.'")(i
IHll
ll),l!ll,8.')4
IKIH
7,(it;i>,hH7
1824
7,2'-'y,lH7
18;«)
4,7til,!l.".'2
ISli!
ii),.>!'(i,i.;o
IHl'J
4,iJ»,J7J
18iy
.0,^47,31*
18U1
3,948,102
1H13
llV;!lii404
A'. y/_ The liaiik is uiiaiiU.' to i'liriiisli itorrectly the agKrenute anioiiut of public dqiosits previous to llie
year 1mij7 ; the public aicDUiits pru)r tolliat period not being required generally to belieptut tbe Hank ;
iiiid many ol' tiu' piililic accounts at (hat time were in the names ol'individualii, witlluut reference to that
part ol' the public lierviee to wliieb the accounts applied.
No. XIII. — An Account of the Average aggregate Amounts of Private Deposit, i . 'lie Hands of the
Hank, from the Year 1807 ; distinguishing each Year. — (///</«•«. So. ,/*.j
V.Mr.
.\ mount.
Yt-ar.
Amount.
Year.
Ainuunt.
Year.
Atiiuuiit.
£
£
.*•
£
1807
\,r,H'2,-m
1814
2,.374,910
1S'20
i,.Ti.o,()fin
182(;t
3,.322,(i7()
IMOH
i,ii4ii,ti;o
IKl,-.
l,«K),.liH)
18'.'l
i,,;2<),i)2(i
1827
3,!U1,,'J70
I8();t
i,4ii'j,iy(»
IShi
i,.i.;i,iv;o
18'J2
l,:J7.i,.;70
1828
.0,701,280
IMO
I,4'.'H,721)
1817
l,(i7'J,Si.O
1823
2,,i21,;i20
182U
.0,217,210
I.SI1
l,.".li7,!l'J()
1818
1,(HIV-'10
1824
2,,i(SI,91()
1830
.0,.0li2,2.0O
ISI'J
l,:")7.),!l.)0
1819
l,7l)0,8tiO
1825
2,(»)7,9(jO
ISJl
5,201 ,.i70
IHI.i
l,771„ill)
A'. /{. — 'i'be Hank is unable to return the average aggregate amounts of private deposits for the years
prior (o 1SII7, as the public and private drawing accounts wuru not kept separately till that period, when
distinct olHces were established.
No. XIV. — An Account of the annual Avcr.nge Amount of Commercial Paper under Discount at the
Hank, in Loudon, in each Year, from the Year 179.0. — {A/i/ifH. A'». .09.)
Vrar.
Amount.
\ear.
Amount.
Year.
Amount.
Year.
Amount.
£
£
£
£
17!!')
2,9+1 i,000
18O.0
n.^divOCK)
1814
13,280,8(K)
182.3
,3,l2.i,8(K)
17!iti
,'i,;)O,0,OO()
180(j
12,.;m»,ioo
1815
14,!I47,10()
1S21
2,.-^()9,8()l)
1797
.0,'i.'il),O(K)
1807
l.i,.184,()(.'0
ink;
ll,41i>,4(M)
1825
4,!)41,.0()()
17!i8
4,4!K»,(i(«)
1808
12,900,100
1817
3,!)(i0,ti00
182(i
4,908,;;o()
1799
5,.K).i,!K)0
180!)
1.0,470,700
1818
4,.J2.0,2(M)
1827
1,240,4(H)
1S(K)
li,40l,iK)0
1810
20,070,(100
181!)
(),515,00()
1828
1,107,410
ISOl
7,90.0,100
1811
14,;.00,4OO
1820
.';,883,(iOO
1829
2,'2."iO,70()
18(12
7,.02.i,.i(K)
1812
14,291,(100
1821
2,()7ii,700
18i0
!119,'K)()
1803
10,747,r>(K)
1813
12,3.^0,200
1822
3,3()(),7(JO
1831
l,533,(iOO
^04
<.l.fH2,.«X)
No. XV. — An Account of the Notes, Post-Rills, &c. of the liank of Kiiglaiul in Circulation, on the 2Sili
of I'ebruary and 31st of August in each Y'ear, from l(i!J8 to 1792 both included, as near as the same
can be made up.
Year '.iSlli Feb.
.■ilst Aug
I £
l(i!)8 1,221,290
urn, 743,8;0O
9.J8,24<1
2>)8,8li0
920,730
933,7(>0
9(il,990
5.0(),(ilO
9911,840
!)5!),820
(i48,()80
707,470
fi01,.580
477,510
738,920
17131,221,880
1714 (i-23,f>4()
1715 <)72,l(iO
171()l,4()0,ri(iO
1717 2,05,3,150
1718 2,782,420
17191,807,010
1720 2,4()(),880
1721 2,244,280
17001
170ll
1702
1703i
1704'
1705!
170(i'
17071
1708
1709!
17101
17111
1712
£
1 2.tO,4<)0
519,1.00
781,4.'JO
7(U,8iiO
I,(«0,9(X)
1,214,044)
946,010
1,043,1,00
805,410
824,860
,0i)8,<)4«
691 ,.3.00
480,920
573,230
2,025,2(M)
800,810
l,t!,01,78O
978,840
1,. 079,730
2,188,o.<50
l,80i;,ii40
l,!».i",,0;'K)
3,0;32,4iiO
2,206,260
'22
23
24
1725
1726
1727
28
1729
17,30
31
17.32
17.3,'>
1734
i7ao
I73ti
17,37
1738
1739
1740
41
1742
174,3
1744
1740
iiSlli Fell.
£
2,365,640
3,516,110
3,2.';2,830
3,7.'!4,480
3,O7(i,8,0O
3,888,180
4,574,!)20
4,152,,09O
3,9!)8,280
4,4.01,720
4,201,(i60
4,,'i8;0,O6O
4,20'i,()7()
4,627,9!)()
4,!KI7,7.00
5,215,010
4,766,280
4,.'547,270
4,,OiOO,980
4,841,840
4,471,510
4,6,04,8!H)
4,2.03,(i|o
4,27!i,610
,'»lst Aug.
£
3,0()(;,4."0
.■;,482,210
,3,857,710
3,34.!,400
,3,I.02,;i44)
4,ti77,640
4,513,790
4,199,910
4,416,H7i'
5,24'
4,59-
4,54,).
4,671,;...
4,738,,05()
5,077,,070
4,414,6!K)
4,t)09,420
4,152,420
4,444,W/<)
4,084,450
4,911, ,390
4,2;-)0,18()
4,270,5<iO
.'i,44o,;>,00
Year
174(i
1747
4,s
174!
7,00
751
1752
175:i
17.08
1759
1760
1761
1762
176;:
17(!4
176.
1766
17fi7
1768
17(i9
'.iStli Fell.
-6"
,■3,383,720
4,107,420
.■i,8!l4,(vOO
.3,737,110
3,964,!l70
4,022,1(«)
4,444,!UX)
4,401, ,080
4,(M>2,870
3,!);0(),(kOO
4,106,7<I0
5,31i),l,30
5,32(),.09O
4,.086,84O
4,<)69,2.0O
5,(i32,.3.0O
5,741,0!K)
5,9!l!),<)10
5,,0Ol,8(H)
6,316,(r70
S,617,.07O
0,010,i)!lO
5,778,!)iK)
,0,707,190
,11st Aug.
£
3,842,.0(IO
,3,6.02,310
.3,789,720
4,18.i,,;!iO
4,3]8,4!K)
,0,195,310
4,7.0O,,')5O
4,420,2!H)
4,081,280
4,11.0,280
4,516,;KiO
5,149,<)40
4,8(i4,110
4,8{)9,7!X)
4,9,-36,'.:80
5,24(;,680
5,886,980
.0,314,600
6,210,680
5,,'i,06,4!K)
5,24(i,410
4,88,3,4-10
5,415,,0,3O
5,411,4,00
Year
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
177(i
177
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
8
1784
l';8;0
1786
1787
1788
178!)
17i)0
91
1792
'^.Sth Fell.
£
.0,2,37,210
6,822,780
.0,9(i2,l(iO
6,037,(H>0
7,.05O,78O
9,|.'i5,!)30
8,(i!)!),720
8,712,2;iO
7,4.10,.-:,30
!),012,(ilO
8,4IO,7!K)
7,092,450
8,028,880
7,675,0!'0
6,202,760
5,923,0!K)
7,581,!)(iO
8,,;29,840
!),,061,I2O
!),807,21()
10,040,ri40
iI,4.3!i,2IK)
11,307,380
31st Aug.
£
.0,7.)6,7,SO
6,014,111
,0,!)87,570
(i,,';62,220
•l,)-86,2-0
8,,;!)H,3I()
8,,051,O!K)
7,75,'i,5!IO
6,7,08,070
7,276.04(1
(V'HI.OOO
6,7,09,.-.lO
6",.3O7,270
5,5!)2,5IO
6,,07O,(k"O
8,i.s4,;5;io
9,(;8.0,72O
10,002,880
11,121,8(K)
11,4.33,,;40
U,(i72,,320
11,006,300
A, /;.— No previously published table of the circulation of the Hank of Kngland extends further back
than 177 ( : we are indebted to the Court of Directors for being able to supply this striking defect, and to
exhibit, lor the Hrst time, th(> circulation of the Bank, from within four M-ats of its establishment down
to the present day.
* The Hank advanced, in March, 180,S, ,!,0<H),000/ , without interest, for the public service, which so
c<iitiiiued till Aiiril, 181H, on account of public balances.
t The increascU auioi.nt of ileposits in this and the following years, arose from the increase of accotiiits.
f
i
II
x^
94,
BANK OF ENGLAND,
No. XVI. — An Account of the Amount of Bank Notei in Circulation on the umlcrmontloncd Dayg;
distinKuishing the lianli Post Bills, and the Amount of Notes under Five Pounds, with the Agureffate
of the whole.
I,:
J|
1792 Fobru.iry S.;;
August iir>
Feliruary 2i)
August a;
Feliruary i-'ti
.August 2(i
February '.'li
August 2u
Fel)ruary 2(5
August 2i)
February 25
August 2(1
February 2(i
August 25
February 26
August 2(i
February 2;>
August 2i)
February 2(5
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
1801 February 25
August 25
February 26
August 21)
February 25
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 25
August 26
February 26
August 25
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
IS 15 February S!5
August 26
F'ebruary 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 2(i
F'ebruary 26
August 26
F'ebruary 26
August Si6
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 26
February 26
August 9.6
February 25
August 25
F'ebruary 26
August 26
1793
1791
1795
179G
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1821
1S23
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
Note^of v.
and upwards.
.£
10,3(4,106
10,281,071
10,780,613
l(),l6.S,H,i9
10,079,165
10,060,218
]2,<i'i«,707
10,939,H80
10,266,,5(il
8,9S1,615
8,167 ,!»19
9,U)9,till
]0,S5(i,lH8
9,!I97,958
10,576,510
ll,2(iO,675
l,3,10(i,.'J()8
12,221,4".!
12,!)7,5,(K)6
11,715,665
12,038,970
12,801,716
11,796,421
12,413,924
12,0.54,<M3
11,766,628
ll,403,2iX)
11,182,188
11,9!W,350
11,141,510
12,274,629
15,077,013
13,746,598
12,440,930
12,730,999
]3,2.")5,.'i99
13,650,592
16,078,i90
1.5,110,688
15,203,611
14,523,049
14,873,705
14,.067,267
14,975.479
15,632,250
18,01)6,180
16,394,359
16,332,275
1.5,307,228
16,()86,0S7
17,.538,656
20,388,502
19,077,951
17,4^5,628
16,307,000
16,972,140
15,402,830
16,017,390
14,372,840
16,095,020
1,5,178,490
15,295,0!X)
1,5,751,120
17,392,260
17,214,940
1«,409,2)0
18,;308,990
17,091,120
21,100,400
18,172,160
18,787,330
19,253,890
19,428,010
19,016,980
17,*)2,470
17,164,940
17,862,990
19,403,610
17,,566,140
16,774,890
16,201,890
16,068,370
17,507,320
17,827,150
Iliink Fast
Hills.
£
7.55,703
725,898
647,7,38
674,375
618,759
56-,<ir'j
.'i7(t,4.")6
51H,.'>02
64,3,1,33
.549,{i!K)
474,(il5
524,587
551, ,519
5.53,2,36
607,907
653,766
72.3,tl00
823,366
951.'i<S2
75fs270
S,)3,199
772,577
820,039
776,030
818,8!H
74i,811
1,029,580
718,510
72;),736
702,12;j
724,4S5
725,262
742,671
79.5,102
941,727
880,104
907,620
1,145,8.32
1,133,419
1,016,303
l,05ft,854
987,880
1,0,34,882
1,015,616
1,091,242
1,246,479
1,184,459
l.ll.'i,079
1,.336,467
1,286,129
1,,376,416
1,712,807
1,838,600
1,627,427
1,622,330
1,468,920
1,421,160
1,633,7,30
1,615,600
1,634,260
1,609,620
1,610,600
1,742,190
1,763,650
2,198,260
2,122,760
2,334,260
2,061,010
2,487,080
2,04O,4(K)
2,052,310
2,270,110
2,329,880
2,417,440
2,444,660
2,030,280
2,284,520
2,217,870
1,777,790
1,621,350
1,641,990
1,533,970
1,603,710
1,604,590
Jl,inl( Ncitn
931,015
1,412,318
l,6,ii),83l
1,451,728
1,;H5,432
1,4(«),708
l,6iK),,561
2,617,526
2,195,386
2,610,107
3,312,790
2,960,469
3,816,005
4,673,515
4,813,.525
4,801,596
4,3:)5,480
4,128,360
4,228,V58
4,20ii,230
4,231,837
4,103,785
4,129,234
4,33S,y51
5,221,.538
5,871,069
7,221,9.53
7,140,726
7,573,201
7,415,294
7,621,325
7,705,322
8,033,774
8,371,923
9,667,217
9,094,.552
9,576,695
9,036,374
9,103,338
8,143,506
7,998,599
7,362,492
7,.5()9,782
7,317,360
7,216,530
6,745,160
6,772,260
6,483,010
2,598,460
1,384,360
862,a50
683,160
5.50,010
486,600
44.3,970
416,880
396,670
],367,.560
1,17.5,4.50
668,910
483,060
416,890
382,860
357,170
334,190
320,.5.5O
313,460
306,900
302,480
2t:9,190
291,910
292,450
289,720
Total.
11,149,809
1I,(K)6,969
11,428,.3H1
10,8iH,214
10,li!.'7,924
10,6i.'8,i;'.'0
13,.),J9,163
lI,4,J8,,i82
10,tK)9,ti!H
9,5,31,33.5
8,601, 9(it
10,5(i8,ill6
12,8.^0,(185
12,191,025
12,(i!(i,l45
13,2.59,873
15,'j;!6,676
14,735,.378
16,577,514
14,970,321
15,458,876
16,HM7,11J
15,.57(i,9i2
17,035,959
17,577,3,52
17,323,994
17,231,466
16,296,178
17,118,116
19,072,893
17,205,314
20,034,112
18,,59;i,054
17,,36,5,2(»
18,011,(i77
19,.357,211
20,129,281
21,416,175
23,,38t,S33
23,7!t3,115
22,<)98,I97
23,482,910
23,.;(J7,471
24,024,869
25,()!l5,415
28,979,876
26,673,370
27,024,019
25,680,069
27,075,854
27,058,578
30,0<)9,iK)8
28,279,043
26,6(12,837
25,246,690
25,ft57,5g0
23,569,150
24,453,380
22,471,4,50
20,327,740
18,172,470
17,768,340
18,176,479
19,705,920
19,929,800
20,975,960
21,060,1,30
19,518,800
21,955,040
2I,.388,010
21,508,550
22,007,060
22,174,780
21,817,280
20,204,300
19,529,410
20,468,060
21,934,940
19,6.50,830
18,698,720
18,143,070
17,897.280
19,403,480
19,721,460
ntioiifid Days ;
the ABKrcgHte
Total.
11,U!),809
ll,(K)(i,!)t>9
Kl.Sis.'JU
l(»,(ii,'7,'.t.<!+
lO.lWH.'-'iid
l:J,;-).i!),lliJ
11,4:)8,.!H'2
l(),<«)!»,ti!)t
y,.">.Jl,.JA5
lii.llll.Oi'j
I'J, ti.!(!,l+.l
l;i,yri'J,S73
15,'2;)(i,t)70
1+,7;J."), )78
Ki.OT,'"'!*
H,U7(),;i'21
15,«H,87f>
I(),SS7,113
ir),.'i7(>,y>2
17,()i5,i)J9
17,577,:ir.2
17,;3'ii,!l'J*
17,li;Jt,4fi6
lti,2y(),178
17,148,44(i
19,()7i',893
17,iiOJ,.i44
20,im,112
18,")9.i,().")4
18,()U,ti77
1<V!57,'2-11
S!0,4'J;>,281
24,44t>,17.'5
23,.'>HI-,833
2-3,7ii;3,lI5
22,i)98,l97
23,48i.',»10
23,:;07,47l
24,()'24,869
2;'),{)9r),41.'5
28,979,876
2l),r>7.-5,;570
27,024,049
2J,(i80,0ti9
27,075,85-t
27,058,578
30,0i)9,iK)8
28,279,043
2t>,6i 12,837
^5,246,fi90
25,a57,590
23,.")69,150
24,453,'380
22,471,450
20,.i27,740
18,172,470
17,7f'8,34<)
18,176,479
19,705,yL'0
19,929,800
20,975,960
21,()r)0,l.i0
19,548,800
24,955,040
21,388,010
21,508,5r)0
22,007,OliO
22,174,780
21,817,280
20,20*,300
19,529,410
20,468,060
21,934,940
19,6;-)0,830
18,698,720
18,143,070
17,897.280
19,403,480
19.721 ,460_
flHi
BANKS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PROVINCIAL). 95
No XVII. — An Arrount of the aggregate Circiilatlnn of the Branch Il.-inks of the Hank of Englaml,
from thtir lirst Kktabliiliincnt, on the 2Hlh of I't'liruary and 31.st of Atigust in each Year.
1827 Fehni.iry
August
1828 1-elituary
August
1829 February
Aug\ist
£
£
£
. 392,\r)t)
1830 February
. 1,482,160
1832 February
. 2,748,2^0
5.59,87(1
August
- 2,019,770
August
- '.',81 (»,(i,"i()
58;>,82ll
18J1 February
- :2,272,:>tX)
1833 February
. 3,088,070
(;i!l,740
August
. 2,433,860
August
. 3,313,850
8(l7,4".0
. I,lli.j,.i!l0
III. Banks (English Private and Provincial).
cliarging the usual rate of interest on bill.s discounted, the provincial Imnkers
in tlie liabit of charging Bs, or Gs. per cent, as commission. They also charge
Besides clia
are mostly in the liabit ot charging
a commission on all ])ayments; and derive a profit from charges for the transmission of
money, &c. They usually iiUow from 2 to :i per cent, on money (Icjjosited ; but the
numerous failures tiiat have taken place amongst them have, l)y generating a feeling t)f
insecurity in the minds of the depositors, conlined this branch of tlieir business wiiiiin
comparatively narrow limits. When their customers overdraw their accounts, they are
charged with interest at the rate of ,5 per cent.
Country banks established by individuals possessed of adequate funds, and managed
with due discretion, are productive of the greatest service. They form commodious
reservoirs, where the floating and unemployed capital of tlie surrounding districts
is collected, and from which it is again distributed, by way of loan, to those who will
employ it to the best advantage. It i.s, therefore, of the utmost importance, in a public
point of view, that these establishments sliould be based upon solid foundation.s. But
in England, unfortunately, this lias been but little attended to ; and the destruction
of country banks has, upon three diircrent occasions, — in 1792, in 1814, 1815, and ISKJ,
and in 1825 and 182fi, — produced an extent of bankruptcy and misery that has never,
perhaps, been equalled, except by tlie breaking up of the Mississippi .scheme in France.
Government is bound to interfere to hinder the recurrence of such disastrous results.
The repeal of the act of 1708, preventing the association of more than six jiersons for
carrying on the trade of bankmg, has already led to the formation of joint stock banking
companies in a few of the large towns ; but it remains to be seen in how far this should be
regarded as an improvement. It is, indeed, quite visionary to suppose that the jiowcr
to estiiblish such banks is all that is required to establish the provincial currency on a
secure foimdation. What is really wanted, is not a regulation to allow banks with large
capitals to be set on foot, (for there have, at all times, been many such banks in England,)
but a regulation to prevent any bank, be its partners few or many, from i.ssuing notes
without previously giving security for their payment. This would render the bankruptcy
of such banks impossible, and would give a degree of security to the money system of
the country that it can never otherwise attain. — (The reader is referred, for a full discus-
sion of this important question, to the Note on Money, in my edition of the Wealth of
Natioiis, vol. iv. pp. 280 — 292.;
The following is an account of the number of commissions of bankruptcy issued figainst
country bankers in England, from 1809 to 18,'JO, both inclusive: —
Years.
CuminUsiuns.
Years.
Commiii&ions.
Years.
Commissions.
Yiars.
C'omini^!.i<tiis.
1809
4
1815
25
1821
10
WM
43
1810
20
181ti
37
1822
9
1827
8
1811
4
1817
3
18^3
9
1828
3
1812
17
1818
3
1824
10
1829
;!
1813
8
1819
13
1825
37
1830
14
1814
27
1820
4
{Appcn. to Iteport on Hank Charter, |>. l\C\)
Exclusive of the above, many banks stopped payments, to the great injury of their
creditors and the public, that afterwards resumed them; at the same time that the afiairs
of some bankrupt concerns were arranged without a commission. During the whole of
this period, not a single Scotch bank gave way.
The stamp duties on country bank notes have been already snecified (p. 69.).
Besides the stamp duties payable on notes, each individual or company issuing them
must take out a licence, renewable annually, which costs 30/. This licence sjKcifies the
names and places of abode of the body corporate, person, or persons, in the firm to whom
it is granted, the name of such firm, the place where the business is carried on, &c. ; and
a separate licence is to be taken out for every town or place where any notes shall be
issued by or on account of any banker, &c. Unless the licence granted to persons in
partnership set forth the names and places of abode of all jiersons concerned in the
partnership, whether their names appear on the notes issued by them or not, such licence
shall be absolutely void {55 Geo. 3. c. 184. s. 24.) For the regulations as to the issue
0. unstamped notes, see ante, p. 69.
M
If'
1-1
,
Ml-
u
■:'^.
r
«.^
Ifl Pi|
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' :|
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i'
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ii
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I
'<■.
06 BANKS (F.NCJLISIl PUIVATE AND I'UOVINCIAL).
Tilt' issiio of noti's for loss than .I/, was ]>r()liiliitc(l in l'',n^flan(i, as ]iffvi()iisly sliown,
from 1777 to 17!)7 ; l)nl tlioy continuud to \tv issiU'd from tlii' laltur pi-riod down to tliu
5tli of April, IH'J!), wlion tliuir furtlii-r issue ceased in eoMSL'i|nenee ol" an aet passed in
IH'JO". Tliis aet did lutt extend to Scotland or Ireland, and was intended to ;;ive f^reater
Ktal)ility to the system of country banking; in Knglinid, by slnitlinj; up one of the prin-
cipal chamiels tlnouf^h which the inferior clasn of bankers had been in the habit of
jjettiiif; their notes into circulation. Hut notwithstandin}^ it will certainly have this
ellect, the policy of the measure seems very doubtful. It is idle, indeed, to inuif^ine that
it can f^ive that stability to the banking; system which is so desirable; and in proof of
this, it is sullicient to state, that though none of the country banks existinj? in I7!»:l had
any notes for less than ,'5/. in circulation, upwards «)f one third of their entire number
stopped payment during the revulsion that then took place. The truth is, that nothiufr
hut the exactiiif; of security for i)ayment of notes can ever i)lace the country issue of
notes on that solid foundation on which it ouf^ht to stand ; and as security may be
taken for 1/. notes as easily as for those of .')/., there would, were such a systeu» adopted,
be no groimd for suppressiri}; the former.
Metri>}mlitiin Joint Stoch Bnii/in. — It wiis for a lengthened period generally under-
stood, that the act of 17()H, and the other acts conveying exclusive privileges to the Hank
of Kngland, not oidy prevented any company with more than G partners from issuing
notes payable on demand ; but that they also prevented such companies from under-
taking ordinary banking business, — that is, from receiving the money of individuals and
paying their dratls, ite. Uetently, however, strong doubts began to be entertained
whether companies with numerous bodies of partners, established for the mere business
of banking, and without issuing notes, were really prohibited by the acts in (piestion.
Diu'ing the discussions on the late renewal of the charter of the Hank of England, the
point was submitted for the consideration of the Attorney and .Solicitor (Jenerals, who
gave it as their decided opinion, that such linnks might be legally established within the
limits to which the exclusive i)rivileges of the Hank of England were restricted by the
act 7&8 (ieo. 4. c. 'Ui. Hut as the opinion of other eminent lawyers diil'ercd from
thoirs, a clause has been inserted in the act H & 4 Will. 4. c. 98., which removes all
doubts on the subject, by expressly authorising the establishment of banks not issuing
notes, with any number of partners, any where within the district to which the ex-
clusive privileges of the Hunk of England, as a bunk of issue, are now restricted. — (See
uiit,\ )). «4.)
Down to this period (September, 1833), no advantage has been taken of this declar-
atory enactment, by the formation of a joint stock bank in the metroiiolis ; l)ut several
projects of the kind have been made public, and it seems most likely that some of them
will be matured. It is not easy to form beforehand any certain conclusions as to the
probable working of such establishments. Provided, however, that they possess large
paid uj) capitals, and numerous bodies of partners, individually liable, as at jjresent, for
the debts of the company, it may, one should think, be fairly concluded, that they will
aftbrd comparatively safe places for the de|)osit of money ; and in so far their institution
will be advantageous. Hut 't is not easy to discover in what other respects they will
have any superiority over the present banks. There is great weight in the following
statement made by Mr. Jones Loyd before the committee on the Bank of England
charter: — "I think that joint stock banks arc deficient in every thing requisite for
the conduct of banking business, except extended responsibility ; the banking busi-
ness re(|uires peculiarly persons attentive to all its details, constantly, daily, and hourly
watchful of every transaction, much more than mercantile or trading businesses. It also
requires immediate, prompt decisions upon circumstances when they arise, — in many
cases a decision that does not admit of delay for consultation ; it also requires a discretion
to be exercised with reference to tlu' special circumstances of each case. Joint stock banks
being, of course, obliged to act through agents, and not by a principal, and, therefore,
under the restraint of general rules, cannot be guided by so nice a reference to degrees
of dift'erence in the character or responsibility of parties ; nor can they undertake to regu-
late the assistance to be granted to concerns under temporary embarrassment by so
accurate a reference to the circumstances, favourable or unfavourable, of each case." —
(Min. ofEvid. p. 236.)
We confess, too, that we have great doubts wiiether the competition of such banks
with each other, and with the private banks, may not be productive of much inconve-
nience. It will be very apt, at times, to occasion an artificial reduction of the rate of
interest, and a redundancy of the currency, which must, of course, be followed by a fall
of the exchange, and a period of more or less difficulty. It is stated, that the metro-
politan joint stock banks are to give interest on deposits; and if they can do so without
endangering their stability, it will be an important advantage. But we have yet to learn
how it is possible that a joint stock bank should be able to do what would seem to
eicceed the power of the wealthiest and best managed private establibhments.
V
lusly sliDWil,
down to till!
net |>nisi"(t ill
jrivo firuatur
I of till' (iiiii-
the li:it)it (if
Illy liiivo this
iiunniiii.' tli"t
il ill \)it)<)f of
5 ill 17!);5 liiiil
iitiio imiiihtr
, tliat notliiii}?
untry issue of
•iirity may •>«
stem uiloiitfd,
ncrally uikUt-
L>s to till- Hank
i fioiii issuing
s from uiiilfr-
iiulivitUmls and
1)0 cuti;rtaim.'(l
; mci-e business
.ts in <iutstion.
if Kii}?lanil, tlie
• (Joncrals, who
shud within thu
L'stric'ted by the
•H dilVeied from
lich removes all
nks not issuiii}^
) which the ex-
strictcd. — (Si^^k-'
in of this deelar-
(lis; but several
lat some of them
lusions as to the
,i'y possess large
at jiresent, for
, that they will
their institution
jspeets they will
in the followinp;
mk of Englantl
iig recjuisite for
banking busi-
lily, and hourly
inesses. It also
[rise, — in many
lires a discretion
jint stock banks
[, and, therefore,
ence to degrees
lertake to regii-
•rassment by so
(f each case." —
I of such l)anks
[much inconve-
Li of the rate of
niowed by a fall
Ithat the metro-
\\ do so without
Jivc yet to learn
[would seem to
HANKS (ENCiLISII IMUVATE AND PHOVINCIAL). J>7
An already remarked, tlie only einumstance in wliicli joint sioik l)aiiks seem to have
anv <li'ti(le(l su|)i'riorily o\er jjiiviile conipaiiies, consists in their greater res|>onsibility.
IJi'il this is not a luiissary attribiili' of nil joint stoik eompatiies. Associations of tliis
tiort may, and indeed do, exist, that are in all respects inl'erior to respectable private com-
pnnies, 'And it seems indispensable, in oriler to the pieveiition of Iraiid, that such regu-
lations sluuild be adopted as may make the piihlic fully aware of tlie real luuurc of nil
joint stock iissocialioiis, and of their claims to credit and contideiiee.
J'tii/xixnl Miciiins IIS to .fniiit Shiili Jiiiii/is. — 'I'lie future intentions of government ns
»i) the regulation of private banking companies in Kngland were supposed to be partially
developed by tlie Chancellor of the Kxclieipier in his speech introducing the hill for tlio
renewal of ilie charter of the Hank of Kngland. According to the statement then nia<le,
it appears to have been intended that hall the subscribed capital of all banks for the issue
of notes should be paid up and vested in such securities as parliament should direct;
that the rcsiionsibility of the pjirtners in such banks should be u iliinited ; and that their
aeeounls should he periodically published. In the case of l)anks not jssuing notes, (mly
a fourth part (jf their subscribed cajiital was to be paid up, and t/iv nspoiiaibililij of their
ft/idnliiililirs iriis In hr liiiiitfil.
Hut with the exception of that part of the above plan which relates fo the publication
of the accounts of banks of issue, the considi'iatioii of the remainder was deferred to a more
I'onvenient o|iportunity ; and notvviihsianding our respect for the ipiarter wlieiice it jiro-
ceedcd, we hope it may never be revive<l. 'i'lie adoption of the proposed regulations would
not Jiave amended any one of the i)rincipal defects in the present system of English country
banking, wliile there are not a \W which it would have materially aggravated. There is
not so much as the shadow of a ground for interfering wi»h the C(nicerns of sucli banks as
<lo not issue notes, further than to let the public know with whom they are dealing, and the
real amount of their yw/V/ 17) capital; and the pri)|)osed interference in the case of banks
that do issue notes, could liave been productive of nothing hut mischief. On this point we
shall take leave lo ijuotea conclusive paragraph from a .'Memorial drawn uj) by the directors
of the Manchester and Liverpool District IJanking Company. — " We contend, lirsl,
that, except in so far as the issue of notes is concerned, banking is essentially 11 jirUute
iu.siiiinn, with which tlie state li.i.s no more title to interfere than it has to interfere with
any other descri])tioii of mercantile agency. If A. choose to deposit money in the i:ands
of ]{., who lends it to others why is the interrereiice of government more necessary
than if A. luul deposited it in the hands of C., who enijiloys it in manufactures or
agriculture? It is the duty of jiarliament to take care that coins, and the jiaper notes
issued as substitutes for them, he always of their (irofessed value ; liiit assuredly it is no
part of its (hity to iiupiire into the solvency of those into wliose hands coins or paper
may come. \\'e contend, secondly, that, admitting it to be right to exact security from
banks of issue, lli. ' shmilil not be done by the compulsory investment of a jiortion of
their ca|)ital. 'I'lie i^^iics of one bank may lie more than twice or three tinu'S the amount
of its capital ; wl;ii.' tiuise of another, jilaced in a different situation, or conducted in a
diil'erent wiiy, may be under a third or a foiii tli part of its capital. What, then, could
be more unecjual as respects the banks, and more illus(ny as res|)ects the public, than to
oblige both tliese establishments to give security for their issues by vesting /((;.'/" t/air
cajiitdl in govennneiit stock ? AVere the first bank to stop jiayinent, tlie security in the
hands of govennneiit would not afl()rd the holders of its notes more than from '^s. 4<l. to
r>s. in the pound ; wliile, were the latter in the same iiredicament, the holders of its
notes would be paid in full out of the government securities, and there would l)C a large
surplus over. It is clear, therefore, that the security to be given liy a Iiank of issue
ought to be propiirt'win'il to its issues, and not to its eajntal. Ttie former mode will
eflectujilly protect the public from loss; the latter gives little, or rather no inotcctiou
whatever." It is, in fact, (piite ludicrous to tamjier with a siilycct of this sort. Nothing
short of the obligation to give security for their issues can ever give the ]iublic that
eflectnal guarantee for thu integrity of the currency tliat is so essential ; nor is there
ajiy other jilan at once fair and equal as resjieets diflerent banks.
Distinctiiin hctwcin subscribed anil pitiil vp Ciipitul. Expediency of svjiprcssiiig all
Reference to the former. — An immediate stop ought, we think, to be put to tlie practice
now so prevalent among joint stock banking comjianies, of rejiresenting their capitals as
consisting, not of what has been actuidli/ pidd vp by the shurelwlders, but of what they
have subscribed for. Not a few institutions have recently been set on fiKit in England,
professing to have capitals of 1 ,COO,0(K)/., '2,000,000/., or more, when, in point of fact, their
eajiital does not really consist of a tenth part of that sum. The practice is to organise
. a comiiany with some .'3,000 or 10,000 shares of 100/. each ; but it is perfectly under-
stood that not more than ."; or at most 10 per cent, of each share is to be called up ; and
- if more were demanded, it is most probable it could not be paid, at least without
-- much difficulty. This practice is prcrnant with mischief. In the first place, it tend*
II
i|.
■k «■
Pr
"ii;«
i» '!
98 liAN'KS (ENGLISH PRIVATE AND PKOVINCIAL).
to deceive tlio imblii', wlio iiniif^iiie there can be no ris'. in dealing; with a bank jirofessin/
tJ i>i)s.sess 1,()(H),(H)!)/. of e.ipita!, \vli;i yet uii^lil liesitate about liaving any tliin^^ to llu
•;^ith it, were tliey aware tiiat the capital paid into its coU'ers, and on wiiicli it carries on
business, does not really exceed ,"jO,()lH)/. or 1<)0,()0()/. In the second place, this system
tends to deceive the mass of the partners. These are tempted to embark in such
hazardous eoncerns, imaiLjininji; that they are to be larj^e shareholders wifK but little out-
Irty, and that they will derive a consideralile dividend upon the nominal amotmt of their
shares ! We mistake if a ;^</<)d many such persons be not in the end grievously disap-
pointed. IJankinfi, in an ordinary slate of tiiin_i;s, is not a l)usiness in which larj^e i)rofits
can be expected. It is true that many bankinj; houses made innnense sums during the
war, but tliey did this more as dealers in the funds, and ))articularly by their rise on
the retiuMi of |>eaee, than as bankers. Hut it is needless to say that no prudently con-
ducted bankin}^ establislnnent \\'>!1 now count much upon this source of emolument.
At i)resent, the dividend on the slock of the best established Scotch banks varies, we
beliive, from about ,T to (i i)er cent. ; -md as they might invest their capital at :i,J or 4
])er cent., it appears that the real proms of hanking, even in the best managed concerns,
fan iiardly be estimated at more than from \ !) to '_", percent.
It is, besides, a radical mistake to suppose tli;it any banking concern can ever be esta-
blished on a solid fou'idatiou, that is not possessed of a ))retty large amount of paid up
and av.ii'able cajiital. We believe, however, that several of the joint stock companies
recently established in J'".ngland lake a did'erent view of this mailer ; and that they
trust more to ilejxjsils and credit, '.Iian to their eonunii-id of capital of their own.
There can be no objection to these, or, indeed, to any associations wiiatever, being allowed
to issue notes, ])rovided they give lidl secmity for their payment: but government and
parliament will be alike neglectful of their duly to the public if they ilo not take imme-
diate steps to comi)el this being (K)ne ; and to secure the currency of the country from
iR'ing disturbed by the fraud, mismanagement, or iiisiif}ii.'ient capital of its issuers. Tiie
system of advertising subscribed instead of p.iid up capitals ought also to be put an end
to; nor ought any association to be alloweil to s.iy liiat its capital exceeds what has
actually been ));;id into its coHers.
J{riii)iiiisil)i/iti/ oiKiht not, in on;/ disc, to In' lintilri/. — W'e jirotest against the pro-
posal for allo\\ ing the partners in banks not issuing notes to limit tlicir responsibility.
Such a measure would lie good for nothing, exci-pt to serve as a premium on every species
of fraud. What clieck would there l)e, under such a system, to hinder the partners of a
bank going on for a series of years dividing large ]n-o(its, when, i)erhaps, they were
really inciuTing a loss, until every farlhing ofits cai)ital and deposits wius absorbed ? To talk
of subjecting such i)ersons to punishment as fraudulent bankrupts, on evidence derived from
their bof)ks, is absurd; for, supposing that it w;is the iutentii>'; csfthe j)artics to defraud,
they might easily keej) their books so that they could alK)rd no inforination that was not
false or misleading. The annexed list of joint stock banking comiianies shows that there
is no disinelinalion ori the part of individuals to engage in such concerns even with the
jnesent unlimited res|)onsil(iliiy. .\nd the way in which some of them are conducted,
])rovcs suiliciently, if any such i)roof were wanted, that the serious liabilities incurred by
the partners are not more than enough for the protection of the public. To lessen them
would be an act of gratuitous folly. If we aie to iiiiLvfere, let them be increased, not
diminished. Hut in the easj of banks not issuinj; notes, enough is done if measures
be taken to i)revent deception, l)y letting the ])ublic know the parf-'ers in them, and
making suie that they shall have no means of evding the resjjo.isibility attaching
to their engagements. 'I'lie Hrst object may be secured by comi)elling all '.ankiiig
associations whatever to jiubl'sh annually a list of the names and addresses of their
partners, wiih 'he amount of their ))aid up ijiital ; and to accomiilish the latter object,
we liave merely to a!)stain froi.i interference, .-md to let the law take its natural
course.
Accounts of /ssiics. — T'le act 3^i Will -1. c. S.'i. directs that all persons or associ-
ations carrying on baiikin;-, riusiness, and issuing promissory notes payable on demand, shall
keep weekly accounts of their i>sues; and sh;dl, within a month of each of the cpiarters
ending with the Isl of Ajjril, 1st of July, 1st of October, and 1st of Jamiary, make up,
from the weekly accinints, an oruuKjc account, verilied on oath, of their issues during the
precediiig (piarter, whicli shall be transmitted to the .Stamp-odiee in London, renalty
for neglecting or refusing to make and transmit such account, .'JOO/. on the corporation,
com))any, persons, \c. issuing the notes, and 1(X)/. on the secretary so oflending. The
wilful sending a false return to be |)unished as ))erjury.
Dratring nu London- — 'I'he act :i iV 1 Will. 1. c. S;i. repe.ils the regulation in the
7 Cieo. 4. c. •if)., proluhiting banks with more than i] partners from drawing on Londun
on demand, or otherwise, for sums of \\.".< than 501. — § 'J.
H ^,
hiiig to di>
carries on
this system
rk in sucli
It little out-
mt of their
Dusly disaj)-
lar<^e profits
, (Uiriii!; the
heir rise on
uilently coii-
cmohiiuent.
;;s varies, we
al at :?i or 4
red concerns.
ever he csta-
nt of l':»i<l iil»
ck comiianies
,ud that tliey
,r their own.
bein}!; allowed
vernn\ent and
,()t take imnie-
: country from
issuers. Tl>e
be put an end
ceds what has
lainst the pro-
■ icsponsibility.
on every speeic»
he partners of a
laps, they were
orbed? To talk
ice derived from
rties to defraud,
on that was not
ihows that tiierc
s even with the
are conducted,
.iis incurred hy
'I'o lessen them
»e increased, not
one if measures
rs in them, and
l)iUty attaching
ifT all '.iuikinj?
ilresses of their
lie latter object,
ake its natural
isons or associ-
|>n demand, shall
1 of the (piarlers
liuiary, make up.
Issues durinji tlic
Indon. Penalty
] the corporation,
bflending- The
Wulntion in t'le
Iving on London
BANKS (I:N(;LISII IMJIVATE and PROVINCIAL). <)<)
Xn. I —An Aci-ouiit <il' tlio Niiiiil)i>r of I.iccnros taken out by Country Bankers in I'nglami aiiU
^V'.ik's, in caili Vcar since ISOli.
,V, /;_Thc years in this account end on the IDih of October. The account for 1832 only comes liuwn to
the L'lith ol .tiMic.
Stanii) Olliec, '.iith of June, 183'.'.
No. II. — An Account of ail I'lares where United or Joint .Stock nanl<s havj been o.'ita\>Ii'-hLMl under
till' Act 7 (ieii. -k c. 4ii., toKelhcr with the Number of Partners therein; alto, tlie Nominal (apit.il*
of each such Hank, anil the Amount of Capital paid up. — {I'lirl. I'lipcr, No. iOK Se.-s. IK.io.)
I*Iai-es.
liirminjfham ...
l.iM'rpiiiil ....
.Maiklicster and Uoltnn in Lancashire, and
Shirkport in Cheshire.
K( nd.'il - . - -
liarn-li-y ....
ISinniiiuliain ...
i liraiil'oid, Vi>rk.«l.'re ...
I liradford, Vinfcshirc
I liristol ....
Workinijlon, Cnckcrmoulh, Maryport, Wig
I ton, C.llli^le ami I'enrith.
DarliMRton, .Stockton and liarnard Ca.stle, in
Durham ; Ncrthallerlon and Stokesley in
Vorksliire.
(iloiiCi'ster . - .
Halifax ....
llndderslield . . -
Knare-liiirouiih, 'tVcthcrby, Iii|>on, Fasing-
wold, lleim.-lcy, 'Ihirsk, Doroophbridge,
IMasliain, I'ately IJridge, Otiey and llarro-
(■ate.
I„iii(a.ster, L'hcrstonand I'rcston
Leeds .....
Leicester and Hinckley - -
Carlisle - . • .
Liverpool - . - .
Manchester, Liverpoii), Oldham, Ashton,
Warrington, Hury, I'rcston, lilackburn
and Wig.m, in I.;uica.sliire ; Stockport and
Nantwicli in Cheshire; Ilanley, .Stairord,
Cheadle, Lane Lnd and lingeley, in Staf-
fiirdshire; Market Drayton in .stiropsliire,
and (ilo.ssop in Derbyshire.
Mirticid, Iludilersfitiii, Wakefield, Dews-
bury and Dolieross.
Norwich, Swafl'liain, I'oulshnm, I'^ist Derc.
ham, I'akenliani, Lynn, llarlcston anil
Watton, in Ncrtblk :' and I5uni;av in Suf.
folk.
Newcat;tU>-upon Tync in N'ortlmmhcrland,
and Siinderland'ili Duvhani.
rhmoulli, Devoi'port and Kinpsbridge
Saddleworth, A.shton and Oldham
Shctlield ....
htaiiiforil, SpaKlintJ, Mrirkct Dueping, Hoston,
liourn and (iranlham, in Lincolnshire;
OiMKilc, Kettering, 'Ihrapstone and I'ctcr.
borouKh, in Nortliampt<inshirc; Oakham
and I'ppinghani, in liullandshirc ; Melton
IMowhray and Market Ilarhorough, in
Leicestershire; Huntingdon in llunts,
and Wisbeach in Cambridgeshire.
Bristol, liridgewater, Taunton, Chard, Crew-
kerne, Ilininster, I.angport, Wells, Ilrutoii
and Shepton JIallet.
Wakefield
Whitehaven and I'enrith
Wolverhampton - . .
York, Mallon, Selby, Howden, ."■rarboroii-h
and (iiiele.
Yo rk, Ilrid linpton and Oreat Drillield
* I'his department i.* not in pi.sse.sion of an
the nominal capital of each sui h liank, and tli
Stamps and Taxes, Soinertct I'lace, Itli ol
Hanks.
The Rank of Itirminghain
The Hank of Li>erp<iol
The Hank of Manchester . -
'I he Hnnk of Westmorland
The Harnsley Hanking Company
'I'he Hirmingliam Hanking company
'I'he Hraijford Hanking Company
The Hradford Commereial Joint Stock
Hanking Company.
The Hristol Old Tank
The Cumberland Union Banking Company .
The Darliiigtcjn District Joint Stock Hank-
ing Comi)any.
The fJloueestershirc Hanking Company
'J'hc Halifax Joint Slock Hanking ( ompany
The Hudderstield Hanking Company
The Knartvlorough ami Claru Hanking
Company.
The La.icaster Banking Company
The Leeds Hanking Company
The Leicestershire Hanking Company
The Ix'ith Hanking Company
The Liverpool Commercial Hanking
panv.
.VumbtT of
l'ai';!.cia.
20. J
■li-'V
;>7S
I'-'!)
II'J
17.1
s
271
pany.
The ALinchester ..
Banking Company
iig Com-
and lavcrpool District
The Mirdeld and IluddcrsficUl District
Hanking Conp.niy.
The Norfolk and Norwich Joint Stock Bank-
ing C ompany.
North of Kngland Joint Stock Hanking Com-
pany.
I'lyniriuth and Dcvonport Hanking Company
The Saddleworlh Hanking Company
The Shellii'ld Hanking Conm.niv
The Stiimlcird and .Spalding Joint Stock Bank-
ing Company.
17'.'
i'H.'i
iiJU
SI
■ipli
14
104
857
21;5
KU
ii.i
I. 04
74
Stuckey's Banking Company - . 12
The Wakedcld Banking Company . 'JI7
'llie Whitehaven Joint Stock Hanli n. "^5
pany.
The Wolverhampton and Slall'ordshirc 239
Hanking Comp.my.
The \oik t ity and County Hanking Com. •Z.Sti
paiM,
The YoikJ'jiion H.iiiking Comp.iny . COO
y information which enaMe.s a st..tenuiit to lie liuulr ;j-- ti»
e amount of e:'pu,il |iaid up.
Jvdi, l.s;;;,
IJ J
)i
f
Ji
BANKS (SCOTCH).
■! I
'■ ^
■i
ill
It is not possiI)lo to Ci>tain a;iy accurate account of tlie number of country notes in
circulation at diflcrcnt pcrioils. J5ut the following table, drawn up by tlie late
IMr. -Musliet, of the Mint, founded partly on olliciul returns, and partly on the estimates
of Mr. Sedgwick, late cliainnan of the Board of Stamps, is, so far as it goes, the most
complete and comi)rehensive hitherto published.
No III, — An Account of the Nuinl)or of Country Bank Notes, of all DcMomin.itions, stamjicd in well
Year, ciiiliiit,' Oct. 10 , from 1SI4 to 1X.';> inclusive, witli the IVrcentage of Increase and Uccrease,
coni|>arin!^ each Vear with the Year precedin',' ; totiCllicr with an l',>tiniate of the total Anioiiiit in
Circulation, accoriliii({ to Mr. S 'd^vvicU's I'anL'S, in eaih Vear, fro n IS )!■ to l-iJ ', inclusive ; with the
I'ercenta^'c <if locrease and Decrease, comparing eacli Year with tlic Vear preceding.
The .\pii«iiiiit of iloiiM-
TIjc Amount of Conn -
The I'ercpnt-
I'hc Perrent-
trv 11 ttiit .\o:e.s in Cir-
Tlie rerrent*
The Pcrrent-
li-\ ll.ink Not s of all
nije of
nse of
ruldti M), acciiriiiimto
.Mr. Seilg«iili'> Ta
HKC of
aije of
I),'iiMiniMatiou-,staiiili
Incvcii-i', com-
1) 'cre.tnt', com-
Increa.e, ccmi-
Dicrea,., ,rom
Ve.iTS.
t';l in eacli vear, cml-
paring; I'acli
paring each
l.lC', in each vear.
parin^ each
Ii.niiBeach
inc Oct. HJ., trom
vear w.th (lu'
\ciir with the
einliiiKOct. to., from
vear vulh the
vear wiih the
18U4 to lS2i.
juarprtLudiiig.
year |ireeeiliu^.
ISOt to IS^^ inclu-
sive.
vear pvecediii);.
vear preceding.
Wk,
Il,.;i2,4-l;5
.
180(;
ll,4so,,-,47
1-2
1
181)7
(i,.jS7,>!)8
-
42 -d
lS,02l,i»l10
IS' ,8
8,ii.'.,J,l)77
27-S
.
li^S7i,-,2t
-
C,3
180!)
l.-.,7i7,l'8,i»
818
.
i.a,7l'2,4!).J
4()5
18 ;u
li),.)l7,."il!»
.
3;-i
2.),^<).!,si,.S
■8
1811
8,:f»2,W,3
.
ltl-4
2I,4m,()0,)
.
li)
ISPi
10,.")77,lo4
20-.-5
•
l!),!'44.0i'l)
.
7'
isi;3
I'.Vi;.-),;'"!'
lJ-2
.
2J,.>!»7.0()i)
13- i
ISU
10,77. '.,.i7.j
.
14d
l..',7i'.",0o')
5
isl.-i
7,'i-t,!')f)
-
2!' 2
lo,(;Il,(ili)
*
lfi-.3
IMH
(i,4-.';,jiio
.
1j7
1.7,(l"ii,l«i()
.
^iJd
1SI7
! 1,07 .■■■,! G8
41-1
.
1.1,8: is.Ool)
.VJ
1M8
l.Vil'i.'^iW
3J7
>
2O,."i()7,(.(;0
2y
ISIP
li, 1. ;(/,.) i,'!
.
o()-2
i7,:ii'i,8;.j
.
17 -3
ISi)
.•;..774.Si'l
,
417
]l,7(i7,;!)l
-
;>.' 2
:k!1
;;,!87,.-,s2
11 ;7
-
8,411,'.'Sl
-
L8 .j 1
is;:.'
4.217,-.41
.V7
.
8,i.ii7,.()J
-
41 1
1.S2J
4,ir,7,.7S!)
10-4
8.7!IS,'.'77
P'
1
1S.+
(>,^o.),')'ii7
'.MS
lii,iii;4.172
2i)-.'i
1
IS.'-.
8.,-, .'.',4 IS
40-
-
M,147,J11
'-;5 4
1
No. IV. — An Account of the Value of Co'iiitry I'aiik Notes, of all U.'noniinalions, stampctl in cicli Year
from 1.S2 i to IS.;.', both incUi.~ive.
1 Voir*. : Value.
Years.
\'aiue.
1
182)
1S27
182 <
1^2!)
.£
l,2.i!',7o.-.
1,!I7II, •',!).■)
2,8l2,l;3l)
2,lli;!,7iH)
i8.;o
18 il
183.!
.£
1,!).").7,-1,30
2,217,!U.-.
l,7Jl,tiSi)
{Pari. I'apcr, No. 4uti. heos. laJJ.j
iV B. — No 1/. and 2/. notes were stampeil after the 3d of February, lS2i).
I ^'i'
if| t
IV. Banks (Scotch).
The act of 1708, jireventing more than G individuals from entering into a partnersliip
for carrying on the jjusiness of banking, did not extend to Scotland. In consctjuence tjf
this exemption, several banking companies, witli numerous bodies of partners, have alwavs
existed in that jiart of the ein])ire.
liiuih nf Satlliind. — This institution was projected by "Mr. John Holland, merchant
of London, and was established by act of the Scotch parliament (Will. .'3. I'arl. 1. § ,7.)
ill 1(79.1, by the name of the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland. Itsoii-
ginal cai)ital was l,'iO(),000/. Scotch, or 100,000/. sterling, distributed in shares of l.OOH/.
Scotch, or 8:5/. Cs. Hd. sterling, each. Tlie act excni)ite(l the ca])ital of the l);mk from all
public burdens ; aiul gave it the exclusive jjrivilege of banking in Scotland lor '21 years.
The objects for which the bank was instituted, and its mode of tnanagement, were in-
tended to be, and have been, in most respects, similar to those of the Bank of Englaiui.
The responsibility of tlie shareholders is limited to the amount of their shares.
Thi' capital of the bank was increased to 200,000/. in 17-11; and was enlarged liy
subscipient acts of ))arliament, the last of which ( 'M Cieo. fi. c. 'J:3. ) was jias^ed in ISO I,
to 1„500,0(X)/., its jn-esent amount. Of this smn, 1,0(X),0;)0/. has been paitl iiji, 'I'lie
last mentioned act directed that all sums relating to the allairs of the bank shouiil hence-
forth be rated in sterling money, that the former mode of dividing bank •-.ttick by shares
should be discontiniietl, and that, for the future, it should be transferred in any Minis
or jiarccls. On the union of the two kingdoms in 1707, the Bank of Scothind iiiuicr-
look the recoiiiage, and lifected the exchange of the cuneiicy in .Scotland : it was iKu
the organ of government, in the issue of the new silver coinage in I8l7.
• In ISfiP, the duty on 1/. nott^s wa.s increased from "it. fo i,l.. and may account for the great increase in
tJiis yeai, the note-- bearing a Crf. stami' being no lo'ii^er is-uaolc.
.■■'A
m
BANKS (SCOTCH).
rv notes in
{ tlie late
ij estimates
s, the most
mped in e.icli
11(1 Uicieasy,
,c; with ihe
I The I'crrent-
apu of
'll,irtM-,'-o">
I ve.ir »iili'''fi
ji.ui- iirecediiig
G3
7'
ir,-.3
1.V3
3L' 2
41
upcd in ciuli Yi.ar
.'alue. 1
,-),"),430
\7,i'i;''
[43(). Se»sTT8J3-)
a partncrsliiii
lcoiise(juence ot
Irs, have always
Baiul, merchant
IParl. 1. §.^->
lUmcl. Itson-
laresof 1,00(V.
. hank fioni all
Id for 'il vi^^av-i.
luent, were in-
|k of England.
Iiares.
las enUirfrcd hy
lias'-ed in IPOI,
|,aid v.]!. 'I'l"^
should heniT-
Itiiek hy shari'S
Id hi aiiy '■n'"'*
leotland un<Ui'-
lid -. it was ^'Ko
i grc.it increase in
101
It
The Bank of Scotland is tlie only Scotch bank constituted hy act of i)nrliamcnt.
he,!ja'.i to establish branches in KJyfi ; ;wul issued notes for 1/. so early as 1701. Tiie hank
also hecan, at a very early jieriod, to receive dei)osits on interest, and to grant credit on
cash accounts; a minute of tlie directors with resjieet to the mode of keejiing the latter,
heiii"- datod so I'ar hack as IT'iO. It is, therefore, entitled to the credit of liaving intro-
duced and estal)lislied tlie distinctive jjrinciples of the Scotcii t)anking systim, which,
whatever mav i)e its defects, is i)roiial)ly superior to every other system hitherto e^t.i-
hiislied. Generally spcakin;.", the l>ank of Scotland has always l)een cc.uiueted on sound
and liberal principles; nor can there he a ({(uibtthat it has been iiroductive, both directly
and as an examjile to other banking establishments, of nnich ])nblic utility and advantage.
It may !)e worth mentioning, that ilie act of Will. ,•)., establishing the IJank of Scot-
land, declared that all foreigners who l)ecame partners in the bank, should, hy doing so,
become, to all intents and jiurposcs, naturalised Scotchmen. After being for a long lime
forgotten, this clause was taken advantage of in 1818, when several •ilieiis ac(juired in-o-
perty in the bank in order to secure the benefit of naturalisation But after being
suspended, the iirivilege was linally cancelled in I8'J2.
We subjoin an ojjichd abstract of the constitution and objects of the Bank of Scotland,
printed for tlie use of the (iroprietors in 1818 ; — the terms and mode of transacting
business arc, of course, sometimes altered, according to circumstances.
I. Tlie Rank of Sintl.iiKi is a piiM c iiatidii.il cstablisliment ; erected and regulated liy the Iogi^latl!re
aldiic ; and expressly as a piililic Uai'k in this Kingdom; tor the beiietit oC the nation, and (or the
adv.iiiceiiifnt of agrk'iillnie, loinnierco, and manufactures; and for other olijeets of public policy. —
( I) ill. I'arl. 1. ! j. ; W U,v. 3. c. J-'. ; i.'l Oco. o. c. 8. ; 32 Geo. 3. c '25. ; 34 Ocu. 3. c. 1<J. ; 44 Oeu. 3.
c. 23.)
I I. The .'tatiitory capital is at present \,':00,mOl sterling. It is raised by voluntary subscription ; and
li.xs been sul)scril)id (or. I,(i(i0,(n.(i/. has been called for, and paid in. — ^44 Oro. 3. c. '.'3.)
I I I. Subscribers, if not under obligation to the Hank, may, at pleasure, transfer their right. If under
obligation to the Hank, the obligation must be previously licpiiilated ; or, the proceeds of the sale, at a
price to the >atisfai-ticn of the directors, nnist be applied towards such li(|uidatien. 'I'ranslers are made
by asliort assigiiiiient and acceptance thereof, both in a register appointed for that purpose. lliecx.
pcnse, beside the govermiieiit stanij), is lis. — ^ /('///. I'arl. 1. ^ ;j.)
IV. Hank of .Scotland stock maybe accpiired, in any poitions, by any person, community, or other
lawful party whatsoever ; without' selection, e.xcliision, or limitation of numbers. — {Ifill. I'arl. 1. ^ y. ;
41 Cii'o 3. -c.'li)
\'. Hank of .Scotland stock may be conveyed by latter will, and, if specially mentioned, without ex.
pcnse of conlirmation. It ciniiot be arrested : the holder's right may be adjuiiged. Dividends mav be
arrested. — ; ((■///. I'arl. 1. 5 5.!
\'\. The Hank of Scotland i- a jniblic corporation by act of parliament. The li.ink's transactions are
distinct troiii those of the stockholders ; and theirs from those of the Hank. — i ((///. Pari. 1. ^ .'>.)
\ll. 'Ihe est.ibli»linicnt is expressly debarred from any other business than that of banking...—
(IIV//. I'arl. 1. ^. .-,.]
\111. The management is vested, by statute, in a governor, deputy governor, twelve ordinary,
and twelve extiaordinary dinctors. They are chosen annually, on the last 'I'ue.silay of March, by tl.u
stoikholders having '2.'iVi. ol stock or ujuvard-s. I'liose above '-'. (7. have a vote tor every '-';")( /. ; to ."),! ()(/.,
or 'Jii votes. No person can have more than 'JO vote.s. The governor must ludil, at least, '.',( ()(,/. of stock ;
the deputy governor l,.7i(7. ; ai.d each ilini tor 750/. They swear to be iqual to all persons: and cannot
liolil any inferior oHiCL' in the li.iiik. — ll'ill. I'arl. 1. ^ ii. ; 14 O'cci. .'■'. c. •>-'. ; 44 Cicc. 3. c. '.3.1
IX. The ixcculive part is cone ucted by a treasurer, secretary, and other public uHicers, all sworn.
Those having llic otlicial charge of cash find due security. — ,/l il/. I'arl. 1. ^ ;").)
X. The iJoaru of directors -its inr the general adniini>tration of the Hank, at thePank's Public Head
Ollice ill rdiiibu.-«h. The loe^d business of th;,t tlistrict Is al.so conductid at that otlice. lor the local
bu»iiuss in the otner parts of the kingdom. Ilie Hank has its regular public olllccs in the priiicip.d towns.
At each of these oltiees, there is the Hank agent or cast ier, who gives due security, and coi. ducts the
Hank's business lor that district, ill the III. inner alter mentioned, 'lliere u al.-o the Hank's aciountaiit
for that otlice; who is .ippointeil hy the liirectors, — {Hi//. Pari. 1. ^ ').)
W 'the Hank takes in money, ". I all its public otlices, on deposit receipts cr jiromissory notes, or on
furiciit deposit aciimnt. * At the Mean Olhee, dnughts on London, or on any of the agencies, are
given : :it each agiiicy, ilrauglits on London.
are on tlic Jiaid'a cluc/c
]iul ,
[111 the Head (JHice, are given, .iill these cocuiiuiits
iilril H'l/li /lit- Jiiiiii's seal f. They bear, in words, to be " I'or the
Hank of Seollind ; " or, " I'or the (ioveinor ami I ompaiiy of the Hank ol Scotland. ' 'I'hese (iociniieiitj
are .«igiied. It at Ldinliurgh, by the treasurer, and countersigned by the piincip.l accountant : if at an
agcuey, they must lie signed liy the Hank's agent iis iii^riil, and ccnnti-tsigiiid hi/ tlic lliinh'.i ac-
Cduulinit lor that ageiic\ ; ollicrwise they inter no obligation on the MauV.. — \llii.ulutk.u uj Cuiiif,
ilUlli l-'eb. 17!l.!.i
XU. Hii:s on London, Edinburfih, or any town where the Bank iias its ollieial correspondent-s are dis-
counted and purchased at all the Hank's pulilic oil
1 he Hank's agents judge, in ordinary eases, of
the bills presented ; so that parties meet with no delay. '1 he Hank does not sell, at any of its o'HIees, the
bills wliieli it liiis disiiiunted and purel
trea-urer — UiKiiliiliim cf d
d Its agents cannot incurse its bills, unle.-s ullicially to the
!d Pel). 17S0.1
XIII. t'overnment stock and oiliir public luiids, transferable in London, may be purchased or sold,
and diviiiends thereon ii,uy bo received, through the Hank.
XIV. The Hank gives credit on cash accounts at anv ol its offices, on bond, with sccuritv. The sccu.
rity may be personal co-oblig.iits, conjunctly and severally; or Hank of Scotl.nid stock; or both : or
such other seenrit> as
ortiee where the cash account
may be speei.illy agreed on.
Appli. atiiii-.s lor cash aecounts are j.'ivcn in to the
iited, anil must specilv the credit desired, and the sicuri'y proposed ;
mil the iiidiviiliial pirtiiers, where upaitneries are propo.-ed. tasli .iceouiits are giaiiled liytlie director*
only ; and are not lecalled unless liy their special i.uti orily. It is tinder.-toi d that these credits are tjot
Used as de.id loans, to produce interest only. In the tair course of business, the advantage of the Hank
• The Hank has alwavs allowel interest on (icpiisits. The rate allowed varies, of course, with tie
variations in the market -ate. During the greater part of the late war il was us high as 4 per cent. ; but
at iiresent it is only 2 per cent.
t The seal is now C.i.-pu;iid with, except on the Hank's notes.
II :1
1 3 4 1^2
^
M
m
n \
a
.».■»
in^.
^H»^"^W
srcnnrM^n;
rmmm
102
BANKS (SCOTCH).
I .!
'- '1
' ;i
IS consultetl by an active circuktion of its notes, nnil l)v frequent repnvirents to it in a way least afffCting
tliBt circulation. -f/f<v,o/M/«)H of Court, (Itli Nov. ITil, rnul iiil I'd). ITWD
XV. The Banli',s 'liviilciul of profits has (or sonir time l).eii i^i per cent, per annum fat present, IS.j.",
it is fi per cent.) on . .at jiart oC its capital stock, or l,0()(i,l)l)«)/. sterling, paiil in. Tlie (li\ idetnis are pai<l
regularly twice a year, without exixMise. They may lie draiui titiier at the Hank's Ileail OHice, or at
any of its other oHiccs, as most agreeable to the stockholder.
l!y Order of the Court of Directors. .
tith Nov. 1818.
IMost of the other Scotch banks are conducted on tlie same principles and in tlic same
wav as tlie Hank of Scotland, so that the details as to its management will nearly apply
to them all.
The Jioi/iil Bank of Scotland was estiblished in 1727. Its original capital was 151,000/.
At present it amounts to 2,000,000/.
The British Linen Comjxnii/ was incorporated in 1716, for the ptirpose, as its name
implies, of inidertaking the manufactiu-e of linen. IJut the views in which it originated
were speedily abandoned ; and it became a banking company only. Its capital amounts
to 500,000/.
None of the other banking companies established in .Scotland are chartered as.so-
ciations, with limited res))()nsil)ility ; the partners lieing jointly and individually liable, to
the whole e.\tent of their fortunes, for the debts of the firms. Some of them, such as the
National Bank, the Connnercial IJanking Coni]>any, the Dundee Commercial liank, the
Perth IJanking Com))any, &c., have very numerous bodies of partners. Their alTIiirs are
uniformly conducted i)y a lJt)ard of directors, annually chosen by the shareholders.
The IJank of Scotland l)egan, as already stated, to issue 1/. notes so early as 1704;
and their issue has since been continued without interruption. " In Scotland," to use
the statement given in the Ueport of the Committee of tlie House of Commons of
182G, on the Promissory Xotes of Scotland and Ireland, " the issue of promissory notes
payable to the bearer on demand, for a stun of not less than 20s. has been at all times
permitted by law ; nor has any act been passed, limiting the period for which such issue
shall continue legal in that country. In Ein/land, the issue of promissory notes for a
less sum than 5/. was jirohiliited by law from the year 1777 to the jieriod of the
Bank llestrietion in 1797. Jt has been permitted since 1797; and the permission
will cease, as the law at present stands, in April, 1829."
Tliere have been comparitively few bankruptcies among the Scotch banks. In 179;>
and 182.5, when so many of the Kngli.-h ])rovincial banks were swept ofV, there was not
a single establishment in Scotland that gave way. This superior stability seems to he
ascribable jiartly to the formation of so many banks with numerous liodies of partners,
which tend.s to prevent any company with only a i{i\y jiartners, unless they are known to
possess considerable fortunes, from getting pajier into circulation; partly to the less
risk attending the business of banking in Scotland ; and jiartly to the facility atlbrded by
the law of Scotland of attaching a debtor's jn-operty, whether it consist of land or
moveables, and making it available to the payment of his debts.
In the Ueport already quoted, the last-mentioned to]>ie is touched ujion as follows :
— " The general provisions of the law of Scotland bearing upon this subject are cal-
culated to jiromote the solidity of banking establishments, Iiy affording to the creditor
great facilities of a.scertaining tlie ]iccuniary circumstances of iiulividunl ])ar[ners, and
by making the private fortunes of those partners available for the discharge of the
obligations of the bank with which they are connected. There is no limitation iiiioii
the number of partners of which a banking company in Scotland may consist ; and, ex-
cepting in the case of the Bank of Scotland and the two cbartereil banks, whicli have
very considerable capitals, the partners of all banking companies are bound jointly and
severally, so that each partner is liable, to the whole extent of bis fortune, for the whole
debts of the comjiany. A creditor in Scotland is emiiowered to attach the real and
heritable, as well as the personal estate of his debtor, for iiayment of iierstnial debts,
among which may be ciassed debts due by bills and promissory notes; and recourse may
be had, for the purpose of procuring payment, to each descrijition of projicrty at the same
time. Execution is not confined to the real property of a delitor merely during liis life,
but proceeds with equal effect upon that jirojierty after his decease.
" The law relating to the establishment of records gives ready means of procuring
information with respect to the real and heritable estate of which any jicrson in Scotland
may be possessed. No purchase of an estate in that country is secure until the seisine
(that is, the instrument certifying that actual delivery has been given) is put on record,
tior is nnij inortf/nge eff'cctiinl until t/ii^ deed is in lihc manner reeorded.
" In the case of conflicting pecuniary claims upon real jiroperly, the preference is not
regulated by the date of the transaction, but //// the dute of its record. 'J'liese records are
accessible to all jiers'ins ; and thus the public can with ease ascertain the I'llective means
which a banking company jiossesses of discharging its obligations; and the partners in
that company are enabled to determine, with tolerable accuracy, the degree of risk and
responsibility to which the private property of each is exposed."
BANKS (SCOTCH).
103
•astafffcting
rosciit, IS.lj,
Ills ;irL' iKiid
OHicf, 01 at
n tlie same
.'arly apply
s 151,000?.
as its name
; originated
tal amounts
ftcrcd asso-
ly liable, to
such as the
1 IJank, the
1- alVairs are
)l(lers.
■ly as 1704;
anil," to use
L'oinnions of
li^sory notes
at all times
h suili issue
■ notes for a
'riod of the
i permission
s. In 179::;
here was not
seems to he
i of partners,
known to
to the less
afforded hy
of land or
as follows :
L'ct are cal-
tlic creditor
u'lners, and
ir'fe of the
itaticm upon
it ; and. ex-
whicli have
jointly and
)r the whole
he real and
vsonal deiits,
ecourse may
• at the same
ring his life,
|)f procuring
in Scotland
11 the seisinc
lit on record,
.■rence is not
records are
^'ctive means
partners In
of risk and
Deposits. — As T^'as previously observed, all the Scotch banks receive deposits of so
low a value as 10/., and sometimes lower, and allow interest upon thcni.
" Tile interest," say tlie connuittee, " allowed l)y the IJank upon dejjosits varies from
time to time according to the current rate of interest which money generally l)ears. At
present (18'J(,) the interest allnutd \i\)ou deposits is '1 per cent." (At this moment
(1S;5;!) the interest allowed on deposits is only 'J or '2\ per cent.) " It has been
calculated tliat the aggregate amount of the sums deposited with the Scotch banks
amcmnts to about 'JO,OtX),aK)/. or L'1,0(X),000/." (It is believed to be now, ( 183.'!,)
little if any tiling under '_'1,(XX),(K)0/. ) " The precise accuracy of sucli an esti-
mate cannot of course be relied on. The witness by whom it was made thought
that the amount of deposits could not be less than 1(),00(),0()0/., nor exceed 25,000,000/.,
and took an intermediate sum as the pnilmhk. amnunt. Another witness, who had
been connected for many years witli dillerent banks in Scotland, and lias had exix.^-
rience of their concerns at Stirling, Jklinhurgh, Perth, Aberdeen, and Glasgow, state<V
that more than one half of the tU'ponits in the hunks u-ilh tcliich he had been connected wert
in sums from ten pounds t.> two hundred pounds. Being asked what class of the commu-
nity it is that makes the small deposits, he gave the following answer, from which it
appears that the mode of conducting this brinicii of the hanking business in ScotlanQ
has long given to that country many of the benefits derivable from the establishment o':
savings hanks.
" Question. Wliat ckss of the community is it that makes the smallest deposits? —
Answer. Tliey are generally tiie Ial)ouring classes in towns like Glasgow ; in country
places, like Pertli and Aberdeen, it is from servants and fishermen, and that chiss of the
community, wlio save small sums from their earnings, till they come to be a bank deposit.
There is now a facility for their placing money in the Provident lianks, which receive
money till the deposit amounts to 10/. AVlieii it comes to 10/., it is equal to the
minimum of a bank deposit. The system of banking in Seothuid is an extension
of the Provident IJank system. Half-yearly or yearly those depositors come to tlie bank,
and add the savings of their labour, witli the interest that has accrued upon the deposits
from the jjrevious lialf year or year, to the principal ; ;m(l in this way it goes on witliout
being at ail reduced, accumulating (at oomjiound interest) till the depositor is able
either to I)uy or biald a house, when it comes to be lOd/., or titX)/., or 300/., or
till lie is able to commence business as a master in the line in wliieh he lias hitherto lieen
a servant. A great part of the depositors of tlie bank are of that description, and a
(jreiit part of the most thrivimj of our furmers and /naniifactiinrs have arisen from such
bepinninris."
Cash Accounts, or Credits. — The loans or advances' made hy the Scotch banks are
either in tlie shape of discounts, or upon cash credits, or, as they are more commonly
termed, cash accounts.
Tliis species of account does not difler in jirinciple from an over-drawing account at a
private lianker's in England. A cash credit is a credit given to an iiuiividual by a bank-
ing comiiany for a limited sum, seldom under 100/. or 'JOO/., ujion his own security, and
tiiat of two or three individuals ajijiroved by the bank, who become sureties for its pay-
ment. The individiial who has obtained sucli a credit is enaliled to draw tlie whole sum,
or any ])art of it, when he ]deases ; replacing it, or portions of it, aecor<ling as he finds
It convenient; interest being charged upon such ji.n-t only as he ilraws out. " If
a man borrows 5,000/. from a jirivafe hand, besides that it is not always to be
found when rerjuircd, he pays interest for it wiiethcr he be using it or not. His bank
credit costs him nothing, except during the nioincnt it is of service to him; and this
circumstance is of equal advantage as if he had borrowed money at a much lower rate of
interest." — (Hume's Essiii/ on the Ihdance of Trade.) This, then, is plainly one of the
most commodious forms in which advances can be made. Cash credits are not, however,
intended to be a liead loan ; the main ol)ject of the banks in gr.'ir.ting them is to get their
notes circulated, and they do not grant them except to jiersons in business, or to those
who are freciuently drawing out ailH ])ayiiig in money.
'J'lie system of cash credits has been very well dcscrilied in the Report of the Lords'
("oinmiltee of IS'JO", on Scotch and Irish Hjuiking. " There is also," say their lordshijjs,
" one part of their system, which is slated hy all the witnesses (and, in the opinion of tlie
committee, very justly slated) to have had the best effects iq)on the people of Scotland,
and particularly ujioii the iniildling and jioorer classes of society, in producing and en-
couraging habits of frugality and in(ln.-,try. I'he pwictice referred to is that of cash
credits. Any person who ajiplies to a hank for a cash credit, is cal!e<l uixin to jiriKluce
two or more competent sureties, who aVe jointly bound ; and after a full ini|uiry into the
character of the ai)plicant, t!ie nature of his business, and the sufficiency of his securities,
he is allowed to open a credit, and to draw upon the bark for the wliole of its amount,
or for such part as his daily transactions may re(juire. 'I'o the credit of the account ho
pays in such sums as he may not have occasion to use, and interest is charged or credited
II 1
m
%
ruJi
■'1
'Will
s
104
BANKS (SCOTCH).
> h
>! )
I ^
upon the daily balance, jjs the cnso may he. From the f'leility M-liich these cash credit;?
give to ail tiie small transactions of tiie country, and IVoni tlie <)i)i)ortnnities wiiich they
afford to persons, who l)e}i;in business with little or no capital Init tlieir character, to
employ prolitahly the minutest ]>ro(liicts of their industry, it cnniot he doubted that tho
most important a(lvanta<;es are derived to the whole connmniily. The advantnjje to the
banks who give these cash credits arises fnnn the call which they continually produce for
the issue of their paper, and from tiie opportunity which they allord for the protitahlc
employment of part of their deposits. The hanks are indeed so sensible, that in order to
make this j)art of their business advant;igeous and secin'c, it is necessary that their cash
credits should (as they express it) be fre(jueiitly o))erated n|)on, that tliey refuse to con-
tinue them unless this implied cojidition be fullilled. The total amoimt of their cash
credits is stated by one witness to he 5,OJO,000/., of which the average amount advanced
by the banks may be one third."'
The expense of a bond for a cash credit of ;'00/. is 4/. stamp duty, and a charge of
from 5s. to 1()a'. OVA i)er cent, for Klling it uj).
CirciJiilion, ^n-. — According to a demi-otlicial retvn-n given in the Commons' Report
already referred to, the total luiinber of notes in circulation in .Scotland, in the early ])art
of IS'Jii, amounted to :J,;J0y,08'J ; of which 'J,0~9,M'i were under 51., and 1,'J29,8:58, 5L
and upwards.
The Scotch banks draw on London at 20 days' date. This is denondnatcd the par of
exchange between London and Edinburgh.
IVIost of the great Scotch banks, such as the Bank of Scotland, the Royal Rank, &c.,
have established branches in other towns besides that where the head ofhce is kejjt.
Ry the act 9 CJeo. 4. c. OS., to restrain the negotiation in England of Scotch or Irish
promissory notes and bills inuler 51., it is enacted, that if any body politic or corjjorate,
or person, shall, after the ,'jith of Ai)ril, 1829, publish, utter, negotiate, or transfer, in any
part of England, any promissory or other note, draft, engagement, or undertaking, pay-
able on demand to the bearer, f(jr any sum less than 51., purporting to have been made
or issued in Scotland or Ireland, every such body politic or corporate, or person, shall
forfeit for every such ollence not more than 20/. nor less tlian 5/.
Nothing contained in this act api)lies to any draft or order drawn by any person on his
or her banker, or on any person acting as such hanker, for the payment of money held by
such banker or person for the use of the person by whom such draft or order shall be drawn.
No. I. — Tho followiii;; Tal)lp coiit.iins .iii Accnunt (iF the Niimhcr of Rinks in Scotlaml ; the Nam PS
of the Kirins or liaiik^ ; Dales ol' their Iv-tahl shinont ; I'laccs nt" the He.ul OIHces; Niitiiher nf
Uranchcs ; \uriil»T nf I'.iniuis ; aiKi tlie Names of their I.oniloii .\Reiits. — Kxiiacte,i piiiicipaily trom
tlie A/i/iriu/u, p 1') t:> f/ic Commons' licporl of l.SJti, un Si\)tcli ami IrUli IJ i/iii,i^.}
Nt-imcs of Firms or Rinks.
Dale.
He.iil omcc.
No. of
lltamlie^.
.Vo. of
I'aniifis
1 L.>ndaii .\gciiM.
I
Hank of .Scotlanil
hi'Ji
ICdinburgli
Id
Act of 1'
Coulls and Co.
2
Uoyal Hank of Scotland
17-7
Onto
1
Charter
Hank of Knuland, and ditto.
3
British l.incn Company
ITlo
Ditto
27
Ditto
Siniili, I'avne, and Co.
4
Alieriiccn Hanking Conip.mv
ITii"
Aberdeen
li
Ml
(i\\ 11 and Co.
.•>
Aberdeen Tohii and I'oiiii. lik.
IH-.'.-.
Ditto
4
44!
Joiie>, I.ovd, and Co.
6
Arbroath ISaiiking ( i>iii|>any
\s'>:.
.Vrhroath
2
112
(ilyii and I o
7
C'arrick and I'o. or Ship Hank
174ii
(il IsgoW
None
.'>
Smitli, I'.ivne. and Co.
8
("<MU. Hank. Comp. of Sintland
l.sld
Kdmbuigh
Jl
.021
.loiies, l.ovd, and Co.
9
Commercial HankiiiK Coinp.
I77S
.Mierdeeii
None
l;j
Kinlueli and .Sons.
10
Dundee Hanking Company -
1777
Dundee
None
1)1
Kinloeh and Son^
11
Dundee New Hank
l.SIJ'J
Ditto
1
li
Kansoni and Co.
\i
Dundee Conimereial Hank ■
Isi.'.'.
Ditto
None
2i.2
tilvn and ( o.
1.5
Dundee L'nion Dank -
1S(/!)
Ditto
4
i,r>
IJiMi and ( o.
U
Falkirk Hanking Company -
17.S7
I'alkirk
1
.',
Itemington and Co.
1.")
Greenock Hanking; Company
17.S.-.
(ireeiiiK'k
O
14
Kav and Co.
Ifi
(Glasgow Hanking Company -
l.Mill
1 1 lasgow
1
l:»
liaiisom and Co.,Ulyn and Co.
17
Hunters and Co.
177^;
Ayr
.)
8
Merries and ( o.
IS
Leilh Hankins Company
\'X
I.eilh
4
\r,
Hanict and Co.
19
Xatioii:il Hank of Scotland .
IS--,
JMiiiibiirgh
8
i,2.;s
(ilvii and Co.
i'O
Montrose Hunk
1H14
Montrose
f)
y"
liarday and Co.
21
I'aisley Hankinc Company -
I7n;i
I'aisley
4
c
Smith, I'avne, and Co.
22
l'ai>ley Union Hank
i:sN
Ditto
.J '
4
(tlvn and Co.
2.'1
Perth HankiUK Company
17()i)
I'crlh
!)
147
Harclav and Co.
24
Perth Union ISank
—
Ditto
lilt
lleinintiton and Co.
2.5
Itamsav's, Honar's, and Co. .
IT.iH
Kdiiiliurgh
None
,S
Conlt^ .111(1 Co.
2i
Kenfrewshire Hanking Comp.
IM/'^
(lieeiioek
;")
l>
Kav and Co.
27
Shetland Hank .
1 erwiek
..
4
Han 1 iv and Co.
28
Sir \Vm. l'"oil)es and Co.
—
ICdinl.urgh
/
Harelav \ Co., Coutts & Co.
2!t
Stirling Hanking Company .
1777
Siirling
2
1
Kinloeh anil Sons.
ao
Thistle Hank
I7<il
(ilasjiow
None
li
Smith, I'avne, and Co.
Private Hanking Companies in Eilinburgh who do not is.siio Notes.
Names of Firms or IJ.iiiks.
I),T.e.
1 ! Messrs. Kinnear, Smilh, ..'i Co
2 j Uobcit ,\llau and Son .
■j I .lames Iiiglis and Co. - -
\y.rM
177i>
Ilcuiomcc. ',,^"-">' ,^""f
MraiH'liLS. I'.'irliu'rs,
J.onilon .\^cnts.
t;dnibuigli
Ditto
Ditto
None ' Sinilh, Payne, and Co.
None I |Hii^ani|Uct and Co.
None '• |Hosan(piet ami Co.
BANKS (IIIISII).
105
cash credits
I wliidi tlicy
I'liaracter, to
>tL'(l that the
ntafjje to tlie
})ro(liico for
\v prolitahlc
I ill order to
It their cash
'fuse to con-
jf tlieir casli
lilt advanced
a charge of
ions' Report
le early part
'-"J9,8;58, 5L
d the par of
Bank, &c.,
) kept,
iteh or Irish
r corijorate,
isfer, in any
taking, pay-
heen made
person, sliall
L'j-son on his
)lK'y lield hy
II l)e drawn.
il ; fliu Names
; Niiiiilicr of
incipaily Irum
Kciit«.
mill ilitto.
Co.
Co.
Co.
ilyn and Co.
ICo.
tts & Co.
Co.
Co.
Nn II — An Account of the Number of Liroiiops t.-ikcn out liy Coinitry Hankers in .Seothnd for the
Years emlinR the 10th of Oetolur, isei, Wi;. ISiii, ami 18i;7 ; speoilying such as have been jjiveii to
Fi'ms carrynig on Business in more IMaces than one.
Numlwr of licenres issued to bankers who issue notes at one place only
Ditto to bankers who issue notes at two liillerent plai es
Ditto to bankers » ho issue notes at three ilillerent places
Ditto to bankers who issue notes at four or more places
18'J+.
18'«.
1SJ().
I8V.7.
10
l.'i
9
9
10
12
IJ
ti
(i
r.
i>>
()
.52
.-5-2
r,c,
60
78
«,}
89
81
Thomas Pk.nueii, Compt.
Certilieil.
Stamp Office, Edinburgh, 4th of March, 1828
No III —Statement of the Number of IVrmns ronvirted of Forgery of all Instruments connected
with the Chartered and other Hanks of Sciitlaml ; whether of Hank Notes, of I'ost Bills, Bdls ot
ExchaUKe, or otherwise, from 1791 to 18'Jii,bolh inrlusive; particularising theCapital Convictions upon
which Kxeeution took i)lace, and the Cases of mitigated I'unishment.
For Forging.
For Utfcnng.
Ntimlier were P.iins ; Niimlwr on
Tol.ll Nunilicr of l.a«' resivUltil, wliuni (;.n|iit.il
Conviili'il. anil f>eiitenic li.vrt of Sunlinif liro-
Dcitli prououncfd. j nouiiccu.
.Nuinhcr ■■ hose
Scnteiu-es were rtiili-
galed li.v lii-,.W.ijc>ty.
rariloneil. Conimuteil.
Number
Kxecuted
49
150
199
172
27
o
11
16
E<linl>urgh,
18th of June, 1830.
Certified by
Ja. ANni'.Bso.v,
Depute Clerk of Justiciary.
V. 13.\NKs (Irish).
«< In no country, perhap.s," says Sir Henry Parnell, " has tlie issuing of paper money
been carried to such an injurious excess as in Ireland. A national hank was estahlishcd
in 1783, with similar privileges to those of tlie Hank of Kngland, in respect to the
restriction of more than G partners in a hank ; and tlie injury that Ireland has sustained
from the rejieated failure of banks may be mainly attributed to this defective regulation.
Had the trade of lianking been left as free in Ireland as it is in Scotland, the want of
paper money that would have arisen with the (irogress of trade would, in all probability,
liave liecn su]>])lied by joint stock companies, supported with hirge capitals, and governed
by wise and eflbctual rules.
" In 171)7, when the Hank of England suspended its payments, tlie same privilege was
extended to Ireland ; and after this period the issues of the Dank of Ireland were rajiidly
increased. In 1797, the amount of the notes of the Hank of Ireland in circulation was
621,917/.; in 1810, 2.2fifj, 471/. ; and in 1814,2,986,999/.
" These increased issues led to corresponding increased issues by the private banks, of
wliicli the number was 50 in the year 1804. The consequence of this increase of piijier
was a great depreciation of it; the price of bullion and guineas rose to 10 per cent,
above the mint price; and the exchange with London liecame as high as 18 jicr cent.,
the par being 8j. This unfavourable exchange was afterwards corrected ; not hy any
reduction in the issues of the Hank of Ireland, but by the de])reciatioii of the Hritish
lurrency in the year 1810, wher the exchange between London and Dul)lin settled again
at about par.
" The loss that Ireland has 'iistained hy the failure of banks may be descril)ed in a
few words. It appears liy tlie '.{eport of the Connnittee on Irish Exchanges in 1804,
that there were at that time in Ireland -TO registered banks. Since that year, a great
many more have been establisiied ; hut tfir wfiole have J'ailvd, one after the other, involv-
ing the country from ime to time in immense distress, with the following exceptions:
— first, a few that withdrew from business; secondly, four banks in Dublin; third!)-,
three at Helfast ; and lastly, one at Mallow. These eight banks, with the new Provin-
cial Bank, and the Pank of Ireland, are the only banks now existing in Ireland.
" In 1821, in consequence of 11 banks having failed nearly at the .same time, in
the preceding yeai, in the south of Ireland, government succeeded in miiking an
arrangement with the Hank of Ireland, by which joint stock companies were allowed to
be established at a distance of .HO miles (Irish) from Dublin, and tlie bank was permitted
to increase its capital 500,000/. The act of 1 1*1 2 Geo. 4. c. 72. was founded on this
agreement.
" Hut ministers having omitted to rejical in this act various restrictions on the trade
of banking that liad been imposed by S.'i Geo. 2. c. 14., no new company was formed.
In 1824, a party of ineicliants of Helfast, wishing to establish a joint stock company,
petitioned iiarliameiit for the repeal of this act of (ieo. 2. ; and an act was accordingly
passed in that session, repealing some of the most objectionable restrictions of it (the
5 Geo. 4. c. 7.3. ).
" In consequence of this act, the Northern Hark of Helfast was converted into a joint
stock company, with a capital of oCO.COO/., and ccmmeiced business on the 1st of
:!
\\
m
w
1:1
106
BANKS (IRISH).
,*
':i
f. i\
J I
January, 182.5. Hut tlic romjiiniiig rc'strictions of .'};} Goo. 'i., and certain provisions
contained in the new ai-ts of 1 & 2 Geo. ;i. and 5 Geo. -I., ol)strucled tiie pro^^ress of
this company, and tliey found it neeessary to apply to <rovernnient to remove them ; and
a bill was accordinj^ly introduced, wliicii would have repealed all the obnoxious clauses
of the ;):J Geo. 2., had it not been so altered in the committee as to leave several of tht'm
in force. In 1825, the Provincial Bank of Ireland connnenced bt. iiiess, with a capital
of 2,00n,00UA ; and the ISank of Ireland has of late established branches in ull the
principal towns in Ireland.
" The losses that have been sustained in Ireland by abusing the power of issuing
paper have been so great, that much more is necessary to be done, by way of protecting
th<> pulilic from future loss, than the measure proposed last session (1826) by ministers,
of abolishing small notes ; and the measure already adopted, of allowing joint stock com-
panies to be established in the inferior of the country. As the main source of the evil
consists in the interference of the law in creating a national bank with exclusive privi-
leges, the first step that ought to be taken for introducing a good system into Ireland is
the getting rid of such a bank, and opening the trade of banking in Dublin. The next
measure should be the re<]uiring of each bank to give security for the amount of paper
that is issued ; for after the exi)erience of the ignorance with which the Irish banks have
conducted their business, and the derangement of the natural course of the trade by tha
long existence of the Hank of Ireland, it would be unwise to calculate upon a sound
system of banking si)eedily supplan*!"" -hat which has been established.
" Under the circumstances in whicli Ireland is placed, nothing would so much contri-
bute to her rapid improvement in wcilth, iis the introducing of the Scotch jjlau of cash
credits, aiul of paying interest on deposits. IJyeasli credits, the capital which now exists
would be rendered more ellicient, and the jjaying of interest on small dejjosits would lead
to habits of economy, and to the more rapid accumulation of new capital.
" Tile charter of the IJank of Ireland lias still to run till the year 1838." — (Observ-
ations oil Paper Mmcy, ^r., hi/ Sir Jlenri/ Parndl, pp. 171 — 177.)
The capital of the IJank of Ireland at its establisiiment in 1 78;5 amounted to fiOO.OOO/. ;
but it has been increased at various periods ; and has, since 1821, amounted to 3,000,000/.
At present, no bank having more than 0" partners can be established any where within
50 Irish miles of Dublin ; nor is any such bank allowed to draw bills upon Dublin for
less than 50/., or at a shorter date than 6 months. This enactment seems to amount to
a virtual proliil)ition of the drawing ot such bills. The IJank of Ireland draws on
London at 20 days' date. She neither grants cash credits, nor allows any interest on
deposits. She discounts at the rate of 51. per cent.
In 1828, the currency of Ireland was assimilated to that of Great IJritain. Previously
to that period, the currency of the former was 8^ percent, less valuable than that of tlie
latter.
AccotiHt of Bank of Irel.iml Notps in Circulation, incIiulinR Paiik Post Hills, in each Half Yoar, com.
mcMicing wilh the Half Year emling l:it of J.iiaiary, 17UV, to Ut of January, lolp, inclusive.
Years.
J.inuRry 1.
.lulyl.
VtMrs.
.lanu.irv 1.
Julyl.
.f
.t'
£
S
1797
'7'i.),7i'!.'3
7S.">,l()l
ISO!)
.^,ooj,(;<)i)
;i,i4i,-;77
17!W
1,08I,.")1'J
],'.'4.-.,i.'l4
ISIO
.'J, 170,1 nit
.■i.l71,i-:o7
17!i9
i,:a>,7io
1,''.~j7,7'>7
1811
.■;,:! il.XfL'
l;,47 •-',■, 81
18(H)
l,!)ii8,.;81
i.',;i7,'-'.;r.
IMl'2
J,i>itt.47i)
.•i,7(> i,-."-'!)
1801
«,,■!".<), i;J J
L',. ;■-'.;,< '01
181. J
3,!l;)7,<l-iO
4,l!l'i,J74
lS(fi
S,4;i,l;V3
i.V3S7,is7
IKU
4,li:;"),!>0-i
4,'.M,4l!)
IK()3
£,(i(i'.',+0,5
'Art IV, lit
IM.J
4,r/J>,041
4,4.;4,4")>
18(M
2.7<iM,7(i7
y,8.")!i.'J77
ISlii
4,I7'I,.)4:)
4,I:»>,K;V>
ISO.)
2,817,i;'i7
l!,77«,ii.;.l
1S17
4.','77,OW
4,;04,040
]8(tli
2.:.iiO,i.'71
2.:.17,5,sl
18 IS
4,.is7,lj.^
4,4l;i,4tx3
1807
2,(iH.>,7!l.>
'-',7H!»,.-.U
1811)
4,177,01'J
180H
'.■,7+<i,7l7
'.',:<'■*,« >,'>
An Account of the Average Amonnt of Hank of Ireland Nutos, including Bank Post Bills, issued during
the Six Years ending with ISJ.j.
Voars. Noicf anil Itills
1820
1821
1832
of .■)/. and upwards
under 5/. -
Irlsli Currency.
£ s.
2,S!14,777 .0
l,,JH,80ii 1,-)
_ |4,C0D.;-84
of.")/, and upwards ' .ijoOl,! 19 1 1
uniler j/. . . 1,710,001 2\
1 ,7,'211,71"2 14
of .5/ and ujiwards .;,tilS,lll II
under j/. - - 1,j."'2,o'21 2|
;5,I70,4.>2 3
Veats.
Notes and RilU
Irliti Currency
1823 'of.;/, and upward*
uniler bl. •
IS24 of.'/, and upwards
under ;')/. -
1825 I of ;7/. and upwards
i uiuk'r 5/. -
.£* .« i £ s,
3,.J'28,t;2,T 7i
l,.")88,7(i4 7 1
'5,117,389 14
:!,siK),.-;,';7 8 1
1,7.2,118 (i'
4,441!,! I! 15 ()l
i,"ii-i,.;:4
.7, 'mm 14
'Mtl-.W) 8
(Commons lirporl of 182G, p. 121).)
There is no later .icrount of the circulation of the Hank of Ireland, or of the other Irish banks. The entire
paper circuUtiou of Ireland may now, probably, amount to between 7,0(0,000/. and 8,000,(^00/. sterling. .
^:i
BANKS (FOREIGN).
107
in provisions
' pro^rt'ss of
c tlu'iii ; and
xious clausjs
a-ral of tlii-in
vhh a capital
» in all tlie
;r of issuing
>f jirotc'cting
:)y ininistt-rs,
t stock cuin-
e of the evil
lusive privi-
to Iroland is
Tlio next
int of paper
hanks have
tradu by tlio
pon a sound
uich contri-
ilan of cash
1 now exists
would lead
— ( Observ-
600,000/. ;
3,000,000/.
Iiore witliin
Dublin for
amount to
I draws on
interest on
I'rcviously
that of tlie
Yoar, com.
isivt".
•;77
,iifi7
■U!)
K'> >
(ltd
Jcd (luring
U'.v.
^'
s.
17,3S9 M
i-2 i':,
14
ll,.'M!)
8
p. 2<J.)
lie entire
filing.
It njjpcars from the statements given in the Report of the Commons' Committee of
18'_'G, that (lie average value of tiie notes and post bills of tiie Hank of Ireland of 51.
and upwards in ciieulalion, during the five years eiuiing with 1825, amounted to
:i,0'l(),(i(;o/. Irish currency ; and that the average value of the notes and post bills under
51. in circulation during the same jieriod amounted to J,fM;j,«'JH/. Irish currency. The
uvera"e value of the notes of all descriptions issued by the other banking establishments
in Ireland, in 18'J5, amounted to l,l<i'-',8807.
Puwiiuiiil Hunk of Irvlnml. — This important establishment was, as already stated,
founded in 18'i,j. Its subscribed capital consists of '_',(XX),(XX)/., divided into '■20,000
sliares of 100/. each, of which 'J5 per cent., or ,'5{X),0CX)/., has been paid up. Its lieiwl
oHice is in London ; and at present it has subordinate oiliees in Cork, Limerick, Clonmel,
Londonderry, Sligo, Wexford, Waterford, IJelfast, CJahvay, Armagh, Athlone, Coleraine,
Kilkenny, rSallina, Tialee, Voiigliall, Knniskillen, ]Monaghan, Banbridge, and IJally-
iiiena. 'I'lie last 5 have been opened since 18:51. The entire management of the
establishment is vested in the court of directors in London. The business of the branch
banks is conducted, under the control of the head ofHce, by the managers, with the
advice and assistance of '2 or more gentlemen of respectability in the district, each holding
10 shares in the bank. The business consists of discounting bills; granting cash credits,
alter the manner of the Scoteli banks; receiving depo.sits, on which interest, varying
according to circumstances, is allowed ; in drawing and giving letters of credit on other
j>laces of Ireland, Great llritain, (*vc. ; luid of other details incident to banking. It has
had several jiretly severe runs to sustain. In the course of a single week, in October,
18'J8, about l,O{)O,000/. in gold was sent from I'higland to Ireland on account of the
Provincial liank ! This ))ronipt and ample supply eU'ectually maintained the credit of
tlie establishment, and did much to restore confidence.
Tiie notes of the Provineial IJank have always been payable at the places where they
are issued. The IJaiik of Ireland be^an to establish branches in 1825 ; but the notes
issued by her branches were not, at liist, payable excejit at the head office in Dublin.
'i'iiis distinction, which tended to throw the principal pressure of runs in the country on
the Provincial IJank, and other j)rivate companies, was abolished by the act 9 Geo. 4.
c. 81., which made it obligatory on till banks to pay their notes at the place of issue.
Notes of the Provincial IJank are received by the Treasury in payment of taxes, in the same
way as those of the Hank of Ireland; anct it is the bank of government for the excise,
post-oiHce, and stamp revenues for those ])arts of the country beyond the exclusive
privileges of the Hank of Ireland. The dividends have been at the rate of 4, 5, and, since
the 2jth of December, 18;5'2, of G per cent, per annum. Its stock is now at a high
premium, the '251. paid up shares fetching '.\5L or ;}C/.
Norllurn liaiihiiig Coinjminj. — This establishment has its head office in Belfast, and
its l)raiiches are distrihufed ihronghout Lister. Its ca})ital and operations are on a
much less extensive scale than tliose of the Provincial Bank, but in other respects they
are conducted nearly in the .same way.
'i'licre are very i'iiw private banking cslablishmcnts at present existing in Ireland, at
least compariid with those in this country.
VI. Banks (Foukign).
To attem]>t giving any det.iiled account of the j)rincipal foreign banks would very far
exceed our limits; we shall, therefore, only notice a few of the more celebrated.
The Bunk of Viuirc seems to have been the first banking establishment in Europe,
It was founded so early as 1171, and subsisted till the subversion of the republic in 1797.
It was essentially a dejiosit bank ; and its bills bore at all times a premium or oi/io over
the current money of the city.
The Bank of Amsterdnm was established in 1G59. It was a deposit bank ; and pay-
ments were made by writing oft' sums from the account of one individual to those of
another. According to the principles on which the bank was established, it sl.ould have
bad at all times in its coffers bullion equal to the full amount of the claims upon it.
But the directors privately lent about 10,.500,COO florins to the states of Holland and
Priesland. This circumstance transpired when the rrench invaded Holland, and caused
the ruin of the b.-uik. — (See my edition of the Wiulth of Nutions, vol. ii. p. ;i,':3. )
The Bank of the A'elherlands was established in 1814. It is formed on the
model of the Bank of England ; and was to enjoy for '25 years the exclusive jjrivi-
lege of issuing notes. The original cajiital of 5,(H)0,000 florins was doubled in 1819.
The kiii'j; holds one tenth of the shares. The aflairs of the bank are managed by a
president, secretary, and 5 directors, who are chosen every 6 months, but may bo
indefinitely re elected. Tliis bank discounts bills of exchange with three respon.sible
signatures; it takes continuations on stock, and sometim(!s lends on bullion at such a
rate of interest and to such an extent as may be agreed upon. It occasionally, also.
'' .
I''
I * "1
ii
^^i
m\
I »
I
,iii'
I
108
BANKS (rORKIGX).
'•;i
I
/!!
innkcs loans on nicrcliandisL', but never at loss tlian .'5 per cent. Its notes vary from
1,(XX) florins to '_','» Horins, that is, from H:\\l. to 'J-f.J. 'I'lie dividends iiave varied from
a to 7 per cent. Tlie shares are eaeli l.CHX) florins, and are at present worlli '_',') \)vr
cent, preniiiiin ex dividend. The responsihilily of the siiareliolders is limited to flic
amount of their stock. — (Coimiil'ii Annurr tn Ciixiihir Qinriis.)
The Ifdiik of J[iimlmn/h is a deposit hank, and its idlidrs are maiiaj^cd according to n
system that insures the fullest publicity. It receives no deposits in coin, hut only in
bullion of a certain def»ree of tinoness. It char>j;es itself with the bullion at the rate of
44'2 schillings the mark, and issues it at the rate t)f -J -14 schillings; being a charge of
^tlis, or nearly ;j, per cent, for its retention. It advances money on jewels to ^ ths of
their value. The city is answerable tor all pledges deposited with the bank ; they may
bo sold by auction, if they remain I year ami (> weeks without any interest being paid.
If the value he not claimed within ;) years, it is forfeite(l to the jioor. The IJank of
Hamburgh is universally admitted to be one of the best managed in Miirope.
The lidnk of Friinrc was founded in ISO;}. The exclusive privilege of issuing notes
payable to bearer was granted to it for 40 years. The capital of the bank consisted at
first of 4,j,(XX),(XX)fr., but it was subsequently increased to 90,0<H),(XX) fr., divided into
90,000 shares or actions of I, (XX) fr. each. Of these shares, ()7,!XX) are in the bands of
the public; 2'J,100, being i)mThased u]) by the bank, form part of her capital. The
notes issued by the bank are for 1,(X)0 and .'JOO fr. The dividend varies Irom 4 to .)
per cent. ; and there is, besides, a reserve retained from the profits, which is vested in
the .1 per cents. A bonus of ti(X) fr. a share was paid out of this reserve to the share-
holders in 18'20. The reserve in possession of the bank in IHL'H, amounted to f),fj23,000 fr.
No bills are discounted that have more than ;} months to run. The customary rate
of diseoimt is 4 per cent., but it varies according to circumstances. The discounts in
18'JV amoimted to (/■'il,0{X),000 fr. The bank is obliged to open a compte roiiraitt fur
every one who reipiircs it ; and jierforms services for those who have such accounts
similar to those rendered by the private banks of London to their customers. She is
not allowed to charge any commission upon current accoimts, so that her only remu-
neration arises out of the use of the money jilaeed in her hands by the individuals whose
payments she makes. Tliis branch of the business is said not to be prolitable. There
are about 1,G00 accounts current at the bank ; and of the entire expenses of the establish-
ment, amounting to about r)CX),000 fr. a year, ttco thirds are said to be incurred in this
department. The bank advances money on pledges of diflerent kiiuls, such as foreign
coin or bullion, government or other securities, &c. It also undertakes the (•;i'-e of
valuable articles, as plate, jewels, bills, title-deeds, &c. Tlie charge h g i)er cent the
value of efjcli deposit for every jjcriod of (> months or under.
The administration of the bank is vested in a council general of 'JO members, \'\/.,
17 regents, and ^ censors, who are nominated by 200 of the ])rinci|)al proprie-
tors. The king ai>i)oints the governor and deputy governor. The first nmst be
possessed of 150, and the latter of 50 shares. A compte rendu is annually published, and
a report by the censors, which together give a very full exposition of the affairs of the
bank. The institution is flourishing, and enjoys unlimited credit. — (Tor further details
with respect to the Hank of France, see Storc/i, Conrs d' Economic I'olilifjiie, Paris,
182:J, tom. iv. pp. 168 — 180., and the Comptcs licndus of the difTerent years.)
Banks have also been established at Herlin, Copenhagen, Vienna, and Petcrsburgh.
Those who wish for detailed information with respect to these establishments, may
consult the work of M. Storch, to which we have just referred. In the 4th volume,
there is an admirable account of the jjaper money of the diHerent continental states.
The objects we have in view will be accom])lished by laying before om' readers the
following details with respect to the Commercial Bunk of Russia, c-tablished in 181 S : —
" This bank receives deposits in gold and silver, foreign as well as Russian coin, ai-.d in
bars and ingots. It has a department for transferring the sums de])()sited with it, on tlie
p'an of the Hamburgh Hank. It discounts bills, and lends money on (le])osits of nicr-
. Iiandise of Russian produce or origin. Its capital consists of .';o,000,000 of bank-noto
rubles. It is administered by a governor and 4 directors appointed by government,
and 4 directors elected by the connnercial body of Petcrsburgh. The projjcrty in the
bank is i)rotectcd against all taxation, sequestration, or attachment ; and it is enacted,
that subjects of countries with which Russia may be at war shall be entitled at all times
to receive back their deposits without any reservation. It is also declared, that at no
time shall the bank be called upon for any part of its cai)ital to assist the government.
All deposits must be made for 6 months at least, and be .iei)ayable at or before that
period, and not be less than 500 rubles ; siuns so deposited to ])ay j per cent. The
deposits, if in bars, ingots, or foreign specie, are estimated in Russian silver coin, and so
registered in the attestation ; and if not demanded back within 1,1 days of the expiration
of 6 months, or the necessary i)remium ])aid for the prolongation, tlie owner loses the
right of claiming his original deposit, and must take its estimated value in Russian silver
BANKS (I'OIIKIGX).
109
tcs vary from
o varii'd lioni
"•orili L'.') jjcr
liinitfd to the
iccording to a
>, liiit only in
It tlio rate of
(< fi eliarf,'c' of
'Is to 4' ths of
k ; tlu'V lliiiy
t l)C'iii;r paid.
The IJaiik of
1?.
ssuinfj notes
c'oiisistud at
divided into
lie hands of
'I'ital. 'I'hi!
Iroin 4 to ,)
is vested in
) tlie share-
>",fi23,000fr.
'toinary rate
discounts in
r mm I lit fur
'h aeeomits
'rs. Slie is
only remu-
iliials whose
>le. 'I'jiere
le estahh'sh-
rred in this
as foreign
the f.'iro of
em the
nil)ers, viz,
proprie-
: must bo
ished, and
lirs of tlie
ler details
Paris,
1!
crsbm-gh.
•Its, may
volume,
il states,
ders the
8 1 H : —
ai'.d in
ti on the
of nicr-
nk-note
rnnient,
y in the
enacted,
11 times
t at no
nnient.
)re that
The
and so
)i ration
ses the
I silver
coin. Xo hills are din-ountcd tliat have less than 8 days or more tlinn G months to
run. 'I'hc rate of di- count is (i jier cent. No interest is allowed on money deposited in
tlie liaiik. unless notice lie ^iveii that it will be allowed to lie for a year, and 3
months' notice he };iven of the intention to draw it out, when sij; j)er cent, interest is
allowed." ^ — { A'l ////'.< Cmnhist, vol. i. p. :>o:i.) This bank has branches at Archangel,
3I0SCOW, Odes'vi, Uif^a, \i'.
The Jtiiiilt njthf I'lnliil S'lalis was incorporated in 181(3. Its capital is .1.'>,000,000
dollars, divided into :J.'i),(n)() shares of lOO dollars each. Seven millions were sul>-
scrihed by the L'liiled States, and the remainin<r t.'8,(H)0,()0() l)y individuals, companies,
corpoiiitions, »"vc. In lh;i'_', 8 I.OOO shares were held by foreigners. The bank issues no
note lor less than 5 dollars; all its notes are jiayable in specie on demand. It discounts
bills and makes i.dvances 011 hiillion at the rate of O" per cent. 'J"he inanageineiit is under
'.'.1 ilirectois; ,j of u liom, beiiijf holders of Mock, are annually appointed liy the
I'resident of the L'liited Slates. Si'ven directors, iiickuling the president, constitute
a Hoard.
The princii)al oflice of the liaiik is in I'hiladelphia ; but in January, 1R30, it liad
twr>itiM"i'">i suliordinale olJices, or branch banks, established in diOereiit parts of the
Union. Subjoined is a statement of some of the itmis in the aHitirs of the Itaiik of
the United States, on the 1st of .\pril, l8;;o, and the '_'d of November, 18;!'i.
N'ltcs (liscouiili'd . - -
DinmNtic liijk (lisconiitcd - - -
]'iiii(li'.l (Icljt lii'ltl l>v l),e liniik . . -
lic.il ('>l:ilo 1 . - .
I'jikIs ill Liiropc, ctiiial tci >pcc'io
.S|)''i"e ....
I'lililii' (U'p"sits - . . .
I'riv.itc ili'|iu.-its . - . .
C'irdilatioii . . - .
is,:o.
18.;'.'.
.;.',! :s,-.70S!)ilol.
ll),;ill(i,«Si,),-,4
11,1 '.'■.',.■.,■;()!)()
i.S'll.MO-TJ
'2.7h!i,4iih';,4
!i,(Ui,'.4s'!l7
8,!K).'i,."i(irH7
7,7(;4,'.' (!S7
i(;.<H.!.i-<u(xi
4.'i,72fi,!IH!.". del.
Iii,.)(i4.4!«48
4,7l7,ti!li>+.i
i,8i.".',7-2i r.i
2,HS.-),(iHi-26
H()2n,i ■:,:,*->
(;,!i,")7,iii;i'.")4
7,ti'J'.',8!iS Hi
17,<'(i8,7.S.i ■(!
The total liabilities of the bank to the public on the 1st of November, 18:)2, includ-
ing its notes in ciiciilation, deposits, and debts to the hoklers of ]iublie funds, were
.'!7.'JOf),f.'>(>"-0 dollars; and its assets, including specie, cash in Kiirojie, debts from
iiidividuals, lianking companies, iS:c. were 79.. ;».'5,870'y7 dollars ; leaving a surplus of
4-', 'i!)f), 920-77 dollars, showing the stability of the bank to be ecjual to that of any
institution of the sort in the world. — {Uvitnit to Sixrctari/ of 'J'rciisiiri/ on Affiiivs of
the liiiiih of the I'liitcil Sidtis, Dec. 4. lH;i'J. ) 'I'lie charter of the bank expires in
183(>. A bill for its renewal jassed both houses of Congress in 18.'52, l)ut was rejected
by the President. The pr(il):ibility, however, seems to be, that the measure will still
pass. Of its expediency no reasonable doubt can be entertained.
The estalilishmeiit of the liank of the United States has been of material .service, by
allbrding a currency of undoubted solidity, readily accepted in all parts of the Union.
At the period when it was organised, nothing could be in a less satisfactory condition
than the jiaper currency of the I'nited States; in fact, with the exce])lion perhajis of
liiiglaiul and Ireland, they have suHercd more than any other country from the abuse
of banking. In 1814, all the banks south and west of New England stojijied payment ;
and it ajijiears, from the odicial returns, that in all, no fewer than 105 banks were in this
jiredicanient between the 1st of .January, 1811, and the 1st of January, IS.'JO! It is of
importance to ob.serve, that most of these banks were joint stock companies. At jirescnt,
indeed, there are no strictly jirivate banking coni])anies in the United States. 'They
are nil incorporated by law, with a fi.\ed ca])ital, the shareholders being only liable in
most cases, tlunigh not uniformly, to the extent of their shares. 'They all issue notes
of 5 dollars; but the issue of notes of a lower value has been forbidden in Pennsyl-
vania, ^Iai\laiid, and ^'il•ginia. A good deal has been said in this country of the
iloiirishing state of the New England banks, jiarticularly those of ^Massachusetts, and
they have been held up as a model for our imitation. I5ut, bad as our system of
country banking undoubtedly is, we should be exceedingly sorry to see any attempt
nade to improve it, by the adojition of ' .en the best parts of the American system.
Among other regulations, an act of the legislature of Massachusetts jirovides that no
bank for the issue of notes can go into operation in any way, until at least half its
cajiital stock shall be paid in gold and silver into the bank, and l)e actually exist-
ing in its coffers; and the cashier »if every bank is bound to make specific returns
once a year of its debts and assets, on being required to do so by the secretary of state.
I'lit such regulations are found, in (iractice, to be nearly if not wholly worthless. In-
stances have occurred of banks having borroweil an amount of dollars ecpial to half
their capital, for a simile day ,- and of such dollars having been examined by the com-
missioners appointed for that purjiose, and rcjiorted by thiin, and suorn hi/ a majority of
the. directors to he the first instalment paid by the stockholders of the bank, and intended
Ml
L«l
in
nil
m
i'i
■ 1
(I '!
( 1
M
1
, 1
fi ! ■
\
! '
I, ■\
'l1
:l't 1 ")i
l^ll l»
it^
i
i
II : ' \\
110
BANKS roil SAMNCJS.
to roniain in it ! — ( Confic'ii I'lipir Mimeij mid Uniikinii in thi' Vititid Stittvn, pnrl ii.
ji. 1,')7. ) N^'o (ill not, of I'oiirsL', iinai^iiii.- tiiat siii'li (li'<;';r!U'i'ful ii'.'ititiu'vs can he of
coninuiii tjciurrcncc ; l)ut ft systfiu wliii-li |iiTiiiils of iViiiiiis of this sort lii'iii;^ pt-r-
pelrafud iiikIit cover of auliuirily, iiiiist in- altof^i'tlKT vicious. 'I'lic )iul)licily, too, to
wiiicli tlio iianlvs arc siilijcct, is injurious r.itiicr tliau otherwise. They know wlien tliey
are to be called upon to make their returns : and in order to render liieni as favourMl)le
as possible, they are iu the habit, for a month or two previously, of narr<>win;r their
discounts, to the ^reat inconveuience of those with whom they deal ; and endeavour by
every means in their power, throu;^!! temporary loans, iind all maimer of devices, to swell
the amount of bidlion in their collers t>n the day of examination. If the banks were
oblif^ed to make rej^ular weekly or even monthly retiu'ns of their situation, they nnj;ht
atVord some little useful information; but it is abimdantly obvious, that that which is
derived from the present returns unist be, even when not so intended, misleading and
deserviuf? of very little attention. 'I'he truth cannot be too ol'teii repeated, that it is
<|iii;e impossible ever toorj^anise seciu'c banks of issue, — and it is with such only that the
legislature has any right to interfere, — except by obliging them to give security for their
notes. Every other scheme, how carefully soever it may be devised, is sure in the end
to prove nugatory and to be (L'feated. 'J'hat part of the American system which limits
the responsibility of tlie partners in u bank to the amount of their shares, seems to us
to be in the l.ist (!e;;rce i/bjeciionable. It aflbrds a strong temptation to the commission
«>f tVaiid, and we have yet to leiirn that it ])os'iesses a single countervailing advantage.
We have t)een assured by those well accpiainted with the tacts, that it has been produc-
tive of the most mischievous conse(|uences. Six of the ."Massachusetts banks, having, or
])rofessing to have, a capital of H0(),0()0 dollars, failed between the 1st of January, IHII,
and the Ist of July, lH;iO.
AVe subjoin m\ oflicial abstract of the state of the 81 banks existing in ^lassachusctts,
on the (irst .Saturday of August, \iV.V2.
Abstract Account of the Mnis.irhiuctta n.niika.
Cipit.il stock p:ii(l in
nciilais.
Hills of banks in this State
Dull.irs.
24,.".'.'0,'J0()()()
l,()'27,.)(12():i
liills in ciri-iilaiioii
7,l-J2,S.)(i(K)
lldls of banks I'lsowhcro
17+,.".n8(iJ
Ncit |irotit« on liand
l,(i;n,!««ll(i
llalanccs due IVoni other banks
2,.;()7,78l'-'(i
IJalaiii'P.H line to other l)anks
i,'.i!i;,;kjii,)
Due to the banks, excepting ba.
*,.SS!i,727-J4
Cash (Ic|i0!>ited, \e., not bearing
lances ...
iiitcri'st - - -
2,i).iS,!)70-.l!
Total resources of the banks
44,0+'.>,()()(V.14
Cash (U'lKnited, bearing inttrrjc -
(),-.'ii,s,.jStnl
Amount of last dividend
tiS!>,'J7.')'(HI
Due I'roni tliu banks • , -
4.-J,il|iii,!K«l(IO
— reserved nr.ilifs
4 ii,7()S-74
(iold, sihcr, i«c'. hi banks
!I0J,'JII.V7S
Debts secured bv pledgo of stock -
••tt,7(il-7.i
Ue.d otate
7.;s,(il'Jo4
— dn(<, and considered iloul>tliil
'ill,!il47M
Hate of dividend on amount of capital of the banks, as existing when dividend was made, j'lW
per cent.
Mr. Gallatin lias given the following account of the number and eapital of the bankint'
establishments existing in the I'liitcd States on the 1st of January, 18;!0: —
Massachusetts
Maine
Xcw Hampshire
Vermont
Ithode Island
Connecticut
Xew York >
New Jersey
I'ennsylvani.i
Delaware
M.iryland
District of Ccluniliia
Vir ,'inia
ut'lldnk~.
Mntis.
I).lll.us.
(id
i;o,4'.'(l,l;()()
North Carolina
IS
i,o (i.tKM)
.South Carnlina
IS
J,'.!U,ii7(»
tu'orgia
10
4.j-.',(i'.',5
I.ouisiaiin
47
n,ii.s,.;!i7
Alabama
n
4,ts,"M77
Mississippi
37
o(),iiS,;,.!."i;}
'rennesseo
IS
!J,t)l7,li(l!t
Ohio
y.J
l4,ii'ii,:!iiJ
.Michigan
4
S.sll.DIK)
Florida
15
!l
(l,-''l',lll.".
;;,s7;,,7;'i
Delaware
4
.")..«71,Ilil)
Total
NlniihtT
of Itniik^.
1
1
11
1
I
' Capital.
Dollars.
.•;,1!I.",I)00
4,ll;)l,l)(J0
4,-i(K;,(h'!)
.Oititi-SiWO
ti4.),.^o;J
!i.V),ri)(»
7.>/,S17
l,4.")4,:>Si;
1(),IK)(»
7J,('(X)
ll(l,llr|,S!iS
For further information with respect to the banks of the I'nited States, see the Hejiort,
12th of Febuiary, 1820, of the Secretary of the Treasury (W. II. Crawford, V.m\.) to
Congress; the pamphlet of .Mbcrt (iallatin, Ksij. on the Currency and IJanking System
ot the United States, Philadelphia, 18:il; Goikjks Arcoiiiit of Paper Moncij aiitt liankuhj
ill the United Slates, ^-c. Antl for further details as to foreign banks, see IJokdk.vi :;,
CAI-CL'TfA, CmilSTIANlA, COPENHAGEN, NaI'LES, &C.
VII. B.vNKs Foii Savings,
Arc lianks established for the receipt of small sums deposited by the poorer class of
persons, and for the accumulation of such sums at compound interest. They are managed
by individuals, who derive no benefit wliatever from the deposits. .Ml monies paid into
any Savings Bank established according' to the provisions of the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 92., are
IJANlvS rOR SAVIN(;S.
HI
■nr,
n.>ll,irs.
.•i,l!l.",l)()0
4,li;)l,()(X)
•l-,'J(i:!,i>'.'!)
,"),<iiM,'.)H()
7.;v,H17
l,4r)4,.iHti
Kl.OtIO
7J,WX)
|i).iiii,s:is
\c Uojiort,
Ks(l.) to
\i^ System
1/ linnkiiij
Iokdeaia,
tr class of
I managed
Ipaid into
DiJ., are
onlerod to l)o jmid into tlio liiiiiks of Kiip^land and lu'lniid, mid vistid in Hnnk nnniiitici
or Kxc'liicnur hills. I'lif intirosi |)uy:il>U' to tkposiloiN is not to ixiiid •_',(/. per cent.
or ,!/. U.S. .'i /. lii'i' I'l'iit, {iir (iiniuiti. No (ik|iosilor I'lin conlributo more tlinn
iiisive of eoni|)oiniil interest. t(; a .Savin-js Hank in any one year; and the total
iir iliiiii, or
/
dividual
I l.'iO/. ; and whenever
deposits to he received from any one mdivKiuai are not to exceed i.io/. ; and wiienevei
the deposits, ani compoimd iiiierest accriiin;r upon them, standin;; in the name of any
one in(livi(hial, shall amonnt to 'JO<l/., no interest shall he |)ayahle upon such deposit so
Utiv as it shall anuunil to '-'DO'. Since the estahlishment of this system in IK17, (h)wn
to January, 1H;!1, the smns received fr lepositors, and thi* intere-,t accruinj^ upon
them, amounted to 'Ji^TfiO.'J'-'M/.. of which the (lepositors had received, in principal and
interest, ,1,(MK,H:!H/. ; leaviuL', at the piriod in (imslion, a halance due to the deiKisitors
of I.'),! 11,H!)0/. The commissioners for the reduction of the national deht have the
disposal of the sums vested in the puhlie I'muls on account of .Savin/^'s Hanks.
The principle and ohject of these institutions caimot he too hi},'hly conunended. Iii
the metropolis, and many other jKirls of I'-Ufjiland, pul)lie banks do not receive small de-
jiosits, and upon none do they pay any interest. And even in .Scotland, where the puhlio
hanks allow interest u))on d.pu'.it's, tliey do not generally receive less than 10/. Hut few
poor persons arc ahie to save so large a sum, except hy a lengthened course of economy.
'I'he truth, therefore, is. that until .Savings Hanks were estahlished, the jmor were every
where without the means of scc\ne!y and prolitahly investing those small sums they are
not unfre(|uenlly in a conditimi to save ; and were conseiiuently led, from the difliculty of
disposing of thein, to neglect ojiportunitics for making savings, or if they did make them,
were tempted, hy the oriLr ofhiL'h interest, to lend them to persons of doubtful characters
and desperate fortunes, hy whom they were, for the most part, s(|uandered. Under such
circumstances, it is plain |hat nothing could he m<ire important, in the view of ditl'using
habits of forethought and economy amongst the labouring classes, than the establishment
of Savings Hanks, where the sm.illest sums arc placed in perfect safety, are acciimidated
nt compound interest, and are paid, with their accumulations, the moment they arc
demancled by the depositors. The system is yet only in its infancy ; but the magnitude
of the deposits already received, sets its powerful and salutary operation in a very striking
point of view.
We subjoin a co])y of the rules of the St. Pancras Siivings Bank, which may bp taken
as a model for similar insufutions, inasimich as they have been drawn up with great tare,
and closely corres])ond with the ])rovisions in the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 9'i.
1. tlannt^ciiiCHt. — '1 his Hank is umlcr llie iiuTiinprinent of .i prosiilciit, vicc-prrsidcnts, trustees, and
luit k'ss tiiaa lilty iiianam'rs, ikhio oI' wliiim arc iKriiultcd to derive any liciietit •.vliatsocver, direitly or
iiidirirtly, Irom llio dtpusits rotcivetl, or tin- prodin'c thcreol'. One or more of the managers attend
when the IJank is open tor hnsinrss.
D. Suiiciinlnidiiig iAmmiltcc. — A romniittoo of not less than ti n mahagora, three of whom form a
quorum, is enipowercd to siipirinteml, maiuitie. and cnnduct the i;enerul husuies.' of this ISaiik ; to add to
tiieir lunnher from anions the managers ; to till up vacamies in their own liody, i;nd to appoint a treasurer
or ireasurers, ni;('nt or agci.ts, auditors, an actuary and clerks, and otiier ollieers and servants, niul to
vitlidraw any such a|)ponitm{ iits, and to ai point others, sln)idd it be considered necessary to to du. —
'J lie i)roeeedin(;s of this commitlee are regularly laid hiforc llie general meetings of the Hank.
o. j:/iriioiis. — 'J lie siiperinteruling ronmuttee is ein|iowered to add to the numl;cr of managers, until
they amount to otic huinlred and tw(nty, exclusively of the i)resident, viee-presideuls, and trustees. And
any i aeancies of president, viee-pn sideids, and trustees, are to ho tilled up at a general nnetinp.
4 General Mcrtiiif^i;. — A general meeting of the president, vice-presidents, trustees, and managers of
this ISauk sh ill lie hcl<i oiiee a yta<-, in the month of lehruary. The superintending eommltlee shall lay
lielore every such meeting a report of the transactions of the liank, and state of the accounts. The
su) crinleniliiig eomiiiitlee for the surieediiig year shall be elected at such general meeting; and failin||r
(iucli elei tion, the foinier eonimittee shall be considered as reappointed.
.I. S/icriii/ M(('tii>/;.i. — '1 he supirinteuding committee are authorised to e.-\ll special general meeting.'
wluii they think proper ; and also, on the rc(|Uisition of any ten managers, delivered in writing to the
actuary, \,r to the manager in attendance at the liank ; and of such meeting seven days' notice shall be
given.
fi. l.iahilily of Trustees, Managers, (Ifficers, S/c. — No trustee or manager shall be personally liable
except for his o.n acts and deeds, nor for any thing done by him in virtue of his olHcc, except where he
shall be guilty ol ■■ dful nctflect or default; but the treasurer or treasurers, the actuary, and every
oltieer intrusted with the receipt or custody of any sum of money deposited for the |iurpo.>es of this
Institution, and eve-y ollicer, or other person, receiving salary or allowance for their services from the
funds thereof, shall sive good and sutlicient security, by bond or lionds, to the clerk of the peace of the
comity of Middlesex, for the just and faithful execution ot such ollice of trust.
7. Investment ntU I.iniilaliun <ij De/wsitx. — Deposits of not less than vne fhilling, and not exceeding
thirty iwuti lis in t.ie whole, exclusive of compound interest, from any one depositor, or trustee of a
depositor, during each and every year ending on the idlh of November, will he received and invest! d,
pursuant to !» Ceo. 4. c. i'i!. s. 11 , until the same shall amount to »«<• A?<;/(/;rr/ n/jrf y///y /mr/Hrf.s- in the
whole; and wlin the principal and interest together shall anuiunt to tvo /lutntreil pnuuris, Ihen no
interest will h.' payable on such deposit, so long as it shall continue to amount to tlu.t sum. Hut dcpo.
sitoi-, •■•■hi'-:,.- accounts amounted to, or exceeded, /ico humlred iHmnds,M the ]>assing of the said act,
on the '.hth of July, IH'.'H, will eotitinuc to be entitled lo interest and cianpouiid interest thereon.
8. Interest to lie iilluireil tu Depositors — In eonlormity with the ilth clause of the !l (ieo. 4. c. !>2., an
interest at the rate of '.'\d. per cent, per day, being o/. h.v. ii{d. \wx ec nt. per annum (the full anwvnt
uutliorised hij the said aet , will be allowed to depoMtors, and placed to their accounts as a cash deposit,
in the moiuh of Suvemlier in each year. Depositors demanding pavimnt of the whole amount of
their deposits in this Haiik, will be allowed the interest due on such d'tposits up to the day on which
notice of withdr.iwiug shall be given, but no iiiterest will be allowed, in any case, on the fractional ■aaxX%
of a (Kiiind sterling.
a Description ami Declaration. — Every person desirous of making any deposit in this Bank, shall, at
^i\
'\i
i
■ 'I
4'
;|(i|
tff'j
\-\
y
(.■
T^
* .'!
112
HANKS FOU SAVI\(}S.
I . > i
' VUtl
the time of inakiup llii'ir first ilcpo-it, and at siicli nllipr tiniPS as thoy sli.ill bo rt>i|uirpil so to dn, dprl.ire
lliiMr ri'.iiiloiict", iiCciiiMtloii, |lro^l'^sillll, cir r illiii):, and sifjii i> ilhcr by tln'iiisi'l\;vs, or, in case of iiilaiits
uihIct llii' »!•{.' ol seven yi'ir-i, l)y soini' prrsoii or prr-oiis to hi- approviil of l)y llu' triislcos or ni.nia;.'i"rs,
or their oDi cri, a dtTlaratmn tli.it liit'V are not dim lly or iodiri'clly iMilitlcd lo any deposit in, or henclit
from, llu> tuiids ot any olher >avinKs liank in Ijiglmil or Ire'and, nor to any sum or sums slaiulini; in
the n.i ne or name- of any olher person or person* in the books ol this liank. And in e.ise any sueh
dcrlaratiiMi sliall not lie Irii", everv siieli person cir the person on whose heh.drsneli deelaralioii may have
been si^Mied shall liirleit and lose all right and title lo siieh deposits, and the trustees and inaiia|{erg
shall oau>e the sum or sums so I'ort'eited lo be paiil to the ('oiiimi''sioners lor the reduction "( the
nation d ilelit ; but no depositor sha!l lie snbjeet or liable to any sueh IbrCeiture, on aeeoiuit of being
n trustee on bcliall of others or of being interested in the funds ot any l''rieiidly Society legally esta.
blislie<l.
III. 'I'riislcci on i'i'^hitlf qf others — Persons may act as trustees for depositors, whether such persons are
themselves de|i:)sitais in any Savings ll.ink or not, proviiled Ih.il svieh trustee or trustees shall make
tuch decliiratioii on behalf of sueh d positor or de|«)>itors, and be subject to the like eondilions in everv
respect, as are required in the case of perxns making dei«i>its on their own account, and the receipt and
rc;'eipt< of suih trustee or trustees, or the survivor of tiieni, or the executors or administrators of any
sole trustee, or surviving trustee, with or wMhont (as in:iy be reijuireil by the managers) the receiptor
the person on whose a eoimt such sum m ly have been deposited, shall bo a good and vidld discharge to
the trustees and manager,- of the lii«titution.
1 1. Miuiiin — l)epo-ils are received from, or for the benefit of, minors, and arc subject to the same
regulations ,is the dep isit* i i' p.'rsons of 'il years of ane and ii| .vards.
IJ. Fiifiiit/i/ and Clmi ilnlili- S^icuiics. — I'rieiii'.ly ."-Oi-ietie.,, legally established previous to the 2Ktll ot
July, IS'.N, niiiy depns.t Iheir funds through Ih.jr Irea-'.rer, steward, or other oilicer or .lUii'ers, with-
out any limitation as to Ihe amount. I5nt 1 rienniy .Sc lelies formed and enrolled after that date, are not
permitted to make d.iiosits exieeding the sum of MJ.. principal and interest included ; and no I'lterest
will be payable th' reoii, whenever the same shall amount to, or continue at, the said sum of JU'J/, or
upwards.
Deposits arc received from the trustees or tre.isnrcrs of Charitable Societies, not exceeding lUC. per
annum, provided the ammint •hill not at any lime excee.l the sum of ;)IHI/., exclusive of interest.
l.J. Dcimsils iij' I'listiiis iiiinhlc hi iiltriiil. — I'orms ;ire given at the ottice, enabling persons to become
depositors will) are un.ilile to altend personally; and lho*e who have preyiously made a deposit, may
send adiiitioiial sums, lo<^cth<r wilh llnir huaJ;, by any other per«on
1 1. D.'jhi'.il us' I! ink — The depii>it-i aii' ei.te ed in the books of the Hank at the time they are male,
and the ilepnsilor rice ves a book witli a corresponding entry Iherein j which book mii-t be brought to
tlie ollice every lime that any fuither sum ii depiKited, alsowheii notice is given for with drawing money,
and at Ihe time ihe repayment is to lie made, so Ih.ii Ihe tr.ins iclious may be duly e.itered therein.
I.'i. I\'il/iilriiii/>i!; Dr/i.isi/s — l>epo-ilors may receive ihe whole or any p.irl of their deposits on any
day ap|iouiti'i! bv tiie iii.in.i';ers, not exceeding /((H(/<(7/ days alter notice has been ';iveii for that piirjiose ;
but Mi.li deposit- can oily be repa I lotlie ibposilor perMinallv, or to Ihe bear,'r of an order under the
band of |1k> d. •positor, signed in the ire^ence of either the minister or a chur. Iiwarden of the parish in
which the depositor resiiles, of a justice of the pe.ice, or of a m.in.iger of this Hank.
{{""y- 'I'/ir I) ■/mxi/^ir's Ilti ik iiiusi iihvni/s he /iriidiici'it irlirii mil ice (•/ tri'inlrawiiiji is givrn.
Ii. Minn/ iri/liili-iin'ii iiiiii/ lie irili imsiinl — Depositors may wit hi I raw any sum or sums of money, aid
re-d;'po»it ihe >aine al any lime or tunes within any one ye.ir, reckoning from the '.'0th day of November,
pro\ ided •mil sum or sums of moiiey re-deposite,l, and any previous depo-it or deposits which may have
been made by sucli di'piiMlor in the course ol the year, taken together, sluill not exceed, at any time in
sucli year, tlie sum ol .ill/., additional prim ipal inonev be.ning inteic.'t.
I", liiliii II or itifiisnl rj' lh)i.isils. — riiis liank is .ii \\ 'crty lo return Iheamoiiiit of the deposits to all
or an\ of the depositors, anil may refuse to receive deposits in any case, where it sli ill be deemed expe-
dient ••> to do.
KS yji/M.M/s of II ili-ic srd Drpn ilor cxccfriiiifi I'iflii I'oiniiis. — In case of the death of aiiv depo.
8 lor in tins II. oik, whose i epiMts, and the intere>l therenii, slijll exceed in the wlnde the f-unx ui Ji Ii y
l)iiiniiis, ihf same sh ill only be pii.i lo Ihe exeenloi or exec; tors, adoiinistrator or administrators, on
llie priKlodion ol the , ''I'hi ie of the w ill, or letters of ^xbiiiiii. nation.
Ill l)r)i.isits iif II i/iivd.',.-'' Dr/i.isi/nr mil i xct\<liiii' I'lJIi/ I'oiiiiils. — Incase a depositor in this Bank
sliail die, » 'lo-e deposits, uieliiiiiiig interest thereon, shall not exi eed She sum of lifly |ioniids ami that
the trustees or luangei- sindl be s.ili-lird that im w.M w.is made and left, and that no litters of
ailinini-tration w II be taken out, they shall l.i' at lilierly to p:i\ the same to the relatives or friends of (ho
dec".i-i'd, or ,itiy or eilhei ol them, "r according to the statute of distribution, or reijuire Ihe pronmtioii
of letUis of .■iiliiiiiii-liation, at iheir ili-irelion And the Hank sli ill be indeininlicd by any such pav-
liie.ils Iroiii all and eviry cl.iiiii in respect thereof by any perMMi wliatsoever.
'JO Crlijiiiilc — 111 all cise.' wherein eeititii ales >liali be reipiired of the amount of dtpo-its in this
liaok belong iig lo ilepo>itui< therein, for the |.iirpo-e ol obiaiiiing, free of stamp duties, a orobale of
will, or lelies of adiiiiin>lratioo, su II eertilieiie sli.dl be signed bv a manager, and counl'jrsigiied Ijy
the a lu.e y lor lb;' tim ■ lu mg, as a true i xtract from the l.edg. r of the liistilntion
'.'1. Ar'iiliiifinii ,if D'JfcK'n-.i'x. — In c.ise an\ dispnie shall ari«e between Ihe trustees or managers v.
this li.ii.k, or .my per-oii or peisoiis iiclnig loiuer them, and am iiidividnal depi silor therein, or any
triiitee of a depo-iloi, or any person ciaiimng to be such executor, admmi-lK.ior, or next of km
then, anil in eveiy such ci-e, til.' mailer so in oispnle .di.ill be referred lo the barri-ler at l.iw ,ip|ioiiiteu
by liie commis-ionei- Inr the red u lion of llie ii.dion.il (i.lit, iindi r the anthoritv of the !' 'tco. 4.
c. O'J. N. 4.", ; ,'ind whatever auaid, order, or diteniiiiiation shall be made by the said l)arri.>ter, shall be
binding and conclusive upon all ii.irlies, and shall lie tiiial, lo all intents and purjioses, v .tiiout any
appeal.
J'lircfi ise iif Govcrnmvnt .■fiiiiiiilieit hi/ Drjmsiturs in Surini/s Jiim/is. — The act L' & ii
Will. I. f. II. t'lialili's (k'posilors in S;iviii<rs I'aiiks ;iiul otliors to ]iiircli.iso fiovoriiniciit
aniiiiitii.-s Cor liCo or Cof yiars, ar.il litlicr imnudiaU' or (li'fi'iTfd. At prosent tliese
annuities are limited to 'J!'/, a year. 'Jlie inoiiey advanced is rctiiriiabie in case tlte
contract iiifj party docs not li\c lo llie a^'c at wliidi llic annuity is to licconu' iiayalile, or
is unal)lc to coiiliiiiK' llie nionilily or aniiiial instalinctils. Tliat lliis measure was heiie-
voleiifly intended, and tliat it may he productive of advanlao-" to nmnv individual.s cr.ti-
iiot be (ioiilited ; Init we look upon all atteiniits. iir.d jijirliciilarly tiiose made liy }rovern-
ment, to jref individinds to exilian.oe ca| ilal lor iniiuiities, as ladicallv ohjectionalile ;
and as being siibveisive of iiriiiiijiks w liicli ought to bo slieiigthoiied rutlicr tliau
weakened. — (See I'u.mjs. )
iiW
BANGKOK. iiij
Summary of Savings naiiks, &c. in England, Wales, and Ireland, November, 1832.
In y;«^'/«H(/llic'ie weri', iin the imli ul NoviiiiliiT,
183'.', ;f<4 Savings liaiiks : cif tluse, 7 liavc made
no return, the remaining Hanks luiitain.
Depositors.
.\iiu)unt.
Under 'J) -
— .01) .
— 1(10 -
— 1 ,1) .
— '.'IJd .
Above i!t() -
No. I .i-
- v.'i.d.i.-i i,-h(),7;k.'
- I(l2,.'wti .i.l+ti.T;".;!
. 47,!K),i, a,i.'j,"),ii8:)
- i:,(l.!l, i;,(H'J,4'.'.")
7,!'II8
j,7.7()
/
Krieiiilly Stx'ielics
(.'iiaritabli ditto
Aceounts
;;7+,ii;5i
4,ii,i;
J8(i,.">'J7
l,;J.J8,i'J.'J
yoO,!0.'3
li.',ltil,<ii)7*
(;'j.i/27.>
l.il,l+8
li.',!)lti,0i'8
.•\vcrage amount of each dci'osit in Kngland, &2/.
* 'I'liis is the amount given in the tat)le whence
I his ^lisliact has heen taken, but it does not quite
■gree witli the items.
In Willi's there wereon the 10th of Noveiiihcr, IKIS,
'2^ Savings Hanks: I h.is made no return; tlie
remainii]g Hank.s contain.
UvpmitorAi
Ilcpositors
l-'rieiully Societies
Charitable ditto
Accounts . - . l(),u!'4' ,)4!t,7y4
A"cra>".' amount of each deposit in Wales, 1 .
In /)•(•/««(/ there were, on the 10th of Novembir |
I8J-2, 77 -Savings Hanks: 7 have made nu return ;i
the remaining Hanks contain,
I)t'|i(isitiirs.
Depositors
Friendly Societies
Charitable ditio
Accounts
No.
;;7,t-<'f;
;347
.38,47!'
Ami'iint
^OI-V-'-'l
Average amount ofcach deposit in Ireland, Ui/.
•ii'
v
A
! I
Itet 2 k ;J
jvoriiniont
lent liiesc
case tlic
|iyal)le, or
as heiie-
liul.s cr.n-
<;overii-
|liuiial)le ;
liei' thun
i
firand Total in Eiiglan
d, Wales, and Ireland, on the 10th of November, \^H.
Snviii^s Hiinks.
.(Vrroiinls.
42!),4r()
Amount.
AvcraKc Atnount of *arh neimsit.
48."3
£
14,311,(347
£
30
(From the Statistical Tabic compiled by Juhn Tidil Pratt, Esij.)
15.ANGKOK, tlio capital of tlie kingdom of Siam, situated about 20 miles from tlic
sea, on liotli sides of the river INIenam, l:ut eliietly on its left or eastern bank, in lat. 1,'i'^
W' X., long, 101 lO' K. 'I'lie Alenani opens in tlie centre nearly of tlie bottom of the
(inlf of .Siam. Tlieie is a bar at its nioiitli, consisting, for tlie most part, of a mud flat
10 miles in di'i)tli. 'I'lie outer edge of tliis flat, wliieli is little more tlian 200 yards
broad, is sandy and ol' barder niateiials tlian tlie inner part ; wliicli is so soft, that when a
ship grounds on it during the el.b, she often sinks ."j feet in the i.iud and clay, which
Mip|jo,ts her u))iiglit, so that 'he is bt.i little inconvenienced. 'I'lie highest water on the
bar oi'tiie .Aleiiatii, from I'cljruary to Sejifember, is about \'.\i feet; and in the remain-
ing "1 months, soniewli.it more than 11 feet, — a difference jirobably protiiieed !)y the
accumulation of water at the head <it' the bay after the south-west monsoon, and by the
heavy floods of the rainy season. On account of the deficiency of water on the l)ar,
vessels sent to Bangkok had better, perhaps, not exceed 'iCO or 250 tons bin-den. In
nil other respects, the river is extremely safe an<l commodious. Its mouth is no sooner
approached, than it deeiv_s gradually ; and at I'aknam, two miles up, there are 6 and 7
falliiims wafer. This depth increases as you ascend, and at Hangkok is not less than 9
fatlKmis. The only danger is, or rather was. a sand bank off I'aknam, bare at low
wn'er; Imt on this a fort or battery lias been erected within the last fvw years, affording
at all times a distinct beacon. The channel of the river is so e(|ual, that a ship mav
range from one side to antiflier, aiiproacliing the lianks so clo.sely that her yards may
literally overhang them. The navigation is said to be etpially safe uil tlie way up to the
old iiipi.'al of Vutliia. 80 miles from the mouth of the river.
'i'lie city of Bangkok extends along the banks of the Aleiiam to the distance of about
'J\ mills ; but is of no great bieailih, |)ri)bably not exceeding 1^ mile. On the left batik
there is a long street or row of floating houses; each house or slioj), for tliev are in
general both, consisting of a distinct vessel, which may be moored any M'liere along the
b inks. Jiesides the principal river, which at the city is about a quarter of a mile
broad, the country is intersected by a great number of tributary streams and canals, .so that
almost all inter^uursf at Bangkok is h\ water. The population has been compiifed at
.7().0()0 or (;o,()(^0, half of whom are ('hint>.e settlers.
'I he total area of the kingdom of Siam has been estimated at 1 90,000 square iriles, and
the p.ipiiialion at only 2,7<;0..700, |>riiicipally resident in the rich valley of the Menam.
Of the entile poiiulation, it is suiijiosed that not less than 440,000 arc Chinese. 1i,e
common necessaries of lil'e at I!iii gkok are exceedingly cheap. A cwt. of rice may
always be had for 'Js. and very often for Is. Other neeessari.s, such as salt, palm-sugar,
spices, vegetables, fisfi, and even fli-li, are pioportionally cheap. The price of goofl
pork, for exami-le, is L'VA per !b. A <hiek may l.i had for 7il. and a fowl for lU. The
Bi-ighbourliocd of iJanj^kck is cue uf the most productive places in the world for fine
^
11!
i t'
\
t, ,i
ii
fi
f .(t'l
iji I*
:'l
m
HANCilvOK.
fruits; for here are .nsscnililed, and to be li.-id in llie greatest pcrfci'iioii and al)iindanc-e,
tlie orange and liclii of China, the niangoe of Ilindostan, and the inangoMein, (hiriun, and
shaddock of tlie Malay countries.
Moniis, If'rinhl.i, ami Miuisiirrs. — Gold ami ropiier are lint used as money in Siam, and the cuircncy
consists only of I'owrie slu'lls and silver 'I'lio dt'iinniinalions arc as lollow : — .'IKMlia or courics make
1 p'hai-nuoK; i.' p'liai. minus, 1 siiiR-pli li ; ',' siiig-ii'liais, 1 liiaiig ; 'J I'lKiiigs, 1 sailing; + sailings, 1 hat or
tiial ; SO ticals, 1 lattio ; 1(K» catties, I pieiil.
'I'he standard coin is the hat, which Kiiro^ieaiis have called a tical ; but there are also coins, though less
freiinently, o/' the lower dciiimiinati'ins. I'lieso are of a ruile and iieciiliar form. 'J'liey are, in fact,
iiotiiing more than small hits of a silver liar heiit, and the ends heaten together. 'I'hey iire impressed
with two or three small stamps, not covering the whole surface of the com. The c.ittie alid picul are, of
course, only Used in speaking of large sums of money, (iiild and silver are weigheil liy small weights,
which have the same denominations as the coins. 'J'lie p'hai-iuiiig, the lowest of these, is in this case
■UhiliviiliKl into.J'J sagas, or red tieans, the Aliriis prrcntoiius ofhotanists.
The hat, or tical, was a<-ayed at llie mint of Calcutta ; it was loiiml to weigh " Iii grains ; its standard,
however, was uncertain, and the value of ilitl'ereiit specimens varied from 1 rniiee ,i anas and :J pice, to 1
rupee .! anas and 7 pice. 'I'he value, therefore, in sterling money, is alioiit .'.v. lii/., and it is so co.Msidcred.
Ill respect to ordinary measures, the Siamese cattle is doulile tlie weight of the Chinese cattle, w Inch,
as is well linou'n, is eipial to I'^lli avoirilupois. Tlie picul, however, is of the same weight, con-
sisting ill the one case of ,10 catties only, and in the other of 10(1. In weighing rice and salt, a large
measure is used, consisting, in respect to the first of L".' piculs, and of (he last oi' 'ZJ piculs. Kice is also
measured liy the basket, of which 10(1 go to the large imasure ahove-inentioiied.
The long measures are as follow : — I'J linger lireadlhs m.ike 1 sp.iii ; 2 spans, 1 cubit ; l cubits, 1 fathom ;
2 ) fathoms, 1 sen ; and 100 sen, I viita, or, as it is more eommonly pronounced liy the Siamese, yut. Tlie
fathom is tiio measure of most freipieiit use, and the Siamese have a pole of thi.s length divided into its
fiaclional parts. Thi>, as nearly as can he ascertained, is eipial to about li feet li inches. The sen appears
to he also used in the admeasurement of land, and to he the name of a sipiare measure of -20 fathoms to
the side.
I'orl Ili'iiiiliitions ami Diilics. — As soon as a Kiirnpean ship reache'; the bar of Siam, she must, ac-
cording to the regulations of the country, coinmiinicale with the clii-jf of the village of I'aknam, at the
mouth of the Menam, and from him obtain a pilot. At I'aknam, the rule i.^ to land ammunition, cannon,
and small arms: but this regulation is not very rigidly insisted on. The diitie.-- and other imposts levied
on external trade are soinewliat complex, and dilKr in some degree according to the class of ves.sels snt).
jocted to them, and which consist of junks carrying on trade with China I'roper, junks of the island of
Ilai.nan, Junks traiiing to the Mal.iy islands, and Kuropeaii shipping. The imposts consist of a duty on
the measurement or dimensions of the vessel; an iid lui/oiim duty upon imports ; and a rated tariff in most
cases, with an ml valorem duty in a few, on exports. The lirst-iiamed class of vessels, viz. the large junks
trading with the principal ports of I'hiiia, pay no measurement or import duties, because these are
vessels belonging to the king, or to the princes, or courtiers, licensed to engage freely in thi:i branch
of trade. The Ilai-naii junks pay V) ticals per Siamese fathom, on the extreme breadth of the vessel.
The junks trading to the .Malay countries, in lien of measurement duty, pay l.io ticals each, without
regard to size. Neither of these ves>els (lay import duties. The measurement duties on Kuropeui ves-els
nre estimated at IIS ticals per fatlimn, besides an iiicoiisiderahle impost in the tonn of an anchorage
fee. The car^'oes of these alone pay an import duty, which is reckoned at 8 per cent, atl valorem, levied
in kind.
The tariR'oii exports consists of specific duties, of which the following are spccimciis : —
Ivory .... per picul • - :^'J ticals.
Stick lac . - - - - -I
Sugar, if exported under a Kiiiopean Hag - - - U
Ditto — an Indian flag - . - I
Cotton wool - - - . . j
Trade. — Tile foreign trade of .Siam is conducted with China, Cndiin China. Catll-
bogia, and 'ron(|iiiii, .lava, Singapoie, and the oilier lirilisli ports within the Straits ot
INIalacca, with an occasional intercourse with lionihay and Sural, Mngland and .America.
The most important branch of the foreign trade is that with China. This is wholly carrietl
cm in vessels of Chinese torm, navigated by Chinese, 1ml the greater portion of them are
built in Siam. The whole of tlie Chinese trade centres in liangkok, with the exception
of a few junks, which trade to Simgora and I.igor. 'I'he ports of China which carry on
trade witli .Siam are, Canton. Kiaiig-nmi, and Chaiiglim. in the province of (iiiantotig;
Atnoi, or Kmwi, in Tokien ; I,iiii)i(). or Nimpo. in Chekiatig; with .Si,iiig-hai, and
Saochen, in Kiang-nan ; besides sevir.il ports of the great island Hai-iian. These
junks are exiiecfed in Siam in tlie I'ollowing order; — those of tlie island of Ilai-iian
usually arrive in .laiiiiary ; and those from the iiroviiices of Canton, Fokien, iind
Chekiang, in the latter end of I'ebruiny, and ilowii to tlie hegimiitig of .Ajiril. I'hey all
.sail from the Menam in the mimths of .June iind July, when the south-west monsoon is
at its lieight, and, of course, there is but one voyage (lerformeil yeiirly. 'J'he imjiorts
from China are very nmneroiis, consisting of « hat are called in commercial language
"assorted cargoes." The following is a list of the iiriiicipal connnodities : — Coarse
earthenware and i>orcelain, spelter, tpiicksilver. tea. lacksoy (vermicelli ), dried fruits, raw
silk, crapes, satins, and other .silk fabrics, nankeens, shoes, tinis, uinbiellas, writing paper,
sacrificial paper, incense rods, and many other iiiinor articles. Not the least valuable
part of the importations are immigrants.
The exjiorts from .Siam are also vi'ry various, litit the following list comjirehends the
most considerable ; — IJlack pepiier, .sugar, tin. cardamoms. e;;gle-woo(l, s;ipan-wood, red
mangrove bark, rose-wood lor furniture and e.ibinel work, collon, ivory, slick lac, rice,
areca nuts, salt fish ; the hides and skins of nxeii, biilliiloes, ile|ilinnts, rhinoceroses, deer,
tigers, leopards, otters, civet rats, and iiangolins ; of sii.akes, and rays, with tlu' belly-shell
of a species of land tot toise ; the horns of the bulliilo, o\, iliir, and rhinoceros ; the bones
of the ox, bulliilo, elephant, rhinoceros, and lige ; dried deer's sinews; the i'ealheis of the
pelican, of several s]ieciis of storks, of the peacock and kingli'licr, Kc. ; and, liiially,
I
RAXKIirPT AND BAXKRUPTCY.
115
, Cam-
Itiaits oi
iiu'rifil.
carried
ii'in .lie
c-i'ptitm
111 y on
liiitoni; ;
li, aiiil
'I'lii'se
liii-iian
11, and
lu'V all
MtoM is
iiil)orts
ii;iia}ie
Coarse
Is, raw
liajiiT,
luahio
lids tlic
Ltl, ii'd
|i', liii'i
k di.'1'i",
|v-s1h'II
IllillOS
oI'lllC
llliially,
esculent swallows" nists. Tlie toiinaj^e carrying on the China trade amounts in all to
probably almui l;iO junks in niimher, a lew of whifh are oF 1,(X)() tons burden, and the
whole siiippin^ is not short of .!.■>.<);><) Ions.
The trade with tlie dillerent eoniitries of the Malay Arehi|)ela<^o forms the next most
important l)raneli of the .Siamese eoininerei.-, and the only one resjieetinj^ which it can l>e
necessarv to {^ive any particulars in this |)lMte. It is conducted with the following
ports : — I'atani, Kalantan, Trinnano, rahanj.', Rhio, .Sinf,'apore, Malacca, Penang,
Hatavia, .Sainaraiifr, Cheribon, Paleinbanj;, and Pontianak. In this intercourse, the
staple exports of .Siani are su^ar, salt, oil, and rice; to which may he added the minor
articles of stick lac, iron jians, coarse earthenware, hogs' lard, &c. The returns are
IJritish and Indian piece goods, opium, with a little glass ware, .ind some Hritish woollens
from the Kuropeaii settlements, with connuodities suited for the Chinese market, such
as jjcpper, tin, dragon's blood, rattans, biche-de-nier, esculent swallow.s' nests, and Malay
camplior from the native ports.
The following are believed to l)e the quantities of the two greatest staple articles of
Siamese export; viz. clayed sugar, 10,000 tons; black pepper, :!,.')'i.5 tons.
[We are indebted for tliis, as we liave been for many other excellent communications,
to our esteemed frii'<d, John Crawfurd, Esq., who ascertained the jiarticulars on the
spot.]
15.VNKIIUPT ANo IJANKRUPTCY. In the general sense of the term, bank-
rupt is e(piivalent to insolvent, and is ajjjjlied to designate any individual unable to
pay his debts. Hut in the law of I'.ngland hankrujits form that jjarticular class of
insolvents who are engaged in trade, or who " suck their living by buying and selling,"
and who are declared, upon tiie oath of one or more of their creditors, to have committed
wiiat the law has deliued to be an ml uf' luniliruplcii. At present, however, we shall
merely lay before the reader a (k;\v observations with respect t(» tlie principles and leading
provisions embodied in the law as to bankruptcy .ind insolvency ; referring the reader to
the article Insoi,vkn( y and Uankriitc v, for a detailed statement of these and the other
l)rovisions in that law.
" All classes of individuals, even those who have least to do with industrious under-
takings, are exposed to vicissitudes and misfortunes, the occurrence of which may render
them inca))able of ni.iking good the eiig.igemcnts into which they have entered, and
render them bankrupt or insolvent, i^ut though bankruptcy is most frecpiently, |>erhaps,
produced by uncontrollable causes, it is fre(|uently alsD |)ro(luced by the thoughtlessness
of individuals, or by their repugnance to niiike those retrenchments which tlie state of
their artairs demands; and sometimes also by fraud or bad faith. Hence it is, that the
laws with respect to bankruptcy occui>y a prominent place in the judicial system of every
state in which commerce has made any jirogress, and credit been introduced. They
diller exceedingly in dillereiU countries and stages of society ; and it must l)e acknow-
ledged that they present very many dillicidties, and that it is not |)ossible, perhaps, to
suggest any system against which pretty plausible objections may not be made.
" The execrable atrocity of the early Roman laws with res])ect to bankruptcy is well
known. According to the usual interpretation of the law of the twelve tables, which
Cicero has so much eidogised*, the creditors of an insolvent debtor might, after some
preliminary formalities, cut his body to pieces, each ol'thein taking a share proportioned
to the amount of his debt ; and those who did not choose to resort to this horrible
cxtretnity, were authorised to subject the debtor to chains, stripes, and hard labour; or
to sell him, his wife, and cliildren, to perjietual foreign slavery trdiis Tylnrii,
I'hi
law, and the l;iw giving fathers the power of intlicting capital pimishments on their
children, strikingly illustrate the ferocious and sanguinary character of the early
Ilomims.
" There is reason to think, froin the silence of historians on the sidycct, that no un-
fortunate debtor ever actually felt the utmost severity of this Icirbarous sentence; but
the history of the republi" is full of acc(nmts of ])opular conunotions, some of which
led to very important ch.iiiges, that were occisioned by the exercise of the power given
to creditors of enslaving their debtors, and subjecting them to corporal ))imishments.
The law, however, continued in this state till the yesir of Rome I'i?, I'JO years after the
|)romulg.ition of the twelve tables, when it was repealed. It was then einicted, that the
persons of debtors should cease tt> be at the disposal of their creditors, and fh.it the latter
should merely be authorised to seize upon the debtoi's g(K)ds, and sell them by auction
ill satisfaction of their claims. In the suliscipienl stages of R<Mnan jurisprudence, further
changes were made, which seem generally to have leaned to the side of the debtor; and
it w.is ultimately rided, that an individual who had become insolvent without having
coininitted any fraud, should, upon making a cessio hononim, or a surrender of his entire
• Krcman? (iinncs, licet ! dicani (|U(>il pentio , bililiotliccas, melirrciilo, oiiiiiiiim pliilosophorum iiinu
mihi vidctur duodeciin t.Mml.irum hbellus ; i>i(|Ui» Icgum fontcK ct capita vl<lcrit c authorilatU ponderc
H ulilitatis ulKTtatc siiper.ire. — Or Orator,-, lili. i.
1 •_
If
Vl
>;
1 •
m
li<
I
\ ■
i w
■:V
\ i;
f
" ' ' t
\
lii
I »
,' . '■
.<
•1
ill'
II
116
BANKRUPT AND BANKIILITCY.
property to liis creditors, bu entitled to an cxeinjjtion from all jiersonfil iicnaltics. —
( Tertmson, Jlintoire <le la Jurisprudence Homainc, p. 117.)
*' The law of Kn;;1aii(l (listiiif^iiislies between the insolveiU'v .if persons enf^aged in
trade, and that of otiiers. The former can alone be made bankrupts, and are dealt with
in a comparatively lenient manner. ' Tlie law,' says ISIaekstoiie, ' is eautious of eneoii-
raging prodigality and extravaganee by indulgenee to (lel)tor> ; and therefore it allows
tlie benefit of the laws of bankruptcy to none but actual traders, since that set of men
are, generally speaking, the only ])ersons liable to accidental losses, and to an inability of
paying their debts without any fault of their own. If i)ersoiis in other situations of life
run in debt without the power of jiayment, they nnist take the eonse(|uences of their own
indiscretion, even though they meet with sudden accidents that may reduce their fortunes ;
for the law holds it to be an unjustifiable jjractice for any person but a trader to encumber
himself with debts of any considerable value. If a gentleman, or one in a liberal ]in>~
fession, at the time of contracting bis debts has a siiflicient fund to jiay them, the delay
of payment is a species of dishonesly, and a temporary injustice to his creditors ; and if
at such time he has nu sufficient fund, the dislionesty and injustice are tiie greater : he
cannot, therefore, murmur if he sufVer the pimishment he has vohnUJirily drawn upon
hiraself. liut in mercantile transactions the case is far otherwise; trade cannot be carried
on without mutual credit on both sides: the contracting of debts is here not only justi-
fiable, but necessary ; and if, by accidental calamities, as by the loss of a ship in a tem|)est,
the failure of brotiier traders, or by the nonpayment of i)ersons out of traiW, a merchant
or trader becomes incapable of discharging his own debts, it is his n)isfortune and not his
fault. To the misfortunes, therefore, of debtors, the law has given a comjjassionate
remedy, hut denied it to their faults; since at the same time that it provides for tlie
security of commerce, by enacting that every considerable trader may be declared a bank-
rupt, for the benefit of his creditors as well as himself, it has also, to discourage extrava-
g-incc, declared that no one shall be cajjable of being made a bankrupt but only a trader,
nor capable of receiving the fidl benefit of the statutes but only an industriuus trader.' —
(^ Commentaries, book ii. cap. ;51.)
" After the various proceedings with respect to bankruptcy have been gone through,
if nothing be discovered to impeach the honesty of the debtor, he is allowed a certificate
or discharge, provided three out of five of his creditors both in number and value agree to
sign it. The bankrupt is then entitled to a reasonable allowance out of his efll'cts ; which
is however, made to depend partly on the magnitude of his dividend. Thus, if liis ellbets
will not pay half his debts, or 10,v, in the |)()und, he is left to the discretion of the com-
missioners and assignee;;, to have a competent sum allowed him, not exceeding :i per
cent, upon his estate, or :100/. in all ; but if his estate pay lOs. in the jjound, he is to be
allowed 5 per cent., provided such allowance do not exceed 4001. ; I'-'.v. lid. then 7 A jier
cent, under a limitaticm as before of its not exceeiling 500/. ; aiul if l.'i.s-. in the pound,
then the bankrupt shall be allowed 10 per cent, upon his estate, provided it cio not exceed
cool.
" According to our present law, when a person not a trader becomes insolvent, he
may, aller being actually im])risoned at the suit of some of his creditors for fourteen days,
present a petition to the court to be relieved ; and upon sin-rendermg his entire property,
he is, unless something fraudulent be established against him, entitled to a discharge.
AVhile, liowever, the certificate given to the bankru))t relieves him from all future claims
on account of debts contracted previously to his bankruptcy, the discharge given to an in-
bolvcnt only relieves liim from imprisonment ; in the event .,t bis afterwards aceuimdatiiig
any property, it may !)e .seized in jiayment of the debts contracted anterior to his in-
solvency. Tliis principle was recognised in tiie ressio tionorum of the llor.uuis, of which
the insolvent act is nearly a copy.
" It may be questioned, however, notwithstanding what Blackstone has stated, wlicther
tlicrc be any good ground tbr making a distinction between the insolvency of traders
and other individuids. 'I'liere are very few trades so ha/.ardous as that of a farmer, and
vet should he become insolvent, he is not entitled to the same jirivileges he would have
enjoyed had he been the keeper of an inn, or a commission agent! Tiie injustice of this
distinction is obvious; but, without dwelling upon if, it seems pretty clear that c«Tli-
iicates should be granted indiscriminately to all honest debtors. I.'eing relieved from all
concern as to bis previous incumbrances, an insolvent who has obtained a certificate is
prompted to exert himself vigorously in future, at the same time that his fiieiuls are not
deterred from coming forward to his assistance. IJnf when an insolvent continues liable
to his previous debts, no one, however favourably disposed, can venture to aid hi>n " ith
a loan ; ami he is discouraged, even if he had means, from ;ittem|)tiiig to earn any thing
more than a bare livelihood ; so that, while creditors do not, in one ciLse out of a liuudi i \l,
gain the smallest sum liy this constant liability of the insoUent, his energii's and usel'uU
Diiss are for ever paralysed.
" The policy of imprisoning for debt sccitls also cxcscdingly qucuiunsblc. Notwith'
I
I
BANKliUPT AND BANKRUPTCY.
117
Iwlictlur
tr;i(Urs
Ikt, and
iM have
lit' this
f«Tli-
fioni all
liuati- is
ail? 111)1
Is liahU'
Im) with
ly thiii,^
llSL-I'viU
standinR the (kfirtiuo duo to the great authorities who have vindicivted this practice,
I confess I am iinalile to disiover any tiling very cogent in the reasonings advanced in
its favour. Provided a person in insolvent circumstances intimate liis situation to
his creditors, and oiler to make a voluntary surrender if his jiroperty to them, he has, as
it appears to ine, done all that should he re<iiiired of him, and ought not to undergo any
imiirisonment. If he had deceived his creditors hy false representations, or if he conceal
or fraudulently convev away any part of his property, he should of course be subjected
to the jiains and penalties attach'ed to swindling ; but when such practices are not alleged,
or cannot be proved, sound policy, I apprehend, would dictate that creditors ought to
liave no power over the persons of their debtors, and that they should be entitled only to
their elfiets. Tiie maxim, aitrvr mm solrit, is not more trite than true. It is said, that
the fear of imprisonment oiierates as a check to prevent persons from getting into debt ;
and so no doubt it does. liut then it must, on the other hand, be borne in mind, that
the power to imprison tempts individuals to trust to its influence to enforce payment ot
their claims, and makes them less cautious in their inquiries as to the condition and cir-
cumstances of those to whom they give credit. The carelessness of tradesmen, and their
extreme earnestness to obtain custom, are, more than any thing else, tlie great causes of
insolvency ; and the (lower of imprisoning merely tends to foster and encourage these
liabits. If a tradesman trust an individual with a loan of money or goods, which he is
unable to pay, he has made a bad sjieculation. Kut why ought he, because lie has done so,
to lie allowed t<i arrest the debtor's person? If he wished to have perfect security, he
either should not have dealt with him at all, or dealt with him only for ready money :
such transactions are, on the part of tradesmen, perfectly voluntary ; and if they place
undue confidence in a debtor who has not misled them by erroneous representations of
liis afl'airs, they have themselves only to lilanie.
" It would really, therefore, as it ajipears to us, be for the advantage of creditors, were
all jiciial proceedings against the jiersons of honest debtors abolished. The dependence
placed on their erticaey is deceitful. A tradesman ouglit rather to trust to his own pru-
dence and sjigacity to keep out of scrapes, than to tlie law for redress : he may deal upon
credit with those whom he knows; but he should deal for ready money only with those
of whose circumstances and characters lie is cither ignorant or suspicious. By bringing
jienal statutes to his aid. he is rendered reirv,.-» and negligent. He has the only effectual
means of security in his own hands; and it seems highly inexpedient that he should be
taught to neglect them, and put his trust iii jirisons.
" It is pretty evident, too, that the efficacy of imprisonment in deterring individuals
from running into debt has been greatly overrated. Insolvents who are honest, must
have sufl'ered from misfortune, or been disappointed in the hopes they entertained of
being able, in one way or other, to discharge their debts. The fear of imprisonment
does not greatly influence such persons; for when they contract debts, they have no
doubt of tlieir ability to pay them. And though the imi'risdnment of bona Jide insol-
vents were abolished, it would give no cncouragemei i to tlie practices of those who
endeavour to raise money by false representations ; tor these are to be regarded as
swindlers, and ought as such to be subjected to adequate jiunishmcnt. (See Credit.)
" But the regulations with resjiect to fiankrnptcy and insolvency difTer radically in
other important respects. An individual cannot be subjected to the insolvent law. ex-
cept by /lis im'ii act, that is, his petitioning for relief from actual imprisonment for debt;
and, on the other hand, an individual cannot be made a bjinkrui>t and subjected to
the hankrup' law, exceiit by the act of inuitlur, that is, of a petitioning credittir*, as he
is called, swearing that tin individual in (piestion is indebted to him, and that he
belitvcs he Iib-- coiiiiiiitted what is termed an act of bankruptcy. These diflPerenccs,
coupled with the refinements introdu<-i'd into other branches of the law, give rise to very
extraordinary r. sidts.
'■ Whili the law of England gives the creditor an imncccssary degree of power over
the debtor's person, it does not give him sufficient jiower over his property. In this
respect, indeed, it is so very defective, that one is almost tempted to think it had been
intended to promote the jiractiees of fraudulent debtors. The property of persons sub-
jected to the bankrupt laws, as well as those who choose to subject themselves to the
insolvent laws, is placed at t. lisposal of assignees or trustees for the benefit of their
credilois; but when a jierson ..ossessed of property, but not subject to the bankrupt
laws, eoiuracts debts, if be go abroad, or live within the rules of the King's Bench or thtt
Fleet, or remain in pri-«>n withoi:' petitioning for relief (in neither of which cases can
he he subjected to tlie ■ -olvent law ^, he may most prol)ably continue to enjciy the income
arising from that pr' ■ nty without molestation.
" It is true, the i.iw says that the creditors shall be authorised to seiw the debtors*
w \
lot with'
• Oiie m^litor, whos lii-bt is to i'
or lliri'e, whckic cklits oiiuuut to 2'
■ amount of ivawrds of ICi . ; or two, whose cV'bti amount to l50/. ;
Is
f-.V.
t, .!
'4 ii i
1 1
'i !
III
'I
«■
118
BARCALAO.— BAllCELONA.
lunds and f/otJth, — a description wliii'li an unlearned ])ers()n would be apt to conclude was
abundantly coinprebensive ; but the l;iw is so interpreted, that neither t'undeii jjroperty,
money, nor securities for money, are consiilered {{oods. It' the debtor have a copyhold
estate*, it cannot be touched in any way whatever; if bis estate be freehold, the creditor
may, after a tedious process, receive the rents and profits, but no more, durin<; the life-
time of his debtor. Should the debtor die before jndj^nient ajjainst him in a court has
been obtained, then, unless the debt be on l)ond, tlie creditor has no recourse upe'i the
land left by the debtor, whatever may be its temire : ' nay, thoii<rb his money borrowed
on note or bill has been laid out in buyinj^ land, the debtor's heir takes that land, wholly
discharged of the debt!'" — (Lord lirniKjhiim's Spiich on thv State, of the L<iw, p. 1(X). )
" In consequence of this preposterously absurd system, an individual known to have
a large income, and enjoying a jjroportionally extensive credit, may, if he go to Paris or
IJrussels, or confine himself within the rules of the King's lieneb or Fleet, defraud his
creditors of every farthing he owes them, without their being entitled to touch any part
of bis fortune. All owners of funded, nionied. and copyhold i)ro])erty, have a licence
given them to cheat with impunity ; and the only wonder is, not that some do, but that
a vast number more do not, av.iil themselves of this singular i)rivilege. h\ point of fact,
therefore, the power of imprisonment is operaiive only on the really necessitous — on
those from whom it can extract little or nothing. 'J'he rich debtor is seldom subjected
to its operation ; he resorts, before a writ can be executed against him, either to the
Continent or the rules, and then laughs at the impotent wrath of those he has defrauded,
and perhaps ruined. That such a system of law should be surtered to exist in a com-
mercial country, and so little outcry be raised against it, is truly astonishing, and
strikingly exemplifies the jiower of habit in reconciling us to the most pernicious ab-
surdities. Can any one wonder at the frecjueney of fraudulent bankruptcy, when it is
thus fostered and encouraged?
" A reform of liie bankrupt law on the i)rincii)les already mentioned, seems, there-
fore, to be imperiously called for. Its evils were forcibly stated by Mr. Hrougbam
(now Lord Hrougbam) in bis ' Speech on the State of the Law.' He has also
pointed out the remedial measures necessary to be ado|)ted to render this imjiortant de-
partment of commercial jiu-isprudence consistent with the obvious principles of justice
and common sense. ' Let tlie whole,' says he, ' of every man's ])roi)erly, real and i)er-
sonal — bis real, of what kind soever, copyhold, leasehold, freehold; his ])ersonal, of
whatever nature, debts, money, stock, chattels — be taken for the ])aym('nt of all his del)ts
equally, and, in eases of insolvency, let all be distributed rateabiy ; let all he jjossesses be
.sifted, bolted from him unsparingly, until all his creditors are satisfied by payment or
composition ; but let his ])ers()ii only be taken when he conceals his goods, or lias merited
punishment by fraudulent conduct.' — (|ip. lOfJ — 110.) Were these nieasiu'es adopted,
and a certificate givk i to every nian who has been dive .ted of his property for behoof of
his creditors, and ag;. nst whom no charge of fraud has been established, tln-re would be
little room for improvement in the ))rinciples of the law of bankruptcy." — (See my
Principles of Politieid Eroiiomi/, '_'d ed. ])p. 'JGl — 'J71.)
UARCALAO, ou HACALAO, the Spanish name for cod.
B.VllCELOX A, the cajiital of Catalonia, and the principal town of Sjiain, on the
Mediterranean, in lat. -11° 22' N., and long. 2 10' K. It is a strongly fi)riilied, well-
built cits'. The ]>o))ulation is su]>posed to amount to about 1,')0,(M)0. 15arcelona is
eminently distinguished in the history of the middle ages t'or the zeal, skill, and success
with which her citizens prosecuted commercial adventures at a very early period. She
would seem also to be entitled to the honour of having coiniiiled and promulgated the
famous code of maritime law known by the name of the ("oiiso/u/o ihl Mure; and the
earliest authentic notices of the jjractice of marine insurance and of the i.egotiation ot
l)ills of exchange are to be foimd in her annals. * Catalonia has continuid, an.idst all the
vici -situdes it has uii<lergone, to be the most industrious of the Spanish ))n)vinces; and
several valuable and extensive manufactures have been established at Harcelona. Lat-
terly, however, her commerce, owing to a variety of causes, but |)rincipally to oppressive
restrictions on the importation of foreign goods, and the emancipation of South America,
has very much I'eclined.
Till- Iltir/>/i(ir,\v\uvU is naturally li.ui, is fdrnu-il liy a molo or jitty, «liicli has riToiitly boon a gnnd deal
enlarged, running out to a ( nns derahle d stance in a soutlu'rly diiirtion, and having a light house and
some l)atteries near its exlrcniily. The (lc|ith of water u ithin the mole is I'roni 18 to iiO leet ; hut there
is a bar between the mole and Monjiil, v, 'lieli has tVei|uenlly not more than 10 feet water; and which
i
♦ For proofs of thii!, see the artiiles Mmuiimf. I, aw, Insiimni r, ,^e. in this Dictionary. The Memurint
Ilii/tiiictts .S(it>rf In .\tiirin<i, I'lmii-iiiii, \(: ilr /tiini/niiii, In Capmany, in 1 vols. +to, is one of the most
valuable and anthcntie works that has ever been publishe<l on the commerce, arts, and eninmereial and
maritime legislation of the middle ages. 'Ihe fir-t volume is the mo>t intere-tiiig, at le.ist to the general
reader; the others consisting principally of extracts Irom the arcllive.^ o( Ilic city. I'here i> u brief
but pretty good account of the early trade of Hareelona, ilrawti principally hum I'apiiiany, in the work of
Deppiiig, Ilistoii\' till Coniiiiircc mlr.' Ic l.iiuiiit ct /'Kiuii/Ji i/r/iu/s /,< l'riii.siii/r<, ^\r. lorn. i. c. .'».
» ••
BARCELONA.
119
wodid, it is believed, ciitlrily sliut up the Iwirlidiii-, were it not oernsionnlly lowered by means of dredging
iiiailiiiies. ^'l■^•l■l» ill till' liaiiiciiir moor at a sliort dislaiux' iVoin the mole ; xvliire, tlioui!li exposed to llic
boiitlitrly (;alc.<, llii y are >(i well protirted tliat iiu aicideiit lil any ecmheiiiienee has taken plaee sinee tliu
dreadlul \toiiii (It 1^21. l.aij^e >li;p.s niiiht aiidior outride the nioli', ,iiid in winter are iiiueli ineoni.
iniiiU'd liy uiiids. Vessels euteriiiK the harbour are umler no obligation to take a pilot on board;
btit tlity are always in altendaiicu, and it is generally deemed safest to liavc their assistuiiee in passing
the I ar.
7',/)/^'_ or prohibited articles, the most important are toliaeeo, eotton poodf, salt, Kunpowder, brandy,
carpels, leather, liaizes, snap, weariiiK apparel, hemp, liri-ainis, eopper, beds, m.itiresses, furniture,
maiuilactureil tin, (lour, and all sorts of grain and pulse, manulaetured east iron, earthenware, blankets,
paper, nil elollis, >ealint:.wa.\, .Se.
The lollow iiig were the duties on the principal articles allowed to be imported into li.ireeluna in 18JJ : —
' »r.ic.«J >^;
N'aiional
Flat,'.
Tiillon
liiiU's
Curtia
Coll't'e
11.-. >\v,i
llorns
.] II..
-'arnil>a
■ llu.
.i lb.
• ipiintal
iinl:il
■i rt als
SAiii.ir.tvs.
lo"lllarav^.
S ri-aN
."(i m :rav>.
.') rtal;.
FiireiKii
Knit.
Nat. Kiir.
ArtUlKi.
Span.
Naliuital
Foreign
Clii;.
Naliiiii.ii
l--.,r.
n.»j;.
S\-l».
ria«. I'Mai,'.
KiaK.
FI.1B.
Wis.
Flag.
FU)!.
Mirl. Sti-rl.
1. W. .1. ■'.
.'^li'rliii^.
>tcrl .
4. ,1.
III.
1) 11 II IS
l)\pwoo(ls •
iiuintal
fil inaravs.
r, n-nU
—
1
1 'i
S ri-als
OIO ii-s
KUh
do.
.i(» rt-iils
IS ri'als
—
7 U
•1 7
1 ri'.d
(1 (i '^•'^
I rim linoiis
dii.
'^li ri'aU
.».*» rt-aU
—
.'. 2
7 (1
11 o-; II 1 1 Mavt>
1,(1110
^11 rtaU
III rtaU
I.IHKI
1 II
S II
'iti K-.llS
twl.
17 10 ( liif,c
(lIlillLll
I'^i reals
17* ^•al^ cut.
'i (.
.1 U
II V!i (1 I I'.ir
1 II liimer
.trniliu
.T iii.iravs.
1 rial 1 111.
U 0(11
II '^-l
'iOri'aU
iwt.
III.
ii Tiali
Vj reals -
(1 3i
6
All .iiIkUn uliati'vtT, the lucdureor the M.il, or the mamilacture of the country, may at present he
exiKutt'.i • -AUiU ill ni(j>i iIl^IaIin >, witlmm payiUK any dury. In this respect Ihire is nothiny ni the
1cKi*lati(.n ol Spam to \\hu h to objeit ; but the novurmnent seems, like many others, to have lorfsOtteil
that it'iiprofit) i> Iht- hi ^'iniiin^', thr luidoU-, anil the end ot lonmiUTt', — that there can he no exjiortatioii
wiihout an i(jiiivaicnt impiatatiun ; ami that, to prohibit or restrict the latter is, in latt, to prohibit or
restrict the turmer.
Ciixtuui house It ml W'urdnmsln^ llr^uUlt'tonS, \M\\V Oh at Al.I-
CAN r ; wliifh .si-l-.
i*"r( I'htitfiis. '1 III' f.illDwiim •■"■»' 111*' \nri(ius ili.ir^'is of a
lUllilK n.ituit llMt ^voulil Ur jKiul li> a Spanisl) .Mul a Itrili^ti
i»lH)>t LMtli t>r MHi lutiii t)UiilL>n, uiiUt.Kling and luiulin^ tnixLil
cartfOin in liiirieluim ; ~
Sii:ini>li W'sM-l.
1
li
■als. llritiMli \'eNScI.
Reals.
_—
—
1
Clmliorinje
~:> .Am ImratTL'
7.')
N-wilo.
;
!.'> Ii.iiil.il <li>.
7-1
CI.'aniiiH iif Jiiirt
1
10 .\i« (lu.
l.'i
].alit> ri)
1
(i ( ':t'.iriint; uf port
10
Cali.iiii <il'll'c |i"lt
S 1 .iimrii
(1
J.i>;lil-l,.ni.ii>nair
r.i
l".'i r i|.l,uii nftln' iinvt
s
J.iiaiiini: ( 1 rc.il I'l'i
(111
r.o*( l.i^lii-l.f.UM-otTiiir
t.i.
-m
Kxtv •Muliii.irv itn
In
.\t-w nio'.f (N rt-.iU
licr
\
' >lllIIOIl
New mole
Tuial
in ii.ii)
lit I.itailii'^ (1 rt'al \h-v ton)
— KxiriKirtlinarv imilii-
;-:, buUuii
Ciinsu'ar fics usually
ruiuiii-d
Total
.i,nt»u
'lakinp tlu- ica! ai !(/., tbis wdu'ii \e •»/. 11.*. '<*</. on the
Spimiili ship, ami .').'>/. on tl v lirliish ilo.
Ciminnsxh-n i-. at tin- rate ot '^\ ptr ti lit. ni }:fn.(K "-irppt'd,
and 'i piT ct'iit. t.M ihuM- rftcivurdii inn^i: inntnt. <ii).i(i7. are
sunn tini»> -dill tin- If, Ills nn'iii'> , and Miirii tmus on en (lit ti-r
.T or I numtlis ; int'iraniile iliscniiiu i-. "i )n'r i trit. pur month,
'i'licv lire no h.mk nu ist.ilili-'linitnl- in llaniKiiia.
JiiMirmiii (III ship-, is iHiii- d |.\ mdiva.u.d-., l.ut insurances
on hiiu-.L'>, livi-s, iSii'. irf unkm-wn lu-ic.
Tuns, - Ai tl i- (iisiotii liuiiM', r«.d tare* (-mI> arr allow* il ;
and iliL> null ivf:gtit!i inu.-<t W iii^uiuiisly inanite!ttL'<.l. A sur-
//nfhirfs. — Aci-oiiiit oftlie Onantity and A'alue of the principal Foreign Articles imported into Burce-
lona (Hiring tiie Three Years t ndiiig with ISJl.
pins of 3 per cent. Is, liowevcr, nllowid, to cover any iiiexact-
ne^s in the proportion letuein foreign and Spanish utightss
l>iit it the wiinht olan\ parrel sliouhl turn out to Ir- .Tper itnt.
^rc'iler iti;in i> inarkid m the iiiaiiittM, the suiplusis hei/ed, nt
tlu* sana- liine that the iin|Mirter luaen the U-nehl of ihe ."> pur
rent, a'luwed tiv law, and hiconu-h li.di e lu llie penalties uf
sniuj/^tiiii;. 'I'he tares usually allowed hy inerehnnls (ire, oil
Ilav.iiinah siiLMr 1."^ per tent. ; uii lolli-e 2 per tent., exeluaive
of the harrel, baKi ^:-'' in wtiieh it is eonlalned ; on em ua and
l>C'ppi r 'd per tent. ; reriiainhucu cotton 1 ILs. per halt ; otlier
eoiioii 1 Ih. per eut.
Staitons of all sorts are flear at Itarctlona, liut ttiev may
nl\wi>» lie obtained, ik'ef costs aliuvit Itl, \>vx lb., and biscuit
aliout H dullars |>er ewt.
Mt'iiiif. — At ( titints are kti)t in Ultras of 'H) tiicliliis, t^ 10
iliiitro.1, or ISO tim/liia. 'i lie nl ra is likewise diviiUd into rnitM
(It i.ttitu Ciittilaii, uf 3 »iu'xhif uaeti ; and into nulra unhiis^ uf 2
sufhion eaeb. Jliiice, b'7 uf the former, or 10 ot the latter, = I
liLivti ( otiilitn.
'Jlie lilim Ciitiitiin l> = V*. h/. Stirling m arlv.
'1 be I'lsoili'in-, or h.ird dollar, i> valuid ai M.^ stulihj CafuUiUt
ei^ht --ut h (lollais making' !■'> fihrtia.
n H^'^/.v ((//(/ J/ifj.wj»-i>. — '1 here are rndlisa discrepancies
aii'ioii^^t the wi i|;hls and measiins in the ditleretit Sp.nnsti
proviniiN, and tin re iit averv p-eai dis( rep.uuy in Ihe aecountft
of tie . tithor-> w b(i haveurnten upon tlitm. '1 lie tul.uvsing
slaieim ni> aie taken from Nelki»ilire« Iier ; —
'I'tie 'iiiinial i^ (liuilitl into 1 iirn'/fM, or ]n-l It's, of 1'^ oz.
to the pound. '1 he pmind = (i,l 71 Kn^'iish ^la ns =:: 1 ktlog.
zz^ >>."'.'..■(; as of Holland. UK) lis. of Itarielunu = »S"^1:j Ibf*
avnirdupiii.i.
'I'bt' >ard, nait ed aiiiu, is <livided into Sjnhiioi, of 1 tfunriog,
and i> = '-il iiuhfs very nearls. Hence, Inn caiias = .')3t',(ll
utelres =- 77"'' \.inK ot .\insU'idan) k= .'iS-.M 1 Kn^li^h >ards.
'llu- nuinttfii,xix measure lor ^rain, is ilnided intol'^ror-
tiiuis and IS j iakins. Inn quarter as =; 'J.^v^Ki, or ^5i \\"in-
cheslei 'luariei'!).
i he I.*'.' I', ),i- nieasnve fur liqu'ils, is divided into 1'.^ cortunrg
or tinuhu.\. 1 tutiiiiiiiiit, and 7V vitliuUlUtt. Xx it. = .T^'7
Kn^lidi wii.,. iralUais. I (ai^as =: 1 j-j/'t'. The pipe of Ala-
jorea oil contains 107 cortaneh.
\'a'lli' ill
\'aliiL' in
Value In
Ariitlfs.
111 ISJl).
MfrliiiK
In 1S.10.
SU'Tlillg
In 1831.
.Sterltiiff
.MulU'}.
lMuiit.->.
M Oht'y.
£
£
£
rotlon
1«, III III bales
111(1,(11)0
i;i.',!Hi() bales
i.;7,(K.o
4.3,400 bales
'.'r)0,(K)0
SuMar
14,JiiO boxes
ll'.i,0(XI
i.'.i,i;oi) boxes
18S,(KH)
2ii,;i()(j boxes
]f'i(),()(H)
Hides .
tiTi.iMI
;VI,(.(i()
Ki.',-)(K)
(i'J,0<)l)
7.J,lKlO
S(),W)()
(neoa
•f,|i)0 bags
i.'."i,( CO
«,,;(«) bags
;jO,()0()
7,.J(iO baj!«
44,000
Collee -
1,1011 cwt.
ii,.S0O
'.',(!,,() cwt.
4,.")(;o
ti'.O cwt.
l,'i(K)
li. I's'-wax
l.'Jillevvt.
+,'.(.0
Ti.O cwt.
1,1(0
4liocwt.
i.',4()()
Horns
lll,l<-0
V,'Jl<0
1, ".slit II)
i.',ti('()
!'.".,()(
ii,(X)()
Specie .
.Ol.KKi dollars
10,,JilO
.;||,V.'n; dollars
7, !'()()
,;so,7(0 dollars
7(i,!.'(i()
Dvi'wood.s
l."),(l( (1 cwt.
!',( 1.0
,'>,(i(HI cwt.
.■i,(l(,()
lli,(H cwt.
!l,tiO()
I'ish
70,1 /I'd cwt.
S+,()00
4'J,0(.0 cwt,
UU,[U\
(i4...(i0^wt.
77,()0()
Iron hoops
'."-',( no bundles
17,(100
li,(ili() bundles
.'),(« K)
4,(.00 bundles
y,i;(io
Slaves
4(1 1,1 Kill
(i,.<(lO
82o,(i()0
14,8..
702,(H)0
l(i,0(X'
( heese -
a,(«(ic\vt.
t;,(Kj()
l,(Kio cwt.
o,mtt
MJMi cwt.
c.oot
Tar
:(i(i barrels
8(H)
180 barrels
aio
..
lliittcr
r.iicwt.
i.'(iO
._
^.
Iiiili;;!) .
an cwt.
«,((/<)
7."() cwt.
;>i),(i(iO
!«HI cwt.
3»),i)00
I'epper
t (,(l cwf.
1 ,':(i()
81 (1 cwt.
I,(-(0
700 cwt.
1,400
< niiamnii
i.'.".Ocwt.
i(),(ii()
S(.0 cwt.
;;'j,(i()0
l.lxocwt.
4(),«X)
(ir.iin is usually repuseiiti(! as toriniiit,' an important ailiclc in Ihe imports into Itarcelona ; but iti
iniportatiiiii IVoin abroad is prohibited ; and Ihe wants ol the city are supplied either by land carriage from
the interior, or by eoastiiiK vessels Irom Ihe Spai ish ports more to the north.
I t
f
'f i:
m
^ PU
i2r,
n.Aini-LA. iniiK
1
I
lit
4
i
i <• i
(>l tile liii|i{>rU viirnliiMl iiIhinc, tli<' I'ri'.itrr |>iiitiiiii .nr I'li iiilii il liy CiiiM .iliil I'ditci Itiio. Tlic iinpciili
I'rDiii r'r:inr>' art' jUn t'liiMiUi.ilil ' I'lio-c iniiii l.ncLiiiil, wliiili itcic ciiiii' very l;ii'i;i', liavc ilwiinlliil lit
iilinoil iiiitliiiii^' I III' iiiil\ |;<iii,ls iiMVv i'|ii'iilv iiii|Miili'.l liiMii till' il llii'.iiii, III' null liiiii|i^, lianltv.m , ami
HI ml It'll >lilll'i, ami llii'M' III (nil ^11 1. ill i|iiaiiliii('s Iimicsii vr iinhri' I'i'.li i:< |ii iiir.|ially i>ii|i|iliril liy Swiilrii
aiiil Dciiiiiark. SiiiiijtKlini'i parlu iilail) iii IhImiiii ami |iiiiilt'il I'lilluiin, m I'lii i led iiii U) a ciiiiMili'ialilc
I'XilMlt.
Htpdi/s — Tlic iiiiiiri|ial rxiiinl-i art' wruiij.lit fcill.H, mi.ip, tiri'-.iriiis, (laprr, lial', larri, riliiinN, "Ircl,
>Vr. Hill nil Vt'SHrls, I'Hri'pl a irw lli.il lakr <ili lioaril iiiaiiiil'iiiiiiiil kuihK lor tin- Spanish XS'rsI llll:ll'^,
nil' liiaiK'il lu'i'f , ami I'vi'ii IIiIh liaili' Il iiiiii'h lallcii nil'. Ipwanl- iil ^ihmi liaml.i iim'iI liuiiinly In hi-
fiiiplovcil ill llii' lily III till' liKiiiiil.irlinr i>( ^llll^s Inr llir ■'lllll|H^^ ; liiil tlii'ir rxpoi'l lia> mnv iiraily
ci'isi'd I 111" riillciii III iiiiilarliiii' li c» iii iili' mhih' pni^'ii ^s hi ilir hiwii ami itt virliiily, anil is im-Ha-nii;.
I III' prini'ipalai'tiilr> nl ii ilivr pimliiii' lliat ('alaliii:ia lias (n txpiiil arc iiiixt roiivi iiiiiilly kliippril al \ il-
laiiiiva, I'airaKiiii.i, anil Salmi I'lny rmiMisI iilwiiii', liramly, iiiil>, aliiiiiiiil'<, nak liaik, »iiiil, Irnil^, Ac.
Ol llu'Si', ('iili.i t.ikr- annnalU alimil IJ.dlKI piprs iil wnii', wnrlli al m> avrraKi' 1/ pi'r pipi', ami ,il' "il :,i i>il
(iipi's III liramly, U'orlli S/. prr ilii ; .s.iiilli .X^nrrira, lii.niHI pipi-s uT iviiir, ami li.lllKl ilii liramly, llii'iiiiilli
III lliiriipi', '.',IKKI p III'" III Willi', .Mill .',iilill ilii lii.imly. .\ i;ihiiI ilral iil liramly is sriil In (ul,/ mil (rltr :
niosi p.iil lit I III liiriinr liml.s il> wa> iiiln Ilir » iiii' i anils al Xiii's ; aiiil llir l.illt'r, liriiiK imiivimiI Ii\ I Iil'
t anal III l.aiixuilni' li> tlii' (i.iruniM', is ii.snl in tlir pri'p.ir.hiin nl I III' wiiii s nl' llnrili'anx . I'lnni '.'.i.lilill In
.'.'11,111111 lia){i nl' mils arc aiiinially .sent lioiii T.in.iKniia tn lai);laml. Tarr.ixmia alsn c.\pnrl!> aliniil I'.'.i IK)
III ;s III' alinniuls.
in l.S il, iiiily 1 .'.S I'liii'inn ships, nl' llic Imrili'ii nl' I."),! 'd Inns cnlcrcil llarrclnii.'i. ()('lhcsc,.;i wrri'Tiisian,
'J I .S.inliiii.in, i'l .Swi ilisli, IK liiiKlisli, 1 1 I'ri'iirli, .S .Aiiniir.iii, .-ir. Tlii' sliips liclniiniiiK In llir purl r ii ly
nil nil InMiKii trailc cxrrpi In I In' Spanish Wcsl Imlii.s ; II icy .irc lew in ininilicr, aiiil arc il.iih ilccii aMiij:.
'I'linsc cii>;.i.i^i'il ill llic I'lias! inj; tiailc arc iisiiallv nl' very. small liiiiiicn The iiistniiis iliiu in llic same
yc.ir dill mil'i'xcecil |(Ki,n<l(i/.
^ We li.ive ilcrlveil these ilelails I'rnni vanniis sniirccs ; lull priiir p.illy I'rniii the Cuiisiil's .liisirri to Cii-
cii.'t:) ()iiri lis, ami I'lniii /«i,'//.v.v'ii Sjhiiii in I.^.IU, »iil. ii. p|i. .;S't- ;s,'. anil ,'Jii-.'.)
IJ.MJII.L.V (\h\. S,i,l,i ; l''r. Siiiiili; liitnllc : (.iif. .Vi»/,/, Hanllii : II. Il,ir,iiili,t ;
I'ort. Slit, In, Hiinil/i'i: Uiis. .Vhi'/kh/.i/ ,■ S\>. Ilnnillii: .Vrali. A'l'//'), cai'liiiiiah' iil' mkIii —
(si'c* Ai.K.\i.ii':s), i"; tiiimil iiiillvi- in I liin^.iry. I''.;.cy|il, and iniiiiy dIIici' I'oiiiilrii's. Il is
l;!r^i.'ly ii'i'il liy I>1.* u'lu'i's, intiiiiiriu'tiii'i'i's iil" liaril soaps, •i;lass-iiiakt'|-.s, \c. 'I'lii- liaiilla
111' I'limini'fi'c I'liiislsis lit' till' aslii's ol" several iiiariiic aiul dllicr plants }ii'o\vin<i on tlii' sea-
sliorc. Till' lipsl. or .Mieaiil liarilla. is picpaieil rioin tlic Siilmilu smln, wliieli is very
I'stcnsively cnllivak'd lor lliis piirpii-.c in llic /iiurln of .Ajiircia, and otlii'r places on tlic
eastern sliori's of Spain, -( 'roirn.^i mi's 'I'liirils in S/min, vol. iii. p. l"),'). ) I'lic plants arc
gatlicrcil in Scptcmlicr, dried, and luiriu'd in Cnrnaccs healed so as to lirinff the ashes iiilo
a state ol' inipcrlcct {'nsion, wlu-n thi'y concrete into liaril, dry, cellular masses ol'a f^ri-yisli
lilue colour. .Sicily and TcnerilVo produce pioil hariila, hut inferior to llinl of Alicaiit
ami I'ailhajreiia. Kelp, which is a less pure alkali, is funned by the incineration of ihi;
I'onnuon sea-wr.ick. — ( .See Ki i,r. )
The Saracens estahlished in Spain .seem to have licen the (list who introduced the
iiianiifu'tiire of liarilla into I'.iirope. They called the pi, nits employed in its prepar-
ation /,■,(// ,• and this, with the .Vr.ihic article nl prclixed, has given rise to the inodeni
chemical term alkali.
Of ISI.(i'J!> ewt. of hariila imporli'd into (J real niilain in IS.'iJ, <;l,f>_'l cwt.
fiime from .Spain, !».■;,()!•.■) from Tciierille, ;iiid '_';!, HUT from .Sicily. The values of
these species are, for the most part, in the prnpurlion of aliont !'_', !», and lO; that
is, if -Spanish barilla fetch I'J/. a ton, TeneriU'e liarilla will fetch <)/., and Sicilian It)/.
Prime iniality in barilla is to be distiiifjuished by its stroiif; smell v\ hen welled, and by
its whilisli colour. I'artieiilar attention shoulil be paid to have as little small or dust
as iiossihle. The duties on barilla ha\e recently been very eoiisiderably reduced.
--(.See T.MiiiK.)
Ai. ill! average of the three year? riuliiiK with l^s '>l, the h.irilla entereil Inr liniiie eiiii.siniiplioii amnunteil
tn ■J'l.'i.'.'S!! ewt. a year, bi IS.!'.', it prmliueil l.i, >-'"/. S.v. :,i. iielt revenue.
n.VllK. the outer rind of plants. 'i'liere is .-ui immense variety of h.irks known in
I'oiumeree, as cinnamon, Peruvian bark, oak bark, ipui'citron, I've. Tlu» li'iiii •• bark "
is, however, ji;eiierally employed to express either IVniviaii bark, or oak bark ; and it is
these only that we shall describe in this place.
1. Prniriiin or Jisiiits' Ihiik ( I'r. Qitiiniiiiiiu : (ler. Knui-i/iinn ■ Dii. Cliinii-luisl ;
.Sp. Qiiiiiii, Qiiiiniiiiiiit ; I<at. Qiiiiniiiiiiii, Cor/i.r Piriiriiiiiiis). There are three prin-
cipal species of this bark known in commerce, which have been I'laboralely descrihed by
Dr. \. T. I'homson, from whose account the foliowincr jiarliculars are selected.
The first species is the /mlr bark of the shops. It is the produce of the CiiichoiKi
liiiui/hliii, and is the orijjinal cinchona of I'eni. It is now very scarce. It is imported
in chests covered with skins, each containini; about '-'(X) lbs,, well jiacked, liiit peni'rally
mixed with a (niaiititv of dust aiul other heteroi;eneous matter. It consists of pieces
8 or 1(1 inches lonj^, some of them beiufj scarcely one tenth of au inch thick, siiifjly
and doubly (piilled, or rolled inwards; the ipiills, jienerally, beiiif^ in size from i\
.swan's tniill to an inch and a h.ilf. If is internally of a jiallid fawn or cinnmuon liui';
but ajiproxiinates, on beinc; moistened, to the colour of a pale orange. \\'lien in sub-
stance it has scarcely any odour ; but durinij; decoction the odour is sensible, and
agrcvablv .iromalic. The taste is bitter, but not unpleasant, acidulous, and austere.
The seeoiul s])ecies, or red bark, is obtained I'lom tlie (^iiirluiiiii ohlniii/ifiiliit, growing on
till' Andes. It is imported in chests containing froui 100 to 150 lbs. each. It consists
r.AULl.V.
VJ\
iiitod
Jl is
is/ ;
r'v.:-
Ollll
•lid
t'llly
."I'CS
ly
I a
m-;
ub-
iiul
on
isl3
of variously '.i/nl piocfs
iiilciiuil I
111!
iirt IS woikIv, anil
ist (if llii'in flat, lull
lie )i.'ll'll:illv <|lllll('ll (11° lulu (
I. Tl
I di' a rust red rnlinii : il lias a weak, piiiiliai niloiir ; and it
tasU- IN iiiiii
Il liss liitU'i'i lull liiiii'c aiislrrc and iiaiisrnns, than llial dI'iIm' uIIici liail
'I'lif Ihiiil s)ufics, or yi'llinv liat k ofllii' shops, is olilaiiud lioiii llic Cim/i
mill (■(//■(
///f./;.,
};niwin^ in
I'll
tinilti .iiid Saiila I'r. Il is iiniiorli'd in i-lu'sis I'onlainiii;; Iroiii '.(I Ui lOO ll,s.
H oi- lo iiK'lu-s loiif^, Ko\,j- t|iiillrd, linl tin- j^icalir part
consislm^c III pii'ci's
llal. 'I'lic inltrioi- is ol' a vtllow colour, passinjr to oian;.'f. Il lias ni'arly llif saiiiu
odour III di'coclion as
asliiiif^i'iil It'iliiiir will
I Ik- p;
III!' laslt' is molt- liillcr and less aiislcrc, and il rxcilcs no
Tl
If ^;<'
iiliii'SN di'iTcascs when llic I'oloiii' \ariis I'lciin
oiaiij^i' yi'llovv lo pali- yillow ; wIumi
Ih' rrji'cli'd
if a (lark I'tiloin, liclui'iii red and vi'lloiv, il slioiild
It is lurdii'ss lo add, llial l>aik is oic of (lie niosl valnahli- inidical rciiicdiis. 'Ilic
Iiid
iaiis wi'ic iinattpiaiiilcd «illi its uses, wliicli si'ci
II lo liavi' lu'i'ii liisl disciiviTid hv Hit'
.Icsnils. Il was iiilrodinrd iiilo lliiroi
in I*;:!'..', bill was not cxU-iisivi'lv lived till llit-
lalli'r pari of tlii' si-vi'iiti'i'iilli <i'nlniy. .Accordii
lo iM. I liiiiilioldl, lilt' Ji'Miils' liaik
anniiMlly v\\
ili'dridiii America ainonnts lo IVoiii I '.!,()(X) to I 'l,(H«) <|niiilals. Ol'tlnvc,
(KM) a'lv I'lirnislu'd by Santa Vv, and Moby l-oxa; IVrii ruriii'.liing tlic rcniaindir,
iliicli is shipped al (allao, (iiiayaipiil, ilc.
(),i/; lliiih ( l''r. /;
//,' /,( (■/,,■
(ler. i'.iiliiiiiiiiilf : 1 1. Curlitiiii ililln (Jiivriiili
La I. Q
iiiiriis rm
/(•(). The bark of Ihe coinnioii oak is a poweil'iil asl iin;rclil, and is
lor lanniiiir leallu'r. The bark ol' the larch is now,
t of oak bark is very considerable; bit.
IS Siiliir), bark lor laiiiiinfi aiid
preferied lo all other vnbslances
however, used Tor the same purpose. The import <
owiiif^ lo the cork Irei' liein^ a species ol' oak ( (Jii
<ork bark are iisiMJIy inived loL'ellier in the parliametilai y returns. 'J be lalUr, I ow-
-,'■,;:', d,>t -. not amiinnl lo a lentil part ol'tlie whole ipi.intily iinporled. The imports of
both sorts aiiioiinled, in lH:il, to <i:ll,()7.'i cwt., which is ahont the avcra<;e iniport.iiion.
or this ipiantity, no less than »;<t.S,. '!()•! cwt. wi'ri' brought Croiii the Nelhi'rlands ( llol-
l.md and lieljL';iuin ), ri''.,','l:t7 cwt. froiii (iciinaiiy, i\t: Corl luirk is alnii>st (iitirily
iinporled I'loin ll.ilv, .'spiiiii, and I'orln^'al ; the imports from tliein beiii};, in ihi' aliov(.'-
iiK'iitioned ye;ir, Italy !».'), It;;! ewl., .Spain 7H,()(;7 cwt., :iii<l I'ortiifriil didy l.'''7t:wl.
The ipialily of h.'irk varies ;iceoi(liiii_j lo the si/e and afj;e of the tree, the season when it is
barked, (S:e., so nnuh, thai Ihe price v.iiies, ;il this inonient, from ahont .'^/. to aiioiit Id/,
per t<in. 'I'lie duty, whicii is I :<.s. li/. :i Ion, prodnci'd in I H.'i'J, in (ircat liiilaiii,
•-".', L'.T I/. 0.S-. -,il. lull".
(inercilroii is the b.n k of a spec
o.'ik trtc ( (Jiiirnis liiiilniiii). It is not used, at
le.ist in this country, for tanniiii!:, but for imparl iiifi a yellow dye to silk .'ind wool. It
i'. princiji.dlv imixaled I'loiii Norlli America. The price variis, tit present, aceordiiif^ to
liie ipiaiitv, fro
lilioul 1 '_'.■■■. <;</. lo I.
a cwt., (Inly ( l.v. ) iiicl
(led.
At .■
Ill .-ivcrage of
Ihi' lluee years endiiifj; with ISIil, the cntriis fcr home consuniplion were L','/,<)1.') twt,
a yi'ar.
We are indeiiled for the (liscoxtiy and ;ippli('ati(iii of the nsi'fiil pro)icrlies of (jiicr-
ci I roll to Dr. l!ancrofl. The doctor obt.'iiiu'd a patent for his invention in 177.'<; but
llie American war hre.ikin;; out soon al'ler, deprivi'd him of its ;idvant;ijfi's. In consi-
<leratioii of this ciicinnslaiice, |'.;u liamenl pa'sed, in I7H.^, an act ( 'J.G (ieo. ;i. <•. l!H.)
^eciuiiif; lo him the pri\ ilet.'es conwyed by his |ialcnl for 11 years. At tJic cxpira-
ti('ii of the latter period, the I louse of Commons ajrrei'd to I'Xleiid the; doctor's ]>ri-
vilijie for an ;id(!ilion.il 7 vi'ars ; but the llonsi' of l,(ir(ls rejected the bil
IJki
to.) many discoverers, Dr. Iiaiicrol't proliled but little by his invention, tlioujj;h it has been
of fjreat tise to the arts and inanufaclines of the coiinlry. — ( See Ilaiicrnfl on I'triiiaiiriil
<'('/i)ii)x, vol. ii. p. ]]'J., .■ind the liijunt <>/' ///(• Coniiiiiltir nf t/ic J/oiisc of Comiiwiin on
I'li/iiils, .■Ijijiinili.i; p. 17.'>. )
Oak liark, tlip prddiicc of r.in(i|ir, is iKil lo lie impoilcd into tlic Uiiilcd Ki ipdoitl for lioiiic coiisiiini)-
lioii, ('\('i'|il ill Itiilihli shi|'S, (ir in ships oT tlie ciiiintiy (if vvliicli it is the priHiiicc, or in ships (if the
ciiiMtrv rriiin which it is linpiirtcd, on pain ol I'orlcitiiig lliO(;ij(ids, and [U)/. by the iiiaiiter oi' the vosscl. —
(7 \- si.'i-u. I. c. ,W.)
IJ.AULMV ( Fr. Ori/f ! (Jer. avrnlvniiritiipcn ; I)ii. Ui/ii ; If. Orzn ; Sp. Cubiuln ;
Run. I'lilsihiiirii ; I,at. Ilitiilviim ; Aral). Dhoinrn ; 1 1 ind. ,/(/»< ), a species of broad-.corii
(■ /i'i)r(/(«m Lin. ), of which tlu're are several varieties. Jt is extensively cultivated in
most Kiiropean countries, and in most of tlie temperate districts of Asia and Africa.
It may also be niised between the tropics; but not at a lower elevation than ffoin .'5,1)00 to
■1,(H)() feet, and then it is not worth ciiltivalin}f. Larf^e ipiantities of barley have been,
for a lonjfthened (leriod, raised in (ireat liritain.' Kecently, however, its cultivation lias
been supposed, Ihouffh proliably on no ffood grounds, to be declining. In 17*)'.'),
i\Ir. Charles Smith esiimaled the nnniher of barley et)nsuiners in Kiijrlaiul and Wales at
7;i!),(X)() ; and .-is a larji^e proportion of the ]iopulation of Wales, Westmoreland, and
(^nnberland continue to subsist chiclly on barley bre.-id, wc are inclined to think that
this estimate may not, at i)rc.ei;t, be very wide of the mark. Uiit the principal dtinand
t i
H
.1 '
t»
^
l! !r »|
ri^:
l,.K ; .
I;
l'2'2
HAHLi: V.SU(iAU.— IJAUHA IKV.
for iKirloy in (iii'ut Hi-ilMiii is (or coiivi'rsion info iii.iit, to Ik- usi'd in tlic iManntacturc of
nil', porfor, and llrilisli spirits; and llioiifili its i'(»nsiinipiiiin in this way lias not I'ortairdy
ini'ri'asud propiirtionally to tlu' increase of wealth and population, still tliiri' doi's not
Sfcni to 1)1' any itiroinids lor Mi|)posinf; that it lias diininislu'd. Harloy is also uxti'iisivi'ly
iisfd in latti'iiini^ black fatllis lio;,fs, and poultry. It now ;,'i'iR'rally follows turnips, and
is a vi'ry iin|)ort.'iiU crop in the rotation licst adapted to lifrht soils. 'I'lic principal harlcy
counties of l';n;;laiid are Norfolk, Suffolk, Cainhrid^o, liedford, Herts, Leicester, Not-
tinjrhain, the upper parts of Hereford, Warwick, and .Salop. 'I'he produce varies,
according to soil, preparation, season, \-c., from ahout '_'() to fit) or 70 hushels an acre.
The most usu;il crop is from 'JX to 'Mi or ;!.H bushels. The Winchester liiisliel of pood
Knplish liarley neiierally weiffhs ahout 50 llis., hut the best Norfolk l)arley sonietiincH
weighs .Tii or .'il lbs. Its produce in (lour is ahout I'Jlbs., to II lbs. prain. Harley
is a tender plant, and easily liurt in any stape of its growth. It is more hazardous than
wheat, and is, fienerally speaking, raised at a fjreater exiieiise ; so that its cultivation
shuidd not be atttempted except when the soil and climate are favoiirabie for its fjrowtli.
— (For details as to the jjrices o( barley, the (juantities imported and exported, I've, see
CoKN Laws AM) Corn 'I'kaih:. And for furthtr details as to its cunsuinjition and
culture, see Smi/h'x Triir/!< on l/ic Cuni Truili; L'd ed. p. IH'J. ; Urowit on liiinil .[ifitirs,
vol. ii. p. •!'_'. ; I.oin/oii's Eiici/c. of .l(/iitii/tnir, iVc. )
HAllLKY-Slj'GAIl ( I'r. Suni- it'on/v ; (ier. Cirstcniuchir ; It. Pfiinito ; Sp. .//.
feniijUi; ; Lat. Alfilnniv), a jireparation of supar, candied with oraiifie or lemon ])eel.
IJAllll.VTllS', in navi<ration, is, in it', most extensive sense, any fraudulent or un-
lawful act committed by the master or ii';irii;ers of a ship, contrary to their duty to tlieir
owners, and to the i)reju(lice of the latter. It appears to be derived from the Italian
word hiirnitritrv, to cheat. It may he committed by runiiin<r away with a ship, wilfully
carryiii}^ her out of the c(nirse prescribed by the owners, delayiiifj or defealiiif^ the
voyajjfe, desertiiif^ convoy wit bout leave, sinkinjr or deserting the slii|), emhezzlinp the
cargo, smuggling, or any other oU'encc vvlierLby the ship or cargo may be subjected to
arrest, detention, loss, or forfeiture.
It is the practice, in most countries, to insure against barratry. IMost foreign jurists
liold, that it comprehends every fault which the master and crew can commit, wlietlicr
it arise from fraud, negligence, iiiiskill'ulness, or mere iniiirudeiice. Hut in tliis country
it is rided, that no act of the master or crew shall be deemed b.irratry, imless it proceed
from a crimiiuil or fruiiilitkiil motive.
" Barratry can only be committed by the master and mariners liy some act contrary
to their duty, in the relalioii in wliich they stand to tlie owners of the ship. It is,
therefore, an olfeiice against them, and conse(|uently ;in owner himself cannot commit
barratry. He may, liy his fraudulent conduct, make himself liable to the owner of the
goods on boanl, l)ut not for Ininii/ri/. Neither can l)arratry l)e committed against the
owner, icifh /lis foiinciit ,- for t!iou;A'li lie may be liable for any loss or damage occasioned
hy the misconduct of the master to wliich he consents, yet this is not barratry. Nothing
is more clear than that a man can iie\er set up as a crime, an act done by his own
direction or consent." — (Murs/mll on /mtiirdna; book i. c. I'J. § fi. )
When, therefore, the owner of a ship is also the master, no act of barratry can be
committetl ; for no man can commit a fraud against himself.
It is a maxim in law, that fraud shall not be presumed, but must bo clearly jjroved ; .ind
it is a rule in rpiestions of insurance, that he who charges barratry must substantiate it
by conclusive evidence.
It is not necessary, to render an act barratrous, that it should be committed with a
criminal intent as respects tiie owners, in order to injure them, or to beiielit the captain
or crew. It may even be committed with a view to iironiote the owner's interests ; for
an illi'(/iil act done without the aiitiiority or jirivity of the owners, and which jiroves
detrimental to them, is barratry, whatever be the motives in which it originated. Lord
Ellenborough, in an able judgment, has laid it down as cle.ir law, " that a breach of
duty by the master in res])ect of his owners, with a fraudulent or criminal intent, or <m'
iwilrficio, is barratry; tliat it makes no difrereiice whether this act of the master be
induced by motives of advantage to himself, malice to the owner, or n ilisrci/nnl of t/iosa
hiirs which it wiis liis tliify to (itw;/ ; and that it is not for him to judge or suppose, in
c.ises not intrusted to his discretion, that be is not breaking the trust lejjoscd in liim,
wlicn he endeavours to advance the interests of his owners l)y means which the law
forbids, and which his owners also must be taken to have forbidden."
The circumstanci.' of the owners of ships being jierinitted to insure against the barratry
of the master and mariners can hardly fail, it may be not uncharitably ^iresmned, of
rendering them less scrupulous in their in<purics with res])ect to their character than
tliey would otherwise be. I'erhaps, therefore, il might be expedient to ]>roliibit such
insurances, or to lay some restrictions upon them. They were, indeed, expressly for-
bidden by tlie Ordin.'uice of KotU'rdam; and Lord .Manslield, whose authority on nil
,'■ ?
BAHUKL. — IJATAVIA.
123
with :i
|c<i]itairt
]ts ; for
])r()vt's
I.onl
■ai'li of
or f.v
Ltor 1)0
/' ///(>.s<;
lovo, in
|i liiin,
le law
Irratry
jwl, of
Ir than
It such
ly for-
m all
points foniv'ttcil with the law of iiisinanii' is so dosiTvi'dly h'mU, siiins to have thought
thai it woiilil lie well to exiliuli' harratry entirely from policies, and to censo " in(ikin;^
the underwriter hecoiiie the insnrer of the conduct of the captain whom he does not
n])point, and cannot dismiss, to the owners who can do either." Hut thoujjh it were
expedient to iireveni the owners from miikinj; an insurance of this sort, nothing lan lie
more ivisonahle tlian that tliird parlies, who freight a ship, or put goods on hoard,
shoidd he allowed to insure ugainst sucli a copious source of loss. — ( For a further dis-
cussion of this suhject. see thi- article ."Mauink Issi ham i: ; and Mitrsluill on ln»iiriiiici;
book i. c. l'_'. § (»'., and I'ltrk tin liisiimmT, c. .).}
Owners, masters, or seamen, who wilfully cast away, hum, or destroy ships, to the
prejudice of freighters or insm-i'rs, incur the penally of death. — (.See .Skamkn.)
ii.VUUML, a cask or vessel for holding li(pu(ls, particularly alu and heer. l'"ormerlj
the harrel of heer in London contained only ll'J ale galhms ^ ;j'_'l Imperial gallons: hut
it was enacted hy -lii (ieo. ;). c. (>'!».. that :i() gallons of heer should he taken to he a
harrel; and hy the (i Gen. I. c. .W. it is enacted, that whenever any gallon measiue is
mentioned in iiny excise law, it shall always he deemed and taken to he a standard Im-
perial gallon. At i)resent, therefore, the harrel contains :!(.' Imiierial gallons. It may
be worth while observing that tlie barrel or cask is exclusively the ])roduce of Kmopeail
ingenuity; and that no such article is known to any nation of Asia, Africa, or America,
who have not derived it from iMu-opeans.
BARWOOl). a red dye wood hrought from Africa, jjarticularly from .Angola, and the
river (JalKion. The dark red which is eonnnonly seen u|)on Hritish ll.mdana h.indkercliiefs
is for the most i)art produced hy the colouring matter of barwood, saddened by sidphatc
ufiron. — {lidncroft an Co/ours.) The imjjorts of barwood, in 18'J!>, amounted to 'J'lG
tons l,') ewt. It fetches at jiresent ( October, lK;j;!j from <)/. to 11/. a ton (<luty on.
included) in the London market.
H.VSKETS ( Fr. Curlwilli's ; (ier. Koihc ; It. Paniirv ; Sj). Cttnaxtns, C<inastos ;
Hus. Korninii) are made, as every one knows, principally of the interwoven twigs of
willow, osier, birch, ike, hut frecpicntly also of rushes, splinters of wood, straw, and
an immense nimiher of other articles. They are used to hold all sorts of dry goods, and
arc constructed of every variety of (piality and shape. JJesides the vast (juantities pro-
duced at home, some of the liner kinds are imi)orted under an ail valitrtm duty of '.^O jier
cent. In 18:!'J, this duty produced l,()ll/. T.s. !)(/., showing that the value of the foreign
baskets entered for honw consumption in the same year had been 5,L''_'U. 18.<. 9f/.
HAST, for straw hats or honneis. See Hats.
IJAT.W'IA, a city of the island of .Java, the capital of the Dutch possessions in the
East Indies, and the i)rincii)al trading jjort of the Oriental islands, in lat. f>^ I'j' S., long.
106° 'v\' E., situati'.l in the north-west jiart of the island, on an extensive bay. The
harbour, or rather road, lies between t!ie main lantl and several small uninhabited islands,
which, during the boisterous or north-western monsoon, aHbrd sufficient shelter and
pood anchorage. Shijjs of tVom 'i to ,•■)()() tons anchor at about a mile and a half
from shore. A small river runs tlui)ii;;h the town, navigable for vessels of fnnn 'JO to
40 tons, frnin the sea, a couple of miles inland; a lunnber of canals branch off from it
into difll'fent p:n-ts of the town, allijrding great cdiiveniehces for trade, liatavia was
formerly io notorious for its insalubrity, tli.it (./eneia! Daendeis was anxious to transfer
the seat of government to .Sourali.iya ; but being thwarted in 'his, he set about building
a new n, a little further inland, on the heights of Weltevrei. whither th. overmnent
ofhees u ■ immediately removed. 'S\ .st of the principal n liants havi now their
residences m the new town, repairing oni ■ to the old city, when bu .:;ess requires it, during
a portion of tlie day. In conseijuenee, ; lie old town is at present ])rincii)ally occupied by
Chinese, and the descendants of the ancient colonists, sexiral of its streets havii.;r been
deserted and demolished. Hecently. however, flie Huron (apellen, whose enlightened
administration will long be gratefully rememl)cred in Jav: sensible of the superior
advantages of the old town as a place of trade, exerted hin.^elfto prevent its further
decay, by removing the causes of its uidiealtbiness ; to accomi.lisli which, he widened
several of the streets, filled up some of the canals, ;nid cleaned otl/irs, demolished useless
fortifications, &e. ; and the effect of these judicious measiu'es ha- been, that Hatavia is
now as healthy as any other town in the island. The po|)ulation, according to an accu-
rate census taken in 18'J4, consisted of :i.0'_',> I'Airoi)eans and their descendants, 2:5,108
natives, 14.708 Chinese, 601 Arabs, iuid 12,419 slaves; in all, ^):5,861 persons, exclusive
of the garrison. As the popidation has increased since, it may at present be esliinated
at about 60,(XX), independently yf the milita-;. >!' which there are always a consider-
able ninnber. Among the jjrincipal merchai 's are D itch, English, Americans, French,
and Germans. The island of .Java forms tiie mo^. im))ortant portion of the Dutch
possessions in the East, and is, in fact, one of th • finest coUmies in the world. It contains
an area of 50,000 .scpiare miles, with a poi)ul;!tion of 6,0(.K),000 individuals, or 120
to the square mile. The aimual revenue of the Dutch government, which possesses
» t
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
/y
Zi
1.0
I.I
£ US 1)2.0
18
1.25
l'-^ llil'-l
<
6"
►
V
vl
Hiotographic
Sdences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
«?
<(SV
'<*
121.
BATAVIA.
about two thirds of the island, amounts to about 3,000,000/. stcrlincf ; and the military
force amounts to about 15,000; of which not less than 8,000 are European troojjs, being
about one third of the whole Euroi)ean force in British India, which has a ])opuIati(>n
of 90,000,000, and an area of between 1,200,000 and 1, 300,000 sfjuare miles of ter-
ritory.
The staple pro<lucts of the island are rice (of which 25,500 tons were exported in
1828), a variety of pulses, vegetable oils, tobacco, sugar, and coffee. The producti(/ii
of sugar is rapidly increasing. In 1832 the exports were estimated at 200, '"('0
piculs (12,000 tons); l)ut it was su])posed that the exports in 1833 would not .ill
short of 18,000 tons; and as the Dutch authorities have made extensive contracts
witli the owners of large tracts of land to take sugar at very remunerating prices for some
years to come, it has been calculated that the exports of 1834 would amount to 400,000
piculs, or about 24,000 tons. The j)rodiiction of indigo, cocoa, tea, and raw silk, is
making considerable progress. The tin exported from liatavia is brought from Banca,
the copper from Japan, the finer s])ices from the Moluccas, and the pepper from Sumatra.
In 1828, the exports from and imports into Batavia were, in quantity and value, as
follows: —
■ (
f
;li
ft ,:i
i '
■ \
Expo
■ts.
j Imports.
1
Articles.
I'icals of
l.'>i;jli...e:ich.
Florins.
Articles.
I'iciil^ of
13(1 ills etch.
Florin'^.
riitree
410,171
8,0'^4,(I39 Cotton manufactures, Xcilierlands
.
'2,9lii.fr3.i
Mace
III III
!lii,ll/S KnKli,li
.
1,81!I,I3>
Cloves
hM■^
'iiii.M: French -
.
IS.lirO
\iilinci;s
i.iit;
•nl.Vil Woollen ditto Netliirhmds
.
uw,.'>ir>
Itice
41!M:iU
I.IUl.lSfi Knj-lish and French
.
ii;,m;i
nil
l!l,.').'ll
.
6-i.',-,l'^
SuiilT* - • - -
W.JiliO
4'>(i,ll'>4 nrand. amleeneva
.
' ' ^^^^li)
Uiids' nest.1
-
r.H.y.li WhK.s' - . . -
.
1,1 ■ :,MiS
I'itcf goods - " -
-
4!il),l;il (Ipiuni, Levant
6.'.!)
717,6.!9
Jav.i tobacco
-
4lll,lliM lieiiKal
nil
311,3'
Pepper - - - .
s/^ar,
l.)l,"7 Lead - . - - -
2,Mll
711.1)1 'i
Uaitdiid
31,.1IU
lll,.')l«l Copper, Kurope
3.-| 1
4.'., Ill)
.S.ilt
li !,!)■()
lltl.SDO .Japan -
n,(i3i
9SS,il-..->
-lap in and sandal wood
7,«0
yil, 17 1 Steel from the Netherlands
7'^'i
ii'^.iiiM
Iiidiiio*
ISS
'Jl,.-.!,! Kn.inid
4111
l■^l;^•.
Vrriclt
Leg. 633
S'i,3ii'2 Sweden
IMl
.'),HI2
Hide, - . . .
-
6'i,l ID Iron from S\ve<le:i
3,'^|l()
'i.l,i7"i
Turmeric - - - •
6,4 IS
4-i,'m Ki.ul.ind
4,.'iU3
l.'i.ii.'.O
IIor»e> .IS 1 (to the Isle of France]
-
3.',,!17.> Netherlands
9,0,13
1.-S,lill3
Torttjise^'iell
37
57,P 1 1 Cotton piece L'oods, llenual and Sf adras
43,'^"0 Cmton yarn Irom the Netherlands
.
7S7,'I17
Jiipan caniphor
48'J
99
1,110
-Articles not specified
-
ii,S.Vj..-,.-ili Uitto FiiKlish
i!43
41,43l»
Treanure
•
1,W!<,'-"J» (i-.mliir (terra Japonica)
■177^S'.4
'^'•'") tHi7
Total
-
l7,4iJ'J,3U Tripanu (Holotlmrion)
Siik and cotton piece goods, Chinese
-
3SI),'JC1
manufacture - - -
.
,uo,7ni
Marine stores - - . -
.
Wi.'iM
Articles nut speLitied
.
3,3s3,,'j9fi
'1 reasure - •
■ ;
'/,Glii,7()7
Tottil
I7,970,t)ai
"'he following Table shows the diffl'rent Countries with which Bat.ivui carrie
of the Lxpcrt ami Import Trade witli each, in ISiiS.
h Bat.ivui carries on Trade, and the Value
Imports.
Exports
From
Men-ban-
Treasure,
Total.
To
Merchan-
dise.
Treasure.
Total.
/■VuriHJ.
Ftoriiis,
hhtritm.
Ftm-ins.
Florins.
Florins.
Netherlands
r>,45<j,Hr)2
1,04)1,1)13
7,-iiii,7i;j
Netherlands
9,188,929
279,601
9,.398,530
Enj^'land
S.',lii.i,;-)15
-
2,1 (!(),:, ir,
Kngland
.
21 0,91)2
16;J,7.>0
366,712
Franco
i:;v>(iJ
-
1,'!9,.'()2
Trance
-
10'-',i;28
7,ftJ0
IK ',278
Hamburgh
i)9!H2
in.s.'jo
70,71)2
Hamburgh
.
8,';, 17+
85,174
1 Ciiiiraltar
18,'.'7.'>
8<»,2.)()
l()7,,'>2r>
Sweden
-
23,6,72
.
23,(i;-,2
' Sweden
,';(),,->8t
.
,';o,^;84
U. S. of Ameri
•a
120,880
.
120,8S()
' U. S. of America
siaiiii
097,210
1.0(J2,37l
Capeof (iootlH
ipc
1,970
.
1,970
j Capcof tiootlH
ope l.li'Ji
1,624
Isle of France
•
" J;8.547
62,523
151,070
Isit of rraiice
ei.o.'ii
21, (!.'-, 1
Mocha
-
28,481
.
28,4S1
I'ersiaii (Julf
1,510
-
1,,'iIO
I'ersiaii Gulf
.
112,957
.
11 -',957
liengal
7;;7,4'2+
10,200
747,624
liomhav
.
3,0,55
.
3,0,55
Siam
131,0(4
.
131, (Ht4
liengal
_
77,497
2,040
79,5,37
Cochin China
4,W)9
.
4,909
Siam
.
77,151
22,78;j
100,2,3(1
China
5sr>,r,m
5,408
590,974
Cochin China
-
21,883
_
21,883
1 Macao
fi.5,t,\'8
• ■
6r>,(i28
('hina
.
1,474,486
87,167
l,5i|,(u.)
Manilla
2<»,!)89
.
29,989
Macao
.
78 3(il
1,5,536
93,897
J.ipan
l,0li7,i>,31
.
1,067,231
Manilla ■
•
.•■5,210
,37,5(H)
72,740
New Holland
7,til3
2,5:<0
10,163
.lapaii
•
291,2(!,3
22,(.50
3)3,313
Kastern Arch
pelago
;J
3,52fi,41,')
793,346
4,319,761
New Holland
Kastern Arch
pcl.igo
:"i
75,083
271,544
1,377
505,314
76,460
4,776,858
Total
- ji5,;3r.y,;387
2,()10,707
17,!7t),094
Total
-
16,290,046
1,209,294
17,499,341
• The quantity of sugar exported in 1829 had risen to 80,000 piculs, and the indigo to 1,200 lbs.
1
Florins.
•i,3l",G3.J
l;Sl!P,l.T.
is,i;rfi
Ulli,.')l.")
lli.Slil
a-ii.rAu
n ^>,^il^ii
i,r ■,>fis
riT.j^^i
311, .TO
7li,li^^
-l.'i.iiii
9ss,ii.-.->
i'^.r.ii.i
I'^i.ii.!:.
.'j.Sli
•i^,■!:'>
i.-.,ii.'i()
l."S,(Hl.l
:s7,^ii7
1,1 IC
41,4.-10
4 77,S'.4
V'i.">,iili7
38n,'JC 1
.ir.f,.70i
■^(ii,'^i!r,
,-,.is.-,,.')!ir,
'.i,ijlii,707
17,'J7l!,oai
cl the Valii*
Total.
■
Fiorina.
9,.;it8,,5.!0
1 3tii>,71ii
i 11IV^"«
8:5,17+
e;i,<w2
12(),8S0
1.!'70
! 151,070
28,4S1
■
n-',y57
ii,or,r,
-<),r,:n
1 10(l,2.'3fj
21, SS.-}
1 i,.5iii,r«,!
9;),S97
72.740
31.1^13
7(i,4t)0
4,7711,858
.-J
17,499,341
; ■£
BATTEN. — BAZAAR.
The Exports and Imports under diflercnt Flags were as follow : —
125
Imports.
Netherlands
English
American (U. States)
Chinese
Siamese
Native
Various other flags
/■VorjH.t.
i-'fllt.
l'J,84 VXIl
88
1,11-8,743
l,7l5,.'30fi
27
472,093
50
014,802
91J
47;5,o8,J
7.)
i''J8,If)3
'."JJ
17,970,0y-t
55
Exports.
Netherlands
Knglish
Krenrh
American (U. States)
Siamese
Chinese
I'ortugucso
V'arious other foreign
Florins.
ll,t>S(i,(l4n
2,3 1 '.',449
lfiii,025
l,.>24,.'i70
,)H,K02
95l,l.!3
lo:),822
3,J4,487
Cent.
2ti
24
M
34
!14
97
17,499,.341 12
In 1828, the Number of Ships and Amount of Tonnage entering Inwardu and clearing Outwards under
;i(lerent Flags were as follow : —
Outwards.
Inwards.
Fl,v?.
NMmbiT of
Vessels.
ToniLiRe in
I.a.sts.
FlDB.
Nunilier of
j \'i.'s3els.
lonn.ico ill
J.a,ts.
Netherlands
84.3
45,^89
Netherlands
- ; 801
4"',ii''4
English
fi8
14,778i
English
54
10,799i
French
9
8.;ii
l-rt'iich
-1 8
09.'J
Hamburgh
Danish
1
l.i7
85
H.inil)urgh
Danish
1
1
1.37
8.">
Swedish
1
nt5
Swedish
- i 1
fi<i
Kussian
1
],-,3
itussiau
1
I.-)3
Spanish
2
420
Spanish
3
505
Portuguese
4
9. 12 J
Portuguese
4
932}
Americ.ui
19
3,110
American
14
2,0,87
Chinese
8
805
Chinese
8
80.1
Siamese
7
,'jos
Siainc?e
9
497i
Other Asiatic
1
2)
813
Other Asiatic
55
804
1,023
r)S,191j
9fi0
fi3,C78
200 lbs.
Xnfc. Taking the last at 2 tons, the quantity of tonnage which cleared outwards will be 136,389, and
iinvanls 12o,.i5fi tons.
Port licgulntinns. — The following is the s ibstance of the port regulations of Batavia : — 1st. The com.
mandcr of a ship arrivi'ig in the roads, is imt to land liiinselC, or permit any of his crew or passengers to
land, until his vessel he visited by a boat from the guard. sliip. — 2d. The master, on landing, is tirst to
wait (in the master attendant, and afterward.s report hiriiself at the police ottice. — 3d. A manifest of the
whole cargo must lie delivered at the Custom-house within 24 hours of the ship's arriving in the roads.—.
4th, The master of a vessel must loilge the ship's paiu-rs with the master attemlant when he tirst lands,
which are duly d<'livcred up to him when lie receives his jwirt clearance from the same authority
5tli. No good;- can he shipped or landed after sunset, under a penalty of 500 florins. — 0th, No go,id.s"can
be shipped on Sunday without a special permission from the water fiscal, which, however, is never refused
on apiilication, — 7th, No muskets or ammunition can be imported; but the prohibition does not extend
to fowling pieces exceeding KM) llorins value,
TVi,-/^ — With respect to the tariff, all foreign woollens and cottons, bring themanufacture of countries
to the westward of the Cape of (iood Hope, imported under a Ibreign flag, pay an ad valorem duty of 2fii per
cent., and under the Netherlands flag, of 12i per cent., that is, a duty upon the wholesale price at Batavia,
not in bond. With the exception of wines, spirits, and o|iiinn, which pay a rated duty, all other articles, if
imported under a foreign flag, pay an nrfi'«/o)-ew duty, rated on the invoice value, of Ifi'.SS per cent, and
if under the Netherlands flag, of 8 19 per cent. Cottons and woollens, the manufacture of the Netherlands,
it accompanied by a certificate of origin, are duty free; but since the separation of Belgium and Holland,
there have l>een no importations of cotton manufactures claiming this privilege, 'fhe export duty on
coffee, if exported on a foreign bottom to a foreign country, is 5 florins per piciil ; if on a foreign bottom
to a |i(irt in the Netherlands , 4 florins ; and if on a Netherlands bottom to a Netherlands port, 2 florins.
Sugar, if exported on a foreign bottom to whatever country, pays 1 florin per picul; but if exported on a
Netherlands bottom to a Netherlands port, is duty free. Rice, on whatever bottom exjrarted, and to what-
ever country, pays a duty of 3 florins per coyang of 27 piculs. Tin, expormd on a foreign ship (o whatever
port, 4 florins per picul ; and by a Netherlands ship, 2 florins per picul The trade in spices is now mono,
polised by the Netherlands Trading Company
Goods are received in entrevdf not only at B.atavia, but at the ports of S.imarang, Sourabava, and
Anjier in .lava, and Khio in the Straits of Malacca, on payment of a duty of 1 per cent, levied'ou the
invoice value.
Money. — Accounts are kept, at Batavia, in the florin or guilder, divided into centimes, or 100 parts,
represented by a coiiper coinage or doits. The florin is a new coin made expressly for India, but of the
same value as the florin current in the Netherlands, It is usually estimated at the rate of 12 to the
pound sterling, but the correct par is 1 1 florins 58 centimes per pound, Uoublcons, and the coins of Con-
tinental India, are receivable at the Custom-house at a fixed tariff; the Spanish dollar, for example, at
the rate of 100 for 2fi0 florins,
H'eigMs. — The Chinese weights are invariably u.sed in commercial transactions at Batavia, and
throughout Java and the other Dutch possessions in India, These are the picul, and the cattie, which
is its hundredth part. The picul is commonly estimated at 12.i Dutch, or 13 i^ lbs, avoirdupois, but at
Batavia it has been long ascertained and considered to be equal to 1.56 lbs. avoirdupois, — (//o^fnrforp,
Cniin d'CFM sur I'l/e de .lava, cap. 8, «;c, ; Eeidence nfOillian Slac/aiiic, Enq. before the Select Committee
of the Howe (if Commons on the Affairs of the East India Company, 1831, and private communications
from the same.)
BATTEN, a name in common use for a scantling of wood 2^ inches thick and
7 wide. If above 7 inches wide, it is called deal.
BAZAAR, a term used in the East to designate a market, or building in which
various articles of merchaiuliso are exiiosed for sale. Bazaars are now met with in most
large cities of Enropc. Tliere are several in London, of which the one in Soho-sqnare
is tiie most considerable.
% il
I'
i;ii
ii
I ,
i !
•f 1
■s i!^
■i:| i 1
)t
;.l
126
BDELLIUM. — BERGEX.
BDELLIUM (Aral). Aflatoon), a gum-resin, semi-pdliidd, and of a yellowish browTl
or dark brown colour according to its agp, unctuous to the touch, l)ut brittle; soon,
however, softeninj; between the fingers ; in appearance it is not unlike niyrrli, of a
bitterish taste, and moderately strong smell. Two kinds have been distinguished : the
opoca/pasum of the ancients, which is thick like wax ; and the common dark sort. It is
found in Persia and Arabia, but principally in the latter; all that is met with in India is
of Arabic origin. The tree whicli produces it has not been clearly ascertained. —
(^Ainsliv's Mtiteria Indica.)
IJEACONS, in commerce and navigation, ])ublic marks or signals to give wiirning of
rocks, shoals, &c. No man is entitled to erect a light-bouse, beacon, &c., witiiout being
empowered by law. The Trinity House corporation are authorised to set up beacons
in wliatuver jjlaees they shall think fit ; and any ])erson who shall wilfully remove or run
down any buoy, beacon, &c. belonging to the Trinity House, or to any other corporation,
individual or individuals, having authority to establish it, shall, besides being liable to
the expense of replacing the same, forfeit a sum of not less than 10/. nor more than 50/.
for everysvich offence. — ((> Geo. 4. c. \25. § 91.) — (See Buovs.)
BEADS ( I'V. liosaires ; (jer. Rostiihribue ; Du. Paternosters; It. Corone ; Sp.
Coronas), small globules or balls used as necklaces, and made of different materials ; as
pearl, steel, amber, garnet, coral, diamonds, crystal, glass, &c. Roman Catholics use
beads in rehearsing their Ave Marias and Paternosters. Glass beads or bugles are im-
ported in large quantities into India and Africa, and also into Borneo and Sumatra.
They are brought jjartly from Europe, and partly from China and the Persian Gulf.
The glass beads sent from England are all im])orted, principally, we believe, from Venice.
Their non-manufacture in this country is said to be a consequence of the excise regu-
lations on the manufacture of glass.
BEANS (Fr. Fcves ; Ger. Buhnen ; It. Fare; Bus. Boohii; Sp. Habas ; Lat. Fabm),
a well-known vegetable of the pulse species, largely cultivated both in gardens and
fields. Its cultivation is of much importance in rural economy, inasmuch as it has gone
far to supersede fallows on strong loams and clays.
BEAVER. See Skins.
BEECH {Fayus sylvutica), a forest tree to be met with every where in England.
There is only one species, the difference in the wood proceeding from the differenee of
soil and situation. A considerable (piantity of beech is grown in the southern parts of
Bucks. It is not much used in building, as it soon rots in damp places ; but it is used
as piles in places where it is constantly wet. It is manufactured into a great variety of
tools, for which its great hardness and uniform texture render it superior to all other
sorts of wood ; it is also extensively used in making furniture.
BEF^F, as every one knows, is the flesh of the ox. It is used either fresh or salted.
Fonnerly it was usual for most families, at least in the country, to supply themselves
with a stock of salt beef in October or November, which served for their consumption
until the ensuing summer; but in consetiuence of the universal establishment of markets
where fresh beef may be at all times obtained, the practice is now nearly relinquished,
and the quantity of salted beef made use of as compared with fresh beef is quite incon-
siderable. Large supplies of salted beef are, however, prepared at Cork and other
places for exportation to the East and West Indies. During the war, large supplies
were also required for victualling the navy. Tiie vessels engaged in the coasting trade,
and in short voyages, use only fresli ])i<)visions.
The English have at all times been great consumers of beef; and at this moment
more beef is used in London, as comjjared with the population, than any where else. —
(For further details with respect to the consumption of beef, &c., see Cattle.)
BEER. See Alk and Bekh.
BELL-METAL (Fr. Metal <k Fonte on de Cloehes ; Ger. Glochengut; Du. Klok-
spijs ; Sp. Campanil ; Rus. Kolohlnaja mjed), a composition of tin and copper, usually
consisting of 3 parts of copjier and 1 of tin. Its colour is greyish white; it is very
hard, sonorous, and elastic. Less tin is used for church bells than for clock bells ;
and in very small bells, a little zinc is added to the alloy. — ( Thomson's Chemistry. )
BENZOIN. See Balsam.
BERGEN, the first commercial city of Norway, situated at the bottom of a deep
bay, in lat. 60' 24' N., long. 5° 'iO' E. PoiJulafion '21,000. The bay is inclosed on all
sides by rugged rocks and islands : the water is deep ; but, owing to the number and in-
tricacy of the passages, the access to the town is attended at all times with a good deal
of difficulty, and should never be attempted without a pilot. Codfish, salted or dried, is
one of the princijjal articles of export ; when dried, it is called stock-fish, and goes chiefly
to Italy and Holland. The cod fishery employs several thousand persons during the
months of February and March ; and the exports amounted, in 1829, to 184,064 barrels.
The herring fishery, which used to be very successfully carried on upon the coasts of
Norway, has, for a good many years, been comparatively unproductive. Whale oil.
i
BEURlliS — BKRVL.
127
skins bones, far, with immense numbers of l()l)s(ers, I'te., arc exported. The exports
of timber from l)er"-eu are inconsiderable, and none has latterly gone to England.
Norway timber is not so large as that bronght from Prussian jjorts, nor so free from
knots- but, iieing of slower growth, it is more eomiiact, and less liable to rot. The
])laiiks are either red or white (ir or pine : the red wood is in-oduced from tlie Seotch
fir- the white wood, which is inferior in price and estimation, is the produce of the
spruce fir: each tree yields three pieces of timber of 11 or 12 feet in length; and is 70
or 80 years of age before it arrives at jierfection. Tlie jjlanks or deals of Bergen are,
however, a good deal inferior to tliose of Christiania. The imports into Hergen \n'm-
fipally consist of grain from the Baltic ; and salt, hardware, coffee, sugai-, &c. from
England.
For Mottles, IVduhls, and Measures, see Christiania ; whore there are further details as to the trade
anJ navigation of Norway. .
VVc subjoin an account of the principal exports from ISergen ui 1829.
lionrs
I'isli, Lobsters
Coil, sniolicd ami i!ry
— ^alt
— roi', <litto
I'ickli'.l -jirats
Horns, o.\ and <ciw
Moss, rock
.00 tons.
C'lO.OOO number.
l.),.;7-) tons.
i;-il-,()i;t barrels.
l,).!l^7 do.
1,1 1 1'-' kcK's.
17.S cut.
1j1 tons.
Oil, wb-ile
Skins, tjoat, buck, and deer
sheep and lamb
fox, martin, otter, &e.
Tar
Wood, timber and deals
staves
2,402 tuns.
4+0 cwt.
7.') do.
!i7 skins.
4.')1 barrels
SH) tons.
8fJ() number.
[Private iiifurniiilhii.'
UEl{Un:.S (liiiccw), the fruits or seeds of many dilVerent species of plants. The
berries quoted in London Price Currents are bay, jimiiier, Turkey, and Persian.
1. 11(11/ Bcrrii'.'i ( I'l: Biiics <lc Litnrkr ; CJer. Loilivvirii ; It. Bacchi di L/tiiro ; Sp.
Btii/ns), the iVuit of ilie Liiiiriis iiohi/is. This tree is a native of the south of Europe,
but is cultivated in this country, and is not unconunon in our gardens. The berry is of
an oval shape, fleshy, and of a dark purple colour, almost black; it has a sweet fragrant
odoiu', and an aromatic asfringent taste. Hay berries, and the oil obtained by boiling
them in water, are imported from Italy and Spain. — ( T/i(.)iis<>it's Disptnuatori/.)
2. Jiinipi.r Jicrries (Er. (jciicrrier ; l)u. Seceitl/ooiti ; It. (Juicpro ; Sp. Eiithru), the fruit
of the couunon jimiper (Jimipi'rits (•(niiiiiuiiis). Tliey are round, of a black purj)le colour,
and re<]uire two years to ripen. They have a moderately strong, not disagreeable, but
peculiar smell, and a warm, jjungent, sweetish taste, which, if they l)e long chewed, or
jireviously well bruised, is followed by a considerable bitterness. They are found in
this coimtry ; but most of those made use of here are imjiorted from Holland, Germany,
and Italy. They sliould be chosen fresh., not nnich shrivelled, and free from mouldi-
iiess, which they are apt to contract in keejiing. On distillation with water, they yield
a volatile essential oil, very subtile and pimgent, and in smell greatly resembling the
berries. The peculiar flavour and diuretic qualities of Geneva depend principally on
the presence of this oil. English gin is said to be, for the most part, flavoured with oil
of tiu'iientine. — (Lewis's Miit. Med.; Thotiis<tii''s Dispt'iisatori/.)
The duty on juniper berries, previously to 1832, was lis. \d, a cwt., being more than
100 /)('(• cent, oti t/icir price in bond. The ojipressiveness of tliis duty seems to have been
the principid reason why turpentine, which in point of flavour and all other respects is
so inferior, has been largely used in preference to juniper berries in the preparation of
gin. This opi)ressive duty .vas reduced, in lf-'".2, to 2s., and we entertain little doubt
that tiiis wise ;ind liberal measure will at no distant period occasion the receipt of a greater
iMuoimt of revenue, at the same time that it cannot fail materially to improve the
beverage of a large ])roportion of the people.
Italian junijier berries fetch at i)rcsent (Sept. 1 8.113), in the London market, from
9.S. (>d. to lOv. (yd. a cwt., duty included ; and German and Dutch ditto, from 8s. to 9s.
3. I'ltrkeij Ydhiw Berries, the unrijie fruit of the Uhamtius iitfccfnriiis of Linna;us.
Tliey are used as a dye drug, in preparing a lively but very fugitive yellow, for topical
njijilication in calico-i)rintiiig. Considerable quantities of them arc exported from Sa-
lonica, to which they are brought from Thessaly and Albania. An inferior .sort is pro-
duced in Erance. — (Bancroft on Colours.) The duty on Turkey berries is 2s. ; and
tlieir i)rice, duty incluiled, in the I-ondon market, is (Sept. 183,'5) '.i4s. to iK>s. a cwt.
•I. Pcrsiim Velloiv Berrien arc said l)y the mercliants to be of the same .species as the
Turkey yellow berries. The colours which tljey yield are more lively and lasting. They
are high priced, fetching (duty 2s. included) from 110s. to IHOs. a cwt. Hitherto the
imports have been very inconsiderable; the whole yellow berries (Turkey as well as
Persian) entered for home consumption during tlie 3 years ending with 1831, being
only 1,93!) cwt. a year. The nett revenue derived from all sorts of berries imported in
18.32, was 3,Ofi2/. 12s. 4d.
15ERYL, called by the jewellers Aqtuttnttrinc. This stone was suspected by Pliny
to be a variety of the einerald ; a conjecture which modern mineralogists have completely
confirmed. The term emerald is applied to that particular variety which presents its
own peculiar coloiu-, or cmrr<dil green ,- while that of beryl is given indiscriminately to
Ml
i
li
'I
J 1 'V ,
1 I. * (. .
I :^;l.
E
,J>
I ii
l!
J 28
BETEL-NUT. — lULBAO.
all tlic otlicr variotics ; us the st'ii p;rc'cn, pale l)liit>, polden yellow, and colourless.
Pliny says tliat the beryl is fouiul in India, and rarely elsewhere; but besides hulia, i.
is found in Peru and Hnizil ; at Nantes and Linioi^es, in l-'nuiee ; in the \\'iekl(nv niouu-
taiiis, in Ireland ; in tlie distriet of C'airn<;orni, in Scotland ; and in various otiier places.
— (I'lin. JJi!>t. Ndt. lib. xxxvii. ea]). 5. ; Kncy. lirit. new edit.)
"Those only wliiili are of ^nnA cnloiir ami sulliciciit depth are nianulactiired ; they have a pretty,
lively elleit, if in gdiid |ir(i|i(irtion and well jioliiilied. l,ar(,'e .■■l()Me>, from one to three and four ounces,
are not nm omnion, but from their hulk are ouly in re(|uest as siiecimens for the (Mhiiiet : smaller stones
Buital)le for necklaces may he boujiht at low prices, within the reach of every desi'riptioii of purch.isers :
ring stones may be liad at a few .Hliillin},'s each ; yiul larger, for brooches or seals, from 1/. to ;V. and often
lower" — (.Vmic on JJiainomls, llfC. M edit.)
BETEL-NUT, on AlllCC.V (Sans, and Hind. Snimri ; Malay, PliKoin ; .Tavan.
Jiiinhi), the fruit of the Anca rtitec/iii, a slender and j^raeeful palm, rising to the lu'i;;lit
of al)out ;50 or 40 feet ; it ])roduces fri.it at the a<re of live or six years, and continues
beariu}^ till its i25lh or ;50th year. The fruit, which is the only i)art of the i);ilni that is
made use of, is eaten botli in its unripe and in its mature state. When ripe, it is of
the size of a small egrr, jmd of an orange colour ; the exterior part consists of a s;(>ft.
spongy, fibrous matter, inclosing a nucleus lesembliiig a nutmeg in shape, internal
structure, and colour, but usually larger, and always ha -der. A single tree produces,
according to its situation, .age, culture. Sec, from 'JOG to >S()() nuts. They are objects of
great importance in the East, forming the principal ingredient of a compound in uni-
versal use as a masticatory in all Central and Tropical Asia. The other ingredients arc
the leaf of the IJetel pepjier — (which see), in which the arcca i.at is wrapjied ; a little
(hiuNAM — (which see) ; an<l generally, but not always, a little catccliu or terra japonic.i —
(see CATia'uu). The whole compound is called bctc/, and is used to an extent of which
it is (liilicult for a European to form a just idea. All individuals, without exception
of age or sex, Iiegin at an early jieriod to accustom themselves to betel. They are >ni-
ceasmgly masticating it, and ilerive a gratilication from its use that strangers can
neitlier understand nor explain. It reddens the saliva, gives a bright hue to the lips,
and, in course of time, renders the teeth (juite black. It is said to dispel nausea, excite
appetite, and strengthen the stomach. IJesides being used as an iirticle of luxury, it is
a kind of ceremonial which regulates the intercourse of the more polished classes of the
East. When any person of consideration visits another, after the first salutations,
betel is presented : to omit it on the one ])art would be considered neglect, and its rejec-
tion would be judged an atlVont on the other. No one of inferior rank addresses a
dignili'jd individual without the previous precaution of chewing betel ; two people seldom
meet without exchanging it ; and it is always offered on the ceremonious interviews of
public missionaries. Tiie arcca nut is, in conseciuencc, an article of very extensive trade.
The countries which yield it most largely for exportation are IMalabar, Ceylon, and
Sumatra. Of the extent of this tr.ade, some notion may be formed from the fact, tliat
tiie imports of areca into Ilengal in I8'i<)-I50, were ()!),) tons, and into Canton 'J,8<)4
tons, though Ik'iigal and Southern China are countries in which areca is largely pro-
duced. — (See the article livfcl in the new edition of the E/ici/. liritdiniica ; Bill's
Rvvk'w of the External CnmmiTcc of licnqal ; Cntwfiird's Indhiit Archipelago, vol. i.
p. 102., vol. iii. ]). 114. ; Chinese. Kalenihir <iiid lier/ister for 18:32, Sn;.)
BETEL- LEAF (Hind. Rln ; IMalay, Sireh ; Javan". Siiro), the leaf alluded to in
t!io foregoing article. It is the produce of a species of pepper vine {Piper hetrl), and
s:);njwh:it resembles the u-y leaf. In tlicir fresii state, betel leaves form an imjjortant
article of Eastern trafKc, being every where used in the prejiaration of betel. 'I'hu
nijier Hi'tk is a scandent i)lant, and poles are ])laced in the gi'onnd, round which it twines
itself. In consequence of the great consumption of its leaves, it is extensively cultivated
throughout Tropical Asia. It grows in the greatest perfection in rich soils close to the
cipiator ; and is raised with more difficulty the further we recede from it. — (Enci/.
Brit'tnnica, new edition, article Betel ; Crnnfunrs Indian Archipehu/o, vol. i. p. 40.'5.)
BEZOAIl {Arab. Faditj ; Hind. Zelier-morah ; Vcru, Padzehr Kanie), a concretion
found in the stomach of an animal of the goat kind; it has a smooth glossy surface, and
is of a dark green or olive cv)lour : the word bezoar, however, has lately been extended
t) all the concretions found in animals; — such as the hoi/ hezmir, found in the stomach
of the wild boar in India; the bovine lirzoai; found in the gall-bladder of the ox, common
i.i Nepaul ; and the camel bezoar, found in the gall-bladder of the camel : this last is
much ])rized as a yellow paint by the Hindoos. 'i"he finest bezoar is brought to India
from Borneo and the sea-ports of the Persian Ciulf; the Persian article is i)articularly
sought after, and is said to l)e ])rocured from animals of the goat kind, Capnt Gazillu.
Many extraordinary virtues were formerly ascribed to this substance, but without ai;y
sufficient reason. — (Ainslie'n Materia Indiea.)
BILB.VO, oil (as it is connnonly, though incorrectly, wrilten in this country) BII^-
B().\, a Rea-i)ort town of Spain, in the ))rovince of Biscay, on the river Ybai Cabalj
about 9 miles from I'ortugaletc. Population 14, ,300.
i
/&
I
M
niLL OF EXCHANGE.— BILL OF LADINC).
129
|[lo(l to in
ilrl), and
mportaiit
'I'liu
it twines
liltivatO(i
w to tliu
( Enci/.
1403. )
Increlion
icc, and
ilLMuk'd
itoniach
tomnion
IS last is
India
■ularly
iazillii.
)ut any
15 1 L-
C'abal,
Port. The bay of Bilbao lirs betwocn I'linto Onlcn on its cast, and I'linlo l.tixurm on ito \vi'.stern side,
rtiitant about .'3 miles. It .strctilics S.R to within ^ of a mile of rorliigali'ti', in lat. 4./ '.u' 10 ' N , long.
8° 5+J' VS., near the month ol' the rivir on whii li liilb.io is Imilt. '1 be water in tlic b.iy vaiics (roni .'i to
10 and 1+ latlionis. There is a bar at the uioiitb ol'the river, between Santurie and rortiiRalete, on which
there is not above 4 I'eet water at ebb tide. IHhIi water at lull and change at .; h. i-, m. .Sprint? tides rise
about \3 leet ; and lart;e shi|)S taking advantage of them nonictinies a.scend the rivi'r as tar as Hilbao j but
they usually load and unloiiJ by linbters, either at I'ortutialete, or at Olaviaga, 4 miles below the town.
Pilots are t(> be bail at Santurie, without the bar. In winter, r. heavy sea sometimes sets into the bay ;
but if the ot cannot go oil; he places himself on one of the batteries to the N.VV. of Santurce, and makes
signals with a red Hag, so as to direct the ship to the best anchorage ground. — i.See l.niiiii's excellent
f/iart lifthc Hay i(f Uisritj/, with the iVi/V/H/f Diiidiuns that accompany it.)
Trrule, — iJilhao is I'avouiably situated for cominercf. Tlie Uiscayans are distin-
guisliud for tliu zeal and courage with wliieh tiiey liavu defended llieir peculiar pri-
vileges, and for tlieir industry and activity. IJiihao and Santander arc the principal
ports through which the extensive province of Old t'astile, and large portions of Leon
and Navarre, most easily eotvunmiieate with ibreigii countries. They have, in eonse-
cjtiencc, particularly the former, a pretty considerable foreign trade. Wool is one of tliu
principal articles of export ; but since tlie introduction of 3Ierino sheep into Germany,
and their extraordinary increase in that coinitry, tiiis branch of Spanish conuneree,
though still of a good deal of importance, has materially declined. Since the abolition,
in 18'J0, of all restrictions on the exjiortation of corn, flour, &c., the shipments of wheat
f om Bilbao have been, in some years, very considerable. The supplies are principally
brought from the provinces of I'aleneia, Valladolid, and Zamora, which yield immen.sc
quantities of wheat. The distance is from 130 to 140 English miles; and owing to the
badness of the roads, and the delicient means of transport, the rate of carriage advances
enorinou.sly when tliere is any extraordinary foreign demand. If the Canal of Castile,
intended to tmite the Douro with IJcynosa, liilbao, and Santander, were completed, it
wotdd make a considerable revolution in this trade. The campos, or plain;;, on the south
side of the Douro, are amongst the finest wlieat countries in the world ; the crops being
frequently so abundant, that tlie jjeasants decline reaj)ing the fields at a distance from the
villages! In 1831, 14G,y34 quarters of Spanish wheat, principally from Bilbao, were
imported into Great Britain. The iron manufactures of Biscay are in a state of con-
siderable activity, and some part of the produce is exported. The principal articles of
importation are wove fabrics, cod-fish, cutlery, and jewellery ; sugar, coflee, cacao, and
other colonial products, spices, indigo, &c. In 1831, 210 foreign ships, of the burden
of 18,8'22 tons, entered the port of Bilbao. The countries to which these ships belonged
are not mentioned ; but in 1828, 49 British ships, of the burden of G,051 tons, entered
the port. — (We have derived these details froin the Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 9.
art. Spain; the Anmiaire du Commerce Maritime for 1833, p. 265. ; the Pari. Paper,
No. 550. Se.ss. 1833; and private information.)
Monies, Weights, and Measures, same as those of Cadiz ; which see. We may mention, however, that
the fanega, or measure for grain, is equivalent to \6o Winchester quarters.
BILL OF EXCHANGE. See Exchange.
BILL OF HEALTH, a certificate or instrument signed by consuls or other proper
authorities, delivered to the masters of ships at the time of their clearing out from all
ports or places suspected of being particularly subject to infectious disorders, certifying
the state of health at the time that such .ships sailed. A clean bill imports, that at the
time that the ship sailed no infectious disorder was known to exist. A stisnected bill,
commonly called a touched patent or bill, imjiorts that there were rumours of an infec-
tious disorder, but that it had not .ictually appeared. A foul bill, or the absence of clean
bills, imports that the place was infected when the vessel sailed. — (See Quarantine.)
BILL OF LADING, is a formal receipt subscribed by the master of a ship in his
capacity of carrier, acknowledging that he has received the goods specified in it on
board his ship, and binding himself (under certain exceptions) to deliver them, in the
like good order as received, at the place, and to the individual named in the bill, or his
assigns, on his or their p.iying him the stipulated freight, &c. When goods are sent by
a ship hired l)y a charterparty, the bills of lading are delivered by the master to the
merchant by whom the sliip is chartered ; but when they arc sent by a general ship, that
i.s, by a ship not hired by charterparty, but employed as a general carrier, — each indivi-
dual who sends goods on board, receives a bill of lading for the same. In all cases
therefore, the bill of lading is the evidence of and title to the goods shipped.
The liability of a carrier, at common law to deliver the goods intrusted to his care, is
cancelled only by " the act of God and the king's enemies." But to limit this respon-
sibility, the following exception is now, invariably almost, introduced into the clause in
bills of lading, binding the master to the delivery of the goods : — " The act of God, the
king's enemies, Jire, and all and every other dangers and accidents of the seas, rivers, arid
navigation, of whattwer nature and hind soever, excepted."
Bills of lading arc not, in general, immediately given by the master on receiving the
goods. The usual practice is for the master or his deputy to give a eoirimoii reccii)t
* f
if :«
• I 1
I 'M I
'. ■ I
! i
130
BILL OF SALE. -HILL OF SIGHT.
for the goods, wliich is (k-livcrcil iij) cm receiving the bill of lading. The latter should
always be required witliiii 'J4 hours after the goods are receivLul on l)()ard.
Tliree sets of all bills of lading are made out on stamped i)a|)er : one of these should
be remitted by the first post to the person to whom the goods are consigned, a second
being sent to him by the shij) ; the third is retained by the shipper of the goods. The
master ought always to retain copies of the hills of lading for his government. A
stamp duty of 3s. is charged on all bills of lading, whether for goods exported or carried
coastwise.
The usual form of a bill of lading is as follows : —
W. B. > .V. //. — SHIITEO, in good order .•iiul well miiditionod, by //. /}, morcliant, in and ii|)nn the
No. I. a. 10. J good ship called whereof ('. I), i.s master, now in the river Tliainos, and bound
lor , the goods tbilowinf;, v z. [//en- discribc the hiuh/s,] marked and numbered
as /)(T margin, to be dehvered, in tlie lil.e good order and condition, at
al'ore.iaid, [t/if act of Gtnl, llic kind's fiiciiiics, Jin; ami nil and every other dangers and
aceideiits af the seas, rieers, and iiaeitiatum, i>f whatever tinlitie atid kind soever, exeepted,)
unto the said //. ]S. or bis assigns, lie or tliey paying Cor the said goods al the rate of
per piece freight, with primage and average accu^tomed. In witness whereof, I the
said master of the said sbiji, have attirmed to three bills of lading, of this tenour and date;
any one of which bills being accomplished, the other two are to be void.
London, this day of , 1HJ4. C. D., Master.
But in the case of ships homeward bound from the West Indies, which send their
boats to fetch the cargo from the shore, the exception in the bill of lading is usually
expressed as follows : — " The fict of God, the king's enemies, fire, and all and every
other dangers and accidents of the seas, rivers, and navigation, wf whatever nature and
kind soever, save risk of boats, so far as s/iips are liable thereto, excepted." Other excep-
tions may be and are sometimes introduced ; but the iibove is the general form.
Transfer of Bills of Lading. — Bills of lading are transferable either by blank or
special indorsement, like bills of exchange. And whatever may be the character of the
person to whom the goods are consigned, whether lie be a buyer, or merely the factor,
agent, or broker of the consignor, the bona fate holder of a bill of lading indorsed by
tlie consignee, is entitled to the goods, and may claim them from the ma.ster, if he can
prove that he has purchased the bill for a ijood consideration ; but unless he cun do this,
he is not entitled to the goods. — {Holt, Laic of Sltippln;/, 'Jd ed. p. SGS,)
Formerly, a factor, though he might sell, could not plethje the goods of his principal.
But the hardship and inconvenience arising from this rule were such, that it was set
aside by the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 94. The second section of this act declares, that any person
in possession of a bill of lading shall be deemed the true owner of the goods .specified
in it, so as to make a sale or pledge by him of such goods or bill of lading valid, unless
the person to whom the goods are sold or pledged lias notice that the seller or pledger is
not the actual and bond Jide owner of the good.s. — (See TArTOR.)
Delivery under Bill of Lading. — It being usual to sign and deliver three bills of
lading, it is possible that there may be conllicting demands upon the captain by the dif-
ferent holders. Nothing, however, is, in sueli a case, required of him, except that he
act with good faith, and to the best of his judgment ; and that he make delivery of the
goods to the person who first demands them of him, upon presentment of the bill of
lading, provided the circiinistances be not such as to justify a suspicion of his having unfairly
got possession of it. If he act differently, he is answerable, according to the jieculiar-
ities of the case, to the person injured by his negligence ; the bill of lading being not
only the instructions of the merchant to him, as his carrier or servant, but his own
especial agreement to deliver according to its conditions.
Where several bills of lading of a different inijjort have been signed, no regard is to
be paid to the time when they were first signed by the master ; but the person who
first gets legiil possession of one of them from the owner or shijiper, has a right to the
consignment ; and where such bills of lading, though different upon the face of them, are
constructively the same, and the master has acted bond Jide, a delivery according to such
legal title will discharge him from all. — {Holt, p. 375. and 377.)
BILL OF SALE, a contract under seal, by which an individual conveys or passes
away the right and interest he has in the goods or chattels named in the bill. The
property of ships is transferred by bill of sale. — (See Ueoistuy. )
BILL OF SIGHT. When a merchant is ignorant of the real quantities or qualities
of any goods assigned to him, so that he is unable to make a jiwrfect entry of them, he
must acquaint the collector or comptroller of the circumstance ; and they are authorised,
upon the importer or his agent making oath that he cannot, for want of full information,
make a perfect entry, to receive an entry by bill of sight, for the jiackages, by the best
description which can be given, and to grant warrant that the same may be landed and
examined by the importer in presence of the officers ; and within 3 days after any
goods shall have been so landed, the importer shall make a perfect entry, and shall either
pay down the duties, or shall duly warehouse the same (3 & 4 WilL 4. c. ,52. § 24.)
In default of perfect entry within 3 days, such goods are to be taken to the king's
'-S
I
BILL OV STORE.— BIKDLIME.
i;}i
iird is to
Irson who
lit to the
Ihem, arc
Ir to such
qualities
Ithem, he
lithorised,
jrmation,
the best
idcd and
lafter any
lall either
§24.)
Ihc king's
warehouse; and if the importer sliall not, williin 1 nionlli, make perfect entry, and
pay the duties tliereon, or on siiih parts as can he enteri'd for home use, tofrettier with
charges of moving and wareliouse rent, sueh goods shall he sold for payment of ths
duties. — § 'J5.
The East India C'omiiany are authorised, witliout the i)roof hefore-itiontioned, to
enter goods hy hill of siglit, and to make perfect entry, and pay the duties within 3
months. — § '20.
HILL or STDUE, is a licence granted hy the Custom-house, to merchants, to
carry sucii stores and jirovisions as are necessary for a voyage, free of duty.
IJy the act 3 & 4 Will. 1. c. r>2., returiud goods may he entered by bill of store, as
follows : • —
Krmn /jth J.nnuary, I.S'ifi, it shall 1)0 lawful to rclmiioit into tlio United KiiiRddm, from niiy place, in a
ship of aiiv country, any (jooils (except .-u herein. after excepted) which shall have been legally exported
from the (jnited Kin(,'<loin, and to enter the same by hill of store, referring to the entry outwards, and
exi)ortation thereof; provided the property in such Koods continue in the person hy whom or on whose
account the same have been exported ; and if the goods so returned he foreign goods which had before
liceii legally imported into the Unitec Kingdom, the same duties shall he payalile thereon as would, at the
time of such re-importation, lie p:iy;il)lc on the like goods, under the same circumstances of importation
as those under which such go.ds had been originally imported ; or such goods may be warehoused upon a
first importation thereof: provided always, that the several sorts of goods enumerated or described in the
list following shall not be re.iniported into the United Kingdom for /wjiie list; upon the ground that the
same had been legally exported from thence, but that the same shall be decmeil to be foreign goods,
whether originally such or not, and shall also be deemed to he imported for the first time into the United
Kingdom j viz.
Goods exported, which may not he re-imported for Home Use.
Corn, grain, meal, flour, and malt ; hops, tobacco, tea.
Goods for which any bounty or any drawback of excise had been received on exportation, unless by
special permission of the commissioners of customs, and on repayment of such bounty or such
drawback.
All goods for which bill of store cannot be issueil in manner herein-aftcr directed, except small rcmnaiits
of Itritish goods, by special permission of the commissioners of customs, upon proof to their satis.
faction that the same are liritish, and had not been sold. — ^ 3.'i.
The person in whose name any goods so re-imported were entered for exportation, shall deliver to the
searcher, at the port of exportation, an exact account signed by him of the jiarticulars of such goods, re.
ferring to the entry and clearance outwards, and to the return inwards of the same, with the niaiks and
n imbers of the packages l)olh inwards and outwards ; and thereupon the searcher, tinding that such
g'lods had been legally exported, shall grant a hill of store for the .same; and if the person in whose UiHtie
the goods were entered for exportation was not the |iroprietor thereof, but his agent, he shall declare upon
oath on such bill of store the name of the person by whom he was employed as such agent : and if I lie
person to whom such rel urns are consigned shall not be such proprietor and exporter, he shall declare
upon oath on such bill of store the n;une of the person for whose use such goods have lieen consigned to
him ; and the real proprietor, ascertained to be such, shall makeoath upon such l)ill of store to the identily
of the goods so exported and so returned, and that he was at the time of exportation and of re-iroportalion
the proprietor of such -gowls, and that the same had not during such time been sold or disposed of to any
other person ; and such alhdavits shall be made before the collectors or comptrollers at the ports of ex.
portation and of importation respectively, and thereupon the collector and comptroller shall admit such
goods to entry by bill of store, and grant their warrant accordingly ^ 34.
BILLINGSGATE, a market for fish, contiguous to the Custom-house in London.
It is held every lawful day, and was established in U)99 hy stat. 10 & 11 Will. '.i. c. '24.
Every person buying fish in Hillingsgate market, may sell the same in any other market-
place or i)laces within the city of London or elsewhere, by retail, with this condition,
that none but fishmongers be permitted to sell in fixed shops or houses. No person or
persons .shall purcha.se at Billingsgate any quantity of fi.sh, to be divided by lots or in
shares amongst any fishmongers or other persons, in order to be afterwards put to sale hy
retail or otherwise ; nor shall any fishmonger engross, or buy in the said market, any
quantity of fish, but what shall be for his own sale or use, under the penalty of 20/. No
person is to have in his jiossession, or expose to sale, any spawn of fish, or fish unsizeable,
or out of season. — (^56 Geo. 3. c. 118.) The minimum size of the lobsters to be sold
at Billingsgate is fixed by statute. — (See Iajbster.)
No fish of foreign taking or curing, or in foreign vessels, is to bo imported into the
United Kingdom, under penalty of forfeitme, except turbots and lobsters, stock-fish, live
eels, anchovies, sturgeon, botargo, and caviare. Fresh fish of British taking, and im-
ported in British ships, and turbot, however taken or imported, may be landed witliout
report, entry, or warrant. — (G Geo. 4. c. 107.)
For some further remarks with resjjcct to this subject, see Fish.
BIRCH (Fr. Boukau ; Uu. Derhe ; Ger. nirke ; It. BetuUa ; Lat. Bcttila ;
Pol. Brzoza ; Rus. Bereza ; Sp. Ahedul, Betullu), a forest tree met with every where in
the north of Europe. It is applied to various purposes. In Lapland, Norway, and
Sweden, the long twigs of the birch are woven into mats and twisted into ropes ; the
outer bark forms an almost incorruptible covering for houses ; and the inner bark is used,
in periods of scarcity, as a substitute for bread. Russia leatlier is prepared by means of
the empyreumatic oil of the birch. It is an excellent wood for the turner, being light,
compact, and ea.sily worked. Its durability is not very great. It is sometimes used in
the manufacture of herring barrels.
BIRDLIME (Ger. Vogelkim ; Fr. Ghi ; It. Pmna ; Sp. I.iijit ; Rus. Ptitschei Kki)
exudes spontaneously from certain plants, and is obtained aitificially from the middle
K L'
i:l5
'f
1 1' '■*
i 111
i
N
li?
fl'
'.!. fi\
r,« _.
A>
I
i
iilf
I III I
'^
iii
■■If'
Ji
1 ' i f
I f'
132
nillDS' NKSTS. IJlSMiril.
bark of tlio liolly. Its colour is f^rcoiiisli, its flavour sour, and it is ghii'y, sliiuinjr, and
tenacious. Tiie natural is uioru adlicsivu than the artillcial birdlime. — (T/wmson'a
Chemistry, )
BIRDS' NESTS (Gcr. luilimiixvhv t'lrjclncs/cr ,■ I)u. fniVntniisi-he Fnijcliifstjei ;
Fr. Nidn Je Tun/iiii ; It. Xiili i/i Tiiiic/iino ; Sp. A'ii/os Jc l<i C'dnit ; .Tjiva. Siisit ;
Malay, Siirun(/hiiriiiii/), the nusts of a spotits of swallow peculiar lo the Indian islands
(Hinnif/o t'HCiilciifft), very niiu'li esteemed in Ciiina. In shape this ni'st resembles that of
other swallows; it is formed of a viscid substance ; and in external appearance, as well as
consistence, is not indike fibrous, ill-concocled isinirlass, I'^sculent nests are jjrincipally
found in Java, in caverns that are most fre(|uenlly, thon;;b not always, situated on the
Bca-coast. IVIany conflictiiif^ statements have been made as to the substance of nests ;
some contendin{j; that they are formed of sea-foam or other marine products, and others
that they are elaborated from the food of the bird, I've. Hut these are points as to which
nothing satisfactory is known.
Wc borrow from Mr Crawliird's valuable work on the luislrrn Arc/iipcliino I'vol. iii. pp. 4.'i2— 437.)i the
following aiithont it! and curious details as to t be trallir in this sint,'ular ijrodudion : — " 'I'lie best nests
are those obtained in deep damp caves, and such as are taken belorc the lurds liave laid their ef-'Ki"- I'hc
coarsest are those obtained alter the ynung are tleilgcd I'he tine^t nests are the whitest, that is,
those taken before the nest has been rendered impure by the fiicid anii,/i^-cr.« of the youiiK birds. 'J'hey are
taken twice a-year, anil, if regularly collectcil, and no unusual injury be offered to the caverns, wiU pro-
duce very equally, the quantity beiiiB very little, if at all, improved by the caves beinf; lelt altogether
unmolested for a year or two. Some of the caverns are extremely ditlieult of access, and the nests can
only bo collected by persons .lecustomcd from tlicir yniilli to the oilice. 'I'hc most remarkable and i)ro.
tluctive caves in Java, of which I su|ierinteniled a nmiefy of the collection for several years, are those of
Karanf(-holini<x, in the province of lliif;lrn, on the south coast of the island. Here the eaves are only to
be approached by a perpendicular descent of many hundred feet, by ladders of bamboo and rattan, over a
SCI rolling violently aoainst the rocks. When the mouth of the cavern is attained, the perilous otficc of
taking the nests must often be performed by torch-light, by penetrating into recesses of the rock where
the slightest trip would be instantly fatal to the adventurers, who see nothing below tlicin but the turbu.
lent surf making its way info the chasms of the rock.
" The only preparation which the birds' nests undergo is that of simple drying, without direct exposure
to the sun, after which they are packed in small boxes, usually of b.ilf a pic;d. They are assorted for the
( liinese market into tlireo kinds, according to their qualities, distinguished into/f'c.sV or /nwt, sevoni/, ami
third qualities. Caverns that are regularly managed, will aH'ord, in Kit) parts, 5J0 parts of those of the first
quality, .)."> parts of those of the second, H7 parts of those of the third.
" The common priies for birds' nests at Canton are, for the first sort, no less than .3,500 Spanish dollars
the picul, or B/. IHn. Ijrf. per lb.; for the second, i;,K)0 Spanish dollars per i>icul ; and for the third,
],6(IU Spanish dollars. From these prices it is sulHciently evident, that flie birds' nests are no more than
an article ol expensive luxury. They are consumed only by the ureat ; and, indeed, the best i)art is sent
to the capital for the (Consumption of the court. The sensual Cliine.-e use them, under the imagination
that they are powerfully stimulating and tonic ; but it is pr bable that their mo>t valuable quality is their
being perfectly harmless. The people of Japan, who so much resemble the Chinese in many of their
habits, have ni) taste for the edible nests ; anil how the latter acquired a taste for this foreign commoifity
is no less singular than their persevering in it. Among the western n;itions there is nothing parallel to
it, unless we except the whimsical estimation in which the Komans held .some articles of luxury, remark,
able for their scarcity rather than for any qualities ascribed to them."
Mr. Crawfurd estimates the whole quantity of birds' nests exported from the Archipelago at 242,400 lbs.
worth 284,200/. " The value," be observes, " of this inonense property to the country which produces it,
tc^.s upon the capricious wants of a single people. It is claimed as the exclusive property of (be sovereign,
and every where forms a valuable branch of his income, or of the revenue of the state. This value, how-
ever, is of course not equal, and depends upon the situation and the circumstances connected with the
caverns in which the nests are found. IJeiiig often in remote and sequestered situations, in a country so
lawless, a projjcrty so valuable and exposed is subject to the jicrpetuai depredation of freebooters, and it
not unfrcquently happens that an attack upon it is the principal object of the warfare committed by one
petty state against another. In such situations, tlie expen.se of aftording them protection is so heavy, that
they are necessarily of little value. In situations where the caverns are difhcult of access to strangers,
and where there reigns enough of order and tranquillity to secure them from internal depredation, and to
admit of the nests being obtained without other expense than the sim|)le l.ibour of collecting them, the
value of the property is very great. The caverns of Karati^-hiiliuij;, in Java, are of this description.
These annually aftbid (>,Sl()lbs. of nests, which are worth, at the Hatavia prices of .'),2IK>, 2,r-()(), and 1,200
Spanish dollars the picul, for the respective kinds, nearly l.SSi.lioO Spanish dollars; and the whole expense
of collecting, curing, and packing, amounts to no more than II i>er cent, on this amount. The price of
birds' nests is of course a monopoly price, the quantity produced being by nature limited, and incapable
of augmentation. The value of tlie labour expended in bringing birds' nests to market is but a tritliiig
portion of their price, which consists of the highest sum that tlie luxurious Chinese will afliird to pay for
them, and which is a tax- paid by that nation to the inliabitanfsof the Indi.iip inlands. There is, perhajis,
no production upon which human industry is exerted, of which the cost ol production bears so small a
proportion to the market iirice." — (.See also the valuable work of t'uiint UugoiUor/), Coup d'CEil sur Vile
de Java, p. 201)
BISMUTH (Ger. Wismiiih; Dii. Bisimilh, neiv/stecii ; I'r. lihmiit/, ; It. lilsmiitfe,-
Sp. Bismuth, Pieiira im/a ; llus. Jfismiit; Lat. Bismii/hiim), a metal of a reddish white
colour, and almost destitute of taste and smell. It is softer tlian copper ; its s])e<il!e
gravity is 9'82'J. When hainmercd cautiously, its density is coiisideralily increa.sed; it
breaks, however, when struck smartly by a hammer, and, conscipieiitly, is not malleable,
neither can it bo drawn out into wire; it melts at the temperature of 4~()\ — •( Thom-
son's Chemistry.)
" Bismuth is used in the composition of pewter, in the fabrication of printers" types, and in various
other metallic mixtures. With an equ.il weight of lead, it forms a brilliant white alloy, much harder
than lead, and more malleable than bismutli, though not ductile; and if tin- proportion of lead be
increased, it is rendered still more malleable. Eight )>arts of bismuth, 5 of lead, and ;; of tin, con-
stitute the fusible metal, sometimes called Newton's, from its discoverer, which melts at the heat of
boiling water, and may be fused over a candle in a piece of .still'paper without burning the paper. Pew-
terers' solder is formed of one [lart of bistnuth, with i> of lead, and 3 of tin. " '' - "— '"-'- -' "
sympathetic ink." — ( Urc.)
It f^rnis the basis of
%
I
inrrMKN.— ulack-lhad pencils.
1.^3
th(
t(
42,401) lbs.
roduccs it,
soveri'igii.
He, liow-
witli the
country so
rs, and it
ted liy one
leavy, that
strangers,
n, and to
Rin, the
scription.
and 1,2(K)
expense
e price of
■ ni'ai)ahle
a trifling
pay for
pcrliaps,
so small a
'il siir Vile
ism title ;
sh white
s spi'i ilU'
used ; it
alleable,
— ( 'I'lium-
in various
icli liarder
of load be
tin, enn-
lie heat of
per. Pew-
basis of a
IJITI'^MKN ( fHT. ,/»'/«7/y)(f//; Ihl. J„//r,i/,/iil : It. .Isfuf/O; S\). .Isjh/i'd; I'tirt. //i-
tilidlhi; Itiis. .ht'i'lt; l.at. Asiiliiilliim, Itiliinnii Jiiilnitinii ). 'I'liis lonii iiii'liulcs a
ciiiisiiliTiililf ranije of iiitlaninialilc iiiiiii.'ral siil)staiii'is, liiiniin;; w illi llaini.' in the opcMi
air. 'I'hev (iilH-r in I'onsislL'nfy, from a tiiin fluid to a solid ; hut tiic solids are Cor the
most i)art li(|ia'liMhii' at a moderate heat. 'J'liey are, — 1. \iij)/i//iti ; a tine, while, tiiin,
f'rasjjrant, eoloiirless oil, which issues out of wiiite, yellow, or hlaek elays in I'ersiii and
Media. This is hi^'ldy iidlainmMhle. Near the village of .Amialio, in the state ot I'arnia,
there exists a sprintr which yields this snhstance in snllieient ijuantity to ilhnwinate tlio
• ••' city of (ienoa, for which pinpose il is employed. With certain vejretahlv oils, na])htlia
'■M is said to form a .tjood varnish. — 'J. I'linilcinn is nmch thicker than tiMphtha, resemhling
,| in consistence common tar. It has a stronff disafirecahle odom-, anil a blackish or reddish
*i l)rown eolom-. During comhnstion, it emits a thick black .moke, anil leaves a little
\\ residue in the form of black loal. It is more abundant than the lirst-mentioned variety,
•; from uhich it does not seem to ditfer, except in heiufj nore insjiissated. It occurs,
oozing out of rocks, in the vicinity of beds ol' coal, or lloating upon the surface of s])rin}5s.
In the Hirnian enii)ire, .lear Hainanghong, is a hill containing coal, into which 5-'0 pits
have been sunk tor the collection of petroleinn, the annual jjroduce of the hill being about
400,(K)() hogsheads. It is used by the iidiabitants of that country as a lam]) oil, and,
when mingled with earth or ashes, as fuel. In the United States it is found abundantly
in Kentucky, Ohio, and N'ew York, where it is known by the name of Sentrn or (ienesee
oil. It is also obtained from wells in the island of Zante. Herodotus tells us, that he
IiadseeTi these wells — (lib. iv. c. 1 <),).) ; and the description he has given of them, and of
the mode of obtaining the petroleinn, corvesiionds, in all res])ects, with the accounts of
the best modern travellers. 'i'he average annual jjroduce of the Zante springs is about
KX) barrels. — {(^IkhhIIi I'.i Tnin/siii fiirrcr, -Ito ed. )). lit)].; lli>Uuiitl\ Tiiivvls in ft rein;
4t() ed. p. IS.) IVtroleum is pai liculaily abundant in Persia. " When taken from tlio
])it, it is a thick liipnd resembling pitch. The bottoms of most vessels which navigate
the Euphrates and Tigris are covered with it, and it is also used in lamps, instead of oil,
by the natives. The most productive fountains are those of Kerkook, IVIendali, and
lindku. The wells in the neighbomhood of the latter scent to be quite inexhaustible,
being no sooner emptied than they again begin to fill. Some of them have been found
to yield from 1,000 to I,oOO lbs. a day ! " — ( Ki unci r'.s Persian Empire, p. :i<). and '.'.59.)
— '.i. Mii/t/iii, or Seit-wii.e, is a solid whitish substance, not unlike tallow. It melts when
heated, and in cooling assumes the consistence of 'vhite cerate. This is, most probably, the
hitnmen eiuiilii/iini of I'liny {//is/. Xii(. lib. xxxv. c. 15.). It is not used as pitch;
but it aflbrds a better light than i)efroleiim, and emits a less disagreeable sinell. It is
f'oinid on the surface of the liaikal I.,ake in Silieria, at the foot of the mountains of
Ihickliari in I'ersia, and in some other places. — 4, Elastic liltianeii yields easily to
l)ressure ; is flexible and elastic. It ennts a strong bitmninous odour, and is about the
weight of v.ater. On exposure to the air it harilens, and loses its elasticity. It takes
up the traces of crayons in the same manner as caoutchouc, or Indian rubber, whence it
has ()bt;iined thj name of mineral caoiife/ioiir. It has hitherto been found only in the
lead mines of Derbyshiie. — ,5. Comjiaet Bitumen, or Asji/ialtiim, is n^ a shining black
colour, solid, and brittle, with a conchoidal fracture. Its specific gravity varies front 1
to !•(). I^ike the former varieties, it burns freely, and leaves l)ut little residuuin. It is
found in India, on the shores of the Dead Sea, in France, in Switzerland, and in l.trge
deposits in sandstone in Albania ; but nowhere so largely as in the island of Trinidad,
where it forms a lake three miles in circumference, and of a thickness unknown. \
gentle lieat renders it ductile, and, when mixed with grease or common pitch, it is used
for paying the bottoms of shi])s, and is said to ])rotect them from tlie teredo of the West
Indian seas. The ancients em])loyed bitimien in the construction of their buildings.
The bricks of which the walls of IJabylon were built were, it is said (Herodotus, lib. i.
§ 179.), cemented with hot bitumen, which gave them unusual solidity.
BLACKING (Ger. Se/in/ise/nrurzc, Uielise ; Vr. i\'oir (tie con/on nier) ; It. Nero da
ityncr Ic scarpe ; Sp. Neyro du zaputos). A factitious article, prepared ill various ways,
used in the blacking of shoes. It is in very extensive demand.
BLACK-LEAD, oil PLUMIJ AGO (Du. Potlont; Fr. Mine de plomb noir, Plomb
de mine, Potelot; Ger. Pottlot/i, Jieisshli i/j It. Minieru di piomho, Piombagyine, Corezolo/
Lat. Plumhago; S|). Piedra 7nineral de plomn), a, mineral of a dark steel grey colour, and
a metallic lustre ; it is soft, and has a greasy feel ; it leaves a dark coloured line when
drawn along paper. It is i)rincipally employed in the making of pencils ; it is also cm-
ployed in the making of crucibles, in rubbing bright the surface of cast-iron utensils, and
in diminishing friction, when interposed between rubbing surfaces. The finest specimens
of this mineral are foinid in the celebrated jnine of Borrowdale, in Cumberland, worked
since the days of Queen Elizabeth. — (T/iomson's Chunistry.) Recently, plumbago, of
a very good quality, has been imjjorted from Ceylon.
BLACK-LEAD PENCILS (Du. Poflootpenncn ; Fr. Crayons noirs; Ger. Bky.
K ;?
Ml
'1,^1
( i'l-
h
r
1 !l
m
tt ;f
!
r t
IH't
mmm^
IILOOD-STONK. — BOATS.
itifte; h. I.iijiix niro; Port, /.k/im iici/rii; Uiis, Karaiuisc/iiii Sp. Lapiz negro'), aro
fornu'd of black-lcid I'lu'iri'li'd willi ci'dar.
IM,()() l)-Sl"()N' I'l ((ii'r. Illiihlihi: Vr. I'lirrr mDifiidnc a croi/nn ; It. Sanguiynii;
Sp. I'inlrii siiiKjiiiiiiiriii : Lnl. f/ii ina/llrs ), or lllo Lii/iis luimillilfH, it spocii's of calci'dony,
is a iniiH'ral of a roddisli lolour, hard, ponderous, with long pointi-d nucdli's. It is found
among iron on- in groat ahundancu. 'nii'se stoni's are to he chosen of the highest colour,
with tine striiu or needles, and as nuieli like einnahar as ]n)ssil)le. Goldsmiths and
gilders use it to polisii their work. It is also used for trinkets.
MliUUlJI'', U ( (Jer. Thrtin, Fisr/itnin ; I)u. 'riirituii; It. O/li) di jirsre ; Sp. Gnmsit,
Ai'iiti: ilf fiis<iit/(i; Hus. SkIi) wiii'it'niuwf, U'orwaii : I-at. 0/riim /liKd'niim), the fat of
whales and other large sea-animals, of which train oil is made. The hluhher is the fu/cyw
of the animal; it lies imder the skin, and over the nmsctdiir flesh: it is about 6 inches
in thickness, hut about tlie under lip it is 'J or ;J feet thick. The whole (|uantity yielded
by one of these animals ordinarily amounts to 40 or ."iiO, but sometimes to HO or more
cwt. Formerly train oil was mamd'actured from the blubber in the seas round Spitz-
bcrgen, and other |)laces where whales were caught; but the ))ractice is now to bring
the blubber home in casks, and to prepare the oil afterwards.
If in ciiactod l)y tin- li Ovn, 4. v. 1(17. ' t+., Ilmt hpfore any l)lul)lH'r, train oil, ipcrinnrcti oil, head matter,
or whitle (in>, shall ho cKtcrcd a> liciiiK entirely the priMliire of sea-aniiiiaU eaiiKht l)y the crews of ships
titled (lilt ill the United Kin(,'<l(iiii, or the islandsof .lersoy, (Jiieriisey, Sark, and Man, the master of the ship
importing such f^iioils shall make oath, and the importer also shall make oath, to the hest of his knowledge
and lieiief, tli.it the same are the produce of (isli or creatures lii ing in the sea, taken and raught wholly
ijy the crew of such ship, or by the crew of some other sliiji (naming iti titled out in the United King-
dom, or in one of the islands of (iuernsey, .lersey, Aldcriiey, Sark, or Man (naming which).
lU'fore l)lul)ber, train oil, \c. ran be entered as from a Itritish possession, a certificate must lie obtained
from the t'uslom-hoiise olHeer at such Hritish iiossession, or in default of such olHcer being there, from
two principal inhabitants, notifying that oath iiad been made before him or them that such lilublier, \c.
was the produce of li.-h or creatures living in the sea, and had been taken by itritish subjects usually
residing in some ]iart of his Majesty's ilominions ; and the importer is tu m.ikc oath, tu the best of his
knowledge and belief, to the same ellect.
The gauging of casks of oil and blubl.cr is disnenscd with since 182.'>. They arc to be passed at the rate
of li.'ii gallons the pipe, and (i.> gallons the hogshead.
BOATS are open vessels, commonly wrought by oars, and of an endless variety of
shapes, according to the jjin-jjoses to which they are to be a])p1ied.
It is ordered by stat. ti (ico. I, c. US., that eveiy boat belonging to or attached to any other vessel,
shall have painted on the outside of the stern of such boat, the name of the vessel and place to which she
belongs, and the master's name within side of the transom, in white or yellow Homan letters, 2 inches
long, on a black ground, under jMiii ot forfeiture. Boats )iiil /u'lorifiinf; to vessels, are to be painted with
the name of the owner ;\iiil place to which they belong, under iienalty of forfeiture. All boats h.aving
double sides or Ixittoms, or secret pi. ices for the purpose of concealing goods, or having any hole, pipe, or
other device for the purjiose of runii'iig goods, are to be forfeited.
KcRulatiujis oj ll'ittcrmi'n uii the TIkdius. — From Chelsea liridge towards Windsor, 3rf. per half mile
for scullers.
Over the water directly between Windsor and Crawley's Wharf, Greenwich (excepting the Sunday
ferries), for one person, .W. ; two persons, \^il. each j exceeding two persons, Ir/. each.
'I'o or from ships westward of firccnwich, for one person, iV/. ; exceeding one person, \tl. each ; and,
where the distance to the ship does not exceed the distance across the river, the fare across the river
shall be taken.
To or from ships eastward of Oreenwich, at the rate of fir/, per h.ilf mile.
To or from vessels tor jiasseiigers, for one person, +rf. ; exceeding one person, 3rf. each, with not exceed,
ing 'iti lbs. of luggage for each. After this at the rati" of !.«. per cwt.
Watermen detained by passengers to be paid for time or distance, at tlie option of the watermen.
s. (I. I s. rf.
Bi/TimeforaVai>ofOars.~V\xs<\.\\o\n.2 Each succeeding hour - . .10
Second hour - - - - 1 (i | l''or the day .... Yi ()
To last from 7 A. M. to 5 p. M. between Michaelmas and Lady Day ; and from R a. m. to G p. m. from
Lady Day to Michaelmas.
SCHLLEII'S I'AllliS.
The liridges, SjC. stand in the following order.
Nine Kims i Shadwell Dock Stairs
Ued House, Hattersea Kidney ditto
Swan Stairs, Chelsea Limehousc Hole ditto
Chelsea Bridge Ditto, Torrington Arms
Iron Gate Dcpttbrd, George Stairs
Union Stairs Ditto, Low- Water Gate
King Kdward ditto | Greenwich, Crawley's Wharf.
The fare from either of the above places to the next is 3d, and so on in proportion.
Passage Boats. — Oars' Fare 8 Passengers. Sculler's Fare 6 Passengers.
I.,ondon Bridge
Southwark Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge
Waterloo Bridge
Westminster Bridge
Lambeth Stairs
Vauxhall Bridge
London Bridge to
Chelsea Bridge .
Wandsworth
Putney
Fulham
Barn's Elms
Hammersmith
Chiswick
Barnes
Mortlakc
Deptford
Greenwich
each
each
each
«. rf.
London Bridge to
*.
rf.
London Bridge to
i. rf.
. 6
Brentford
3
Waltoii-upon-Thames
. 1 9
- 7
Isleworth
3
Shepperton
. 2
- 8
Kichmond
3
Weybridge
. 2
. vJ 8
Twickenham
6
Laleham
. 2
. 8
Tide-end Town
fi
Chertsey
. 2
- 9
Kingston
6
Staines
- 2 6
. 9
Hampton Court .
9
Datchet
. 3
- 1
Hampton Town
9
Windsor
. 3
- 1
Sunbury
9
. ()
Blackwall .
-
<!
Gravesend
- 1 6
. fi
Woolwich
1
4
liOLi:.— UOAIHAY.
1S5
Suiiilay
t exceed.
icn.
s. (I.
. 1
Vi
M. from
?harf.
each
*.
(/.
. 1
9
- 2
. 2
. 2
. 2
. 2
R
. 3
. 3
■ i
Fi)r,i full liiiiit loail of liit,'«:iKi', !>ni"'' "" '"f « passoniitTs.
I'cir half a lipitil, >.mic an |.ir ( pas-i'iiiJrri.
I'riiiiltns — lakiiii.' iiinic lluiii laii', imf cxccriliiiK '.7.
Watfriiiaii di have a list u< fant in lii» lioat, ami nii nut ]H<rniittiliR Hii' jmsspMRrr to cxnmiiie It, tho
i>aH«i'iiniT ix iliKi li ir^i'd from paxiriK liii faf>'i "i"' Hk' watiTiiian may lii' lliii'il not cxci'i'dinK .'>/.
llclnHiiin to t.ikr a |ia«>rn(;(T, or not an>Hi'rinK " lo'o calliMl by the nuirl ir of his hoiit, not I'xcceding.'")/.
Unnc'i'i'»«arily ilfLiMnK a |ias«criKiT, not txrccdniK V.
IdlosMiK' lo irrniil ioiy person to ri.xl the name and nundicr of his boat, or to tell his t'hrixtiaii nr iur.
name, or the minibir of hi.-i boat, oh In inn /mill /n'l J'lir , or making use of any aliuiiive lannuaKe, not
/tii/i\i I III Hii.ld'f" iiiiiil'' '"I />"■ i'xiiil "J' Alili'imru, Villi nf .l/iril, lHi."<.— I.ettinR his boat remain at any
»lair», hile w dinllv ab>rnl, or not beinj; ready to take a passeii(,'er into his boat, not exci'eiling 1/.
Uelii^int,' to Kne Ins name or nnmbiT, or that of any oilier waterman, imjI exeeediiiK I/.
Obrlrnitinn any other waterman in takinn in or lundin« a paiseiiKer, or obstrniting a paaneiigcr, not
exceeding I/. ...
'I'owinK "r beiiiK tmved bv anv othir boat wilhont the consent of all the passengers, not exceeding ,1/.
AKrecirif! lo take any Ic ss sum than the rale allowed, and afterwards demanding more than the sum
agreed lor, not exceeding ./.
Only two boats to lie placed aboard any steaiii-lioat at the same time in turn. Waterman, previous to
takniK turn as alorc.Naid, to lie with his boil upon his (jars at least one boat's len|;th distant from any other
boat Ijiiig alongside, and shall not approach nearer, until alter the former boat liliall have Jiroceeded two
boats' liii|.'lh, not exceeding V.
'Ihe ollices (jf Harbour-niasters are in Little Thames Street, St. Catharine's ; and Canal Ofllce, lilack.
wall.
IJOLK, a IViiililo larliiy Mibstaiico, a siacies ot'llif soapstonu family. Si)eeific j^ravity
!•! to J. It is fomul in the isiaiul of I,eiiiiios, wlienee it is soinetimes failed Leiniiiaii
t-artli ; and in Aniieiiia, Italy, France, Silesia, various parts of South Aineriea, &c. Ar-
menian and I'reneh holes were at one lime not uneoinnion in this coinitry, heiiif? used in
the materia inediea, hut they are now entirely, or almost entirely, discariled. In India,
liowever, Arnuiiian hole slijl eontimies to he in extensive demand. It is hroiifjht to
Homh.iy from tlie IVrsian (iidf. It is soft, feels j^reasy to the toiieh, adlioies stroiif^ly to
the tongue, and is very franjiihle ; it is ffenerally of a yellowish brown colour ; tlioufjli
sometimes it is seen of a line (lesli red, which is the variety held in the highest estimation.
Some savage nations, sneh as the Ottomariiics, ile.scribcd by IVI. Humboldt, are in the
habit of allaying the pains of hiniger by eating bole.s. The .Javanese, when they wish to
beecnne thin, eat cakes, called tdniinm/ii), made of bole. — (^Ltwin, Mat. Meilica ; T/wm-
soii's Clu'inialiii ; .liiis/ii'n Mill. Inilicn.)
HOI IK A, a s|)ecies of tea. See Ti:a.
IJO.'NIHAY, a sea-))ort on the western coast of British India, being, after Calcutta
and Canton, the greatest commercial cmi)orinm in the East; lat. IS'' 5('t N., long.
72" 57 E. It is situated on the .south-eastern extremity of a small island of the same
name, separated from the main land by an arm of the sea, forming, with the contiguous
islands of Colabah, Salsefte, Ihitcher's I.^land, and Caranjah, one of the best har-
bours in India, liomhay Island was ceded by the I'ortngncse to the English in \(>(>\,
as the dower of (iueen Catherine, wife of Charles II., and was taken jjossession
of in Ki'fM ; so that it lias been in onr occupation about 170 years, Ixing by far the
oldest of om- possessions in the East. In lO'tJS, it was transferred by the crown to the
East India Comi)any, by letters ])atcnt, in free and common soccage, on ))ayment of the
annual rent of 10/. Hut, by the present charter, it has reverted to the crown, with the
rest of the Company's assets, being held by the Company in trust merely. On it.s
cession to the crown of England, in IGO'I, its ])opulation did not exceeil l.>,000 souls,
the outcasts of the natives of India. It no'v contains 1.>,47-1 houses, valued at .'5,()OG,'liJ4/.,
and a population exceeding 'J'_';),()00. The following statement of the population of
liombay, at ditterent periods, will show its progress : —
l(i(i4, when taken possession of , 1.1,000 I IKlii . . . Ifi^MO
niti . ... Ki.OUU I 18J0 . . - 2i;!»,W)0
The census of 181G exhibits the proportion of the different classes of inhabitants as
follows : —
Hindoos
I'arsecs
. 103,800
- 13,5.-,0
Total 161,550
- 1 6
Rritish, not military . . 1,840
Ditto, military and marine - - 2,41)0
Native Christians, Armenians, and de.
sceiulants of rortufuese - - 11,500
Jews - ... 800
Mohammedans . . - 28,000
The fort stands on the south-east extremity of the island, on a narrow neck of land, im-
mediately over the harbour. The fortifications are extensive, and on the sea side very
strong.
liomhny Ilarhour is one of the safest and most commodious in India. It is bounded on tho west and
north by the island of Colabah, or Cld Woman's Island, Homtiay Island, and the island of Salsette. The
first two arc separated only by a narrow creek fordalile at low water, and Hombay Island was joined tQ
Salsette by a causeway constructed in 1805. On the east side of the harbour, between it and the main
|aiul is liutcher's Island, distant about 4 miles from liombay ; and immediatelj; behind Hutcher's Island
is the famous island of Kleplianta. Almut .'i miles south troin liutcher's Island is the island of Caranjah,
on thewestcrn side of which, next the harliour, is an extensive shoal. S. W. from Caranjah, distant
about 5 miles, is Toll Point; between which and Colabah, or Old Woman's Island, is the entrance to
the h.irbour. There is a light.house on the southern extremity of Colabah Island, elevated about 1.50
feet above the level of the sea, which in clear weather may be seen at the distance of 7 leagues. The
K 4
t ,]
1^
■■tl
r I'
ill
^•■\
II Hi •
4
4 ' Pl^r
1,!;
1 1 .:i'i
Fii'i ' 'I
i.i.f
! ;h
i- ' ' !M<
lii *■
1 1
)
Wl
1 '
'IB
1
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F
1
W'l I
1 '
136
BOMBAY.
point on whicli the light-house stands is surrounded nn all sides by an extensive reef of rocks divided
into prongs : of these, the most dangtrous is the prcng stretching S. W. aliout 3 miles from the light-
house, and formingthe northern boiinilary of the entrance into the harbour. Thereef stretching W.N. W.
from Tull Pciint about .jj miles, forms the southern boumlary of the entrance; the breadth of the channel
between them being alii.ut 3 miles, witli a depth of from 7 to 8 fathoms. In going into the harl)Our, it is
necessary to clear a sunken rock, lying alniosi due east from the light-housc, at about 1| mile distant;
and also a bank, called the mid<lle ground, lying nearly opposite to and about 1; mile from the southern
extremity of the town. — tSee Sic/w/san and H'alsuii's Plan of Bombay Harbour.)
Docks. — lJoiiil)ay is the only port of con.suquencu in British India in which the ri.se
and fall of tlie tide are so considerable as to admit of the formation of extensive wet docks.
At ordinary s])ring tides, tlie rise is about 14 feet, but occasionally as high as 17.
The capacious docks constructed by the East India Company are their property, and are
for the most part imder the direction of Parsees, who, excepting the Chinese, are the
most industr.»dis and intelligent people of the liast. The expense of repairing ships in
them is enormous. Merchant vessels of great size, or from 1,000 to 1,200 tons burden,
for the cotton trade to China, have been built in these dock.s. Frigates and line-of-battle
ships have also been occasionally constructed in them, sometimes under the exclu.sive
direction of I'arsee artificers. Ships built at Bombay, on account of the timber being
brought from a great distance, are very costly ; but being, contrary to the practice in
other parts of India, entirely constructed of teak, they are the most durable vessels in the
world, requiring little repair, and often running 50 or 60 years. Being for the most
part built by natives, without any very strict application of the rules of art, they are
commonly, though not always, heavy sailers.
Monies. — Accounts are here kept in rupees ; each rupee being divided into 4 quarters, and each quarter
into InO reas. The rupee is also divided into IG annas, or 50 pice. An urdee is 2 reas ; a doreea, 6 reas ;
a dooganey, or single pice, 4 reas ; a fuddea, or double pice, 8 reas ; a paunchoa is 5 rupees ; and a gold
moliur, 15 rupees. Of these, the ainias and reas only are imaginary monies. The coins of Bombay are
the mohur, or gold rupee, the silver rupee, and their divisions ; also the double and single pice, the
urdee, and doreea, which are copper coins with a mixture of tin or lead. The following is the assay and
sterling value of the present gold and silver coinage of Bombay : —
tiross ^\'ciglit. Pure Metal.
grs. gi-3.
Gold mohur - - - 17!)0 - KHliS
Silver rupee - - - 1790 - 16468
Sterling Value.
29'i8
2-48
In the East India Company's financial accounts rendered to parliament, the Bombay rupee is reckoned
at 2«. 3d. The charge for coin.ige in the Bombay Mint is 2J per cent, for gold, and 3 per cent, for silver,
including the charges for refining. The machinery for this mint was sent out from England a few years
ago, and is complete, but very costly. At Bombay there are no banks, as at Madras and Calcutta, and
paper money is unknown in mercantile transactions.
IVeig/its and Measures, — The weights and measures used at Bombay are as follow : —
Ws. oz. dr.
19 9 wa
Gold and Silver Weight.
1 Wall = 4I75
40 Walls = 1 Tola = 179
Pearl Weight.
13|
24
Tuckas
Ruttees
1 Tucka
= 1 Ruttee
= 1 Tank
~
0208
3
7a
Commercial Weight
72 Tanks
40 Seers
—
1 Tank =
1 Seer =
1 Maund =
Avoirdupois.
Iha. vz. ilr.
2-4S8
11 32
28
7 Pailies = 1 Parah =
8 Parahs = 1 Candy = 15G 12 12-8
Salt Measure.
10| Adowlies
100 Parahs
16 Ainias
= 1 Parah
= 1 Anna
- 1 Rash
cubic incftet.
= 1607-61
= 160761
= 2572176
The anna weighs 2j tons, and the rash 40
tons.
Liquor Measure.
(Spirits and Country Arrack.)
The seer weighs 60 Bombay rupees, and equais
1 lb. 8 oz. 8| dr. ; and 50 seers make the maund.
These weights are used for all heavy goods, ex-
cepting salt. Lmg Measure.
Grain Measure. Eneliih incha.
llis. 02. (h. IfiTussoos = 1 Hath = 18
2 Tipprees = 1 Seer = Oil 32 24 Tussoos ^ 1 Guz = 27
4 Seers = 1 Paily = 2 12 128 I
All the foregoing stand.irds are likewise divided into halves, quarters, &c. The preceding weights and
measures are generally used in Bombay ; but it sometimes occurs in mercantile transactions, that cal.
culations are maile in pounds and maunds, which last weight is reckoned at 40, 40i, 41, 43^, and 44 seers ;
and sometimes in Surat candies of 20, 21, and 22 maunds.
Shipping, Commerce, §'c. — At Bombay there is an insurance society with a capital of
20 lacs of rupees, or about 200,000/. sterling ; find there are also private underwriters
who insure separately on ships. In 1820, and we believe the number continues about
the same, there were 45 registered ships belonf^'.g to this port engaged in the trade
to China and Europe, the aggregate burden of which amounted to about 20,000 tons,
giving at an average 450 tons to each ship. These are for the most part navigated
by Indian seamen or Lascars, those of Bombay being accounted by far the best in
India ; the master and superior officers only being Englishmen. Besides those large
vessels, there is a numerous class of native craft, under various forms and names. In
1820, they were computed to amount in all to near 47,000 tons, of from 2 to 175 tons
each. These vessels, besides furnishing the town with firewood, hay, straw, &c. from the
neij^hbouring continent, navigate coastways from Cape Comorin to the Gulf of Cutch,
and sometimes cross the sea to IMuscat and the Arabian Gulf. During the eight fair
1
BOMBAY.
137
cks divided
\ the light-
igW.N.W.
the channel
srbour, it i»
ilc disiant ;
le Euuthern
1 the rise
vet docks,
igh as 17.
y, and are
B, are the
ig ships in
IS burden,
e-of-battle
exclusive
iber being
practice ia
ssels in the
r the most
t, they are
each quarter
reea, 6 reas ;
; and a gold
IJombay are
igle pice, the
tlic assay and
V^alue.
3
8
ic is reckoned
•nt. for silver,
id a few years
Calcutta, and
OS, rfr,
9 96
12 128
inchet*
ItiOVfil
1607(!1
)72176
the rash 40
Is, and cquais
lie inaund.
18
27
weight! and
pns, that cal-
|ind 44 seers ;
capital of
Iderwriters
nues about
the trade
b,000 tons,
I navigated
[le best in
liese large
times. In
175 tons
from the
t of Cutch,
1 eight fair
months, that is, from October to May, the largest sized vessels perform five or six trips to
Damaun, Surat, Cambay, liroach, Jumbosier, and Cutch, bringing from these ports,
where they sometimes winter, and where many of their owners reside, cotton, ghee, oil,
pulse, wheat, cotton cloths, timber, firewood, putchok, mawah, &c. ; and return to the
northern ports laden with the produce of Europe, Bengal, and China. The capital
employed in this trade, in the minor articles of commerce, exclusive of cotton, has been
estimated to amount to 1,500,000/. sterling.
The island of Bombay, a small and sterile spot, containing only about 18^ square miles,
aftbrds no produce for exportation ; indeed, hardly yields a week's consumption of corn
for its inhabitants. Neither is the neighbouring territory fruitful ; nor does the whole
presidency of Bombay, although estimated to contain about 70,000 square miles, and
from 10,000,000 to 11,000,000 inhabitants, yield, with the exception of cotton and rice,
any of the great colonial staples, such as coffee, sugar, and indigo ; a circumstance that
seems mainly ascribable to the impolitic restraints upon the employment of British
settlers and capital that have been hitherto imposed by law, and acted upon with
peculiar rigour in this and the sister presidency of Madras, in contradistinction to the
greater latitude afforded in Bengal. Bombay Is, notwithstanding, a great emporium for
the exports and imports of foreign countries. Its principal trade is carried on with the
countries on the Gulfs of Cambay, Persia, and Arabia; with Calcutta, China, Great
Britain, and other European countries, and the United States of America. From the
countries on the Gulf of Cambay it receives cotton wool and grain ; and from the
Persian and Arabian Gulfs, raw silk of Persia, copper from the same country, and also
pearls, galls, coffee, gum Arabic, bdellium, copal, myrrh, olibanum, and asafoetida,
with dates and other dried fruits, liorses, and bullion. Its exports to Arabia and Persia
consist of grain, raw sugar from China and Bengal, British cotton manufactures,
woollens and metals, pepper and other spices. From Calcutta, Bombay receives raw
silk, sugar, indigo, and grain ; and exports to it oak timber, coir, or the fibre of the coco
nut husk, with coco nuts and sandal-wood. The trade between Bombay and Calcutta
has declined since the abolition of the restrictive system in 1815 gave to Bombay a
wider intercourse with foreign countries. Previously to the opening of the trade, Cal-
cutta was the entrepot from which many of the productions of the neiglibourhood of
Bombay used to find a market in distant countries. In 1813 and 1814, according to the
Custom-house returns of Calcutta, the value of the imports into it from Bombay amounted
to 400,000/. sterling; in 1819 and 18'iO, to 360,000/.; and in 1827 and 1828, to
200,000/. The exports from Calcutta to Bombay in the first-named year amounted to
280,000/.; and in 1827, to only half that amount. The greatest branch of the trade of
Bombay used to be that with China ; but it has considerably declined of late years. The
principal article of export is cotton wool, to which opium has been added since we ob-
tained possession of the province of IMalwa. The minor articles are pepper, sandal-wood,
Arabian gums, salt-fish, fish maws, and sharks' fins. The imports consist of alum^ cam-
phor, cassia, nankeens, rhubarb, tea, raw sugar, vermilion and other paints, with a
considerable quantity of bullion. In 1828 and 1829, the number of sliips wliich cleared
out from Bombay for Canton was 36, of the burden of 25,731 tons ; btit the number
which entered from thence was only 30, of the burden of 17,534 tons; many of the
ships which cleared out having made intermediate voyages after discharging their cargoes
at Canton.
The principal export from Bombay to Great Britain is cotton wool, after which follow
pepper, cardamoms, Arabian ginns and drugs, and Persian raw silk. The chief imports
are cotton fabrics and cotton twist, for both of which Bombay is, after Calcutta, the
greatest mart in India ; woollens, iron, copper, spelter, glass-ware, &c. &c. Bombay
trades with France and Hamburgh, but not to any considerable amount. Neither is her
trade with the United States of America of much importance. The following state-
ments, drawn up from papers laid before parliament in 1830 and 1831, show the whole
amount of the trade carried on by Bombay, including Surat, with Great Britain, foreign
Europe, and America, in the years 1813 and 1814, and 1828 and 1829 :
1
mports into Bombay and Surat.
1813 and 1814.
1828 and 1829.
Merchandise.
Hullion. 1 Tol.il.
Mcrrliandise.
Bullion.
Total.
From Great Britain
— France
— Hamburgh -
— America
'I'ofa'
£
275,716
£
110
£
275,826
£
781,248
63,'J91
7,3'J9
1,4(51
£
£
781,248
(53,291
7,329
1,4(51
'-75,71(i
110 1 2-5,8'J6 1 853,394
—
853,394
i 11
^1
l^i
H
.,>j.
m
r{
! 'I
13S
BOMBAZINE. — BONES.
Exports from Bombay and Sural.
18l3an<118U. ,
1828 and 1829
Merchandise. | Bullion.
Toeal,
Merchandise.
Bullion. 1 Total.
To Great Britain .
— France .
— (laniburgh
^ Amoriga . .
Total - .
.£
ti5,3i2
£
160,8 11
£
305,154 '
1
£
694,6.54
5,995
£
139,113
833,767
5,995
135,342
169,811 i 30.0,154 |
700,649
139,113
8;59,76'2
In some of the intermediate years between 1814 and 1829 there was some trade
between Bombay, Portugal, and Brazil, but not very considerable. It will appear
from these statements that the present imports into Bombay from Great Britain amount
to above 780,000/., and the exports to near 840,000/ ; the first having incieased since tlie
opening of the free trade by 500,000/. sterling, or above 180 percent., and the latter by
somewliat more than that amount.
i:xport of Cotton from Bombay to China, England, &c. with Prices, Freights, &c., from 1824 to 1831.
I To China.
«3
I Biles.
1824 12,106
1825 12,130
I
182614,686
1827)19,093
1828 15,883
I
182914,495
1830 22,303
18311
to2d 17,578
Oct. I
M a
>
o
Bales. [ Bales. ' Halts. Bales.
63,40"! 76,786 39,331 5,834
! ! i
70,885| 83,015 35,454 14,129
I I
103,537118,228 21,262, 7,404
105,596 124,689 43,870 10,118
(irand
ToUl
Price of Sural
j Cotton i>er
I (^antiv of
7S 1 I'lis.
Price of
Uhollcra.
»
Bales. Bates. I Bales. | Rupees.
None 1 640 I22,59l'l40 170 153
300 134,457 'l46
RatesofFrelRht to
Enuland per Ton of
4^ Bales, or about
li'iSillbs.
Rupees.
.£ S. £ S.
1,559
4,838 2,097
8,523 4,261
153,824,125
I
191,461 110
10,871 3,952 ,214,523
102,020 117,903 62,103 19,694
86,063100,558 23,608 11,542 11,058 3,442 150,208
117,969140,27217,339 14,458 7,542 2,960
182,571
115,274132,85217,965 22,238 9,470 3,413 185,938
I I if 7 to 9 01
I35,140'l38 \\\ — 12 10 {•
I j( 9 0— 7 7J
6 10— 6
155137 'llo'l28'l2o!f ^ ^Z i] o]
192166;i34l75|I5l|[j„ „_ y „
130 122 95116 109
104!l35 120 :100,118105
ill
115,140125 ;105,128117
114 120 116
80 110! 89i
I
Uatcs of I
Freiijlit to I
China per Can
dy of /.SI lbs.
Ruiiees.
:!n, 40, 50
60, 70, 35
45, 40, 48
45, 40, 44
W, Sj, 25, 35;
'.'8, 25, 28
r 5 0—6 10 >
f 7 0— 6 lOJ
C 5 10— 2 Oi
I 15— 15j
[\ ^.-2 j 20. 18, 19J
10011o'l04J 70, 81, 75i f -^
0— 6 10
8— 6 10
Ih
,35,45
From 1,500 to 2,000 bales may be added to the exports to China for each year, as, after the Company's
vessels are nominally loaded, the captains take from 300 to 500 bales, which are never placed upon the
Custom-house records.
Dock Hccuiations. — At daylight the wickets of the gates are opened, and at 7 o'clock the sentry
gate. Halt' an hour after sunset the gates are shut, the wicket of the centre gate being left open till the
evening gun be fired. No boats, saving those belonging to the Company's marine department, or his
Majesty's navy, are permitted to come to the dock.yard stairs ; but must use the piers expressly con.
structed for their accommodation. No meat, stores, or baggage for the merchant shipping, of any
description, are to be passed througli the dock-yards. After the firing of the evening gun, nobody belong,
ing to the ships in the harbour, below the rank of a commissioned officer, is to be allowed to land or enter
the dock-yard, without the express permission of the master attendant, or other constituteil authorities.
Boats' crews ere not to be permitted to quit their boat at the stairs, after the hour of shutting thegates.
Small craft are i.ot to deliver firewood or any other lading within the limits of the yard, without the
superintendent's sanction. The ships and vessels in d(x;k are not to land any lumber whatever on the
pier. No cargo of any description is to be landed in or passed through the yard, from or to any ship in
dock, without the superinteiulent's permission in writing. No fire or liglit is allowed on board any ship
or vessel in dock, without the authority of the superintendent, to whom the purposes for which either
may be required, must be stated in writing.
iSee Milbnrn's Oriental Commerce ; Hamilton's East India Gazetteer, 1828; Bombay Calendar and
Regisler ; Kelly's Cambist ; fVilson's Review of the External Commerce of llengal, under head " Coast of
Malabar ;" Purl. Papers relating to the Finances qf India, and Trade of India and China, \WM and l!i31 ;
Second Appendix to Report qf the Select Committee on, Public Departments, 1832, p. 274. ; Circular of
Beckwith Sf Co., Sfc.)
BOMBAZINE, a kind of silk stuff, originally manufactured at Milan, and thence
sent into France and other countries. Now, however, it is nowhere manufactured
better, or in larger quantities, than in this kingdom.
BONES of cattle and other animals are extensively u.sed in the arts, in forming
handles for knives, and various other ])urposes. So long as bones are preserved fresh, a
highly nutritious jelly may be obtained from them.
Bones have latterly been employed, particularly in I.iincolnshire and Yorkshire, as a
manure for dry soils, with the very best effect. They "re commonly ground and drilled
in, in the form of powder, with turnip .seed. Tlieir effect is considerably increased when
BOOK, BOOKS.
139
Tolal.
£
833,707
8,)9,7ti'2
I
jmc trade
ill appear
in ainuunt
I since the
J latter by
24 to 1831.
lit to
'on of
I bout
MMd of
Fri'iulit to
China iiiTl^an
djof isllbs.
Oj
oi
Ruiwes.
,!0, 40, 50
tK), 70, 35
m, 40, 48
143, 40, 44
iU.|40,35.25,35'
:^0jp.25,28
I 0| 20, 18,19a
lj>j'30,32,40
-'5, 35, 45
Company's
;ed upon the
the sentry
)))en till the
nent, or his
essly con-
ing, of any
loily belong,
anil or enter
uthorities.
ig tlietjates.
ithout the
ever on the
any ship in
rU any ship
hich either
iendar and
Coast of
and 1S31 ;
Circular of
nd thence
ufaitured
forming
d fresh, a
ihirc, .IS a
lid drilled
Lsed when
they have undergone the process of fermentation. The quantities employed are usually
about L'5 bushels of dust, or 40 bushels of large, to the acre. Besides the immense sup-
plies collected at home, they have begun, within these few years, to be largely imported
from the Continent, principally from the Netherlands and Germany. They occupy
about 40,000 tons of small vessels belonging to these countries. Mr. Iluskisson esti-
mated the real value of those annually imported for the purpose of being used as manure
at 100,000/. ; and he contended, that it was not too much to suppose, that an advance of
between lOO^OOO/. and 200,000/. expended on this article occasioned 500,000 additional
quarters of corn to be brought to market. — {Loudon's Encyclopadia of Agriculture;
Mr. Huskissoii's Speech, May 7. 1827.)
Account of the Dechired Value of the Bones imported into Great Britain during each of the Twelve
Years ending with the 5th of January. 1833 i and of the Amount of Duty charged on the same. — {Pari.
Paper, No. 708. Sess. 1833.)
Vcars.
Imports into
Duty.
England.
Sfotlanil.
Great Britain
Declared Value.
Declared Value.
£ S.
(I.
£ s.
rf.
£ s.
<l.
£ s. d.
1821
15,898 12
11
no 17
Or
15,908 9
11
159 14 4
1822
9,438
5
52 12
9,490 12
5
94 10 4
IS'23
14,395 15
8
82
14,477 15
8
144 16 1
18-24
4.3,940 17
11
82 14
44,0L'3 11
11
444) 6 3
18S;5
8(V)71 5
8
139 4
6
8fi,7l0 10
2
807 4 10
182f!
94,747 lf>
1
215 18
3
94,993 14
4
995 15 (5
1827
77,95fi 6
8
1,798 4
6
79,754 11
2
835 1 9
1828
59,782 9
11
2,874 5
7
fi2,(!56 15
6
6;34 14
1829
59,741 11
10
12,322 4
9
72,0(>3 10
7
748 7 11
1830
.58,233 15
S
8,,529 13
8
(i0,7()3 10
1
688 1 (i
1831
fi5,f>23 10
7,073 Ifi
72,097 6
749 9 3
1832
77.847 4
4
13,9(18 1
1
91,755 5
5
940 5 9
There are no means of distinguishing between the bones imported for manure and
for other purposes.
ROOK, BOOKS (Ger. Bdcher ; Du. Boeken ; Da. Biigcr ; Sw. Bucker ; Fr.
Livres ; It. Libri ; Sp. Libras; Port. Linos; llus. Knigi ; Pol. Ksiaski, Ksiegi ;
Lat. Libri), a written or printed treatise or treatises on any branch of science, art. or
literature, composed in the view of instructing, amusing, or persuading the reader.
Copyright is the right which the authors of books or treatises claim to the exclusive
privilege of printing, publishing, and selling tlieiu.
Books are sometimes blank, as account books; but these enjoy no peculiar privileges,
and do not come within the sco])e of our inquiries.
Books are divided into the following r/a,sses, according to the mode in which the sheets
of the paper on which they arc printed or written are folded : viz. folio, when the sheet
is folded into tv o leaves ; quarto, when folded into four ; octavo, when folded into eight ;
duodecimo, when the sheet is folded into twelve, &c. In making these classifications, no
attention is paid to the size of the sheet.
I. Progress and present State of the L^aw as to the Copgright of Books. — It has been
doubted whether, in antiquity, an author had any exclusive right to a work, or whether,
having once published it, he coidd restrain others from copying it, and selling copies.
We incline to think that he could. The public sale of copies of works is often referred
to in the classics; and in such a way as warrants the inference that they were productive
to the author, which could not have been the case had every one been permitted to copy
them at pleasure. Terence, in one of his plays (Prol. in Eunuch. 1. 20.), say.s, Fabulum,
quatn nunc acturi sumus, postquum a'diles emerunt ; but why should the magistrates have
bought it, had it been free to every one to copy it ? IMartial, in one of his epigrams,
says —
Sunt qnidam, qui nir dictint nan esse poetam :
Sed qui tnc vendit, bililiopola, putat. Mart. lib. xiv. Ep. 194.
This evidently conveys the idea that he had assigned the right to sell his book to a single
person, who profited by it. Passages to the same effect may be found in Horace (Z)e
Arte Poetica, line 'MB.), Juvenal {Sat. 7. line 8:5.), &c.
It would have been singular, indeed, had it be^n otherwise. Of all the species of
property a man can possess, the fruits of his mental labours seem to be most peculiarly
his own. And though it may, we think, be shown, that many serious inconveniences
would result from giving the same absolute and interminable property over ideas that is
given over material objects, these inconveniences could hardly have been perceived in
antiquity.
It will also be observed, that in antiquity a copyright was of much less value than in
modern times. Books could then only be multiplied by copying them with the pen ;
and if aiiy one chose jjrivately to coi)y a work, or to buy it of another, it must have been
very difficult to hinder him : but when printing had been introduced, the greater cheap-
r^V
k
r^irli
X
isty
\W
140
BOOK, BOOKS.
m ■'
ness of books not only extunded the domiind for tlifm in fur greater ])ro])ortion, and
consequently rendered coi)yrigtits more valuable, but it also aflbrded the means of pre-
venting their piraey. I'rinting is not a device by wiiieli a few cojjies of a book ean be
obtained at a cheap rate. It is jjroductive of cheapness only when it is employed upon a
large scale, or when a considerable impression is to be thrown off. And hence, after its
invention, piracy could hardly be committed in secret : the pirated book had to be
brought to market ; the fraud was thus sure to be detected, and the offending party might
be prosecuted and punished.
For a considerable time after the invention of printing, no questions seem to have
occurred with respect to copyrights. This was occasioned by the early adoption of the
licensing system. Governments soon perceived the vast importance of tlie powerful
engine that had been brought into the field ; and they endeavoured to avail themselves
of its energies by interdicting the publication of all works not previously licensed by
ajthority. During the continuation of this system, piracy was effectually prevented.
The licensing act (13 & 14 Chas. 2. c. 2.) and the previous acts and proclamations to
the same effect, prohibited the ])rinting of any book without consent of tiie owner, as well
as without a licence. In 1 C91, the licensing act finally expired, and the press then be-
came really free. Instead, however, of the summary methods for obtaining redress for
any invasion of their property enjoyed by them under the licensing acts, authors were
now left to defend their rights at common law ; and as no author or bookseller could
procure any redress for a piracy at common law, except in so far as he could prove
damage, property in books was virtually annihilated ; it being in most cases imjiossible
to prove the sale of one printed cojjy out of a hundred. Under these circumstances,
ajjplications were made to jiarliament for an act to protect literary property, by granting
some speedy and effectual method of preventing the sale of spm'ious copies. In con-
sequence, the statute 8 Anne, c. 19. wfis passed, securing to authors and their assignees
the exclusive right of printing their books for 14 years certain, from the day of pub-
lication, with a contingent 14 years, provided the author were alive at the expiration of
the first term. Persons printing books protected by this act, without the consent of the
authors or their assignees, were to forfeit the pirated copies, and \d. for every sheet of
the same. Such books as were not entered at Stationers' Hall were excluded from the
benefit of this act.
It had been customary, for some time previous to this period, for the libraries of the
Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, &c. to get a copy of most books entered at
Stationers' Hall ; and the act of Anne made it imperative that one copy of all works
entitled to its protection should be delivered to the following libraries : viz. the Royal
Library, now transferred to the British Museum ; the Libraries of Oxford and Cambridge ;
the Libraries of the four Scotch Universities ; the Library of Sion College, London ; and
that of the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh ; — in all, nine copies.
The act of Anne did not put to rest the questions as to copyrights. The authors con-
tended that it did not afiect their natural ownership ; and that they or their assignees
were entitled to proceed .it common law against those who pirated their works after the
period mentioned in the statute had expired. The publishers of spurious editions
resistri these pretensions, and contended that there was either no right of ])roperty at
common law in the productions of the mind ; or that, supposing such a right to have
existed, it was superseded by the statute of Anne. There was some diflference of ojjinion
in the courts as to these points ; but Lord Mansfield, Mr. Justice Blackstone, and the
most eminent Judges, were favourable to the claims of the authors. However, it was
finally decided, upon an apjieal to the House of Lords in 1774, that an action could not
be maintained for pirating a copyright after the term specified in the statute. — ( Godson
on the Law of Patents and Copijriijhts, p. 205. )
The act of Queen Anne referred only to Great Britain ; but in 1801, its provisions
were extended to Ireland ; the penalty, exckriive of forfeiture, on printing or imjiorting
books without consent of the proprietor, was also increased from \d. to 3d, a sheet. In
return for this concession, two additional copies of all works entered at Stationers' Hall
were to be delivered; one to Trinity College, Dublin, and one to the King's Inns,
Dublin.
Everyone must be satisfied that 14 years' exclusive possession is far too short a
period to indemnify the author of a work, th'e composition of which has required
any considerable amount of labour and research ; though 28 years is, pcrha])s, all
tl.ings considered, as proper a period as could bo fixed upon. Now, the grand defect of
the statute of Anne consisted in its making the right to the exclusive jiossession for
28 years contingent on the fact of a jierson having lived a day more or less than
14 years after the publication of his work. This was making the enjoyment of an
important right dependent on a mere accidental circumstance over which man has
no control. Could any thing be more ojipressive and unjust than to hinder an author
from bequeathing that jn-operty to his M-idow and children, that would have belonged to
IB
11' • 'ii» '
f0
BOOK, ROOKS.
141
ortion, and
ans of pre-
l)0()k can be
)yccl upon a
icu, after its
liad to be
party might
!cm to liavc
)tion of the
ic powerful
themselves
licensed by
I prevented,
lamations to
i'ner, as well
ess tlien be-
; redress for
uthors were
cseller could
could prove
s impossible
•cunistances,
by granting
.'s. In con-
eir assignees
day of pub-
■xpiration of
)nsent of the
lery sheet of
ud from the
raries of the
s entered at
of all works
I. the Royal
Cambridge ;
iOndon ; and
luthors con-
;ir .assignees
Ls after the
ous editions
])roperty at
;ht to have
[e of ojiinion
liie, and the
[ever, it was
»n could not
— ( Godson
provisions
|r imjiorting
sheet. In
(oners' Ilall
ting's Inns,
too short a
ks required
Lcrha])s, all
Tid defect of
Issession for
less than
liont of an
li man has
I an author
Iclungcd to
I
himself had he been alive? Nothing, indeed, as it appears to us, can be more obvious
than the justice of exlending all copyrights to the same period, whether the authors be
dead or not.
Hut thousrli the extreme hardship, not to say injustice, of the act of Queen Anne had
been rei)eate(lly pointed out, its provisions were continued down to 1H14, when the
existing co))vriglit act, 54 Geo. li. c. 15fi., was passed. This act extended the duration
of all cojiyriglits, whether the authors were dead or alive, to '_'8 years certain ; with
tlie furtliei- provision, that if the author should be alive at the end of tliat period,
lie slinnld enjoy the copyright during the residue of his life. We subjoin the principal
clauses of this statute.
Having rcritcd the acts S Anne, c. IP. .ind 41 Oeo. 3. c. 107., it enacts", that so much of the said several
rccitpd acts as rcqiiircs that any coi)ios of any books which shall bo i)rintod or publishod, or reprinted and
published with additions, sliall be delivered by the iirinters thereof to the warehousc-kceper of the said
Coiiipanv of Stationers, for the use of any of the libraries in the said acX mentioned, an<l as requires the
delivery of the said copies by the warcbouse-keeper for the use of the said libraries, and as imposes any
penalty on such printer or warelinuso.keepcr for not delivering the said copies, shall be repealed.
And' that 11 printed copies of the whole of every book, .iiid of every volume thereof, u,)on the
paper upon which the largest number or impression of such book shall be printed for sale, together with
all maps and prints belonging thereto, which from and alter the passing of this act shall be printed and
published, on demand thereof being made in writing to or left at the place of abode of the imblisher or
publishers thereol, at any time within 1-2 months next alter the publication thereof, under the hand of
the warehouse-keeper of the Company of Stationers, or the librarian or other person thereto authorised
bv the persons or liodv politic and corporate, proi)rietors or managers of the libraries following ; vidiiicet,
the liritish Museum, "Sion College, the Hodleian Library at Oxford, the Public Library at Cambridge,
the Library of the Faculty of Advocates at Kilinburgh, the Libraries of the Four Universities of Scotland,
Trinitv College Library and the King's Inns Library at Dublin, or so many of such 11 copies as
shall bo respeclively demanded, shall be delivered by the publishers thereof respectively, within 1 month
after demand made thereof in writing as aforesaid, to the warehousivkeeper of the' said Company o(
Stationers ; which copies the said warehousekeepiT shall receive for the use of the library for which such
demand shall be so made; and he is hereby required, within 1 month after any such book or volume
shall be so delivered to him, to deliver the same for the use of such library. And if any such publisher or
wa'eliouse-keeper shall not observe the directions of this act, he and they so making default shall forfeit,
besides the value of ti.e said printed copies, the sum of 51. for each copy not so delivered or received,
together with the full costs of suit j to be recovered by action in any court of record in the United
Kingdom. — ^2.
Provided alway.'!, that no such copy shall be so demanded or delivered, &c. of the second, or of any
iiubsequent edition of any such book, uidess the same shall contain additions or alterations ; and in case
anv edition after the lirst shall contain any addition or alteration, no printed cojiy thereot^ shall be
demanded or delivered, if a printed copy of such additions or alterations oidy, |)rinted in an uniform
manner with the former edition of such book, be delivered to ejich of the libraries aforesaid : provided
al.so, that the copy of every book that shall be demanded by the British Museum shall bo delivered of the
best paper on which such work shall be printed. — ^ .'5.
And whereas by the said recited acts it is enacted, that the author of any book, and the assigns of such
author, should have the sole liberty of printing and reprinting such book for the term of 14 years, \c. ;
and it was jirovideil, that alter the expiration of the said term of 14 years, the right of printing or dis-
posing of copies .should return to the authors thereof, if they were then living, for another term of 14
years : and whereas it will attbrd further encouragement to literature, if the <iuration 'of such copyright
were extended ; be it enacted, that the author of any book or biioks composed, and not printed and
published, or which shall hereafter be composed, and be printed and iiublisbed, and his assigns, shall have
the sole liberty of printing and reprinting such Iniok or books, for the full term of ttrcnly-eif^lit years,
to commence i'rom the day of first publishing the same ; and aKso, if the author shall be living at the end
of that periiid, for the resi'due of his natural life; and if any bookseller or printer, or other person what,
soever, in any part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, in the Isles of Man, .lerscy, or
(iuernsey, or in any other part of the British dominions, shall, from and after the passing of this act,
within tlie times granted and limited by this act, iirint, reprint, or import, or shall cause to be printed, &e.
any such book, without the consent of the author, orotheri)roprietor of the copy right, first had in writing;
or knowing the same to be so printed, &c. without such consent, shall sell, publish, or expose to sale,
o\- cause to be scM, Are., or shall have in his possession for sale, any such book, without such consent
first had and obtained ; such otfender shall be liable to a special action at the suit of the author or other
jiroiirietor of such copyright ; and every such author or other proprietor may, in such special action,
recover damages, with double costs ; and every suc|^ otl'eiuler shall also forfeit such book, and every
sheet of sui'h book, and shall deliver Ihe same to the author or other proprietor, to be made waste paper
of, and shall also forfeit the sum of Jrf. for every sheet thereof either jn-inted or printing, or published or
exposed to sale ; Ihe one moiety thereof to any person who shall sue for the s.ime. — \ t.
And in order to ascertain what books shall be from time to time published, the publishers of every
book demandable under this act shall, within 1 calendar month after the day on wliicn any such book
shall be first sold, published, advertised, or ofl(?red for sale, within the bills of mortality, or wuhin
:; calendar months in any other pait of the United Kingdom, enter the title to the copy of every such book,
and the names and place of abode of the publisher, in the register book of the Company of Stationers in
I-ondon (tor every of which several entries the sum of '■2s. shall be paid, and no more), under a penalty of
the sum of ">/ , together with eleven times the price at which such book shall be sold or advertised ; to be
recovered, together with full costs ot'-suit, by persons authorised to sue, and who shall first sue for the
same : provided, that in the case of magazines, reviews, or other periodical publications, it shall be suffi-
cient to make such entry in the register book of the said Company within 1 month next after the public,
ation of tile first number or volume : provided, that no failure in making any such entry shall in any
maimer aHect any copyright, but shall only subject the person making default to the penalty aforesaid
under this act. — \ 5.
Provided always, that if any publisher shall be desirous of delivering the copy of such book or volume,
on behalf of any of the said libraries, at such library, it shall and may be lawful for him to deliver the
same at such library; and tucli delivery shall be held as equivalent to a delivery to the said warehouse-
keeper.
And if the author of any book, which shall not have been published 14 years at the time of passing
this act, shall be living at the said time, an-' .f such author shall afterwards'ilio before the expiration of
the said 14 years, then the personal representative of the said author, and the a.ssigns of such personal
representative, shall have the sole right of printing and publishing the said book lor the further term of
14 years after the cx|)iration of the first 14.
And if the author of any book which has been already published shall be living at the end of 28 years
after the first publication, lie or she shall, for the remainder of his or her life, have the sole right of
printing and publisliliig the same.
: 1;
f
iJ
I ■.
fl
M.
m
n
i
r,
i
i
,
i '
it
1
n
TV.
'!|'
ur p
I
I I
,!l ifl
llil
ir !
»
■ « '
i
; ■
1 !
'.
i
-
> •
'ill
14.2
BOOK, BOOKS.
Actions and Ruits shall lie commenced within H months next after such olTencc committed, or be yold
and of no cflcct — ^ ^ ", 8, !», 10.
Musical compositions, engravings, maps, sculptures, models, &c. enjoy a similar
protection.
The great practical difficulty in interpreting the copyright acts, is in di'tinguishing
between an original work and a copy made, nnimo furandi, from one already in exist-
ence. The following is a summary of Mr. Godson's remarks on this subject : —
" The identity of a literary work consists entirely in the sentiments and lan/r^uage. The same con.
ccptions, clothed in the same words, must necessarily be the same composition ; and whatever method is
taken of exhibiting that composition to the ear or the eye, by recital, or by tvriting, or by printing, in
any number of coj)ies, or at any period of time, the property of another person has been violated j for
the new book is still the identical work of the real author.
" Thus, therefore, a transcript of nearly all the sentiments and language of a book is a glaring piracy.
To copy part of a book, cither by taking a few pages verbatim, when the i.cnliiuerits are not new, or by
imitation of the principal ideas, although the treatises in other respects arc dilt'ercnt, is also considered to
be illegal.
" Although it was held by Ellenbnrough C. J. that a variance in form and manner is a variance
in sttbstiincc, and that any material alteration which is a melioration cannot be considered as a piracy;
yci. a piracy is committed, whether the author attempt nn original work, or call his book an abridgment,
if the principal parts of a book arc servilely copied or unfairly varied.
" But if the main design be not copied, the circumstance that part of the composition of one author is
found in another is not of itself piracy sufficient to support an action. A man may fairly adopt part of
the work of another ; he may so make use of another's labours for the promotion of science, and the
benefit of the public : but having done so, the question will be. Was the matter so taken used fairly with
that view, and without what may be termed the animus furandi ?
" In judging of a quotation, whether it is fair and candid, or whether the jierson who quotes has been
swayed by the animus furandi, the quantity taken, and the ?nanner in which it is adopted, of course,
must be considered.
" If the work complained of be in substance a copy, then it is not necessary to show the intention to
pirate j for the greater part of the matter of the book having been purloined, the intention is apparent,
and other proof is superfluous. A piracy has undoubtedly been committed.
" Hut if only a small portion of the work is quoted, then it becomes necessary to show that it was done
animo furandi, with the intention of depriving the author of his just rcwani, by giving his work to the
public in a cheaper form. And then the w/orfc' of doing it becomes a subject of inquiry ; for it is not
sufficient to constitute a piracy, that part of one author's book is found in that of another, unless it be
nearly the whole, or so much as will show (being a question of fact for the jury) that it was done
with a bad intent, and that the matter which accompanies it has been colourably introduced." —
(pp. 215—217.)
" If a work be of such a libellous or mischievous nature as to affect the public morals, and that the
author cannot maintain an action at law upon it, a court of equity will not interpose with an injunction
to protect that which cannot be culled property. Even if there be a doubt as to its evil tendency, the
Lord Chancellor will not interfere." — (Godson, p. 2ia.)
II. Expediency of limiting Copyrights to Twenty-eight Years. — It is argued by many
that copyrights should be made perpetual ; that were this done, men of talent and
learning would devote themselves much more readily than at present to the composition
of works requir.'ig great labour ; inasmuch as tlie copyright of such works, were it per-
petual, would be an adequate provision for a family. But we doubt much whether tlie.se
anticipations would- be realised. Most books or manuscripts are purchased by the book-
sellers, or published upon the presumption that there will immediately be a considerable
demand for them ; and we apprehend that when copyrights are secured for 28 years
certain, very little more would be given for them were they made perpetual. When
an annuity, or the rent or profit arising out of any fixed and tangible property, with
respect to which there can be no risk, is sold, if the number of years for which it is
to continue be considerable, the price which it is worth, and which it fetches, does not
differ materially from what it would bring were it perpetual. But the copyright of
an unpublished work is, of all descriptions of property in which to speculate, the most
hazardous ; and the chances of reaping contingent advantages from it, at the distance
of 28 years, would be worth very litlle indeed.
Those who write books, and those who publish them, calculate on their obtaining a
ready and extensive sale, and on their being indemnified in a few years. Very icw
authors, and still fewer booksellers, arc disposed to look forward to so distant a period a.s
28 years for remuneration. They are mostly all sanguine enough to suppose that a
much shorter term will enable tliein to reap a full harvest of fame and profit from the
publication ; and we doubt much whether there be one case in a hundred, in which
an author would obtain a larger sum for a perpetual copyright, than for one that is to
continue for the period .stipulated in the late act.
But while the making of copyrights perpetual would not, as it appears to us, be of
any materiiil advantage to the authors, there are good grounds for thinking that it would
be dis.advantageous to the public. Suppose an individual calculates a table of logarithms
to five or seven places ; if his co^iputations be correct, no improvement can lie made upon
them, to the extent at least to which they go ; but is he or his assignees to be entitled,
in all time to come, to prevent other individuals from publishing similar tables, on the
ground of an invasion of private property ? Such a pretension could not be admitted
without leivding to the most mischievous consequences ; and yet there is no real ground
(though the courts have attempted to make one) on wliieh the claim in question and
others of the same description could be resisted, were copyrights made perpetual, and
BOOK, BOOKS.
H3
I,
placed in nil rcsjiccts on tlio same footing as other projjcrty. W'e therefore, are clearly
of opinion that good policy suggests the limitation of the exclusive right of printing and
pulilisliing literary works to sucli a reasonable period jis may .'.ecure to authors the greater
])art of the profit to be derived from their works ; and that this ])eriod being expired,
they should l)ecornc jjublic property.
Perlia|)s th'- ])L'ri()d of 'J8 years might be advantageously extended to 35 or 40 ;
but we are satisfied liiat more injury than lienefit would result to literature, by extend-
ing it beyond that term. In France, copyrights continue for 20 years after the death
of the author. In most of the German states they are perpetual ; this, however, imtil
very recently, liardly indemnified the authors for the ease with which spurious copies
might be obtained from other states. But by a late resolution of the Diet, a copyright
secured in one state is good in all.
III. Tiixvs on Literutiire. — These taxes have been carried to such an extent in
England as to be in the highest degree injurious. They are at once imi)olitic, op])res-
sive, and imjust : im])olitic, because they tend to obstruct the growth and dittiision of
knowledge ; oppressive, because they very frequently swallow up the entire reward of
the labours of the most deserving persons; and unjust, because they are not propor-
tioned to the value of the article on which they are laid, and are, indeed, much oftener
paid out of capital than out of profit.
These taxes consist of the duty on jiaper — (see Papku), the duty on advertisements
— (see AnvF.KTisE:MENTs), and the 11 copies given to the jjublic libraries. The fol-
lowing statements, drawn up by a very competent authority {'Sir. liees, of the firm of
Longman, Rces, and Co.), show the mode in which they operate. They refer to an
octavo volume of ,KX) pages, the pa])er such as this, with the ordinary quantity of matter
on the page, and sold by retail for ] 2s. a copy.
Estimate of the cost of such a volume, when 500, 750, and 1,000 copies are printed,
showing what part of this cost consists of taxes.
I us, be of
; it would
Igarithms
lade upon
I entitled,
b, on the
lidmitted
II ground
Ition and
kual, and
Five Hundred Copies.
Printing and corrections
Paper
lioarding
Advertising
U copies to public libraries.
14 copies ;say) to author.
475 copies far sale at 8^-. Bd. -
Deduct cost - . . .
Profit to author and publisher, commission, and interest 1
on capital, ivlicn all are sold - . -J
Sexien Hundred and FiJ'tij Copies.
Printing and corrections . .
Paper . - . .
Boarding ...
Advertising ...
11 copies to public libraries.
14 copies to author.
725 copies for sale at 8s. 5d. .
Deduct cost . ...
Protit to author and jjublisher, commission, and interest }
on a\p\ta],iv/ien all are sold . . .J
One Thousand Copies.
Printing and corrections ....
Paper . ...
Boarding ...
Adverti.-ing . .
11 copies to public libraries.
14 copies to author.
975 copies for sale at 8*. 5rf. . .
Deduct cost . ...
Profit to author and publisher, commission, and interest 7
on capital, w/ie/i all are sold ^^ . .3
Cost.
1 Dutv
•
£
4-. ri.
jC s.
rf.
-
-
88
18
.
a8
10
8 12
10
.
-
10
! 3 ,'3
8 1
-
oO
' y
l(i7
8
1 20 16
« 1
.£ s.
d.
•1
V.'9 17
11
1
l(i7 S
1
Si <) 11
I
!)5
fi
.
57
15
12 1!)
4
.
.
15
4 15
7
37
11 5
!) 1
205
1
28 19 11
£ s.
d.
3l>-> 2
5
205 I
100 1
5
102 14
-
77
17 5
9
-
-
20
6 7
5 i
-
4;>
];3 10
i
■ ' ■ ■
244
14
37 3
2 !
.£■ s.
d.
1
410 fi
,■?
1:44 14
\ar, 12
3
The following statement shows the operaticm of the duties on a pamphlet of 5 sheets,
or 80 pages, of which .500 copies are printed : —
144-
BOOK, HOOKS.
; * I
! .1
f '!|
i.
Pamphlet, Five Hundred Number.
Printing . . , - -
Extras - - - - -
I'npiT - - ...
Stitchins - - ...
Advertising (say) . ...
S/i copies for author anil public libraries.
♦7;'i copies lor salt', i;.j for i.'/. Its.
( I'rolit to author ami publisher, interest, Ac. after nit are sold
( list.
Duly.
.£ s. d.
1+ 1+ (17
5 5 OJ
X f. rt.
I'J 19
f)
lii 'i
7 i!
£ s. d.
1
2 3 (i
.oi r,
.£■17 12 1)
3,i 13 6
3 3 (>
Tliosc statements set the oppressive operation of the taxes on literature in a very
.striking point of view. Where the edition is an average one of T.'iO copies, the duties
amount to about a seventh, or 1 '1!| per eeiit. of the cost of the edition. If the edition consi,st
of 500 or ".TO copies, the duties amount to more than the entire remuneration of the
author ; and if it consist of 1,000 copies, they amount to about as much !
It is essential, however, to bear in mind that the previous statements show only how
the duties affect books wlien the entire impression is sold off at the full publication priee ;
but this seldom happens. Excluding pamphlets, it may be truly affirmed, that, at an
average, the original impression of half the books printed is hardly ever sold olf, except
at a ruinous reduction of price. Now, if we suppose, in the previous exam))lc of an
edition of 750 copies, that only 025 instead of 7'i5 were sold, the result would l)e that
only 57A 19a. would reinain as profit to the author and publisher, and as a compen-
sation for interest, the risk of bad debts, itc. Were only 500 copies sold, the cost would
not be more than balanced ; and there would be nothing whatever to remunerate the
author for his labour, or the bookseller for the use of his capital. . Were only 400 copies
sold, government would have received 28/. I9s, lid. of duty from a speculation by
which the author had lost all his labour, and the bookseller 361. I5s. of his capital ! The
mere possibility of such a supposition being realised, would be a sufficient ground for a
revision of the duties ; but, in point of fact, such cases, instead of being merely possible
or rare, are of every day occurrence !
There is a radical difference between the demand for books, or of food for the mind, and
food for the body. Tlie latter is always sure, under any circumstances, to command a
sale. The demand for it is comparative' y constai t ; it cannot be dispensed with. If a
tax be laid on malt, hats, or shoes, it will, perhaps, somewhat lessen the demand for
these articles ; but the quantities of them brought to market, in future, will sell for such
an advanced price as will leave the customary rate of profit to their producers. But
with books the ca.se is altogether different. The taste for them is proverbially capri-
cious ; so much so, that the most sagacious individuals are every day deceived in their
anticipations as to the success of new works, and even as to the sale of new editions.
l>ut if a book do not take, it is .so very ruinous an affair, that a publisher is glad to
dispose of the greater part of an iin])ression at a fourth or fifth part of its regular
price ; and is often, indeed, obligetl to sell it as waste paper to the trunk-maker or the
tobacconist.
On a late investigation into the affairs of an extensive publishing concern, it was found,
that of 130 works published by it in a given Vxmc, fifty hud not paid their expenses. Of
the 80 that did pay, 13 only had arrived at a second edition; but, in most in-
stances, these second editions had not been profitable. In general it may be estimated,
that of the books published, a fourth do not pay their expenses ; .ind that only one in
eir/ht or ten can be reprinted with iidvantaye. As respects pamphlets, we know we are
within the mark, when we affirtn that not one in fifty pays the expenses of its pub-
lication !
Now, when such is the fact, can any thing be more glaringly unjust than to impose
the same duty on all works before they are published? In a very few cases, such duty
may fall principally on the buyers, and be only a reasonable deduction from the j)rofits
of the author and publisher ; but in a vast number more it swallows them up entirely ;
and in very many cases there are no profits for the duty to absorb, so that it falls wholly
on the capital of the unfortunate autiior or publisher. Were the judges of the courts of
law to decide cases by a throw of the dice, there would be quite as much of reason and
justice in their decisions, as there has been in the proceedings of our finance ministers as
to taxes on literature. If books must be taxed, let publishers be put imder the surveil-
lance of the excise ; let them be obliged to keep an account of the books they sell, and
let them be taxed accordingly ; but do not let the loss arising from an unsuccessful lite-
rary speculation — and more than half such speculations are unsuccessful — be aggra-
vated to a ruinous degree by the pressure of a system of taxation, than which there is
nothing, even in Algiers, more unefjual or. opprtssivc.
The reduction of the advertisement duty has done something to lessen this injustice.
BOOK, BOOKS.
M5
£
s. d.
1
3 (>
3
3 ti
I in a very
the (lutius
;ion consist
ion of the
r only how
tlon price ;
thiit, at an
otr, except
mi)le of an
uld he that
a compen-
cost would
inerate the
400 copies
julation by
pital! The
ound for a
cly possible
e mind, and
command a
with. If a
demand for
sell for such
icers. But
)ially capri-
ed in their
;w editions.
is glad to
its regular
aker or the
, was found,
senses. Of
most in-
estimated,
[only one in
low we are
I of its pub-
to impose
such duty
I the profits
Ip entirely ;
Falls wholly
le courts of
Ircason and
linisters as
Jtlie surveil-
ly sell, and
lessful lite-
■ be aggra-
tliere is
injustice.
/
But the above statements, which apply to the reduced duty, show that the relief is most
inadequate. It acknowledges, without correcting, the evil. Instead of being reduced,
this dutv ought to liave been entirely repealed. Before the reduction it only amounted
to about" 1 7(Co('0/. a year ; and there cannot be a doubt that the loss of revenue occasioned
l)v its reiieal, and by the repeal of half tlie paper duty, would, at no distant period, be
niade u|) by tlie greater produttiveiuss of tlie remaining duty on paper, resulting from its
greater coiisumi)tioii. Tiie advertisement duty presses very severely on all sorts of
works, but iiarticularlv on jjamphlets : it may, indeed, l)e said to have utterly destroyed
tlie latter class of pulifieations. in so far at least as they are a source of profit.
But we ()l».iect altogether to the imjiosition of taxes on books i)reviously to their being
published. It is not possible, for the reasons already stated, that such taxes can be
otherwise than viijiist. This objection to them might, indeed, l)e removed by imposing
the duties acconiiiig to the number and value of the cojjies actually sold. Still such
duties must, however inijMJsed, by raising the price of books, and preventing the diffusion
of knowledge among the poorer and least instructed classes, »)e in the utmost degree
injurious; at the same time that they can never be rendered considerably productive.
They seem, in fact, to have every quality that taxes ought not to have, and hardly one
that they sliould have.
The delivery of fUven cojjies to iniblic libraries is exceedingly burdensome upon the
more ex))ensive class of works, of which small impressions only can be printed ; eleven
cojjies of such works would in many instances be a very fair profit for the author ; and
the obligation to make such a sacrifice has frequently, indeed, caused their publication
to be abandoned. A tax of this sort would not be tolerable, even were it imposed for a
public pm-))()se ; but such is not the object of its imposition. Though called tjwWic, the
libraries which receive the eleven copies are, with the exception of the British Museum,
private establishments, belonging to particular corporations or institutions, and accessible
oiilji to tlivir members. Why, wlien an author produces a book, should he be compelled
to bestow copies of it on the lawyers of Edinburgh and Dublin, and on the Universities?
On what priiicii)le can these bodies pretend to demand from him a portion of his property ?
Perh.aps it might be expedient, in order to insure the preservation of every work, that
cojjies of it should be deposited, one in London, one in Edinburgh, and one in Dublin.
Even this would be calling ujion authors to make a considerable sacrifice for the public
r.dvantage. But to call iqion them to sacrifice ten copies, exclusive of that given to the
British Museum, for the benefit of so many ;3r/m<e iiisdlutions, is a proceeding utterly at
variance with every principle oFjustiee.
The law of other countries is, in this respect, far preferable to ours. In America,
Prussia, Saxony, and Bavaria, only one copy of any work is required from the author ;
in France and Austria, iiro co])ies are re(|uired ; and in the Netherlands, three. The
governments of the most despotical states treat authors better than they have hitiierto
been treated by the legislatin'e of England.
IV. Book Trufle of Great Britain. — London is the gi-cat centre of the British book
trade ; the number of new ])ublications that issue from its presses being far greater than
all that appear in the rest of the empire. Within the course of the last forty years,
however, many very important works have been published at Edinburgh ; but the latter,
as well as those that ap])c'ar at Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow, &c., are principally dis-
posed of by the London trade. The l)ooksellers of Edinburgh, .and of all the provincial
towns, have agents in London to whom they consign a certain number of copies of every
work they publish ; and to whom, also, they address their orders for copies of such new
or old works as they have occasion fi)r. Tlie London booksellers, who act as agents for
those in the country, are in the habit of regularly despatching parcels to their corre-
spo-.idents on the last day of each month, with the magazines and other monthly publica-
t'jns; but if any new work of interest appears in the interim, or orders be received
from the country that cannot be conveniently deferred to the end of the month, a parcel
is immediately forwarded by coach. The booksellers of Edinburgh and Dublin act as
agents for those of London, and supply the Scotch and Irish country trade with the
metropolitan publications.
The price of new works is fixed by the publishers, who grant a deduction to the
retail dealers of from ii'O to 25 per cent, on the price of quartos, and from 25 to 30 per
cent, on that of octavos, and those of smaller size. The credit given by the publishers to
the retailers varies from seven to twelve months; a discoimt being allowed for prompt
payment at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum.
From inquiries we have made, we believe it may be laid down that about 1,500
volumes of new publications (exclusive of reprints, pamphlets, and periodical publications
not in volumes) are annually produced in Great Britain : and, estimating the average
impression of each volume at 750 copies, we have a grand total of 1,125,000 volumes;
the value of which, if sold at an average publication price of 9s. a volume, would be
506,250/. The number of reprinted volumes, particularly of school-books, is verv great ;
L
^>l
1
It I j
m
ii t
I'm-
'1
iP*
■II
i
' \
I i ' I!
146
l^OOK, BOOKS.
and if to these we add tlie reviews miif^nzines, pninphlets, and all other piibh'cations
exclusive of newspapers, the total pthlication luiliif of tlie new works of all sorts, and
new copies of old works, that are annually produced, may he estimated at ahout
750,000/. At an average of the three years endinj; with 18:il, 1,176 new works were
annually entered in Stationers' 11:111 : hut, as no account is kept of the size or price of
these works, this return furnishes no ( lue hy which to judj^e of the number of volumes,
their magnitude, or value. This diliciincy might easily be supplied either by the
Stationers' Hall or the liritish 3Iusetn i keeping an account of the size and price of all
the new books coining into their hands, and making an annual al)stract of the same.
The old hook trade carried on in Great Britain is very extensive, and employs many
dealers. The price of old hooks depends very much on their condition; but, independ-
ently of this circumstance, it is very fluctuating and capricious; equally good copies of
the same works being frequently to be had in some shops for a half or a third of what they
can be bought for in others.
V. Reyulutions as to Importation of Works. — For the duties, see Taiuff. To prevent
foreign books and maps, the property of individuals, from being charged with duty more
than once, the proprietor shall, on each importation subsequent to the original one, make
oath that the duties were paid when they winx' first imported, or that he purchased them
in this country in a fair way of trade ; that they are the identical books or maps he
exported from this kingdom, and that they are now brought back for his private use,
and not for sale. — ( Treasury Order, 3d, and Customs Order, 8tli of October, 1818.)
No books, first composed, written, or jjrinted in the United Kingdom, imported for
sale, except books not reprinted in the United Kingdom within 10 years, or being parts of
collections, the greater part of which had been composed or written abroad, shall be im-
ported into the United Kingdom, under forfeiture thereof. — (3 & 4 W'dl. 4. c. 52. § 58.)
Books first composed or written, or printed and ])iiblislied, in the United Kingdom, and
reprinted in any other country or jdace, may not be entered to be warehoused. — § 59.
The permission to import English works reprinted abroad for jjrivate use, is limited
to a single copy of eiich work, brought as a jiart of a passenger's baggage, for the private
use of the parties themselves. — ( 'Treasury Order, 'J9th of June, 1830.)
Account of the Amount of Dutvpaul upon the Foreign lioiiks imported into the United Kingdom during
each of the Ten Years ending with IS,*. — (I'ail. I'liprr, No. 14ti. .Sess. I8;32.)
Year.
Amount.
Year.
Amount.
Year.
Amount.
1821
1822
1823
182-t
se s. li.
1 2,987 8 9
13,(13-. 7 11
15,.!39 1 5
17,237 17 3
1825
182(5
1827
.£ s. rf.
n.op."; IS (i
10,-K,'; 3 8
11,133 2 5
1828
1829
1830
.£ .1. d.
11,026 18 1
11,400 8 2.
n,8(ij 4 4
VI. Book Trade of France. — The activity of the Trench press has been very greatly
increased since the downfall of Napoleon. The Count Daru, in a very instructive work
(Notions Statistiques siir la i.i6ra/r!<')lHiblished in 18'27, estimated the number of printed
sheets, exclusive of newspapers, produced by the French jiress in 1816, at 66,852,883;
and in 1825, at 128,011,483! and we believe that the iiir , ase from 1825 down to the
present period has been little if any thing inferior. The ijuality of many of the works
that have recently issued from the French press is also very superior ; and it may be
doubted whether such works as the liioi/rap'iie UuirerseJIe, the new and enlarged edition
of the Art de verifier les Bates, in 38 vols, octavo, and the two octavo editions of J?ny/e's
Dictionary, could h.ave been published in any other country. The greater number of
new French works of merit, or which it is siqiposed will con land a considerable sale,
are immediately reprinted in the Netherlands or Switzerland, but jirincipally in the
former. To such an extent has this jjiraticiil practice been carried, that it is stated in
the Requite presented by the French booksellers to government in 1 828, that a single
bookseller in Brussels had, in 1825 and 1826, and the first six months of 1827, reprinted
318,615 volumes of French works! Having nothing to pay for copyright, these coun-
terfeit editions can be aflTordcd at a lower i)rice than those that are genuine. This is a
very serious injury to French authors and publishers, not only by preventing the sale of
their works in foreign countries, but from the ease with which spurious copies may be
introduced into France.
All the French booksellers are breveti's, that is, licensed, and sworn to abide by certain
prescribed rules. This regulation is justly comiilained of by the publishers, as beiiig
vexatious and oppressive ; and as tending to lessen the number of retail booksellers in
the country, and to jnevent that competition which is so advantageous.
The discount allowed by the French publishers to the retail dealers is not regulated,
as in England, by the size of the volumes, but by the subjects. The discount on the
sale of books of history, criticism, and general literature, is usually about 25 per cent. ;
in the case of mathematical and strictly scientific works, it is seldtnn more than 10 or 15
per cent. ; while upon romances, tales, &c. it is often as high as 50 or 60 per cent.
I
book-keeping and accounts.
H7
blicatioiiff.
sorts, and
at about
forks were
)r price of
P volumes,
or by the
trice of all
same,
iloys many
independ-
d copies of
' what they
To prevent
duty more
one, make
liased them
)r maps he
rivate use,
, 1818.)
iported for
ing parts of
hall be im-
.52. §58.)
iigdom, and
a.— § 59.
', is limited
the private
igdom during
mount'
S.
a.
26 18
1
(M) 8
2
fij 4
4
ery greatly
ictive work
r of printed
6,852,883 ;
own to the
If the works
it may be
ged edition
|s of Bayle's
number of
lerable sale,
illy in the
is stated in
at a single
, reprinted
;hese coun-
This is a
the sale of
ics may be
by certain
rs, as being
])ksellers in
regulated,
lunt on the
per cent. ;
kn 10 or 15
|r cent.
1
VII. Girmnn Umtk Tniik. — " This trade is very nnicli fiicilitated by the book fairs
at Leipsic; thi' KiistiT fair being fre(|uenti'd by all the booksellers of Germany, and by
those of some of tin- nei;,'hl)ouring countiii's, as of France, Switzerland, Denmark,
Livonia, t^vc, in order to settle their muliial accounts, and to form new connections.
The German publisiier sctuIs ills iiublications to the keeper of assortments it roiiilitiiin,
that is, on coinniission, for a certain time, after wiiich the latter pays for what have been
sold, and may return tin- remainder. This is not so favourable for the publisher as the
custom in the French and Kiigiisli book trades, where the keepers of assortments take
the (piantily tliev want at a fixed rale. In the (ierman book trade, it is the custom for
almost every house, either in the coinitry or abroad, which iiublishes or sells German
books, to have its agent at Leipsic, wiio receives and distrilnifes its j)id)lications. A., of
Riga, who publishes a book calculated forllie (ierman trade, has his agent H., in Leipsic,
to whom he sends, IVee of exi)ense. a number of copies of bis publication, that he may
distribute the new work to all the booksellers with whom be is connected, from Vienna
to Hamburgh, and from Strasliurgh to Kiiiiigslierg, each of whom has his agent in
Leipsic. Instructions are also given as to (lie number of copies to be sent to each. B.
delivers those cojiies in Leipsic to the agents, who seiul them every week, or more or
less fre(piently, by the post or by carriers, .it the expense of the receiver. ('., of
Strasburgli, who finds that he has not received copies enough, writes for an additional
number of copies to his .igent D.. of Leipsic: 1). gives this order to H., who delivei-s
the number wanted to 1)., to be transmitted to C. This arrangement is advantageous
to the German book trade, as well as to Leipsic. The dealer receives every thing from
Leipsic; and as a great mnnber of ])ackets, with books from all jiarts of (lermany,
arrive there for him every week, he cm have them jiacked together and sent at once.
The carriage is thus nuieli less than if the p.ickets were sent to him separately from the
diHerent jilaces ; :uid the whole business is simplified. The booksellers are also enabled
to agree with ease on a certain discount ))er cent. No such intimate connection of the
booksellers has yet been formed in any other country. The German booksellers rarely
unite, as is the practice in England, in undertaking the publication of extensive works."
— {fj'ermaii Conrcisdtions- Lexicon, American edition.)
The literary deluge which connnenced in Germany in 1814 still contiiuies t<»
increase. F"or the 2,000 works which were then about the annual complement, we have
now about (i.OOO. The catalogue of the Leipsic fair for Michaelmas, 18.S0, contains
;5,444 articles, of which 2,7(74 are actually published ; and if these are added to the 0,1 (J2
announced in the Easter catalogue, the number of books published in 18fiO will amount
to 5,92(). The number published in 1829 was 5,;514 ; in 1828, 5,(554 ; in 1827, 5,108 ;
previously to v.-hich, the number had never exceeded 5,000. Magazines and popular
Encyclopa>dias have increased in the same proportion ; and the pid>lic has shown as
great a desire to read, as the learned have to write. Private libraries are diminishing,
while the public ones are daily increasing. — {Fonhju Qiitirtcrli/ licrhw. No. XI\'. p.55I.)
BOOK-KEEPING, the art of keeping the accounts and books of a merchant.
Book-keeping by double entry means that mode or system in which every entry is
double, that is, has both a debtor and a creditor. It is called also the Italian method,
because it was first jiractised in X'enice, Genoa, and other towns in Italy, where trade
was conducted on an extensive scale at a nnich eailier date than in England, France, or
other parts of Eurojte. This method, however f.miiliar to merchants and book-keepers,
seems intricate to almost all who have not (jractised it ; nor is the dryness and difficulty
of the task much lessened by the printed works on the subject, which, having been com-
piled more by teachers than by practical merchants, contain a number of obsolete rules
and unnecessary details. The most eHectual mode of giving clearness and interest to our
remarks will be, first, to state a t't}\v mercantile transactions) and then to explain the
nature of the accounts and entries which result from them.
The Journal of a mercantile house ought to open, at the beginning of each year, with
an enumeration of their assets and debts, as follows : —
Kolio of
LedKcr.
SUNDRIES Das. to STOCK.
For the following, bi'iiig the assets of the liouse.
Cash ; amount at the Ijiinkcrs' tl)is day (1st Jan.) . . .
Kxc :nK(jiEii Hm.ls ; ainoiiiit in l)aiid - - - •
Bn,Ls Hi:ci;i\AiiLi: ; in hiind, as per bill book - . .
Thrke and a uai.k I'Lii Cent. Stoc k, O.dOOA, valued at 90/. per 100/. stock
Debenti HE Akoi.nt; drawbacks reriivabic at the Custom-house
Ship Amelia ; our three eighths of that vessel - . .
Adventike in luisii Linen ; .amount in hand, computed at cost price -
James Uailev iv Co., Liverpool ; due by tlioni - - .
'i iiuMAs Watson S; Co., Dublin ; do. - -
William SrENcE .S: Co., riymouth ; do. - . .
». d.
2,5.^)
5,310
7,;300 15
5,400
513
3,0(K)
2,4fi7
1,350
10
3,530
12
970
10
^32.391
17
10
L2
I
1
!i
> ' I
* ii
' t
lis
nOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
Fnllo of
.STOCK Hit. to SUNDIIIKS.
£ f. d.
Q,r,.vt 10
I.HSO U)
l,;!7o ,'".
721) r,
m) iri
l,\.V) 10
ii'M U'l
fi
3
U
4
7
8
To IllLl.s Pav^hi.k ; amount of iiccpptaiiccs at lliis dnd'
Til In»iihan( i: ; aiiioiiiit (iliiri'iiiiuinn iliu- to uiulcrwritfra
To MoRitM I'ir.MAN, I'rlnidadi balaiu'udlictohiin
To Jamkm KoiiniH, Di'iiwrara; tlo. ...
'I'll Simon Kiia/kh, I.oiulon ; do. ...
'i'o Jamk.h Allan tn Co., KiriKstoii, Jamaica; do.
To CiKoiiaii and William Kox, l''almoiith i do.
;
Balance, being the present capital of the house . • .
H,7.''*l l.'i
ai,(U« '." 10
i'32,3!)l 17 10
y
' M
Pi ''M
Let thu transaction to be first explained l)0 an order for goods from a correspondent
abroad. A house in Jani.-iica sends instructions to the bouse at home to buy and ship a
quantity of manufactured articles, stated to the Jamaica market, as follows: —
Order from James Allan 8c Co., of Kingston, Jamaica, to Hevry Harclav & Co., of London.
J. A. Linen ; I.int .Strelifz O.snaburKa, H bales, alioiit (»/. IjC yanl.
& Co. Host tow Strelitz do., !l b.ilc.s, 4(/. or IJV.
Host white I'i.itillas, 1 case.
Linen tick .issortcd, Jtlis width, M., l*., 1*. .Irf. ; 10 pieces c.ich, cut up in S2.yard
lengths.
tt'oollrns ; .0 bales I'enistones, JUis wide, best iiiili.70 blue, 1,«. a yard.
Cultans; .50 pieces stout calico, '.'H yards each, ^tlis wide, 4rf. a yard.
.'iO do. (In. do. gths, superior, ,W. a yard.
KHI ilo. stout calico shirtinK, Jths wide, superior, iki, a yard.
lltils ; 4 dozen gt'iitlenieu's superfine black, 'JO.v. caili.
2 do. do. dr.ib, 2(),«. each.
1 do. youths' <!o. l>lack, \:>s. each.
20 do, felt hats, for negroes, CS?«. !)>■ dozen.
Shoes i 10 dozen prime call-skin shoes, full size, CtBs. l* dozen.
10 ilo. youths' do. 52,«. W dozen.
5 do. gentlemen's dress do. 7-.v. W dozen.
This order the London merchant di/ides among six, seven, or more wholesale dealers,
according to their respective lines of business. Each dealer, or tradesman, as he is
commonly called, provides his portion of the order in the course of the fortnight, three
weeks, or month, allowed him by the merchant ; and when the goods are packed and
ready to ship, lie sends in his account, or bill of parcels, thus: —
Messrs'. IIrnrv Barclay & Co.
London, 'Mtli February, 1831.
Bought of Simon Frazbr.
J. .A.
A Co.
No. 8.
10 ])ieces best tow Strelitz Oi^naburgs, IIG yards each, at 4(/. |* yard
Inside wrapper, 16 yards, at 3rf. - - - .
Cord, bale, and press packing - ....
Then follow, stated in like manner, the particulars of 8 bales, No. P. to Ifi. both
inclusive, amounting to • ...
.£
.1.
if.
24
6
a
4
10
'-':>
8
212
4
£^ai
4
10
Messrs. Henry Barclay & Co.
London, 20/A Febiuarij, 1831.
Bought of J. BuRRAnAILC & Co.
J. A.
& Co.
.-59.
40.
41.
Case, 1 dozen and 2 youths' hats and bands, at \5s. each
Case (small) ....
Case, 9 dozen felt hats for negroes, at 22*. ^ dozen
Case (large) . . . -
Do. the same ....
£ s.
10 10
4
<r.
£ s.
10 14
10 14
10 1+
rf.
9 18
Ifi
~
£» .;f>
The merchant, having received the whole of the bills of parcels, fixed on a vessel, and
agreed for the freight, proceeds to make an entry at the Custom-house, and to ship the
goods. That done, the next step is to prepare tlie Invoice, or general account of tliQ
shipment, as follows : —
4
liOOk-KKKIUNG AND ACCOUNTS.
149
£
f.
d.
2,.™
10
1,HS() 15
l,.!7l)
.I
721)
,5
!)!>()
If)
\,\M
1(1
.J'JO
l;i
H.v:*!
1,»
2;),(i3H
2
10
■3'.>,3!)l
17
10
lorrespoiulent
uy and ship a
of London.
ut up In S2-yard
)Iesale dcitlers,
man, as lie is
jitniglit, three
'c packed and
'ebnary, 1831.
£
».
<f.
24
f>
S
4
(1
10
L'i5
s
212
4
o
£2.';-
4
10
Tehruary, 1831.
:Co.
£ s. a.
10 14
10 14
10 H
£'.;2 2 II
II a vessel, and
ind to ship tlie
account of the
Invoicr of OnodmihipptHl by IIkmiv IUiklav iv ('", in the lUiirHiis, .J. 'I'lumisoii, from Loiulnn to
Kingetoii ill Juniatca, on account ami riiik of Mcatri, Jamuh Allan & I'o. uf Kiiigttoii.
J. A.
& ( o.
No. 1.
J.
4, ;i. (i.
7.
8. to Hi.
17.
IH. to ik
'.',"». to 38.
m.
40, 1.
£ ». il.
!',i 7
•4 Hi
2,i
(i7 ;J
I'uiiilii'iin strong calf-8kin''»liocs, U' J. Johiiion's bill of
pari'i'la - - ■ ...
1)0. do. Il'' <lo.
Krcnrli ralf-fskin sIiol'H, k* do.
3 trunks do. . I/* ilo.
t'asc linen tick a.'isnrti'd, \i* .1. ^Vil.s()ll'i^ bill of luiircls
[» b.iliH best tow ()»ii:iburg«, 10 i>ii.it« iMcli, l)f Simon Krazer's bill of
lurccls - - . . - - .
I rase while I'latillas.li*' .M0II111K& ('o.'i( bill of parceln
7 ea«e8 tlie >aiiic, ji* do. ...
14b.ile(i lint Osiiabiirus l* .'• M.ukenzieM)ill of parrclii
1 ca^e youths' hats iiid bandu, \s* J. iiorradaile Ix. C'o.'ii bill of parccU
2 cases felt huts, do. I*' do. . . .
Kntry ; duty on ; rt at j per. rent. ; bond and debenture
Cartage, wliarlii'^e, and Nliippiiig eharges
Freight and prnnage .JNA 7.v. ; bills of hiding 'is. (irf.
Insurance on l/KK)/. at 4»l,v. IP' 100/ . .t'30
I'olicyduiy - - - 3 18 U
Commission, .",!(>' cent, on l,,");!.")/. . . -
L)o. ) y cent, on 1,500/, insured
£ ». ft.
4 8
7 <J (i
;« 10 li
33 18 9
(ill 15
7 10
Errors excepted.
At fi months' credit ; doe fitli of September.
r.omlon, IV/t (if March, WM.
£ i. (/.
278 l.'i 11
43
230 5
41 8
287 4 8
.■iii7 10
10 14
21 8
1,284 18 ,3
158 n <J
f 1,4-13 10
Henry Barclay & Co.
This invoice, being sent out by the vessel to IMessrs. Allan & Co., conveys to them a
ntimber of iiarficulars in a short space; viz. the mark, the numbers, the value, and tho
contents of each jiackage. In former times it was the jjraetiee to make an invoice
very long, inserting in it a literal copy of each bill of parcels, but it has now become
usual to make each tradcsniiiii deliver a duplicate of his account, to be sjiit abroad with
the goods; in which case the invoice may lie, like the above, little more than a summary
of the bills of parcels. This method has two advantages : it saves time at the counting-
house of the exporter ; and it affords to bis correspondent an assurance that no more is
charged to him than has been actually paid for the articles.
An invoice ought to be made out with the utmost care, for it is a document of great
importance in several respects : first, between the exporting merchant and his corre-
spondent abroad; and next, when in the hands of the latter, it may and generally does
form a voucher for calculating the import duty, as well as for the sales efl'ected to
retailers or other dealers.
The sum insured by the exporting merchant generally exceeds the amount of the
invoice by 2 per cent., because the recovery of a loss from insurers involves a charge
of fully that amount. It is thus necessary to cover not only the price of the goods, and
the charges of shipping, insurance, and freight, but such further sum as may enable the
shipper, in ca.se of loss, to carry to the credit of his correspondent the amount of the
invoice, clear of any deduction.
Journal Entries resulting from the foregoing Invoice.
Folio of
James Allan & Co. Drs. to Sindrif.s.
For goo<]3 shipped to them in the Itatr/ins, Thomson, for Jamaica.
To James Johnson ; amount of shoes, 4?' his bills of parcels
£ s. d.
278 15 11
1
1
To John Wilson ; linen tick iff do.
42
1
To Simon Frazer ; tow Osiiaburgs i? do.
2.36 5
1
To John Mackenzie ; lint Osnaburgs ^ do.
367 10
2
To James Borhaoaile & Co. ; hats 4('do.
32 2
2
To Mollino & Co. ; for Platillas ■fdo.
328 5 4
3
3
3
3
To Freight Account ; freight, primage, and bills of lading
38 10 6
To Insurance ; premium, and policy - - .
33 18 9
To CiiAROES ; entry outward, duty, and shipping charges
11 17 6
To Profit and Loss ; for commission - .
74 5
£i.'m 10
The preceding invoice, being for account of a mercantile bouse, who sell again to
dealers, comprises a variety of articles : as a further specimen, we subjoin two short
invoices, for account of sugar planters, and confined to articles consumed on their
estates.
I. .3
I ' k
i
%
150
BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
1 ■(
!? f
Invoice of Plantation Stores, sliippcd by Ht:NiiY lUncLAV S; Co. in tlio Adventure, J. Williamson,
Master, I'or Kingston, Jamaica, by order of Mr. Ja.mks Tho.^iso.n, Planter, anil for his account and
risk.
J. T.
1. to 6.
bales lint Osnaburga, (P* bill of parcels from James Ander-
son .... £'m
Then follow, in like manner, the mark, number, and contents of
various other packaRCs of plantation stores (hats, shoes, nails, &r.}, com.
posing the shipment ; amounting in all to . - .
ciiARUF.a. £ .«. d.
Custom-house entry, and shipping charges • . i! 12 (5
Freight, piimage, and bills of lading . - 18 7 6
Commission on ifiUl. at i^ tr' cent. . . - 59 7
Insurance on S.-MO/. at 2/. #■ cent.
Policy duty
Commission, | ^j^ cent. ...
51
10
12 IJ
i. d.
2,352 10
60 7
London, 2rf of October, 1830.
Errors excepted.
70
jff 2,503 2
Henry Barclay & Co.
Invoice of 60 Barrels of Herrings, shipped by Henry Bar(i,ay & Co. of London, in the Barclay, Jamc^
Ferrier, bound to Barbadoes, by order, and for account and risk of John HeNnER^joN, Ksq., Planter,
and consigned to him at Bridgetown, Barbadoes.
London, 18W of Feb. 182+.
J. H. I 60 barrels prime white herring."!, deliverable at Bridgetown, Barbadoes, free
of charges, at 2U. ^ barrel . - . - ^ (13
This invoice is very short ; the agreement having been, that the herrings should be delivered at a fixed
price, all charges included.
Account of Sales. — Wo ccJiiie now to a tran.saction of a different kind; to the sale
of goods imported from abroad. A merchant in England receives from a correspondent,
whether in India, the West Indies, jr North America, notice of a shipment of sugar,
coffee, rice, or other produce, about to be made to England, with instructions to effect
insurance on the computed value. This is the first step in the transaction ; on the arrival
of the vessel the goods are entered, landed, and warehoused ; and a broker is instructed
to report on the state and prospects of the market. On a sale taking place, an account
is made out and forwarded to the correspondent abroad, as follows : —
Account Sale of 7 Hhds. Sugar, by the Ceres, from Trinidad, for Account of Morris Pitt.man, Esq.,
of Trinidad.
Insurance on 176V. at CO*.
^ 100/. - - ^£^5 5
Policy - . 10 6
Freight of 79 cwt. 25 lbs. at &. ^ cwt
Primage, pierage, and trade .
Duty on 79 cwt. 25 lbs. at 27s. ^ cwt.
Entry - . . .
Dock dues . . .
Landwaiters and entry
Warehouse rent, 19 weeks
Sampling
Insurance from fire
Interest on ft-eight and duty
Brokerage, 1 ^ cent.
Commission, 2 ^ cent.
i ^ cent, on 175/. insured
Nett proceeds, due 2d of May, 1830
London, 'Jdqf April, 1831.
£ s. d.
5 15 6
23 15 4.
9 7
106 19
f>
2 12 10
16
1 15 2
3 6
6
1 12 3
2 6 9
4 13 4
17 6
152 8 9
81 11 3
j£'234
I cwt. qrs. lbs.
M.P. 7 Hhds. weighing 87 3 21
1. to 7. Deduct draft - 14
Deduct tare
87
9
Nett 78
at &)s. i
>'cwt.
£ s. d.
234
£231
Errors excepted.
Henry Barclay & Co.
We have here, on one side of the accotmt, the quantity and value of the goods sold ;
on the other, the various charges attending the bringing home, the warehousing, and the
sale of the articles.
TTie quantity of goods accounted for in an account sale must be the same as in the
invoice ; if it be less, whether through damage at sea, through waste, or any other cause,
the extent of the deficiency should be explicitly stated. By the " overtaker" in the fol-
lowing .sale is meant the additional barrel or package required for the coffee taken out of
such of the tierces as have been opened on account of breakage or other damage.
i-^'iP. Jl
BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
151
Williamson,
account and
•**
S.
rf.
352 10
80
7
70
5
u03
(^
LAY
&Co.
irclai/, James
isq., I'lantcr,
b. 1824.
?n3
red at a fixed
to the sale
respondent,
X of sugar,
ins to ett'ect
1 the arrival
s instructed
an account
MAN, Esq.,
je s. d.
234
i'SS-t
Co.
[)ods sold ;
and the
as in the
her cause,
n the fol-
cen out of
A'duwances of Weight, — The tare is the weight of the cask, and differs, of course, in
almost every package: but trctt (see the following sale) is a fixed allowance of 5 lbs. per
tierce in the case of coffee, intended, like draft in the case of sugar, to insure good
weight to the buyer, and to enable him to do the same to those who purchase again
from him.
ccouNT Sale of 20 Tierces Coffee, T^ I'llloria, from Demerara, for Account of James Fordes, Esq., '
Dcnierara
CIIARCiES.
Insurance on 20 tierces at 3;V. a
tierce, 700/. at 50,?. ; policy,
36.?. 9rf. - - -
Freight on ]14cwt at
7s. 6rf. ^ cwt. - £42 1"> (I
Primage, pierage, and
trade - - 17 5
Dock dues
Landwaiters, entry, and part of
bond - -
Insurance from fire
Public sale charges
Brokerage, 1 ^ cent.
Commission, 2i I* cent, on ()76/.
Commission, | ^ cent, on 700/.
insured
Nett proceeds, due .3d of May, 1831
£ s. d.
J. V.
No.
m 6 9
l.to'.'O
44
10
1 2
V.)
1 7
6 l(i
16 18
3 10
104 12 5 !
.571 13 1
£6-15 r, 6
Gross Weight. Tare.
C'ri'/. tjra. iha, Ctrl.ifrsUbi
'i tierces .SO 17 3 2 15
5 do. 32 2 5 4 5
4 do. '.'4 2 4 2 3 16
87 1 16 10 2 8
Trett 2 14
11 22
Deduct 11 22 — ^
Nett 76 22 at 12U. 6rf. 7
^cwtj
Gross Weight. Tare.
Cwt. qrs. tlis. Cnf.<jrsJks,
3 tierces 17 1 1 2 9
3 do. 19 3 15 2 1 15
37 16 4 1 24
Trett 1 1
Deduct 4 2 t5
4 2 25
Nett 32 1 19 at 120*.^ cwt.
Gross Weight. Tare.
Ctvl. qrs. Ibt. Cl*l.qrt.lbt.
Overtaker 5 19 3 9
Trett 11
3~20^
Deduct 3 20 — — —
Nett 4 1 17 at 117*.^ cwt.
Diticount, 1 ^ cent.
462 17 9
194 9 4
I
25 15
683 2
6 16
Gross proceeds .£"676 5 6
London, 3d qf April, 1831.
Errors excepted.
Henry Barclay & Co.
Freight is charged on the weight of the produce only ; not of the produce and pack-
ages together. This allowance is of old standing, and is to be traced less to the reason
of the case, than to the competition prevailing among shipmasters.
Joi'HNAL Entries resulting from the preceding Accounts of Sala
Folio of
Ledger.
4
2
June 1831.
Thomas Kekdle & Co. Drs. to Sundries.
To Sigah ^ Ceres.
Proceeds of 7 hhds., M. P. 1. to 7., sold by them at one month's credit, from
IM of April ......
To Coffee ^ Vittoria.
Proceeds of 20 tierces, J. F. 1. to 20., sold at one month's credit, from 3d of
April . . . - - - -
Sugar ^ Ceres Dr. to Sundries.
To Insi'Rance Account; for premium and policy
To Freight Account ; for freight, primage, and pierage
To Cf'sTOMS Inward; duty and entry , . . -
Charges ; dock dut», 52*. lOrf. j warehouse rent, 35*. 2rf. ; landwaiters, 16«, ;
sampling, 5s. 6rf. ; and fire insurance, fis. . - -
To Thomas Kemble & Co. ; brokerage, 1 <B* cent.
To Profit and Loss ; for commissions . - . jffS 10 10
Interest on freight and duty - - . 1 12 3
To MoBRis PiTtMAN ; procccds due 2d of May, 1831
L 4
£
s.
rf.
234
676
5
6
910
5
6
5
24
107
15 6
4 11
5
5 13
2 6
6
7 3
81 11
1
3
234
[l!
Ml
IP
-If
\<r
>?r
A\
II
T
mmmmmmfm
152
BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
Journal Entries — continued.
t. H'i ■
FoHoof
Ledger.
4"
3
3
3
4
3
4
June 1851. — continued.
Coffee ?(> Vittoria Dr. to Sundries.
To Insurance J for premium anii policy . - - .
To Kheiuht Accou.nt ; freight, primage, and pierage - -
To Charges; dock dues, laiidwaiters, insurance from fire, and public sale
charges ......
To THOMA3 Kkmdle & Co. ; brokerage . . . .
To Profit AND Loss J tor coi. 'missions . . . .
To Ja.mes Forues ; nutt proceeils due 3d of June, 1830
-- -.
' —
£ s.
d.
1
19 6
44 2
9
()
•!
13 18
6 ](>
20 8
.071 13
7
7
1
1
.it
£610 5
J_
1
We have thus given an example of the transactions wliich form a great part of the
business of our mercliants ; the export of manufactured goods, and the import and sale
of produce received in return. Our next illustration shall be of a merchant's Cash-
book : the following is an example of the entries for a month : —
liy>
i H
Ur.
CASH.
1830.
Mar.l
3
IS
18
To balance at the banker's
To ship Amelia, received of
James Jacobs, for freight
To bills receivable, received
payment of No. 251. on
J. Henderson
To James Uailcy & Co., re-
ceived payment of their
draft at sight on J. Bain-
bridge . . .
To William Speiice & Co.,
received balance of their
ciccount . . -
To debenture account, re.
ceived drawback on to.
bacco shipped by the
Plover
To bills receivable, dis-
counted at the bankers,
Harrison & Co.. due 15 —
18 March
To profit and loss, received
5 V cent, discount, on
paying with ready money,
the accoiip's per contra,
not due till six months
hence, from
James Johnson jfIS 19
John Wilson -220
Simon Frazer 11 16
John Mackenzie 18 7 6
James Borradaile
& Co. - - 16
Moiling & Co. 16 8 3
£ s. d.
2,550
175 3
200
152 10
970 10
15 8
730 10
63 8 9
jf 4,857 7
PAID.
Cr.
1S30.
Mar.2
4
6
7
18
By bills pay.ibl(', paid No.
261. to James Harding -
By (jeorge and William
Fox, paid their balance
of account . . .
By John Smith & Sons, paid
J. Jackson for their ac.
count - . .
By bills payable, paid No.
26!). to J. Stewart .
By interest paid, discount on
H.irrison Sc Co., 2 months
By J. Johnson, paid his bill
of parcels . - .
By John Wilson do.
Hy Simon Frazer do.
By John Mackenzie do.
By James Borradaile
k Co. - . do. .
By Moiling & Co. do. -
By charges paid, postage,
and petty disbursements
this month, per petty cash
book - - .
By balance, carried to next
month - . .
£ s.
rf.
145 10
320 15
98
300
6 1
10
27S 15
42
236 5
367 10
11
32 2
328 5
4
15 2
'6
2,686 13
.£■4,8,37 7
These transactions, when put into the Journal form, stand thus : —
< •It
F.>lio of
I.edcLT.
6
6
7
7
8
3
March, 1830.
CASH Dr. to SUNDRIES.
Ueccivcd this month.
To Ship Amelia.
3d. Freight from James Jacobs ...
To Bills Receivable.
6th. Received payment of J. Anderson, due this day .£ 200
18tli. Discounted Harrison and Co., due 9th May - 730 10
£ s. d.
1
175 3
930 10
152 10
970 10
15 8
63 8 9
To James Bailey & Co.
9th. Received their draft on Bainbridgc, due
To William Spence & Co.
15th. Received balance of their account ...
To Debenture Accoi.nt.
15th. Drawback on tor H.0O by the P/oDcr ...
To Profit and Loss.
18th. Received discou on sundry accounts, per cash book
.;f2,307 7
^ '' ^{
BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
153
£ s.
d.
19 fi
44 'J
9
13 IS
6 Hi
20 8
571 13
„ 1
7
1
1
i"676 5
J_
part of the
)rt and sale
ant's Cash-
Cr.
£ s. d.
U5 10
320 15
98
300
6 1 10
278 15 11
42
236 5
36? 10
32 2
328 5 4
15 2 '6
2,686 13
+,857 7
£ s. d.
175 3
930 10
152 10
970 10
15 8
63 8 9
307 7
Folio of
SUNDRIES Drs. to CASH.
LeilmT.
Paid this mouth as follows :
Bills Payable.
6
£ i. d.
2d. Paid No. 261.
£ 145 10
7th. Do. 26ii. ....
192 15
338 5
4
Customs I.NWAni).
2:jd. Paid duly on sugar, ^ Ceres, 79 cwt. 25 lbs. at 27*.
■li' cwt. ....
106 19
Entry . - . - .
6
107 5
8
Simon Prazer.
lath. Paid his bill of parcels
236 5
1
2()tli. Paul J. Jackson for his account
98
33t 6 J
8
Intkrrst AcCOl'.NT.
isth. I'aid di.^count on Harrison & Co.
. m
6 1 10
I
J\Ml;S JoUNSDN.
18th. P.iid his bill of parcels
•
278 15 11
1
John Wilson.
18th. Paid his bill of parcels .
.
42
1
John Mackunzii:.
IHth. Paid his bill of parcels
•
367 10
o
JaMKS lioRRADAILK Hi (o.
18th. Paid tlieir bill of parcels
-
32 2
2
MoLl.l.MJ & Co.
18th. Paid their balance cf account
•
328 5 4
8
Geouue ani> William Fox.
2Uh. Paid their balance of account
. .
320 15
3
ClIARUIiS.
31st. Paid postage, and petty disbursements this month
IS 2 6
^2.170 7 7
TliL' above shows, tliat for all sums received, the account of cash is made debtor, and
the parties paying the same are made creditors ; wliile for all sums paid, the cash is
credited, and the parties receiving them are made debtors.
We are next to state the mode of entering bill transactions.
Bills IIixkivahi.k. — We have seen by the Balance sheet that several correspondents
are indebted to the house. The debts of correspondents abroad may be reduced by
remitting either bills, specie, or merchandise for sale : from correspondents in England,
bills are almost the only mode of remitting. Mlien bills come to hand, the rule is to
enter each in the bill book, with a minute statement of the date, term, sum, and other
particulars thus : —
lieceived Fnmi u-hom. Dran-n htj
8 Mar.
11' ■lo.
Ix ao.
Bailey ct Co.iW. Adams
WiitsoiuVCo. .1. Jai'oUs
ISpence & Co.lT. Johnson
Term.
Helfiist.UIar. 'imihs
(.'ork. ."i (!.). 1 (to.
Fa! mo. .0 do. I '2 do.
To order o/
T. Jones, Dublin A.Williams
.1. Adams, London [(i. Wilson
T. Allan, Lirerpool V. Jones
Due. Snm' Hon' disiu <\f.
\ 4 May
3_6Aliril
5-8 May
Rainier (V Co.
Smith & Co.
OverendiSiCo.
The Journal Entries for these bills are as follows : ■
Folio of
I.e<l(!er.
7
7
7
BILLS RECEIVABLE Dr. to SUNDRIES.
For tlie following remitted this month :
To James Bailf.v ^- Co.
No. 630. on T. Jones, Dublin, due 4th of May ...
To T.Watson \- Co,
No. tiol. on J. Adams, London, due 6th of April
To William Spf.nci; iV Co.
No. 632. on T. Allan, Liverpool, due 8th of May -
£ i. d.
350
135
260
.£745
BiLts Payable, — The entries under this head are, of course, wholly different from
the preceding, being for acceptances of the house given on account of sums owing by
it to correspondents. Each acceptance is entered in the book of bills payable,
thus : —
Drarvn tnf
.I.Allan &Co.
(J. ,V W. Foi
J. Clark
Place and Vale.
Jamaica, l.'i Jan.
Faln)outh, 7 IMar.
Hull, 5 Mar.
To Oriler t\f On Account of
Term.
J. Jones ,1. Allan «l Co. |!I0 days' viRlit
.1. Tliomson <i. iV W. Fox '15 days' date
U. Barclay i J. Smith Sc Hons [ 1 month's date
When accepted.
\'^ March
It do.
It; do.
Sum.
lii-I,1,Iune t.l7.^ in
'i«-'/5 Miir. 73 li o\
A-K ditto 138 10
The Journal entries for these bills are as follows ; —
t]
Ml
If]
ii
]jt
BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
( 1 .
Folio of
SUNDRIES Drs. to BILLS PAYABLE.
Fur the following bills accepted.
James Allan Ik Co. No. 1.51. their draft, due 13th of June
O. & W. Fox. No. 1.52. their draft, due giith of March
Simon Fbazer. J. Clark's draft on his account, due 8th of March
-May, 1830.
CASH Dr. to THOMAS KEMBLE & CO.
27th. Heceived from them proceeds of sugar ^ Ceres
Less their brokerage
30th. Received coffee ^ Vittoria
Less brokerage
234
2 6
9
676 5
6 16
7
£
s.
rf.
vr,
10
7.3
15
13i>
10
£391
15
'Mil
13
3
669
8
11
^fgoi
2
2
The preceding entries, few as they are compared to the monthly transactions of a
house of business, are sufficient to show the nature of a Journal as well as of the subsidiary
books, (for cash, bills, invoices, and account sales,) from which it is composed. The
Journal, being a complete record of the business of the house, is very varied and com-
prehensive in its nature, and may be termed an index to every book of consequence in
the counting-house. But while in the cash book every payment or receipt is entered
on the day it takes place, and in the bill books every bill is registered on the day it
comes to hand, or is accepted, the Journal entries, being completed only at the end of
the month, admit of being combined to a considerable extent, so as to exhibit a number
of transactions in collective sums. Thus all the acceptances of the house paid in the
course of the month appear in the Journal entry of Bills Payable Dr. to Cash : they are
arranged in this entry as they fall due, after which the whole are added into one sum,
which sum alone needs be carried to the Ledger. In like manner, all bills receivable,
whether discounted, or kept by the house till they fall due, are collected under the head
of Bills Receivable Dr. to Cash, summed up together, and carried to the Ledger in one
line ; a point of great importance, as we shall see presently, in facilitating the balance
of the Ledger.
We proceed to give a specimen of the Ledger : the whole of the Journal entries in the
preceding pages, when posted into the Ledger, will stand thus : -~
/
! I
Dr.
Stock.
Cr.
1831.
Jan. 1
Fo.
1
To sundries
£ s. d.
8,153 15
1831.
Jan. 1
Fo.
1
By sundries
£ s. d.
32,391 17 10
Dr.
Jan. 1
1
Mar. 1
4
May 30
15
Cash.
To stock
To sundries
ToT.Kemble&Co.
2,550
2,307 7
901 2 2
Mar. 31
By sundries
Cr.
2,170 7 7
I
\1
Dr.
Exchequer Bills.
Cr.
Jan. 1
1
To stock
- -
5,310
Dr.
Three and a half ^ Cent. Stock.
Cr.
Jan. 1
1
To stock
- -
5,400
Dr.
James Johnson, London.
Cr.
Mar. 1
4
To cash
- -
278 15 11
Mar. 6
9
By J. Allan & Co.
278 15 11
Dr.
John Wilson, London.
Cr.
Mar. 1
4
To cash
- -
42
Mar. 6
9
By J. Allan & Ca
42
I
s.
<i.
10
15
10
15
13
3
8 11
2
2
Dr.
BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
Simon Frazer, London.
155
Cr.
Cr.
Cr.
7 7
Cr.
Cr.
Cr.
15 11
ICr.
Mar. 26 4
31 j 5
To cash
To bills payable -
334 .';
132 10
Jan. 1
Jan. 6
2
9
By stoi'Ii
By J. Allan & Co.
960 15
aJ6 5
Dr.
John Mackenzie, London.
Cr.
Mar. 8.
4
To cash
367 10 Mar. 6
9
By J. Allan & Co.
367 10
Drs. James Borradailb & Co., London.
Crs.
Mar. 1
4
To cash
32 2
Mar. 6
9
By J. Allan & Co.
32 2
Drs.
MoLLiNO & Co., London.
Crs.
i
Mar. 1
4 To cash
328 5 4
Mar. 6
9
By J. Allan & Co.
328 5 4
Drs. J.
&LLAN & Co., Kingston, Jamaica.
Crs.
Mar. 6
31
9
11
To sundries
To bills payable -
1,443 10
175 10
Jan. 1
2
By stock
1,150 10
Dr.
Sugar bv the Ceres.
Cr
April 2
11
To sundries
234
April 2
11
ByT.Kemble&Co.
234
Dr.
Freioht Account.
Ci.
Mar. 6
April 2
Mays
9
n
13
By J. Allan & Co.
Bv sugar ^ Ceres
By cofffee #■ Vittoria
38 10 6
24 11 11
44 2 6
Dr.
Insurance Account.
Cr.
Jan. 1
Mar. 6
April 2
Mays
2
9
U
13
By stock
By J. Allan & Co.
By sugar ^ Ceres
By coffee^ ntloria
1,880 15
33 18 9
5 16 6
19 6 9
Dr.
Charges.
Cr.
Mar. 3
4
To cash
15 2 6
Mar. fi
April 2
Mays
9
U
13
By J. Allan & Co.
By sugar #■ Ceres
By coffee^' littoria
11 17 6
5 l.'i fi
13 18 7
Dr,
Profit and Loss.
Cr.
Mar. 6
Mar. 8
April 2
Mays
9
4
11
13
By J. Allan & Co.
By cash
By sugar ^ Ceres
Bycoftee^J7«or«Vi
74 5
63 8 9
7 3 1
20 8 1
Drs.
Customs Inward.
Cr.
April 2
•
4
To cash
107 5
April 2
11
By sugar ^ Ceres
107 5
Dr.
Coffee per Vittoria.
Cr.
April 3
13
To sundries
676 5 6
April 3
11
ByT.Kemble&Co
676 5 6
Dr.
Morris Pittman, Trinidad.
Cr.
Jan. 1
April 2
2
11
By stock
By sugar #■ Ceres
1,370 5
81 n 3
^1
\sm
ifi
\.\
V If
T
•, :|
;.f
jV
in jJ
( \*L
15o
Dr.
BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
Jamb!) Fokubh, Dcmerara.
Cr.
Jan. 1
May 3
2 ny stock
13 Hy collfce V ' Utoria
720 5
571 13 1
Drs.
Thomas Kb.mule & Co., London.
Crs.
April 3
II
Dr.
Jan. 1
To sundries
910 .';
April 7
11
30
13
May 30
15
Hy sugar V Cfrcs
Uy coil'cc !?■ yitturin
By cash
2 fi 9
(i Hi 7
901 i 2
910 5 (i i
Dr.
Bills Receivable.
Cr
Jan. 1
Mar. 3
1
5
To stock
To sundries
7,.'300 15
745
Mar. 1
4
By caslj
930 10
Dr.
Bills Payaule.
Cr.
Mar. 7
4 To cash
338 5
Jan. 1
Mar. 3
2
5
By stock
By sundries
2,3.')9 10
381 15
Ship Amelia.
Cr.
1 To stock
- 3,000 Mar. 1 4 By casli
175 3
Dr.
Adventuhe in
Ihisii Li.nen.
Cr.
Jan. 1
1
To stock
2,4G7
1
Drs.
J
AMES Bailey & Co., Liverpool.
Crs.
Jan. 1
1
To stock
1,350 10
Mar. 3
Mar. 9
•*
4
5
By cash
By bills receivable
LW 10
350
Drs.
Thomas Watson & Co., Dublin.
Crs.
Jail. 1 1
To stock
3,530 12
Mar. 3
5
By bills receivable
135
Drs.
\V
iLLiAM Spence & Co., Plymouth.
Crs.
Jan. 1 1
To stock
970 10
Mar. 3
Mar. 5
f
4
5
By cash
By bills receivable
970 10
2()0
Dn.
Geobue AND William Fox, Falmouth.
Crs.
Mar. 4
Mar. G
4
To cash
To bills payable -
320 l.'i C
73 15 \
Jan. 1
2
By stock
320 15
Dr..
Debenture Account.
Cr.
Jan. 1
1
To stock
513 Mar. 5
4
By cash
15 8
Dr.
Interest Account,
Cr.
Mar. 8
4
To cash
6 1 10
The Ledger is tlius a register of all the entries in the Journal ; and a register so
arranged as to exhil)it on one side iiU the sums at Dchtor ; on the other all those at
Creditor. It is kept in the most concise form, the insertions in it hardly ever exceeding
a line each, or containing more than the title of the entry in the Journal. On opening
a page in the Ledger, a person unacquainted with book-keeping is apt to consider this
brevity unsatisfactory ; and it was forme-'.y the practice to .tad in each line a few
I
BOOK-KEii,l'iNG AND ACCOUNTS.
157
Cr.
Crs.
Cr.
-.9 10
81 15
Cr.
Crs.
152 10
350
Crs.
35
Crs.
Cr.
8
Cr.
'gistcr so
tliose at
xcocding
opening
ider this
le a few
I
h
explanatory words. Thus the entries in the account of Simon Frazcr, which h> our
preceding page are hriefly
March 2fi.
31.
To cash
To bills payable
£ s.
334 5
13a 10
would, at an earlier date in the practice of book-keeping, have been expanded to
£ s.
March 18. To cash paid for gomls per Rawlins - - 23<) 5
Sfi. To ditto paid J. Jackson for his account - . 98
31. To l)ills payable, paid J. Clark's draft for his account 132 10
Tliis method is still followed in some counting-houses, and such explanatory additions
are certainly conducive to clearness; but they are practicable only in a hou.se of limited
business : wherever the transactions are numerous and varied, they should be left out of
the Lodger, for two reasons ; they increase greatly the labour of the book-keeper, and
they never can be so full or cireinnstantial as to supersede the account current l)ook.
The same Ledger may continue in use from one to five years, according to the size of
the book, or the extent of the transactions of the house. On opening a new Ledger, it is
proper to place in succession accounts of the same class or character; thus — Stock
account ought to be followed by that of the Three per cent, consols, Exchequer bills, or
other property belonging to the house; and if the business 'e with the West Indies,
it is fit that accounts with Jamaica should be placed near those with Demerara, T, i-
dad, and other sugar colonies.
Balancing the Ledger. — This imjjortant operation is performed by adding up the
Debtor and Creditor side of every account in the Ledger, ascertaining the difference or
balance in each, and carrying such balance, as the case may be, to the Debtor or Cre-
ditor column in the bfilance sheet. On closing, for example, a few of the preceding
Ledger accounts, we find them to stand thus : —
Debtors.
Creditors.
Cash
James Allan & Co.
£ s. (I.
3,587 15 2
4i)8 10
Simon Trazer
Freight account
£
107
s. d.
r>
4 11
And so on with every account except Stock, which, having no entries in the current year,
is put in the balance sheet exactly as it was in the beginning of the year. Including Stock,
the total at the Debtor side of the balance sheet ought to agree exactly with the total at the
Creditor side ; and if it do not, it is a rule in all well-regulated counting-houses to follow
up the examination ptrsevcringly, until they are made to agree. The ajiparent difference
may not exceed a few shillings or a few j)ence; still the search is continued, because the
smallest discrepancy .shows the existence of error, and to an extent perhaj)s greatly beyond
the fraction in question. It often happens, indeed, that, as the examination proceeds, the
difference undergoes a change from a smaller to a larger amount, and without increasing
the difficulty of discovering the error, which is as likely to have occurred in the case of a
large as of a small sum. Differences, when in round sums, such as lOA, 100/., or 1,000A,
generally lie in the .addition ; fractional sums frequently in the posting. All this, how-
ever, is uncertain ; for the error or errors may be in any month in the year, and in any
one of the thousand entries and upwards which have been made in the course of it.
Hence the necessity of examining the whole ; and young book-keepers are often obliged
to pass week after week in the tedious labour of revising, adding, and subtracting. On
the other hand, there are sometimes examples of the balance being found on the first
trial ; but such cases are rare, and occur only to careful and experienced book-keepers.
The only effectual means of lessening the labotir and perplexity of balancing the Ledger,
is to exercise great care in every stage of the book-keeping process ; as well in making
the additions in the Journal, as in posting from the Journal into the Ledger, and casting
up the Ledger accounts ; and, lastly, in adding up the balance sheet, which is generally
of formidable length.
Accuracy in addition is one of the main requisites in a clerk, and particularly in a
book-keeper. Of the extent to which it may be attained by continued practice, those
only can judge who have experienced it themselves, or have marked the ease and correct-
ness with which clerks in banking-houses perform such operations. They are in the
habit of striking a daily balance which comes within small compass ; but a merchant's
balance, comprising the transactions of a year, extends commonly over a number of folio
pages. It is advisable, therefore, to divide each page into portions of ten lines each,
adding such portions separately. This lessens the risk of error, as it is evidently easier
to add five or six such portions in succession, than to do at once a whole folio containing
fifty or sixty sums.
Aiiother important point towards agreeing a balance, is to limit carefully the number
of Ledger entries ; in other words, to coiniirise as much as possible in those aggiigate
11
■■,T«
i:i9
' r
I
m
i
I
I '1
m
i"
.1
1.58
liOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
sinus in the Joiirii.il wliicli are jjostod in the Ledger. Tims, in tlie eiise of tlie montlily
entries for Idiis, wiu'tiu'r receivahle or payable, wliile tiie inner eoluinn of the Journal
contains llie umuinit of eaeli s|)eci(ie bill — tlie final column, that whicli is carried to the
Ledf^er — sluiuld, and '/enorally does, comprise a number of l)ills in one sum. Entries
in the cash book, whim ^^iiu-rally form so lar>fe a proportion of tlie transactions of tin;
month, are carried by some book-keepers directly from the cash book into the Ledf^er,
witliout nil intermediate arrangement in the J virnal form. In some lines of business
this plan may answer ; but as a general rule it is better to take the trouble of jour-
nalising the cash, thereby comprising in ,'50 or 40 Ledger entries the transactions of the
month, which, when posted separately, would exceed 100. The time required for re-
writing or rather re-casting them, will, in most cases, be amply made good, by exhibit-
ing the cash in a pro])er form, and by facilitittiiig the balance of the Ledger at the close
of the year.
We have said the close of the year, because, in nine mercantile bouses out often, that
is the ])eriod for striking a balance. In some branches of trade, however, the case is
otherwise. Thus, among West India merchants, the JJOfli of .Vjiril is the time of ba-
lancing, because at that seas(m the sales of the preceding croji are, in general, completed,
and those of the current year not yet begun.
Arrears in book-keeping ought to be most carefully avoided — calculated as they are
to engender mistakes, and to produce loss from delay in adjusting accounts. The prac-
tice of balancing the Ledger every six months, and of transmitting as often accounts
current to the correspondents and connections of merchants, will, it is to be hoi)ed.
become general. It is, however, hardly jjracticable in cases where, as Um often hai)pens
ill the lesser mercantile establishmtnts, the book-keeper is charged with a share of the
active management. Exemption from interruption, and removal from the bustle of
current business, are main recjuisites to accuracy and despatch in accounts. In examin-
ing, or, as it is called, collating the books, the book-keeper re(iuires not only a retired
apartment, but the assistance of a clerk for the purpose of calling them over. A similar
arrangement for another purpose — we mean for composing the Journal, the book-keeper
dictating from the subsidiary books to a clerk whose writing forms the draught or rough
copy of the Journal, hiis as yet been seldom adopted ; although, when properly applied,
it is highly conducive both to accuracy and expedition.
A Ledger must, of course, have an index ; but it is very brief, containing merely the
titles of tlie accounts and a reference to the page, as follows : —
Allan & Co., James
Amelia, sliii>
Folio
- 2
- (i
Bailey & Co., James
Bills payable
Folio
- 7
. G
The Subsiiliari/ Books. — In former times, when business in tliis country was con-
ducted by most persons on a very limited scale, the accounts of a number of merchants,
or rather of those dealers whom we should now think it a compliment to call merchants,
were often kcj)! on a plan somewhat like that at present followed by our shopkeepers.
The merchant or his chief clerk kejit a daily record of transactions, whether .sales, pur-
chases, receipts, or payments, in a diary, which was called a Waste-book, from the rude
manner in which the entries or rather notices in it were written, being inserted, one by
one, soon after the transactions in question took ])lace. From this diary tht Journal
and Ledger were posted ; and book-keeping by double entry being in those days under-
stood by few, one iicrson frequently kept the books of several merchants, passing one or
two days in the week at the house of each, and reducing these rough materials into the
form of regular entries. In process of time, as transactions multiplied and mercantile
business took a wider range, sejjarate hooks were more generally required for jiarticular
departments, such as a hill book for all bills of exchange, and a cash book for all ready
money transactions. This had long been the case in the large mercantile towns of Italy
and Holland ; and above a century ago it became a general practice in London and
Kristol, which were then the only jilaces of extensive business in England. I5ut in
English, as in foreign counting-houses, tiie bill book and even the cash book were long
considered as little move than memoranda of details ; not as books of authority, or as fit
documents for Journal entries: for that purpose the diary only was used. In time,
however, the mode of keeping these subsidiary books iinjjroved, and merchants became
aware that, when cash or bill transactions were jiroiierly entered in them, the Journal
might be posted from them as well as from tlie diary.
Similar o!)servations are apjilicable to the other subsidiary books, viz. an invoice book
for goods shipped, and an account of sales book for goods received and .sold. When
from the gradual improvement in the management of count ing-hou.ses these books were
kept in a manner to supply all that was wanted for Journal entries, the use of the diary
was dispensed with for such entries also. And at last it was found, that in all well-
regulated counting-houses the books kept for sejiarate departments of the business were
sullicient for the composition of the Journal, with (he exception of a f\!w transactions out
I
i
'Tii
BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
159
line,
lame
Irnal
look
then
t'ere
lary
jcll-
I'cre
lout
of the ref?ular course, which inij^lit he easily noticed In a supplementary book called a
IVttv Journal, or a hook for occasional entries. The consequence was, that the diary
or waste hook, fornierly the groundwork of the Journal and Ledger, l)ecame excluded
from every well-regulated counting-house. This has long lieen the case, and the name
of waste hook would have heen forgotten, were it not found in the printed treatises on
book-keeping which have ajjpeared from time to time, and have been generally composed
by teachers in schools or academies, who, unacquainted with the actual practice of mer-
chants, were content to copy and reprint what they found laid down in old systems of
book-keeping.
The stihsitliary books re(piircd in a counting-house are, the Cash book ;
Book of Acceptances of the house, or IJills Payable;
Hook of IJills Receivable, or bills on other merchants which are or have been in pos-
session of the house ;
Bought book, or l)ook for bills of parcels ;
Invoice hook, or register of goods sold or exported ;
Account of Sales book ;
Insmance Policy book, containing copies of all policies of insurance;
Petty Journal, or book for such occasional entries as do not belong to any of the
preceding.
Such are the authorities from which it is now customary, in every well-regulated
house, to compose tlie Journal. Their number indicates a rei)artition or stibdivision, to
a consideral)Ie extent, of counting house work, and nowhere is such rejjartition pro-
ductive of greater advantage. I low much better is it to enter all bills receivable in one
book, all l)ills payable in anotlier, and all cash transactions in a third, than in any way
to blend these very distinct entries ! The effect of this subdivision is to simplify the
Journal entries in a manner highly conducive to accuracy and despatch ; and to present
such means of checking or examining them, that many transactions may be stated, and
an accoimt extended over a number of folios, without a single error.
The use of most of the subsidiary books is sufliciently ])ointed out by their names ;
hut it may be well to add a I'l'w remarks on tlu' " liougiit l)ook," or receptacle for the
accounts of goods purchased. A bill of j)arcels is the name given to the account of
goods supplied by a manufacturer, tradesman, or dealer, to a merchant. Such accounts
soon become numerous, and it is evidently of consecjuence to ado])t the best method of
keeping them. In former times it was the practice to fold them up in a uniform size,
and after writing on the back the names of the respective furnishers, to put tliem away
in bundles. But wherever fiie purchases of a merchant are extensive, and the bills of
parcels numerous, the better mode, after arranging them alphabetically, is to paste them
in a large book, generally a folio, made of blue or sugar-loaf paper: this book to have
its pages numbered, and to have an alpliahetical index. Any single bill of parcels
may thus be referred to with tiie same ease as we turn to an account in a ledger; and
one of these folios may be made to hold a very great quantity of bills of parcels; as
many as would form a number of large bundles when tied up on the plan of former
times.
Book of Bil's Pdi/itlile. — The notice, or, as it is termed, advice of bills payalde after
sight, generally comes to hand before the bills themselves. As the time of the arrival
of the latter is uncertain, the better plan is not to enter them from tlie advice among
the other bills ))ayable, but to appropriate a sjiace of ten or twelve pages at the beginning
or end of the book of bills payable, and to insert tl'.ere the substance of the advice
received.
There are a few books in every counting-house which do not form part of the vouchers
or materials for the Journal ; viz., the Account Current book, containing duplicates of
the accounts furnished l)y the house to their diO'erent correspondents and connections ;
The Letter-book, containing copies of all letters written to the correspondents or
connections of the house ;
The Petty Cash book, or account of petty disbursements, the sum of which is entered
once a month in the cash book ;
The Order book, containing copies of all orders received;
The Debenture book, or register of drawbacks payable by the Custom-house.
It was formerly a practice in some Houses for the book-keeper to go over the letter
book at the end of each month, that he might take note of any entries not supplied by
the subsidiary books. This, however, is now unnecessary ; these books, when carefully
kept, containing, in (me shape or other, every tiansaction of the house.
27ie I'fhicip/c of Double Entry. — From tliese explanations of the practice of book-
keeping, we must call the attention of our readers to a topic of more intricacy — the
origin of the present system, and the manner in which it was adopted. To record the
transactions of a mercliant in a Journal or day book was an obvious arrangement, and
to keep a Ledger or systematic register of the contents of the Journal was a natural
A
Ml
m
1
fi'i
m.
m
160
BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.
I )l
it'
!■ ■ It
result of his l)iisinfss, particularly wliun conducted ou credit. Sucli, in a rude form, aro
the books of our shopkeepi-rs, wlio enter their sales and purchases in a day hook, and in
their Ledger carry tlie former to the Dr. of their custoniers, the latter to the Cr. of the
wholesale dealers who supply theiu witli poods. Hy niakiuf^ at the end of the year a
list of the sums due to him hy his customers, aiul of tliosc due hy Iiim to wholesale
dealers, a shopkeeper may, after adding to the former the value of his stock on hand,
make out an a])proximativc statement of his dehts aiul assets. Now, tliat which in this
manner is done indirectly and imperfectly, it is tiie ohject of (loiil)le entry to do with
method and certainty. The siiopkeeper makes out a list of dehtors on one side and of
creditors on the other, but he cannot make tliem l)alaMce, because iiis entries iiave been
single; that is, they have had no counterpart. On making a purchase of cottons from
Messrs. Peel of Manchester, or of woollens from Messrs. (iott of lA-eds, he merely
enters the amount to their credit, but he makes no one Dr. to tliem, because the goods
are not sold ; and to introduce an imaginary account would be too great a relinement
for a plain, prfictical man. Hut a person accustomed to double entry would, without
any effort of thought, make " Printed Calicoes" Dr. to Messrs. Peel, and " Kersey-
meres" Dr. to Messrs. Gott, for the respective amounts; after whicli, as the sales pn)-
cccded, he would make tlic buyers Drs, to these accounts for the amount of tlieir
purchases.
We thus perceive that the intricacy in the application of do\d)le entry was not with
the personal so much .is with the nominal accounts. Let us refer to the country where
book-keeping was first studied, and take as an example the case of Doria, a merchant
in Genoa, shipping, in a former age, silk, of the value of 'JOO/., Iwugiit from Flori, in
Piedmont, to Henderson & Co., silk manufacturers, in England, on the terms of
charging, not an iidditional price, but a commission of 5 per cent, with interest until
reimbursed his advance. Li entering the transaction, Doria's book-keeper would, as a
matter of course, make Hendersons debtors to Plori 200/. for the cost of the silk ; but
he might not so readily find a creditor for the 10/. commission, or the 71, interest
eventually due on the advance. The custom in this ])rimitive era of book-keeping
proliably was, to introduce the firm of the house into their books, making Hendersons
dehtors to Doria for the 10/. and 7/. ; but as the practice of book-keeping improved, it
was found jjreferable to avoid inserting, on any occasion, the firm of the house, and to
substitute nominal {iccounts, such as, commission, interest, bills payable, bills receivable.
These, attention and practice reiulered in time familiar to the book-keejjer, who learned
to open his Journal at the beginning of a year by making the parties who owed
balances to the house debtors, not to the firm by name, but to Stock ; and those to
whom the house was indebted, creditors by Stock. As the transactions of the year
proceeded, he made those to whom money was paid debtors, not to the firm of the
house, but to Ciish ; and those for whose accomit bills were accepted debtors to Hills pay-
able ; so that book-keeping by double entry assumed its present form gradually and
almost imperceptibly.
What are the advantages of this method compared to that of single entry ? First, it
supi)lies a test of accuracy, inasmuch as, the entries on the debtor side of the Ledger
being ecpial to those on the creditor side, their respective totals ought, as a matter of
course, to balance. After going through this proof, jjcrsonal accounts of whatever
length may be settled with confidence ; while in a general account, such as kerseymeres
or printed calicoes, the value sold and the value remaining on hand may be ascertained
by merely balancing the account in the Ledger, without the repeated references to the
sales book that would otherwise be required. Without doul)le entry, a dealer could
hardly estimate his property unless he took stock ; but with it an extraction of the
Ledger balances fulfils that object, and stock-taking?, however proper as a test of the
honesty of servants, becomes quite unnecessary as a means of calcidation. In short, in
regard to any person in trade, whether merchaiit, dealer, or maiuifacturer, double entry
forms the connecting link of his accounts, and affords a ready solution of any inquiry as
to the appropriation, increase, or diminution of his capital.
This advantage may fortunately be obtained without any great sacrifice of time or
labour. Of the books of dealers, manufacturers, and retailers, nine parts in ten may
continue to be kept by single entry ; for the addition of a few pages of double entry in
the form of a summary, at the end of the month or quarter, will be sufficient to exhibit
the result of a great extent of transactions.
Nominal Accounts. — Of these our limits permit us to notice only two ; Profit and
Loss, and Merchandise. The former contains on the creditor side all the entries of
commissions earned, and gains obtained on particular adventures ; while the debtor side
exhibits the losses incurred, whether by b:ul debts or by unsuccessful purchases. Every
house keeping regular books must have a profit and kss account, but a merchandise
account is altogether optional. Those who have such a head in their I^cdger are accus-
tomed to make it Dr. to the dealers or furnishers from whom they make purchases,
W
nOOK KEF.IMNG AND ACCOUNTS.
IGl
First, it
Ledger
alter of
'hatever
•seymeres
certained
?cs to the
■ could
of the
!.st of the
short, in
le entry
iquiry as
time or
ton may
entry in
o exhibit
ofit and
ntries of
btor side
Every
•chandise
re accus-
iirchascs,
1
and to credit it in return by tlie correspondents or connections to wliom they make sales.
In ninny liouscs, however, tliere is no such intermediate account ; the i)arfies to whom the
goods are sent being made l)rs. at once to the furnisliers of the goods, as in the case
of the shipment to .Jamaica stated in our preceding pages.
A mercliaat, l)ef()re estimating his profits, ought to charge interest on each head of
investment. Ills de.ir profit cannot be ascertained without it; and the practice of
charging it is a lesson to liim to hold no property tliat does not afford, at least, interest
on )iis advances.
Mercmtile books and accounts must be kept in the money of tlie country in which
the jjartners reside. A house in Rotterdam composed of English partners necessarily
keep tlieir accounts in Dutch money, although their transactions may be chiefly with
England. Furtlier, books, it is ol)vious, can be kept in only one kind of money ; and
when a mercliant in England receives from a distant country, accounts which cannot at
the time be entered in sterling for want of a fixed exchange, these accounts should be
noted in a se])arate book, until, tlie exchange being ascertained, they can be entered in
the Journal in sterling.
A book-koejier will do well to avoid all such puzzling distinctions, as " J. Johnson,
my account with him ;" and " J. Johnson, his account proper ;" on the plain ground
that every account in the Ledger ought to be the general account of the person whose
name it bears.
Errors excepted. — This expression is merely a proviso, that if any mistakes be dis-
covered in the account in question, they shall be open to correction.
Accounts Current. — An account current generally contains all the transactions of the
house with one of its correspondents during a given time, generally six or twelve months.
The following is an example : —
Messrs. James Allan & Co., Jamaica, in Account Current with Henry Barclay & Co., London, i
Drs,
navs
to .'.1
Dec.
Inter-
est.
Crs.
navs
to .11
Dec.
1
Inter-
est.
1831.
£ ,f.
<t.
1831.
£
s. d.
JunoSd
To b.ilance of last .ic.
Aug.lO
By proceeds of
count
.Sfi7 10
181
1,595
20 tierces cof-
July 2
To your draft to J.
fee ^ Louisa,
Smith, due Aug. 13.
128
140
179
due Sept. 10. -
410
112
459
July 9
To invoice of goods
19' Amelia, due
By your remit,
tancc on J.
Oct. !).
752
83
f)24
Austin, due
Oct. 10
To cash paid J. Har-
Oct. 10.
350
82
£87
vey on yiiur account
7.'") 10
82
(12
Sept. 15
By proceeds of
To insurance on pro-
17 hhds. sugar,
duce shipped by you
in the Ann, Nokes,
^ Hercules,
due Oct. 15. .
2J8
/ i
173
j6^ 1,4(10, at '.'guineas
.Sept. 20
By cash received
per cent. .i'2<J S
i
from J. John.
Policy 3 10
.son on your
200
102
2C5
32 18
account
Balance of in.
Dec. 31
Postage and petty
1
Dec. 31
charges during this
!
terest carried
half year
1 15
to Dr. -
..
.
.
1,276
To commission, | ^
;
Bal.-incc of ac-
cent, on £W3 paid,
count carried
Do.on j£^260 received
to your Dr. in
on your account
4 6
new account -
621
8 7
To balance of interest
this half year, 1,276
divided by 73, is .
17 9
7
.^
1,879 8
T
2,460
ors exc(
;nted.
£
1,879
8 7
2,460
Err
■
London, S\st of December,
1831.
Hen
RV Barclay & Co. 1
We have here on the Dr. side all the payments made or responsibilities incurred for thu
correspondents in question, and on the Cr. side the different receipts on their account.
The interest for the half year, the commission on receipts and payments, the postage and
petty charges, being then added, the account may be closed and the balance carried to
next year. Copies of accounts current ought to be sent off as soon as possible after
the day to which they are brought down ; and with that view they ought to be written
out from the Ledger before the close of the year or half year, particularly as the entries
for interest and commission can be made only after they arc written out. The whole
ought then to be copied into the account current book.
But in some counting-houses the account current book, instead of being copied from
the Ledger and Journal, is posted, like the latter, from the bill book, the cash book, the
invoice book, and the accoimt of sales book. It is then considered a check on the
Journal and Ledger ; and from the comparative ease with which it is posted, may be
M
n
''i^il
Mi
ivr
I.
162
BOOTS.— BORDEAUX.
> ; )
J'^ '>
I ii
K, ■'
1 !
completed and made use of before tlic latter arc fully brought up. This is certainly on
advantage in liouses where, from pressure on the book-keeper, the Journal and Ledger
are in arrear, but sueli ouglit never to be the ease for any length of time ; while as tu
the former point — that of forming a eheek on the Journal and Ledger — the fact is, that
these books, from tlie mode in whicli they are kept, are much mure likely to be correct
tiian the account current book.
Printiul WDi-ltH oil Dtmk-kvvpiiKj. — To the publications of old date by teachers have
Ruececded, in the present age, several treatises on b()ok-kee|)ing by accountants. Sumo
of these are of very limited use, being directed more to recommend a favourite practice
of the autlior in some particular branch of l)ook-keeping, than to convoy a comprehen-
sive view of the system. Tlie oidy works m\ the subject entitled to that character arc
two ; one by the late Henjamin Dooth, ])ublished above thirty years ago ; the other by
Mr. Jones, an accountant in London, printed so lately iis the year 18:il. liootli was
a man of ability, who had experience both as a merchant and a book-keeper, having
passed one part of his life in London, the other in New York. The reader of his
work finds a great deal of information in short compass, without being perplexed cither
by superfluous detail or by fanciful theory.*
The form of .Mr. Hootli's .Journal and Ledger is similar to what wc have given in the
preceding jiages, and to the practice of our merchants for more than a century : it was
l)y inucli the best work on book-keeping, until Mr. Jones devised several improvements
calculated to lessen the risk of error in both Journal and Ledger. One of these improve-
ments is the use of two columns for f gures in each page of the Journal, one for the
Drs., the other for the Crs. : by inserti.'^^ each sum twice, the book-keeper obtains the
means of proving tiie Journal additions page by page. The posting from the Journal
to the Ledger is also simplified and rendered less subject to error by the use of these
colunuis. Li regard to the great t.isk of balancing the Ledger, Mr. Jones's plan is to
do it quarter by (juarter, making use of a separate book, called a balance book, in which
are inserted the totals on each side of the Ledgi r accounts at the end of three months.
By these means, the agreement of the gen'.'nu balance is made a matter of certainty
after completing the additions. Other parts of Mr. Jones's book, viz. \\\s formula: ior
books on the single entry plan, and for the accounts of bankers, contain suggestions
of evident utility. His volume consists of two parts: the printed part (120 i)p.) con-
taining the treatise, with directions; and the lithographed part (140 ])p. ) giving copious
exam))k's in two sets of books, one kept by single, the other by double entry. If, on a
reimpression, the author were to divide the work, and to sell the single entry part
se])arately from the double entry, the price of each might be moderate, and a great
service would be rendered to tlie mercantile ])ub1ic.
1U)0 TS AM) SHOES, the external covering for the legs and feet, too well known to
require any descrij)tion. — ( For an account of the value of the boots and shoes annually
produced in Great Britain, see LEAxiiEa.)
HO 11 AX, oa TIXCAL (Arab. Buriik ; Pers. Tiinkar), one of the salts of soda-
This salt is obtained in a crystallised state from the bottom of certain lakes in Thibet.
It is found dissolved in many springs in Persia, and may be procured of a superior
(piality in China. It is also said to be found in Saxony and South America ; but it is
more abundant in Thibet than any where else. When dug up it is in an impure state,
being enveloped in a kind of fatty matter. It is then denominated tincal ; and it is not
till it has been purified in Europe that it takes the name of borax. The process followed
in its purification was for a long time known only to the Venetians and Hollanders.
Borax is white, transjiarent, rather greasy in its fracture, its taste is styptic, and it con-
verts syrup of violets to a green. It readily dissolves in hot water, and swells and
bubbles in the fire. It is of grct use as a flux for metals. — ( Thomson's Chemistry, Ure's
Dictionarij, ffc.)
The borax entered for fiome consumrtion amountwl, at an average of the 3 years ending witli 1831, to
l,'il,.'iii9 lbs. a year ; tlie total imports liuriiig the 3 years ending with 18)2 having been 170,392 lbs. a year
Previously to ISiU, it was subject, rdiiied, to a duty of oiis., and unrefineil, to a duty of 28.?. a cwt. In
1832, however, these duties were reduced, the former to U)s., and the latter to -is. a cwt Their produce
in that year amounted to 882/. 15s. W. Borax is worth, in bond, unrefined, St. 15s. to il. ; refined, 4/. 10*.
to 51. a cwt.
BORDEAUX, a large and opulent commercial city of France, situated on the
Garonne, about 73 miles from its mouth, in lat. 44° 50j' N., long. 0° 34' W. Popu-
lation 110,000. Tlie commerce of Bordeaux is very extensive. The Garonne is
a noble river, with depth of water sufficient to enable large ships to come up to the city,
laying open, in conjunction with the Dordogne and their tributary streams, a large
extent of country. The commerce of Bordeaux is greatly promoted by the famous canal
• The title of the book is " A Complete System of Book-keeping, by Benjamin Booth." London, 1799,
thin 4-to. Printed for Grosvenor and Chater, and for the late .1. .Tohiis.m, St. Paul's Churchyard.
^Ir. Jones's book is entitled " The Science of Book-keeping exempUfiv^d," 4to. Loudon, 1831. il.is.
I
i
' i
k><(i }''
§
BORDEAUX.
163
on the
Popu-
ironne is
the city,
s, a large
lous canal
of Tianf^icdoc, which communicates witli the Mediterranean. By its means IWdeaiix is
<'niil>li.'(l to furnish the south of France with colonial products at nearly as chca|i a rate a')
IMarseilles. Wines, brandies, and fruits are the staple articles of export ; hut the merchants
apjjly themselves more particularly to the wine trade. Most part of their other husiness
is confined to dealinj; upon commission ; hut this they conduct almost invariahly on their
own account. The reason they assif^n for this is, that the diflficulties attendinfj the i)ur-
ehasc, racking, fining, and projier care of wines, so as to render them fit for exportation,
ore so very great, as to make it almost impossible t(» conduct the business on any thing
like the ordinary terms so as to sjitisfy their employers. Colonial products, cotton, &e.
form the principal articles of importation.
Miincy is the same nt IJonlcaux an In other parts of France. All account* are kept in tVanca, tlic par of
cXL'ImiiKo bciiiK 2.'i Ir. 20 cent, tlie pound uterliiiR. — (.See KxcHANut.)
H'i-ikMs and Mcaaurfs. — Willi the exception of winca and brandiea, the new or decimal ayatem
in uf general applicutiun in Bordeaux, iM>th in whuleaulc and retail operationi. .— (iice WEKillTs am>
Measiihiin.)
Wine is still aold by the tun of 4 hogsheads. The hogshead contains 30 veltci.
Brandy by the 50 vcltos.
•Siiirita of wine by the velte
1 he vellc is an old measure of which .TO are equal to 38 hectolitres.
Oil is sold by weight (per .'id kilog.) M — HI j im|>crial gallons.
Entrance to the Hivcr. — This lies between Point de la Cuubre on the north, and Point de Grave on tlie
aouth, bearing from each other nearly S.E. and N.VV., distant about 4 Ivaguea. There arc lights on
both these points, but neither of them is elevated to any great height above the level of the sea. The
middle part of the entrance to the river is encuml)crcd with extensive sand Ijanks and rucks. On one of
the latter, in lat. 4.")" .'ifii' N., long. \" UY VV., stands the 'I'our de Cordouan, one of the most celebrated
il^ht.hou!<cs in Kurn|>c. It was erected in ICilO; but has been materially improved since. It is 2()() feet
high. The light, which is revolving, exhibits in succession a brilliant ligiit, a feeble HK'it, and an eclipse,
the changes following ench other every half minute. It may be distinguished at the distance of H or 'J
leagues. The Point de la C'oulirc is 2i| leagues N. i W., and the Point de Grave U league S.E. by K.
1 E., from the Tour de Cordounn. 'iliere are two main channels for entering the river,— the Passe dii
Nord, and the Passe de Grave. The former lies between the north side of the river and the banks in the
middle, about H mile south from the Point de la Coubre ; the water, where shallowest, being about 'I4
fathoms. The course hence is nearly S. E. ^ K The other principal jiassagc lies between the Tour de
Cordouan and the Point de Grave, nearly in a N.N.E. and S.S.W. direction. In some places it has not
more than 13 feet water; and is in all respects very inferior to the other passage, whicli is always to be
preferred, especially with a large ship. The tides, both ebb and flood, set through the channels with great
rapidity, so that a good deal of caution is required on making the river; but having once entered,
there is no further danger Spring tides rise from 14 to 15 feet, and neaps from 7 to 8 ; but they depend
a good deal on the direction of the wind. All vessels, except I'rench coasters under 80 tons burden, ami
small craft from the north of Spain, entering the Garonne, are obliged to take a pilot on board as soon an
one offers himself. In summer, pilots are not unfrequently met with 30 or 40 miles west of the Tour de
Cordouan ; but in winter they seldom venture far beyond the banks, and sometimes cannot proceed even
thus far. — (See Laurie's I'lan of the Say of Biscay, with the Sailing Directions, ISjc.)
Shipping. — In 1831, the arrivals at Bordeaux were^
French flrom French colonies
— foreign countries •
— fishery
— coastiiig trade
Foreign ships from foreign countries
Total
— {Administration des Douanes, p. o4'i) It is stated in the Resume Annuel, published at Bordeaux, that
of the 114 foreign ships entering tl,.- jk .t in 1831, 50 were English. In 1832, there were 95 arrivals ft-om
England ; and there was also a considerable increase in the arrivals from the north. The entire produce
of the customs duties at Bordeaux in 1831, was 10,415,682 francs.
Port Charges. — Account of Port Charges, Brokerage, and other public Disbursements, payable in Bor-
deaux on account of a French or English Vessel of 300 Tons Burden, from a Port of England to Bor.
deaux, or from Bordeaux to a Fort of England, or from or to any other British Possession in Eu'ope.
Ships.
Tons.
103
146
234
2,341
114
24,722
27,226
9,165
108,370
16,453
2,938
185,936
Nature of Chargeo.
On a Fr. or Brit. Vessel.
On a Foreign Vessel.
In French
Money.
In Sterling
Money,
In French
Money.
In Sterling
Money.
Report, and pilotage from sea to Bordeaux, for a vessel drawing 14 7
FrenchfiBetwater(15ft.3'9 in. British) - .\
Lazareuodues .......
Moving "easel up and mooring her -
Entering vessel at Custom-house, and brokerage inwards
Advertisements for fireight and passengers, 6 fr. (4«. lOi/.) to each news-
paper. ,
Tonnage money and navigation dues on 300 tons
Visiting oftirers, clearances, harbour-master, &c.
lUanifest and freight lUt ... . .
H.illast talten in or out, 1 fir. 25 c. per ton (1«.).
Consul's bill. Usnal fees (English vessels), 17 fr. 25 c. (Uj.j.
rilotage ftom Bordeaux to sea
Broker's commission outwards, care and attendance for expediting the
vessel
In ballast, 50 c. per ton (5i;.), say 120 fr. at most (4(. I6>.) -'
Loaded per charter or on owner^ account, 1 ft. (lOJ.) per ton >average
Loaded in freight, Ifr. 50 c. (1'. 3d.) per ton ■ -j
Fr. c.
218 93
61
10
100
495
14 75
15
220
300
L. <. </.
8 15 2
2 18 10
8
4
19 16
11 10
12
8 16
12
Fr. c.
217 50
61
10
100
1,239
14 75
15
245 34
300
L. 1. <l.
9 18
2 18 10
8
4 U
49 11 2
11 10
12
9 16 3
12
1,434 66
57 7 10
2,232 59 1 89 6 1 |
N. B. — No regard paid to the nature of the cargo, as all goods are importable either for consumption
or exportation, which does not expose vessels to pay more or less charges.
British vessels are on a perfect equality with French vessels when they come from uritish ports in
Europe, otherwise they pay pilotage and tonnage dues like all other foreign vessels, as stated in the
foreign column,
M 2
Ml
• I.
I '(
' 5^ "
W 1
'^
164-
IJOllDEAUX,
1 : 1 ¥
HI. i i
•f i
h ! ^h t
I ■'
Imports. — The l'()\li)wing is a note of llie ioailinR
ami liSiJS, since wliicli they liavc not materially vari
no ollicial account being ll'ubli^lH■(l by the Ciisloms.
articU's imported, by the ships not o( Kuropc, in 1827
led. Tlicy are taken tVoiii the ship brokers' reports,
Sugar
CofTce -
Cocoa
Pimento
Pepper
Cinnamon
Cloves
Do. brui.?cd
Vanilla
Indigo
I^ac dye
Cimpeacliy and 1
otiier dye >
woods -3
Codiineal
Annolto
Ciiiins .diiTercnt
kiiul.s)
Quercitron
(Juiiio
liablap
Jalap
Sarsaparilla
Saltpetre
1S27.
.0,(17. J
31'.'
],r,ii)
.'■>,717
s;,'-'7.-J
4,800
7;)ii
j,S,(ilil
1,10
l,'J(i'J
34,4-24
l.'.liK)
'.'j,4!)3
14!)
i;,f;.;.5
.'i4.-i
2,l)!»7
til4
r<-i
4,144
1,143
118
1828.
22,718
4,78.5
hogsheads
t'oxcs
>Ki tierces
l,iio8 casks
3<i,;J17 sacks
l,!il!l hogsheads
j,4iK) casks
(ill J tierces
^-.^"•[bale:"
.'(I ho;;s;ieads
.OJ.'i ca.-iKf
12,C-i) sacks
^1.' bale-
-'•''■ ^{andpackascs
,| tC 1 rs and
\ serous
o „-, f '.iiindles J to
t."27
4;J4
4.".
,';,()ii;J
l,.-.(is
i'lo
casks
bates
do.
chests
do.
serons
chests
r))a reels,
152-iiiuanlilios
t unknown
:]
1,24?
2,!12(> serous
(i8()
Gtiti casks
9,423
]r,r,i Mo., bales,
^■'•'■'' and sacks
340
llfi casks
4,793
2,")() serons
.'il'2
208 bales
•■2M
717 serons
2!K)
2)0 do. and bales
9,4ii7
8,713 sacks
:!
KartVon
Tea
Kico
White and yel-
low wax
Curcuma
Ivory
Mother (-f pearl
Cotton
Haw silk
Wool, Cashmere
Do. I'erii .
'J'lilia (new rum)
Guinea blue 7
1827.
(nO
2,5'20
4liO
1,1. iO
28
)i02
il,42n
IS.'S.
110 bales
!l!l chests
4,^5(11 i ca.-ks
(iso[;^';;>'*'
2,().'!4 s.'u'ks
icks
cloth -J
American iiidcs
Ox horns
Ciiuichilla
Kaw skills
Tobacco
Cigars
Rattans
yuicksilvor
Tin, Pel a and 1
lianca
Lead
Copper
Platina
Gold
Silver
43
fi
.3
1,0;U
122
47,11(5
1(1!)
- 10,000
2U>
55
4,594
- 170,000
4li()
i,(;(H
2,739
9,7.09
4,400
5
735
8,250
105
25
23
1,559,569
70 teeth, $ic.
canisters
-„;jjC bales and
''"'"'^ J. scrims
,,f cases and
'^i bales
C.Ki
4li0
4i)0
15,738
21,700
80
bales
do.
puncheons
bales
single
bales
-J
dozens
bales
ifiKjfliogsheads
*'"'"( and bales
80,000
(5S5 boxes
10,370 packets
1,990 bottles
804 bars
1I,,'J83 saloncrs
3,240 do. or bars
10 packages
29 ingots
2,517 doubloons
51 chests
40 ingots
,, C boxes or
*'i sacks
3,781,231 dollars
In addition to the articles above specified, there were' also received for re-exportation considerable
quantities of bar iron, utens Is, and tools from Kngland, Spain, and Sweden ; zinc fro!n (iermany ; and
linens IVoi.i Kiigland, Holland, and Germany : Cor consumption, lead, tin plates, coal ^as ballast^ arsenic,
litharge, niiniiin:, \c. from Kiigland ; lead, steel, rlii'eoil, li(|Uorice, ))aste, sallroii, and sallVarnm from
Spain ; steel from (Jeriiany ; olive oil from Italy ; tish, glue, and tallow from Kussia ; timber from lialtic
ports; cl'.eece, stock.! sh, .S:C. from Holland.
/■; r/)()/-.'.s', — It is impossible to procure even approximate information regarding the qiiantilics of the
several articles of exportation. No reports are published by the Customs, nor do they allow extracts of
the entries outwards to be taken.
The following is a list of the species of articles exported from Rordeaux to the differ' nt parts of the
world : —
Ti) Martinique mid Giiadaloupc. — Provisions, flour, wine, brandy, and a small quantity of manufactured
goods.
To Bomlxm. — Wines, jirovisions, cattle, furniture, coarse and fine hardwares, perfumery, silk, cotton
and linen stud's, .stationery, fashionable articles, iS:c.
To iht I'nitcd Slates. —'Wines, brandy, almonds, prunes, verdigris, and a trifling quantity of manu.
facturt 1 goods.
To .Spanish America, Cuba, ^c — Wines, brandy, silks, cloths, stationery, fashions, jewellery, per-
fumerv, saddlery, \c.
To ilie .South Sens. — Wines, brandy, liqueurs, and all sorts of manufactured articles.
To liie ya.tt Indies and China. — Wines, brandy, fiirniluro, silver, ovic.
To I-'ni;lanil. — WInos, brandy, liqueurs, fruits, tartar, cream of tartar, plums, chesnuts, walnuts, loaf-
sugar to Guernsey and .lersey, clover seed, annotto, corn. Hour, ^kins raw and dressed, cork wood and corks,
vinegar, turpentine, resins, Ixc.
To the S'orth of Europe. — Wines, brandy, spirits of wine, tartar, cream of tartar, colonial produce,
loal-sugar, molasses, &e.
IVine — This forms the great article of cxiiort frcmi Ilnrdeaux. The estimated produce of the depart,
ment of the Girondc in wines of all kinds, and one year with another, is ;roni 220,000 to 250,0(XJ tuns ; the
disposal of which is, approximately, as follows : —
Consumed in the departmer.t
Kxpeditcd to the dilt'erent parts of France
Converted into brandy
Exported to foreign countiics
The exports to foreign countries are as follow : —
To Kngland
Holland
The north of Europe
America and India
41,.'-0('i to .02,200 tuns.
The vd wines are divided into th~ee great classes, each of which is subdivided into several sorts,
Class 1. embraces the Mcdoc wines,
2. — Grave, anil St. Emilion,
3. — common, or cargo nines.
.
about .50,000 tun.s.
.
12."),0o() —
,.
25,000 —
.
.50,000 —
250,000 tuns
1,,500 to
2,000 tuns.
I2,I)(K) -
15,000 —
27,(««) .
,34,0()() —
],(H)0 .
l,':o() —
i
I
'»'■ V
BORDEAUX.
165
produce.
Uiiis.
'Die first class U composed of the "grands rrus," tlic " cms bourRcois,"' and the " cr,*s ordiimirps."
The "grands cms" arc further distinKuished as./;r,v/,s-, sfaiiiils, and thirds.
TUl' firsl.i are the wines (ii . ' ateaii Marg.nix, I.alitte, I,at(mr, and Haut-Brion. The latter is properly
a (Iravf wine, hut it is always classe<l am<in|,'st the (irst Mcdois.
'J'he srniiids are the wines of Kau/an, Lcovillc, Larose, iMoiiton, (iersc, &c.
'J'he t/iiidn, wines which are p-oduced by tlie vineyards touching those above named, and which ditH-r
little in (]uality from them.
The quantity of " grands cms" wine of the above description does not exceed 3,(X)0 tuns, and sells at
from 1,1)11(1 fr. to ;3,r;()ll fr. p-.'r tun on Hit- Ices.
'I'lie " cms liourgeois ■' consists f)f the superior Margaux, St. Jii'ien, Pauillac, St. Estephe, &c. : quantity
cstiniatMl aliont '2,UW tuns, and iirices on tlie lees WjO fr. to I.SIO fr. per tun.
'I'ho " cms ordinaires," sell at .'500 tr. to 700 fr. according to the year and the quality. Quantity,
e.'i.diiO to , '!,"),()(«) tuns.
'J'lie whole produce of Mcdac is therefore about 10,000 tuns.
'I'lie " grands cms" and " crus bourgeois" re(iuire 4 years' care and preparation, before delivery for use
or for exportation ; and this augments their jirice from .Jli to .'i.l per cent.
Tlie second c/nss is comiiosed of the red wines oi'dnive and .S7. Kmilioti, which are in greater quantity,
arid anionpst them some of a very superior qual'ty, that are generally bought for mixing with Medoc.
'J'he first (juality of these wines sells from HOO fr. ti> 1,800 I'r. per lun. The second qualities — yueyries,
Montfcrrand, Hassans, &c. — ."(Kifr. to lii^Ofr.
The third class consists of the common or cargo wines, the greater part of which is consumed in the
country, or converted into brandy. The jiortion exported is sent oil' the year of its growth. I'riccs from
KiO fr. to '3)fr. jier tun.
The white wines of the first "crus," such as Ilaut-Barsac, I'reignac, Beaumes, Sautcrnc, &c., are only
fit for use at the end of 4- or (i years, and for exportation at the end of 1 or '2 years more. Prices on thd
lees vary from SOO fr. to \,tM)U. per tun.
'J'he " grand crus," of white Grave, St. Brics, Carbonicux, Dulamon, &c., sell, in good years, from
500 fr. toWKIfr.
Inferior white wines 130 fr. to 400 fr. per tun.
The cxpcn»?s of all kinds to the wine-grower of Medoc, for the cultivation, gathering, and making his
wine, and the cisk, are estimated to amount, in the most favourable years, to 50 fr. per hogshead, or
200 fr. per tun.
The merchants in general purchase up the finest cms as soon as sufliciently advanced to judge of their
character; <ir more frequently they are bought up for a series of years, whether good or bad. They are
transported to their cellars or " chays," in Hordeanx, so situated and protected by surrounding houses, as
to preserve a tolerably equable temperature throughout the year; and in these they riiien, and undergo
all the different processes of fining, racking, mixing, &c. considered necessary to adapt them to the
tlitferent ta.stes of the foreign consumers.
It is pretty generally the practice to adapt the wines for the Ilnglish market by a plentiful dose of the
strong, full-bodied, and high-flavoured wines of the llhono : '^i"!, as Hermitage, Cote Kotie, and I'roze —
especially the first, by which means they are liardly cognisable by the Medoc flavour. Perhajis the
iiriiici|)al reason for keeping these wines so long before they are used, is to give them time to acquire a
homogeneous flavour, destroyed by the mixture of several ditfercnt <|ualities. The wines shijipcd under
the titles of Chateau Margaux, I.afitte, "id Latour, are also mixed with the wines of the surrounding
vineyards, which, from the nature of the soil, and ^iroxiinity, cannot be greatly diflercnt. Other good
wines are also said to enter largely into the composition of these celebrated crus ; and those of a siqierior
year are emjiloyod to bring up the quality of one or two bad years, so ti .it it is easy to conceive, that the
famous wines of 181 1 and of the years IHIS, IKl't, and l«i.'5, are not speedily exhausted. Some houses
pretend to keep their wines pure; but the practice of mixing is, at any rate, very general.
The ])urchase of the wines, whether from t'le grower or merchant, is always eH'ected through a broker.
There are a few of them who have acquired a reputation for accuracy in tlissccting the different flavours,
and in tracing the results of ; he wiiRv oy certain measures of training, or treatment.
KiiKland takes oH'ncarly half Uie iiighest priced wines, and very little of any other quality. Except in
Bordeaux itself, there is Imt a very moderate portion of the superio;- Medoc consumed in France. The
taiiital even demands only second, tirrd, and fourth rate wines.
The Dutch, who are large consumers of Bordeaux wine, go more economically to work. They send
vessels to the river in the wine season^ with' skilful supercargoes, who go amongst the growers, am.'
purchase the wines themselves, cheaper even than a broUer would do. They live on b-iard the shi|i, tate
their own time to select, and wait often for months l«'fore their cargo is completed ; Iml lliej attain tlieir
object, getting asiqiply ol good sound wine, and at as lou- a rate, with all charges ofshi|ipinC' included, as
the wine merclu'iits can deliver it into their stores in Bordeaux, i'hey never piircliasi' ola wine ; they
fake only that newly made, which, being without the support of stronger bodied wines, must be consumed
in the course of 2 or ;; years. They follow the same system at Bayonne, where 2 or 3 ships go annually
for the white wines of Jurangon, \c.
The cargo wines are so manufactured tl'.at it is hardly po'-'ible to know of what they are composed.
They are put free on board for i.7. per hogshead and upwards, accordin;,' as they are demanded. They are
such as will not bear exposure in a glass when shijiping : the tasters have a small Hat silver cup expressly
for them. J'hesc wines are principally shijiped to America and India, and some at a liigncr price to the
north of Europe.
The principal wine merchants have agents in London, whose business is more particularly to introduce
their wines lo family use ; and it is to that end they pay them from ;3(K)/. to HOO/. for travelling expenses
and entertainments, bcsi<les allowing ,J [ler cent, or more, on the amount of sales, 'i'hey generally look
cut for individuals tor their agents of good address, and sime connection amongst the uppi r classes.
Jirandics, and Spirits of H'inc— The quantitv distilled in the neigh'oourhood of Bordeaux is estimated
at about 1,s,(KH) pieces, of CAl veltes each.
Ditto, in the Armagnac . 20,0(K) ditto
Ditto, in the Marmauduis 8,(KX) ditto
4,i,0tK) pieces, ordinary proof.
Of this quantity, France takes off about C.3,000 iiicces for consumption ; England, 2,.')00 ; United States,
10,()IK) ; India, '.',.'ii;0 ; north of Europe, ."i,lil«l ; iij all, 4,'),0IK) iiiece.s.
I.anguedoc proauces aiinii.illy ahniit 40,000 pieces, of 8 ) veltes each, the greater part of which comes to
Bordeaux to be forwarded to the iliU'c-ciit ports of Ih.e north of Eraiice, or to foreign loiintrics.
France coiisinueo about two tliirdsof the ahiive quantitv ; the remaining one third goes to the north of
Europe.
'J'he prices of brandy are from IJO fr to l.'jO fr. per 50 veltes, ordinary proof ; spirits of wine, from 4 fr.
to 5 fr. per velte.
It is at the port of Formay, on the (h.irente, that the (jrcafest shipments of brandy tak'> place to
England. Cognac, from which the bram';- takes its name, and where there are large distilleries, is a fi w
leagues u\> the ;iver. 'J'he i|uantlty exported is far great .'r thanwh.it is made at (ognac — the two
leading tbstillers there (Marfel, and lleiiessey) buying grea' ipiantities from the small cultivators. 'J'he
greater part of the wines made about Angnulenie, and then'.Miown tow.".rd the sea, arc of inferior quality,
AI ;?
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166
BORDEAUX.
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f-'
and fit only for making brandy ; and so little do the p) ices vary, that the proprietors look upon It nearly in
the same light as gold. When they augmcr their caiiital by savings or profits, it is employed in, keeping
a larger stock of brandy, which has the f>.rthcr advai'tage of paying the interest of their capital by its
improved value from age. England is said to receive upwards of 6,000 pieces annually from Charcnte.
At Uordeau,., as at Paris and i^Iarscilles, there is a constant gambling business in time bargains of
spirits of wine. It is in the form of spirits of wine that nearly all the brandy consumed in France is cxpc.
ditcd ; as in this form there is a great saving in carriage. — (For an olticial account of the exports of wine
and brandy from France, see Wi.ne.)
The fruits exported consist almost entirely of prunes and almonds, The latter con-'; principally from
Languedocr.
The jMilicy of the Spanish government toward her American colonies during the last 10 years has been
the cause of a great many very wealthy Spaniards settling in Bordeaux : and their number has been still
further increased by the Spaniards expelled from Mexico who do not choose to employ their fortunes in
their native country, ur find greater facilities for employing them in Bordeaux. Uhese are in possession
of the greater part of.thc Spanish American trade of this port, and are viewed with a very jealous eye
by the old merchants. Thoy have also contributed greatly to beautify the city, by employing their wealth
in building, which they have done to a considerable extent They have also reduced the rate of interest,
and contributed to the facilities of discounting bills : the Spanish houses generally discount long bills at
1| or 2 per cent, lower than the Bank.
Bordeaux possesses some iron founderics, cotton factories, su:»ar refineries, glass works, &c., but labour
and living arc too high to admit of its becoming a considerable manufacturing city.
Banking Establishments. — There is only one banking company in Bordeaux — the " Border ax Bank."
It has a capital of 3,000,000 fr., in shares of 1,000 fr. each. It issues notes for 1,000 and 500 fr. (40/.
and Wl.) payable in specie on demand. Its affairs are managed by a Board of directors, named by the
50 principal shareholders. This Board fixes the rate of discount, and the number of names that ought to
guarantee each bill ; it being left to the discount.committee to judge of the responsibility of the signatures
on the bills presented. At present the bank discounts bills on Bordeaux, having 3 months to run, and
guaranteed by 3 signatures, at 5 per cent., and those on Paris at 4| per cent
When bills arc presented, not having the required number of names, or these deemed suspicious, they
take, in guarantee, public stock bonds or other effects — advancing to the extent of 9^l0ths of their cur-
rent value.
The bank advances fths of the value of gold and silver in ingots, or in foreign money, Seposited with
them, at the rate of 5 per cent per annum. It also accepts in de)>osit, diamonds, plate, and every kind of
valuable property, engaging to redeliver the same in the state received, for i per cent per quarter, or
1 per cent per annum.
Those who have accounts current with the bank may have all their payments made, and money
received, by the bank, without fee. It allows no interest on balances, and never makes advances either
on personal security or on mortgage.
On the 31st of December, 1832, the bank notes in circulation amounted to ISjaWjOOO fr. (506,000/.)
The affairs of the bank are subject to the inspection of the Prefect, to whom half yearly reports of its
situation are made. These are printed entire, and distributed to the 50 principal shareholders ; an abstract
being, a, the same time, published in the Bordeaux journals.
After the revolution of July, 1830, there was a severe run on the bank; and owing to the dlllii ulty of
procuring gold from Paris, the directors were obliged to limit their deliveries in specie to ,'500 fr. ''^'.V.)
in a single payment ; but notwithstanding this circumstance, no notes were protested ; and h' mi'
supplies of gold could be obtained from Paris, the operations of the bank rcsumetl their usua; c ••. -■•
her affairs have been, during the !ast 3 years, uncommonly prosperous. Exclusive of the i<. .. „„
,0 per cent., the bank accumulated, in 1831, a surplus profit of 73,000 fr. ; and, in 183^, her surplus
profits were 250,000 fr., or 10,000/.
Brokers. — No one is allowed to act as a mercantile broker in France, who is not 25 years cf age, and
who has not barved 4 years in a commercial house, or with a broker, or a notary public. They are nomi-
nated by the king, after their qualifications have been ascertained by tlie Chamber of Commerce. All
brokers must deposit the sum of 8,000 tt. in the treasury, as a guarantee for their conduct, for which
they are allowed interest at the rate of 4 per cent At present there are in Bordeaux 21 ship brokers, 24
merchandise do., 20 wine and spirit do., 7 insurance do., and 20 money and exchange do. : the latter form
a separate class.
All foreigners are obliged to employ ship brokers to transact their business at the Custom-house ; and
although masters and owners of French vessels might sometimes dispense with their services, they never
do so, finding it to be, in all cases, most advantageous to use their intervention. All duties outward on
vessels and cargoes are paid by the ship brokers, who invariably clear out all vessels, French as well as
foreign.
Rates of Commission.— \. Ship brokers:— Vessel in ballast, 50 cents (5rf.) per ton ; vessel loaded per
charter or on owners' account, 1 fr. (KW.) per ton. 2. Merchandise brokers : — } iier cent on colonial
produce, and other goods. 3. Wine and spirit brokers:— 2 per cent on wine, &c. 4. Insurance
brokers: — 4 per cent .O. Money brokers : — j per cent on Paris and foreign paper; \ per cent on
Bordeaux do. G. Merchants: — 2 per cent on all sorts of operations between natives; 2J per cent
on all sorts of operations between strangers; 5 per cent, on litigious aftiiirs; 1 per cent on goods in
transitu, when the constituent is present ; | per cent, on banking affairs.
Jnsuranc of ships, houses, and lives is effected at Bordeaux. The first is carried on partly by iiidivi.
duals, and partly by comiianies ; the last two by companies only. The partners in these associations are
generally liable only to the amount of the shares they respectively hold.
For statements as to the Warehousing System, Smuggling, He, the reader is referred to the article
Kavhb. j t. j
(Quarantine is performed at Troinpeloup, where a spacious lazaretto has been constructed. Bordeaux
is a favourable place for repairing and careening ships, and for obtaining sup])lie8 of all sorts of stores.
The exchange or tnoney lirnkers of Bordeaux follow a kind of btisinefis pretty similar to the London
private bankers. They receive, negotiate, and pav bills and orders, of .such liouses as have accounts open
with them, charging and allowing an interest on balances, which varies from 3i to 4i per cent according
to circumstances. They charge f per cent for negotiating bills, and 4 per cent on all the payments they
make.
There are, besides, numerous capit.ilists who employ their spare funds in discountingbills. They prefer
bills at long dates, and take from 3 to ti per cent discount, according to tho confidence they have in the
paper presented.
There are not wanting individuals who guarantee, with their names, every sort of paper presented
taking from 5 totiO per cent for the risk.
Customari/ Mode of Payment, and Length of Credit. — Ca\on\&\ produce, spices, dye stuffs, and metals
are usually 'sold for cash, with 3 per cent discount Corn, Hour, brandy, and several other articles, are
sold for nett cash, without discount.
Wines are generally bought of the cultivators at 12 and 15 months' credit, or fi per cent, discount.
When they change hands amongst the merchants, the practice is to sell for cash, allowing 3 or 5 per cent
discount , , . o,^ i .
The usage is generally established in Bordeaux, to consider all p.iper having less than .>0 days to run
OS cash i and with such all payments are made, where there is not an express stipulation to be paid in coin.
1
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BORDEAUX.
167
Tares.— 'The tares allowed in Bordeaux are as follows : —
and
loaded per
colonial
nsiirancc
cent, on
\)vr cent,
goods in
ind metals
tides, are
discount,
i per cent
At Cullom-hoUM.
Cotton in bales, C per
cent.
SiiBi\r In hhda., 15 per
cent.
Do. in cases.If avannah,
Stc, \'t per cent.
Do. in liales from Uour-
bon, .Mauritius, Ma-
nilla, tS£( ., nett.
Do. cla>e<l. in lihds.,
white and brown, 1'4
per cent.
llice,from all countries,
none.
Cotl'ee in baf;s, tare
iiett, or 2 i>er cent-
Cocoa in bags.tarenett,
or 2 pur cent.
Pepper in bags, 2 per
cent.
in Cummerct.
Large square liales, 6 per cent.
Smaller do., H )ier cent.
Hound do., 4 jier cent.
In hluls., 17 per cent.
Tret perlilld., 1 I
In cases, llavannah, &c., M per cent.
Tret perlilld., 1 kil. (2-24 lbs.)
Tret per rase, 1 kil. (2"^1 lbs.)
In bales troin liourbim, &c., real.
Mauritius, .Manilla, &c., S jier
cent.
Clayed, In hliils. while, 12 per cent.
'I'ret per lihd., I kil.
Clay«'d do., brown, l.T per cent.
Tret per hlid., 1 kil.
Tare nett, or 12 (ler cent.
In bags weighing GO kil. (131 lbs.),
Do.froi'n fiOA to 75 kil. (135 to 168 lbs.),
l^kil.
Do. above 75 kil. (IfiS lbs.), 2 kil.
In bags weighing GO kil. (lot lbs.),
1 kil.
Do. Gl'i kil. to 75 kil. i;i5 loirsibs.),
li kil.
Do. abo'.'c 75 kil. (IGS Ills.), 2 kil.
In bags weighing Go kil. (131 lbs.>,
1 kil.
Do. from 60* t , 75 kil. (135'. to IC8
lbs., I n kil.
In bales, 130 to 150 kil. (291 to 336
lbs.), 2 kil.
In serous, 50 to 60 kil.(112 to 131 lbs.),
2kU.
Ai Cujiom house.
Indigo, in chests, real
Asbes, \K)i and pearl,
12 |)er cent.
Ouercitruu bark, real
tare.
Peruvian
tare.
bark, real
Cinnamon in chests, 12
per cunt.
Do. in bales, 2 per cent*
Cloves, real tare.
Cochineal, real tare,
(ium in casks, do.
Mace and nutmegs, do.
Annotto, none.
Sarsaparilla, real tare,
or 2 per cent.
tn Comment-
In chests, real tare.
In serons weighmg from 45 i« 55 kil.
(101 tol23Vbs.), 7 kil.
Do. 5.',A to 65 kil. (1112 to 116 lbs.),8 kil.
Do. 65jto75kil.|ll>.'1tulliK.' ,.),Ukil.
Do.75^ to 'J5kil.(16'J 10213 lbs.),lUkii.
Do. '.I5A to 107 kil. (211 to 210 lbs.),
11 kil.
Put and pearl, 12 per cent.
In casks of 200 kil. and above (41S
His.), 12 per cent.
Do. from 15HJ to 200 kil. (337 to 448
lbs.), 15 pir cent.
Do. from 120 to 130 kil. (269 to 33fi
lbs.), 20 per cent.
In chists, tare nett.
In serons wi-ighini^ from 45 to 57^ kil.
(101 tu 12'Jlbs.), H kil.
Do. GO '.o 75 kil. ( 1.34 to 16S lbs.),lO kil.
Ceylon, in serous, ur single bales, 3 kil.
Do. in double bales, 6 kil.
China, in chests, real tare.
In casks, real tare.
In bales weighing from 30^ to 50 kU.
(GH to 112 lbs. I, real tare, or 2 kil.
In bags, single, 1 kil.
Ileal tare.
Real tare.
Heal tare.
In casks, 4 per cent, for leaves, and
6 per cent. tare.
In bales, 5 kil.
•<,* The instructive details with respect to the trade of Bordeaux given above, so very superior to what aie
tobcfouiulinany other publication, have been principally derived from a communication of Mr. Buchanan,
of the house of James Morrison and Co., who acquired his information on the spot; but some particujarii
have been learned from the carefully drawn-up answers made by the Consul to the Circular Clui:rks.
Operation of the French commercial System on the Trade of Bordeaux, §-c. — The tradti
of this great city has suffered severely from the short-sighted, anti-social policy of the
French government. This policy was first broadly laid down, and systematically acted
upon, by Napoleon ; and we believe it would not be difKcult to show that the privations
it entailed on the people of the Continent powerfully contributed to accelerate his
downfall. But those by whom he has been succeeded, have not hitherto seen the expe-
diency of returning to a sounder system ; on the contrary, they have carried, in some
respects at least, tlio " continental system" to an extent not contemplated by Napoleon.
Notwithstanding the vast importance to a country like France, of supplies of iron and
hardware at a cheap rate, that which is produced by foreigners is excluded, though it
might he obtained for half the price of that wluch is manufactured at home. A similar
line of policy has been followed as to cotton yarn, earthenware, &c. And in order to
force the manufacture of sugar from the beet-root, oppressive duties have been laid, not
only on foreign sugar, but even on that imported from the French colonies. The oper-
ation of this system on the commerce and industry of the country has been most mis-
chievous. By forcing France to raise, at home, articles for the production of which she
has no natural or acquired capabilities, the exportation, and consequently the growth, of
those articles in the production of which she is superior to every other country, lias been
very greatly narrowed. All commerce being bottomed on a fair principle of reciprocity,
a country that refuses to import must cease to export. By excluding foreign produce —
by refusing to admit the sugar of Brazil, the cottons and hardware of England, the
iron of Sweden, the linens of Germany, and the cattle of Switzerland and Wirtemberg —
France has done all that was in her power to drive the merchants of those countries from
her markets. They arc not less anxious than formerly to obtain her wines, brandies,
and silks ; inasmucli, however, as commerce is merely an exchange of products, and as
France will accept very few of the products belonging to others, they cannot, how
anxious soever, maintain that extensive and mutually beneficial intercourse with lier
they would otherwise carry on ; they sell little to her, and their purchases are, of course,
proportionally diminished.
This, indeed, is in all cases the necessary and inevitJiblc effect of the prohibitive
.system. It never fails to les.sen exportation tn the same extent that it lessens importation;
so that, when least injurious, it merely substitutes one sort of industry for another — the
production of the article that had been obtained from the foreigner, in the pLice of the
production of that which had been sent to him as an etjuivalent (See Comjierce.)
France is not only extremely well situated for carrying on an extensive intercourse
with foreign countries, but she is largely supplied with several productions, which, were
she to adojjt a liberal commercial system, would meet with a ready and advantageous
sale abroad, and enable her to furnish equivalents for the largest amount of imiwrts.
The superiority enjoyed by Amboyna in the production of cloves is not more decided
than that enjoyed by France in the production of wine. Her claret, burgundy, cham-
pagne, and brandy, are unrivalled; and furnish, of themselves, the materials of a vast
commerce. Indeed, the production of wine is, next to the ordinary business of agri-
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168
BORDEAUX.
culture, by far the most cxiciisive and valuable branch of industry hi France. It is
estimated by the laiulhohlL-rs and merchants of tiio department of the (iironde, in the
admirable Petition c.t Mrinoln: a VAppui, jjresented by them to the ("liamher of l)e|)uties
in 18^8, that tlie quantity of wine annually produced in France amounts, at an average,
to about '10,0()(),(KK) iiectolitres, or 1 ,0(;(),0(K),0()() gallons ; that its value is not less than
from 80(),(KX),(X1() to 1,()CK>,()0(),()()0 francs, or from :J1,',()(X),()00/. to '1(),()0<),(X)0/. sterling;
and that u])\vards of tlinx millions of individuals are cm|)loycd in its production. In
some of the southern (li'|)artments, it is of paramount importance. 'I'he population of
the Giroiule, exclusive of Bordeaux, amounts to 4;i'J,839 individuals, of whom no fewer
than 'J'J(),(X)0 are sup])ose(l to be directly engaged in the cultivation of the vine.
Here, then, is a branch of industry in which France Ins no competitor, wliich even
now affords employment li)r about a tenth part of her population, and which is suscepti-
ble of indefinite extension. The value of the wines, brandies, vinegars, v'tc. exported
from France, at an average of the .S years ending with 17iX), amoimted fo about
.')1,(X)0,()00 francs, or upwards of two millions sterling. The animal exports of wine
from ]}ordcaux only, exceeded 10{),0(X) tuns; and as the supply of wine might be
increased to almost any amount, France has, in this single nrticle, the means of carrying
on the most extensive and lucmtive commerce. " Le gouvernement Frani;ais," says
]\I. Chaptal, in his work Sur Vlndtistrie Frnn<;itise, "doit les plus grands encouragements
ii la culture des vignes, soit qu'il considere ses ])roduits relativement a la consonmiation
interieure, soit qu'il les envisage sous le rapport de notre commerce avec 1 etranger, dont
il est en effet la Ixise cssentielle."
IJut instead of labouring to extend this great branch of industry, government has
consented to sacrifice it to the interests of the iron-founders, and the planters of IVIarti-
nique and Guadaloujje ! We do not, indeed, imagine that they were at all aware that
such would be the effect of their policy. Theirs is only one instance, among myriads
that may be specified, to prove tliat ignorance in a ministry is quite as pernicious as bad
intentions. Tl e consideration, apparently not a very recondite one, that, notwithstand-
ing the bounty >.r lature, wine was not gratuitously produced in France, and could not,
therefore, be e\- • >. cept for an equivalent, would seem never to have occurred to
the ministers of i_ lul Charles X. But those whose interests were at stake, did
not fail to api)rise tl.L. )f the hoUowness of their system of policy. In IS'J'J, when the
project for raising the duties on sugar, iron, linens, &c. was under discussion, the mer-
chants of Bordeaux, Nantes, ISIarseilles, and other great conunercial cities, and the wine-
growers of the Giroiule, and some other dei)artments, ])resented petitions to the Chambers,
in which they truly stated, that it was a contradiction and an absurdity to attempt
selling to the foreigner, without, at the same time, buying from him ; and expressed
their conviction, that the imi)osition of the duties in ipiestion would be fatal to the com-
merce of France, and would conseiiueiuly inflict a very serious injury on the wine-
growers and silk manufiictnrcrs. Tliese representatmns did not, however, meet with a
very courteous reccjition. They were stigmatised as the work of ignorant and interested
persons. The Chambers ajiiiroved the policy of nunisters; ami in their ardour to extend
and jjerfect it, did not hesitate dee])ly to injure braiiclies of industry on which several
millions of persons are dependent, in order that a i'vw comparatively insig?iificant
businesses, nowise suited to France, and sujjporting 100,000 persons, might be bolstered
up aiul protected !
The event has shown that the anticijjations of the merchants were but too well founded.
There is a discrciiancy in the accounts laid before the late Cunimissinii (rfJnt/nete by
government, aiul those given in the above-mentioned Petition it Menioire <) I'.-lj)/)!/! from
the Gironde. According to the tables ])rinted l)y the Commission, the export of wine
from France is, at this moment, almost exactly the same as in 1789. It is, however,
plain that, had tnere not been some powerful counteracting cause in operation, the
export of wine ought to have l)een very greatly augmented. Tlie United States, Uussiii,
Kngland, Prussia, and all those countries that li.ive at all times l)een the great importers
of French wines, have made prodigious advances in wealth aiul iropulation since 178!);
and, had the conmierce with them not been subjected to injurious restrictions, there is
every reason to tliink that their imports of French wine would have been imich greater
now than at any former period.
But the truth is, that the accounts laid before the Cimimission ai-e entitled to ex-
tremely little credit. In so f. V as respects the ex))orl of wine from Bordeaux, which
lias always been the great market for this species of produce, the statements in the
Ml moire <i rAjipni are taken from the Cusloni-house returns. 'i'heir accuracy may,
therefore, be depended u|)on, and tliey show an extraordinary falling off. J'reviously to
the Revolution, the cxjiorts amounted to 100,()0(V tuns a year — {Penehet, Stathtiqne.
Elemcntaire, p. ]:i8.); but since 18'iO, they have only been as follows;
Tuns.
'I'uns.
'I'lllis.
Tuns.
1'.20,
til.lKV
ISC'J,
.■;!i,!u").
IS.'I,
;>ii,ir.'.'i.
IS.'I ;,
•1-.S,|iM..
ISi'l,
t;,U'n
I Hi!,
'A,Vl\\
lS-'.\
Hvill.
is:7.
^^\,\\)'^i
■A
BORDEAUX.
169
fOlll-
iiiu-
itli a
L'StCcl
Ktl'iul
L'veral
it'Miit
turcd
(lod.
l,y
Iroiii
wine
L'ver,
the
issia,
)rfi'rs
rS!);
■II' is
eater
ex-
•liicli
the
may,
ly to
tilJIIC.
It is also stated (Mt'moire, p. 33.), tl'^t a '^I'gf jiropoition of tlicso exports has been
made on speculation; and that the markets of Russia, the Netherlands, Ilainliurj^h, Sic.
are glutted with I'renih wines, for which there is no demand. " Uans ce moment,"
(ii.'jth A|)ril, IHtiS,) it is said in the Mcmnirv, " il exisve eii consignation, a lIand)ourg,
l'i,(K)0 a 1, ),()()() harricpies de vii^ i)our comjjte des proprietaires du departemcnt de Ja
(Jironde, ([u: seront trop lieureux s'ils ne perdent que leur capital."
Tliis extraordinary decline in the foreign demand has been accompanied by a corrc-
{■ponding glut of the home market, a heavy fall of prices, and the ruin of a great number
of merchants and agriculturists. It is estimated, that there were, in A])ril, ISL'8, no
fewer than oOO.OdO tons of wine in the (Jironde, for whicli no outlet could be found;
and the glut, in the other departments, is said to have been i)n)p()rtionally great. The
fall in the jnice of wine has reacted on the vineyards, most of which have become (pute
inisaleable ; and a total stop has l)een put to every sort of im])rovement. Nor have
matters been in the least amended during the current year : on the contrary, they seem
to be gradually getting worse. Such is the ))overty of tlie jjroprietors, that wine is now
frecpiently seiz-.'d, and sold by ihe revenue ollieers in i)ayment of arrears of taxes; and it
ai)pears, from some late statements in the Memorial lliinUlnis (a newspaper published at
Uordeaux), that tiie wine so sold lias not recently fetched more, at an average, than
al)out two thirds of the cost of its jirodudion !
The following (iffivUd account of the exports of wine from the Gironde, during tlic 3
years ending with lS:il, sets the extraordinary decline of tliis important trade in the most
striking ])oint of view : —
Year. Litres. Imp. (ial. I Vrar. Ulrcs. Imp. (ial. I Ye.-ir. Litres. Imp. Cial.
18i.'y 4;3,Ki'i,Oi-,4 = !l,li4J,0Ja I WM i;H,r)51,8G3 = (;,'J81,412 I 1831 24,40y,WH = .0,370,110
The exports of bnmdy have declined in about the same degree; and the foreign
shii)i)ing frecpienting the jiort has been diminished nearly a half.
Such are the effects that the restrictive system of jiolicy lias had on the wine trade of
France, — on a branch of industry which, as we have already seen, em])loys ilirvv millions
of jieoiile. It is satisfactory, however, to observe, that the landowners and merchants
are fully aware of the source of the misery in which they have been involved. Tlii-y
know that they are not sufleiing from hostile or vindictivt- measures on the part of
foreigners, hut from the blind and senseless policy of their own government ; that they
are victims of an attempt to counteract the most obvious j)rinciples — to make !■' ranee
produce articles directly at liome, which she might obtain from the foreigner in exchange
for wine, brandy, K-c. !it a third or a fourth jiart of the expense they now cost. Tiii'y
cruniot ra'jiort, hiraiisc ilicy an; tint iillowrtl to inijiort. Hence they do not ask for bounties
and prohiliitions; on the contrary, they disclaim all such quack nostrums; and demand
what can alone be useful to them, and beneficial to the country, — a free commercial
system.
" ConsitU'n' en lui-mi'inc," say tlip landowners and mercliaiifs of the Gironde, " Ip systfemo proliiljitif
est la plus rlc/ildriililc (Irs crrcttiw. I,a nature, dans sa varictr iiifinie, a di'|iarti i\ cha<|iie rnntri'c ses
attribiits iiarticuliurs ; ellc a nnprinu' sur clwuine .-•ol sa vrrital)lL' di-tination, ct cVst par la divt^rsite il('8
prodidts et (It's iKsoins, <iu'i.I1l' a voiilu iinir les lioinnics par iin lion univcrst'l, et opi'rcr ontre eux ces
rappniclienu'iits, (pii ont prodult le connnorco et la civili.-atioii.
" yuclle est la hasp du systemc prohibitif i* Une vpritable cliinuTC, qui consisto Cl pssayer dc vendrc i
I'l trancLT sans achptor dp lui.
" (Juelle est done la consonupnce la pu:« imini'diatp dii systiine proliibitif, on, pii d'autrps tpritips, du
mnnopolc ? CVst tpip le pays nm pst placi' (oiis son pinpire up pput vontlre scs prodiiits u IV'trangi r. I.c
voila done rploulp dans Uii'minip ; pt il I'iitipossibilitp de vcnUre cc qu'il a du trop, vicnt se joindrp la
uipp^siti' i\" pa>pr plus plipr rp tpii lui ni:;nqup.
" Notrp indiistrip np dpiiiandoit, poin friirtitipr, ni la faveur d'nn m' nnpolo, ni ppttp fonip d'artifipps pt
dps sppoms <l(]nt bipii d'aiitrcsont iinpoiplp fardpaii an pay<. IJnpsanplibpile coinniprpialp, nnp (Poiiomie
p()liti(inp loniipp sur la n;iturp, 1 r] rai)port avpp la civilisation, pli liarinonip avpc tons Its inti'rpts vpri.
talrlp>i; tcllp .'toit >i)n spol bpsoiu. Livrep i\ son pssor iialurpl, pllp sp sproit I'lpndup dVlk-nipnip Mir la
riancp de 1K14, ponimc sur ppHpiIp 178!I; pUp auroil I'ornn' la plus ripbe branclip dp son agiicnlturp ; pllo
auroit lait piipulpr, pt dans son sol natal, pt dans font Ip sol du royaume, uiip sfcvp dp vip pt do riclipssp ;
clip auroit piiporp attire sur nos |)laKPs Ip pommprcc du niondc; pt la I'rancp, au lieu dp s'l'rinpr avpc
pllbn pii pays inanul'acturier, auroit reconquis, par la force des choses, uno supOrioritt' incontestable
cominc i)ays auricolp.
" 1,0 systi nip pontraire a prcvalu.
" l,a ruinp d'nn dps pins ini|iortants dt^partcmpnts do la Franro ; la di'trcsRO dps di'p.artemcnts rirron.
voisins ; Ip dt'i'.'riss'inpnt (.'i lu'ral du Midi ; imp iininpusp popidation attaqiii^p dans sps inoypns d'pxis.
tpnpp ; nil capital p.ionnp poinproniis ; la jiprsppptivp dp up pouvoir pn'lpvpr I'impot sur notrp sol appanvri
Pt dpponilU' ; nil pn'judiro ininipiisc pour tons Ips di'i)artpnipnts dont nous soinmp tributairps ; nnd('.
proisspinpnt lapidpdans ppllps dp nos ponsoinniations <|ui prolilpnt au Nord; la stagnation m'lu'ralp <lu
poinniprrp, a' IV tuns Ips di'sastrps i|U'pIIp pntrainp, toutps Ips jipitps (|u'p1Ip produit.ct tons Ips (l<iinnia;,'ps
on nialc'rirls, on pciliti(|nps on inoranx, qui en sont I'iiu'vitablp suite ; piilin, I'anpantisscnicnt dp plus pii
l)lus irrip iral)lp de tons nos ancipiis rapports pomniprpiaux ; Ips autrps (ipuplps s'pnripliistant dc nos pprtps
Pt dpvploppani U'ur sy.-tpnip pcnnniprcial sur Ips di'bris du in' trp ;
" I'pls sont Ips tVuits ainprs du systinip dont nous avons t tp Ips priniipa'ps victiinps."
Such is the well authenticated account, laid before the Chamber of Dejiuties by 12,5(53
landowners and merchants of the (iironde, of tlie;i;v/W/(((/ ojieration and real eflectof that
very system of jioliey, which, extraordinary as it may seem, has been held up for imitatior
to the parliament of l^ngland !
The eileet of this system upon the silk trade of France, the most important branch
'. ; M
If
II
f,
l\
170
BOSTON.
I ', t
I. !
of her manufacturing industry, and one in which she had long the superiority, Is similar,
and hardly less destructive. Her prohibitions have forced others to manufacture for
themselves, so that the foreign demand for silks is rapidly diminishing. It is stated, in
Observations r''4ressces H la Commission d'Enquete, by the delegate of the Chamber of
Commerce of Lyons, that the silk manufacture is in the worst possible state. " Ce qui
doit surtout exciter," he observes, " la soUicitudc du gouvcrnement, et le decider a
entrer dans nos vues, c'est rdtat deplorable, ularmtint, de la fabriqne de Lyon : les quatie
annees de 18'J4 a 1827 ott'rent sur les quatre annees precedentes un deficit qui excede
150 millc kilog. pour les seules expeditions d' Allemagne ; I'annee 1828, et I'annce
courante, 182i), nous donnent une progression decroissante plus elFrayante encore." —
(p. II.) It is further stated, in a Uei)ort by the manufacturers of Lyons, that there
were 20",000 looms employed in that city in 1824, while at present there are not more
than l.'JjCWO. The competition of Switzerland and England has been chiefly instru-
mental in producing these eft'ects. At Zurich, where there were only 3,000 looms em-
ployed in 181.'), there were, in ISIJO, more than 5,000; and at Eberfeld, where there were
none in 1815, there were tlien above 1,000. Switzerland is said to have, in all, 11,000
JooirLs employed at this moment (1833) in the manufacture of plain broad silks.
Besides the injury done to the wine trade of France by her anti-commercial system,
it has been much injured by the octrois, and other duties laid on wine when used for
home consumption. These, however, have been modified since the accession of Louis-
Philippe ; and it is reasonable to suppose, that the experience that has been afforded of
the ruinous effects of the prohibitive system, and the more general diffusion of correct
ideas with respect to the real sources of wealth, will at no distant period cause the
adoption of such changes in the commercial legislation of France, as may render it
more conducive to her interest, and more in accordance with the spirit of the age. If
we were hostile to France, we should wish her to continue the present system ; but we
disclaim being actuated by any such feelings. We are truly anxious for her prosperity, for
her sake and our own ; for, luiless she be surrounded by Bishop Berkeley's wall of brass,
whatever contributes to her prosperity must, in some degree, redound to the advantage
of her neighbours.
" Were such narrow and malignant politics to meet with success," said Mr. Hume,
writing in the middle of the last century, and when the prosperity of others was generally
regarded with an evil eye, " we should reduce all our neighbouring nations to the same
state of sloth and ignorance that prevails in Morocco and the coast of Barbary. But
what would be tlie consequence? They could send us no commodities; they could take
none from us : our domestic commerce itself would languish for want of emul.ition,
examjjle, and instruction ; and we ourselves should soon fall into the same abject con-
dition to wliich we had reduced tliem. I shall, therefore, venture to acknowledge, that
not only as a man, but as a British subject, I pray for the flourishing commerce of Ger-
niany, Sjjain, Italy, and even France itself. I am, at least, certain that Great Britain,
and all those nations, would flourish more, did their sovereigns and ministers adopt
such enlarged and benevolent sentiments towards each other." — {Essay on the Jealousy
of Trade.)
For a more ample exposition of the nature and effects of the French ..-ommercial
system, the reader is '•eferred to an article in the 99th Number of the E'linbiirgh Re-
view, contributed by the author of this work. Most of the foregoing • catements are
taken from that article.
BOSTON, a commercial city of the United States, the capital of Massachusetts, and
the largest town of New England, in hit. 42'-' 23' N,, long. 71*^ 4' W. Population, in
1830, 62,000. The city is situated on a peninsula near the bottom of a large and deep
bay, being surrounded on all sides by water, except on the south, where it is joined to
the main land by the narrow isthmus called Boston Neck. But it communicates, by
means of extensive wooden bridges, with Charleston on the north side of the bay, and
witli Dorchester on the south. Boston Bay is of great extent, and is studded with
many islands. The plan, on the opposite side, will give a better idea of it than could
be derived from any description.
References to Plan. — A, outer light- lousc, 65 feet high, having a revolving light, .alternately brilliant
40 atid obscured 20 seconds. IJ, buoy on the outward edge of the shoal, off Aldcrton Point. C, I), E,
Great, Middle, and Outward Brewster's Islands. F, George's Island. The passage for ships, lying between
this isl.ind and the rocks on the opposite side of Lovell's Island (G\ being very narrow, it is, in efVect,
the key of the harbour; and large sums have recently been expended on its fortification. To the south
of (ieorge's Island, and Hospital Island (HI, is Nantasket road, where there is good anchorage. The
outer harbour lies to the west of Lovell's (G) and George's (F) Islands, being separated from the inner
harbour bv Castle Island (M), and Governor's Island (Nj. On the north end of Long Island (I) is a har-
bour lixeii light, 27 feet high. K, Deer I.sland, L, Spectacle Island. O, Middle Ground, dry at f ebb.
P, Upper and Middle Ground having, at ebb, only 5 feet water. Q, Thomson's Island. It, Dorchester
peninsula S, Noodle Island. T, Charleston. Governor's Island (N), Castle Island (M), and Noodle's
Island (S), are all fortified. The course that a ship ought to steer is marked by the dotted line, leading
between the light-house and Aldcrton Point, and between George's Island (F) and Lovell's Island (G).
The soundings are laid down iu fathoms at low water.
I
1
I l« '[
BOSTON.
171
' brilliant
C, n, E,
j' between
in ctl'oct,
the south
ige. The
the inner
is a har-
■ at f ebb.
orchester
Noodle's
?, leading
iland (G).
I
I
I'
J
■?!»
m
i
f.
Nauiic Mile»
4
/.
172
BOSTON.
■ I.
'I '
Shipping. — According to the official accounts laid iiefore Congress, Iflth of February, 1833, the
rcgi>tcro<t, ciirolk'i), ami riccnsi'd tonnaKC belonging to iloston in ]H.'Jl nniouiited to 138,174 tuns, ot'which
2I,(IH4 tons wiTi' eniploNcvl in the coasting trade, and 17,784 in the tisheries. ♦
In IS.'Jl, there arrived from foreign parti) 7iiii ships, of the burden of 12f),980 tons. Of these wore,
American, 1171 shi|i!i, toniiaf,'!' ll.'),7M() j and Hritisli, Hd ships, tonnage y,.),")(l. With the exception of
Sweden, whieh sent ;i, there was not more than 1 ship from any other country ! In IH,)-.', the foreign
arrivals were l.liiM- sliip.-i, tonnage not stated : of these, H42 were American, and 'ill liritish.
The arrivals coastwise in ISoJ were y,;jJ(i j of these were (iSJ ships, 514 brigs, i;,3j2 schooners, and (i28
•loops,
S/iippiiij; Char^t's. — Tor an account of these, see Ni:w York.
How to cntr,- tin- Port. — In coming from the Atlantic, a ship should bring the light-house to bear W.
by N. to W. N,\V., and run direct for it. The largest ships may pass it at within less than a cable's
length. If there he no pilot on board, or the master be unucquaintetl with the harbour, or the wind bo
north-westerly, which is the most unfavour.ible for entering, she had better steer W. by S. for Nantasket
roads, where she may anclior, and get a pilot.
Mudriiif!, Sfc. — (ienerally speaking, there is sufficient depth of water to enable the largest ships to como
up to town at all times of the tide. They usually moor alongside quays or wharfs, where they lie in
perfect safety. There are in all about (iO wharfs ; which, for the most part, are built on piles, with a
BUi)erstructine of stone and eaitli. The two principal are " Long Wharf," 5;)() yards in length ; and
" C'emral Wharf," 413 yards lung by jO in breadth, having a range of lofty brick stores and warehouses
alonK its whole length.
I'itiilagc. — No particular place is .specified at which vessels must heave to for a pilot. But all vessels,
with the exception of coasters under 2;i() tons, and American vessels laden with plaster of Paris from
Uritish America, if hailed by a pilot within about 1} mile of the outer light, must take him on board,
under a penalty of .OO dollars. If they have got within this distance before being hailed, the obligation
to take a pilot on board ceases. This regnlatl(m has obviously been dictated by a wish to have the pilots
constantly on the alert; it being supposed that masters not well acquainted with the bay will heave to to
take one on board, though they have got within the free limits.
ii' t
Table of the Uates of Pilotage on
Outward and Inward bound Vessels ii
the Port of Boston.
(hitward.
Inwartl.
From Not. 1. to ."M.ny 1.
Kroin ."\Iiiy 1. to No\
. 'i.
From Nov. 1 . to Jlay 1 .
F'rom .-^lay
1. to No\
. 1.
Dni.
Ships
Pol.
Sllips
Dol.
Sllips
Dol.
Sllips
Tot.
Shi))*
Dol.
Sllips
:Do1.
Ships
Dol.
Sllips
ilrwR.
liir
l''..c.t.
ilrwR.
jicr
root.
(Irwu.
per
ilrwj-.
PIT
(IrvvK.
per
Foot.
(irw^.
iier
drwK.
per
(Irw^.
iper
F\.nt
Wnttr
W'.ilcr.
\\-.it.r.
Foot.
Water.
Foot.
Water.
VV.iter.
F'ooI.
Water.
Foot.
Water.
7 ft.
0!)()
17 ft.
vio
7 11.
0-7.')
17 ft.
1-00
7 It.
1-45
17 ft.
1-87
7 ft.
1-10
17 tt
l-,i,7
8
0!)()
18
1-20
8
0-7.7
18
1-00
8
l-4;7
18
2-.-.0
8
1-10
18
1-KH
9
0-!)0
U)
r3o
9
0-7;'>
19
1-2,7
9
1-4.7
19
2-75
9
1-10
19
1-K8
10
oy.")
20
\-5{)
10
0-80
20
i-,-.o
10
l-5(i
20
3-00
10
1-20
20
1-88
U
I'OI)
21
2-1 10
U
0-8.-.
21
1-7.7
11
1-72
21
4-(K)
U
1-2.7
21
2>S0
12
1().7
22
SfjO
12
()•»)
22
200
12
1-77
22
4-(K)
12
1-30
22
3-00
13
1-lU
2.3
2 7.-.
13
OH;")
23
2-2.7
13
1-77
2.3
4-00
13
1.35
23
3-00
14
111)
i;4
27.';
14
0-9.7
24
2'2.7
14
1-87
24
4-00
14
1-3.7
24
3-00
1:7
MO
2J
2-7;7
I."-)
0-9,7
25
2.'r)
1.5
1-87
2;7
4-00
15
1-35
2.7
3-UO
16
110
16
9;7
16
1-87
16
1-35
Careening, Stores, Sic. — Boston is a very favourable place for careening and repairing ships. All
kinds of supplies may be had of the best quality and at moderate prices.
Cii.';to?ns /tcveiiHc. — Tbc amount collected at Boston in 1831 was 5,2-27,592 dollars = 1,176,208/. 4».
— (For i-in account of the American warehousing system, see New York.)
Immigration. —The luimbcr of immigrants arriving at Boston is not great, seldom exceeding 1,600 in a
year. A city ordinance directs that the masters of vessels bringing immigrants shall enter into a bond
with sureties to the amount of 200 dollars for e,-\ch immigrant, that he shall not become a charge upon the
state for 3 years, or pay a commutation of 5 dollars on actnunt of each individual. But this regulation
does not ap;-ly to immigrants having a re.isonable amount of property ; the declaration of the foreign con-
suls as to tins point is commonly acted upon.
Trade of Boston, §*c. — Boston lia.s a very extensive trade with the southern states
find with foreign countries, and is also one of the principal seats of the American
fislieries. She is wlioUy indehted to her southern neighbours, and principally to New
York, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, for supplies of flour and wheat, and for large
quantities of barley, maize, oatmeal, oats, &c., as well as for cotton, tobacco, stjive.s, rice,
&c. Of these, the imports of flour may amount, at an average, to about 400,000 barrels
a year; all sorts of grain to about 2,(00,000 bushels; cotton, ir)0,(X)0 bales; staves,
Ji,000,000, &c. Her returns are made, partly in native raw produce, as beef, i)ork,
lard, &e. ; partly and principally in the i)roduce of her manufacturing indu.stry, in
which ^lassacluisetts is decidedly superior to every other state in the Union ; and partly
in the produce of her iisheries and foreigi:. trade. At an average, Boston annually sends
to the southern ports of the Union about 45,000 barrels of beef and pork ; 10'5,()00
barrels of mackarel, lierrings, alewives, &c. ; 20,000 quintals of dried -'iid sinoked
fish; 3, ,500,000 pairs of boots and shoes; f)00,000 bmidles of paper; beside' a very large
amount of cotton and woollen manufactured goods, nails, furniture, cordage, &c. ; so as
to leave a large balance in her favour. Her ex])orts of native in-oduce to foreign
countries consist i)riiicipall y of the same articles she send.s to the southern states ; but
she also exjiorts a large amount of the foreign produce she had previously imported.
The imports from abroad consist principally of cotton and woollen goods; linens,
canvas, &c. ; hardware, silks, sugar, tea, coffee, wines and brandy, spices, hides.
* By comparing this return with that for 1828, given in the former edition of this work, there would
appear to have been a considerable falling off in the interim in the amount of shipping; this however, is
not really the case. For an explanation of the discrepancy, see art. New York.
r;
BOSTON.
lT;i
Nov. 1.
i<t
Dol.
«•
liir
i*r.
F.Kit
X
l-.i)
1-KS
IW
1-H8
2«)
3'0()
3(10
j(H)
300
All
States
merican
to New
large
OS, rice,
barrels
staves,
IJork,
try, ill
partly
y sends
'()5,()00
inoked
large
so as
foreign
but
ported.
inens,
bides,
i
indigo, dye wcjods, Ac. Tlie total imports from foreign countries into tlio state of
Massacliusitts in tbe year ending 30tli of September, 183'J, amounted to 18, 118, 9(X)
dollars; wbile tlie exi)orts of native produce, during the same year, amounted to only
4,(>5C>,6'.i3 do''-'rs, and of native and foreign produce togetlier, to 1 1, 9<):1,7()':> dollars;
the balance jfainst Massachusetts being paid off by bills upon the southern states, to
which she exports much more than slie imports. New York alone is, in fact, supposed
to be at all times indebted to Boston about 5,000,000 dollars. We subjoin a summary
Account of the Trade of Huston and Massachusetts with Foreign Countries in 1S31.
linpurtH frnin
Dollars.
ltu.«sia
Swcilen and Denmark
liiazil
KiiKlaiul •
liiitisi) East Indies
Do. W.'st liulics
Do. A ncrieaii provinces
Cuhi ar. Spanish West Indies
China
From other places to Boston
Total value of imports to Boston
To other jiorts m Massachusetts J
from various places - -J
Total value of imports into Mas- J
sachusetts - -J
i,ii(i(;,,;(io
••;."2,wio
;)!lil,;VK)
r>,()3(),()*,()
(iH5,(K)()
■"2,11(10
ly.KlO
1,!)!I1,JOO
7(i'2,0()0
Exports to
1 '2,278,000
1,0(J0,(H)(;
13,278,(00
1)91,056
U,2(;9,05(i
U,2fi9,056 dollars = 3,210,527/. 12s. sterling.
Russia
Sweden and Denmark
Hrazil
Kiifjland
British Ea-st Indies
Do. West Indies
Do. American provinces
Cuba and Spani.^h West Indies
China
ll.ill.irs.
To other places from Eoston
Total value of exports from Boston
To various places from other ports 7
in Massachusetts - - j
Total value of exports from"!
Massachusetts - -J
7,733,7()3 dollars = 1,740,09<)/. \os. firf. sterling.
17(i,K)()
i\"),(iO<i
'i'2.s,rj(^(i
2iiO,l(iO
4'2li,OlO
Wl,,',(lO
.n,-; 1,0(0
1,077,000
32.J,000
3,;130,()00
2,000,(X)0
5,5;;O,()0O
£,203,7f)3
7,733,7(i3
.
Banks. Iti January, 1833, there were 84 banks in the state of Massachusetts, of which 24- were in
Boston. Of the latter, 4 or 5 were only recently established. We iulijoin a detailed statement of the
jnincipal circumstances in the condition of the Bostcn banks in i8oO ; and for further particulars the
reader is referred to the article Banks (Foreio.n).
Time and Kate of
Aninunt of
Banks.
Shares.
i;.icii.
Capital.
Dividend.
DiviiUiid.
D.ilhirt.
Di'lliirt.
U. S. Branch
15,000
100
l,,'i(K),(K)0
Jan. .'IJ— July 3}
105,000
.^ merican ...
7,500
100
7.")0,(X)0
April 1 —Oct. 2
22,5(H)
Mass.ichusett8
3,200
2.50
800,0(10
April 2 —Oct. 2|
3(i,(;(K)
New England
10,000
100
l,()(Ki,(K)0
A])ril ;i —Oct. 3
(l(l,(«l0
.State Bank ...
30,(K)0
fiO
1,800,(X)()
April 2i— Oct. 'JJ
90,0(X)
Washington ...
5,(K)0
U)0
5(X),0(K)
April 11— Oct. 2i
18,7.">0
Commonwealth
5,(KM1
100
5(X),(i00
April 3 —Oct. 3
3o,(x;0
E.igle ...
5,(J00
100
5(X),000
April 3 —Oct. 3
3(i,()(X)
(ilobe . - -
10,0(10
100
1,0(X),(XK)
April 2i— Oct. 3
.05,0(10
Union ...
8,000
loo
800,000
April 2 —Oct. 2i
44,(K)0
Boston - - -
12,0(K)
75
J(I0,(XX)
April —Oct. 3
27,000
City
10,000
100
1,0(K),(KK)
April ]i— Oct. 3
4.".,000
Columbian ...
5,000
100
S(X),000
April 2 —Oct. 2i
22,500
Franklin - -
1,000
100
1(X),(HX)
April 3 —Oct. ,3i
(),5(X)
Tremont - -
5,000
100
60(),(KX)
April —Oct. 24
12,.5(H)
North Bank ...
5,000
100
5(X),0(X)
April 3i— Oct. 3i
33,750
Suflblk
7,500
100
7.'')0,(K)0
April 3 —Oct. 3
4,0,(H'O
Atlantic ...
Totals
5,000
100
."JlXl.tXX)
April 2i— Oc:, IJ
20,000
U9,2(i0
13,9(J(MX/(!
703,500
So that there were in 1830, in Boston, 18 banks with a capital of 1,1,900,000 dollars. The dividends on
this sum for the same year amounted to 703,.'KX) dollars, being at the rate of 50(i per cent. The pajier
under discount is estimated to have exceeded 70,000,000 dollars. — {Statement by J. H, Goiidard, 2\ciij
York Advertiser, 29th of January, 1831.)
Insurance Companies. — Insurance, both fire and m.irine, is carried on to a great extent by joint stock
companies, and to some extent also by individuc';. The stocks of the difl'orent insurance companies
amounted in January, 1833, to 6,675,(XK) dollars!. Only one company is established for insurance upon lives.
The stocks of the diTerent insurance companies produced, in 1830, an average dividend of 5113 \kc cent.
Credit Foreit,ii goods are frequently sold for ready money, but more usually at a credit of from 3 to
12 months : average length of credit, 6 months; but on iron and soir. jther articles, 12 months' credit is
given. Discount for ready money at the rate of 6 per cent, per an..un
Covitnission. — The rates of commission are arbitrary, varying from » to 5, and sometimes (del credere
included) to 7J per cent. On small ac<'Ounts, iind West India goids, 5 per cent, is usually charged. The
ordinary rate m.-xy be taken at 2J per cent ; but competition is so great, that commission merchants may
be found who will transact busniess on almost any terms. Sometimes whole cargoes are sold by broker^
on .in agreement to receive a specific sum in lii- > of commission and brokerage.
liankrtiplcy. — The law as t. bankruptcy in M.issachusetts seems to be in a most disgraceful state.
Preferences arc very frequcntl; "iven ; and property is in many in.stanccs conveyed, for behoof of the
bankrupt's family, to persons sai.l to be creditors to a corresponding amount, without their having any
real claim to such character. It is true that these conveyances niav be cancelled : but the difRcuIties
in the way are so great, that they axe seldom set aside. The safest course that a foreigner, or one not
thoroughly acquainted with the city, can pursue, is to deal only for ready money; and to employ none but
the most respectable agents.
^'l'
i
if
» *
*
,« '
/I
iv\
! \.
! r ;
'!i:!
174
BOTAIIGO.— BOTTOMRY.
Money.— \n Massachusetts, ami throughout New Knghiiiil, the dollar passes at 6a. ; so tliat the pound
Bterling = 1/. (i.v. Hd. Uostou currency. — (For further particulars as to Mumi/, IW-ii^hts, Mcasuris, &c. sett
Nf.w \0llK.)
We have derived these details partly l'ri)m the authorities referred to, partly from private information,
and partly from the elaborate Answers of the Consul to the Cireu/ar liueries.
liOTAllGO, called in Provence liouaryiies, ft sausage made on the shores of the
Mediterranean and the Black Sea, of the roe of the mullet. The best comes from Tunis
and Alexandria.
HOTTLES (Vr. liouteilles ; Gcr. noiitelllen ; \i. BottlyUe ; Fiasch'i ; Mus. liuliilki ;
Sp. liotellus), glass vessels for holding liquids, too well known to recjuire any description.
They are exported in considerable (juaiitities. The duty of H.i, a cwt. on l)ottle glass,
like the duties on other descrijjtions of glass, is both ojipressive in amoimt, and is imposed
and collected in the most vexatious manner. The manufacture has declined considerably
since 1826. — (For further details, see Glass.)
BOTTOMRY and RESPONDENTIA. — Bottomry, in commercial navigation, is
a mortgage of the ship. The owner or captain of a ship is, under certain circumstances,
authorised to borrow money, either to fit her out so Jis to enable her to proceed on her
voyage, or to purchase a cargo for the voyage, pledging the keel, or bottom of the ship
(a part for the whole), in security for jjaynient. In bottomry contracts it is stipulated,
that if the ship be lost in the course of the voyage, the lender shall lose his whole
money ; but if the ship arrive in safety at her destination, the lender is then entitled to
get back his principal, and the interest agreed upon, however much that interest may
exceed the legal rate. — {Black, Com. book ii. c. 30.) The extraordinary hazard run
by the lenders of money on bottomrj', who, in fact, become adventurers in the voyage,
lias been held, in all countries, as justifying them in stipulating for the highest rate
of interest.
When the loan is not on the ship, but on the goods laden on boatd, which, from their
nature, must be sold or exchanged in the course of the voyage, tlu 'I'-'.-wer's personal
responsibility is then the principal security for the performance of tne co: ract, which is
therefore called respondentia. In this consists the principal difference between bottomry
and respondentia. The one is a loan upon the sliip, the other upon the goods. The
money is to be repaid to the lender, with the inarine interest, upon the sjife arrival of
the sliij), in the one cfise ; and of the goods, in the other. In all other respects, these
contracts are nearly the same, and are governed by the same principles. Tn the former,
the ship and tackle, being hypothecated, are liable, as well as the person of the bor-
rower; in the latter, the lender has, in general, only the personal security of the
borrower.
This contract, which 7Hust always be in ivriting, is sometimes made in the form of a
deed poll, called a bill of bottomry, executed by the borrower ; sometimes in the form of
a l)ond or obligation, with a penalty. But whatever may be its form, it must contain
the names of the lender and the borrower, those of the ship and the master ; the sum lent,
with the stipulated marine interest ; the voyage proposed, witn the commencement and
duration of the risk which the lender is to run. It must show v.'hether the money is
lent upon the ship, or upon goods on board, or on both ; and every other stipulation and
agreement which the parties may think proper to introduce into the contract. — (See
the Forms at the end of this article. )
" It is obvious," says Lord Tenterden, " that a loan of money upon bottomry, while
it relieves the owner from many of the perils of a maritime adventure, deprives him also
of a great part of the profits of a successful voyage ; and, therefore, in the place of the
owners' residence, where they may exercise their own judgment ;;pon the propriety of
borrowing money in this manner, tlie master of the ship is, by ti: maritime law of all
states, precluded from doing it, so as to bind the interest of his owners without their
consent. With regard to a foreign country, the rule appears to be, that if the mast.-r of
a vessel has occasion for money to repair or victual his ship, or for any other ])urpose
necessary to enable him to complete the enterprise in which she is engaged ; whether the
occasion arises from any extraordinary peril or misfortune, or from the ordinary course
of the adventure ; he may, if he cannot otherwise obtain it, borrow money on bottomry
at marine interest, and pledge the ship, and the freight to be earned in the voyage, for
repayment at the termination of the voyage. When this is done, the owners are never
personally responsible. The remedy of the lender is against the master of the ship."
— {Law of Shipping, part ii. c. 3.)
In bottomry and respondentia bonds, the lender receives, the whole of his principal
and interest, or nothing ; he is not unswerahk for general or particular average* ; nor will
any loss by capture, if subsequently recaptured, affect his claim. In this respect our
• Mr. Serjeant Marshall douhts this j but it was so decided by the Court of King's Bench in Joyce v.
mi/iamson, B. R. Mich. 23 Geo. 3.
f
BOTTOMRY.
175
Inw (liflTfrs from that of France ( Code <le. Commerce, art. 530.) and most other countries :
thu leiultTs -m bottomry bonds beinjj there sul)ject to average, as our underwriters upon
policies of insurance. No K)ss can void a. bottomry contract, unless a total loss, proceed-
iuf; from a peril of the sea, during the voyage, and within the time specified by the con-
tract. If the loss ha))pen through any default or act uf the owners or master, to which
the lender was not privy, he may still recover.
There is no restriction by the law of England as to the persons to whom money may
l)e lent on bottomry or at respoiukntiit, except in the single case of loans on the ships
of foreigners trading to the East Indies, which arc forbidden by the 7 Geo. 1. stat. 1.
c. 21. § 'J.
It does not, however, appear to be necessary, in order to enable the master of a
ship in a foreign port to obtain money for her repair, outfit, &c., that the contract
pledging the vessel in security of the debt should be in the nature of a bottomry bond.
Provided the person who advances the money do not choose to take upon himself the
risk of the ship's return, and do not slipidute for maritime interest, " there seems," says
Lord Tenterden, " to be no reason why the master should not pledge both the ship and
the personal credit of the owner." And in the case of money advanced in this way to
refit a ship in distress at Jamaica, which was captured on the voyage home, the lender
recovered. — ( Law of Shippini/, part ii. c. .'5. )
Uottomry contracts were well known to the ancients. At Athens, the rate of interest
was not fixed by law; but the customary rate seems to have been about 12 per cent.
But when money v, ,:■ lent for a voyage, upon the security of the ship and cargo, the
interest, on account of the superior risk encountered by the lender, was in most cases
much higher. In voyages to the Taurica Chersonesus and Sicily, it-was sometimes as
high as ;J0 per cent. — (Anaeharsis's Travels, vol. iv. p. 3f)9. Eng. trans.) IJy tJie
lihodian law, the exaction of such high interest as is usual in bottomry was decliired to
be illegal, unless the principal was really exposed to the dangers of the sea. — (liocc/di'a
Public Economy of Athens, vol. i. p. 177. Eng. trans.) This principle was adopted by
the Romans, who gave to bottomry interest the name of nuuticum fwnus i and has been
transferred from the Roman law into all modern codes.
" Formerly," says Mr. Serjeant Marshall, " the practice of borrowing money on bot-
tomry and respondentia was more general in this country than it is at present. The im-
mense capitals now engaged in every branch of commerce render such loans unnecessary ;
and money is now seldom borrowed in this manner, but by the masters of foreign ships
who put into our ports in need of pecuniary assistance to refit, to pay their men, to jiur-
chasc provisions, &c. Sometimes officers and others belonging to ships engaged in long
voyages, who have the liberty of trading to a certain extent, with the prosjject of great
profit, but without capitals of their own to employ in such trade, take up money on
respondentia to make their investments ; but even this, as I am informed, is now not very
frequently done in this country."
The term bottomry has sometimes been incorrectly applied to designate a contract, by
the terms of which the ship is not pledged as a security, but the repayment of money,
with a high premium for the risk, is made to depend upon the success of the voyage.
This, however, is plainly a loan upon a particular adv.Miture, to be made by a particular
ship, and not a loan upon the ship, and, of course, the lender has only the personal se-
curity of the borrower for the due performance of the contract. And it seems that loans
have sometimes been made in this manner, and probably also with a pledge of the ship
itself, to an amount exceeding the value of the borrower's interest in the ship ; and such
a contract is still legal in this country in all cases, except the case of ships belonging to
British subjects bound to or from the East Indies ; as to which it is enacted (19 Geo. 2.
c. 37. § 5.),
" That all sums of money lent on bottomry or at respondentia upon any ship or ships belonging to his
Majesty's subjects, bound to or from the East Indies, shall be lent only on the snip, or on the merchandise
or effects laden, or to be laden, on board of such ship, and shall be so expressed in the condition of the
bond, and the benefit of salvage shall be allowed to the lender, his agents or assigns, who alone shall have
a right to make assurance on the money so lent; and no borrower of money on bottomry or at respon.
dcntia as aforesaid, shall recover more on any assurance than the value of his interest on the ship, or in
the merchandises and effects laden on board of such ship, exclusive of the money so borrowed ; and in
case it shall appear that the value of his share in the ship, or in the merchandises and effects laden on
board, doth not amount to the l\ill sum or sums he hath borrowed as aforesaid, such borrower shall be
responsible to the lender for so much of the money borrowed as he hath not laid out on the ship, or
merchandises laden thereon, in the proportion the money not laid out shall bear to the whole money lent,
notwithstanding the ship and merchandises be totally lost."
Lord Tenterden says that this statute was introduced for the protection of the trade of
the East India Company ; and its rules must be complied with in the case of bottomry
by the masters of ships trading to the East Indies.
For a further discussion of this subject, see Abbott on the Laio of Shipping, part ii«
C. 3. ; Marshall on Insurance, book ii. ; and Park on Insurance, c. 21.
I
^"1
■ti
^
%
ii 1
!.!
''■ $i
w
17«
BOUNTY.
4 it
\ : I
1. Faiiiiijii Hiilliimnj Po'uL
KNOW A 1,1- yW.S liv tlirsp prcspiitd, That I, A. II romiiiamlcr aiul tn-n-tliirdi owner of the «Iiip
/'xiAc, f(ir iiijsi'll and ('. /J, ri iiiaiiiiiiK third.nwiur of the said ship, am held ami /Irirdy bi>iind utitc
/- /•'. ill Ihi' pi'iial Mini id' Itiui lliiiiisaiul /xjiinils .«ti'rliii({, hir the payiiu'iit id' whiili widl and truly tn h
tiiaili" until tho s lid /,' /•', his licirn, cxiTiitors, adiiiini»tiat(irH, iir atiiKiH, 1 lii'ichy liiiid inyscll, my hflm
cxciMitins, and adininistratin^, liniily liy tht'sr presi'iils. /n luitm-tix whun'ot I ha\u licrciiiiKi mt my hand
Hlid seal, this Uth d.iy iil' Diiiiiilwr, In the yrar (iliiiir I.nrd lT!>tl.
\Viii,iir\s the alicivi' lioiiiid ./. It, hath taken up and rrccivi'd ot' thf said F. /■'. the full and ju>t sum of
onr Ihiiiisiiiiil iiiiuiiil.i strrliiiK, whiili sum is tii run at rcspiiiidriilia iiii tho blink and /'rriKlit iii the siiip
A'.rc7iT, whirnil thu «aiil ,/. //. is niiw mastiT, I'riiin the port or road iif lloinhdu on a voyam' to the port
of l.nndiiii, liaviMg pi'rnii>siiiii to toucli, stay at, and ploci'cd to all ports and pfaics within tlu' limits of
tho viiya(,M', at tin- rate or pri'iiiiuni of lii'rntf/-tii'c /irr rriit. 'Ji per runt ) for tho voyaKo In consideration
whereof usual risks of tho seas, rivors, oiiemios, tiros, pirates, .Ve, aro to he on account of the said /,'. F.
And for the liirthor srourity of the said A'. F. tlu- said ./. H. doth by tlicse presents iiiortKiKo ami assign
over to the said A'. /■', his heirs, executors, aiiministrators, and assigns, thi' said sliip Fjrilcr, and her
freiwht, tot;etli(T with all her tackle, appand, \c. And it Is hereby declared, that the said ship Filter
and her froi(,'lit is thin a>siKned over for tho security of tho rospomleiitia taken up by the said A. li., and
shall lie delivered to no other use or purpuac whatever, until payment of this bond is first iiiaile, with tho
preinium that may become due thereon.
N'oiv riii; ( iiviiiTioN of this obligation is such, that if tho above hound //. H., his heirs, executors, or
admioistrators, shall and do well and truly pay, or eau-e to be paid, unto the Siud F. F. or his attorm-ys In
Foniliin IcKally authorised to receive the same, their executors, administralors, or assigns, the full and
just sum of 1,11(111/. sterling, beint; the principal of this bond, toKothor with the premium which shall bu"
come due thereupon, at or belbro the expiration of niticti/ days alter tho safe arrival of the said ship
Fxftcr at her monriiiKs in the river V/iainrs, or in case of tho loss of the said sliip Fxclfr, such an aver,
ago as by custom shall have become due on the salvaKO, then this obligation to bo void and of no ed'eet,
otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. Having signed to three bonds of the same tenor and date,
the one uf which being accumplishcd, the other two to be void and of no etl'ect.
A. B. for self ) ,. ,
and C. D* J ^^ ^'
Signed, sealed, and delivered, where no stamped 7 G. H.
paper is to be had, in the presence of J ^- ^■
• In tliishond the occasion of borrowing tho money is not expressed, lint the money was in reality
horiowod to relit the ship which boiiij? on a voyage irom /inifiul to l.nnUun was obliged to put back to
Boinhdy to repair. See I'lic V.\\:\\'.\i, H'lu'ljtird, I Hob. A li. ITii. 'I'he occasion therefore of borrowing
the money gave the lender the security of the entire interest of tho ship. Hut this bond, although ox.
pressed to' bo executed by tho master for himself and tho other part-owner, would not bind the other part,
owner personally, unless he lind hy a prfvioiis detU autliuriscd the master to execute such a Imtuifor him.
— {Abbutt on the Law qf Shipping, part iii. c. 1. ^ 2.)
'! '\
,1'
II. Form Ufa Bottomry Bill.
TO ATJ- MEN TO WHOM THESE 1'IIESENT.S SHAM- CO>rE. 1, A. B. of Bengal, mariner,
part-owner and master of tho ship called tho Fxeter, of the burthen of tivo hundred tons and upwards,
now riding at anchor in Table Jlay, at the Cape uf Good Hope, send greeting :
VViiEiu:.vs 1, the said A. B , part-owner and master of tke aforesaid ship, called iho Exeter, now in pro-
secution of a voyage from /leiigiil to the port of 7,on(/()H, liaving put into Table Bay for the purpose of
lirocuring provision and other supplies necessary for the continuation and performance of the vovago
aforesaid, am at this time necessitated to take up upon tho adventure of tho said ship, c;'"i'd the F^xeter,
the sum of one Ihiiiisriml pounds sterling monies of (Ireiil Britain, for setting the said i to sea, and
furnishing her with provisions and necessaries for the said voyage, which sum C. D. oi tpe ijf Ooixt
Hope, iiaster attendant, hath at my request lent unto me, and supplied mo with, at • of twelve
fiiindred and twenty pounds atcrhng fur the sM one thousand pounds, being at the i .e hnndred
and twenty-two pounds for every hundred pounds mUauccd as aforesaid, during the voyage ot the said
ship from Table Haylo London. Now k.now yk, that I, the said A. /?., by these presents, do, for me, my
executors and administrators, covenant and grant to and with the said C. 1). tliat the .said ship shall, with
the first convoy which shall offer for England after the date of these presents, sail and depart for the port of
London, there to finish the voyage aforesaid. And I, the said //. B., in consideration of the sum of one
thousand pounds sterling to me in hand paid by the said C. D. at and before the sealing and delivery of
these presents, do hereby bind myself, my heirs, executors, and administrators, my goods and chattels, and
particularly the said ship, the tackle and apparel of the same, and also the freight of the said ship, which
is or shall become due for the aforesaid voyage from Benf^al to the port of London, to pay unto the said
C. D., his executors, administrators, or assigns, the turn ot twelve hundred and twenty pounds of lawful
Hritish money, within thirty days next after the safe arrival of the said ship at the port of London from
the same intended vovage.
And I, the said A. ?/, do, for me, my executors and administrators, covenant and grant to and with the
said C. D., his executors and administrators, by these presents, that I, the said A. B., at the time of sealing
and delivering of these presents, am a true and lawful part-owner and master of the said ship, and have
|)ower and authority to charge and engage tho said ship with her freight as aforesaid, and that the said
ship, with her freight, shall, at all times after the said voyage, be liable and chargeable for the payment of
the said twelve hundred and twenty pounds, according to the true intent and meaning of these presents.
And lastly, it is hereby declared and agreed by and between the said parties to these presents, that in
case the said ship shall ho lost, miscarry, or be cast away before her arrival at the said port of London
from the said intended voyage, that then the payment of the said twelve hundred and ttventy pounds shall
not be demanded, or be recoverable by the said C. D., his executors, administrators, or assigns, but shall
cease and determine, and the loss thereby be wholly borne and sustained by the said f. 1)., his executors
and administrators, and that then and from thenceforth every act, matter, and thing herein mentioned
on the part and behalf of the said A. B. shall be void ; any thing herein contained to the contrary not-
withstanding.
In witni;s3 whereof the partie.? have interch.-mgoably set their hands and sciils to four
bonds of this tenor and date, one of which being paid, the others to be null and void.
At the Cape of Good Hope, this Ijth day of November, in the year of our Lord
one thousand eight hundred and thirty.
Witnc;
CE.F.
Ilk.
A.B.
(L. S.)
; 1.
BOUNTY, a term used in commerce and the arts, to signify a preinium jjaid by
government to the producers, exporters, or importers of certain articles, or to tlioso who
employ ships in certain trades.
II I
BOX -WOOD.
177
'ith the
[soaling
" have
L' said
lent of
lent 3,
Ithut in
.ondon
^s shall
t shall
fcutors
Itioiied
ry not-
lo fuur
■ Lord
fdby
who
1. Bonntit» on rrmliicflon nrc most commonly pi von in tlie view of cncournping tho
estalilisliinciit of some now l)r!inoli oC industry ; or tlioy are intondod to foster nnd oxtond
H brnncli that is l)oliovod to l)o of parninount iin))ortaiico. In noitlior case, howovor, is
tlioir utility very olivious. lu all old settled and wealthy countries, numbers of in»li-
viduals are always ready to embark in every now undertaking, if it promise to be really
ftdvantapeous, witliout any stimulus from government ; and if a l)ranch of industry,
already established, be really important and suitable for the country, it will assuredly bo
])roseeuted to the necessary extent, without any encouragement «)ther than the natural
demand for its jjroduce.
2. lionnlii's mi Exfmliiliiin nnd Tiiipurlalion. — Tt U enact rd hy the .T ^ t Will, 1. c M , that a nifrchnnt
or rxiiortcr claiiiiMiu a lioiinty or drawlmrk on ^oods t'X|i(irtt'i|, nnist in:ikr oath that thpy have hf'cn actually
I'xportcil, anil have not lioi'ii rclaiulcil, and arc not inlcmU'il to he relaiiiled, in anv part oC the United
Kingiloni, or In the Isle of Man uudess entered lor the Isle of Man\ or in the islands ol' I'aro or I'erro :
and it is rurlher enacted, that if any (,'oods cleared to he exported lor a hounty or drawhack, shall not l)e
(Inly ex|)Mrted to parts lieyond the seas, or shall ho relanded in any part of the United Knindoin, or in the
islands ui I'aro or I'erro, or shall he carried (o the islands of (Jnernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or Man,
(not havinx hcen duly entereil, clcare<l, nnd shipped tor exportation to Mich islands,) such ^oikIs shall he
fnrfeited, toRct her with the ship or ships pinployed in relandiiiR or carrying them; and any person hy
w lioni or hy whose orders or means such goods shall have hecn cleared, rclandcd, or curried, shall forfeit
a snin eiiual to trehle the value of such goods. — \\ H"— iifj.
3. Pulicij of Tinunties, — It was formerly customary to grant boimtios on tho export-
ation of various artielOs ; but the impolicy of such practice is now very generally admitted.
It is universally allowed that bounties, if they bo given at all, should be given only to
the ox])orters of such commodities as c(mld not be exported without them. Hut it is
plain tliat, by granting a bounty in such cases, we really tax the])ublic, in order to sujiply
the foreigner with commodities at less than they cost. A. has a parcel of goods whicli
he cannot (lis))()se of abroad for less than 110/.; but they will fetch only 1(X)/. in the
foreign market; and he claims and gets a boimty of 10/. to enable him to export them.
Such is the mode in which bounties on exportation imiformly operate ; and to sup])oso
that they can be a means of enriching t\w. pi/hlic, is equivalent to supposing that a shop-
keeper may be enriched by selling his goods for less than they cost !
But however injurious to the stiite, it has been pretty generally sui)posed that bounties
on exportation are advantageous to those who produce and export the articles on which
they are paid. lUit the fact is not so. A trade that cannot l)e carried on witJimit tho
aid of a !)ounfy, must !)e a naturally disadvantageous one. Ilenco, by granting it,
individuals are tom])te(l to engage or continue in businesses which are necessarily very
insecure, and are rarely capable of I' mg rendered lucrative; at the same time that they
are iirevented, by trusting to the bounty, from making those oxertiims they naturally
wmdd have made, had they been obliged to depend entirely on superior skill and industry
for the siilo of their jiroduce. The history of all businesses carried on in this country by
the aid of bounties, proves that they are hardly less disadvantageous to those engaged in
them than to the ]>ublic.
The truth of these remarks has boon acknowledged by government. The boimty on
the exjiortation of corn was repealed in 1815; and the bounties on the exportation of
linen and sevr^ral other articles ceased in 1 8S0.
4. Ilimtiths on S/iipphir/ have principally boon paid to the owners of vessels engaged
in the fishery, and their influence will be treated of tmder the articles Hkhrino Fishery
and Whai.k I-'isheky.
For an account of the bounties that still exist, see the .article Tariff.
BOX-WOOD (Gor. Biichshaum; Du. Pulmhimt; Fr. Bins; It. liusso, Bossn, Bos-
.Wo), the wood of the box tree (Biixiis semperrirens), growing wild in several places in
Great Britain. This tree was greatly admired by the ancient Romans, .and has been
much cultivated in modern times, on account of the facility with which it is fashioned
into different forms. Box is a very valuable wood. It is of a yellowish colour, close-
grained, very hard, and heavy ; it cuts better than any other wood, is susceptible of a
very fine polish, and is very durable. In consequence, it is much used by turners, and
matheinatical .ind musical instrument makers. It is too heavy for furniture. It is the
onli/ wood used by the engravers of wood-cuts for books ; and provided due care be ex-
ercised, the number of impressions that may be taken from a box-wood cut is very great.
In France, box-wood is extensively used for combs, knife-handles, and biUton-moulds ;
and sometimes, it has been said, as a substitute for hops in the manufacture of beer. The
value of the box-wood sent from Spain to Paris is reported to amoimt to about 10,000 fr.
a year. In 1815, the box trees cut down on Box-hill, near Dorking, in Surrey, pro-
duced upwards of 10,000/. They are nov/, however, become very scarce in England.
The diUy on box-wood is quite oppressive, being 51. a ton if brought from a foreign
country, and 1/. a ton if from a British possession. At an average of the .T years
ending with 18f51, the entries of box-wood for home consumption amounted to 382 tons
ft year. In 1832, the duty produced 1,867/. 17s. 4d. Turkey box-wood sells in tho
I.«ndon market for from 71. to 1 41. a ton, duty included.
N
)i
fl
it!
178
BRAN. — BRANDY.
■i .-,
i I
J^ i<^ I
1; \
liRAN, tlie thill skins or Ir.isks of corn, particularly wheat, ground, and separated
from the corn by a sieve or bouiter.
BllANUY (Ger. Brunttweiii ; Du. Bramlewi/ti ; l-'r. Euic <Ie vie, Branchviii; It.
Aqunrzcnte ; Sp. Arjuurditnte ; Port. At/uardente ; llus. Ji'inn; Lat. Vinum tulustum), a
spirituous and inflammable liquor, ol)taincd by distillation from wine and the husks of
grapes. It is prepared in most of tlie wine countries of Europe; but the superiority of
French brandy is universally admitted. The latter is principally distilled at Bordeaux,
Ilochelle, Cognac, the Isle de Ilhe, Orleans, Nantes, and in Poitou, 'louraiiie, and
Anjou. That of Cognac is in the higliest estimation.
Wines of all descriptions, but chieHy those that are strong and harsh (poiisses), are
used in the manufactiu'e of brandy. The superior vintages, and those that have most
flavour, are said to make tlie worst lirandy. It is naturally clear and colourless. The
different shades of colom- which it has in commerce, arise partly from the casks in which
it is kept, but chiefly from the burnt sugar, saunders wood, and other colouring matter
intentionally added to it by the dealers. It is said that the burnt sugar gives mellowness
to the flavour of the liquor, and renders it more |)alatablc.
The art of distillation is believed to liave been first discovered by the Arabians. From
a passage in tlie Testamcntitm NDvissimiim of the famous Raymond Ijidly, who flourished
in the thirteenth century, it would appear that the production of brandy and alcohol from
wine was familiar to his contemporaries. — (p. 2. edit. Ari/ent. 1571.) But the practice
does not appear to have been introduced into France till 131:3. — (Le. Grand d'Aiissi Vie
prive de Fmngois, t. iii. p. 64.) When first introduced, brandy or burnt wine (vinum
iidustiini) appears to have been used i)rincipally as an antiseptic and icstorative medicine ;
and the most extravagant panegyrics were bestowed on its virtues. It wan described as
a sovereign remedy in almost all the disorders of the human frame ; it vas conmiended
fjr its efficacy in comforting the memory, and strengthening the reasoning powers; it
wa. •Rolled, in short, as the elixir of life, and an infallible preservative of youth, and
beauty ! — (^Henderson's Hist, of JFine, p. 24.) Dr. Henderson says that the experience
of later times has shown how little this eulogy was merited ; but in this he is contradicted
by Burke, who maintains, witli equal eloquence and ingenuity, that " the alembic has
been a vast benefit and blessing." — ( Tlioiajhts and Deitils on Scarcity, p. 41.)
Brandy has always formed a very prominent article ii' the exports of France; few ships
sailing from Bordeaux, Ilochelle, or Nantes, without taking a certain (juantity of it on
board. The following is an account of the exportation of brandy from France during
the 3 years ending with 1789, and the 14 years ending with 1828. — (^Enquct". mr ka
Fers, p. 39.)
V.-ars. Hectolitres. Vears. Hoctolilres. Vears. Hectolitres.
1787 - - - 3(«,&38 1817 - - GXfi'Sl 18'23 - . . SlO.d.W
1783 - - - i.'21,lU!) 1818 . - !)y,4!)2 \Ui - - . 317,;U7
1789 - - - 2;H,J(X) I81S) - . 2;51,(i,y2 18a5 - . - 2.^0,<I37
1820 - . ^51,349 ]82tj - . I!t4,110
1815 - - - 154,100 1821 . - . 153,4^)8 • 1827 - - - 273,574
1816 - - - 137,3^8 1822 - - 230,180' iS28 - - . 403,207
Which, as the hectolitre is eqiir.i to 2(;'42 wino gallons, shows that the exportation in 1828 was cquiva.
lent to 10,252,728 eallons ; but it has since dcclineil considerably.
Duties on Brandy in Great Britain and Ireland. Quantities consumed. — In nothing,
perhaps, has the injurious operation of ojipressivc duties been so strikingly exemplified
lis in the case of brandy. At the latter end of the seventeenth cemary, when the duty
on brandy did not exceed 9/. a tun, the imports into England amounted to about 6,000
tuns, or 1,512,000 gallons — (Jlistorical and Political Remarks on the Tariff of the late
Treaty, 178(5, p. 113.); whereas at present, notwithstanding i, -r va.st increase in wealth
and population since the period referred to, we do not import more brandy than we did
then! Nor is this ext' ., ^rdii-.ary circumstance to be ascribed to any preference on the
part of the public to ot ler beverages, but is wholly owing to the exorbitant duties with
which brardy is loaded. Tiie price of brandy in bond varies, at this moment, aecoid-
ing to quality, from 3*. "o Bs. a gallon (Imperial measure), while the duty is no less than
22s. 6d. Had the imposition of such a duty taken away the taste for brandy, it would
have been comparatively innocuous. But it has done no such thing. Its only effect
has been to convert a trade, that might otherwise have been productive of the most ad-
vantageous results, i'ltvj a most prolific source of crime and demoralisation. The tempt-
ation to smuggle, occasioned by the exorbitancy of the duty, is too oveipi Bering to be
counteracted by the utmost penalties of the law. Al! along the coasts of Kent and
Sussex, and the districts most favourably situated for running spirits, ahnost the whole
of the labouring population are every now and then wiJidrawn from their ordinary em-
ployments, to engage in smuggling adventures. The efforts of the revenue officers to
seize foreign brandy "nd geneva have in innumerable instances been repelled by force.
Bloody and desperate contests have, in consequence, taken place. jMany individuals who,
but for this fiscal scourge, would 'lave been industrious and virtuous, have become idle>
lillANDY.
179
I cquiva-
otbing,
inplifiod
le duty
It fi,000
tlic late
wealth
we did
on the
ies with
JCOIU-
ess than
t woidd
ly efll'ct
nost ad-
tenipt-
ig to be
nt and
c whole
ary cm-
Hcers to
y force,
als wl>o,
nc idle>
predatory, and ferocious; they have learned to despise the law, to execute summary
t'jngeancc on its officers ; and are influenced by a spirit that has been, and may be,
turned to the most dungerous purposes.
Neither can it be truly said that this miserable system is upheld for the sake of re-
venue. On the contrary, it is easy to show that, besides the other mischievous effects it
entails on the public, it occasions the lossof at least 1,000,000/. a year. In 1786, Mr. Pitt,
l)y a wise and politic measure, took 50 jier cent, from the duty on brandy and geneva ;
(the duty on the latter has been ibr u lengthened period the sam^ as that on brandy ;)
and instead of being diminished, the revenue was increased. In 1790, when the duty
on brandy and geneva was 5s. the wine gallon, the quantity retained for home consump-
tion was 2,L't'5, 590 gallons. During the 3 years ending with 1803, when the duty
was 9s. 2d., the quantities of brandy and geneva retained for home consumption
amounted, at an average, to about 2,700,000 gallons ; but during the J years
ending with 1818, when the duty had been increased to 18s. \0d. the wine gallon, the
quantities retained did not exceed 850,000 gallons, while the quantities actually
entered for home consumj-I'-.n were considerably less ! Since then the consumption
has increased with the increasing wealth of the country ; but, at this moment, the
quantity consumed in Great Britain is fully C35,000 gallons less than in 1790! Nothing,
therefo>-c, can be more palpably erroneous than to contend that the revenue is improved by
the present system. Have we not seen the revenue derived from coffee trebled, by reducing
the duty from Is. Id. to Gd. ? Have we not seen the revenue derived from British
spirits greatly increa.ed, by reducing the duty from 5s. 6d. to 2s. the wine gallon?
And where is the ground for supposing that the result would be different, were the
duties on brandy equally reduced ? But the experience afforded by Mr. Pitt's measure,
m 1786, is decisive as to this poin^ He quadrupled the consumption and increased the
revenue, by taking a h. .' from the duty when it was a good deal less oppressive than
now ? Were a similar reduction made at present, does any one doubt that a similar re-
sult would follow ? Smuggling and adulteration would immediately cease ; our trade
v/ith France would be very greatly extended ; and the revenue would gain, not merely
by a dirCw.; increase of duty, but indirectly by a very great diminution of the expense of
collection.
But the effect of the increase of the duties on brandy in Ireland has been still more
extraordinary. At an average of the 3 years ending with 1802, when the duty was
7s. S^-f/. the wine gallon, the average annual consumption of brandy in Ireland amounted
to 208,064 gallons, producing a nett revenue of 77,714/. Now, murk the consequence
of trebUiifi the duties. The consumption during ihc last 2 years, notwithstanding
the population is more than doubled, only amounted, at an average, to 20, 1 99 gallons,
producing about 22,500/. a year revenue ! Dr. Swift has shrewdly remarked, that in the
ariiliiTietic of the customs two and two do not always make four, but sometimes only one.
But here we have threefold duties, with little more than a fourth part of the revenue,
and less than a tenth part of the consumption !
It is surely impossible that such a system — a system evincing in every part a degree
of ignorant rapacity, to be jiarallelcd only by that of the savages, who to get at the fruit
cut down the tree — should be permitted for a much longer period to disgrace our fiscal
code. Those onl;' who are anxious for the continuance of smuggling, with all its con-
sequent crime and misery, can be hostile to a reduction of the duty on brandy. By fixing
it at 10s. the gallon, neither the consumption of British spirits nor rum would be sensibly
affected. The middle classes would, however, be able to use brandy, on occasions
when, perhaps, at present, they use nothing ; its clandestine importation would be pre-
vented ; thche engaged in smuggling would be obliged to have recourse to industrious
pursuits; and the manufacture of the abominable compounds, that arc now so frequently
substituted in its stead, would be put an end to. It is not easy, indeed, to suggest any
measure that would be productive of so much advantage, and be attended with fewer
inconveniences.
_ Regulations as to Imporlation, §c. .- Brandy, geneva, and other foreign spirits, must be imported, if
in casks, ni casks containing not less than 4<) gailons, inder penalty of forfeiture. _ (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52.)
iney must also be imported in ships of 70 tons burden or upwards, and are not to be exported from a
l>ondcd warthonse except in a vessel of like tonnage, under pain of forfeiture. — (Ibid.)
Brandy is not to bo imported except in British bhips, or in ships of the rountry or place of which it is
the product, or trom which it is imported, on pain of forfeiture thereof, and lUO/. bv the master of the
ship. — (3&4iriV/.4. C.54.) ' > » > -
Brandy may be exported to Mexico, Chili, or Peru, in casks containing not less than 15 gallons each.
— (rrfos. Orrf. 17th of December, 1827.)
Brandy and geneva may be bottled in bonded warehouses, for exportation to British possessions in the
J^ast Indies, under the same conditions as wine and rum. — (See SriRirs.)
In most ol the public accounts, the imports of brandy and geneva are blended together. It would
appear, too, from the note to the following account, that there are no means of accurately distinguishing
tlii;m, except since 1814. The reader will find, in the article Spirits, an account of the quantities of
,i;?"''y-rL"" Bp"'"''* entered for home consumption, and the rates of duty upon them, in each year since
liVX Ihe toUowing account shows the cnnnmiption of brandy, and rates of duty on it, since 1814 ; —
N 3
^
m
K
f
. ii
(
1
!. ii
Pirri
M
180
BRASS. — BRAZIL NUTS.
t !
1!^ i
1 ■» ; !|
1 t
, 1 , , ■
All Account of the Number of Gullons (Iinpcrliil Measure) of Foreign Brandy entered for Home Coii"
cumption in (ireat Britain and Ireland, tliu Kates of Duty aHtM;ting tlie same, and the entire nctt
Produce of the Duty, each Year since 1814. — (Obtained from the Custom-house.)
Quantiti
Gt. Britain.
•s entered for Home
onsuin|)tion.
Nett Produce of Duty (Customs and Excise).
K.ates of Duty
per Imperial
Gallon ((.ustomj
and Excise).
Years.
Ireland.
United
Kingdom.
Great Britain.
Ireland.
L'nited
Kingdom.
(it. Urit.
Ireland.
Imp- Kftt-
Imp* g(tf-
1,im
Imp. fjai.
£ s.
d.
.£ s.
rf.
.*• s. rf.
.£ S. d.
£ S. d
1814
.0()(),r)9'2
507,7{il
.5Sl,0.5fi 1
1
6,(il8 12
4
.587,(374 13 5
1 2 (ij'
17 3J
1815
6.')(i,.'w5
5,1()()
Gfil,715
740,747 12
1
4,702 6
1
74;5,449 18 2
—
—
1811)
6.57,0fi2
5,275
6(i2,.J37
742,3(H 8
4,124 19
5
74<),429 7 5
—
—
1817
(>34,017
3,S75
637,892
71ti,7;H. J
(i
3,248 4
4
719,!;82 4 10
""■
—
1818
.0:J1,;-,83
fi,2J2
.5.37,815
599,58t>
4
5,2S7 10
1
()04,S73 iO 5
—
181')
787,422
7,080
794,502
S90,l)()8 19
8
(i,0!)0 17
10
8!K),1.59 17 fi
1 2 7i
—
IS'JO
842,8«
f),<l25
848,889
95t),275 Itl
9
5,219 8
(>
9iil,4!l5 5 3
—
—
IS'.'l
914,t);>0
G,(K)l
920,1131
1,034,327 17
5,173 19
()
1,039,501 l(] 2
—
—
1H22
1,(K)I,(;()7
7,.)08
1,(K)S,915
1,1,32,41(3 3
5
(3,414 1
10
1,1.38,830 5 3
—
—
182.)
1,(I8.J,1'.)4
17,118
1,100,222
l,2aj,481 19
7
14,.'i30 1
8
1,239,812 1 3
—
1 2 8
1824
1,22(>,715
il84
l,227,tiy<t
1,387,204 2
8
1,207 9
8
I,. 38^,411 12 4
—
—
182.')
i,.'i2i,;;27
,'J,.5.J0
1,324,877
l,4.S9,7t;8 11
4
4,177 3
9
l,49.!,9t5 15 1
—
—
18'26
l,47i,24.';
7,.-J7I
l,4S0,fil4
l,<)3(i,499 (5
7
8,.397 15
,3
1,4(54,897 1 10
1 2 f>
1 2 C
18'J7
1,.'313,217
7,271
1,320,488
1,471, .501 12
4
8,232 5
1,47!»,7,33 17 4
—
—
1828
l,:327,l>29
7,.).jt)
1 ,.')J.5,48.5
1,4<K»,793 4
a
8,ti29 19
10
1,499,423 4
—
182<)
1,. 30 1,450
8,529
l,;309,97f>
l,4(iU,7t)4 17
6
9,(3,S() 17
8
1,470,4.51 15 2
—
—
18i()
(See Note
below. 1
l,2H5,!l(r7
.
.
.
-
1,443,018 5 8
—
18;?l
1,226,280
8,821
1,2,35,101
1,378,244
9,!)2,3
1,. 388, 1(37 M)
—
—
18J2
1,570,075
31,;)77_
l,t)0 1,1152 1,7(35,889
3;5j5 11_0
1,801,4(10
—
—
Kote. — \n consequence of the destruction of the official records by fire, no separate account can be
rendered of the consumption of brandy and geneva, or the revenue derived therefrom, for the years prior
to 1814.
The trade accounts of Great Britain and Ireland having been incorporated during 1830, the particulars
for that year arc stated for the United Kingdom only.
Bll.\SS (Ger. Messing; Du. Messing, Missing, Geelkopev; Fr. Ciiivre jaunc, Laiton;
It. Ottone ; Sp. Latnn, Azofar • Itus. Selcnoi mji'd; Lat. Orichalcum, Anrichalaim) is a
factitious metal, made of copper and zinc in certain proportions. It is of a beautiful
yellow colour, more fusible than copper, and not so apt to tarnish. It is malleable, so
ductile that it may be drawn out into wire, and is much tougher than copper. Its
density is greater tlian the mean density of tin- two metals. IJy calculation it ought to
be 7 '63 nearly, whereas it is actually 8-39; so that its density is increased by about one
tenth. The ancients do not seem to have known accurately the diiference between cop-
per, brass, and bronze. They considered brass as only a more valual)le kind of copper,
and therefore used the word as to denote eitlier. They called copper (vs cyprium, after-
wards cyprium ; and this in process of time was converted into cuprum. Dr. Watson has
proved that it was to hrni:, tiiey gave the name of orichalcum. Brass is malleable when
cold, unless the proportion of zinc be excassive ; but when heated it becomes brittle. It
mtay be readily turned upon the lathe ; and, indeed, works more kindly *h^n any other
metal.
There is a vast variety in the proportions of the different species of brass used in com-
merce ; nor is it easy to determine whether the perfection of this alloy depends on any
certain proportions of the two metals. In general, tlie extremes of the highest and
lowest proportions of zinc are from 12 to 25 parts in the 100. In some of the British
manufactories, the brass made contains one third its weight of zinc. In Germ.any and
Sweden the proportion of zinc varies from one fifth to one fourth of the copper. The
ductility of brass is not injured when the proportion of zinc is highest. Tliis metal is
much u.sed in the escapement wheels, and other nicer jiarts of watch-making : and bars
of bra.ss, very carefully made, fetch for this purpose a high price.
The use of bra.ss is of very considerable antiquity. Most of the ancient genuine relics
are composed of various mixtures of brass with tin and other metals, and are rather to be
denominated bronzes. The best proportion for brass guns is said to be 1,000 lbs. of
copper, 990 lbs. of tin, and fiOOlbs. of bra.ss, in 11 or 1'2 cwt. of metal. The best brass
guns are made of malleable metal, not of pure copper and zinc alone ; but worse metals
arc used to make it run closer and sounder, as le.id and pot-metal. — ( Thomson's Che-
mistry, Encyc. Britannica, Sfc.)
BRAZILETTO, an inferior species of Brazil wood brought from Jamaica. It is
one of the cheapest and least estcein"(' ; f the red dye woods.
BRAZIL NUTS, or Chesnuts of Brazil, the fruit of the Juvia ( Bertholletia excelsa),
a majestic tree growing to the height of 100 or 120 feet, abounding on the banks of the
Orinoco, and in the northern parts of Brazil. The nuts are triangular, having a cunei-
form appearance, with suttires at each of the angles ; the shell is rough and hard, and of
a brownish ash colour. The kernel resembles that of an almond, but is larger, and tastes
more liki- a common hazel nut ; it contains a great deal of oil, that may be obtained by
i
i
BRAZIL WOOD. — BREAD.
181
[iftcr-
on has
hen
It
other
relics
to be
lbs. of
brass
metals
Che-
It is
celsa),
of the
cunei-
and of
, tastes
H'd by
I
1
expression or otherwise. These nuts do not grow separately, or in clusters, but are
ooiitaiiied, to the number of from 15 to 50 or more*, in great ligneous pericarps or outer
shells, generally of the size of a child's head. This outer shell is very hard and strong,
so that it is nither dilKcult to get at the nuts, which are closely packed in cells inside.
The natives are particularly fond of this fruit, and celebrate the harvest of the juvia with
rejoicings; it is also very much esteemed in Europe. The nuts brought to this country
and the Continent are c!.'efly exported from Para, and form an article of considerable
commercial importance. — (^Humboldt's Pers. Nar. vol. v. p. 538. Eng. trans.)
BRAZIL WOOD (Fr. Bvis de Bresil; Ger. Brasilienholz ; Du. Brasilienhout ; It,
Legno del Brasili; Verzino; Sp. Madera del Bresil,- Port. Pao Brasil), It has been
commonly supposed that this wood derived its name from the country in which it is
principally produced. But Dr. Bancroft has conclusively shown that woods yielding a
red dye were called Brazil woods long previous]'- to the discovery of America ; and that
the early voyagers gave the name of Brazil to iliat ])art of that continent to which it is
still applied, from their having ascertained that it abounded in such woods. --(See the
learned and excellfait work. Philosophy of Colour^, vol. ii. pp. 31C — 321.)
It is found in the greatest abundance, and is of the best quality, in the province of Pcrnambuco, where
it is called Pao da rainka, or Queen's wood ; but it is also found in many other parts of the Western
Hcmi>pliere. The tree is larKC, crooked, and knotty; the leaves are of a beautiful red, and exhale an
agreeable oilour. Its liotanii'al name is Ciesalpinia Brasilctto; but it is called by the natives ibiripitanga.
Notwithstanding its apparent bulk, the bark is so thick, that a tree as large as a man's body with tne bark,
will not be so tliirk as the leg when peeled. When cut into chips, it loses the pale colour it before had,
and b( comes red; and when ehewed, has a sweet taste. It is used for various purpo.ses by cabinet-makers,
and admit.s of a l)eautiful varnish : but its principal use is in dyeing red ; and though the colour is liable
to decay, yet, by mixing with it alum and tartar, it is easily made permanentj there is also i.iade of it, by
means of acids, a sort of liquid lake or carmine, for painting in miniature.
Brazil wood has been for many years jxist a royal monopoly ; its exportation, except on account of
government, being prohibited under'the severest penalties. Owing to the improvident manner in which
it has bei.li cut liuv/n by the government agents, it is now rarely found within. several leagues of the
coast. Indeed, we are assured that many of the planters h.ave privately cut down the trees on their estates,
and used the timber as fin-wood, that they might not expose themselves to annoyance from the arbitrary
and vexatious proceedings of these functionaries. The quantity of Brazil wood imported into this country
is but inconsiderable. Its price in the London market, exclusive of the duty (2/. per ton), varies from
60/. to bit/, per ton. — (Dr. Bancroft in loc. cit. Encyc. Metrup. Modern Traveller, vol. xxix. p. 87. ; Malte
lirun, \'ol. V. p. ;)x'5. Eng. ed. lijc.).
BllEAD, the princi^ial p/ticlein the food of most civilised nations, consists of a paste
or dough formed of the flour or meal of different sorts of grain mixed with water, and
baked. When stale dough or yeast is added to the fresh dough, to make it swell, it is
said to be leavened; when nothing of this sort is added, it is said to be unleavened.
1 . Historicid Sketch uf Bread. — The President de Goguet has endeavoured, with his
usual siigacity and learning, to trace the successive steps by which it is probable men
were led to discover the art of making bread — ( Origin of Laws, frc. vol. i. pp. 95 — 105.
Eng. trans.); but nothing positive is known on the subject. It is certain, however,
from the statements in the sacred writings, that the use of unleavened bread was common
in the days of Abraham — (Gen. xviii. 8.); and that leavened bread was used in
the time of Moses, for he prohibits eating the Paschal lamb with such bread. — (Exod.
xii. 15.) The Greeks affirmed that Pan h.id instructed them in the art of making
bread; but they, no doubt, were indebted for this art, as weil as for their knowledge of
agriculture, to the Egyptians and Piiniiicians, who had early settled in their country.
The method of grinding corn by ban. ills was practised in Egypt and Greece from a
very remote epoch; but for a lengtheiKd ; riod the Rdnians had no other method of
making flour, than by beating ro.-isted corn in Tuortars. I'lie .Macedonian wai helped to
make the Romans acquainted with the arts and nfiih nents of Greece ; and I'liny men-
tions, that public bakers were then, for the first time. estal)lished i Rome — (Hist.
Nat. lib. xviii. c. 11.). The conquests of the Romans dift'u cd, lunongst u any other useful
discoveries, a knowledge of the art of preparing bread, as practised in Rome, through the
whole south of Europe.
The use of yeast in the raising of bread seems, however, from a passage of I'liny
(lib. xviii. c. 7.), to have been practised by the Germans and GauN In fore it was practised
by the Romans; the latter, like the Greeks, having leavened then bread by intermixing
the fresh dough with that which had become stale. The Roman practice seems to have
superseded that which was previously in use in France and Spain ; for the art of raising
bread by an admixture of yeast was not practised in France in modern tin: till towards
the end of the seventeenth century. It deserves to he mentioned, that ' .mgh the bread
made in this way was decidedly superior to that previously in use, it declared, by the
faculty of medicine in Paris, to be prejudicial to health ; and the use of yeast was pro-
hibited under the severest penalties ! Luckily, however, the taste of the public concur^
ring with the interest of the bakers, proved too powerful for these absurd regulations,
• Humboldt says he had most frequently found from 15 to 22 nuts in each pericarp ; but De
gave the tirst and most accurate description of this fruit, says that the pcric.irp is divided ii..<
partmcnts, each of which incloses from 8 to 12 nuts. — (See Humboldt in loc. citr)
N 3
Laet, wlio
six coin-
r^
ii ''
. i.
■I lA
111
182
BREAD.
,:0!l
.:>P'^;
!■ il
; f
which full gradually into disuse ; and yoast has long been, almost every where, used in
preference to any tiling else in the manufiic^ure of bread, to the wholesonieness and ex-
cellence of wliich it has not a iltue contributed.
The species of bread in common use in a country depends partly on the t.aste of the
inhabitants, but more on the sort of grain suitable for its soil. But the superiority of
wheat to all other farinaceous i)lants in the manufacture of l)read is so very great, that
wherever it is easily and successfully cultivaied, wheaten bread is used, to the nearly total
exclusion of most others. Where, however, the soil or climate is less favourable to its
growth, rye, oats, &c. are used in its ste.id. A very great change for the better has, in
this respect, taken place in Great Britain within the last century. It is mentioned by
Harrison, in his description of England (p. 1G8. ), that in the reign of Henry VIII. the
gentry had wheat sufficient for their own tables, but that their household and poor neigh-
hours were tisually obliged to content themselves with rye, barley, and oats. It aijjjcars
ftom the household book of Sir Edward Coke, that, in 159fi, rye bread and oatmeal formed
a considerable part of the diet of servants, even in gre.it families, in the southern counties.
Barley bread is stated in the grant of a monopoly by Charles I., in iri'JO, tobe the usual
food of the ordinary sort of people. — {Sir F. M. Etkn on the Poor, vdj. i. p. 561.) At
the Revolution, tlie wheat produced iii England and Wiiles was esiiiuated by Mr. King
and Dr. Davenant to amount to 1,750,(K)0 quarters. — {Darcniint's Works, vol. ii.
p. 217.) ?.Ir. Charles Smith, the very well informed author of the Tracts on the Corn
Trade, originally published in 1758, st;ites, that in his time wheat had become much
■more generally the food of the common people than it had been in 1G89; but he adds
(2(1 e;l- p. 182. Lond. 17GG.), that notwithstanding this increase, some very intelligent
inquirers were of oi)inion that even then not more than hctif the people of Englantl fed
on wheat. Mr. Smith's own estimate, which is very carefully drawn up, is a little
higher ; for taking the population of England and Wales, in 1 760, at 6,000,000, ho
supposed that :5,7.)O,O0O were consumers of wheat ; 7:59,000, of barley ; 888,0(X), of
rye ; and 62;i,OO0, of oats. I\Ir. Smith further supposed that they individually con-
sumed, the first class, 1 quarter of wheat ; the second, 1 quarter and 3 bushels of
barley; the third, 1 quarter and 1 bushel of rye; and the fourth, 2 quarters and
7 bushels of oats.
About the middle of last century, hardly any wheat was used in the northern counties
of England. In Cumberland, the principal families used only a small (juantity about
Christmas. The crust of the goose pie, with which almost every table in the county is
then sujj.jlied, was, at the periotl referred to, almost imiformly made of barley meal. —
(Eden on the Poor, vol. i. p. 564.)
Every one knows how inapplicaljlc these statements arc to the condition of the people
of England at the present time. Wheaten bi'cad is now xmivers<ally made use of in towns
and vill.ages, and almost every where in the country. Barley is no longer used, except in
the distilleries and in brewing; oats are employed only in the feeding of horses; and
the consumption of rye bread is comparatively inconsiderable. The produce of the
wheat crojis has been, at the very le.ist, trebled since 1760- And if to this immense
increase in the supply of wheat, we add the still more extraordinary increase in the
supply of butchers' meat — (see art. Cattle), the fact of a very signal improvement having
taken place in the condition of the population, in respect of food, will be obvious.
But gre.1t as has been the improvement in the condition of the people of England
since 1760, it is but trifling comjiared to the improvement that has taken jilace, since the
same period, in the condition of the ))eople of Scotland. At the middle of last century,
Scotch .igriculturc was in the most depressed state ; the tenants were destitute alike of
capital and skill; green crops were almost wlK)lly unknown; and the quantity of wheat
that was raised was quite inconsiderable. A field of 8 acres sown with this grain, in
the vicinity of Edinburgh, in 1727, was reckoned so great a curiosity that it excited the
attention of the whole neighbourhood! — (Ihihcrtsons liund RecoUectioits, p. 267.) But
even so late .is the American wai-, thewiiLat raised in the Lothians and Benviekhlurc did
not exceed a third j)art of what is now L;rown in them ; and taking the whole country
at an average, it will be a moduate estimate, to say that the cultivation of wheat has
increased in a ^'/(/tiW proportion since 1780. At that jjcriod no wheaten breail was to
be met with in the country places and villages of Scotland ; oid cahi.t and burhi/ hitnnoehs
being luiiversally made use of. But at present the case is widely ditrereiit. 'I'he upper
and also the middle and lower classes in towns and villages use only wheaten bread, and
even in farmhouses it is very extensively consumed. There is, at tliis moment, hardly a
village to be met with, however limited its extent, that has not a jiublie baker.
In many parts of England it is the custom for ])rivate fannlies to bake their own
l)re.id. This is particul.irly the case in Kent, and in some parts of Lancashire. In
1804, there was not a single public baker in Manchestir ; and their number is still very
limited.
2. lieyulidions us (o the Muimfmlure of /irriid. — Owing to the vast importance of
1
#.
n
• BREAD.
I8:i
Ingland
|ncu tlie
'iitury,
alike of
wheat
ain, ill
|ted the
) But
liirc did
Duntry
at has
was to
ninochs
upper
lid, and
lardly a
[ir own
le. In
]ll very
liiee
of
I
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•%:
bread, its manufacture has been subjected in most countries to various regulations, some
of whidi have liad a beneficial and others an injurious o])eration.
«. Jxsize of Urvad. — From the year I'.'GG, in the reijin of Henry III., down to our
own days, it has been customary to regulate »lie i)rice at which bread should be sold
accordiii}^ to the price of wheat or Hour at .iie time. An interference of this sort was
sujjiiosed to lie necessary, to jjrevent tliat monojjoly on the part of the bakers which it was
feared might otherwise take i)lace. Hut it is needless, jierliaps, to say that this appre-
liension was of the most futile deseri])tion. The trade of a baker is one that may be
easily learned, .'Uid it re<iuires no considerable capital to carry it on ; so that were tliose
engaged in the business in any j)articidar town to attempt to force uj) prices to an arti-
iicial elevation, the combination would be innnediately defeated by the competition of
others; and even though this were not tlie ease, the facility with whicli bread may be
baked at home would of itself serve to ludlify tlie eilbrts of any combination. But the
assize regulations were not merely useless; they were in many respects exceedingly injuri-
ous : diey rendered the price of flour a matter of comi)..,.itive inditlerence to the baker;
and they obliged the baker who used the finest flour, and made the best bread, to sell at
the same rate as those wlio used inferior flour, ancf whose bread was decidedly of a worse
quality. I'ut these considerations, how obvious soever they may now appear, were for
a long time entirely overlooked. According, however, as the use of wheaten bread was
extended, it was found to be impracticable to set assizes in small towns and villages ;
and notwithstanding the fewness of the bakers in such places gave them greater facilities
for combining together, the price of bread was almost uniformly lower in them than in
places where assizes were set. In consequence, partly of this circumstance, but still more
of the increase of intelligence as to such matters, the practice of setting an assize was
gradually relincpiished in most places; and in 1815 it was expressly abolished, by an act
of the legislature (55 Geo. 3. c. 99. ), in London aiul its environs. In other places,
though tlie power to set an assize still subsists, it is seldom acted upon, and has fallen into
comparative disuse.
b. lief/Hldtioiis as to the Jf'eii/ht, and Ingredients to he used in makinr/ Bread. — Accord-
ing to the assize acts, a sack of fl(mr weighing 280 lbs. is sujiposed capable of being
baked into 80 (juartern loaves; one fifth of the loaf being sujiposed to consist of water
and salt, and four fifths of flour. But the number of loaves tliat may be made from a
sack of flour d;.'pends entirely on its goodness. Good flour requires more water than
bad flour, and old flour than new flour. Sometimes 82, 8;> "nd even 86 loaves have been
made from a sack of flour, and sometimes hardly 80.
Under the assize acts, l)akcrs are restricted to bake only tliree kinus of bread, viz. wheaten, standard
wlieatcn, and liousehold ; the first lieing made of tlie finest flour, the second of the whole flour mixed,
and Iho third of the coarser flour. The loaves are divided into peck, half-peck, and quartern loaves;
the legal weiglit of each, when baked, being, the peck loaf 17 lbs. 6oz., the half.peck 8 lbs. Uoz., and
the quartern 4 lbs. .'j^oz. avoirdu]iois.
Now, however, it i.s enacted, that within the city of London, and in those places in the country where
an as.size is not set, it shall be lawful for llie bakers to make and sell bread made of wheat, barley, rye,
oats, buckwheat, Indian corn, peas, beans, rice, or potjitoes, or any of them, along with common salt, pure
water, egsjs, milk, barm, leaven, potato or other yeast, and tnuid in such proportmts as tlity shall think
jii. — (;; (;<•(). 4. c. loi;. 5 1;., and 1 \- 'j Ofu. 4. c. .00. ^ 2.)
It is al.so enacted, by the same statutes, that bakers in London, and in the country, that is, in all places
10 miles froir. the Hoyal l^xchange where an assize is not set, ?na!/ make and sell bread of such iveig/it
and size as the;/ thin/, jit, any law or assize to the contrary iiotwiths'tan<ling. But it is at the same time
enacted, that sucli bread shall always be sold by avoirdupois weight of Iti ounces to the pound, and in no
other manner, under a penalty for every ollence of not more than 40.?. ; except, however, French or fancy
bread, or rolls, which may lie sold without previously weighing the same.
liakers or sellers of bread arc hound to have fixed, in some conspicuous part of thcii hop, a be.im and
scales, with proper weights for weighing bre.id ; and a person purchasing bread ma^ require it to be
weighed in his presence. Hakers and others sending out bread in carts, arc to supply them with beams,
scales, &c., and to weigh the bread if required, under a penalty of not more than 51. — (3 Geo. i.
c. l(i(i, ^ 8.)
Hakers, either journeymen or masters, using .lUim or any other unwholesome ingredient, and convicted
on tlu'ir own confession, or on the oath of one or more witnesses, to forfeit not exceeding 2(1/. and not less
than T)/. il beyond the environs of London, and not exceeding 10/. nor less than 5/. if witliin London or its
environ.s. Justices arc allowed to imldish the names of ollender.s. The adulteration of meal or flour is
piinlsliablo by a like penalty. Loaves made of any other grain than wheat, without the city .iiid its
liberties, or beyond Id miles of the Hoyal Lxchango, to be marked with a large liomaii M. ; and every
nci'.son exposing such loaves without such mark shall forfeit not more tliaii 40»'. nor less than 10s. for every
loaf so exjiojcd. — (1 \- 2 (!e<>. 4. c. flu. ^ (>.)
Any ingredient or mixture found witliin the house, mill, stall, shop, &c. of any miller, mcalman, or
baker, which after due ex.iminatinn shall be adjudged to have been i)laccd there for the purpose of
.ndulteralioii, shall be forfeited ; and the person within whose jireinises it is found punished, if within the
city of London and its environs, by a iienalty not exceeding 1(7. nor less than 40s. for the first oflcnce,
r>l. tor the scroiul otFence, and 10/. for every si'ljse(|uent offence. — (3 Geo. 4. c. lOti. ^ 14.) And if without
London and its environs, the parly in w hose bniise nr premises ingrtHlients for adulteration shall be found,
shall Ibrleit for every such oHeiice not less than 5/. and not more than 20/. — (1 & 2 Geo. 4. e. 5. (j 8.)
Jiakers in London and its environs are not to sell, or expose to sale, any bread, rolls, or cakes, nor bake
or deliver any meat, jiudding, pic, fart, or victuals of any sort, on .Sundays, except between the hours of
nine in the morning and one in the afternoon, under penalty of lOs. for the first oflence, 20s. for the second
offence, and 4(),«. for every snbsecinent ollence. — (3 Geo. 4. c. lofi. ^ l(i.)
Jiakers in the country are luohihitcd from selling, ^c. any bread, &c., or baking or delivering any
meat, &c., on Sundays, any time after half past 1 o'clock of the afternoon of that dav, or during the time
of divine service, under penalty of ."is. for the first oftfencc, 10*. for the second, and 20s. for the third and
every subsequent ofll'iicc. — iJiO Geo. 3. c. Sti. % 12.]
%
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181
BREMEN.
1:1
■t:'
i i-
m
. t
There are leveral regulations in the acts now in force with respect to the sale, &c. of bread where an
assizu is set ; but as the practice of setting an aitsizc is nearly relinquished, it seems unnecessary to reca^
pitulntu them. The weight uf the assize bread has already been mentioned, and the principle on whiciT
Its price is tixed.
Notwithstanding tlie prohibition against the use of alum, it is believed to be very general)/ employed,
particularly by the bakers of London. — " In the metropolis," says Dr. Thomson {Suppl. to Enct/c. lirit.
art. Jlakin/;), " where the goodness of bread is C8tiniate<l entirely by its whiteness, it is usual with those
bakers who empl'>v Hour of an inferior quality, to add as much alum as common salt to the dough ; or, in
other words, thc(|Uantity of ^.ilt added is diminished a half, and the deficiency supplied by an equal weight
of alum. This improves the luok of the bread, rendering it much whiter and lirmcr."
There are believed to lie about 1,70() bakers in London, Westminster, &c. The trade which they carry
on is in general but limited, and it is not reckoned a very advantageous line of business.
BREMEN, one of the free Hanscatic cities, situated on tlie river Weser, about 50
miles from its mouth, in lat. 53'^ 4|' N., long. 8° 48' E. Population about 46,000.
Its situation on the Weser renders Bremen the principal emporium of Hanover, Bruns-
wick, Hesse, and other countries traversed by that river. The charges on the buying,
selling, and shipping of goods are very moderate. The principal exports arc lineas,
grain, oak bark, glass, smalts, hams, hides, rapeseed, beef and pork, rags, wool and woollen
goods, wine, &c The wheat and barley shipped here are mostly very inferior ; but the
oats are useful common feed ; beans are good. The linens are mostly the .same as
those from Hamburgh. The imports consist of coffee, sugar, and other colonial pro-
ducts ; wines, raw cotton, cotton stuffs and yarn, hardware, earthenware, brandy, tallow,
tar, oil, tea, &c.
Entrance to Bremen. — The entrance to the Weser lies between the IVIellum and
other sands on the south-western, and the Teglers Plaat, &c. on the north-eastern
side. Its course from Bremerlehe to its mouth is nearly S.E. and NW. It is buoyed
throughout. The buoys on the right or .starboard side when entering being black and
marked with letters, while those on the left or larboard are white and numbered. The
first or outer black buoy has a gilt key upon it, and is, therefore, called the schlussel or
key buoy ; it lies in 10^ fathoms, bearing N.E. 5 miles from Wrangeroog light. This
is an interiTiitting light, having replaced, in 18^0, llie old coal-iue beacon on the island
of Wrangeroog, opposite to the northern extremity of East Frieslan . It '.s, according
to the most authentic statements, in lat. 5'.i° 41^' N., long. 7° 51' .i^ E. ; is elevated
63.^ feet above high water mark, being alternately visible and invisible for the space of
a minute. A light vessel is moored in the fair-way of the Weser, between the black
buoys E and F, and the white buoys 2 and 3. She has two mast.'S : during day, a red
flag, with a white cross upon it, is kept flying at the main-nia.st ; .and at night she
cxiiibits 7 lantern lights, 28 feet above deck. This vessel is on no account to leave
her station, unless compelled by the ice. Large vessels do not now generally ascend
further than Bremerlehe, on the east side of the river, about 38 miles below Bremen,
where a new and spacious harbour has been constructed. But vessels not drawing more
than 7 feet water come up to town; .-ind those drawing from 13 to 14 feet come up to
Vcgcsack, about 13 miles trom Bremen. — (Sec the valuable Sailinr; Directions for the
North Sea, published by Mr. Norrie.)
Trade, Sic.
■ Imports, Sales, and Stocks, of some of the principal Articles imported into Bremen, in
the Years 18J0, 1831, and 18j2.
Years.
Imvorts.
Sales.
Stocks, 31st December.
ri83()
13,0()0,(K)0 lbs.
14,(XX),(K)0 lbs.
3,500,000 lbs.
Coffee
■ : 18;!1
11,(KX),0(X) —
13,0(10,(100 —
1,,')0(),000 —
I . wra
14,U(H),(K)0 _
]0,5(iO,(«R) _
5,(KK),(K)0 —
C\HSO
KvXHVKK) —
1(),;"'0(),(K)0 —
3,.')00,(KX) —
Sugar ♦, raw
. -'ISiJl
23,(»0(),()()0 —
22,2-.'5,0<K) —
4,225,<K)0 —
t\HS2
25,U(«),0()0 —
iy,225,(K)0 —
10,000,(KX) —
(■18:iO
21,7-k5 hhds.
2(l,ii24 liluls.
4,87(1 hhds.
Tobacco and stems
. ■ 18;J1
21,ii20 -
21,407 —
5,089 —
1 is;52
31,iK)6 —
26,750 —
9,,J44 —
fl8;>0
- -:isjl
1 18;3'2
3,'J.)() bales
5,1. 50 bales
1,300 bales
Cotton
r,,^M) —
5,(;.J0 —
8.00 —
.o.y^o —
5,l(iO —
1,000 —
■1S;50
9,070 tierces
9,570 tierces
2,500 tierces
Rice
. ■? 1«.J1
7,280 —
9,780 —
( lK-!2
4,837 -
4,712 _
^^-, —
(■18;30
32,(i2() barrels
31,820 barrels
2,.500 barrels
Fish oil - -
- i 1831
'2i,m> —
24.8C)0 —
2,100 —
6832
48,(ilK) —
45,7(K) —
5,(KX) —
(■18,30
30,.5(K) number
31 ,(HIO number
4,500 number
Hides - -
■ -IlSSl
52,mry —
r>2 545 —
4,650 —
1 . 18,32
50,000 —
.^..-^K) _
19,110 —
Among other imports in 18,32, were, rum, ],.'>S3 puncheons ; logwood, 1,706,000 lbs. ; fustic, 516,000 lbs.
indigo,
aw I
Cuba.
tu a pretty considerable extent.
Among oiner luipuru iii io,k, were, luiii, i,.>-v> iiuiiuiiuons ; logwnoo, i,(UO,u)uius. ; lusiic, ,)io,mju lus. ;
indigo, 236 boxes and 22 serons ; pi'Plx'f. 2,,0OO bags ; pimento, l,()rK) bags ; saltpetre, 4,873 bags ; ashes,
iW barrels North American, and 1,<(51 cai^ks Uussi.m. The sugar and colf'ee are principally brought from
Cuba. The imports of French wine in 1831 were 11,205 barrels and 4,300 pieces. Tea is also nnported
ExtUisive of the raw, about 3,()OO,00(J lbs. of refined sugar were imported in 1832.
X) lbs. ;
ashes,
t from
liortcU
I
BRIBE.— BRICKS AND TILES.
185
" ^
Exports. --Lincna are one of the most important articles of export from Bremen. They are mostly
«ol(l fiy the pieic ; but there are great difrereiices in the dimensions of pieces of iliflorent denominations.
The following table is, therefore, of importance, as it exhibits the various descriptions of linens usually
met with at Uremen, with the length and breadth of the dill'erent pieces. It also gives their price IVce
on board in sterling money, at the exchange of li rix-doUurs per U. sterling, on the Stli of January, Iboj.
Description uf I.inen.
Length.
Width.
Price free on
Ijoard.
Silcsian I.iiwns.
1 ardi.
/ncAfl.
£ s.
rf.
£ s.
rf.
Platillas, white ....
per uiecc Rd.
37i
30
18
4 to
1 la
8
brown or cholets
.
.
15
—
1
Bretagncs - ...
•
7*
-
4
o
9
2
Ditto ...
mm"
35
10
(*) —
18
4
Casarillos (in 3 rolls)
_
371
oO
1
—
1 13
4
Estopillas unies, clarines, and & fleurs
. * .
8
.
7
6 —
1 3
4
liouans . - - -
.
521
40
1 Iti
8 —
3 13
4
Saxon.
Arabias - - - -
.
201
24
15
—
1 5
2
liuchlinen, or checks and stripes
■ • •
15
.
5
—
6
8
Coutils ...
.
371
29
1 1
8 —
2
Creas ii la Morlaix
.
071
.
2
—
3 13
4
Dowlas - - - •
.
(>(>
29
1 1(>
8 —
3
ListaddS ...
.
4L>1
33
1 3
4 _
2 13
4
Wistplialian.
Bielcfickl shirting
. .
371
30
1 13
4 —
10
Osnaburghs, white, ord. to superfine
- . .
125
27
3 10
—
3 Iti
8
Meyerlinen ....
.
,
2 (i
8 —
2 U
4
Wescrlinen, called Toile fi la rose
.
.
_
2
—
2 3
4
Uodeiiwerder, grey
. . .
.
20
I 8
4 —
1 18
4
Tecklenburg, true born white
.
.
27
2 6
8 —
2 !3
4
lliurgs, suiierline
.
_
.
2 l(i
8 —
3 1.J
4
Hempen, best white
-
-
.
2 10
_
3
()
brown and stout
.
.
1 Iti
8 _
2 1
8
Ravensduck
-
371
-
15
_
1
('
Sailcloth, imitation of Russia
.
■
30
1 ()
9 —
1 16
8
Dutch
.
.
_
2 10
—
3
White rolls (in 3 rolls)
. - -
.
28
13
4 —
18
4
Bouten, Xo. H.
„
171
29
5
7 —
7
9
Brown rolls. No. 0. 4. 3. 2. 1.
371
-
5
10 _
18
4
I'ine twilled bjggin;T
• •
45
11)
4 —
1
Diap'. bagging . . -
Halolakeii or Burlap. , No. 0. 4. 3. 2. 1.
.
50
28
H
4 —
14
:i 1
per d. ell Or.
u
31
t^-
'■:< 1
Dielingeii, (•oar^e ...
per 2(jO ells Kd.
IM
27
1 5
() —
1 10
Cotton bagging, im>»;ition of Dundee
. per piece
50
42
15
—
18
4
Heisian.
i
Fine quality, biack seals
- - .
371
40
13
4 —
(1 IS
4
Good (|uality, red seals
. .
.
10
—
IJ
4
Ordinary, ditto . . -
'-
-
-
8
4 —
10
Arrivals. — During the year ln,)2, 1,116 ships entered the port of Bremen. Of these, 120 were from
Great Britain ; 121 fri.m the United States ; OH from the West Indies ; 108 from Russia ; 84 from Den.
mark ; Hi Injm South America; and the remainder from the Netherlands, France, Spain, Sweden, &c.
The shipping charges at Bremen are particularly low.
Eiin'uratitin. — Frum 9,(K)0 to 1(),(KK.) emigrants left Bremen in 18;>2, for America ; their conveyance
has become an object of much imixirtance, particularly to the American ship-owners.
Moiui/ — Accounts are kept in tlialers, or rix-dollars, of 72 groots or grotes; the grote being divided
into 5 i^wares. The Bremen rix.dollar current is worth 34. 2(/. sterling; and the par of exchange is
1/. sterling = V, rix-diillars 22 grotis 4 swares.
Jf'r/g/i/.'! ami Measures. — The commercial pound = 2 marks = 16 ounces — 32 loths =: 7,690 English
grains. Hence, 100 lbs. of Bremen z; l(,<)-8 avoirdupois, or 49825 kilog. A load or pl'undschwer .; 300 lbs.,
but carriers rickon it at 308 ll)s. A centner ~ 110 lbs. ; a shippound — 2| centners, or 290 lbs. ; a waagc
of iron = 120 lbs ; a stone of Hax = 20 lbs. ; a stone of wool =; 10 lbs. A ton of butter great measure =
3tK) lbs ; and a ton of do. small measure = 220 lbs.
Tlie dry measures are, 4 spints - 1 vicrtel ; 4 viertcls — 1 schefTel ; 10 scheffels = 1 quart ; 4 quarts
= 1 last ; the last = 8(/'70 bushels Winchester measure, or 10087 quarters; that is, 10 quarters and
07 bushel. A barrel of salt — Si schctfL-ls. A last of coals = 2 chaldrons Newcastle measure.
The liquid measures are, 88 (|Uarts . 1 vicrtel ; 5 vicrtels :; 1 anker ; 4 ankers — 1 tierce ; 11 tierce
- 1 oxholt ; the oxhoft = 58 English wine gallons. Wine is sometimes sold by the ahni of 4 ankers =
37J I'.iig. wine gallons. A barrel of whale oil :z stcckan, or 210 lbs. nett =: 311 ^-''t'- wine gallons. A
ship List of herrings, salt, and coals = 12 barrels.
The Bremen foot i- ll-,.8 Kng. inches : hence, 100 Bremen feet - 948 Eng. ditto. The Bremen ell is
2 feet ; and 100 ells ot Bremen = 632 Erg. yards.
Tares. — The usual tares are, on aiigar in casks and Brazil chests, 17 per cent. ; on Havannah boxes,
70 lbs. ; Maryland tobacco, 90 lbs. per hogshead; ditto Virginia and Kentucky, 110 lbs. per hogshead;
cotton, round bales, 4 per cent.; square ditto, per cent ; tea (green) 20 Ib.s. per quarter chest ; ditto
(bla('k\ 22 lbs per quarter chest. Most other articles, such as East India iniligo, rice, cotlee, spices, &c.
real tare. — (Drawn up principally from the communications of Bremen merchants.)
BRIBE. Any person giving or offering a. bril)e, rccoinpence, or reward, to any
officer of the customs, to induce him to neglect his duty, to forfeit 200/. — (3 & 4
Will. 4. c. 53. § 38.)
BRICKS AND TILE.S, well known articles used in the building and covering of
houses. They are made of baked clay and sand. Until last year (1833) an excise
duty was charged both on bricks and tiles, their manufactiue being, in consequence,
placed tinder surveillance. It is ordered by 17 Geo. 8. c. 4'2., that all bricks made in
England for sale shall be 8i inches long, 2i inches thick, and 4 wide ; and all pantiles
13| inches long, 9^ incites wide, and i an inch thick; on pain of forfeiting, for bricks
or tiles made of less dimensions when burnt, as follows, viz. 20s. for every 1,000 of bricks,
and 10s. for every 1,000 of pantiles, and proportionally for a greater or lcs.s number.
i
Hi!
ii.-
i I
11
,i li
It
)«'
iff Hi
't,:
l' ji !
18G
BRIMSTONE. — BRISTLES.
It is nlso ]m)vi(k'(l, that the size of tliu sieves or scrouns for siiVing or sorecnin/j; scn-coal
nslics to he mixed with brieic earth in inakin;r l)ricks, shall not exceed ^ of an incli
between the meshes. Makers of brieks and tiles must pive notice, under ii penalty of
KX)/., to the excise, of their intention to bcf^in the manufacture. Tiles used in draining;
land were exempted frouj the duties. Hut in so far as respects tiles, these re;fidationK
nre no loMfjer of importance, the duly on them having been abolished in I8;J;I. Tho
revenue derived from it was hut trilling. It was, however, very prejudicial to the
iiiap-..facture, particularly after the repeal of the duty on slates. It were to be wished
t'.at the state of the revenue was such as to admit of the repeal of the duly on bricks.
Account of the Rates of Duty on, nnd Quantities of, tho tlilU'rcnt Sjiccics of liricks produccil in
KoKlanil and Wales in I8'.'7, IS'JS, and IHJli.
SlH'Cilll.
llaii'Mit' liiiiv.
Qiiaiitily.
OuillUitV.
Ou.inlily.
t'oninion
I.irK'e
I'olisliod
Large polislicd -
:<.i.U)(l. piT 1,(100
UKi. in'r do.
IJ.v.KW. |HT do.
i;.v. :">(/. per 100
Totals
ISJ7.
1,0!>'.',H7,0.".S
•J.iiHi.OKi
S,l.'>li,7.''(»
!IH,,V.0
IS'JH.
l.OtlS.MIO,;!.!!)
L',(14.">,4J.-.
7,7il!l,07.')
I'A'.SIO
IS '.'!!.
I,OI>!l,7U,701
'.',.'iH),.;iio
7,'J:i.'"i,.!('i(i
IIO.'JT,-,
l,10:i,:i79,«)l
l,07H,!i:!7,li-K)
I,10!Mi90,70'.'
Account of the Kates of Duty on, and Quaiititics of, the dilTercnt Species of ISricks produced in
Scotland in 1K'J7, l.SJS, and IS'-'!".
Sp, Til's. 1 Kalis of Duty. | Qiuiiility.
Qu.inlily.
yiinnlitv.
Common
I-.-irf-e
I'oli.-hcd
.'•«. UUl. per 1,000
10.S-. per do.
I'Ji'. 10(/. per do.
1S?7.
i'0,(i71,.:">7
i.'.i.j,.S.".0
;i,.J7.7
IS'JH.
':4,'J.S|,li,i'2
■JOli.l.iO
1,H.)0
IHJII.
24,7U,:.S'2
;;!iii,in7
Totals
i;o,.;;;o,.')ii2 1 i;4,(is!),;!i;i
S.'5,14+,'J!)1
England
f Hrick
■ I Tiles
£ s. d.
fi,714
Nctt Produce of the Duties on IJricks and Tiles in IS'.'a
•nricks 31P,0M U '\ I Scotland - - V'^^i:^'
es aljKiO 7 S I i 1 iles
Total nett amount of revenue from bricks and tiles in (ireat Hrilain, :;(;'?,.T1S/. l.),v. Wil.
'J'here wrre, in IS.iU, ;"i,,';iii) brick and tile niaiuifacturers in Kiigland and Wall's, and 104 in .Scotland.*
'J'iie entire lUitu's (ill bricks and tiles are drawn back upon expiirl.iliou. .Siillicient sci'iirily must be
given belbie their shi|imcnt, that they shall be shipped and exported, and not relaiideil in Ciieat liritain.
CJ4 fr'i-ii. .■> .sess. -J. c. 'Jt-. 5 lli.)
If bricks or tiles shipped lor drawback be rclanded, the bricks or tiles so rclandcd shall, over and above
the penalty in the bond, be forfeited. — (\ 17.)
lU'turn of the Number of Tiles made in the Year IS.'JO, in fircat Britain ; stating the Number of each
Kind, and the Kate of Duty cliarged per 'J'liou.sand on each ; also, the (iross Amount of Duty for the
Year, and Aimiuut paid for Drawback on Tiles exported; distinguishing each Country, and the Num.
ber of Tiles exported.
linglaiul -
.Scotland -
Plain. f'Vj'i' "f V''"J "'
' Duly. Kiilgi'.
llati' of
Duly.
.Small
l^lvin^'.
Itati' of
Duly.
L.-irgc
Paving.
Ralc of
Duly.
All
oilier.
llalu of
Duly.
(»ros.s Amount
of Duly.
1 4-. r/.
41,707,91". r. 8
itnooo
.'S.erio —
2o,r)OJ,4r)()
2,(i:;8,iHi.'
.V. rf.
1'.' 10
■i,972,.507
,v. (/.
'2 ,'-.
W HX)
1,0315,300
li',;J70
*. <l.
4 10
'tf>'l(K)
399,075
l,7."iO
.V. </.
4 10
II'IOOO
.£ S. d.
32,-U8 19 5
1,810 15
lit.Hritain 41,711, Ki"' —
i!,!,'J4'.',:i9^'l —
4,029,8. !7
—
i,oro,(i7o —
401,4'J,")
H,249 14 .0
Number of Tiles exported.
«
EuRland -
tk'otland
ri.iin. Tail or Ilidfic. Small raving. Large raving.
1
All olliir.
A mount of
Drawback.'
17,000 7;U,742
— .O.'.IKIO
12r.,909
7,900
145,073
750
1,424
.£• s. d.
'Jir, 9 r>
44 14 Ii
Creat liritain . 1 17,iioO ! 7Sii,74'J l.U.SOfi 1 14:!.S-';5
l,42»'
1,020 3 11
No/c. — IJricks anil tiles made in Ireland are not subject to excise duty.
ERTM.STONE. Sco Sui.rnuR.
15RI.STLES (Fr. Soies ; Ger. Borstcn ; T)\\. liorstch ; It. Scfnie. ; Sp. Cerdas, Setns ;
Pol. Siczrciiii/ ; llus. Schtschffhia ; Lat. Sefw), the strong glossy hairs growing on the
back of the hog and the wild boar. These are very extensively used by brusinnakers,
shoemakers, .saddlers, &c., and form a considerable article of imjiort. llussia is the great
m.-irt for bristles ; those of the Ukraine being held in the highest estimation. Of the
total quantity imported in IS.Sl, amounting to L',O7O,30G lbs., Russia furni.shed 1,867,096
* (Compiled from the Parliamentary Pai>crs, No. ItH. Sess. 1830, and No. S.'H. Scss. 1831.)
I
i
.\ mount
Hulv.
H 11)
i:>
!t 14
5
.
Inf
5
11
li the
Ikors,
Lrcat
I the
1,096
liHOCADE. - BJIOKEUS.
18'/
11)S., ami Prussia ( KlJiiiffslu'ifr) l:!f;,721 llis. At an avoia;];i' of llif ^ yiars ciuliiiji
with lS:il, tiie I'lifrii's lor home coiisiiinptioii aiiioiintcd to 1,TH!),S()| ll)s. a yi'tir. 'I'hi
duty, which varies Croin 'J\'/. to ;!V/. a iioimd. ))n)dii('i<l, in IHlt'J, l.'.'i.fil."./. 'J.v. \i)il. uvt'.
lUlOC'ADK (Du. fliii/iiii/v ' l"r. /Inmnlr ; (iiT. HioIiiiI ; It. JliOiialo ; U ,is.
PiiiiSiliii : Sj). llrmitihi), a stiiU'madc ol'sillv varii'^iled with ;iohl and siKcr.
IJllOKl'' US, persons eniployed as niidiihnien to traiisaet hiisiness or ne^coliafe bar-
gains between dillerent nierehants or indivi(hials. They are sometimes licensed hy piilih'c
authority, and sometimes not.
JJrokers are divided into dillerent classes; as hill or exehailffe brokers, stoekhrokers,
sliip and insuranei' brokers, ])awiibrokers, inid brokers simply so called, or those who sell
or ajipraise household I'urnituie distrained fur rent. l\xclusive, too, of the classes now
nientioued, the brokers who ne^'otiali' sales ol' jjroduce between dillerent, merchants usually
confine tlieuiselves to some one department or line of business; and by attendinj; to it
exclusively, they accpiire s more intimate knowledge of its various details, and of the
credit of those en};a<ri'd in it, thtMl could be looked for on tlu' part of a {General merchant;
ai\d are coiiSKjueiitly able, foi the most part, to buy on cbiai>i'r imd to sell on di'arer
terms than those less familiar with the business. It is to these circumstances— to ii
sense of the advantajfcs to be derived from usinj; (heir intervention in the transacting of
business — that the extensive employment of brokers in London and all other huge com-
mercial cities is wholly to be ascribed.
The munber of brokers in London is mdimited; but by the st;itute 8 & f) AVill. .'}.
c. '_'(). thev i'.re to be licensed by the lord mayor and iddermeii, undi'r such restrictions
and limitations as they may think lit to enact, liy the r>l (>i(). .'). c. fit)., brokers acting
without being duly admitted are made liabli' in a jjcnalty of !()()/. The fee on Jidmission
is lixed by the same act at .■)/. ; and there is, besidis, an animal payment also of ,'i/,
'I'he following are some of the regidations established by the mayoi- jmd aldermen
pm-suant to the act of Will. :5. -. — That every jiersou sli.ill, njiou his admission, take an
oath tndy and IJiithfully to execute and ])erform the ollice of broker between p.arty and
])arty, in all tilings ]iertaining to the duty of the said ollice, without fraud or collnsion,
to the best and utmost of his skill and knowledge; — that be sliiill in .all cases reveal the
name of his principal ; and neither deal in goods on his own accoimt, nor barter ;ind
sell again, nor make any gain in goods beyond the usual broker.-ige ; and that he shall
regularly register all the conlr.'icts, ^c. into which he I'liters.
15rokers grant a I'ond under a ))enalty of Mi.)!, for the faithful performance of the
duties sworn to in t'le oath of admission.
A medal is delivered to the broker, with his nninc ei' ed thereon, which he may
produce, if re(|uired, as evidence of his (|ualification.
Twelve persons iirofessing the .Jewish religion .are jieriii d to act as brokers within
the city, luider the same regidations, and receive the silver nedal accordingly. This
incdal is transferable; sold generally at from 800/. to 1,500/., exclusive of the
exjjense of transfer, which is uncertain. Upon the decease of any of the holders of the
medal without its having been transferred, the a])iiointment falls to the lord mayor for
the time being; and for it the sum of Ij.'jOO/. lias not iinfrequeutly been given. —
{Mtintcfiitrvn <'iini. J)irt. art. liio/nrs.)
If goods in the city of London be sold by a broker, to be jiaid for l)y a bill of exclinnge,
the vendor has a right, uil/iiii <i mixdiinl/lr time, if he be not satisfied with the .lufhcieiicy
of the purchaser, to annul the contijict, provided he intimate his dissent as soon as he
has an o))i)ortunity of iiupiiring into the solvency of the purchaser. In a. .•ase of this
sort ( Ilnihixnii v. Diivivs, 2 Camp. N. P. ('. .'j;i(). ), Lord I'/llenborough was, at llrst, rather
inclined to think that the contract concludeil by a broker must be absolute, unless his
hority were limited by writing, of which the ])iirchaser had notice. l$ut t'le si>ecial
y said, that " unless the name of thi' jmrchaser has been i)revionsly comn'unicated to
le seller, if the ])ayment is to be by bill, the seller is always understoiid to reserve to
himself the jjower of disapproving of the sufliciency of the luirchaser, and aimulling the
contract." Lord Lllenborough allowed that this usage was reasonable and valid. lUit he
clearly thought that the rejection must he intimated as soon as the seller has had time
to iiKpiire into the solvency of the jjurchaser. The jury found, in the case in question,
tliat^'i''' days was not too long a j)eriod for making the necessary inquiries.
Brokvrs, Bill, — projiose and conclude bargains between merchants and others in
matters of liills and exchange. They make it their business to know the st.ate of the
exchange, and the circumstances likely to elevate or depress it. 'I'liey sell bills for those
druu-ing on foreign countries, and buy bills for those nmitliinj to them: and, from their
knowledge of the mutual wants of the one class as compared with those of the other, a
few of the principal brokers are .able to fix the rate of exchange at a fair average, wliich
it would not be possible to do if the merchants directly transacted with each other.
Their charge as brokerage is 'Js. per cent.
" Those," says Mr. Windliam Ueawcs, " who exercise the function of bill brokers,
li
'1« It '•
1!
\i
1 \ It
I:'
i .i
I t'!
188
lillOKKUAdl-.
I.
!. I
'J !>
'Mr
'•;)
:■? iM llr
m
ought to l)u men uf honour and cupiihlu of tlioir business; and tlic more so, ns both tha
c-ri'dit and fortuni* of thosi> who c-in|>K>y tlicni niiiy, in 8oin(> ineuNuro, l>t' said to be in
tlu'ir hands; and, ihert'tore, thi-y shouhl avoid hal/hiin)^, and lie prudent in (heir oltice,
whii'li consists in one sole point, tliat is, In hcur nil und siii/ iiol/iiiii/ ; so tliat they ou)j;lit
never to speak ol' tlie nep)tiations transacted by nii'ans of their iiiti-rvention, •)r relate
uny ill report u'liieh they may have heard against a drawer, nor oiler his bills to tiiosu
who have spread it."
Ilrok'is. Stiii/i, — are employed to buy and sell stock in the public funds, or in the
funds of joint stock companies. Their l)usiness is regulated by certain acts of parlia-
ment, by which, among other things, it is enacted, that contracts in the nature of
wagers, or contracts a|)parently framed for the sale or purchase of slock, b.it really
intended only to enable the parties to speculate on contingent lluctuations of the niarketi
without any stock being actually sold, shall be void, and those etigaging in them sub-
jected to a penalty of .')(H)/. — (7 (Jfo. 'J. c. H., made peri)etual by 10 (Hfo. '2. c. S.)
And by the same act, any one contracting to sell stock of which he is not actually
possessed, or to which he is not entitled, forfeits .TtKV. IJrokers not keeping u btH)k in
wliicli all contracts .-n-e regularly inserted, are liable in a penally of 50l. for each omission ;
half to the king, and half to those who sue for it. The charge for brokenige on all
juiblic fimds, except I'-xehequer bills and India bonds is 'J.s. (id. jier cent. ; on these it is
I.s'. per cent. No transaction with respect to the purchase and sale of slock in the i)ublie
funds can be eoncludeil except by the intervention of a licensed broker, ui\less by the
jiarlies themselves.
J/rii/ins, S/iiji mid fnmintiicr. — 'I'he chief cmi)loyment of this class of brokers is in
the buying and selling of ships, ii\ ])rocining cargoes on freight, and adjusting the terms
i)f cliarterparlies, settling with the master for his salary and disbursements, ("vc. 'I'heir
charge as ship brokers is about 'J per cent, on the gross recei|)ts. When they act as
insurance brokers, llii'y charge 5 jier cent, on the j)remiinn, exclusive of n discount
allowed them on settling with llie underwriter. The n\ercliant looks to the broker for
the regularity of the contract, and a |)roper selection t)f underwriters. To him also the
luulerwrilers look for a fair and candid disclosure of all material circumstances all'ecting
the risk, and for payment of their premimns. From the importance of their eiupU)y-
Jneiit, sliip and insurance brokers ought to be, and indee<l generally are, persons of
respectaliility and honoin°, in whom fidl lonlidence ntay he reposed. A ship broker is
not within the various acts for the regulation and admission of brokers. — (^(iibbons v.
Ruh; C. r. ;.'7th of June, 1S'_'7 )
Jimlm-K, Ciistom-housv. — It is enacted by the :5 Si 4 Will. -1. c. 5'-'., that no person
shall be authorised to act as an agent for transacting business at the Custom-house in the
port of London, relative to the entry or clearance of any ship, Ike, unless authorised by
licence of the connnissioners of customs, who are to recpiire bond with one surety for
],()iH)/., for the faithful conduct of such jjcrson and his clerks. This regidation does not,
however, ajiply to the clerk or servant of any person or jjcrsons transacting business at
the Custom-house on his or their account. The commissioners may extend this regula-
tion '() other ports. — §§ 1-M. & 148.
Jiro/iirs, Pawn. See Pawnbuokkks.
Jinilicrs, simply so called, in their character of appraisers and sellers of goods dis-
trained for rent, are regulated by 57 Geo. ;5. c. 9.'5., which enacts, that no such pemon
making any distress for rent, where the sum due does not exceed -Ml., shall take more
than the following sums; viz.
l"(ir li'vyiiiK - . " .
For iiu'ii kci'piiiR possession, per day
AilvcrtisiMiu'iits, it' any - - - -
t'atalouui's, sale, I'Dminission, &c. in the pound on the nett proilucc
iitainp duty, lawful amount.
Appraisements, whether by one broker or more, 6d. per pound on the value of the
goods, under a penalty of treble the amount of the money unlawfully taken, with costs,
to he recovered snnnnarily before a justice of the jjcice.
In France, the brokers who deal in money, exchange, merchandise, insurance, and
stock, are called iKjciiis de. fhaiii/t', and their mnnber, at Pari.s, is limited to sixti/. The
fompany of ni/vnfs dc clniiii/e is directed by a chamber of .syndics {cliambre si/ndicale)
chosen annually by the company. They are severally obliged to give bonds to the
amount of 12.),(X)0 fr. for the prevention of abuses. They are ;"lso obliged to keep
1)ooks ; are restricted to a charge of from g to :f per cent. ; and are interdicted from
carrying on, or having any interest in, any commercial or banking operations. — (See
Codf dc CDinmerce, § 74. &c. ; and art. Uohueaux, in this Dictionary.)
In the United States, brokers are not licensed, nor do they give bonds.
BROKE RAGE, the commission, or percentage, paid to brokers on the sale or
purchase of bills, fund.s, goods, &c. —(See Faciorage.)
j: s.
rf.
. 3
- '2
♦ . 10
- 1
i
:fi '
nRONZK.— nUENOS AYRKS.
189
js (lis-
}icniO)i
more
of the
costs,
2, and
The
licak)
to the
keep
from
(Seo
file or
KllONZI'i (Oor. Sliickinit, Sliikmelall ; I)ii. StiUhjonl ; It. lirwzo ; Sp. M,lul ile
Cnnones ; Lilt. Mefnllum tiirmriitorum), " n iiiixi-d mi'tiil, coiisistiiip chii'fly of copper,
M-ith a small pr(>|)ortion of tin, aiul sometimes othi-r nu't.-ils. It is used for easting
stiiliies, cannon, hells, and other articles, in uU of which the projiortions of the in-
gredients vary." — ( lire.)
HllOOIMS ((Jer. /irsrn ; Vr. Ilalitis ; It. Scojw, (Iriinnte ; Sp. Ksnilxts ; llus.
Millii) are principally made of birch or heath. \nst <|uantilies are manufactured in
Soutliwark, for tlie supply of the London market.
MUUSH K.S (CJer. /liirslvn; I'r. Urasscs ; It. Siioli', S/iiuziili' ; .Sp. /Irozns, dijiillns,
/•'srnhilliis ; Uus. St/itscltitki), well-known implements, made of !>ristles, arul manu-
factured of various forms.
lUjnitLIvS, a famili.'ir name ap])lied generally to fraudulent or unsuhstantial com-
mercial jirojects, wliich liold out hopes of rapid gain, for the |)ur])ose of I'nriirhiiig the
jirojeclors at liie expense «>f sanguine and ignorant adventurers; and particularly used
to designate those ])rojects, the funds for which are raised hy the side of sluires or suli-
Rcription to a transferable stock. In conse(pience of the luisciiief produced by the
gambling in transferalile shari's of bubble companies at the time of the South .Sea pro-
ject, 171!) .Old IT'-'O, tlie sli-t. G (ieo. 1. c. IH., reciting that sever.il uridiTt.ikiiigs or
projects had i)cen contrived and ])ractised, wliich " manifestly tended Id the cotnnion
grievance, prejudice, and inconvenience of gre.'it iminbers of his .M.ijesty's subjects in
their tr.-ide and commerce," ami describing, imioiig other jiractices of the time, the
ordinary mode of raising money by shares and subscriptions to a ])relended tnmsfer.ublu
stock, enacted, that the undert.-ikings and attemi)ts so described, and |)ublic subscriptions,
.Mssigiunents, and transfers for furtlicring tliem, and jjartieularly the raising or jiretend-
ing to raise transferable stocks without jmtliority of charter or act of p.arlianient, should
be deemed illegal aiul void, anil ))rohibited them imdcr severe jjen-'dties. .Some decisions
limited the ojienition of, and lin.ally the stat. (> Cieo. -1. c. !)I. altogether repe.iled, these
en.ictmcnts and prohibiticnis. The projectors of bubbles, therefore, Jire now punishable
only when they can be deemed guilty of frauds or cons])iraeies at connnon law; and
there is no other check on the adventurers than the loss and troublesome liabilities under
the law of ])artnershi|), in which participation in these jirojirts often involves tlicm.
HlJCKllAM (l"r. Iloiii/rmi ; Ger. SrfiiUrr, Stcifi: I.iinwnnil; It. Tila rollafn o
ijommiitd , Uus. Kli-ittihd ; Sp. 7?«(7m/?(), a sort of coarse cloth made of hemp, gunnned,
calendered, ;md dyed several colours-.
HUC!K\VIH'w\T ( I'V. Ulr Snrrasin, lile nnir ; Ger. Ihidnrvizin, Jhidiharii ; It.
Griino Saracenn, FtKjijinit, Fruinii ,- .Sp. Trvjo Siiracfiw, Triijn nvijrn ,- I'ol. Tnlurai,
Grijka, Pohancii ; ]{us. (irctsrhn ; Lat. Fagapi/rum) is princi])ally cultivated, in order
that it maybe cut when young and green, and emjiloyed as fodder for cattle ; when
.allowed to ripen, the grain is usually em)>l()yed to feed pigeons and poultry. When ripe
it is of a deep yellow colour, the seeds bearing a great resemblance to beech-mast: it
will grow on the jioorest soils. Ihickwheat h;is been cultivated in this country from the
latter part of the sixteenth century. Its native coimtry is luiknown, but supjxjsed to bo
Asia. Ik'ckmann lias a very learned dissertation on its introduction and c.'irly culture
in Murojic. — (See I/ist. of Itivent. vol. i. art. liiickwhciit.') The average (juantity of
buckwhe.'it imjiorted, is iibout 10,()00 quarters. 'J'hc duty is the same as on barley.
— (See ''oKN Laws.)
15UKNOS AYIIES, a city of South America, on the south side of the La Plata,
about 'iCX) miles from its junction with the sea, in lat. ,'54'^ r5(;^' S., long. 58 'J'J' W.
I'opulation very did'erently estimated ; but said (Jiul/ilin dis Scicnvcs (,'(i'i(/ni]>/ti<jUis,
vol. XX. ]). l.TJ. ) to amount to 81,000. The La I'lata is one of the largest rivers of
the world, traversing a vast extent of country, of which it is the great outlet. \'n-
luckily, however, it is of very difficult navigation, being shallow, infested with rocks and
sand-hanks, and exposed to sudden and violent gusts of wind. There is no harbour at
Huenos Ayrcs, or none worthy of the name. .Shi])s can only come within 2 or 3
leagues of the town: there they unload their goods into boats; from which they arc
received at the landing jilaccs into carts that convey them to the town, which is about
^ of a league distant. Ships that want careening repair to the bay of Uarragon, a kind
of port about U leagues to the S. E. of the city ; and there also the outward bound
ships wait for their cargoes. All the timber used in the construction of houses, and in
the building and repairing of vessels, comes down the river from Paraguay in rafts.
The principal articles of export consist of hides and tallow, of which v.ast (piantitics are
sent to England, the I'nited States, Holland, Germany, 8ic. ; besides these, there arc
exported bullion and viccunna wool from Peru, copper from Chili, salt beef, nutria
skins, &c. The imports principally consist of cotton and woollen goods from England,
h.-irdware and earthenware from ditto, linens from Germany, flour from the United
States, spices, wines, salt fish, machinery, furniture, &c. : the finest tobacco, sugars,
wax, &c. are brought from the interior ; a.s is Paraguay tea, an article in considerable
<1
1.
,1 h
1 k
a I
I *
i
l^'i
190
BUFF. — BUOYS.
: ' I ;
H>,
■ ,it''
Fm
• i
■(■. I' ,
I f
dumand in Soulli Aincricn. The inland trade carried un lK>twecii Diienus AyrM, and
Peru, and ("liili, is very considerable ; and its trade by sea witii foreign countries in
daily Ijeeoniin^ of more importance.
DuriiiR Iho year IH.JO, there were oxpurtcd from Iliiciini Ayrpn, dry liiile«, H"7,l,'i2 ( ditto saltrd, •W.'HH ;
horse liidi'H, KI.OTil , jerki'd beef, lil.jJM) i|i.intals , linriis, '.',(lH),i)17 ; tips, lOl.Sil; wool, .li.d,").' iirroliaji ;
tmir, JI.'J.O" diltii ; nutria skins, I l,.")iiJ dozen, \c. Tlic trade Iroin tlii.s country to Miumioh Ayrei is con.
founded in our Cuiloni-lioiiM' aecount'i Willi that to Mojite Video, under the ({eiieral name ol' (he Stales
of the Uio do l.i I'lala ; Inn hy (.ir the l,ir);e-.l sli ire lielojiK-i to lluenu'. Ayri'<. In IHM, we Imported IVom
these >tale>, esi-iu^ive ut hullioM, ol winrli no H<eiiinit is kepi, l'.'li,li(i'i mitria skins — (see Ni nilA),
l+il,0(W ewl. hides, J,l'n ewt. lallow, \.:,':H Ihs. sheep's woid, ,Ve. The deel.ired value of tlie ariii les of
Uriti-h proiluic and i.i iniilaeture exported lo Ihe-e slates duriii;; the same >ear, was ,! :!i,S7ii/ ; of wliiili
cottons, woollen-, hanluare, and linens made more tlian three I'onnlis. In 1^.'H, i>( llriti>h ship.<, of the
Imrden of 12,71 1 Ions, entered the port ; the total nuinher of foreign vessels that annually enter it lieiUK
from .'liill to |i o. rile eoniineri I' of lliicniH Ayres will no douht eonlinue to increase uccoruiuK us the vaat
countries .situated on the I,a Plata, now in a K>eat de)tree iiiioccnpied, are settled.
Monirs, l\'iu,\hls, Miii.\infs, /(i: saiiii' as those of Spain j for which, see Cadiz.
IJUFl' ((icr. niijf'l, liiiffillidiilv ; Vv. lliijfli; Paiii ,1c hiitllcs, H PiUii.r passccs en
biifflis ; It. litifiilit, (Jiiiijo (li hii/iild), a sort of leather prepaied from the skin of the
bntliilo, dressed witii oil, after the maimer of chamois. The skin tjf elks, oxen, and
other like aiiim.'ils, when jirepared after the same manner as that of the hiilialo, is like-
wise called hi'Jf. It is used in making sword-belts and other articles, where great
thickness and (irmness are re(|iiired.
HU(JI.iH.S, small glass heads of different colours. They are in considerable demand
in Africa, to which they are mostly exi)orted.
151JLL10N, uncoined gold and silver in the mass. See CioF.n and Sii.vkii.
UUOYS, pieces of wood, cork, or some light sid)stance, moored and Hoatiiig on
the water. Those of wood are sometimes .solid, and sometimes hollow, like a cask, and
strongly hooped; they are made of various shapes and sizes j and are either private or
public.
Subjoined is an
Account specifying the Buoys and I'eacons under the Control of the Trinity House, neptford Slrond,
with the Itates of Charge on account of the s.ime on Uritish and Koreitjn Ships, and the Produce of
the Katef in each of the Three Years endiiiK with 1H."J. — (Pdil. I'npi-r, No-.i!.'). .Sess. 1H;J3.)
lUtci of Ch.irsc.
Amounts collected.
llritish :ind ! pnre .,ni \-cs.
Coasters.
I*nrL'i|i?i prl-
slN 1 IviTsea,
JILT 'f.lM.
shIs nut pri-
vilt'l^rd (Ivt-r-
se.i, |ti'r Ton.
l8;;o.
1831.
1832.
For the buoys and
Ill the port of London the following
.£ s.
d.
-t" s. d.
jC 4. U.
beacons in the
rates are payable for the inward pas-
channels leailiiiK-
sage only ; viz. —
to the river
'I'he rates
Thames and port
vary from .1
of London, includ-
penny to 1 far-
ing loadsnianage
thing iier ton,
and prima(;c, also
according to
includingthedues
the description
1 penny .
2 pence -
8,(523 7
5
9,313 16 5}
8,149 10 9i
formerly returned
of the vessels'
under the head of
cargoes, and
Trinity Housedu-
the places from
ties from stran-
whence they
gcrs' ships.
arrive.
Those dues arc also received at the
ports of Gravesend, Shuernes.s, Hodiester, raversham,
Leigh, Maldon, Colchester, Ipswich, Woiidliridge,
Harwich, and Aldborough, at which they are pay-
able for the inward passage only. The rate on fo-
reign vessels lint privileged, is 2 pence per ton, hut in
other re.'iperts the rates are determined by the ancient
usage of the respective places, and are generally one
lialf tlu! amount cf those in the port of London.
Buoys ofTYarmouth
J farthing per ; i farthing i farthing
ton. 1 1
i i)enco |)cr vessel under 40 tons, 6
l,8()ti 10
2:J
1,835 11 4i
1,802 8 Ij
Buoys and beacons
4G-i 7
8
452 17 2
4f)5 7 6
in the river Tees
pence on all others.
Exeter buoys
Stone boats, 5 I penny - 2 pence -
shillings per
annum.
305 U
200 5 10
3.:o 19 7
Conway buoys
3 farthings per ton, each and every
time of passing.
48 18
2} 49 2 11^
45 8 41
Carmarthen buoys
3 farth. per ton, each time of passing.
110 12
9\ 10.1 14 11?
107 7 3
Abcrdovcy buoys -
1 halfpenny 1 penny - 1 penny -
-
31 14 lOi
40 9 2
per ton.
Total
.£
ll,3.-.7 Ul
35 12,08.5 3 71 11,201 Ifi !'i
Trinity House, London, 9th of March, 1833.
(Krrors excepted.) J. HEiinRnr, Secretary.
Private Ihwi/s are so called from their belonging to jirivatc individuals. Tliey are
principally employed to mark the place of the ship's anchor, being fastened to it by a
I
'i'i
M-l(.
M
niJUDEN. — nusiiiiiE.
191
1. ll.
102 8 U
.(i5 7 6
i,:o 19 7
45
8 44
07
40
7 3
9 2
i(n
Ifi !'i|
bcretary.
JTliey ave
it bv a
i
.)f
i
jopo or chuiii, so that tlio m«n wlio go in tlic bout to wdgli it may readily fiiul out
wlierc it is.
Hy the 1 fi 2 (ii'o. 4, r. 7'!. ', II. H i» niactod, that if any pcrion or pcrtoin ilinll wilfully tut nwny, coit
iidrilt, ri'inovc, altir, ilctiuc, biiik, or (Uiitri)y, or iii iiiiy wav iiijuri- <ir t cal, any Ipuov, liiiiiyrnin', or
mark bcloiiHi'iK '" »'iy "'I'p or h»m>I, or wliiili may Ih> altaclud In any anilior or Ciilili' liclonnniK to any
ah'iii or vt'iM'l, whether in ili>tre-is or otlieruisc, MU'll person or persons soolUnilinK sliull upon convielioii
1)1- ailjuilKi'il nuilty of leloiiy, anil shall lie lialilo to ho transporicil lor any tcrui not cxfi'i'iliiiu 7 yi'urn,
or to lie iniprisoneil lor any nuniher of years, at the ilisiretion of the eourt.
J'ulilic liuinjs, beiii^ iiiteiideil for llie jiublie service, eaniiot be |)liKe(l, altered, or
removed, except l)y eonipeleiit autliority. They are generally of a prelty lar;^e size;
aiul are liriidy moored by ciiaiiis or cables to rocks, larj^e stones, anchors, &e. IJy float-
inu on the surface of the water, thi'v serve at once to mark tiie channels throiioh \vhicli
it is safe to steer, and to point out dim;rers to be avoided, sm h as sunken roeks, shoids,
wrecks of vessels, \-c. The plaeis in, and the purposes for, which buoys are exhibited,
are always specilied in p)od charts: and as the leading buoys are fjenerally of a peeidiar
(iijure or colour, vhich is <dso indicated in the chart, tlie navio;ator, as soon as he recofj-
nises them, shapes his course aecnrdingly. Hence the f^reat im|iortanee of having bia)y.s
properly placed, and of their being carefully in irked in charts.
'I'hf I! (ieo. 4. c. lix \ 111. enacts, that every person who shall riilo by, make I'.ist to, remove, or wil-
fully run down or run foul 'if any vessel plaeeil to exhibit lif;lll^, or any i uoy or lieaeon belonninn lo the
coriioration of the 'I'rinitv liimseof Depllord SIronil, or to any other corporation havin;,' authority In
place such vessel, buoy, or beacon, shall, besidea making wood all iiuiuatje occasioned thereby, forfeit, for
every such ollenct, any sum not exceedinK 50/. nor less than Wl.
BURDEN of a ship. See Tonnage.
IJUUGUN'DY. .See Wim;.
BURGUNDY PI iCH, a resin, the ])roduce of tbu Pinus Ahiis, or spruce fir. If
is obtaine.l by making incisions in the bark down to the wooil, whence it (lows thickly
and langtndly, immediately concreting into Hakes that adhere lirnily to the tree. These
being taken oil' arc melted in boiling water, and strained through coarse cloths. It is of
a dose consistence, rather soft, has a redilish lirown colour, and a not unpleasant smell ;
it is very adhesive. The greatest quantity is collected in the neighbourhood of Neuf-
chatel, whence it is bronglit to us packed in ea'.ks. A fictitious sort is made in Knglaiid,
and found in the shops under tlie title of ci/',..'//o« Biirgimdy pitch ; it may be distinguished
by its friability, want of vi.scidity and of the odour wliicb characterises the genuine sort.
A species of Burgundy jiitcb exudes spontaneously from the Norway spruce (ir.
This, which undergoes no preparation, is tlu; rcsiii or tlius of the old London I'harma-
copa'ias. It is imported in the form of tears or small masses, ])acked in casks, each con-
taining from 1 to 2 cwt. It fetches about half the jjrice of that which is strained. —
{Gray's Supplement to the Pharmacopidds, Thomson's Dispensatori/.)
BUSHEL, a measure of capacity for dry goods, as grain, fruit, dry pulse, &c., con-
taining 4 pecks, or 8 gallons, or J of a quarter.
The Winchester bushel contains 2150-1'J cubic inches, while the Imperial bushel con-
tains 'J218'19-'. Hence, to convert Winchester bushels into Imperial, multiiily by the
fraction ^.}^^i■1% or •OfiO'HT, or ajiproximately deduct .j^jth, and i^jjtli ; and if great
accuracy be required, ^,-L, and ^^^ more. To convert prices per Winchester bu.sliel
into prices per Imperial busliel, multiply by tin; fraction Rflfjj'^lj^ or l-0'M'A.'>7.
By the .5 Geo. 4. c. 74. § 7. the bushel shall be the standard measure of capacity for
coah, culm, lime, fish, paUttovs, or fruit, and all other goods and things commonly sold Iiy
heaped meastirc. The bushel shall contain 80 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water, being
miide round, with a jilain and even bottom, and being 19 > inches from outside U) outside.
Sections 7. and 8. direct the mode in which the bushel shall be used for heaped measure.
— (Sec Weights and Measuues. )
The standard measure of capacity, by this act, as well for liquids as for dry goods
not measured by lieaped measure, shall be the gallon, containing lOllis. avoirdupoi.s
weight of distilled water weighed in air at the temperature of C'J' of Fahrenheit's ther-
mometer, the barometer being at 30 inches; and such mea.sure shall be the Imperial
standard gallon (containing 277 '274 cubic inches); and all measures shall be taken in
parts or multiples, or certain proportions, of the said Imjierial standard gallon ; .and the
quart shall be the fourth part, and the pint shall be an eighth of such standard gallon ;
and 2 such gallons shall be a peck, and 8 such gallons shall be a bushel, and 8 such
bushels a quarter of corn or other dry goods not measured by heaped measure.
BUSHlRE, OR ABUSHIRE, a sea-port town of Persia, in tlie province of Fars, on
the north-east coast of the Persian Gulf, in lat. 29" N., long. 50 50' E. Population
uncertain, but estimated by Major Wilson at from 1 5,000 to 20,000. Bushire is situated
at the northern extremity of a sandy peninsula, to the north and east of which is the. bay.
There is a convenient anchorage for large ships due west from the town, .3 or 4 miles
distant, in from 25 to 28 feet water; but sliijis of ;>(■() tons burden or thereby lie in
the inner roads, to the north, about 6 miles from shore ; the anchorage is jiretty good ;
but during violent north-westerly gales, they are sometimes obliged to cut their cables
'1
Iii
'if
5
'i'
I
It
192
BUSHIRE,
i^
I ,
r C 'f
lU
and bear up for Kiirak, a small island about 15 leagues W. N.W. of Rusliirc. Tha
water immediately to tlie east of the town is deep, but tlie passage to it is ol)striicted by
a bur, whicli cannot I)e piissed by vessels drawing more tlian 8 or 9 feet water, except
at spring tides, wlien there is a rise of from 8 to 10 feet. The variation in 1811 was
4" 4;}' W. — (Chart of the Persian Gulf, l)y Captain Ritchie, &c.) The climate here,
as in all the other ports of the IVrsian Ci ulf, is extremely hot, particularly in June, July,
and August. Tiie unhealthy se;uson is in the fall of the year.
Trmle, SfC. — llushirc has a good deal of trade, particularly with Calcutta, Bombay,
and Madras. Its merchants sujiply almost all Persia with Indian commodities; as,
also, with a good many of those brought from Europe. Of the imports from India,
indigo, sugar, sugar candy, and s])ices are the most important; the steel of India is
preferred in Persia to every other, and is made into excellent sabres : tin is brought from
il^nca ; and eolFee is ])rincipally sui)i)lied by INIocha and other jiorts on the Arabian
Gull". English cotton goods, notwithstanding the admitted inferiority of our red dyes, —
a colo r in great esteenj in Persia, — have already gone I'ar to supersi-dc those that were
formei.y brought from Ilindostan ; and the di-maiid for theji. '... rapidly extending, and
is susceptible of an almost indefinite increase. IJesides those imported at IJushire, a
good miinv urc introduced through Ilussorah, and some through Turkey and lliissia ;
the latter by way of the Ulack. Sea, the former of Smyrna and Constantinople. Hi-
therto, in(!eed, a considerable jjart of the cottons im])orted through the last mentioned
cliannels have been supplied by Switzerland and (Jermany, — their fabrics having been,
in soir.j respects, better (itled than ours for the Turkish and Persian markets ; but
they seem to have lost this advantage, as our ex|)orts of cottons to Tm-key iux' now
rapidly increasing. Woollen goods, cutlery, watches, A'c, sent to India from England,
arc thence exported to IJushire. Itnitation shawls, of the ])roper size and ])attern, are
said to meet with a, fair sale. The exports princii)ally consist of rjiw silk, Kerman wool,
Kcrman and Cashmere shawls, carpets, horses, silk goods, dried fruits, wine, grain,
copper, turquoises, asafa'tida, gall-nuts, jiearls, aiul other articles of minor im]>ortance.
Turkey annually sujiplii-s Persia with a very considerable amount . "bullion, most part of
which is sent to India.
Of the Persum exports, raw silk is the most important. It is produced to some
extent in every jirovince ; but Ciheelan and Alazunderan are those whii-b are most cele-
brated for its growth. In the former, about ri(X),0{X^ llis. ar^ annually raised, llussia is
a large customer f()r this article. Dried fruits and dates are sent in considerable quan-
tities to India. Horses are largely exported to India both by sea and land ; they serve
for mounting our Indian cavalry, and for sui)])lyiiig the large jirivate demand that always
obtains in Ilindostan for this noble animal. Tiiough neither so swift nor so beautiful as
those of Arabia, the Persian horses .ire large, more powerful, and, .-dl things considered,
better for cavalry. They are capable of supitorting an extraordin.u-y degree of fatigue.
Wine of Shiraz enjoys a degree of celebrity, to which, judging from the i'\;\v samples wo
have seen, it seems but ill entitled INIr. Eraser says that it is made in so careless a
niouner, that, in choosmg it, not more than 1 bottle in 4 or 5 can be made use of.
Persian tobacco and yellow dye berries are highly esteemed : the litrmer enters to a con-
siderable extent into the trade to Turkey as well as to India; the berries bring a very
high price in our markets, but the imports lutberto have been inconsiderable. Tur-
quoises, asafretida, and various sorts of drugs, rose water, with other nunor articles, form
part of the exports. Sheep's and goat-' wool is also exjwrted. The best is that of
Kerman. The down fu -nished by the goats of this province is almost as line as that of
the Thibet or shawl goats. Cotton is extensively jiroduced in Persia ; the Russians
carry away some, hut the greater part is used in the couTitry. Cirain is sent to Muscat,
but not in la- _• quantities. The pearl trade is now princi|)ally centered at Muscat.
The imports of copijcr into Calcutta from Uushire, llussorah, and other ports of the
Persian Gulf, during the 7 ;, ears eiuling with I8'J7-1.'8, were valued at about
50.000/. a year. This copper is priiuM|)ally the |)ioduce of the Persian mines, mixed,
however, with .--iime Russian cop))er from (Jeorgia. Of manufietured articles, the
principal are carpets of the most beautiful fabric ; shawls, partly native, ami partly
brought from Cashmere ; velvets, silk goods, gold and silver brocades, and a few other
articles. The trade between Persia and Russia by the Caspian Sea is very considerable.
Most part of the paper used in the former is sup])lied by the latter. The furs of Russia
find a ready market in Persia ; but it is a fact worth ■•• i " ' ig, that Persian merchants
have recently been seen at the licipsic fairs, carrying gold thither for American furs ! —
( Urquhart on the Rcsnurcrs of Tiirkrj/, p. 15.').) The Russian provinces on the Caspian
derive their supplies of indigo from Persia by way of IJushire.
The oHlcial rrtiiriis show that the tot.il value of the ontiro triidc, imports .is well as exports, carried
on lietweeii Uritish Iiulia and the Persian (Cult', at an averapf if the 7 years I'mliii^ with IsJS, win
(taking the rupee at '2s ) l,.'>,)7,lii.")/, a vear. Of this amount, I'aleutta iiarticipnlctl to the extent of
r).>P,(iS4/., Ma-lras of ."it.it.si/., iiu : Itombav of 7'2'.',4!I7/. This, however, iniludes tlic tmde to Muscat and
j)us»ornh, nj well as to Bushiro, and wc have no mcana of discriminating the icparatc amount of each.
lujss. — nrssouAii.
193
It nppcars, iiuk'fil, from an nci'diint in llir s.inic p.ipcr wliiMii'i' tlieso statements nrc taken, that .if , J*
always
utiiiil as
icU'rcd,
itiijjiic.
pk's wc
ix'lcss .1
use of.
o a c'on-
a very
Tur-
s, form
that of
tliat of
ussians
Muscat,
luscat.
of tlie
about
mixed,
es, tlic
partly
IV other
lleraMc.
Russia
Ircliants
irs ! —
laspian
I carrioil
I'.'S, was
(tunt of
Irat and
l>r cacli.
Khips noloiiKinj,' lo the ^(■r^lan (iulf lh:it aiilvcil al lUnnljay duiint,' llu- 7 yiam rdcrrcil to, 'ZS hcloiijjcii
to iMiisiMt, and only 7 to I!n»hir('. Mot it Mm^t not lie siipjiosdl tli.it tlic trade to these places i> in tins
proportion, inasiiiiuh as most of the Araliuni .shi|in Iradinj; to liussorali l>elon^' lo iVIuseat. It may, how.
ever, lie lairly presumeil, that the arrivals of (iiili sliijis at Ciliiitla and Madras would lie in aliout the
same propoition as those at Itomhay ; lint the deslin.ilion ol the lintish ships trading to the (inlf not
beinKK>^'>-'n, and it hem;; eiistoniary lor most shi|is to visit liotli linslnre and lin^sorah, it is impossilile tosay
wliellier the value of the trade to the former, as eouiiiared with that to the latter and Museat, corresponds
with the nnnilier of ships they respirtively send to India.
Water at lUishire is excessivelv had and dear ; liut I'xeellent water, niid in ^'reat almmlanee, may be
liad at Karak. I'he anehora;;e at this island is sale at all limes; and ships may lie close to the lieach.
tiir .liihii Malcolm su;;ge»ted, that the permanent |l(l^^(■s-ion of Karak wiiuld lie an olij<'ct of eonsuleralili"
iniporlauee ; and we are rathi'r incline<l to ;i;;iee with liun. It is of no value to the Persians, and lliere
i^eems l.ttle dnulit that they uiiuld lie glad lo cede it hir a trilliii|^' consideration, lis possession would not
onlv eiialile lis to command the iiavi^alion of the I'eiiian liulf lint it wniild Ibriii a depot uhere^iouds
jlestineil for liushire, Hussorah, \c. mi;.;lil lie kept in perfect sifily, and in a situation the most conve-
nient, liein^' re.idily accessible to all soiLs of .Araliian vcsmIs. A t.isie lor I'.rilish cottons and woollens is
now fcirming in all the vast countries watered by the Kuphr.itis and llie I'iKris, or which iliTive their
KUpplies from the «niporia ericte<l on their banks ; anil il is of ilie ;,'n atesi const ipience that nothing' be
omitted that may serve to lacibtate the diHiisiou of this tasle, and the means ol KratifjiiiK it.
Mdiici/. — .\ccounts are kepi in tomans ol .00 ab.isses, oi llil) iiiamooilis. 'I'lie toniaii is a Persian ^old
coin, containing;, according to the report of the liomliay mint, Irom 71'." to (i/ (,'r. pure mel.il,
lieiiig conse(|Uenlly ei|nal to from PJ.v. 'Ji/. to ll,v. I h/ slerlin;;. The tiiiii.iii of liussorab is worth alioiii
;;ii,v, J and that of (iomliroon about 'J+.v. 'riiese, with Persian and foreij;ii silver coins of all deiiomina-
tioiis, are tbinul ai. Kiishire ; but the rates ot the foreign coins are perpetually varying, and the weight of
the native coins is also subject to Ireipient changes.
IVfililils itnd Measures. — i'a\\.\ and silver are weighed by the miscal of 'Jdwt. iii 7-1- gr., or ,i dwt.
very nearly.
The comnurcial weightn vary according to the conniiodities sold, and the places where they are used.
'I'he maund taliree weighs li| lbs. avoirdupois at the t iislom-houM', but only ii{ llis. at the baicaar. This
weight is used by ilealers in sugar, collee, conper, and all sorts of drugs, i he maund copra is 7^ Ihs. at
the (nslom-hmise, and from 7j to7.j lbs. at tiie lia/aar. Dealers in rice and other articles of pruvisiuu
use Ibis weight. 'I'lie maund sha>v is double the iiiaiind tabree, or l;;j lbs.
Pearls are weighed liy the alibas ^ ii i") gr. 'I'roy,
there are various SOI ts of gu/.'s or cubits. One called the royal guz = 'Sl'j ICng. inches; the cuiiimoii
KHZ is two thirds of the former, or '..') inches.
I'lie Persian league or parasang is l-'J(lth jf a degree (if the eipiator, and should, therefore, be eipial
to ;; miles J furlongs and 'it poles Kiiglish.
I'he artaba, or principal corn measure, is e(|iiivulelit to about ii Winch. (jUarters.
I'or turlher particulars, stv \iiliiilii; I'lii/diiC in .liiihii\ tome ii. p. 7.<. ; Khiiirii's Miimtir <if the
I'lrsKiii K/u/iire, p. 70. ; Fnisti'ii 'I'liiiiel.idn the SUiires ti/ the C isiiiiiii, .l/i/ic/i. pp. .J.VJ — .;sl- ; /'ml.
J'lijier, >in. 1 ■'..'). — II. Sess. 1SJ2. pp. UJ.i — liiiH. ; Kelly's (hienlal Melrulunyi Th,.iiiUin's Last luiliitn
i'ahuJiitur, i^t.
IJL'SS, a small sea-ve.ssel, used l)y us and tlie Dutch in the lierriiijr fishery, coinmoiily
from .'50 to (;() tons hurdcii, and sometimes more. A buss has two .small sheds or cuhiiis;
one at the jirow, and the other at the stern: that at the jirow serves for a kitchen. — (^Seo
l'"isii:RV.)
liL'SSOUAH, oil HASILUI, a city of .\ral)ia, on tlie western bank of the Siiat-el-
Aiab (the naijie given to tlie river foiined by tlie junction of the Tigris and the
Euphrates), aiiove 70 miles froin its jnotitli, hit. :«) :i(>' N., long. 17° :i'J K. I'opu-
lation about (i(),(X)0, consisting of Arabs, Turks, Persians, Armenians, Jews, &e. 'Ihe
bouses and streets are mean and (iitliy. 'J'JR're is a vast area within the walls, occupied
jirincipally by gardens and iilantations of date trees, and iiUersected by canals, on wliicli
are numerous small craft.
The bar at the mouth of the .Shat-tl-.\iab has only about I'J feet water, but the
channel within is deep, .so that ships of 5(K) tons burden, provided tliey cross the bar at
the springs, may without didiculty ascend the river as far as the city ; and both its
grand branches may be navigateil to a great distance by smaller vessels. IJussorah is
the prinei]ial inlet on the east, through which Indian and other Mastern products find
their way into the Turkish emjiire. Its eommerce is, therefore, even at present, jiretty
considerable; and were the rich and extensive countries traversed by the 'I'igris and the
Kuiihrates occupied by a civilised and industrious people, it would be very great. It.s
imports from India and Europe are similar to those at Hisiiirf. (which see); from
Persia it imports shawls, jiearls from Uahrcin, i*vc., and collee from INIoelia. .At an
average, G or 8 IJritish sliijis arrive in the course of the year from India ; but the prin-
cipal part of the trade is carried on in Arabian bottoms, the merchants of Muscat being
the owners of some of the finest ships that are to be met with in the Indian seas. Its
exports are jirincipally bulliim, jiearls, dates, copjier, raw silk, horses, gall nuts, and
drugs. Captain Hamilton mentions, that in the early part of la.st century, the exports
of dates from Ihissorah exceeded 10,000 tons a year. — ( A'cic //ri-(;««<' o/ t/ic East
Indies, vol. i. p. 7H.) The commerce with the interior is conducted by means of cara-
vans to .Aleppo and IJagdad ; but it might be carried on to much more lulvaiitago by
means of steam-boats. It has been ]in)])osed to forward mails from India by steam by
the .Shat-el-Arab and the I'aiiihiates to Hir, thence by land to Scanderoon, and again
by steam to (iibraltar and England.
Money. — All sorts of coins circiilato here, but their values are ronstantly fluctuating. Accounts are
kept m manmiilies ii{ lU (l,inims,tir M) Jtuuse ; IW ma mumlies UMikv ii tuinan, which may be valued at
about 1;) sicca rupees, or :*»•. sterling,
llei)il,ls and Measures. — (Jold and silver arc weighed by the cheki of 100 miscals, or IfiW Eiig.
grams. o j ■ • o
O
E(i:
lit
li
;i
Mi
ir
w
194
BUTLEIIAGE.— BUTTER.
.. M
II '
^fr
The commcrci-.il weights arc the maund nllcrcc, the mniind so'';/ nr srssc, and the oke of Bagdad.
1 vakia — 19 oz. avoirdupois ; L'J vakias :u 1 okc of liaKdad ^ 47} "Z. avoir. ; 1 iiiaiiiid atterec = 2^ lbs.
8 oz. avoir ; 1 inauriil soly — !'i; lUs. 4 oz. avoir. ; 1 (■«.;•« of indigo = l.'JS llis. I.'i oz. avoir.
These arc the wpiglits used liy the l.uropeuii^ .settled at liuj^sorah ; those u.sed by the Arabians ciifler
a little from the above, and Irequently al>o among tliemsL'lves, — a circuni.stancc to which the merchant
mutt pay particular attention.
The Uing measures are the Aleppo yard for silks and woollens = 2 feet 2-t inches ; the Haddcd do. for
cottons and linens = 'J feet 10 'J niches ; the liagd id 'Jo. for all purposes ~ 2 leot "'G inches.
Tor fiirthei details as to tlie counnerce of I5u>snrah, see Khincir's Memoir un Die Persian Empire,
p. 'J8J. ; the art. liisiiiRK in this Dictionary; Ke//i/\s Oriental Metm/o';// ; Thiimton s East Indian Cal-
culator, p. 4i;-l. Niebuhr has given a plan of IJusso'rah, t'uyane en Arabic, tome ii. p. 17U.
BUTLEIIAGE. See Pkisage.
BUTT, a. vessel or measure for wine, cont.tining 2 hogsheiids, or 126 wine gallons.
BUTTEll (Da. SmVir ; Du. Boter -, Fr. Beinre ,- Ger. Ji utter ; It. Burro, Butiro ,-
Lat. Butt/rum; Pol. Muslo ; Port. Maiiteiga ; litis. Masslo Korowc ; Sp. Miniteca ;
Sw. SmUr), as every one knows, is a tat, unctuous, and, in temperate climates, a pretty
firm substance, obtained from milk, or rather from cream, by the process of churning.
The various cireumstances attending the introduction and use of Initter in antitjuity
have been investigated by IJeckmann with great learning and industry. The conclusion
at which he arrives is, " that butter was not used either by the Greeks or Romans in
cooking or the preparation of food, nor was it brought upon their tal)les by way of
de.s.sert, as is every where customary at present. We never find it mentioned by Galen
and others as a food, though they have sjioken of it as applicable to other purposes. No
notice is taken of it by Ajjicius ; nor is there any thing said of it in that respect by the
authors who treat of agriculture, though they have given us very particular information
with respect to milk, cheese, and oil. This, as has been remarked by others, may be
easily accounted for, by the ancients baviiig accustomed themselves to the use of good
oil; and in the like manner l)utter is very little employed at present in Italy, Spain,
Portugfil, and the southern parts of France." — {History of Inventions, vol. ii. p. 41.1.
Eng. ed. )
liutter is very extensively used in this and most other northern countries ; that of
England and Holland is reckoned the best. In London, the butter of Epping and
Cainbiidge is in the highest reimte ; tlie cows which produce the former, feed during
summer in the shrubby pastures of Epping Forest ; and the leaves of the trees, and
numerous wild plants which there abound, are sujipo.sed to improve the flavour of the
butter. It is brought to market in rolls from one to two feet long, weighing a pound
each. The Cambridgeshire butter is i)roduced from cows that feed one part of the year on
chalky uplands, and tlie other on rich meadows or fens : it is made up into long rolls
like the Ejiping butter, and generally salted or cured before being brought to market ;
the London dealers, having washed it, and wrought the salt out of it, frequently .sell it
for Epping butter.
The butter of Suffolk and Yorkshire is often sold for that of Cambridgeshire, to
which it is little inferior. The butter of Somersetshire is thought to equal that of
Ejiping ; it is brought to market in dishes containing half a pound each ; out of which
it is taken, washed, and put into dillerent forms, by the dealers of Batli and Bristol.
The butter of Gloucestershire and Oxford.shiie is very good ; it is made up in half-
pound ])acks or prints, packed up in square baskets, and sent to the London market liy
wagon. 'I'lie butter of the mountains of Wales and Scotland, and the moors, com-
mons, and heaths of England, is of excellent quality when it is properly managed ; and,
though not etpial in quantity, it often is confessedly superior, to that produced by the
richest meadows. — ( Loudon's Encij. of Aririciilture. )
Considerable (juantities of butter are made in Ireland, and it forms a prominent arti-
cle in the exiiorts of that country : generally, it is very inferior to that of Britain ; but
this is a consequence rather of the want of cleanliness and attention, than of any infe-
riority ill the milk. Some of the best Irish butter brought to London, after being
washed and reiiacked, is sold as Dorsetshire and Cambridge butter.
The .salt butter of Holland is superior to that of every other country ; large quanti-
ties of it are annually exported. It forms about three fourths of all the foreign butter
we import.
The production and consumption of butter in firearnrilain is very great. The consumption in the
metropolis may, it is believed, lie averaged at about one half pound per week for each individual, being
at the rate of 'ili lbs. a year ; and supposing the popnliition to amount to 1,4.)(),(K)(), the total annual con-
sumption would, on this hypothesis, be jT.VDO.OIK) His., or lli.H.'SO tons : but to this may he added 4,(X10 tons
for the bnttiT recpiired for the victualling of ships and other purposes; makitig the total consumption, in
round numbers, 2l,()l)() tons, or 47,(l4ii,(iO<l lbs,, which at inrf. per lb. would be worth l,<HiO,(X)n/.
The average produce per cow of the butter dairies is estimated by Mr Marshall at KiS lbs. a year ;
fo that, snpjiosing we are nearly right in tlv.' above estimates, about CSO.OOO cows will be required
to proiluce an ade(|uate supply of butter for the I.oinlon ni.irket.
The eonsmnptiiin of butter in I-oudini has soiuetinus l)ee>- estimated at fiO.OOO tons; which, ac-
cording to Mr. Marsli.all's statenieiit, of the accuracy of whicti no doubt can be entertained, would
require for its supply upwards of l)tJti,(i(K) cows ! I'urther commentary on such a statement would be
superfluous.
1-
BUTTER.
196
ISajitJail.
= & lbs.
\ns diflf'cr
nci'chaiit
sd do. for
Empire,
riian L'ai-
lions.
liutiro ;
lavteca ;
a prctty
ininfi!.
mtiqiiity
Hichision
)mans in
y way of
jy Gak'U
ses. N(»
ct by the
brmation
i, may be
; of good
ly, Spain,
i. p. 413.
; that of
)ping and
jd during
trees, and
iur of tlie
g a pound
[ic year on
long rolls
[) market ;
tly sell it
eshire, to
ill tliat of
of which
d Bristol,
in haU-
larket hy
ors, corn-
ed; and,
d by the
liicnt arti-
Ifain ; but
1 any infe-
Iter being
tc quanti-
buttcr
Ition in tlic
llual, hcins
iniuiat con-
] 4,(H10 tons
imption, ill
1)9. a year ;
tc required
vhich, ac-
|icd, would
would be
An Account of the Total (luantify (in Hundred Weiglita) of Butter imported into Great Britain from
roreinii Countries and Ireland, "in each Year, from .■)th of January, IHOl, to .Oth of January, IKii ; dis-
tin;,■ui^hill(^ the Ouanlity tVom Ireland, from the Isles of Jersey, (jueriisey, and Man, liom Hol-
land and the Netherlands, and from all other Toreign Countries; and stating the Kate and Amount of
Duty in each Year paid thereon.
Vi-'ar.-.
1 ISO.
1SU2
Quantities nf fiutter iinporttd into lircat
ilritaiii from all I'arts (txcipt Inlaiul).
I*. C^
c -- ;/
et-a
If
£■.1
" s .
"ill
Amount of
Diitv rei-eived
in (lrc.it llrilain
on Flirt ii,'n
UuUur.
RafH of Dulj on Foreign Bvitler.
(,il.r. Crla.
18i;,S21 i ^j'J
f.'/Wi. Vivix, Ctvtn,
71,206 43,583 lli,l;30
2.:4,C48 : 99 84,100 I 8,819 93.018
1,S(I3
INOV
I.SO.'i
I Hot;
l-:07
1,S(«
LSI)!'
I.SIO
ISll
IM'J
ISl.J
1S14
isi.-.
1810
1817
1818
1819
l.S2()
18-'I
18^2
18>.'.)
IKiil
182.)
ISJti
1827
1VJ8
IN'Jil
l.s:iO
18.J1
183'2
24t;,')88 :
i;i.i.()i7 '
'ji-.',4i: I
siiM.'ill '
.■;H,.;hii :
3l7,("d 1
.i 11,1.^1 ,
;;.-.;;,7;il
;;il,47.'5
.!.-ii,8;i;
.•)\.".,4-'l
oi.'ll,li"i.") I
i.'8u,.-".si>
;5().j,(i'i-.' '
."> »lV'>38
4'Jil,(>14 I
4.^7,7 .0 \
41.-!,r8,S
.■377,(r,l I
4i)ti,.H,;4 I
431,174 1
425,670
t- -
2f.
.'■)!)
143
CI
41)
.'Jn
on
.3."i!)
-7
l,SiU
944
.•>'..'7
2")8
1,917
l,'Z")ti
£75
190
291
.■>()5
394
l.il
;:i;ti
41 13
41-5
.085
.").'3,fi";2
l(.!(),(i85
()4,r>if;
()i),541
t)S,315
73,727
44,0(11
5,95i)
"22,415
the r
9n,.")liO
l(jli,HH,i
1)1,753
20,279
t;(1.2.>2
t",.',49S
f)5,98t)
99,345
I08,.'i01
li)l,.")49
132,093
liiO,048
l.;(;,779
142,(r)8
145,(H7
lld,2.33
77,<i25
80,9(H)
92,40<l
I
.'"'0,411
2,"),9.^'»
3J, lt;9
18,9,K
18,970
5.81,i
32,185
2t),ti7l)
2,4 •,!
3,451
ecords w
17,373
17,470
2,0i;2
152
1.5,-544
2,2! '5
2,295
ll),291
9,<i27
2n,.;94
2S,2 5
118,975
59,288
(i8,117
55,5:;2
"31,485
31,222
42,H7
.';s,4t)i)
104.120
liii,7.34
9(i,843
82,()57
87,34fi
"9,590
7t;,283
3,3,244
2,810
25,894
£ s.
86 4
3 11
960 10
4 10
244 12
2 12
19
(/. s. rf.
7 2 y IP" ewt., and 31. ^' centum
ad valorem.
2 9 itf ewt. and .3/. 124-. IF cen-
tum ad valorem (.frarn
12th of Mav)
,3 6f 4f ewt. (from yth of July)
3 Hi 1/ ewt. Ifrom IstofJune^
4 0'4:)#'cwt. {from5th of Aprd) i
4 3C1 t'Cttt. Ifrom lUth of ilay) ,'
4 4 #' ewt. (from 5th of July)
193 i 4 !
crodostroyptl hyjlre, ^5 If 4^ ewt. (from 15th of April)
I15.7!I8
125,.;(i() I
04,143 I
20,0!»l
8 ;,0!>4 I
t>t;,o5o I
(iH,557 ;
11.5,827
118,420
122,331
Iti0,fi5(
279,418
190,200
211,141
201,()7.3
148,101
108,854
123,()70
131,202
7,.';!i7 13 8
S2,.i;01 10 8 j —
48,737 11 5' £1^ ewt. (from 5th of April)
20,510 10 4
8,J,,).5() in I
05,s*i Ifi 4
08,."i78 15 9
115,980 12 4
1 18,2(i3 13 10 I
122,lli4 14 10
100,8.54 10 2 I
2i;.:,^fli 19 6 i
202,1. .O 8 8 I
209,427 1 3
l!i5,\",0 7 9
147,997 4 1
102,881 15 11
121.3 12 6!
128,,3,;() y 8'
K.H.—\\'e have omitted 7«. and /Ai-. from this account; but they are allowed for in the column
of totals.
Custom House, Ix)ndon, 5th of October, 1833.
The average contract prices of the butter furnished to Greenwich Hospital from 1730 to 1832, have
been as follows: —
Years.
Prices l»er 11).
Viars.
I'tices pet 11).
Ye.irs.
I'rices jier 11>.
Yvars.
I'vicfs per lb.
S. (1.
S. rf.
s. rf.
s. d.
17.30
5
1795
81
1813
1 3
1823
VJ
rio
5
1800
111
1814
1 2
1824
8.
17.50
5
1805
Uf
1815
1 2
1825
10
1755
5
IHIO
11;
1810
9»
1820
!',
1700
! 5
1V()7
1 Oi
1817
8J
1827
8j
1705
1 .51
1H08
1 Oi
1818
11
1828
8,
1770
0;
1819
1 1
1819
11
1829
8
1775
(i~
1810
1 ll
1820
9J
l>-rA)
17N0
i-'-
1811
1 2;.
1821
8}
1831
U 9
1785
1 r>i
' oj
1812
1 3
1822
7i
1832
8j
17!I0
l.See art. I'hici:s.)
In order to obviate the practice of fraud in the weighing and packing of butter, dilR'rent statufe.« have
liccn passed, particularly the .Jii tiro. .3. c. SO., and ,38 (ieo. .3. e. 7.3., the principal regulations of which are
subjoined. It is very doubtful, however, wlicther they have been productive of any good etieet. It
might be proper, perhaps, to order the weight of the butter, exclusive of the vessel, and the <lairyman's
or seller's name, to be branded on the inside and outside of each vessel ; but most of the other reguKi-
* Hnttcr imported in British shipping, or in shipping of states in amity with his Majesty, was admitted
free of duty under the authority of Orders in Council, by virtue of the act ■^'^ tico. 3. c. 87., from 12th
of July, 1799, continued by subsequent acts until months after the mtilication of the definitive treaty
ot pewe, and further continued, by Order in Council, until 25lh of Septinibei, 1814.
+ No account can be furnished of the quantities of butter imi)nrted from Ireland for the vears sftbsc
quent to 182.5, the records of the trade between (ircat liritain and Ireland having been discnnlinuul, in
consequence of the regulations .adopted for the purpose of giving elli'ct to the law which placed the
Jiitercourse between the two countries on the footing of a coasting tralllc.
O 2
I'
iP
< K ,1
»•!'
»l)
l»«
iff ■
I *
! ; I
U I
196
BUTTONS.
tions, especially those as to the thickness or the staves, ami the weight of the vessels, seem to be at onco
vexatious aiu) useless.
Every cooper or other person who shall make any vessel for the packioR of butter, shall make the samo
of good well. seasoned tinil)er, tight and not leaky, and shall groove in the heads aril bottoms thereof;
and every vessel made for the packing o( butter shall be a tub, llrkin, or half-firkin, and no other.
Kvery tub shall weigh of itself, including the top and bottom, not less than 11 lbs. nor more than l.T lbs.
avc)irdu])ois ; and neither the top nor the bottom of any such tub shall exceed in any part five eighths of
an inch in thickness.
Kvery firkin shall weigh at least 7 lbs. including the to;^ and the bottom, which shall not exceed four
eighths of an inch thick in any part.
Ilalf.firkins to weigli n"t less than 4ll)s. nor more than 61bs. including the top and the bottom, which
shall not exceed the thickness of three eighths of an inch in any part j upon pain that the cooper or every
other person making any such vessel, in any respect contrary to the preceding directions, shall forfeit
every such ve.sj.el and Ws.
Kvery cooper, S:c. shall brand every cask or vessel before going out of his possession, on the outside,
with his name, in legible and permanent letters, under penalty of lOi-., together with the exact weight or
tare thereof
Kvery dairyman, farmer, or seller of butter, or other person packing the same for sale, shall pack it in
vessels made ancl marked as albresaid, and in no other, and shall properly soak and season every such
ves.sel ; and on the inside, and on the top on the outside, shall brand his name at length, in permanent
and legible letters; and shall al.so, with an iron, brand on the top on the outside, and on the bouge or
body of every such cask, the true weight or tare of every such vessel, when it shall have been soaked and
seasoned ; and also shall brand his name at length, on the bouge or body of every such vessel, across two
diOerent staves at least, aiul shall distinctly, and at length, imprint his Christian and surname upon the
top of the butter in such vessel when fille<i, on pain of forfeiting 5/. for every default thereof
Kvery tub of butter shall contain, exclusive of the tare, of good and merchantable butter, 84 lbs. ; every
firkin 5(5 lbs. ; every half.lirkin 28 lbs. ; and no old or corrupt butter shall be mixetl, or packed in any
vessel whatever, with any butter that is new and soiuid ; nor shall any butter made of whey be packed or
mixed with butter made of cream, but the respective sorts shall be packed separately, and the whole
vessel shall, throughout, be of one sort and goodness ; and no butter shall be salted with any great salt,
but all butter shall be salted with small salt, nor shall more salt be intermixed with the butter than is
needl\ll for its preservation, under penalty of;)/, for offl'nding against any of these regulations.
No change, alteration, fraud, or deceit, shall be jiractised by any dealers or packers of butter, cither
with respect to the vessel or the butter so packed, whether in respect to quantity or otherwise, under a
penalty of 30/. to be imposed on every person engaged in the ollenee.
Every cheesemonger, dealer in butter, or other |)erson, who shall sell any tubs, firkins, or half-firkins
of butter, shall deliver, in every such cask or vessel respectively, the full (juantity appointed by this act,
or, in default thereof, shall be liable to make satisfaction to the person who shall buy the same for what
shall be wanting, according to the i)riee lor which it was sold, and shall be liable to an action for recovery
of the same, with full costs of suit.
No cheesemonger, dealer in butter, &c. shall repack for sale any butter, under penalty of 5/. for every
tub, firkin, or half-firkin, so repacked.
Nothing in this act shall extend to make any cheesemonger, dealer in butter, or other person, liable to
any penalties for using any of the tubs, firkins, or half-hrkins, after the British butter used in such
vessels shall have been taken thereout, for the repacking for sale of any foreign butter, who shall, before
he so repack such foreign butter, entirely cut or efface the several names of the original dairyman, farmer,
or seller of butter, from every such vessel, leaving the name and tare of the cooper, and the tare of the
original dairyman, farmer, or seller, thereon; and, after the names are so effaced, shall, with an iron,
brand his Christian and surname, and the words Ji.riian butter, upon the bouge of every such vessel,
across two staves at least, to denote that such butter is foreign butter.
Persons counterfeiting or forging any such names or marks, shall for every suv'h ofTence forfeit 40/.
Penalties not exceeding ;j/. to be determined by one justice, upon the evidence of one witness, and the
wliole shall go to the informer.
Penalties above ■;/. to be recovered by action of debt, or information, in the courts at Westminster, and
the whole to the informer.
Nothing to extejiu to the packing of butter in any pot or vessel which shall not be capable of containing
more than 14 lbs. .
Previously to If-So, no butter could be sold in any public market in Ireland, or exported from it, with-
out being previously examined and branded by a public inspector; but compliance with this regulation is
no longer compulsory, but is left to the discretion of the parties.
It is enacted by statute 4 Will. .'3. c. 7., that every warehouse-keeper, weigher, searcher, or shipper of
butter and cheese, shall receive all butter and cheese that shall be brought to him for the London cheese-
mongers, and ship the same without undue preference; and shall have for his pains 2j(. l)</ for every
load ; and if he shall make default, he shall, on conviction before one justice, on oath of one witness, or
confession, forfeit for every firkin of butter lO*., and for every weigh of cheese iis., half for the use of the
poor, and half to the informer.
And every such person shall keep a book of entry of receiving and shipping the goods, on pain of is. (irf.
for every firkin of butter and weigh of cheese
The master of a ship refusing to take in butter or cheese before he is full laden (except it be a cheese-
monger's own ship sent for his own goods) shall forfeit for every firkin of butter refused Us., and for ever>
weigh of cheese 2.s. firf.
This act does not extend to any warehouse in Cheshire or Lancashire.
Butter made in liot countries is j;enerally liquid. In India it is denominated fihee,
and is mostly prepared from the milk of buffaloes ; it is usually conveyed in duppers,
or bottles made of hide, e.acli of whieh contains from 10 to 40 gallons. Ghee is an
article of considerable commercial importance in many parts of India.
The Arabs are the greatest consumers of butter in the world. Kurckhardt tells us,
that it is a common practice among all classes to drink every morning a cofl'ee cup full
of melted butter or ghee! and they use it in an infmite variety of other ways, Tlie
taste for it is universal ; and the poorest individuals will expend half their daily income
that they inay have butter for diimer, and butter in the morning. Large quantities are
annually shipped from Cosseir, Souakin, and Massouah, on the west coast of the Red
Sea, for Djidda and other .Arabian ports. — (Burck/ittrdl's Trurcls in Nubia, p. 440. ;
Trart'ls in Aidhiu, vol. i. p. .52. )
BUTTONS ( Du. Knunpen ; Fr. IJoiifon ; Ger. Knopfe ; It. llottoni ; llus. Poijo.
U'i^d; Sp. 7?o/oHfs) are well known articles, serving to fasten clothes, &c. They arc
manufactured of an endless variety of materials and forms.
V-,
f
•■mi-
CABBAGE. — CABLES.
197
It mjglit have been supposed, that the mamifacfure of such an article as this \v. W have been left to
ho carried on accordiiiK to the views and interests of those concerned, individuals t. mg allo^ved to select
«ny sort of button they pleased. .Such, however, has not been the case ; and various statutes have Leeu
passed, pointing out the kind of buttons to bo worn, and the way in which they are to be made ! Most of
these regulations have luckily fallen into disuse, but they still occupy a place in the statute book, and
may be enforced. 'J'hc following are amongst the more prominent of tlu'.io regulations ; —
No ))erson shall make, sell, or set uiKin any clothes, or wearing garments whatsoever, any buttons made
of cloth, serge, drugget, frieze, camblet, or any other stult'of whiili clothes or wearing garments arc
made, or any buttons made of wood oidy, and turned in imitation of other buttons, on pain of forfeiting
4(l.«. i)er dozen for all such buttons. — {i'dro. 1. c. 7.)
No tailor shall set on any buttons, or button-holes, of serge, drugget, &c., under penalty of 40s. for
every dosen of buttons or button-holes so made or set on.
No person shall use or wear, on any clothes, garments, or apparel whatsoever, except velvet, any
buttons or button-holes made of or botind with cloth, serge, drugget, frieze, camblet, or other stuHs
whereof clothes or woollen garments are usually made, on penalty of forfeiting 4tls. per dozen, under a
similar penalty. — (7 (li'o. 1. c. '22.)
To prevent the frauds which it is alleged had taken place in the manufacture of gilt and plated
but tons, an act, l^i) tieo. ,'j. c. (!., was passed, which regulates what shall be deemed gilt and what [ilated
buttons; and imposes penalties on those who order as well as on those who make any buttons with the
words " gilt " or " plated " marked ui)on them, except they be gilt and plated as the act directs. Inas-
much as tliis statute goes to obviate a fraud, it is, perhaps, expedient; but no apology can be made for
tlie regulations previously alluded to, which arc at once vexatious and absurd.
Tlie inipiirtation of buttons from abroad was prohibited in the reign of Charles II. Hut the 6 Oeo. 4.
c. 107 ^ .")-2. rqH'aled this prohibition, and they may now be imported, for home consumption, on paying
an act valorem duty.
ul
Itctl gheCf
I dappers,
lee is iin
It tells us,
cup full
Ijs. Tlie
fy iiu'oine
lititios are
the Ued
I p. 440. ;
|us. Porio-
iThey arg
c.
CABBAGE, a biennial plant (Brassicn Lin.), of which there arc many varieties.
It is too well known to require any particular de.scriptioii ; it is extensively cultivated
ill the vicinity of London. Sour crout, or properly srnar kraut, is a very favourite
disli in Gerniany ; it consists of a fermented mass of salted cabliage.
C.VBLES arc strong ropes or chains, principally used in the anchoring or mooring
of ships.
1. Rope Cables arc, in Europe, principally manufactured of hemp; but in the East
they are very frequently made of coir, or the fibrous part of the coco nut, aiul in some
places, iKirticularly on the Red Sea, of the coating of the branches of the date-tree. Hemp
cables are formed of three principal strands, every strand of three ropes, and every rope
of tliree twists. Tlie twists have more or fewer threads according to the greater or less
thickness of the cable. All vessels have ready for service three cables, whieli are usually
designated the sitret cable, the lic.tt bower calile, and the small bower cable ; but besides
these, most siiips have some spare cables. Tlie ordinary length of a cable is from 100
to 120 fathoms. The following are the existing regulations as to the manufacture of
hemp cables and cordage : —
No person shall make or sell any cordage for shipi)ing in which any hemp is used, called short chucking,
hall' clean, whale line, or other topi)ings, codilla, or any damaged liemp, on pain of forfeiting the same,
and al>o treble the value thereof
Cables, hawsers, or ropes, made of materials not prohibited by this act, and whose quality shall be
inferior to clean retorsburgh hemp, shall be deemed inferior cordage, and tlie same shall Ix! di.stinguished
by marking on the tally, staple or injcrior. Manufacturers making default herein forfeit for every
hundred weight of cordage, lO.v.
Manufacturers are to artix their names and manufactory to new cordage before sold, under the like
forfeiture; and putting a false name is a forfeiture of 'il)/.
Persons making cables of old and overworn stuff, containing above 7 inches in compass, shall forfeit
four tinu's the value.
Vessels belonging to British subjects, having on board fureign.made cordage, arc to make entry thereof,
on entering into any liritish port, on penalty of iJO.v. for every hundred weight. Hut this is not to extend
tn cordage brought from the liist luUics, uur to nuittrials at present used by any vessels built abroad
before this act, — ti3 Geo. 3. c. 5().)
'2. Iron Cables, — The application of strong iron chains or cables to the purposes of
navigation is a late and an important <liscovery, for which we are indebted to Captain
Samuel Brown, U.N. It is singular, indeed, that this application should not have been
made at a much earlier period. On rocky bottoms, or where coral is abundant, a
hempen cable speedily chafes, and is often quite destroyed in a few months, or perhaps
days. ,\ striking instance of this occurred in the voyage of discovery under the orders
of .M. Bougainville, who lost si.r anchors in the sjiace of nine days, and narrowly escaped
shipwreck ; a result, says that able seaman, which would not have happened, " si noux
eussioiis etc munis des qnelques c/inines tie fer. C'e.it line prccnntion rjue ne doivent jamais
oiiblier Ions les naviijnteurs destines <) de pareih voi/at/es." — (I'oi/afle avtoiir dii Monde,
p. '-'07. Itocd.) Tlic work from which this extract is taken was juiblished in 1771 ;
and yet it was not till nearly /or^/ years after, that any attemj)! was made iiractieally to
profit by so judicious a suggestion. The difficulties in the way of importing hemp from
IHO.S to 1814, and its consetjuent high price, gave the first great stiinidus to the inanu-
factiirc of iron cables.
Iron cables are constructed in dilferent ways — (.see Eneijc. Metrnp.); but they are
uniformly tried by a machine, which strains them bv a force greater than the absolute
() ^
I!
■ r
ik' '
ti.l
I
1 \
\'
•i i.M
S
k.
■?
198
CACAO. — CADIZ.
h
','
strength of the hempen cable tliey are uitendud to replace. By this means tlie risk of
accident from defective links is eifectually obviated ; and there are exceedingly few
instances in which an iron cable has broken at sea. Their great weight also contri-
butes to their strength, inasmuch as the impulse of the ship is cliecked before the cai)le
is l)rought nearly to a straight line, or that the strain ajjproaches to a maximum. IJolts
and sh.ickles are provided at every fathom or two fathoms, by striking out which the ship
may, if necessary, be detached from her anchors with less ditKculty than a hempen cal)le
can be cut.
Even in their most defective form, iron cables are a great deal stronger than those of
hemp ; and as to durability, no sort of comparison can be made. No wonder, therefore,
that tliey should be rapidly s\iperseding tlie latter ; wliich are now almost wholly laid
aside in the navy, and, to a great extent, also, in the merchant service.
CACAO, or, as it is commonly, but incorrectly, written in this country, Cocmi (Fr.
and Sp. Cacao ; Ger. Kakao), the seed, or nuts, of the cacao tree (_Thcobroma cacao),
growing in the West Indies, and in many parts of South America. It is said, by
Mr. IJryan Edwards, to bear some resemblance, both in size and shape, to a young
hlackheart cherry. The nuts are contained in pods, much like a cucumber, that proceed
immediately from all parts of the body and larger branches ; each pod contains from 20
to 30 nuts, of the size of large almonds, very compactly set. The shell of the nut is of
a dark brown colour, brittle, and thin ; the kernel is, both internally and externally,
brownish, divided into several unequal portions, adhering together, but se])arating with-
out much difliculty ; it has a light agreeable smell, and an unctuous, bitterish, rather
rough and peculiar, but not imgrateful taste. The nuts should be chosen full, phnnp,
and shining, without any nnistiness, and not worm-eaten. They yield, by expression, a
great deal of oil ; but they are cultivated only that they may be employed in the pre])ar-
afion of the excellent beverage cacao, and the manufacture of chocolate, of which they
form the principal ingredient. The finest cacao is said to be that of Socomusco. The
principal importations are, however, derived from the Caraccas and Guayaquil, particu-
larly the former. The price of the cacao of the Caraccas is, also, at an average, from 30
to 40 per cent, higher than that of Guayatjuil.
IM. Humboldt estimated the consumption of cacao in Europe, in 1806, at 23,000,000 lbs.,
of which from 6,000,000 to !).000,0<10 were supposed to be consumed in Spain. The
production of cacao had been languishing in the Caraccas for several years previously to
the commencement of the disturbances in South America ; and latterly the cultivation
of one or other of the great staples of cotton, sugar, and coffee, seems to have been every
where gaming the ascendancy. — {Iliimholilf, Pers, IS'arrafive, vol. iv. pp.236 — 247.
Eng. trans.)
Dvtic!'. — Very little cncao is consumed in Enplanci ; a result which we arc inclined to ascribe to the
oppressiveness of the duties with which it has hitherto lioen loaded, and not to its being unsuitable to the
public taste. It is now many years since Mr. liryan Kdwards decKircd that the ruin of the cacao |)lant-
ations, with which .lamaica on<'e abounded, was the effect of " the henri/ linnd of ministerial exaction." —
(Hist, of H'eat Indies, vol. ii. p ;;ii;J.) And, unaccountable as it may seem, this pressure was not materially
abated" till 18:3iJ, when the duties on cacao from a liritish plantation were reduced from .Ofo. to 18s. f-rf.
a cwt. Foreign cacao is still sul)ject to the oppressive duty of ;"ni.?. a cwt. The entries of cacao for home
consumption, at an average of the 3 years ending with IS.Jl, were 44(),5VcS lbs. a year. In 18.'32, the entries
were ,^02,817 lbs. ; and there I'an be little doubt that the reduction in the rate of duty will occasion a con.
siderable incre.iso of consumi)tion. Kxclusive of the .above, 4T0,U(K) lbs. of cacao were taken off in 1832
for the use of the navy ; this, not being liable to the duty, was entirely foreign. 'J'hc high discriminating
duty en the latter is the greatest defect in the new arranj^einents. Had the duty on foreign cacao been
fixed at 2S,f. per cwt., it is pretty certain that a good deal ol it would have bccii taken for consumption.
Kven on this footing, there would have been a discriminating duty of no less than ;")(i per cent, in favour of
British cacao; and, unless our object be to exclude the foreign article altogether, this is surely an ample
preference. The duties on cncao produced, in 1832, 12,22W. \'2s British cacao is worth, at present
(August, 183)), from (H.v. to "(i.*. a cwt. m bond.
Cacao luit husks anil shells are allow eii to be imjiorted under a duty of P,?. 4,/. a cwt. None of them are
imported into Great Britain; but, in 1832, 3.)(i,,'ir)l lbs. were iniported into Ireland. They are brought
not only fnmi the West Indies, but from Gibraltar and other places, being the refuse of the chocolate
manufactories carried on in them.
Cacao cannot be entered as being the produce of some British possession in America, or of the Mauritius,
until the master of the ship by which it is imported delivers to the colle<'tor or comptroller a eertijieatc,
and makes oath that the goods are the produce of such places. — (3&4 /IV//. 4. c. .'2. ^37.) Neither sliall
they lie deemed to l)e the produce of such places, unless imported direct from theiu;e. — (7 O'lO. 4. c, 48.)
Permits arc no longer required for the removal of cacao. — 1,9 Geo. 4. c. 44. 5 i)
CADIZ, the ])rincipal commercial city and sea-port of Spain. It is situated on its
south-western coast, on the rocky and elevated extremity of a narrow, low jieninsula, or
tongue of land, projecting from the Isla de Leon, \. N. VC. about 4^ nautical miles.
It is surrounded on all sides, except the south, where it joins the land, by the sen, and
is very strongly fortified. I'oinilation from fjO.OfX) to 70,000. It is well built, and has,
at a distance, a very striking a])]!e;Mance. 'J'lic (ewer or liglilhouse of St. Sebastian
stands on the western side of the city, being, according to 'I'ofi.'.o, in lat. 36 31' 7'' N.
long. 6 18' ,')2'' W. It is a most conspicuous object to vessels approaching from the
Atlantic. The light, which is 172 feet high, is of great brilliai^cy, revolves once a
minute, and in fair weather mav be seen moie tlian 6 leacues olf.
CADIZ.
199
chocolate
Klnuriliiis,
Ycrtijicnte,
ItlicT shall
o. \. c. 4S.)
I'd on its
lisula, or
111 miles.
Isc."., and
and has,
pfhasfian
(r7" N.
from the
once a
liny of Cadix. —The entrance to this noble basin lies Ijctwccn the city anil the town and promontory ol
Ilotn, bcarniK N. \V. by N., distant about IJ Iimkuc. The bay 's of very great extent, attbrilinij, in most
jilncrs, Ki'<»l anchorage. The port is on the eastern side of the city, uliere a w.iiW ol consiilerahle dinien-
fcions has lieen conslructeil ; lint tlie water is not sullicienily deep to aMow hnge vessels to approach nearer
than within about , ola nnle, wlieie Ihey anchor in tVuin .O to 7 lathnnis. The rocks called theCocliinos,
the I'uercas, and the Diamante, lie to the north of the city in the entrance to the bay ; the llrst two at
about .;..")llis ola mile distant, and the Diamante at rather more than Ij mile Irom llie'city. Vessels may
enter between the I'uercas and the Diamante; but none, except those nut drawing more than 1;") feet
water, and well acquainted with the chainiel, oU(;lit to attempt entering between the ('(ichinos and
I'uercas and the city. 'I'he town of St. Mary's, on the opposite side of the bay, is famous for being the
depi't ol the wines tif Xeres. The outer bay, or that of Cadiz properly so calieil, is .separated from the
inner bav by the promontory having at its extremity the ca.^le of .Matagorda, which approaches wiUiin
about I ot a mile of the runlales ca^tlf• on the Isla lie J,<'iin. Within the iimer bay is the famous arsenal
of the t'araccas, the town of .San Carlos, the canal of 1 rocadero, ,S;c. At spring tides the water in the
bay rises ID or II teet, but at neaps the risi- does not excerd il feet. — (Tor further particulars see the
excellent Chart of I In' liiii/ of Ctidiz, hij 'J'liJiTio ; MiilJiiiiii's AVicd/ Giixcllicr ; actl J'un/i/'s SuiUnt;
Bit CI thins fur the Buy of lliscay, iSc.)
Hhtiiry, Tntde, ^-c. — Cadiz is a very ancient city, havinjr been founded hy the
PlKtnicians about 1,'_'00 years hef'ore the Cliristian era. The temijje, wliich thoy
erected in it in honour of Hercules was one of tlie most celebrated in anti(|uity —
(^Salute Croix, Dcs Aiicienni:s Culoiiiis, p. 14. ; Pump. Mvlit, lil). iii. eaj). G. ) Its excellent
port, and its situation, favoural)le alike for commerce and security, have made it, whether
possessed by Carthaginians, llomaii';. Moors, or Christians, and under every vicis-
situde, a place of considerable conm. icial and political im])ortaiK'e. It has long been
one of the i)rincii)al stations of the Spanish naval force. In 17'-'0, tiie commerce with
Sjjanish America, which had jjreviously !)een exclusively carried on I'rom Seville, wa.s
transferred to Cadiz. It enjoyed this valual)le monopoly fill 17f)5, when it was partially
relaxed by the trade to Cuba, St. Dominjio, I'orto Rico, and tlie otlier islands being
opened to all the greater ports of Spain. The benefits resulting fi-om tiiis relaxation
were so very great, that in 1778 the trade to all jjarls of America was opened to ships
from every considerable Spanish port, except those of IJiscay, which, not being subjected
to the general laws of the kingdom, were not allowed to i);u-ticipate in this jjrivilege.
In consequence, however, of her situation, the great capit.-il of lier merchants, and their
established conntH;tions, Cadiz continued, notwithstanding the abolition of tiie monopoly,
to preserve the largest share of the American trade. IJut since the colonies achieved
their independence, her commerce has been contracted within comparatively narrow
limits; nor is there nnich prospect of its being materially inijiroved, without a total
change of policy on the i)art of the Spanish government. — {lioLi-rtsan's Aiuerka, b, viii.
passim; "J'oirnsend's Tranls in Sjiuiii, vol. ii. pj). 'M)5 — 401. 'id edit.)
The white wines of Xeres in its vicinity form by far the |)rinci))al article of export
from Cadiz. The (]uantity exported may amount to about '_'0,(X)0 pipes a year.
The prices vary from 1 'J/, to (i5l. jier pipe; but, as the lower qualities ])re(loniinate, the
price may be taken, at a mediinn, at about 'J.")/., making the tot;d value of the exports
.500,000/. More than ^ths of the whole comes to I'.iigland. The other articles of
exjiort are brandy, oranges, and other fruits, olive oil, wool, (juicksilver, &c. The
imports consist princijially oT sugar and cotl'ee from the Ilavannah and Porto Rico,
cacao, heni]), flax, linens, dried fish, hides, cotton wool, and cotton manufactures, rice,
spices, indigo, &c.
In lS'2ii, the Spanish government published wlint they termed the Jlalnnza Mcrcantil, or an aeeoiint of
the ciiiiiniodilies imported into, and exported from, S|iain during that year. It is a very defe<:tive docu-
ment ; but as it is the best that can be obtained, it is subjoined. The values of the articles only are given.
We liavc converted the sums into English money.
Note of the most considerable Articles of Importation into .Spain in ISCG.
From
From S)n-
From !
Froni Sia-
Kimtpp,
iii^li .ViiUTi-
'' KiiroiH',
I^i^ll .\iiien>
.\s:.i,.\frii-i.
r;m Culonies,
Asiii,.vfr:i-:',
rimroli.nifs,
Ankles.
and I'nitt'd
imliisive of
AtXit:\l:i.
&iul I'nili-tl
ilic!l:>ivt' of
St.ite, of
ttle Plilip.
; Stiffs of
the riiilip.
.Amurica.
ItiilL's.
Anieik-a.
ttitius.
£
£
£
£
Sugar •
.
7,(!W
4.')7,.).'iO
Hides
i ISO.fiflO
4,!llt)
Coeoa »
.
104,4lK)
!H>,-li".
Cotton wool
1 l(«i,!i70
7,i-.20
Indigo
.
4,770
Gil.dJO
Ditto yarn .
f('),i:i;o
Spices, Cinnamon
.i-M.l^o
Ditto manufactures
! 4;;o,(i!-'0
Cloves
- 40,1' M
Woollen ditto
ill, (a)
I'epper
- ()7,.iio
Ilemp and Hax
ii;'),7(iO
20.3,020
I.ineii manufaitures
i:Q2,H70
Wood of kinds
•
lti7,;'(ti()
31,410
Ditto thread
i;2.i>7o
liiee
■ 102,n7O
Silk iiuinufaetures -
_
](.tM7o
Wheat -
S.IKI
Iron and brass ditto -
-
1( .S,7(
110,,">90
(idld and silver, in coin and
.s.ilt fish
.
i.'0O,.')ilO
bars
.
S-1.S80
1.7,280
Coil'ee
.
.
75,8oO
flartbenware
.
, l!',70il
; (.live oil
-
l8,l;:o
Coppir
.
; l':,4:o
2,ao
1 'litter
- ")7,,"(;il
Tin -
.
i li,(;:()
1 Clieese
- IV.tnO
Cryttal and glass ware
..
! .'.7,( ('()
1
7.7.220
_
' f -'I
m
Pi
%
*t
■ «■"
i
O 4
lb
1' '
h^ I.
•R
P( "■]
200
CADIZ.
Note of thcmcLst coiisldcrablc Articles ol' Kxportatiim from Spain in ISii.
Wines . . -
Frnits, Almonds .t'.'J,3''''
I'llherts . . «Mti.<
lionions & oranges ;3i),i;4()
Kaisins - - .'".i»,t)05
Grapes, olivci, and
«gs
Brandy
Olive oil
SatlVou
Irf"a(l
Ditto ore
Quicksilver
liatilla
2,410
To Miiroiip,
To S|iin;»Ii
Asia.Arriei,
AmtT f.ni
anil Lrniti'd
ColiinU's, ill
.StiUt'K <lf
(iusivf ot'tlii
Arllrl,*.
Anterit-a.
rtiih|ii>iiK's.
f
.e
1J7,J.'!0
51,7!H)
Kaw silk
hiili<{(i . - .
O.OJO
Silk niaiuilactiires
Wool
Woollen manuracturcs
Cork-wootl and corks
Leeches ...
V>2fi7r>
2,(i+.-.
I'aper of all kinds
107,7 l.i
l.>,ljt)
Gut, lisliing . j£"lS,480
7,170
(i,o.;o
lor guitars . 2,:>00
U,(il0
2,S0O
21."i,.;(i()
Thread lace
7,7ii.';
Cast iron
fi(i,o(X)
(iarbanzos, beans, & wheat
7;»,'J!K)
Flour - . .
'i'o Kiirojie,
Asia, Afric.i
I and IJnltKl
j Mat. » of
I Ainurica.
2H,H!K)
ll,li4l)
2l8,!i.iO
Kil.lijl)
l'.',Oi;0
l!t,()8()
20,'.'1.'0
20,n80
10,28.)
l(),(i-2ti
3,! 180
To S|miil»h
Amrrlinn
Coliinii's, in-
I'liisivt. ul'Uie
I'llili|)|lllll-S
H.VM
17,500
lfi,90j
3,000
4!.',i.'i)0
S/iif'pinf;. — In 1831 there arrived nt Cadiz from foreign countries 47.'5 ships, of the burden of 38,.')82 tons ;
atui from tlie Spanish colonies, that is, from Cuba, I'orto Kico, the Philippine Islands, &c., lOj ships, of
the burden of 17,812 tons. The airivals from Kiigland arc not sjieciticd ; but, in 1SJ8, 181 Britisli ships
entered Cadiz. The coasting trade is very considerable.
Miinci/. — The monies, weights, and measures. Used at Cadiz, are those of Ca.«tilc. Accounts are kept
by the rcitl [of old plate\ of which there are lOJ in the peso duro, or hard dollar : and as the dollar :^
4.V. o^il. the real = 4jrf. A real is dividtd iuto l(j i/tUiUOi, or 34 viaraoedis. The ducado de jilala, or ducat
of ))late, is worth II reals.
Wt-if'hts mill Measures. — The ordinary quintal is divided into 4 nrrohas, or 10('>Ibs. of 2 marcs each :
KX) lbs. Castile = lOIJ lbs. avoirdupois. The yard, or vnin = VSl Kiiglish yard, or 100 varas = !)2J English
yard.s. The ciihix, or measure for corn, is divided into 12 fanc^as, or 14-1. cdcminiis, or ,57() ijuar/il/iis ;
100 eahiz's - 197 Winch, quarters, and .5 fanegas := 1 quarter. I'lie cantnro, or arroha, the measure for
liquids, is divided into 8 nzumhyes, and 32 qutirtilliis. There are two sorts of arrobas, the greater and the
lesser: they are to each other as ,:2 to 2j ; the former being equal to 4i English wine gallons, the latter
to ^{ do. A mono of wine = Ifi arrobas. 'i'he holla — ,30 arrobas of wine, or 3.Si of oil A pipe — 27 arrobas
of wine, or .'UJ of oil. Hence the liotta = 127} English wine gallons, and the pipe IMJ do.
Biifish Triiile with Spain. — Notwithstanding the anti-commercial influence of prohibitions and oppres-
sive duties, we carry on a very censiderjible trade wllh Spain. In 18.il we imported from her ()l,9,'l cwt.
barilla, 78,()(i7 cwt. oak and cork liark, I4<i,2.)4 (pi.arters wheat — (see IiiLUAO\ i&i cwt. tigs, <J72 tons lead,
about 2S,(»ii(l packages oranges and lemons, l,21>,tiS(i gallons olive oil, 2(i9,.").")8 11m. quicksilver, 10"),()(i6 cwt
raisins, 3,700 cwt. sum.ich, 14,1S4 lbs. silk, t)9,.)19 gallons br.andy, ,3,474,823 lbs. wool, and 2,r).)7,9(i8 gallons
wine. No ,iccouiit of the declared or real value of the imports is kept at the Custom-house ; but the
qfficial value of the imports from Spain in 1831, exclusive of those from the Canaries, was above 1,000,000/.
sterling.
During the same year therm/ value of the various articles of British produce and manufacture cleared
out from our ports for Spain w,is .')97,8KS/. Of these articles linen wiu the principal, its value being
estimated at 222,S38A Cottons amounted to above 148,000/. The other articles were hardware, iron amJ
steel, tin, &c. — {/'ifW. I'aper, No. fl.'jO. Sess. 1833.)
Smuggling, Sfc. — In I8'29 Cadiz wa.s macJo a free port, that is, a port where goods
may be consiimod and l)oiidcd without paying (hity. Tills boon would have been of
comparatively little consequence but for the opportunity of smuggling aflbrded by the
0])pressively high duties laid on most foreign articles imported into Spain. These,
as such duties wherever imjioscd never fail to do, have given birth to a very extensive
contraband trade ; and under the free regime Cadiz became the grand focus of this
traffic. The government having seen this ettect of the franchise, it was withdrawn on
the 22d of December, 18;5'i. This, however, is but a very trifling inconvenience to the
smuggler. Nothing, fortunately, but the repeal of prohibitions, and the reduction of
opjiressive duties to a reasonable amount, can ever materially diminish the field of his
exertions. It would apjjear, however, that the experience of a couple of centuries has
been as unable to impress the Spani.sh government with a conviction of this unquestion-
able truth, as it has been to open their eyes to the enormous abuses that infect every part
of the public administration.
Mr. Townsend, the author of by far the best English work on Spain, which he
visited in 1786 and 1787, has the following admirable remarks on this subject, in his
chapter on Cadiz : —
" The Spanish government has never yet acquired .iny liber.-il ideas respecting trade; and even at the
present moment, some of their best political writers resemble lag hounds hunting the stale scent, whilst
the fleetest arc already in possession of the game. Instead of throwing down every obstacle to commerce,
they labour to contract its limits, under the vain hope of cst.iblishing a monopoly, without considering
cither their own want of capital, of industry, and of an enterprising spirit, or the utter impossibility of
preventing smuggling, whilst other nations, with greater advantages for trade, can undersell them in the
market. Until they sliall be more enlightened, until they shall have banished their inquisitors, and until
the liai)()y period shall arrive when, under the protection of a free government, they shall have restored
public credit, and placed it on a tirm foundation ; all their prohibitions, all their severities exercised on
the pro|)erty and persons of the illicit tr.iders, all their commercial treaties, and all their commercial
wars, into which ambition may betray them, will be frivolous and vain; because no cHbrts will ever
prevail .igainst the united interests of their own subjects, and of all surrounding nations.
" Even at home, the watchfulness and energy of government have never been able to enforce its pro.
bibitions; for, notwithstanding these, when I was travelling through Spain, all the men appeared in
Manchester cotton goods, and no woman was seen without her muslin veil. In Spain, .is throughout
Europe, it is found that when the price of insurance is less than the duties imposed on the commodity,
no laws are sutlicient to control the oiierations of illicit tniders." — (Vol. ii. p. 394.)
>
I
CAGLIAKI.
201
goods
en of
)y the
These,
tensive
f this
iwn on
to the
ion «)t'
of his
ics has
lestion-
ry part
lich he
in his
;n at the
whilst
mmcrcc,
sidering
ibillty of
in in the
ml until
restored
L'iscd on
imercial
fill ever
its pro.
areil in
oughout
niudity.
But tlic Spanish government lins been proof ngainst siicli considerations. Instead of
diininisliing, they have materially increased, tlie nmnhcr t)f prohibitions and tlie pressure
of tlie duties ; and the conse(iucnce is, that, in many extensive jjrovinces, tliere is no
regular trade, and tiiat every tiling is carrii 1 on by tlie agency of the smugglers, jiartly
in defiance, but principally through the cu.niivance, of the revenue officers. Notwith-
standing their exclusion, English cotton goods may, at this moment, be bought in
Madrid, and generally throughout S|)ain, at from L'O to :iO per cent, above their price
in Gibraltar, where they are about as cheaj) as in Manchester ! AVhile Cadiz was a free
port, about ()',(XX) jiersons are said to have been employed in it twisting cigars, which, as
soon as finished, were forthwith smuggled into the interior. Three fourths of the
foreign trade of Spain may, in fact, be said to be carried on in defiance of the law.
And \\ here such is the case, need we wonder at the low state of industry, or at the pre-
valence of those jnedatory and ferocious liabits that uniformly mark tlic character of
the smuggler ?
Ill the valuable work of ]Mr. Ingliss, entitled " Spain in 1830," we find the following
statement under the liead Cadiz. Though written more than 40 years after the para-
grajih previously (juoted from IMr. Townsend, it shows that not one of the flagrant
jibuses denounced l)y the latter has been eradicated ; but that, on the contrary, they all
continue to flourish in still ranker luxuriance.
" The whole commcrcinl system of Spain is most erroneously conceived. The prohibitory system is
carried to a length absolutely ruinous to the lair trader, and highly injurious to tlie revtniie. The
immense duties upon admissible articles, and the total prohibition of others, has occasioned a most
extensive contraband trade, both externally with the various ports, along the coast of iSpain, and
internally, throughout the whole of the kingdom ; and by this trade admissible articles are intro.
duce<) into the interior, at from Ka) to :HH) per cent, below the duties imposed, (jovernment could
not fail to be betielited by permitting the importation of articles of general use, upon payment of
such a duty as would allow the sale of the article .it a lower price than is now paid by the consumer
to the smuggler. As one example of the impolicy of the system, 1 may cite a fact respecting the trade
in salted lish, the returns of which I have before me. The import of this article into Cadiz in one
year, before that city was made a free [lort, amounted to i vessels, whose cargoes rciiched ♦,0!I2 cwt. :
while at the free port of (Jibraltar, in the same year, 41 vessels entered with 8!i,l()(;cwt., the tvhole qf which
fvas in/nu/td for the illicit trade, and passed into Spain through the hands of the smugglers. The duty
upon this article is more than 100 per cent. ; the smuggler considers himself remunerated by a gain of 25
per cent. ; so that the article which finds its way into the market through the contraband trade is sold
75 per cent, cheaper than that which is admitted upon jiayment of the regular duties.
" The duties upon liritish manufactured goods amount almost to a prohibition ; they often reilch 100
per cent, and this tmde is therefore also in the hands of the smugglera, who obtain the profit, which,
under a more wholesome system, might go into the treasury of the kingdom. The fraudulent dealer is
also greatly assisted by the'custom of granting a royal licence to individuals to import a certain limited
<]uantity of prohibited goods ; an expedient resorted to in order to meet the exigencies of the state : and
under the licence to enter UK) tons of merchandise, the merchant enters perliaps 1,000 tons ; a deception
easily practised in a country where, among the public otHcers, a scale of bribery is perfectly understood
and acted upon." — (Vol. ii. pp. 1,)2 — IjG.)
But for the system of misrule to which Spain has been subjected, there can be no
rca.sonable doubt that her commerce would have been about the most extensive of any
European state. Her natural advantages, superior to most, and not inferior to those
enjoyed by any other kingdom; her wines, brandies, fruits, &e. ; her wheat, of which she
might produce the largest supplies; her wool ; her iron, which is of the best quality;
lier lead and quicksilver mines, respectively the most productive in the world ; the
number and excellence of her harbours ; the enterju-ising and adventurous character of
her inhitbitants, and her favourable situation ; would, were she permitted to avail her-
self of them, raise her to a very high rank among commercial nation.s. Let the govern-
ment cc.i.sc to counteract the intentions of nature ; let moderate duties take the place
of ])rohibitions, and freedom of regulation ; and all sorts of industrious pursuits will
speedily revive from the deadly lethargy in which they liave been so long sunk.
CAGLIAKI, the capital of Sardinia, situated on the north-east shore of a spacious
bay on the .south coast of the i.sland, hit. ,'59° V2' 1:5" N., long. 9^ 6" 44" E. Population
26,000. The city stands on a rising ground, and has an imposing effect from the sea.
The public buildings and churches are numerous, and some of them splendid ; but the
streets are, for the most part, narrow, steep, and filthy.
The Gulf of Cagliari extends from Pula on the west to Cape Cavbonara on the cast, a distance of about
54 miles across, and about 12 in depth, with good anchorage every where .liter getting into soundings. A
mole projects from the Pratique otiicc, and ships usually lie about ImileS. W. by S. from it, in 6 or 8
fathoms water, on an excellent bottom of mud. There is a very convenient pier harbour at the south
angle of the tower wall, c.ipable of containing 14 or 16 vessels of a tolerable size, besides small craft.
Altogether, Cagliari is one of the best and safest ports in the Mediterranean.
Imports and Kxports. — Almost all the trade of Sardinia is carried <m by sf ranpers ; and even the fish
on its coast and in its h.irbours is caught by Sicilians, Neapolitans, Tuscans and Genoese. Corn is the
princip.il .irticle of exiiort. In good years, the exports from the whole island may amount to 400,000
starelli, or about 500,(KiO bushels, of wheat, 200,000 starelli of barley, 6,(X)0 ditto of maize, 100,000 ditto of
beans, 2(Kl,(K)0 of peas, and 1,000 ditto of lentils. The culture of vines is gradually becoming of more
import.mce ; and about o,,'>(K) Catalan pipes are exported, princip.illy from Alghero and Ogliastra. Cheese
is an important object in the rural economy of Sardinia, and considerable quantities are exported. Salt
is a royal monopoly, and affords a considerable revenue. Until recently, Sweden drew almost all her
supplies of this im|)ortant necessary from Sardinia, and it continues to be exported in considerable quan-
tities. l'"l.ix, linseed, hides, oil, saffron, rugs, alquifoux, *>r. are among the articles of export. The tunny
and coral fisheries employ a good many hands ; but, as already observed, thty are almost wholly managed
by foreigners.
*1
y
; it
M <
f
J
'
i
'i'
\
202
CA.ICl'l'T OIL.
. Ml
kill
< !
Almost cviTy nrlitle nf ilrr<», alK'tlior Cor the nciilr; or llic |i*.':i«.iiilry, U importcil. Sonj), ntnlioncry,
(;'.ii!ia, eurtlu'iiwarr, and t'liriiltiirc, iis well ax miKiir, cullt'i', ilriiK.t, apiii", ^c, arc ;il.s() HU|i|iliril liy
I'orciKlK'rs ; uiiil niitwitlist.iinliii); the S.ir<l8 p<i!iiii'»9 iiiaiiy I'irh mill's, st'vcr.il ol' »hi('h wi'rc siiri'i'Hsl'ully
wroiiuht ill niitii|iiity, Ihcy iiii|iiirt all thiMr inni ;iiiil sloil. 'I'lii' only iii.'iiiiir.iL'liiici riirrii'il mi In (he
islaiiil arc tliii^v nt t^iiiiiMiwilir, nalt, liihaccn, anil WdcilUii rajis. In IHA, tlii'it' cnU'ii'il the jxirtH of Sar«
diiiia liiii t'ori'iKii veoil^, ul the liunlen ol ii,!i.'.i liiii.v Ol these, the greater iiuiubir were I'rench ; and
next to thi'in were Nea|Militaiis, Aiiatrlans, 'i'liseaiis, \i'.
Mum I/, HViii/ils, mil/ Miiisuirn. — Aciniiiilii are ki|it in lire, reali, and soldi. 5 soldi = ! reale = 4|rf. :
4 reali — 1 lira tz Is. tW. ; 10 reali = i seiido _ Js. !W, 'I'lie l>ai>er money consiatu of notes tor 5, 10, and
211 sriiili.
Farm oroducp and the coarser metal.n arc \veit;hed hy the pr.ii ili fciro : I'J Sard. oit. - 1 II). = \i oz.
5 dr. avoirdii|iois ; -Jii Ihs. 1 rulil)i>; 4 riililii ~ 1 eantaro ^ llillis. Ooz. N dr. avoirdiipoi.i.
The starello, or corn iiieaKiire, is equivulent to 1 hu»h. 1^ peek Vmh. 'i'lie palm - loj Ewg. inehes.
Cmises of the ilcprcssml State of Sardinia. — Tlie al)()Vf stiitoiiioiils siilliciciUly sliow
that tlio coiiimerci' of Sardiiiiii is very far from beiiij^ what inifjht naturally hf expeetecl
from its cxtuiit, fertility, ndinirahle siUuition, anil the excellenee of its iiiai\y liarhoiirs.
It foiitains an area of al)out <>,.'j()() sipiaiv miles, l)L'iii<^, in point of si/e, hut little iiileriuv
to Sicily; and in antiquity it was hardly less eelehrated for ils pi-oiliielivene.ss : —
" Noll opimaK
Sardilliic segetes I'eraiis." — Jlor. lili. i. ()d ."I.
Thit a long series of wars and revolutions, followed hy the estahlishment of the feudal
system in its worst form, and the siihjeelion of the island, (ii-st to Spain, and more
recently to the house of Savoy, li.ive hceii allendcd hy tlie most ruinous consequences.
The lltHuans encouraged the exportation of corn and other produce fi'om the provinces
to Home, where it always met with :i ready and advantageous sale. Hut the inodern
rulers of Sardinia have followed (piite an opposite ])olicy ; they have prevented tliu occu-
piers of the land from carrying their productions ahroad ; and as, owing to the want of
a commercial and mamd'actiu'ing population, there was little or no demand for it at
home, no surplus was raised ; so that the wish, as well as the means, of emerging from
poverty and barbarism has been well-nigh eradicated. It is to this impolitic conduct
on the i)art of govermnent, and to the inseciuily arising t'rom the want of police and
of occuiiation under the worst sort of feudal tenui'cs, that we arc inclined jirincipally
to attribute that habitual itlleness, and indillerence to the future, that distinguish the
modern Scirds.
We are gl:td, however, to have to state, that some improvements have been inado
within these few years. A gooil road has been formed from (':igli;iri to Sassari, and
cross roads are b;.'ing carried from it to some of the most considerable ])laces in the
island. The population, which, in 18W), amnunted to only iJ.I'JtOOO, is now estimated
at 480,000 or oOOjOOO " ; and some d' liorations have been introilu'jcd into variou.s
departments of industry. Hut withon he estahlishnunt of an effective system for the
administration of justice and the preveniion and punishment of crime, the inti-oductiou
of a better systen\ of letting laiul, and the total abolition of the exisling restraints on
the exportation of corn and other produce from liie island, it will be in vain to expect
that its cajiacities shoidd ever be fully develojied. .\t jiresent, it is usual to hire land,
for the purjioscs of tillage, by the year ; no corn can be exporteil if its price exceed .'iO
reals the starello; and a heavy duty is laid on all that is exported, as a substitute for a
general land-tax. Nothing can he more preiiosterously absurd than such regtdations.
They have jjaralysed the exertions of the husbaiulnian to such an extent, that this
'' hcnijnnnt nurse" of ancient Uonief is sometimes, notwithstanding its scanty jiopula-
tion, under the necessity of importing a poi-tion of its su))])iies! Most other articles of
export have been loaded willi similar duties ; so that the industry of the island has been,
in efFect, completely sacrificed to a short-sighted rai'acity, of which, fortunately, there
are not many examples. Let tliis disgraceful system, which, if possible, is even more
injiu-ious to the govermnent than to the ])eo))le, be put an end to, — let the freedom of
ex])ortation, with reasonable duties on imjiorts, and the security of projierty, be established,
— and we ventiu'e to ])redict that Sardinia will, at no very remote j)eriod, recover her
ancient prosperity; tliat the revenues of the crown will be increased in a tenfold pro-
j)ortion ; and that the ])opulation will cease to be conspicuoufrwnly for ferocity, idleness,
and contempt of imiovalion.
In conipiliiij; this article, we have eoniiiiltcd Captain Smyth's valuable work on Sardinia, particularly
pp. IiiU-l-2S. But the most complete work on the i^l,llul i.s that ot' Marmara, .ilready relernd to. It,
however, toie-hes very (,'eiitly on the (jross and seaudaloiis aliases that inlirt every part ol' the ndininia-
tratioii. We have borrowed some details from the .linxi/c.s i(h Caninicrcc Mdiiliiiic for 1« U, p j()i!, &c.
C.AJl'-Pirr OIL, the volatile oil obtained t'rom the leaves of the cajeput tree ( .Vc-
Itileiwa J,iuc(i(h'iiilrnn I, in.). The name is a corrtijition of the native teiin cni/ii-puti,
that is, white-wood oil ; because the bark of the tree which yields it has a whitish ap-
• Sec Marmara, fui/a^f on fiardaipnr, p. 17fi., and the rurri'i:'! tiuarlerly licview, No. 'J.!, p. 2.^(5.
Captain Smyth reckons the population, at an average of the 10 years emliiigwith ISi"), at about lOO.i 00.
— (p. ICH.)
f " Sieiliam et Sardiniam, bcnignissimas urbin nostra: intlricfs." — XitA. ^MavUmis, lib. vii. c. G.
I n
k' >
4
v'ALAUAR SKIX. — CALCUTTA.
203
Icularly
Ito. It,
llininia-
>, &c.
( Me-
l-pvti,
Lh ap-
Ip. 2.%
|00,i (iO.
.1
po.nrniici', liko our l)ircli. This iree is eoininon in Anihoyiiii iiiul oilier Eastern islands.
Till' oil is ()l)t:iim(l liv (lislillation IVoiii tlic diiid leavos of tlio snialltr t>(" two varieties.
It is jjicparcd ill j^rcat (jiiaiitilii's in naiula, and siiil to Holland in cojjpi'r tiasks. As
it uonus to us it is of a ;,nci.n colour, M-ry limpid, lijflilir llian w iter, of a stron}^ smell
resenililinj; (ain(>lior, and aslroiiff piin^cent taste. It burns entirely away without leaving
any residimiii. It is often adultiiated with other essential oils, coloured with resin of niiU
foil. Ill ilie ■renuiiie oil, the (jieen colour depends on the presence of cojiper; tor, when
rectified, it is colourless. — ( 'J'/iomsiin's Disjnnsittitnj.)
Cajcput oil iKil liciiiK used esccpt in tlie vmUrid nu-diai, (mly small qiiantitios art iinportni. In July,
IH.JI, It sdlil ill IhimiI ;it alioiit 'li. an oiiiici' ; Imt an idea liavliiK tliili M"' al>io»tl that it wa» .iir nl itic
lll(l^t I'lliiiciiircincilics in cases (jtiliciliT.i, itsprirtTosc in Noveiiiln'r, IS !1, li> no li s- than 1 1 v. nil ouiici'!
Itiil it SI nil alter l.il into (liscicdit with llie lacully, ami ai:(litiiili.il sii|:plies liaviii(? Iiceli obt. lined Irom
Holland, Its price declined alino-t as la-t as it liad risen. It \» not at present "'ipteinbcr, Xboll) worth
more, in l)(jiid, than from Ul. to \)tl. an ounce.
CALAIJAR SKINT ( Fr. I\til-pris; Ger. Gmuwvrh ; It. Vanr, Vajo -, Run. J(jil/ia ;
Sp. (Jiis jirqutno), the Siherian sijuirrel skin, of various colours, used in making mull's,
tipjiefs, and liiinmiiifjs for cloths.
C" AIi.\ MASIl, a lij^lil kind of vessel formed of the shell of n gourd, cinptied und dried.
Tlie Indians hotli of the North anil .South Sea jiul the pearls lliey have fished in cala-
liaslies, and the natives of Africa do the same liy their gold dust. They also are used as
a measure in Africa.
CA LA i\I A NC'O (I'll. KiilUminh, Kiibninh ; Fr. Calman<l(', Ciiliiunidre ; \i. Durnntc ;
l{iis. Kiiliiini iihd ; Sp. Ciilniiivii ; Sw. h'lilmiiik), a sort of woollen stutt", innuifactured
ill Mii^fJand and the Xethei lands ; it has u fine gKjs.s, and being che(iuered in the warp,
the cliecks apjiear only on tlie ri^ht side.
CAI,.\A1AM)KR WOOD, a heautiful species of timber !)rouglit from Ceylon. It
is so h:n-(l that eoininon e(lfi,e-tools cannot work it, so that it must be rasjied and almost
ground into .sliajie. It is singularly remarkable for the variety and adinixtnru of colours.
Till- most i)reviiiling is a iine chocolate, now deepening almost into absolute black, now
fading into a niediiiin between fawn and cream colours. It arrests the eye from the rich
beauty of the interiiiingled tints, not from any undue sliowincvs. It takes a very high
]H)lish ; and is \i roiight into chairs, ar.d iiarticularly into tables. Sir Itobert Hrownrigg,
late governor (if t'eyloii, had the doors of the dining-room of his seat in Monmoutlishiru
made of calaniander. It is scarce in Ceylon, and is not regularly imported ; ail that is in
Great Iiritain has been imported by jirivate {gentlemen, returning from the colony, for their
own use. It is by far the most beautiful of all the fancy woods. The nearer it is taken
from the root of the tree, the finer it is. — {Mitburii's Oriint. Com. ; Lib, of Enhrtuining
Kii(iir/<'i/(i'; Vegetable SubslaiU'es, p. IT!).)
CALCUTTA, the principal city of the province of Bengal, the capital of tlie
I5rilisii dominions in India, aiul, with the exception perhajis of Canton, the greatest
emporium to the ci'^stward of the Cape of (Jood Hope. Its citadel is in lat. U^"^ ;34' N.,
long. 8H 'J8' K. It is alioiit IdO miles distai ' Crom the sea, being situated on the e.-istcrii
bank of the western branch of the (Janges, denominated by Kurojieans tlia Ilooghly
Iliver, being the only arm of the Ganges navigable to any considerable distance by
large ships. At high water the river opjiosite to the town is about a mile iu breadth ;
but during the ebb the side ojijiosite to Calcutta expo.ses .i long range of dry sand Iianks.
Owing to the length and intricacy of the navigation from the sea, it cannot be undertaken
without a jiilot ; so that, even if it did not exceed our limits, it would be tisekss to
atteni|)t any description of it in this jilace.
In 1717, Calcutta was a petty native village of paltry huts, with a few hundred
inhabitants. Little more than a century later, or in IK'J'J, the following were the returns
of the jiopulation ; viz. Christians, l;{,138; IMohaiinnedans, 48, 16^; llindoos, liK, '_'(););
Chinese, 'IM ; making in all, 179,917.
A great part, however, of what may be fairly considered the population of Calculla,
consisting of labourers, mechanics, and persons engaged in trade, reside at night in
the suburbs, or neighbouring villages; coming into town early in the morning to their
respective employments. These have been estimated by the magistrates, on tokrably
good data, at 100,000; and allowing for the increase of inhabitants which is iulniittcd
to have taken place within the last dozen years, the existing population n ay be estimated
at about ;K)0,000. The town, excluding suburbs, extends to about 4^ miles along the
bank of the river, with an average breadth inland of about I5 mile. Fort AVilliam,
the ciiadel, lies on the same side of the river, a little lower down. It is n strong,
regiilr.r forlifiiMlioii ; but so extensive that it wcnild rc<]uire a garrison of 10,000 n;in for
its edectiial defence. Calcutia possesses great natural advantages for inland navigation;
all sorts of foreign jiroduce being transported with great facility on the Ganges and its
subsidiary streams to the north-western (piarters of Ilindostan, over a distance of at
least 1,000 miles, while the piodiietions of the interior arc received by the same easy
channels.
|l
Hi
t
ii
1i
n
i
1
}
i
1:i
w
■■■><
20^
CALCUTTA.
1
'f.
( !l
I
The )»rinci|iiil mcrolinnts mid trmlcTH of ("alciittii consist of llie followin/x cinssci; \J«,
Ili'itisli and ollii'r I'iuropcans, I'i>i'lii<ruL'M.> liiirii in India, Armenians, (Jivcks, Ji>w!t,
I'orsians from tlio I'oast of the IVrsi.ni (inlf cDiiiinonly called I'arsi'cs, Mo;;uls, Mtiliani-
mcdans of Ilindostun, and Hindoos; the latlci- usnally cither of the Hraniinical or mer-
cantile castes, and natives of Henpil. In ISI:), the totid innnher of adult male liritisli
Nid>jccts, in the ISengal provinces (llie ){reiit majority l)ein)r in Calcutta), en^a^ed in
trade or afjriculturc, was l,l,"J,>; in l.s:t(), it was 1,707. This is the statement jjiven hy
the printed register ; hut it is |)rol)al>ly much inidcrratcd, ])articularly for the lust year.
The native I'ortufiUCHe and Armenian nierchantH have of late fjrcatly declined in wealth
and importance. On the other hand, the Persian merchants have increased in nnmher.s
and wealth, several of them heinn worth 'J.10,(K)0/. sterling?. The hir^e fortunes of the
Hindoo merchants havehcen much hrokeii down of late years hy litigation in the courts,
and natnially through the law of equal coparcenary amon;r brothers. To counterhalancu
this, there has heeii, since the o])enin;; of the Cwl- trade in lHll,a vast augmentation of
the numher of inferior merchants, worth from '_'(),()()()/. to .'<(),()()()/. sterliiif^. There arc
but few Hindoo merchants at present whose wealth exceeds 'J(K),(K)()/. sterlinfj.
The princi])al foreign liusiness is conducted hy the Knglish m.'rchants; hut the other
])artie!i also, either in |)artnership with the English, or on their own account, s])eculate
largely to Europe, America, and especially to ('hina. The brokers known tmder the
name of Sircars and liaboosi are all Hindoos. Tlie general rates of agency commissiou
are as follow : —
1. On tlic anic nr purchase of Mp», vessels, houses and lands
S. On the sulo, purchase, or shipment of buUion
Do. of jewellery, dinmnnds, or other precious stones . ...
Do. of indigo, lae-dyc, country piece goods, silk, opium, cochineal, coral, spices, coM'ce,
copper, tin, and tutenaKUo
Do. of all other kinds of gocxls
3. On goods or treasure, fee. consigned, and afterwards withdrawn or sent to auction ;
and on goods consigned for conditional delivery to others ....
4. On all advances of money for the purposes of trade, whether the gomls are consigned
to the agent or not, anrl whore a commission of;") per cent, is not charged
5. On ordering goods, or superintending the fultilmcnt of contracts, where no other com-
mission is deriveil . . . -
fi Oil guaranteeijig hills, bonds, or other engagements, and on becoming security for
administrations of estates, or to government or individuals for contracts, agree-
ments, \'C.
Oi
- ?*
per cent,
do.
do.
do.
do.
i commission
yj per cent.
2J do.
- '^i
do.
7. On del credere, or guaranteeing the responsibility of persons to whom goods arc sold J ntr'nieiiscni
8. On acting for the estates of persons deceased, as executors or administrators -
R On the management of estates for others, on the amoiuit received
10. On procuring Ireight, or iulverli.sing as the agent of owners or commanders : on the
amount of frciglit, whether the same passes through the hands of the agent or not
11. On chartering ships for other parties .....
12 On making insurance, or writing orders for infurance ...
l;;. On settling insurance losses, total or partial, and on procuring returns of premium .
14. On ellecting remittances, by bills of the agent or otherwise, or purchasing, selling,
or negotiating bills of exchange .....
1j. On debts, when a process at law or arbitration is necessary ...
.And if recovered by such means ... . .
10. On bills of exchange returned, noted, or protested ....
17. On the collecting of house-rent .....
15. On ships' disbursements . • - . . -
1!). On nei;otiating loans on respondentia . - ...
2(». On letters of credit granted for mercantile purposes - -
'.Jl. On purchasing or selling government securities, and on each exchange of the same,
in the transfer from one loan to another .....
C'2. On delivering up government securities, or depositing the same in the treasury
23. On all advances not punctually liquidated, the agent to have the option of charging a
second commission, as upon a fresh advance, provided the charge docs not occur
twice in the same year.
24. At the option of the agent, on the amount debitecl or credited within the year, includ'
ing interest, and excei)ting only items on which a commission of 5 per cent, has
been charged .... . . .
N. B. — This charge not to .npply to paying over a balance due on an account made up
to a particular period, unless where such l)alance is withdrawn without reasonable notice.
Monci/. — Accounts arc kept here in imaginary money called rupees, either current or sicca, with their
subdivisions, annas and pice : 12 pice make 1 amia ; D) annas 1 rupee ) and Ki rupees 1 gold mohur. To
this currency must all the real .s|iecie be converted, before any sum can be regularly enteretl in a mer-
chant's books. The Company keep their accounts in sicca rupees, whieli bear a batta ^premium) of lU per
cent over the current. The coins current arc gold mohurs.with their subdivisions — halves and quarters ;
sicca rupees, halves and quarters ; annas, pice, and half pice. The two last are of copper. There are two
mints under the liengal presidency: that at Calcutta; and that of I'erruckabad, in the north-western
provinces. The lir.st is probably the most si)lcndid establishment of the kind in the world ; the original
cost of tlie machinery, supplied by Messrs. IJolton and Watt of Birmingham, having exceeded a)(),()(K)/.
Gold money is coined at Calcutta oidy ; but silver, which is now, and has always been, the standard of
India, equally at both mints. The following statement shows the present weight, tineness, and htcrling
value of the coins, reckoning the value of gold at ol. 17s. lOJrf. per standard ounce, and silver at 5s. 2d. : —
,") per
cent.
i-'i
do.
r,
do.
2
:
do.
do.
1
do.
1
do.
n
do.
r,
do.
1
do.
2J
do.
'4
do.
2
do.
24
do.
h
do.
1
do
1
do.
Cuins.
drains pure.
(!r,iin. Alloy, '(i,„l'TvVJf„„,
Value.
Gold mohur - . -
Sicca rui)ce - ...
Kerruckabad rupee - - .
iR7-a^i
17. Vie J
1H;-.'J1.-.
17-O.W
1. Villi
I.IOIII
2(it71()
l!l|-|M(>
£ S. (1.
1 l.i 2:^ 22.".
2 di <)i''
1 lU 8-i.'5
»■
i >
se.".
tii')
a-j5
CALCUTTA.
205
The rhnrgp fur (.'oiniiiR «il»er at IhcCiilfult.i mjnt i* '.' |iir conl. irilic linHinii lie tlic ntnnilard fliirnciai
but wliiMc It ililti'14, n |ir(>|ii>itiiiiial I'li.irKi- nt Irdni } t(i j jicr iciil. i» iiiailc lur rriiiiiiiK.
OtliiT Kdrl.H ol ni|ii'i't all' met with ill llciiniil, ilifliriiin in IIikik'sh anil w<i>;ht, tlinuKl' llii'ir ilcnoiiiin-
atiiiiii III' tilt' KiiiiU', I'niiii lliiH, ami hoin llic n.itivo Irtiiurntlv |iiiiu'Iiiiik linli'S In tliu rii|i<'t'i<, ami IIIIiiik
tlic'iii ii|> with Ikim' iiU'lal, ami llinr rramliiU'iilly (liininiohliiK tiic uclKht nl' the ciiiii alter coiiiiii^' liiiiii
till' mint, the ciirrinrin ot the iliMireiit |ir(i\iiice« are nl ilillereiit valiien. Thin ileliet han iiitrixhieeil lhi>
cn^t(llll 111 eiii|ilii>iiit,' »/i(i|//.<, iir iiiiinej-eliaiiKerK, \vliij»e liii.^iiK'Mi i.s to M't a \iiliie uihiii the (lillerent eiir.
reneles, aeeonliiiK tn every eireiiin-tame, eil'ier in ilieir l.ivinir nr their |iri juiliee. \Vheii a iiniii nl' ni|iee9
Jn IniiiiHht tn line nltliese slirollH, he exaiiiiiieii them |iie(e liy pieee, ami arraiiMeM tliem aeeiirdiiiK to tni'ir
tlllelle^.^ ) then liv their wei^'lit , he then .iIIouh liir the dillerent le^al liattas ii|ioii iiUraii anil Miiinuts ; am)
thi> (lone, he v.iliieii in ftrim^, liy the niiieei eiirrent, wliat the wliulc are worth ; do that tliu rupee lurrent
>the only thing lixeil, liy wlueh coin is vahieil.
A riirveiit rupee is reekoiieil at '-'.« , aiiit a niei'a rupee of account corniiuinly at 'Jj int. A lac mean
;iMI,(i(iii; anil a erore lim lac", or lli,iKMi,lKiO. The following are (he monies of acioiint, preiiiising that thu
lowot lU'iiiimiiintioii is representeil liy a sinall aniootli xliell, n species ol cypr;ea, cliielly iuiporteil »"
an article of trade from the I.accudivL' and Muldivc islandu, and current an long na they coiitiliuo
entire: —
= \ (iiindiL
4 Cowries
QJ»*I do,
21) (iiimlas
4 I'linns or 1'2 plcc
4 Annas
4 ('ahaiiiiH
111 Sicca rupee*
= 1 I'lirreiit rupee,
r- 1 I'lllin.
= 1 Am. a.
— 1 (ahaiiii.
= 1 Sicca rupee.
= 1 (lold iiuiliur.
IW-inhls. — The great weights are niaunds,
sccrs, chittacki, and siccas or rupee weights, thus
divided : —
h Sicca.s - I Chittack.
lii thittacks = 1 Seer.
40 Seers - I Mauiid.
There are two inaunils in use, viz. tl e factory
mannd, which is 74 Ihs. looz. liiiiilo div avoinliu
Iiois ; and the tiazaar inaiiud, wliich is lu I'cr cent
letter, vii. blWii. ii 02. ii lJ.idrs.
4 Punkhos
4 l)haiis
U'f Kiitties
8 Kutties
lU Massas
100 lliittios
lij >Ias>a» =
III Annas r
Idii! Hutties ;
I ; 'JS .\Iassas -
17 Annas 1
The lolali Is wjual to
=r
2 Spans
4 Cubits
1,000 FalliomB
arin, = 13
_ CI Cuhit, or
{ inches.
— 1 Pathoin.
_ f 1 Coss = I mile 1
( J poles 3i yards.
Gulil and Silver.
=: 1 Dhaii or grain
--: 1 Kutty.
= 1 Anna.
= 1 Massa.
I Sicca weight = 17!)7
grs Troy,ortii705drs.
avoirduiKjis.
1 Tolah.
1 Tolah.
1 Tolah.
1 Moliiir.
1 .Mohur.
1 iMohur.
'.'4 JSS j^rs. Troy.
The course of exchange by wliicli the customs of Calcutta are at present regulated ia as follows ; —
Monks and Coins.
.') Sicca weight
4 Chitlacks
I Poiiahs
41 1 Seers
;■) Seers
H Measures
4 Kliaonks
4 Uaiks
20 Pallies
lli Soalliei
Lii/uiU Mi'asiin:
- 1 Chittack.
= 1 Pouuh, or nice.
= IScer.
= 1 Maiiml.
=: I Pus.sarer, or measure.
- 1 liazaar muund.
Grain hkaturt:
= 1 Italk.
= 1 Pallie = 008 lbs, avoird.
= 1 Soallic.
= 1 Khahoon =4Ubz. mda.
Long Measure.
3 Itarleycorna, or > , ,..„ .
jows\barley) ]= H'nBcr.
4 lingers
3 I lands
= 1 Hand.
1 Span.
fur.
feet
Square Measure.
SCubits, or hauls, ^ ciChitt.ick or 41
inlengthx4inj= [ > ^^j^llf .J-J/,).*-'
lli Chittaeks = 1 Cottah.
aoCottahs = 1 Uiggah = VMlO.«q. ft,
3^ lliggahs = 1 English statute acre.
Sii'.ruii
.\ii,l'iii'.
Sicruji
Aii.I'iie.
fireat liritain Pound sterling -
10
Manilla
.Sp.inisli dollar =
2
4
'T,;::''^^:""' ]:»---"•- ^^'-
•) =
1
Portugal
I'rance
l,(Hi()reas =
21 francs =
2
10
12
Madras - - 100 rujices
—
!i;5
1 H
Ilollaiul
i;^ florins ::;
2
4
Uoiiihay - . iliiO —
Ccvlon - - Itix-dollar
~
!I4
1,J
U
Ilanibiirgh and )
Copenhagen j
\l marc banco =
1
Cliiiia • - 1 tale
—
,J
.'5 4
Leghorn
100 pczzas =
202
8
liurmah - 12.'> tickals
= 100
lidnlin, liunhhig. — Tile paper currency of Calcutta is sujiplied liy the following
banks : —
Hunk of B<nf/(il. — Tills is the only bank in Calcutta that lias ,<» charter. Its cajHtal
is 50 lacs, divided into 500 shares of 10,000 sicca rupees each, of which the East India
Company hokl 100 shares. The shares are now at a iireinium of 5,000 to 6,000 rupees.
It is inanaj,;ed by nine directors ; three appointed by government, and six elected by the
jiroprietors : time of service, for the latter, three years. The secretary to government
in the financial department, the accountant-general, and the sub-treasurer, are the ex-
officio government directors. The bank secretary and treasurer is also a civil servant.
1'liis bank pos.sesses peculiar Jidvantages, I)ut has not been so useful to the public as it
might have been. Its notes are received at all the public ofhces, in payment of revenue,
by tlie collectors in all the districts below Benares; and, consequently, its circulation,
averaging 80 to 100 lacs, extends over a very large and the wealthiest portion of our
Indian territory. The government being such considerable shareholders, too, it is
generally sni)])(>sed by the natives that the Heiigal Bank is \ydrt and jiarcel thereof; and
it enjoys, therefore, the same credit. But other circumstances have operated against the
usefulness which, witii the advantages iilliided to, it might have been supposed, would
have certainly attended it.
1. The government rctpiired a deposit in their treasury of 20 lacs of rupees in
Comjiany's paper, as security for the notes received at the public offices and the district
ii
V
1
■I
*1V
!.
I
'J':,(y
CALCUTTA.
;.!
ill I
treasuries. To tin's oxtcnt, tlicrefore, tlicir incMiis api)liunl)Io to commi-rciiil purposes, cr
ralliur to fliu assistaiici" of tlie commercial commtiiiity, were crijiiilcd.
^J. Hy their charter, they were re(|uire(l to issue their notes in the proportion of one
third of s])ecie to two thirds of pa])er, — in other words, for every !)0 rujjees of notes
issued, they kept DO rujiees of cash in their stron}^ hox.
!5. Their rules for ^jrantin;.'; accommodation on personal credit were so severe, that the
puhlic rather avoided apjilications to them, if they could obtain discoimts elst'where;
and, conseijuently, the business of the Henifal liank was almost entirely confined to the
grantinj; of loans on the security of the t'ompany's pajier. In 18'_'()', liS'JT, arid IS'Jf!,
whew the Hurmese war, and tiie financial arranjjeinents of the government, occasioned a
great demand for money, tlie amount of discounts of mercantile |)aper in Calcutta did
not exceed 10 or 12 lacs of rupees, whilst loans secured by Company's jjaper rose to <>0
and 70 lacs.
The inconvenience of this system having been felt, the goveriunent of Calcutta has
recommended an alteration : and we understand the capital is to be increased to 7'> lacs ;
the i)ro])orti(iP of a third specie to he reduced to a fourth ; the deiiosit of ■_'() lacs of
Conij)any's paper at the treasury to be done away ; and greater facilities to he allorded
to the '-.iercantiie comnnniily in obtaining acconnnodation.
As soon a«' this alteration is carried inf;/ eflect, there will unquestionably be a great
imi)rovement in the money market in Calcutta.
T/ie L'niou Rmik. — This establishment was founded in 18129. It is tlie only ])rivale
bank at jiresent ( 18:5:)) existing in IJengal ; for the 15ank of Ilindostan, the Commercial
Dank, and the Calcutta Hank, noticed in the former edition of tiiis work, have all, though
solvent, been discontinu"(l. The capital of the Union I5ank is 50 lacs of rupees, con-
sisting of 1,(K)() shares of 5,000 each, held by all classes of the comnnniity. Its notes
circulate only in Calcutta and its -mmediate neighbourhood ; no private notes being
received at the collectors' treasuries in the provinces. The main object of this establish-
ment WIS to fill u)) the spaci; in the money market, occasioned by the restrictions ini-
))osed on the Hank of IJeiu'al by its charter; but it has not yet lieen able to effi-'ct its
intentions to their fidl '.xtent, from its notes not being gi'uerally circulated; and it is
possiole that the proposed alterations in the IJengal IJank may, in some measure, limit
its operations. There is no doubt, however, but that it will be a favourite establishment*
and should it obtain a charter, it will i)robal)ly get most of the banking business of Cal-
cutta ; its rules being well adapted for facili.'ating commercial transactions, aiul sustaining
coimniTcial credit and confidence.
The rates of discount vary, from time to time, with the state of the money market.
The hist rates quoted were, at the Union Iiank,
the Bank of Ilcngal,
fi per cent, per annum on notes at .'J niontlis,
,<; ditto i! ditto,
i ditto 1 ditto;
^ A ti
Discount on private bills at .'! months, G per rent, jicr annum.
Ditto KOvernnuMit billn * ditto ■!■ ditto,
Interest on loans, on ilopo,-.it ditto .1 ditto.
Iniliiin Fiiiiils. — The jniblic debt contracted Dy the Indian governincnt, on tlie
security of the territory, is under the management of the treasury departmi'M at
Calcutta. 'I'liis debt is of two descriptiofs ; that bearing no interest, and tliat whii'ii hears
intirest. The_liist is again divided ':ito three ])arts ; viz. monies (li.])osite(l Ky ])uhiic
bodies for specific ])urp(ises ; treasniy notes, of tin >aine character as our l\xche|nev hills;
and the actual funded or regist* red delit. The latter, on the 30th of April, 18:50, was as
follows ; for IJeng-d.
! ,•:
statement of tlic Amount standing on tlic grii Mai He}!i.<trrs of the I'rcsidcncy of IJcngal, in the Names
ol'Kuroj '-ans ami Natives.
Veil
() percent, loan of 1^'.'2
r, — — l,S-';5
lH'J)-2ii
lS2l'-.iO
isit-i",
1
i:Mr.>pi.'ans.
Natives.
Total.
1
>ii f.i r\i|Mi's.
Mci.l riiju'i's.
^»i^ 1'.* nii'i'is.
7ii.i,4.;,.)(i:)
4i,(i.s,7iin
7-»7,i-.',iix)
7ll!>,«7,H(i(l
am;,. .0,71111
!llf!,-'7,.i<l'»
.W2,7+,fMi'l
4<iH,:;i,.V)(i
<IH,4,^J««
1<|,;51,7I'0
7,oi,.;<Hi
'iti,,!;.!!!,*!
Ji.l.l.tWI)
,">,Hi;,*Hi
>*,!ifl,'JtiO
- i
ii,ti.;,<i(K)
r.,s+,i(«i
1 -',+7,71 '11
Sicca rupees
l,<»7r>,.M,*J()
f)77,.">!t,itf)
i2,<>i"»l.',!i >,<)(/()
The 6 per cent. loan of 1822 is irredeemable until the exjjiration of the Company's
present charter, and then 1.7 months' notice to be , rivet: ))reviously to discbarge; the
interest on this loan is payable either half-yearly in In(li;i, or, if the propr-ctor be re-
• This partiality to tlic government bills is objected to. The tJnion Uaiik makc.< no distinction.
I ,
m i
CALCUTTA.
207
rkct.
nn tlic
,1 at
hi'ars
ul>lic
bilK;
was as
' Nninos
,.>iO
;,!Ki()
i
sideiit in Euiopo, he has the option, as a matter of ri{»ht, of denianth'np; a bill upon the
court of directors for the interest, jjayable at I '2 iiioiitlis' date, iit 'J.f. !</. the sicca
rupee. Tl;e ,> per eeut. loan of l«'i3 was not payable, in any pari, until after the :51st
of March, IS-J.'), and tlicn only \\ crore in any one year, after O'O days' notice; the
interest is payable upon tlie same terms as that on the C, per cent, loan, with this iinjiortant
diiT'erence, tliat the pri\ileffe which the residents in Europe jmssess of receiving interest
in JOngland belongs as of right to the holders of the ti per cent, loan, and is only enjoyed
by the holders of this Ur.xndiiriti// the /ilensun' of the home authorities. Of the 5 per
cent. h)an of 18'_'5, no part was dischargeable till after the :i()th of April, Ifi.'J'J, and then
jirevious notice of ;i months to be given ; the interest upon this loan is payable to all
the liolders, whether resident in Europi; or not, either in cash in India, or by bills upon
England, at 'J.s. tlie rupee. In this case, also, the option of remittance to England
may be withdrawn by the home authorities at i)leasure. Of the; two -1 per cent, loans,
no i)art of the first was discliargeable till after tlie :iOth of Ai)ril, I 8:50, nor of the second
till the :50tli of April, 18:i'J; and. in both casjs, jirevious notice of :5 months to be given.
I'roin the favourable conditions of the 6 percent, loan, it has, of late years, borne a pre-
mium of from ;5() to 40 per cent. The 5 per cent, loans have generally iHirne a premium
of al)out 5 jier cent. ; and even the -1 per cent, securities liave been at little more than a
nominal discount. We have lieen thus jiarticnlar in describing the nature of the Indian
national funds, because, in a country where Europeans have been hitherto precluded
from holding projierly in land beyond the narrow boundaries of the principal cities, and
where the jirineipal holders reside in Europe, they have been justly considered as a very
desirable security.
I'ilola^r. — The iiavifratioii ol" tlio rivpr Uonglily froir the Sand Heads to Calcutta, a distance of al)oiit
1 )il miles, is naturally ilanncrniis and iiitiicato j but ri'iuicnd coiiiparativcly sale hy a skilful and cxcpUent,
tliiiu^'li viiy costly, i>il(it isiablislniu'iit. 'I'liis lojisists of twelve vessels, being Irigs of between 1;V) and
2110 tons burden, capable of maintaining their stations in the most boisterous season, which extends from
Aprd to Oct )l.cr inclusive ; IJ 1'. "icli .lilols, it masters, i;4 first inHtes, '.'4 second ina»cs, and between 70
and SI) volu'iteers. Ivicli l)rancli ,Pii(' has a salary of 70/. a inoi.tli ; each master '27/. ; tirst mates 15/. ; and
second mates and volunteers (i/. ea li. The following table exhibits the rates of pilotage : —
Table of Uatrs of full and broken I'ilotage, cliarKoablc to Ships and Vessels, inward and outward of the
Uiver Hoo){hly.
nr.iuKl
t..f
Full I'il.<tR'4i'
W
alir.
mwiu'il.
1
ee
t.
, .£
'1
to
10
10
bi
11
1-2
II
le
U
IJ
1 ;
Id
1 >
u
IH
11
i.-i
'Jl
1.".
Id
2.T
lii
17
;!()
17
IS
''5
IS
I'l
tJi
1!)
2l»
V)
i;o
■I'l
uO
21
2'.'
S3
2a
C3
(iO
, Adilttion.tl
cmtuanl.
Inward rroportion.
Outward Trsportion.
From Sea.
'I'o Saugor - 4 12ths
To Keil,','ereo - (i l'2tlis
'i'o Cu pee - H IJths
To Culpee harbour !) 12ths
To I'utta, or .Mova-
]iore - -■ 10 12ths
'I'o t ulculta, full pilota^-e.
From Calcutta.
To Jloyapore, or
Fulta . 2 l'2ths
To Fulta harbour o I'.llis
'I'o Culpee - 4 I'Jths
To Keilgereo - 6 I'.'th.'i
To .saugor - 8 liJths
'I'u Sea, full pilotage.
3 *
V
,V,Vc. — All foreign vessels pay the same idlotage as those under I'ritish colours. I!y broken pilotage
i.s iiu-uit the iiroportion of full pilotage between the diit'erent stages, or places of anchorage. All ship.«,
the property of loreigners, as well Asiatic as l'.urop<an, are subject to tliechargetermed " lead money ;" it
being indispensably necessary that the pilot should have with him a le.a<lsman in whcmihe can conlidc.
Detention money, at the rate of 4,v. per diem, IVom Uritish and foreign vessels, is ehargetl by persons of
•'■■■ '"'■'• -^-"•Mc kept on Imard ships at anchor by desire of tlie commander or owner.
before Calci tta, and in other parts, ttiere are chain moorings, of which the charg
the pilot servii
In the river b
lollow ; —
:cs are as
Burden of Shijw.
April to 0( tober, 7 Alonths. 1 November to Atarch, 5 Months.
500 tons and upwards
1 Under 500 tons
.£ s. li. £ Jt. rf.
Per diem . - hi «i Per diem - - 12
Ditto - - 1+ Ditto - - 10
Hire of the rhain moorings at Diamond Harbour, 1/. per diem. The lowest rharge to a ship requiring the
acconnnodation of the chain nuiorin^'s at either of the |ilaces above mentioned, is for III days ; and using
tJiein longer, a luitlier cliaige is made at tlie estalilished rate per oiem lor every day exceeding 10. The
charge for transporting a ship from her moorings into any ot'thedixks at KiiUlei'pore, Howrah, or .Sulkea,
or from any of the docks to her moorings, is fixed at ."lO rupees ; and no higher charge for such service is
authorised. Hesides iiilota^e, every ship is chargeable with the hire of a row-boat to accomnany her ; viz,
for a boat of the lirst class, -.'.< ; of the second class, IH.v. ; and of the third class, U*. Of li. . ycarsalight-
housc has been erected at Kedgeree, for which the charge on Uritish or American flags is at the rate of
Srf. per ton per annum Ships proceeding to Ca utta must land theirgvinpowder at the jiowder magaainc
at Minapore; the charge is at the rate of lif/. iierton for each voyage. '1 he whole pilot estalilisliment
and the cart of the navigation of the lloogly is tnider the management of government, and is directed by
a marine boaid, with a master attendant aiid harbourmaster.
There are sev. lal dry docks at Calcutta, in which vessels of anv size mav be built or repaired. Ships
built at Calcutta are of inferior .lurability to those constructed at Hombay, in consequence of the frame-
work being always of tlieiiilerior woodxd the country ; and the jilai.ks, sheathing, i"">er works, and decks,
alone, of teak ; which last is Uiruislicd almost cnliieiy from Pei;u.
^1 r„
t '
:< \
i
JH
208
CALCUTTA.
II
' In 1824, the number of registered ships belonging to the port of C.ili-itta was !20, of (he l)uri!on of
♦t.Sfiii tons; being at an average of about .J70 tons fur each. The largest class of vessels carry nearly KOO
tons; but ships drawing so much water are unfit for the navigation of tlie Ilooglily. Not being afile to
load at Calcutta, they are ol)liged to receive part of their cargo at Diamoinl Harbour, about lit miles far-
ther down the river. The most convenient-sized ship for trade between falcutta, and Europe, and
America, is from yO() to 4(i(J tons.
Duties, ^r. — At Calcutta there are two distinct Custom-liouscs ; the one for the sea, and the other for
the inland duties. Our business is with the first only. The cxjiort and import duties and drawbacks arc
regulated by an ordinance of the year 18d5, and are the same for every port inider the government of
Bengal ; or, as it is technically called, the I'residency of Kort William. The tariff is regulated by three
schedules, stating respectively the rates of duty chargeable on goods imported by sea, the drawbacks
allowed on re-exports, and the rates of duty chargeable and drawbacks allowed on exported articles being
the produce and manufacture of the country. The duty on goods and merchandise imported by sea is
imposed nil valorem, or according to their market value at the time of importation, except when other-
wise specially provide<l The value of all such goods and merchandise must be stated on the face of the
application to clear the same from the Custom-house presented by the importer, consignee, or proprietor
of such goals, or his known agent or factor, who must subjoin to such application a declaration of the
truth of the same, according to a prescribed form.
The following table contains the import duties on goods produced or manufactured in the United
Kingdoiii, foreign Kurope, or the United States. No duty is charged on any article the produce or manu-
facture of the country, if exported in a British vessel, and very rarely when exported in a foreign vessel.
The inland duties vary from 10 to 2 j per cent., a drawback of twi) thirds of which is usually allowed when
the articles on which they arc charged arc exported in British vessels, and of one third when they are
cxiMirted in foreign vessels. 'J'he drawbacks allowed on re-exports of foreign articles imported in British
vessels vary from half to two thirds anil three fourths of the import duty ; on re-exports in a foreign vessel
they are commonly from half to two thirds anil seven eighths.
T i
Rates of Duty chargeable on Goods, the Protlucc or Manufacture of the Unite<l Kingdom, Foreigr»
Kurope, and the United States, imported by Sea into Calcutta, or any I'ort or Place belonging to the
I'residency of I'ort William.
Knumeriitifln of Good:).
Iin|)ortecl on a | Iiniinrtwl on a
Uriti!.tl UoUuin. Forc-i;;nH(;U(in).
, !,'-.
!
I
a I
1^ i
•
f
u
1st. (uhhIsi the PriMture i>r Matiiifucturc of the Vnilfd
Kiiifiilom.
1. Hullion and coin
'2. Horses
^. M.irine stores
4. .Mit.iU, wrouj;ht andl
uiiwrou^lit -
5, (l|iium
G. I'rL'cimis s'.unes
pearli -
7. Salt
8. Spirituous liquors
9. Tobacro
and {^
'I
\fY
Wines
\\'tK)ll.'n«
All arii.Ics nol
( hhlfd III (tit* abovi
eleven items
'"•7 I
jvej. ',
•il
Free
Free
Fnti
Free
'21 rs.aseerof
hO ba. w
Free
3 rs. a md.nf
H* .sa.
l)er seer
In |MT cent
1 aiinaiaiml.
t>iSiKa.wt.
]»('»■ seer
lU '^^ler cent.
k' ree
.of)'
, - . ,... .jnt. !
t 1 annaiaiml. )
'<\ t>iSiKa.wt.[.
t !»'»■ seer - J
**;i per cent.
Free.
Free.
2^ per cent.
VJ ditto.
■IH rs. a seei of
8(1 sa. wt.
Fre*.'.
G r^. a niauml
t)t';s<; sa. wt.
per seer.
'20 per cent.
H ann.i-> a nui.
ot'SO s.i. wt.
per seer.
W per cent.
'2,i ditto.
a ditto.
2W. GoitJst the Prottuce of Forei u Europe, or oftht liiiicd
St'Ucs iif Anuriat.
I. Arrack, at a fued valu- ) I
10 per cent.
ation of.lo/. p.'f cask,
ot'l2ri if.Ulon
'2, Huilion and cu;
3- Horses
4. Opium
j. rrecinus
|iearls
G. Salt
7. SpiriU
5. Tobacco
stones and 1
Free
Free
21 rs. a secrl
ofSOsa.wi. J
Free
3 rs. A nid
H'2
per seer
10 per een*
4 arm isa ind
orso^i.wt
per seer ■
In per cent
5 ditto
d. of*
20 per cent.
Free.
Free.
■IS rs. a seer of
«o sa. wt.
Free.
G rs.a maund
oi'S2sa.\\t.
per s(vr.
20 pir<eiit.
hann.isa ind.
ot'SUsa.wt.
per seer.
20 |ier --ent.
10 ditto.
9. U'ines
All articles not inO
i'luded in the above :
nine items - - j
5i/. Gtxttti, the Prinhtce or Manufucfiire tf Pl.ices other than the
I'nitf'l Kiiiffdom, Foreifsn Eurojif, or the i nital Stutvs of
Aniiricil.
AlNpice
Alo" wood
Allah
Alum
Amiiernris
Arrack) Itatavia
■(;
' pel
7 J ditto
Ti tlitto
10 ditto
74 ditto
'».) sa. IS.
ieager
per\
Arrack, from foreran! .10 sa. rs. perl
territories in Asia - \\ leader -j
Arsenic, white, red, or
yellow
!>. Avif.i'tiii*
10. .Vulroot.or morinda
1 1. Henils, inalast or ro-
saries
12. lU'tel nut (c>ntom<>) .
Uitto (town dutv)
1.3. IteiiJ imiTij or loiKin •
11. itraiiily, trom Htrei^n
ttrriu>rips in Asia -
15. l^-ass, wioiiKht and
un wrought
10 per cent.
10 .litto
7^ ditto
7i ditto
"i ditto
.'. ditto
74 ditto .
30 ditto
If) ditto
VO i>eT rent-
\'> tlitto.
I -.ditto.
'20 ditto.
l'> ditto.
110 sa. rs. per
leaifer.
GO sa. rs. per
t eager.
20 ptr cent.
VO ditto.
I:* ditto.
ir, ditto.
I'' ditto.
to ditto.
I'iilltto.
GO ditto.
20 ditto.
F^nuineratiun of (Joods.
1 Imported on a
;llritish Uottom.
IG. lirimstone
17. brocades, andemhroi- )
dereil iioo<ls - - ^
IS. Huhera, or mvroliolan
VJ. Hutkunif or sapan')
w.M)d - -J-
20. liulliiiii and coin
'2l. (ali/eer.dnor .\i(;e!Iah
22. (aniphire
23. (.'anvas, exi eptin^ ]
canvas made of ^iinn i
or hi'ino, or other |
ni:itfrial,the^;rowth i
or m.inufaetnre ofj
l)Ku\s suliject to the >
L'overnmeiit of llle I
Ka,t India Com-
pany, which is ex- 1
einiited from clurce i
of duty on nnport- j
aiion by sea - -J ,
2t. Cardamiim^ - - I
2.'). Carriages and tonvev-i
ances - •J'
2G. Cassia
27. Chanks - - j
2S. Cheriyta
2'J. China i;oods, or goods i '
from t!hina, not f ;
otherwi.se eniimer- f j
i\tvi\ 'n this table -A
.^1'. Cloves . . I
.31. Cochineal, or crim-')
danah . - \
32. (Mtee - -
33. Coir, tlie produce of :
place?, not snbject to | '
ilie government of |
the K 1st hulia Com- i |
pany in India -J 1
31. Coin and bullion - I
3.'). Columt)o root - '
3G. CoostMim fiiol, or saf-li
tlowir - -J
37. Copal, or kahroha
3S. Copptr, wrouglit and
nnwrought
3'.». Coral
40. Cordage," evrepting
cordage made of
sunn, hemp, 01 other
materia!, the pro-
dine of places sub-
ject to the govern- >
nientofthe Ka-^t In-
dia Ci.i;},[.>any, which
shall be exempt tioin
the I harm* of duty
on impurtatiun bv
s«a - -^
11. Criindan ah, or cochineal
12. I»hyi> th)\ver
13. Kknhanis' teeth
1! Kmhrotdered goods!
aiiti brocades - j
l.'i. Frankincense, .;r {fim-|
(libi ro/a - -j
IG. (J Ibiiimm
17. (ialingdl
1>S. tlhee (custom'.)
!>ilto (town dnt\^
1')- *iiii,froin firetijn ler- 1
riloties in Asia - J
""]
10 Iter cent.
7i ilitto
10 ilitto
7i ilitto
Fret'
"i inT cent.
10 aitto
; ilitto
7^ ilitto
7* ilitto
M ililto
7* ilitlo
iCl (liitu
7J ditto
in :;i,;„ -
Ti ilitlo
7i ilitto
5 ditto
Froo
10 per cent.
7i ihli.i
10 ilitlo
HI ililto
ID ditto
a ditto
7J ditto
7| ditto
7j ilitlo
7J ditto
7( ditto
10 ditto
7i ditto
.'i ditto
III ditto
no ditto
Imported on a
ForeiKitUottom
W per cent
1 j ditto.
'211 ditto.
15 ditto.
Free.
■ ' P'-r cent.
M ditto.
10 ditto
15 ilitto.
1') ilitto.
'^0 ditto.
}'> ilitto.
'^0 ditto
1.') ditto.
») ditto.
1.) ditto.
15 ditto.
10 ditto.
Free.
'20 |ii'r cent.
I.) ditto.
■20 ditto.
»l ditto.
'211 ditto.
in ditto.
lA ditto.
II ilitto.
l'< dillo.
l.l ditto.
l.'), ditto.
W ditto.
I.'i ditto.
III ditto.
W ilitto.
(ill (Utio.
""*••.
I
CALCUTTA.
209
Rates of Duties — coiitinueit
::\
Knumtration of (ioods.
Inuiortcil on a Imported im a
'Britinh iJottmn. Fmti^;nik»ttom.
Enumeration of Coods. J^JTu*.?" '"* i-'V^^rV^T "
British Ifolt'iiu rortfiKnlto.tom
ov, I r 1
nil, anil 1 I
-]
Inxfpt'r muttet
vtllow (xh
(ItHltll'MlttlUi
(iiiin .Xraliit
(iiimlilierofii.or frank
iiut'n-.e
Hemp, sur.n, or Roo
nit>i.to«t
Hurrati, or myrobalan
Hordes
Hu^.^llinubar llow*T -
lluitatil, (HT orpiini'iit,')
or xfllow arNt'iiit' -J
Iron', wrouiftit or un (
wro\iglit - -J
Ivory
ilult.imiinsL'C,orspik
tiitrii
Kullitiinn
Lcad.pi^.shet'i.minetl, |
aiul Mimll shot -J
I.otlh
I,oh,in, or bi'niamin -
.M.ue :
iMaddt-r, or niunjeet -
Maliuj^unv, anil all }
oilitT M)rls of wouii Y
Um'iI irii-.it)inL't-uurk ]
.■\Ia.tiik
^I-niiirn, or rtd len<l -
.MtrifHla, or awl loot
>hinitt.'t, ur madUvr -
.Mu^k
J\I>riilialans, viz. Iiu-^
owiila - -J
Mvrrh
.\utiiuj;s
Oils, vcm>ta!ile or ani
m.il (rusioriis)
I>iito, <liito ^.toun dul5
* 111 >i('mIs U'lutoiiis)
Ditlu {Uiwu thii>)
this, ptlt'uilltli
10 per cent. ] 1^0 jk-t cent.
Free - ^rcc,
10 iK?T cent. 1 yo ptr cent.
7i ditto
'■J
Oils, |HTt'uillfli or Cf i
hi'iili.il, ov utter and >
ftHJlin I tij I - -i
Frw
10 i>er cent.
Free
7^ per cent.
It) ditto
111 ditto
7J dilto
111 ditto
7j ditto
111 ditto
7i ditto
7i ditto
10 ilit'o
75 ditto
7i ditto
111 ilitto
111 ilUn
7^ dilto
7i ililtci
7i ditto
10 ditto
10 dilto
10 ditto
7i ditto
r> ditto
74 ditto
.'j dilto
7i ditto
80. Opium, n)reign
SI. (Iriiimcnt, or y.ll,iw( jg ,,„ „„,
:tf..Aittii^ i\r Mint: III! - i *
1 '^\ rs.iM rsecr7
} (,i fid t:id. V
I sa.wt. -J
HG.
S7.
... jinCfUr hull. ml ■ y
tltUT, or csenli^il lil.. 7i dilto
llvsni.i, or niNrolt.-ll.Lli I'idino
I'l Pill, liliuklind white' In ditto
I'il'. I. liijoils, _ t'(>lt.l|l,~)
Mill, .iiid p.irllv iiit-
ti'ii ar.d p.irtls >i k, |
till- ni.inul';u lurL. v 'ii ditto
i>f thi' nmiounihli' . .
t'oiiipanv's terrilu-
rii's in liuli.i -J i
Dill" ilittn ilitto, « hen I
not the nianiir.ii tiirc I
of the Honour. il>I<- ^ 7^ ditto
fiiiiipan)*> tt into- I
riis ill India -J
Pitni'iiui, or ulNpice - 10 ditto
I'ipe staves • -74 tlitto
K'j dilto.
Free.
*20 |K'r rent.
Free.
n't per cent.
■^0 ditto.
W ditto.
l.'i ditto.
W ditto.
I'} dilto.
'^0 dilto.
l.'i ditto.
I.'i ditto.
VII ilitlo.
16 ditto.
1,') ditto.
vn ditto,
■^iid.tto.
, 1 I ditto.
1.') ditto.
l.j liitlo.
m ditto.
m ditto.
IjU ditto.
I!) ditto.
10 ditto.
1 '. ditto.
Ill ditto.
15 ditto.
•IS rs. per seer
of so Cal.
t>a. wt.
!iO per cent.
l.'i ditto.
'.^Ilditlo.
^U ditto.
I £ ditto.
15 ditto.
80 ditto.
. l.'i ditto.
■!]
8'J. I'ncious stones anil
pearl ■>
'.)0. rnis-^ian hine
Ml. I'litcha pant
y2. Oui.ksHver
\C^. HattanH
i'l. Ued \andal wood
*J.^). Ittil lead, or minium
\H]. Uose-wiiter
117. Hum, fr4>m foreign 1
territories in -Asia -J
9S. Sallron
yy. ^iaHlower, or coosoom \
tool - - i
UIO. Sa^o
lol. Salt, foreign -<
10<!. Sandal wood, red,]
white, or yellow J
103. Snpan, or buckuml
Wood - -J
101. Siinia
lu.'j. Soonamookey leaf -
lOfj. Spikenard, or jutta-l
nunisie - -J
107. Spir.lUdUH liiiuors, i
not oti er«iM- de- J>
scrilietl ill tinst.'di'e \
lOS. Steel, wrought or 1
tmurou^ht -J
HI!). Storax
I lu. Stoiies (precious) and 1
pf.iris - -J
111. SuL'ar, wtt or dry, in-
•^uL'ar, wet nr dry, in- i \
(Uuliiij;Jaf;^er> and >
nxiiasM", (in-vioniv) )
""" ' ',ii\l
trie
iidj
Free
10 piT cent.
7^ ditto
lu ditto
7i ditto
7^ ditto
lo ditto
7^ ditto
30 ditto
10 ditto
7^ ditto
7i ditto
3 rs. per md. J
of h'£ SH. I
wt. per seer ]
"i per cenl.
7i ditto
10 ditto
in ditto
10 ditto
10 ditto
lU ditto
10 ditto
Fiee
5 per cent.
I Free.
I 20 piT cent.
! I.'i ditto,
. aotiitio.
!'' ditto.
1 '( ditto.
{ Vt) ditto.
I \'j ditto.
I eod.tto.
. '.^0 ditto.
I 15 ditto.
! 10 ditto.
, 6 rs. ]iiT md.
, ot Sv sa. wt.
1 per set r.
l.'i pir cent.
I l.'i ditto.
! '^1 ditto.
W ditto.
2U ditto.
I)ill(iditt>>(^toui)ilui\)'
I ]'i. Su!|ihnT,or lirinittorie
113. Sutni, Iieinp, and
^ooniooloo
111. Tape
115. Tai/tpaut, or mala- )
bathrum leaf - i
llfi. Tea
1 17. 'i'eak timber
IIS. Thread
Il!i. Tin and tin ware
120. Tobacco (customs)
Ditto (town dutj)
121. TcKJiid flower
122. Tu^ger wood
123. 'I'urnieric ^^u^toms)
Uitio (town dul.vj -
121. 'J'uteiia^ue
l2't. I'g^er, or aloe wood
I'Jti. \'t;iniilion
127. \'erdinris
l^S. W ax and wax candles
I2y. W ini-s and spirits,*)
not otherwise pro- >
vidt'd for - - )
i:»0. Wood <if all sortsused (
in cal)inel-« ork -J
131. Yillow oilire, oi '
poopee miitee
132. Articles not enumer
atfd altove
.'> di'to
111 .into
Flee
'i per cent
111 ditto
10 dilto
Free
7i per cent
111 diltn
i as. per f.il
othllsa.ul
per SI er
111 per cent
7A ditto
7.} ditto
.') ditto
S ditto
10 di.lu
7j ditto
I'l ditto
111 ditto
111 ditto
( 4as. per id.l
.} othll.,a.i\l.}.
I per SI er -J
10 ditto
1 20 ditto.
!iO dilto.
VO ditto.
Free.
10 per cent.
10 dlllo.
VII ditto.
Free.
15 per cent.
I VO ditto.
I S(l ditto.
Free.
I 15 per cent.
vO ditto.
] 8 as. pir md.
j <>!"S0 sa. wt.
, ' per seer.
[ VO per tent.
1.1 ditto.
' l.'i dlllo.
loilittu.
Ill dlllo.
I Villi, no.
l.'i ditto.
VII ditto.
' V'l liillo.
, VO ditto.
I VII ditlo.
1 15 ditto,
I
I >0 ditto.
in ditto.
I'!.t ports mill Im])i)rts. — Indigo is tlic piincipal article of cxjiort from Calcutta. I're-
vimislv to fi e close of the American war, it was comparatively trifling. lUit aliout that
|icriiiil I'hinipeans began to engage Im the busineis; and the culture of the jilant has
since heen so much extended, and the ])reparati(in of the drug so much impn)\ed, that it
has now become an article of iirimary commercial imiiortauce. —(See Lmiigo.) 'J'he
otiier great articles of export are o))ium, silk, sugar, rice, saltpetre, cotton, cotton and
silk piece goods, lac dye anil shell lac, gunny and gunny bags, hemp and flax, turmeric,
shawls, s.ittlower, &c.
SlaltiiiL'iit I xliiliititig the Quantity .niul \'aUic of tlie varimi.s Ardclr.s of Kxport from raliulta in 18i;8-2!).
Arlicln.
(liianlity.
\*alue.
Articles.
UuanUty. 1
Value.
-£•
£
Cotton pi pre Rootls pieces
8v8,l.?3
IM.i.tW)
Castiir oil - inauiids
3,.'!I8
s,;;76
Silk jiiicc guilds - —
ww.ik;
aj4,:.Sii
S.irtldwer - - —
S,()4()
7,884
Shawls . - —
,•,.■.-1
K,47li
Skii.s and hides - —
•
7,o".4
Tiiilifio . - iiiaiiiitls
lOi.JU
i,ei!v:(i4
(iinntr - - —
\3,r>:,-j
4,;>-J7
Siicar . - —
4'-'!l,7V;J
jjiiii,!!.;.')
Sal aimnoniAf - —
l,;i51
2,4>-9
Silk - - _
liVMiS
it;"ii).li7
ISiirax ar.tl tiiiral • —
2,j.'i6
4,1 143
Urain - - —
l,4('S,l)S.i
'i^(|,l4.»
( anvas - - liolts
2,'-'-);!
1,7!KI
lialiar opium - clie.sts
4.hl7
(ili!i,!',;4
SiKip . - niauiids
l,llt!
l,Oli>)
liCIKirv.MlittO - —
.Salipt'tre - maiiiuls
l,7;!7
37ii,iilll
'-'■il,!li!l
i(i(i,r(«
licniii, flax, ami >
Iwiiic - -i
1'.'.478
10,fi-5
(illllllt - -
1,V4!>
l,'.ilill
Miinjiit . - _
2.!il'4
1,704
(dtton . -
21 11, (18 J
258,h4'J
( arjiets andblanketi —
18,77^
2,14(i
(iiiiiiiv ami ciiniiv J •
|,;,j.s . -.jliicccs
.'),oo;"),."iS7
21,(17.;
'rcillattli - —
I'lilthmk • —
l,i!i8
l,!il5
7'.i.)
2,V:8
I.iicilvc - - iiiainiils
7,.".>H
.M.'i'.l
( ouiilry sundries —
.
UiJtA)
Shell l.ic - - _
Tiintn'ric - —
11,44(1
l.'4,!iH."i
8,7iil
T.ital
^4,744,l.-2
'i\
m
f
'J 10
CALCUTTA.
' ti
To wliicli adiliiif,', fur roihIs rp-rx|ioito<l CKl.OI.'J/., iitul fur froasiirp l7f),"lP/, tlio wliolr oxpnrt will ho
i.'.'oj,.')! j/. r.iil, ill till' .iliiivi- •.tali'imnt, iiiili;^ii ami raw silk arc valiicil at llic i' .icmi-limisc rati ^, wlm li
art' ciiiisiiU'ralily lirlow llicir triii' value i and I'orri'C'iiiK llii.'»f anil oilier items, the real value ol tlieiX|jorls
from I'airutta in IHJN-'.'!! will he ii,t ■J.S.M..,')/.
Im/Kirts. — 'l"lu' !;ri';il si.'ipli- artielcs of iinporl into Calciiltii ari', Hrilisli cotton inami-
facturos and cotton twist. cii|);Kf, spelter, tin, kail, iron, woollens, glass, haidwaic, wiiio
and brandy, popper, timber, and bidlioii.
The folldwini; statement eontains a romprphensivo anil coiuk'ii*iil view oftlio import anil
of Ciileiitla with each ilivisioii of Ihe Kh'he, ami also with each 1 ,;ilom or state, in IS^H-'.'!!;
the trade to each country luiin;, at the same time, exhihitcil \u .mparative proportions.
Ahstract .Statement of Imports and Kxports of Calcutta in the Year 1S'.'S-'J!>.
export trade
the value uf
('ountrlvt.
Inijiorts.
I'er-ci'ntaKi'.
Kx|Kirts.
IV'r-fi'iiliim'.
X
United Kingdom
2,2I-2,!'S()
fi()-4
i;,7(Hi,7!K)
51
France ....
!,"-'( l,4'.Vi
r,v
i';W,ViO
4li
Mamlmrgli
■Si..i2.i
11)
Sweden • - . -
«,'27li
O-iJ
17.t.!'J
(i:)
I'ortuyal
.
-
11, '.'kJ
0-2
S,5()!>,()()5
W;5
'2,!lli«>17li
.'i7
Asia.
Coast of CoroiiLiiicIel
.W.11.!
14
(r.,i'."j
1'-'
Coast ol' .Malali.ir
7!I.Sdl
'11
17(i,!iJ7
;;•!
Cevloii - . -
;;,.;i7
(iih;
•.',!i'.'S
h'dii
New South Wales
'J, I'S
iiiiii
7,ii.VS
(II
.■\raliiaii and r<v.i.in Oulfa
77,H'.'H
'- 1
17M,WJ
;!4
rciiam;, and Ka-tuard
Mt,.s7ii
4 4
jiii.K,;.}
c-i
.l.iva . -
14.(i!>|.
(I'l
17,l'-"J
U:\
1 Manilla ....
.•i,171
ll'Oli
1 China
.inj,;iH'2
H".'
!l7r>,!'S7
1H7
1 I'l'tiii ....
2.".',.'i2't
CD
Si:!,ri|ii
1 ,s
iMaldive UlaiuU -
K.ur/
(I','
5,I-J7
l,s:i<i,K';J
01
•l.lt.ti.'l
2;-.-2
;r.:>
- — .-
- -
— ■ —
; /Ifyica.
1 IMaiiriliiis ....
V.\17n
(I-;-.
llid.K'.T
;;(h;
I'aiie of Uood 1 lope
1,717
Odii
1. ,;>.'.;
()•-'
Amrriea.
l.-?,Sii7
(1-4
I72,!i'-'8
,■;■;)
I'nited States of .America
2(iC,UiO
fl-4
]fiO,I(71
,S-()fi
Hra/ils
.
.
;'iii',Ml'J
11
Soiitli America
4!i,S77
i.',)l,!Wli
i'.>,7li'),.'".10
14
(;8
KK)
!»,!iiil)
O'J
2i;ii,<W;7
44
firand Total
;V-nt,.-.ir.
HO
The Bullion iinpurtoU ami exported in IM.j-14, and 1SS27-28, is exhibited in the following 'I'alile :
Count rips.
nre.it Ilritatn
Traiicc - - .
rortiiKal . - -
lirazil
IniU'iiondrnt States of .South America
United States . - .
lUirnian empire
Siii^apore, \r.
Sumatra, .Sc.
.I.iva - •
China
Manilla
.\ustr.ilia
Madras, .Sic.
Ce\ Ion . . -
HonJiav, \r. . . -
Ar.iliian and I'crsiaii Gulfs
I.aicadive and .M.ildivc Isles
Mauritius - •
Muiatubiiiue
Corrected *.ilue.
Company's .
\
CALCUTTA.
211
Account of the Qimntifips, or, wlioro they ;.ro not slat id, ii( lli(> VnliiPR.ofsomc of tlip principnl Articles
iiii|H>rtt'tl iiitii (aU'iittii in IM'J!l-.')(l, rliully lor iiili'iiial or lldiiu' ('(>iii<iiin|>liiiii.
i
i
Goods.
Ale mill other malt li(|iiura -
/Mum . . .
lU'lt'l nut
Kooks anil |iain|ihlc'tii
IM'inisiiino
('^iniplior . . .
t lo\c's . . .
(cIliT
Ci liiurs for painters
C'l'ttiMi piirc goods, plain
— prnitcd ■
("niton tuist
(il.iss ware
(iiinis . . .
Il.inhvarf anil rullcry -
Wi'iuhl.H I
Ali'Hsiirrv
IiIkIs.
His.
cwt.
.f
< Mt.
U.S.
Ihs.
lbs.
Jt'
J.'
£
Ills.
Ur.
Jt'
: (.Jiiiinlitv or
I \'a!ui*.
l:!,V.'ii
i."J,iiM
r, 1 1 'I,
l.'.Tiliil
417,",. ;i
7i.;,'i. t'
;;.:,! no
•K).,|o|
Kli.Wi..
•l.riyi ;,(!(,■;
'-'.'.11,111
;i^,v7o
(jooiU.
Clipper
.^pellir
I'lii
I.I ail
I
(Jiinksilver
iMetals, \\ loufilit
I'eppei, lilaek
.•^Mp.lU Wlillll
.Silk niaiinlarture!)
ISianiiy
(ieiKMi
'A inrs
WiiihI
Woollena
Wi'luhis
Ou.Tiitity or
Mi-u.surri.
\ atiu'.
cwt.
7H,.v.(;
cwt.
-•:,i (ii
CMt.
i.;,7i(i
cwt.
l.\l.!i7
iwt.
<J!l,l()'J
cwt
h70
.
£
4(i,n.'.
lll.S.
(i,!i!ii,(:.'(i
Ills.
i.Vo'j
.
.
£
4ii.;,>i4
. ftalloiis
l(i«,!;(.<i
.
. K'lHoilM
y4,!'()7
. £
1I!',04.'".
.
£
i.Vin
£
9i,1.08
• .v. II. — riie total value of Hriti.sli cotton niamirai tiires iniporlcil was (i;'il,!Mi.'i/. exclusive of milliiury,
Ac ; the total value ol' irelals, wroii^lil anil iinHroiit;lit,»asli;;i»,4.M/. ; the total value of loreigli spirits was
♦I'.iiJlV. ; anil llie total value of wines was ll!i,IH.V.
(Y'i
11
44
n) I
111.'! —
,.7-C8. i
-" "" I
£ I
4liv"'iii> I
1. •.•.«• 1
8,177
ifil !
in; , *
Comparative Slatement of the Ships ami their ToiniaKe cleared, and of the jiriiieipal Articles expnr(e<l
from Calentla for (ireal liritain, foreign Kurope, and the tnited ^Stutes of America, during each of the
live Years ending with IKJl— ii!.
.1001 Iffi.
^
T3
5
^
^
■J3
■^^
ir.
"^ 1
» i I
6 u
* X
E
i4 I tf. S
! I'ifce
1 lioutU.
I
W)
Hill... Jl.l^S. ' IlORS.
llnm. riuiils llalfj. VmV. < lists. Cluls. (lists. Ills. Iliindl. Ilalej. < latJ,
i : I I i~i
I
ISW-SR
IS'/S.'^i)
lsvii-.-;o
1K,-II..11
IMl-.TJ
wn-w
Is.iS.Vtl
IKW.TO
IS.'M.Tl
IWl 3'J
Til (illK.VT lilUT.VI.V.
Tl .l.'sWl .'.,1It! !.".:, 117 S!l,.'iO,-| 'd.VVO .lO,!.;!, 7.70.'. (;,Hi! I.R.T/
«) .i7,Mi'^ .-.Miv i."v,;'iv iei..ii-, |!ir,.i;v l'.i,.'7v n,'..-.'. (,,.'.vi v,S!ii-
fit .T,',,S|(; M,OI 1! Ml.'.-.l Hl,l|i,- '.i;., II .".'/ •,,(i|ll'. ,.■(,',? l,r-2 l.V.'i.T
T'l M,^:\ ;,'.77 IV'.i.ov.'.' T'.i.h o .s.-,,m,ii '^i,,- 1.|| s,.-,-,(; ,-,• 'o 7,1 iv
71 .11.U31 1,VK7 I I1,.'J|.">, h7,S.'.0 i;,Wl(l Vi,'.;M,;(,,l(i.-, •.,,-,,->0 .1,'JOIi
I
IS ,'i,K.V)
■^'1 1 s.iim;
!,'> ( .'.,17'i
17 '■•/"/O
7 J, CIS
I
I
i.rii-
l,e7
9,r.io:7iir, 70,811 1 flo."
v,'.:o.s] s;,; .11,177
I,'..'.'.' 71."". ii.'.dH
l,'^'.(. 7111 »;,0(;7
TO I'oiiRKiN i:ri((ii"i:.
.11.11 in,.'(i,'.' ",■'71 .i,."'i'i .'.,s'_'i!
.1K1 i'i,'..sii I, ,1,70 s,'..iu .'.,710
V.V. l'i,."(.!l' V4 7,."^o'J .'.,.111,
Ml ili,lllO' - ."l.O'.'.". (.,70'^
j <i,7v;K, .1,11110 'l LLsd'
S!)
!ir,
10
'.ilili
.'.!I7
(.07
I
TO TIlK rMTKI) ST.ATliS OF AMlCltlCA.
I I
I !
l.'.m iW
l!l.1 ll.'2
fib - 1
•wi
M\ .-.IS
10 '^IIO
w» 1,013
»» 1,173
I
6 l,.'.7fi
■2
21
1SS7-9S
'«!
i.'.'m -
M ,.'.!.'.
ino
IS'.'S.iO
ir.
4,'«'(7
V0,1(.K
isvo .10
I-
•l.ofisl .
-(i,Vl-l
l.s.io ,11
1.-.
I.71»i
■1 ',ll.s.',
1H3I..K
r^'
7,111
:>u,ziu
Vl'.'i .1,0-1
ll>,ii71! I.ISI
'i\ l.r.'O
Wi\ i.i.'ll
.11 ,1,11,-',
•.>,'i<M,
1,0.11
.'.,!•'.?
!»;.'.
ino
1 ,7S.1
•1,1107
'.(..'.MP
5 n,xvo
4,,1(i«
(iiiins.
■5 .S.
^i^ (^Ei
■3
11
H
.
M
,11
77S
'i7
1
lli'i
'J'l
1 f
1,'.I71
1V4 V.lK.'i
■'.7 V,414
IVI I.V.'.I
371 1, 11,0
t
H U. t
a. "
.2
C Cm
11
1
s.
Ch. Ch. Cli. Cliwi.s. Hair". ri«.ic naj,ni. Hales. r,i, kaRi'S.rhsts Males. ft\ln.. ilalcs. (•|ll•sl^. Vimv Haps.
III!
I8V7.'>« Svil.ir,?
1S'"I..10
IS.-0..11
1,S31-.W
l'!'?:.9R
iN'."i.,in
is.1ii.,n
lKol.3K
IS'.'7-W
)'.»S.V'>
IS n.-ii
IK-0..11
IV->I.3S
ril 17
.'.'.'I Ml
u.i: ss
I
I
71 0S2
k; i.'i'o
70 .I'l'i
■n 1,(100
114 V,.'ilU
I
,^^5
4A
,I«..il . !
IM VK It
27 r'j(i H
,'.»n
46X
1 ,0OK
'1.1 ',
I.IK'.'^
4,17.'.
r>,iri
101
3a':
V77
4'il
4M
S,.1S4
7'I7
7
TO (IHK.X r imiT..M.\.
I i I 1,1.
r.'isi .',0,-, 3,11.', 1,0.11 i.i.j'.'i 4K ',(;,%o
!if;
^,W^ 11,171
.^■17 Vl.ll 11.3111 I v.vsll \,MVi 11'/ 711,1 17 170 K.'i.KI'^ 1 1,.10'i,
1,'^I7 1I3| 31,'iltl I ',!,171| I,!I71| r..'ii 3,.'i70 XH'i .',,7!!'^ B.'HU'
K.'.IO 31S 7S,.171 ! 3,,'>(1(1|1,PI1 .'i7 (••'i,0!),1 ,'.77 "..Tl.'. l(i,.'v|»
'iW\ 711 'iW.OS,') ,!(,,17U 1,703 VWU.'^l.'.l 375 10,07H l(;,000
i ' ''111 I ,
TO FOIIKKIN lUIKII'K.
7I'2
3,nsi
•^04
m s.i.'.
11.177
1
10, 102
'^'..li'll
a
4S
7S, 1.111
1(i
l.'i.i,'i7H
Ih
,'1,1 HK)
■
'a
il,fi77
.1,SlliJ
'J77|
4,v
l.ll.l
i,a(ii»
TO THE UXITKI) STATE.S OP AMK1(I(".\.
VI
II
3,iio;'
V.'C !('V
'i,i.-o i,.s'^r,
i,i;iol
3,.T^Si l.^c'ilO
P 2
■ i,'."i''
47.5
Wltl,7M7
101
.'iSO,
«Sl'Ill.(l(l|
l.'.l
Wi
3f;f.i !i,iii
ll.T
'At^
4ll!i Il,S!!(i
1
13,'i
'^
i,-i(\a
1,1>)7
l,17«
7V0
C99
T^V
212
CALCUTTA.
I ''it
n 'I
The following ii an account of the arrivals ami dqiartures respectively in the yeart 1813-14, and
im-as: —
Flags.
AniTala.
Dc'piitiirra.
1S1;J-14. 1 1827-OH.
1HI.)-14.
18'.'7-'.'8.
Sliiin.
Tiini.
hh.p*.
Ton^.
Shli».
Tim«.
Ships.
Toil*.
Knt;li!il>
I'ri'lirli -
SwiHlish .
Dutch -
C'tii
fill
•J
!»7,SS.'
H,117
;"i!i.')
!i37
'X<,'i.i-i
2.)."i
i!')
1
4
llH),'2,ili
7,7"H
I.O'.Ki
Uiiiiish
rortiiKiiefc
Spuiiisii
Anu'iican -
Arahi:iii
"
1)
I)
i
3,717
4
1
III
1!)
7,i!..7
"i-,
4,'2I7
781
3
1
11
(t )
1.27:.
Knssiaii
Dlioiiii'S
sii
S(i,C«0
370
[>:>,M)
34J
i7,t"ii>.)
J7II
j:>,rM)
Inilian
Total
_
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
trtl.)
l,'),"),l)lill ' tWii
_J7-.,iil7
rm
l..!l,l.iv!
lV.>i
I7H,'.'.;!
Pnsenl State of Cahiittu Tmih: — Tlii' traiK- of C.ilciitl.i lias been fi)r tlic last half
dozoii yi'iii's ill a vi-ry iiiisatisfai'tory slati", and within the last :} vi'ars suiiie of the
])riiK'i|>al ini.Tcaiilile i'stal)lishnH'nts havi' taili-d for iniiiu-nsi> siiiiis. 'loi'xaniini' niimiti'ly
into the orij^iii of tlR'se disasters woidd load us into in((Mirios fori'lj^n to tlu' ohjoct ofthij
■work, and with rosjici't to wjiii'h it is dillicult to ai'<|iiirc aei'iirati- information. Wo he-
liovc, howovL'r, that tin.' main soun-i' of the evil has heen tlie eomhiuatioii, by most of the
principal houses of the business of nierehaiitK with that of bankers. 'I'heir credit beiii>r
liijjh, at the end of the war lar>re sums were do|)osited in their hands, tor which they
enf^aged to pay a hi>;li rate of interest. Hut instead of employin}^ these deposits, as
bankers in Kuf^land woidd have done, in the disconnt of hills at short dates, or in the \n\T-
chase of f^overnment securities readily convertible into money, they employed them,
probably liecause they could with ditliculty dispose of tlu'm otherwise, in all manner of
mercantile sj)eculations, — advaneinj; very Iarj;e sums to the indi,u;o planters, exporting
P<){k1s to Europe either directly on their own ai.'couut, or indirectly by lendinjr to those
who did, becomiiifi owners of India shipiiiu};, <vc. Most of those speculations turned out
exceedinjjly ill. The ])roduction of indijjo was so nuu'h increased, partly in conse<pienco
of the iarj^e eaiiitals turned to the business, and jiartly of the liifjli ])rices in Knjjland,
that " fnie l)lue violet," which had Ijroui^ht, in the London market, at an averaj^e of
the .T years ending with IS'JT, from !'_'.<. \Otl. to l.'i.v. -Xd. per lb., fell, at an average of
tlie 3 years ending with 18;!'_', to from .',s. Hi/, to O'.v. 'lit. per II)., and other sorts in pro-
portion. At these i)riees the ])roduclion would not ])ay ; and very he;ivy losses have been
sustained, and much capital sunk, by the ])laiiters and those who li.id supplied them with
funds to extend their undertakings. The investments in Indi.in shipping turned out evcM
worse than those in the indigo plantations, the shijjping of Kngland having nearly driven
that of India out of the lield. The embarrassment occasioned by this locking up of their
capital, and l)y the ruinous nature of the adventures in which they were embarked, began
to manifest itself simultaneously with the scarcity of money occasioned by the drains on
account of the Hurmese war. The great mercantile lionsi's began then to find that tliey
were entangled in dillieullies iVoui which they have been wholly unable to extricate them-
selves. After struggling on, some for a longer and some for a shorter period, most of
them have since failed, the greater mimber for very large sums.
Hut, however distressing in the mean time, the embarrassment and want of confidence
arising from the faihires alluded to eamiot be ol'long continuance. In the end they will,
l;o doubt, be productive of a betfei order of things. It is of the utmost conse(|uenco
that the vicious combination of the business of a merchant with that of ;i banker shoidd
1)e put an end to. It is singular, indeed, that individuals should he foimd willing to
intrust large sums in the hands of those wlu), they iire aware, are em))I(tying them in the
most ha/.iirdous adventures. The higher the interest i>roinised by such persons, the
greater ought to be the caution of the public in dealing «ilh them.
Some, perhaps most, Inanches of the import trade of t'alcutta seem also to have been
completely overdone. That of cotton twist is an instance. In lK'..'r»-:Ji), the imports
were 1,(;'(;,';,:S:5;» lbs. ; in lS;U)-;il. they were ;i,l!i!),n-I 1 lbs.; and in lH;!l-:i2,
5,433,:5'j;5 lbs. Such a supply was far beyond the wants of the eoimlry ; and the
returns have been so very inadecpiate, that the exports tVoni this country have already
been very materially diminished. The exports of spelter, copper, \c. have also been
overdone, though not in the same degree. — ( For further details as to the points now
t(mche(l upon, the reader is referred to the clear and able e\idenei? of (i. (i. do II. Lar-
pent. Ks(]. before the late Coiiiniittee of the House of Connnons on Mamifactures, Com-
merce, &.C.)
'i
i ..'
1*
I
l\
Im (id once
hey will,
stMiuencc
fi- should
lining to
In in the
jions, tho
lave been
iiuiunts
I8;5l-:i'2,
and the
already
list) been
iiits now
III. Lar-
Ils, Com-
LALICO.
213
Tlii« articU' lias liccn compiled fnnn tlic fo'.lDWiiiK aiitlii.i itics : — Milhiirn's Orirnlal Conimi-rcf ; A
ltcvK''r nt the rrlrniii/ Ci/inii' irr nj /liiij^ii/, />// llnnur Ihii/itinn Wi/sidi, Esq. IS.id j llt'll's licvimu of
the i\ili-fiiiil Coiiiimrcc <;/ lliii^ti/, Ihlii; 7'//.' Uiiii;ii/ Dini/nri/ ; Killji'.i Ciiiiibhl ; I'tiiiiiiminlurtt
Papers tiliiliitji lo l/if I'lUdiieix uj Imliii iiwi l/ir t'liidc nj lutliii aitU C/iiiid, IfS.JD-ltiJJ j and private
coiiiiiiuiiiciilhins.
CALICO ((uT. Kill t nil : l)ii. Kiiliivn ; Dan. Kutliiii ; S\v. Caitun ; Vr. Coton,
Tllilv lie ViltiMI ; It. 't'llil lIlllllliiKiillil, 'I'ltil l/ijiilllll ; S)). l\:lll lie .Ui/vilou ; I'ort. J'llllO
<lv .■Ui/oiliii) ; Uns. H'alniiliit ; I'oi. liiiivel III till), eloth made of et)tton ; so ealled from
Calient, on the Malabar eoast, whence it was lirst imported. In England, all white or
miprinted cotton cloths are denominated calicoes; but in the United States this term is
applied lo those only that are jirinted.
IJis/oiiedl .\(itiee iif llie Alt nf ( 'iilieii I'll ill iiiij. — This art, lhoup:h apparently one of
the most (lillicnlt, has lieen practised iVoni a very remote era. Herodotus mentions
(lib. 1. § '_'(!'_>.), that a nation on the shoris (il'lhi' Caspian were in the liabit of jiaintin;^
the (ijfures of animals on llieir clollu's, with a colour fornied from the leaves of trees
brnised and soaked in water; and he adds, that this colour was not ediiceable. and was
as durable as the clothes themselves. It is ditlicult to ima>rine that the eoloins could
have been so ])erniaiicnt, had not those nsiii-; them been ac<piainted with the use of
moii'r'.nls. 'i'here is, however, a ]iassa;fe in I'liny ( //isl. Xaf. lib. xxxv. § 11.), which,
lli(iu;,'h in some resjiects obscuie, sIidws that tlii' ancient ]''.<:yptians were lully ac(|uaintcd
with tlie principle of caiiiy» printiM;^^ " 'i'liey jiaint," says he, " the clothes, not with
eolours, but with (lru;;s (miilniilihiis iiiei/ieniiieiilis) that liave no coloiu'. 'I'liis being
<i()ne, they innnerse tJiem in a vat full of boiling dye, and leave them there for a little:
when they lake them out, they are jiainled of various colours. It is extraordinary,
seeing that tliere is only one colour in the vat (tiiiiis in eiirliiiii riilvr), that a variety of
colours should be produced by the opir.ition of the drugs." I'liny further states, that
the colours were so adhesive they could not be washed out ; and tliat clothes were the
•.■.tronger for being dyetl. A similar jiroccss is known to have been followed in India
from the earliest times, 'i'he cliemicil and mechaiiiial inventions of modern ages have
been the cause of vast in)i)rovemenls in this ingem'oiis and beautiful art ; but the pass;ige
Jiow quoted shows (!i^tlnctly that we have, in this inslance, laen oidy perfecting and
improving jirocesscs practised in the remotest anli(pnty.
Cii/iei) Piiiitiiui ill tliis ('tiiiiitri/. Diiliis an Cii/lenes. — In fireat Ib'itain the ])rint-
ing of cottoits has fornu'd, ibr a considerable pel iod, a very important and valuable
business. It has been calciilalcd that there ;ne not less than 'J:i(),()(K) individuals em-
ployed in, and dejiendent upon, the jiriiU trade for subsistence, "eceiving the annual sum
of I'.lOO.OOO/. in wages.
'J'his im))orta)>t and valuable business may be tndy said to have grown ii)) amongst us
in despite of repeated eflbrts ibr its sniipressioii. To prevint the use of calicoes from
interfering «ilh the demand for linen ami woollen siud's, a statute was passed in ITiJl,
imposing a ])enalty of .'/• upon the wiaver, and of '_()/. uiioii the selli'r, of a piece of
calico! I'ifteen years after, this extraoKJinaiy statute was so far niodilied, that calicoes
manufactured in Cireat I'ritain wire allo\\ed to be worn. " provided the wai)i thereof
was entirely of linen yain." This Mas the law with respect lo calieois till after the
invcnlirin of Sir liichani Aikwriiiht intnidueed a new era into the history of the
cotton manuCaclure, when its impoiiey became obvious to every one. In lTT-1, a statute
was jiassed, allowing prinletl goods, i^iiolly made of cotton, to be used, after paving a
duty of :i(/. a yard (raised to :!.','/. in l.S()'>'); and enacting some regulations as to the
marks to be allixed to the ends of the ])''eces, the stri])es, \c.
This act cdiitiiuiiil in fdrcc ilimu to l.M'.l ; tint, llHiui;h ;iii iiii|ir(iveniciit ii|>(in tlic old law, it wa»
niiicl), ill d jll^lly, (riii|il<iiiird (if. Its iiijii>li('(' and injiiii(jus (i|i( raliiin ucrc very Ibrcililv pointed out liy
Mr. I'oiilett 1 lioiiipsiiM, in lii> exee'deni vpeeeli on taxathin. " It i> a nialli r olMii prise to nie," .-aid tlie
Ki;;lit Moil, (jent, " ilial lliis iiio.-l ini|.i,liiie inipost .sliniilil have bteii allowed to continiie, especially
when It Mas deelaved liy Ilie roniniiltee ol ISlH lo he ' juiitin/ ami di^tiiissive, and tluit it* repi-.il was
iii(i>t doir.ilile: ' ulio, indeed, can ex.iininc it, and not leel llie liulli of Uii.^i oli.servaliiiii ? Ik it creilibic
that ill order to r.M.«e a iielf revenue ol .'.! I'.iiii!'/., a fiii'.-s lax .-honld lie iiii|)(psicl of -.;,i)lo,7,i7/ 'J and yet
this was the return, al■eordin^' to the paper on your talle, lor lh2H. And these liKiire.s arc .still l;ir Irom
show;ii;; Ilie real I'o-I ol llu> ( (illeelioii ol tins lax ; — lh.it nuisl lie taken upon the ^ross pioiiuee ; atid
snpposinn tlie ral<' ol the i (illeelion lor the exci-e to he .i per edit., vliieli is los than it really is, you
h.ive a cost (I '.(I per cent on the iietl proiliue ol this lax, hir eliar(;es, In addition to this, Irom all the
niiiuiry 1 have hc'di alile to make, the increased cost to the nianulacturer is Inllv '> per cent, upon llie
wli' le (|naiility niaile ; so th.it you havi- thus two sums, each ol 1M1,((I('/., levied on the public, tor
the sake ol'i xa<iinn a <luly ol lion (;0(i/. lUil the levi luie is again, in this i ase, far Irom bciiif; llie measure
ol the iiijiiry you iiill.et. 'J lie inei|iiality of the lax coii>titiiles its chief ohjeetion. 'llie dut\ is levied
upon the sipiare yaiil, at -^il. per yaiil. ' Thus, llie piece of calico uliicli t.ellii for OV/, duty "paid, con.
triliutes e(|Ualiy with that which is woitli .w. a yanl. You levy ,iii onerous and oppressive tax of lUI or
I.'id pc'r cent upon the poor, who are the purchase s of inferior cottons ; « liilst the rich, who buy only
the liiiesi kinds, pay but HI or I "p per cent." «
It is due to Mr. Tho ipsoii to state, that, not s.ntisfied w itii giving this forcible oxposition of llic ino(|ua>
lify and injurious operation of the duty on printed (joods, one of Ms lirst measures, on coining into oHice,
wa- to propose its repeal.
llie followinj.' tables <xliibil the (^ii.intify of printed cloths produced in (ircat Hritain, the quantity
cxiiorttd, ami the amount of revenue and' drawback then on, during the year ended jth of January,
r 3
1 n
i H
Ml
1
w
I'
1.4
%
! t
214
CALOMEL. — CAMEL.
■If
^'i' '.:
I. Return of thcNuinbor of Square Ynnls of Calioops, Muslinn, Linpiin, iind Stuflft, made cither of Cotton
or Linen, prin'eil, |)ainti'(l, stained, or dyed, in (ireat liritain lexcept siu-ti an siiall have licen dyed of
cneC'oloiir IhrouKhoiit;, with tlie Aniouiit ol Kxcisi' Dmiet eolleelcd lliereoii in Ilnxland and Scotland,
in the Year ended M\ of Jaiuiaiy, IHir ; di»tni;;iii»hMi(,' the Nunibei ol Sijuare Yards and Amount of
Duty collected thcrvow. — {Pari, t'ltpt'r. No. ,ij.). Sess IH.iO.)
England
Scotland
Year ended "i
5th of January, 18)0 3
Numlier of Vnrils.
Amount of Dutj.
ForciRn Ca-
\Won.
Lineni and
Siulli.
C^illron and
22,3'38
1.704,7fil
H,7r.j
10J,2.!i,W
2li,l(iJ,.")')()
£ s. It.
1,51(>,4.1I 14 10
3Ml,Ki> li! 3
22,3.!8
l,71,V,ltl
128,.'>t0,004
l,H'J7,v!rj.". 7 1
II. Return of the Total Numli.r of Si|uaro Yards of printed C.iliroes, Muslins, Linens, .ind Stnflp., ex-
ported from England anil Sootland, in the Year ended .jth of January, is.;(l; llie Amounf of l)ra'.vliaek»
paid or allowed thereon; distMiKUishuiH llu' yuanlitie.i an, I Amount ol Drawhaiks alloweil to l''oreiKn
Parts from the Quantities and Drawbacks paid or allowed on the like Articles on the llomoval coast-
wise to Ireland.
England
Scotland
Yc.ir ended 5th
— —
of Jan.
18.30 -
Kxiiurliil to Furi'l^i Countriei.
Kxported to Ireland.
Nun»l)Cr of VnnU.
Amount of
Drawback.
No. of Yards.
Linens, Sliitrs,
C'aiic-tti's, and
Muslim*.
Amount of
Drawbuck.
FotcIb"
Culicofh.
l.tiii-ns, Stiilf,.,
t'alirtu'^, and
3,07-2
3,fi7'J
8I,U;1,4:4
K,4l7,iiO'J
£ s. ,1.
l,IH7,sri2 17 4
l'J.',7W 11
5,w.\(nri
«(i!i,:>,)S
Jt' S. rf.
7."»,.)!tl 4 y
li!,ti7a 2 9
t<!l,Kii ,4.:i
I,.'il().lilWt IS ;!
fi,(«!l,(l4l 1 8S,or)9 f, 11 1
Hy the ,)4 (ieo, ,i. e. '.'3. it is enacted, that the inventor, designer, or printer of any new and original
pattern for printint? linens, cottons, calicoes, or niusliiis, sh.ill have the sole right of printing and reprinting
the same for 3 months, to commence Irom the day of tir»t publishing.
CALOMKI.. Chloride of mercury; frequently called mild inuriate of mercury;
and soiiietiuK's, hut less proijerly, suhiniiriafe of ntercury.
CA.MBUKJ, oil t^A^IlilllCK (CJer. Kummvi-tiiv/t ; Dii. Kamvi-i/ksdnek ; Fr. Cam-
hnvj Batiste ; It. Cuiubnija ; S)). C<imlirai ; Port. Citmhniid ; Uus. Kamcrttt;/), a
.species of very fine wliite linen, first made at C'anihray, in French Flanders, whence it
derives its appellation. It is now produced, of an eijually good quality, in Great
Britain.
CAMEL (Fr. Chnmeuu ; It. and Sp. Qimc/o ,- Ger. Knniecl ; Arab. DJimel ; Lat.
Cameliis ; Greek, Ka^uTjAos), is indigenous to Araiiia, and we only mention it in this place
on account of its extreme iin])ortanee in the commerce of the Ea.st.
The camel is one of the most useful of ti)e animals over wliich the inhabitants
of Asia and Afiica have actjuired dominion. These continents are intersected by vast
tracts of l)uniinfj sand, the seats of desolation and drought, so as, ajiparently, to
exclude the possibility of any inteieourse taking i)lace between the countries that they
separate. " But as the ocean, which ap])eais at first view to be placed as an insupenible
barrier between difierent regions of the earth, has beeit rendered, by navigation, subser-
vient to their mutual intercourse ; so, by means of the camel, M-hich the Arabians
emphatically call the Ship of the Desert, the most dreary wastes are traversed, and ihi!
nations which they disjoin are enabled to trade with one another. Those painful jour-
neys, imi)racticable by ;:ny other animal, the camel performs witli astonishing desjjatcli.
Under heavy burdens of O'OO, 7(X), and 800 lbs. weight, tliey can continue their
march during a long period of time, with little food or rest, and .sometimes without
tasting water for 8 or 9 days. By the wise economy of Providence, tlie camel
seems forincd of pur])ose to be the beast of burden in those regions where he is placed,
and where his service is most wanted. In all the districts of Asia and Africa, where
deserts are most fretpient and extensive, the camel abounds. This is his proper station,
and beyond this the sjihere of his activity does not extend far. He dreads alike the
excesses of heat and cold, and does not agree even with the mild climate of our temperate
zone." — (lioberisnii's Disquisition on Aiirieiit India, Note 53.)
The first trade in Indian commodities of which we have any account (Genesis xxxvii.
25.) was carried on by camels; and they still continue to be the instruments employed
in the conveyance of merchants and merchandise throughout Turkey, Persia, Arabia,
Egypt, Barbary, and many contiguous countries. The merchants as.semble in consider-
able numbers, forming themselves into an association or caravan — (sec Caravan), for
their mutual protection against the attacks of robbers, and the dangers incident to a
journey through such rude and inliosj)itable countries. These caravans are often very large,
and usually consist of more camels than men. The capacity of the camel to endure
fatigue, and the small supply of provisions that he requires, is almost incredible.
I
CAMELS' II Alll. — CAMPHOR.
'21
i»
«• llis oidinnry bunk'ii," says ^'<llluy, " is T.'^Olbs. ; liis fi)i)(l, wliati'vor is pivcn liiin —
!>traw. tliistlrs, flic stoiius of dales, licaiis, l)arli.'y, iS:c. ^Vitll a pound of food a day,
and as niucli water, liu will travel lor weeks. In tlio journey from Cairo to Suez, wliieli
is -10 or 'l') hours, tliey neither eat nor drink ; hut these long fasts, if often
rejenli'd, wear them out. Their usual rate of travellinj; is very slow, hardly aliove 'J
miles an liom-; it is in vain to iiusli them; they will not (juiekeu their pace; hut. if
jillowed some short rest, they will travel lo or 18 hours n day." — (l'iii/(ii)e m Si/riv,
turn. ii. p. 'AS:).)
The .Araiiians refjard tlie eamel as a saered animal, the pi ft of Heaven, wiiho\it whoso
.•lid they could neither subsist, nor trade, nor travel. Its milk is their ordinary food ;
lliev also eat its flesh, es|)eeially tliiit of the young eamel, which they retkoii excellent ;
its iiair, which is renewed every year, is jiarlly manufactured into stutl's for their clothes
and fnrnilnre, and p;irlly sent .-ihroad as a valuable article of merchandisi' ; and even ils
faces siTve them for (eel. IJlest with their camels, the Ar.ihs want nolhiiifr, and fear
nothinj;. In a single day they can traverse '10 or .TO miles of the desert, iind inler)i<ise
its trackless sand-, as an impenetrable rampart between them and their foes. — (See
the admirable deseriptior of the eamel, in Huflbn.)
l!ut, however useful to the inhabitants of parched, sandy deserts, it may Ik) worth while,
perliaps, to observe, that the camel is of very little service elsewhere. He cannot walk
1(io yards on wet or slipjicry ground without stumbling. He is totally imkiioHii in all
hilly or woody coimtii's ; and, with few exceptions, may be said t<i be as great a stranger
in the I'.astern Islands, Japan, the southern jiarts of Cliiiia, the whoU- eoiiiilry lying be-
tween {'hiiia and India, .'iiid all the southern parts of the latter, incluiiiiig liengal, as hu
is in Europe. In all those vast countries the ox is the most useful of the lowi r aiiini,.ls.
It isused lor draught (for which the camel is totally unlit,) in the cart and plough, in the
carrying of burdens, in treading corn, in the oil press, ^c, and linally as food.
C'A."\IKI.S' IIAIli (Cer. Kuiiuclhmir ; Vr. J'oil dv i/iiiinniii, I.iiiiii' ilc r/iinoit;
It. Pi/o 7/ riiiiiil/i); Sp. I'l/o 11 liDKi (If r('iiiiiHn). The hair of the camel imjiorted into
this country is principally used in the manufacture of line ])encils lor (hawing and
jiainling. In the Mast, however, it is an ini|iortant article of cmnmcrce, and is exten-
sively used in the tirts. It serves for the fabrication of tlie tents and cai))els of the
Arabs, and for their wearing apjiarel. Cloth is also manufactured of it in I'eisia ar.d
other places. The most esteemed hair comes from Persia. It is divided into three
<|iialitics ; black, red, and grey. The black is the dearest, and the griy is only worth
lialfihered. Considerable cpiantilies of camels' hair are exjiorlid IVoni Snivrna. Con-
stantiuoiile, and .Mexandiia. It is used in the manufacture of hats, pailiculaily by
the I'leiicb. — (Ncis's ('i,t/itjifi(lin, art, (\iiiiilii.i.)
CAMI.KT, i>K CA.Aliil.l'.T (tier, and l)u. Anm</f)/; I'r. Cumilot ; It. Ciinnhdlotlo ;
Sp. Citiiidiitc ; Kus. A'(.»/A//), a plain stulf, manufactured on a loom, with two treadles,
as linens are. I'lure are camlets of arious colours and sorts; some w holly of goats'
liair; others, in which the warp is of hair, and the woof half hair and half silk ; others,
.-:gain, in which both the warp and the woof arc of wool ; and, lastly, some, of which the
warj) is of wool and the woof of thread ; sonic arc striped, some watereil, and .some
figured.
C.\M{):MILE (Fr. Cimwmillv ; It. CumnmiUn ; Sp. MimziniiUa ; Lat. ninmomilla),
a well-known plant, whose flowers are used for medical ]iuriioses. Most of what is
broiig'it to the London market is grown about Mitiham, in Surrev.
CA.\iriIOR, OH CA.AIPHIKK (Ger. Kumj.frr; Du. K.hnfcr ; Vr. Comjthre ;
It. Cinifuni ; ii\i. Aliaiijhr ; Hus. Kawfoni ; I.at. ('(iw/i/ivni ; Arab, and J'ers. A'(7/o<jr ;
IVIal. Kiinfiir). There arc two descriptions of this valuable article, which n,n^t liot he
coiifc.unded.
1. Vumjihor of Comwircr, or that met with in Europe, is oblaiiud by boiling the
timber of a species of laurel ( I.itiirua C(im/i/i<ini), a tree found in the forests of I'okicn, in
China, near the city of Chii! liew, where there is annually ])i(<diiced from t.',5(50 to .S.COO,
ope
ni
----- pectively
3,15'J^and 'J,04;^ piculs, being, at an aveiage, 'ACC'^dC, lbs. ; if to tliis we add the exports
anmi.'il jiroducc of
lis countrv in
or
uid sometimes as much as 'l.v:cO piculs. :Mosf of the "cami.hor iiniiorted into Europ
?omcs from Cliina ; but a small cpianlity, considered of sn|)erior (juality, conies fror
Japan by way of liatavia. The exports from Canton in IH.'JO and 1K;11 we're respectivel
comes
J
from Hatavia of Japan camphor, amounting to -ISf) ])iculs, the total
China and Japan for exjiortation will be ■1:>L',770 lbs. It is broniiht lo tl....
chests, drums, and casks; and is in small, granular, friable masses, of a dirty white
greyish colour, very much resembling half-rcfincd
commerce has a str
M'hen pure, the camiihor of
g, iicculiar, fragrant, iienetrating odour, and a bitter, ] ungent,
)itu)r, when re
ifined,
aromatic taste. It is in reality a concrete essential oil. Camjd
thin hollow cakes of a beautiful virgin whiteness, and, if exiiosed to the air, totally
cvaporatei. CJrcat care is therefore requisite in packing camphor, to prevent fcrioua
*-l|
i.i
ti
I
S i
r i
216
c A M ri I o R o I r — c a x a ls.
\
lil
N Kf
I
rr
2. Camphor, Muhiij, coiniiionly called, to dislinfjuisli it from tlio last, camplior of
Barus, from tlio port of Sumatra, u'licri* it is mostly sliippi'd. It is a ])ro(liii't of
the DnjdbalnnnpH Citiiijihont, a forest troo confiiu'd to Sumatra, lioriioo, and tlic Alalay
peninsula. It is found in I'Diu'ri'tf masst's in tlie (Issuri's of tiic wood : tlierf are,
however, l)Ut very few trees that all'ord it; and tiiose that do, only in small (pianlllies.
This species of camplior is more fra;rranl and less biting and pun|>;eiit than that yielded
by the laurel, and is in high repute among the Chinese, hy whom it is almost » holly
consumed. There is an inunense disparity in the prices of the two species in China.
In a price current recently published at Canton, the tinest Chinese camphor is (pioted at
30 dollars |)er j)icul, while the Malay camphor is (]uoted at ;t() dollars per catty, making
the ])rice of the latter KM) times greater than that of the former! Malay camphor is
wholly unknown in Kurope as an article of trade. — (I'rirate infonna/idn.)
CA.MlMlOll OIL (Malay, Mini/nh), a fragrant essential oil, ohi. lined in largo
quantities by heating the wood of the Dri/olialtiiiops ('iimplinrii. It is nearly as cheap as
spirits of turpentine, l)ut is not held in any esteem hy the Chinese. Jt might, perhaps
ho i)roKtably im))orted into England as a Kubstitute for spirits of turpentine in the arts,
and for medicinal purposes. We may add, that the tin\her of the Dryiihulnuaps ('niiiji/iunt
is not inferior to any produced in the countries where it grows, for the ))urposes of house
und ship building. — {Privdtc iiijhrmntioii, and CrauJ'ur(Vs liidUtn Arc/iiiit/m/o, vol. i.
p. .516.)
CAMWOOD, a red dye wood, first brought to Euroi)e from Africa by the Portu-
guese. It is princi))ally obtained from the vicinity of Sierra Leone. 'I'he colouring
mutter which it ail'ords dilfers hut little from that of ordinary Nicaragua wood, either in
quality or quantity; and it may be empluyeil with similar tnordants. — {liaiH-rnJ't vii
Colours. See also Ihimpkr, vol. ii. part ii. p. 5S. ) Camwood is at jiresent worth, in
the London market, from Hi/, to IS/, a ton, duty (.■).<. a ton) included. In 18L'8, IT.T
tons of camwood were imjiorted ; but the imports in 18L"J oidy amounted to 11 'J tons.
— {Pari. Paper, \o. OV;i. Sess. 18:30.)
CANAL, CANALS. A canal is an artificial channel, filled with water kept at
the desiied level by means of locks or sluices, forming a communication between two
or more ])laces.
(I.) Historical Shrtrh of Canals, Ancient Canals. — The comparative cheapness and
facility with which goods may be conveyed by sea, or by mciuis of navigtible rivers,
seem to have suggested, at a very early period, the formation of canals. i'he best
authenticated accoimts of ancient l''gypt represent that country as intersected hy canals
conveying the waters of the Nile to the more distant i)arts of the country, jiartly for the
purpose of irrigation, and i)artly for that of internal navigation. The ellbrts ma'le by
the old Egyptian monarchs, and by the I'tolemies, to construct a canal betweei\ the
Red Sea and the Nile are well known ; and evince the high sense which they enter-
tained of the importance of this species of communication, — (Anuilhon, Commerce dvs
Etjtipticns, p. 76.)
Greece was too small a territory, too much intersected by arms of the «>a, and sub-
divided into too many independent states, to a<l()rd nuich sco|)e for inland navigaiioii.
Attempts were, however, made to cut u canal across the Isth.mus of Corinth ; but thv-y
did not succeed.
The Romans did not distinguish themselves in canal navigation. Their aqueducts,
the stupendous ruins of which attest the wealth and power of their founders, were intended
to furnish supplies of water to some adjoining city, and not for t 'onveyanceof vessels
or produce.
(2.) Chinese Canals. — In China, canals, partly for irrigation, and partly for navigation,
have existed from a very early period. The most celebrated .imongst them is tlie Im-
perial or Grand Canal, forming a conmiimication between IVkin and Canton, said to be
about 1,660 miles long. But there can be no doubt that this is a very great ex,^ggcr-
ation ; and that it includes the various rivers which really fornj the greater jjart of the
navigation, the excavated portion being of conqiaralively limited dimensions. The canal
is said not to have, at any time, more than from 5 to 6 feet water ; and in dry seasons
its depth is frequently reduced to '^ feet. {Dc la Lmitle, Cauau.v tie Saviijation, \t. 529.)
The locks are constructed with very little skill ; and as the vessels are generally dr.igged
by men, the navigation is extremely slow. The canals are mostly faced with stone ; and
the bridges across them are said to he very ingeniously contrived.
(3.) Italian Canals. — The Italians were the first ])eople in modern Europe that at-
tempted to jdan and execute canals. They were principally, however, undertaken for the
purpose of irrigation; and the 'rorks of this sort executed in the Milanese and other
parts of Lombardy, in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries, are still regarded
us models, and excite the warm admiration of every one capable of ai)i)reciating them. In
1271, the Navilio Grande, or canal leading from Milan to Abbiate (Jrasso and the
Tesino, "vas rendered navigable. — {Yming's Travels in France, &-c. vol. ii. p. 170.)
/
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CANALS. 217
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(4.) Dutch Caniih. — No country in Europe contains, in proportion to its size, so many
navijraljle eaniils iis tlie kiuffdoin of tlie Xutlierlands, and particularly the province of
Ilollaiid. Tlie construction of these canals commenced .'is early as the twelfth century,
wiien, owing to its central and convenient siiuation, Flanders began to be the eiitrtput of
the commerce between the north and south of Kurope. 'i'heir number lias since been
astoiiishingly increased. " Holland," says Mr. riiillips, in his History <if Inlund Nuvi-
piitidii, " is intersected with imiumeraljle canals. They may be compared in number and
sizj to our ])ulilic roads and highways : and as the latter M-ith us are continually full of
couches, chaises, wagons, carts, and horsemen, going from and to tlie diflerent cities,
towns, and villages ; so, on the former, the Hollanders, in their l)oats and j)leasure
barges, their treckschuyts and vessels of luirden, are contuuially journeying and convey-
ing commodities for eonsinn])fion or exportation from tlie interior of the courtry to tlie
great cities and rivers. An inhabitant of 'votterdam may, by means of these canals,
breakfast at Delft or the Hague, dine at Leyden, and suj) at Amsterdam, or return
home again before night. IJy them, also, a most prodigious irdand trade is carried on
between Holland and every part of France, Flanders, and Germany. M'hen the canals
are fiozen over, they travel on them with skails, and perform long journeys in a very
short time ; while heavy burdens are conveyed in carts and sledges, which are then as
much used on the canals as on our streets,
" The yearly jirofits jnoduced by these canals are almost beyond belief; but it is cer-
tain, and has been proved, that they amount to more than '250,000/. for about 400 miles
of inland navigation, which is 6'25l. per mile, the square surface of which mile does not
exceed two acres of ground ; a profit so amazing, that it is no wonder other nations
should imitate what has been found so advantageous.
" The canals of Holland are generally CO feet wide and 6 deep, and are carefxdly
ke]it clean ; the nuul, as manure, is very profitable ; the canals are generally levels ; of
course, locks are not wanted. F'rom llotterdam to 13elft, the Hague, and Leyden, the
canal is quite level, but is sometimes ailected by strong winds. For the most part, the
canals are elevated above the fields or the coimtry, to enable them to carry off the water,
which in winter inundates the land. To drain the water from Delftland, a province not
more than fiO miles long, they employ ?00 windmills in spring time to raise it into tlie
^•anals. All the canals of Holland are bordered with dams or banks of immense tliick-
i ess, and on these depends the security of tlie country from inundation ; of course it is
of great moment to keej) them in the best repair; to effect which there is a kind of
militia, and in every village is a magazine of proper stores and men, whose business it
is to convey stones and rubbish in carts to any damaged place. When a certain bell
rings, or the waters are at a fixed height, every man rejjairs to his post. To every house
or family there is assigned a certain part of the bank, in the repair of which they are to
assist. When a breach is apprehended, they cover the banks all over with cloth and
stones."
(5. ) Cuii'il from Amstvrdtim to Nkwd'wp, near the Ilehhr. — The object of this canal,
which is the greatest work of its kind in Holland, and probably in the world, is to afford
a safe and easy passage for large vessels from Amsterdam to the German Ocean. This
city has 40 feet of water in the road in front of its port, but the pampus or bar at the
junction of the Y with the Zuyder Zee, 7 miles below, has only a depth of 10 feet; and
hence all ships of any considerable burden entering or leaving the port must unload and
load part of their cargoes without the bar. As the Zuyder Zee is every where full of
shallows, all ordinary means of improving the access to Amsterdam were necessarily in-
effectual ; and the resolution «as, therefore, at length adopted, of cutting a canal from
the city to the Helder, the most northern point of the province of Holland. The
distance between these extreme points is 41 English miles, but the length of the canal is
about ."0^. The breadth at the surface of the water is 124i English feet (120 llhinland
feet) ; the breadth at bottom 3G ; the dejith 20 feet 9 inches. Like the Dutcli canals
generally, its level is that of the highest tides, and it receives its supjily of water from
the sea. The only locks it requires arc, of course, two tide-locks at the extremities; but
there are, besides, two sluices with floodgates in the intermediate space. It is crossed
by about 18 drawbridges. The locks and sluices are double, — that is, there are two in
the breadth of the canal ; and their construction and workmanship are said to be ex-
cellent. They are built of brick, for economy ; but bands of limestone are interposed at
intervals, and these project about an inch beyond the brick, to protect it from abrasion
by the sides of vessels. There is a broad towing path on each side, and the canal is wide
enough to admit of two frigates passing. — (For the expense of towing, see Amster-
liAM. )
The line wliich the canal follows may bo easily traced on a map of Holland. From
the Y at Amsterdam it proceeds north to I'urmerend ; thence west to Alkmaar Lake ; again
north by Alkmaar to a ])oiiit within 2 miles of the coast, near Petten; whence it runs
nearly parallel tp the coast till it joins the sea a little to the cast of the Ilelder, at the
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218
CANALS.
fine harbour of Niewtlicp, formed witliin the last .10 years. At tlic latter place tliere is
a powerful steam-engine for supi)lying tlie canal with water during neap tides, n;id other
purposes. The time spent in towing vessels from Niewdiep to Amsterdam is IH hours.
The Helder is the only spot on the shores of Holland that has deej) water; and it owes
this advantage to its being opposite to tiie Teicel, whieli, by eontracting tiie eomnui-
nication between the German Ocean and tiie Zuyder Zee to a breadth of about a nu"le,
produces a current which scours and deepens the chaimel. Immediately opposite the
Helder there are 100 feet water at high tides, and at the shallowest part of the bar to
the westward there are 27 feet. In the same way, the artificial mound which runs into
the Y opposite Amsterdam, by contracting the water-way to about 1 ,000 feet, keeps a depth
of 40 feet in the port (at high water), while above and below there is only 10 or I'J.
The canal wiis begun in 1819, and fmished in IH'2~>, The cost was estimated at
10,000,000 or l'J,000,000 florins, or about 1,000,000/. sterling. If we comimte the
magnitude of this canal by the cubic contents of its bed, it is the greatest, we believe, in
the world, unless some of the Chinese canals be excejitions. 'l"he volinne of water
which it contains, or the prisma de reinplissayc, is twice as great as that of the New York
Canal, or the Canal of Languedoc, and two and a half tiines as great its that of the
artificial part of the Caledonian Canal. In consequence, however, of the facility with
which the Dutch canal was dug, and of the evenness of the groinul through which it
passes, the difficulties with which the engineer had to contend in making it were trilling
compared to those which had to be overcome in constructing the canals now mentioned.
We have not le.irncd what returns this canal yields ; most jjrohably it is not, at least in
a direct point of view, a profitable concern. Even in Holland, notwithstanding the
lowness of interest, it would require tolls to the amount of 40,000/. a year to cover in-
terest and expenses; and so large a sum can hardly, we should think, be raised by the
very moderate tolls laid on the ships passing through it. — (See Ajistkhdaji.) This,
however, is not the only consideration to be attended to in estimating the value of a
work of this sort. Its influence in promoting the trade of Amsterdam, and, indeed, of
Holland, may far more than compensate for its cost. It is evident, too, that the im-
position of oppressive tolls would have efTectually counteracted this advantage; that is,
they would have defeated the very object for which the canal was constructed. — (We
have derived these details, partly from an able article in the Sculsman, and ;)artly iVom
private informntion. )
(6.) Danish Cunals, — The Holstein Canal, in Denmark, is of very considerable im-
portance. It joins the river Eyder with Kiel Bay on the north-east toast of llclstoin,
forming a navigable communication between the North Sea, a little to the nortli of
Heligoland, and the Baltic ; enabling vessels to pass from tlie one to the other by a short
cut of about 100 miles, instead of the lengthened and diflicult voyage roundJutland, and
through the Cattegat and the Sound. The Eyder is navigable for vessels not drawing
more than 9 feet water, from Tonningen, near its mouth, to llendsburg, where it is
joined by the canal, which communicates with the Baltic at Iloltenau, about 3 miles
north of Kiel. The canal is about 26 English miles in length, including about G miles
of what is principally river navigation. The cxcavpted portion is 95 feet wide at top,
51 feet 6 inches at bottom, and 9 feet 6 inches deep (Eng. meas. ). Its highest ele-
vation above the level of the sea is 24 feel 4 inches ; to which height vessels are raised
and let down by 6 locks or sluices. It is navigable by vessels of 1 20 tons burden, or
more, provided they are constructed in that view. The total cost of the canal was about
500,000/. It was opened in 1785, and has so far realised the views of its projectors,
as to enable coasting vessels from the Danish islands in the Baltic and the east
coast of Holstein, Jutland, &c., to proceed to Hamburgh, Holland, England, &c. in
less time and with much less risk, than, in the ordinary course of navigation, they
coidd have cleared the point of the Skaw ; and conversely with ships from the west.
The smaller class of foreign vessels, particularly those under the Dutch and Ilanseatic
flags, navigating the Baltic and North Seas, have largely availed themselves of the faci-
lities afforded by this canal. During the 5 years ending with 1831, no fewer than
2,786 vessels passed each year, at an average, through the canal. This is a sufficient
evidence of its utility. It would, however, be much more frequented, were it not for the
difficult navigation of the Eyder from the sea to llendsburg. The dues are moderate.
— (Coxe's Travels in the North of Europe, 5th ed. vol. v. p. 239., where there is a
plan of the canal ; Catteau, Tableau des Etats Danois, torn. ii. pp. 300 — 304. ; and
private information, )
(7.) Swedish Canals — The formation of an internal navigation connecting the Cattegat
and the Baltic has long engaged the attention, and occupied the efforts, of the peojjle
and government of Sweden. Various motives conspired to make them embark in this
arduous undertaking. The Sound and other channels to the Baltic being commanded by
the Danes, they were able, when at war with the Swedes, greatly to annoy the latter, by
cutting ofl[' all communication l)y sea between the eastern and western provinces of the
4r.
/ I
CANALS.
219
jat
Jl)Ie
II) is
Ihy
kingdom. And liencc, in the view, partly of obviating tliis annoyance and partly of
facilitating the conveyance of iron, timber, and other bullcy products, fronfi the interior
to the coast, it was delerniined to attempt forming an internal navigation, by means of
the river Gotha, and the lakes Wener, Wetter, &.v,, from Gottenburgh to Soderka-ping
on the IJaltic. The first and most difficult part of this enterprise was the perfecting of
the communication from Gottenburgh to the lake Wener. The Gotha, which flows
from the latter to the former, is naviijable, through by far the greater part of its course,
for vessels of considerable !)urden ; but, besides others less difKcult to overcome, the
navigation at the point called TriJllha;tta is interrupted by a scries of cataracts about
112 feet in height. Owing to the rapidity of the river, and the stubborn red granite
rocks over which it flows, and by perpendicular banks of which it is bounded, the
attempt to cut a lateral canal, and still more to render it directly navigable, presented
the most formidable obstacles. But, undismayed by these, on which it is, indeed, most
probable he had not sufliciently reflected, I'olhem, a native engineer, undertook, about
the middle of last century, the Herculean task of constructing locks in the channel of
the river, and rendering it navigable ! Whether, however, it were owing to the all but
insuperable ol)stacles opposed to such a plan, to the defective execution, or deficient
strength of the works, they were wholly swept away, after being considerably advanced,
and after vast sums htid been expended upon them. From this period, down to 1793,
the undertaking was abandoned ; but in that year, the plan was proposed, which should
have been adopted at flrst, of cutting a lateral canal through the solid rock, about 1 J
mile from the river. This new enterprise was begim under the auspices of a company
incorporated for the purpose in 1794, and was successfully completed in 1800. The
canal is about 3 miles in length, and has about 6^ feet water.* It has 8 sluices, and
admits vessels of above 100 tons. In one part it is cut through the solid rock to the
depth of 72 feet. The expense was a good deal less than might have been expected,
being only about 80,000/. The lake Wener, the navigation of which was thus opened
with Gottenburgh, is very large, deep, and encircled by some of the richest of the
Swedish provinces, which now possess the inestimable advantage of a convenient and ready
outlet for their products.
As soon as the Trollha;tta canal had been completed, there could be no room for
doubt as to the practicability of extending the navigation to Soderkoeping. In fur-
therance of this object, the lake Wener has been joined to the lake Wetter by the
Gotha Canal, which admits vessels of the same size as that of Trbllhffitta; and the
prolongation of the navigation to the Baltic from the Wetter, partly by 2 canals of
equal magnitude with the above, and partly by lakes, is now, we believe, about com-
pleted. The entire undertaking is called the Gotha Navigation, and deservedly ranks
among the very first of the kind in Europe.
Ik-sides the above, the canal of Arboga unites the lake Hielmar to the lake Maelar ;
and since 1819, a canal has been constructed from tlie latter to the Baltic at Sodertelge.
The canal of Strcemsholm, so called from its passing near the castle of that name, has
effected a navigable communication between the province of Dalecarlia and the lake
INIaelar. &e. — ( For further details, see, besides the authorities already referred to, Coxe'a
Travels in the North of Europe, 5th ed. vol. iv. pp. 253 — 266., and vol. v. pp. 58 — 66. J
Thomson'' s Travels in Sweden, p. .35, &c. )
(8.) French Canals. — The first canal executed in France was that of Briare, 34J En-
glish miles in length, intended to form a communication between the Seine and Loire. It
was commenced in 1605, in the reign of Henry IV., and was completed in 1642, under
his successor, Louis XIII. The canal of Orleans, which joins the above, was com-
menced in 1675. 3ut the most stupendous undertaking of this sort that has been
executed in France, or indeed on the Continent, is the canal of Langucdoc. It was
projected under Francis I. ; but was begun and completed in the reign of Louis XIV.
It reaches from Narbonne to Toulouse ; and was intended to form a safe and speedy
means of communication between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. It is 64
French leagues long, and 6 feet deep; and has, in all, 114 locks and sluices. In its
liighest part it is 600 feet above the level of the sea. In some places it is conveyed, by
bridges of great length and strength, over large rivers. It cost upwards of 1,300,000/. ;
and reflects infinite credit on the engineer, Riquet, by whom it was planned and
executed.
Besides this great work, France possesses several magnificent canals, such as that of
The Centre, connecting the Loire with the Saone ; of St. Quentin, joining the Scheldt
and the Somme ; of Besan9on, joining the Saone, and consequently the Rhone, to the
Rhine ; of Burgundy, joining the Rhone to the Seine, &c. Some of these are of very
considerable magnitude. The canal of the Centre is about 72 English miles in length.
• This is the statement of Catteau, Tableaudcla Mer Baltique, tome ii. p. 77. ; Oddy, in his £»/ro«voil
Commerce, p. 306., and Baibi, Abregi de laGi!ograp/ife,p. 3So., say that the depth of water is 10 feet.
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It wns Cdinplclod in 17!>l, (it an oxpi'ii«:e oC ulMnit 1 1 .OOO.fKX) (Vuncs. Its summit livi-l
is altoiit 'JIO I'l'i'l ahovo tlii- Ifvcl of the Loire at Digoiii ; tin- hreadtli at the wafer's cilf^e
is alioni -IH t'l'i't, and at Ixittoni ,'10 fi'i-t ; di'ptli of water .'J; feet ; nunil)or of loflis Si.
Tliu canal of Si. (|nenliii, 'JH Kn^lisli miles in length, was completed in 1810. 'I'lic
canal joinin<^ the IMioiie to the llhine is the most extensive of any. It stretches froin
the Saone, a little above St. Jean de Losne, l>y Dole, Itesangon, and IVIulhouse, tu
Straslnirj;, where it joins the llhine, — a distance of about iiCK) Kn{;lisli miles. From
Dole to Vogenncourt, near Montheliard, the canal is principally excavated in the
bed of the Doiibs. It is not (piite finished. 'I'ho canal of Burgundy will, when
comi)leted, be about '.'I'J kilom., or 150 English miles, in length; but at jjrcsent it is
only navigable to the distance of about 1)5 kilom. In addition to these, a great many
other canals have been linislied, while severid are in progress, and others ])rojected.
There is an excellent accttunt of the French canals coni|)leted, in progress, and ])r(»-
jected, in the work of M. Dutens, entitled Jlintoire itf In ynrii/ation liitcrivure de la
Frnuvi', 'J vols. -Ito, and to it we beg to refer the reader for further details. He will
find, at the end of the second volume, a very l)eautiful map of the rivers and canals of
France.
If is ])robable, liowever, that the railroad i)rojects now set on foot in France may
tend, for a while at least, to check the jjrogress of canalisation. We may observe, too,
that the state of the law in l-'rance is very unfavourable to the undertaking and success
of all great jiublic works ; and we are inclined to attribute the coin]>arative fewness of
canals in I'rance, and the recent period at which most of them have been constructed,
to its influence. In that country, canals, docks, and such like works, arc mostly carried
ill at the expense and for behoof of government, under the control of its agents.
No scojjc has been given to the enterprise of individuals or associations. IJefore either
a road or a canal can be constructed, plans and estimates must be made out and laid
before the minister of the interior, by whom they are referred to the prefect of the
department, and then to the Uiiriaii ilts I'oiits ct <lci C/i<iHssrs ; and siijjposing the
project to be approved by these, and the other functionaries consulted with resi)ect to it,
the work must after all be carried on under the superintendence of some public otticeri
In consetpicnce of this preposterous system, very lew works of this description have been
undertaken as (irivate speculations. And while not a few of those begun by government
remain untinished and eomiiaratively useless, those that are coini)leted have, as was to be
expected, rarely jiroved profitable. There are souk? good remarks on this subject in
the useful work of M. Dupin, on the Foirts Ciimimiriiili's of Cireat ISritain.
(!). ) I'nissiiiii (^(iiiiiln. — The I'russian stales are traversed by the great navigable rivers
the Elbe, the Oder, and the Vistula ; the first having its embouchure in the Njrth Sea,
and the others in the Baltic. The formation of an internal navigation, that should join
those great wdtir-wai/s, excited the attention of government at a distant period; and this
object has bet-n successfully aecomi)lislied, partly by the aid of the secondary rivers fall-
ing into the above, and partly by canals. In Hid'-', the canal of Muhlrose was undertaken,
uniting the Oder !ind the Sjjree ; the latter being a navigable river falling into the
Havel, also a navigable river joining the Elbe near Ilavelburg. Hut the navigation from
the Oder to the I'^ibe by this channel was difficult and liable to frequent interrui)tion ;
and to obviate these defects, I'rederick the (iieat constructed, towards the middle of
last century, the Finnow ("anal, stretching from the Oder at Oderberg, to the Havel,
near Liebenwalde ; the commi'iiication is thence continued by the latter and a chain of
lakes to IMauen ; from which jioint a canal has been oi)ened, joining the Elbe near
Magdeburg. The Elbe being in this way connected with the Oder by a comparatively
easy navigation, the latter has been united to the Vistula, jiartly by the river Netze,
ami partly by a canal joining that river to the lirahe, which falls into the Vistula near
Bromberg. A vast inland navigation lias thus been completed ; barks passing freely
through the whole extent of country from Hamburgh to Dantzic ; aflbrding the moans
of shiiiping the jiroducts of the interior, and of importing those of foreign countries,
eitli'.'r by the North Sea or the Baltic, as may be found most advantageous. — (Ca«ea«j
Tahltiiu de la Mtr linUique, tome ii. p. 11 — 18.)
(10.) Russian Camds. — The inland navigation of Russia is of vast extent, and very
considerable importance. The reader will find some details with respect to it under
the article I'KTKusiuMtGii.
(11.) Austrian Canals, — The Austrian empire is traversed in its whole extent by the
Danube; but the advantages that might result tt) the foreign trade of the empire from
so great a command of river navigati<m, have been materially abridged by the jealousy
of the Turks, who command the embouchure of the river, and by the difficulties that are
in some jilaces incident to its navigation. Two pretty extensive canals have been con-
structed in Hungary. That called the Bega Canal is 73 English miles in length : it
stretches from Fascet through the Bannat by Temoswar to Becskerek, whence vessels
pass by the Bega into the Tlieiss, a little above its junction with the Danube. The
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other lliinpariiin canal is cnlKtl aRur the Einpi-ror I'lancis. It strttclits from tlio
Damihi- by Zambor to tin- Tliciss, wbiili it joins near Fiildvar, btinj; d'J linglish tnilen
in lenj^tli : its tlivation, « bi-ro liif^bost, docs not I'Xii'id 'J7 fi'ft. Hisidis the idiovp, the
canal of Vienna ustabiisbos a toimnnnicalion iK'twei-n tbat city and Ninstadt. It is said
to bu thu intention to continue this canal to Tiiestc ; but, however desirable, we doubt
nnich whether tliis l)e i>racticable. A railroad is at present Ijcinf; made from Munt-
bausen on the l)anul)e to IJndweiss on the Moldau, a navif^able river that falls into
the Elbe. This promises to be a hif^hly useful c(minumicatiou. — {Uriijlu's Tiuvcln in
Jfuiii)(iri/, p. 'J'lfi. ; linllii, Alin'tjc ile la d'aiynip/ilt; p. liKj.)
( 1 y. ) S)»tiiisli CuiikU. — No where arc canals more necessary, both for tlic ])iiri)oses of
navijraiion and irri^^ation, than in Simin; but the nature of the soil, and the jioverty and
ignorance of the j,'overmnent as well as of the people, oppose formidable obstacles to their
construction. l)uring the reign of Charles II., a eomi)any of Dutch contractors ollered
to render the Manijanares navigal)le from Madrid to where it falls into the 'lagns, and
the latter from that point to Lisbon, provided they were allowed to levy a duty for a
certain number of years on the goods conveyed i)y this chaimel. The Council of
Castile took this proposal into their serious consideration, and after maturely weighing
it, pronounced the singular decision — " That if it hatl pleased (iod that these tw<i rivers
.shotdd have been navigable, be woidd not have wanted human assistance to have made
them such ; l)ut that, as he has not done it, it is plain he did not think it proper that
it .should be done. To attempt it, therefore, wo\dd be to violate the decrees of his ])ro-
vi<lence, and to mend the imijcrfections which he designedly left in his works!" —
{Clarhv's Lettfr.i on tin- Sjxiiiish Ndlioii, p. '2H4.) Ihit such undertakings are no longer
looked upon as sinfid ; and many have been pnyected since the accession of the Dourbon
dynasty, though few Iiave l)een i)erfected. Tlie canal of the I'^bro, begun under the
Emperor Charles V., is the most im])ortant of the Spanish canals ; but it is only partially
com])leted, and during dry seasons it sutlers from want of water. It runs parallel to
the right bank of the Ebro, from Tudela in Navarre to below Saragossa ; the intention
being to carry it to .Sast.'igo, where it is to unite with the Ebro. The canal of Castile is
intended to lay open the country between the Douro and ileynosa, and to facilitate the
conveyance of grain from the interior to fSantander and ISilbao. It i)asses by Valladolid,
I'alenciii, and Aguilar del Campos ; a small jjart has been executed, and is now in
ojjeration. A comiiany has recently imdertaken, what the Dutch contractors formerly
ollered, to render the Tagus navigable from Aranjuez to Lisbon ; the free navigation of
the river having been stipulated at the Congress of Vienna. A ])rojeet for deepening the
Guadal(]uivir, and some others, are also on foot. — (^Furtign Quarterly lievuw. No. 9.
•ji. Br>. ; Ihdhi, AMije ilc la (iaii/rap/iie, j). :!'!<).)
(1:5.) lirilhh Canals. — Owing partly to the late rise of extensive manufactin-es and
■commerce in Great liritain, but nwre, perhaps, to the insular situation of the country,
no part of which is very distant from the sea, or from a navigable river, no attenii)t was
made, in England, to construct canals till a conii)aratively recent period. The eflbrts of
those who first began to imi)rove the means of internal navigation, were limited to
attempts to deepen the beds of rivers, and to render them better fitted for the conveyance
of vessels. So early as l(>:i5, a Mr. Sandys, of Elatbury, Worcestershire, formed a
project for rendering the Avon navigable from the Severn, near Tewkesbury, through
the counties of Warwick, Worcester, and Glonccstcr, " that the towns and country
might be better sup]>lied with wood, iron, pit-coal, and other commodities." This scheme
was approved by the principal nobility and landowners in the adjoining coimties; but
the civil war having broken out soon after, the project was abandoned, and does not
seem to have been revived. After the Restoration, and during the earlier part of last
century, various acts were at different times obtained for cheapening and improving river
navigation. For the most part, however, these attempts were not very successful. The
current of the rivers gradually changed the form of their channels ; the dykes and other
artificial constructions were apt to be destroyed by inundations; alluvial sandbanks
were formed below the weirs; in summer, the channels were frccjuently too dry to admit
of being navigated, while at other periods the current was so strong as to render it quite
impossible to ascend the river, which at all times, indeed, was a laborious and expensive
undertaking. These difficulties in the way of river navigation seem to have suggested
the expediency of abandoning the channels of most rivers, and of digging parallel to
them artificial channels, in which the water might be kept at the jjroper level by means
of locks. The act passed by the legislature in 1755, for improving the navigation of
Sankey Brook on the Mersey, gave rise to a lateral canal of this description, about 11^
miles in length, which deserves to be mentioned as the earliest eflbrt of the sort in
England.
But before this canal had been completed, the celebrated Duke of Bridgewater*, and
• This truly noble person expended a princely fortune in the prosecution of liis great designs; and, to
increase his resources, is said to have restricted his own personal expenses to 4V01. a year ! But his pro-
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CANALS.
Win equally ct'K'hrntcd ungiiiccr, the flelf-instructod Jumcji IlrinJley, Imd conceived a plon
of eaiiiilisatioti iiule|)eii(i>Mit iiltojretiier of niitiirul cliaiinels, imuI iiiteiuied to iillbrd the
greatest fiieiiities to eoiniiKTce, by ciirryiii;? eaiiuls across rivers luul through inouiitaiiis,
wlierever it was |>raL'tical)le to construct theiu. •
Tlie Duke was proprietor of u large estate at Worsley, 7 miloH from Mnncliester, in
which were some very rich coal-mines, that had hitherto been in a great measure useless,
owing to the co«t of carrying cual to market, lieing desirous of turning his mines to
some account, it occurred to his Grace that his purpose would be best accomplished by
cutting u canal from Worsley to Manchester. Mr. Uruidley, having been consulted,
declared that the scheme was practicable; and an act having been olitained, the work was
immediately connnenced. " The i)rinciple," suys Mr. I'hillips, •* laid down at the
commencement uf this business, reflects as much honour on the noble imdertaker as
it does upon his engineer. It was resolved that the canal should l)e perfect in its kind ;
and that, in order to preserve the level of the water, it slioidd lie free from the usual con-
struction of locks. But in accomplishing this end many difticulties were deemed insur-
mountable. It was necessary that the canal should be carried over rivers, ond many large
and deep valleys, where it was evident that such stupendous mounds of earth must be
raised, as would scarcely, it was thought by numbers, be completed by the labour of
ages ; and, above all, it was not known from what source so large a supply of water could
be drawn, even on this improved plan, as would supply the navigation, liut Mr. lirindley,
with a strength of mind peculiar to himself, and bein/^ posses.sed of the confidence of his
great patron, contrived such admirable machines, and took such methods to facilitate the
])rogress of the work, that the world soon began to wonder how it could be thought so
difficult.
" When tlie canal was completed as for as Barton, where the Irwell is navigable for
large vessels, Mr. lirindley proj^sed to carry it over that river by an' aqueduct ,'}9 feet
above the surface of the water in the river. This, however, being considered as a wild
and extraviigant project, he desired, in order to justify his conduct towards his noble em-
ployer, that the opinion of another engineer might be taken, believing that he could easily
convince an intelligent person of the practicability of the design. A gentleman cf
eminence was accordingly called, who, being conducted to the i)lace where it was intended
that the aqueduct should be made, ridiculed the attempt ; and, when the height and
dimensions were comnumicated to him, he exclaimed — ' I have often heard of castles in
the air, but never was shown before where any of them were to be erected.' This un-
favourable verdict did not deter the Duke from following the opinion of his own engineer.
The aqueduct was immediately begun ; and it was carried on with such rapidity and
success as astonished those who, but a little before, thought it impossible."
Before the canal from Worsley to Manchester had been completed, it occurred to
the Duke and his engineer that it might be practicable to extend it liy a branch, which,
running through Ciiester parallel to the river Mersey, should at length terminate in that
river, below the limits of its artificial navigation ; and thus atlbrd a new, safer, and
cheaper means of communication between Manchester and its vicinity and Liverpool.
The execution of this plan was authorised by an act passed in 1761. This canal, which
is above 29 miles in length, was finished in about 5 years. It was constructed in the
best manner, and has proved equally advantageous to its noble proprietor and the
public.
" When the Duke of Bridgewater," says Dr. Aikin, " undertook this great design,
the price of carriiige on the river navigation wius IS.'*, the ton from Manchester to Liver-
pool, while that of land carriage was 40s. the ton. The Duke's charge on his canal was
limited, by statute, to six shillings ; and together with this vast superiority in cheapness,
it hiid all the speed and regularity of land carriage. The articles conveyed by it were,
likewise, much more numerous than those by the river navigation ; besides manufactured
goods and their raw miiterials, coals from tlie Duke's own pits were deposited in yards
at various parts of the canal, for the supply of Cheshire ; liine, manure, and building
materials were carried from place to place ; and the markets of Manchester obtained a
supply of provisions from districts too remote for the ordinary land conveyances. A
branch of useful and profitable carriage, hitherto scarcely known in England, was also
undertaken, which was that of passengers. Boats, on the model of the Dutch treck-
schuyts, but more agreeable and capacious, were set up, which, at very reasonable rates,
and with great convenience, carried numbers of persons daily to and from Manchester
along the line of the canal." — {Aikin's Description of the Country round Manchester,
p. 116.)
Jects were productivo of great wealth to himself and his successors; and have promoted, in no ordinary
degree, the wealth and prosperity ol his country. He died in \H'Ii.
• There is a good account of Brindloy in Alkin's Bioni-tip/iical Dictionary. His intense appliratiun, and
the anxiety of mind inseparable from the gre.it enterprises in wliich he was engaged, terminated hi«
valuable lite at the early age of 56.
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CANALS.
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Tlic sncTPM tliat nttondi-d tin- Diiki- of Iliidiiiwati-r's miials slimiiliitiHl public-spirited
indiviilitiils ill ollur distrik'ts to iiiiiU-rlako similar works. Mr. Itriiidli'y liiid i-arly lorint'd
till' iiia'^iiirn'1'nt MJii'iiK' of joiniii;? tin- f;ri';it ports of I.o idoii, I.ivi'rp(M)l, liristui, and
Hull, liy a systoni orintiriial navij^ation ; luiil, tlioii;{li lie ilii'd in 177'J, at (lii! i-ariy age
of r>i'>, III- had tlio satisfaction to si-c Ids uriiiid pr<ijcft in u fair way of bi-ing ri-aliscd.
'I'lif Trt'iit and Mors* y. or, as it has hion niori- coninionly tornii'd, tlio (irand Trunk
Canal, f)<; inili's in k'n|.i|h, was l)i'j,'un in 1 7(;<i and fompk'ti'd in 1777. It sfrc-lclii's from
mar Itiiiuorn on I ho .Mirsoy, uliiivit lounnuiiiiatt's with tliu Duki" of llridycwator's
(anal, lo N'i\vciistli-uiidir-I,iiU' ; thfiu-u southwards to near 'ritcliticld ; and then north-
wi'sttrly, till it joins thi' 'rnnl at Wildon Firry, at the iiorth-wi'storn i-xtriinity of
Luicistfrshiiv. A water toinmuniiation l)ctwi'cn Hull and Liverpool was thus coin-
plelfd ; and liy means of the .Slali;)rdshire and VVoreeuershiri,' Cuiial, whieli joins the
(irand i'rimb near Haywood in the former, and the Severn near Stourport in the latter,
the same means of eommimiealion was extended to Uristol. Durinj^ the time that tho
Grand I'nmk Canal was heiii},' made, a canal was undertaken from Liverpool to Leedn,
l;l() miles ill luii;lii; aiuitlier from |{irminf{ham to the Stadbrdshire and Worcestershire
Canal, ji)inin<r it near Wolverhampton ; and one from Itirminfrhain to Fa/.uley and thence
to Coventry. Uy canals snhseipuntly undertaken, a coninundcatioii was formed hetweeii
the (irand Trnnk Canal and Oxford, and conseipiently with London, completing; Hrind-
ley's maf^nilicent scheme. In 17!)-', the Grand Jimction Canal was henun, which runs
in a pretty straight line from IJrcntford, on the Thames, n little aliove the metropolis, to
Uruunston in .\ortliam|>toiishire, where it iniites with the Oxfoni and other central
canals. It is about <)() miles in length. Thi're is also a direct water commuiucation, by
means of the river Lea navi^^ation, the Conibridj^e Junction Canal, i^c, between London
and the Wash, In addition to these, an imnnnse ninnl)er of other canals, some of them
of very ffi'i-'at ma;^nitude and importance, have lieen constructed in diflerent jjarts of tlie
country ; so that a conmiand of internal navigation has been obtained, unparalleled in
any European country, with the uxeejjtion of Holland.
In Si.'otlaiid, the f^reat canal to join the Forth and Clyde was bof^im in 17(78, but it
was suspended in 1777, and was not resumed till after the close of the Atuerican war.
It was finally eonipleled in 1790. Its total len<rth, including the collateral cuts to
Glasgow and the Monkland Canal, is ."■8j miles. Where highest it is 150 feet above the
level of the sea. It is on a larger scale than any of the English caiuds. Its medium
width at the surface is .'>(>, and at the bottom 'J7 feet. (">riginally it was about 8 feet 6
inclies dee)) ; but recently its banks have been raised so that the depth of water is now
alioiit 10 feet. It has, in all, ;5i) locks. In comi)leting this canal, many serious difKculties
hail to be encountered. 'J'liese, however, were all successfully overcome ; and though
iinprodtable for a while, it has, for many years past, yielded a handsome return to its
jiroprietors. Swift boats, on the jilan of those subsequently described, were established
on this canal in KS.'i'J. — (See Clclund's Statistirs of Glasgow, p. 170. &c. )
The Union Canal joins the Forth and Clyde Canal near I'alkirk, and stretches thence
to Edinburgh, being :51^r miles in Ijngth. It is 40 feet wide at the top, 20 at bottom,
and 5 dee|). It was completed in 182;2; but has been, in all respects, a most un-
prolitable undertaking. Hitherto the proprietors have not received any dividend ; and
their prosjiects, we imderstand, are little, if any thing, improved.
A canal intended to form a comnuinication between Glasgow, Paisley, and Ardrossan,
was commenced in 1807; but only that portion connecting Glasgow with Paisley and
the village of .Johnstoim, has hitherto been finished. This part is about 12 miles long;
the canal being tJO feet broad at toj), 18 at bottom, and 4^ deep. It was here that the
imi)ortant experiments were originally made on «juick travelling by canals, which demcm-
strated that it was (piite i)raeticable to impel a properly constructed boat, carrying
passengers and goods, along a canal at the rate of 9 or 10 miles an hour, without injury
to the banks ! — ( See post. )
The Crinan Canal, across tho peninsula of Kintyre, is 9 miles long, and 12 feet deep,
admitting vessels of KiO tons burden.
The ('aledonian Canal is the greatest undertaking of the sort attempted in the empire.
It stretches S.W. and N. E. across the island from a point near Inverness to another
near Fort William. It is chiefly formed by Loch Ness, Loch Oicli, and Loch Lochy.
The total length of the canal, including the lakes, is 58^ miles ; but the excavated part
is only 2U miles. At the summit it is 90'^ feet above the level of the Western Ocean.
It has been constructed upon a very grand s'cale, being 20 feet deep, 50 feet wide at bot-
tom, and 122 at top; the locks are 20 feet deep, 172 long, and 40 broad. Frigates
of ;52 guns and merchant sliijis of 1,000 tons burden may pass through it. This
canal was opened in 1822. It was executed entirely !'t the expense of government, from
the designs and under the suiierintendence of Thomas Telford, Esq., on whose skill and
talents as an engineer it reflects the highest credit. The entire cost has been 986,924/.
It would, however, appear to have been projected without due consideration, and promises
I ri
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224.
CANALS.
to be a very unprofitable speculation. During the year 1829, the total revenue of the
canal, arising from tonnage dues and all other sources, amounted to only 2,575/. 6s. 4d,,
wliilc the ordinary expenditure, during the same year, amounted to 4,573/. Os. l-^ri. ! It
is, therefore, very doulitful wliether the revenue derived from it will ever be able to defray
the expense of keeping it in repair, without allowing any thing for interest of capital.
The following is a detailed account of the various items of expenditure on account of the Caledonian
Canal, from SJUtli of October, 1S0;3, to 1st of May, 18J0 : —
Management and travelling expenses
Timber, and carriage thereof . -
Machinery, cast-iron works, tools, and materials
Quarries and masonry - - . .
Shipping ... . .
Houses and other buildings - •
liflboi.r and workmanship (day- work) . . -
Luliour and workmanship (nicasure-work)
I'urchase of land, and payments on account of damages
Purchase and hire of horses and provender
Incidental expenses - - - -
Roadmaking • - - -
Total cost
.£ s. (I.
. Sti,(i!)l li> ID)
- 7'-V;i7 I lOj
. KVs.KSO + 7j
. SiOd.Olt. 4 lOJ
- 11,71!) 1 li
.'>,.')■,:) 10 (i
- r.-j.i.'dij 1 J J
- 4IK,rwl If! 8 J
- 47,ll;j(i I-' '.n
■Jfi-.H 12 ii'f
S.',«'Jll 18 10
4,;57!) 3 (i^-
£ i«G,!je4 1 fii
Some other canals have been projected and completed in different parts of Scotland.
Of tliese the 3Ionklaud Canal, for the supply of Glasgow with coal, has been the most
successful.
The following extract from the share listof IMr. Edmunds, Broker, (9. Cliange Alley,
Cornhill, 12th of October, 1833,) gives an account of the number of shares in the
principal British canals, the cost or sum actually expended upon each share, the dividend
payable upon it, its selling price at t)>e abovementioued date, and the periods when the
dividends are payable : —
Number
Amount of
Aver.i;,
e r
ost
Prict'
ler
I)i1
. per
Divitiend
of Shares.
Names of Canals.
Share.
PL
r Ml art
Share.
Annum.
payable.
£
s.
.£
■1.
rf
£
.?.
£
4-.
rf.
1,4«2 Ashbv-de-la-Zouch
1(K)
113
74
4
Ap. Oct.
1,7()() Ashton and Oldham
••
-
U.J
13ii
5
A|). Oct.
720 Barnsley
160
217
yjo
14
fcb. Aug. 1
l,S(iO Basingstoke
100
.
.
5
5
Ditto bonds ...
VM
.
.
.
.
-
.
April,
4,(KK) Birmingham (Jth sh.)
17
10
.
.
2;;.5
10
12
10
A p. Oct.
4,1 UK) 1 Birmiiignam & LiverpoolJunction
100
100
pd.
.■j(i
477 ' Bolton and Bury
250
1('5
fi
January.
lyfiO't Brecknock and Abergavenny
150
-
.
85
4
Jan. July.
6u0 Bridgewater and Taunton
100
100
pd.
70
— Calder and Hebble
.
■
.
.
4yo
1,000 ! Carlisle
m
21
10
pd.
400 Chelmer and Blackwater
100
>
103
.5
January.
l/iOO ! Chesterlield
KX)
.
.
)7«i
8
SIX) Coventry - - -
100
.
-
(ilH)
32
May, Nov.
l,g.51 Crinaii
50
-
.
l>
4(;0 Cromford . . -
100
.
.
300
18
Jan. July.
4,.^tl) Croydon ...
1(X)
31
o
10
1
11,81(1/. Ditto bonds
1(K)
-
.
50
6
5
(iiM)/. Derby
1(X)
110
117
(i
Jan. Julv.
2,0(i0 Dudley
1(X)
.
-
50
O
10
Mar. Sei)t.
Kdinburgh and OlasROW
1(H)
3,57") Ellesmore and Chester
1..3
133
80
3
15
1 September.
i.'ol Krewash . . -
1(H)
7."»0
705
47
May, Nov.
1,2U7 Forth and Clyde
100
4(i0
10
545
25
1 Jinie, Dec.
1
GOO Glamorganshire
100
172
13
4
21)0
13
12
g 1 f Ma. Jun.
i Sep. Dec.
1,187 Gloucf.ster and Berkeley . -
100
.
-
13
10
899 Ditto (New) of 10 per cent.
.
.
.
-
45
ll.tiOO Grand .Junction
100
224 10
245
12
Jan. .July.
1,,')21 (irand Surrey
luo
.
-
22
-
-
Apr. Oct.
120,0(«)/. Ditto loan
.
-
.
•
80
4
Jan. July.
2,8414 (Jrand Union
100
.
.
24
1
1st Oct. ■
3,09f) (irand Western
1(H)
100
pd.
21
749 (irantham
1,-H)
150
200
10
May.
! Hereford and Gloucester
100
6,2,'!8 1 Huddersfield .
1(H»
.57
(i
f)
34
1
10
I September.
148 Ivel and Ouse Beds
100
KHI
t)
pd.
115
10
5
.Ian. July.
25,o2S Kennet and Avon
100
•jil
18
10
27
1
5
September.
l;j() Kensington ...
1(H)
1(,K)
pd.
10
11,6!H1J Lancaster
11 K)
47
()
8
2:i
1
April. 1
2,8791 Leeds and Liverpool
18J Ditto ',NY-w)
1(H)
.
.
470
20
May, Nov.
.
.
-
.
l(i
May, Nov.
540 Leicester
.
140
175
10
Jan. July.
5 Ditto
.
!K)
80
13 10
Jan. .luly.
1,897 Leicester and Northampton
ioo
k;
10
80
4
.Fan. July.
70 Loughborough
.
.
142
17
1,820
124
Jun. July.
3,000 Macclesfield
100
100
pd.
50
250 I Melton Mowbray
1(H)
.
-
1!'0
9
July.
500 ' Mersey and Irwell
101 i Monkland
PHI
.
.
7.-.0
40
June.
](;o
-
!H)
2,409
Monmouthshire
100
100
Vji
10
Jan. July,
I
\
t
IS
I
CANALS.
225
NumheTJ
of Shares
Names of f!an;ils.
700 1
600 I
ii47 !
.ODO I
loD i
1,7)S(> I
L'.tOO i
21,41H
ri.ciw j
am '
HI 10 !
4j,IJIX) I
71 '0 I
oOll I
j,<i47
L'lK)
5.i.-i
a")0
o,o4l
i.irio I
l.-^l'O i
!,V'"0 i
!,(«)() !
l.iKlOf
C0,()(ii) I
G.OUO
8W
Montgoinrryshirc
North Wal-liani and Dilliam
Nealh
Nottiiin'i'Ti
Nutbrook
Oakham
Ox lord
I'lak I'orcst
rortsn.oiith and Arundil
I{fm.'iit's
Uorhilalc
Slirewniuiry
Shroiisliiro
Hoiiifr.-L't Coal
Ditto Lock Kiiiid
.St.iltbrd and WorcL'Stcr
StourhridKf
!Stratr<ird-()ii-Avon
Stroudwatcr
S\van!-;'a
'I'avistock
Tha)ni's and Jlcdway
Ditto Now
Ditto 1st loan
Ditto -'(1 loan
Ditto M loan
Ditto 4tli loan
'I'liamcs ami Severn, New
Ditto OrigMiaL
Trent and Mersey {{)
i Warwick and liirniingham
Warwick and Napton
Wey ami Arini
Wilts and ISerks
Wisbiach
Wonx'ster and Hirmingliam
Wyrley and Kssiiiglon
-I
Amount of
Av
erauc Cost
Price
ner
riv. iwT
Dividend
Miare.
per Miarc.
Share.
Atinuin.
payable.
je
..
^e
*.
ll.
jS
s.
Jfc' .V.
rf.
101)
.
.
85
4
Mar. Aug.
;"^0
;")()
lid.
10
-
.
January.
-
107
10
290
15
A life'. I'eb.
irA)
.
.
'.'ti;5
12
Aiir. Oct.
Hi!)
.
_
■
.
(i 2
IJO
_
-
4-1
2
May.
iOO
.
•
5! 15
32
' Mar. Sept.
10(1
48
77
3 10
Juno, Dec.
.")()
oO
10
loo
0.3
Hi
8
1(>
15
13
6 July.
100
85
HI
4
I May.
li-T.
.
m
255
11
1 May, Nov.
lsi.7
.
m
l.SS
7 10
June, Dec.
50
.
-
170
10 10
Jan. July.
113
10
.
a
12
10
5 10 p
ct June, Dec.
140
140
filO
34
I'el). Aug.
145
.
-
200
9
Jan. July.
-
•
79
9
8
3()
1 5
Augu.>.t.
IJO
.
,
.'■.(H)
23
May, .Nov.
100
180
220
12
November.
10!)
u
.
.
105
2
100
30
4
;>
1
o
10
o
15
p :.
■
-
.'iG
«
_
2 10
-
.
40
.
.
2
»
.
l(;0
.
.
5
.
.
100
.
.
5
Juni?.
_
.
m
m
3.3
1 10
Juno.
.
-
.
.
27
7
1 10
June.
.00
-
.
640
37 10
May, Nov.
J 100
I ;-.0
OJ
-
-
273
16
May, Nov.
100
.
_
210
12
May, Nov.
110
110
^2
_
May.
-
-
.
.
.0
10
s
Julie.
KJj
105
40
,
February.
.
-
-
.
88
10
4
I'Vb. Auk.
123
-
■
75
-
•
February.
hnbcr.
July,
liibcr.
I Nov,
INov.
[uly.
Inly.
July,
luly.
(14.) Irish Canals. — Various canals liave l)L'cn iiiiderlakfii in Ireland, of wliich tlie
Grand Canal and the lloyal Canal are the priiiciiial. The (Jrand Canal was begun in 1 156,
by a body of siibseriber.s ; but they could not have completed the work without very large
advances from government. T'le canal cmninences at l)ul>lin, and stretciies in a
westerly direction, inclining a little to the south, to the Shannon, with which it imites
near lianagher, a distance of 87 statute miles. But, exclusive of the main trunk, there
is a branch to Alliy, where it joins the 15arrt)w, a distance of aliout 'J(j miles ; iind there
are brandies to Portarlington, ^Nlount Mellick, and some other ))laces. There is also a
westerly branch, recently constructed, from the Slianuon to l$allinasIoe, about 14 miles
in length. The total length of the canal, with its various branciies, is about 15G Kng.
miles. Its summit elevation is 278 feet ai)(>ve tiie level of tlie sea at Dublin. It is 40
feet wide at the surface, from '21 to 20 feet at bottom, and has C, feet water. It cost, in
all, above 2,000.000/. In 1820, 191,774 tons of commodities were conveyed along the
canal to and from Dublin, and about 67,000 passengers. The tonnage dues on the
former amounte i to 'M,l3'i/., and the fares of the latter to 10,575/. In I8;il, the pro-
duce conveyed by the canal had increased to 2:57,88!) tons, and the tonnage dues to
3G,7:)()/. ^V'e have not learned the number of passengers for this year.
Two capital errors seem to ba\e been committed in the formation of this canal, — it
was framed on too large a scale, and was carried too far north. Had it Iwen 4 or 4 J
instead of 6 feet deep, its utility would have been but little impaired, while its expense
would have been very materi.illy diminished. 15nt the great error was in its direction.
Instead of joining; the Shannon aijuut 15 miles above Lough Der". it should luive joined
it below Limerick. IJy this me::n.s, barges and other vessels ))a:;sing from Dublin to
Limerick, and conversely, would have avoided the diilicult and dangerous navigation of
the upper Shannon ; the canal would have passed through a comjiaratively fertile coun-
try ; and it woiik! not have beeit necessary ' ) carry it across the bog of AJlen, in which,
says ]Mr. Wakefield, " the com))aiiy have bin-ieil more money than would have cut a
spacious canal from Dublin to Limerick." — {Account of Ireland, vol. i. p. fi42.)
The Hoyal Canal was undertaken in 178!). It stretches westward from Dublin
to the Shannon, which it joins at Tormanliury. Its euiire lengtli is about 8:5 mile's;
its liigliest elevation is ,'522 feet above the level of the sea. At bottom it is 24
feet wide, having (J feet deiilh of water. It has toit, exclusive of interest on stock,
loans, &c. advanced by government, 1,421,954/. The tolls produced, in 18:il,
12,729/. G«. !(/. — a sum hardly ade<j[uate to defray the ordinary wear and tear of the
Q
^^
226
CANALS.
i
■ I
canal, and the wages of the persons employed upon it, without leaving any thing for
interest of capital !
This canal seems to have heen planned in tlie most injudicious manner. It has the
same defect as the Grand Canal, of being extravagantly large ; and throughout its whole
course it is nearly parallel to, and not very distant from, the latter. There are consequently
two immense canals, whore there ought, perhaps, to he none. At all events, it is abun-
<lantly certain that one canal of comparatively moderate dimensions would have been
quite enough for all the business of the district, though it were much greater than it is
at this moment, or than it is ever likely to become.
Besides the above, there are some other canals, as well as various river excavations, in
Ireland ; but hardly one of them yields a reasonable return for the capital expended
upon it. They have almost all been liberally assisted by grants of public money ; and
their history, and that of the two great canals now adverted to, strikingly corroborates
the caustic remark of Arthur Young, that " a history of public works in Ireland would
be a history of jobs." — ( Tour in Ireland, part ii. p. 66. 4to ed. ) Those who wish to
make themselves fully acquainted with the history and state of the canals of Ireland,
may consult the valuable Report by Messrs. Henry, Mullins, and M-Muhon, in the Ap-
pendix to the Report of the Select Committee of 18;J0 on the State of Ireland, The pre-
vious statements have been derived princii)ally from it, and from the evidence of
Nicholas Fleming, Esq. before the same committee.
(15.) American Canals. — The United States arc pre-eminently distinguished by the
spirit with which they have undertaken, and the perseverance they have displayed in exe-
cuting the most magnificent plans for improvingand extending internal navigation. Besides
many others of great, though inferior, magnitude, a canal has been formed connecting
the Hudson with Lake Erie. This immense work is 3fi;5 miles long, 40 feet wide at the
surface, 28 feet wide at the bottom, and 4 feet deep. The locks, 81 in number, exclu-
sive of guard locks, are 90 feet long and 14 feet wide, the average lift of each being S^-
feet ; they are constructed of stone, and finislied, like the rest of tiie canal, in a substantial
and handsome manner. The rise and fall along the entire line is 661 feet. This
great work wiis opened on the 8th of October, 18ii3, but was not finally completed till
1825. It cost nearly 1,800,000/. sterling, and was executed at the expense of the state
of New York. It has completely answered the views of tiie projectors ; and will remain
nn example to the other states ; fully justifying the encomiums that have been bestowed
upon it.
Besides Erie Canal, the state of New York has completed Champlain Canal, stretching
from the Hudson, near Albany, to the lake of that name, and two smaller ones. The
length, cost, and revenue of these canals are as follow : —
Canals*
Length.
Cast.
Tolls, lS'2n.
Tolls, 18M.
Tolls, 1831.
Erie
Champlain . . -
Oswego - - -
Cayuga and Seneca
Navigable feeders
Miles.
3t).3
6,3
38
20
484
8
492
Dollnri.
9,0'J7,+"i<;05
1,179,871*5
fli.'S.llj-a?
214,(.HX)-31
Hollars.
707,8SJ'49
87,171-()J
9,4j9-4+
8,64349
81.'3,i:i7-4.^
Dollars.
9.')4,.'!i;8-0;7
78,148-63
li,',;;.'iV18
11,987 81
Dnlldrs.
1,091,714-21)
102,89(;-23
16,27110
12,yi.'U-39
10,94(i,44,'j-r.8
l,0r>li,799-67
l,22i.',8( 11-90
The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is the largest by far of those now in jirogress. This
truly gigantic work was commenced in 18'J8. It begins at the tide water of the Po-
tomac River above Georgetown, in the district of Columbia, and is to terminate at
Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania, a distance of 34 1;!- miles. Its dimensions considerably
exceed those of the Erie Canal ; its breadth at the surface of the water being from 60 to
80 feet, do. at bottom 50 feet, with a depth of water varying from 6 to 7 feet. The locks
are of stone, 100 feet by 15; — amount of lockage required in the whole line, 3,'il5
feet. At the summit level on the Alleghany mountains, there is a tunnel 4 miles and
80 yards in length. The estimated cost of this vast work was 22,375,000 dollars ; but
it is believed that it will be finished for less. — (American Almanack for 1833.)
A great number of other canals have been completed in different parts of the Union,
and many new ones are now in progress.
(16.) Canada Canals. — The British government has expended a very large sum upon
the Rideau River and Canal, stretching from Kingston, on Lake Ontario, to the Ottawa,
or Grand River ; but this work was luidertaken as much in the view of improving the
military defences of Canada, as of promoting its commerce. The expense has been
enormous, while the benefits are contingent and doubtful.
(17.) Utility of Canals. — The utility of canals, when judiciously contrived, and opening
an easy communication between places capable of maintaining an extensive intercourse
with each other, has never been better set forth than in a work published in 1765, en-
titled '* A View of the Advantages of Inland Navigation," &c. But the following ex-
f
!ii
CANALS.
227
1(11 ill)
This
le Fo-
late at
rably
60 to
' locks
3,'215
Ics and
but
Union,
n upon
)ttawa,
ng the
, been
poning
rcourso
35, cn-
ng ex-
I
I
5f
s
/ I
tract from Macpherson's Annals of Commerce (anno 1760) contains a brief, and at
the same time eloquent, summary of the principal advantages resulting from their
construction. — " They give fresh life to established manufactures, and they encourage
the establishment of new ones, by the ease of transporting the materials of manufacture
and provisions ; and thence we see new villages start up upon the borders of canals in
places formerly condemned to sterility and solitude. They invigorate, and in many
places create, internal trade, which, for its extent and value, is an object of still more
importance than foreign commerce, and is exempted from the many hardships and dan-
gers of a maritime life and changes of climate. And they greatly promote foreign
trade; and cmisequently enrich the merchants of the ports where they, or the navigable
rivers they are connected with, terminate, by facilitating the exportation of produce from,
and the introduction of foreign merchandise into, the interior parts of the country,
which are thus placed nearly on a level with the maritime parts ; or, in other words,
the interior jjarts become coasts, and enjoy the accommodations of shipping. The price
of provisions is nearly equalised through tlie whole country ; the blessings of Providence
are more uniformly ilistrihutcd; and the monopolist is disappointed in his schemes of
iniquity and oppression, by the case wherewith provisions are transported from a con-
siderable distance. The advantages to agriculture, which provides a great part of the
materials, and almost the whole of the subsistence, required in carrying on manufactures
and conunerce, are pre-eminently great. ^Manure, marl, lime, and all other bulky
articles, wbicli could not possibly bear the great expense of cartage, and also corn and
other produce, can be carried at a very light expense on canals; whereby poor lands
are enriched, and barren lands are brought into cultivation, to the great emolument of
the farmer and landholder, and the general advantage of the community, in an aug-
mented su])ply of the necessaries of life and materials of manufactures ; coals (the im-
portance of which to a manufacturing country, few people, not actually concerned in
manufactures, are capable of duly api)reciating), stone, lime, iron ore, and minerals in
general, as well as m;,ny other articles of great bulk in proportion to their value, which
had liitherto lain useless to their proprietors by reason of the expense, and, in many cases,
impossibility, of carriage, are called into life, and rendered a fund of wealth, by the
vicinity of a canal ; which thus gives birth to a trade, whereby, in return, it is maintained.
The cheap, certain, and pleasant conveyance of travellers by the treckschuyts in Holland,
has been admired by all who have been in that country ; and it must be owing to the
iniiversal desire in this country of flying over the ground with the greatest possible
rajjidity, that a mode of travelling so exceedingly easy to the purse and the person is so
little used here. Neither ought we entirely to forget, among the advantages of canals,
the p'easure afforded to the eye and the mind by a beautiful moving landscape of boats,
men, horses, &c. busied in jjrocuring subsistence to themselves, and in diffusing opu-
lence and convenience through the country. And, in a word, we have now the expe-
rience of about 40 years to establish as a certain truth, what was long ago said by
Dr. Adam Smith, that ' naviyuhli; canals are umiing the greatest of all improvements.' "
(18.) Increased Spixa of TiuveUiny Inj Canals, — Great, however, as have been the ad-
vantages derived from the formation of canals, it is not improbable that their further
progress may be in some degree checked by the formation of Railroads (which see).
We believe, however, that the projirietors of most of the existing canals have very little
to feiir from this cause. The recent improvements in the art of constructing and propel-
ling cauiil vessels ])romise to be of very great national importance, and will enable the
canal owners still better to withstand the comjjctition of the railroad companies. The
new system was introduced on the Paisley and Glasgow Canal, by Mr. Houston, in June,
1831. The results are described in the Ibllowing statements, to which it is unnecessary
to call the reader's attention.
Mr. Thomas Grahamc, civil engineer, in his " Letter toCaniil Proprietors anil Traders" say«, "The
fxpenmcnts of great velocity have hcen tried and proved on tlif narrowest, s/iallouiest, and most curved
canal m Scullaiid, viz. the Ardrossan or Paisley Canal, connecting the city of Glasgow with the town of
Paisley and village ot Johnstoun, —a distance of Vi miles." The result has disproved every previous theory
as to dilhcully and expense of attaining great velocity on canals ; and as to the danger or damage to their
tjanks by great velocity in moving vessels along thcni.
" The imiinnrij speed lor the conveyance of passengers on the Ardrossan Canal has, for nearly 2
years, been Jrom nine to ten tnilcs an hour ; and, although there are fourteen Journeys alongthe canal
per daij, at this rapid speed, its li(,n/.s have sustained no hijuiy. 'Ihe boats are 7(1 feet in length, about
5 teet b inches broad, and, but for Ihe extreme narrowness ot the canal, might be made broader. They
carry easily from T() to 80 p.issengers ; and when required, can and have carried upwards of 110
passengers. Iht entire cost ot a boat and fittings i:< is about YiHt. 'J he hulls are formed of light iron
plates and ribs, and the covering is of wood and light oiled cloth. They are more airy, light, and com-
lortablo than any coach. I'hey permit the passengers to move about from the outer to the inner cabin,
and tlic fares per mile are one peniit/ in the Jirsi, and three Jartliings in the second caliin. The passengers
arc all earned under cover, having Ihe privilege also of an uncovered space. These boats are drawn by
2 horses Uhc prices ot which may he from ,'iO/. to CM. per pair\ in stages of 4 miles in length, which are
clone III from ij to i.'., minutes, including stoppages to let out and take in passengers, each set of horse*
doing 3 or 4 s ages alternately each .lay. In fact, the boats arc drawn through this narrow and shallow
bTin'i ostible '^ '"""^ celebrated engineers luui dcmunstratcu, and u/iich the public believed, ta
y The entire amount of the whole expenses of attendants and horses, and of running one of thete Ijcati
: ¥'
1 ''
It
228
CANARY SEED. — CANDLE.
/ ! .
, 'L
V i
; >
4 trips of 12 miles each (the length of the canal), or +8 miles daily, including interest on the capital, and
SO per cent, laid aside anniiully fur replacement of tl' boats, or loss on the capital therein vested, and a
considerable sum laid asiile fur accidents and re|)la('iii>ient of the hur.ses, is 7II0/. some odd shillings; or,
taking the number of working days to be :iV2 animally, something under HI. 'li. iil. per day, or about \ld.
per mile. The actual coiit of currying frum 80 to UHI persons a distance iif M miles (the length of the
Liverpool railway), at a velocity of nearly 10 miles an hour, on the Paisley t'anal, one of the most curved,
narrow, and shallow in liritain, is therefore just 1/. 7.s'. (if/, sterling. Such are the facts, and, incredible as
they may a|)pear, they are facts which no one who incjuires can possibly doubt."
The following statement by Mr. Macneill shows the gross exiKJUsc of running old heavy boats on the
Paisley Canal at the rate of 4 miles per hour, anil new light boats, on the same canal, at the rate of 10
miles per hour, and the comparative ex|>cnse per mile; also the number of passengers carried before and
aftcr,tne introduction of the new system.
1830.*
4
32,H..!1
4«
.£ n. ,1.
70(J 4 7
u
1831.+
10
~<\ir,r,
varying
.£ s. il.
I,.jl6 17 5
1832.t
10
H8,;)ni
i:.2
£ s. rl.
218 r> 11
10|
Speed, 10 hours - - miles
Number of passengers carried
Nmnber of miles run each day
Gross expense in the year
Cost per mile, year taken at 312 days
The power of conveyance thus established on the Paisley Canal may be judged of from the fact, that
on the .ilst of December, 18.i-2, and 31st of January, 18.ii, there were conveyed in these boats nearly ^.SIW
passengers. The increase still continues. The number carried in April, 18.53, being 20,000, or at the rate
of i40,000 a year {Maciiei/l on the liasistcmcc cj IValci; JJc p. ;j.)
(19.) Profits of C'inals. — It is a well-known fact, that canals, at an average, and allow-
ing for the length of time that mii.st elapse from the first outlay of capital before they yield
any return, are not very productive. When, indeed, tliey coimect places that have an
extensive intercourse, and when no very extraordinary ditiiculties have to be .surmounted
in their construction, they most commonly yield very large profits ; but, generally
speaking, this does not appear to be the case ; and, on the whole, they seem to have
been more beneficial to the public than to their projectors.
It is customary to insert clauses in the ficts authorising canals to be cut, limiting the
charge which the proprietors shall be entitled to imjjosc ui)on the goods conveyed by
them. But we think that the dividend ought also to be limited ; and tliat it should be
stipulated that whatever a moderate toll yielded over and above defraying this dividend,
and providing for the repair of the canal, should be accumulated as a fund in order to
buy up the stock of the canal, so that the toll may ultimately be reduced to such a simi
as may suffice merely to meet the necessary repairs. We are not aware that any good
objection could be made to a plan of this sort ; and liad it been adopted in this coinitry,
there are several instances in which it would have been very advantageous for the public.
When the canal of Languedoc was completed, the most likely method, it wys found,
of keeping it in constant repair, was to make a present of the tolls to Riquct the en-
gineer. " These tolls constitute," says Dr. Smith, " a very large estate to the did'erent
branches of the family of that gentleman ; who have, therefore, a great interest to keep
the work in constant repair. But had tlie.se tolls been put under the management of
commissioners, who had no such interest, they inight, perhaps, have been dissipated in
ornamental and unnecessary expenses, while the most essential jiarts of the work were
allowed to go to ruin." Dr. Smith ought, however, to have mentioned that llitjuet
advanced a fourth part of the entire sum laid out upon the canal (^l)iitcns, Ndviyation
Interiebve de la France, torn. i. p. 119. &c.); and that oflicers were a])pointed by the
crown to see that the tolls were not rendered oppressive, and the canal kept in good
order. At the Revolution, most part of the property of the canal was confiscated ; but
at the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, such parts of the confiscated property as
h^d not been sold were restored to the successors of M. Uiquet, who have at this mo-
ment the principal management of the canal.
*,* Tlie accompanying map of the canals, railroads, &c. of Great Britain and Ireland,
has been executed with great care and attention ; and will, we hojie, be found to be a
valuable acquisition. Those who wish to see them laid down on a larger scale, are re-
ferred to the magnificent six sheet map, jiublished by J. Walker, Esq. of Wakefield. This
map, which is equally correct and bcautifid, is a tridy national work, and well deserves
the public patronage. " An Historical Account of the Navigable Rivers and Canals,
&c. of Great Britain," in 4to, attached to it by way of Iiulex, is both an accurate and a
useful publication.
CANARY SEED. See Seed.
CANDLE (Ger. Lichter, Kerzen ; Du. Knarzen ; Fr. Chnnddle ; It. Candelle i
Sp. and Port. Vilas; Rus. Sirjetschi ; Lat. Candcla), a fajier of tallow, wax, or sper-
maceti, the wick of which is commonly of several threads of cotton spun and twisted
together.
I
? '^
• These charges arc the bare outlays.
+ These charges include loss on purchase and sale of additional horses, and 10 per cent, on cost o#
horses and boats, deposited in a contingent fund.
; ij
CANDLESTICKS. — CANNON.
229
a
tc-
liis
lis,
a
Dr. Urc gives tlie followinn; table, as containiiif; the result of certain experiments he
had made, in order to determine the relative intensity of the ligiit, and the duration of
diU'erent sorts of tallow candles : —
Number in a
Foiiiid.
Duration of a
Candle.
AVtiRlit in
Grains.
Consumption
yer Iluiir,
III Grains.
Proportion of
i-iKht.
Economy of
Linht.
Candles equal
one Argand.
10 moiilil,
10 (lipped,
N mould,
(i do.
+ do.
Artjaiiri oil
fi.imi'.
.'") h. 9 m.
4 3(i
n 31
7 21
y 3«
ti,S2
072
l.lfiO
1,787
132
l.'iO
132
mi
186
12i
13
101
HS
204
()8
r>i)\
80
100
5-7
r>-25
6-6
SO
3 5
" A Scotch mutchkin," says Dr. Ure, " or ^ of a gallon of good seal oil, weighs
6,010 gr., or l;5i'„oz. avoirdupois, and lasts in a bright Argand lamp 11 hours 44
minutes. Tlie weight of oil it consumes per hour is equ.al to 4 times the weight of
tallow in candles 8 to the pound, and 3^ times the weight of tallow in candles 6 to the
pound. Ihit its light being equal to that of 5 of the latter candles, it appears from the
.ibove table, that 2 lbs. weiglit of oil, value 9(1., in an Argand, are equivalent in illumin-
ating power to ;? lbs. of tallow candles, which cost about 2s. The larger the flame in the
above candles, the greater the economy of light."
Until 1S;J1, when it was repealed, candles were, for a lengthened period, subject to an
excise duty ; and their consumption was, in consequence, pretty exactly ascertained.
An Account of the Rates of Duty scp.Tratcly charged on Tallow, Wax, and Spermaceti Candles, the
Number of Pounds' Weight of oaeli .Sort produced, and the Total annual Nett Ilevenue derived from
Candles, in Great Britain, in each Year since IHJO. — {Pail. Paper, No. H'lH. Sess. 1830.)
Years.
Founds' Weight of Candlea.
Nett Revenue.
Tallow.
R,iteof 1
Wax.
R.ite of
Spermaceti.
Rate of
Duty iier ill.
Duly per lb.
Duty per lb.
d.
d.
d.
.£ s. d.
1820
88,a'5Q,4fil
1
692,705
3J
193,463
Si
373,4,';5 14 5
1821
93,816,346
697,196
1(S,647
395,911 8 7
1822
98,311,801
1
082,241
_
179,208
—.
415,609 15 3
182,3
102,461,879
-» 1
694, 1 !H
__
180,401
— .
433,537 15 8
1824
109,810,900
_ 1
7.09,751
^
179,4:H
_
466,012 16 1
1825
114,187 ..IW
_
8.Jl,.i70
2()S,.377
— .
48.5,014 8 9
182(i
110,l02,r43
1
70.'>,(iI5
_
201,790
^
467,069 12 1
1827
114,939,578
,_. 1
71,1,6.55
^_
226,277
__
4«7,318 3 4
18«
117,342,157
_ i
748,2!l3
.—
270.263
_
497,770 2 9
1829
115,1,16,8(18
—
746,(i.'52
—
303,683
—
489,0.W 1 9
Candle, Sale or Aiirtion hi/ Inch of, is when a small piece of candle being lighted, the
bystanders are allowed to bid for the merchandise that is selling : but the moment the
candle is out, the commotlity is adjudged to the last bidder.
CANDLESTICKS (Ger. Leuchter ; Du. Kandelaars ; Fr. Chandeliers ,- It. Can-
dellieri s Sp. CaiuMeros ,- Ilus. Poilswcttchni/tii) are of silver, brass, iron, bronze, tin
japanned, or eopjjer plated, made of different patterns and sorts. The best plated can-
dlesticks are manufactured at Shefheld; the common sort of plated ones, as also brass,
japanned, &c. are made at Bir'ningham.
CANELLA ALUA (Fr. CaneUe hhiiiche ; Ger. Weisser Zi>"met ; It. Canella hianca ;
Sp. Cuiielln hlavcu ; Lat. CtiiiMt <dha), the inner bark of the Canella alba, a tree growing
in the West Indict. It is brought to this country packed in ca,sks and cases, in long
pieces, some rolled in quills and others flat ; the quilled sort is considerably thicker than
cinnamon, and the flat nearly \ of an inch in thickness. The quilled pieces are yellow
on both sides ; the flat jjieces are yellow on the outside and pale brown within. The
odour of both kinds, wlien fresh broken, is aromatic, something like a mixture of cloves
and cinnamtm ; and the taste slightly bitter, and extremely warm and pungent.
CANES. See Bamhoo, Raitaxs.
CANNOy, CANNONS (Du. Kanonen ; Fr. Canons; Ger. Kanonen ; It. Cannoni ;
Td\. Dziala ; Por. Caii/wcs ; Uus. Piiscfilii ,- Sp. Cnnones ; Sw. Xhwore), a kind of long
hollow engines for throwing iron, lead, or stone balls by the force of gunpowder. They
are commonly made of iron, but frequently also of a mixture of copper, tin, and brass,
riiey are either cast hollow, or solid and" then bored; those made in the latter way
bemg very superior. Brass camions, or cannons made of mixed metal, are said not to
be so well calculated for hard service, or quick and continued firitig, as those made of
iron. The projiortions of the ingredients used in making the former do not differ
materially in diflerent countries, though they rarely coincide. To 240 H)s. of metal fit
tor casting, we commonly put 08 lbs. of copper, 52 lbs. of brass, and 12 lbs. of tin. To
4,200 lbs. of metal fit for casting, the Germans put '^,^]H-^^ lbs. of copper, 204^^ lbs. of
Q 3
-
S
f
230
CANTHARIDES. — CANTON.
m r .
1 1
*^ 'il
I
I ■
brass, and 307jf lbs. of tin. Others, again, use 100 lbs. of copper, 6 lbs. of brass, and
9 lbs. of tin; and others, lo > lbs. of copper, 10 lbs. of brass, and 15 lbs. of tin.
It seems to be the gc-ral opinion that cannon were first made use of in 1. 336 or
1338; but Don Antonio de Capmany has produced some statements, wliiclj render it
almost certain that some sort of artillery was used by the Moors in Spain so early as
1312. — (Questiones Criticas, p. 181. &c.) Cannons were certainly used by tiie English
in 1347 at the siege of Calais, and by the Venetians at Chioggia in l.'JfiO", and in tlieir
wars with the Genoese in 1379 and 1380. The Turks employed them at the sieges of
Constantinople, in 1394 and 1453. When first introduced, they were for the most part
very heavy and unwieldy, and threw balls of an enormous size : they were, however,
owing to their frequently bursting, about as dangerous to those using them as to their
opponents. There is a valuable article on the construction and history of cannons in
Rees's CyclopcBdia ; but it was published previously to tiie appearance of Capmany's work
referred to above.
CANTHARIDES, or SPANISH FLY (Fr. Cnntharnhs, Mouches <r Espagne ;
Ger. Spanische Fliegen ; It. Cantarelle ; Lat. Cimlharis ,- llus. Hischpanskic muchi ;
Sp. Cantaridas). This insect is found on a variety of shrubs in Spain, Italy, France,
&c. Those used in this country are imported partly from Sicily, but principally from
Astracan, packed in casks and small chests. The best are of a lively fresii colour, a small
size, and not mouldy. They arc frequently adulterated with the Miloli»it/ia vitis ,- but
this is distinguishable by its form, which is squarer than the cantharis, and by its black
feet. If they be properly dried and protected from the air, they may be kept for a very
long period. — ( Thomson's Dispensatory. )
CANTON, one of the greatest emporiums in the East, ranking, as a port of trade,
either before, or immediately after, Calcutta, situated in the province of Quantong, in China;
being the only place in that empire frequented by European traders : lat. 23° 7' lO" N.,
Ion. 113^ 14' E.
Canton stands on the eastern bank of the Pekiang River, which flows from the interior
in a navigable stream of 300 miles to this city, where it is rather broader than the
Thames at London Bridge ; falling, after an additional course of 80 miles, into the
southern sea of China. Near its junction with the sea, it is called by foreigners Bocca
Tigris. The town is surrounded by a thick wall, built p.irlly of stone and partly of
brick, and is divided into 2 parts by another wall miming east and west. The northern
division is called the Old, and the southern the New City. In the old city is the
Mantchoii or Tartar general, with a garrison of Mantchou troops under his command.
The lieutenant-governor or Fooyuen's office is also in tlie old city, but the governor and
Hoppo (principal customs officer) reside in the now city, not far from the river.
All foreign commerce is conducted in the south-west suburb, where the foreign fac-
tories are sitUJited ; and which, with the other suburbs, is probably not less populous
than the city itself. The residence of Europeans is confined to a very small space, on
the barks of the river ; which might, however, be ns pleasant as a crowded mercantile
place can well be, were it not for the great numlier of small dwdling boats, which cover
the face of the river. The people who occupy tlie larger portion of these boats are said
to have come originally from the south ; and being a foreign and des])ised race, were not,
at first, allowed to dwell on shore ; but most of the distinctions between them and the
rest of the people have been abolished.
Although Canton is situated nearly in the same parallel of latitude as Calcutta, there
is a considerable difference in their temperature ; the former being much the coolest, and
requiring fires during the winter month... The streets of Canton are very narrow, paved
with little round stones, and flagged close to the sides of the houses. The front of every
house is a shop, and those of particular streets are laid out for the supply of strangers ;
China-street is appropriated to Europeans ; and here the productions of almost every
part of the globe are to be found. One of the shopkeepers is always to be found sitting
on the counter, writing with a camel's hair brush, or calculating with his swanpan, on
which instrument a Chinese will perform operations in numbers with as much celerity as
the most expert European arithmetician. This part of Canton being much frequented
by the seamen, every artifice is used by the Chinese retailers to attract their attention ;
each of them having an English name for himself painted on the outside of liis shop, be-
sides a number of advertisements composed for them by the sailors in their own peculiar
idiom. The latter, it may be supposed, are often duped by their Chinese friends, who
have, in general, picked up a few sea phrases, l)y which the seamen are induced to enter
their shops: but they suit each other extremely well ; as the Chinese dealers possess an
imperturbable command of temper, laugh heartily at their jokes without understanding
them, and humour the seamen in all their sallies.
Ships only ascend the river as far as Whampoa, about 1 5 miles below Canton ; load-
ing and unloading by means of native boats.
The Chinese, considered as traders, are eminently active, persevT.ing, and intelligent.
. -i
CANTON.
231
load-
[^Uigcnt.
■.;;?
They are, in fact, a higlily commercial jieople ; and the notion that was once very gene,
rally entertained, of their being peculiarly characterised by a contempt of commerce and
of stran"ers, is as utterly unfounded as any notion can possibly be. Business is transacted
at Canton with great despatch ; and it is athnned, by IMr, Milburn, and by most of the
witnesses exnuiined before the late parliamentary committees, that there is no port in
the world, where cargoes may be sold and bought, unloaded and loaded, witli more
business-like s])ee<l and activity.
Tlie fears, whether real or pretended, of disturbances arising from a want of discipline
in the crews of private ships, have been proved to be in a great degree futile ; the
Americans and other private traders having rarely experienced the slightest inconvenience
from any tumults between their sailors and the natives.
Provisions and refreshments of all sorts are abundant at Canton, and, in general, of an
excellent quality ; nor is the price exorbitant. Every description of them, dead or alive,
is sold by weight. It is a curious fact, that the Chinese make no use of milk, either in
its liquid state, or in the shape of curds, butter, or cheese. Among the delicacies of a
Chinese market are to be seen horse flesh, dogs, cats, hawks, and owls. The country is
well supplied with fish from the numerous canals and rivers by which it is intersected.
Fureiyn Factories. — These extend for a considerable way along the banks of the
river, at the distance of about 100 yards. They are named, by the Chinese, hi ..gs,
and resemble long courts, or closes, without a thoroughfare, which generally contain 4
or 5 separate houses. They are built on a broad quay, and have a parade in front.
This promenade is railed in, and is generally called Uespondentia Walk ; and here the
European merchants, connnanders, and officers of the ships, meet after dinner and enjoy
the cool of the evening. 'l"he English hong, or factory, far surpasses the others in elegance
and extent. This, with the American and Dutch hongs, are the only ones that keep
their national flags flying. The neighbourliood of the factories is occupied with warehouses
for the reception of European goods, or of Chinese productions, until they are shipped.
In 1822, during a dreadful conflagration that took place at Canton, the British factories
and above 10,000 other houses were destroyed; on which occasion the East India Com-
pany's loss was estimated at 500,000/. sterling, three fifths in woollens.
For the space of 4 or 5 miles opjiosite to Canton, the river resembles an extensive
floating city, consisting of boats and vessels ranged parallel to each other, leaving a narrow
passage for others to pass and repass. In these the owners reside with their families ;
the latter rarely visiting the shore.
All the business at Canton with Europeans is transacted in a jargon of the English
language. The sounds of such letters as B, D, R, and X, are utterly unknown in
China. Instciid of these they substitute some other letter, such as L for R, which
occasions a Chinese dealer in I'ice to offer for sale in English a rather unmarketable
commodity. The name mandarin is unknown among the Chinese ; the word used by
them to denote a jxn-son in authority being quan. Mandarin is a Portuguese word de-
rived from the verl) mniidar, to command. — {Hamifton's East India Gazetteer ; Milhurn's
Orient. Commerce; Companion to Anglo- Chinese Calendar, Macao, 1832, §*c.)
(hnduct of Chinese Government, — The only real difficulty in trading with China
originates in the despotism, jjride, and jealousy of the government, and in the general
corrui)tion of its officers. The former afl!ects to treat all foreigners with contempt, and
is always exposing them to insult ; while the latter endeavour to multiply and enforce
vexatious regulations and demands, that they may profit by the douceurs given for their
evasion. Hitherto we have submitted with exemplary forbearance to every annoyance
the Chinese authorities have chosen to inflict ; but it is questioned by some whether this
be the most politic course. The imbt«ility and powerlessness of the government is at
least equal to its pride and presumption ; and in the event of its attempting to stop the
trade, or to subject those engaged in it to unmerited ill treatment, it is contended that
w-e ought, in the event of redress being refused on the presentation of a remonstrance, to
vindicate our rights by force. We are rather disposed to concur in this opinion. We
believe that little more than a demonstration would be necessary ; and that the appear-
ance of a single shij) of the line in the Chinese seas would have more influence over the
court of Pekin than a dozen ambassadors. But it is essential, before employing this sort
of negociators, that we be well assured that we have justice on our side, and that our
own misconduct has not occasioned the interruptions and annoyances complained of.
1 he superintendents about to be sent to Canton — (see post) — should be vested with full
powers to prevent, if jiossible, and, at all events, suitably to punish, any British subject
who may act so as to give just cause of offence to the Chinese. We have a right to claim
fair treatment from them, as we have a right to claim it from the Americans, or any
other people ; but we have no right to expect that our claim should be regarded, unless
we respect the prejudices of the people, and the equitable rules and regulations of the
government.
Trade to the North of China. — At present, all foreign trade with China is confined to
Q 4
!(
%
232
CANTON.
! I 1
'i !
1 ii
:?'! if ;
(1 '1
l^
the port of Canton ; but tliis wns not tho case for a lon^ time after Cliina was visited by
Britisli slii])s, and it ai)])C'ars lii'j;lily i)rol)al)lc that it will ho aj;ain i-xlended towards the
nortli. The interesting? <letails fi;iveM in the aeeount of the voyage of tlie Hhi|) Amherst
alon^ the Chinese eoasts show that the |>ii '<• .no i-very where most anxious tor an iiiter-
coiu'se with foreifjners. and that the law is the only ohstaele to its Ijeinj? carried on to a
very j^reut extent. Hut, where the i)eo))le are so well disposed to trade, the otKeers so
corrujjt, and the jfovernment so imheeile, it may, we think, l)e fairly anticipated that the
unalterable laws of the " Celestial Knipire" will not ])rove a very serious obstacle to
such private individuals as may choose to enj:ca<;e in a clandestine trade with the northern
provinces. The smutiffler is even more oimiipotent in China than in .Spain. The ex-
tent and ))erfect refrularity with which the trade in opium is carried on, in defiance of all
the etforts of {government for its sn]ipressi()n, shows how unable it is to coiUend a^-aiust
the inclinations of its subjects, which, fortunately, are all in favoiu* of a free and liberal
intereoiu'se with foreigners.
Mi>nir.i. — Accounts arc Kept at Cnntnn in taols, m.icf, caTMl.irincs, .iml cash ; the tacl liping divided into
10 nincc, UlOcandarincs, or l.ddOca-li TIutc is lint one l<iiHl ol' money made in t'liina, ealk'il cash, which
is not coined l)ut cast, and which is only u.-ed tor small piynients : it i» composed of li parts of copper and
4 (if lead; it is ronnil, marked on one side, and r.ittur raised at the edfjes, with a sijiiare hole in tlie
middle. These pieces are commonly carried, litie lieads, on a string of wire. A tael ol line silver should
be worth l,(KH)cash; hut, on account of their convenience for common use, their price is sometimes so
much raised that only 750 cash are fiiven for I he tael.
I'"oreign coins, however, circulate here, particularly Spanish ilotlar.i; and for small chauRC they are cut
into very exact proportions, hut alterwarus weijihed '; for which purpose merchants generally carry scales,
called dotchin, m.ide somewhat alter the plan of the Knsjlish steelyards.
The tael is reckoned at (i.«. S(/. sterling in the liooks of the Ka>t Inilia Company ; hut its value v;irics,
and is Kcner.dly computed according to the price paid per ounce for Spanish dollars" In London. The tables
Riven for this iiroportional value may lie cjilcul.ited in pence st' riiuj,', hy the multiplier I'-'OS. Thus, if
the price of the Spanish dollar he lidi/. per ounce, the value of the tael will he (il) X 1 '.'()8 — 7'J48rf. ; if at
()(!(/., the value of the tael will he 7!i 72H7. ; and lor any other price in the same proportion.
Fitiriif.is of Go/ft ami Silver. — The (hicness of gold ami silver is expre«sed liy dividing the weight into
101) parts, called toques or touch ; similar to tlie modern practice of Krance. Thus, if an ingot be 'Jj touch,
it is understood to contain 7 parts of alloy and (ii of pure metal, making in the whole IIIO.
The fineness of the precious metals, expressed in these decimal proportions, may he converted into
Engli>h proportions tiy the following an.ilogies : — Suppose gold is iUtiii touch, say, as 100 ; <ll (id : : I'i : 11,
the standard, and vice vcr.iii -, and to convert standard silver into touch, say, as 1'40 : "'.^'2 :; 100 : 92;"), the
touch of sterling silver. I'ure gold or silver without alloy is called by the Ohinesc sycee ; and sometimes,
when of less purity, the metal is accepted .as sycee.
Si/vci- hisiols are used as money, and weigh from h a tael to 1(X) tacls, their value being determined by
their weight. These ingots are of the best sort of sifver ; that is, ahonl I'l touch.
(lold Infills. — tiold is not considered as money, hut as merchandise: it is sold in rpgidar ingots of a
determined weight, which the Knglish call shoes of gold : the largest of these weigh 10 taels each j and
the gold is reckoned i4 touch, though it may be only \H or Oj.
ft'cijihts. — Gold and silver are weighed by tho cidty of Hi taels ; the tael is divided into 10 mace, 100
candarines, or l,(XK)cash. HK) taels .-ire reckoned to weigh I'.'Ooz. Kidwts. Troy, which makes the tael
equal to;)7!lS Knglish grains, or .'>7;)iii; grammes.
The principal weights for merchandise are the picul, the catty, and the tael; the picul being divided
into 100 catties, or l.tiUO tacls.
1 Tael weighs, avoirdupois .
Ifi Taels, or 1 catty
100 Catties, or 1 picul
1
lo3
(Iwts.
5','3;.) = 1^ oz.
r>T,:ir, = ij lb.
.'(•:;J3 — ISok Ihs.
Hence the picul weighs (iO 472 kilogrammes, or lo2 lbs. oz. 8 dwts. 1,T grs. Troy.
The above weights are sometimes otherwise denominatinl, especially hy the natives : thus, the catty is
called gin ; the tael, lyang ; the mace, tchen ; the candarine, fivan ; and the cash, lis.
There are no commercial measures in China, as all dry goods and lir|uids are sold by weight. In de-
livering a cargo, Knglish weights are used, and afterwards turned into Chinese piculs aiid catties.
Long Mra.iuri: — That used in China is the covid or cobre ; it is divided into 10 punts, and is equal to
0'3713 metres, or 14(i'2.^ Knglish iiu'hes.
The Chinese have 4 dillercnt measures answering to the foot, viz.
."Metros. Kng. iilrlu'^.
The foot of the mathematical tribunal = 0-3;;J = l,! 125
The builders' foot, called congpu . = OvH-'S = 12'7
The tailors' and tradesmen's foot - = O'.iSK.i = 1.>'3.'5
The foot used by engineers - . = 0;32I1 = 12-65
The li cont.ains 180 fathoms, each 10 feet of the last-mentioned length ; therefore the li = l,8n7| English
feet; and lil'Js lis measure a mean degree of the meridian nearly: but Kmiipean missionaries in China
have divided the degree into 2(K) lis, each li making l,HiJu' Knglish feet; which gives the degree Cy'lGS
English miles, or Ul.il French myriamctrcs.
European Trade nt Cnntnn. — As soon as a vessel arrives among the islands which front the entrance
to the Canton river, she is generally boarded by a ]iilot, who conducts her into M.icao roads. The
entrance is, however, so safe, that ships jiush on without waiting for the pilot, who, if the weather be
bad, is sometimes long in coming on board. The pilots' names are registered at the Keun-min-foo's
ottice, near Macao ; and for a licence to act, the sum of tiOO dollars is paid. The person who takes out the
licence sometimes knows nothing about ships or the river ; but employs lishermen to do the duty. On
the vessel's arrival in M.acao ro.ads, the pilot goes on shore, to report herat the oflice of the keuii-min.foo,
who, when he has received answers to his impiiries, gives a iiermit for her to pass thrnngh the liogiie, and
orders a river pilot on board. 'J'his pilot seldom rejiairs on board the vessel before 24 hours have elapsed.
When arrived, tho vessel proceeds through the Hogue, and up the Canton river, to Whampo.a.
Every ship that enters the port is required to have a hong merchant as security for the duties, and a
linguist, and comprador, before she can commence unlo.ading. The master is reipiiied to give a written
declaration, in duplicate, solemnly allirming that the ship has brought no opium. The Kast India Com-
pany's ships alone aie excused giving tins declaration.
'liic hong or secuiity iiieieliants (at present 10 in number) xco the only individu.als legally permitted to
trailo with foreignes. To obtain this privilege, they have to pay largely; and when once become
merchants, they are i.xrely allowed to retire, and are at all times subject to severe exactions trom the lucal
I
CANTON.
2r53
inco
■
The
r be
'oo'3
I
the
f .
Oil
f '
foo.
and
soil.
Ida
ten
»>,'
om-
'^*
ito
ii
(fOTernmont. The liriKuists arc goyoriimcnt interpreters, w lio prnciire permits for delivcrinR and taking
111 1 arj?", trannact all llie Custom-house liusiness, and keep arcounts ottlie duties. All the minor charges
01 the govenimciit, also, are paid hy them ; in consideration of wliieh they receive a fee of about 173
dollars, previously to the vessel's deiiarture.
When a vessel wishes to diseharKe or receive cargo, the linRUist is informed, a day or two previously,
what kind of uond-. are to lie received or discharged, and in what ipiantities. He then applies for a permit,
which bi lll^' i■^Ul'll, tlie liKhlers or chop-boats proceed to Wh.iiiipoa, where they iimally arrive on the
evening of tile second or morniiiK of the third day. I'or a single boat the linguist receives a fee ol SU
dollars; hut if a permit bo obtained for from 2 to G boats at a time, the fee for each boat is only 11 taels
2 maceficaml., or about l"ij ilollars. , . . ,
\\ hen the goods are readv to be landed from or sent to the ship, the hopprt (principal t ustom.housc
ofticer- sends a domeslic, a writer, and a police runner; the hong merchant who has secured the ship
sends a domestic, called a court going man (one who attends at the public olliccs, on ordinary occasions,
in behalf of his master ; and the linguist sends an accountant and interpreter, to attend at tlie examin.
at'on of the goods, 'Ihe hong merchants are always held responsible by the government for paying all
duties, whether on imports or exports in foreign vessels; and, therefore, when goods are purchased, it is
customary for tlic parties, before fixing the price, to arrange between themselves who is actually to |)ay
the duties. 'I'he hong merchants are required to consider the duties payable to goveriinieiit as the most
important part of their affairs. If a merchant fail to pay at the proper period, his hong, house, and all
his property are seized, and sold to pay the amount ; and if all that he possesses be inadequate, he is sent
into banishment at Kle, in We.-tern Tartary, which the Chinese call the " cold country ; " and the body
of hung merchants are commanded to pay in his stead.
or an ini|iort cargo, each chop. boat, according to rule, which, however, is not rigidly enforced, should
contain, — of woollens, camlets, and long-ells, 14<) bales ; tin, 5(H) bars ; lead, (iOO pigs j Bombay cotton,
Tki bales ; Heimal cotton, HO bales ; betel nut, pepper, &c., 'M) piculs.
Of export goods, a chop.boat should take, —of tea, lilX) chests; of other sorts of goods, M)0 piculs.
If more than thi>, the hong merchant gives to the chop-boat, for each additional picul, Gi dollars.
In calculating the duties on export goods, 9() catties are considered KK). The woollens, long-ells, and
camlets, arc measured by tlic chaiig of 10 covids, without any deduction j and single articles arc
numbered.
Kacli ship may export, of silk, 88 piculs ; the duty on each picul is lOJ dollars. Those ships that want
more, avail themselves of the names of ships which have exi)orted none ; iuid the Custom-house connives
at this, on receiving a fee of UJ dollars per jiicnl.
If, after entering the port, any persons tranship goods, it is considered that the one ship sold them to
the other ; and, in that case, the same <luty has to be paid as if the goods were brought up to Canton.
Provisions arc not included in this regulation.
.Ships' boats are not allowed to c.irry up or down any thing chargeable with duty.
(iold, silver, cojipcr, and iron are prohibited to be exported ; a few culinary utensils are the only
exception. When it is desired to export treasure, the hong merchant must make an estimate of the
value of the import and export cargoes ; and whatever balance there may be in favour of the ship, may
then be shipped oH' as treasure.
'I'he whole amount of tutenague that is allowed to bo exported by foreign ships, including the Per-
tuguese at Macao, is 1(K),()0() catties; but regulations of this sort may be easily evaded.
If more cargo be sent to a ship than she can take on board, and she wishes it to be shijipcd on board
another, it must be done within 3 days after announcing the goods at the Custom-house, and a hong
merchant must state it to government ; if granted, a hong merchant and linguist arc ordered to go to
Whampoa and take an account of such goods; all which, with the ex|iense of boats, runners, &c. at
Whampoa, costs 40 or iiU doUar.s. — [Compatiiun to Ann/u-C/iincsc Calcmla r for 183-', pp. 'JU — 101.)
Hong, or Security Merchants. — It may be supposed, perhaps, from the previous state-
ments, that difficulties are occasionally experienced before a hong merchant can be pre-
vailed upon to become security for a ship ; but such is not the case. None of thein has
ever evinced any hesitation in this respect. The Americans, who have had as many as
forti/ fihi]iyi in one year at Canton, have never met with a refusal. The captain of a mer-
chant ship may resort to any hong merchant he pleases, and, by way of making him
some return for his becoming security, he generally buys from him 100/. or '2001. worth
of goods. Individuals are, however, at perfect liberty to deal with any hong merchant,
whetlier he lias secured their ship or not, or with any outside merchant; that is, u-ith any
Chinese merchant not helonyiny to the hong. So that, though there are only 10 hong
merchants at Canton, there is, notwithstanding, quite as extensive a choice of merchants
with whom to deal in that city, as in either Liverpool or New York.
Duties. — It is very difficult, or rather, perhaps, impossible, to get Jiny accurate account
of the duties on goods exported and imported. They are ahnost always paid by the
Chinese, though they must, of course, frequently be borne by the foreigner. Imported
gootls are weighed on board, and the duty paid by the jjurchaser ; the duty on those
exported is paid by the seller. The officers are notoriously corrupt ; and it is a common
practice to give them a douceur to under-rate the weiglit of the goods.
Foreiyn Merchants. — These consist of British, American, French, Dutch, Danish,
Swedish, Spanish, and Portuguese, with Perseeand Indian Mohainmedan British subjects,
and in ISS'J amoiuited in number to above 1 10. The principal mercantile firms consisted
of 8 British establishments, ? American establishments, and 1 joint French and Dutch
establishment. The Americans, French, and Dutch have each a considar agent; and
though these functionaries be not publicly recognised by the Imperial government, all
public business is conducted with them by the provincial government, through the
agency of the hong merchants.
Nnrspapers and Public Accommodations. — At Canton, there are 2 English newspapers; viz. the
Canton Kegister," once a fortnight, with a Price Current ; and the " Chinese Courier," once a week.
Ihere are 3 hotels, a billiard room, and 3 lAiropean shops or warehouses upon a large scale, with
surgeons, apothecaries, watch-makers, and boat-builders.
jU-l
line
leal
■ ^.i
s
234
CANTON.
General lialcs (\f Agency Commission in China, agrcrd upon the 1st of November, 1831 ; in conflmb
•lion ul'tlionu tlxi'il by u meeting nl'inercliaiits iiii tliu Ist of March, IM'.'.').
S per cent.
.1 illllo.
Vi ilillo.
I itlllll,
1 illttu.
i commiuion.
2^ per cent.
J. On All uilen or ]iurttiatH-ft uf goadni exet'iit
Ihf fulloK iriK
S. On nil hiik>-> or jittrrhaM'A ffnitiunw rotion,
cnrhlneat,(luirkHllvi'r,rnni|iti»)r-l>arnit'S,
IiIkIs* nvHtHt <liiitnui)(lH aiut otliur prt-ciuus
KtuniM, or pearlH, Hlilpn, aiulliuuatM
5. On rtlurns, iVin «()(hI»
<■ On (lltin, it' In iriAkun', liiilllnn, nr lillla •
6. On Halt', puri'haM', t>r shipiiivnt nf'hulllun
6< On all ^oihIh, trc.iMins ^i( . rdiis-Ktu'il,
ami aflfrwariU uKlidraun nr M'nt lo
aiirllofi, ami on ^hmIs rons'Knt'd for
conditiona: delivcrv lo ottiiTs
7. OrdtrinK ^(oo<U, or su|tcrinlt'ntlinK the ful-
lilnu'iit of rontraciH, whi-rv no other
roniinU^lon Ih ilerlve<l
8. On all advanreft nf money for itie pun>o^efl
of trade, xvlietlier the uootU are ron-
siftiied lo tlie a^eiit or not, and \(here a
ronnnisHlon of.*) per cent. In not i'tiarKu<l 2^ ditto,
9. Vt't cnilrn-f or ^uarauleein^ Kales, when
siiecially reepiiieil
10. (iuaMnieeing hilU, l)onds, or other en-
KaiienientH - - . -
11. Prorurlnji fi'eifiht, or advertising as a^cnt
of owners or conunantievs, on the
amount of freight, whether tile siinie
passes throngli the li.nids of atjcnlH or
not - • - - .') ditto.
12. IleceivlnR Inward freight - - 1 ililto.
1.1, Shijis' dlsl>ursements - - • 2A {lilto.
14. rharterlnu sh-ps for other parties • 2} ditto.
13. KfVeetlnii insurance or wrltlnK orders for
insurance • - - • i (lilto*
16. Setlting insurance losses, total or partial,
and on procuring return of premium - 1 ditto.
2,^ ditto.
'ii ditto.
ditto,
ditto.
17. IHleclint; ri-iniltances hv MIN nf the ayent
nr otherwise, nn pnrrliasitiK or luxociat'
lllK hiiisiil e\i haime . I percent,
18, Itliis ot exchange relumed, noted, or pro-
lestwl . • - .1
in. NeK(«-ialinK loans on respondentia • 2
2(t. Ilelil.s, wheie a pron-ss at law orarMtra-
tion is iiecessarv, '^i per cent. ; and If
recovered ' - - - . f, dliio.
21. ruiiecliiiK house-rent - • 2^ dilto*
2'^. l.etlers of credit granted for mercanlllu
purposes . - . . 2i ditto.
2.1, Actinu for the estates of persons deceased,
as execuliirs, or aiiininlsiralors - 5 ditto.
21. The inan.iKerni-nl of ihe estates of others,
on the aiiKUnit received . . 2^ ditto.
2'i. All cash receipts, nni servlnij fur Ihe pur-
ch.ise (if uuods, untl not otlierw iae speci-
lud aliove - - -1 dlllo.
2fi. Shrolllnn - - . . j |,cr mil.
27. 'I'r.inshlppln); hoocIs . . 1 |itt ceuti
28. I'pon all advances not puncluallv liqui-
dated, the aifent to have the option of
char^inu a sccoiul cointnis.siun as upon n
fresh i'llvaiu'c, provhted the i harKe do
not occur tuice m the same >ear.
29. At the option of'lhe aRent, on the amount
dcliilcd or I'reiiitfHl within Ihe year, in-
cluding InltTesi, and excpliiit; only
items on uhich a commlssiun of 3 |>er
cent, has been • harmed - . 1 ditto.
N. /i, " 'i'his charge not lo apply lo p.Tvin^
over a b. dance ihie on an acciiunt in .de
li|> lo a particular iieri(Hl, unless where
such lial.mce is withdrawn without
reasonable notice.
Port Charges. — All foreign vessels trading to Canton have to pay a measurement cliarge, varying
according to the size of the vessel. For tliis purpose they arc divided into 3 classes ; viz,
Tnels.
1st. Vessels of IRO cnvids and upwards, pay . - • 7*7'i,7,'),5 per covid.
Sd. — above I'.t) and under IliU covids ... 7''J'..'l.li<)l —
3d. — of lliO covids and under . - - - 5{l()-.',,"41 —
The dimensions are taken from the mizcn to the foremast for the length, and between the gangway*
for the breadth ; these two numbers multiplied together, anil divided by 10, give the nieasiireinent in
covids ; and the quotient multiplied by the sum to be )>aid per cnvid, acrording to the vessel's size, gives
the whole ainuunt oi measurement charge. Of this amount, only l()-lltlis are, )iroperly speaking, the
meastiremcnt charge, the other llth jiart being a fee of 10 per cent, on the Imperial due.s.
Once a year the hoppo goes in person to superintend the measurement of vessels, on which occasion he
goes on board a Company's ship. At other times an otlicer is sent to represent him.
The item next
amounting, acre
French, Austrian,
vary with the size of the ship; but is the same whetiicr she carry 100 or 1,OUO tons, Tlio i)umshuw is
made up of the following sums : viz.
is s-uiiipaiiy s snip. t\\. oiiiur iiiiies aii uiiicer is sum lu ruprcsi'iii iiiiii.
BXt in importance to the measurement cliarge, is what is called tlie cum^haw or present,
cording to the reduced rate, to the sum of I,fi00(i8j taels, or -2,2.!J dollars, except on
ian, and Prussian vessels, which are retiuired to jiay HO taels more. This cliarge does not
The entrep6t fees ....
Port clearance fee ... . .
Difl'erciice of scales, carriage to Pckin, &c., fi7.^ per cent, on the above
Fee to the leang-taou, or superintendent of grain . . ,
Tor ditTcrencc in the leaiig.taou's scales, V\ per cent, on the last named fee
For making it into sycee, 7 per cent, on the whole . .
Tacls
Taels.
810'6<)1
4S0'420
8-150
ll(!4'i4
1S!81
J04-17
l,fi(Xr(i83
Vessels loaded with rice are exempted from the entrepfit and leang-taou's fees, as also from the
measurement charge ; the latter by command of the reigning sovereign, in 18'.';) ; and the two former by
previous orilers of the local goveriinu'iit. They are likewise exempted from certain small monthly and
daily lees, so long as they are engaged in discharging the imported rice ; but the.se charges commence as
soon .18 the vessel begins to take in an export cargo ; and the port clearance fee, with the doulile per.
centage of HJ and 7 per cent., is levied alike on all vessels. A vessel importing rice, in common with
other vessels, is required either to receive an export cargo, or to pay about 300 dollars in default
thereof
Until the measurement charge, present, Ac. have all been duly paid, no vessel can obtain her grand
clioi), or port clearance from the hiippo's oflice.
The other lixed charges besides Ihe above are, 120 dollars for pilotage, in and out ; fees paid to boats
at second liar, and linguist's and comprador's fees. These last are intended to remunerate the expenses
incurred on account of various daily and monthly charges, and other petty fees, besides several unau-
thorised sums exacted by the inferior local ofhcers. Lists of these charges have been printed ; but they
vary so much in particular instances, that it is next to impossible to attain any certainty with respect
to them.
The following is an example of a vessel of the 1st class subject to the highest rate of measurement
charge, from which an idea of the amount of pott charges on other vessels may be obtained ; —
The Glenelg, 8ti7 tons.
Length from mizen to foremast, covids " - - ■ - 83'1
Which multiplied by the breadth, from gangway to gangway - . . 260
And divided by 10, gives the dimensions
Multiply that sum by
Taels
2ir>06
7-874Tj5
'The measurement charge will be 1,701'418 taels, which, at 72 taels per 100 Uollars, =
Spanish dollars ...
Cumshaw, or present, taels l,fiOO'C83, at 72 per 100 = - . - -
Pilotage in and out • . - . . . •
Bar boats and other small charges, about •,-.-.
Linguist's fees, about . . ,: '
Comprador's fees, about . .> . . . .
2,.'3ri3
2,22J
120
30
17,1
ao
i
Spanish dollars ■ 4,95!>
'M
CANTON.
235
VcMcl« of the 9(1 class arc charged in mcaaurcmcnt from 1,200 to 1,600 dollari, and tliosc of the 3d lize
frnin tiOd Id MM) di l;ir«. The rovlil cmiiloyt'd Ih fqual to uhoiit 14J iiulii'».
'i'lc i()iisi'(|uriu(" of this modt'of linposiiiK ilii- purt tliitii's is, that while they arc very moderate on
Bhips ciC tiio i)r Ml tniiH liiirilt'ii and iijiwards, they are vi-ry heavy on small shi|)»: mm hciice small
country shiiK IrtMiiirnlly lie oil' LintinR I'lora, or I<arKe Hay, till snnie of Hit' l.irf!c Knroiuan !-hip« eome
ill sinlit, uhfii llicy sliill their carKoes on hoard the lattor. 'I'hcy are roiiimonly laniL-d up to C:aiilon
for 1 per e -lit., Iiy which means the duties and eumshaw arc both saved. Chinese junks are exempted
from the port diieii.
Captain Collin, the commander of an American ship of about 400 tons rcRiBter trading to China,
inloriiu'd the late committee of the House of Commons, that the wh<ile charncs of every description
falling upon his slilp, in entering and clearing out from (.'aiiton, including ineaf.nrcmcnt duty, eumshaw,
pilotage, vkliiallinii of Hit' ship, ami cuu»iil's fee, amounted to between 7,000 and 8,000 dollars.—
{CvmiKiniun to Ant-lu-C/iiHCsc Calendar, pp. 101-103. ; t'iral Hi'/ioit, Kvit/cncc, p. 124.)
British Trade to Canton. — The trade between Great Britain and Canton lias
hitherto been entirely monopolised l)y tlie Ea.st India Company and its officers. Tea lias
always been by far the prinei])al article of import ; and it is mainly owing to the diffusion
of tlie taste for tliis article, and its consumption by all ranks and orders of the community,
that the trade has increased, notwithstanding^ the pernicious influence of the monopoly, to
tlie extent tliat it has done. Besides tea, the Company formerly imported from China
raw .silk, silk piece goods, nankeens, mother-of-pearl shells, sane' .1 wood, and a few other
articles; but of late years the value of these articles has been quite inconsiderable.
The articles exported in the East India Company's ships from England to China
consisted principally of woollens, copper, iron, and lead, glass, earthenware, and jewel-
lery. Bullion used, formerly, to be largely exported; but recently the current lias
begun to set in the opposite direction, and bullion has been imported from China into
England.
The invoice value of the Company's trade between China and England In the undcr.mentioncd yean
has been —
■150
24
1-2HI
•717
083
the
ler by
and
ICC as
per.
with
lefault
.'mciit
120
30
73
SO
m
Years.
Imitorts into Chin.i from Kngland.
Kiports from t'hina
tu KiiKlanit. .
Total Imports
anit Kxporla.
McTchandiM;.
Treasure.
Total.
Alrrchandiso.
1814-15
1815-10
lK.iO-31
1811-32
£
860,093
926,!hiO
593,75.;
398,475*
£
127,695
1,127,518
£
987,788
2,0.>4,433
593,755
398,475
£
1,907,978
2,231,360
1,861,980
1,814,043
£
2,955,766
4,285,7!W
2,455,>,-35
9,212,518
• Mem. There is an apparent reduction in thevalueof exports of merchandise from England, arising
from cargoes to the amount of 192,310/. of this season having l)een despatched after the 1st of May, 1832 :
allowing for the consignments so deferred, the imports into China from Kngland would be augmented to
590,785/., and the total of imports and exports to 2,404,828/.
East India House, 2oth of April, 1833.
It appears from this account, that the merchandise exported from England to China during the years
1814-15 and 1815-16 amounted, at an average, to 893,,500/. a year, exclusive of above 6()0,0(K'/. a year in
treasure; whereas, the exiiorts of merchandise during the years 1830-31 and 1831-32 only amounted to
592,270/. a year, without any treasure ! This extraordinary decline strikingly contrasts with the results of
the free trade between Great Britain and India in the same years.
The following is a detailed Account of the Value of the Exports by the East India Company from
Great Britain to China during the Five Years ending the 5th of January, 1828,
Species of (iooils, | 1824.
1825.
£
' ir>,rm'
22,430
33,510
532,221
8,407
1826.
1827.
1828,
Cotton manufactures
Iron in bars (British)
Lead and shot . .
Skins and furs
' Woollens . . -
1 All other articles
Total value of exports by the 7
East India Company to China j
£
6,092}
13,482
8,793
"674,585*
5,095
£
167
17,214
.39,221
31,151
ft52,047
5.058
£
11,995
S0,0<i7
41,918
750,968
5,082
£
20,752
24,3.-.0
82,154
413,422
3,137
708,047
612,139
744,850
852,030
493,815
Account of the registered Tonnage employed by the East India Company, clearing out annually from the
1 ort of Canton lor England, and of the Charges imposed by the Chinese on the Company's Ships in
Canton during the undermentioned Years.
Years.
Cleared out for
KiiKland.
Charges In Taels.
Kate per Tael.
Amount,
18J9
1830
1831
1832
27,904
£9,037
27,431
27,852
91,518
92,9()7
85,691
P),184
«. rf.
6 8
£
30,506
38,9f-9
e8,.-it:4
31,728
y,-'
236
C ANTON.
f ('
r fU
The rollowing la a ilctniliHl ArroiiiU nt tlii' {.)iia:ilitu'H and I'rirc .4 al llir iliU'i'ii'i.t SorU of Tci't cx'rntot
Oom China In WH-'i5 and IH'.'K-'.'!) by thu Kaxt Imlia Cninimny, tn (irvit llritaiii and ilntbli AnaTn.i.
Ttii.
Bolica •
C(iiif(ou - -
Canipol - -
SoiicnoMg
IVkop -
Twnnkay
Ilyson Mn .
Young hyson
Hyuoii -
Ounpowder -
Ksportcd to Hii|{tunili
ISit-ISM.
Qusntilj-
Lbn.
.1,,'iH!),80i
tH,77;t,y8!»
214,l.'i;i
;j.),ii73
3,7!ll,4().')
178,'>!Xi
6m,r,m
a7,517,!«8
A TiFraai!
Priinv I'iMi
|i«r III.
.1. it
!)'30l
1 J;!!t7
I ti +i!7
lO.OOl
I ir.W!)
4-4tl()
i'iV.'li
••0!H
IH'.'H. IHW.
I2uinlll;<
I.I.,.
4,l'W,<lfi4
lli,!i.".l,l7l
.'i()7,sHl
l«;i,4!)'*
5,471,ii!.i
1.04,7(17
l.U'.Vifl
2S,lil7,'JHO
A veriiL'c
I'rlKK' (ViiHl
per lit.
d.
>vr,\i
'.'•."-87
7 4t)I
10 871)
1 ;3«1()
1 4-'.'.J.S
1;' 2203
Whole exports to nrili'm and America in tlio year I824-2,'>
Kiiiorlml to the
Ccil
North A inerlcan
Inltlu^.
18.'4-18i5.
(]unnllty<
87.;!K)
hl,73.i
51,,! 12
;i,AJii
K).!,'".'!)
17.i,.i47
J8,H,iO
l,17l>,i;j()
£7,r.l7,!i.iH
2M,(;il7,()88
A vrrnue
I'rliiiB (loHl
|»r III.
.t. </.
II 'I'.iOl
1 .'JtilJd
3'()ti7
(ir)!)4
3-8.;i
3';)i)ii
2(t.'!8
4-73<)
In
1828-29
18i8-182l).
Uuanllty.
l(IO,;).8;'i
»14,tilti
l!),7fi8
14t!,7r)l
10,195
3,i,2a4
4,9.--3
l,229,!l.'J4
28,1117,280
29,8t7,2.14
\ vBr.igc
Prime Cunt
iwr lb.
S. d.
!)404
1 0349
1 <)599
1 fi'ltii
1 4 800
fiO.';7
511
In 1831-32 the total exports often by the East India Company were, to KiiKlanil, . ■50,203,098 lbs. ; to North
American colonics, l,27fi,8.")(ilbs. ; bciiiB tOKCther .■!1,479,9.)4 lbs. The aKgreK"'c prime cost (particulars not
Itated) was 1,907 ,(i48/. — (.V. //.— Kor full detail.* a.s to the tea trade, see art. Tka.)
The Company's business in China has been carried on by an estublishmeiit ot public offlcerR, consisting
of 12 su|)Crcargoc» and as many writeri, promoted according to seniority ; the former were paid by a com-
mission chieHy derived from the monnjmly sales of tea in EiiKland, and the latter by tixcii salaries j both
being supplieil with lodging and a publh; table at the Company's expense. The3ec>iior supercargoes,
called the select committee, constit\ite<l the governing body, and had the whole control, not only of the
Company's trade, but politically of all British interests in China. The entire charges of the Company's
China cittablishinent in 1828-29 were 138,.'>2(i/. ; being
Twelve supercargoes .... 5;'.,121
Twelve writers .... 1;),226
Persons Hlliiig firofcssional and other distinct offices - 8,K;")7
Rents and repairs of private apartments - - I(),782
Rent of factory, port chargcu, and other expenses - - 49,440
The Company's business was wholly conducted with the hong merchants, to the exclusion of the un-
licensed or outside merchants, as they are railed. The select committee divided amongst such of the
solvent hong merchants as it pleased, the whole amount of the Company's export and import cargoes, and
the business was done by a kind <if barter; a system long banished among the free traders. The ships
employed by the East India Company in the China trade were commonly from 1,(XX) to between 1,4(X) and
1,S0(J tons burden, the greater proportion being from 1,,'JOO to 1,400 tons.
Trade between British India and China. — This trade is of decidedly more value and
importance than that carried on between Great IJritain and Cliina ; a result which seems
mainly ascrihahle to the circumstance of its being principally in the hands of private in-
dividuals. The greatest article of export from India to Canton used to be cotton wool,
principally from Bombay ; but it is now far surpassed by opium, the imports of which
into China have sextiipled since I81G-17, and are wortli, at present, about 13,500,000
dollars ! This increase is the more extraordinary, seeing that opium is contraband in
China j but the edicts of the emperors are as unable to prevent its introduction, as the
l)roclamations of James and Charles were to hinder the use of tobacco in England. It
i;; every where smuggled with eiise and safety. The trade was at first principally con-
dti.'ted at Whampoa ; but the exactions of the Chinese authorities drove it to M.icao,
wlierc it increased, but whence it was subsequently driven by the exactions of the Por-
tuguese. It is now principally carried on in the Bay of Lintin. Here the opium is
kept on board receiving ships, of which there arc fre(jutntly not less than 12 quietly
lying at anchor, without danger or molestation of any ••.'•rt.
The exports from China to India consist of sugar for Western India, tea, porcelain,
nankeens, cassia, camphor, &c. ; but the amoimt of tlose is not very considerable, and
the returns are principally made in l)ills and bullion.
The following tallies give very full details as to the trade between Great Britain and
Canton, and the trade between the latter and British India, carried on under the British
flag, during the years ended the 31st of March, 1831 and 1832.
Most part of the trade between India and Canton is conducted by the outside merchants. The hong
merchants rarely adventure upon transactions in opium, of which this trade principally consists.
We have obtained from Canton, the rollowing corrected account of the ISritish trade at that city, in
1831 -.32. It corresponds pretty closely with the succeeding account, derived from the Pari. Paper, No. 229.
Sess. 1833; but it is drawn up in a dlHcrent IVirui, aiul more in detail. Being anxious to atlbrd all the
information in our power witn respect to this great emporium, we did not think we should be warranted
in withholding it.
liotly
hong
I
1
CANTON.
237
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H
r ■- 1 , j: .^ r — — — — y f- X — — ■.-: u: X I- ?j ar c ♦ 'C t- * ^ c ?.
i\— , -, *i' ■; ^i'^ -.^, *,'■*> -i'^^vS.'" "■.''1*^*.'-,''";,^''%,^ i» J'' »«» ir,
^iri'C I
*- ^^ c »• 1
?
n
s
^S?£S?
X
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•^
•fl
li-SS'9
«l
I I
(i'-v-
HI'
i iffi if I I I
£. ft <x c »-
CJ rt I I
I I =■
|s I
s I I I i I I I I
I I :5 'I 1^1
I I
S I I I I I I I SIM
S I
'1 = I I
a
§
I M M
•13
I I
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u
(N — n
5
G"x;
?
3 1 1
Si
I II II
Si I I
■T".* r X I*: 3O c 1^
C»f K •" C fc~ ^" »-*
1 1 1 I I a 3 I
"if
c ;c >-- t::^ X
'S s
S 3 ic Sic
£ c » '^
§ E E .:: .u - .s s -5 i .? S s
«-.33
C-rt
E
■a ~~-t 5 Se o S^SiS
. i ill is i.s II -5 J § =>5|||l Ii :
.!■■
s
lei
I
•'i'^v l«
c ~ « 3
cSq
o) Black lea
(ircL'ii ten
To KiiRland per i3 shiiis.
f ) rnllars
S>cue i'»iiiai to dollars
'c) Black tea
Green tpa
To England jicr 'i3 ships.
(d) Per country 6liii)S.
•it,7r,\,um lbs.
_.'j,IIS,SliO _
- 1,111111,190
1.17.1,1>A7 dollars.
(f) To England, dollars - . 1,131 ,C23
Sycee, equal to dollan . 842,307
Calcutta, iloll.irs - . ~ 171,.0'1'i
Sycee, equal to dollars - 16H, 7DS
Bombav, dollars . . IjO'LVIiiC
S. American silver and 1 ,„, ,,,,
sycee equal to dollars -J ^^'*'^''
Sundry places, dollars
Total ciport of bullion, sycee included. Dollars
.V. n.-The sycee is calculated at 718, »ith .', per cmt,
premium added. '
Dollari,
l,B7C,9.TO
340,340
1 ,,177,443
77,000
■^,!I7 1,813
mm
} 'I
Ml
h
!!'
I U
^¥
=3£:"-
238
CANTON.
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CANTON.
TOT.\L BRITT.SH ''"'VDE WITH CHINA.
239
Trade by Ihu t'ompany
and their Olficers.
Exiiorls. 1 Total.
Trade Lj individuals.
Total Value of the
UlitMi Trade
with t^hina.
Season. Imports.
Imports. I Kxports.
Total.
1S.-10-31
18.11. 31<
n..H,i,.i.
fi,ii;'^.'j«i
(i,13'.!,UlU
I).,tl,ir3. UMiirs.
ll,Z'>(i,l.17 17,3-'.!(,.WS
n,iMi,wi i(i,'ii,i,'^(i8
DMiirs. 1 D,'llili<.
l,'),N77,.')f;9 1 S,(ilU,'^»6
l.'vll)S,2'^5 1 6,I.!3,166
Dollar*.
!il,631,3'Jl
D<Alart.
41,H.'j( ,M3
37,744,6i9
East India House, 2ith of April, 1833.
Opium is sold by tlic resident European or American agents ; and, on an order from
tlie.se for its delivery, it is liaiuled over to the smugglers, who come alongside the ships
at night to receive it ; puuing tiie naval force, Custom-house establishinent, and police
of the empire at defiance. Wc subjoin an
Account of the Imports of the dincrent Sorts of Opium into China from 1816-17 to 1830-31, both
inclusive.
Seasons.
lSlfi-1817
1817-1818
1818-I81SI
i8iy-i8ao
1S'J((-18-2I
is'.;i-is'j'j
]hi.\'-18-2)
18-2i-18'2t
1S'2+-18J.")
I8i5-I8.'()
lS2ii-18'.'7
1827-18'.'8
18JS-1S-.!!)
18'Jl)-18 ;()
18JU-18..!1
Fatna ar>d Benares.
No. of
Chests.
■2,fiin
2,.)3(l
.■3,0.")0
ii,'J70
,■3,1 wd
a,!»lll
1,822
ii.iUO
2,tiV)
■■i.U'J
,'3,I)I>1
;"), I U
7,H3
Total
.■jfi.4SS
Aver.
Price.
Dollart.
l,2i.()
1, •-().")
1,(10(1
i,-.3.:i
l.ilOII
i;,(i7;)
I, ■;,■,-
l.liOO
1,17.^
itl.)
1,(1(12
y!)8
!M(I
8.08
8(i!)
Total
Value.
Dollars.
3.1;3'2,(KK)
;J,2(MI,4,")()
3,0;j(l,(l()0
:!,ti()7,!l:)(l
;"),7!)r),(i(K)
(),().-3^,'J)()
y,>''28,!l.>0
4,ti."i(i,(,()0
.■3,ll!l,ti'J,">
3,lU,7.J."i
.■),'iC>S,,")H,7
r),l(ri()7;3
">,ti()-l-,'.'.3.")
:'),U!l..''.77
r),78|l,7!l+
Malw
.\o. of
Chests.
l.l.'iO
l,;);3(l
l,(ii.'ii
1,7a)
1,718
4,(1(10
4,172
t),0(iO
(i,17!l
(i,308
4,.'3ti;
7,171
(i,s;;7
lii, 1(K)
W,i)97,'-'(l4 (i.">,4»
A ver.
I'rice.
Dollais,
«7.-'.
(il2
1,17;">
l,."")!;')
l,,32->
1,'.!K)
i'i.';)
7jO
7'J;>
!)42
1,204
suit)
801
,'387
Total
V'alue.
Dollars.
70,3, sou
l,H);i,'2.-)0
l,!'l:),'r,()
2,(;0."i,NI0
i;,i.'7(),;!.")0
,"),lfiO,000
3,8.»0,1(;()
4,;J00,000
4,4(il),4;")()
.■),941, ;"/-'( )
;"),i.'."i 1,7(10
(i,il'-8,88()
.'i,i)07,.-J80
7,ll(V.:i;7
Total.
3,210
3,(iS0
4,")W)
4,(i(KI
4,770
4,(iV8
.0,8'.'.'
7,0.'- 2
8,lij.^
y,ii--'l
!l,!lti'J
<),47;J
];3,I,J'2
14,000
18,7(iO
J8,'2(;o,!J77 jll!l,<J84 l'2;i,208,181
V«lue.
Dollars,
3,(i;'.7,0()0
3,o04,i.'i0
4,lcJ!l,'2.'J0
.0,;3,S;S,'JOO
8,«)O,8(j0
8,3I4,()I0
7,!l88,!i30
8,.Oir),l()0
7,ii|0,iwr)
7,(i()8,-J0;j
!l,(ilO,0,\5
10,^3-'-(i,8.3.-!
12,53;3,1I.T
li.',O,07,i;)7
K',M)0,()J1
1 arkey.
No. oi'
Aver.
Chests.
I'rice.
Dollars.
IM
300
1,000
tilO
700
(32.0
200
975
30
1 ,525
500
1,025
22(i
1
1,270
Total
Value.
Dollars.
375,(.(I0
t)10,000
437,500
195,000
45,750
512,.'J00
287,080
No account has been
kept of Turkey
opium during these
years.
3,40fi
2,4()2,770
In 18.31-32, the total import of opium into China was 21,062 rhe.«'cs, of the value of 13,917,426 iloUarg.
The stock on hand, 1st of January, 1833, was 5,110 chests, l^.iic tenths of the opium trade is in the
hands of the IJrilish Indians.
The following tables exhibit the general results of our trade with China from 1814-15
downwaids ■ —
Acrnuiit of tho .\nnual V.iliio of tlip Trade between the Subjects of Great Britain and China, from
18\ V-l,"i tn 18;;0-31, both inclusive, distinguishing the Trade of the East India Company from that of
liulividuuls.
\'aluL' of Im*
Years.
porta between India and China.
Total.
jiorls liflwern
Kiiulaiul and
Total Value of
the Ilritl^ll
\'alueof Tradf
of IndividnaU
\"alue of Trade
ot the Company
On .Arroimt of
Iniliviiluals.
In .\rcount of
the Company.
(Jhina on
AcCdUIlt of
the Coiniiany,
China.
with China.
with Chhia.
£
£
£
J-
.*•
.£
.£
1814-15
■2,r>i:',,[m
221, .-.89
2,795,529
2,9.55,776
5,751,2<>5
2,.573,940
3,177,3.55
1815-16
2,:h'.>,iU\
356,470
2,735,496
4,285,799
7,021,'.:95
2,;i7!l,02()
4,6)2,'.69
lKl(i-I7
3,(i,31,ll;31
2!0,i'83
3,264,114
2,962,062
6,2'.'6,176
3,034,031
3,192,145
1817-18
.'3,'W 1,770
710,100
4,o:)7,870
2,183,022
6,'.'20,892
3,327,770
2,89;;,122
181N-iy
3,5hi,K2
S()4,:">43
;!,8KO,,S75
2,0(i5,389
.5,94(i,261
3,516,3)2
2,429,932
1819-20
2,hiO,137
334,807
2,.524,!H4
3,092,456
.5,617,400
2,190,1,37
3,427,263
l>2i:-'Jl
.i,;i28,l);i9
()02,!I94
,",•■31,031
2,9.35,904
(i,Sil6,9.37
3,,'3'.'8,0. 9
3,.5;:8,b<'8
l;vJI-'J2
18.2-21
;3,o; 1,010
•Hi",iw7
3,480,li67
2,', 00,425
6, 18,, 092
3,011,010
3,170,(82
,'3,047,792
1S9,;304
3,2-)7,0!i6
i,642,,'^45
5,87:VH
3,047,792
2,832.149
18'.\S-21
2,7.i4,;3l/l
721,425
3,4.'i5,!i;4
2,815,048
6,270,982
2,734,5(9
3,.5;,6,473
1824-2.)
2,8,;.', I'll
.326,591
3,158,7.S2
2,i;oo,oi;()
5,7,-,8,h42
2,832,'i91
2,9'-6,n51
18-.',)-26
18:(i-27
3,91..-;,729
291,ii03
4,2:;5„;;32
2,(1^7,013
6,922,;:45
3,943,729
2,978,616
;S,7i 14,101.
.■3ii-.',405
4,126,809
:;,i7i;,90i
7,.(;;,7io
3,764,404
3,5,)9,306
l.'<2/-28
4,!'51,(i7.'<
.■i7li,247
i.,.;i.'7,!'25
2,,'^.;n,. 97
8,164,,;22
4,9;il,678
3,212,644
1N28-29
.'>,79,'),9l)li
4;S :,;i88
4,22y,;.'5l
2,5 17,7 '.'6
6,747 ,(itO
•3,7!'5,966
2,951,114
1829-.';()
-
;;o8,767
2.4'.'0,9I7
•
.
2,799,714
18)0-31
-
3iM,7H
.
2,9N3,487
-
3,347,228
Tlie stateir.ents from Imlia for 1SJ9-1830 :.nd 1S:0-1S31 are not yet rcceiveil.
's
i
,.=1
1 1
I t;
1 I
U
240
CANTON.
Accouiit of the Qii.intity of (.veil Article of Cliiiicse rriKliice impc ed into »lic United Kiiijjdom, in ci, li
Vear, from 17UJ to IBJl, liotli in .iisive.
IK
i :
$ I
)
IMUcL'llaiu'ous
Vfars.
Tea.
Silk.
N'.mkcfii
( L.tlu.
Aviiil.s
(if 1 liimviU
Truducf.
. . _
— —
'
/./,„
/./,<.
/'/'TCf.
r.i/.if L. ,
17!U
Ifi,dd7,"!l
17l,fi|iS
77,H!W
•jii.d'tJ
17!>J
•J >,7 111,77+
!lt>,ii7l
;;7t,.;!w
1!I,S()!I
17!tt
i;7,'J'iiS,iio.J
l.-),S,'J'.'.-.
14ii,.)(i.)
19,lS(i
17liii
(i,l,St,ii'.N
1 '-',!).:«
4H,(i42
2 ! 0(12
I7!'7
ld,'.'.i.".,l'J.)
7.s,.V2ii
77,iJ.>H
*•' '2.*' 'J
17I1S
■U,S7.i,ll-2
l.ili.IPli
'2.-,7,47;i
L'."),(),Vl
17i'li
l."i,()!M),(l,SO
d.i.dOJ
l.SMi'd
i7,i.;i
IWKI
i.".,i:i:>,:;iiH
!VJ,,;k,',
I70,!»;7
•2."),dii()
isdl
'Jii,s(ij,7;i)
l;il,:;.!5
.jiiii.sr'i
i.'i|,'2!l)
lid'.'
'J7,17ii,.'n'J
7r,,r>HH
'J74,!l-.l
l!l.0i4
isii;
:;o,si,;,]u
7 +,.">■■'■'*
•j;j,s<H
'2,3,l:i4
ISOf
'id,(i-:o,7Sl.
!l|»,.)(i'J
'2(it,4li7
!.'li,lS4
lM)."i
i;,s,,'..-is,Hi>
7d, :>.".!»
:2."i-.','J07
l.^.liW
lSd()
i;vm.v.,.k".7
l.S,(!07
J7d,'J.;4
1(),:.()4
IW»7
lV,;".!l!l,'J.)(i
.'->s'J77
7'2,i.">.".
11,474
ISDX
;;ri,747,2J4
ll7,.s."i.".
4S4,i;i7
I7,(;i7
ISO!)
i;i,7i7,';i()
!K),e.(t!
'.'N7.7:()
14,'JliS
IHKI
lil,7!d,.'i.")d
;")4,.>7ii
:;i).'),i)ii!i
I4,MI()
I«ll
L'iA';i,«J!i
.Sl,:i!l7
.;ii;,i>i(i
!l,li.i()
181'.'
iiS,;ilH,ir,J
.Si).l!l7 ;'id.),27i!
12,'.t'2!)
Years.
Tf;i.
! I I\li>.rl!.iiir.
Nimkocii .\vli I'*''
Cloths. i 'T I !,:.■. .
1S1;5
1,S14
ISI.")
jllld
IS 17
IMS
lSI<t
IS'JO
IS'l
IS2'2
i.s'2,;
1S24
is'jr.
1,S'2()
I.S27
isjs
1S2II
IS, JO
is:5l
i./il. IM. I I'ircfi. I |■.l^l'■ I..
The reennlsof this year were destroyed liy lire
'2i;, 110,.,, "ill
'2 V.O'.V214
.■;ii,2.!l-,,W0
,';i,4i;7,o7,i
20,0(u,7JS
'2,;,7,"iO,4|,i
,';o,ii7,!i;ii-
.■;o,7,>i,io,")
'-7,>li2,7iiii
'2l>,0lil,SS.">
.■;i,iisi,!iv7
'2!i, ;f"i,ill'!>
'2!l,S4il,H)l
.';!l,7l(i,147
1,'jO,(
V!il,l'2!t
sh,!',s7
ii).;,;d7
l4ii,.H7S
141,, ;2.)
■j7I,11.")
27.',! 10
',''A',(i7.i
:;:"2,7I7
•J!i;,iii4
: M-2,1.7li
IO."i,lS,-,
•2IIS.2S7
.■:2,ti7s,."<ni 2-s,!n(i
;:o..')H,:;s2 , iiiMi,u4 '
.■il,H!17,.'ild ;4.-,d,!i:il
31,l^tS,!)'22 47ti,(i!l'2
7s.;.'2i.i
S"d,7!l7
:;iid,i, ,;
/i(;4,2vil
4ll'i.:;4'i
;",'.'.;,S .2
! Id' 1,7 hi
;'iii.i,0d2
2s7,k;i
41 .'.071;
1.010. hi4
'.•;!l,',!l!iS
.i,;i,.v.'o
nii.dfis
.",2fl,(iu2
id; I, '.'.7.')
a77,l7i
l!'.17t
'2|l,i ."'0
VI I,
!!S-,:o
;,,■,, vo
7o,sv7
;:|i,d.-4
•2:,U!I
7 •,'■■'■■''
dlMilS
(17 ~ i2
!'.s'n2
10,i,o77
•H.l.il
b!l,7ild
Account of the Number of Ships, and of their Tonn.nKe, that entered Inwards in the United Kingdom
from China in each Year, from 17!iJ-9V to IKjI-SI', both inclusive.
Years.
Ships.
Tons.
Years.
Ships.
Tons. 1
Vu.irs.
1S1!>-<2I)
.Sllips.
Tons.
'28,4.7 1
17!'.!-4
IS
17,4.'j()
1 SI 16-7
<)
11, OS!
24
17!il-.>
'21
'20,'2;!4
1S07-8
24
.■;i,707
1,S'20-21
'J.>
2S,li!i'.'
17il."'-d
5
4,S;';()
1S0S-!1
1.-.
1' 1,21 10
1821-22
10
24,07.7
17!M)-7
17
14,'!,-.4
1SII!I-I()
l,i
17,272
1822-'2,;
]!»
'2i;,oi ;
17il7-H
:H
;i7,iis-2
lSlO-11
1.7
IS.dS-I.
lS2i-21
21
'2s,'2;7
17ilH-!)
li
12,7.''
ISll 12
I't
'2.">,.;2i.
lS21-'2,-.
10
'2., ,070
17ii!l-USl)0
10
I'J.SIO
1S12-1,!
21
'27,227
lS'2,W2d
2;
'27,.s:ii
1S(HI-1
'22
'-7,107
lSi,>-ll.
111
2K4dd
ls2.;-27
'20
.'o.'lll'l
lS'.II-2
21
24,.7,il
isii-;,--;
21
24,S|10
|S'2;-'2S
'2;"i
■2",s ■,;
lSn2-J
24
!.'.",,!•! 14
lSl,",-lli
'2'i
.'i,i,07.'l
1S2S-2'I
20
27,! 114
lSll.J-4
17
•22,27!)
isid-n
27
2S,o;2
ls.'!i-,;0
2,J
20,111
1804-.')
IS
'24,1!»1
1SI7-18
1.")
20.000
is;i)-.-;i
21
2~,S7'i 1
18o.",-i>
l.->
lo.ldO
iM'<-ni
Id
'.'1,210
is;i-,-,2
'^''
27," io 1
AVu' Ri'rjiildtions (IS to the llritish Trade irifh Cinitoii. — N'otwillistniuliiijf tlif ()])|)()-
sition made l)y the K.ist India Coniiniiiy, tlio tnido to Cliina lias, at Iciiglli, l)t>eii tluowii
open to all classes oCliis ^la.jesly's suhjeets; and Htilisli niercliaiits may now iVeelv trade
to ])laccs, accossihle to Kuropi-ans, to the east ol' the Straits ot" Malaeea. We eon-
gratidafe ouk readers on the opcninff of this new and almost boundless Held for the
display of commercial enter])rise. It is not, indeed, a channel in which it would he
pnident for anyone not ])ossessed of adcipiate capital and the necessary skill to eniliark.
But the examjile of the .\mericans, and of the free traders from India to China, shows
sonclusively that tiiere is nothini; in the natiu'eof the trade to prevent lis hein}^ as success-
fully prosecuted by individuals as that to any other coimtry. ^Ve are satisfied that the
intercourse between the Lastein and Western worlds is as yet (piite inconsiderable, com-
pared with what it is destined to become, now that the incubus of monopolv is removed.
The openint; of the jiorts of Ilindostan. in ISI-}, has more than trebled oiu' trade with
India; and a similar residt .nay be fairly antiei])ated in the case of China. In makin^x
these remarks, we are very far from meaning to throw any reflections on the condiiel of
the East India Company. It is duo to its directors to stale that they have always
evinced the greatest anxiety to extend the trade witli India and China, and to carry it
on in the most economical maimer. lUit it was not in the nature of things tliat they
could succeed. The affairs of all great associations must necessitrlly be managed
according to a system of routine, by the intervention of salaried otiieers. ,\iid itvere
an insult to common sense to Mipjiose that such jiersous should display the same enter-
prise, or that they should manage the aflaiis intrusted to their care with the same
nciicliful attention to details, and the same regard to economy, as private individuals
trading on thei*- own account, and reaping all the advantage of successful, as they must abide
all the loss resulting from unsuccessful, adventures. .Speculations may be emiiu'iitly
profiiable to the latter, that would have been highly injiu-ious had tiiey been altem|ited by
tlie former. It is true that the too great ardour of com|)etitors may oecasi(,nally lendir
even the liest business unjirofitable to those engaged in it; but if this lie an evil, it is
one that is inseparable from all commercial undertakings ; and there is no reason what-
ever for supposing that it will be oftener or more severely felt in the trade to Canton,
than in that to I'ctursburgh or any other port.
i
CANTON.
241
(i])|H>-
llirowil
tiiitle
I o cciit-
i'oi- tliu
oiild he
L'nil);iik.
sliows
SIH'I'CSS-
liat the
I'oni-
(.'lIlDVCll.
ade with
iiiakiiiji
luhii'l "t"
o always
carry it
liat liioy
maniitii'd
it vL'ie
lo outer-
he saute
iivichials
ust ahide
liiiiieiilly
l)l)ted hy
|y render
,il, it is
1)11 w iiat-
1 Canton,
d
In conductinp; nil intercourse with the Chinese, — a people whose institutions and habits
(lifl'or so very widely from those of Europeans, — it is essential tiiat due eircuinsjiection
should he used, and that notliing sliould be done by any one to pive theiu reasonable
grounds of oll'encc. The cxi)erience of tlie Airierieans, and of the other foreigners,
besides Uie Kiiglisli, resortinjj to Canton, shows, we think, pretty elearly, that the
amount of danjfer from tlie eireumstanees just adverted to is not very considerable. I
is rigiit, however, as already stated, that ellectual measures should he taken for jirevent-
iiifi any interruption to the trade from flie ignorance or misconduct of any individual.
'J'o acc'oiniilish this object, lliereare provisions in the act opening the trade, enabling his
INlajesty to appoint superintendents of the trade to China, who are to be author.' I'd to issue
regulations in regard to it, to which all individuals engaged therein are to he obliged to
siihmit. These regulations will, no doubt, be framed so as to prevent any just offence
being given to the natives, without unnecessarily interfering with the free action of the
traders. There is one very <piesti()iiable clause in thj act -that which authorises the
ifiposition of a t( Miiage duty on the shipiiing emidoyed in the trade, for defraying the cost
of the estahlishmeiitM in China. We subjoin a full abstract of this important statute.
A(t3\- 1- \Vu.L.l. r.HS. roil iu:(jii.tino the Thadi; to riiiNA ami India.
J/rpral of t lie Art iOco.i. r. 80. .Sr- — naviiij,' stated that it is cxprdirnt tliat the trade to China
rlioiifd be opened to alUiasses ot'his Maje.sty'.s siilijects, it is enacted, tliat the ac' Kieo. 4. ('. H). should
l)e repealed, except such parts thereul as relate to Asiatic sailors, I.asears, hcing natives of the territories
uiKlir the government ot the Kast India Company ; and except also as to siieli voyapes and adventure.^
as shall have been actually coinmciieed under the authority of the .said act ; and as \r any suits and pro-
ceedings which may have heen tommcnced, and shall 1 c depending on the L".;d day of April, Ih.'it; and
from and after the said i.'2d day of April, 18JJ, the enactments liereiii-after contained siiall come into
oi)eration. — ^1.
Jlijxal of I'rohihltions upon the Importation of Ten and Cooitsfrom China, fmposri] hy fi Geo. +. c. 107.
ami ndeu. 4. c. 114. —So much of the act li (ico. 4. e. 1((7., intituled"" An Act fur the general Kegulatiou of
the Customs,* as jirohibits the importation of tea, unless from the place of its growth, and hy the East
India Comiianv, and into the port c' London ; and also so .iiuch of the said act as prohibits the import-
ation into the United Kingdom of goods from China, unless by the Ea.st India Company, and into the
port of London ; and also so much of the said act as requires that the manilests of ships departing from
places in Cliina shall be authenticated by the chief supercargo of the Kast India Conpany ; and also that
so much of the act (> Geo. 4. c. 114., intituled " An Act to regulate the Trade of the liritish I'ossessioiis
abroad," as iiroliibits the imiiortation of tea into any of the liritish possessions in America, ami into the
island of Mauritius, except from the United Kingdom, or from some other liritish possessions in
America, and unless by the Kast India Company, or with their licence ; shall be, from and after the '22d
<lay of Aiiril, 1,S;J4, repealcil ; and thenceforth "(notwithiian<ling any provision, enactment, ^:<■. to the
contrary) it sliall be lawful for any of his Majesty's subjects to carry on trade with any countries beyoiul
the Cape of Good Hope to the i-treights of Magellan. — ^ '2.
List of Persons on Inuird nnij ;-ihip arriving i» India to he delivered to Officers of CiisImiis. — 'l"he jiersoii
in ccmimand of any ship or vessel arriving at any place in the possession of or under the government of
the saiil Coinjiany shall make out, sign, and deliver to the principal officer of the cu.stoms, or other person
lawfully authorised, a true and perfect list, siiecifyir.g the names, capacities, and descriptions of all per-
sons who s'.iall have been on board such s'.iip or vessel at the time of its arrival ; and if any person having
the command of such ship or vessel shall not make out, sign, and deliver such li.-t, he shall forfeit 1(1')/., half
to such [lerson or persons as shall inform or sue for the same, and the other half to the Company ; .and if
the Comiiany shall inform or sue for the same, then the whole penalty shall belong to the Company. — ^3.
Penalties how reeoverahle. — The penalties and forfeitures aforesaid to be recoverable l)y action of debt,
bill. Sec. in any court of record in the United Kingdom, or in India, or elsewhere, to winch jurisdiction
shall be afterwards given ^ 4.
Three Superintendents of the China Trade to he appointed. — Whereas it is expedient for the objects of
trade and amicable intercourse with the dominions of the emperor of China, that provision be made for
the establishiijcnt of a Hritish authority in them ; be it enacted, that il«'-hali tie lawful for his Majesty,
hy any commission or warrant under his royal sign manual, to appoint ,i superintendents of the trade of
his Majesty's subjects to and from the said iloniinioiis, for the purpose of protecting and iirotiioting such
trade, and to appoint such ottiee.s to assist them in the execution of their duties, an<l to grant such
salaries to such superinteiuicnts and ollicers, as his Majesty .-hall from time to time deem expedient. — ^ 5.
His M({jefi!i may issue Orders and Commissieiis to //are force in China. — It shall be lawful for nil
Majesty by any such order or commission as lo his Majesty in council shall appear expedient and salutary,
togi\e to the said superintendents, or any of them, powers and authorities over and in respect of the trade
and I juiiiiirce of his Majesty's subjects vithin any jiart of the said dominions; and to issue direction.s
and -eg J'iiii^> IS touching the said trade and coininerce, and for the government of his Slajesty's siibjei'ts
wH;,' 1 thr sjM dominions ; and to impose penalties, forfeitures, or imprisonments, for the breach of any
«uci. •.-, 1. /iciis or regulations, to be enforced in such manner as in the said order shall be specified ; and
tot ■iS! ii ;oui. of justice with criminal and admiralty jurisdiction for the trial of oH'ences committed by
h:' .*! 1 ■ -J s jjccts within the said dominion?, and the ports and havens thereof, and on the high seas
wi.iiiii 1 ,■ ir .OS ^ (' the coast of China ; and to appoint one of the superintcudcn's herein-before men-
tioned to I. • .1'.' Hcer to hold such court, and other ollicers for executing the | ocess thereof; and to
grant such salui les to such ollicers as may ap)iear reasonable. ^ (i.
Superintendents, S(C. not to accept C(lts. — No superintendent or commissioner apiiointcd under this
act sliall accept in regard to the discharge of his duties anv gift, gratuity, or reward, other than the salary
granted to him as aforesaid, or be engaged in any trade or trattic for his own benefit, or for the benefit ot
any other person or persons. — ^ 7.
A Tonnatic Duty to he imposed, to defray the Expense of F.stnhli.^hments in China. — It sha'.i ue lawful
for his Majesty in council, by any order or orders to be" issued from tune to time, to impose, and to
empower such |>ersons a-s his Majesty in council shall ihink fit to collect and levy from or on account of
any ship or vessel belonging to any of the subjects of his iMajcsty entering any port or place where the
said superintendents or any of them shall be stationed, such dutv on tonnage and goods as shall from time
to time be specified in such order or orders, not exceeding in res))cct of tonnage the sum of .O.v. for every
tun, and not exceeding in respect of goods the sum of Ki.v. for every 1(^)/. of the value of the same, the
fiind arising from the.-colleetion of which dutii^s shall be aiiiiropriated. In such manner as his Majesty
.ii ;; . direct, towards defraying the expeiiK's of the establishments by this act authorised within the said
t^-iiianions : provided always, that every order in council issued bv authority of this act shall be imblished
II: t London (-.-uette : and that every such order in council, and the aiiouiit of expense incurred, and
C -.U, 11 ri r;iscd tinder this act, shall be annually laid before both houses of parliament. — \ 8.
I. fint.ition of Actions. -The nest and laj^t clause contains the usual provisions as to the limitation of
"%
>'"i:
l:v
! ■
■irfionn, Xt. — \, !>.
11
;?^l
i !
fS
■HI
1 1
I 1^
242
CANTO-^.
American Trade with China, — The American iatercoursc with China commenced
shortly after the termination of the revolutionary war, and speedily became one of the
most valuable branches of the trade of the United States.
\Vc have obtained from the United States the subjoined account of the Ameriran trade at Canton In
lS.'31-U-2. This Interesting; document exhibits in detail the quantity and value of each article im|Mirted by
the Anicricans into Canton, and of those exported ; the latter are divided according to their destination.
Statement of the American Import and Kxport Trade at the Port of Canton, during the Scison of 1831-32L
Iiniiorts.
Hills of exchange
huaiii^h dollars
n.i/.
lO.an.'i iiiculs Oiilck.silver, at 71)
VI, Si)/ - l..aa . - 1+
t.isl - Iron • - •■i'i
1,'.)1!) - ('null' KinsrnK .ll
71)'.) - Cl.iriliL'il ilo. 7'^S
.■^7li - I'nthiiieal -*«)
•l.li.'ia - CopiiLT - W\
1,11)0 - S.iniial Wdoil - .')
10,7(11 - lUcL'^iiaildy 'i
4U'i - Oiiiuil' • 'M>
TmIs.
170 - Cotton - - S
2,.M0 - Siieltcr - -H
'Z,'iM\ - Cotton yam
(illl - 'J'obact'o
770 . Pearl shells
l,t)Ti . Tin
1)00 hoxes Tin plates
3,4 IH nieces Hro,i(i cloths •
»W . Cainkts
2,SS0 - I,on|;-ells
Sn.nS - l.on^ Lloths ■
1!),S()'2 - Chinl/,
)>,41)2 - Cambrics
10,331 - Dotnestirs
'21,.')(i(i dozen Handkerchiefs
11,7'W I, and otter sliins
1,.VJ1 Sua olter hkins
!),3G!) Fox skins
1,868 Heaver skins
71 Seal tkins
1 80,000 Cigars
Wine, value
Watches
Glass
Morocco skins
Sundr; luerchiuidiM
10
5
1«
7
30
'23
8
■'i*
•i
3
?
If
'i
Vi
Dollar t.
U-^,01 I'D!)
l'2,33'^-7.'>
l().'i,.;l(r00
.'il,3()'.'.-.'>0
7."i,'^IIO'00
yi,3ii(i-on
7,1101) 00
'21,34'.i-()0
'2'21,l()()'IJO
1,88S'S8
Ilfl2'i-M
Sl,.")8'^-0()
(i,Oll)'00
3,8'>0-(IO
17,1.'>'^'(10
(l,30il-00
10'2,.'il()-00
l.S,8(ill-l)l)
'23,l)IO-IH)
'238,7.'>I1-.M)
"I),'2I)S-IK)
12,l)S4-0!)
31,l)l)i-lN)
3(1,8 lll-IH)
7(1,11I3-00
(■|(l,8'22-O0
ll,'2t()'00
1'2,331) 00
11'2-UO
li,l(iOUO
'2,3(K)'0()
10,1)1 )(1-0I)
i,!,()Ol)-00
iOO-OO
Ralance -
Dollars
Ditllara,
'2,180,871 00
tJB7,'2J'2'00
2,ii83,fiS4v'i3
1UU,UUU-00
4()7,92t'44
Exports.
To the Unite
CkrnU.
1'2,182 nohea
^7,1.')1 Sotichong -
3,'2r2 Tivank.iy .
17,071 Hyson skin -
■10,1 )(!.'» Voung hyson
l),34(i ll>son
4,.') 14 Imperial
4,'>(I3 (tinipowder
'2,'2I.'> Pout-hong -
'»t7 I'ekoi!
'200 Congou
131,71)6
(t Slates.
I'hiilt.
7,3l)'.)-20
'21,117-85
1,111)1- 10 .
S,83.-)-.")0
'26,()r2-'2.'>
4,ISI>-I)8 ■
3, I'll) 80 •
3,(iS'2-|0 •
l,l'2'2-/.0 •
li'iS-,'!)) ■
12000 .
81,li.'J-'>'2
TiU'U.
at II
- 18
- '21
- '21
41
4(;
61
.'J8
'20
."iO
16
V)!)l',731-n7l
Do/.
34 yS '22 Embroided crape shawls, at 3A
68,0113 D.aniask do. do. - Ij
8, ■<07 pieces Cr.ape - - 7
23,1.^)7 - Handkerchiefs - G
'22,'.il)'2 - Senshavvs - Ui
'2.s,'lN6 - lllack sarsnets I - 8
S, 1 -il) . -White do . - 8
7,111)8 - I.ev.anlines - >J
.Oidl.-i - ])o- satin - - Vi^
6,1)113 - Satins - - 13
'276 - Satin dajnask - 18
3„'iOO . Ciinilets - - B
10,(177 . White pongees - H
33,1)01 . Sutihnendo. - 4i
4,117 - .Alixed lutestrings- 7
3.'il) piculs Sewings - -400
KIJ - Haw silk - - 370
1,700 pieces Hlne Nankeens - 70
Lily%sh - Companj's.Nankeens 50
3,64 1 piculs ( 'assia
38
'23
.'>8I
:,iui
'2,318
C;issia oil
Camphor -
Khul.arl]
Sweetmeats
o 12,0(10
^"^" i 31S
15,913 Imxes Crackers -
313 - Vermilion
2,844 rolls Slatting
65,'2()0 gross Pearl huttons
China w<are and grass cloth, in value
Sundry merchandise, ni value -
10,^
1.30
14
,■()
15
4
8
4?2*
17
To Europe.
Cliesll.
300 Bohea
720 Souchong -
l,.'j50 Coni;ou
413 Campny
12.') Twankily -.'
321 Hyson skin
3-') I Voung hvjon
216H.vson ■-
74 Imperial
72 (innpowder
29 1 Pekoe - „
4,485
Piciilt.
210-)H)
468-00
1,01)7'.'>0
2(18-45
77-.'iO
l(l()-.')0
170-11
103-68
,')1-.S0
57-60
1 15-00
2,7'20-13
30 ptculs .S\v(?<*tmcats.
150 - Cassia.
5 - \'ermilion.
The above investments to Europe,
per invoices - - -
To Soiit/i America and the
Sandwich Islands.
Brig Chilian's cargo, value -
- llogeta's
- Diana's
Dal.
Disbur:- jcntJ of 22 vessels, at 6,000
h Kice vessels 1,000
5 Lintin - 400
nolKars
2,548,631 1 4
Tads.
80,401 2 l)
431,661 5 I)
47,791 /
2l2,0.-)2 o
1,145,859
206,359 6 S
17(),6'21) 2
213,579 2 O
'22,4.')0 O
12,9'25
1,'J'2() II
Utillars.
121,877-)H)
119,110-(K)
6G,519-(H)
138,954-00
211,774'00
'231,968-00
67,672-00
71,982-00
7(),5U2-0O
90,515-00
4,968 (10
31,.'i()0-00
117,447-00
152,554-50
30,919-00
140,000-(H)
40,330-00
.38,'i90-(H)
.33,71)2-,-|0
57,180-00
4,1110-00
600-00
17,5'2II-(H)
16,515-00
10,5I4-(K)
23,872-.10
13,146-00
14,2'2O-0O
11,081 (10
7,.')5il-()()
100,1)00 00
40,non-no
70,(HI(l-00
4(),0IK)-00
132,000-no
8,000-00
2,000-00
Dollar $.
3,539,705-17
1,708,719-00
329,254-50
130,000'00
150,000-00
1 12,()0n-0()
5,999,731-9;
M
It results from this statement, that tlio American trade at Canton, in lo31-32, amounted to .ibout
IS.OOO.fHK) dollars, being ctpial to three fourths of that carried on at Canton during the same year on
account of the Eiist India Company. It is of importance to observe that the dealiuRs of the Americana
are principally carried on with the outside merchants. Captain Collin, and other American KCiitlemen
examined by the late committee of the House of Commons on the China trade, speak in strong terms of
the facility .ind expedition with wh<ch business may be coiiductcil at Canton.
-■*
CANTON.
243
enced
f the
ton in
ted by
lution.
1831-32.
539,"G5't7
,708,71 9-00
329,'i54-.50
ll30,noO'OU
llJO.OOO'OO
1 12,W(V0(i
l)9U,7.11-'.)
about
^car on
LTicaiis
Itlumcn
Irtttl oC
The following statement shows the amount of the American trade from 1829-30 to
1831-3:?, according to the returns furnished to parliament by the East India Company.
An Account of the Value of Imports into, anil Kxports from, the Port of Canton by the Subjects of the
Unitt'd States of America, in the Years WM-M to 18.)l-32.
Years.
Imports into China.
Exports from China.
Total Value.
Total V.iliip Im-
ports anil Kxjiorta.
Sale Value
i\ltTcljamlj?>e.
Dollars.
Total \'alue.
18-29-30
18,!()-31
lK.!l-32
e,7'.»:),!>SS
2,S71,:;'-.'0
DvUiirs.
],IV,i,ilt4
lH;;,(i.").')
H(;7,i")'i
Dolhirt.
S,!t.7,ii3i;
;i,ii:74,i'7;7
3,(),j(i,y.i7
Ifllars.
4,l(IS,(ill
4,2ii3,5r)l
.'j,8.w,732
lUillnm.
8,(H:tl,'.;l3
7,3IH,.'V.'(;
S,;)(IS,(i(i!)
liiscribiMl ■ 'The i)uteii trade is probably the largest ; but even with the iissihtanee iif protecting duties in
Hi.ilaiid, the Di.tih are unable to withstand the enterprise and aetivity of the Anieriians. 1 he I'ortu.
between Canton and Manilla. The Philippine Islands afli)rd many eommoditics in demand in the
t hinese markets ; and the Spaniards are the only Kiiriipean people allowed openly to tradewith the busy
and eommercial port of Amoy, in the provi-iee of pokien ; unlortunately, however, they are defieient in
the skill and enterprise required fully to avail theinsi Ives of these advantafie.s. It appears from the
olHcial .-n'counts, published by the Preneh government, that in 1831, only '2 ships, of the burden of ;")8;7 tons,
cl'areil out from French ports for China. This, we believe, is principally to be ascribed to the trifling
extent to which the great article of Chinese produce, tea, is consumed in I'rauce.
Trude with the Indian Islands, Sfc. — In his evidence oefore the select committee of
the House of Commons, Mr. Crawfurd gave the following instructive details with
respect to the native foreign trade of China : —
Siitwc Foreign Trade of China. — " The principal p.nrt of the junk trade is carried on by the four con-
tiguous provinces of Canton, I'okien.Chekiang, and Kiainiau. ,,.,..
"No foreign trade is permitted with the island ot I'ormosa; and 1 have no means of describing the
extent of the trallic which may bo eonducted between China, Corea, and the Leechew Islands. The
following are the countries with which t hina carries on a trade in junks : viz. .lapan, the I'liilippines, the
.Sdo-loo Islands, Celebes, the Moluccas, liornco, Java, Sumatra, Singaiiore, Hhio, the east coast of the
Malayan peninsula, Siam, Cochin China, Cambodia, and Tonquin. 'i'he ports of China at whiih this
tradeis conducted are Canton, Tchao-tcheou, Nomhoiig, Hoeitcheon, .Suhetig, Kongmoon, Chang lim,
and Hainan, in the province of Canton ; Amoy and Chinchcw, in the inoviiue of I'okien ; Ningiio and
Siang.hai ii'i the province of Chckiaiig; and .Soutiheon, in the province of Kiannan. The following
may be looked upon .is an approximation to the number of junks carrying on trade with the difl'crcnt
places already cnunieratidj viz.
Japan 10 junks, two voyages -
Philippine Islands
Soo-loo Islands
Borneo 13, Celebes 2
Java
Sumatra
Junks. Junks.
20 Singapore 8, rthiol - - 9
13 Past coast of Malay peninsula - 6
4 Siam ... - 89
1.7 Cochin China - - - 20
7 Ciimbodia . - - 9
10 Tonquin - - - 20
— Total 222.
"This statement docs not include a great number of small junks belonging to the island of Hainan,
which carry on trade with Tonquin, Cochin China, Cambodia, .Siam, md Singaiiore. Those for Siam
amount yearly to about 50, and for the Cochin Chinese dominiims to .'jout 4.; ; the.-e alone would bring
the total number of vessels carrying on a direct trade between Cliii-a and foreign countrirs to ;.(;7. 'i he
tr.ide with Japan is confined to the port of Ningpo, in Clu kiang, aid expressly limited to lo vessels ; but
as the dist.-ince from Nangasaki is a voyage of no more than 4 days, ;t is pirformcd twice a year.
"With the exception of this branch of trade, the foreign ilf•(•rcour^el)l the tw-j prnvinces t liekiang and
Ki.annan, which are famous for the production of raw silk, teas, .iiid iiankectis, is confined to the Phili|)-
pine Islands, Tonquin, Cochin China, Cambodia, and Siam ; and none ol this class of vessels, that I am
aware of, h.ave ever found their way to the western parts of the Indian Archipelago, 'ihe number of
these trading with Siam is i.'4, all of considerable size ; those trading with the C ochin Chinese doininions
16, alsoof consiiierable size; and those trading with the Philippines ;7 ; making in all 4"), of which the
average burden does not fall short of 17,0(iO tons. I am the more particular in dei-cribiiig this branch of
the Chinese commerce, as we do not ourselves at present partake of it, and as we possess no direct means
of obtaining information in regard to it. All the junks carrying on this trade with Siam are owned in
the latter country and not in China; and I am .lot sure how far it may not also be so in the other c.ises.
I do not doubt but that a similar commer je wi'.i, in the event of a free trade, extend to Singapore ; and
that through this channel may eventually be obtained the green teas of Kiannan, and the raw silks of
Chekiang.
" Besides the junks now described, th.^re is another numerous class, which may bo denominated tho
colonial shipping of the Chinese. Wherever the Chinese are settled in any numbers, junks of this descrip-
tion are to be found ; such as In Java, Sumatra, the .Straits of Malacca, \c. ; but the hirgcst commerce of
this description is conducted froin the Cochin Chinese dominions, especially from Siam, where tho
number was estimated to me at COO. .Several junks of this description from the latter cou'itry come
annually to Singapore, of which the burden is not less than from 300 to 400 tons
" The junks which trade between China and the adjacent countries are some of them owned and built
m China; but a considerable number also in the latter countries, particularly in Siam and Cochin China.
Of those carrying on the Siamese trade, indecil, no less than 81 out of the 89, of considerable size, were
represented to me as being built and owned in Siam. The small junks, however, carrying on the trade ot
Hainan, are all built and owned in China.
" The junks, whether colonial or trading direct with China, vary in burden from 2,000 piculs to 15,000,
or carry dead weight from 120 to !K)0 tons. Of those of the last size I have only seen 3 or 4, and these were
at Siam, and the same which were commonly employeil in carrying a mission and tribute yearly from Siam
R 2
t\ '
( • '
''-,*
1! i;
* I'
If
244-
CANTON.
I
ii f>
i \ !
,: (•
t I-
I !
to Canton. Of the whole of the large class of juiikj, I (ho\iIil tliltik the averaRO hunicn will not be over-
MtL'd at 'i(rt) tons each, whirh woul'l make the total tonnage employed in the native foreign tr.ideof China
lietween (ii),<HH) an<l "(i.'MHi tons, c\chisive of the small junks of Hainan, which, estimated at ISUtons each,
would make in all aliout Kd.iidii ions.
" The junks built in China are usually constructed of fir and other inferior woods. When they arrive
in Cambodia, .Siam, and the Malayan islands, they commonly furnish themselves with masts, ruflders, and
wooden anchors, of the superior timber of these countries. The junks built in Siain are a superior class
of vessels, the planks and upper works being invariably teak. The cost of ship.buildingis liinhest at the
port of Amoy in I'okien, and lowest in Siam. At these places, and at Chang.lim in Canton, the cost of a
junk of H,(M) piculs, or 470 tons burden, was stated to me, by several tounnanders of junks, to be a»
follows : —
At Siam ...... 7,400 dollars.
i:hang-lim ..... ifi.oix) _
Amoy ...... i;i,(XlO — .
A junk of the size just named has eommonly a crew of '.)0 hands,' consisting of the following ofticcr.i,
besides the crew ; a connnaiidor, a pilot, an accountant, a c.iptain of the holm, a captain of the anchor, and
a captain of the hold. Thecoinmamler receives no pay, but has the advantajjeof the cabin accommodation
for passengers, reckoned on the voyage between Cantnn and Sing.ipore worth I.'iO Spanish dullars. He is
al.so the agent of the owners, and receives a connnission, commonly of II) lier cent, on the ))(v;/i7.« of such
share of the adventure, generally a considerable one, in which they are concerned. The pilot receives for
tbe voyage i!(J() dollars of wages, and ."ill picids of freight out and home. 'I'he helmsman has 1.") piculs
of freight and no wage.s. The captains of the aiu'hor and the hold have 9 picids of freight each ; and the
seamen 7 piculs each. None of these have any wages. 'I'he olJicers and seamen of the colonial jiniks arc
diUbrently rewarded. In a Siamese junk, for example, trading between the Siamese capital and Singapore,
of f(,(K)i) i>iculs burden, the commamler and pilot had eacli it)0 dollars for the vovage, with 12 piculs of
freight apii cc. '('he accountant and helmsman had half of this allowance, and each seaman had IJ dollars,
with 5 piculs of freight.
" In construction and outfit, Chinese junks are clumsy and awkward in the extreme. The Chinese are
quite unacquainted with navigation, saving the knowledge of the compass: notwith.standing this, as their
pilots are e.xpert, their voyages short, and as they hardly ever sail except at the height of the monsoons,
when a fair and steady 7 or S knots' breeze carries them directly from port to port, the sea risk is very
small. During l.i years' acquaintance with this branch of trade, I can recollect hearing of but 4 shiiu
wrecks ; and in all these instances the crews were saved.
" The construction and rigging of a Cliinese junk may be looked upon as her proper registry, and they
are a very eH'ectiial one ; for the least deviation froin them would subject her at once to foreign charges
and foreign duties, and to all kinds of suspicion. The colonial junks, wlvch are of a more commodious
form and outtit, if visiting China, are sid)jecteil to the same duties as foreign vessels. Junks built in Siam,
or any other adjacent country, if constructed and titled out after tbe customary model, are admitted to
trade to China uiion the same terms as those built and owned in the country. If any part of the crew
consist of Siamese, Cochin Chinese, or other foreigners, the latter are admitted only at the port of Canton ;
and if found in any other jiart of China, would be seized and taken up by the police exactly in the same
manner as if they were Europeans. Tbe native trade of China conducted with foreign countries is not
a clandestine commerce, unacknowledged by the Chinese laws, but has in every ca<e at least the express
sanction of the viceroy or governor of the pi-ovince, who, on petit ion, decides the number of jiuiks that
shall be allowed to ehg:ige in it; aiul even eiunnerates the articles which it shall be legal to export and
import. At every port, also, where such a foreign trade is saiu'tioneil, there is a hong or body of security
merchants as at Canton ; a fact which shows clcirly enough that this institution is parcel of the laws or
customs of China, and not a jicculiar restraint imposed upon the intercourse with KuropeaiLS.
" Tbe Chinese junks properly constructed ))ay no measurement duty, and no cumshaw or present ;
duties, however, are i>aid upon goods exporte<l and imported, which seem to difl'er at the dilli>rent
provnices. They are highest at Amoy, and lowest in the island of Hainan. The Chinese traders of
Siam inlbrmed me that they cairied on the fairest and e.isiest trade, subject to the fewest restrictions,
in the i)orts of Ningpo and Siang-hai in Chekiang, and Soutcheon in Kiamian. <ireat dexterity seems
every where to be exercised by the Chinese in evading the duties. One practice, which is very often
followed, will afford a good example of this. The coasting trade of China is nearly free from all duties
and other imposts. The merihaut takes ailvatitage of this; and intending in reality to proceed to Siam
or Cochin China, for example, clears a junk out fur the island of Hainan, and thus avoids the payment of
duties. When she returns slie will lie 4 or .O days off' the mouth of the port, until a regular bargain
be made with the Custom-house oIKcers for the rediution of duties. The threat held out in such
eases is to ])roceed to another port, and thus deprive the public otficers of their customary per(|uisites. I
was assured of the frequency of this practic 'ly Chinese merchants of Cochin China, as well as by several
commanders of junks at Singapore. I'rom tlu' last-named persons I had another fajt of some consetpience,
as coiuiected with the Chiiie~e trade ; viz. th.it a good many of the junks, carrying on trade with foreign
ports to the westward of China, otlen proieeded on voyages to the northward in the same season. In this
manner they stated that about 2(1 considerable junks, besides a great many small ones, proceeded ainuially
from Canton to Souchong, one of the cipitals of Kiannan, and in wealth and commerce the rival of
Canton, where they sold about 2(10 chests of opitim at an advance of 50 per cent, beyond the Canton price.s.
Another i)lace where the Canton junks, to the number of .^j or (!, repair amuially, is Chinchew, in the
province of Canton, within the (Julf of I'echeley, or Yellow Sea, and as far north as the j/th degree of
latitude."— t,J/)/'c»!(//>, /{c/Kirf ofmM, p. 2!W.)
A Cliinese ship or jiiiik is seldom the property of one individual. Sometimes 40, 50,
or even 100 difleront merchants jiurchase a vessel, and divide lier into as many difl'erent
compartments as there are partners ; so that each knows liis own partieular part in the
ship, which he is at liberty to fit up and secure as lie pleases. The Inilk-hcads, by which
these divisions are formed, consist of stout planks, so well caulked as to be completely
water-tight. A ship thus formed may strike on a rock, and yet sustain no serious
injury; a leak springiiift in one division of the hold will not be attended with any
damage to articles jiiaeed in another; and, from her firmness, she is qualified to resist
n more than ordinary shock. A considerable loss of jtowage is, of course, sustained ;
but the Chinese exjiorts generally contain a considerable value in small bulk. It is only
the very largest class of junks that have so many owners; but even in the smallest class
the numlier is very considerable.
Popiildtinn of China. — The most conflicting accounts have been given of the popu-
lation of the Chinese empire. According to the statement of the Chinese authorities,
it was found, by a census taken in 181,^. to amount, for (^liina l'ro]ier, to ,'iG7,82I,000 !
Vast M this number must certainly .".iipear, it does not, taking the prodigious extent of
CANVAS.
215
riitlori'tit
traders of
restrictii)ii»,
erity seems
ery ot'tpii
all iliitii's
(1 to Siam
lyiiu'iit of
ir' bargain
t in such
iiisites. I
)y several
seiitience,
th foreign
In this
id annnally
the rival of
Mton prices.
IV, ill the
., ilegrec of
OS 40, 50,
(littbrcnt
trt in tlic
by wlik'li
omplctcly
lo scrioii'^
with any
I to resist
lustnined ;
It is only
illest class
the popu-
itlioritios,
8-21,000 !
extent of
!
tuiritory over which it is spread into account, give more than 268 individuals to a
«(|iiare mile, — a density inferior to that of several European countries. It is said
that the inhabitants are' in the practice of under-ratin;^ their nunibevs in their returns
to fiovernment. — (Cimiixniiini to Aii(/lo-C/iiiicse Ctihiidiir, ]i. 156.) ^Ve are, however,
kliolly without the means of coming to any positive conclusion as to the degree of credit
to he attached to tliis census.
I'l-iir Current.— \ perusal of the sulijoiniil I'rico Current, puljli»lu(l at Canton, the 1st of December,
1K;;2, will give tliu reailvr a tolerahlo notion of the v.inous aititlci and tlieii piitca in the taiitou
niaiket, at the very height of the shipping season.
', Imyurtt.
■ Si..
Ca.ntos, 1st of December, 1S32,
Tin, Ititnca
(Irs. S to
■ 1*
•^'.10
•AM
yp. drs. 2^ to Ji per pitve.
- "'1
•i
li
"A -
'I =
As.itu'tuia
BicliL- lie mer
vfiy superiur - - .^t» ■
Het's' wax - . - V'l •
Jfclfl nut - - - • ^i
liiitis' nests • - • 'H\
r.unpiior, llaru^ - • " 1" '
t.'luVLs, ,\I(iiii('t:ii - - - TtKi ■
AliiuritiuH - - 18 .
4'OcIuni.-al, Kutoiic, KarhltHl - - ViiO -
uniiiirbleil - - ISO -
Coppt'i-j South Anu-riia - - l') -
at l>intiu ior uxiKjruitioa - ..'5'.j(l
Jft)>illl • . ■ is ■ VO
rtirnl frii^nifiiLH - - - ."o . .'lO
Cuttun, Itninhtiy • . . tavU H . lu \
Ifenuul - - - S'5 to lU-o
Madias (old) lO-.'i: (new) . 11
Cuttnii fTotxl..,, liriti-<h, vu,
t:tiiiit/fs 'Z>i >(!■,.
l.oiii'i'ltjilis -Ht tio.
Mur^lins *2i) (to.
('.uiilirifi I'J do.
I\lunu-iih'.i baudaiuious^ sraitet
CotLoii yarn, No. I'i. to 'H\
No.'^O. to .>».
>o. .^o. to 111.
No. 'lu. to 7U.
Tow ht'/.uar - . - -
i'udlitnr . - - -
Ciiu-h, IVfxii - . - .
Kbony, .Mauritius
( 'I'vion ....
Klepliantb' ttt-thj 1st, 5 ti» S .o a jiiinil
'^d, 1'^ to \'i do. -
3(1, IS to 2b do. -
CUtUllKii
I'ishniaws ...
Flints - , - _ its.
(iarnbiiT ... Sp. dr>,
Gnist-ng, cnide ...
clarilH'd
Iron bar, 1 to.l inch
ro<l, 'i inch and under
bfrap -
Lead, uii;
!\lvrrh - . . .
Nvitnu'f^s - -
*>lil'.nunn, p.irbltnl, 10:ungarbled
Upiuiii, I'.itua (nominal)
Hfuares do.
Ifonibav do.
do.
do.
\\ per catty.
pL-r pititl.
I-'i —
.-.0 —
2.) —
1
■M |»er call).
.11 J —
[Si per pitul.
VI t
per picul.
^}
\i
:is - —
nut wanted.
."(I - per catty.
fii per picul.
4* =
'^i -
:•> to
■I -
^ .
'I .
to 70
lo li
,o . SO
SO
'i to
•li
none.
4 to IS
none,
to G
per chest .
I>ainauin
'i'nrkL'v
P. PIKT, :Mal.i)- -,
rulrluu'k • >
Oviuk>,itver
K.-\tlans ...
Kill"
Kn.,-, iMaliJVS
SiiitpL'tre at \\'h.imi>oa
l.intin
Sandal wood, Indi.in
Sandwich Island -
S.ipan wimkI, ...
SliurkV uns
very fine
Skim, ralibit
seal ...
sea otter
land do.
I'eaver
toi
Sniale-;, (for a small supulv)
■■slud, Kni;M,h
Swedisli, in kits
Sl..rkli»li
Spi-her
'I hri'.ul.Kdld and silver
Tin plalfs
8
l.'i
IjO
^•50
per plcul.
- rts.
Si>. drs.
9,10
!).■>()
S'<:.-i
S'i.'i
SIK)
7ii to
14 -
5H -
■4 ■
H .
08
none.
Hi to U _
10 . Ill _
li - 7
1-S0to2 _
2,1 to 24 _
M . 40 _
4.'i - SO ijcr 100.
1-8(1 to i each.
4') to ,'iO _
■ti -
70 .
vo .
■'i
5 to
.^ito
.12 .
(i
per picul.
- percwt.
fi per picul.
j.i Iter rattv.
- I'er box".
Sp. drs. M - per picul.
^trails', Kt nu..lily • . It to Hi —
Woollens, liroad-cUith - - 1'40 - ISO |>er yard.
Cinilels, Kn^lish, S.') >ils. I>v .loins. 1 1 • 15 per piece.
, Dutch, 4O1I0. iiy'2S do. 2(> - 2S —
, (io. liruad, 4U do. l»y G3 tlo. 2(i . 2S —
I.onii-elK
SctU'tct cutting^
SO to 'jU per picul.
>[ to 2 here
.Alum, at .Macao,
.Vnisceil, sl.ir
oil of
It.tinlpt)o cvinoa
liliU-sllMf
t .t.iiphor, at .Macao, none
I .L.>.^ia {slnp|u>il outsid^O, 'J
t'tiils (tiev, ;
rhina root
< IllK'hS
lir.iKon'.-. tloi,d
(ial.iM^al
(ianil».i;<'
<;ia^ liuads
ll,iri..ll
l.cail, w lute
red
Motlicc-uf-peail sliylls
.■Musk
Nankeens, Company's 1st
(J.
Sp. drs. "i-'i't -
10 toll
: at Canton
at do. '
l.)0
11 to
4.''. -
2S .
12 -
'k ' -
I OTIC.
,sn to iwi
.n •
, ;t to S J
Hi - 22
lo
jwr picul.
per cattv.
pur l.lioij.
per hox.
per picut.
- 12
- 10
. 11 - —
. ill lo 22 —
- 70 to 110 iier ratty.
- 72 lo74 per llju.
1st soli - .Vi . —
2d do. . 47 lo 4S _
3d, . . 3S - 40 —
small - . . n<aie.
blue .Nankin, sm.ill (llj vds. 12 ins.) ilo.
lartic, (loido. l.ldo.) S.'i to !)0
Canton
Oil of cassia
Kliubarb
Silk, raw. Nankin, Tavsaani
'I'satlee
Canton, No. 1.
No. 2.
Nc
No.
No.
^{I
Su^ar, raw
I'incfa
Sugar candy, Chindiew -
Canton, 1st sort
'2a do.
Tea, Bohea
('on^£ou
Canuioy
Souciionf;
I'eko
Ankoi souchong
Tlyson
skin
young
(iunpowdcr
'I'wankay
( Irange peko
l^aper
Tortoiseshell
Turmeric
12 - (.3 _
li - per cattv.
.'i2 lo 5'i per picul.
- .".''2 .
tads 2(10 lo ifiS —
- 2J0 - _
- 22,'i to 2.">0 —
- 140 - _
Sp. drs. 'JO - —
- 70 . —
- (i.T - _
. taels >i"2 to '>*G —
(;-2 to (i-4 —
Sp. drs. 11 - —
taels G'ti - —
none.
- 12 lo l.'> —
- 20 - 2S —
- 2S - ."0 —
. 1'.) . .-.', _
. .IS
- IS
Vli
4,')
(it
.10
20
20
20
(10
20
70
,'>0 _
Ofi _
.12 —
21 —
22 _
22 —
Sp. drs. ri - oi -^
Tutcna^uc . . - 1.1 . —
Wnnilioii . . - ., 34 to 35 per box.
WhaiiKees . . . Ti ■ 25 per 1 ,(J00.
Dullijn.
(iold . 98 touch - - drs. 2.1j per lael.
Svi ee silver at Lintin, 1 lo 2 per cent, premium.
Spanish dollars, entire - - - none.
Kepublican do. - . . - do.
London, per Sp. dr., 6 months* sijjht. '
Hills suit.dile for negotiation in India, drs. 4'.".
Other hills - - '"firs. 4-4 to 4-5.
JleuKal Co.'s 207 Sicca rui>ees, per ItJO Sp. drs., jOd.iys' sight
I'nv.ite bills 210 do. - do. do.
liombay 218 liombay rupees do. do.
C.\NV.\S(Fr. Tuilv a voile ; Ger. Set/eltuch ,- It. Canevazza, Lona ; Rus. Fcirussnoe
volotiio, ParussiiKi; Sp. Lona), unbleached cloth of hemp or flax, chiefly used for sails
tor shipping. INIasters of ships are re(|uired to make entry of all foreign-made sails
and cordage, not lieiiig standing or running rigging, in use on board their respective
ships, under a iiciialty of 100/. Sails in actual use, and fit and necessary for such ship,
are imjiorted free ; but v lien < Iierwise dispo.sed of, they are liable to an ad valorem duty
ot U'O per cent. _(;j&4 ,77//. 4. c. 56.) It had been the practice for a considerable
period to grant bounties on the exportation of canvas or sail-cloth j thoec, however,
K3
I
■ u.
\\ \.
1
■I'- ■'
216
CAOUTCHOUC, — C APE-TOWN.
f !
1 ]
V i
h I
i M
u
finally ce.nscd on the 1st of January, 18!$;^. By an act passed in tlie reign of Geo. 2,,
new sails were ordered to be stamped witli tlie maicer's name and place of abode ; but
this ref^ulation was repealed by tlie 10 Geo. 'I. c. 4S. § 9.
CAOUTCHOUC. " This substance, whidi has been improperly termed elastic gumi
and vulf^arly, from its common application to rub out pencil marks on pa])er, India
rubber, is obtained from tile milky juice of diil'ercnt plants in hot countries. The chief
of these are the Julrophd ebi.sti'ai, and Urvmlit cldn/icii. The juice is applied in succes-
sive coatiiifjfs on a mould of day, and ilried by the fire or in the sun ; and when of a
suflicient thickness, the mould is crushed, and the pieces shaken out. Acids sc])aratc
the caoutchouc from the thinner part of the juice at once, l)y coaj^ulating it. The juice
of old plants yields nearly two thirds of its weij^lit ; that of younffer plants less. Its
colour, wlien fresh, is yellowish white, but it grows darker by exjiosure to the air. The
elasticity of this substance is its most remarkable property ; when warmed, as by im-
mersion in hot water, slips of it may be drawn out to 7 or 8 times their original length, and
will return to their former dimensions nearly. Cold renders it stitf and rigid, but warmth
restores its original elasticity. Exposed to the fire, it softens, swells uj), and l)urns with
a briglit flame. In Cayenne it is used to give light as a candle." — ( Ure's Uictioimri/.)
Caoutchouc promises to become an article of very considerable importance. ]M. dc
la Condamine, who was one of the first to communicate authentic information with
respect to it, mentions, that, owing to its being impervious to watjr, it was made into
boots by the Indians. — ( Voi/iKje ile lu'Iiiclcre dcs Amuzones, p. 70'. ) It is now en)i)loyed in
a similar way here. Means have, within these few years, been discovered of reducing it
to a state of solution ; and when thin filaments of it are spread over cloth or any other
substance, it is rendered imjiervious alike to air and water. Air cushions and pillows
are manufactured in this way; as are water-])roof cloaks, hats, boots, shoes, &c. It is
also extensively used in the manufacture of braces and other articles which it is desirable
should possess considerable elasticity ; and there can be little doubt that it will be em-
ployed still more extensively, and in a still greater variety of ways.
Previously to 18,30, the importations cf caoutchouc were comparatively inconsidcrahle. In that year tlicy
amounteil to about r)'2,(K)0 ll)s. ; wliilc, during tlie year ended the .Jth of April, IS,;.;, the (luantity entered
for consumption amounted to ITS.fiTiilhs. Its price varies I'roiu int. to 24\ Ui/. per lb. The duty has been
judiciously reduced from 5rf. per lb. to Is. per ewt.
CAPERS (Tr. Citpres ; Gcr. Kuppern ; Du. Kappers ; It. Cuppari ; Sp. Alca-
parras ; Rus. Kiipprnzii ; Lat. Cuppari s), the pickled buds of the Cappuris spi/iosa, a
low shrub, generally growing out of the joints of old walls, and the fissures of rocks, in
most of the warm parts of Europe. Capers are imjiorted into Great Britain from
different parts of the Mediterranean ; the best from Toulon in France. Some small
salt capers come from Majorca, and a fev flat ones from about Lyons. The duty of Gd.
per lb. on capers produced, in 18;32, 1,553/. Ss. 4d. nett, showing that 62,130 lbs. had
been entered for home consumption.
CAPE-TOWN, the capital of the Briti.sh territory in South Africa ; lat. 33" 55' 56'' S.,
long. 18-21' E. It lies at the bottom of Table Bay, about 32 miles north from the
Cape of Good Hope; <ind on the western side of the t^jrritory to which it gives its
name. The town was founded by the Di.itch in 1650; and remained, with the territory
subject to it, in their possession, till it was taken by the British in 1795. It was restored
to the Dutch by the treaty of Amiens; but being again captured by the British in 1806,
it was finally ceded to us in 1815. The streets are laid out in straight lines, crossing
each other at right angles ; many of tliem being watered by canals, and planted on each
side with oaks. The jiopulation in 1829-30 amounted, according to the statement in
the Cape Almanac, to 13,103 free persons and 5,838 slaves, making together 18,491.
The town is defended by a castle of considerable strength. Table Bay is capable of
containing any number of ships ; but it is exposed to the westerly winds, which, during
the montlis of June, July, and August, throw in a heavy swell, that has been productive
of many distressing accidents. This, in fact, is the great drawback upon Cape- Town,
which in all other respects is most admirably fitted for a commercial station. At the
proper .season, however, or during the prevalence of the easterly monsoon, Table Bay is
jjerfectly safe; while the cheapness and abundance of provisions, the healthiness of the
climate, and above all its position, render it a peculiarly desirable resting place for ships
hound to or from India, (Jhina, Australia, &c.
The sidyoined plan of Table Bay is taken from the survey of the Cape of Good Hope,
executed by Lieut. Vidal and others, under the direction of Captain Owen.
References to the Plan. — A, light.housp, furnished with double lights. They may be seen clearly ofF
deck at 1(5 miles' distance ; but they do not aj)pear double till within or 7 miles to the westward ; from
the northward only one light is seen. 1!, i.ion's Hum]). (', Table Mountain. 1>, Devil's Teak, in lat.
33° 57' 2". E, Robbin Island. !•' Salt liiver. The tifjurcs denote the souihIiiirS in fathoms.
Port Instruction!!. — Art. 1. On the arrival of merchant vessels in Table liay, a proper berth will be
pointed out to the masters thereof by the port captain, when he boards them ; and" no master of a merchant
vessel shall shift his berth without permission from the port captain, unless in case of extreme emergency,
when he must reiiort his having done 6U as early as possible at the Vort-ottice.
4
m
wapwiiw
CAPE TOWN.
£17
small
of 6<L
)s. had
G"H.,
om tlie
vcs its
nitory
stored
1806,
ossing
on each
iient in
8,491.
ible of
during
uetivo
Town,
At the
Bay is
of the
r ships
Hope,
I will be
■ercliant
Irgciuy,
^
.'
2. Should it be the intention of a master of a vessel to discharge or receive on board any cr:i\> erable
quantity of merchandise, a berth will be pointed out to him as close to the jetty, or other landing v'ace,
as the safety of the vessel and other circumstances will admit. And the master will then mtor witii two
bower anchors, with an open hawse to the N.N.E., taking especial care, in so mooring, not to overlay the
anchors of any other ship, or in any way to give the vessel near him a foul berth. Ships and vessels
touching in Table Bav for water and refreshments alone, may ride at singU .--nchor in the outer anchor-
age J but in this case it is particularly recommended to vet out 80 or 9() fathoms, if they ride by a chain
cable, as the liability of starting or fouling the anchor, or 'ireaking the chain, will thereby be greatly
lessened ; and if riding by a tope or coir cable, to run out a si. earn or good kedge, to steady the ship ; and
in both cases the other bower anchor .should be kept in perfect readiness to let go. When the vessel is
properly moored with bower anchors, or well secured with a bower and stream anchor, and with good
cables, buoys, and buoy.ropes, the master will then take the exact place of the ship by the bearings of 2
land.marks, and the depth of the water ; and should accident occur, by which the vessel may drift from
this situation, or lose her anchorsi, a good bearing and depth of water must be taken at the time, and the
same must be notified in writing to the port optain. It is particularly recommended that vessels be kept
as snug as possible, to counteract the enects o.' the periodical winds, which at times blow with consider-
able violence.
R 4
,i
I'
i •
'ii'
'■^M
T
LM'8
CAPE-TOWN.
f \
;fl
■I li.
4'^
HI '
( i
Tlie district subject to Cape- Town is of very great extent, and contains every variety
of soil, tVoin the ricliest level land to tlie wildest nionntaii), and tracts destitute of even
the appearance of vef^etation. 'I'he climate tluctiiates hetween the two extremes of rain
luid ilroM^ht. On the whole, its advantages and disadvantages seem to he i)relty •>(|nally
Italanced ; and the prospects which it holds out to the industrious emigrant, if not very
alluring, are certainly not discouraging.
I'ii/iu/(itiiiii. — .\ccording to the ofliciul returns, the population of the Cape Colony, in
18;JI, consisted of —
Whiten and l''rco ("olouroiL .Ma,. J.
Al.tlf. Kfinnli'. Malo. l''i'tit<iltf.
•kt,ti7i 4J,IHJ IS.HIJ V,,:m Total l2r,,HiH ;
but it seems to he the general opinion that the po]iulation considerahly exceeds what is
given in this statement, and that it may be taken at l't(),(K)().
Pnuliue. — Large (piautities ol' corn of a very good description are produced in the
innncdiate ncighhourhood of CaiJC-'Town ; hut its free exportation is ri'slrained ; none
being allowed to be sent al)road, except a snecided tpiimtity decided ujioii by government
after an investigation into the state of tlie crops! This restriction, Mr. 'I'liompson tells
lis ( Trat'cis in Sitidlurn .Ifricii, ji. IJ!),'). ), has neither produced regular prices nor averted
.scarcity. It has, however, been in no counnon degree injurious to the colony; and it
is really suri)rising that systems of policy universally condemntul in l''.nglan(l should be
allowed to exert a pernicious inlluence over any of our colonies. The Mauritius and
hio Janeiro are the ))rincipal markets for the corn of the Cape.
Large (|uantities of wine, and of what is called brandy, are produced at the Cape;
but, with the excei)tion of Constantia, they are viry inferior. Objections liave been
made to the duties recently imposed on Cape wines; but, as it appears to us, without
any good foinidation. The real etlect of allowing their importation at a comparatively
low duty is not to occasion their direct consumjition, but to cause them to l)e emi>loye(l
as a convenient means of adulterating others ; so that, besides being injurious to the
revenue, such reduction of duty promotes frauilident practices, and detracts from the
comforts of the public.
Consideral le (piantities of hides, skins, and horns are exported. They are princi-
pally brought from Algoa Hay, on the eastern side of the colony ; and the trade has
increased very fast during the last (J or 7 years. Horses, butter, beef, ivory, whale oil,
aloes, argol, and various other articles, are among the exports.
The imi)orts at the Cape consist of woollens, cottons, hardware, earthenware, furni-
ture, Iiaberiliishery, soap, jiaper, books, and portions of most articles used in this country.
Piece goods and teak timber are imported from India, tea from China, sugar from India
and the Mauritius, i"vc.
liifviiin', Sfr. — The total revenue of the Cape Colony for the year I8;J'J amounted to
l;K),H08/. 7.H-. :^hl. ; the expenditure for the same year was l'Jt;,889/. Os. 9'^il, ; leaving
a balance of :i, <)!<)/. (is. \0\il. in favour of the former.
Tntik, — Tile trade between the colonists and the independent natives is subjected to
various restraints, of which it is not always very easy to discover the ])olicy. The sale
of gunpowiler and (ire-arms to the natives has been prohibited ; a regulation which
might have beei\ a judicious one, had they not been able to obtain them from any
one else. \i\.\, the Americans have begun to trade at Natal, on the eastern coast,
and have liberally su|)plied the natives with these and various other articles ; so that !)y
keei)ing uj) the regulation in cpiestion, we merely exclude ourselves from participating in
what might be an advantageous trade.
AcforiliiiK to tlio accounts published by the Board of Trade, the values of the products iuiportcU into
and exported I'n.m the Capo of Good Hope in 1831, were as under —
(\>imtriL»s.
Imports.
Kxports.
£
1C7,KW
7(i,!i,".7
14,7(11)
Great liritain - . . "~ .
British colonies - - - .
Foreign spates ....
Totals
£
281,41^7
.')7,7.'>1
.i";>4;7,0;71
£'2\\\ir,
DuriuK the same year, the ships and tonnage entering inwards from, and clearing outwards to, the
undermentioned countries, were: —
Britain
British colonics
Foreign states
Countries.
Xnw.-irds.
Outwards.
* ■
Totals
Ships.
7n
J8
2(1.1
Tons.
'J(),7,i7
L'!',!l(i()
14,7C!t
Ships.
l(rt
1 III
tkj.Wi
2;i
(W,40> 1
I
-t- if
CAl'E-TOWN.
249
to, tlie
' Ailiclis fjiiiirttii tioni Hie Cd/if 'I'di-' InUciwiiiK nrcNiuiit of tlie cx|Mirt< fiimi Ihi' Ciiiir in Ih'J'.l li
taki'ii liimi till' ia/ir ,lh>iii),.n: lur IHJI. Il m tln' iim.-t complete ol .my tli.it Wf liavu BCfii, uiiU it>
uccurui'y nmy lie ilqicMulril ii|i(im.
Articli'*, llif rnxlucc uiiU Miiriufucture of tin- Ciipu Colony, t'X|ioi-ti'il UurinK 181^0.
Arlirll-..
AliH'H, 37.'>,7.^f' IttH. uiiil '*! i-iLikH and cuai'Hi
^'^lill^rtt^'1l v.illlu
Art(t>l, 'J'^.IVilli-..
IIuiht, 111,1. mi IIh. mill I '■-' ra-k.i anil y\n •
lli>i'Miiirk,aiul tuiiKUL-s. ft.iluil, l|7hO c.inktuiul
kixH . . . .
Ili'ir, .1,.1IH;((.i'Iiiiis
ll'viiil^ anil ru^k^, 711,111111 llu.
I- urn, I! tain, nx-.tt, .V. ., vi/.
ltai'li-> and itali., 15, .'■^.'^ inllid*
ItfanH.nid pt-M'., Mf umiiltt
iiran, :,l,,^:<■l n.,.
ri.iur, .S,',;'^! Ilii.
W'hLMi, '^l,4ri>i inuiiU
Clir.'sf • - - - -
Aiiiiiuiit.
^.lifi
1 iint'ri linnrrv • - - -
laiMlli^, II,.jSI lh^.
( .liri.li;i'>. - - - •
I'l-atliL-i':., u.,.trk:l). 'i^.) ItH. und 31 liuxva
l-'i.li . . . .
t'iuil», drlid, l,V,.T1.1llis.
(jrifii - . . .|
li.irdi-n M-(-(K and tnillui - - .*
limn. Hi, :il.1 Ills, and '^rnM'9 ■ .'
Illdl--., hnlM- iiillt ox, 7!l,ll,5.>jiii.ccs - -!
lliiMii, ^l'l,(illlin lUiiidH'r
lla., Y'l,1l.llll,>, ...
IlorMs, .11-1 in iHiinli|.r - - -
lt»r\, V! ',r.l7 ll>s. and 'i'tl tuak>, liundlia aiidl
..,sk, . . . .1
I. nil , 7'^ hill aaiiu ■ ' *
I.cttt'.er, '^ i-aMn " • "i
.Mule ,1N held
(lii, «liali', .'•Mili'^KalUnii and !lll tunki •{
Oxfii, ^llw^, ami ralvi-^, 1 1 1 hi'ad • -i
r..liiTni-s - " " ■
INitatiii's and uniuns, 3(i7 inuid.i
ri.iill-. ....
X I. i(.
)i,7!ll O I'
iX'i 1) II
,'i,S-U l(i li
i,x.^ 7 li
'Jill II II
■UH U 11
4,lii.i r, II
It7 II o
\ll II II
Nlili II 11
•i^,^ III II II
.11 1(1 II
■11.7 li II
m II II
•IN.T II II
.IS II II
1,1117 O II
l,.')s:i III .'i
•i,.i.iii II II
III II II
••1.1 u o
III. II II
M.lU-i IS .'.(
.'),!ISII li II
711 O II
S,7.'<.1 U II
3,7.'in II II
III II II
HI II II
liss II II
•l,l»« li II
l,7H'i O II
n^ II II
iii'i II 11
MS II 11
Artirli'i.
Salt.'JSS niiiidii
.shi4|i, .\;ih'i 111 iiuinlii-r; iiIkki ^^ i i^oti*, %
Siuilb. vi/.
Ilrandy, I.IIIS^ualliilu
l.ii)iii-iiri, VI Kalliinii
Simp, 1,'JlHlli'..
Sailillrv.v and liami'Ha
.Slkin^, \i/.
liii.il, !il,7SI |iii't-i'H and ^.^ liuiidU.'*
.S,al,.1,irjs iMiii's
.'^lii-i'li, 77,.'il.5 |iit'it's
I .ill, 1,111 |iii'i|.H and V hilndka
llaliliil .mil tniilf, I'jll iiIi'll-i
l^ariisMs, I raai.'
■I'alhm, l.'.,.1.i.1 IlK.
\iiif.;ar, lih L;.illi>n!i
\\ iiiL'i iii'illnarsi l/)IK,!l77i ij.'lltiini
^lln^l.mlla, 'J,s7 I |{<illiin»
W'linl, ."O.'MII lh«. and 1 1 Imn-:
Wiiml ....
\( li.ni'linni', l.'1,ll.1Slhs. and'rv'J Luiullt'i
Wax, iH'iV.lllllil.s.
Zflira.s, I held
Siipjtliea U> hU Mi{jfxty*M A'ji'.t/.
Ilit'f, fri'sli, I.V,ilii'Jll«.
lllMUll, 'V'i!l,lilli IIf,.
Ilri'ad, Mill, IIS, IMIIbs.
I liiur,.'i7,l'JV llni.
II IV, 'i.li.'ill Ihs.
Ilai'.ili'., 111,7'J'iniii.
Shi'i'i', ."^1 in ninnlirr, and oxen '.^3
X'.'Uil.ilili!,,. 111,1113 lbs.
Willi', nrilinary, 1S,II!II linprrial i|iiarti
'I'olal islimali'd v.ilili' nr'niUinial prii-'i
liiiii' and inniilif irliiri;.s uxpurtfil i
iliiriii'j llii' yi'ar iX'i'.l .\
Ainuuni
X
.1.
II.
w
Hi
1,.jUU
lu
u
K.'.
II
(1
VII
II
II
VI
II
II
V3
u
u
.'iM
1,'.
K.-,|
II
II
.3,7ll.'i
II
lli!l
II
II
II
7
111
II
illlN
It
II
13
II
Mi;,!i.3(i
II
v,l.l7
II
II
1,'JVII
II
(1
73
III
1,.T.IV
II
II
Ti
II
II
IIS
u
u
i' vs.
I
717
V.S.'i'l
7111
Vli
l!ll
h3
.3(lli
I.l.Ti
.'i,'JI7 1
O
II II
11
O 1
II
I) '
II
II
II
II
II
II
.I
K'i
Custom. inu;si; HiaiCLATiuNH, l*'i:r,s, &c.
(hi AilmiJiinon iifa Ship to FCntrtf, oUservr-
1. Tlif slit|i\ rt'iflstir imist In- loil^rd in tin- <!ublum-luiust>,
UMiil itii- vt s^l'l I Iffir i\\i.\\\\ (or M-a.
'I. 'l'Jit> inniilisi iil' iIil- citron on buard for this place nm^t
IhmIi'i>..mi,)I tlii'if.
5. 1 he ( ^u■kt't^ i»r rnrKots 'il»i|i|i(Hl iViiiii anv place in (ireat
III i .liii (>r li'L'liitul lor tliii ))liiL-i> niii^t also \\v (lepositecl tliere-
Frmn the cndorst-nii-tit of mi* h riM-kL-t>>, an extract Is t» l>e
inailc, MhU'h will ^liow the I'oiitents of the dittereiit parkaKCii
un htiard, and tarilitate the making out of the entries.
A. In making out the (Ik laratiun^it the value liy invoice of
the (lill'i-iL-ni (innnKKliiicH must he ^ivt-n hy the itnpoiter, in
onh r to enalile the (iiNtoni-house to e^tin1ate the duties pav-
alile, and to mmkI in to ^ovcnnnent, annnallvi the ntpiired
htaienii'ut of the total uuite.'t received upon the several urticlvs
imported.
In the clniriiif; of a Ship niiftrnrih, ohscrve —
f I . '1 he initsler iniisl proihut^ a certilirate from the harbour
master, ttiat the tmnia^e duties of the port have heen paid.
V. The export nianilest niunt be examined with the peiniiU
^'tarited, in <ird('i to hm ertain wlietlier packaffes have been
sbi|>p d u iihout a pirmit.
."). Kxport (III lardtions must lie,s(nt in !iy tlie several
shi|>ptMs, of the (pi.tntily ami value of uoods or produce
hhipped by thcni, in order tu abcertain tlie uinuunt of the
exports of the i-olt)nv.
•i. \\ hen ("apt- wine is shippini for exportation to Kn^Iand,
aftiitavit of tlie partitular desciipiion of such wine must be
di'livi n-d, and a certilicate urauted, by tlie collector or coni]»-
trnlltr of customs, to the master, of his bavnig received sucti
atlidavit.
.'». M.nnfcsts, in triplicate, of aich ^^o(l.s ns arc shipped
from the (apt- for (ireat Britain, nu).-.t be delivered, signed,
ami sworn tit liy the nuLster, before the colle(^tor or comp-
troller.
The original of which is to be retunud to the master to
nci-oinpany the cari;o.
The duplicate to I e forwardetl, by tlu' fust conveyance sail-
ini; sHhscipK titlv to the vessel conlaininK the original, to tlie
iiiinini^sioMers of custom^ in England or (Scotland respectively,
as the Ciiso may liappen.
And ihe triplic.ne, written on or covered with a stamp, to
remain as aii Mjliie copy.
^.lt..~ Sli- .s taking in car^^n('s for other part.s of the world,
are reiiuireu to deliver only original antl thiplicate manifests.
Ik'-ncrii'tion (J' Slmnpa rrquired, L, s. il.
From 1 to 10 tons uf goods shipped from the Caiie 7 (>
w - w - - - -. . U 1.'.
W . M - . . - 1 10
.''0 aiul upwards - - - - 2 5
fi. When wluUe oil or whale bnnc is Rhip]ied from tlie ("ape
for Kngland, the pro]nietor of the whale tislury is to make
oath, before the tollector or cumptroller, that the same were
boiiii Jhlc the jiroduce of fish, or creature.s Iivin>f in the sen,
actu.'Uy taken and caught wbollv bv his Mnjpstv's subjects
usually residing in ihisolony ; aiul the collector or coniptfoler
is to ^rant a certificate under his liand and seal to tlu; master,
testitving that such o'.th hath Iteen ma<le before him.
7. AVhen sahed .seal skais are shipped from the Tape for
Kuglaud.the shipiur is to make oath before the collector or
couiptroiler, thai the sam*; are really and bvm'tjhlc the skins i f
seals taken and cnnglit on the roast apprrtalnin^ (o the Cai u
of (ioiMl llitpe, wholly by his MaMySsubjei ts usually r^■^tdinK
in this colony ; and that all ttie salt used in 11 e ( uring ur
preserving of the same was not made in, or exp<irt»*d trotn.
(treat i*ritain or IreUnd ; and the collecior or comptroller ia
to gr.mt a ccrtiHcate to the master accordingly.
H. The original maiiitest, and a ropy thereof, of ships touch,
ing at the Cape of (iwd Hope, with carg(»es from Ihe east-
ward tor KnglamI, to be delivered and sworn to by the nuL^ier
hetore the collector or comptroller. The original to be returned
to the master, and the copy forwarded from theCustoin-house
to the commissioner of customs.
:>. If any part of such cargo shall b" discharged at tbeCai.r
of (hknI Hope, tlie collector or » pi.olhr is t.. iiuUirseupon
the manifest the part of the cargo so dihcharged, and venfv
the same.
^ 10. The usual fees to 1>e charged, viz. — /.. #. ,/.
Kntrance - • - . - o (>
Clearance - - . -.<)(;
Tanding (or shipping) cargo - - - . o i.'i
Landing (or shijuiing) part cargo - 7
Coastwise: I. inding (or shipping) part cargu - O ,1
.Manifest of goods taken in here - - -0*1
Coa.stwise : Kntraiue — gratis.
Clearaiu-e - . - . -01
Landing (or shipjiing) cargo - - - 3
In oblniiiiiif; Permttis observe
1. No credit will be given to any person whatever.
'^. The duties are to be collected on all imports, whether
intended for private use, for presents, or for trade; except uu
wearing apparel accompanying the proprietor.
<lr on siHcie.
On uaruen seeds.
<hi horses (exclusive of geldings).
<bi goods liMlged in the Custom-house stores for exportation.
On goods transhipped in the bav for other ports (provided
neither bargain iior sale of them have taken place).
On naval st(»res.
On government stores (provided an order be sent from co-
vernment). "
:i. 1*. (if/, is charged for everv permit for goods exceeding
Uu- value ot 7/. lOv. shij.ped or landed, and U./. on goods under
7/. ItJj. value ; as also \iil. tiir every baggage permit.
Wharfage tiucM,
Kv»'ry pipe, puncheon, or c;i»k tipial in si/e or larger
than a pi|ic • - . .
Kvery half-pipe, or any description of cask larger
than a balf-aam - - .
Kor every huiit at the crai e -
Koreveryhor.se
For all oxei»
lor a sheep - . .
For a pig - - _ .
For every case measuring i^ a ton, or larger
L, 9. d.
-016
!>
f!
n
u
I'orl Dun.
Upon all vcsseli enlfriiiH tlu.s purt for Ihe purposes of trade,
per ton, 'I ji/.
('pun all vessels enlerhiK this port to prnrnre refr< slui.ints,
or for an; puipose short oflrude, rir ton, V^rf.
;• I
'i
\
250
CAPITAL.
'
I'
I K
Iti'lfuMiOHs m to Trade. — All goodn, tliP produce cir m^nnlantiirp of the Cnpo of flood IIopp, or Iho
trrrltorius or di-fiLMidciu'lcti tlivriMit, nrc tidijcct (on importalloii into I'^nKland) to tlio naiiKMliiticH an aru
JinpoHcd on till' liku nrtic'U's, till' iT'^liic'' or iiianiifai'tiiri' of tliu UritjKli posHcKHions within thu limitM of
tlivKaHt India (Junipany'ncliaitcr, cxci'pt whun any otiirr duty in vxpri's^tly laid on tliuni. — (:i\ \ H'ill. 4.
C. fiti. s !l.)
The ft Out). 4. c. 11 i. enacts, that it lihall be lawful for his Alajosty, liy any order in council to l)e iiHUrd
from time to time, to ^ive such directiona and make hucIi rcKolations touchiiiK the trade and com-
merce to and from unv llritiHli pusaessloiiH in Africa, iiit to IiIh Majesty in council shall appear most
expedient and salutary ^ anil if any ^oods l)e imported or exported in any manner contrary to such order
of his Majesty in council, the same shall ho forfeited, together with the ship importiriK or ex])urting the
»ame. — \ T.I.
It shall not ho lawful for any person to re-export, from any ot his Majesty's possessions abroad, to any
foreign place, any coals, the produce of the United KiriKilom; and no such coals shall be shipped at any
of 8U<'h possession'^, to be exported to any Mritish place, until the exporter or the master of the exporting
vessel shall have given bond, with one sullicieiit surety, in double the value of the coals, that such cuuU
(hall not l)C landed at any foreign place. — ^ Ht).
It shall be lawful for the shipper of any wine, the produce of the Capo of (}oo<l Hope or of its dependencies,
which is to be exported thence, to go licl'ore the chief oltlcer of customs, and make and sign an allidavit
before him, that such wine was really and /iiimi Julr the produce of the Cape of (iood Mope or of its de-
pendencies I and such olhceris hereby authorised ami recjuired to administer such nlHdavil, and to grant a
certiMcatc tiicreof, setting forth in such certitieatc the name of the shiji In which the wine is to be exported,
and the destination of the same, — ^ 7*^.
Duties. — A duty of 3} per cent, is charged on the importation of all articles of the growth, production,
or manufacture of Great ilritain,or of the liritish plantations in the West Indies.
A duty of 10 per cent, is charged on the importation (by IJritish vessels) of all articles of the growth,
proiluction, or manufacture of foreign Kurope, America, or the eastward of the Cape, to be levied accord-
ing to the declaration of tlie value by the importer. No abatement or reduction whatever admitted, cx-
Ce|)t of the duties and landing charges payable on the importation thereof.
An additional duty of I. v. fW. per gallon is charginl on the importation of arrack, rum, gin, liqucun,
whisky, or other spirituous liquors, hrnmlji e.ree/ile<l.
. No tea may be landed, unle-s the ])erinission of tlie Kast India Company's agent be fir.st obtained.'
No ammunition may be landed or shipped, unless the permission of government be (irat obtained.
Commission. — The following rates of coniniissioii are charged and allowed, namely —
I'Df cent.
1, On the nett amount of all sales of goods by public sale, and on the gross amount of all other sales it
S. (ioo<ls consigned, and afterwards withdrawn . - . - . • 'i
3. On purchases elievted from the proceeds of goods on which a commission has already been
charged . . . - - - - - 2J
4. On all other purchases, or shipments of goods . . . . - .O
5. On the sale or purchases of ships, houses, or lands - ... , 2|
6. On ships' disbursements - - . - ..•,.';
7. On procuring freight - - - . . - - .it
R On collecting freight on ships bound to this i)laco - . - . » i;}
9. On guaranteeing bills or bonds by indorsement or otherwise - - . ,• i.'J
lU. On collecting debts witjumt recourse to law - - - - - • -J
Ditto, where legal proceeding;; are taken • . - . . - . ."i
11, On ell'ecting remittances by ijills of exchange - - - - - - 1
Vi. On the negotiation of bills - .- - ---1
V.i. On ellecting insurances ... .... () J
14. On the administration of estates . . . . - . 5
15. On cash advances - . - - - ...lt|
It). On the debtor and creditor sides of cash accounts, on which no other commission is charged . 1
Money. — Accounts are cither kept in pounds, shillings, pence, and farthings, or in rix-duUars, schil.
lings, and stivers,
1 Stiver = f of a Penny,
ti Stivers = 2J I'ence, or 1 schilling.
8 Schillings = IH I'ence, or 1 rix-dolUir.
The commissariat department grant bills on the Treasury at a premium of 1 J per cent.
Weijihls and Meannres. — The weights made use of in the Cape are derived from the standard pound of
Aiiistei'dam ; and those assizcd are from 5il lbs. down to 1 loot, or the J'Jd part of a pound, which is re>
garded as unity.
The muid of wheat weighs, at an average, about
110 lbs, Dutch, being somewhat over llXjlbs. En-
glish.
Cloth and Long Measures.
Rhynland inches ^ 1 Uhynland foot.
ditto
ditto
144 Square feet
eOO Roods
VI
27
144
1 Dutch ell.
1 Square foot.
Hood.
Morgen.
Liquid Measure.
K> Flasks = 1 Anker.
4 Ankers = 1 Aam.
4 Aams ::; 1 Leaguer.
Corii Measure.
4 Schcpcls = 1 Muid.
10 Muids = 1 Load. 107 schepcis =
,S3 AVinch. bushels, or 4 schcpels = 3 Imp. bush,
very nearly.
Colonial If'eig/its and Measures compared with those of England.
Weights.
100 lbs. Dutch = neatly 10!) lbs. English avoirdupois.
lOU lbs. English = ncirly 92 lbs. Dutch.
JViyte or Liquid Measure.
1 Flask =. G Old gallon, or 4iU0 Imperial gallons.
1 Anker = Oj ditto, 7'9 ditto.
1 Aum = ."JS ditto, 31 1 ditto.
1 Leaguer = lj'2 ditto, 12(5(5 ditto.
1 Pipe = no ditto, 91(5 ditto.
Saldanha Baij, in lat. ."jO (5' .S., long. 17" -W \it" E., being 1(5^ leagues north of Cape.Town, is one of the
best and most commodious harbours in tlie world. It is perfectly safe at all seasons.
liesides the fVf/v Almanac, one of the best of that class of publications, and the other authorities
referred to, we have derived part of the above details from papers laid before the Finance Connnittee.
CAPITAL, in political economy) is that portion of the produce existing in a country,
wliieli may be made directly available, eitlier to the .support of human existence, or to
the facilitating of production. — (Principles of Political Ecoiiomij, 2d ed. p. 97.) But in
cominercc, and as a])plied to individuals, it is understood to mean the sum of money which
a merchant, banker, or trader adventures in any undertaking, or which he contributes to
.i--i
CAPSICUM. — CARAVAN.
251
• r>
- .>
- 1
. 1
- i»i
ntry,
)r to
ut in
liith
,es to
.
till' nmon stock of;i pnrtrnTsliip. It signilifs likewist' tin- fund of ii trM<Un{» company,
J, initiini ; ill wliiili kl'Iim' tlio word .stur/i is goiu'riiily addfd to it. 'I'lius we say tlio
Ck.,,„.<u stiti-h of tiiL- IJaiik, ."vc. 'I'lu' piolit dirivid from iiny undtTtaking is estimated liy
tilt' rnlv wliicii it Ik'.os to the capital that was I'liiploycd.
CArSK'U.M. Sw ri:i'i'i:u.
{;.\RAVAN, ail oif.aiiisod company of mcrcliaiifs, or pilgrims, or liotli, who associate
tofjcthcr in many parts of Asia and Africa, that ihcy may travel with frrcatir security
tlir(ni;,'h dcserts'and otiier places infested with rolihers ; or where the road is naturally
dan"-eroiis, I'he word is derived from the IVrsian /itrvan, or curiHtn, a trader or dealer.
— {S/iiiw'h 'I'riivtls ill tlic Lvi'diit, p. !». 'Ho ed. )
Kverv caravan is under the command of a chief or aga (vnniriiii-liiii/ti), who has
frecpieiitly under him such a mimher of troops or fmces as is deemed sulHcient for its
defence. When it is practicable, they encamp near wells or rivulets ; and observe a rej^iilar
discipline. Camels are used as a means of conveyance, almost uniformly, in iireferencc
to the horse or any other animal, on account of their wonderful patience of fatij^ue, eating
little, and sulisistiiijj; lliiee or four days or more without water. There are generally iiu>ro
camels in a caravan than men. — (See O.vMni,.)
'J'he commercial intercourse of Ivistern and y\friwin nations has lieen principally
carried on, from the remotest period, l>y means of caravans. During antiquity, the
j)rodiicts of India and China were conveyed either from Sue/, to llhinoculura, or I'roin
IJussorah, near the liead of the I'ersiaii (julf, by the Kuphrafes, to IJabyloii, and thence
by I'almyra, in the Syrian desert, to the ports ol" Ph(eiiieia on the ."Mediterranean, where
they were exchanged for the Kuropean |)roductions iii demand in the East. Sometimes,
liowever, caravans set out directly IVom Cliiiia, and, occupying about 'J'>0 days in the
journey, arrived on tlie sliores of the I.evant, after traversing the whole extent of Asia.
( (lihlmii, vol. vii. p. !);i.) The formation of caravans is, in fact, the only way in which
it has ever beeii possible to carry on any considerable internal commerce in Asia or Africa.
The govenimeiits that have grown up in those continents have seldom been able, and
seldomer indeed have tliey attemiiled, to render travelling i)ractieable or safe for indi-
viduals. Tile wandering tribes of .\rabs have always infested the immense deserts by
which they are intersected ; and those only, who are sudieiently powerful to protect them-
selves, or sudieiently rich to purchase an exemption from the predatory attacks of tliese
freebooters, can expect to pass through territories subject to their incursions, without being
cx])osed to the risk of robbery and murder.
Since the establishment of the JMohaininedan faith, religion^ motives, conspiring with
those of a less exalted character, have tended to augment the intercourse between
dill'erent parts of the I'^astern world, and to increase the number and magnitude of the
caravans. Mohammed enjoined all his followers to visit, once in their lifetime, the (^aalia,
or s(piare Imikiing in the temple of Mecca, the immemorial object of veneration amongst
his countrymen ; and in order to preserve continually upon their minds a sense of
obligation to perforin this duty, he directed that, in all the multiplied acts of devotion
wliicli his religion jirescribes, true believers should always turn their faces towards that
lioly jilace. In obedience to a precejit so solemnly enjoined and sedulously inculcated,
large car;ivans of pilgrims used to assemble annually in every country where the
Mohammedan faith is eslablished ; and though, owing either to a diminution of religious
zeal, or the increasing difficulties to be encountered in the journey, the number of pil-
grims has of late years declined greatly, it is still very considerable. Few, however, of
the pilgrims are actuated only by devotional feelings. Commercial ideas and objects
mingle with those of religion ; and it redounds to the credit of iMohammed, that he granted
permission to trade during the jiilgrimage to INIecca; providing at the same time for the
tem])oral as well as the lasting interests of his votaries. <' It shall be no crime in you,
if ye seek an increase from your Lord by trading during the pilgrimiige." — ( Sale's Koran,
e. 'J. p. '.i6. ed. l7G-i.)
The numerous camels of each caravan arc loaded with those commodities of every
country which are of easiest carriage and readiest sale. The holy city is crowded during
the month of Dlialliaj,)a, corres])onding to the latter part of Juno and the beginning of
July, not only with zealous devotees, but with opulent merchants. A fair or market is
held in INIecca and its vicinity, on the twelve days that the jiilgrims are allowed to remain
in that city, which used to be one of the best frequented in the world, and continues to
be well attended.
" Few jiilgrims," says Burckliardt, " except the mendicants, arrive without bringing
some productions of their re•^)K'ctive countries for sale : and this remark is applicable as
well to the merchants, with whom commercial pursuits are the main object, as to those
who are actuated by religious zeal ; for, to the latter, the profits derived from selling a
few articles at IMecca diminish, in some degree, the heavy exjienses of the journey. The
Moggrebyns (pilgrims from Morocco and the north coast of Africa) bring their red
bonnets and woollen cloaks; the European Turks, shoes and slippers, hardware, em-
l»
'^i''
M
1-
I !'
n
%
t
r
. t
M t.
I
i>.5'2
'AKAVAN.
iii
i]1
■;
!>;
J ■:
;i *
hroidi-ivd .sluHs, bwi'ctir.i'als, iniilxT, tiinkots of <'iin)|)iMii mimiifai'tiiro, kiiil >i'k purses,
iVi'. ; till- 'I'urks ol' AiiMloli.i hriiij; I'aipols, silks, and Aiiffciia shawls; (lu- IVisiatis,
t'asliiiuTi' shawls and laii^i' silk liaiidkcichiors ; llu' Alj^hans, ti><)tli-!)nislu's, lalli'd
Ali'sotiak Kaltary, iiiaili' kI'iIk- spoiif^y lii>ii;^lis of a Iri'i" f^iowiii;; in liiikhaia, ln'.ids ol'a
yi'llow soapsl.oms and plain coai'si' shawls niannlacluicd in (heir own cdnnliv; ihf
Indians, tin- iiiiiniTous prodiu'lions of llii-ir lii'h and rxlonsivo ri'j^ion ; llu- pi-opk' of
Vi'nU'ii, snakes for llu- IVisian pipi's, sandals and various other works in leather ; and
tho Afrieans !)rin;^ various articles adapted to tin- slave trade. The pilj^rinis are, how-
ever, ol\en disappointed in their expeetations of piin ; want of money makes them
liasiily sell their little adventures at the piililie aiielions, and often ohlij^es them lo aeeept
veiy low priees." — ( 'i'liinl.i in .Iniln'ii, vol. ii. p. '_'!.)
I'he two prineipal caravans which yearly rende/vous at ."Mecca are those of l)ani:iscus
and Cairo. The lirsl is composed ut' pilf^rims fiom Murope and Western .\sia ; the
Kccoiid of Mohammedans from all parts ol' Afri.'a.
'The Syrian caravan is said l>y ISnrekhardl lo he very well reif id.it I'd. Il is always
accompanied hy the pacha of !)am;iscns, «ir one of his principal ollicers, who <^ives the
sij^nal for eneamjiinL;; and st.irtini;' liy tiring a nmsket. On the route, a troop of horsenu'U
ride in the front, and .inotlu'r in the ri'ar to hrinj; up the strai!;;^lcrs. 'I'he dillcrenl
partii's of pilj^rims, distinj^nished l>y their provinces or towns, ki'cp close toj^ether. At
nielli torches aie lii^hted, and the daily distance is usually peilornu-d hetween :t
o'clock in the al'tcrnoon .ind an hour or two after sunrise on the following dav. 'I'lu!
lU'douins or .\ral)s, who carry provisions for the troops, travel hy <lay only, .and in
mlvance of the caravans ; the encampment, of wliich they (lass -n the niornin;.;, .and .ire
overtaken in turn .and passed by the caravan on the followin>^ iii^lil, at tlii-ir own restinj^
place. The journey with tlu'se Iti'douins is less fatifiuiiif^ than with the <j;ri'al hody of
the caravan, as a ret^Mlar night's rest is obtained; hut their had character deters most
pilt^rims I'rom joinir.i; t;
At every waterinji-place on the n)ute is ii small castle and a large lank, ;it which the
camels water. The castles are jjjarrisoned by a d'w i)ersons, who remain the whole yi'ar
to f^uard llie provisions deposited there. It is at these w.-.tering-jilaces, whicli beloufX lo
the Hedouins, that the sheikiis of the tribe meet the earav.in, and receive ih ' aecustonii'd
tribute foi allowii'i- it I o pass. Water is plentiful on the route; the slaiions are no
where more distant ih.ni II or I "J hours' march; and in winter, |)ools of rain-water
are l'rei|uently found. Those pilgrims wiio can travel with a litter, or on eonnuodious
oaniel-saddles, may sleep at night, and perform the jourm-y with little ineonvenii'uee :
hut of those whom |)overty, or the desire of speedily acipiiring a large sui'.i of money,
induces to follow the caravan on foot, or lo hire tbeniselves ; s .,ervaiits, many die on the
rt>ad '.om f.itigue. • — ( Tidn/.i in .Iniliia, vol. ii. p. ;i — •). )
'I'lie i-ar.ivan which sets out from Cairo for Mecca is not .generally so largi- ;;s ihiil of
Damascus; and its route along the shoies of the |{ed Sea is more dangerous .•mil
I'aliguing. lint many ol" the .Vfriean and Mgyplian merchants an, 1 pilgrims sail from
Sue/, Cosseir, and other jiort'. on the western shi re of the Ued Se.i, for DJidda, whence
the iourney (o ^Iceca is short and easy.
The Persian caravan fi)r Mecca sets out from Hagdad ; but many of the I'ersiau
pilgrims are now in the habit of embarking at Hussmah, ■•md coming to njidd.i by si-a.
Caravai' > froui lii'gdail and IJussorah jjroceed lo Aleppi), Damascus, and Diarbeker.
laden with all sorts of Indian, .\i'abian, and I'ersiau commodities; and large tpiantities
of I'uropc.in goods. |)rincipally of Mnglish cottons, ii'iporied at. I'wssorah, are now dis-
tributed throughout all the eastern jiarts of the Tinkish eui])irc by the same i-i-ans.
The intercourse carried on in this way is, indeed, every day becoming of more iiii-
poriance.
The coinnieicc carried on by caravans, ii- tin !ii!erior of .Africa, is widely extended
,uid of considerable ■alue. IJcsides (Ik- gr^at e.ir.ivan which proceeds from Nubia to
Cairo, and is joined by Moha,nine(lan iiilg'Mns I'roiii every ])art of Africa, there are
caravans which have no object but commerce, which set out from I''e/„ Algiers, Tunis,
Tripoli, aiul other states on the sea-coast, and |)enetrate I'ar into the interior. S(,uie of
them lake as many as 50 days to reach the place of their destination ; and as their rale
of travelling may be estimate<l at about IS i dies a day at .-iii average, the extent of their
nnirneys may easily he Ci)mMutcd. .\s hi h the lime of their outset anil their .-onte is
known, they are met by the people of the countries through which ihey travel, who
trade with them, Indian goods of every kind form a considerable article in this tratlie ;
in exchange for which, the chief commodity the iidiabitants have to give is slaves.
Three uistinet caravanr. are employed in bringing slaves and other couuuodities from
Cenlral Africa to (^liro. One of them comes direct from .Mourzoiik, lb.' capital of
l-'ezzan, across the Libyan desert; anoihir from Senaar ; and the third bom Darfur.
'I'hey do not arrive at stated pei;,)ds, but after a greater or less interval, according to tho
success they have had in prix'iuing .iuves, ivory, gold tiist, drugs, and such other articles
/.
A%r
?i
CAItAVANSKUA. — CAUBL'NCLl:.
Si'>J
P
as nr" (iflod tor tlic Kfjyiitiati nmrkits. Tlic IVIoiirzouk caravan is said to l)c iiiidcr tin-
l)cst r(';.'iilaliiins. It. is jfi'iR-rally alioiit .'io days on its passaj^c ; ami si'idoni lonsisis of
ji'ss tlian )()(), or ol more (lian :!(H), (ravi'lii'rs. 'riii- caravans IVoni Scnaar and Darfur
usc<l I'oiincrly In l>i' very irrc^nlar, and were soinclinii's not seen in l'".f,'y|il Cor 'J or :t
vcars to^^t'f li"r ; l)nt since the occn|)ation oCtiie Cornu'r hy tlie lroo|is of iMoliannned Ali,
the interco,.,se l)et^veen it and I'^f^ypt lias hecoiiu' coniparalively rri(|ni'nt and rej^nlar.
'J'he nnniher of slaves imported into l^'.^ypl ''y '•""■•<■ ('aravans is said to amount, at
]ircsenl, to ahoiil 1(),(H)() a year. The dejiartio'c ol' a caravan from Darfin- is lookc'
Hjion as a most imjiortant event; it enpi/.n's for a while the attention of the wholn
coinitrv, and even forms a kind of era. — ( Itniii'iivs '/'riirils in /■Ifririi, 'Ji\ vf\. p. 'AlH.)
A caravan from Darlnr is considere ' larj>;e, if it has 'J,()(M) camels and l.tKM) slaves.
IManv of ihe .Moorish pil^frinis to .'Mecca cross the sea from .Soiiakin and iMasson.'di to
the opposili' ( last of Arahia, and thiii tiavi'l hy land to .M.cca ; and liinckhardt st.iles,
that of all the poor pil,!i;rinis who arrivi' in the lledja/., none hear a more respectahle
chiU'iicler for industry than those from Central .Afiica.
('■■n-avans are dislin^^nished into /uari/ and lii/ii.' (,';unels lo.aded with from .'JOO to
fiOO Ihs.* form it he.ivy caravan; li;{ht carav.ins 'iiiiifr Ihi; term !ip|ilied to desijrnale
those formed of camels niider a moderate load, or perha|is only half loaded. The nuan
d.iily rale at which heavy carivims travel is ali.int I H ', miles, and that of light caravans
'J'J miles.
'J'he safi'ly of .a c.arav;m depenils ni;iterially on the conduct of the riiriirini-lnit/ii, or
le.ider. Nieliidu' says, tli.it wlii'u the lattir is intellifrent .and hoiu'sl, :nid the travellei
underst.ands the lanffuajre, ;md is accustomed to the Oriental method of travelling, an
excursion throuffh the desert is rarely either dis.iffreeahle or <langeroiis. I'lit it is not
unusual for the 'I'urkish p.'iclias to realise cor ^iderahle sums l»y selliii}; llii' priv'Icge of
coiKiiictin;.; caravans ; luid it is frenerally l)eli( M in the I'^iist, that le.-idirs so iippointcd,
in order to indi'innify themselves, not imfri'ipiently arraiif^e with the Ariiiiian sheikhs
ns to the ;itt,ick of llie carav.ins, and sh.ire with them in the booty ! At all I'venls, a
le.ider who li:is p.iid a lar;fe sum for the situation, evi'ii if he should lie liotust, must ini-
)iose proporlion.illy hi';ivy char^^'s on the ;issoci;ition. Hence the best way in travelling
with car.-ivans is, to .-itlacli oni'self to one condiicti'd liy an active and ex|ieriinced mer-
chant, who I IS a coiisideiahk- jiropcrly cinharked in the cxjiedition. With ordin;iry
|)rec,iulioii, thi' danger is then very Irilling. It would he easy, iiwieed, wen- there ;my
tiling like |)id]icr arrjingi'iiients made liy governmi'iit, to render tnivelling hy caravjiiis, at
least on ,ill the great routes, ahundantly secure. — (^IS'ichii/ir, Wti/aijc iii Aniliii-, tome ii.
J). l!M. ed. Amst. ITKO.)
J'i'o particular fonnalities .are re(piired in the fonnation of :i c;irnv;iii. Those that
start at fixed periods are mostly under the control of government, hy whom the leaders
are ap]iointed. Hut, gelieridly speaking, .any dealer is at liberty to form a compiiny ;iiid
make one. 'I'lie individual in whose name it is raised is considered .'is the IcadiT, or
rdriiriiii-hiic/ii, unless he a))] .'nt some one else in bis ))l,ice. \\ hen a nuniber of mer-
chants associate together in the design, they elect a chief, and appoint ofliccrs to decide
whatever controversies m.'iy jirise during the journey. — ( I'or further details with respect
to caravans, see the Mo<liiii J'nrt of the Ciiinrsiil J/isttiri/, vol. xiv. ]jp. 21 'I — 'J't'.'). ;
JinhiTtSDii's D'iKifuisitiiiii im Aiitiviit IikHii, Note .'il. ; llrvs'x ('i/i/ii]nr</iii, art. ('iinirav,
most of wdiicli is copied from Uoherlson, though without a single word of acknowledg-
ment ; liiircft/iiirdt's 'J'riinl.i in Ariihia, vol. ii. ptis.siiii. ; ('njii/iiirt on Turltfy awl its
Jfrsoiarrs, p. 1;17. 1.'51., Sfc.)
C'.;\ R.'V'V'^AN.SKU A, a large public building or inn ajiproiirlafed for the recejition
and lodgment of the caravans. riiongb serving in lieu of inn>, llu're is this radical
difl'ereiice between them, — that, generally speaking, the traveller finds nothing in ,i
caravansera for the use either of himself or bis cattle, lie must carry all his jirovisions
and necessaries with bim. They .are chiefly built in dry, barren, desert jilaces ; and are
mostly furnished with w.ater brought from a great dist;mce and ;it a v.asf expense. A well
of water is, indeed, indis|iens.'ible to a car.avanseni. CaravansiTas are also mimeroiis in
cities ; where they serve not only as inns, but ;is sliojis, w;nchouses, and even exchanges.
CA R,\\\'.\ Y-Sl'Il'", 1) ( I'r. ('(irri., Cnitiiii i/is /in's ; Cier. Ktuiiiml, Urnilltiinniiil ; It.
f'tirri), a small seed, oi' an oblong and slender figure, ])ointed i.t both ends, and thickest
in the middle. It is the produce of a biennial pliint (Conitn rarui), with a t«i)ur root,
like a parsnep, hut imich sni.aller. It should be chosen larg<', new, of ;i good colour, not
dusty, and of a strong agrei'able smell. It is [irineipally used by confectioners; and is
extensively cnltivati'd in several jiarls of I'lssex.
CM! IJl'XCM'; ((ier. K'ufimhil ; Vv. Escarhonhh' ; Tt. f'lirhwcfiii) ; .S]). Carhnn-
culo ; Lat. Ciirliiniciiliis), a precious stone of the ruby kind, of 'a very rich glowinf.'
blood-red colour, highly esteemed by the ancients (.See Ui iiv.)
• Th'n ii the burden of the small camel only. The large or.es \uualW rarry from 750 to 1,000 Ibn.
V 'I:
Ji
,-!
«p
"n-
CARD. — CARDS.
i
' i li
1;
«i V
CARD ( Fr. Cunles ; Gcr. Kurdiitscheii, Kurdi'.t, WollJtratzrn ; It. Citnli ; Uu».
Jianlii ; S[). Cdnliin), an instruinent, or conih, for arranging or sortiiii^ tlic liuirs of wool,
oottoii, ivc. (^ards arc i-ithcr fastoiied to a flat piece of wckmI, and wronj^lit hy tlie liiuul ;
or to a i-ylindor, and wronj^lit hy machinery.
CARDAMOMS ( Fr. Citrdiimomvs ; (jer. Kiinliimnm ; Tt. Cttrdamoml : Sp. K<tr-
fhimomns ; Hind, (iiijiirnti c/iir/il), seed I'apsulos prodiieod l)y a jjlan), of wliifh (here are
dillerent speeies jjrowin^ in India, ("oeliin ('hina, Siam, and ("eyion. The eapsules arc
pjathertMl as they ripen ; and when dried in tlie sun, are (it for sale. The small eapsules,
or lesser eardamoms, are jn-odneed by a |)artieular sjieeies of the jjlant, iuid are tiie most
valual)le. They siioidd he chosen i'ull, plump, and dillicult to he i)roken ; of a l)rijj;ht
yellow colour; a pierein;^ smell; wilii an acrid, hitterisli, t\ion;4h not very unpler.sant
taste; and particular care should he taken tiiat tiiey are ])roperly tlried. Tiiey arc
reckoned to keep best in a hody, and are therefore jiacked in larfj;e cliests, well jointed,
pitche<l at the seams, and otherwise properly secured ; as the least damp greatly reduces
their value. The best cardamoms are brought from the Malabar coast, 'i'liey are |)ro-
duced in the recesses of the mountains, by felling trees, ami afterwards burning them; for
wherever tlie ashes fall in the openings or lissiu'csof tlie rocks, the cardamom plant naturally
springs up. In Soonda Malagat, and other i)laces where cardamoms are ])lanted, the
iVuit or berry is very interior to that produced in the way now mentioned. 'I'lie Malabar
cardamom is described as a species of bulbous plant, growing M or ■! feet high. The
growers are obliged to sell all their produce to the agents of government, at j)rice.s
lixed by the latter, varying from ,1,7() to 700 rupees the candy of (>()() lbs. avoirdujiois :
:uh\ it is stated that the contractor often \nils an chIuiucviI niliif on thv. coins with which
he ])ays the mountaineers; or makes tliiMU take in exchange tobacco, cloths, salt, oil,
betel nut, and such necessary articles, at prices which are frcipiently, no doubt, estimated
above their jn-oper level. Such a system ought assuredly to be put an innnediate end
to. Not more than one fiiiiulirdl/i i)art of the cardamoms raised in Malabar are used in
the country. Tliey are sent in large quantities to the i)orts on the Red Sea and the
Persian (inlf, to Sind, up the Indus, to Hengal, Itombay, ive. They form a imiversal
ingredient in curries, pillaus, \c. The market jjrice, al the places of exportation on the
Malabar coast, varies from iSdO to 1,'_'00 rupees the candy. — {Milliiini's Oricid. Coin-
iiiirrr, and the valuable eviilenee of T. II. Raber, Ksq., before the Lords' Connniltee of
KS:iO, p. 'JI(;.)
JNIalabar cardamoms are worth at present (September, 18.'?;?), from :!.s-. Sd. to fis. 10*/.
.1 pound in the London market, duty (In.) included. Ceylon cardamoms are worth
from !,«. Hd. to '_'.<. 'Ji(.
CARDS, oil TLAYINC; CARDS (Du. Kuarleu, S/mUmrdeii ; Fr. Citrtes a jouer ;
Ger. Kiir/i'ii, Sj)ii/ /iniicii ,- It. Car/c d(t i/fiiDri) ; Rus. Kaiiii ; Sp. Carnis, A^nipcs ; Sw.
Kort). The only thing necessary to be noticed in this place with res])ect to cards, is the
regulations as to their mamifactnre, sale, and the jjayment of the duty.
It is rCRiiLitoil liy tlio !> (ion. 4 c. IS., that an annual liccnro duty of Bs. sliall bp paid by every maker o{
playiiiK I'ai'ils ami diii-. The duty un every pack of cards is l.v. and is to be .^peeilied on tlu' arc of spades.
Cards are not to lie made iu any jiait of Ciieat Britain, except the metropolis; nor in Ireland, except in
Dublin and I'ork ; under a penalty of !(«)/. Cards are to be eiielo.seil in wrappers, with siu li marks a.s the
I'.niiniis.'iioners of stamps may ippnint. licfiire licence can lie had, bonil must lie (jiven to the amount of
.")IHI/., for the payir.eiil of the dunes, iVc. Selling; or exposjiiK to sale any pack of cards luit duly stamped,
subjects a liceus«l maker to a iieiialty of ,"i()/. ; and any one else to a penalty of 10/. Any person having
in his possession, or usuii;, or periuittinj; to be used, any pack of cards not duly.stamped, to forfeit .'>/.
Second-hand cards may be .sold by any person, if soUl without the wrapper of a licensed maker j and in
packs conlainiiiK not more thin .VJ cards, ineludiii}; an ace of si-.ides duly stamped, and enclosed in a
wr.ipper with the words " Sri-iiiiil-/i,i>i</ Ciinl.i " printed or writlen in distinct characters on the outside:
penalty for selling second-hand cards iu any other luaii^-.cv, U'O/.
t
if
i' ;
An Account of the Duty received on Playing Cards in Oreat Britain and Ireland in caeli Year from ISCO,
specifying tlie Hates of Duly charged [Pari. Paper, No. iil. Sess. 18,i'.'.)
Year.
(;rt>nt Hritaiii.
Ireland.
Half.
Aninnnt of Duty.
Hatp. Amount of Duty.
iR-:o
IS'Jl
IS'JJ
l.SC!
18-24
18i-|
IS'Jii
18-27
182S
1S2!)
18,;()
lS;il
Is. Crf. per pack
1.?. per pack from Jlay
.£ s. d.
21,'2ii7 .'i (»
'21,.!47 .'i (1
'21,I7!I 17 li
'J2,(Mlli 1'.' (i
•J."),S7|. 12 i!
'22,.V,7 17 d
l,8,,;(ll !.->
L'(l,8ii4 1-2 (i
17,oii.') 5 I)
ir.,.'54'2 14
14,.i()!) 7
14,-Mi() 2 n
'2s. per pack
r is', per pack to Titliof July.T
\ l.«. per pack for the \\> >
C maiiider of the year .J
l.v. per pack
.i" .«. (/.
'i.OlP 14 1
1,8'2I Id 8i
l,(i4;! (1 11
l,ti.".7 4 /ij
1,'.'I8 1'.; 8j
1, ;■).")!• 8
i,n;7 i'2 fi
1,(X)1 12 5
640 19
40.1 11
244 12
1(14 18
1
m
CARMEN. — CARRIERS.
'255
\.CT of
dos.
•pt ill
tho
It of
ivint,'
:•/.
lul ill
in .1
iidc :
iiy.
II
H
^ 1
CAUMICN, of the City of Loiulon, arc constitiitwl a fuUowsliip hy act of common
council. The rafos which thoy arc allowed to ciiar^^o, and the regulations by which they
arc to 1)0 j^uided, are settled at the (juarter sessioiiN. in other res|)ei<4s tiiey are suhjected
to the rule of the i)resident and fjjovernors of Christ's llosjiital, to whom the owner of
every cart jiays au annual licence duty of 17.f. 4<l,
CariiicM arc to liflp to lo;ul ami unload their carls; and if ,uiy carman exacts more than the rcKuIar
rates, upon due proiif, bel'ore the Lord Mayor, or any two i .agistratcs, ho shall sutler iinprisonnieiit lor
the space ol'JI ilavs.
II any person shall refuse to pay any carman his hire, according to the rcRiilar rales, iijion complaint
made, llie i)resideiil of Ihrisfs Jlospilal, or a jiisliee of llie peace, may compel i>a>nieiil.
Mcrchaiils or othe>- i)ersons iiiav choose what cart they please, except such as stand for wharf work,
tackle-work, ciaiie-work, at shops'aiid merchants' houses, w liicli are to he l.iken in turn ; and every car-
man staiiiliiiK with his empty cart next to aiiv Koods to he hjadeil, shall, upon the first dcniaiid, lond the
same for the accustomed rates ; and if any person shall cause a carman to attend at his hou.^e, slion, ware-
house, or cellar, with his loaded cart, the carman Ix-iiiK williiiK to help to unload the same, he shall pay
!lic carman after the rate of I'-V/. for every hour alter the lirst hall-hour for his alien nee.
Kvery licensed carman is to have a piece of brass lixed iipiiii his carl, upon which is to lie enRraven a
certain nuiiilier; which iiumher, together with the carman's name, is rcHistered in a register kept at Chrisfn
Hospital ; so that, in case of any iiiishehaviour, the party olli'iided, liy takiiiK notice of the number of the
cart, may search for it in ti.e register, and the name will he found.
farmen not conforminK to these rules, or working without a numbered piece of brass fixed on the cart,
may be suspended trom their employment.
(■armen riding upon the shalls of their carts, or silling within them, not having some person on foot
to guide the horses, shall forfeit 10s.
CARMINE (Gcr.Karmin ; Dn. Karmyn ; V\: Curmine ; It. Carmiiiio ; Lat. Ci(r-
miniiim), a jiowdcr of a very beautiful red colour, hoi (loriiig iijioii inirjile, and used
hy jiaintcrs m miniature. It is a species of l<il»; and is formed of finely pulverised
cochineal. Jt is very high jiriced.
CAllNELIAN. ■ See A(:.\rK.
CAIIPKT, CAIIPE'I'S ((^.er. Tcppiihe ; Dil. T,ij,;,tn), Vlorr-tapt/lim ; Fr. Tapis ;
It. Tappeti ; Sp. Alfnmhrtts, Alailljns, Tapitfs ; Uiis. Ktnrrii, Ki/imi). I'ersiaii and
Turkish carpets are the most esteemed. In I'^ngland, carpels ;ire principally manu-
factured at Kidderminster, Wilton, Cirencester, Worcester, Axminster, &c. ; and in
.Scotland, at Kilmarnock. Those made at Axminster are believed to be very little, if
any thing, inferior to tho.se of I'ersia and Turkey.
CAllRIAGES. Sec Coaciiis.
CARROT (Dunciis earota Lin.), a biennial plant, a native of Britain. Though long
known as a garden plant, its introduction into ;igriculliire has been comparatively recent.
The uses of the carrot in donieslic economy are well known. It is extensively culti-
vated in Suflblk, whence large (]uantities are sent to the London market. Horses arc
said to be remarkably fond of carrots.
CAllRIERiSi. are persons inidertaking for hire to carry goods from one place to
another.
Proprietors of carts and wagons, masters and owners of ships, hoyincn, lightermen,
liargemen, ferrymen, &c. are denominated common carriers. The master of a stage coach
who only curries passc/ir/crs for hire, is not liable for goods ; but if he ii!:(lcrtake to carry
ijiHHh (ind pusscvffcr.s, then he is liable for bolh as a common carrier. Tlie ]>ost-masler
general is not. a carrier in the common accejitat ion of the ferni, nor is he subjected to his
liabilities.
1. Jiuties luid Liuhililivs of Curriir.t. — ('arriers .-ire bouni; ■ ceive and carry the
goods of all person.s, for a reasonable hire or reward ; to taki , loper care of Ihein in
their ])assagc ; to tleliver them safely, and in the .same condition as when iliey wero
received (excepting only such losses as may arise from t/ic (id of Goil ■ llii: /liix/'a
t'HCHiics) ; or, in default thereof, to make comjiensat ion to the owner for wliatc^iT los.s
or damage the goods may have received while in their custody, that might ha\e been
prevented.
Hence a carrier is liable, though he be robbed of the goods, or they he t.iken from him
by irresistible force ; and though this may seem a hard rule, yet it is the only one that
could be safely adojited ; for if a carrier were not liable for los.ses unless it could be
shown that he had conducted himself dishonestly or negligently, a door would be opened
for every species of fraud and collusion, inasmuch as it would be im])ossible, in most
ca.scs, to ascertain whether the facts were such as the carrier re]nesented. On the same
principle a carrier has been held accountable for goods accidentally consumed by fire
while in his warehouse. In delivering the opinion of the Court of King's IJench on a
case of this sort, Lord IVIansficld said — "A carrier, by the nature of his contract,
obliges himself to use all due care and diligence, and is answerable for any neglect.
But there is something more imposed upon him by citstom, that is, by the common law,
A common currier is in the nature of an insurer. All the cases show him to be so. This
makes him liable for every thing except the act of (iod and the king's enemies; that is,
even for inevitable accidents, with those exceptions. The (juestion then is, Hhat is tha
act of Cod? I consider it to be laid down in opposition to the act of man; such as
d^
ifi ;,
(.:'
wm
256
CARRIERS.
\i t
11
I.
vf
i< •
>*' i\
/!■
U '
lightning, storms, tempests, and the Hke, which could not happen by any human inter'
vention. To prevent litigation and collusion, *hc hiw orp=":r.es negligence except in
those circumstances. An armed force, though ever so great and irresistible, does not
excuse ; the reason is, for fear it may give room for collusion, which can never happen
with respect to the act of God. We all, tlierefore, are of ojjinion that tlicre should be
judgment for the \>hiint\ff." - (Forward v. I'ittard, 1 T. li. '27.)
A currier is not ol)ligcd to have a new can-iige for every journey ; it is sufficient if he
provide one that, without any extraordinary aciident, may be fairly presumed capable of
performing the journey.
A carrier may be discharged from his liability by any fraud or concealment on the
part of tlie individual employing him, or of tlie bailor; as if the latter represent a parcel
as containing things of little or no value, when, in fact, it contains things of great value.
JJut wlien the carrier has not given -i notice limiting his responsil)ility, and when ho
puts no i|ueftions with respect to the parcel to the bailor, the latter need not say any
tiling with respeit to it; and though tlie bailor should represent the thing delivered lo
the carrier as of i. o ■"alue, yet if the latter Itnow it to he otherwise, lie will be responsible
in the event of its fiting lost c- damaged. If the bailor deliver goods imperfectly
packed, and tlie carrier doei, not perceice it, he is not liable in the event of a loss occur-
ring ; but if the defect in the package were such that the carrier could not but perceive
it, he would be lialile. On tills principle a carrier was made to answer for the loss of a
greyhound that had been improperly secured when given to him.
A carrier may refuse to admit goods into his warehouse at an unseasonable time, or
before he is ready to take his journey ; but he cannot refuse to do the ordinary duties
incumbent on a person in his siiuation.
It is felony, if a carrier open a jiarcel and take goods out of it with intent to steal
them ; and it has been decided, that if goods be delivered to a carrier to be carried to a
specitied ])lace, and he carry them to a ditt'erent ))lace, and dispose of them for his crwn
profit, he is guilty of felony : but the embezzlement of goods by a carrier, without a
felonious taking, merely exposes to a civil action.
No carrier, wagonman, carman, or wainman, with their respective carriages, shall
travel on Sundays, under a penalty of 20s. — (:5 Chits. 1. c. 1.)
A carrier is always, unless there be an express agreement to the contrary, entitled to
a reward for his care and trouble. In some cases his reward is regulated by the legis-
lature, and in others by a special stipulation between the parties ; but though there be
no legislative provision or express agreement, he cannot claim iPore than a reasonable
compensation.
2. Limitation of Responsibility. — Until the act of ISSO, a carrier might, by express
stipulation, giving public notice to that effect, discharge his liability from all losses
by robbery, accident, or otherwise, except those which arose from misfeazance and gross
ueglujcncc (from which no stipulation or notice could exempt him), and provided the
notice did not contravene the express conditions of an .act of parliament.
Notices generally bore, that the carrier would not be responsible for more than a
certain sum (usually 51.) on any one parcel, the value of which had not been declared
and paid for accordingly ; so that a person aware of this notice, entering a box worth
1,000/. without declaring its value, or entering it as being worth 200/., would, should it
be lost, have got in the first case only 5/., and in the latter only 200/., unless he could
have shown tliat the carrier had acted fraudulently or with gross negligence. But, to
avail himself of this defence, the carrier was bound to show that the bailor or his servant
was acquainted with the notice at the time of delivering the goods. No particular
manner of giving notice was reipiired. It might be done by express communication, by
fixing it uj) in a conspicuous place in the carrier's office, by insertion in the public papers
or Gazette, by the circulation of handbills, &c. ; it being in all cases a qiieslion for the
jury to decide whether the bailor was really .ac(juaiiited with the notice of the limitation ;
since, if he were not, he was entitled to recover, wliatever i lliirts the carrier may have
made to publish it. Thus, a notice stuck up in a carrier's w.iichouse, wliere goods were
delivered, was of no avail against parties who could not read ; luitlicr was it of any avail
against those who could read, and who had seiii it, unless thri/ hml netiinlb) rend it. On
this principle it was held, that a notice in a newspaper is not sutheient, even when it was
proved that the bailor read the newspaper, unless it could also be proved that he had read
the notice itself.
These attempts to liinit responsibility gave rise to a great de.'il of litig.it ion and un-
certainty; and to obviate the inconveniences thence arising, the iniiiortanl statute,
1 Will. -1. c. 68., was passed. This act declares, that carriers bi/ land shall not bo
liable for the loss of certain articles specified in tlie act, when their value exceeds 10/.,
unless the nature and %'alue of such articles be stated at the time of their di livery to the
carrier, and an increased charge jiaid or agreed to be paid niion the same. .1 is further
dcclarotl, that no publication of any notices by carriers shall have power to limit their
I
*;
?>
'ft
i
CARRIERS.
')
Ol
shall
hid un-
Jtatute,
piot be
Js 10/.,
Ito the
|urllier
It their
■V
responsibility at coninioii law for all other articles except those specified in the act; but
as tile act is oF ^icat iniporlance, we subjoin it.
Kroni and after the piissiiij; ot' this act, no mail contractor, stage coach proprietor, or other common
cairicr /<;/ /«»</ lor liirc, >hall lie iialilo lor the lo-s of or injury to any article or article; or property ot the
description fnllowing, viz jiolil or ^ilver coin of this realm or of any foreign st-'"-, .>r any nold or silver ill
a maniil'acuircil or unnianufaitnreil state, or any pricioiis stones jewellciy, watches, clocks, or time-
pieci's of any ilescriptioii, trinkets, hills, notes of the (Jovernor and I'ompany of the Hanks of Kngland,
Scolland, aiul Ireland rcspectnelv, or of any other hank in (ireat ISiilairi or Ireland, orders, notes, or
sncnrities for pavnient of monev, Ijigli-h or foreign stamps, maps, wntiiigs, title-deeds, paintings,
eoHravinys, pittuii s, gold or silver plate or plate^l articles, glass, chin.i, silks in a iiianulaclured or unmanu-
factured St ite, and whether wrought up or not wrought up with other materials, lurs, or lace, or any
of them, contained in any parcel or package which shall have lieen delivered, either to he carried lor hire
or to accompany the person of aiiv passenger in any mail or stage coach or (<ther iiuhlic conveyance, when
the vaiue of such article or article^ or property aforesaid contained in such parcel or package shall exceeil
the sum of !('/., unless at the time of the <leliveiy thereof at the oftice, warehouse, or receiving house of
such mail contractor, tkr. the value aid nature of such article or articles or property shall have lieeii
ileclarid hv the person or persons sending or uclivering the same, and siu h increased charge as herein-
after mentioned, or an engagement to pay tlie s.inie, he accepted by the person receiving such [ eel or
package. — ) 1.
When any parcel or pa 'kapc containing any of the articles ahove specified shall he so delivered, and its
value and contents declared as aforesaid, ami such value shall exceed the sum of U,7., u shall be lawful
for such mail contractors, stai;e coach proprietois, and other common carriers, to demand and receive an
increased rate of charge, to he iKitilied hy oine notice, allixed in legible character ill some public and
coiis[iicuons part of the olllce, warehouse, Or other receiving house, where such parcels or packages are
received hy them for the purpose of conveyaiv e, slating the increased rates of charge re(|Uired to be paid
over and ahove the ordinary rate of carri.ige. as a compensation for the greater risk and care to he taken
for the safe conveyance of such valuabli' arliclis; and all persons sending or delivering parcels or packages
coniaining such valuable articles as aforesaid at .such otlice shall be bound by such notice, without further
proof of the same having come to their knowledge. — i -'.
I'rovideil always, that when tin' value shall have been so declared, and the increased rate of charge
paid, or an engagement to iiay the same shall have been accepted as berein.hefore mentioned, the person
receiving such increased rate of charge or accepting such agreement shall, if reipiired, sign a receipt lor
the j.ackage or parcel, acknowledging the same to have hem iii.-ured, which receipt shall not be liable to
.iny stamp duty ; anil if such recei|it shall not lie given when re(|iiired, or such notice as aforesaid shall
not have been allixed, the mail contractor, ft.ige coach pniprietor, or other common earlier as aforesaid,
shall not have or be entitkil to any benelit or ailvantage under this act, but shall be liable and responsible
as at the common law, and he liable to refund I he increased rale of charge. — 5 3.
And be it enacted, that fioni and after llu- 1st day ol September IK (i, no )iul*c notice or dcclanv-
tion heretotore made or herealler to be made shall be deemed or construed to limit or in any wise
atJect the liability at common law of any surli iii.iil contractors, stage coach propriet(;rs, or cither
public common carriers as aforesaid, for or in respect of any ai tides or goods to be can led ami conveyed
by them ; but that all and every such mail contractors, stage coach proprietors, and other common (iar.
ricrs as aforesaid shall, from and alter the said !st day of Siptendier, be liable, as at the common law, to
answer for the lofs of an;' injury [,vo in Ihc ml to any articles and goods in respect whereof they may not
be entitled to the beuefit of this at, any public notiie or ileclaralion by them made and given coni'-.M v
thereto, or in any wise limiting such liability, notwithslaiuliiig. — ^ +•
And be it further enacted, that for the purposes of this act every ottice, warehouse, or receiving h luse.
which shall be used or appointed by any mail contractor, or siage co.u h propriitor, or otlur such couiiudu
carrier, for the receiving of parcels to he conveyed as aforesaid, shall he deemed and taken to l.e the
receiving house, warehouse, or ollice of such mail eontiactor, stage coach proprietor, or other eoniii.oii
carrier ; and that any one or more of such mail contractors, stage coach proprietors, or coninum i-arriers,
shall be liable to be sued by his, her, or their name or names only ; and that no action or sii.t comim i.c ed
to recover damages for loss or injury to any parcel, package, or person, i.hall abate for the want ol jniniiit;
any co-proprietor or co-partner in such mail, stage i oacli, or other public conveyance by land Itpr lure as
aforesaid. — ^ ">.
Provided always, and be it further enacted, that noihingin this act contained shall extend or be con.
strued to annul or in anywi.«e atlict any special contract between such mail contractor, stage coach pro-
prietor, or common carrier, and any other parties, for the eonvfyance of goods and merchainiises ^ li.
Provided also, and be it further enacted, that w here any parcel or jiackage shall have been delivered at
any such ottice, and the value and contents declaied as aforesaid, .mil tiie increased rate of charges leeii
paid, and such parcels or packages shall have been lost or damaged, the party entitled to recover damages
111 respect of such loss or dam.ige shall also be entitled lo recover back such increased charges so paid as
aforesaid, in .nddilion to the value of such parcel or package. — ^7.
Provided also, and be it further enacted, that nothing in this act shall be deemed to iirotect any mail
contractor, stage coach pnprietor, or other common carrier lor hire, from liability to answer for loss or
injury to any goods or articles whatsoever, arising from the felonious acts of any coachman, guard, book-
keeper, porter, or other servant in his or their em|)loy, nor to protect any such coachman, guard, book-
keeper, or other servant, troin liability for any loss or injury occasiomd by his or tlicir uwii pcisunat
nt'iilect or mi.ir<»idiict. — ' S.
Provided also, ,iiid be it further enacted, that such mail contractors, stage coach proprietors, or other
cotr^raon carriers for hire, shall not he coiicluiled as to the v.ilue of any .such parcel or package by the
value so decl.ired as aloresaid, 1 ut that he or they shall in all cases be entitled to require, from the party
suing in respect of any loss or injury, proof of the actual value of th." contents by the ordinary legal
evidence ; and that the mail contiaetors, sta.'.'e coai h proprietors, or otlii r loinmoii carriers as aforesaid
sliall be li.Uiie to such damages only as shall he so proved as aforesaid, not exceeding the declarctl value*
together with the increased cliar;;es as helore mentioned. — "; !>. '
And be it lurlher enacted, that in all actions to be brought against anv such mail contractors &c, the
defendant or delendants may pay the money into court. — ^^ 10. ' *
It will bo observed, lliat carriers coiitimie, not\vitiistamIin<r this act, liable, as before,
fc»r the felonious acts of their servants, and tlieir own niisfca/aiici' or ^ross negligence.
It is not possible, however, to lay down any ,o;oneial rule as to the circiimstancer. which
constitute this oU'eiiee. DilVeriiig as they do in almost every case, the question, when
raised, must be left to a jury. Hut it has been decided, that the misddivenj of a parcel,
or its iioniMhrr// within n nii.tiiiKilili' fiiiic, is a inisfeazance tiiat can not be defeated by
any notice on the jiart of the carrier limiting his responsilnlity. !n like manner, the
sending of ;i parcel iiy a (hUeieiit eoacli from that directed by the bailor, the removing it
from one carriage to another, are niisfeazances. Where a parcel is directetl to a person
at a particular place, and the carrier, knowing such person, delivers the parcel to another
I
* i.
'W^
\\
I! '
'%.■
h
w
■I 'Ej
y-
^58
CARTS. — CASSIA.
who represents liimsclf as the consignee, such delivery is gross negligence. Leaving
parcels in a coacii or cart unprotected in tiie street is also gross negligence.
At eonnnon liiw, there is no distinetiun hetwtcn carriage i)crlornied hy sea or land ;
but by the 7 CJeo. 'J. c. l.*). and 2G Cieo. :!. c. HO"., corrected anil amended by the
5'.i Geo. 3. c. 159., it is enacted that shi])-ou'ners are not to he liable for any loss or
Hamage happening to goods on hoard throircrh the fraud or neglect of the master, without
their knowledge or privity, further than tlic value of the vessel and the freight accruing
during the voyage. — (See Ownf.us.)
a. Commencement and Termimit'ntn of Liiihiliti/. — A carrier's liability commences
from the time the goods are actually delivered to him in the character of carrier. A
delivery to a carrier's servant is a delivery to himself, and he will be responsible. The
delivery of goods in an inn-yard or warehouse, at which other carriers put up, is not a
delivery so as to charge a carrier, unless a sjjeeial notice be given him of their having
been so delivered, or some previous intimation to that effect.
A carrier's liability ceases, when he vests the (iroperty conmiitted to his charge in the
hands of the consignee or his iigents, by actual delivery ; or when the property is resumed
by the consignor, in pursuance of his right of stopping it in transitu. It is in all cases
the duty of the carrier to deliver the goods. The leaving goods at an imi is not a suffi-
cient delivery. The rule in such cases, in deciding upon the carrier's liability, is to
consider whether any thing remains to be done i)y the carrier, as such ; and if nothing
remains to be done, his liability ceases, and conversely.
A carrier has a lien upon goods for his hire. Even if the goods be stolen, the right-
ful-owner is not to have them without paying the carriage.
For further details as to this subject svl' Jcnnn/ on the Law of Carriers, passim ; Cfiitti/'s
Commercial Law, vol. iii. pp. !iC9 — ;}8fi. ; and linrn's Justice of the Peace, tit. Carriers.
There are some excellent observations with respect to it in Sir William Jones's Essay on
the Law of Bailments. — ( For an account of the regulations as to the conveyance of pas-
sengers in stage coaches, see Coachks, Stage.)
CAllTS. Every cart, &c. for the carriage of any thing to and from any place, whei ;
the streets are paved, within the bills of mortality, shall contain (> inches in the felly.
No person shall drive any cart, wasjgon, iScc. within ,'3 miles of the General Post Office,
unless the name, surname, and jjlacj of abode of the owner, be painted in conspicuous
letters, at least 1 inch in height, on the right or oil" side thereof, under a penalty
of 51. Any person may seize and detain any cart, waggon, &c. without such mark. —
(1 & 2 mil. 4. c. 2'2.)
CASH, in commerce, means the ready money, hills, drafts, bonds, and all immediately
negotiable paper in an individual's jjossession.
CASH ACCOUNT, in book-keeping, an account to which nothing but cash is
carried on the one hand, and from which all tlie disbursements of the concern are drawn
on the other. The balance is t/ie cash in lianil. When the credit side more than
balances the debit, or disbursement side, the account is said to be in cash ; when the con-
trary, to be out of cash.
C.\SH Account, in banking, is the name given to the .account of the advances made by
a banker in Scotland, to an individual who has given security for their repayment. — (See
Banks (Scotch).)
CASHEW NUTS(Gor. Akajuniissc, Westindischc Anaharden ; Dii. Catsjocnootcn ;
Fr. Xuijc d'acajou ; It. Acaju ; Sp. \iieces d'acaju ; Port. iVoit's r/'«iv;;tt), the produce of
the Anacardium occidentale. They are externally of a greyish or brownish colour, of
the shape of a kidney, somewhat convex on the one side, and depressed on the other.
The shell is very hard ; and the kernel, which is sweet and of a very fine flavour, is
covered with a thin film. Between this and the shell is lodged a thick, blackish, inflam-
mable oil, of such a caustic nature in the fresh nuts, that if the lips chance to touch it,
blisters immediately follow. The kern :1s are used in cooking, and in the preparation of
chocolate. ,
CASSIA. There are four species of cassia in the market, viz. Cassia Fistula ; Cassia
Lignea, or Cassia bark. Cassia Buds, and Cassia Senna.
1. Cassia Fistula ( Fr. Casse ; Ger. lUwnhasie ; It. Polpa di cassia; Lat. Cassicc
pulpa ; Arab. Khyar shcher) is a tree which grows in the East and West Indies, and
Egypt ( Cassia Jistula I^in. ). The fruit is a woody, dark brown pod, about the thick-
ness of the thumb, and nearly 2 feet in length. Those brought to this country come
principally from the West Indies, packed in casks and cases ; l)ut a superior kind is
brought from the East Indies, and is easily distinguished by its smaller smooth pod, and
by the greater blackness of the ])ulp.
2. Cassia Lignea, or Cassia Bark ( Fr. Casse ,- Ger. Cassi(t ; Port. Cassia lenhosa ;
Arab. Seleekeh ; Hind. Tuj ; Malay, Kaiju-legi), the bark of a tree (Luurus cassia
Lin.) growing in Sumatra, Bumeo, the IMalabar coast, Philippine Islands, &c. ; but
chiefly in the provinces of Qua,. .ong and Kingsi, in China, which furnish the greatest
]
I
I i\i
m
CASTOH. -CATECIir
259
Leaving
or land ;
1 by tlie
iiy loss or
•, witlioiit
accruing
)mmcnces
rricr. A
)lo. The
I, is not a
ir having
rge in the
s resumed
1 all cases
ot a sufli-
ility, is to
if nothing
the right-
1 ; Chitty's
, Carriers.
! Essai/ on
ice of pas-
acc, whei ■
. the felly,
'est Office,
onspicuous
a penalty
I mark. —
nmcdiately
ut cash is
are drawn
Tiore than
n the con-
s made by
int. — (See
joeiiooteii ;
niroduce of
colour, of
the other,
jflavour, is
Ish, inflam-
lo touch it,
liaration of
I •
ta ; Cassia
lat. Cassia;
Indies, and
I the thick-
Intry coine
or kind is
|i pod, and
lenhosa ;
|;«s cassia
&e. ; but
|L' greatest
f
part of the cassia met with in the Huropi'an markets. Tiie tree grows to the height of
50 or O'O feet, with large, sjjreailing, horizontal branches. The bark resembles that of
cinnamon in aiUJearame, siiull. and taste, and is very often siilistitiited for it : but it may
be readilv (listinguished ; it is thieker in siibslMiiee, less (piilled, breaks shorter, and is
more pungent, ft should lie eliosen in thin jiieees ; lbel)est lieing that wliieii apiiroaehes
nearest to"'iniiamon in flavour: that whieli is small and broken siiould be rejected. A
good deal of the cassia in the Indian markets is brought from Horneo, Sumatra, and Cey-
lon. Malabar cassia is thicker and darker coloured than that of China, aiul more sub-
ject to foul jiacking: each binuile siiould lie separately inspected. —(//<«»•//«; ',v Mula-ia
Imlica ; MilbiiriiS (Jriiiit. (^uii., i\c. )
Tlio (liitv on cassia \va< rcluccl in ISj,", lioni 2.«. iUI. per 11). to l,v., and in 1H2!) to Cut. Owing partly to
these rcilii(ti(iii«, aiul iKiillv t(i tlif Iumw diitv on and liif;li pnci' ot riniiamon, tliu coiisuuiptioii ot c.issm
lin«"moie tli ill tloulilcil .-iii('e \h:». Slill, liowcvcr, il is very incoiisidirifble ulieii toiiiiiarcd with ttie iin-
portatioti 111 lf<;'.', Ilu'diitv of i»/. inr 111. pnildccd l,KnT/. '2s. IIK/., .sliowiiiK that 72,'JM.> lbs. had lioeii
clcarod lor coiisiiiiii.luiii. 1 hi' iiii|nTt- in imliiiary yens, vary (Vom about 4;i(),(X)0 lbs. to about SO" i,(i(K) lbs. ;
the exi-i'ss over what is made om' lI' at lioiiic lienis' principally sent to (ieriiiany, Italy, and Kussia. ()l
8r')h'tU)s iinixirlc'd ill IS.M, T"",71'^ll'^. were bronnlit Iroiii the Kast India Company's torritories and
C'ev'lon "') W.I lbs IVoiii lhi> l'hiliii|>iiK" l.-lanils, ti.jiDlbs. Innn Hrazil, and .V-'il") lbs. from the Mauritius.
Ci'ssia was'(|iiolfd in tlic London inarkct.s, in August, IhJJ, at IVoin SCis. to 'Ms. a cwt. in bond. — ,/'«)/.
J'd/ii'i, No. ,;(i7. •'scss IS./J, iSr.,
Cassi.v lU'iis, the dried fiiiit or lieny of the tree {Liiiirus rassiu) which yields the
bark described in the previous article. They bear some resemblance to a clove, but are
smaller, and, when fresh, have a rir'li cinnamon (lavour. They siiould be cho.sen round,
fresh, and free fnnn stalks and dirt. Cassia buds are the inoduce of Cliina. The ex-
ports from Canton in )H;JI amounted to l,;;:il piculs, or 177,«()V; lbs. The imports into
Great Hritain in IS.'J'J were ".■),17;J lbs., but the entries for home consumption are not
siieciiied. Tiiey were (pioted in the I^oiidon markets in ()ctol)er, 18;5:5, at 80s. a cwt.
in bond. — {Milhiirns Oiiiiit. Com,; Aiiylo-i'liiiivsi: KaUiidur for 18:5'J; and Pari.
J^upcr, Ko. -VJo. Sess. 1H3:!.)
Cassia Senna. See Sknna.
C'ASTOll ( Fr. Castiiniini ; Ger. Kitstorunt ; It. Ciinlnro ; .Sj). rn.s/orro), the pro-
duce of the beaver. In the in/.amal region ( fthis animal are found four bags, a large
and a small one on each side : in the two larjiL' ones there i^ contained a softish, greyish
yellow, or light brown substance, whieli, o'' cxjiosure to the air, becomes dry and lirittle,
and of a lirown colour. This is castor. It has a heavy but somewhat aromatic smell,
not uidike musk ; and a l)itter, nauseous, and subaerid taste. The best comes from
Russia; but of late years it has been ly scarce; and all that is now found in the shops
is the produce of Canada. The goodness of castor is determined by its sensilile (pialities ;
that which is black is insipid, inodorous, oily, and unfit for use. Castor is siiid to be
sometimes counterfeited by a mixture of some giinimy and resinous substances; but the
fraud is easily detected, by comparing the smell and taste with tlio.se of real castor. —
( Thomson s Dispfiisdlorij. )
CASTOR OIL (I'V. Ihdlf da. liiriii ; Cier. nizlniisolil ; It. Olio >li Uicino ; Sp.
Hicinsnil), is obtained from the seeds of the ]tiiiniis riiniwiuiis, or I'dlma Cliiisli, an
annual jilant, fomul in most tropical countries, and in Greece, the south of Sjiain, &c.
The oil is se] .i-ated from the seeds either by boiling them in water, or by subjecting them
to the action of the press. It is said, that though the laigest quantity of oil may be pro-
cured by the first method, it is less sweet, and more apt to become rancid, than that
procured by expression, which, in conseipieiiee, is the process now most commonly
followed. Good e\|nessed castor oil is nearly i'.iodorous and insipid ; but the best leaves
a slight sensation of acrimony in the throat :\l\er it is swallowed. It is thicker and
heavier than the fat oils, being viscid, traiisjiarent, and colourless, or of a very ])ale straw
colour. That which is obtained iiy boiling the seerls has a brownisli line; and both
kinds, when they become rancid, thicken, deepen in colour to a reddish brown, and acquire
a hot, nauseous taste. It is very extensively employed in the materia medica as a
catliartic. — ( T/iomson's JJispcnsatori/.)
The quantity cleared for home consumption in ISll amounted to .';'.'7,P 10 lbs., being about double the
quantity cleared for e(insiiinptioii in IS-iD; an increase principally ascribable to the reduction of the
duty from Is. Sri. to .'W. Of the total ciuantity imported in l,S,;il, ammintiiiB to ■JilO,.'J,':81l>s., no fewer than
4+1 ,21)7 lbs. were from the Kast Indies, ,iP,4<if< lbs. from British North .Vmeriea, 5,l'!llbs. (rom the
United States, and 1-,71H Ibs.from the ISritish West Indies Castor oil fiom foreign countries, being loaded
With a duty of l.v., is almost wludly re-expoited. '1 he price of Kast India castor oil in bond varies from
](W. to 1.5. 1(1. per lb. ; that of the West Indies is ii,ucli higher. — {.iccuunts pubtislied by the Board of
Tr.utCy p lis. ; Vail. I'dju-i; No. oii7. Se.-s. bSjJ, \c.)
CATECHU (Fr. Caelum; Ger. Kasrhu ; Hind. Cut; ]Mal. CamWr), a brown
astringent su!)stance, formerly known by the name of Terra Japonica, because supposed
to be a kind of earth. It is, however, a vegetable sidistance obtained from two plants;
viz. the Mimosa, or more correctly the Acacia catechu, and the Uncaria gutuhir. The
lirst of these is a tree from 20 to .^0 feet liigli, found in abundance in many of the
forests of India, from 16° of lat. up to 30 . The places most remarkable for its produc-
tion arc, the Burmese territories ; a large province on the IMalabar coast, called the Con-
S 2
ir.
f i
^^^p
'260
CAT'S EYE. — CATTLK.
(1
CMii ; ar.d tliu forests skirting tliu norlliern part of liun^^al, iiiulcr tliu liills wliicli divide*
it from Nupaul. TIk- I'ati'fliti is ()l)taiiRMl (Vom this true- liy llif simple proci'ss of Ijoiliiig
the lioart of tiic wood for a I't'w hours, whoii it assiimos the hK)k and I'oiisistt'iify of tar.
The siil)stai)i'o hardens l)y coolint^' ; is formed into small halls or s(|iiares; and hein<;
dried in the sun, is tit for the market. 'The priee to the lirst pnrcliaser in the (.'oneaii
is ahoiit 15s. a c*vt. .Aecordin}^ to i)r. Davy, who analysed it, the s|)ecifie (gravity ot
Coneaii cateelui is 1 -.'J!) ; and that of IVj^n, 1 -'JS. The taste of tliis substance is astrin-
gent, leavinj? Iiehind a sunsation of sweetness ; it is almost wholly soluble in water. Of
all the astrin<jent stihstanees we know, eateehu appears to contain the larjjest portion of
tannin. Aceordiiifj to .Mr. Purkis, 111), is ecpiivalent to 7 or 8 Ihs. of oak l)ark for
tanning leather. l'"rom 'iOD grs. of C'onean e.itechu, i)r. Davy procured 1()<) of tannin,
(>8 of extractive matter, l.'J of nmcilage, and 10 of earths and other inii)urities : the same
quantity of Pegu catechu allordcd 97 grs. of tannin, 7;J of extract, 1(» of mucilage, and
14 of imjjurities. The idicitria i/iiiiihir is a scandent shrub, extensively cidtivated in all
the countries lying on both sides of the Straits of .Malacca ; but chietly in the small
islands at their eastern extremity. The catechu is in this case obtained by boiling the
leaves, and inspissating the juice; ;i small (piantity of crude sago being added, to give
the mass consistency : it is then dried in the sun, and l)eing cut like the Concau catechu
into small s(|uares, is ready for use. There is a great consinnption of tliis article through-
out all parts of India as a masticatory ; it foiins an ingredient in the compound of betel
pe|)per, areca luit, and lime, which is in almost universal use. Catechu may be pur-
chased at the Dutch settlement of llhio, or at .Alalacca, in the Straits of Singajjore, at
the rate of about l(),<. a cwt. The ipumtity of it, under the corrupted name of cutcli,
imported yearly into Calcutta from I'egu, at an average of the .•) years ending with
18'J8-'i9, was about ;30() tons, at a cost not exceeding !).v. per cwt. l'"rom IJombay a
considerable cpiantity is annually imijorted into China. The ipiantity of catechu, under
the name of gambir, produced in ilhio by the Cliinese settlers, is ecjual to about 4,6"00
tons a year, about 2,000 of which are exjiorled for the consumption of Java ; the rest
being sent to China, Cochin Cliina. and other neighbouring countries.
Catechu, particidarly from .Singa))ore, has lately been imported in considerable quan-
tities for trial in our tanneries ; but with a duty of 1/. per cwt., ecpial to twice the
prime cost, we fear the speculation is not likely to succeed. — {S{.'l' .-linslie's Muttria
Indica ; Urc's Dictionanj ; Siiii/ajxyiv Chranicle ; Hiichaiidus Joiinii-i/ throuyh Mysore
Canarn, and M<did)ar ; DiWs Hcrlcw of the extcriud Commerce of lieiigiil. )
C.VT'S EYK, a mineral of a beautiful appearance, brought from Ceylon. Its colours
arc grey, green, brown, red, of various shades. Its internal lustre is shining, its fracture
imperfectly conchoidal, and it is translucent. From a ))eeuliar ])lay of light, arising
from wliite fibres interspersed, it has derived its name. The French call the appearance
ehatoi/(int. It scratches (]uartz, is easily broken, and resists tlic blowpipe. It is set by
the jewellers as a precious stone.
C.\T SKIXS, the skin or fur of the cat, is used for a variety of purposes, but princi-
pally in the bat manufacture. It appears from evidence taken before a late Committee
of tlie House of Commons, that it is a common practice in London to decoy the anintal
and kill it for the sake of its skin. The fur of the wild cat is, however, far more valu-
able than that of the domestic cat. The wild cat skins imported into this country are
brought almost wholly from the territories of the Hudson's Hay Coni])any. The animal
from which they are taken is a good deal larger than the English wild cat, and is some-
times called the hup cerrier, or Canadian lynx. It is very courageous. At an average
of the :? years ending with 18:51, the number of cat skins imported amounted to 40,006
a year, of which about 'J4,00() a year were retained for home consumption.
C.VTTLK, a collective terin applied to designate all those cpiadrupeds that are used
either as food for man, or in tilling the ground. l)y mat or horned viitlle is meant the
two Kpecies included uniler the names of the ox (Htis) and the buffalo (Bubuliis) ; but
as the latter is hardly known in this cotmtry, it is the former only that we have here in
view.
The raising and feeding of cattle, and the prejiaration of the various products which
they yield, have formed, in all countries emerged from the savage state, an important
branch of industry.
It woidd be quite inconsistent with the objects and limits of this work, to enter into
any details with res])ect to the ditVerent breeds of cattle raised in this or other countries.
They are c'xceedingly various. In Great Hritain they have been vastly improved, both
in the weight of carcase, the quality of the beef, and tlie abundance of the milk, by the
extraordinary attention tliat has been given to the selection and crossing of the best
breeds, according to the objects in view. This sort of imjirovement l)egan about the
middle of last century, or rather later, aiul was excited and very much forwarded by
the skill and enterprise of two individuals — Mr. Hakewell of Dishley, and Mr. Cidley
of Northumberland. The success by which their efforts were attended roused a spirit of
a.
I
CATTLE.
'J6 1
pnnci-
nniittee
aniinal
valii-
ry are
animal
so me-
terage
10,006
used
ant the
but
licre in
which
lortant
r into
ntrics.
\, both
by the
e best
lit the
led by
alley
)irit of
emulntion in others; and tlio rapid growtli of commerce and mnniifacturcs since 1760
haviiifj occasioned a corrcspoiKiinj; increase in the demand for bntcher's meat, improved
systems of breediiilj, and improved breeds, have been very generally introduced.
IJut the improvement in the size and condition of cattle has not been alone owing
to the circumstances now mentioned. Much of it is certainly to be ascribed to the great
imi)rovcmcnt that has been made in their feeding. The introchiction and ludversal
extension of the turniji and clover cultivation has had, in this resyect, a most astonishing
influence, and has wonderfully increased the footl of cattle, and consequently the supply
of butcher's meat.
It "as stated in the First Uejiort of the Select Committee of the House of Commons
on Waste Lands (printed in 17!),3), that cattle and sheep had, at an average, increased in
size and weight about ii Jhiirt/i since 17:!'J; but there are strong grounds for supposing
that the increase had been nuich more consider.ible than is represented by the comnuttee.
According to an estimate of Dr. Davenant ii 1710, the average weight of the iiiit
carcase of black cattle was only .170 lbs., of calvi's .iiiiis,, and of sheep only 'JS lbs. ; but
according to .Sir F. M. Kden ( /list, tif thv Poor, vol. . Appeii. )). 88.) and Mr. Mid-
dleton (A(irh\ nf Mllillsiw, L'd ed. )>. ,7-11.), the weight of the carcase of bullocks killed
in J^ondon is now, at an avenige, KOO lbs., calves I iO lbs., sheep 80 lbs,, and laml)s 50 lbs.,
including ofl'al ; and deducting the latter, the nett weight of the carcases is nearer a half
than a fourth greater than the weight assigned by Davenant.
Consiimjitivii of Hiitilicru Mint in I.iiikIiiii. — The number of head of cattle, sheep and
lambs, sold in Smithiield market, each year since 17;5'i, has been as follows : —
Years.
Cattle.
Slieep.
Ve.irs.
C.ittlo.
Slieip.
\\m.
(atllf.
Shre|p.
Years.
Cattle.
Slicep.
17.i-'
7(i,'''10
5 1 +,700
1758
8+,2.'i'J
."i.-jO/i-'O
1783
101,S+O
701,010
1808
144,042
1,015,280
17.-«
Wl.lii!)
555,050
175!)
8ti,I3!»
.182,21 ;o
178+
!i8,I43
010,110
1809
l:.l,(U)
989,2,")()
I7;i4
7S,K10
5ti(;,!»10
17liO
88,5;»+
Ii22,210
1785
!l|',047
OH, 470
1810
1,32,1. ".5
902,750
i7.r,
.'■.■i,M)+
.5<)(),!I70
I7(>1
82,51+
i;iM,oio
178ii
92, 'wO
005,910
1811
125,012
9(i(i,4()0
i7.';t)
8:,(ki()
587,+'-'0
17<i'.'
102,831
772,100
17S7
94,<mi
(ii;8,.770
1812
1,3 ,854
}»53.(i30
I7j7
S!),Si;'2
(ai7,3;>0
17(i!
80,851
(15;, 110
178S
92,82il
079,100
1813
1,37,770
891,240
17.'J8
87,010
;*S<l,+70
17(i+
7.',I(i8
,">."ii,.;i;o
\iy.)
!l.>,2i;!l
09.i,700
1814
1.3,5,(171
870,880
17i!)
8li,787
.'")liS,<l,'-0
17()5
81,(i:o
5.i7,(ioo
ITiiO
l(i.;,708
749,000
181,0
124,! '48
9()2,84C
1740
8+,810
.OOljOiO
]"(«
75,.-;,';4
,57+,7|d
I7!'l
101,10+
74O,.;0i)
1810
12(),4;;y
flfi8,.5ri0
17+1
77,71+
5;!il.l80
1707
77,324
,'.7+,050
1792
107,.3-18
700,859
1817
129,888
1,044,710
1742
7!V'01
5O3,S.'i;0
17(i8
7!',(il)i'
(;2(i,i7o
1793
110,848
728,480
1818
1,'!8,047
9().J,2,")0
17+3
7f),+75
4tW,l'.'0
17(1!)
82,131
(1+2.910
179+
109,448 719,420
isiy
135,22i;
949,!«X)
174+
7(i,(i+8
4!)0,li20
1770
8(),8!K)
(i+|i,l !K)
1795
131,092 745,(;tO
1820
132,9,33
il47,9!)0
17+.';
7+,l88
5li.!,!l<K)
1771
9.3,573
(iil,Kii()
17!Ni
117,152 7.'i8,840
1821
129,125
1,107,230
17+ii
71,.08'J
fi'-'0,7<J0
1772
89,503
(i09,.'.+0
r,97
108,.;77 (i93,510
18.2
142,043
l,,34O,10O
17+7
71,1 -.0
liJl,780
1773
<M),I33
fi('!l,7lO
1798
107,470 75.SOIO
1823
14y,,0.52
1,204,920
]74«
ti7,HSl
t)10,i!<)0
177+
90,4 lit
,'iS,-.,2;K)
179!l
122,980 8,34,4110
182+
l(iV.1.5
1,1 '<
1/49
72,7(>fi
n24,'-''-'0
1775
9.5,.'81
(;2.i,9
IMK)
125,073 ' 8+:,'2IO
1825
15(i,9a'i
1,1^.(1. »
17.00
■ 70,7r>.i
(u(i, ;4o
177fi
9.s,,';72
(171,700
1801
l;>+,540 7(10,51)1)
1820
143,400
1 ,270, '
1751
(i!t,589
(i31,K!10
1777
9.i,714
71+,S70
1S02
12t),.;,S9 74.5,470
1827
138,,'i(iJ
1,53.-., 1
n.w
73,708
(i4'.M(,0
1778
97,300
(;,-i8,.>K)
18('3
117,51 787,4.30
1828
147,098
1,288,40m
n.i.-i
75,i;.02
(iJS,440
177!»
97,i,">2
07ii,,")+o
1,S0+
ll.!,019 iKl3,!i40
1829.
158,313
1,240,,300
17,04
70,4.'J7
(i:5[,;i.")il
1780
]02,.-;83
70(>,x,"A)
1815
125,04.3
9l2,4i0
i8;o
159,907
1,287,070
I7.J;">
7+,'i<»0
(147,100
1781
102,5+3
7+3,3;.()
18(.()
120,250
S58,.">70
1,S31
148,108
1,189,010
175fi
77, '-'57
fi2+,710
17S2
101,17(J
728,970
1807
134,32(i 924,030
18,32
10ii,224
1,304,1(30
1757
82,(512
.574,yf)0
Down to 1820, this t;il>lc Is cxtr.ictcd from v.iper.s laid before parli.nmont ; .since 1S20, it is made up
from returns prociuod, for ttiis work, from the I'li.imbprlain'.^ odicc.
Tlie number of failril calfcf, exilusivc of suckliTs, of which no .ncrount is taken, sold annually in
.Smithiield from 1821 inclusive, has been as follows : —
- 21,708
- 21-,2.75
- 22,7,;9
- 21,949
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
20,958
22,118
I
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
18/2
20,729
20,832
20,879
90,,300
19,522
The contract prices of
brloH' : —
1730
17.'i7
1740
174;7
1750
17,05
1700
17(>,0
1770
1775
1780
^Obtained from the clerk of the market, .5tli of Nov. 18,3,3.)
bhulier's meat per ewt, at Greenwich Hospital, since 1730, have oecn as
£
s.
f/.
5
8
10
11
8
2
o
(>
/
!'*
11
7
fi
■t
H
13
5
12
fi
1785
1790
17!)5
1800
180.-.
1810
1815
IS-O
1821
1822
.£
,?.
rf.
1
17
fi*
1
10
10
2
2 10
,.
4
4
3
4
■J
12
3
8
,.
10
ii
o
18
10
1
in
r,i
1823
1824
1825
182(5
1827
1828
1829
18.30
1831
18.;2
ft.
I*
6i
8
I'
ii
Si
Wo suspect, fi'om what we have heard from jiractical men of great exjierience, that
the weight assigned by Sir V. IM. Eden and ;Mr. Middleton to the cattle sold in Smith-
field is a little beyond the average. It must also be observed, as already stated, that it
is the pross weight of the carca^e, or the weight of the animal inuior deduction of blood
So
t 'I
.'t!
fi J
? i.l
2 k iii'f
\i W
i>il
i
2()2
C"ATTLi:.
V
'I »
\\f '
'\
r !
'Ji
and iTt'uso ; iind thirfforo to <rvt the iirii woii^lit, wc liave fiirllicr to deduct tlic olfiil. or
the liide, tallow, entrails, I'eet, I've. \\'e have been iiil'oriiied that the following quantities
may he dediieted I'loiii the eare.'ise weights, in order to ohtain the iiett wei;;hts of the
different animals; vi/.. I'roni neat eattle, '_'.'() Ihs. eaeli ; ealves, .i.l li)s. ; sheep, 'Jl lbs. ;
lanihs, I'Jlbs. It" these estimates he nearly rij^lit, we shonid lie able, provided we knevv
the respeetive numbers of sheep and lambs, lo estimate the total (piantity of bulehcr's
meat furnished for London by .Smilhlield market, exelusive of lion's and pigs. Sheep
and lambs are not, however, distin^^uished in the returns; but it is known that the foruiei
are to the latter nearly as ,T to 1 ; so that Me may estimate the averaj^e gross weight of
tlie sheep and lambs at about 70 lbs., and their average nett weight at about 50 lbs.
The account for 18;J() will then stand as under : —
Number iinil Siwlej (if Aniimls.
(irou Wfi^ht
1;W,!K)7 Cattle
1,287,07(1 Sheep .lud lambs
'M,:aM f.ilves
Mis.
,SI)()
70
hU)
Ollal.
!.':Vl
L'O
.Nell WelKlit.
Butcher's Meat.
5M
M)
10.)
Total
I.b..
87,!)4H,S">()
(H, i.")J,;J(H)
ir>4,4.'3-t,R;7() j
This quantity, estimated at the average price of OVA, woidd cost ;J,8fiO,871/. ; at 8</., it
would cost .■3,1 17,8'_'8/.
A part of the cattle s(»!d at .Smithfield go to supply the towns in the vicinity ; but, on
the other hand, many cattle are sold in the adjoining towns, and slaughtered for the use
of London, of which no account is taken. We have reason to tiiink that the latter
quantity rather exceeds the former; but, supjiosing that they mutually balance each
other, the above <piantity of 1 .T l.lill.S.jO lbs. may be regardeil as forming the annual
supply of butcher's meat at iiresent re(piired for London; exclusive, however, of hogs,
pigs, suckling calves, i^c, and exclusive also of bacon, hams, and salted provisions
brought from a distance. The (|uantities thus omilted from the account are very con-
siderable ; nor can there, we a))prehend, be any doubt that, with the addition of such
parts of the otVal as are used for food, they m:'y be considered as more than balancing
the butcher's meat required for the vivtiKiUinij :if sliips. On this hyi)otliesis, therefore, it
will follow, assuming the ])opnlation of the metropolis to lanount to L'l.oO.OOO, that the
annual consumption of butcher's meat by each individual, young and old, belonging to
it, is, at an average, very near 107 lbs.
This, though not nearly so great as has been sometimes veiiresentcd *, is, we believe, a
larger consumption of animal fooil than takes ])lace any where else by the same number
of individuals. According to I\L C'habrol, the consumption of butcher's meat In Paris
anioimts to between 8,> lbs. .md SO' lbs. for each individual. At IJrussels the consimip-
tion is a little greater, being supjioscd to average S9 lbs. each individual; being rather
more than li lbs. above the mean of Paris, and IS lbs. under the mean of London.
According to the reports of the insiioctors of hides and skins, the following nrc the numlicrs of cattle,
calves, and sheep, slaughtered in Liverpool, JIaniliesler, Ivceiis, and Shemeld, Irura 1K!5 to 1820 in-
clusive : —
r.iitlc.
Cilvcs.
Liverpool
Manciicstcr
Leeds
ShfHSpld
7t,(i71
22,il7()
,■50,097
10ll,.';29
!)ii,,"j74
,'J+,;'iPS
28,t.l")
Slieep.
I
437,2(i8
4S!»,.5r)7
.S17,li42
1S4,8:,9
Totals
222,798
2r)'i,();ii; 1,44J,.S2(>
(Appc)i. to Agric. licpurt f/1821, p. 267.)
In estimating the weights of the animals killed at these towns, a lower standard must
be adopted than that which we have taken for London ; first, because the largest and
finest cattle are brought to the metr<T])olis ; and secondly, because a very large jirojiortion
of the calves are sueklers, which are excluded from the liondon accounts. These con-
siderations have not been sulliciently attended to by the framers of the estimate in the
report now ipioted. Sheep, in the above table, means, no doubt, sheep .and lambs.
We extr.-ict from Dr. C'leland's valu.alile work on the statistics of (Jlasgow the sub-
joined account of the number, weight, itc. of the animals slaughtered and sold in that
city during the year 1822.
• Mr. Middloton [Aurinil'urc of Midtllcsex, p. fi+.l) estimates the ron.'siimption of animal fond in London,
exclusive of Hsh and poultry, at 2 >+ Mis. a \ear for every individual '. And he further estimates the total
average annual expense incurred by each inb.ibitant of the metropolis, for all sorts of animal food, at
8/. 8.V. : To make any comments on swell conelusions would bo worse than useless; but the fact of their
being met with in a work, othevwiso of considerable niei it, is one of the many proofs, every where to be
met with, of the low state of statistical know leilge in thir countrv.
M
CATTLK.
'2(}S
Iliitrlicr'a Mcnt iiokl in tliu Glniijiow Mnrkrt in IS'."?.
ve, a
nnbfi'
Paris
siimp-
ratlier
.267.)
(1 must
'St and
jortion
con-
in tlio
e sub-
n tliat
^oiidon,
he total
food, at
3f their
re to l)C
1 Hovnllv.
Suhurhi. 'I'lital.
nullocki
avcraue 'Vi etono, 407,H4H,
at 7*.
1 r.'.74ii
.V.
ii'.
£ .1. it
1, ■>,('"!•
1,;V.7
14,.-.tai
Calves
■,,1'.7
tiiO
h,;V<7
_
3il,».
1;,,40.'
12
Sheeii
IS.HlHi
H.d'Jt
.i;7,.i!0 _
—
»l,v.
r<-j<-M
LainlM
.Mt,t':4
!i,«i;i
ii,s,t;.'i7 j _
—
its.
SJII,."!'!!
2
u
Swine
.■.,H!"J
t)4(l
(i,.W!) —
—
'Ms.
(i,5ai
Total
i;;5,i:w
'20,1 id V
ljj,sii» :
242,799 10
Tallow, fi<\ lirtuuifiiig lo tketc Carcasses.
Bullocks
- H-,."iilli, averagioK ^ stone, .OOjitSl,
at
IS.
17:843
7
Hi.les
. H,.niii, — —
LUv.
2(I,.)!I2
8
1 leads and ollhts
- 14,<t>li, — —
H,v.
5,K2(i
8
()
Calf skins
- H,.'i:.7, — —
&.
H.').')
14
Sheep tallow
- .")■;,,■)'.'(), aveiagini; SJlbs., i.'()l,.J'.'(),
.
M.
4,1 '14
,!
4
Head,s ami offala
. H,.'.,')7, — —
\s. (Irf.
(I'M
l.'i
H
.Sheep skin>t
ItifiH), — —
U-. (i</.
4,.J14
(1
1)
He.id.s and oilUls
- .'■»7,.VJ0, — —
7rf.
l,t>77
i;5
4
I.anihsknis
. (iS..!.'i7, — —
U. M
4,'JH!I
Hi
.>
Heads and offals
- li8,(iJ7, — —
id.
1,14^1
lit
f;i,i7<i 4 :>
Total value of Tarcasscs, Tallow,
Hides, &c.
30,i,!l78 14 5
N'. ii. — The weight is esliniateil in this statement by the stone of Idlbs., eaeh of C'JJ oz. The ottiec of
hide-ni.speclor liaviii),' been .diolislied, there are no means of eonlinunij! this table to a later period; l)Ut
the relnrns ol the cattle n>M in the market at (;l.i-;,'<iw since 18-'J, show that the increase in the supply
of animal food has at least kept pace with the increase of population.
'I'liL' ])()|)iilati()n ()f(i]asf>()\v, wlieii tliis nccouiU, was taken, iimoiinted to 147,01;}, wliich
sliows tliat tlic t'()nsuin|>tion of Imtelier's meat in that city, is, as compared with its po-
))iilati()ii, hut little inferior to tliat of I.oiiilon. This statement, taivcii in connection
with the fact tliat, so late as 17()0, the sliiuj;liter of bullocks for the snpply of the jiublic
market was unknown in Ciliisgow, sets tlu wonderful improvement that has since taken
place in the food of the Scotch people in the most striking jioiiit tif view. I'revionsly to
1780 it was customary in (iiasgow, I'^dinhiiroh, and the i)rincipal .Scotch towns, for fa-
milies to piirciiase in November what would now he reckoned a small half-fed cow or ox,
the .salted carcase of which was the only butcher's meat they tasted throughout tlie year.
In the smaller towns and country districts this ]>ractice jirevailed till the present century ;
but it is now everywhere abandoned. We believe, indeed, that there has never been in
any country a nnn-e rapid increase in the (juantily, or a greater improvement in the quality
of the food brought to market, than has taken place in Scotland since 1770. In so far as
respects butcher's meat, this has been occasioned jiartly by the growing ninnbers and opu-
lence of all classes, and partly by the vast increase in the food of cattle consequent to the
introduction of green crojis, and of an improved system of cultivation. — (See liiiEAi). )
The introduction of steam navigation, and the imi)roved means of communication liy
rail-roads and otherwise, lias already had, and will, no doubt, continue to have, a ina-
terial influence over the supply of butcher's meat. Owing to the difficulty and expense
of their conveyance, cattle could not Ibrnierly be conveniently fattened at any very con-
siderable distance from the great markets ; but steam navigation has gone far to remove
this ditticulty. Instead of selling their cattle, lean or half-fed, lo the Norfolk graEJcrs,
by wliom they were fattened for the London market, the producers, in various districts
of Scotland, are now beginning to fatten them at homo, either sentling the live animals or
the carcasses by steam to London, Liverjiool, &c. This jiractice is indirectly as well as
directly advantageous to the farmer, inasmuch as it enables him to turn his green crops
to better account, and to raise larger su])plies of manure. The same practice is also
extending in Ireland ; and will, no doubt, spread itself over every part of the country
where feeding can be carried on, that has the required facility of transport.
Kxclusive of the cattle raised in Great Britain, wc import considerable supplies of beef and of live
cattle from Ireland.
Account of the number of Cows and Oxen, and of the quantities of Beef, imported into Great Britain
from Ireland, from 1)-()1 : —
1
Veari.
Oo««
and Oxen.
Beef.
Years.
(lows
and Oxen.
Beef.
Years.
Cows
nntl Oxen.
He«f.
No.
Burr eh.
A-...
lUtrrth.
No.
Durrth.
18(11
31,.043
58,') 11
1810
44,.-,r>'3
71,60.5
1818
58,165
80,587
1802
42,.'")0I
.'5!l,448
1811
(i7,(i8()
10S,'J82
1819
.52,176
7O,.0O4
1803
28,016
62,226
1812
79,122
1 14,,0O4
1820
39,014
52,591
1H04
1.0,646
.'•)9,;i4£;
1813
48,973
104,516
1821
26,725
a5,905
180.5
21,862
88,.'->19
1814
lfi,43."i
8,i,l(i2
18.2
34,ti.W
43,139
ISOfi
27,704
91,261
181.5
33,80;)
60,307
1823
46,351
()9,079
1807
2i5,2."i2
8.-,,2.';.5
1816
31.7.52
."9,49.5
18'-'4
(i2,314
54,810
18(J8
l;3,SI.58
88,366
1817
4.5,301
105,5.55
1825
G3,.519
C3,.5S7
L 1809
17,917
89,771
In 182.) the trade between Great Britain and Ireland was placed on the footing of a coasting trade, so
that there are no means of continuing this .-iccount to a later date ; but for some further particulars, the
re.nder is referred to Liverpool, art. Docks ; for an account of the sales of cattle at the gnat lair ot
Ballimisloe, see Fairs and Maiikfis.
S 4
Ml
■m
i
I
« .
i
;.? >.
:!<!
^1
):
1
Ml '. '
I i
I.
2f)l.
(AMAH. - CKDAIJ.
Sii .iJi.r i<f III- 1 t (if Citflf ill (I'rcit lirit liii. — Ii «(>nl(l, (ill ninny nccouiils, lie very
('fsiraMi- to Ito alilo fo tonii an ai-i'iiiMli- I'stiiiiafo ot" tin- ininilii'r and vahic of tlio stock
of cnttli- in (iroat Uiilain, and of tliu prdportion annually killiil and niadi' iisi- of; lint
owiiifi to till- lilllo alti'iition that lias ln't-n jiaid to Mich sniijrtts in this coimlry. whcro
pvcry sort of statistical knowlcd'/i" is at the very lowest clih, there are no means of ar-
riviiifj at aiiv conclnsioiis that can lie de|i'.n(U'd npoii. 'The followin}; di'tails may not,
liowever, he niiacceptahle.
Arthur Yoniif? has friveii, h<itli in hi'. iUislirn and Soithirii '/'mirs, estimates of the
luimher and value of tlie dilVerent descriptions of slock in l'-n;;laii(l. 'I'lie f^reatest dis-
crepancy, iinaceoiii|ianicd hy a sin^ile explanatory sentence, exists het«-ei.'H tlieiii; lint
there can he no donht that the followinj; estimate (^ I'.uslii-ii 'I'mir, vol. iv. ji. .I.jo'. ), tlionnh,
pcrhajis, rather under the mark, is iiiliiiilely nearer the truth than the other, which is
about twice ns ffreat : —
Number of Dr.iught c.ittle
Cows
rattiiif; rattle
Yoimt; citttlu
'icital
• (ISM'M
. 7H,.-M'.'
. !irj,(i.".(i
'J,sv2,illS
Now, taking this nnnilier at the round sum of ;!,0(H),(K)0, and addiiifi a third to it fof
the increase since 1770, and 1,10(),(K)0 for the number of cattle in .Scotland (Gviirral
Ui'imrt of Siiithiiid. iii. .hlilnnld, p. (,". ), we shall have .7,I()0,()()() as the total head of
cattle of all sorts lii (ireat lirilain. The common estimate is, that about a fhiirth part
of the entire stock is aimn.ally slanj^hlered ; which, adopfinjr die turefioiiifr statement,
gives 1,'J7.'»,000 liead for tlie supply of the kingdom; a result which all that we have
111 nrd inclines us to think is very near the mark.
Dr. Colipihoun estimated the total head of c.ittle in llngland and Wales only, in
1812, at ,')„';()0,000 ; but lie assigns no data for liis estimate, which is entitled to very
little attention.
Cnttli-(iftlicCiiiilhictil. — \M\rci\\'S\n\v\\\\^ lins Riven, in Iiin work on Kiiroppan Statistics, inililislied
at Slultnaid in IS'.'fi, an lu'count of tlie minilii'r cil' iKirned cadli', sIh'c|), swine, Sc , in must KiirDpcan
(•(iviiitries. In sn I'ar as rcspiits (lie llritisli cnipire, llie .stati'inenls arc ninstly cDpicd Irom rolipiliDun
and are ludicrously inexact I'crliaps, liowi'vcr, tliey may, mi mi far as regards the C'oiilinentnl states, be
belter entitled to credit. The fdllowint' are siiine of the iteni!, in bis Table : —
CountriM.
Cnllle,
Cc
Sweden and Norw.iv
.
'J,i:+7,IKi(l
Madcn
Russia
.
l|i,{i(i|i,( 01)
liavaria
Denmark
■
I.(»i7.llliO
Austria
Netherlands
'J,')0(l,(l(
I'laiire
Prussia
4,e7."i,7il'l
Spain
.S.ixonv
.
.■:4.'p,((iil
I'lntiisal
HaiiDvpr
7!H.i no
Switzerland
WirlemborR
-
7l.)()oo
Italy
Countries.
Cattle.
l,K!i:),7(KI
!i,!iii;, )(.'()
fi.liKl.iHW)
y,'.(i(i,(K)o
ti.'iO,000
KKI.OIKl
.'3,.'>(HI,(Hfl
On the whole the IJarnn estimates the neat or lidined catdp of Kurojip, inrluding (ho Rritish isle.--, lint
excluding Turkey, at 7<i,'J7U,ii7+. At best, however, this estimate can only lie idiisideied as a very
rough approxiinatiiin.
l.iitvs ns to Ciittlc. — No salesman, broker, or factor, emiiloyod in buying rattle for others, shall buy for
himself ill Loudon, or within (he bills ol niortalitv, on penalt\ ol ilouble the value of the cattle bought and
sold. — UJU.'iv, 2. e. 4(1.^
Cattle not to be driven on Sunday, on pcnal'y of -.'(Xv. — f.? Chn. 1. r. l.^
Any person unlawfully and maliciously killing, wounding, or maiming any rattle, shall be guilty of
felony, and, upon conviction, may be transporteil, at the discretion of the court, bevoiid seas for li(e, or
for any term not less than 7 years, or lie imprisoned for any term not exceeding 4 years, and kept to hard
labour ; and, if a male, may lie once, twice, or thrice publicly or privately whipped, if the court shall
think (it so to order — (7 .V 8 iiro 4 c. :i0.1
C.WIAll (Fr. Ciiviiir, Cariiil ; Ger. luiriar ; It. Ciiviiirio, Qiviiih ; Sp. Cuviario ;
Rus. I/trn ; lydt. Ciirinrliim), a substiuice jirepared in Russia, consisting of the salted rocs
of large fish. Tlie Uralian Cossacks arc celebrated for making excellent caviar. The best
is made of the roe of the sturgeon, ajijiears to consist entirely of the eggs, and does not
easily become fetid. This is luicked in small casks or kegs ; the inferior sort being in the
form of dry cakes. Caviar is highly esteemed in Russia, and considerable quantities are
exported to Italy. It is principally made of the sturgeon caught in the Wolga, in the
i:..Mghbourlioi)d of Astraclian. — (Sec Tunlu',! linssia, \>d cd. vol. iii. p. 345.)
CAYENNE PEPPER, oil GUINEA PEPI'ER. .Sec Cuii.uks.
CED.VR (Ger. Zedcr ; Du. Ciil<r ; I'r. Cidir ; It. and Sp. Cei/ro ; Rus. Kedr ;
Lat. Cednis). The cedar of Lebanon, or gre;it cedar (Piiiiis cednis), is famous in
Scripture ; it is a tall, majestic-loiiking tree. " Rehold," says the iiisjiircd writer, " the
Assyiian was a cedar in Lebaiion will: fi:ir I
ll■anclle^. an
1(1 v.-ith a shadowing shroud, and
i"
«
CKRTIFICAri:. — CIIALDHON.
'265
guilty of
li(e, or
to liiird
lirl sliull
ll bpfore
l)aynieiit
tiisatioii
tiliino ;
m rocs
lie best
kcs nut
liii the
pes are
lin tlie
\\xs in
" the
i, and
tif nil lii^jli stature; and kiis top was among the thick Iionphs. His height was exalted
iihove nil the treis of thi- fii'hi, and liis houghs wt-re nndtipliiil, nnd his brandies beeanic
Ion". 'I'iie (ir treis were not like his l)onglis, nnd the ehistniit trers were not like \m
lirinielu's ; nor any tree in the gar»len of (iod wiis like onto him in beauty." —
{ t'.zihiii, xxxi. :J. ,'i. H ) 'Ihe ie(lar giows to a viry great si/e. The timbir Is resinous,
lias n peenliar and powirfid odonr, a slightly liiller laslis a rieh yillowish brown colour,
ind is not subjeil to the worm. Its durability is very gnat ; and it was on this account
(/iro/itcr iiliriiiliitnii, A ilrnvins, lib. ii. § <). ) einployeii in the construction of temples,
and other pul)lie buildings, in the formation of the 'tatues of the gods, and as tablets for
writing upon. In the time of Vitruvius, cedars were principally jnoduced in Crete,
Africa, and vome |)arts of Syria. — ( l.tir. lit.) Very few are now found on Lebanon;
but some of tliosc that still remain are of innneiisc bulk, and in the highest preservation.
Cedar exceeds the oak in toughness, but is very inferior to it in strength and sfiHiiess.
.Sonie very (ine cedars have been inoduced in Kngland.
There are several other kinds of tind)er that .ue usually called cedar: thus, a si)e;'ie!r
of cypress is called white cedar in America ; and the cedar used by the Japanese for
building bridges, ships, houses, fn:, is a kind of cypress, which 'l'huid)erg describes as
a beautiful wood, that lasts long without decay. 'l\v Jiiiiipvriis oj-t/nilnis is a native of
Spain, the south of France, and the Levant ; it i-. usually called the brown l)erricd
cedar. The ISernnidian cedar ( .A/////»'r«.v Jd rmiiiliinia), n native of the Hernnida and
Bahama islands, is imother si)ecies that ))roduces valuable timber for many jjurposes ;
such as internal joiners' work, furniture, and the like. The red cedar, so well known
from its being used in making black-lead pencils, is |)r(>dnced by the Virginian cedar
(Jiiiiijirnis I'in/iiiiiiiui ), a n.';tive of Norlli America, the AVest Lulia islands, and Ja])an.
The tree seldom exceeds ■l.'i feet in lieight. The wood is very durable, and, like the
cedar of Lebanon, is not attacked by worms. It is employed in various ways, l)ut
]n'incipidly in the manuliicture of drawers, wardrobes, &c., and as a cover to pencils.
The intern.'d wood is of a dark red colour, and has a very strong odour. It is of a
nearly uniform textiu*e, l)rittle, and light. — (See 'J'ridi/o/fru I'riiu-ipUn of Citrpcntri/ ;
l.ili, of luitirtuhiiiiij KiKiirhifi/i; I'l'i/pf. Siihstiiiict'S ; licrs's Ci/rlnp., §•('.)
'I'lic duty on rcd.ir {'.7 Kl.v a ton rrciii a forcigncountry, and l(l.«. from a Hritisli possession) prodiiccJ
2,.")Hi/. I!'*.ll(/. ill 1,S.;.'. Its price in bond varies Iroiii (i</. to !W. a loot.
CKIl IT ITCA TLS, in the customs. No goods can be exported by certificate, cx-
ce])t foreign goods formerly imported, on which the whole or a jiart of the cnstonis paid
on im|)ortation is to be (Irawn back. 'i'lie manner of i)rocee(ling is regidated by the
•T 1*1 'I Will. 1. c. 52. § f>8, ^c. The person intending to enter outwards such goods, is
to deliver to the collector or comjitroller of the pcn't where the goods were imported or
warelumsed, two or more hills, specifying the particidars of the importation of sucli
g'lotls, and of the entry outwards intended to be made; and the ofHcers, if they find
suth bills to agree with the entry inwards, are to issue a rertijicatv of such entry, with
'J ,)articulars necessary for the eominitation of the drawback upon the goods, the
names of the person and shi]) by whom and in which the goods are to be exported, &c.
The merchant then enters the goods outwards, as in the common way of exportation,
'i'he cocket granted n])on this occasion is called a virtijicuie cochvt, and differs a little in
form frorti common over-sea cockets. Notice of the time of shipiiing is to be given to
the searcher. Some time after the dejiarlin-e of the vessel, the exporter may apply for
the drawback. The collector and comptroller then make out on a proper stamp a de-
benture, containing a distinct narration of the transaction, with the exporter's or mer-
vhant's oath that the goods are really and tridy exported beyond seas, and not relandcd,
nor intended to be relanded ; and also with the searcher's certificate of the quantity
and quality of the goods at the time of shipping. The debenture being thus duly made
out and sworn to, the duties to be repaid are indorsed, the merchant's receipt taken below,
and the money jiaid.
Ccrtifivdfi's of oiit/hi, sid)scribcd by the proper officers of the places where the goods
were shipped, are retpiired, to entitle the importers of sugar, coffee, cocoa, and spirits,
from any British plantation, to get them entered as such. A similar certificate is
required in the case of blubber — (see Blibbkk) ; ;md in the case of wine from the
Cape of Good Hope ; and sugar from the limits of the East India Company's charter,
&c. — (See Imi'outation and Exportation.)
CHAIN, //( siirvei/iiii/, a measure of length, composed of a cert.iin nnmhijr of links
made of iron wire, serving to take the distance between two or more places. Gunter's
chain contains 100 such links, each measuring 7-f^jj inches, consequently equal to 66 feet,
or 4 poles.
CHALDRON, a dry English measm-e. HG coal bushels make a chaldron, and
21 chaldrons a score. The coal bushel is 19^ inches wide from the outside, and
8 inches deep. It contains 'J,'J 17 -fi cubic inches; hut when heaped, iJ,815-5, making
the chaldron 5R-()j cubic feet. There are I'J sacks of coal in a chaldron; and if
ll
'266
CllA^.lDER OF COMMERCE. — CHARLESTON.
V
(
y
1
\
1
^ '
I 4
*■
y. :jidti
i^:.
5 chaldrons !)e prrcl"i>;c(l at the same time, the seller nuist deliver 6'i sacks: the
3 Siicks additional are called the in;iruin. Hut coals are now sold in London; and
almost everywhere else, by liie ton of 'JO cwt. avoirdupois. The Newcastle chaldron of
coals is 5;? cwt., and is just double the I^oiidon chaidroii. — (See Coal.)
CHAMBER OF ('OMMEIICF, is an assembly of merchants and traders, where
affairs relating to trade are treated of. There are several establishments of this sort in
most of the cliief cities of Fraiice ; and in this country, chambers of this kind have been
erected for various purposes.
CnAM«!:ii OF Assurance, in France, denotes a society of merchants and others for
carrying on the business of insurance ; but in Holland it signifies a court of justice,
•where causes relating to insurances are tried.
CHAMPAGNE, one of the most esteemed and celebrated of the French wines.
See Wink.
CHANKS, oil CHANK SHELLS, common conch shells, are fished up by divers
in the Gulf of Manar, on he coast opposite Jatfnajiatam, in Ceylon, in about 2 fathoms
water ; and at Travancore, Tuticoreen, and other jjlaces. Large fossil beds of cnanks
have also been found. They are of a spiral form, and form a considerable article of
trade in India, where they Jac in extensive demand all over the country. They are
sawn into narrow rings or bracelets, and are worn as ornaments for the arms, legs, fin-
gers, &c. by the Hi'uloo women ; many of tliein are also buried with the bodies of
opulent and distinguished persons. Those which, from being taken with the fish, are
called green chanks, are most in demand. The white ehank, which is the shell thrown
upon the beach by strong tides, having lost its gloss and consistency, is not worth the
freight up to Calcutt.i. The value of the green chaiik depends upon its size. A chank
opening to the right, called in Calcutta the right-handed chank, is so highly prized, as
sometimes to sell for 4(X), or 500, or even 1,000 ru))ees. — (^Bell's Commerce of Bengal,
and private cmtmmnieittions. )
The fishery of clianks is monopolised by government, who most commonly let t'.,e
br.nks for about 4,000/. a year. Sometimes, however, they are fished by the servants of
government on its account. But as the fishermen of the coast- and those belonging to
the little islands where they are found, cannot be prevented from taking chanks, the
better plan, as it appears to us, would be tc give every one leave to fish them ■ but to
lay a somewhat heavier duty on their exportation. We have been assured by those well
acquainted with the circumstances, that this would be advantageous to all parties, but
especially to governim. it. We have beard that an arrangement of this sort has re-
cently )• -en made, but we have not learned anything positive respecting it.
CHAllCOAL ( Fr. Charimn de hois; Ger. Heine Kohle ; It. Corbone di legnn ;
Sp. Carbon de lena ; Lat. Carho lii/ni), a sort of artiiicial coal, consisting of wood
burned with as little exposure to the action of the air as i)ossible. <* It was customary
among the ancients to char the outside of tiiose stakes which were to be driven into the
ground, or placed in water, in order to preserve the ■. ood from spoiling. New-made
r''arcoal, by l)eing rolled uj) in clothes which have contracted a disagreeable odour,
effectually destroys it. When boiled with meat beginning to putrefy, it takes away the
bad taint : it is, perhaps, the best tooth-powder known. When ])utrid water at sea is
mixed with about ^ of its weight of charcoal powder, it is rendered ipiite fresh ;
and a much smaller quantity of charcoal will serve, if the jirecaution be taken to add a
little sulphuric acid previously to the water If the water ■ isks be charred before they
are filled with water, the liquid rennins good in them for years : this precaution ought
always to be taken for long sea voyages. The same precaution, when attended to
for wine casks, will be found very "iuch to improve the quality of the wine." — ( Thom-
sons Chemistry. )
CHA WLESTON, a city and sea-port of the United States, in South Carolina, in
lat. 32^ 47' N., long. 79' 48' W. Population in 1830, including the suburbs, 40,300.
The situation of '' liarleston has a {■ ••\ deal of resemblance to that of New York, being
built on a point of land between the Ashley and ('ooper rivers, at tiieir point of coii-
flucnce. The exports principally consist of cotton and rice (particularly the former),
wliich are the staple products of the state. There are a i'nw other articles exported,
such as naval stores, iiams, bacon, &c., but their value is quite inconsiderable. All the
cotton sent from Soiitli Carolina to foreign countries is shipped at Charleston. In
1831-3'J, the exjiorts are sai(' to have amounted to lSii,GL'8 bales, ot .. :.; '.8,()83
were for Great Britain.* The value of tlie cotton exported In 1831 amounted, according
to the cuslomhoi.ise valuation, to 1,88,';, 131 dollars, and that of the rice to l,'J18,8.'jf) do.
But exclusive jf the exports to foreign countries, South Carolina sends a great deal of
cotton and ri 'c to other ports of the Union. The shipments of cottop. coastwise in
• This 8t.itcttioi!t is t:iki'n I'lDin an American papof, and is believed to he nearly arcnrnte, but it is
iiut (illlcinl.
N ?j!
CHART.
267
rolina, in
I, 40,1500.
|rk, being
of CO!.-
formor),
L'xported,
All the
Itun. In
•8,(>8;5
Lccording
V,H5'.) do.
|t deal of
btwise in
[, but it is
1831-32 WLMo estimated at about 43,000 !)ale.s. Tlio imports from foreign countries
principally consist of cottons, woollens and linens, hardware, iron and steel, cofTee,
sugar, tea, wine, spices, &c. The greater part of the imports do not, however, come
from abroad, l)ut from the northern and middle states. The former supply her with
fish, shoes, and all sorts of coarse manufactured goods for the use of the slave population;
while the latter sui)i)ly her with wheat. Hour, &e. Most i)art of the imports of foreign
produce are also broutiht at second-hand from New York, which occupies the same rank
in the Union that Liverpool and London do in Great IJrituin. There were, in 1830,
5 banks in this city, including the branch of the United States Hank, with an ag-
gregate cai)ital of 1,97.5,000 dollars ; the total dividends for the same year amounted
to 317,000 dollars ; being at the rate of fi'371 per cent. There were also 2 marine in-
surance comiianies, having a capital of 750,000 dollars. — (Statement bij J. II. GoddanI,
Esq., Nfw York IJiiili/ .Idvertisur, 'j;)th of .January, 1831.) The registered, enrolled,
and licensed tonnage belonging to Charleston, in 1831, amounted to 13,008 tons, of
which 7,1 ''7 tons were employed in the coasting trade. The total value of the articles
imported into South Carolina, in the year ending-30th of September, 1832, was 1,213,725
dollars; the total value of the exports during the same year being 7,752,781 dollars. —
(Papers laid before Coni/ress, Ijtli of February, 1833.) In South Carolina, the dollar
is worth 4,s-. Hd. currency; so that 1/. sterling = 1/. Os. S^d. currency. Weights and
Measures same as in England. — (For further details, see New York.)
Port. — Charleston harbour is spacious and "Convenient ; but the entrance to it is incommoded by a range
of sand-banks, stretching from Sullivan's Island on the north to Folly Island on the south, al)out 2^
leagues. There are several channels tlirougli these hanks, out only three, the middle or direct channel,
the shi|) channel, and I.awlbrd channel, between the latter and the mainland, that ought to be attempted
by fhips of considerable burueii. The entrance to the ship chaniie! is in lat. iViP KC. The depth of water
on the shallowest part of the bar at ebb tide is Iti feet, and at Hood from 17 to IH feet ; whilst the depth in
the middle chaniul at low water does not exceed U feet, and in Lawlord channel it dors not exceed 10 or
11 feet. A lighthouse has been erected on the south point of Lighthouse Island, bearing from the middle
of the bar of the ship channel VV. N. W.J N. It is HO feet hitih, having a revolving light, alternately
brilliant and obscure, the period of ob.'icuration being double that of brdlianry ; but on approaching the
light, the latter gains upon tlie former, and within IJ league it is never wholly dark. The light may be
seen in line weather at (rom ;3 to i leagues oflt: After getting into the chaimel, which is marked by the
breakers and buoys on eacli side, the proper course for a ship to- steer is to bruig the lighthouse to'liear
WW. by W., and stand direct for it till you get withiji the banks, when the course is N. by \V.
!<ut it is unnecessary to enter into further details on these points, as all shins entering Charleston harbour
are bound, provided they are hailed by a licensed pilot oft' the bar, to pay him full pilotage fees whether
they aciept his services or not. In pouit of fact, however, they are always accepted ; for the shifting
of tile sands, the influence of the tides, &<•. render the entrance .so ditticidt to those not perfectly familiar
with it, that even the packet ships that Si'il regularly to and from New York uniformly heavc-to without
the bar for a pilot. — (See I'lan of Chaileston Harbour, reduced from the origuial survey of Major
H. liache.)
Sliips usually moor alongside (juaysor wharfs, where they -"re in perfect safety.
lifUes of fi>mmtssit>n. — Tlie rates of commission or factorage
usually rtiiir,'^'<i am! allowed at Ch.irleston on transactii^f; ^'*"-
ferent ?.t)rts ot'lul.silll.•^s, are as follows, viz.—
for scllirif; iloniestic iirodure, '2J per cent.
Tor sellii ti ibrt'-pi mercliandize, .'» uer cent.
For guaranteeini; eittier of these sales, '.ii percent, additional
is commonly allowed.
For initcti.isiim with funils in hand, or drawing domestic bills
tor reimliursement, V.^ percent.
For purclia-^iitf; uo<h1s ami drawing foreign bills for reimburse-
mcilt, .'i per cent, is charyetl.
For the sale of real or fiersoiiHl estate, the reRUl.ir charge is
i per cent. ; iiut wlierelhe property to lie sold is of any con-
sioeralile value, the parties in general enter into an ngree-
' .. - t .. . a,ij a iiju^-ii lower rate of commission is
Sliipj-iii^ Chttrfze^,— Thi.' charges of a public nature paid by
shins enteiing tiiis port dr.Ier liut little in amount on a native
and a foreign ship. On a vessel supposed to be of ,"1HI tons
burden, entering, unlo.idini;, taking on board a mixed cargo,
and clearing out, they would be as under . —
iMUiirs.CfnIS. I" .». <'■
H
Fep on entry at tlie tiistomhnuse
, on a fiiri'ij,'!! ^liip
on a native ship
'i
till
or (1 11
ft
(HI
. 1 1
,T
(HI
. (1 !•>
•i
(Kl
■ (1 H
III
m
- 2 'U
3
M
■ 11
2
7(1
- 11
'U
11} (N)
1 (K)
10 1.1 Ci
(J 4 ^
on onin-
t^urvesnr's ft'
iJitto,
Ilarhour-nia^ter's f . e
Vort wardt'n'n survey, ulun required •
I'Ves on riearniu i at tho customhouse, \
of a native «hip
I>itto, of a foreign :,hip
Tilota^'e inwards and initw.iffls, sup- |
jnisini; the shin to draw 11 ft. water J
W !i.\rtaf;e, in-r iiiein ...
The ditU'rence in the fees on the rli-arance at the Custotn
house of a native aiid a hiret^n ship, im owin^ tn iht* former
hfin;; ohlii^ud to ^tve certaUi honds whii-h are not requireil of
the lattt-r.
The ^nator or Mnaller tonnage of the ship makes no dif-
ference lurniiv of the ahove t■h.lr^;t'^, ex:'ept that of pilotayc,
Hlnch is in proportion tti hir draft of water, and is tne same
whether for a fi)reijin or a native ship.
th'l'tirfiiris j'rom Citiirlistitn^ — The following is
An Arcnunt of tV.e NuintH.'r of Ships, with a Snerificaiion of
thtir 'I'onnaffe, and the ('ountrie> to which tliey Iwlonj^ed,
th It rli-ared from (h.irlesion ftir Foreign Ports during each
of the 1 Iiree \ earN ending with 1H31 : —
Nation.
IS'^'.I.
is.-o.
IS.TI.
\Ms. 'fons.
Vsls.
Tons.
Vsls.
Tons. 1
Hritish
,').', , pi.n.-i'^
.'il
Ki.ViO
'11
2(i,(i.11 .
I'niled States
'i.'iS (il.TS.T
Wl
li 1,7-12
lS(i
"l,1,.-(!!l
Frerch
•n i ,'.,isi
11
'i,777
fi
l.HIS
Siianisli
Ifreinen
r> vio
u
1,1 ("i
27
'i,ti71 :
z 1 SU
,•<
S7K
,T
.171
Dutch
1 lu.l
Hanish
1 1 4.', : 1
IM
1
ViJ.
Total
.11.1 .S7,7S.-. M'l
S.'i,S72 .11 1
7.^,015
ment heforehuiul
allowetl.
Cfxarges on Hice and Cotton thippc I at Charleston*
Cents.
Drajage, wharfage, &c.
Cooperage
On cotton tlic (harges are —
On "itju.ire luih's,
Hrayage, whirfage, he.
Labour, mending ba^gmg, &c.
- is3
per barrel,
ditto.
Total .11
cents per barrel.
Centt.
- 10
- 10
per bale,
ditto.
Total 20
cents per bale.
CViit*
- 10
- \r.
per bale,
ditto.
On rouiul bales or biv^,
Dray.ige, wliarl.ige, 4ic.
Labour, mi'iulin^' b.ii^ging, he.
Total 2.', cents per bale.
For commission, see above.
These fiarticnlars have been principally derived from the
answers made by the Consul at Charlestiin, to the circular
(ineries ; nnswers'wliich do great credit to his intelligence ami
industry.
CHART (Ger. Seekarten; Du. Zeekarten ; Fr. Cartes mnrires; It. Carte marine;
Sp. and Port. Cartas dc marear) is properly applied to a iJiojection of some j)art of the
sea, as the terir M<ip is to a portion of the land ; wherefore eliarts are sometimes de-
Jiominated " Hydrofriaphical Maps." They are distinguished into several kind-s as plain,
globular, and ^Icrcator charts.
>■ i \\
ni
1 ■ ■■ ^i
Kff!;
HIBI
26S
CHARTERPART^
'),
Pi
fi'lJ
CII AllTElll'AllTY, the name given to a contract in M'l-itiiifj, between the owner
or master of a ship and tlie (Vcighter, l)y win'eh'the former liires or lets tlie sliip, or a
jiart of the sliip, under certiin speeified conditions, for the conveyance of tlie j^oods of
the freifjliter to some j)articular jihice or phices. CJenerally, liowever, a charterparty is
n contract for the use of the whole ship : it is in commercial law, what an indenture is
at common law.
No precise form of words, or set of stipulations, is requisite in a cliarterjjarty. The
forms subjoined to this article are those most commonly in use ; but these may, and,
indeed, in many cases must, be varied, to suit the views and intentions of the parties,
A charterparty is fjenerally under seal : but sometimes a printed or written instru-
ment is signed by the jjarties, called a mcmordndnm of n c/i(i>icrparti/ ; and this, if a
formal charterparty be not afterwards executed, is binding. The stamp in either case is
the same,
Charterparties, when ships are let or hired at the place of the owners' residence, arc
generally executed by them, or some of them ; but when the ship is in a foreign port, it
must necessarily be executed by the master, and the merchant or his agent, unless the
owners have an agent in such port, having proper authority to act for them in such
matters.
A charterparty made by the master in his name, when he is in a foreign jiort in tlie
usual course of the ship's employment, and, therefore, under circumstances which do not
afford evidence of fraud ; or when it is made by him at home, under circumstances which
afford evidence of the exjiressed or iin|)lied assent of the owners; is binding upon the
latter. But, according to the law of England, no dinrt action can be maintained u|)on
the instrument itself iigainst the owners, unless it be signed and sealed liy them, or unless
they authorise the master (or agent, as the case may be) to enter into the contract, and
imless it be distinctly expressed in the charterparty that he acts only as agent.
When a ship "s chaptered by several owners to several iiersons, the charterjiarty slundd
be executed by ea?h, or >'liey will not be liable to an action for non|)crforniance. But
if the charterparty be not expressed to be made between the ])arties, but runs thus —
•' This charterparty indented witnesseth, that C, master of the ship W,, with consent of
A. and B., the owners thereof, lets the ship to freight to E. and F.," and the instrument
contains covenants by F,. and F. to and with A. and B, ; in this case A, and B, may
bring an action upon the covenants ex))ressed to lie made with them ; but unless they
seal the deed, they cannot be sued upon it. This, therefore, is a very proper form.
The general rule of law adojited in the construction of this, as of other mercantile in-
struments, is, that the interpretation should be liberal, agreeable to the real intention of
the parties, and conformable to the usage of trade in general, and of the particular trade
to which the contract relates.
The charterparty usu.^lly expresses the burden of the ship; and by tlie famous French
Ordinance of 1681, it is required to do so. According to Molloy (book ii. c. 4. § 8.),
if a ship be freighted by the ton, and found of less burden than expressed, the payment
shall be only for the real burden; and if a ship be freighted for 'JOO tons, or t/in-enhoiits,
the addition of thereabouts (says the same author) is commonly reduced to five tons more
or less; but it is now usual to say so many tons " register measurement."
The usual covenant, that the ship shall be seaworthy, and in a condition to carry the
goods, binds the owners to jirepare and complete every thing to connnence and fulfil the
voyage. But though the charteriiarty contained no such covenant, the owner of the
vessel would be, at common law, bound, as a carrier, to take care that the shij) should be
fit to perforin the voyage; and even though he should give notice, limiting his responsi-
bility from losses occasioned to any cargo put on board his vessel, unless such loss should
arise from want of ordinary care, &c., he would be liable if his ship were not seaworthy.
• — (Sec SKAWoiirnY, )
In all maritime transactions, ex))edition is of the utmost consetpience ; for even by a
short delay, the object or season of a voyage may be lost ; and therefore, if either party
lie not ready by the time appointed for the loading of the shi)), the other may seek another
ship or cargo, and bring an action to recover the damages he has sustained.
The manner in which the owner is to lade the cargo is, for the most jiart, regulated
by the custom and usage of the jilace where he is to lade it, unless there be any exjiress
stipulation in the charterparty with resiiect to it. (Jenerally, however, the owner is
bound to arrange the different articles of the cargo in the most jirojier manner, and to
take the greatest care of them. If a cask be accidentally staved, in letting it down into
the hold of the ship, the master must answer for the loss.
If the owner covenants to load a full and comjilete cargo, the master im'"t take as
nuich on board as he can do with safely, and without injury to the vessel.
The master must not take on board any etinlrabaiid goods, whereby the ship or cargo
may be liiible to forfeiture and detentiini ; nor must he take onboard any false or colour-
able papers; but he must take and keep on board all the p'lpers and documents requiied
31
3
f
CHARTER PARTY.
269
Tlic
rench
8.).
'inciit
iboiits,
more
by a
party
other
ihited
press
lier is
\u\ to
into
<e as
frargo
llour-
liiifd
1
for the protection and nianires.atioii of tlie <.liip and oarfjo by the law of the countries
from and to whicli tlie sliip is bound, by tlie l.iw of nations in general, or by any treaties
between particular statis.
If the master receive jtoods at the (juay or iieaeli, or send his boat for tliem, liis re-
sponsibility eonnuenees with th«' receipt in the jjort of London. With respect to goods
intended to be sent coastwise, it has been held, tliat the responsibility of the wharfinger
ceases by the delivery of them to the mate of the vessel »/jo« the whurf. As soon as he
receives the goods, the master must provide adcipiate means for their protection and
security ; for even if the crew be overiiowcred by a superior force, and the goods taken
while the ship is in a port or river within the country, the master and owners are liable
for the loss, though they may have connnitted neither fraud nor fault. This may seem
a harsh rule ; but it is necessary, to put down attempts at collusive or fraudulent com-
binations.
The master must, according to the terms of the charterparty, commence tlie voyage
witlioMt delay, as soon as the weather is favourable, but not otherwise.
Sometimes it is covenanted and agreed upon between the parties, that a specified
number of days shall be allowed for loading and unloading, and that it shall be lawful
for the freighter to detain the vc:,sel a further si)ecified time, on payment of a daily sum
as ilemiiri-(it/e. — (See 1)k.miiiiiac;i;. ) If the vessel be detained beyond both periods, the
freighter is liable to an aetinn on the contract. The rate of demurrage mentioned in the
charterparty will, in general, be the me isure of tlie damages to be paid ; but it is not the
absolute or necessary measure ; more or less may be piiyable, as justice may require,
regard being had to the expense and loss ineiu-red by the owner. When the time is thus
cx()ressly ascertained and limited l)y the terms of the contract, the freighter is liable to
an action for damages if the thing be not done within the time, althoitijh this may nut be
atliiliiit(il)le ti) (inij fiinlt or omission on his purt ; for he has engaged that it shall be done.
— {Abbott on the Law of Shi/ijiin;/, part iii. c. 1.)
If there has been any undertaking or warranty to sail with convoy, the vessel must
rei)air to the place of rendezvous for that (jurpose ; and if the master neglect to proceed
with convoy, he will be answerable for all losses that may arise from the want of it.
Tiie owners or master should sail with the ship for the place of her destination with
all due diligence, and by the usual or sliortest coiuse. unless in cases of convoy, which
the master must follow as far as ))ossil)lc. Sometimes the course is pointed out in the
charterparty. A deviation from the usual course may be justified for the purpose of re-
pairs, or for iivoidiiig an enemy or the perils of the seas, as well as by the sickness of the
master or mariners, ami the mutiny of the crew.
By an exception in the cliarteriiarfy, not to l)c liable for injuries arising from the act
of (jod and the king's enemies, the owner or master is not responsible for any itijury
arising from the sea or the winds, unless it was in his power to prevent it, or it was iK'ca-
sioned by his im))ru(le:ice or gross neglect. '' The <picstion," said Lord Mansfield, in
an action brought by the Last India Comiiany, " is, whether the owners are to pay for
the damage occasioned by the storm, the act of God ; and this must be determined by
the intention of the jjarties, and the r.;',ture of the contract. It is a charter of freight.
The owners let their ships to hire, ai.d there never was an idea that they insure the cargo
against the perils of the sea. W hat are the obligations of the owners which arise out of
the fair cdiistruction (if the eliarterpaity ? Why, that they shall be liable for damages
incurred by their own fault, or that of liieir servants, as from defects in the ship, or im-
j)ro|)er stowage, ^c. If they were liable I'or damages occasioned by storms, they would
become insurers." The House of Lords confirmed this doctrine by deciding (iiOth of
IMay, 1TH8) that the owner is not liable to make satisfaction for damage done to goods
by storm.
The charterer of a ship may lade it either with his own goods, or, if he have not sufli-
cient, may take in the grods of oth.er ])ersons, or (if not prevented by a clause to that
cfT'eet in the charterparty) he n ay wholly underlet the ship to another. — (For further
details, see Ahbott on the Law of Shifijiini/, ])art iii. c. 1. ; Chitti/^s Commercial Law, vol. iii.
c. 9, i*ve. ; and the articles IJii.i. of Lading, Fukiciit, Master, &c. in this Dictionary.)
Forms of Charterparties.
The following is one of the most usual forms of a charterparty : —
Tins cliartprimrtv, indoiitril, mailc, i^c, liotwcen A. B., &c., mariner, master, and owner, of the k"<'<I
eliipor vc<stl, called, Ac, now riding at aiu-lior, \c., oltlic burthen of 2(H) tons, or thereuliouts.of tlie one
part, and C. I), of, \f., mcrcliaiit, of the other part, witnessetli, that the said A. n., tor the consideration
hcreinifler inentioiied. hiitli granted, and to Ireinht leften, and l)y these prfjents doth (jraiit, and to
freight let, nntu the said ('. I) , his exenilors, adnnnistrators, and assigns, the whole tcniiage of ilic hold,
ttein-sheets, aod hali-ilcek o: tlwsaid >hip(ir vessel, railed, ^e., from lhe| ort of London, to, \e ,ina vo\ngo
to he made liy the said A 1!. with the saitl ship, in manner hereinalter nienlionid, (iliat is sav,^ to' fail
with the tirst fair wind ami weather that shall h:>ppen alter, Ac. next, Iriiin tl e port c r I ondi.n, wiih tho
goods anil mercliandise of the .s.iiil C. 1) , his faitnrs or assign.*, on 1 iiard, to, \c. ale r(«:ii<l, tlciefof
(iod, the king-! (iiiiuies lire, aid all and eveiy oilier dangers and aeiidei.tsof the Mas, ii\eis, and navi.
14*
i
Biui
i
270
CHARTERPARTY.
I
/»i
gation, of whatever nature ami kind, in so far as ships are linlile thereto, lUiring the said voyage always
excepteil,) anil there unlade and niai<e discharge of the said goods ami niereliandises ; and also shall thcr?
take into and on board the said sliip axain, the goods ami nierdiandiaos of the said ('. 1)., his factors or
assigns, and shall then return to the port ot London wiih the saiil goods, in the sp.'.ce of, vc. limited for
the end of the said voyage. In consideration whereof, the said C. 1), for himself, his executors, and
administrators, doth covenant, promise, and grant, to and with the said A. IJ., his exvi'utors, aiiininis.
trators, or assigns, by these presents, that the said C. 1)., his executors, admiiiistratorb, tailors, or assigns,
shall and will well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, unto the said A. U., his executors, administrators,
or assigns, for the freight of the said ship and goods, the sum of, He. ^or so much per ton,) within twenty-
one days after the said ship arrive<l, and goods returned, and discharged at tlie port ot Loiulon afiire.-aid,
for the end of the said voyage ; and also shall and will pay for demurrage, (if any shall be by default of
him, the said C. D., his factors or assigns,) the sum of, He. per day, daily, and every day, as the same shall
grow due. And the said A. B., for himself, his executors, and administrators, doth covenant, promise,
and grant, to and with the said C, 1)., his executors, administrators, and assigns, liy these presents, that
the said ship or vessel shall he ready at the port of London to take in goods by the said t". 1)., on or before,
&c. next coming. And the said C. IX, lor himselt, his, \e., doth coveu.int and jiromise, within ten days
after the said ship or vessel shall be thus readv, to have his goods on board the said ship, to proceed on in
the said voyage ; and also, on arrival of the said ship at, iVe., within, \:c. days to have his goods ready to
put on board the said ship, to return on the said voyage. And the said A. B., for himself, his exeiutors,
and administrators, doth further covenant and grant, to and with the said V. I)., his executo>-s, adminis-
trators, and assigns, that the said ship or vessel now is, and at all times during the voyage shall be, to the
best endeavours of him, the said A. IJ., his executors and administrators, and at his and their own
proper costs and charges, in all things made and kept still', staunch, strong, well-ap|)arelled, furnished,
and provided, .is well with men and mariners suHicieiit and al)le to sail, guide, and govern the said ship,
as with all manner of rigging, boats, tackle, and apparel, furniture, provision, and appurtenances, fitting
and necessary for the said men and mariners, and for the said ship during the voyage aforesaid. In
witness, &c.
The great variety of circumstances under wliich different voyages are made produce a
corresponding diversity in charterparties. The charterjiarty of which the following is a
copy affords a good exainple of the more complex species of these instruments.
It is this day mutually agreed between Mr. T. B. Uann, owner of the good ship or vessel called the
Mermaid, William Hcnniker, master, of the measurement of +7'J tons, or therealiouts, now in the river
Thames, and Mr. David Thomson, of the firm of Messrs. Thomson, Passmore, and Thomson, of Mauritius,
merchants, that the said ship, being tight, staunch, and strong, and every way litted for the voyage, shall
with all convenient speed, sail and proceed to Calcutta, with leave to take convicts out to New South
Wales, and from thence troops, merchandise, or passengers, to the aforementioned port of Calcutta, with
leave to touch at Madras on her way thither, if required on owner's account, or so near thereunto as she
may safely get, and there load, from the factors of the said merchants at Calcutta, a full and complete
cargo of rice, or any other lawful goods whiih the charterer engages to ship, and proceed with the same
to Port Louis, in the Isle of France, and deliver the same free of freight ; afterwards load there a full
and complete cargo of sugar in bags, or other lawful merchandise of as favouraOle tonnage, which the
charterer engages to ship, not exceeding what she can reasonably stow and carry over and above her
tackle, apparel, provisions, and furnituie ; and, being so loaded, shall therewith proiued to London, or so
near thereunto as she may sately get, and deliver the same on being paid freight, viz. for such quantity
of sugar equal to the actual quaiitity of rice, or other goods, that may be shipped at Calcutta, at the rate
of 5/. li.f. (W. per ton of i!(i cwt. nett, shipped there ; and should the vessel deliver more nett sugar in the
port of London than the quantity of rice, or other goods, actually shipped in Calcutta, the owners to be
paid on the exce-s at the regular current rate of Height for sugar which other vessels, loading at the
same time at Port Louis, receive ; the tonnage of the rice, wheat, or gram, to iie reckoned at i!()cwt. nett
per ton ; that of other goods at the usual measurement ^the act of (iod, the king's enemies, tire, and all
and every other-dangers and accidents of the as, rivers, and navigation, of whatever nature and kind
soever, during the said voyage, always excepted). The freight to be jiaid on unloading and right delivery
of the cargo, as is customary in the port of London. Ninety rnnning days are to be allowed the said
merchant (if the ship is not sooner despatched! for loading the ship at Calcutta, discharging the cargo at
Port Louis, and loading the cargo there; the said laydays to commence on the vessel being rcjdy to
receive cargo, the master giving notice in writing of the same at Calcutta, and to continue during'the
loading there ; and from the time of her arrival at Port i^ouis, and being ready to discharge, till the final
loading at that port, and to be discharged in the port of London with all possible de-patch ; and 'Jll days
on demurrage over and above the said laying days, at I'J/. per day. Penalty for nonperformance of this
agreement, 4,(X)0/. The cargo to be brought to and taken from alongside at the expense and risk of
the merchants. The necessary cash for the di,sbursements of the vessel at Calcutta, not exceeding o50/.,
to be advanced by the charterer's agents; they taking the master's drafts on the owner for the s.inic, at
the regular current rate of exchange, and at three months' sight ; and if the said bills he not regularly
accepted and paid when due, the same to be deducted from the freight payable by this charterparty. The
vessel to be disbursed at Port Louis by the chartering agents ; sum not to exceed :'jW/., free of commission ;
and the amount to be deducted from the freiglit at the final .sell lenient at the port of London. Captain
not to ship goods without consent. In the event of the ship being prevented, by damage or any other
cause, reaching the Mauritius on or before the 1st day of .lanuary, IS.il, the charterer or his agents shall
be at liberty to employ the vessel for one or two voyages to Calcutta, at the rate of '21. per ton of rice, or
other goods, delivered at Mauritius. I'iliy running days, to load and discharge, to lie allowed on each
voyage; it lieing understood that the charterer or his agents shall load the ship, as helbre agreed, either
at the end of the first or second voyage, as the case may be. The freight on the intermediate voyages ^if
any) to be paid on delivery of the cargo, in cash, or by bills on London at usance, at the option of the
master. The vessel to be addressed, both at Calcutta and Isle of prance, to the agents of the charterer.
In witness whereof, the said parties have hereunto set their hands and seals, at Lmidon, the i.'d day of
December, 18.'!).
Signed, sealed, and delivered, 1
in the presence of 5
(Signed) E. FOKSYTH.
(Signed) THO.S. B. RAW, (L.S.)
D. THOiMSON, (L.S.)
Stamp Duti/ on Charterpnrtics. — The statute 55 Goo. 3. c. 184. enacts, that any charter-
party, or any agreement or contract for the charter of atiy sliip or vessel, or any
memorandum, letter, or other writing, betweeti the captain, master, or owner of any
ship or vessel, and any other persoti, for or relating to the freight or conveyance of any
money, goods, or effects, on board of such ship or vessel, shall he charged with a duty of
M. 15s.
And when the same, togetlier with any schedule, receijit, or other matter, put or in-
dorsed thereon, or annexed thereto, shall contain 'J.UiO words or upwards, then for every
CII AY ROOT. — CHEESE.
271
(L.S.)
IL.S.)
thaitor-
jr any
I of any
of any
[duty of
or in-
Ir every
entire quantity of 1,080 words contained therein over and above tlie first 1,080 wordj,
there shall be charjjed a furtlier prDi/nnain: duty of 1/. 5s.
CIIAV OH CIIOY HOOT, the roots of a small biennial, rarely triennial, plant,
growini; spontaneously in light, dry, sandy frround near the sea; and extensively eulti-
vated, especially on tlie coast of C'oroinantlel. The cultivated roots are very slender,
and from 1 to 'J feet in length, with a few lateral fibres ; but the wild are shorter, and
supposed to yield one fourth part more of colouring matter, and of a better quality.
Tlie roots are employed to dye the durable reds for which the Indian cotton yarn and
chintzes have been long famous, and which can only be equalled by the Turkey red.
Cliay root forms a considerable article of export from Ceylon. Only a particular set
of peojile are allowed to dig it. It is all bought up by government, who pay the diggers
a fixed price of 7 "> or HO rix-dollars a candy, and sell it for exportation at about 175 rix-
dollars. — {livrtoldcri's Cvijlon, p. 'J70. )
This root lias liecn imported into Europe, but with no success. Dr. Bancroft sus-
pects it may be injured by the long voyage ; but he adds, that it can produce no effect
which may not lie move cheaply produced from matlder. It is a very bulky article, and
is consequently burdened with a very heavy freight. — ( Pcniianent Colours, vol. ii.
pp. 282—30.3.)
CHECKS, CHEQUES, on DRAFTS, are orders addressed to some person,
generally a banker, directing him to |)ay the sum specified in the check to the person
named in it, or bearer, on demand. The following is the usual form : —
£
100.
ImiuIoh, [mh October, 1833.
Pay Mi: A. D, or hearer, One Hundred Pounds, on
account of
Messrs. Jones, Loijd, and Co. — '- — '-^
In point of form, checks nearly resemble bills of exchange, except that they are
uniformli/ payable to bearer, and should be ilrawn upon a regular banker, though this
latter point is not essential. 'J'liey are assignable by delivery only ; and are payable
instantly on presentment, without any days of grace being allowed. But by the custom
of London, a banker has until 5 of the afternoon of the day on which a check is pre-
sented for payment, to return it ; so that where a check was returned before 5, with
a memorandum of " cancelled by mistake" written under it, it was held a refusal to pay.
If a check upon a banker be lodged with another banker, a presentment by the latter at
the .learing-house is sufficient. Checks are usually taken conditionally as eash ; for
unless an express stipulation lie made to the contrary, if they be presented in due time
and not paid, they are not a ])ayment. It is difficult to define what is the due or reason-
able time within which checks, notes, or bills, should be presented. A man, as Lord
EUenborough has observed, is not obliged to neglect all other business that he may im-
mediately present them : nevertheless it is the safest plan to present them without any
avoidable delay ; and if received in the jilace where jjayable, they had better be presented
that day, or next at furthest. If a clieck be not jiresented within a reasonable time, the
party on whom it is drawn will be justified in refusing to jiay it ; and the holder will
lose his recourse upon the drawer. Checks drawn on bankers residing 10 miles or
more from the place where they are drawn, must be on a stamp of the same value as a
bill of exchange of an equal amount; but checks drawn on a banker, acting as such
within 10 miles of the place where they are issued, may be on plain paper. — {C/iittt/
on Commercial Law, vol. iii. )>. 591. ; U'oolri/cli on Commercial Law, c. 3. § 2., §-f. )
CHEESE (Ger. K'dse ; I)u. Kmis ; Vv. Fnmiayc ; It. Formaygio, Cacio ; Sp. Queso ;
Una. Sur ; I«it. Casens), the curd of the milk separated from the whey, and pressed or
hardened. It has been used as an article of food from the earliest ages; vast quantities
of it are consumed in (Jreat Britain, and in most countries of Europe.
There is an immense variety of cheeses, the qualities of which depend princijially on
the richness and flavour of the milk of which they are made, and partly on the way in
which they arc prepared. England is particularly celebrated for the abundance and
excellence of its cheese. Cheshire and Ciloucestershire are, in this respect, two of its
most famous counties; the cheese produeinl in the former has been estimated at 11,500
tons a year. There are two kinds of (iloueester cheese, double and single ; the first
is made of the milk and cream, the latter of the milk dcjjrived of about half the cream.
They are of various sizes, from '_'() to TO and even 80 lbs. ; but they generally run from
50 to 6'0 lbs. A great deal of cheese is also made in that part of .Shroiishire which
borders upon Cheshire, and in North Wiltshire. 'I'he former goes under the name of
(.'lieshire cheese: the latter was, till lately, called Ciloucestershire cheese; now it receives
Its appellation from the county where it is n;ade. A strong cheese, somewhat resem-
bling Parmesan, is made at Cliedder in Soui.rse'.shire. The celebrated rich cheesu,
■'^ dh
M 7 ti *
illl
'2*72
CIIRIMIIKS.
/
I
H
culled Stilton, is inadi' in liCMCostorsiiiri', principally in tiic villiifics round Ali'lton Mow-
Ijruy. It is not ri'okonod siillicionlly inuliow for i-utlin^ inili'ss ii hi- lu-o vivos old ; and
is not sidi-ahle nnloss it la- doi-ayod, bliii.", and moist. A ricli flicosi' is also niado at
Lui^li, in Lanc-asiiiiv. 'i'lie otiior c'Iil-l'scs niado in l'lii<rland, wliicli liavi- aiMpiircd a pi'-
cidiar nanif, oitliiT from tiie quantity madi', or tVoni tlii' ipiality, an- tiu' IK-rhysliiro,
Cotti'nliam, and Sontliani I'lici-si's. 'I'lie two last aro ni'w milk cIil-osos, of a pi-culiarly
Hue flavour : tin- placos wlioro tiii'y aro mado arc in CamUridf^osliiri-. Hath and York aro
reniarkahlc tor tlu'ir croani I'lici'si-s. 'I'lic (-(uuity of Warwick, and l$anl)ury in Oxlord-
sliirc, arc also rcmarkahlc for cheeses; the former for the ipiantity made in it, about
'JO.OOO tons hein^ aiumally scut to London, besides a very lar<;e supply to Hirmin^ham.
Uanliury cheese is distiniruishcd for its ricluicss.
Scotland is not celebrated for its ciieese ; tie best is called Dunlop cheese, from a
parish in Ayrshire, wiiere it was originally mannf.iclnred. Dunlop cheeses ffcucrally
wei;^li tVouj 'Jo to (>'() lbs. each ; and are, in all respects, similar to those of Derbyshire,
except th;^t the latter are smaller.
TiUMuerie, mari<ro!ils, liawthorn buds, iSic. were formerly used to heij^litcn and im-
prove the colour of cheese ; but annotio (which see) is decidedly the best ingredient
that c.in be employed for that jinrpose, .and is at present used in Cheshire . and (Jlouces-
tershire to the exclusion of every thin<jj else. An otuiee of f^enuiill' amiotto will colour
a hundred wei}:;ht of cheese.
Larfje (|uanlities of very <food cheese are produced in Holland. In the tnanuliicturc*
of Ciouda cheese, which is reckoned the best made in Holland, nuiriatic acid is used
in curdliu}; tlie milk instead of rennet. This renders it pniifient, and preserves it
froi\i mites.
Parmesan cheese, so called from I'arma in Italy, where it is manufactiu'cd, is merely
a sk!m-iiiil/{ cheese, which owes its rich llavoiu- to the line herbafre of the meadows iilonjr
the 1*0, where the cows feed. 'I'lie best Parmesan cheese is kept for :i or •! years, and
none is ever carried to market till it be at least (J months old.
Swiss cheese, particularly that denominated (Iruyerc, from the bailiwick of that
name in the canton of Pribourf;, is very celebrated, tiruyere cheeses are made of
skimmed or |>artially skiunued milk, and arc (lavoured with herbs. They {generally
weifjh from •!() to (JO lbs. each, and are packed for exportation in casks containing 10
cheeses each.
Accordini; to Mr. Marshall, the avera<:;e yearly j)roduce of cheese from the milk of a
cow, in Knirland, is from :i to -I cwt., or more than double the weif^ht of the butter.
Fi>r further details, sec I.nitilnn'x F.nci/. nf .It/riri/ltiirc ; art. Dairy in Siifi/). to Eiieij,
lirit. ; Stcri iisou's art. on l''ii</ltiiitl, in the i'.iUiibmujh l!nc>/., At.
Tile imports of cheese, in 1>S:!1, amounted to 1:!1,1.>!) cwt., almost the whole of
which came frinn the Netherlaiuls. 'I'lie (juantity re-exported was but inconsiderable.
'J"he duty of 1().<. (hi. a cwt. on imported cheese produced, in KS'_';5, (;!),()1!)/. 'Js. Hi/. ;
sh()wiii;r that the (piantity entered for home consuiii|)lioii amounted to about 1 ;!'_',()<)() cwt.
The contract jiriee of the cheese furnished to (ireenwith Ilosjiital, in the uiidernieii-
tioned years, has been as follows : —
Years.
Ptici-i per lb.
VtMrs.
Trill's \Kr tli.
Years.
l'rifi*s \\vr III.
Vt'iirs.
I'rii f, |ier II..
rf.
rf.
rf.
rf.
i7.a)
■H
IKOO
lii
ISIt
■'^J
IS'JJ
+ 1
ITKt
4
1S0.">
-i
isl".
«
ISJ'i
■"'l-
17.^0
•4
ISOti
-a
I.SId
'<\
i.s.'i;
IS. 7
r.\
\-,>*)
;il
1.S07
7. J
1.S17
■>i
■'i
1770
,!|
I8(i«
- 7
]S1S
a
\.S.'i
177".
l.Sliil
s
IMM
s
IS !l
.1
17H0
;i3
ISIO
J^i
Is-Ji)
(
IH.il)
4
17S;->
■■'i
isu
•^i
IS-'l
t>
iK.;i
•fl
17!K)
i
1>1'.'
^i
ly.'J
.'»
\HVi
■■ii
17!i:>
.....^
ISl.-i
*^T
IS'.'.!
4
.Sec art.
I'lllCI'S.
It is not passible to form any estimate of the value of the cheese annually consumed in
Great Britain. Dr. (\)l(|uhouii states tli.it the butter jind cheese consumed in the K'nited
Kingdom must be worth at least ,'5,(XK),(XH)/. a year, exclusive of the milk of which they
are made ; but he assijriis no ijrouiids for this statement ; which we are inclined to tliiiil;
is very greatly exaggerated. — (See Hirn-.u.)
CIIKUUIES, the fruit of a tree (Pnnnm Cirnsiis Idn.) too well known to re(|uiro
any description. They derive their name from rerastis, a cily ofl'ontus, wheiieo the trci;
was brought by Lueiillus, about half a century betiire the ('hristian era. It soon aftc/
spread into most parts of Europe, and is supjiosed to have been carried to IJritaiii about
a century after it came to Rome. Tiie iirincip.il supplies of cherries for liie London
market are brought from the cherry orchards in Kent and Herts. The wood of thj
cherry is close, takes a line polish, and is not liable to sjilit. — ( ftcvs's Ci/ctoiuctliu ;
Loudon's Ency, of . lyric. , §•<■.)
I
CHESNUT. — CHOCOLATE.
273
I.-, yet 111.
it.
+ 1
■_'i
lUK'll I'l
l.'llitid
Icll tlR'V
Id tliir.k
lro<iuiro
It he tri'o
\m at'ti'i'
111 about
I of tlu'
Ijiicdi'l 1
1
CIIESNUr, ft forest tri-c ( Fni/im cnstaneu) prowiDR abniulnntly in most parls of
tlio soiitlicni coniitrii's of iMiroiio. It was at oiu- time very coininoii in I'lnfrjand ; and
is still fii'(|ni'ntly met with. It is lonj^ lived ; f^rows to an immense si/e ; and is very
ornamental. The wood is hard and eompact ; when younj?, it is UnifiU and flexiltle; hni.
when old, it is brittle, and often shaky. 'I'he eliesnnt contains only a very small pro-
portion of sii])-wood ; and hence the wood of yoimj^ trees is found to he superior to even
tlie oak in durability. It is douhtfxd whether the roof of Westminster Hall lie of oak
or chesnut ; the two woods being, when ohi, very like each other, and havinfj been
formerly used ahnost indifferently in the construction of buildings. A good deal of
chesnut has been jilaiited within the last thirty years. — ( Tnih/olil's J'Hnriiifiii of
Carpviitri/. )
CIIK.SNUTS (Fr. Cfwtuii/ticn ; Ger. Knslanirn ; It. CnslHt/np ; Sp. Cfi.itaiins), the
fruit of the chesnut tree. C'hesnuts grow In this country, Imt are very inferior both in
si/.e and ))erfcction to those importeil from the south of JMirojie. In some parts of the
Continent tliey are frequently used as a substitute for bread, and form a large proportion
of the food of the inhabitants, 'lliis is particid.irly the case in the Limousin, in Corsica,
and in scver.il districts of .Spain and Italy. The inhabitants of the Limousin are said to
Jirepare them in a peculiar manner, which deprives them of 'leir astringent and bitter
j)roperties. Clu'stiuts imjiorted from Sjiain and Italy are frecpiently kiln-drietl, to ))re-
vent tlieir germination on the passage. In this country they arc principally served up
roiLsted at desserts.
DiiriiiR the .'! years ending Willi IS"!, the ontrirs of rorrign clicsnnts for liome coiisuinptinn .nvorngoil
20,!l»H liiiKliels a yt-ar The duty of '2s. a Ijiishcl pniiluced, in IHji!, '2,:Hl/. I'Js. WU. nett, showing that the
ouiisuiniitiuii must liuvc ainuunlcd t(i 'J3,'2U> busliuls.
CIIETWEllT, a measure of corn in Russia, equal to ."J.Jg Winchester bushels, so that
10() chetwerts = 71 .V Winchester quarters.
CIIlLIilES (Hind. Gas Miirridyv ; .Javan. I.oiiilmk ; Malay, Chalxi'i), the pods or
fruit of the (Capsicum tin nitiim, or Guinea jicpper. 'J'his is one of the hardiest and most
productive )>lants found in tro])ical climates ; growing luxuriantly in almost all dry
soils, liowever indifl'erent. In the wild state, the pods are small, and so pungent and
acrid as to blister the tongue ; !)iit when raised on rich soils, they are large, and compara-
tively mild. The jilant is said to be n native of both Indies. It is very extensively
cultivated; and, with the exception of salt, is far more extensively used than any other
condiment. In tropical countries, the jiods are frerpiently made use of wiieii unripe and
green: when ripe, they become of a deep red colour; and in this state they are ex-
ported dry and entire, or reduced to powder — that is, to Cayenne pepper ,- which, when
genuine, consists wholly of the ground pods of the enpsieum. — (See I'la-rKU.)
CHINA HOOT (Ger. Chinawiirzel i l)u. C/iiriawortel ; I'r. S<jiii/ie, Ksipiine ; Sp,
Ruiz China, Cocolmeea ; Arab, li/iiilmnie), the root of a sjiecies of climber ( Smi/aa:
China Lin.). It comes from the West Indies as well as from China; but that from the
latter is best. It is oblong and thick-jointed, full of irregular knobs, of a reddish brown
colour on the outside, and a jiale red within ; while new, it will snap short, and look
glittering within ; if old, the dust flies from it when lirokcn, and it is light and kecky.
It should be chosen large, soimd, heavy, and of a pale red colour internally. It is of no
value if the worm be in it. — (Mi/hum's Orient. Commerce.)
CHINA WARE. See Poiuei.aiv.
CIIINTS OB CHINTZ (Er. Indienms ; Ger. Zitze -, It. Indiane ; Rus. Siz : Sp.
Chiteg, Zaraza), fine printed calico, fn-st manufactured in the East Indies, but now
largely manufactured in Europe, particularly in Great Britain. — (Sec Camco.)
CHIl' HATS. See Hats.
ClIOC:OLATE (Du. Choeolude ,- Fr. Chocolat ; Ger. Schokohite ; It. Cinceohita ;
Vor. Chocolate ; Rus\ Schoholad ; Sp. C/ioco/«fe), a kind of cake or confection, prepared
princii)ally from the cacao nut. The nuts are first roasted like coffee ; and being next
reduced to jiowder and mixed with water, the paste is put into tin moulds of the desired
shape, in which it sjiecdily hardens, being, when taken out and wrapped in paper, fit for
the market. Resides cacao nut, the Spaniards use vanilla, sugar, maize, he. in the
preparation of chocolate. This article, which is leleliratcd for its nutritious qualities, is
but little used in Great Britain ; a circumstance that seems to lie principally owing to
the very heavy duties with which it has been loaded. The importation of chocojate
used formerly to be prohibited ; and though this prohibition no longer exists, yet, as the
duties on it are proportionally much heavier than upon cacao, wc manufacture at home
almost all that is required for our consumption. Rritish chocolate is said to be very
largely adulterated with flour and Castile soap. — (See Edward's West Indies, vol. ii.
p. 364. ed. 1819.; and the art. Cacao. ) The quantity of chocolate brought from abroad,
entered for home oonsumption in the United King<Iom, in 1830, only amounted to 1,324^
lbs,, producing ICO/, of revenue.
" AUkc easy to convey and emplov as an aliment, it contains a large quantity of nutri-
1"
i
27t
CHllISTIANIA.
I I
III f
f!
^! :
I i,r' .
live nnci titiinulatiiirr {inrtii'los in n Rtnull coiiipas.s. It lias licen sniil with triitli, that in
Afiica, rico, gum, aixl s/icu hiilliT, assist man in crossing the dusiTts. In the Ni-w
Woi'hi, cliocohite and the Hour of maize have rendered occessihle to him the tahle lands
of the Andes, and vast uiiirdiabitcd forests." — (_ Humboldt's I'crs. Nar. vol. iv. ji. li;M.
Eng. trans.)
CHllISTIANIA, the capital of Norway, sitnuted at the bottom of a fiord or gulf,
in the province of Aggerhnns; in lat. .')!)\'55.',' N., Ion. 10' '!Hi E. ropulation,
iiccording to the IVviiiuir Alimuiack for 18:i2, about liO,0(X). ('hristiania is about «)
miles from the open sea: the gulf is in some places very n.-irrow, and its navigation
somewhat diflieult ; but it is snillciently deep for the largest vessels, having (> or 7
fatlionis water close to the quay. It is compulsory on all sliips to take a pilot on
board at the irioutii of the bay. Tiie trade of the town is considerable. J'he principal
exports are timber and deals; glass, |)articulariy bottles; linseed iind oil-cake, iron and
nails, smalts, bones, oak bark, i<cc. Salted and pickled tisli, one »>f the staple jjroducts of
Norway, is principally exported from Ik-igen. The deals of Christiania Itave alw.iys
been in the higliest estimation ; a consequence of the excellence of the timber, and of
the care with which the sajj-wood and other tlefective parts is cut away ; and not, as
I\Ir. Coxe seems to have supposed, of the skilful sawing of the ])lank. The saw mills
were formerly licensed to cut a certain «piantity only, and the jjroprietors were bound to
m:ike t)ath that it was not exceeded. — ( Coxes Traiwh in the North of Europe, fM\ edit,
vol. iv. J). 'J8.) This absurd regulation no longer exists. There are far fewer restric-
tions on industry and commerce in Norway tiian in Sweden. In the former, IJritish
nianufaclurcd goods are admitted on moderate <liities, and are very generally made use
of. The principal articles of import are corn, colonial produce; woollen, linen, and
cotton goods ; butter, wine, brandy, ^c.
Troi/v of Norwai/. — The following fables give a comprehensive view of the foreign
trade of Norway.
Iiii/wr/s. — ;\.ii Account of the Qiiaiititios of the |)rincipal Articles importwl into Norway, during cich
of the Three Years eiiiling with IH;J1.
Article!.
1H'«).
l.'wO.
1831.
Norwt'Kiaii
Kn^lisl.
\iirwi-^,'ian
i':tii.'ii»h
NdrwrHi.m
KiiKli,!!
Wi't^ht ami
Wi'iulit ami
Wi it,'iit ami
U'.iKliI anil
WriKlu .111(1'
UViulil anil
MiMsuri'.
.Ml' iMiru.
MiUkiiri-.
iMLM.sure.
lMlM^Url-.
Alfasure.
Cotlon gnoils .
I,W,(M» Ills.
(i.llHI tons
IW^.'SlHllw.
88-47 tons
J74,i,S.T lbs.
8.",-4.") tons
I''rciicli brandy
;V)l,;;:i7 pot.
14(),.".,S|I gals.
K(!IVi.;o pot.
20(i,431 gals.
314,184 pot.
80,107 gals.
fMllee -
1,;")17,.">7.") I1)S.
7."'.S;)1 tons
I,.07li,l,;Olbs.
772 30 tons
1,814,I8.")1I..S.
888!!.". tons
\'ineKar -
101,4 )l) pot.
2li,()'-'ri gals.
Illi.S'Jlipot.
30,.^;V;? gals.
7.),!ir)l> pot.
18,8.")(i gal.s.
H'Mnp
'J,'.'()<i.li."i i lbs.
l,0S'J'7,itoiis
l,,i<i!V'l!»lb.s.
ir? 1-08 tons
l,41(i,'248 lbs.
(i!l3'!>i;tons
Iloiis
!iii,|t,Si
47-.>2
1:'t,UH
3(i-83
00,807
;i2-7;!
1-lax -
7i> ',!I7.>
,:74;i5
(>;")1,S0'2
31!)-;!8
4(i2,.->.-.'2
2'2(i Ii". tons
tJrain, wheat
l.>,7(iii tond.
(;,7iiO (irs.
];"),( r?;") tend.
7,i>2."> nrs.
1 1,002 toad.
.'i,8-22 iirs.
Kyc -
i;.w,(i()'j
Il:i,Jl!i
^'>'^,■W5
l'2-2,8,-,8
30, >,,•)( III
148,li07
Harlcy
■M),>;'ri
i4ii,,>;s
;io4,oii)
147,'l81
3.30,730
1(»),!I82
Oats -
\r,,\~'.)
7,.i.S4
io,;!.!0
.'■.,()'J8
3'2,04,-)
I,\;-.!»7
Malt .
4'J,.-.;3()
20,701
.'")t>,240
27,.-J74
3(i,'277
17,(k-i7
Wheaten tlour
57o,(lS7 lbs.
2S0S1 tons
(>S2,07I lbs.
Ji-'U 21 tons
tiS,s,ihM) lbs.
3-)7-43tons
Hye Hour
'27,:i!l."i
l.!-42
!K),.".2,".
44.;.^
14li,4lU
7l-7(i
Harley flour
14t>,HI,"i
7r!l4
Ito.ilb)
7i>-2">
li.'i,li!l(i
32-18 tons
I'eas
11, '20'-' tond.
5,4.")2 (|rs.
K,2iH f(nid.
4,022 (|r».
!i,.-),!0 tond.
4,;")4r;;ii (irs.
Oil .
i;o.!,4'ii lbs.
!t|i(W tons
C2;J,144 1bs.
10!l-34tons
2")4,ti23 lbs.
124-70 tons
Cheese
i;,!,S,4.!H
11 UK.!
22'2.-!tlJ
l(i8-!)(i
2i.-,,8,sr>
10.")-7«
Uico
i.'7;5,o!y
1,J3-S1
;hi,iio
11)7-14
'2r).-i,!)i7
1-2;V40
Itnisiiis -
Wi,'Si\
.OOll
10,i,8Jfi
.no -88
ii7,!«r>
.'■)7-80
Rum
1-2,14'Jpot.
.".Oi'.j gals.
17,''>H(i pot.
4,4;i2 gals.
13,81.1 pot
3,.')22 gals.
Salt
'J84,'57.') tond.
138,4111 <ir.s.
28,">,ii(H) tond.
.
2!I4,70!I toiul.
Sail doth
;!,.")80 pieces
- . -
f '2,013 pees.
t&4!»,4(H)ll)S. j
24-02 tons
f ik') pees. & )
llli0,31tilbs. j
TS-.W tons
Silks
4,270 lbs.
2-0!) tons
4,8S3 lbs.
2-.':9
■1,!H)2 lbs.
2-40
Syrup
7'20,7as
3Jo*ll)
807,(i,W
3!l")-7-t
71'l,(i31 ,
352-02
Orindstonca
f I;),! chatd. ]
I \j,,o,s7 pes. 3
. . .
f 22cl'ald. ^-^
{ l,,).!7|iccs. S
-
No return.
Butter
417,S'J4 lbs.
204-73 tons
;;io,s(i8 lbs.
17!l-24tons.
3!il,8181b.s.
101 -<»0 tons
Coals
:;sV)0(i tond.
4,807 •+Schald.
27,001 tond.
.),'28;)7.'ichal.
21,'2,;3 tond.
2,:..83-8;!chal.
Sugar
'J,l!i.".,7.-|'2 lbs.
l,07;VStl tons
2,.'!4'2,22,T
1, 147 -(!!• tons
'2,421,810 lbs.
l,18ii-(i!) tons
Soap, green
l'.'ii,'2l!»
t;iSi")
1 1 -.,774
71 -t.'!
137,708
(>7-48
Soap, white
ioo,4r.ii
4i>-2'2
12.i,023
tiU-28
1.->2,!I.)!)
().")- 1.->
'i'e.i
41,4,»
2(l'3(l
4.'i,.-|(U)
22-;i2
41,247
2rii8
Tobacco
i,40."),;ir)'2
(iSH'.H
<2,20!),4(i!)
l,08'2-(;3
1,08.;,1>13
."530-71!
Woollens - -
180,!l'J()
SKli.'i
lSii,().-.8
iill7
lOi.fdK)
i«-01
Wine
474,'J18 IKjt.
l'20,!ill gallons
t>3S,7;4 pot
lti2,873 gals
18!t,0Cl pot.
•18,313 gals.
Linen cloth .
ISCi!.
1827.
18S8.
20."),2!)1 lbs. ! lOOjy tons
1 ".!i,'2':() lb.i.
78-02 tons
2rKj,325 lbs. I'2902 tons
I
CHRISTIANIA.
275
i tons
gals.
(Mi tons
i li.') tons
([VS.
1(17
is'2
17
■4.i tons'!
■7i)
IH tonsj
-.jiliirs.
7t) tons I
i-7«
i-4(>
■SO
V22 gals.j
Hr>r> tons I
2-4<)
il 'in tons
;,3-H;!clial.
l(>(i!) tons]
_ W
)■"»;
5()1
1,313 gals.!
t()2 tons
.1
Etports.— An Account of the Quantities of the prtnclpnl Article! exported from Kurwny (taring each
of the Three Years eniling with l8;il.
Articles.
1821).
1830.
1831.
Norwi'|{l«n
KdkIMi
NurwcKian \ KnulUh
^Vilnlii ami 1 WiIkIii ami
Nnrwrf(fiin
KiiRllih
Wiinhi anil
W'i'iKtii jiiul
i WVImIii iiiul
WiiKlil Hiui
.Mi'ii.sun'.
AIt.'u»urt.'.
MfUhuru. 1 l\li'ti.Mirv.
AltMhurt'.
lUvaHUii'.
Anchovics(|)ii> )
kli'il sprats) - j
Oak bark
7,3'JO kegs
.
<i,172 kegs
"
!),4I3 kegs
.
,
»!,H7(i8k.lb8.
1,07815 tons
12,.320sk.lbs.
1,031-77 tons
lldlK'S
SL'(l,',)!(i lbs.
40225 tons
I,()!i7,7.'i.';
537 8!)
!i.M,742
■lt«-31
liutlU's
l(il,,VJObot.
»
14-K0:.'H bot.
.
;i44,!iS7 bot.
SiHaItt .
EOH.+IS lbs.
IO-"U
2,17,;i40 lbs.
12(i(i!)
183,700 lbs.
•HCOl
Cliriiiiiateol'lead
r)7H,t>.'>K
iiHJ-J3
,o;)K,(i(W
2()3 iJl
.0!l4.,';o(i
2!II-30
l.dllSll'IS .
\,mWM> lobs.
.
I,l<lfi,!H14lob.
•
872,!l4Hob.
Dried tisii
■lMn.7l2lb».
2I,7ti-l(i7
4;i,447,W lbs 21,28!)4<i ;2.';,448,S!t.'"< lb.
I2,4lit)-!I5
Salti'd lish
3!i7,Kliitond.
3«,03l) bar.
313,!t<),itnd. 3()0,21,S bar.
4ti!i,<>.'i!ltn<l.
44!),051-15bar.
llornii
'Jil.l'W lbs.
li; Ki tons
.02,.>!ll lbs.
2;". ti7 tons
;i<l,858 lbs.
I!l-4I tons
Iron
ii,l,W,l!l2
3,lt^J.'-.l
(I,l'i.),0.i7
;!,ooovi«
5,l35,(i77
2,51ti-4H
ItUKJ . -
;i,liHl>
.■i-27
14,238
fill?
8,(ilO
423
Copper
(il(),'Ji;;5
211!)
VAfit-,
3(W;)!)
524,S!l-t
2,'i7-20
Caraway seed .
l,tK);>
0-78f>45
\,h\^
0-74382
l,.0;J.-i
7.02 15
I'ish roes -
17,029 tond.
l(),i;82 bar.
2':,i]n tnd.
21,(i82 bar.
17,011 tnd.
li>,2lrt bar.
liiick and goat )
skins . .j
Si.lOl lbs.
41-20 tons
113,817 lbs.
.05-78 tons
114,051 lbs.
.'>(i','J2 tons
Uock moss
3.'i7,r)l.'".
Mr>vi
10i»,8().l
.^'J-SO tons
(11,812
•H-!)H
Tar
I.iWtond.
1,201 bar.
1,017 tnd.
!i72 bar.
im tnd.
577-50 bar.
I'rain oil
21,W)l>
20,84U
2(),47ti
IP.-OT
18,708
17.887
Wood, timber >
and deals -J
lK.■^,H(^i
.
l!l4,(il,'i
172,!)7!)
woodla'stcr
.■!<i0,2.ir!'2tons
woodliester
.iS'l ,445-4 tns.
wowlliesfer
330,038-84 tonsl
Zallro
.'i;i,KllO ll).s.
Ilia!) tons
no return
-
(ilO lbs.
02!t,8iK) ■
Tnitir with Kn^iand. — AcconliriK to the oiHoial accounts rciidereil !»y the Jtritish ('usto»n-house, there
were iiniMirtcil from Norway, in 18;JI, 4.S,i/il cwt. oak hark, ;i77 tons iron, I8,L*1;I goat skins, i.'(.(i,H4() lbs.
smalts, 1 18 cwt. tuliow, 8,4;i!t groat hundreds hattena and batten ends, 10,1,07 great do. <!cai anil deal ends,
4,S'Jti masts, Kc under VI ituhes diameter, and id-'J.-W loads of timber, exclusive of abttut 1,(KK),()(X)
lobsters, of which no account is kept. During the same year we exported to Norway /io.'i,!!)! lbs. coHl'C,
7,7(J.''j Ib.s. indigo, 8,18!) lbs. IH'pper, 4,i}8l lbs. pimento, 4,.08;"i gallons rum, 3,l<)!)cwt. muscovado etigar,
3(ii),()'-,'4 lbs. t(»bacco, 8.Vu»*> lbs. cotton wool, 3,774 tons coal, 4,U,74-t yards cotton cloth, earthenware of the
value of 3,4U'JA, cutlery of the value of L*,t;48/., yL*,1.0O bushels of salt, soap and candles of the value of
2,!'.'J8/., woollen manufactures of the value of about 13,0W/., and some minor articles. — {Pari. Paper,
No. r>:A). Sess. 18,;3.)
Nothing would do so much to extend our trade with Norway, and not with it only, but witl) the whole
north of Kurope, as the repeal of the discriminating duty on Norwegian and Italtic timber. And, as this
measure would be, in other respects, highly advantageous, it is to be hoped that its adoption may not be
long deferred.
Customs y.>M//V5. — As previously remarked, these, when compared with the Swedish duties — (sec
Oorii'.Mniiniii), are moderate. They amounted, in 18:)1, inwards, to lt;i,8!()/. .^.v. ;Jr/. ; outwards, to
47,->81/.8.v. ;J(/. ; making together, 20!),'221/. 13a*. (it/. To these have to be added iJ7,4J(i/. 19*. 5</. received
on account of tonnage tlutics, lights, \c. y^
1. TnirwiV 0;;W. — UndtT thii Rystt-m, Koixls frrm ahronil
may \n.\v> an'huiisfu for exportntion t'n e <>t' ini|>i)rl <Uit>'i |>a>iiii;
on export.ititjn a transit ttutyi wliirh, in most cast^Hf i.s l-lOdi
of what ttiey would |i;iy if enturt'd fur tinine t'onsuniption. It'
the^oocls iirL- dc-i)o>itvd in thu t'listoin-hoiiso wiirelunisi-s, tliey
He free of rent or dues during 1 1 days, and if in private w are-
hmises, untler the key and seal of the rustonis, during ft numthR*
If they remain loi);:, vi/. t^eyond H days in the one, and
tu'vontf €} n'lonlhs In the other case, they pay rent or dui s e<|ual
toI-Sth of the transit duty ptr month ; which, afier the lapse
ot'.lnionllis, as rryard-s (^(kkIs \r theru>-toni-liouse wa^;hou.se^",
is intrtase*! in 1-ith of the transit duly ]»er month.
'.i. Vriilit 0;.A(^'. — 'I his system allow.s mo.st ^oikIs imrorted
from ahroad to lie nlactd in tlie owner's or importer s own
wareliouses, uiidiT his own lo* k> free of duty, fur a ^ivin time,
on his reporting to the customs, every .T moiitlis, how much he
has suld» otherwiNe consumed, or exported, and then paying
the (hily on such amount ; the Custom -liouse olHcers, wno hr«
I'ound ipiarterly to examine the goods, cunvinciufj themselves,
liy ocular dttnotistraiion, that no more is missing than the
quantity renortcd to havi- ln-en taken away.
This credit on (he duties in no cn&c toexcecd 2 years from
the time Ilie gotnls w»Te importtd.
H> way of seturity for pa>tnent of llie duties on which the
credit Is grantetl, govermneiit rest rve to themselves —
1. i'riority of nuirlgaKe on all the giMKls in rpiestion.
Hi I'riority, or tirst ri^ht, in the pro|)ertVi goods, and effcrta
of every description Inlonging to the trader availing himself
of this cretlit, in as far &> such proi>erty in not previuUhly
legally mortgaged.
3, l-ilti'rtv fur the Tuslom-house olTicere, vlun and as ofl^n
as they shall deem it expeilient, I>ctween the statet) tiunrterly
inspection, to look over the stock on hand, with a view of ascer-
taining whetlier there remains sufficient vidue for tlie duties ;
and it they see reason to douht this, f\dl right, in tlefault of
other satisfactory security being oH'eretl, to seize tlic slock, and
to sell the whole, or as much as shall cover the duties.
1. In case of death or failure of the partv, an e^iual right to
sell forthwith the whole of his stock at puhlic auction, and to
retain as mucli of the proceeds as shall cover the duties ; and
in case of deficiency, an established claim for the remainder
on the estate of the'deceasid or bankrupt, as the case may ho.
In charging the duties, no allowance is matle fur waste or
damage in the wan houses.
The warehouse rent charged on gomls bonded »mdrr tlia
transit sy>trm, in tlieCustomhuusc warel.ous«'s, is as foilowit*
Cn.stom.'t l\inutnlit'fi.i, — \\'iih\n '^1 hours after a ves.sel has
got tn her nuxiring'^, tlie tuaster should deliver to the collector
liis general report as to sliip and cargo, or present the rei|ui-
fiite documents for having such report made <mt witli the
a^^i^lanl■e of ;i ship Iroker, whose services masters of foreign
ve^>eK catuiot entirely dispense with. <hi making this general
report, the measuring bill Is to be exhibited, aiul pa\ment of
the toimage aiul other dues inward is to be made. It' the ship
nave not been prevunis'y measured in Norway, and is, con-
si i|uently, not provided with a Norwegian mea.suring hilt, she
is to he measure. t, to ascertain her burden in Norwegian com-
mercial lasts, for the caU ulation of the tonnage duty.
The general repoit having been made, the (lustoni-housc
(itTicers in charge of the vessel are furnished with the bmiks
ftir delivery, and the discharge of the cargo commences tinder
their inspection; and the consignees may make their special
reports under their responsibility and signature. If they are
without precise information as to the contents of any or all of
the packages or bales to their ad<lress, these bales or packages
may, at their reijuest, be openctl in the pn^»ence of tlie oihcers
before report is made. If a consignee omits availing himself
of this nermtshion, his pretending thereafter that more or otlier
goods than he had ordered, or iK-en ailvised of, ha\e been sent
to his aiUiress, w ill not !k' attendetl to. In the reiMirts or en-
trii-s is to be stated, whether it is intendetl to pay tlie duties
forthwith, whether the goods are intemleil fur ex])urtatiun, or
■whether they are to be landed.
Prior to cunnnencing tuading outwards, the master Is to
f;ivu verbal notice of his intention at the ( Custom -hou^e. If he
lave no Norwegian measuring bill, the vessi 1 is to be measured.
This iK'ing done, the shipper or ship^iersof the outward bound
cargo are eat h of them to make their special enti its as to the
quality, weight, and measure of the goods tliey mean to load.
A copy of such entries is to be denosited at the i'ustom-house,
anil the loading commences unner the control of the oHirers.
This applies to all mixed cargoes; but if die outward tiound
cargo consist exclusively of woo<l, the ship|)er or sliip|icrs are
only to notify that they intend loading w<mx1, without .spit-ify-
ing quantity, measure, Ate., as the export duty im worn! is
charged according to the htirden of tne vessel. When the
master clears outwards, he produces the proper doi-uinents for
sliowing the burden uf his vessel, and to what jtort shelwlongv,
and he is then, on proner application being made, providcil
with a pilot, w hu takes nis vessel to sea.
1%'artfunisin^. — In Norway, goods Itrought from abroad
may be bon.led or wareboustHi, with a view to their being
again expnrrcd at some future luriod. (loods entereil for
home ioiisuniption may also be lionded for a certain juriod,
in order 'o facilitate the payment of thedut'
The former is called " tramit <';''«A'»'* th.
warehousing goods for exportati
only. The latter is called
i r bondinu on credit.
!-iibJect tt> Ira
credit f»p'f/^," that i-^^, \\arehonbi-.tg
On a 'luarttr of wlicat, for t!;e fir.-t 31
, . . months - - - '
depoMiing .,r ; ,\lier\s :mls
Chi a Inn of raw u^ar, for i!ie fii*',!
months
:». if.
O'-TlIH per month.
.\ftiruaid»
T 2
(I Mcrr.
1 1 1 07r,9
pth.
1 .1
i
27G
CHRISTIANIA.
I'
I
: '11 i
i P
i I iff ■;■ ' U
I
i|
Miint'y, 1f'rii;/ih, and Meanurcs. — In Norway there are tui roIiI coins, 'flic principal silver coin, calleil
a Jpocicii Udllar, is dividi'il into I'iO skillinKs. There arc, Jilso, half spccicn, or (K) sklliinK pii'i't's ; l.jlh
spccicH, or '■il skillinn pieri'H ; l-l.'ith spcclcn, or H skillinB piecc» ; and what in denominated iikilleinynt, or
iinall I'liunKe — that in, J and '2 skillinK piei-ra. The species dollar contain* »)(J/>8 Kor. K"' j'uri' »ilver,
.and is, consequently, worth \s. (>}</. KterlinR, the par of exchange licing 4 species dollars 42l>-l/ skill. ^ U.
All Norway cuins, except the small change, arc alloyed with l-7th copper, so that the specica dollar
weighs 44K :>K Kng. grs., ami its divisions in proportion. Small change cuins are alloyed with three times
tlieir weight of copper. 'I'here are I and i! skilling pieces of copper.,
jyfi'lf/its and .Wivi.vHM'.', same as at Copkmiauu.n ; which see.
Tahle showing the Numljcr of Ships, their Destination, ami Tonnage in Norwegian Lasts and Knglish
Tons, that cleared out trom Chrlstiania ; and also the Nuinlier of Ships, their Destinaticni, and
Tonnage, that cleared out from Norwegian I'orts generally, Cliristiania included; during each uf
the Three Years ending with IH.Jl.
Deitlnnlion.
Hulled from ('hrUtlaiiia.
Hallwl from Norway.
Year.
Shi|M.
I.asls.
Tons.
•Sliips.
I.niilH.
Ton«.
IH'.'i)
\r,
u7ti
!H()
5(i8
l:i,172
;;2,!i.io
Sweden
1H.J()
11)
«I7
.W
4.';J
10,323
25,807
mn
11
3(H
I')')
544)
l;l,i.'2(>
3.i,0ti5
IH'Ji)
117
1,89!)
4,747
2,()()2
24,442
61,105
Denmark, Altona excepted
\H-M
I'.'fl
a,i.'l(i
5,544)
l,9(i8
24,.;!)()
60,990
18.J1
I Si!)
155
2,678
C,tiy5
2,096
2(>,817
67,042
Russia
■
.
* •
117
4,5.37
11, ,342
mn
1
17
42
l.i3
fi,(i,J8
16,5!!)
IH'Jit
2
44
110
a-)4
11,827
2!),5ii7
Other Baltic ports - - [
\KiO
a
GO
150
222
(1,092
15,2.30
IRJl
8
,•30'.'
755
210
7,210
18,02.5
I8«9
r>
207
517
89
2,(i()7
.5,167
Hamburgh, Altona,and Bremen
18 iO
7
2.19
597
97
2,2(i8
5,670
IS.}1
9
3'.'t;
815
114
2,81)5
7.l(i2
o „ ^
18'.'9
96
8,14t
20,:)«iO
228
44,027
110,067
Great Britain and Ireland '<
mm
8(1
7,18!)
17,972
SW
44,819
112,047
t
lS.il
I'.'i
9,<)81
24,<l>2
970
53,735
l;J4,.i.i7
Holland, Hanover, and Olden- \
burg - . " •(
l«'jy
183()
1
5
liO
381
m
952
982
l,o;iO
4.'j,5!l5
50,170
108,!i77
12,5,425
lH.il
5
349
872
823
ai,024
82,5(>0
f
18'J9
127
8,S'.'5
22,Wr2
579
35,7(K)
89,2(i,5
France - - .<
]h'M
14.)
9,ti83
24,207
5(i9
3.5,120
87,8(X)
C
1H31
101
6,(i85
1(5,712
423
25,S.-,5
(i4,(i37
r
isjy
.
• -
.
86
3,674
9, 185
Portugal and Spain - -'i
m:o
.
-
.
81
3,189
7,i»72
(
]H.il
1
91
227
63
3,015
7,5.i7
'
lH-'9
.
•
•
GH
4,3(_)7
10,7(>7
Other Mediterranean ports
\KU>
• ~
" "
-
90
6,-357
15,892
I
mn
. w
•
'i7
5,0(14
12,510
f
isyy
.
.
_
2
71
177
Ports beyond Europe - -<
IHSt)
wn
Shipffing Charfics. — The various charcPs of a public na(ur£
payable by a sliip of abou! 3(lfl Urns burden, entering tl»e port
of (^hri.ttiania wiih a niixiii car|,'o on board, unlnadini; tlur«'i
takinf{ on board anuthtr cargo, and ck'ariiig out, are as fol-
low : —
L, : d.
I. Chavftei 7mrar(ts. — PilotaRC from Farder, at the
mouth of (Miristiania Uay,wht'rc' all shiptjinu^t
take a pilot on bo trd • • -222
Bill of health, as^uniini; that the crew, including
the master, consists of 11 periton:* • - 17 9
Tonnage dues and light money - - 'J l(i 9
Brokers' fee* • • - - 1 5 4
fi. CAarffM Oii^rarrf*. — Pilotage
Castle dues
Muster roll of crew
Pale or stake money
AIea<iurinu bill
Charity chest
Tonnage dues arti light mone;
Higholm light
Pilotage to Farder
Brokers' fees - »
N. B. —There is no diflffcrcnre between the charges on native
ships in Norweuian ports, and privileged foreign ships, thai is,
the shi^is of countries having reripiocitN treaties with Nor-
way ; nor in the duties on goods importc<l by native ships and
such privileged foreign ships, (ireat Britain is a privilegt-d
country.
The shipping of Norway has decHntd considerably of late
years; a proof, if anv such were wanting, of the ground'e^s-
ness of the clamours kept up in this country as to the suppi>^ed
pernicious inthience of reciprocity treaties on our shtp|iing.
lUinkhtu. — There are no private banking estallli^Imu■nts in
Norway ; but there is a public b nik, having it.s principal otlice
at Droiitheim.with branches at (.'hristiania, Ilergen, andrhris-
tiansand. It was establiihed bv a conipulsory assessment in
iSlrt.^ Its capital consists of 'J,nn(),OlH) species dolltrs, in
transferable shares, divided amongst those uho were forci'<l to
contribute to its formatinn. These shares are now at a pre-
mium of 30 per cent. Its managers are appointed by, and are
accountable to, the Storthing or Norwegian parliament. It
(asues note* Cor 100, 50, 10,* and so low a« 1 species dollar*
/.. 11 2
- n
9.
. 1
7
. : ',
.1
- 3
2
- 2 4
S
- 1
7
. 10 11
1
.
9
. 1 Ifi
8
• I 18
11
/.. IS fi
11
These notes should he payable in specie on demand: but
tht'V are at a discount of ,V> percent., nntt are paid bv the Imnk
at that rate. It discounts liills at 2 and ^ inoiitlis date at fi
ptr cent. i>or annum ; advances money on mortgage at i per
cent.; and transacts the ordinary batiking bu.-.ini's-* of indivi-
duals. It doe^ nut allow intereht on depohits. The dividend
is, at nreseni, from fi 'i-.3ds to 7 per cent.
Creiht, — (tuo4ls are sold partly for ready money, and partly
on credit, but principally the former,
('otnmi.-Miwi, Ac — The number of brokers in Christiania ia
limiletl to I. CotnmissHin on the sale of gwxls, 'i per ceiii., or,
(/('/ credfre included, 3 per cent. Hrokeiage is (ixed by law at
5-ftths per cint., which, in pracrire, Ls paid I y the seller-..
itituranct— All houst-s situate<l in Norwegian market ttiwns
must be insured in the General Insurance Cinnp-my at t liris-
tiania, which is guarantee<l by the state. The pfeiniimi is
moderate, being, on buildings situated in towns, I- lib, anil on
t>^or.e situated in tlie country, 1-Sth p> r cent. Souietitnes,
however, when very defeiructi've (ires occur, it is raised.
Provision, S;c, — Christiania is not a favourable place for
careening and repairing ships j but supplies of bfef, bread,
water, and other sea stores, may !« hatl as cliea)i or cht aptr
than in any other port of Norway ; but its distance from the
sea is too great to allow of its l>eing visiird by ships desirous
merely of viciudlling. — (We liave derived these details from
various source-, tmt principally from the able Anttvers of the
Cvnsnl at Christiania to the Cir'nilar Qurric$.)
Tifnlter — A standard Christiania deal is 11 feet long, Ij^ Inch
thick, and 9 inches broad ; and .'Jl*2 such deals make a load.
Freight of deals from Norway to Kngland is calcxilateti at
the rate of single deals, the standard Mieasure of which for
Christiania and all the southern ports of Norway, ex( ept Piam
(a small town on the Dramimn, about t^O miles S.W. of
Christiania', is U feet long, ami 1^ inch in tbickniss. A
single deal from Dram is reckoned 10 feet long and 1^ inch
thick.
ill/tens* — Three battens make 2 deals, retaining their own
lenuih and thickness, ilalf deals are only counted as deal ends,
if they nm under fi feet ; but if they run fior 7 feel long, then
'i half deals are counteil a deal, retaining their own •t.ic kiiess.
FikU nf Df Ills. — Vonr ends of deals, although A feet long,
m^ike but a deil 11 feet long, retaining their thickness, which
the owners and captains of ships think unreasonable ; but as
the freighters of snips seldom wish to have this assortment,
which commonly run from ^ to .'i feet, and are taken on board
as stowage, conseqiientlv for the advantage of the ship and not
the freighter, the ship o\ight to hear the burden.
Kitils of /M/f^n.t, called Lam'ick Pali tifrt. — So less than C
ought to' be counted a single deal, 11 feet long and U inch
thick.
i
I
CIIUNAM. — CINNAMON.
277
listiania u
h.v Uw at
Ikt't inwni
1 at » hris-
tiniiini i*
|t),anil on
letiiiU'Si
iiUce for
_ clu iiytt
It'roin the
, desirous
kail-' from
ers of the
It, 1^ inch
t a loiiil.
Ivilatet! at
khich for
lent Iham
\>A\. of
|l 1^ inch
Iheir own
^eal ends,
%nii, tlu-n
IkknesH.
tvvi loiiL',
which
; t)Ut aft
t<irinient,
,.n \>o;\n\
I and not
^s than G
1^ inch
PutthMyht wht'h Ihey have th'ir proper length, arp 7 feet
lonK ; .1 (uh'-hoardt arc rountid a ^hi^li* tk-nl.
sifK vi tit hoKoheails take up inuth r»«>in ; in lonnenuence of
whirl) uuttv thnn ID i annot L>e coriiiiutetl a HtiiKle deal.
The width of dual it never n.ill.nl in the takulalion of
fril^ht : ix g(KHl lU'al oti^ht to run 9 liu hen within thr >.i|>,
whiih not a iwttittiMh pirt of a rarno does at priM'nt ; t.ut,
thutiuh sttiuv rii.i\ l)i< .d>uvi- 'J iiu he!f wide, ii.an> are onl> H,
IhiTetnre out' n u-l make up for the iiihir.
/■|»n/« t , or Urtrn l$iiiMta, rannul lu' e\atilv computed iicrnrtU
inK to ilu* i'outi*nt!« In ile.il», ht raute it raiinot le ^towi-d in a
iihtp in Iht' sitme manner a^ iltal^ the treight is, therefore,
UKDH-d for hv the luinpt or an ordinit to tlie nunilier of tU'ul<i
whi'h the 've.v>*l ni.i> liuvc taken on board on a former
uct.t->i>)n.
ttiie hundritl deals m T^O.
A tun =< 111 Milid feet nf liinliert ctit to a M^uare.
tine load of l>alk, or timher, >= MUutid feel.
'i'wo lo.uU of timln-r are ret koowi for t.'iO deals.
The -.tveral hilK nf l.idniK t nnl.un together an exait acrount
of the rar^o wliich the captain has received on lioard
hJi >tdp, I t»n>e(iuenll> binding hiin to deliver according to
their nontenth: when, itureforc, thi> deaU are Mientlomtl
as usual lland In Uet, and 11 anil I'i tret, he lannol In^i-^l oti
more frctKht than half of the lenKth, at cording tu it« dv
ftcription.
One thousand Norway standard deal:> are reckuneU equal to
A keel of coaN, which Ih '^1 Ions.
Uinmjiritn iMy dtity AH mahtiti capravens arc ahi>«o I'i and
under iH incnen )n eircuniferent e at the middle, and without
hark. ( hipboard itt ex(K>rtiHl in whole piet'e<t and uiu|uaiierid.
DeaU fioni (iennany pan^ ait Norway dvaU ; »pruce deaU arn
upMfiTdH of V'l feet tn h-nuth ; dealM from Norway, above 7 teet
tonfft are counted m whole tleaU ; alio«e 5 feet, and nut almve
7 fett in len^th, are aecountetl aa half deaU, and two of them
paMt a> one w hole deal.
Ihedlltennre tietween thetJhritltania and Drnm standard
l>einu nearly 1-llth part, the treiKhtn tn Uram ought to bu
vaiied proportion .lily. Ithiu ^mnetimes haopi'ned tliat 'diliMi
both ftir <'hri!<tlaiiia' and Dram have been m company, and
tho^e for I hrixtianla have got up loiuled, and tailed, before thti
otheri for Ih'ain have got over UraniHtroom, which runs very
Htrong down in the itprlng of lh« )ear.— (/<oi'(/(i/i44' iiurvixan
t'l'Hiwifctr.)
CHUN AIM, till- iianK- given in India to lime. The best, ohtaincd by the calcination
of slicils, is employed in tlie composition of Uktki. — (which see), to prevent, it is sjiid,
its injuring the stonuich,
C'lDKIt, oil C^ DEll (Fr. Ciilre ; Ger. Ziikr, Apfdwein ; Tt. Cidro ; lliis. Sidor ;
Sp. Sitlni), the juice of ap|)les expressed and fermented. The produce of tlie duty on
cider and |)erry (_the expressed and fermented juice of pears) amounted, in 1828, to
:iT,'2'20t. ; which, as the duty was 10s. a l)arrel, shows tliat the quantity produced must
have amounted to 74, 'MO barrels, exclusive of what might he clandestinely manufactured.
The jierry is supposed to have amounted to about a fourth part of this quantity. The
duty was repealed in 18:50. — (See Aitles.)
CIGARS. See Tobacio.
t'lNXAHAll (Ger. Zinnober ; Du. Cinaber, Vermilioen ; Fr. Cinnabre ; It. Cinabro;
Sp. Cinahrio ; Uus. Kiiiowar ; Lat. Cinnabriuni).
1. Xdtivv Cinnabar — a mineral substance, red, heavy, and brilliant. It is found in
various places, chiefly in (juicksilver mines, being one of the ores of that metal. The cin-
nabar of the l'hilip])ine Islands is said to be of the highest colour ; but that of Almaden,
ill .Spain, is the richest. The best native cinnabar is of a high colour, brilliant, and free
from earthy or stony matter.
2. ArUficiat Cinmibiir. — " When two parts of mercury and one of sulphur arc triturated
together in a mortar, the mercury gradually disappears, and the whole assumes the form
of a black jiowder, formerly called Eth'wps miiiend. When this mineral is heated red
hot, it sublimes ; and if a proper vessel be placed to receive it, a cake is obtained
of a fine red colour. This cake was formerly called cinnabar ; and, when reduced to
a fine powder, is well known in commerce under the name of i-vrmilion." — ( Thomson's
Chcmistri/, )
CINN.AMON (Du. Kaneel ; Yr. Cunnelle ; Ger. Zimmet, Knnehl ; It. Canella; Lat.
Cinnamomtim, CaiwUu ; Por. Canella ; Sp. Canela ; I'ers. and Hind. Z>«rt7ii«ie ; Arab.
Darsini ; 3Ialay, Kiiiinanis ; Greek, Kivafiov), the bark of the cinnamon tree (Ln«r«s
cinmimnmum), a native of ("eylon, where it grows in great abundance ; it is also found
in Cochin China, but no where else. The cinnamon said to be found in China, Borneo,
&e. is merely Cassia Ugnea. It is brought home in bags or bales weighing 9^5 lbs. each ;
and, in stowing it, black pe^-per is mixed with the bales to iireserve the cinnamon. The
best cinnamon is thin and rather pliable : it ought to be about the substance of royal
])aper, or somewhat thicker ; is of a light yellow colour, approaching nearly to that of
\'eiietian gold; it is smooth and shining; fractures splintery; has an agreeable, warm,
aromatic flavour, and a mild sweetish taste ; wlien chewed, the pieces become soft, and
seem to melt in the mouth ; it is not so pungent but that it may be borne on the tongue
without pain, and is not succeeded by any after taste. Whatever is hard, thick as a
half-crown piece, dark-coloured or brown, or so hot that it cannot be borne, should be
rejected. Particular care should be taken that it be not false packed, or mixed with
cinnamon of an inferior sort. — (^Milburn's Orient. Comm. ; Marshall's Essaij, quoted
below. )
The cinnamon of Cochin China grows in the dry sandy districts lying N. W. of the
town of Faifoe, between 1.5" and 16° N. lat. It is preferred in China to the cinna-
mon of Ceylon : the annual imports into Canton and other ports vary from 250,000 to
;i()0,000 lbs. There are no fewer than 10 varieties of this species in the market. It
is not cured, like that of Ceylon, by freeing it from the epidermis ( Crawfurd's Embassy
to Siiim, §•(•. p. 475.)
Cinnamon Monopoly Down to the present year, the cultivation of cinnauioa in
Ceylon was restricted to a few gardens in the neighbourhood of Colombo ; the pro-
duction and sale of the article being wholly monopolised by government. Upon the
transference of the island from the East India Company to the king's government, the
former agreed to pay 60,O()O/. a year for 400,000 lbs. or 4,342^ bales of cinnamon ; it
being stipulated, that if the (piantity collected exceeded this amount, the surplus was to h»
T 3
t
\v.
I, i\
s
278
CINNAMON.
r 1
l»:
u
■! i
burned.'* Rut tliis nffrcomciit was at'tirwiirds brokon oil'; nml, for these some yoniH
jwst, llu' cimiiiinon lias lii-i-n sont to Kiifflanil l)y ^ovi-rmiiuiit, and soUl on its account at
•juartorly sales. 'I'lie revenue derive*! by the Ceylon treasury from the eiimamon monopoly,
in IH:il, is said to have amomited to l()6,'t:l I/. 1 In. IN/.; but it is not siiid whether this
is the uett or j^ross revenue, that is, whether it he exclusive or inclusive of the expenses
attending its nmiiagement. — ( (\i/lou Alinitmir Jhr \HXi, p. H'i. ) As the monopoly could
not be enforced, exce])t l)y conlining the culture of cinnamon to certain districts, it
necessiirily led to the most oppressive interferences with the rif^hts of individuals, to the
creation of numberless imaginary oflences and liie midtipiicaliou of ))unishments, form-
ing a heavy tlra whack upon the prosperity t)f the ishiiul. >Ve are, therefore, glad to
have to slate that it has been at length abandoned; and that we are no Kmger liable
to the charge of upholding, without improving, the w»)rst |iart of the Dutch policy ; l)ut
have restored to the natives their right to cultivate cimiamon any where and in any
way they think fit We subjoin a copy of the advertisement issued by the Ceylon
government in reference to this important subject.
Notice is lieroby kivcti, that in direct imrsuance of instriirtinns reccivpil fVom the srrrotnry of state,
Troin and after the lotli of .luly nrxt, the Keneral export ufrliinamnn IVoni the ports of Colombo and I'oint
dc (iallc cxeUiiivcly, in the islanti of Ccylun, will be allowe<l, on payment of an export duty of J,y.
|H>r pound, without distiiietion of quality.
i''roin the same perio<l, all restrictions and prohibitions iiKainst the eultlvntlon, possession, or sale of
rinnauion by priv.ite individuals will eease; and sueh i|uantitii'S of einnamon as Kovi'rnnuMit now has in
its possession, or may hereafter be obliKed to reeeive in paynu'iit of ri'ut, or from the noverinnent phinf-
ations i^unlil they run otherwise lie di»|ioHed of), will l)e sold at prriotlienl sales, Md>jt'('t always to the
payment of the said export duty, and under eonditions as to the completion of the purchase, and the
netual payment of the purchase money in eash or xovernment l)ills, on delivery of the eiiMiauioii, similar
to those heretofore stipulated at the soles held in London, and which will be lully notilied and explained
hereafter.
No collections will, for the future, he m.i(lc in the forests on account of government.
The first sale will l)e held on the 10th day of July next, at the otliee of the commissioner of revenue ;
when t,(KH) bale* of einnamon will be put uji to sale in lots at the undermentioned prices, and will be sold
to the highest bidder above the reserved price.
.«. (I,
1st sort, per lb. - - • . , . ;) i;
Ud — - - - -..'JO
3il — . . - . . U it
The proportion of each sort to be put up will bo notilied hereafter.
The stock of einnamon in the hanils of the a^cnt in London, in Sc))tem<ier, 1832, .<ind which was to be
sold at thel usual quarterly sales, in October, ;s;J2, and January, April, and .Uily, 18,).!, amounted to l.iiScS
l)ales; two ccmsijjnments, amounting to 82(i bales, have since been sent to Knttland, viz. ;">(«) h.des in July,
1832; .32(1 bales ill October, 1832; since which no shipments have been made, and none will be made
hereafter.
The sales for the 2 years ending with that of July, 1832, somewhat exceeded .0,j(X) bales per annum.
Chief Secretary's office, Colombo, March 9. 183a
Duties on Cinnamon. — Nothing can be more s.ntisfactory than this document, in so
far as the free culture of cinnamon is concerned ; but it is deeply to be regretted, that
the abolition of the old monopoly system should be accom|)anied liy the imposition of
tlie exorbitant duty of fJs. per lb. on all cinnamon exported, without distinction of tpia-
]ity. Its natural cost does not, we believe, exceed 6(L or 8^/. per lb. ; but taking it at
1.?., the duty is no less than .300 per cent. ! So enormous a tax, by confining the
cx])ort of cinnainoti within the narrowest limits, will go far to deprive the island of the
advantages it would otherwise derive from the repeal of the monojioly, and will be, in
all respects, most injurious. We have heard, th.it it is contended, in viiulication of this
oppressive tax, that Ceylon having a natural monopoly of cinnamon, it is sound ])olicy
to burden it with the highest duty it will bear; as the largest revenue is thus obtained
at the least expense to the island. But in addition to the cinnamon ])roduced in Cochin
China, and which it is more than probable will -sjjeedily find its way to the Kuroiiean
:narkets, the extent to whicli cassia lignea is substituted for cinnamon, shows that
the monopoly po.«ses.sed by Ceylon is of very trifling importance. Hut though it
were otherwise, though ca.ssia lignea did not exist, and eiimamon were to lie found no
where but in Ceylon, we should not the less object to so exorbitant an export duly. So
long as it is maintained, it will confine within the narrowest limits, what might other-
wi.se become a most important branch of industry, and a c()])ious source of wealth to the
island. According to the crown commissioners, the average quantity and value of the
diflTerent sorts of cinnamon annually sold of late years has been, —
Sorts of Cinnomon.
Quantity.
Rale.
Amount.
First sort
Second sort • . -
Third sort
All sorts ...
<H),()00
2.;o,(i(K)
180,1 K)0
1!. rf.
7 24
5 lOJ
* 3i
£ s.
.32,842 l.'i
fi7,.';ii2 10
38,.t,}7 10
."xxXooo
1 l.'!8,3.« l."")
• See an aitide by H. M.irsliall, Esq., staff surgeon to the forces in Ceylon, in Tliomsoit's Annals a/
I'hiloiophy, vol. x. p. 350.
Ill so
that,
on of
(|ii:i-
it at
the
• the
l)e, in
of this
)olify
lined
oehin
()))eaii
that
tiigli it
niul no
So
otlier-
to the
of the
.T.
10
10
Uiiiali <J
1
CIViUE POUTS.
279
It is not nt nil pioonole that the expoits will materially increase under tlio new
•ystein ; but liu<l tlie duty varied from iilioiit Oil. per ll>. on the Itest, to :i</. or 4iL on tho
inferior .sorts, we have little doiiht, now that thceultiire is free, that the exports would,
nt no very distant period, have amounted to some millions of pounds. It is the high
price ofcimiamon, — a price not caused hy its scarcity or the diliicidly of its production,
but hy the oppressive monopolies niul iluties to which it has heeii suhjected, — that has
made it he re;;anled as ii luxury attainable only hy the rich. There is no other spice
that is so universally acceptable; and there is none, were it charf^ed with a riiisnimhle.
iliiti/, tliat would he so sure to command an immense sjile. We kimw, (piitc as well as
the writer of an article on this subject in the Colombo .Tournal. that '• the cook who
em|)loys I ounce of cinnamon to improve the (lavoiir of his dishes, will not employ
4 oiincus when the spice is a fourth of the price;" but we further know, what the jour-
nalist would seem to he if^noraiit of, that were its jirice reduced, as it inif<ht be, to a third
of what it has hitherto cost, it would be used by ten or n dozen cooks, for every one who
cmiiloys it at iircsent. In fact, the entire consumption of cinnamon in Great Britain
is under ii(>,()(X) lbs. a year!
Should the exports of cinnamon from Ceylon under the new \}]nn nmmint to
5()<),(KM)lbH. a year, government will receive from it an annual revenue of 7.5,(KK)/. ; and
supposing them to amount to f;(X),(XK) lbs., the revenue will be ;)0,<XX)/. And to se-
cure the immediate payment of this trifling sum, every ulterior consideration of jirofit
and advantage has been sacrificed. It is, however, pretty clear, that tliis short-siglited
rapacity will be, in the end, no less injurious to the revenue, than to the industry and
trade of the island. Were cinnamon allowed to be exported for a few years under a low
duty, or till such time ns the taste for it was fully diffused througlKUit this and other
countries, it would then be easy, by gradually raising the duty, to obtain from it, without
materially checking the consumption, a wry larye revcmiK ; at least 5 or (> times more
than it will ever proiluce under the present jilan,
Siijiposc that we had had the jiower efrecfually to monoimlise the inventions by which
.Sir lUchurd Arkwright and others have so prodigicnisly facilitated the spinning of
cotton ; whiit would have been thought of the policy of those who should have ])roposed
laying a duly on exjiorted cottons eijiiivalent to the jieculiar advantages we enjoyed in
their production? Had this been done, we should have got a monojwli; vnlut: for our
exports of cotton; but instead of amounting, .as at present, to 17,(XX),0(K)/. a year, they
would not, under such a plan, have amounted, to 170,(XX)/. ; and instead of afl'ordiug sub-
.sislence for some l,;i(X),()0()or 1,'10(),(XX) individuals the cotton manufacture would not
have supported .'5(),()(X)! And yet this is the mischievous nostrum, — for it would be an
.ibuse of terms to ciU it a princii>le, — on which we have proceeded to regulate the export
of the staple jiroduct of Ceylon.
'i'lie following table shows the quantities of cinnamon retained for home consumption,
tin; rates of duty, and the iiett amount of the duties in each year, since IHIO.
QH.lnlhii-s
Qiinntltiiii
Vcsrs.
ril.-iiiinl I'lir
llon]t>('i)ii*
siiniMli.initi
Ihi' rniliil 1
Nett Amount of
Ihitv ri't'eivwl
ttu'rcon.
IlAto of I>uly charKixl
thereon.
Years.
rt'lniiHKl fur
llfiiiie y\on-
!.iiiiiiitiunin
the t'liileil
Nctt Ammintof
Duty riTirivwl
tlUTL>on.
llnlcs of Fhity rli.irgfil
thcrvun.
Kin^iloin. 1
Kin^flDin.
Lbs.
£ s. ,1.
O/the iMst Indii-s.
IJ.1.
£ s.
<l.
OJ Ihr Ensl Inilics.
Cls. |)cr 11). <iiicl
1820
llMil8J
1,;!3I 3
'Is. i'lll. \)Ct 11).
1810
12,793
5,609 7 3
<'2I. 13,v. 4rf. per
18^1
12,(H«
l,50.i 18
2
do.
C cent, ad valorem.
182'-'
14,.'-,(l7i
1,810 19
do.
1811
8,748
3,71.'". 10 7
do.
1K'J3
14,225
1,707 8
7
do.
1812
13,416
4,081 10 1
do.
1824
13,7(;C>|
14,(i:«
1,723 10
4
do.
(■(From April 15.)
1825
1.700
2
do.
1813
Records destroyed -
)2,v. 4K per lb.
1 and ,'i/. ,'i.t. M. per
18'2(i
18-/7
14,I.".5J
14,151
1,782 14
1,807 19
9
7
do.
do.
(. cent, ad valorem.
1828
15,090
1,773 l(i
9
do.
1814
1815
9,505
9,35.';
8,977 3 11
1,175 17 7
f I From April 10.)
I 'is. (irf. per lb.
do.
1829
29,720
1,312 8
4
(■(From June 'i\.)
J (W. |)cr 11). IVoni
j liritish posses.
I8!H
9,8a-}
],'2;i5 14 I
do.
Csioiis.
1817
10,089
1,3'.'4 9
do.
18,30
Nil.*
709 5
do.
1818
11,381
1,424 18 11
do.
1831
23.172
583 17
6
do.
1819
13.077i
i.an 1 1
{"(From April 10.)
} 2j. fxt per lb.
1832 15;271
435 10
do.
In the Ijomlon market, cinnamon is divided into 3 sorts. The first is worth, at present (.Sept 1833),
duty included, Irom Us. («/. to 10s. per lb. ; the second, fw. to Is. 6rf. ; and the third from 5s. to 6*.
CINQUE POUTS. These are ancient trading towns, lying on the coa.st of Kent
and Sussex, whicli were selected from their proximity to France, and early superiority
in navigation, to a,ssist in protecting the realm against invasion, and vested with certain
privileges by royal charter.
" Tlie ports so privileged, as we at present account them, .ire Dover, Sandwicli,
Romncy, Hastings, Hythe, .nnd the two ancient towns of Winchelsea and Rye ; although
* Tlic export having exceeded the quantity ch.irgwl will) dulv wiiliin the year.
T 4
'! (
Ii .
ill
1! ;■ 1
ii.
'i'
;.ii
W I
1 1-
1
I
r
280
CITRON.— CLOCK.
the two latter i)laco9 appear to have been originally only members. The services which
they were ap])ointed to perform were either honorary, viz. assisting at the coronation
and sending members to i)arliament ; or auxiliary to the defence of the realm, as fur-
nishing a certain supply of vessels and seamen, on being summoned to that service by
the king's writ.
" I II jjrocess of time tho Cinque Ports grew so powerful, and, by the possession of a
warlike fleet, so audacious, that they made piratical excursions in defiance of all public
faith ; on some occasions they made war, and formed confederacies as separate inde-
jjendent states. It seems, however, that these irregularities were soon suppressed, wlien
tlie government w.is strong, and sufficiently confident to exert its powers. So long as the
mode of raising a navy by contributions from different towns continued, the Cinque
I'orts afforded an ample siqiply ; but since that time their privileges have been preserved,
but tl.eir separate or peculiar services dispensed witli. Their charters are traced to the
time of Edward the Confessor ; they were confirmed by the Conqueror, and by subse-
tjuinit monarchs. William the Con<jueror, considering Dover Castle the key of England,
gfive the charge of the adjacent ruast, with tlie shipping belonging to it, to the constable
of Dover Castle, with the title of W^irden of the Cinque Ports ; an office reseml)ling that
of tlie Count of the Saxon coast' ( Comes Uttoris Saxonici) on tlie decline of the Roman
l)ower in this island. The lord,warden has the authority of admiral in the Cinque Ports
and its de])endencies, with power to hold a court of admiralty ; he has :iuthority to hold
courts both of law and equity ; is the general returning officer of all the ports, — par-
liamentary writs being directed to him, on which he issues his precepts ; and, in many
respects, he was vested with powers similar to those possessed by the heaJs of counties
palatine. At present the efficient autliority, charge, or patronage, of the lord warden is
not very great ; the situation is, however, considered very honourable, and the salary is
3,000/ He has under him a lieutenant and some subordinate officers ; and there are
captains at Deal, Walmer, and Sandgate Castles, A:chelifi' Fort, and Moats Bulwark.
" There is an exclusive jurisdiction in the Cin<;iie Ports (before the mayor and jurats
of the ports), into which exclusive jurisdictiovi the king's ordinary writ does not run ;
that is, the court cannot direct their process immediately to the sheriff, as in other cases.
In the Cinque Ports, the process is directed to the constable of Dover Castle, his deputy,
or lieutenant. A writ of error lies from the mayor and jurats of each port to the lord
warden of the Cinque Ports, in his court of Shepway, and from the court of Shepway io
the Khig's Bench ; a memorial of sujieriority reserved to the crown at the original
creation of the franchise; and prerogative writs, as those of habeas corpus, prohibition,
certiorari, and mandamus, may issue, for the same reason, to all these exemi;t jurisdictions,
because the jirivilege that the king's writ runs not must be intended between party and
jiaify, jnd tliere can be no such privilege against the kiiig." -—(C/iitti/'s Commercial
Law, \l\. ii. p. 12.)
CITRON (Ger. Succade ; Da. Suhkat ; It. Confetti di cedro ; Sp. Acitron verde ;
Fr. Cliniiiiit rent), an agreeable fruit, resembling a lemon in colour, smell, and taste.
The princi|)al difference lies in the juice of the citron being somewhat less acid, and the
yellow rind being somewhat hotter, and accompanied with a considerable bitterness. —
{Lewis's Mat. Med.) It is imported, preserved and candied, from Madeira, of the
finest quality.
Cl\ K r (Gcv. Zibetfii Bii. Civet; Fr. Cirette ; It. Ziheffo ; Sp. /%i//n), a perfume
taken from the civet cat. It is brouglit from the Brazils, Guinea, anu tho interior of
Africa. When genuine, it is worth iiOs. or 40.'. an o ince.
CLARET, one of tho best French wines. See tlie articles Bokdkaux and Wine.
CLEARING, " among I.oyidon Bankers, is u method adopted by them for exchanging
the drafts on each other's houses, and settling the differences. Ti'as, at half-past 3 o'clock,
a clerk from each banker attends at the clearing-house, where Ik brings all the drafts on
the other bankers, wliich have been paid into his house that day, and deposits them in
their proper drawers (a dr.iwer being allotted to each iianker) ; he then credits their
accounts separately with tlie articles which they hare against him, as found in the drawer.
IJalances are then struck from all the accounts, and the claims transferred from oiio to
another, until they arc so wound up and cancelled, that each clerk lias only to settle with
two or three others, and their balances are immediately paid.
'' Such drafts as are jiaid into a banker's too late for clearing, are sent to tho houses on
which they are drawn, to lie marked, which is understood as an engagement that they will
be i)aid the next day." — (Kel/i/s Camliisf.) — (For an account of the saving of money
effected by this device, see attfc, j), 65. The technical operations carried on at t'le clear-
ing-house have been described by I\Ir. Gilbart, in his Practical Treatise on Bankiu</,
pp. 1 (i — '20. )
CLEARING-HOUSE, the place where the operation termed clearing is carried on.
CLOCK, CLOCKS (Ger. V/iren, Cnme Vhrv,,, Wianduhren ; Du. Vureii, Viir-
U'crkc. , JKmiloi/ien ; Fr, Jlorlor/es ; It. Orolot/i/i, Oriuoli ; Sp. Jtelojes ; Rus. Tsc/iasii),
i
the
the
lock,
"ts on
u in
their
wer.
o to
with
's on
will
DHOy
lear-
'iiitff,
on.
CLOTH. — CLOVES.
281
I
a kind of machine, put in motion by a gravitating body, and so constructed as to divide,
measure, and indicate the successive portions of time with very fjreat accuracy. Most
clocks mark the hour l)y striking or chiiniiig. It is a higlily useful instrument, and is
extensively employed for domestic and philosophical purjioses. flocks are made of iin
endless variety of materials and models, so as to suit the ditl'erent uses to which they arc
to be applied, and the different tastes of their jjurcliasers. Tlieir j)rice consecjuently
varies from a few shillings to more than 100/. The CJermans and Dutch are particularly
celebrated for their skill in the manufacture of wooden clocks ; while the English,
Trench, and Genevese, especially the former, have carried tlie art of making metallic
clocks, so as to keep time with the greatest precision, to a high degree of jjerfection.
The history of the invention, introduction, and successive improvements in the manu-
facture of clocks, has been carefully investigated by some very learned and industrious
anti(|uaries — (hl'C lieckmann's Hint, of Inventiont, \o\, i. pp.419 — 46'i. Eng. ed. ; and
linen's O/clupadia) ; but, notwithstanding these researches, the subject is still involved
in considerable obscurity. It seems, however, that the middle of the fourteenth century
may be regartled as the epoch when clocks, having weights suspended as a moving
power, and a regulator, began to be introduced. The period wh .-n, and the individual
by whom, the pendulum was first applied to clockwork, have been subjects of much
contention. Galileo and Huygens have disputed the honour of the discovery. " But
■whoever may li'ive been the inventor, it is certain that the invention never flourished till
it came into the hands of Huygens, who insists, that if ever Galileo thought of such a
thing, he never brought it to any degree of perfection. The first jienduhun clock made
in England was in the year 166'2, by one Eromantel, a Dutchman." — {IIiiUuh's Math.
Dictionary.)
The clock manufacture is of considerable importance and value. It is carried on to
a great extent in London.
The ad valorem duty of 25 per cent, on foreign clocks produced, in 1 832, 6,023/. 8s.
nett. It is principally derived from the wooden clocks brought from Holland and
Germany.
Under the article Watches, the reader will find some statements as to the importation
and exportation of clocks, as well as watches.
Clockmakers arc obliged to engrave upon the dial-plate of all clocks made by them tlicir name, and
the plare of their residence. No outward or inward box, ease, or dial-plate of any clock or watch, with
.he maker's name cng.aved thereon, shall be exported withotit the movement or machinery being in or
with such l)ox or ease, under forfeiture of double its lalue. — (3 & 4 /(;//. 1. cap. .'ii.'. !, lol.) It is illegal
to imp irt, or to enter t . be warehouised, any clock or watch inipres'-ed with any mark pnrporting to repre.
lient any legal British mark, or not havnig the name of some foreign maker visible on. the frame, and
also on the face, or not being in a complete state. — ( ', ;)7.)
It is said, however, not to be an uncommon practice among the less reputable portion of the trade, to
engrave their n.ime.' and " London " en foreign clocks and watches, and to sell them to the pablio as
Enghsl) work. The fraud may be del^jcted by referring to any rcsi>cctable watchmaker.
I5y a Treasury order of thc4ih of .September, 18'JH, clocks and watches for private use, though not marked
in the manner now specified, may l>e admitted on payment of the duty, on the parties making affidavit of
their entire ignorance of tl'e law in question.
Persons hired by, or in the employment of, clock and watch makers, who shall fraudulently embezzle,
Rccrete, sell, ivc. any metal, mat" /ial, or precious stone, with which he may happen to be intrusted, shall,
upon trial and conviction beforr a justice of the peace, forteit Wl. for the first ottence ; and for the second,
and every subsequent offence, ne shall forfeit 40/. ; and, in default of i)ayment, is to be committed to the
house of correction ;'27 Geo. i c. 7. \ 1.) — {.See Watch.)
CLOTH. See Wool, Linen, &c.
CLOVER (Ger. Khe ; Du. Klavvr ; Fr. Trefle, Luzerne ; It. Trifoglio ; Sp. Trchol :
Rus. Trilistnih ; Lat. 7Vi/()/if/Hi), a very important species of grass. Some of the species
in cultivation are annual ; others biennial or triennial ; and others perennial. The ;.-ed
used formerly to be principally importeu from Holland ; but that which is raised in this
country is now said to be of a superior quality. — {Loudon's Encychtpa:dia of Agriculture.')
Culture for seed is, however, very precarious, and of uncertain profit.
The entries of fonign clover seed for home consumption, at an average of the 3 years ending with
18J1, were <J!t,()4(i rwi a year. Hut for the high duty of i'O.v. a cwt., there can be little doubt that the
importation would br nuich more considerable. The price of foreign clover seed in the London market,
at present (Septembe., lH.'a), varies, duty included, from Stts. to iJCts. a cwt.
CLOVES (Ger. Naylcin, Gewiirznelken ; Du. Kruidnaffclcn ; Fr. Clous de girofe,
(iirojits; It. Chioci di giirofann, Garofani, Gnroffoli ; Sp. Clavos de espccia, Cluvillos;
Rus. Gwosdiku ; Aral). Kerenful ; Malay, C/ian'/ice), the fruit, or rather cups of the
unopened flowers, of the clove free, or Coryophyllus aromtttiriis. The clove tree is a
native of the ^loluccas, where it was originally found; but ])lants have since been carried
to Cayenne and other places, where they succeed tolerably well. Cloves are shaped like
a nail ; whence the name, from the Fn iich cloti, nail. They are imported from the
Dutch settlements ; tlie best in chests, and an inferior kind in bags. The best variety
of the Amboyna cloves is smaller and blacker tlian the other varieties, very scarce, and,
as a mark of i)re-cnii!ience, is termed the Royal clove. Good cloves have a strong,
fragrant, aromatic odour ; and a hot, acrid, aromatic taste, which is very permanent.
. !
!•
-I
M
I
I •
\
ill
I'
282
CLOVES.
i:f ^'
They slioulcl he chosen liir^e sized, perfect in all parts; the colour should he a dark
brown, almost approaching; to hlack ; and, when liandled, should leave an oily moisture
upon the finders. Good cloves are sometimes adulterated l)y mixinff them with those
from which oil has l)eeu drawn ; hut these are weaker than the rest, and of a paler
colour; and whenever they look shrivelled, haviii}; lost the knoh at the top, and are li^ht
and hvoken, with l)ut little smell or taste, they should he rejected. As cloves readily
absorl) moisture, it is not uncommon, when a (piantity is ordered, to keej) them beside u
vessel of water, by which means a considerable addition is made to their weight. —
( T/iomson's Dispcnsittorij ; Milhuriis Orietitiil Commerce. )
J'olifi/ of the Dutch Its to the. Triiile in Cloves, — From the expulsion of the English
from Amboyna, in IC>'23, the Dutcli have, a few short intervals only excepted, enjoyed
the exclusive jMssession of the Moluccas, or Clove Islands. In their conduct as to the
clove trade, they have exhihiied a degree of short-sighted rapacity, which has been, we
believe, seldom ecpialled even in the annals of monojjoly. Their object has not been to
encourage the growth and trade of cloves, but to conline l)oth within tiic narrowest limits,
Tliey have preferred deriving a large |)rofit from a stunted and jjctty trade, to a moderate
profit from a trade that nn'ght have aflbrded employment for a very large amount of
cn))ital ; and to prevent their narrow and selfish projects from being counteracted by the
operations of the natives, they have subjected them to the most revolting tyranny. " Tliat
they might," Siiys Mr. Crawford, '' regidate and control production and price just as
they thought proper, the clove trees were extirpated every where but in Amboyna, the
seat of their power; and the surrounding jirinces were !)rihe(l, by annual listijiends, to
league with them for the destruction of their subjects' property and birthright. 'I'liis
plan was begun about the year l.'J.'jl. The contracts are still in force, and an annual
fleet visits the surrounding islands to supjiress the growth of cloves, which, in their
native country, spring up with ;i luxuriance which these measures of Satanic rigour, and
of sacrilege towards [)ountiful natiu'e, can scarce rei)ress. liy the plan on which the
clove trade is now conducted, — a plan carried into elFect through so nuu'h ini(|uity and
bloodshed, — the country ofsjiices is rendered a petty farm, of which the natural owners
are reduced to the worst condition of predial slavery ; and the great monoi)oliser and
oiijiressor is that government, whose duty it should have been to insure freedom and
attord protection. Human ingemiity could hardly devise a ])lan more destructive of
industry, more hostile to the growth of public wcaltli, or injm-ious to morals, than this
system framed in a barbarous age; and it rellects disgrace upon the character of a civil-
ised jjcople to persevere in it.
" It is curious to remark how the monopolisers, in carrying the details of this system
into cft'ect, at once imjjose upon the natives and deceive themselves. The nominal price
paid to the natives is actually above the natural price of the commodity, but they are
cheated in the delails. 'I'he cultivator brings his produce to the ])ul)lie stores, where it
is subjected ;it once to a deduction of one fifth for jjayment of the salaries of the civil and
military oflicers. Tiie jjrice of the remainder is fixed at the rate of !)•(> Spanish dollars
the i)icnl : but before payment is made, another deduction of one fifth is made ; one
half of which is for the chiefs or nijos, and the other tor the native chicrs, who are over-
seers of the forced culture. The real price, therefore, ])aid to the grower is 8 Spanish
dollars per picnl, or :?{(/. per lb. avoirdujiois, instead of I m,'^ Spani^h dollars peri)icul, or
•J^'/. ])er 11)., which is pretended to i)e given.
" When cloves liave been sold on the sjiot, the price usually exacted has been about
C>i Spanish dollars the ))Icul. or 8 times the jjrice paid to tlie cidtivator. The
average price in Holland, previously to the war of the Freneli revolution, may be taken
at C>s. per lb., or 177^,^, Spanish dollars per picul, being 'J. !'_''_' \wr cent, advance on the
real cost of the connnodity in the jilace of its growth. When brought direct to England,
they have cost at an average ;;,v. Hd. liie lb., making lOH-,';,}, Spani^ll dollars jier jiieid, an
advance on the natural exjjort price of l,'Jj8 j)er cent." — {^luistirn .trchi/iclot/o, vol. iii.
pp. ,iS« — :3!»0.)
Duty on Cloves. — This was considerably reduced in 1810; and there has. In conse-
quence, been a decided Increase In the cousmnption of the article; though not nearly so
great as it would have l)een, had it been su|)plied inuler a more li!)er:d system. The
cloves at present entered for home consumption In (ireat Jbitain, amount to about
8(),(KK) lbs. a year, of which a part comes from Cayenne. Hut the cjdtlvation of the
clove In t^ayenne deptMids entirely on tli-j existence of the )iresent system in the 3Ioluecas.
The sui)eriority wliico tlu' laller enjoy over every otlii'r place in the production of cloves
is so very great, that were any thing like freedoni given to those engaged in their culture,
they would very speedily exclude every other from the market. It Is not to be imagined,
that so liberal and intelligent a government as that of Holland can much longer continue
insensible to tliL' disgrace of snpiinrling a «^^yileni like the present, and to the many
ndvantages vhat would rtHult from its abolition. Subjoined is
i
vi*
COACHES.
163
All Account of tlie duintity oC (loves ciitorod for Iloine Consumption each Year since 1810; of tlicNttt
~ Amount of l)iity roi'eiveti tlicrefroni, ami the Kates of Duly.
< 4
I alioiit
Tlic
> taken
on till!
iifilaiid,
liMil, an
ol. iii.
consc-
larly so
The
about
J of the
lliicc.is.
' cloves
liiltiire,
ligiiied,
Intiime
numy
(himtilit's
' I
Il.ites i)f Puty cliarKtii ilifni>ii.
Years.
rt'l.iiiu'd Jtr
IluUll' i'\\l\-
s»ii.i|iiiiiiiiuthe
Nctt Amount of Iluty
rirfivitl ttltTt.'oii. |
Of the llolinh I'l/s-
of tin' rurri^ri, rii>sfs,sint)S
L'niltHl Iving-
Of Ihu Kast Imiii-s.
sc^isil>lls ill .Vliti'kiL'jt.
ill .Vnii'rit'.i.
ili;in.
Lb:
£
.V.
d.
('4,v. 8(/. per U). ai»n
1810
a"),.084
in,l!i7
1!J
10
-I'J/. l;>.v. +(/. per cent. >
1 ad valorem. J
2s. per lb.
is. S(l. per lb.
IKlt
a8,i_l77
8,:;70
1
1
do.
do. .
do.
1S12
Oilfii't^l
8,.-. 17
1!)
10
do.
r From ir)lli of April 1
do.
do.
1813
Records d(
•stroyed
'
\'ts. (>J(/. per 11). and f
i :,l. ^^s. M. per cent, f
(ad valorem. j
'J.S-. iid. per lb.
ris. nif/. per lb.
1814
31,975
•'..W)
9
3
' From loth of April
54-. 7Jf/. per lb. i
do.
do.
f n/. I'l.v. 4'/. per rent.
iHir>
.W.WS
.''.,708
3
9
do.
do.
■[ ad valorem, eipial to
C about l.v. (i(/. per 11).
I81fi
Ifi,470
1,8(77
l'>
do.
do. -
do.
1S17
7:!,!'7.i
fi.iJlK)
13
1,
do.
do.
do.
1.S18
18,-^1
1,777
5
.J
do.
do.
do.
ISl!l
y+.iojj
;j,,j.vj
4
7
rrora5thofJulyi2.!.U''lb.
24- per lb.
Ss. iier lb.
IS'.'O
a;/) -4 J
3,ti;"i7
5
do.
ilo.
do.
IK'.'l
.■>i,;>.;,'i
•:.,iK'i
!)
O
do.
do.
do.
182'J
4!i,7(ir,i
.'")7,78oJ
5,0'J(i
Hi
8
do.
do.
do.
18'j;5
5,747
14
4
do.
do. -
do.
1H'J4
tio,;i'2.>}
(i.o.;.")
10
do.
do. -
do.
18525
ISGfi
4;),2(il
.02,7011
4,54J
5,279
y
4
10
do.
do. -
do.
Ofllriiish Pi)sM>ssi«)iis.
Of
F«ircij.'n INissi'^sinim.
'i.v. lier 11).
3,v. per lb.
18'J7
85,!f.K)J
8,l»l'.'
1
9
do.
-
do.
IS'JH
r.i.'jKii
n.i48
1!)
'2
<io.
-
do.
is-jy
4H,ii.)7i
4,H75
13
a
do.
■
do.
i8.;o
IIO.lll
fi.OCI
9
7
do.
-
do.
ik;;i
KJ.hS;';
8,.'i7H
8
o
do.
-
do.
I8.Ji>
8'i,li7i,'
8,ii;!i
(i
9
do.
-
do.
The price of cloves, exclusive of the duty, in the London market, is, at present (October, 1833), as
follows : —
Amboyna, licncoolen, &c. - Is. 2(/. to U. C<d. per lb. | liuurbon, Cayenne, &c. - Is. 2f/. to Is. Stl. per lb.
Cloves, Oir, or, is procured from cloves by distillation. \V1icti new, it is of a pale
redilish 'nown eoh)nr, wliicli becoines darker by ajfe. It is exlieinely hot and fiery, and
sinks in water. The kind generally iiii])()rte(l from India contains nearly half its weight
of an insipid expressed oil, which is discovered by drojiping a little into sjiirits of wine;
and on shaking it, the genuine oil mixes with the spirit, and the insipid sejiarating, the
fraud is discovered. — ( Mi/lmrn. )
CO.VCHKS, vehicles for commodious travelling. They have scmietimcs two, and
sometimes four wheels. The body of the coach is generally susjiended, by means of
springs, upon the framework to which the wlicels are attached. 'I'hey are usually drawn
by horses, Init recently have been impelled by steam. The forms and varieties of coaches
are almost innumerable.
1. lUsinrical Notice. — Beckmann has investigated the early history of coaches with
his usual care and learning. It is certain that a species of coaches were used at Rome ;
but whether they were hung ou springs, like those now made use of, is not certain. After
the subversion of the lloman jiower, horseback was almost tlie only mode of travelling.
About tlic end of the liiteenth century, however, covered carriages began to be cmjiloyeil
by persons of distinction ou great occasions. In l.^.-^O, there were at I'aris only three
coaches: one of which belonged to the ipieen ; another to the celebrated Diana of
I'oitiers; and the third to a corpulent, unwieldy nobleman, llene de Laval, lord of IJois
Dauphin. Coaches were seen, for the first time, in Spain, in LIlO". They began to be
used in England about l.jHO; and were in common use among the nobility in the begin-
ning of the seventeenth century. — ( lUsf. of Inrvnf. vol. i. pp. 111. l'J7. Kng. trans.)
2. Mniiiifarture of Carriages. — This is a department of considerable value and im-
portance. The best built and handsomest carriages are made in London, where only
the trade of a coach currier is carried on; but the carriages made at Edinburgh, and
some other jdaces, are also very sujierior. Down to 18'i5, a duty was laid on all car-
riages made for .sale; and it appears from the following account, that, in ISl'i, l,.";;}!
four-wheeled carriages, 1,7(K) two-wheeled ditto, and lt)5 taxed carts (small carriages
without springs), were made for sale.
.'5. Duties on C<irriii(/<'S. — These duties lia.e been long iinposeil, and have fluctuated
considerably at different jieriods. The foUowii.g table shows the number of four-
wheeled and other carriages (exclusive of hackney coaches) charged ivith duties in the
}.:^
V!
• '
^M
mm
28*
COACHES.
years 1812, 1825, and 1830, the rates of duty on each species of carriage, and the pro-
duce of the duties (Compiled from Pari. Paper, No. 686. Sess. 18:50. and Papers
publislied by the Board of Trade.)
-^ O 0=01000 lO
^OOOOl^OO 11
c »
rj ■— '
w^OOOOOCCO
If
Si"
il
w 3
3=t
If
^ »"* ^.- -) Tl
oo o o
wo i.T O
"' iC s"
oo
oo
^■■^
>o
352
s
■^ o ooocco • >o
^ O O O O 01 O 'T
CM go -H o 5 'sO I I o
.^ o oootcooo'o
,^ O OOOl^^O'S-"
5f^ to tci~r^t^xxxJi
O* C» '-'5 01 1.'^ o • < o
.^ O COOOOOO '
„• O 0000*001
CI t£ 3C O 1-3 II C-. -< '
ij « 5i-T,o_di5i r-io<
'■-i n at t ,
^ o oooooooo
^ o oooifjxooiM
I---0 —
oo o o
* O O <r>
.* f" 'O .-1
='" jC 3
oo o o
CC O "D i-T
CO 'o in o
CC 3^ 'O I^
T*< 1- l^
C O O o
je o o o
•|i§ S 'o^
5i 01 to ci
o o o o
!00 o o
■OOl o o
i-< d oi '■.'5
2
^
K 2
et -A
to
' -a
C
01 w * "n 'o !■» ac ci
I I
I
I
o
.63 ■
^^
2 "!
'£" .
sS •
|ol i
5 *-• flj .ft :j
« ./) i C 'T
2 "i-c _
- iS <-5 a
<i;£ a.
o o
OliO
oo
I.-! O
OO
C O
c o
o -<
s
??
o oo oo
o inooio
(O r^
CI
?H=
_
13 '
1
^
d
R
tri '
"O
00
o
e
o
-^ ,
■a
JS
■^ - 2
CI
O 0)
s
¥
i^»>;f^
a
o
a
5 Sj5
a* ^ wu !J
■S 2 >-- >>
3
•a
13
o
H
Repealed in 18iJ5.
o oo
CO OC '«
O OO
1^
C!0 O O CO
!-■; CI r-l UT O 00
— ^ to t:o .•<
a. O r-l .-I
OIOO o too
Ul tM CO lO CI tlO
.100 n oo
3 3 Q O 00 -
O
H
o
s
•3 "5
4. • tJ
ii o
*-o«
H >.
c
B
-3
<
3 ..a
^ !
tcs
c .
I*
is if
S « « S « '
r; W O . i. ?
7 £ . S s I ,
. ' |3Ib|3
Q (i.Hf-1* HH
._J
COACHES.
285
he pro-
Papers
50
500
n
o
H
Rates of Duty oh Cur. i ges. — On those ha vitig —
Kate. Itnlf-
;,. 1. .1. I ■ •• ''•
n II II I I'L-rsons krepinR 6
r»ur wl eel*,
i'ersoiis kei'piiif; 1
— 3
— 4
9 and uiiward-* - 9 1
I, III II
7 II II
7 111 (I
7 17 ()
Aililitlonal Ixxlit'^
<'ariiiiKt.'»lft tcihire • - - ■ ','
I'li-t i-iuli** - • • - ',,:''
l'arriai;i'> willi wlici'Is of lp>s ilinnicler than 311
iiK-lifv, iImwu hy poiiifs or inuU* tuit ficLfdinj;
13 hands
ft 4
S III
lUtf.
8 - 8 l(i U
II I)
U
- 3
rarriaRes drawn liy 1 hnr«e
(■.irriai;i's used hy cuinnion carriers
Two wlift'Is.
Jlrawii hy 1 hi>rse , - . . .
I>ra\vn li> '^ or more - . -
Additional Uxliis - - - .
Ilescriliut ill act 2 jc 3 Will. 4. cap. 32. No. I.
chargid • . - ,
Ditto, ditto, No. II. > common kM^ecarU
Let out to hire - - • • ■
L'amat'et iiMirt bj coinmoo carriers
/,. J.
il.
t HI
'i 1(1
1)
3 .1
1)
1 III
II
1 11
n
1 III
1 III
II
3 ,'.
i>
1 .'.
4. Hackney Couches aic coaches stationed in the Si reets or other puhlie places, and
bound to carry sucli persons as require their servi'cs, for certain rates of hire according
to tlic distances travelled. They have generally l)een licensed by authority, and subjected
to certain regulations, intended to prevent strangers and others using them from fraud
and imposition. It may be doulited, however, whether these regulations liave had any
good effect ; and wiietlier the public would not be as well accominodated, at least in all
large town.s, by tlirowing the business open, and trusting to competition to rectify abuses.
As respects London, notliing can be said in favour of its hackney coach e.stablishment.
Speaking generally, the coaches are the dirtiest, most disagreeable vehicles that can well
be imagined, and the horses and drivers arc but little superior ; forming a striking con-
trast to the elegance and commodioiisness of the private carriages, the excellence of the
liorses, and the neatness of the servants.
Hackney coaches were first established in London in 1625; but they were not then
stationed in the streets, but at the principal inns. In the reign of Charles IL their
number was considerable. Commissioners for licensing and superintending hackney
coaches were established by the act 9 Ann. c. '23. ; and successive acts have been passed,
specifying the number of coaches that might be licensed, tlie duties payable to govern-
ment, and the conditions under which licences were to be granted. The total number
of hackney coaches, chariots, and cabriolets, actually licensed in the metropolis, on the
1st of January, 1830, appears, from the following table, to have been 1,265.
An Account of the Number of Hackney Coaches, Chariots, and Cabriolets, licensed in the Metropolis,
in each of the Five Years to the 1st of January 183U ; showing the Kates of Duty, and the Produce of
the Duties. — {Part. Paper, No. 687. Sess. 1830.)
Years ending Istof January 182i)
— 1st of January 18'J7
_ 1st of January IHiiS
_ 1st of January 18i;9
— 1st of January 1830
Number
licensed.
Rates of Duly.
Produce of the Duties,
includiMK Fine.s.
1,150
1,2()()
i.i;i«»
i,*.'»
C2/. per lunar month >
t each carriage. J
do.
do.
do.
do.
2y,3'ja 13 6
■-Arm 12 6
31,3;il 7 6
32,176 17 6
32,908 18 6
kneu Couch Regulations, Fares, S,c, — The laws as to hackney cnache.s in the city of Ivondon
isolidated by the act 1 & '2 \Vill. +.c. 'ii, which placed the collection of the duties, &c. in the
5. Ilackn
were conso
hands of the commissioners nf stamps. We notice a few of the more important clauses.
Definition. — A h.tckney coach is any carriage with 2 or raore wheels, standing ur plying for hire in any
public street or road. — ^4.
Licensing, Plates, SjC. — A licence to keep a hackney coach costs Hf., anti a weekly sum of Ids. has to
be paid per advance on every licence,. A plate specifying the number of the licence is to be placed insiiie
the coach ; and 2 other plates, on which are painted the names ot the proprietor, or of oneot the proprietors
of the conch, are to be placed externally one on e.ich siile. I'enalty on proprietor for letting or empliiying
a hackney coach without having properly numbered plates properly.tixed upon such coach, 10/. . ditto on
driver, if proprietor. Id/.; if not, .0/. — ^ 2'.', 'J3.
Ohiifiatliin li> pi//. — Carriages standing on the streets with plates, to be deemed hackney coaches ; and,
unless actually hired, shall be compellable, under a penalty of 40s., to go with any (icrsun ottering to hire
the samt?. — ^ 3.5.
Distance. — Drivers of hackney coaches cnrnpclLible, under a penalty of iCfs., to go any distance not
exceeding 5 miles from the General Post Ottice, or from the place where they shall have been hired.
_ { .-u.
Kiimher of Pns.irngers. — To prevent disputes, the number of persons to be carried by hackney coat lies
Is to lie painted in some conspicuous place outside; and they are compellable, under a penalty of 40$,, to
carry this number if roiiuired. — ^ 46.
t RrtUt nnd /iir»'*._Thcse may be t-harRix!, at the option of
the proprietor ot driver, either l»y time or distance ; Uiat is, by
the hour ^r iv'le, but not by the day. The terms are, when
ch. 'ced by ih... t
drawn hy 2 horse-*, for any
distance «il .in ind not e«i'e«tl;ojj I mile. 1'
For e-*ery i.i. 'ney coarh
distance «il .in -Kx
ev4T> ilistance exceetlinn 1 -niie atter tho rate
e^.-i > i mile,
ar^U alove any
anil for
nf III/, for
i> i mile, and for aiu fractional p.irt ot' ) a mile over
'■.i -niter of i miles completed.
Fares when taken by time are — For any time within and not
cxceedinK 311 miiiutes, 1*. : above .111 minutes and not ex-
cee<Unn1.')do., Is. fii/.; aboie V* minutes aiul not exceeding
1 hour, 'it. ; and l>>r aii> further time exceeding 1 hour,
then at^er tlie rate antl projiortion of M. for every l.**
minutes computed, and (it/, for an) tVactional part of the
)>eTi<Hl i>t' l.'i minutes,
t'abru'lets, or carriages w ith one horse, are entitled to Oi'O
thirilt, anil no niore, of thi ratus and charges above nictt*
tioned. — s. 3H. and scheflule?^.
..«i(-'f Fare. — 'I'he tlriverof a hackney coach dischargeti beyond the limits nf the metropolis, that is, be-
••"T«ii; miles from the tiencr.-il r<»t t)ltic. , alter 8 i "clock in the evening, or before;"- o'clock in the morning,
itMil be cntitlett to lull fare Irom the place of »iich discharge to the nearest part of .saiil limits, or to the
Muid ivheic the coach shall have lieeii hired iH'jond the limits, at the option of the hirer. Coaches tlis-
•fearged during the day l-^-yoinl the liirtts, are entitleil to a back fare at the rate of 6</. a mile ; but such
S)arik fare i< 'iiit pav.thlc t f inv distaiic- i<'ss than 4 miles. — ^ 3!).
Ciinehrs ./i.(b« arc c 'uitu-d to a reaw- .thie lieposit, to bt accounted for in the fare. Penalty on driveri
rcluii'iig t. »ait, or to n-ciuu.; lor i' ••• i, ' y. — ^, 47.
'( 1
i' .
i;;i,' I
I i.
Y -■
}|
■or
1 1(
286
COACHES.
r ii
f
'H
iin
L:
Refusal to jxii/ Fare, or ileraciiiy or iiijtiriiig nny Iiackiioy roach, may be punisliod, unless rcasonablo
tatist'aiaiuii be iiiaile for tin- same, bv iin|iri8i>Mmciit lor I caloiiilar month. — ^ 41.
Drivfru ctactinn vmic than linal t'nrc liiible to a penally of 4<(.v. — ^ 4W.
Agrcrmint to imy imn r than linal Fair, not lilnding ; sum paid beyoiul such legal fare may be recovered
back, and driver be liable in a penalty ol' lll.v. — ^ 4.i.
Drii'i'rs (/iinandiiif; more thiin Sum iif-real up in, though distance be exceeded, or it bo less than the
legal fare, forfeit Ml.v. for each ollL-nce, — ») \ ■^^^, i'>.
hrit'frs to hold Check Slrinns, under a penalty of i2(li. — ^ 48.
froperly lejl in llacknei/ Coaches to bo cariied to Stanni Ollicc, under a penalty of CO/. If not claimed
within a year, to be given' up to driver; or if not applied tor, to be sold. — ij 4!l.
Coiir/ (if A/diriiieu authorised to make orders for regulating hackney coaches in city. — ^ .'Jl.
OJfeners mm/ tie trieil either by a justice apiKjinted lor that purpose by the secretary of state, or by iOiy
other of his Majesty's justices. — ^ ti'.'.
Hackney coaclics wcro first established at Edinburgh in 1G7!}; but tliu nuiul)cr
licensed was inconsiderable till after tlie American \yar.
5, St<i(jc Cixichrs, Tnicvlliii;/ hi/. — Owing to the iin|)rovcment in the l)rccd of horses
and the building of carriages, but, above all, to the extraordinary iniiirovenients that have
been effected, within these few years, in the laying out, ;.'onstnicti()n, and keeping of
roads, the ordinary rate of travelling I)y stage coaches is seldom under 9 or 10 miles aii
hour, stoppages included, and, on some road.s, i.s as much as 11 or I'J! The stages
having been shortened, this wonderful sjjced is not found to be materially more injurious
(o the horses than the .slower rate at which they travelled some years ago. The surface
of the roads being perfectly smooth, and most sharp turns or rajjid descents having been
got rill of, travelling even at this sjjeed has been rendered comitaratively safe ; and it is
astonishing, considering the munber of coaches, how few accidents occur. They are
occasioiietl, for the most part, by the misconduct of the drivers; and principally by their
endeavouring to make up by increa.sed siieed for time lost at stojjpages, or by their
attempting to pass eacli other.
(i. Law as to Stage Coaches. — 'VU'n is now embodied in the acts 2 & o Will. 4. c. 120. and 3 & 4 Will. 4.
c. 48.
Dejinition. — A stage coacli is any carriage travelling .ilong the road i»t the rate of 3 miles or more an
hour, without regard to form, provided the pasiieogers ]).iy separate f.ires for their places therein ; but
all carriages used wholly on a railway, or imiielleil by steam, are excei)ted from this detinition. — (2 & 3
Hill. 4. e. I'-'O. ^ 4.)
eneei. Duties, Sfc. — A large portion of the act is occupied with regulations as to licences, duties
plates, &c.
But it is suiticient for our purpose to give the foUowing schedule of the duties: —
Duty.
For .inti in rcsnoct of every origin.il Hrcnce to he
t.lkuii out yu.irlv by the jitTson who sh.ill kuep, use,
or uuntloy any s't.if^e cirri. il'O in (tri'at Mritam,
(tli.-u is til s.iN ,") for I'Vi'ry siu-n stagi- cin-i.-i^e -
Anil I'l'V iiml in ruspt'Ct of i-vt-ry .sU]i1)lL'rni>nt.iry
liri'nrt'fiT tlu' s.nni- ran'iiij;i.', tnr ttliicli any sued
orii^in.il lii-i'uri' sliat! liavo lu'iMi ^'rantetl> wliii-h
sliall lu' talii'n "ill in any of tlirsevi-ral i-asos jirn-
viiletl tor tiy thi-i act, liuri'ig till' piTiiiil for wliii-h
siicli iiriiiinal lirt'iiru wasgranttil
Anil lor anil i" rtspfrt of I'vcry mili* ivlii* Ii any
surlistam-rarriam* shall U'liri'iisril in ir.ivil, tho
M'vi'ral sums lollouin,:^ resiiL'rtively,(that is to say,)
if such slai;i.' i'arriai;u shall belit'ensat to carry —
Not nioro than I paisonijiTS
hlori' than I anil iinl iiuTf ih.m fi passengers -
At'ire lii.an (i ami not more than '.I pass*'n;;ers
IMore than \i ami not inure than 1 '^ jia-ssemiors
nfrire than 1"^ ami not more than l.i pas^eiiizers
IVIore th.iii l.'i ami not more than Is jiassi-n^ers
.More than IS anil not more than 'il passengers
L I. <l.
And if surh sla:;c rarTiai;e sh.ill ho lifonsitl In
's^rry more th.in 'i\ passemiers, then fur every
3 aiidilional p.lssl■n^er^ evceeiiinij '^l whii-h surfl
staiii- iMrrin^:e sh.ill lie lit-ense'l to c.arry, Uie ail-
ililioii.'il duts of • - - -
L I. d.
nm
V
HI
M
■|e.
1
I J
/
■^i
.V
■■^i
t
0)
And wliere surh oxrow .".hove '^1 sh.all not he oxarlly .^,
or .1 iMuitiplo iif .T, then siirli additionat duly of ^J. sliali he
payalile for any nuinlier of surh i-xress lieini; less than .1, or
Jirugrevsivety less than any multiple of .1, whii-h sui-ll staf^L*
i.iiria;;e sh.ill l.o lii-enseil to rarry.
rroviileii always, that the mnnliiT of p.awi niters for cairy Ing
if whii'h any sl-i/ierarri.if,'e sllall hi-lirensiHl, shall lie reckoneil
eM lusive of till- I o.irhnian or driver, ami also exrlnsive of the
eondnrtor or unanl, if there shall he a comlurlor or i^uaril.
And also the tut!i»s on passengers conveyiHl for hire hy rar-
riaues tr.ivelliim upon railw.ays ; (Ihat is to say, I
'I'he proiirielor or I'oinp.iny of proprietors of every railiv.ay
in tireat lintain, alom; wliirh any oassenuers shall lie eon-
veyed for liire, in or upon rarriaues drawn or inipelliHl hy the
jiower of steam, or otherwisi', .shall iia> for .niil in respeet of
all such passengers at and .-U'ter the rate of ^il. jivr mile for
every A ]ia.ssengers so I'lmveyeU.
U'aitt of I ireiiee, ^S'l". — Keeping, using, I'sc. any stage carriage without a licence, or without plates, or
with recalled plates, or contrary to their licences, or with improper plati'.s, are oHences punishable each by
a penalty of 20/.— ;; 27,28.
I'eni'lly on Drh'crs of Coaches without Plates, if not the owner, 10/. ; if the owner, 20/.— 5 30.
Forjiing I'liiles, a misdeameanor. — \ ,Vi.
Kames of Proprietors, S^e tf lie painted outside, in legible and con.ipicuous ehar.icters, the n.imes of the
extreme places between which such carriage shall be licensed to go, and also the greatest nuinlier of
passengers licensed to be carried inside ami outside. I'enalty for neglect in this particular, !>l. — \ M.
Certain Carrianes not to carri/ outside Pcissetii;trs or Lupgajie, viz. those, the top or roof of wliicli shall be
more than S feet-!' iiiehes from the ground, or the bearing of which on the ground, that is, the distance
be. ween the centres of the tracks of the wheels, shall be less than 4 feet li inches. I'enalty iil. — \ SI.
Lntignjie on the Hoof not to exceed a certain Height, viz. 10 feyt !• inches from the ground on a carriage
drawn by 4 or more horses; ami Infect ;; inches from ditto, if on a carriage drawn by 2 or 3 horses. Driver
of any carriage where such otl'eiice is comniitted li.ilile in a penalty of ;V. — \ 43.
i'he clauses in the act 2 S: 3 Will. 4. c. 1-2(1. relating to the distribution of outside p.issengers, &c. have
been repealed by the .act 3 iV 4 Will. 4. c. 48., which substitutes the following in their stead.
Auinlier of outside Passengers, i^c — Any licensed stage carriage with 4 wheels or more, the top or
roof of which shall not be more than 8 feet !l inches from the ground, and the bearing of which on the
priiund shall not be less than 4 feet (i inches from the centre of the tracks of the wheels, if such carriage
shall be licensed to carry any number not more than D passengers, shall be allowed to carry not more than
.') of such pas.sengcrs outside ; and if licensed to carry more than !) and not more than 12 passengers, shall
be allowei' to carry not more than 8 of such passengers outside; and if licensed to carry more than 12 and
not more than 1;") jvissengers, shall be allowed to carry not more than II of such (lassengers outside ; and
if licensed to carry more than 1,'; and not more than 18 passengers, shall be allowed to carry not more than
12 of such passengers outside ; and if licensed to carry any greater number than IS passengers, shall lie
allowed to carry not more than 2 additional passengers oiitside for every :) aiiditioiial iiassengers which
such carriage shall be so licensed to carry in tliewhule; provided that in no case a greater number of
passengers shall be carried on the outside than is authorised bv the licence. If raon; be carried, driver to
forfeit ."1/.—', 2.
Driver, Guard, ami Children in lap, not to be counted as passengers ; 2 children under 7 years reckoned
>is 1 pasjc-'iyer. — ', 3.
^
I
I
0)
c. have
1 top or
joii tllL-
|irria«c
' tliaii
Is, shall
1 12 and
aiul
If than
Ihall liu
1 which
JlhlT of
liver to
bkoned
^
COAL. 287
\i> Person to sit c/i I.if/i^di^c on the I{o<\f, nor more than 1 pcrion bcaidca driver on the box. Penalty 5/.
—\ U.
./M.s7/(■,^v,/^|(l(/-s'''■i'''.'/|"■•'•^'/'|'//-*<'''/"''■•'l>^''• •""'"""■'•■*''<• toeniisp stage rnrriagcs and liipKacr tohe meas\ircd ;
any passeiiner aiitlmriseil to require tile ilriver to stop at a toll-j^ato, ami to rei|Uire the gate-keeper to
measure the carriage and luggage, and to roiirit the number of inside and outside passengers. I'enalty on
driver refusing to >l'>p, .0/. ; on gate-keeper neglecting to provide a measure, or refusing to measure ami
count, ■,!.-: \ :i 'I '/'■ 4. c. I'.'O. \ 4."..)
I'oniliict iif Drii'.i.i, .Vc — Drivers <|Uitling the box before a proper person shall stand at the liend of the
horses ; such person leaving the horses before some other person shall be placeil in like manner, or have
the connnand of the horses, or before the driver has resumed his seat on the box and taken tlie reins ;
ilriver i.llowing any passenger or other person to drive for him, or leaving the box without any
reasonalile oicasiiin, or lor a longer time than is absolutely necessary j coiK'ealing or nnsplaeing
plates ; guard disdiarging lire-arms uimecessarily ; driver, conductor, ur guard, neglecting t<i take care of
luggage; asking more than the proper (are; neglecting to account to his employer; or assaulting or
using abusive language to any iiet.son having travelled, or about to travel, as a passenger, or to any person
accompanying the same : shall in each and every such case forfeit :'>!. — ^ 47.
Dntiikvnms:, ^vc— Drivers, cimduetors, or guards having the care ol any stage carriage, endangering,
through intoxication, lu'gligence, or wanton and furious driving, the safety of any passenger or other
person, or the property of tlie owner of auch carriage or other person, shall each person so olleiiding lorteit
5/.— \\'X
(hvui'is liable for penalties, when driver or guard is not known or cannot be found. — \ 4!>.
lidilirai/ I'riipriitiirs are to render accounts of the passengers conveyed along the same to the Stamp
Ollice, and to give security to keej) and render such accounts, and to pay the duties. — ^ ^ .0(1, iil.
Tttamiii/ mill/ coinpuiind with projirietors of railways for the duties chargeable on passengers conveyed
by them.— ^;.'i'J.
Maii. ('oaciii;s are under the regulations of the post-master general ; and ilic enacfmenis in this act as
to plates, inscriptions, outside passengers, and luggage, do not extend to them ; but the other regulations
ns to the conduct of drivers, guards, Ki: do apply to them. Mail coaches have only four outside pas.sen-
gers ; one on the box, ami three immediately liehind the box. No passenger allowed to sit beside the
guard. The rate e'' travelling, the time allowed for stoi)pages, the (luaiitity of luggage to be carried,
iVc. are all regulated by the post-master general.
COAL (l)ii. Stccnkull ; Du. Stccnkookn ; Vr. Charbon de tcrre ; Gcr. Steinkohlen ;
It. Carbnni fossili ; hat. J, itfiiiiit/irax ; Port. Carvom ili: tvrra, im ilc pidra ; litis. Ui/olJ,
Kiimcuiwe ; Sp. Ciirhniies du lierrti, Ciirbonrs di; pkdra ; Sw. Sltnhnl), Tlii.s lii}{lily
important coinlnislihk' luinernl is divided hy inincralojj;ists into tiie tliree great families
of lilaek coal, iii)inflaniiniil)le coal, and brown coal ; cacli of these Ijcinj; again divided
into many siiliordiiiatc .species.
All the common coals, as slate coal, foliated coal, cannel coal, &c. belong to the black
coal family. Slate and foliated coal is found in vast (jiiantities in Durliam and North-
umberland, at Wliiteliaven in Cumberland, in the river district of the Forth and Clyde,
^:c. The best Nov.-eastle coal kindles easily; in liurning it cakes or runs togellier into
a solid mass, eiuitting a great deal of heat, as well as of smoke and flame; it leaves a
small (|uantity of heavy, dark-coloured residuum or aslies. IVIost of the Scotch coals are
wh.it are familiarly called open biiniiiii/ coals. They do not last so long as the Newcastle
coal, yield less heat, do not cake or run together in burning, and usually leave a con-
siderable (juantity of light, white ashes. 'I'hey make, however, a very pleasant, cheerful
fire; and, f(>r most household purposes, the best fire is .said to be made of a mixture of
Scotch and Newcastle coal.
Cainiel coal is sometimes met with in tlic Newcastle pits, in Ayrshire, tS.c. ; but the
largest beiis of it, and of the jnire.st kind, arc Hear M'igan in I>aiicasbire. It burns with
a beautiful clear flame, emitting a great deal of light, but not ;i great deal of heat. It
takes a good polish ; and articles made of it are often jiasscd oil" for pure jet.
The uninflammable coals are those known l)y the names of ^Ve^.}) culm or stone coal,
Kilkeimy coal, and the blind or deaf coal of Scotland. These coals are diffieidt to
kindle, which has given rise to their name; Init when once thoro'igbly ignited, they
buiii for a long time ; they make a hot, glowing fire, like charcoal, without either flame
or smoke ; but owing to their emitting noxious vai)ours, they cannot be used in dwelling
houses, though they are in considerable demand among maltsters, dyers, &c.
IJrown, or 15ovey coal, so called from its being i)riiieii)ally found at Bovey near Exeter,
is light, yields but little heat in burning, and is seldom u.sed as fuel.
In all, about seventi/ species of coal are said to be im])orted into London, of which
forty-five arc sent from Newcastle! Of course, many of tliein diillr from each other by
almost imperceptible degrees, and can only be distinguished by those thoroughly con-
versant with the trade.
Oriijin of Coal. Phenomena of Combustion, §t. — Coal beds, or strata, lie among those
of gravel, .sand, chalk, clay, &c. which form great part of the present surface of the earth,
and have been evidently accumulated during remote ages by the agency of " moving water,"
— similar to accumulations now in process of formation at the mouths of all great rivers,
and in the bottoms of lakes and .seas. When these strata biul, by long contact and
pressure, been solidified into a rocky crust to the earth, this crust, by subseipient con-
vulsions of nature, of which iimumerable other proofs reiiuiin, has been in various parts
broken antl heaved up above the level of the sea, so as to form the greater part of our
dry or habitable land ; in some places aiypearing as lofty mountains, in others a.s cx-
teiuled plains. In many situations, the fracture" of the crust exhibits the edges of the
various distinct strata found in a !':iven thiekiiess of it. ^Vl■.en the fracture has the form
ill:
111 V
'1
^ I
h
■; i
fl I J
A i
288
COAL
t . 'I
I
of a precipitous cliff, those edges appcor ono above another, like the edges of piled
planks or bouks ; but otlcn also tlicy arc met with in horizontal succession along a plain,
es the edges of a pile of books laid down upon a table ; or they moy be seen surround-
ing hilk of granite, which protrude through them. Coal, and other precious minerals,
we:e Krst discovcrjd by man at the fractures of the strata above described, and by his con-
tinued digging of the strata or veins he has gradually formed the vast excavations called
mines. \Vhen it was ot last discovered, thot, oil the world over, the mineral strata occur
among themselves in nearly the same order or succession, so that the exposure any where
of a i)ortion of one stratmn is a good indication of the other strata lying near, the oper-
ations of the miner became of much surer result, and expensive boring through superior
strata might be prudently undertaken, even where no specimen of the desired but more
deeply buried substance had yet been seen.
Before the discovery of coal mines, or the invention of cheap means of working them,
wood w.TS the general fuel of the eiirth ; and in many countries where the arts have not
much flourished, it is still the chief fuel. Coal, however, for many purposes, answers
much better than wood. Now, coal and wood, although in appearance so difllerent, arc
in their ultimate composition very nearly allied. They both have for their basis or chief
ingredient the substance called by the chemists carbon, and for their chief other ingre-
dient, the substance called hydrogen, which, when separated, exists in the form of air
or gas. The hydrogen is easily driven away or volatilised from either coal or wood, by
heating in a close place; and when it is caught and preserved, it forms the gas now used
to light our streets and public buildings. What remains of coal, after being so treated,
is the substance called coke ; and what remains of wood, similarly treated, is the sub-
stance called charcoal, — both being nearly pure carbon, but differing as to the states of
compactness. This kindred nature of coal and wood does not surprise, when the fact is
known, that much of our coal is really transformed wood ; many coal mines being evi-
dently the remains of antediluvian forests, swept together in the course of the terrestrial
changes already alluded to, and afterwards solidified to the state now seen. In these
mines, the species of the plants or trees which formed them are still quite evident in
abundant specimens, mixed often with the remnants of the animals which inhabited the
earth at the same time. The extensive peat-mosses now existing on the surface of the
earth, consist chiefly of vegetal)le remains in an early stage of the kind of change which
terminates in the formation of coal.
A substance which, like coal or wood, cheaply answers the purpose of producing great
heat and light, is called fuel, and the phenomenon of that production is called combustion.
Now, modern discovery has ascertained that, in every instance, combustion is merely an
appearance which accompanies the mutual action, when very intense, of two substances
in the act of forming an intimate or clieniical union. Where that act is less energetic,
the heat produced is less intense, and there is no light. Thus, water and sulphuric acid
when mixing produce great heat, but no light. Water and quicklime produce still
greater heat ; sufficient, it is known, to set fire to a ship in which the mixture unfortu-
nately occurs. It is an occurrence of the same kind when heat is evolved from an acid
dissolving a metal ; and it is still of the same kind when a mass of coal or wood in a
fire-grate is, with the appearance of combustion, imdergoing solution in the oxygen of
the atmosphere. In this last case, however, the temperatiu-e of the fuel is, by the very
intense action, raised so much that the fuel becomes incandescent or luminous ; an
appearance assumed by every substance, whether burning or not, — of a stone, for in-
stance, or piece of metal, — when heated beyond the temperature indicated by 800" of
Fahrenheit's thermometer. The inferior degrees of such incandescence are called red
heat ; the superior degrees irhile henf. The reason why any strongly heated body throws
out light, we cannot yet explain. When a quantity of wood or coal hiis been burned
to ash in a confined portion of air, the whole of the fuel, vanished from view, is held in
solution by the air, as salt is held in water, and is again recoverable by the art of the
chemist. The phenomenon of common fire, or combustion, then, is merely the fuel
being chemically dissolved in the air of the atmosphere. If the fuel has nothing vola-
tile in it, as is true of pure carbon, and therefore neiirly true of coke and charcoal, it
burns with the appearance of red-hot stones ; but if there be an ingredient, as hydrogen,
which, on being heated, readily assumes the form of air, that ingredient dilates before
burning, and in the act produces the more bulky incandescence called flame.
The two great purposes which combustion serves to man, are to give light and heat.
By the former he mjiy be said to lengthen considerably the duration of his natural ex-
istence ; for he converts the dismal and almost useless night into what, for many ends,
serves him as well sis day ; and by the latter, besides converting winter into any climate
which he desires, he is enabled to effect most important mutations on many of the sub-
stances which nature offers for his use; and, since the invention of the steam engine, he
makes heat perform a great proportion of the work of society. From these considerations
V '
■i'^.
COAL.
289
Jlicat.
\\ ex-
cnds,
Imcite
1 sub-
he
Itions
mav 1)0 percL'ivL'il tliu iniportaiico of h.iviii;; tire at coininaiid ; and, as the cheapest means
•jf i'Ouiniaii(iin<? fire, of haviii}^ al)imilain'o of coal.
In ii'spwt (o tlie natural supply of cual, liritain, among tlie nations, is most singularly
favduri'd : nuuh of tlic surfaci- of the I'ountry eonceals under it continuous and thick
IhmIs of liiat valnahle mineral, — vastly more jjririous to us than would have heeu
mines of the precious metals, like those of I'eru and .Mexico; for coal, since applied
to the sti'am engine, is really hi)ar<le<l power, applicahle to almost every purpose which
hmnan lahour directed by inu'cnuity can accomplish. It is the possession of her cotd
mines which has rendered Ihitain, in relation to the whole world, what a city is to the
rural district which surrounds it, — the producer and dispenser of the rich products of
art and industry. Calling her coal mines the coal cellars of ih.e great city, there is in
them a supply, which, at the present rate of expenditure, will last for 'J,000 years at
least ; and iherefore a provision which, as coming imi)rovements in the arts of life will
nalnrallv elleit economy of fuel, or substitution of other means to effect similar purposes,
may he regarded as inexliaustihle.
The comparative values of the dillerent kinds of fuel have been ascertained, by finding
how much ice a certain quantity of the dillerent kinds, while burning, will melt ; and thus,
1 lb. of good C().h1 - - melts of ic;; !'() llis. 1 lb. of good wonj - - molts of ice .'i2 Ibn.
— roko - - — (4 do. — licat . - ^ 1!» do.
— charcoal of wood — 'i.i do. — liydro(,'Ci) gas - — 37l) do.
The kinds or difllerence-. o." joal depeiul on the comparative proportions in them of
carbon and hydrogen, and of earthy inijinrities totally incombustible. While some
species of coal cont:un nearly a third wf their weight of hydrogen, others have not a
fiftieth. 'I'lie former kinds are flaming coal, i)leasing in ))arlour fires, aiul iit for tho
mamifactnre of gas. The other kinds — some of the Welch stone coal, ff. instance — wil'
oidv burn when in large heajjs, or when mixed with more inllam'>..it)le coal : they hav«
no flame. \\'hen fhuning coal is burned where a suf}ici'''..cy of oxygen cannot past
through or enter above the fire, to combine with and ■?<<-.. sume the hydrogen as fast as ii
rises, a dense smoke is given out, consisting of !•;, lirogen and carbon combined in the
])roportions which form a jiitchy su!)stance. 'i'he Wi'lch co.-d above mentioned can as
little give out smoke as flame, and hence is iu)w much used in great breweri»>s, and in
the steam engine furnaces of towns, where smoke is a serious nuisance.
According to I\lr. Kirwan —
1
100 p.-xrts Kilkonnv coal yield
("lull coal, j
!»7-.J 1
Uitumcn.
KdUh.
8p. gr.
37
— coin|i. cauiiel
T.rv! '
2rC>.Si)ialtlia
3-1
1 ■i.'.-jy
— .SwMiisia - . .
7.;-.").3
i;.;i+niixt.
3-:tt
l;>.>7
— I.oitrim
7r4;i
2 ;• ;7 do.
y-'.'O
I .'3;">1
— Wigiu ....
til -7.3
o'i'7 do.
1-57
ri.'(i8
— No\vcn<tle
.■)S-1;()
400 do.
I'J/l
— Wliiteliavcn
.OT-o
41.-;
1-7
l-i.'.-7
— slatv caiiiiel
47 -iQ
o'-';V2 malcli.i
2(i()
1'4-f!
— as]ilinltuin - .
310
ViHV bitumen.
M17
— maltha
8
—
—
aw
mo pait.4 oftlic best Kiiglish coal give, of coak ilJd by Mr, Jar*.
100 ilo. . . - . 7.iO liielin.
UK) do. Noxvrastlo do. ... ;')S Dr. Wat.son.
The foliated or cubical coal, aiul slate coal, are chiefly use<l as fuel in private houses;
the caking coals, for smithy forges ; the slate coal, from its keei)ing open, answers best
for giving great heats in a wind furnace, as in distillaiion on a large scale; and glance
coal, fouiul in Staffordshire, is used for drying grain and malt. 'I'he coals of Soutli
Wales coi-.tain less volatile matter tl-.au either the Kuglish or the Scotch; and hence, in
equal weight, produce a double quantity of east iron in smelting the ores of this metal.
It is supposed that ;5 parts of good Newcastle coal an; equivalent, as fuel, to 4 parts
of good .Scotch coal.
(Jonsiimptlon of Coal. Number of Persons cu(jn(jed in the Triule, Supply of Coal, —
The great repositories of coal in this kingdom are in Northumberland and Durham,
whence London and most parts of the south of England are at present supplied; in
Cumberland, whence large quantities of coal are exported to Ireland ; and in Stafford-
shire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, South Wales,
&c. In Scotland, coal is found in the I^othians, Laiuu-kshire, Renfrewshire, Ayrshire,
and other counties. In Ireland, coal is both deficient in quantity and inferior in
quality to that of Great Britain ; and turf forms the great article of fuel,
Blr. Taylor, an pxi)criL'nced coal owner and coal agLMit, estimates the annual consumption of coal in
Groat Britain, as Ibllows ; —
,„, . , rt Tonn.
J iio .innual v(>nd of coals raniod coastwise from Uurti.nm and Xorthumberland is - . 3,3(10,000
li^'.au :onsiiini)tiun, say one liltli ....... (;60,000
3,9t)0,000
! II M
u
i
290
COAL.
h
".
"I Hi
Which quintify iupplien »I>out fi.OOO.OOO porinns ; niid iiippnuing the whole poimlntlon
or Circnt llrit.iin to lie l.'i,IHil),(Klii, tlii^ iiiuit he Irdilrd; lur tlioii|;li thi'iie Iwn tliiriU of
}Kipiil itioii are peiJMps k'st alile t» all'iinl tlicl, yi-t, taking into iiiiisiilriatKiii the iii.iim-
'.ictiiritij; (llati'ii'ts, ami the tlu'U|iiii'>i 01 cual ill llie iiiteiiur, tlic vstiiiiutu will nut bo
too lilti'i - ... ...
Coiiiiuiiieil liy iron work*, s.iv i>Oi),000 tona of met il, to proiiiicc which require! At le:iit 4 timet
the qiiaiiiiiv ol' coal in making even ply mctnl, and the cxtraoiidiiary eoiitumptioii in tlio
Coniwull, Sc iiiinei ........
Consumed in Oreal lirilaiii
Exported tu Irtluiid, bay
Total tons, excliuive of foreign exportation
Ton*.
11,8S\000
3,^0,1 '(0
14,SKU,i((,0
;ij(i,(.(jo
l.">/)Ho,(K)0
This Cftimite does not difler materially fiom that of Mr. Stevrn«on {Eilinhurg/i Encyc. art. En^lund,
p. 74U.), and Mr. liakewell — sec jiott/ \ anil may lie regariled us biitticieiitly uccuiute.
Mr. Buddie, of Wiillsend, nn extremely well informed coal engineer, gives the follow,
ing estimate of ti)e nuiiilier of iicisons engaged in the diHereiit departments of tiie coal
trade on the Tj"e and Wear, in tlie eon ve) ante of coal to London, and in tiie London
coal trade : —
" I liold a i)n])er in my hand stating the number of people employed in the coal trade
in each department. 1 wotdd beg to observe, the returns from the Tyne are odicial
documents ; from the Wear I have no returns, but it is by nn approximate calculation.
Tlie number of peisons employed under-ground on the Tyne are, — men, 4,9:17 ; hoys,
3,5J4 ; together, 8,191; above-ground, — men, 2J\ii; boys, 718; making .'l,l(i:J :
making the total employed in tlie mines above and below ground, 11,951, which in
round numbei-s I call lii.OOO, because I am pretty sure there were some oinis.sioiis in the
returns. On the river Wear, I conceive there are 9,000 emiiloyed ; making a 1.000
eiTii)loyed in digging the coal, and d.'livering it to the ships on the two rivers. From
the bjst calculations I have been able to make, it would ajjpear that, averaging tliu
coasting vessels that carry coals at the size of '220 London chaldrons each vessel, there
would be 1,100 vessels employed, which would reciuire l.'),000 seamen and boys. I
have made a summary. There are, seamen, 1.5,000; pitmen and above-ground peojile
employed at the collieries, 21.000; keel-men, coal-boatmen, casters, and trimmers
2,000 • making the total number employed in what I call the Northern Coal Trade,
.^8,000. In London, whiiipers, lightermen, and so forth, 5,000 ; factors, agents &c.
on the Coal Exchange, 2,500; — 7,500 in all, in London. Making the grand total
ill the North country and London departments of the trade, 45,500. This does not,
of course, include the jjcrsons employed at the outports in discharging the ships
there."
In another place, 3Ir. Buddie states, that " colliers are always paid by the piece," anil
consequently their wages, altliongh at the same rate per chaldron, vary according to the
quantity of work they have to do ; and it is ditKeult to form an average, they vary so
very considerably : they have varied from 14s. a week, to, in some instances, 40s. " The
colliers can earn up to r^s. or even more jier day ; but there is not full employmcfit for
them; they sometimes do not earn more than half that sum; '2s. 6<l. is the certain
wages that they are hired to receive from their emiiloycrs, whether they are cmjjloyed
or not ; that is, consequently, a tax on the coal owner, during the suspension of his col-
liery from any accident. The men have the option of finding work elsewhere ; but if
they cannot do this, they may call upon their master to pay them 14s. per week; it was
156". a week till 1828.
We regret that we are unable to lay any estimates before our readers of the miinher
of persons employed in the other branches of the coal trade ; but taking into view the
proportion which the trade on the Tyne and the Wear bears to the trade of Great
Britain, as shown in Mr. Taylor's statement, we are inclined to think that the total
number of persons directly engaged in the coal trade may be set down at from 1G0,000
to 180,000.
The importance of coal as a necessary of life, and the degree in which our superiority
in arts and manufactures depends upon our obtaining supiilies of it at a cheap rate, has
naturally attracted a good deal of attention to the question as to the period when the
exhaustion of the coal mines may be anticipated. But the investigations hitherto made
as to the magnitude and thickness of the different coal-beds, and the extent, to which
they may be wrought, are too vague and unsatisfactory to afford grounds for forming
any thing like a tolerably near approximation to a soluticm of this question. But such
as they are, they are sufficient to show that mmiji centuries must elapse before posterity
can feel any serious difficulties from a diminished sujiidy of coal. According to
Mr. Taylor, whose estimate of the consumption of coal is given above, the coal-fields of
Durham and Northumberland arc adequate to furnish the present annual supply for
more than 1,700 years. We subjoin Mr. Taylor's estimate.
y
**
COAL.
291
EsiiMATc OF THE Extent and Prodi'ib of iiik Durham and Northimberland Cual-fui.ds.
:nt
anil
to tlie
arv so
The
for
rtain
oycd
col-
hut if
it was
nnher
?w the
Great
total
iO.OOO
riority
lias
L'H tlie
inadu
wiiicli
ruling
t such
itcrity
ng to
1-lds of
tly for
Durham.
8q. Milm.
" From Soiitli Shicliln southward toCaiHc E<l<-ii, 'Jl iinlpii ; thcncc wrSlWArd to West AllfKInrd,
.'I.' miles; ijortli-i-u>t Iroin Wcti AiicklunU to Eltriii|jliain, ..J iiiiIcb; ui'l tliuii tu bliiiUls,
r^ nuka ; iKMig an ixliiit or area ot ...... jgt
h'oylhumbrrlttnd.
" From SlilcUlinorihwinl, S7 milci, by an aviruge breadth of 9 mile* . • . C43
" In Durham, on Tync, say
— on Wear
In Korthuinbcrland, fay 1.1 milo by 2
I'ortivn excavated.
M7
40
79
Sti
— 105
732
Eitimaling the workable coal ktrata at an average thIckncM of 12 feet, the content! of
1 fqi. art- mile will he hiiSWijOWl tons, and or73'.' square inilc» . . .
Di'iliii't one third prrt lur loni by tmall C( al, interccptlona by dlkct, and utiicr Inter-
ruption! .......
Tom.
Remainder
D.ffiP.^O.OOO
3.023,lf)0,(:CO
fi,oiti,;;'-'",iiW)
" This rcmnlndcr is adcHjuatc to «u|)ply the prc.«ent vend from Newcastle, Sunderland, Hurlky, bl)th,
anil siocInIoii, of , ■;/)<)< ',(.(,() lois, tor a peiiid ot 1,7'J7 years.
" It will III- unilrrstiiiid Hint this eotiinate of tlii' quantity of ronl in Durham and Northiiniherl.iiid ran
only he an upcrnxiinalion, i>|iet iaily as the soutii-eiistctii roal district ol Durham is \ct almost wholly
unexplored) I ut the attempt is niaile, in the hope ol s^itislyiii); xoiir I.oid lips tii^t no appicheneiou
nceil lie entcrlaiiieil of this vnlualile mini ral heing exhini^teil lor uiiiiiy I'utiiiL );ener^it!Oiis.
" 1 here is also n eonsii eialile extent of eo.iMield in the nortlicni and south-uestcrn districts of
Koithiinil erlaiid; but the forexoiii); eoinpnses tliat uliieh is continuous, and must suitable and uvaildbie
for exportation " — {Lurits' Jli/mrt, IWJP, p. liij.)
Dr. Hiicklaiul, the celchratcd geologist, considers tills estimate as very greatly exag-
gerated ; hut in his exaiuination before the committee of the House of Commons, lie
quotes and approves a passage of Uaiveweil's Otoloi/i/, in vhidi it is stated that the
C(Kd-lieds in South Wales are alone sufficient to supply the wliole present demand of
England for coal for 2,00() years. The passjige is as follows: —
" I'ortunately we have in South Waits, .iiljoining the liristol (."hannel, an almost
cxhaustless supply of coal and ironstone, which are yet nearly uiiwrought. It lias Lccn
stated, that this coal-field extends over about 1,'JOO s<|uare miles; and that there are L'.l
beds of workable coal, the total average tiiickness of \»l ich is 9'> feet ; and the tjuantity
contained in each acre is 100,(X)0 tons, or f)\5,(X)0,0(X^ tons per s(|u;ire niiie. If f'rcin
this we deduct one half for waste, and for the minor extent of the upper beds, we shall
have a clear sui)i)ly of coal eijual to ;}'i,000,COO tons jier square mile. Now, if we admit
that 5,000,000 tons from the Northumberland and Durham mines is ctjuaj to net.rly one
third of the total consumption of coal in England, eacli s(|uare mile of the Welsh coal-
field won yield coal for UK) years' constmiption ; and as there are from l.CCO to 1,1.00
stpiarc miles in this coal-field, it would sujiply England with fuel for 2,CC0 years, after
Hi'l our English coal mines are worked out!"
It is, therefore, quite idl*" either to prohibit, or impose licavy duties on, the export-
ation of coal, on the ground of its accelerating the exhaustion of the mines. The
abolition of the expensive and dest ; mtivc process of screeiiitiff — (^' ce /;o»7) — will more
than balance any ex])ort that is cvei 'kely to take :''ace to foreign countries.
Profits of ('■ml MiiiiiKj. Coal Oui. •' Monopoly, iec Instead of the business of coal
mining being, generally speaking, an advantageous one, it is distinctly the reverse.
Sometimes, tn. doubt, large fortunes ha\e been made by itidividuals ;iiid associations
engaged in this business ; but these are rare instai res. The opening of a mine is a very
expensive and hazardous operation and of very uncertain result. Collieries are exposed
to an infinite number of accidents, ;> ainst which no caution can guard. The cliances of
explosion have, it is true, been a go< i deal lessened by the introdiu -ion of Sir Humphry
Davy's lamp; and some mines are now wrought, that but for tla invention of this ad-
mirable instrument, inust have been entirely ahaidoned. But besioes explosions, which
are still every now and then occurring, li'>m the carelessness of the workmen, and other
contingencies, mines are very liable to be destroyed by creeps, or by the sinking of the
roof, and by drowning, or tlie irruption of water from old workings, through fissures
which cannot be seen, and consequently cannot be guarded against. So great, indeed,
is the hazard attending this sort of property, tliat it has never been possible to effect an
insurance on a coal-w(; 1., ugainst fire, water, or any other accident.
Mr. Huddle, who is intiiiiitely acquainted with the state of the coal trade, informed
the committee of the IIousi of Lords, that " Although many colli, ries, in the hands of
fortunate individuals .-'iid <( mpanics, have been, perhaps, making more than might Le
deemed a reasonable ai;d fair irofit, according to their risk, like a prize in a lottery ; yet,
TJ 2
lA r
I'
iM
; H
\:}
t u\><.
m
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
^
7i
1.0
I.I
^ ^ IIIM
2.0
IIIIIM
1.25 i 1.4
v.
V
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WE:''T MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
^
4^
5?^
r^
I >
292
COAL.
)
i .
1/ r
f-vr
;(?
•i.i
as a trade, taking tlio wliolc capital eniplovL'd on both rivers, he should say that certainly
it has not been so." — {First Report, p. 50'.) A;i;iin, l)L'ing asked, " What have tlia
coal owners on tiie Tyne and Wear, in your oijinion, jjenerally made on tiieir capital
employed?" lie replied, " According to tlie best of my knowledge, 1 should think tliat
by nu means ten per rent, luts been made at simple interest, without ullowiny any extra in-
terest for the redemption of capital." — (p. 57.)
In addition to tlie vast ex])ense attending the sinking of shafts, the erection of steam
engines, &c., and the risk of accidents, the coal, after being brought to the surface, has
frequently to be conveyed 7 or 8 miles to the place of sliipping; and those whose
collieries are in that situation, have to pay way-leave rents, amuimting, in some cases, to
5001. a year, for liberty to open a communication, or a railroad, through the properties
lying between them and the shore.
JNInch has frecjuently been said of the monopoly of the coal owners on the Tyne and
the Wear ; l)ut we are satisfied, after a pretty careful investigation of the circumstances,
that no such monopoly has ever existed; and that the high jirice of coal in the metro-
polis is to be ascribed wholly to the various duties and charges that have been laid upon
it, from the time that it lias passed from the hands of the owner, to the time tliat it is
lodged in the cellar of the consumer. What means have the coal owners of obtaining a
monopoly price for their coal? They enjoy no exclusive privileges of any sort ; they are
a numerous body ; and the trade is as o|)en as any other to all capitalists to engage in.
The number of places on the east and west coasts, both of England and Scotland, and
the southern parts of Wales, from which coals are exported, render it quite visionary to
suppose that any general agreement to keep up prices can take place amongst the various
coal proprietors. And though such an agreement -were entered into, it is imjiossible it
could be maintained. Tlie power of prodiu'iiig coal greatly exceeds the jiresent demand ;
many new mines have been recently opened, and many others would be brought into
activity were the price artificially enhanced. It is true that the coal owners re'" •red to,
having experienced the ruinous effjcts of throwing a superabundant quanti'^ of coal
ujion restricted and already glutted markets, have occasionally met together; and eacli
having named the price he thinks his coal will command, and at which he intends to sell
it, they have proceeded jointly to regulate, according to the probable demand, the quan-
tity that each shall raise during any particular period. 15y means of this arrangement,
the supply and price of coalhave been kept, during the time it has existed, comparatively
steady. Common prudence prompts and justifies such an arrangement; but it also
suggests the necessity of reducing the jirice of coal to the loM'cst level that will afford the
customary rate of jirofit. For were the price demanded by the northern coal owners
raised above this level, new mines would be opened in Durham and Northumberland;
the imports from the Tees, whence a large sujijily of excellent coal is at present hrovyht
to the London market, would be aiigmeiited ; and fresh competitors, from Swansea and
other places, would come into the field and undersell them. Government should en-
courage and promote this fair competition ; but it ought, at the same time, to do equal
justice by all the competitors. It is not to lend assistance to, or remove burdens from,
one set of ;■ 'venturers, which it does not lend to or remove from others. It is no part
of its duty to say how coals, or .-^ny species of produce, shall be carried to market. It is
bound to give every reasonable facility for the opening of new channels or modes of con-
veyance between all parts of the country ; but it would be glaringly unjust to lay a tax
on the coals conveyed by a particular channel, from which those conveyed by other
channels were exempted.
]\Ir. Huddle thinks that the aggregate capital employed by the coal owners on the
Tyne amounts to about 1,500,000/. exclusive of the craft in the river: and sujijiosing
this estimate to be nearly correct, it will follow, allowing for the value of the ships, that
the total capital employed in the coal trade may be moderately estimated at from eiyht
to ten millions ; an immense sum to be almost wholly at the risk of the owners, without
any insurance upon it.
Proyressice Consumption of Coal. Duties and Regulations affecting it, particularly in
the Port of London, — There are no mines of coal in either Greece or Italy; and no
evidence has been produced to show that the ancients had learned to avail themselves of
this most useful mineral. Even in England, it does not seem to have been used jire-
viously to the beginning of the thirteentii century ; for the first mention of it occurs in
a charier of Henry III., granting licence to the burgesses of Newcastle to dig for coal.
In J 281, Newcastle is said to have had a considerable trade in this article. About the
end of this century, or the lieginning of the fourteenth, coals began to be imported into
London, being ut (irst used only by smiths, brewers, dyers, soaji-boilers, &c. This
innovation was, however, loudly coiniilained of. A notion got abroad, that the smoke
was hirrhly injurious to the imblic liealih ; and, in 1:510', parliamL-iit ])etitioned the king,
Edward I., to prohibit the burning of coal, on the ground of its being an intolerablo
nuisance. His ^Majesty issued a prot'a:nation conformably to the prayer of the petition;
i
■•'3
i
'A
i
COAL.
293
ns, that
In eii/ht
.-ithout
yhirli/ in
laiui no
Lives of
|(.'(l pif-
Ifurs in
)r coal.
nit the
ted into
This
smoke
le king,
l)leral)lo
>tilion ;
hut it boiniT but littlo attended to, recourse was had to more vigorous measures ; a com-
iui>sion of over and terminer being issued out, with instructions to iiHjuire as to ail who
burned sea-coal within the city, or parts adjoining, to luniish tl'cni for ihe first otfence,
by " iiecuniary nudcts ; " and upon a second olTence, to demolish their furnaces; and to
jirovicte for the strict observance of tiie j)rocIauiation in all time to come.
15ut notwithstanding the eflbrts that were thus made to prohibit the use of coal, and
the i)rejudice that was long entertained against it ; it contiiuied progressively to pain
ground. This was partly, no doubt, owing to ex])erience having shown that coal smoke
hail not the noxious influence ascribed to it, but far more to the superior excellen<e of
coal as an article of fuel, and the growing scarcity and consequent high jjrice of timber.
In the reign of Charles I. the use of coal became universal in London, where it has ever
since been used to the exclusion of all other articles of fuel. At the Restoration, the
(piantity imjjorted was supposed to amount to about '200,000 chaldrons. In 10'70, the
inii)orts had increased to 270,000 cha.drons. At the Revolution, they amounted to about
.'3iX),()00 chaldrons, and have since gone on increasing with the growing magnitude and
population of the city ; being, in 1750, about 500,000 chaldrons ; in 1800, rd)out 900,000
chaldrons; and at jircsent about 1,700,000 chaldrons. — (Ciimpbtirs rolilicul Sura y of
Grmt liritniii, vol. ii. p. fiO. ; Edinciton on the Coal Tradv, p. 41. &c. )
It might have been sup])osed, considering that coal is, in this country, a primt
necessary of life, and by far tlie most important of all the instruments of manufacturing
industry, that it would have been exempted from every species of tax ; and that every
possible facility would have been given for its conveyance from the mines to the districts
in the south of England, and other places in want of it. 13ut such, we regret to say,
has not been the case. The coal trade of (ireat liritain lui:; been for more than a century
and a half subjected to the most oppressive regulations. From a very early period, the
corporation had undertaken the task of weighing and measuring the coal brought to
London; and had been accustomed to charge 8?/. a ton for their tronbje. In 10'1;3, the
power to make this charge was confirmed to the city by royal charter, it being at the
same time ordered that no coal should be unladen from any vessel till the Lord iNFayor
liad given leave. The right to charge this sum according to the chaldron of coal, lias
since been confirmed to the city by act of parliament ; and as the labouring meters, not-
withstanding they have been veiy well paid, have received only 5d. out of the 8f/., the
balance of Sd. per chaldron, producing at present about 20,000/. a year, goes to the city
treasury.
hut besides the above, duties for civic purposes have been laid on the coal imported
into London from the reign of Charles II. downwards. They were originally imposed
in ]6'G7, after the great fire, in order to assist in the rebuilding of churches and other
public edifices ; and have ever since been continued, to enable the corjjoration to execute
improvements in the city ; though it is probable most of our readers will be inclined to
think that few improvements could be so great, as a reduction in the jirice of so very
important an article as coal. At present, a duty of 10(/. per chaldron, denominated the
orphans' duty, is appropriated, until 1858, to defray the expense of the approaches to
London Bridge.
Exclusive of the corporation duties, a duty payable to government was laid on all
scc-boriie coal in the reign of William III., which was only repealed in 1830. This
duty was at once glaringly unjust and oppressive : unjust, inasmuch as it fell only on
those parts of the empire to which coals had to be carried by sea ; and oppressive, inas-
much as it amounted to full J{ffi/ per cent, upon the price paid to the coal owner for the
coal. It is not very easy to calculate the mischief that this tax has done to the southern
counties. We, however, are satisfied that the depressed condition of the peasantry of
the south, as comi)ared with those of the north, is, in no inconsiderable degree, to be
ascribed to the operation of the coal tax. This tax, after being long stationary at 5s. n
chaldron, wa.5 raised to 9s. 4d. during the late war; but was reduced to Gs. in 1824.
liut the ine(|uality of the tax was not confined to its afTecting those parts only of the
empire to which coal had to be carried by sea. Even there its pressure was not equal :
for, while it amounted to G.v. a chaldron, or 4s. a ton, in the metropolis and all the south
of England, it only amounted to Is. 7.1'/. a ton on coal carried by sea to Ireland, and
to Is. 8(/. on that carried to Wales; while Scotlaixl was for many years entirely ex-
empted from the duty.
Besides this striking partiality and injustice, various trotiblesome Custom-house
regulations were required, in consequence of distinctions lieing made between the duties
on large and small coal, between those on coal and culm (a species of coal), and coal
and cinders, and of coal being allowed to be imported duty free into Cornwall, Devon,
&c. for the use of the mines. These distinctions are now, however, wholly abolished •
and no duties exist on coal except those collected in London and a few othjr ports, and
appropriated to local purposes.
A small supply of coal was of late years brought to Lwidon from StafTordshire, by
U .T '
ir
I \i
■■mm
Mil..
29 1
i f 'i S
COAL,
.' :,
Ut •
'...
U!
^1^
r .
canal navigation. This coal was charged with a duty of 1 s. a chaldron ; but this is now
also repealed.
Tiie regulations to which the sale and delivery of coals have been subjected in the
city of Lun Ion. have huen, it' possible, still more objectionable tlian the duties iin|)()sed
on them. Instead of being sold by weight, all coals imported into the Thames have been
sold by measure. It is curious to observe the sort of abuses to which this practice has
given rise. It is stated by the celebrateil mathematician, Dr. Hutton, who, being a
native of Newcastle, was well acquainted with the coal trade, that, " Ifone coal, measur-
ing exactly a cubic yard (nearly equal to 5 bolls), be broken into pieces of a moderate
size, it will measure JJ^ bolls ; if broken very small, it will measure 9 bolls ; which
shows that the proportion of the weight to the measure depends upon the size of the
coals; therefore, accounting by weight is the most rational method." The shippers
were well aware of this, and insisted upon the coal owners supplying them with large
coal only ; and to such an extent was tliis principle carried, that all coal for the Lon-
don market was screened, as it is technically termed, or passed over gratings, to sepa-
rate the smaller pieces. Inasmuch, however, as coals were sold in all their subsequent
stages by measure, no sooner had they been delivered by the owner, than it was for the
interest of every one else into whose hands they came before reaching the consumer,
to break them into smaller portions. In fact, the profit of many of the retailers in
London has arisen chieHy from the increase of measure by the breakage of coal. And
Mr. Brandling, a very intelligent and extensive coal owner, stated to the Commons' com-
mittee, that, in consequence of the breakage, coals are reduced in London to a size
inferior to what they would be, were they put on board unscreened, and subjected to no
additional breakage.
The statements now made sufficiently evince the nullity of all the regulations en-
forcing the sale of coal by correct measures : for even though these regulations liad been
enforced, instead of being, as they usually were, wholly neglected, they would have been
of almost no use ; inasmuch as any dishonest dealer was as able to cheat, by breaking his
coals a little smaller than usual, as if he had sold them in deficient measures.
The loss occasioned by the useless process of screening has been very great. The
quantity of coal separated by it has amounted in some eases to from 20 to 25 per cent,
of the whole ; and the greater part of this residue, containing a portion of the very best
coal, is burned on the spot. " I have known," says Mr. Buddie, " at one colliery, as
many as from 90 to 100 chaldrons a day destroyed. If they were not consumed, they
would cover the whole surface, and in the burnings of them they are extremely
destructive ; they destroy the crops a great way round, and we pay large sums for injury
done to the crops, and for damage to the ground." — (First Lords' Rep. p. 72.) The
waste of coal has been in this way enormous; and the coal owner has been obliged to
charge a higher price upon the coal sold, in order to indemnify himself for the loss of so
great a (]uantity, and for the mischief he does to others in burning.
The fact, that so monstrous a system should have been persevered in for more than a
century, sets the power of habit in reconciling us to the most pernicious absurdities in a
very striking point of view. Ila|>i)ily, however, the nuisance has been at last abated ;
the sale of coal by weight taking away both the temptation to break coal, and the neces-
sity of screening.
But the abuses that have infected the coal trade were not confined to those that grew
out of the duties, and the sale by measure. They have insinuated themselves into most
departments of the business ; and to such an extent have they been carried, that it takes,
at this moment, a larger sum to convey a chaldron of coal from the pool, a little below
London Bridge, to the consumers in the city, than is sufficient to defray the entire cost of
the coal in the north, including the expense of digging them from the mine, their con-
veyance to the shore, landlord's rent, &c. ! The following statement shows the various
items that made up the price of coal to the London consumer, in Octol)er, 1830, distri-
buted under their proper heads. They have been carefully abstracted from the evidence
before the parliamentary committees.
ClIAIlGES UP TO TUE Tl.ME OP ARRIVAL IN TUB PonT OF LoNDON.
Conl Omnrr.
Paid coal ownor for coals ......
Deduct river duty paid by him for improvement of Sunderland harbour
Coal Fittfr.
Kcul dues, and flttage (including seven miles' water-carriage)
SAi/i Oirncr.
Vox freight, including insurance of ship and cargo, pilotage, seamen's wages,
wear and tear of the ship and materiaU, discharging Ijallust, &c. • . 8 6^
Carried over
\
10 »i u u
COAL.
'295
at grew
to most
It takt's,
below
' cost of
bir con-
I various
(Ustil-
Ividence
s. d.
13 9
IJ »
(I. \£ s.
Mimicip/il Dues.
UiviM (liitv, as above
I'lcr Uut) ,' liglils, &c. paid by ship
Brought forward
d.
Si
u lu Vi
ClIARGEa IN THE ToRT (iF LoNDOV.
Gnvrrnmrnt Tax • ...
Muit'f viil Dues. _ .. . ,. „ 4. ,
iiimty iitiil Nore lights, tonnage duty, Trinity House forbanast, &c.
Kiiiiii'V, Ac. .......
{ orporrtfinn of London mctage ...
Dit'ii oiphans' duos . . • • "
nil to nil tei'.- pay and allowance . . . .
Ditto m.iiki'l (liu's ... • •
Ditto I.ord M. Ivor's groundage, &c. - . . .
Ditto laml niitage .--.-■
Ditto uiidiTiaktr ......
Coal.Mliippcrs ......
Coiil Factor.
I'actoiage and del credere commission
Conl Merchant.
huyir s cuininission . . - - •
IJtihtcraije . . . -
Cartage .......
C reiiit ......
MiOiitago .-..--
Aud for even money ...
(See Com. Hep. p. 8.)
Add for discount, scoruge, and ingrain* (see same Sep. p. y.)
Mnking the price paid by the consumer ...
Whicli is tliiis aiijiortioned : —
Coal owner for coal . . . - .
Shipowner, &c. lor voyage to London ...
Government duty, corjioration charges, and London coal merchant
5
Si
(10 4
10
4
1
Oi
t)
1
1 7
8i
6
13
11 r,i
4 4{
44
.
1
2
6
2
1
1'2 6
i.' 2t
14 Si
1
H
2 10 'i
i 2 10 7i
Of these charges but little reduction nee<i be looked for in those incurred in the rivers Tyne and
Wear, and in the raie of freight : and as the government duty of &i. per rhaldron h.is been al.olished,
the cliaige^ that admit of further reduction aie the uiiinicipal dues, ami those attending the deliveiy of
coal to the consumers ; and in ihe.<e, cirta'nly, there is ample loom lor rctrenclimcnt
Of the items which make up the sum of ■is. ili/. of chariies in the port of London, a turn of Is. Srf.
(1(W. as orphan dulv, appropriated to the new briilge, ;ind 4rf. as corporation imtaj-'e) is a species of
public tax. .So Mioii, however, as the term fur whicli the orphan duly is appropriatcil has expired, it
ought to he abolished; and it would he highly desirable were some incans then also lound of ii.dtmni.
tying ihc corporation for the i<l- of inetage claimed by iliem ; inasmuch as the abolition of the,«e duties
would not only occasion a direct savinj; in llie iincc of coal, but would aflbrn great facilitii-s for its
dehverv. — iSee imt, for an account of the local ikities in 183.'.)
The inost important item, in tho^e forming the ch;,rges in the port of London, is the fee of the coal-
ti'/ii/ipi'r, or coal-heaver — that is, the iieliverer of the coals from the ship to the b.irge or lighter. 'J his
lee is about Is. ~</., ai.d is at lea>t 5 times as great as it ought to Le. At Nnvcaslle and Snndeilaiid the
tilling of a chaldron of coal into the wagon co.sts from l{ft. to l^rf ; and admitting thai to raise coal fr< m
the hold is a little more dill. cult, still, if 4(/. were alluwed, it wov.d be a most liberal payment. Hut the
truth is, that this item should be struck off altogether. It i< occasioned by a rifiulation peculiar to
the 'J'haines, which prevents the crews of colliers from performing this indispensable pait of their pecu-
liar duty. In the outports, to which luckily this preposterous regulation docs not exietnl, the crews act
as coal heavers, ami they do sowiihout either asking or obtainingadoitioi.al wipes. And there certainly
is no leaden whatever lor supposing that the case would l e materially dilH rent in the poit of London,
were it not for the regulation referred to. In IhSy, the total .imount of nioiiev paid to the coal.hca' ers
was 107.5fi()/. l.".'s. ; of which at least i;0,OUO/. may be saved to the citizens, by simply alluviing (lie crew to
perform the function of coal-heavers.
Tl e evidence given by the ship owners and captains before the parliamentary committees establifhcs,
in the ful est manner, all that has now been staled. To <tischar(;e a ship when ioaded with timber is
admitted to be rather more diHlcult than when she is lo^ ded with coal. Lixkily, however, the masters
of all ships other than colliers may employ, in their discharge, either the crew, or such other labourers
as they think fit, without any sort of interference. Aid it is proved, that while the cost of (ii>charging
a ship'of 31 Knis, laden with coal, amounts to about J6/., a ship of the same burden, laden with timber,
may be discharged lor 9/. or 1(7. — (ttw. Rtp. p. Siil.) This, certainly, is a subject deserving of the ininie.
diate attention of pailiament
Hesides the charge of »</. on account of ship metapc, there has been a further charge of Cvl. per chal-
dron on acci unt of land inetage. But the new regulations enforcing sale by weight will lead lo the.
abolition of the land as well as the ship meters Their inelli'-tiicy lor all useful purposes was cnnclusively
shown by the witnesses examined by the parliamentary i omiiiittees. In fact, the system of metage has
rather bieii a means ol concealing I'han of discovering fraud.
'J'he dutiis a)i)iropriated to public purposes, ihose claimed by the city of London as private property,
and those required to lUfray the cost i f the coal exi haiige, and the weit:hing establishments, .\c , aic, in
future, to be charged in the aggregate at to much a ton on the coal iniiiorteil, and |iaiil into the City
( hamberlain's oltice ; accounts of the distribution of the produce of the unty being annually prepared
and laid beiorc parliament.
But the charges on account of the delivery of coal from the ship to the consumer are the most oppres-
sive. 'J'hey amount in all to no Kss than Hs SJrf. ! One item is lighterage, being a sum of i.s. a chaldron
• Scorage and ingrain were allowances that grew out of the system of selling by measure,
tyitem is now repealed, it is unnecessary to describe them.
U 4
As this
V 'I
M'li
I'l ' it
11HI1|.S
«■
Mi:
/ ,
:a
I ■ t
296
COAL
paid for conveying the roals rroni the ship to tlie wharf. Tliis clinrp;e srcins (o be in no oniiiiary dcKrec
exorbitant. It is nieiition<'d by Mr. Uiuldlo, in hi.s evidence i/Vc.v/ Aorrfo' A'c/i. |i. I'-I.'i, thai the'l'yno
Iceclmeii, who take the eods from the spouts or stailhs, as tliuy are termed, to deliver them to the ships,
are paid only is. (>./. a elialilron, tlicuf-h they have lo navigate t/ir/'r Urls from 7 lo 8 riiiics, and
though It is far more dilHeult to shovel the coals from the keels into the port-hok'S of the ships, than
from a lighter to a wharl. Were the ehaiye lor li(;literag(^ reduced to the same level in the Thames as
ill the Tyne, it would not certainly exceed Hi/, or 'M. a chaldron. IJut belore this desirable result can be
accomplished, this department of the trade must, like all the rest, be thrown open. Here again the
trammels of monopoly interfere. At present no individual can act as a lighterman, who is not free ol tliu
Waterman's Company, and who has not served 7 years as an apinentice upon the river, t'ompetitioii i»
thus wholly excludetl, and the charges rendered far higher than they would be uiidcra dilli.'reiit system.
The next item in the charge for delivery i» (is. a cl.ildron for cartage funn the wharl to the con-
sumer's residence. 'J'he best way, perhaps, to judge of the reasonableness of this charge, is by comparing
it wiih the sums charged for similar work done elsewhere. Now, assuming the average weight of Ihe
chaldron to be i.'/ cwt., and the average distance to which coals are carted 1^ mile, the charge will le
Ss. fljrf. per ton per mile ; but in the norlli, in Durham, Lanca.-hire, tec, it is usual to let the cartage of
coals, including the loading, by contiait, at from 7(/. to 8*/ a ton on turnpike roads, and llrf. and Ibi/. on
heavy country roads. So that the expense of carlage in I.oiid jii is/our nr Jiiv times as much as it costs
in the north. It seems ditlicult to account for this ililleieiice by the greater exiiense attending the
keep of men, horses, &c. in the metropolis, thoiigli that certainly is very heavy. I'erliaps a part of it is
owing to the system of. licensing carts, and regulating the fees of carlage. At all events the subject is
one that ought to be investigated.
Kxclusive of the charge of G.v. for cartage, there is a further charge of I.t. Gil. for slioothif;, that is, for
unloading the wagon into the cellar. Next to the item tor wliipi)ers, this is the most outiageous over-
charge in this lengthened catalogue of abuses. 'J here are thousands of labourers in London who would
be glad to be allowed to perform the same work for Si/, or 4(/., for which the citizens are oldiged to pay
Is. til/. Indeed, we believe it might be dom^ for a good deal le.s. Mr. Huddle says, " At the rate we
pay our wagon-men for lilhiig the wagons, 1 lielieve they would be very glad, lor LV/., lo heave these same
coals out of the cellar again up the hole," — [t'l'ist I.onls' Il,/>. p. l!^I.) ; an operation which, every one
Knows, would be about ll) times as troublesome as pouring them down.
Such of our readers as may have gone through tiie-e statements will, we think, feel but lit-le disposed
to diller from the committee of the House of Lords, who oliserve, in tlie Si-coiir/ Jlt'port, " that in e\ cry
stage, from the jiort o*' shipment to the coal mcrcliaot's wharf, and thence to the consumer's cellar, the
regulations under wliich the trade is conducted are proiluctive of delay, of an aggravation of expense, and
an encouragement to fraud! " — {/Ir/i. p. H.)
The sale of coal liy weight, and the abolition of the metagc system, liave undoubtedly eradicated some
of the more flagrant abuses, that infected the trade, liut the statements now laid belore the reader
show that there are other departments that require to be thoroughly ex.imincd. The exorbitancy of the
existing charges for the delivery of coal from the ships to the wharf, and for carting, shooting, &c. demand
that nothing should be lell untried that may have any chance of contributing to their eflectual reduction.
Iti-fiii/ations (IS to Siilc in JmikIuh. — A seller's ticket is to accompany all coals sold within the city of
London and its environs, specifying the species of coal, and the number of sacks and weight of coal sent.
U'he coals may be either in bags containing 1 or i.' cwt., or in bulk. The carman is in all cases bound to
carry a weighing machine with the coal, which machine is to be made conformably to regulation ; and,
upon being desired, he is to weigh any one sack, or t!ie whole sacks in his wagon. Penalty on refusing
to weigh, or otherwise ol)stniifing the weighing, S)/. I'enalty on non-delivery of ticket to jurchaser, 'HI/.
In the event of the weight lieing delicient, a penalty is imposed of 10/. or .00/., accoiding to deficiency.
Quantities of less than oiiolbs. may be soUl witliout lieing weighed. — (1 liiii IVi/i.i. c. 7(i.)
In order to save trouble in collecting the dulies that still attach to coal in the port of London, the
corporation is authorised to compound with the owner or master of any ship or vessel importing coal, for
the toiniage upon which the duties are to be pai.l, A certilicate of such composition, expressing the
number of tons of coal, cinders, or culm, agree.i to be taken as the cargo of the ship or ve.-sel compounded
for, is to be given to the master or owner ol the same, and to be taken as evidenceof the quant it yon board.
When no composition is entered into, the coal is to lie weighed in the jiretience of an ollieer of the cus-
toms nt the ]]oit iif shipment ; and the duties are to be paiii uiion the weight so shipped.
The shipment of coal in the Tyne is at present regulated by the act 5 Geo. 4. c 7iJ., commonly railed the
Turn Act. The object of this act is to make all ships engaged in tlie trade of the Tyne be lo.ided in the
order in which they arrive. It prevents any preference being given to particular ships ; and rcmlers it nearly
impossible for any coal owner to give constant employment to any vessel in the trade which he may wish
to employ. In some respects this act is probably advantageous, but, on the whole, its policy seems very
questionable. Why should a coal owner be prevented from employing certain ships in preference to
others ? Under this act, if more ships engage in the trade than can lie profitably employed in it, the loss
produced by detention in port, and waiting for a cargo, instead of falling, as it naturally would, were Ihe
trade free, on particular ships, and driving them from the business, falls equally on every ship employed,
and depresses the whole trade. 'J'liere is no regulation of this sort in the Wear.
Exportatiun of Coa/. — For a considerable number of years past a duty of 17«. Cvl. a chaldron was laid on
all large, and of 4s. 6rf. a chaldron on all small coal exported. The first of these duties is quite ex-
cessive; and is not to be vindicated, unless the policy of preventing the exportation of coal were admitted.
Inasmuch, however, as small coal is the only species used in manufactories, no ground could be assigned
for prohibiting the exportation of round coal, except the risk of exhausting the mines. But the state-
ments previously made show the futility of this apprehension. There cannot, therefore, be any reasonable
doubt as to the policy of the reduction that has recently been made in the duty on large coal exported.
We believe, indeed, that it might have been carried a good deal further, with advantage to the revenue
and to all parties. — (For the existing dulies on coal exported, see Tahiks'.)
Price qf Coni The following is an account of the contract price of coal supplied to Greenwich
Hospital in the undermentioned years : —
Years.
Per ChalUron.
Years.
rcrCliaUlinn.
Years.
Tcr Chaldron.
j£ s. rf.
je s. rf.
£ S. d.
i-so
1 4 6
178,^
1 14 2J
18^4
2 3 8
1735
1 5
17110
1 14 4i
18'.;>
2 3 2
1740
1 9
17!!.".
1 19 9
1820
2 4
17 LI
1 10
1800
2 U 7
1827
2 1 5J
1750
1 7 7J
18(1,';
2 11 8|
1828
2 8i
17J.)
1 8 7i
1810
3 8
1829
1 U) 7
17(iO
1 12 8
18 lo
2 1j i;-5
i8-;o
1 J2 11
]7nr>
1 1-2 41
18-20
2 r> 9
18;;i
1 7
1:70
1 9 IJ
1821
2 (> ()
i;-v;2
1 4 3
1775
1 10 Hi
]8i>2
2 4 tli
1780
1 17 .;?
182 J
2 (i 7
(See art. PnicEs.)
This tal
that have
)le sets the beneficial infiuence of the abolition of the duty on coals, and of the other alterations
been luade in the nuinagcnient of the trade, in a very striking point of view.
COAL.
'297
lid on
ex-
htted.
Igncd
>tatP-
lable
krtcd.
lenuu
Iwicli
^
I
-■J
V
r,Himrts nf Conl in/o London, and puhHc Diifh-s /Aovon — TliP fallowing fable shows tlio quantity nt
oil indcuiin small foul, imimrtcMl iiit.i l.oiuloii iluriiiK each oflhc 7 years cmling with 1S,7.', theimblic
lutits ehaiKCit on the same, ami the ino^Uice ol the duties. — J^arl. Fapir, No. 1!)/. Sess. WM.) .
Coals, Cimlers, anil Culm, liniiortol into ihe I'ort of London.
Years.
18':i)
1K28
18 !•
IS'ill
IS.il
lH.i2
Total yuantitj importcil,
'Stated in Tons, nllowint;
SIntfd in Wi r totliuChiiUlroii,
Chalilron>.. l.V'i ..ill. 1. c.;i). ». 11.
i,finn,22n
l,47l>,'Jj!
l,,W7,li!)+
l,(),';il,K04
i,t;(rt,i.'<i
l,t)77,7(lS
2,040,201
i,«8'A;i2i
l,!:f)ii,.5.">l)
2,01S,!I7.">
'J,07!),27;)
2,(11;"), :92
2,1.)!M'T8
Rates of Public Duties charged on Importation.
f Coals and cinders :
CliarReil bv measure, dr. per chaldron.
I Charged by weiKht, 4s. per ton.
1 Culm, Crf. per chaldron.
! f Duties repealed from 1st of March, 1831, per J
net 1 S: i; Will. 4. c. 16.
i)
ProtUicc of
tlie Duties.
£
4fn,8.-)2
41(),M)4
443,217
4ti+,tx")9
4<i7,7U>
40,702
Account of the various Local or Municipal Duties charged on Coals imported into the Port of London
since 182.7; spocifyir.g such Duties in detail, the Kate of each, and the Amount of Duty annually pre
duced byeacii. — ;/•«;■/. I'npii; No. 2!ll). Se.ss. lS.i.i.) _^
Years.
Description of Duties.
Rate of each Duty.
lAnnual Produce
of eacii Duty
ISi-'ti Duty on coals delivered in the year ending ;")th of January, 1827,|
pursuant to the act of the ,7th K: (itii of Will. & Mary, c. 10., lor
ttie relief of the orphans and other creditors of the city of Uon-I
don, and continued by various acts of |iarliament lor cftectingl
])ul)lic works - . - . - -
Additional metage duty, pursuant to the said act of ,7& G W. & M.
and applicable to the purposes of the said orphans' fund
1827 Ditto . . ....
lS-.'8 DHto
]8'.i!) Ditto - - . ...
IKjO Ditto .... . .
1831 Ditto ......
1832 jCommutation pursuant to the act of 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 7f>. for the
I said duties ot (ir/. and id. per chaldron, continued by the act of
10 Geo. 4. c. 13G. for making the approaches to Lon.lon liridge
182(> Duty charge<l by 43 Geo. 3. c. 134. for establishing a market in
the city of London lor the sale of coals
1827 Ditto .....
18'J8 Ditto .... . -
18'-'!) Ditto . . . . -
18.;o Ditto ......
1831 Ditto, including Ci'iTA P.f. fij'/. for duty nucoflU imported in!
1831, l)Ut delivircil in 18,2 . . . . -i
1832 Continued by the act of the 1 & 2 Will. 1. c. 76. for the suppott ofj
the said niarltet, and for paying the conijiei nations of the land;
coal-meters of London, Westminster, and Middlesex, for thei
abolition of their olMccs - . . " "1
182'i Duty payable to the corporation of the city of London, for nietnge;
1S27 '■ Ditto . .....
18JS Ditto .... . -I
Ifci) Ditto .... .:
18,;o Ditto . - -i
1831 Ditto ... . . .[
1832 Commutation for the said duty of id. per chaldron, water.bailliage
and groundage of coals, and fees to Lord Mayor on permit, &e.
pursuant to the act of the 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 76., chargeable with
the compensations to the clerks, otlicers, and deputy sea-eoal
meters, lor the abolition of their places by the said act
1826 Duty of water.bailliage on coals and groundage of colliers, pay-
able to the corporation of London by non-freemen only
1827 Ditto ......
1828 Ditto . - . . .
1829 Ditto ......
18,50 Ditto . . • . . .
1831 Ditto . . ...
18.;2 Commuted by said act 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 7&, as before stated
1826 Fees payable to the Lord Mayor of London for permit and rcgls-i
tcring certiticates of the quantity and quality of coals, pursuant|
. totheact 9 Anne, c. 28. - - - .;
1827 Ditto - - . . . .;
1828 Ditto . . ... • -;
1829 Ditto - - . - - .1
1830 Ditto - - . . . .!
1831 Ditto ... . .1
1832 .Commuted under the said act 1 & 2 Will. 4. c 76., as before men-j
tioned. '
C(/. per chald.
id. per chald..
. ditto
ditto
. ditto
ditto
. ditto
8rf. per ton .
Irf. per chald.
ditto
ditto
- ditto
ditto
- ditto
\d. per ton .
id. per chald.
ditto
ditto
. ditto
- ditto
. ditto
id. per ton -
|rf. per New-1
castle, or dou-
ble chald. and
6rf. per ship |
groundage
. ditto
. ditto
. ditto
- ditto
. ditto
Is. Pd. per ship
- ditto
. ditto
. ditto
. ditto
. ditto
d.
6;7,548 3 5
Iy9,9r2
(.3,211
6;7,0V9 14 10
66,689 10 1 1
ti5,364 15 6
71,020
6,049 8 lOi
6,091 18 2^
6,472 15 If
6,();;9
G,78u
11
6,SC5 a Di
8,877 10
8
2H,6J4 1
4
-.;4,.-;(i7 12
11
2;T,893 13
11
26,5.'i9 13 10
27,141 19
5
2(>,390 14
35,510 2 8
9!)9 4 7}
903 11
942 11
9<)0 2
1.010 6
191 15
Nil.
517 11
4li7 16
4'.'5 19
515 13
524 19
481 14
Nil.
04
I I I
A'c/i?. — The act of the 47 C.co. 3. c. 68. (repealed by the act 1 &-2 Will. 4. c. 76.) imposed a duty of 6rf.
per chaldron on all coals sold by wharf measure, and 1,?. per 5 chaldrons, sold by pool measure; but the
corporation of London have no means of ascertaining the amount of those duties paid in the districts of
Westminster, Middlesex, and Surrey. — Guildhall, 1,0th of May, 18,33.
It appears tVom this account, that the various local and municipal duties charged on coal in the port of
London in 1832, amoinited to 1 15,407/. 18s. Srf., being at the rate of about Is. 4jrf. per chaldron on the coal
imported that year. Were these duties wholly abolished, oi commuted for some other tax, and all regu-
lations as to the imloading of fhips in the river, with the exception of those necessary to preserve order,
swept off, we have no doubt that the price of coal would be materially reduced.
Ml
Vi
li.il
mf.
mmmm
298
COAL.
uti '
5f ■ !
11
I '■ i
■s
a
u
■■£9
"o a.
«5 «
u2
S "•
c n
n 3
•c
-A
r
e«
c
*i
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1
COASTING TRADE.
299
i
COASTING TRADE, tlie trade or intercourse carried on by sea between two or
more ports or ))lxces of the same country.
It luis been customary in most countries to exclude foreigners from all participation
in the coastiii}? trade. Tliis policy began in England in the reign of Elizabeth (5 Eliz.
c. 5. ), or, perhaps, at a more remote era ; and was perfected by the acts of navigation
passed in 1651 and 1660. A vast number of regulations have been since enacted at dif-
ferent periods. The existing rules with respect to it, which have been a good deal
simplified, are embodied in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52., and are as follow : —
Di-Jlnilion qf Coasting Trade. — All trade l)y sea from any one part of the United Kingdom to any other
part tiiereoC, or Irom one part of the Isle of Man to another therool, shall l)e deemed to l)e a toa»ting trade,
anil all shiiw while employed therein shall h' deeinc<l to be roasting ships; and no part of the United
Kingdom, however situated with regard to any other part thereof, shall be deemed in law, with reference
to each other, to l)e parts beyond the seas in any matter relating to the trade or navigation or revcr.ue of
this realm. — ^ 10.5.
l.onh qf Treasury to regulate what shall be deemed trading by Sea under this Act. — It shall be lawful
for the said coinmissioners of his Majesty's treasury to determnie and direct in what cases the trade by
water from any place on the eoast of the United Kingdom to another of the same shall or >hall not be
deemerl a trade by sea within the meaning of this act or of any act relating to the customs. — ^ lOfi
Coasting Ship confined to enacting Voyage. — No goods shall I'C earrieil in any coastmg ship, except such
as shall be laden to be co carried at some port or place in the United Kingdom, or at some port or place
in the Me of Man respectively ; and no goods shall l)e laden on boaid any ship to be carried coastwise
until all goods brought in such ship from parts beyond the seas shall have been iniladen ; and if any good;*
shall be taken into or put out of any coasting ship at sea or over the sea, or if any coasting ship shall
touch at any place over the sea, or deviate from her voyage, unless forced by unavoidable circumstances,
or if the master of any eoastiuK ship which shall have touched at anv place over the sea shall not declare
the same in writing under his hand to the collector or comptroller at the port in the United Kingdom or
in the Me of Man where such ship shall afterwards first arrive, the master of such ship shall forfeit the
gum of'iOO/. — ^ 107.
Before Ootids he laden or unladen. Notice qf Intention, ^c. to be given, and proper Documents to issue.
— No goods shall ho laden on board any ship in any port or place in the United Kingdom or in the Isle
of Man to be carried coastwise, nor having been brought coastwise shall be uidaden in any such port or
Jilnce Irom any ship, until due notice in writing, signed by the master, shall have been given to the col-
ei tor or comptroller, by the master, owner, w hartinger, or agent of such ship, of the intention to lade
goods on board the same to lie so cairied, or of the arrival of such ship with goods so liiought, as the case
may lie, nor until proper documents shall have been granted as herein-after directed for tlie lading or for
tlie unlading of such goods ; and such goods shall not l)e 'aden or unladen except at such times and places,
and in such manner, and by such persons, and under the care of such otticers, us arc herein.alter di-
rected; and all goods laden to be so carried, or brought to be so unladen, contrary hereto, shall be
forfeited. - ^ 108.
Particulars in Xotice. — In such notice .shall be stated the name and tonnage of the ship, and the name
of the port to which she belongs, and the name of the master, and the name of the port to which she
is bound or from which she has arrived, and the name or description of the wharf or place at which
her lading is to be taken in or discharged, as the case may be; and such notice shall be signed by the
master, owner, wharlinger, or agent of such ship, and shall be entered in a Ixiok to be kept by the
collector, for the information of all parties interested ; and every such notice for the unlading of
any .'•hip or vessel shall be delivered within 24 hours alter the arrival of such ship or >essel, under a
penalty of 20/. to bo i>aid by the master of such ship or vessel ; and in every such notice for the lading
of any ship or vessel shall be stated the last voyage on which such ship or vessel shall have arrived
at such port; and if such voyage shall have been from parts beyond the seas there shall be produced with
such notice a certificate from the proper olticer of the discharge of all goods, if any, brought in such ship,
and of the due clearance of such ship or vessel inwards of such voyage. — ^ 109.
From and to Ireland. — Upon the arrival of any coasting ship at any poit in Great Britain from Ireland,
or at any |iort in Ireland from Great Britain, the master of such ship shall, within 24 hours alter such
arrival, attend and .'cliver such notice, signed by him, to the collector or comptroller ; and if such ship
shall have on board any goods subject on arrival to any duty of excise, or any goods which had been
imported from parts beyond the seas, the (larticulars of such goods, with the marks and numbers of the
packages containing the same, shall be set forth in such notice; and if there shall be no such goods on
board, then it shall be declared in such notice that no such goods are on board ; and the master shall also
answer any questions relating to the voy,ige as shall be demanded of liim by the collector or comptroller;
and everv master who shall fail in due time to deliver such notice, and truly to answer such questions,
shall forfeit the sum of lOO;. — ^ 110.
After Notice given of lading. Collector may grant a general Sufferance. — When due notice shall have
been given to the collector or comptroller at the port of lading of the intention to lade gomls on board any
coasting ship, such collector or comptroller shall grant a general sufferance for the lading of goods (with-
out specifying the same) on board such ship, at the wharf or place which shall be expressid in such suf.
fcrance ; and such sufferance shall be a suthcient authority for the lading of any sort of goods, except
such, if any, as shall be expressly excepted therein : provided always, that before any sulterance be
granted for any goods prohibited to be exported, or subject to any export duty other than any nil valorem
duty, the master or owner of any such ship, or the shipper of such goods, shall give bond, with one sutti-
cient surety, in treble the value of the goods, that the same shall be landed at the port fur which such
siiHcrance is required, or shall be otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of the commissioners of hia
Majesty's customs, — ^ III.
Master of Coasting Vessel to keep a Cargo .Boot. — The master of every coasting ship shall keep or cause
to be kept a cargo book of the same, stating the name of the ship and of the master, and of the port to
which she belongs, and of the port to which bound on each voyage; and in which bonk shall he entered,
at the port of lading, an account of all goods taken on board such ship, stating the descriptions of the
packages, and the quantities and descriptions of the goods therein, and trie quantities and descriptions of
any goods stowed loose, and the names of the respective shippers and consignees, as far as any of surh
particulars shall be known to him; and in which book, at the port of discharge, shall he noted the
respective days upon which any of such goods be delivered out of such ship, aiul also the resiicctive times
of departure irom the port of lading, and of arrival at any port of unlading ; and such master shall pro.
duce such book for the inspection of the coast-waiter or other pro|)er officer, so often as the same shall be
demanded, and who shall be at liberty to make any note or remark therein; and if such master shall fail
correctly to keep such book, or to proiluce the same, or if at any time there be found on board such ship
any goods not entered in the cargo liook as laden, or any goods noted as delivered, or if at any time it be
found that any goods entered as laden, or any goods not noted as delivered, be not on lioard, the master
of such ship shall t'orfeit the sum of ."iOA ; and if, upon examination at the port of lading, any p:>ckage
entered in the cargo book as containing any foreign goods shall be found not to contain such gootls, sucli
package, with its contents, shall be forfeited ; and if at the port of oischarge any package shall be found
to contain any foreign goods which are not entered in such book, such goods shall be forfeited. — ^ 112. .
t i:
h
9m^m
300
COBALT.
'i 1' ■ I
III
r
Afcoiinli iif Furcifin Ooiirf.t, ffc. to he ilclivcrcit lo Cul/fcfur. — Beforo niiy roastins i-lii|) '■liall depart I'rnin
thf piirt III' liuliiiR, an acccmiit, toRL'llicr witli a duplicate of tin- saiiif, all tairly uriifcii, and >iRiiiil li> tli(>
master, sliall lie dfliviTi'd to tfiu I'ollc'ctnr or cornptrollor ; i.< in *uili aicimnl >li,ill be «t lorlii .-mil
)>arti(:iilars as arc rcipiircd to be entered in llie rarK'i liiHik ol .11 lureinn fjoods, and ol all kimkI . .snb|(el lo
export duty 'other thai" any ail v<ihi>c»i duty', and of all corn, Rrain, meal, Hour, or malt, laden oji bo.ird,
and KiMierally, whether any other liritish (,'ood» or no other liriti>li Rnods be laden on board, an the ea>u
may be, or whether surh ship be wholly laden with llriti«h k'""!'* '"'t benii; ol any of the de-eriplioKS
bcl'orc mentioned, as the ease may be ; and the eolleetor or eoinptroller shall selei t and retain one ol such
accounts, ancl shall nlurii the other, dated and siRiu'd by hnn, and noting the clearanei' ol tln> ship
thereon ; and such arcouiit shall be the clearance of the sl)ip for tlie voyajje, and the transiri' for the nooda
expres8eil therein ; and if any such account be false, or shall not correspond with the cargo book, the
master shall forfeit the sum of .V)/. — 5 H'^.
Trausirc lu lif itclincrvU lo CoUcilor — Hcfore any goods be indaden froin any coastinj; ship at the port
of discharge, the master, owner, wharlinger, or axent (d' such ship shall deliver the transiie to the eel.
lector or comptroller of such port, who shall thereupon grant an order for tlie unlading of snch ship ,.t
the wharf or |)lace specified in such order : provided always, that if any of the goods on board such ship
be subje.t to any duty of customs or excise payal)le on arrival coastwise at such port, the master, owner,
wharlinjier, or agent of such ship, or the consignee of such goods, shall also deliver to tlie collei tor or
comptroller a tiill of the entry of the pirt.culars of such goods, expressed in wolds at length, together
with a copy tlicreol, in which all sums and numbcis may be expressed in ligurcs, and shall pay down all
duties of customs, or produce a permit in respect cjf all duties of excise, which shall lie due and payable
on any of such goods, as the ease maybe; and thereupon the collector and comptroller shall grant an
ord<T for the landing of such goods, in the presence or by the authority of the coast-waiter. — ; 11 \.
Collcflur in cci/itin Cnsfs ninij pnin/ nciimit 'ryansiirfiir t'onslinji I'csstli — It shall be lawlul for the
C'lUeelor ami comptroller, in the eases herein-adter mentioned, to grant for any coasting ship a general
Iransire, to continue in force for any time not exceeding one year from the date thereof, for the laillng of
any good^ ^except sui h goods, if any, as shall be expressly excepted therein), and for the clearance of tlie
ship in which the goods shall be laden, ami lor the unlading of the goods at the place of discharge; i,that
IS to say,)
Vot any ship regularly liatUng between places in the river Severn eastward of the Holmes ;
Tor any ship regularly trading between places in the river Humlier j
For any ship regularly trading between places in the Frith of Forth ;
For any ship regularly trading between places to be named in the transire, and tarrying only manure,
lime, chalk, stone, gravel, sand, or any earth, not being fullers' earth :
I'idvided always, that such transire shall he written in the cargo hook hercin-before required to be kept
liy the masters of coasting ships : provided also, that if the collector and complroller shall at any time
revoke such transire, and notice thereof shall be given to the master or owner of the shiji, or shall be
given to any of the crew when on board the ship, or shall be entered in the cargo book by any otlieer of
the customs, such transire shall become void, and fthall be delivered up by the master or owner to the
collector or comptroller. — ^ llfj.
Cuast-wiiiter, Sjc. may go on hoarii and einminc any Coasli'np Ship. — It shall be lawful in any ease,
.111(1 at all legal tunes, lor the coast- waiter, and also for the laniling-waiter, and for the searcher, and for
any other proper otlieer of the customs, to go on hoard any coasting ship in any port or ]ilace in the
United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, or at any jieriod of her voyage, and strictly U> search such ship, ami
to examine all goods on board, and all goods being laden or unladen, and to demand all documents which
ought to be on board such ship. — ^ 1 lii.
Times and Places for lundini; anil shipping. — No ponds shall be unshijiped from any ship arriving
coastwise in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, and no goods shall be shipped, or water,
borne to be shipped, in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, to be carried coastwise, but only
on days not being .Sundays or holidayf, and in the daytime, (that is to say,) from the Jst of September
until the last day of March betwixt sun-rising and sun-setting, and from the last day of March until the
1st of September between the hours of 7 o'clock in the morning and 4 o'clock in the afternoon ; nor shall
any such goods be so unshipped, shipiicd, or waterborne, unless in the presence or with the authority of
the proper ollieer of *\\c customs, nor unless at places which shall be apiiointed or approved by the [iropcr
officer of the custom. . — § 117.
Cionds prohibited or restrained. — Whenever any goods which may be prohibited to 1 c exported by pro.
clamation or by order in council under the authority of this act shall be so iirohihiied, it shall be lawful
ill such ])roclanialion or order in council to prohibit or restrict the carrying of such goods coastwise ; and
if any such goo»ls shall be carried coastwise, or shall be shipped or waterborne to be carried coastwise,
contrary to any such prohibition or restriction, the same shall be forfeited. — \ 118.
Dues of the City of Lwidon. — For the purpose of enabling the dues payable to the city on articles im-
port<'d coastwise to be ascertained and collected, it is enacted, tliat if all or any of the following goods,
viz. firkins of butter, tons of cheese, fish, eggs, salt, fruit, roots eatable, and onions, lirought coastwise
into the port of the said city, and which are liable to tlie said dues, be landed or uiishii)ped at, or in the
said port before a proper certitlcate of the payment of the said dues shall have been obtained, such goods
shall he forfeited, and may be seized by an ollieer of customs empowered to seize any goods that may be
landed without due entry'thereof. — (7 ii 8 O'co. 4. c. 56. ^ 15.)
Account of the Tonnage of Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade, which have entered at and
cleared out from the I'orts of Great Uritain, from 18'27 to 1831, both inclusive. —(/'(i>7. 1'aper, No. I^it.
Sess. 183'.'.)
Years.
Tonnafie ontt'vcd
Inwards.
TonnaKB ilearcll
Outuards.
8,()18,8(>8
8,957,28fi
9,l,f)8..'")25
Years.
Tonnage entered
Inwanis.
Tonnaf;e clearetl
(lutwards.
1827
1828
1829
8,18(),()()4
8,811,109
8,!«.!,fi.-'3
]8;30
1831
9,l'-'l,<il9
9,17(i,758
9,+.')9,(i9t)
9,372,870
I'k
COBALT (Ger. Kohalt ; Du. Kohal ; Sw. CohoU , Fr. Cuhalt ; It. Cohulto ;
Rus. Koholt ; Lat. Cohulttim), a mineral of a grey colour, with a sliadc of red, and !)y no
means brilliant. It lias scarcely any taste or .smell ; is rather soft ; specific gravity abotit
S-6. Sometiincs it is composed of plates, sometimes of grains, and sometimes of small
fibres adhering to each other. Its oxides tire principally employed. — (Sec Smalts, or
S.MAi.Tz.) They form the most jjennanent blue with which we are acquainted. The
colouring power of p.xidc of cobalt on vitrifiiiblc mixtures is greater, perhaps, than that
of any other metal. One grain gives a full blue to '240 grains of glass. — ( Thomson's
Chemistrij, and lire's Dictionary.)
coccrLus iNDicrs. — coco.
f3()l
iretl
laltn ;
Iby no
fiboiit
iNUiall
lis, or
The
that
tison's
'
COCCrH'S INDICUS, oil IN'DIAX UFItUY (Suns. Kafianwri ; Miilay,
Tiilid-liifl'ii), the fiiiit of the Mcnlsfxiiiiiiiii Corrii/iis, ;i I.ir^ii- tii'i' of tlio Malalmr coast,
C'oylon, A;c. It is a small kidiuy-shaiiid lurry, liaviuj,' a whiti" kii ml iiisidi-, of a most
impli'asant tasfi'. It is of a poisonous anil intoxicatin.tc iiuality, anil has lioi'n I'niployi'il
to ailiilti'ratu ale anil la'ur. Hut its I'miiloyniiiit in that way is iirohilntuil, uniler a
jji-nnlty of '-'(X)/. upon the browur, anil of 500/. ujjon the siller of the drug, hy the
5t> (it'o. :?. 0. ."S.
C'OCniNEAL (Cier. Kim-heiiilje ; Du. Conc/unilji' ; Fr. Coc/iciii/k ; It. Cocci nitjUit ;
Sp. Coc/iinilld, (,'riiiiii ; I'ort. Ciivhiintha ; Uus. Koiissc/iel), an insect ( C<wvus lucli)
found in Alexico, (ieorj;ia. South Carolina, and some of the West India islands ; but it
is in .Mexico only that it is reared with care, and forms an imi)ortant article of ii'Vn-
merce. It is a small insect, seldom exceeding the size of .1 grain of barley; and was
generally believed, for a considerable time after it began to he imported into Korope, to
be a sort of vegeta!)le grain or seed. 'I'here are two sorts or varieties of e.\liineal : the
best or domesticated, whi( h the Spaniards called grnna Jinn, or line grain ; and the wild,
which they call (innin si/lrcstni. 'J'he former is nearly twice as large 11. the latter; jjro-
bably beeanse its si/e has been improved by the favourable eflects of human care, and of a
more copious and suitable nourishment, derived solely from the Cactus cnc/iiiitHiJ<r,i\iir'mg
many generations. Wild cochineal is collected six times in the year; but that which is
cultivated is only collected thrice during the same period. The insects are detached
from the jilantson which they feed by a blunt knife; they arc then put into bags, and
dipped in l)oiling water to kill them, after which they are dried in the sun ; and though
they lose about two thirds of their weight by this process, about 6'0(),000 or 700,000 lbs.
(each pound being suiiposed to contain 70,000 insects) are brought annually to Kuro])e.
It is ]iiincipa!ly used in the dyeing of scarlet, crimson, and otlier esteemed colours. The
watery infusion is of a violet erin'.son ; the alcoholic of a deep crimson; and the alkaline
of a deei) ])ur])le, or rather violet hue. It is imported in bags, each containing about
L'O'J lbs. ; and has the a])pearance of small, dry, shrivelled, rugose berries or seeds, of a
deep brown, jiurple, or mulberry colour, with a white matter between the wrinkles. In
this state they suHer no diange from length of keeping. Dr. ISancroft says that (hat
cochineal is the best, which " is large, plump, dry, and of a silver while colour on the
fiurliice."
'I'lie species of cochineal called aranilla, or dust, is supposed by Dr. Bancroft to be
jirincipally formed of f/raiid si/lrcslnt. The insects of which it consists are smaller than
tiio^e composing the fine cochineal ; and It does not yield more than a third of the
colouring matter that is yielded l)y the latter. The cochitieal insect was introduced into
India in 1705 ; but a very inferior sort only is ])roduced. It has also been introduced
into Java and .Spain, but with what success remains to be seen. — ( TlwmsoiCs Dit^peiisa'
tori); JldiH'riiff on Cdtniir.i, !:\-c.)
The imports of cochineal usually vary from 1,100 to l,fi50 bags, or from 220,000 to
3r>0,000 lbs. In 18;!1, the quantity "imported amounted to 224,.'571 lbs.; of which
9.'j,728 lbs. were brought from Mexico, fi9,8L'4 lbs. from the United States, ,51,146" lbs.
from the British West Indies, and 4,;570 lbs. from Cuba and the foreign West Indies,
The exports during the saine year amounted to about 90,000 lbs. The duty on foreigix
cochineal was reduced, in 1826, from l,s-. per lb. to 6'/. At an average of the 3
years ending with 1831, the entries for home consumption amounted to 148,131 lbs.
a year.
The price of cochineal fluctuated very much during the war, partly on account of the
obstacles which it occasionally threw in the way of inij jrtation, and partly on account of
its being an article of direct government exjjendituve. In 1814, the jjrice of the best
cochineal was as high as 'Mis, and 39s. ; and it has since gone on regularly declining,
with hardly a single rally, till it has sunk to Hs. or 10s. Previously to the war it had never
bewi under I'Js. or 13s. I^ac dye has recently been employed to some extent in dyeing
scin'U'l ; but notwithstanding this circumstance, the consumption of cochineal, occasioned,
no doubt, jnu-tly by its cheapness, and partly, perhaps, by some change of fashion, has
been materially increased since 1824. This, however, Iws not hjid any material in-
fluence on its price; and it would .appear, from the long continuance of low prices,
without any diminution of imports, that they are still sufficient to remunerate the growers
of the article. — ( Too/ic on High and Low Prices ; Cook's Commerce of Great Britain for
1830; Purl. Papers, §-c.)
COCOA. See Cacao.
COCO, COKEll, oil, more properly, COCOA NUTS (Ger. Kohosniisse ; Du. ATo-
knsmmteH ; I''r. and Sp. Cocos ; It. Cocrhi ; Ilus. Kokos s Sans. A'«riAr/«), the fruit of a
s|)ecics of i)alm tree ( Cocos nucifcra \An. ). This tree is common almost every where
within the tropics, and is one of the most valuable in the world. It grows to the height
of from 50 to 90 feet; it has no branches, but the leaves are from 12 to 14 feet in
length, with a veiy strong middle rib. The fruit is nearly as large as a man's head; the
!i ■ f '
V
(
^^
30'J
COD.
' 1 1 • I
n
,
external riiul is thin, tniigli, nnd of a hrnwiiish ri'il colour ; lu'iicntli thii there i.^a quan-
tity of very tuuffh lihrous matti-r, which is used in many countries in the inanufacturu of
curdu'^e, and co.irsc •Miil-clotii — (sue Com) ; witiiin this tihrous coating is the siicll of the
nut, which is nearly f^loliular, very hard, itusceptihie of a high polish, and used for many
domestic purposes ; the kernel is white, in taste and lirnuiess resemliling that of a hazel
nut ; it is hollow in the interior, the hollow being filled with a milky tliiid. While the
nut is green, the whole hollow of the shell is tilled with Huid, which is refreshing, agree-
able, and pleasant to the taste. The solid jiart of the ripe kernel is extremely nutritious,
but rather indigestible. The kernels yield by expression a great deal of oil, which,
when recent, is equal to that uf .sweet almonds ; hut it soon becomes rancid, and is then
employed by painters, A tree generally yields about 100 nuts, in clusters near the top
of about a dozen each. The wood of the tree is made into boats, rafters, the frames of
houses, and gutters to eonvcy water. The leaves are used for thatching buildings ; and
are wrought into mats, baskets, and many other things, fur which osiers are employed
in Europe ; so that every part uf it is applied to some useful purpose.
If the body of the tree be bored, there exudes from the wound a white liquor, called
palm wine or toddy. It is very sweet when fresh; kept a fvw hours, it becomes more
poignant and agreeoble; but next day it begins to grow sour, and in the space of
li I hours is changed into vinegar. When distilled, it produces the best species of Indian
arrack ; it also yields a great deal of sugar. Toddy is obtained from several species of
palms, but that of the Cocos nucifera is the best. — (See Ainnlie's Materia ludica i
Jiecs's Cydopcedia, ^c, )
An improvement has recently been elTected in the preparation of cocoa oil, which
promises to be of much importance in the arts, by making it available in the manu-
facture of candles and soap, and for various purposes to which it was not previously
applicable.
The palm oil met with in the market is not obtained from the Cocos nucifera, but
from another species of palm. It is diiefly imported from the coast of Guinea. — (See
r.vLM Oil.)
Cocoa nuts arc produced in immense quantities in Ceylon, forming, with their i)ro-
ducts, — oil, arrack, and coir, — the principal articles of export from that island. They
are also very abundant in the JMaldive Islands, Siam, and on several places of the
coast of Brazil. Cocoa oil is in very extensive use all over India, and large quantities
are manufactured in the lower provinces of Bengal. This latter is said to be superior
to that imported from Ceylon.
The duty on cocoa nuts, which is imposed by talc, was judiciously reduced in 18.')2.
from 5s. per 120 on those from a British possession to Is. per 1,200; those from a
foreign country pay 20 per cent, ad valorem,
COD (Ger. Kuhljau, Dakalau ; Du. Kabefjaauw, Baukaelja ; Da. Ktdiliau, Sfirii'
torsfi, Bakelau ; Sw. Kabeljo, Bakelaii ; Fr. Morue, Cabillaud ; It. liaccala, Buccalarc ,
Sp. Bacatao ; Port. Bacalhdo ; Lat. Gadus), a sjiecies offish, too well known to require
any description. " It is amazingly prolific. Leewenhock counted 9,.'}84,000 eggs in a cod-
fish of a middling size ; a number that will baffle all the efforts of man to exterminate.
In our seas they begin to spawn in January, and deposit their eggs in rough ground,
among rocks. Some continue in roc till the beginning of April.
" The cod is only found in the northern parts of the world ; it is an ocean fish, and
never met with in the Mediterranean. The great rendezvous of the cod-fish is on the
banks of Newfoundland, and the other sand banks that lie off the coasts of Cape Breton,
Nova Scotia, and New England. They prefer those situations, by reason of the quan-
tity of worms produced in these sandy bottoms, which tempt them to resort there for
food. But another cause of the particular attachment the fish have to these spots is
their vicinity to the polar seas, where they return to spawn : there they deposit their
roes in full security ; but want of food forces them, as soon as the more southern seas arc
open, to repair thither for subsistence. Few are taken to the north of Iceland, but they
abound on its south and west coasts. They are also found to swarm on the coasts of
Norway, in the Baltic, and off the Orkney and Western Isles ; after which their num-
bers decrease in proportion as they advance towards the south, when they seem quite to
cease before they reach the mouth of the Straits of Gibraltar.
" Before the discovery of Newfoundland, the greater fisheries of cod were on the seas
of Iceland, and off our Western Isles, which were the grand resort of ships from all the
commercial nations ; but it seems that the greatest plenty was met with near Iceland.
The English resorted thither before *he year 1415 ; for we find that Henry V. was dis-
posed to give satisfaction to the King of Denmark, for certain irregularities committed by
his subjects on those seas. In the reign of Edward IV. the English were excluded from
the fishery, by treaty. In later times, we find Queen Elizabeth condescending to ask
permission to fish in those seas, from Christian IV. of Denmark. In the reign of her
1
^1
they
sts of
num-
itc to
seas
lithe
land.
s dis-
edby
from
o ask
\
^1
COD.
303
8UCC0!<»or, however, no fewer than 150 l-iinlish .liii)* were eirjiloye*! in the Iceland
fishirv ; wliich in(lul;ri'ncc niif^lit arise from tlie inarriiige of James with a iirinciM of
DfHiimrk." — {PiiiikiiU'h Ihiliih Z'lilitiiy.)
Cod is |)rii).inil in two dilliriiit ways ; that is, it is either gutted, salted, and then
barrelled i" wliirh stale it is denoniiiuited green or jiitkled cod, — or it is drie«l and
cured in whicli stale it is ealied dried cod. Heady aeeess to the shore ii indis|)ensahlo
to the prosecution of the latter species of fishery.
Cod Fialn'ri/, Unliih. — Newfoundland was discovered hv John or Sebastian Tahot, in
1497; and the extraordinary ahundance of cod-hsh on its banks was »i)eedily ascer-
tained. The Treni'i, rortngnese, and Spaniards engaged in the fishery soon after tldi
discovery. The i.nglish were later in connng into tiie field. In l.^TH, France liad on
the banks of Newfoundland 1 .50 vessels, .Spain I'iO or l:iO, Portugal .50, and England
from ;«) to ,50. During the first half of last century, the fishery was principally carried
on by the English, including the Anglo-Americans, anti the French; but the capture
of Cajie lireton, and of their other possessions in America, gave a severe blow to the
fishery of the hitter. The .American war divided the IJritish fishery ; that portion of it
which had previously been carried on froin New England, l)eing thereafter merged in
that of the United States. Still, however, we contrived to preserve the largest sliarc. At
an average of the '.i years ending with 1 7H9, we are said to have had 40'_» ships, 1,911 boats,
and 1(),H,56 men, engaged in the American fisheries. During last war, the French being
excluded from the fisheries, those of England attained to an extraordinary degree of
prosperity; the total value of the iiroduce of the Newfoundland fishery in 1814 having
exceeded 'J,800,(XX)/. I5ut since the jieace, the IJritish fishery on the Newfoundland
banks has rapidly declined; and can hardly, indeed, be said, at this moment, to exist. It
is now carried on almost entirely by the French and the Americans ; the facilities
enjoyed by the latter for its pro.eeution being greater than thoA' of any other people,
and the former being tempted to engage in it by the extraordinary encouragements
afforded by government. At iiresent, the ISritish fishery carried on by the iidiabitants of
Newfoundland is confined entirely to the shore or boat fishoiy. Ihit this, though pro-
bably not so good a nursery of Miilors as the hank fisliery, is ucimitted to be " the most
productive of merchantable fish and oil." — (M'Gr<(/iir'H Uritixh America, 2d cd. vol. i.
p. i!0(i.) The average annual jiroducc of the fisheries of nil sorts, including seal,
salmon, Ac, exjiorted fiom Newfoundland, during the .*} yer.rs ended with Ih.TJ, is
stated by Mr. M'Gregor at ,51(5,417/. — (vol. i. p. KJI.). A considerable fishery is also
carried on from the jiorts and harbours of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, New 13runs-
wick &c. Hut next to that of Newfoundland, the principal British fishery is carried
on along the coast of Labrador. We borrow from the valuable work now referred to,
the following recent and authentic statements with respect to it : —
" DiiriiiR the fishing sc.isnn, from 280 to ,'30() sclinonrrs prorccd from Newfoundland to the diflbrcnt
Ashing 8t.ilions on the con-tor Lahrail' r, where iibout '.(),()(.() Uii'ibli bulijct'ts are employed for the »fa»on.
About one third of the M'hooncrs make l«o voyages, loadeil with dry ti.-h, biirk lo Newloundlund onring
the summer; and severid mercli.iiit vesiicls proceed Irom Liil)riii:nr with their cargoes ilirert to Europe,
leavint-', generally, full cargoes for the ti-hiiig ve-sels to eany lo Newfoundland. A i ontideralile p,.ri of
tlic li.'-h of the second voyage is in a green or pickled state, and dried afterwards at Newfounoland. Kight
or U schooners from Qui'hec frequent the eoa.st, hating on hoard about 811 ^eHmen and 1(,0 lisheimen.
Soinc ol the tish cant;ht by Ihein is sent lo Kurope, and the rest to 'Jucbec ; bes.des wliich, they curry
Binnially about tVIO/. worth of fuis, oil, aiid s.ilii.on, to Canada.
" from Nova Scotia and New liruiisu iek, hut chiefly Ironi the former, 100 to 120 vessels resort to I.a.
hrador : the burden of these vessels may amount to 6,(.(/() or 7,0(:(i tons, carrying about 1,200 seamen anil
tishermcn. 'i hey generally carry the principal p«rt of their cargoes home iii a green state.
" One third ol the resident inliabiiants aie F.nxli-h, Irish, or Jersey .•ervants, lelt In charge of the pro.
norty in the lishing rooms, and who also employ themselves, in the spring and fall, catching seals in nets.
J he other two thirds live constaidly at Labrador, as turners and seaUeatchcrs on their own account, l)ut
rhiedy in the fnimcr capacity, during winter; and all are engaged in the fisheries during summer. Half
of these (icople are Jer.>e\men and Canadians, most of whom have families.
" from 16,1 OU to IS,0(<0 seals arc taken at Lal)rador in the beginning of winter and in tpring. They
are very large; and the Canadians, and o'her winter residents, are said to feast and fatten on their flesh.
About 4,' 00 of these seals are killed by the EEquiinaux. The whole number caught produce about J£0
tuns of oil, value about 8,(X.O/.
" 'I'here arc fi or 7 English houses, and ♦ or 5 Jersey houses, established at Labrador, unconnected
with Newfoundland, who export their fish and oil direct to Europe. The quantity exported last year
{\i'i%) to the Mediterranean was about
To England, about
54,000 quintals rod-fish, at 10*.
1,050 tierces salmon, at 6(1*.
200 tuns c(hI oil
220 <lo. seal do.
Furs ...
By Newfoundland bouses, i27,,500 quintals cod-fish, at 10*.
MW tierces salmon, at 10*.
.£27,000
3,150
5,210
4,^80
3,150
.£43,380
13,750
840
Total direct export from Labrador . .£57,970
•?;!£'
304-
COD.
'ni i A
11 N
Brought forward ^57,970
Produce «cnt direct to Newfoundland from I,nbrador : —
.'J2,12() quintals cod-Hali, at U)s. best quality
S12,()(I0 quintals cod-tisli, at iii'. ...
1,8IH) tuns cod oil, at 20/. . - . .
Salmon, &c. - . . . .
Fish, Ac. sent to Canada, about - - -
Do. carried to Nova Scotia and New Iirunswick,7
should be in value at least - ■ . j
Estimated value of the produce of Labrador, exclusive of what the Mo- >
raviaus send to London . . . . . . j
lO.OfiO
1 '2 1,800
Jtj.lKK)
3,220
12,()U0
52,000
.£ ;)(l2,0"j()
" The Labrador fishery ha.s, since 1814, increased more than sixfold, principally in consequence of our
flshennen being driven from the grounds (on the Newfnundland coast) now occupied by the Krench. In
1829, the Americans had about .ICX) vessels and I5,IKX) men employed on the coast; and three "catch"
amounted to l,ll)(i,0()() quintals (',h, and about 3,000 tuns oil ; value together about 610,000/."— (JS^j/wA
America, vol. i. pp. 18,5—187.1
The total i)roduce of the Hritish fisheries in the various seas and rivers of America, includint! seal oil
and skin.s, is estimated by Mr. M'Grcgor, at an average of the .5 years ending with 18,)2, at 8.")7,210/.
a year. — (Vol. ii p. ;)9ii.; sic, also, fur further particulars, the useful pamphlet of Mr. Bliss on the Statistics,
Trade, ^-c. of Brilish America.)
About uiglit tenths of the dried fish exported from Newfoundland by British subjects,
arc sent to Spain, Portugal, Italy, and oilier Continental nations; the rest goes to the
West Indies and to Great Britain.
By the act 26 Geo. 3. c. '26. bounties were given, imder certain conditions specified
in the act, to a certain number of vessels cmploj'ed in the fishery on the coasts and banks
of Newfoundland ; but these bounties have entirely cea.sed several years since. A bounty
was, however, paid, down to the 5x\\ of Ai)ril, 18;30, to all persons residing in Great
Britain and Ireland, curing, drying, or pickling cod-fish, ling, or hake ; the bounty being
4s. a cwt. on the dried cod, &c., and '■2s. 6<L a barrel on that which was pickled. A
tonnage bounty was at the same time paid on vessels fitted out for the cod, ling, and
hake fishery on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland ; but this has also ceased.
The act ,'5 Geo 4. c. ."il. contains several regulations with respect to the Newfoundland fisheries. Aliens
are prohibited from fishing on the coasts, or in the bays or rivers (if Newfoundland ; excepting, however,
the rights and privileges granted by treaty to foreign states at amity with his Miijesty.
All British sulijects may take, cure, and dry fish, occupy vacant places, cut down trees for building, and
do other tilings useful lor the trade \ 3.
Certificates shall be granted to vessels clearing out for the fishery ; and on arrival at Newfoundland a
report shall be made of such certificate, and registered ; and on leaving the fishery the usual clearance
shall be obtained. Vessels having on board any goods other than fish, &c. to forfeit the fishing certificate.
— Si.
Persons throwing out ballast, &c. to the prejudice of the harbours in Newfoundland, shall be subject to
a penalty. — ^ .5.
A contract in writing, specifying wages, and how to be paid, must be entered into with seamen and
fishermen. — ^7.
A fisherman is prohibited receiving more than three fourths of his wages during service ; but the balance
due to liira is to be paid immediately upon the expiration of the covenanted time of service. No fisherman
to be turned oil', exrcpt for wilful neglect of duty, or other sufficient cause, under a penalty, for each
oflt'nce, of not less than 5/. nor more than IM.
In order to fulfil the conditions in any treaty with a foreign state, his Majesty may empower the
governor of Newfoundland to remove any works erected by British si.bjecfs for the'purpose of carrying
on the fishery between Cape St. John and Cape Kay, and to compel them to depart to another place. — \ 12,
Kvery person so refusing to depart shall forfeit 50/. — ^ 13.
The governor is empowered to sell or lease jilaces within the island called Ship-rooms \ 14,
There are no means whatever by which to form any estimate of the number of ship.s
and boats employed, either regularly or occasionally, in the cod fishery on the coasts of
Great Britain, and on those of Norway, the Orkney and Shetland Islands, the Well-
bank, the Dogger-bank, the Broad-fourtecns, &c. or of the quantity and value of the fish
annually caught. They must, however, be very considerable. See Fish.
For the regulations, &c. as to the importation of fish into Great Britain, see Fisir.
It Is doubtful whether the distant cod fishery may not have passed its wnith. Spain,
Italy, and other Catholic countries, have always been the great markets for dried fi.sli :
but the observance of Lent Is every day becoming less strict ; and the demand for dried
fish will, it is most likely, sustain a corresponding decline. The relaxed ol)sei vaiice of
Lent in the Netherlands and elsewhere has done more than any thing else to inUn-e the
herring fishery of Hi-Uaud.
Cod Fishery, American. — The Americans have at all times prosecuted the cod fishery
with great vigour and success. Their fishermen are remarkable for their activity and
enterprise, sobriety and frugality ; and their proximity to the fishing grounds, and the
other facilities they possess for carrying on the fishery, give them advantages with which
it is very difficult to contend. In 1795, the Americans emjiloyed in the cod fisihery
about .SI, 000 tons of shii)ping; in 1807, they are said to have employed 70,.'506 tons:
but it subsequently declined for several years, and was almost entirely suspended during
the late war. According to the official returns, the Americans had 85,(587 tons of
shijjping engaged in the cod fishery in 18'28 ; but owing to the slovenly and inaccurate
way in wliich the navigation accounts laid before Congress have been prepared, — (for
[)roofs of this, see Nf.w Youk,) — this statement is entitled to no credit. The corrected
accounts for 18;J1 (laid before Congress the 15th of February, IS.SS) represent the
lU
COFFEE.
305
.and
SH.
Spain,
fisli :
diiccl
ice of
■c lliu
|shery
and
Id the
Ivhich
Isihery
[tons :
luring
Ins of
lurate
(for
Jected
It tlie
I
shipping engaged that year in the cod fishery as amounting to GO,977 tons. During tlie
year ended the 30th of Scptemher, i832, the Americans exported 250,514 quintals of
dried, and 102,770 barrels of pickled cod; their aggregate value being about 1,050,000
dollars.
" The Americans follow two or more modes of litting out for the fisheries. The first is accomplished
by 6 or 7 farmers, or their sons, building a schooner during winter, which they man themselves las all
the Americans on the sea coast are more or less seamen as well as farmers) ; and after fitting the vessel
with necessary stores, they proceed to the banks, Gulf of St. Lawrence, or Labrador; and, loading their
vessel with fish, make a voyage between spring and harvest. The proceeds they divide, after paying any
balance they may owe for outfit. They remain at home to assist in gathering their crops, and proceed
again for another cargo, which is salted down, and not afterwards dried : this is terme<l mud.fish, and
kept for home consumption. The other plan is, when a merchant, or any other, owning a vessel, lets her
to 10 or ly men on shares. He finds the vessel and nets. The men pay for M the provision.s, hooks,
and lines, and for the salt necessary to cure their proportion of the fisli. One of the number is acknow.
knlged master ; but he has to catch (i.^h as well as the other.'!, and receives only about 'JO-. ))cr month for
navigating the vessel : the crew have five eighths of the fish caught, and the owners three eighths of
the whole.
"The first spring voyage is made to the banks; the second either to the banks. Gulf of St. I-awrcnce, or
the coast of Labrado/ ; the third, or fall voyage, is again to the banks ; and a fourth, or second fall voyage,
is also made, sometimes, to the banks." — (M'Grc/iur, vol. i. p. 220.)
It is stipulated in the first article of a convention between Great Britain and the United States, signed
at London, 20th of October, 1818, that the subjects of the United States shall have liberty to take all sorts
of fish " on that part of the coast of Newfoundland from Ciipc Kay to the Ilameau Islands, on tne western
and northern coasts of Newfoundland from (-'ape Uay to the Ouirpon Islands, on the Magdalen Islands,
and also on the coasts, bays, harbours, and creeks, from Mount Joly, on tlie southern coast of Labrador,
to and through the Straits of Bellcisle, and thence northwardly indefinitely along the coast, without pre.
judice, however, to any of the exclusive rights of the Hudson's Hay Company ; and that the American
fishermen shall also have liberty, for ever, to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbours,
and creeks, of the southern part of the coast of Newfoundland hero above described, and c)f the coast of
Labrador; but so soon as the same, or any portion thereof, shall be settled, it shall not be lawful for the
said fishermen to dry or cure fish without previous agreement for such purpose with the inhabitants, pro.
{)rietors, or possessors of the ground. And the United States hereby renounce for ever any liberty
icretofore enjoyed or claimed by the inhabitants thereof, to take, dry, or cure fish on or witliin 3 marine
miles of any of the coasts, bays, creeks, or harbours of his Britannic Majesty's dominions in America not
included within the above mentioned limits." The American fishermen are, however, admitted into all
bays, &c. for the purpose of shelter, of repairing damages, of jmrchasing wood, and of obtaining water,
and for no other purpose whatever ; and when there, they are to be placed under sucli restrictions as may
be necessary to prevent their abusing the privileges hereby reservetl to them.
Cod Fishery, French. — France has always enjoyed a considerable share of the cod
fishery. The following Table shows the extent to w hich she has carried it since the
peace : —
Account of the Number of Ships, with their Tonnage, Crev s, and Cargoes, that have entered the
different Ports of France from the Cod Fishery during thf Nine Years ending with 18J1. — (From
the Tableau General du Cotnmerce de la France for ISJl, p. S+C.)
Years.
Ships.
Tonnage.
Crew.
Cod, ( reen.
Kil, ,'.
Cod, dry.
Kihg.
Oil.
Kilitg.
182,3
18+
ifi,':.'58
3,a05
4,407,-30
4,423,739
415,210
1S2+
348
Sfi,tt<J9
6,672
7,ti77,8;4
14,691, l!-'9
1,353,898
1825
336
35,172
6,311
7,288,94!,
15,823,731
1,294,336
lS2tl
341
38,938
7,0«8
8,627,341
15,591,664
1,063,670
1827
387
44,868
8,ii38
9,046,145
15,970,2.'iO
1,201,623
1S28
381
45,094
7,957
12,838,291
17,25(i,1.55
1,395,897
ISi!)
414
50,574
9,428
10,518,878
3*.' ..377,594
1,<K)9,14:
18;)0
377
4.'i,036
8,174
10,410,302
13,^4.5,790
l,1.5().',.i9
1831
302
35,180
6,243
9,922,(>8()
12,817.943
1,160,229
The quantities of oil are exclusive of drachcs (huiles non cpurlJs^ ; there arc also siii;;..is, &c. Mar.
scilles, Granville, Dunkirk, Bordeaux, La Rochelle, and Nantes, are the princi|uil ports whence ships
are fitted out for the fishery.
But notwithstanding the apparent prosjierity of this branch of industry, it may be
doubted whether it be really so beneficial to France as would at first sight appear. It
depends more upon artificial regulations tlian upon any thing else. Foreign cod is ex-
cluded from the French markets by the oppressive duty witli which it is loaded ; and
the comparatively great demand for dried fish in Catliolic coimtries renders this a very
great boon to the French fishermen. But ' t is admitted, that this would not be enough
to sustain the fishery; and bounties amounting to about 1,500,000 fr., or 60,000/. a
year, are paid to those engaged in it. These, however, have been recently reduced.
St. Pierre and .\li(]uelon, small islands on the coast of Newfoundland, belong to the
French. Their right of fishing upon the shores of that island, and iijion the great bank,
was replaced, in J'-<14, upon the footing on which it stood in 1792. This concession has
been much olyetted to by 3Ir. IM'Gregor and others; we believe, however, that they
have materially o^ er-rated its influence.
COFFEE (Gcr. Koffi; Knffebolinen ; Du. Kojfi/, Knffihooneii; Da. Kiiffe, Kaffehotmeri
Sw. Koffe; Fr. It. and" Port". Oiffi ; Sp. Citfc; "Uus. Ao/i/; Pol. Kawa ; Lat. Coffeot
Ciiffvn; Arab. /y mm; Malay, /C(7i'm ; Pers. ibc/ic/n, AV«r/i ; Turk. C/iaufce), the berries
of the coflee plant ( Coffin Arnhicn Lin.-). They are generally of an oval form, smaller
than a horse-bean, ami of a tough, close, antl hard texture ; they are prominent on
the one side and flattened on the other, having a deeply marked furrow running length-
X
hi >M
!
306
COFFEE.
i;- I
' ' U:
I t
I , I
J J'
wise along the flattened side ; they are inodorately lieavy, of a greenish colour, and a
somewhat bitterish taste.
Historical Notice of Coffee. ^ Tlie cofil-e plant is a native of that part of Arabia
called Veinen ,- but it is now very extensively cultivated in the southern extremity of
India, in Java, the West Indies, Brazil, &c. We are ignorant of the precise pcrio«l
whcn.it began to be roasted, and the decoction used as a drink, though the discovery
is not supposed to date further back than the early part of the fifteenth century. No
mention of it is made by any ancient writer ; nor by any of the moderns previously to the
sixteenth century. Lconhart llauwolf, a German pliysician, is believed to be the first
European who has taken any notice of coiFec. His work was published in 1573, and
his account is, in some respects, inaccurate. Coffee was, however, very accurately de-
scribed by Prosper Albinus, who had been in Egypt as physician to the Venetian
consul, in his works de Plantis Egypti, and de Medicina Egyptiorum, published in 1591
and 1592.
A public coffee-house was opened for the first time, in London, in 1652. A Turkey
merchant, of the name of Edwanls, having brought along with him from the Levant
some bags of coflee, and a Greek servant accustomed to make it, his liousc was thronged
with visiters to see and tiiste tliis new sort of liquor. And being desirous to gratify his
friends without putting himself to inconvenience, he allowed liis servant to make and
sell coffee publicly. In consequence of this permission, the latter opened a coffee-house
in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill, on the spot where the Virginia Coffee-house now stands.
Garraway's was the first coffee-house opened after the great fire in 1G6C. — (^Mosdey on
Coffee, 5th ed. p. 15.)*
M. de la Roque mentions that the use of coffee was first introduced into France in
the period between 1610 and 1660; and he further states, that the first coffee-house
for the sale of coffee in Franco wfis opened at Miirscilles, in 1671 ; and thfit one was
opened at Paris in the following year. — ( Voyage de la Syrie, torn. ii. pp. 310 — 319.)
Some time between 1680 and 1690, the Dutch planted coffee beans they had procured
from Mocha, in the vicinity of Batavia. In 1690, they sent a plant to Europe ; and it
was from berries obtained from this plant that tlie first coffee plantations in the West
Indies and Surinam were derived.
Progressive Consumption of Coffee in Great Britain. Influence of the Duties, — In
1660, a duty of 4d. a gallon was laid on all coffee made and sold. I'reviously to 1732,
the duty on coffc-e amounted to 2s. a pound ; but an act was then passed, in compliance
with the solicitations of the West India planters, reducing the duty to Is. 6d. a pound ;
at which it stood for many years, jjroducing, at an average, about 10,000/. a year. In
consequence, however, of the prevalence of smuggling, caused by the too great magni-
tude of the duty, tfie revenue declined, in 1783, to 2,86S/. 10s. 10^(7. And it having
been found impossible otherwise to check the practice of clandestine importation, the
fluty was reduced, in 1784, to 6d. The consequences of this wise and salutary measure
were most beneficial. Instead of being reduced, the revenue was immediately raised
to near three times its previous amount, or to 7,200/. 15s. 9c?., showing that the con-
Fumption of legally imported coffee must have increased in about a ninefold proportion !
— a striking and conclusive proof, as Mr. Bryan Edwards lias observed, of the effect of
heavy taxation in defeating its own object. —(^Ilist. of the JFest Indies, vol. ii. p. 340.
8vo ed. )
The history of the coffee trade abounds with similar and even more striking examples
of the superior productiveness of low duties. In 1807, the duty was Is. 8d. a pound ;
and the quantity er.tereU for home consumption amounted to 1,170,164 lbs., yielding
a revenue of 161,245/. lis. 4d. In 1808, the duty was reduced from Is. 8d. to 7rf. ;
and in 1809, there were no fewer tlian 9,251,847 lbs. entered for home consumption,
yielding, notwithstanding the reduction of duty, a revenue of 245,856/. 8s. 4d. The
duty having been raised, in 1819, from 7</. to Is. a pound, the quantity entered for
home consumption, in 1824, was 7,993,041 lbs., yielding a revenue of 407,544/. 4s. 3d.
In 1 824, ^ however, the duty being again reduced from Is. to 6d,, the quantity entered
for home consumption, in 1825, was 10,766,1 12 lbs., and in 1831 it had increased to
22,740,627 lbs., yielding a nett revenue of 583,751/.
The consumption of the United Kingdom m.iy, at present, be estimated at about
23,000,000 lbs., producing about 600,000/. of revenue.
We subjoin
• Charles II. attemptc<l, by a proclamation issued in lfi75, to suppress cofTee-houscs, on the ground of
their being resorted to by disaffected )<ersons who " devised and spread abroad divers false, malicious,
and scandalous reixirts, to the defamation of his Majesty's government, and to the disturbance of the
peace and quiet of the nation." The opinion of the Judges having been taken as to the legality of the
proceeding, they resolved, " That retailing cofFcc might be an iimocent trade ; but as it was used to
nourish sedition, spread lies, and scandalise great men, it might also be a common nuisance ! " .
COFFEE.
307
about
Iround of
[lalicious,
|e of the
Tty of the
used to
I Quantities of the difftrcnt forts of Coflbc entered for Home Consumption In the United Kingdom,
each Year since 1822.
Years ended
British
riantation.
Fort'ign
I'iaiit-
atiuii.
East
India.
Total.
Years ended
Dritish
riaiitation.
Foreiun
I'lant-
ation.
East
India.
Lbi.
888,198
973,410
974,576
989,585
1,234,721
1,970,035
Total.
5th Jan. 1822
— 182.J
— 1824
— 1825
— 1826
— 1827
Lht.
7,38(i,0f)0
7,4;H,218
8,218,342
7,947,8!K)
10,(i22,,376
12,409,000
U...
764
3,416
881
1,5K)
2,849
2,753
I.b3.
206,177
171,717
235,697
313,513
457,745
791, .570
7,593,001
7,(«)9,351
8,454,920
8,262,943
11,082,970
13,203,323
5th Jan. 1828
— 1829
— 1830
— 1831
— 1832
— 1833
Lh: Lht.
14,(i76,968 1,210
16,151,239 2,984
18,495,407 6,197
21,697,966 3,971
21,501,966 3,940
20,964,301 117,591
u,$.
15,.566,376
17,127,<)33
19,476,180
22,(i9I,,522
22,740,(i27
22,952,-127
II. An Account of the Quantity of CcfTee retained for Home Consumption in Great Britain, the Rates of
Duty thereon, and the Produce of the Duties, each Year since 1789.
'i
•
Quantities retained
Kates of Duty on
^fitt RcvGniic of Customs nni]
Yean.
fur Home
Consumption.
BritishPlantaUon.
East India.
Excise.
Lbt.
Per lb.
Per lb.
Per cent.ad valorem.
£ .s.d.
1789
930,141
S. d.
lOj
s. d.
2 0|
£ s. a.
Nil
46,286 17 11
1790
973,110
_
50,799 7 ♦
1791
1,047,276
_^
_
^^^
.07,659 5 11
1792
946,666
—
__
48,825 6 2
1793
1,070,438
_
__
€7,357 11 9
1794
1795
969,512
1,054,.588
1 ~54
Z~Gi
—
74,430 4 6
&5,788 3 7
1796
396,953
30,048 6 11
1797
637.001
1~5J
3~1
,
92,469 3 11
1798
697,487
1 5i
2 70
78,966 6 9
1799
682,432
I 5J
2 7|
2
74,001 2 2
1800
826,5!XJ
142,867 11 5
1801
750,861
1 5J
2 7
2 "o
106,076 2 7
1802
829,435
1 6
2 7J
2
72,183 2 3
1803
905,532
1 (;j
1 lis
2 16 3
72,093 15 8
1804
1,061,327
1 7
2 Oi
3 2 6
151,388 11
1805
1,201,736
1 7
2 0?-
3 3 9
120,172 18 7
1806
l,l.'i7,014
1 7
2 OJ
3 7 11
152,759 6 9
1807
1,170,164
161,245 11 4
1808
1,069,691
o""?
10
3 "? 11
229,738 16 8
1809
9,251,837
7
10
3 6 8
245.886 8 4
1810
S,3(J8,096
175„567 1 4
1811
6,390,122
.^
..^
^
212,890 12 10
1812
8,118,734
,^
..
^.
255,184 7 1
1813
8,788,601
71
lOf
3 19 2
Custom records dcstroved.
1814
6,324,267
7f
11}
Nil.
213,513 18 4
1815
6,117,311
258,762 18 3
1816
7A'>7,471
_
—
_
290,834 11
1817
8,688,726
^_
2y8,,540 6 1
I8I8
7,967.857
_-
—
_
2.50,106 4 10
1819
7,429,352
1
1 6
^^
292,154 8 10
1820
6,869,286
— _
^
340,223 6 7
1821
7,327,283
—
—
371,252 5 6
1822
7,404,204
— .
^
..«
374/)96 19 7
1823
8,209,245
—
,^
416,324 3 9
1824
7,993,040
—^
»
vM
407,544 4 3
1825
10,766,112
6
9
__
307,204 14 2
1826
12,724,139
...
324,6<)7 11 1
1827
14,974,378
_
_
_»
384,994 13 2
1828
16,522,423
...
^
^_
425,,389 3 7
1829
18,906,373
_
.^
484,975 10 8
1830
21,840,520
_
^
^"
5.58,544 3 10
1831
21,747,813
— .
—
559,431 19 6
1832
22,0.53,326
—
—
—
575,264 18 , 8
III
Account of the Quantity of CofTce imported into the United Kingdom fVom the several British
Colonies and Plantations, from the British Possessions in the East Indies, and from Foreign Countries,
in tlie Year ended the 5th of January, 1833; distinguishing the several Sorts of Cofl'ee, and the
Colonies and Countries from which the same was imported. — (Pari. Paper, No. 321. Sess. 1833.)
Colonies and Countries from which imported.
Of the British
Possessions in
America, and of
Sierra Leone.
Of the East
Indies and
Mauritius.
Of the Foreign
Plantations.
Total tJuantity
import (.M.
Lbi.
Lb,.
Lb:
Uf.
British colonies and plantations in Ame-
rica ; viz.
Antigua - • . .
49,888
_
49,888
Barbadoes
1.58,191
7
1,58,198
Dominica - . .
1,350,401
■
1,350,401
Grenada ...
8,749
.
• 8,749
Jamaica ...
19,405,843
90
19,405,933
Montserrat . - .
164
m
164
Nevis ...
112
,
112
St. Christoplier
1,074
.
1,074
St. Lucia
84,512
_ .
84,512
Trinidad
91,.532
••
91, .532
Bahamas
31,036
31,036
Bermud.-t« . .
53
-
33
X 2
r;
1 !■■
f;'W!l»r
mm
308
COFFEE.
III. Account of tlic Quantity of Collbc imimrtcU into the United Kingdom — continued.
Colonies and Counlrles from wliich liniwrUtl.
Ol'dii' Ilrllish
rosst>ssit>iii, in
Amerlf.i, and of
Sifrra l.fune.
or iii« K.isi
IndiL-H and
AlauritiuH.
1 )f the Korelun
riantailonn.
Lbt.
3
72,930
' 1,261,971
4,778,722
ly6,!)4;3
l,120,.'->78
402
451,673
6,661,151
1,067
2,077
241
34,132
14,61, -5,023
Tol.-il Quantity
lni|iarled.
1.1,1.
l,2(H),79l
2,291,497
63
72,930
17,321
257
26,(>46
2,780,6C)8
3,C>\l,UW
2,H24,<t!W
l,13(i,2;J4
27 ,.578
.04
1,261,971
4,778,722
196,94,3
1,422,288
402
4.0 1,673
6,6(il,151
1,067
2,077
241
34,246
49,982,939
Deincrara - - -
HurUicc - - -
Hritish North American colonics
Sierra Lconc - -
West coast of AfYica
Capo of Hood Hope
St. Helena
Mauritius - - -
Uritisli possessions in the F.ast Indies; viz.
Kiist India Company's territories, ex- >
elusive of Sin -apore - -J
Singa|)orc • -
Cey on •
Java - ...
Philippine Islands
China ...
Hayti ....
Foreign colonies in the West Indies ; viz.
Cuba
Porto Rico
United States cf America
Mexico - ...
(Columbia ...
Brazd - - -
States of the Rio do la Plat?
Chili - ...
Peru . . . -
Euroiie - . - .
Total
l,200,7l'l
2,291, 4!»7
60
3i
10
IJjt.
17,321
2.07
26,646
2,780,(i68
3,611,456
2,824,<i98
l,13<i,2.>l
27,578
54
■a m
301,710
104
24,(i42,8!)0
10,727,026
I ;
i< f.l
IV. Accoiuit of the Quantity of Cofffcc cxportcti from the United Kingdom, in the Year ended the 5th of
January, 1833 ; distingui-sliing the several .Sorts of Cotlec, and the Countries to which the same was
exported. — {Pari. Pajur, No. 321. Sess. 1833.)
( >f tlie llritlsh
Countries to which exported.
Possessions in
America, and of
Sierra Leone.
Indies and
Alaurilius.
Of llie ForeiRn
IMant.'ttiun^.
Tot.ll Ou,lll»it>
expiirtet!.
IM.
Llis.
Uis.
I.ha.
Russia ....
217,,321
62,023
1,171,102
1,450,416
SwiHlen ....
779
•
.35,21(>
35,995
Norway - ...
1,8(K)
•
2H(),!)97
282,797
Denmark
8,435
23,164
74,8!H
106,49.3
Pruiisia
69,539
2-«',060
567,073
876,()72
Germany
77,577
(i;".7,13.3
2,380,414
3,115,124
The Netherlands
10,903
7,940,677
6,135,(r72
14,087,2,-.2
France . - - -
.
74<)
51,851
.12,591
Portugal, the Azores and Madeira .
.
10,059
7,870
17,929
Spain and the Canaries
.
563
624
1,187
(iibraltar . . . .
.
3,.'i59
787
4,.34(>
Italy - - ■
253,116
633,870
3,163,767
4,050,7.03
Malta ....
.
163
79,0(B
79,228
The Ionian Islands
-
385
.57,141
57,.'52(i
Turkey and Contincntiil Greece
58,047
4;3,093
1,106,875
1,210,015
Morea and Greek islands
« m
-
166
\m
Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney and Man
12,632
710,149
17,609
10,410
m,mi
9,635,098
15,123,924
25,469,171
Cape of Good Hope
Other parts of Africa
.
2,719
1,056
'',775
16,695
9,882
10,911
37,488
East Indies and China
350
17,032
13,261
30,643
New South Wales, Swan Uiver, and Van >
Diemen's Land - - - j
2,066
17,246
10,378
29,6!)0
British North American colonies
4,875
22,795
68,940
96,610
British West Indies
849
5,026
7,!H)7
13,782
Foreign West Indies - - -
• •
-
3,097
3,097
United States of America
161
3,5,38
14,496
18,195
Mexico ....
.
183
1,794
1,977
Columbia
-
165
425
im
Brazil ....
167
801
4,7a5
5,{i93
States of the Rio de la Plata
-
3,.5.'39
3,.5S9
Chili - - -
.
575
l.-Wi
2,151
Peru - . . -
Total from Gre.tt Dritain
Africa . . •• .
. .
264
1,239
1,503
735,312
9,715,324
15,267,288
2.5,717,924
287
-
.
287
British North American colonies
To»al from Ireland .
Total .-i^iantity exported from the >
United Kingdom - -\
339
-
1,U)2
1,.'".31
626
■ .
1,192
1,818
735,938
9,715,,321
15,2r)8,480
25,719,742
COFFEE
309
V. Account of the Amount of Duties rcrcivcd on ColToc in Great Britain and Irctanil rospcctively In tliC
Yt'iir ending 5th of January, 18;J,); distinguishing each Sort of C'olll'O, and ttie ni'tt I'rwiuce of the
Dutios on CoHoc in thf United Kingiloni in such Year. — {Pari. I'aprr, No. .'J'^. .Soss. lH.i.'J.)
,(i7S2
,1^4
,'2;>2
,.591
,929
,187
,.;4()
)(),7.''i.'i
y,'i28
i7,.02(i
10,015
Kit)
40,(i51
9(>,(>10
13,781>
3,097
18,195
1,977
5SK)
5,(i93
3,.559
2,151
1,503
17,924
"287"
_Ui31_
1,818
'19,742
i
YearcntlInK 5lh of Jnnnary, 1S3.1.
In Croat Britain.
In Iri'lnnd.
In thu riiiti'il
Kiiigiluiti.
£ s. d.
524,920 18 G
10() 3
73,8!t5 1 11
109 15 3
Of the llritish possessions in America
Of Sierra Leone - ...
Of the Kast Indies and Mauritius
Other sorts ....
Total gross receipt - - -
Nett produce - - - £
£ s. d.
503,025 18 ()
1(H) 3
73,01ti 14 2
108 17 9
£ s. d.
21,895
878 v' 9
17 6
576,257 10 8
22,774 5 3
599,031 15 11
598,0,'38 5 11
.575,2(i4 18 8
22,773 7 3
Tile introdiittion of tea and coffee, it lias lieeii well leniarked, " lias led to the most
wonderful change that ever took i)Iace in the diet of modem civilised nations, — a change
highly im])ortant both in a nionil and physical jioint of view. These {leverages have
the admirable advantage of affording stimulus without ])roducing intoxication, or any ot
its evil conse<iuences. I.ovcrs of tea or coffee are, in fact, rarely drinkers ; and hence
the use of these beverages has benefited both manners and morals. Uaynal observes
that the use of tea has contributed more to the sobriety of the Chinese than the severest
laws, the most eloquent discourses, or the best treatises on morality." — (^Scotsman, 17th
of Octolier, 1«'J7.)
Siqipli/ and Consumption of Coffee, — Owing to the rapidly increasing consumjjtion of
coffee in this country, the Continent, and America, the great value of the article, the
large amount of capital and labour employed in its production, and the .shijiping required
for its transport, it has liecome a commodity of primary commercial im])ortance. It
deserves jiarticular attention, too, ina.suiuch as there are few, if any, articles that exhibit
such variations, not only as tc consumption, but al.so as to growth and price. These are
occasioned jiartly by changes of commercial regulations and duties, and partly, also, by
the plant requiring '1 or .5 years before it comes to bear ; so that the siqijily is neither
suddenly increased when the demand increases, nor diminished when it falls off. St.
Doniiiigo used formerly to be one of the greatest sources of supply, having exported, in
1786, aiiout ;i.'),000 tons; and it is supposed that, but for the negro insurrection which
broke out in 1792, the exports of that year would have amounted to 42,000 tons. The
devastation occasioned by this event cau.sed, for a series of years, an almost total cessation
of supplies. Uecently, however, they have again begun to increase ; and are under-
stood to amount, at present, to above !20,000 tons a year. From Cuba, the exports
of coflee have within these few years rather declined, owing i)artly to an increased con-
sumption in the island, and partly to the efforts of the planters having, a little time back,
been more directed to the cultivation of .sugar : they may at present amount to from
18,000 lo '_'0,0t)0 tons; or, including Porto llico, to 25,dOO or 27,000 tons. In Java,
also, the exports of coffee have, of late, been on the decline, but not to any consi-
derable extent. In Jamaica and the other British West India colonies, the cultivation of
coffee was greatly extended during the j)revalence of the high prices, but the imports
have fallen off from 12,000 tons in 1829, to about 10,800 tons in 18.S2. In Brazil, the
growth of coflee has increased with unprecedented rapidity. So late as 1 821, the quantity
of coffee exported from llio de Janeiro did not exceed 7,500 tons ; whereas it now
amounts to about .S0,000 tons ! * This extraordinary increase has probably been, in
some measure, owing to the continuance of the slave trade ; and it remains to be seen,
whether the growth of coffee may not now be checked by the late cessation of that abo-
minable trafKc. The culture of coffee in India and Ceylon is daily becoming of more
importance. In India, it is raised chiefly on the coast of Malabar, and the quantity
exported is, at present, believed to exceed 4,000,000 lbs. The exports from Ceylon,
in 18.30, were l,fif;9,490 lbs. The total imports of coffee into Great Britain from the
Ea.st Indies, in 1832, were 10,407,897 lbs.
Tlie following may, we believe, be regarded as a pretty fair estimate of the annual ex-
vorls of coffee from the principal places where it is produced, and of the annual consumption
A.i those coimtries into which it is imported from abroad, at the present time : —
Exports.
Moclia, Hodeida, and other Arabian ports
Java - ....
Sumatra and other parts of India
ISrazil and the Spanish Main
St. Domingo ...
Cuba and Porto llico ...
British West India colonics
Dutch West India colonics
French West India colonics and the Isle dc Bourbon
Tons.
10,000
18,000
8,(K)0
42,000
20,000
25,000
11,000
5,000
8,000
-147,000
* M. Montvcran is pleased to inform us, in his Kisai dr Utatistique siir Ifs Coltmi'cs, n work in other
respects of considcralile merit [Piicfs Jiislijicalivcs, j). 11.), that tlic exports of collee from lirazil in
18;iO-31 amounted to 1,805,000 kilog. = 1,8j() tousl In point of fact they were more tliaa 20 times as much,
X 3
310
COFFEE.
Coiunmptiun.
Oroat Britain - . •
Notherlaiulg and Holland
(iiTinany and countries round the lialtlc
l-'ranci', Spain, Italy, Turkey in iCurojic, the Levant, &c.
America . • . .
Toiu.
10,.'5<K)
40,500
32,(100
S-'VKK)
20,500
138,500
Of this quantity, the consumption of Great Britain and America amounts to nearly a
fourth part, and may be said to liave arisen almost entirely since 1 807.
Of the entire export of codec from Arabia, not more, perhaps, than 5,000 or 6,000
tons finds its way to the places mentioned above ; so that, supposing these estimates to
he about correct, it follows that the supi)ly of coftee is, at present, about equal to the
demand. The latter is, however, rapidly increasing ; and it is impossible to say whether
it be destined to outrun, keep pace with, or fall short of the supply. On the whole,
however, we should be inclined to think, that though they may occasionally vary to the
extent of a few thousand tons on the one side or the other, the probability is that they
will be pretty nearly balanced ; so that, supposing peace to be preserved, we do not anti-
cipate any verji great variation of price. The prices of 1827, 1828, 1829, and 18.10,
seem to have been a good deal below the average. This depression naturally checked
production and stimulated consumption, so that prices rose considerably in ISUl, Ifi.Ti,
and 1833 ; but the advance, in the last, has not been maintained, at least to the whole
extent. Such oscillations will, no doubt, continue to take place ; but unless the cost
of producing coffee should be permanently increased or diminished; ^thcy can only be
temporary.
The consumption of coffee in the United States has been more than trebled since 1821,
in which year it amounted to 6,G80 tons. Part of this increase is, no doubt, to be
ascribed to the reduction of the duty from 5 to 2 cents per pound; part to the fall in the
price of coffee ; and a part, perliaps, to the increase of temperance societies. Probably,
also, it was in some degree ascribable to the comparatively high duties formerly laid on
the teas imported into the United States ; these, however, finally ceased in 1 833.
^ ■■•»
li if
1 ' ■•
Account or the Imports of Coffee into the United States, the Exports from the same, and the Quantities
lelt for Home Consumption, during each of the Twelve Years ending with the 30th of September, 1832.
— {Papers published by Order of Congress.)
Years.
lin\njxts.
Kxports.
Left for Home Consumption.
Lh>.
Lla.
/.;«.
Tom.
1821
2I,273,ft59
9,387,596
31,886,063
5,.'i06
1822
25,782,390
7,267.119
18,51.5,271
8,2fi6
1823
37,337,732
a),!KX),687
16,437,045
7,338
1824
39,224,251
19,427,227
19,797,024
8,838
1825
4.0,UK),63O
24,512,568
20,(i78,062
9,231
lS2fi
43,319,497
11,584,713
31,734,784
14,167
1827
.50,051,986
21,697,789
28,354,197
12,ti58
1S28
55,194,697
16,037,964
39,1.56,7.33
17.481
1829
51,133,538
18,083,843
33,049,695
14,754
ia3o
51,488,248
13,124,561
38,363,687
17,127
1831
81,759,386
6,056,629
75,702,7.57
33,796
1832
91,72-2,32!)
55,251,158
*),471,171
18,067
i'^ <
I t1
III'
Mr. Cook gives the following statement of the imports of cofTce into the Continent and Great Britain,
and of the stocks on hand on the 31st of December each year : —
Places.
Imports.
Stocks.
1830.
1831. 1832.
18:0.
1831.
1832.
France . -
Trieste, Genoa, and Leghorn
Antwerp ....
Rotterdam . . . -
Amsterdam ...
Hamburgh ...
Bremen - ...
Copenhagen ...
Petersburgh ....
Totals
Great Britain ...
Continent and Great Britain
Tom.
13,(H)0
12, KK)
21,200
4,,500
9,000
20,2;50
4,9ii0
1,340
500
Tom.
8,.300
6,4,30
5,130
11,740
10,7(H)
17,380
4,.'5.;0
1,570
1,200
Tom.
13,l:>0
13,570
8,400
14,200
10,.550
22,500
6,130
1,670
1,700
Tun J.
6,1.50
4,3(K)
4,000
3,600
5.800
10,700
ym
350
300
Tom.
2,!H)0
1,250
2,8.50
4,500
6,000
7,.5()0
1,7.50
490
1,000
Tim*.
.5,1(X)
6,200
1,!K)0
7,500
7,480
11,000
2,680
600
960
86,850
18,290
66,780
19.350
91,850
22,370
37,200
13,420
28,240
12,530
43,420
12.180
105,140
86,130 1 114,220
50,620
40,770
.55,600
{State of Commerce of Great Britain for 1832, p. 19. & 21.)
» -H
COFFEE.
311
AccnriVmg to Mr. Cook, the prices of Jninaloa and St. noiniiigo coflTcc. exclusive of the duly, in the
I.4)iul(>ii inarlv'jt, at the close ofeaoh year since IHl)., have been —
9 ''
Years.
Jamaica.
St. Doinliii^o.
I'cr cwf.
Years.
Jaiiiaica.
Sl. IJllllullgo.
Vex cwl.
Vercwl.
I'er twt.
,». ,1.
.t. s.
.1. s.
S. t.
1814
81 to 105
!)0 to 104
1824
50 to 1(12
.08 to (il
1,S15
fil — 110
72— 80
182,5
48 — 100
55— 5«!
1S|(>
fi8 — 1(»2
74- 75
I82(i
42— 95
50— .51
1H17
8li — 105
9J— 98
1827
30— 80
37- .39
1H18
134 — \r,r,
l4^ — 148
1828
28— SO
m~ 38
1819
147 — Ki",
128 — 1,'J4
1829
m— 75
32— 34
IK'iO
112-l,i5
ll8-l-'0
18J0
32— 78
.'U— a5
1821
85 — 12,5
98 — 102
18,J1
50— 8(>
45 — 4ti
1822
HT) — l.W
95 — 100
1832
tiO— !«
55— .57
182.J
79-117
75— 79
18,'),3
77—110
C5— m
The following'extract from the Price Current of Messrs. Corric and Co. sliuws the prices of the lUfTcrent
sorts of coftue in London on the 20th of September, 1833.
Coflbc, #• cwt. ' ' s.d. s. rf. Dutj
r triage and ord. M. 80 to 91 0'
1 good and fiiieoril. — 92 — 1(X)
1 low to good mid. — 101 0—1130
( tine mid. and tine — 114 — 1£>
triage and ord. — 00 0— 84
good and line ord 82 — 90 •
hiw to gootl mid 92 — 100 fSGi.
^liiicmid. and fine — 101 — 105
r triage and ord. — 80 — 91
Dominica, j good and fine ord. — 93 — 98
iiC. 1 low to good mid. — 99 — 105
( fine mid. anfl fine —
Sierra Leone - 58 — Gl ' 84*.
Jamaica,
Demerara,
and
Berbice,
Mocha
E. India Co.'s
Ceylon
Sumatra
Samarang
Katavia
». rf. $. rf.
bil. 75 to 120
— IfiO — 180
— Gl. f, — 07 (3
— 55 — 59
— tiO — (a
— fil — 72
Buij,
For.
1 12s.
lirit
I'oss.
84.
Brazil ord. to gootl ord. — 59 — Gt 0'
fine ord. and coloury — 65 0— 67
St. Domingo - — (i4 — GO
Havannah
St. Jago de Cuba
Porto Uico
La Guayra
— (i4 — GO
— 58 — 80 V140*.
— .58 — 75 I
— 58 0— 68 Ol
. — GO — G7 Oj
Notwitlistatiding the great reduction of the duties on coiTue in 1 824, there can be no
doubt that they are still too high. At this moment they amount to 50 per cent, on the
price of very tine coffee, and to 75 or 90 per cent, on the price of inferior sorts. Were
the duties on British plantation coffee reduced to .It/, per lb. (284-. a cwt.), and those
on Mocha and East India coffee to Ad, per lb. (37s. 4f/. a cwt.), the consumption would
be so much extended, that, instead of being diminished, the revenue would be decidedly
increased. 'I'lie increase of consumption mentioned above must not, however, be v/ioUi/
attributed to the reduction of the duty in 1824 : the \o\v prices from that year to IS.'JO
had, no doubt, a material effect in facilitating the formation of a taste for coffee. The
great reduction in the price of low brown sugar (at least l^d. per lb.) must also have
assisted the consumption of coffee, — the one being so necessary to the extensive use of
the other. The small increase of consumption since 1830 is wholly to be ascribed to
the rise of prices; but were the duty reduced to iid., this rise would be counteracted,
and the consumption would again rapidly increase ; nor, jirovided East India were .id--
mitted at a duty o( 4d., and foreign at a duty of 6d., is there any rca.son to fear that the
increased consumption would have any material influence on the price.
Species of Coffee, Roasting, Sfc, — The cofl'ee of INIocha is generally esteemed the
best ; then follow tlie cofl'ees of Jamaica, Dominica, IJerbice, Demerara, IJourbon, Java,
Martiniijuc, and Hayti. Arabian or INIocha cofl'ee is produced in a very dry climate,
tlie best being raised upon mountainous slopes and sandy soils. The most fertile soils
are not suitable for the growth of very fine cofiee. Mr. Bryan Edwards observes, that
" a rich deep soil, frequently meliorated by showers, will produce a luxin-iant tree and a
great crop; but the beans, which are large, and of a dingy green, prove, for maiiy years,
rank and vapid." And the same remark is made by Mr. Crawfurd, with respect to the
coffee of Java. — (East Indian Arehipelayo, vol. i. p. 487.) Coffee is improved by being
kept ; it then becomes of a paler colour.
Mocha, or, as it is commonly called, Turkey coffee, should be chosen of a greenish
light olive hue, fresh and new, free from any mustiness, the berries of a middling size,
clean, plump, and without any intermixture of sticks or other impurities. Particular
care should be taken that it be not false packed. Good West India cofl'ee should be of
a greenish colour, fresh, free from any unpleasant smell, the berries small and unbroken.
Coffee berries readily imbibe exhalations from other bodies, and thereby acquire au
adventitious and disagreeable flavour. Sugar placed near cofl'ee will, in a short time, so
impregnate the berries, as to injure their flavour. Ur. Moseley mentions, that a few bags
of pei)pcr, on board a ship from India, spoiled a whole cjirgo of cofl'ee.
" The roasting of the berry to a proper degree reijuires great nicety : the virtue and
agrecableness of the drink depend upon it ; and both are often injured by the ordinary
method. Bernier says, when he was at (,\iiro, where coffee is so nuich used, he was
assured by the best judges, thjit there were only two people in that great ci'.y who un-
derstood how to prepare it in perfection. If it be under-done, its virtues will not be
imparted, and, in use, it will load and oppress the stomach; if it be ovcr>dune, it will
X 4
t
\ i M''
, J
m
!i;
•
!ii:i
312
COFFEE.
'! i'
yield a flnt, burnt, and l>ittcr taste, its virtiios will l)c destroyed, and, in use, it will heat
the body, and act as an astringent." — ( Masclci/, j). :i9. )
AdnlhriUion of Coffw. — A mill for grinding eolfee may !)e bought for a small sum ;
and no one who has the means of grinding it at home ougiit to |)urehase it ground,
unless from shops of the first respectability. Ground eoHee is lial)le to l»e, and in point
of fact is, very extensively adulterated with succory, beans, roasted corn, ite. 'I'lie
facilities for this fraudulent intermixture are so very great as to render it impossible
materially to lessen them otherwise than by a reduction of the duty.
Ilrf(ii/(ilum.i with rrspcr/ to Sa/r, fin/iortalioii, ^c. ^ Koastcd beans and rye, rcciuccd to powder, liavc
frci|iiLMitly buuii used to adulterate ground collee : and the poMseiiiiioM orsucli siilistitutes for cofteu was
formerly an oH'ence puiii8tial)lc by the forfeiture of the articles, and a |>enalty of KXU. liut l)y the act
3 Geo. 4. c. r> )., jHTsons who are not dealers in cuffve may take a licence for roasting and sellini; corn, i>eas,
beans, or par.-^neps, labelling the parcels with the names, and conforming to the various regulations pre.
scribed in the act.
Dealers in cott'ce must take out a licence, renewable annually, which, at present, costs \\s.
No collW> can be imported in packages of less than 1(K) lbs. »<•« weight.
No abalcment of duties is made on account of any damage coHbe may have received. .
Cotlbe cainiot be entered as being the produce of any Itritish possession in America or of the Mauritius,
until the master of the ship in which the cofl'ee is imported deliver to the collector or ccmiptrollcr a cer.
tiflcate of its origin, and declare that the coffee is the produce of such place. — (3 & 4 iVill. 4. c. 52.
We sul>join two pro fi/rmi'i accounts, one of the sale of 100 bags Brazil cofTec, the other of the sale of
10 tierces Jamaica codec. They may be depended upon as accurate j and are interesting from their show.
ing in detail the various ch:u-ges, exclusive of duty, atlccting this important article.
I'lio riiHMA ActoiNT MAi.Kuf A. 11. KlOHiiKs I'oU'ee iwr " I.iiiuloii," from Rio Janeiro, ,m Account of ('
. 1). and «;o.
Oct. .-0.
Uy K. F. for loo li.i^. Prompt 1 month.
i.'ivi^ lira Ilia,
Lotii 1 to S. WLiKlilnK 1 >' " tirnfu.
i 'i H Tare !i lb. I)ri;ft 2 11). i)Cr bafi.
L. M. d.
'i\r, 11)
U 2 u
L. t.
131 7
fiO
if.
3
11
Ill 1 W nett .... iit3/.3».
Discount 'ih per cent.
Cfutri^s, L. s, it.
To St a insurance on 100/. at 'U. per cent - - - - 8
I'olicy .'ij. (i(/. |ier cent. - . - - -.I'^O
Commission ^ per cent. - ■ ■ - *2
11 2 U
8 I.') .'i
.1 12 r,
22 l.T .T
t (i
4 ;) 1
11 2 !»
lliK-k r.itcson ll.Tcwt. Oqr. 21 11)5. at 1». M.* - - S 7 1
LutUiig U. per liaj- . ... . S 1
Insurance iluainst Arc ......
KrciHht on U.")cwt. 0(|r. 'Willis, at .T». - - • 21 !) S
I'rimaKe 5 per cent. 1/. Ij. 6J. I'ierme 2». Ic/. - . 1 .T 7
Pulilic salecliarcps 17j. fiJ. Petty expenses Sj. Cii.
Jlrtilterage 1 per cert. - - - ....
Commission 2i per cent. - - • ...
Errors escepted. Nett procceils
t.,i7i r.
1
(Cash, 30tli of Novembt
lAyiuIon, 2(/ of .Vi'CPmA/r, IS.'^5.
r, 1S,-..1.)
h
''h\
I'lio FORMA .VccoiiNT SAi.Bof U. H. 10 Tierces ColTec iier " Klnyslon," from .tainaica, on Account ofl. K. and Co.
L.
Oct. 311.
I!y I,. ;m. for 10 tierces. Prompt I montli.
Cf/.jA'.v. Ctrt. i/r.T. tha.
Lot i. 5 ueicliinK 1.'' O O
3 l.')
Cn-ts, (/!•*. //w.
Tare 3 2 IS
Draft 25
'i O 13 nett
2. 5 -
3
31
O
3 I.')
Tare 3
Draft O
2 IS
2.'>
13 nett
• at .'i/. 10*.
at II. ris.
Discount 1 per cent.
Cfiarf^e.1.
To Sea insurance on 30O/. at 2/. per eent.
Policy .')*. (i(/. per cent.
t>ommission i per cent.
Dock rates on ri2iwt. 2iirs. 2(Mbs. ,lt lj. (),/.•
f.oteiiiK at !)(/. jier tierce
Insurance against fire
Krelnht on fi2 c\v^. 2 qrs. 20 lbs. .at (is.
Primage .'>«. and ]iicra;;e .3*. iid.
Pnbiii' sale cbarKes 7s
Hroker;ine I |>er cent.
Commission 2^ per cent.
Petty expenses 7i. M.
Errors ezceptetl
lAmiton,%tof\iivnnl*r, 18,33.
L. ..
- r.
. Ifi
- 1 w
if.
r>
- 1 11
- 7
c,
- IS in
. 8
i
.
• j
- 1
Casn, 30th of November, 1S33.)
• CoObc in bags pays Is. 2rf., and in casks Is. Gtl. of dock dues.
^1'
COINS.
313
COINS, pieces (if metal, most commonly ffold, silver, or copper, Impressed with a
public stump, nnd ri°ei|iiei)tly made Icgid tender in ]>fiyment of debts, cither to a limited
or tin unlimited extent.
1. Circumstances which led to the Introduction and Una of Coins. — When the ])recious
met.ils first began to be used as money, or as standards by which to measure the value
of ditlerent articles, and the equivalents for which they were most commonly exchanged,
they were in an unfasliioned state, in bars or ingots. The parties having agreed upon the
riuantity of metal to be given for a commodity, the exact amount was then ascertained
by weight. Hut it is obvious that a practice of this sort must have been attended with
a great deal of troul)Ie and inconvenience. There can, however, be little doul)t that the
greatest obstacle to the use of unfasliioned metals as money would be found in the dif-
ficulty of determining their (piality, or the degree of their jjurity, with sufficient pre-
cision. 'I'iie operation of assaying is one of great nicety and difliculty ; and could not
be performed in the early ages otherwise than in a clumsy, tedious, and inaccurate
manner. It is, indeed, most ])robable. that when the precious metals were first used as
money, their quality would be appreciated only by their weight and colour. A very
short exjierience would, however, be sufficient to show the extreme inexactness of con-
clusions derived from such loose and unsatisfactory criteria ; and the devising of some
method, by which the fineness of the metal might be easily and correctly ascertained,
would very soon be felt as indispensable to the general use of gold and silver as money.
Such a method was not long in presenting itself: it was early discovered, tl'at, to ascer-
tain the juirity of the metal, and also to avoid the trouble and expense oi eighing it,
no more was necessary than to m.irk each piece with a stamj), declaring its weight and
fineness. This invention was made at a very early period. According to Herodotus
the I-ydians were the first who coined money. — (Lib. i. c. P4.,) Other ancient authors
say that the art of coining was invented during the period when Saturn and Janus
reigned in Italy ; that is, in a period antecedent to authentic history. — ( Goguet, de
r Oriyinc des Loix, §"c. tom. i. p. 267.)
2. Metal used in the Manufacture of Coins. — Ueforc the art of metidlurgy was well
understood, the baser metals were frequently used as money. Iron was the primitive
money of the Lacedemonians, and copper of the Romans. Hut both iron and copper
deteriorate by being kept ; and besides this defect, the rapid improvement of the arts,
by lowering their price, rendered their bulk too great in proportion to their value to
permit of their continuing to be used as money, ('opper, indeed, is still used in the
form of tokens, convertible into silver in very small jiayments. In this country, copper
pence and halfpence are rated at about 72 per cent, above their real value ; but as their
issue is exclusively in the bands of government, and as they are only legal tender to the
extent of 07te shilling in any one payment, this over-valuation is not jiroductive of any
bad effect. The use of copper in other countries is limited in much the same way ; gold
and silver being every where the only metals made use of in the manufacture of the
coins used in considerable payments.
.'3. Standard of Coins. — By the standard of a coin, is meant the degree of its purity,
and its weight ; that is, the fineness of the metal of which it is made, and the quantity
of metal contained in it.
(1.) Silcer Coins. — A pound Troy, or 12 ounces, of the metal of which English
silver coins are made, contains 1 1 oz. 2 dwts. pure silver, and 1 8 dwts. alloy. This
pound is coined into 66 shillings; so that each shilling contains 80-727 grains fine silver,
and 87-27 grains standard silver ; and the money pound, consisting of 20 shillings, con-
tains 1614-545 grains pure silver, and 1745-454 grains standard silver. From 1600
down to 1816, the pound weight of standard silver bullion was coined into 62 shillings.
All the English iilver coins have been coined out of silver of 1 1 oz. 2 dwts. fine, from
the Conquest t j this moment, except for the short period of 1 6 years, from the 34th
Henry VIII. to the 2d Elizabeth.
(2.) Gold Coins. — The purity of gold is not estimated by the weights commonly in
use, but by an Abyssinian weight called a carat. The carats are subdivided into four
l)arts, called grains, and these again into quarters ; so that a carat grain, with respect
to the common divisions of a pourd Troy, is equivalent to 2^ dwts. Gold of the
highest degree of fineness, or pure, is said to be 24 carats fine. \Vhen gold coins were
first made at the English mint, the standard of the gold put in them was of 23 carats
3^ grains fine and \ grain alloy ; and so it continued, without any variation, to the
18th of Henry VIII., who, in that year, first introduced a new standard of gold of 22
carats fine, and 2 carats alloy. The first of these standards was called the old ; and the
second the new standard, or crown gold ; because crowns, or pieces of the value of
5s., were first coined of this new standard. Henry VIM. made his gold coins of
both these standards under different denominations; and tlfis practice was continued
by his successors until 1633. From that period to the present, the gold of which the
coins of this kingdom have been made has been invariably of the new standard, or
^ A
,> t
I " I' ' '
II . i
m
H
311-
COINS.
it \Kf
crown poUl ; tlioii}?li Nome oftlic coins niadi' of tlio old stnndurd, previously to Ki.V.i,
c'ontimiL'd to cii'culiite till IT.i'J, wlivii tlioy weru i'urliiddfii tu lie aiiv longer current.
— ( Lirrr/tool on Ciiiitii, p. 27. )
'I'lie ])urity of our present gold coins is, therefore, 1 1 parts fine gol<l and 1 ])art alloy.
The sovereign, or 20 shilling piece, contains 11.'{'(K)I grains line gold, and 12:{''J74
grains standard gold. Tiie pound Troy of standard gold is coined into 4n -^jj, sovereigns
ur into 4r>/. lis'. Gd, The mint or standard ]iricu of gold is, therefore, said to be
Itil. Its. Gil. per II). Troy, or ;j/. 17». lOhl. an ounce.
The alloy in coins is reckoned of no value. It is allowed, in order to save the trouble
and expense that would be incurred in refining the metals, so ns to bring them to the
highest degree of purity ; and because, when its quantity is small, it has a tendency to
render the coins harder, and less liable to be worn or rubbed. If the cpiantity of alloy were
considerable, it would lessen the splendour and ductility of the metuls, and would add
too much to the weight of the coins.
The standard of the coins of foreign countries may be learned at a gluncc, by inspecting
the Ttihlt: of Coins subjoined to this article.
4. Varhitions of the Standard, — The value of all sorts of property being estimated,
and the stipulations in almost all contracts for its purchase, sale, or hire, l)eing made in
money or coins, it is plain that no change can take place in the value of such money
or coins, without virtually subverting these estimates and contracts, and enriching the
debtor portion of society at the expense of the cretlitor portion, or vice versa. As the
cost of producing all commodities is liable to vary from improvements in the arts, the ex-
liaustion of the present or the discovery of new sources of supply, none can be selected
to serve as money or coin, that may not vary in its real value. It is believed, however,
that the precious metals vary less than any material that could be suggested. And with
the exception of the extraordinary fall in their value caused by the discovery of the
American mines, it seems to have been remarkably constant at otlier periods.
l!ut in addition to the fluctuations naturally inherent in the value of coins, arising
from variations in the cost of the metal of which they are made, their standard has been
repeatedly changed. Notwithstanding that money or coin, from its being universally
used as a scale by which to compute the value of all commodities, and as the equivalent
for which they are commonly exchanged, is by far the most important of all the
measures used in society ; and should, consequently, be preserved as invariable as pos-
sible ; there is none that has been so frequently altered. The necessities or extravagance
of governments have forced them to borrow ; and to relieve themselves of the incum-
!)rances thus contracted, they have almost universally had recom-ne to the disgiiaccful
oxijcdient of degrading the coin; that is, o( cheating those who lent them money, to ili«j
extent of the degradation, and of enabling every other debtor in their dominions to do
the same.
I'he ignorance of the public in remote ages facilitated this species of fraud. Had
the names of the coins been changed when the quantity of metal contained in them
was diminished, there would have been no room for misapprehension. I5ut, although
the weight of the coins was undergoing perpetual, and their purity occasional, reductions,
their ancient denominations were almost uniformly preserved : and the peojile who saw
the same names still remaining after the sul)stance was diminished; who s^m coins of a
certain weight and fineness circulate under the names of florins, livres, dollars, and
jjounds; and who saw them continue to circulate as such, after both their weight and
tile degree of their fineness liad been lessened; began to think that they derived their
value more from the stamp aflixcd to them by authority of government, than from the
(piantity of the precious metals they contained. This was long a very prevalent opinion.
IJut the rise of prices which invariably followed every reduction of the standard, ind the
derangement that was thereby occasioned in every pecuniary transaction, imdeceived the
public, and taught them, and their rulers, the expediency of preserving the standard of
money inviolate.
Tlie standard may be reduced by simply raising the denomination of the coin ; by
ordering, for exam))le, that a half-sovereign should pass for a sovereign, and the latter
for a double sovereign, &c. If injustice be resolved upon, this is the least mischievous
way in which it can be perpetrated, inasmuch as it saves all the trouble and exjjenso
of a recoinage. But as it renders the fraud obvious and glaring, it has rarely been
resorted to; and most reductions have been eH'ected either by diminishing the weight
»)f the coins, or by increasing the proportion of alloy in the metal of which they are made,
or both.
Originally the coins of all countries seem to have had the same denomination as the
weights commonly used in them ; and contained the exact quantity of the precious
metals indicated by their name. Thus, the talent was a weight used in the earliest
period by the Greeks, the as or pondo by the Romans, the livre by the French, and the
found by the English and Scotch ; and the coins originally in use in Greece, Italy,
m
COINS.
3Id
I" ; ijy
latter
lic'vous
spciise
been
Ivciglit
1 niiulc,
las the
Iccioiis
larlicst
id the
Italy,
Franco, nnd KiiglamI, l)orc the snino names, and weifrhed pietisely a talent, a pnndo, n
livre, nnd n jioiind. The standard has not, however, heen preserved inviolate, either in
modern or ancient times. It has hcen less degraded in Kngland than any where else ;
hnt even here the ((iiantity of silver in n potnid sterling is less than the t/iinl part of n
])(mnd wei;;lit, — the qnantity it contained in l;j(H). In France, the livre current iii 1 781)
contained less than one sixtj/sLiih \mrt of the silver iniplie<l in its name, nnd which it
had actually contained previously to 1 U);). In Spuin, and some other countries, the
degradation has heen carried still further.*
From I'JQtt to ];$.').'), the coins of Enfjland nnd Scotland were of the same weight nnd
purity ; hut at the last mentioned epoch the standard of Scotch money was, for the first
time, sunk below that of England; and by successive degradations, the value of Scotch
money, at the union of the crowns in KJOO, was only a twelfth part of the value of the
English money of the same denomination. It remnined at this point till the union of
the kingdoms cancelled the separate coinage of vScotland.
The gold nnd silver coins of Ireland have been for a considerable period the snmc as
those of Great Britain ; hut, until 182.'), they were nominally rated 8ji)er cent. Iiigher.
This difl'erence of valuation, which was attended with considerable inconveniences, was
l)ut an end to by the act C Geo. 4. c. 79., which assimilated the currency throughout
the empire.
The Tables annexed to this article contain all the informafi(m that can be desired l)y
mercantile men with respect to the weight, fineness. Sec, of English and Scotch gold and
silver coins, from the earliest periods to the present moment.
5. Mint, or Government Valuation of Gold and Silver Coins If both gold nnd
silver coins be made legal tenders, it is obviously indispensable that their value with
respect to each other should be fixed by authority ; or that it should be declared, that
individuals shall be entitled to discharge the claims upon them by payments, either of
gold or silver coins, according to some regulated proportion. The practice of making
both metals legal tenders was long ndojjted in England. From 12,)7 till IfifH, the
value of gold coins was regulated by proclamation ; or, which is the same thing, it was
ordered that the gold coins, then current, should be taken as equivalent to certain
specified sums of silver. — (^Liverpool on Coins, p. 1'28.) Fr(nn 16(i4, down to 1717,
the relation of gold to silver was not fixed by authority ; and silver being then the only
legal tender, the value of gold coins fluctuated, according to the fluctuations in the
relative worth of the metals in the market. Hut, in 1717, the ancient prncticc was again
reverted to; and it was fixed that the guinea should be taken as the ecjuivalcnt of 21
shillings, and conversely.
But the value of each of the precious metals is liable to perpetual changes. And
hence, how accurately soever their proportional value, as fixed by the mint regulations,
may correspond with the proportion which they actually bear to each other in the market
when the regulation is made, the chances are 10 to 1 that it will speedily cease to ex-
press their relation to each other. But the moment that such a change takes place, it
becomes the obvious interest of every one who has a payment to make, to make it in
the overvalued metal ; which, consequently, becomes the sole, or nearly the sole, currency
of the country. Hence the reason why the coins of some countries arc almost wholly
of silver, and others almost wholly of gold. It is estimated, for example, that when it
was fixed, in 1717, that the guinea should exchange for 21 shillings, gold was over-
valued as compared with silver to the extent of 1 ^^ per cent. — ( Liverpool on Coins, p. 85. ) ;
and as the real value of silver with respect to gold continued to increase during the
greater part of last century, the advnntage of paying in gold in preference to silver
became more decided, and ultimately led to the universal use of gold in all large i)ay-
ments, and to the fusion or exportation of all silver coins of full weight. — (^Liverpool,
loco «'<.)
In France, a different valuation of the metals has had a different effect. Previously
to the recoinage in 1785, the Louis d'or was rated in the mint proportion at only 24
livres, when it was really worth 25 livres 10 sols. Those, therefore, who should have
discharged the obligations they bad contracted by payments of gold coin instead of
silver, would plainly have lost 1 livre 10 sols on every sum of 24 livres. In consequence,
very few such payments were made ; gold was almost entirely banished from circulation,
and silver became almost the only species of metallic money used in France. — ( Sayt
Traite iVEconomie Politique, torn. i. p. 393.)
In 1816, however, a new system was adopted in this country ; it being then enacted
{56 Geo. 3. c. C8.), that gold coins only should he legal tender in all payments of more
than 40 shillings. The pound of silver bidlion, that had ))rcviously been coined into
G2 shillings, was then also coined into 66 shillings, the additional /ojir shillings being
* For an account of the degradation of th? coins of the ancient <nnd modern Continental nations, sc«
the article Money, in the Supp'enicut to the old, or in tlic new edition ol" the Encyclopicdia Brilannica.
'ii ■
h<^
t'lf
I 1
316
COINS.
■I
ictiiiiu'd by govcrniiK'nt as n »eliinitrn<if or duty (mnountiug '<> '>'} P^'"" ciMit.) upon tlie
cdina^e. To iirovi'iit tlii' silver coins from lu'cotiiin^ I'l-dundiint, goviTiitiu'iit has ri-liiiiu-d
tdt' powi-rto issm- tlifin in its own hands. UndiT thi-si- ri'^ridalions, silver has i-i'.isod to
he a standard of value, and forms merely u subordinate or subsidiary species of currency,
or ehanj^e, oi-cupyinf? the same place in relation to gold that copper occupies in relation
It) itself. This system has been fomul to answer exceedingly well.
A good deal of ditl'erence of opinion has existed as to whether gold or silver coins are
best fitted for lieing made a legal tender. It does not seem that the one possesses any
very striking advantage over the other ; none, certaiidy, that woidd Justify a change, ai\er
n selection has been made, and acted u|)on i'oc any considerable period.
Down to Kj'Jf), a seignorage or duty upon the coinage was usually charged upon the
gold and silver coins issued by the mint ; and it may l>e easily shown that the imposition
of such a duty, when it is not carried to an undue height, is advantagetms. A coin is
more useful than a ])iecu of uncoined bullion of the same weight and purity ; the coinage
fitting it for being used as money, while it does not unfit it for being used for any other
))urpose. When, therefore, n duty or seignorage is laid upon coin equal to the ex])ense
of coinage, it circulates at its real value; but wlien this charge is defrayed liy the ])ublic,
it circulates at Imh than its real value, an<l is consecpiently either melted down or ex-
ported whenever there is any demand for bullion in the arts, or any fall in the exchange.
It is, indeed, true, that were a seignorage tol)e laid on gold coins, it would be necessary,
to prevent an eidiaiicement of the value of the currency, that their weight should be
proportionally reduced ; and it is on this account better, ])erhaps, to let them remain on
the present footing. Hut when a seignorage was laid on the silver coins, in IHIO', it
was uot necessary to take the circumstance now alluded to into consideration ; for as
they were made subordinate to gold, and were intended to serve as change merely, its
imposition had no tendency to raise the value of the currency, at the same time that it
was calculated ellectually to prevent the fusion of the coins, and to yield a sm;dl revenue
to government.
(i. ('oiiiar/e aiiicc \790. Amonnt of Coin in Circulation. — No. V. of tlic subjoined
Tables shows the amo\uit of the gold and silver coinage at the British mint, each year,
from 1790 downwards.
It will be seen from this account, that gold coin to the amount of about •I7,()00,()(M)/.
Jias been coined at the mint between 1817 and 18:51, both inclusive. Jt is not easy
to form any very i)recise estimate of the portion of this immense sum now in circu-
lation. In consi'ijuence of the exemption of our gold coin from any seignorage, large
quantities of the coins carried abioad during an unfavourable excliaiiire find their way
to the foreign mints, where they are melted and retoined. A\'e are not, however,
wholly destitute of the means of approximating to the (piantity of coin in circulation.
The mint works wholly, or almost wholly, for the Hank of Mngland, so that, by com-
paring the issues of coin by the Hank with the coin jiaid to her, and allowing for the
export, we are able to get at a tolerably .accurate result. We are indebted to .Mr.
Ilorsley Palmer for the following estimate, made up on this principle, of the gold
coin in circulation in February, 18;{;5. It may not be 'iiiite accurate, but we are sine
that it is as accurate as it is possible to make any estimate of the sort. — ( See opposite
pa(/e. )
7. The Exportation and Importiition of Gold and Silver Coins was formerly pro-
hibited ; but in 1819 it w.is enacted (59 Geo. ti. c. 49.), that they might be freely exported
and imported, without being liable to any charge or duty wliatever ; and they may be
imported without being cither reported or entered at the Custom-house. This regulation
has rendered it next to impossible to ascertain the value of the bullion imported.
8. Forgery of Coin. Issue of forged or spurious Coins. — The forgery of coin is an
offence that is practised more or less at fill periods. The most etlectual means of jjre-
venting it is to improve the fabric of the genuine coins, to cut the dies with gieat deli-
cacy, and occasionally to vary the form of the coins. During the lengthened jieriod
from 1770 down to 1816, the genuine silver coins in circuliition were so much worn and
defaced, that it was very difficult to distinguish between them and counterfeits, which,
in despite of the severest jienaltics, were thrown into circulation in immense quantities.
IJut since the issue of the new coins, in 1816, forgery has been comijaratively rare.
There has, however, l)een a considerable increase of forgery during the last 7 years, as
compared with the previous 7. Sufficient time has not yet been afforded for determin-
ing the influence of the law exempting the offence of counterfeiting from the punish-
ment of death.
COINS.
317
Kminmlc of Oold Coin In Clrciiltttlon In Frtiriinry, 1811.
Iwui'<l 'ly tht Hank.
Krom Jnntinrv, 1821,
tii.r ■
HJVO
I Jnntinrv, 1821,}'
Inly, IH'.'t, imlii- V \TJ!i),(W
c . .}
rom AiiRint, 1S24, )
til Di'ci'iiilMT, 18A.,V H,(Ki(),000
iiicliisivL' . .,}
I'riim Jniiiinry, ISCti, )
to April, IM'JH, in- i
clunlve . .J
Fr«)m Mny, 1828, to^
l;")th of February, >
ISJSi . -3
Ocdnct for rxpcirt.
1Hi.'+-i!,'. .i'li,(Ki(MX)01
lS-2H-«) .OiKVKK)
18JO-J2 e.otxyxjoj
Kroin l,"!*!! of Fcbrii
ary, 1HJ2, to IMIi of
Fchruury, IHJ;)
2,n7(»,(KX)
!),f)00,000
.in,tmt,mi
H,rM),(m
(ll>Mir«iilloni>
[
i;!>,;"j(l(l,(l(l()
:i 1,8(K),(KX)
D<Mluit llu< stock atl '
llio liraiicli banks, I I
wliicli lias bcoii ! I
taken us part of Ihc |
inmw from the Hank [ |
in London . -J -
Leaving in rircnlation ) |
in tlif hands of thcf
public on the l.jth I |
of IVIiruary, IH.i.j -3i
;;i,o(HM)oo
1,300,(H)0
3(),(K)0,{XJ()
The cxchanKcH lUirinR Ihiit |>orio<l woro tn flivniir of the
country, and gold wan imported.
The exchanueH during the niujor part of thiH neriod were
againat the country, and gold wuh exported. Of the total
i»»ue of 8,lkKl,(Mi<l/., al)oiit 'V<'*'>"<'"/' v^ere Initued from ()c.
toller to the end of Decendier, IH'.'.i, to KUpply the place of
the I'oinitry iiotea then diHiredited, leaving ii,(KMI,(MMi/. as the
ettiuiated export of coin, in addituin to the bar and other
uncoined gold told by the Hank during thiji p( riod.
The exchangcM during thin perbHl were in favour of the
country, and gold wna imported.
Int. The exchaugen were ngaiiiHt the country from November,
IN'.'H, to February, IK2|i, during which period the initue
atMounted to l,.'i(l(l,(KHl/., of which I,(MI0,||(KV. is eMtluiated to
have been npplieil in the Hitlulrawal of the country \l.
notes, leaving .i(i(i,(i()li/. a» the amount of eatiniated export
during that period.
'.'il. I'rom Angn»t, 1H.X), to February, ls.'J2, the exchanges
were also against the country, during which peri(Hl Ibu
Is.ine was 4,(KH,(il,ll/. : l,li(HJ,(iliO/. ol this sum was issued in
November, IH.il, upon the rejection of the Keform Hill, and
1,(HS 1,(1(10/. more may fairly be estimated as the further
amount applied within the whide period, fiom August,
1H.')(I, in the wlthdrawid of the country sniall notes; leaving i
'J,(i(K),(lO(i/. as the estimated amount of coin exported from
IS.iO to IH,;'.'.
This sum was taken out during the political iliscruditof May,
IHJ'.', and has not yet returned to the Hank.
i4
!'. 7,(iiu as Id the (■(iini/i-rfii/iiig, Sfr. qf Cm'ii. — 'I he acts as to this were consolidated and nmondcd by
the 2 .Si 3 Will. 4. c. ;'A., of which the following is a brief abst..u't : —
Counterfeiting the gold or silver coin of the realm, transportation for life, or for not less than 7 years,
or imprisomnent for not exceeding 1 years ; and every such oMenee shall be deemed to be complete,
although the counterfeiting be not linisned. — ^ :i.
Colouring counterfeit coin, or any jiieces of metal, with intent to make them pa,ss for gold or silver
coin i colouring or altering genuine com, with intent to make it pasa for higher coin ; transportation for
life, or for any term not less than 7 years, or imprisonment for any term not exceeding 4 years. — ^ 4.
Impairing the gold or silver coin, with intent to make the coin .so impaired pass for gold or silver coin
of full weight, transportation for not exceeding 14, nor less than 7 years, or imprisonment lor not excecd-
I ng :} years. — 5 .0.
Huying or selling, ^c. counteifeit gold or silver coin for lower value than its denomination, importing
counterfeit coin from l)eyond seas, transportation for life, or for not less than 7 years, or imprisonment
for not exceeding 4 years. — ^ (i.
Uttering counterfeit gold or silver coin, imprisonment for not exceeding 1 year ; and uttering, aceom.
panied by possession of other counterfeit coin, or followed by a secoiul uttering within 10 days, im-
prisomnent for not exceeding 2 years ; every second oH'enee of uttering after a Jirevious conviction, shall
be felony, transportation for life, or for not less than 7 years, or imprisonment for not exceeding 4 years.
- W.
Having 3 or more pieces of counterfeit gold or sdver coin in pos.^icssion, with intent to utter the
same, imprisonment for not exceeding .'i years ; second oflcnce, transportation for life, or for not less than
7 years, or imprisonment for not exceeding 4 years. — ^ H.
Making, mending, having possession of, or selling any mould, &c., or coining tools, or any press or
engine, conveying tools or monies out of the mint without authority, felony ; transportation for life, or
for not less than 7 years, or imiirisonment for not exceeding 4 years. — ^ \ l(), 11.
Counterfeiting any current copper coin, or making, mending, or having in his possession any coining
tool, or buying, selling, ^c. any counterfeit copper coin for lower value than its denomination, trans,
portation for not exceeding 7 years, or imprisonment for not exceeding 2 years ; and uttering any coun-
terfeit copper coin, or having in his possession 3 or more pieces of counterfeit copper coin, imprisonment
for not exceeding 1 year. — ^ 12.
Gold or silver coin tendere<l to any i)crson suspecting any piece to be eountcrfeit, may be broken by
such person ; and if it shall appear to be counterfeit, the person tendering shall bear the loss j but if it
shall be of due weight, and appear to be of lawful coin, the (lerson breaking it is to receive it at the rate
it was coined for, and any dispute shall be finally determined by any justice; and the tellers of the Kx-
chequer and the receivers-general of tlie revenue arc to break or deface every piece of counterfeit coin
tendered for payment — ^ l.l.
Any person discovering any counterfeit coin, gold, silver, or copper, or any coining tool, is to carry the
same forthwith before some justice, and on reasonable cause to suspect any person of counterfeiting, or
having such coin, or any tool, &c., such justice may cause any place under the control of such sus-
pected person to be searched, either in the <lay or night, and if any such coin or tool shall be found, to
cause the same to be seized forthwith, and carried before a justice, who is to secure the same for the
purpose of being protlucctl in evidence, and afterwards of being delivered up to the mint. — ^ 14.
■> I
i i
I :
;i
T'i :i
318
COINS.
The necessity of the evidence of any officer of the mint to prove counterfeit coin dispensed with. — « 17.
The court may order hard labour or solitary confinement. — ^ 19.
The words "king's coin" include all coin lawfully current in the United Kingdom; and wilfully
having, in any dwelling-house or other building, lodging, apRrtment, field, or other place, open or
inclosed, whether belonging to or occupied by himself or not, and whctiier for liis own use or benefit, or
for that of another, shall be deemed having in his ixissession within this act. — ^ 21.
Persons acting in the execution of this act, protected in the usual manner, by requiring notice oi
action, SiC, and allowing tender of amends, &c. — ^ 22.
10. Convictions for Coining and Uttering. — In the 7 years ending with 1818, 63 persons were convicted
in England and Wales of the ofl'ence of counterfeiting the coin of the realm, of whom 1 was executed.
In thi' next 7 years the convictions for coining wore reduce<l to 14, but of these 5 were executed. In the
last M'ptennial perioti, ending with 18.32, the convictions were 34, and the executions 7. The convictions
for issuing forged coins in the first of the above periods were 21, in the second 9, and in the third, 32.
Tables relative to the CoiiSs op Gbbat Britain and other Countrieh.
No. I
E.SCLI91I Coins. — Account of the English Silver and Gold Coins; showing their Value, the
Scignorage or Profit upon ihe Coinage, and the Price of the Pound Troy of Standard Gold and Silver,
from the Conquest to the present Time.— (This and the next Table, No. 11., are taken from Part II. of
Essays on Money, Exchanges, and Polilicat Econmny, by Henry James.
13111 1 11 11 lilliii Isiiiiiiiliiiiiiiil I
Anno Regni.
Silver.
1
Gold.
1.
Fineness
of iliu Sil-
ver ill the
Cointi.
2.
Pound
M'eiuhl of
suili .Sil-
ver coined
into
3.
Profit or
Sui^nor-
nue on the
tuiiiaHe.
4.
Koual to the
Alint Price
for Si.-indaril
Silver of
llo/. *2(lwt.s.
fine Troy
weight.
5.
Fineness
of tlie
(iold in
tlie Coins.
a
Pound
M'eiKht of
such (iold
coined into
7.
Profit or
Sei^iorage
on the
Coinage.
8.
Enual to the
Alint Price
for Standanl
(iold of -i'i
Carats line
Troy weif(l)t.
Conquest
8 Edward I. ■
28
18 Edward HI.
"3
o».
11
10
6
4
4
6
3
11
11
11
H
dtt.
2
6
•)
i
o
£ s.d.
1
1
1 3
1 3
1 2 6
1 5
1 5
1 5
1 10
1 10
1 17 6
I 17 6
1 17 6
1 17 6
1 17 6
I 17 6
1 17 6
2
2 5
2 8
2 8
2 8
2 8
3 12
3 12
3
3 00
3 00
3
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 6
£ s. d.
1
1 2}
1 3
1 3
10
10
10
1
1
4 6
4 6
2
1 6
1 6
1 6
1
1 Of
1
8
20
4 4
4 4
4
1
1 6
1 6
2
2 6
2
00
4
£ s. d.
1 3i
1 3i
1 2 8
1 5 9i
1 5 i'd
1 5 9j
1 10 H,
1 10 HA
1 15 2J
1 15 2
1 17 lOi
1 18 4i
1 18 4,
1 18 4i
1 18 Hi
1 18 Hi
2 4
2 4 4?
2 11 9i
2 15 6
2 15 6
2 19 2i
2 19 3J
2 19 g]
2 18 6
3 q"
2 19 0*
3
3 2
3 2
Crtt. giu.
23 Si
22 i
23
22
20
20
22
23 3jr
22 I
23 Si C
22 I
23 34
23 3} f
22 I
23 3J f
22 I
22
£ ,.
13 3
14
15
15
15
16 13
16 13
20 16
22 10
22 10
22 10
22 10
22 10
22 10
24
27
25 2
28 16
30
30
30
34
36
3.3
36
33
36
36
33
36 10
33 10
37 4
41
44 10
46 14
46 14
rf.
4
4
4
8
6
■
"1
<>
6
n
£ s. rf.
8 4
11 8
6 8
5
5
5
5 10
2 10
1 10
13
7 6
7 6
7 6
2 6
2 8
2 9
3
1 4
2 10
5
1 10
I
2 9
3
3
5
4
10
10
1 10
1 1 5
£ s. d.
12 10 8
13 3 9
14 8 4
14 9 11
14 9 H
16 2 9
16 1 11
18 5
21 1 10
21 9 7
21 15
21 15
21 15
22
22
24 19 6
26 8
27 10
27 10
31 7
33
32 17 8
33 8
32 16
33
35 14
39 18 7
it 10
4f> 14 6
46 14 6
18 Richard 11.
3 Henry IV. -
9 Henrv V. . .
4 Henry VI. -
4 Edward IV.
5
49 Henry V I. -
22 Edward IV.
1 Richard HI.
1 Henry VII.
1 Henry VIII.
la
"^1
^7
1 Edward VI.
1 Mary -
2 Elizabeth -
43
'2 James I.
^ Charles I. -
18 Charles II. -
3 George I. -
56 George HI. -
, when the
that, from
IT
4
W M
COINS.
31^
8.
n1 to the
lit Price
SlaiulanI
a of 2'i
ats tine
y weight.
s. d.
10 8
3 9
8 4
9 n
9 1)
2 !•
1 11
5
1 10
9 7
15
15
15 <)
19 6
8
10
10
7
17 8
8
16
14
18 7
10
14 6
14 6
No. II. Enoi.ism Coixs. — Account of the Quantity of T/W Silver coined into 20*. or the PoimilSterlinR;
thoCJuantity of .SVrtHr/rtcrf Silver, of 11 oz. Silwts. Fine and ISdwts. Alloy, ciinlnineil in 'JO-v. or the Pound
Sterling, in the diU'erent Keif^ns, from the Time of hMward I. to the Ueign of William IV.— A similar
Acconnt with respeet totiold. — And an Account of the proportional Value of Fine Gold to Fine
Silver, arcordinR to the Number of Grains contained in the Coins.— Calculated in Grains and 1000/A
Parts Troy Ifcia/it.
A. I).
li.'HO
i.m
I3;W
1401
14'21
14(l-t
14l>:>
1470
1482
1;)0<»
1;".27
1;')43
1547
1.549
♦1551
15.'52
Vim
]m)
li«)4
lti2i)
IfilUi
1717
tlSKi
Anno Rc)pii.
1. I S.
.. , .,, . INimibtrofdrains
Numl«r of drains of stamlarcl Sil-
"■L''i'.":.^."*'"' '" ver, 1 1 oi. 2 dwn.
i'> ':!"I""K;> <"■ l Fine in W Sliil-
the I'ound Ster- 1 !,„„, or tlie
hiiB, as loinejl lij, p„u„j ^t^ninB,
tlie Mint Indtn- ; », lolned liy the
tures. I jijii, Indentures.
Conquest
8 Edward I.
18 Fdward 111.
2 J
SO
3 Henry IV.
9 Henry V.
4 Kdward IV.
.5
49 Henry VI.
22 Kilward IV.
1 Henry VIII.
18
Si
;3t)
1 Edward VI.
3
."5
6
1 Mary
2 Elizabeth
4J
2 James I. .
2 Charles I.
18 Charles II.
3 George I,
5() George III.
Silver.
Num!ieTof(irain.s
of Fine (iolil in
•^0 ShiUiiiKs, or
tlie roiintl Ster-
ling;. .IS coined !>>
the Mint Inden-
tures.
Crnint.
4,995-000
4,995-000
4,9J3'J33
4,440-(l()0
3,9M6l)(H)
.'3,;)30 000
2,(i<i4 0(K)
2,(1()4-C0()
2,fiti4-(i()0
2,r,()4(KM)
2,niil-(M)0
2,,')(iS (XX)
2,0(K)(HHJ
1,20()000
MHitXX)
800-00()
8(J0()0()
4(I0(K)0
1,7(10 000
I,;ii8(l00
l,7<iOli()0
1,77()00()
1,718-709
l,718-7('9
1,718 709
1,718-709
1,718-709
l,(il4-545
Griiint.
5,400 -OOO
.5,400-000
5,.')33 3iii
4,800-000
4,,->20-000
4,.'320-000
3,t)00-000
2,880-000
2,880-000
2,880-000
2,880000
2,880-000
2,-560-000
2,lfi2-Ui2
1,297-297
864-8ri4
864-864
864-864
1,902-702
1,911-351
l,li02-7()2
l,9£0-0(;0
1,858-064
1,858-06-1
],8.-.8-(,6I
1,858-064
1,858-064
1,745454
Gold.
Trctportionate
N'alue of Fine
tiold to Fine
Nuinlicr of Grains
ot-Standard (iolil.i
Ti Carats fine, in !
'^(1 Shillings, or jSilver, accordinc
the I'ounirsier- to lhe()uantil.v of
lin;;, as coined by each flelal ciiii
the Mint Inden- tained in the
tures. Coins.
Graint,
407-990
383-705
a58-125
3.58125
322-312
257-850
2.38-750
238-750
238-750
2;j8-750
210149
191 -(Mi
176-()()0
KiO-lOO
KiO-OOO
155-294
160-000
KHIIKK)
1.59166
It^l-dOO
1.07-612
141-935
128-780
118-651
113-(.01
ll;;-(X»l
Graiut^
445-080
418-.58«
390-682
390-682
351-613
281-291
260-4,54
2(i0-4,:4
260-4.54
260-451
229-2.53
209 0!K)
192-(X)0
174-54;5
174545
169-412
174-545
174-545
173-636
174-.545
171940
l;54-838
140-4«7
129 4;;8
123-274
123-274
(JuUl ti Silver.
1 to 12-091
1 — 11.571
1 — 11158
1 — 11-158
1 — lo-a-Ji
1 — 10-;>3I
1 — 11158
1 — 11-158
1 — 11-1.58
1 — 111.58
1-11-268
1 — 10-43-t
1— 6 818
1 _ 5 OdO
1_ 5(H)0
1— 5-151
1 — n-000
1 — 11(1.50
1 — 110.57
1 — 11 -KM)
1 — 10-904
I — 12-109
1 — 13-.'>4(i
I — 14-485
1 — 15-209
1 — 14-287
No. III. Scotch Coins. — .'.ccount of the Number of Pounds, Shillings, and Penni js Scotch, which have
been coined out of One Pound Weight of Silver, at d'tterent Times; with the Degree of Purity of such
Silver, or its Fineness, from the Year 1107 to the Year 1(K)1. — (From Cardunncl's Numismata Scvtiic
p. 24.)
A.D.
From
1107
to
1296
From
1306
to
1329
13(«;
13i)7
From
1371
to
i:;oo
13!)3
1424
Anno Rc^i.
Alexander I.
David I.
William
Alexander 1 1.
Alexander II!.
John Ualiol
>• Robert I.
David 11.
> Robert II.
Robert III.
James I.
3=!
oil
4
19
Purity.
Alloy.
Oz. jiw.
Ot. pre.
11 2
IS
u 2
18
11 2
11 2
18
18
n 2
18
11 2
u -2
18
18
Value of the
Moiiev c
oni-
«! mit of a
A.D.
U..\Vtit'lU
ot Silver.
£ s.
rf.
1451
145(i
1
1475
1484
14^8
1489
1.529
1 1
1544
1556
I5(>5
1 5
l,5(i7
1 9
4
1571
1.576
1 9
4
1579
1581
1 12
1601
1 17
6
Anno I<C|;ni.
James II.
James III.
f James IV.
James V.
Mary
James VI.
15
20
16
24
ni
16
3
14
23
1
5
10
\3
15
31
35
I'urity.
Alloy.
Oz.
_
Or., /lie.
11
2
18
11
18
11
2
18
11
2
18
11
2
18
11
1
Tl
1
11
1
11
I
11
1
9
3
8
4
n
1
u
(">
1
1 1
1
i"
1
7
9 12
9 12
13
18
18
16 14
16 14
22
24
30
;36
' §
\ i
* 1551 — 5 Edward VI.] The coinage of debased silver money in the 5th year of Edward VI. of 3 oz..
fine, ought more properly to be considered as Tokens. The sum of 120,000/. only was so coined. — (See
Jnincn'.i Essai/s, cliap. iv.)
t 1816 — 5() George HI.] Tliegovernment having taken the coiiuige of silver into its own h.inds, tht .0
is at present no fixed price paid to the public, by the mint, for standard silver. And supiiosing the
government to continue the ^iresent mint regulations, and to keep gold at 77.v. lOjrf. an ounce, as the
price of silver varies, the relative value of gold to silver will vary in like proportion.
320
COINS.
1
1
1
1
\
)r
J' 1 .
> ^
m
:;
No. IV. Scotch Coins. — Account of the Number of Pounds, Shiilingg, and Pennies Scotch, which have
been coined out of 'One Pound Weight of Gold ; with the Degree of tlieir Purity, and the Proportion
that the Gold bore to the .Silver. — iCardonncl, p. 25.)
A.D.
1371, &c.
ISiH), &c.
1424
1451
W)6
1475
14S4
1488
1.029
1,556
1.167
1579
1.597
Mm
1633
Anno ReKni.
Robert II.
Kobcrt II.
James I.
James II.
James III.
James IV.
James V.
Mary
James VI.
Charles I.
19
15
20
16
24
1
16
14
10
13
31
a5
9
Fineness.
02. nni. fjr,
11 18 18
11 18 18
11 IS 18
11 IS 18
11 18 18
11 18 18
11 18 18
11 18 18
11 18 18
11
11
10 10
11
11
11
Vlloy.
Oz.
mv. lit.
1 6
1 6
1 6
1 6
1 6
1 6
1 6
1 6
1 6
10
Value of the Coin
coined out of (Ine
I'ound of (iold.
£
s.
rf.
17
12
19
4
22
10
iH
6
.50
78
15
78
15
78
15
108
144
240
240
360
432
492
I'ound of Pure (iold
weighed of Pure
Silver.
Lbi, oz,
11 1
11 1
11 1
9 8
9 8
10 2
10 5
10 5
10 5
10 5
10 5
U 5
12
12
13 2
ff §2
17 22
17 22
4 14
4 14
20
7 9
9
9
6
6
20
11
No. V. — Account of the Value of the Gold and Silver Coins, specifying each, coined at the Mint, c.ich
Year since 1790. — {Par/. Paper, No. 138. Sess. 1833 ; and papers published by the Board of Trade.)
Vean.
(iold coined.
Silver coined.
Years.
Gold colnetl.
Silver coined.
1
£
s.
d.
£ s.
rf.
£
S.
rf.
.£' s. rf.
1790
2,660,521
10
Nil.
1812
Nil.
52 14
1791
2,456,566
17
6
Nil.
1813
519,722
3
89 18
1792
1,171,863
251 17
6
1814
Nil.
161 4
1793
2,747,430
Nil.
1815
Nil.
Nil.
1794
2,558,894
12
6
Nil.
1816
Nil.
1,805,251 16
1795
493,416
293 11
11
1817
4,275,337
10
2,4;!(i,297 12
1796
464,680
2
6
Nil.
1818
2,862,373
10
.576,279
1797
2,0(X»,297
5
Nil.
1819
3,574
10
8
1,267,272 12
1798
2,967,504
15
U
Nil.
1820
949,516
10
847,717 4
1799
449,961
IS
Nil.
1821
9,520,7.'58
13
10
433,()86
1800
189,937
2
6
Nil.
1S22
5,,;5(),787
12
6
31,430 7 1
ISOl
4.-)0,242
2
S3 7
1
1823
759,748
10
285,271 16
1802
437,018
18
6
62
1824
4,065,(175
282,070 16
1803
.596,444
12
6
72 6
8
182.5
4,.58(),919
417,5a-> 16
ISOt
718,396
17
6
77 10
1826
5,896,461
7
6
608,605 16
1805
54,668
5
182 18
1827
2,512,636
17
6
33,019 16
1806
405.105
15
.Nil.
1828
1,008,559
n
6
16,288 3
1807
Nil.
108 10
1829
2,446,754
12
6
108,2.59 16
1808
.•371,744
2
O'^
Nil.
1>S30
2,.-;87,881
2
6
151 16
1809
298,<H6
11
114 14
1831
587,919
14
5
33,69(5 5 8
1810
1811
316,935
312,263
r<
a
120 18
Q
3
6
Nil.
Total
£•(59,856,89*
8
9
9,183,259 5 9
No. VI. Gold Coins of differkxt Countries — A Table containing the Assays, Weights, and Values
of the principal Gold Coins of all Countries, computed according to the Mint Price of Gold in Kngland,
and from Assays made both at London and Paris, which have been found to verify each other.*
*,* The jiublishers of this work have purchased the right to publish this Table from Dr. Kelly, in the
second edition of whose Ctmibist it originally appeared.
COINS.
ArsTRiAV 7 Souverain
DoMi.Mo.NS J Double ducat
Ducat Kremnitz,or Hungarian
Carolin . . -
Max d'or, or Maximilian
Ducat
Ducat (double, &c. in proportion)
Pistole - . -
Pistole (double in proportion)
Ducat - - -
Ducat
Ducat current
Ducat specie
Christian d'or
ISavaria
Bkrn -
Brunswick -
CoLDONH
Di:n.mark •
Weifcht.
Contents
\'al
Weight.
in inirj
(iolil.
Sterling.
Ciir.gr.
Ihvt.pr.
litvt'^>\ mi.
iiniinit.
«.
<(.
W. 04
3 14
3 13 15
78-6
13
10-92
P. 1 2f
4 12
4 20 5
106'4
18
9-97
B. 1 3
2 52
2 10 3
53-3
9
5-91
W. 3 2
() 5i
5 5 10
115-
20
4-2.1
\V. 3 2i
4 4
3 14
77'
13
7-44
B. 1 2,
2 ■,%
2 19 11
,52-8
9
4-12
B. 1 15
1 23
2 2 1
\r> 9
8
1-48
W. 1;
4 21
4 19
105-5
18
7-86
W. 1:
4 2U
4 19 5
105-7
18
8-48
B. 1 Oi
2 5?
2 8 9
51-8
9
0-
B. 1 2
2 5i
2 9 8
52-6
9
,3-70
W. 3f
2
1 21 19
42-2
7
5-(i2
B. 1 2
2 55
2 9 8
5 J -6
9
3-7()
W. 1
1
4 7
4 5 16
93-3
16
6-14
• The London assays in this Table were made by Robert Binglcy, Esq. F.R.S. the King's Assay
Master of the Mint, and those at Paris by Pierre Frt'd^ric Bonneville, Essayeur da Commerce, as
published in his elaborate work on the coins of all nations.
Specimens of all the foreign coins brought to London for commercial purposes have been supplied for
this Table from the BuUion-office, Bank of England, by order of the Bank Directors, ami have been
selected by John Humble, Esq., the chief clerk of that ohicc, who also examined the Tallies in their
progress. It may likewise be addeil, that the Mint Reports of these commercial coins are chiefly from
average assays ; and that all the computations have been carclully verified by diH'orent calculators. —
tNote by Dr. Kelly, to second edition of the Catnbist, published in 1821.)
%^m
^
COINS.
321
ion -^
- — 1
COINS.
Assay.
1
\»'elsht. ;
Standard
Wt'iKht. 1
ContenU
in Pure
(■old.
Value In
Slerllng.
oia
Car, gr.
Dtrl. gr.
Dn*/. gr, ml.
GrairU,
: d.
re
England
- Guinea ...
Stand.
5 91 ;
5 9 10
118-7
21 0-
Half-guinea
Stand.
2 1Hf
2 16 15
59-3
10 6-
p.
Seveu shilling piece-
Stand.
1 19 1
1 19
39-6
7 0-
2
Sovereign - . . -
Stand.
5 3i
5 3 5
1131
20 0-
2
Fhance
. Double l.ouis (coined before 1786) -
W. 2
10 11
10 5 6
224'9
39 9-64
2
Louis - -
W. 2
5 51
5 2 12
112-4
10 10-71
i
Double Louis ^coined since 1786) -
W. u
9 20
9 15 19
212-6
37 7-53
4
Louis
\V. li
4 22
4 19 19
106-3
18 9-75
>0
Double Napoleon, or piece of 40
9
francs - - -
W. Ij
8 7
8 3
179-
31 836
9
Napoleon, or piece of 20 francs
W. li
4 31
4 1 10
89-7
IS 10-5
9
New Louis (double, &c.) the same
f) >•»
as the Napoleon.
6
Fbanckfort on the Maine Ducat - - |
R. 1 ^
2 5j
2 9 14
.';2-9
9 4-34
20
Gemiiva
. Pistole, old ...
\V. 2
4 7i
4 4 18
92-5
16 4-45
Pistole, new
\V. 01
3 15j
3 15 4
80-
14 1-9
Genoa -
m Sequin ....
IJ. 1 3J
2 5x
2 10 6
53-4
9 5-41
11 i
Hamburgh
. Ducat (double in proportion)
H. 1 2i
2 5i
4 6
2 9 14
52-9
9 4-35
Hanover
. George il'or
W. Jj
4 5 3
92-6
16 466
each
)
Ducat ...
15. 1 lik
2 5f
2 10 3
53-3
9 519
Gold Horin (double in proportion) -
\V. 3 Oi
2 2
1 18 6
39-
6 10-83
Holland
- Double ryder - - -
Stand.
12 21
12 21
283-2
50 1-46
:■
Ryder - ...
Stand.
6 9
6 9
140-2
24 9-75
1. i
Ducat - . -
IJ. 1 21
W. 1 sl
2 5f
2 9 12
52-8
9 4-13
— £" ■
Malta
- Double Louis - .
10 16
9 18 18
215-3
38 1-25
''• B^^
Louis ...
W. 1 3
5 8
4 21 16
108-
19 1-37
"; ' :'
Demi Louis ...
W. 1 ^
2 16
2 11 3
54-5
9 7-75
:
Milan
- Sequin - . .
B. 1 3
2 5f
4 1}
2 10
53-2
9 4-98
Doppia or pistole
40 Lire piece of 1808
W. 1
4 8
88-4
15 7-74
W. If
8 8
8 4
179-7
31 9-64
i
Naples -
. Six ducat piece of 1783
W. 2
5 16
5 12 18
121-9
21 6-89
>
Two ducat piece, or sequin, of 1763
W. 1 2*
B. 1 al
1 201
1 16 6
37-4
6 7-42
)
Three ducat piece, or oncetta, of 1818
2 101
2 15 1
581
10 3-40
2
Netherlands Gold lion, or 14 florin piece
stand.
5 7i
5 7 16
1171
20 8-69
^
-i-'l
'J'en florin piece (1820)
W. If
4 7f
4 5 15
93;;:
16 5-93
3
Parma -
. Quadruple pistole (double in propor.
7 1
tion) ...
W. 1
18 9
17 12 18
386-
68 3-78
6
Pistole or doppia of 1787
W. 3
4 14
4 10 4
97-4
17 2-85
6
Ditto of 1796
W. 1 OJ
4 14
4 8 14
95-9
16 11-67
6
'.c^
Maria Theresa (1818)
VV. If
4 31
4 1 10
89-7
15 10-5
6 ! ;,m
Piedmont
. Pistole coined since 1785 (J, &c. in
fi -;|
proportion) - -
W. u
5 20
5 17
125-6
22 2-75
3 1
Sequin (J in proportion)
B. 1 ^
2 5f
2 9 12
52-9
9 4-34
6 3
Cailino, coined since 1785 (|, &c. in
6 »
proportion) - -
W. li
29 6
28 20
634-4
112 3-3'
5 8 ?|
Piece of 20 francs, called Marengo -
. Ducat
W. 2
B. 1 24
4 31
2 5f
3 18 4
2 9 12
82-7
529
14 7-63
9 4-34
Poland -
5 9 . -m
Portugal
. Dobraon of 24,000 rees
Stand.
M 12
34 12
759-
134 3-96
?
Dobra of 12,800 rees
Stand.
18 6
18 6
401-5
71 0-70
'allies
MoidoreorLisbonnine (J.&c. inprop.)
Stand.
6 22
6 22
152-2
26 1124
gland.
Piece of 16 testoons, or 1,600 rees .
W. (!f
2 6
2 5 14
49-3
8 8-70
Old crusado of 400 rees
VV. Oi
W. o|
15
14 18
13-6
2 4-88
New c'usado of 480 rees
161
16 2
14-8
2 7-43
in the ,
Milrec vCoined for tbe African colo-
••ii i
nies 17S5)
Stand.
19f
19 15
18-1
3 244
Si"! 1
PRI'SSIA .
. Ducat of 1748
B. 1 21
2 5f
2 9 14
52-9
9 404
le in T> U
liiii;. !•> -i^
Ducat of 1787
B. 1 2
2 5f
2 9 6
526
9 3-71
Frederick (double) of 1769
W. If
W. Ij
8 14
8 9 18
185-
32 8-90
Frederick (single) of 1778
4 7
4 5 4
92-8
16 .508
Frederick (double) of 1800
•W. 2
8 14
8 9 6
184-5
32 7-84
Frederick (single) of 1800
W. 2
4 7
4 4 13
922
16 3-42
10'il2 n'' .;'|
Rome -
. Sequin (coined since 1760)
B. 1 3
2 44
2 9
52-2
9 2-86
Scudo of the Republic
W. 1
B. 1 2
17 01
16 16 6
.'367-
6-4 11-43
rrsn S.r 1
Russia
- Ducat of 1796 -
2 6
2 10
53-2
9 4-98
in **■ 1
Ducat of 1763
B. 1 2
2 5
; 9 8
52-6
9 3-71
Gold ruble of 1756
Stand.
1 0;
1 10
22-5
3 11-78
4"12 9
Ditto of 1799 - - -
W. OJ
18
18 14
171
3 0-31
148 , J
7-86 iM
Gold poltin of 1777
Stand.
9
9
8-2
1 5-41
Imperial of 1801
B. 1 21
7 171
8 6 8
181-9
32 2-31
8'4H ^B
Half Imperial of 1801 -
B. 1 2
3 20
4 3 4
90-9
16 1-05
Hk
Ditto of 1818 -
B.
4 3
4 3 12
91-3
16 1-98
;i-70 ^^
Sardinia
• Carlino (^ in proportion)
W. 2
10 7
9 23 16
219-8
30 810
5'(>'i ^^
Sasony
- Ducat of 1784
B. 1 2
2 5
2 9 8
52-6
9 3-71
3'7() Ik.
Ducat of 1797 ...
B. 1 2
\V. 2
2 5
4 6
2 9 14
52-9
9 4-34
^'^^ ,^S
Augustus of 1754
4 3 8
91-2
16 169
^^^^
Augustus of 1784
W. 1
W. 1 2
4 R
4 4 12
92-2
16 3-81
f''
Sicily *
- Ounce of 1751 ...
2 20
2 15 8
582
10 3-60
Double ounce of 1758
. Doubloon of 1772 (double and single
W. 1 2
5 17
5 7 14
117-
20 8-48
1
Spain
Assay f
cc, as 1
in proportion)
' Juadruple pistole of 1801
: 'istole of 1801
W. 2i
W. 1 1
17 81
17 9
61 21 16
16 9 6
372-
360-5
65 1005
63 962
t„>
W. I 1
4 81
4 2 6
90-1
15 11-35
cd for I "
Coronilla, gold dollar, or vintem of
been
1801
W. 1 21
1 3
1 18
22-8
! 4 0-42
their .
SWBDEN
. Ducat . . .
B. 1 2
2 5
2 8 12
1 51-9
9 2-22
from ll^ ' .
iti'i
iV
1
* Much variation is found in the fineness of the Sicilian gold coins,
Y
tf*^
'■"i g^^^— ■^—
ms
3'J2
COINS.
r
Stnndaril
('tiHti'IltS
Va
111. in 1
COINS.
ASBilJ.
WeiKllt.
WciKhl.
in pure
(iuld.
S telling.
Cur, t^r.
Difl. t;r.
Dw/. ffr, mi.
Grtiitu,
t.
d.
Switzerland Pistole of the Helvetic Republic of
180()
W. Ij
4 2U
4 l!) 9
iQr,-9
18
8-91
Treves - - Ducat - . -
B. 1 a
2 .'if
2 9 8
52 (>
9
3-71
Turkey - Sequin fonducli of Constantinople of
1773
W. 2 2i
W. 2 3
2 5}
1 23 fi
4.'5-3
7
7-9*
Sequin fonducli of 1789
Half missier (1818)
2 5}
18}
1 22 1()
42-9
7
711
w. r, 3i
13 5
1216
2
1-82
Sequin fonducli
W. 2 3
2 5
1 22 7
42-5
7
6-26
Yermecbcshlek
B. :i
2 li
3 4 13
703
12
r>-:ii)
Tuscany - Zecchino or sequin
B. 1 3i
3 sl
2 10 14
.M-O
9
5-83
Ituspone of tlic kingdom of Ktruria
B. 1 ai
7 7 13
Kil-
28
5-93
United States • Kagle (J and \ in proportion)
Venic'b • Zecchino or sequin H and ^ in pro-
VV. Oi
a c
11 4 8
24(il
43
6-66
portion) . . -
B. 1 3i
2 (5
2 10 10
,53T)
9
5-83
WiRTEMBERO Caroliti - • -
W. 3 2
6 3i
5 4
113-7
20
1-47
Uucat ...
B. 1 2
2 S"
2 8 1;^
51-9
9
2-22
Ducat (double and | ducat in pro-
portion) ...
B. 1 2
2 5?
2 9 8
52-6
9
3-71
EAST INDIES.
Mohurofl770 . - -
B. 1 2i
7 22i
8 11 i!>
18fv8
33
0-72
Mohur, Half (1787), i in proportion
B. 1 iJ
3 23
4 Ifi 10
94-
16
7-64
Mohur Sicca of Bengal
B. 1 3i
7 23
8 15
1898
30
1;P4
Mohur of the Dutch East India}
Company (1783) - -J
W. 3 Si
10 2
8 8
183-4
32
5 50
Mohur, Half Ditto (1801)
W. 3 li
B. Oj
.'; Si
4 18 18
!)fi-2
17
0-30
Kupee, Bombay (1818)
7 11
7 11 13
icn
2£,
1-78
Huiiee of Madras (1818)
Stand.
7 12
7 12
IM-
29
242
Pagoda, star - - .
W. 3
2 4f
1 21 11
41-8
7
4-77
li'o. VII. Silver Coins op niFFERF.NT Counthies. ~ A Table containing the Assays, Weights, and
Values of the principal Silver Coins of all Countries, computed at the rate of 5*. id. per Ounce
Standard, from Assays made both at the London and Paris Mints.
COINS.
Austria - Rixdollar of Francis II., 1800
Rixdollarofthekingdom of Hungary
Half rixdollar, or florin, Convention
Copftsuck, or 20 creutzer piece
17 Creutzer piece
Hallic copf, or 10 creutzer piece
Baden . - Rixdollar - - -
Bavaria - Rixdollar of 1800 (i in proportion) -
Copftsuck . . -
Bern . - I'atagon or crown (i in proportion)
Piece of lObatzen
Bremen - Pieceof 48 grotes
Brunswick - Rixdollar, Convention
Half rixdollar
Gulden, or piece of J, fine, of 1764 -
Gulden, common, ol 1764
Gulden, ditto, of 1795
Half gulden, or piece of J, of 1764 -
Denmark - Ryksdaler, specie, of 1798
New piece of 4 marks
H.ilf ryksdaler - -
Mark, specie, or \ ryksdaler
Rixdollar, specie, of Sleswig and
Holstein (pieces of J and ^ in prop.)
Piece of 24 skillings
England - Crown (oW) - -
Half-crown . . -
Shilling
Sixpence - - -
Crown {new)
Half-crown - -
Shilling ...
Sixpence ...
France - Ecu of 6 livres ...
Demi ecu - -
Piece of 24 sous (divisions in prop.)
Piece of 30 sous (J in proportion) -
Piece of 5 francs of the Convention
Piece of 5 francs (Napoleon) of 1808
Piece of 2 francs of 1808
Franc of 1809 ...
Demi franc - . .
Franc (Louis) of 1818, same as franc
o» 1809.
Geneva - Patagnn . ...
Piece of 15 sous of 1794
Assay.
Weight.
Stanflard
^^■«it!ht.
rontents
in Pure
Silver.
Value in
Sterling.
Oz. (Int.
Dwt. <rr.
Divt. gr. mi.
Gmiiia.
1. tl.
W. 1 5
18 I
16 4
aw -5
4 1-64
W. 1 2
18 1
16 6 1
3a)s
4 239
W. I 3
9 Oi
8 2 1
179-6
2 1-07,
W. 4 3
4 C>i
2 16 3
594
8-29'
W. 4 8
4
2 9 18
53-5
7 ••17
W. 5 5
2 11
I 7 1
28-8
4-01
W. 1 4
18 2
16 3 1
3i8-l
4 2-
W. 1 4j
17 12
15 13 13
3456
4 0-25
W. 4 3
4 6i
2 16 3
59-4
8-29
W. 7
18 22
18 7 14
406-7
4 879
W. 1 2
5 3
4 14 17
102-5
1 2-31
W. 2 2
11
8 22 1
198-
2 3-64
W. 1 3
18 1
16 4 4
359-2
4 215
W. 1 3
9 04
8 2 2
179-6
2 1-07
B. 16
8 lOi
9 1 1
200-8
2 403
W. 1 2
9
8 2 10
180-
2 1-13
W. 2 2
11 li
8 23 7
199-1
2 3-80
W. 1 2
4 12
4 15
90-
1 056
W. 13
18 14
17 11 17
388-4
4 623
\V. 12
12 9
11 16 14
2:59 8
3 0-27
W. 13
9 7
8 17 8
194-2
2 3-11
W. 3 1
4
2 21 12
64-4
759 j
W. 12
18 13
17 12 6
389-4
4 6-37
W. 4 7
.-; 2i
3 2 10
68-9
962
Stand.
19 8i
19 8 10
4297
5 0- i
Stand.
» 16i
9 16 5
214-8
2 6- 1
Stand.
3 21
3 21
85-9
1 0-
Stand.
1 22i
18 4|
1 22 10
42 9
6-
Stand.
18 4 7
403-6
4 8-36;
Stand.
9 2
9 2 4
201-8
2 4-181
Stand.
3 15i
3 15 6
807
1127
Stand.
I 19|
1 19 14
403
5-63
W. 7
18 IS
18 7 16
4031
4 8-28 ;
W. 7
9 9
9 1 18
201-5
2 4-131
W. 7
3 20
3 16 19
83-4
11-64!
W. 3 8
6 12
4 12 4
100-2
1 1-99
W. lOJ
16
15 5 14
338-3
3 11-24
W. •/
16 1
15 12 4
344-9
4 0-16
W. 7
6 11
6 6 2
138-8
1 7-3S
W. 7
3 Si
3 3 1
69-4
969
W. 8}
I 15
4 13 6
347
484
W. 1
17 9
15 19 8
3.51-
4 1-03
W. 2 6
2 li
1 15 1
361
5-04
; i-
* Thin value of the American eagle is taken from average assays of the coins of twelve years
COINS.
323
0-30
1-78
4-77
d.
104
2-39 I
11»7 1
8-2!) l
7 '47 I
4-01 1
4
1
2
4
2
2
2
2
1
4
3
2
101 I
'(■25
1-29
J-79l
0-25 I
8-5
8-
2-31 i
3-04!
2-ir. I
107
403 I
1-13 I
3'80i
56
r>-2;!
()-27
3-11 I
7-59 i
6-37
9-62 '
0- 1
6- I
0-
6- 1
8'3fi ■;
4-18 I
11-27 I
5-63
4 8-28 ■
2 4'13
11-64 !
1 1-99 1
3 11-24 1
4 0-16
t 7-38
909
484
4 1-03
5-041
COINS.
Genoa - - Scudo, of 8 lire, of 179() (J, \, &c. in
proportion) ...
Scudo of the I.igutian Republic
Hamburgh . Hixdollar, specie ...
Double iiiflrli, or 32 schilling piece
(single in proportion)
Piece of 8 schillings
Piece of 4 schillings
Hanover - Hixdollar, Constitution
Florin, or piece of J, fine
Half florin, or piece of 4, ditto
Quarter, or piece of 6 good gro-
schcn, ditto - . -
Florin, or piece of J, base
Hesse Cassel Hixdollar, Convention
Floriij,or piece of j (^in proportion)
Thaler of 1789 - - -
Kcu, Convaition (1815)
Bon^ros . . •
Holland - Ducatoon > .
Piece of 3 florins
Hixdollar (the assay varies)
Half rixdollar . - .
Florin or guilder (J in proportion) -
12 Stiver i)iece . .
Florin of tiatavia
Hixdollar, or 50 stiver piece, of the
kingdom of Holland
LuBEC - - Rixdollar, specie
Double mark ...
Mark ...
Lucca - - Scudo ...
Barbone
Malta . - Ounceof 30 tari of Emmanuel Pinto
2 Tari piece
Milan - . Scudo of 6 lire (j in proportion)
I^iira, new
Lira, old ...
Scudo of the Cisalpine Republic
Piece of 30 soldi of ditto
Modena - Scudo of 15 lire, 1739 (double, &c, in
proportion) ...
Scudo of 5 lire, of 1782
Scudo of 1796
Naples . Ducat, new (i in proportion)
Piece of 12 Carlini of 1791
Ditto of 1796
Ditto of 1805 (4 in proportion)
Ditto of 10 Carlini (1818)
Netherlands Ducatoon, old . .
Ducatoon of Maria Theresa
Crown (J, &c. in proportion)
5 Stiver pie<'e . . .
Florin of 1790
Florin of 1816
Half florin (with divisions in prop.)
Parma . - Ducat of 1784
Ducat of 1796 (\ in proportion)
Piece of 3 lire - . .
Piedmont . Scudo, 1755 (J, &c. in proportion) .
Scudo, 1770 () and \ in proportion)
Piece of2 lire (1714)
5 Franc piece (1801)
Poland > Rixdollar, old . .
Rixdollar, new (1794)
Florin, or gulden
Portugal • New crusado( 1690)
Ditto (1718) . . -
Ditto (1795)
Doze vintems, or piece of 240 rees
(1799)
Testoon (1799)
New crusado (1809)
Seis vintems, or piece of 120 rets
(1802)
Testoon (1802)
Tres vintems, or piece of 60 rees (1802)
Half testoon (1802)
PoRTiNiuESE ) Piece of 8 macutes, of Portuguese
Colonies J Africa ...
Ditto of 6 ditto . . .
Ditto of 4 ditto . . .
Prussia . *Rixdollar, Prussian currency, (| in
proportion)
Rixdollar, Convention
Florin, or piece of §
Standard
'(mtentt
Value In
Assay.
Weight.
WeiKht.
in I'urc
Silver.
Sterlinx.
Oz.ilnt.
Vtvt.gr,
Drvl.gr.mi.
Craitu.
1. d.
W. 8
21 9
20 14 10
4.'57-4
5 3-87
W. 9i
21 9
20 11 2
4;-.4-3
5 3-43
W. 10
18 18
17 21 12
397-5
4 7-49
W. 2 3
11 18
9 11 8
210-3
2 536
W. 3 12
3 8i
2 6 4
50-1
6-9!)
VV. 4 6
2 2
1 6 12
28-3
3-93
W. 9
18 19
18 14
400-3
4 7-89
B. 16
8 10
9 10
200-3
2 3-96
B. 16
4 4
4 11 4
99-2
1 1-85
B. 16
2 1
2 4 10
48-6
6-78
W. 2 1
11 Oi
8 23 15
1996
2 3-87
W. 1 6
18 1
15 22 6
353-
4 1-39
W. 1 6
9 Oi
7 23 3
176-8
2 0-68
W. lOJ
12 7
11 17 5
2.59-7
3 0-26
W. 1 6
17 23|
15 21 2
349-3
4 077
W. 6 14
1 4
11 5
10-3
1-43
B. 3
20 22
21 4 15
471-6
5 585
W. 2
20 7
20 2 12
44(J-4
5 2-33
W. 16
18 6
16 20 8
375 9
4 4-99
VV. (» 16
9
8 8 8
185-4
2 1-88
W. 4J
6 18
6 14 14
146-8
1 8-49
W. Itii
4 12
4 3 18
92-4
1 0-90
W. 5i
6 13
6 9 2
141-6
1 7-77
W. 5J
17
16 13 18
367-9
4 3-37
VV. 13
18 8
17 IS 12
391-9
4 672
VV. 2 3
11 18
9 U 8
210-3
2 5-36
\V. 2 3
5 21
4 17 14
105-1
1 2-67
VV. 3
17
16 18 10
372-3
4 3-98
VV. 3 3
1 20i
1 7 14
29-3
4-09
VV. 2 5
19 H
15 4 14
337-4
3 11-11
W. 2 19
1 2
19 2
17-7
2-41
VV. 7
14 202
14 9 10
319-6
3 862
VV. 4 10
4
2 9
52-8
7-37
W. 3
2 10
2 9 4
52-9
7-38
W. 7
14 211
14 10 4
320-2
3 871
VV. 2 18
4 17
3 11 8
77-2
10-78
VV. 14
18 121
17 8 9
385-2
4 5-78
W. 3
5 19
5 17 2
126-8
1 5-70
W.S 3
18 If
12 22 12
287-4
3 4-13
W. 1
14 15
13 7 8
295-4
3 5-24
VV. 1
17 15
16 18
356-
4 1-71
W. 1 2
17 16f
15 22 12
353-9
4 1-41
VV. 1 2
17 18 •
15 23 18
355-2
4 1-60
W. 1 2
14 18
13 7
295-1
3 5-20
B. 4
21
21 9
474-6
5 6-27
VV. 14
21 10
20 1 12
445-5
5 2 20
W. 14
19
17 19 4
395-2
4 7-18
W. 6 3
3 4
1 9 18
31-3
4-37
W. 14
5 231
5 14 9
124-3
1 5-35
W. 74
VV. 4 5}
6 22
6 16 6
148-4
1 8-72
5 11
3 9 2
75-
10-46
W. 9
16 11
15 18 18
3506
4 0'9S
VV. 5i
16 I2i
IS 2 18
357-9
4 1-97
VV. 1 4
4 14*
4 S 2
90-7
1 0-66
VV. 51
22 14
22 10
488-9
5 8-26
VV. 5
22 14
22 1 16
490-
5 8-42
W. 4*
/ 201
16 11
7 16 13
170-8
1 11-85
VV. 8
15 11 12
343-7
3 nv9
W. 1 2
18 1
16 6
3608
4 2-38
VV. 2 17
15 101
11 11 6
254-3
2 11-51
VV. 4 2
6
3 18 16
84-
11-72
VV. 4
11
10 19
239-2
2 940
VV. 6|
9 8
9 10
200-2
2 3-95
W. 7
9 9
9 1 18
201-6
2 415
VV. 7
4 16
4 12 10
100-4
1 201
W. 7
2 01
1 22 18
43-4
6-06
W. 4
9 3
8 23
198-2
2 4-67
W. 9
2 41
2 2 8
46-6
6-50
VV. 9
2
1 22
42-5
6-93
VV. 9
1 21
1 1 4
23-3
325
VV. 9
23
22
20-4
284
VV. 9
7 12
7 4 14
1.19-8
1 10-31
VV. 9
5 13
5 7 12
118-
1 4-47
W. 9
3 16
3 12 8
781
10-90
VV. 2 5
14 61
U 9
2:'2-6
2 11-27
VV. 1 3
18 1
16 4 2
359-
4 2-13
VV. 2 3
11 2
8 22 8
198-4
2 3-70
M
m
!»'. ■•
I % II
\c years
* The Prussian coins, having been debased at difTcrent periods, vary in their reports.
Y 2
321.
COINS.
CC.NS.
L'^
Florin of Silesia - . .
Urittcl, ur piece of 8 good groschcn
Piece of (i grosulicti
RoMK - - Scudo, or crown (coined since 1753)
Mezzo scudo, or half-crown
Teatone (1785)
Paolo (17*5)
Grosso, or half Paolo (1785)
Scudo of the itoman Uepublic (1799)
Russia • - Ruble of Peter the Great
Ditto of Catherine I. (1725)
Uittoof Peter II. (17'/7)
Dittoof Anne (1734)
Ditto of Elizabeth (1750)
Dittoof Peter III. (17()'2)
Ditto of Catherine II. (1780)
Dittoof Paul (1799)
Ditto of Alexander (1802)
Ditto of ditto (lbU5)
20 Co|)eck piece (17«7)
Ditto (1784)
15 Copeck piece (1778)
lu ('ojieck piece • . •
Ditto (17!>8)
Ditto (1802)
5 Copeck piece (1801)
Scudo, or crown (| and | in prop.) .
Rix-dollar, Convention H and i in
j)roportion) . .
Piece of 16 groschen of Leipsic
Rixdollar current of Saxe Gotha -
Thaler of lb04
ittoofl808
Ditto of Jerome Bonaparte of 1809
Scudo (I in proportion)
Piece of 40 grains
* Dollar, of late coinage
Half dollar, ditto
Mexican neceta (1774)
Ileal of Mexican plate (177.^)
Peccta provincial of 2 reals of new
plate ( 1775)
Real of new plate (1795)
Kixdollnr (1762)
Rixdollar of late coinage
Switzerland Ecu, or rixdollar of Lucerne, i, &c.
in proportion (1715)
Old gulden.or florin of Lucerne (1714)
Ecu of 40 batzcn of Lucerne (1796)
Half ditto
Florin, or piece of 40 schillings of
Lucerne U793) - -
Ecu of 40 batzcn of the Helvetic
Republic, 1798 H in proportion) .
Ecu of 4 franken (1801)
TuBKEY - Piastre of Selim of 1801
Piastre of Crim Tartary (1778)
Piastre of Tunis (1787)
Piastre (1818)
Tuscany - Piece of 10 Paoli of the Kingdom of
Etruria (1801)
Scudo Pisa of ditto (r^)
Piece of 10 lire ditto (1803)
Lira (1803)
United States fDollar, 1795 (J, &c. in proportion)
Dollar (1798)
Dollar (1802)
Dollar, an average of 8 years
Dime, or one-tenth dollar (1796) .
Half dime (1796)
Venice - Piece of 2 lire, or 24 creutzers (1800)
Ditto of 2 lire, called muneta pro-
vinciale (1808)
Ditto of 2 lire, 1802 (} and i in prop.)
Wirtembero Rixdollar, specie - - .
Copllsucls. - -
EAST INDIES.
Rupee Sicca, coined by the East
India Company at Calcutta
Calcutta (1818)
Bombay, new, or Sural (1818)
Fanam, Cananore ...
Hombay, old
Pondicherry - - .
Ditto, double
Gulden of the Dutch E. I. Co. (1820)
Sardinia
Saxony
Sicily -
Spain •
Sweden *
Auay.
Oa. lint,
W. 2 2
W. 3
W. 2
W.
W.
W.
W.
W.
W.
2
w,
6
7
\V, 2 4J
W. 2 12
1 11
1
2
\V,
vv
w.
7
2
VV. 2 4
W. 14
\V. J3
W. 16
2 2
2
2
2 6
W. 141
W. 13
W. 131
W. 7
W.
W. 2
W. 2
W.
W. 1
vv. 2
W. 4 44
W. 4 11
W. 4 Hi
VV.
W. 1
VV. 1
W.
VV.
VV.
VV.
W. 1 9i
VV. 1 9i
VV. 12
\V. 11^
W. 141
VV. 1 19
VV. 5
W. 1 2
W. 1 5
W. 6
W. 7
VV. 5 6
W. 6 13
W. 6 5*
W. 5 14
W. 4
VV. 2
B. 7
B. 7
VV. 61
VV. 7
VV. lOi
VV. al
VV. 4
W. 7
W. 8 4i
W. 8 3
W. 8 4
W. 1 3
VV. 4 2
B. 13
Stand.
VV. 01
VV. l\
B. 13
B. fii
VV. 3
W. 7i
■ar^~\.t Standard
Weight. Hei^lu.
Dipt. Kr.
9 11
5 8}
3 14
17 1
8 12|
5 2
1 17
204
17
1
IH
1
17 11
18
r,.i
16
16 12'
15
10
15
12
13 12
13
n
13 12"
3
lOJ
3
3
2
6
2
1
1
9
1
81
MM
15
2i
18
9
H
18
1
3 11
3
54
3 17'
17
14
5
21
17
8
8 16
4
7i
2
y?
3 18
1 21
18 20
18 17
17 8}
8 14tl
19
9 20
422
18 23
18 23
8 6
10 5
10
6 6}
17 ni
17 12
25 6
2 8
17 8
17 lOJ
17 10
17 8
1 19}
21f
5 19}
5 13J
5 fii
18 1
4 X6\
7 Hi
8
7 11
1 11,
1 11-
1
1 18-
6 22
Divt, gr. mi
7 16
3 20 4
2 19 G
16 17 13
8 8 16
4 23 4
1 16 4
20
16 13 18
14 1 8
13 23
13 23 4
14 6 16
14 11 16
12 12
12 10 6
12 15 10
17 7 2
12 12 12
2 19
2 12 18
1 19 18
1 14 16
I 6 16
1 6 11
15 10
('onlenta
in Pure
SUybt.
14 15
3 4
14 16
4 2
19
21 8
8 10
3 16
1 20
3 6
1 15
17 19 10
17 12
16 5 8
7 2 8
18 13 14
8 20 12
4 8 14
18 10 14
18 8 12
4 7 8
4 2 4
4 8 6
3 1 4
17 5 18
17 8 4
26 1 12
2 9 16
16 19 16
16 21 6
16 14
16 16
1 18 14
21
1 12 2
1 11 8
1 8 19
16 14 2
2 16 12
7 22
8
7 10 4
1 11 10
1 13 16
1 1 2
1 18 2
6 16 6
Ornint.
170-3
a53
(>2-3
371-5
IHTil
110-3
37-2
185
3()81
312-1
309-9
310-
3172
321-8
277-5
2759
280-8
273-
278-1
62-6
S(>-2
40 5
35-9
28-5
28-3
15-3
324-7
558-2
169-1
24H-1
45-3
42-1
43-7
348-2
117-5
370-9
1H5-4
92-3
46-1
72-2
36-1
395-5
3S8-5
360-1
1.57-5
412-3
196-7
96-8
40!)-5
407-6
95-7
<)0-9
96-5
67-7
382-9
385-0
578-7
.53-4
373-5
374-9
368-3
3701
39-5
19-5
33-4
32-8
30-5
35'J-l
59-8
175-8
17.5 9
164-7
3ii-9
.3.5-
228
39-
148-4
Value in
SlerUng.
1 11-78
1191
8 69
4 3-87
2 1-93
1 3-40
519
2-.'-,8
4 3-40
3 7-.58
3 7-27
3 7-28
3 8-29
8-9.'j
2-75
2-52
3 21
212
2-83
8-74
7-84
5-&5
5-11
3-97
3V5
2-13
3 9-34
4 2-01
1 11-61
2 10-64
6-32
5-87
6 10
3
3
3
3
3
3
0-62
4-40
3-79
1-88
088
6-43
10-08
5-04
4 7-22
4 6-28
4 2-28
1 9-99
4 9-57
2 346
1 1-51
4 9-18
4 9-18
1 1-36
1 0-69
1 1-47
9-45
4 5-46
4 5-76
6 8-80
7-4,5
4 415
4 4-35
4 3-42
4 3-68
5-71
2-72
4-66
4-58
4-25
4 214
8-35
2 0-54
2 0-56
1 11-01
4-5
4-88
3-18
5-44
1 8-72
* This it the coin which is universally circulated under the name o> ihe Spanish dollar.
-f The American dollars, and inferior silver pieces of late coinag.-, vary in flnoncss from W. 4 dwts. to
W. DJ dwts.
COINS.
325
*. d.
1 11-78
11-91
U 8 69
4 3-87
2 1-93
1 3-40
S19
2-58
4 3'40
3 7-58
3 7-27
3 7-28
3 8-29
3 893
3 2-75
3 2-52
3 321
3 2-12
3 2-83
8-74
7-84
r>-65
511
3-97
3-95
213
3 9-34
4 2-01
1 11-fil
2 10-64
6-32
5-87
6 10
4 0-62
1 4-40
4 3-79
2 1-88
1 (»-88
6-43
1008
5()4
4 7-22
4 628
4 2-28
1 999
4 9-57
2 346
1 1-51
9-18
918
1-36
0-69
1-47
9-45
4 5-46
4 5-76
6 8-80
7-45
4 415
4 4-35
4 3-42
4 3-68
5-71
2-72
4-66
4-58
4-25
4 214
8-35
■«
2 054
<)
2 0-56
•7
1 1101
•<)
4-5
4-88
•8
3-18
5-44
4
1 8-72
The aterling rnliie of the foreign coins, in tlic foregoing tabica, has been computed from the assays as
follows : — Let it be requirc<l to assixn the value in sterling, of a French double Louis d'or coined since
1786, the assay master's reiK)rt being as follows: —" Weight, 9dwts. 20grs. j assay W. 1| grs.," that is,
car. 1| gri. worse than the English standard. We proceed as under : — .
From 22 car.
Take
gr. the (Ineness of English standard gold.
Remains 21
2i
Then, as 22 car. : 21 car. 2) grs. :: 9dwts. 20 grs. : Odwts. 16 grs., the standard gold contained in the Louit
d'or ; and hence, as 1 oz. : 31. 17s. 10|rf. : : 9 dwts. 16 grs. : 1/. 17<. Hd., the value of the Louis in sterling
money, and so lor any of the other coins.
Ancient Coins. — We subjoin, for the convenience of such of our readers as may at any time have
occasion to consult works in which reference is made to ancient coins, the following tables of those that
were principally current among the Jews, Greeks, and Uomans. They were calculated by Dr. Arbuthnot
{■Tables vf Ancient Coins, IVeighls, &c. 4to ed. Ix)nd. 1754.), and do not dittbr materially from the tables
of I'aurton, whose Mttruloipc (4to. Paris, 1780.) is the most complete and elaborate work that has ever
been published with respect to ancient monies, weights, ami measures. At the same lime we confess
we should not be disposetl t3 place much reliance on these tables, and wc have elsewhere stated our
reasons for holding this opinion. — (Art. Money, Supp. to Encyc. Britannica.)
Names and Proportions.
Oerah
Jewish Coins.
10
Bekah
20
2
Shekel,
1,200
120
50
60,000
6,000
3,000
Solidus aureus, or sextula, worth
Siclus aureus, worth
A talent of gold, worth
Manch )
Mina Hebraica J
60 I Talent
Lepton
Grecian Coins.
7
Chalcus . . . .
14
2
Dichalcus ...
28
4
K
2
Hemiobolum . - .
4
2
Obolus
112
16
8
4
2
Diobolum
224
32
16
8
12
"24"
4
6
12
2
3
6
Tetrobolum
336
48
24
3
6
Drachma
662
96
48
2
4
Didrachma
1,324
112
96
48
24
12
2
Tetradrachma
i 1,660
384
120
60
30
15
7i
5
2| 1 Ij 1 Fentadrachma
Value in Sterling.
£ s. rf. 5„
1^
1 \\\
2 3g
5 14 Of
342 3 9
12 Oi
1 16 6
5,475
». d. qrs.
0J4
ij'i
27i
1 l|
3
2
3
Of these, the drachma and didrachma were of silver ; the rest, for the most part, of brass.
The drachma is here, with the generality of authors, supposed equal to the denarius : though there i(
lason to believe that the drachma was somewhat the weigtitier.
reason
Value in Sterling.
The Grecian gold coin was the stater aureus, weighing 2 Attic drachma, or .half of the ) /, ir
stater argenteus ; and exchanging usually for 25 Attic drachmas of silver . . j '°
But according to our proportion of gold to silver it was worth
There were likewise tne stater Cyzicenus, exchanging for 28 Attic drachmas, or
The stater Philippicus^ and stater Alexandrinus, were of the same value.
Stater Daricus, accordmg to Josephus, worth 50 Attic drachmas, or .
Stater Crcesius, of the same value.
Value and Proportion of the Roman Coins.
1
18
1 J2
if
9
1
3i
Teruncius
■ *
2
Sembella
4
2
Libclla )
As j
10
5
2*
Sestertius
20
10
5
2
Quinarius )
Victorlatus 3
40
20
10
* \ 2 1 Denarius
Sterling.
j; d. qn.
Y :J
Toiro
3»
H
3
ri»!
1 iri
A. i
ill:
t .
^ss^
826
COIR. — COLONIES.
I?
The Roman gold coin, or aureua, weighed generally double the denarlua ; its value, ) .
according to the proportion of gold to lilver, mentioned by Pliny, wa< - . j
Accordi'ng to tlic proportion that now obtains amonstt ui • • • 1
AccordiiiK to the decuple proportion mentioned by Livy and Julius Pollux - -
AiTordinK tc) the proportion mentioned by Tu. aim, by which the aureus exchanged for> „
25 denarii, its value .... . .J
f.
4
12
IG
31
9
11
1|
com, a species of yarti manufactured out of the husk of "pcoa nuts. The husks
being steeped in water, the dry dusty substance mixed with the Abres is separated.
These are afterwards spun into yarn, and manufactured into cordage, that is deemed by
some superior to that made of hemp. The goodness of coir depends on tlie fineness of
tlie filaments, and on their being of a briglit yellow colour. About 3,000,000 lbs. weight
are annually exported from Ceylon, principally to Calcutta, and other ports in the East
Indies. It is als<i prepared in the 3Ialdivc Islands, and many other places ; and is very
extensively used throughout the East. — (^BertolaccVa^ Ceylon; Bell's Commerce of
Bem/til, ice.)
COLOCYNTHIS, COLOQUINTIDA, or BITTER CUCUMBER (Ger.
Koloquinlen ; Du. Bitter-appelen ; Fr. Coloquintea ; It. Coloquiuiida ; Sp. Coloquintidas ;
Arab, and Pers. Hunzil), the produce of an annual plant {Cucumis colocynthia Lin.)
growing in Turkey, Nubia, India, and other places, much resembling the cucumber in
herbiige. When ripe, the fruit is peeled and dried in a stove ; and in this state is
brought to England. It is inodorous, but has an extremely bitter, nauseous taste. It
is an exceedingly powerful drastic cathartic. When it is larger than a St. Michael's
orange, and has black acute pointed ends, it is not good. — (Ainslie's Materia Indica.)
COLONIES. — COLONY TRADE. — Co/onies are establishments founded in
foreign countries by individuals who either voluntarily emigrate from, or are forcibly
sent abroad by, their mother country. The colony trade is the trade carried on between
colonies and their parent states.
I. Establishment of Colonies.
II. Influence of the Monopoly op the Colont Trade. — Slavery.
III. Magnitude, Population, Trade, &c. of British Colonies.
IV. Regulations under which Colony Trade is conducted. — Disposal op
Land in the Colonies, &c.
V. Foreign Colonies.
\
J^,
I. Establishment of Colonies.
(1.) Greek Colonies. — Various motives have, in different countries and ages, led to
the formation of colonies. * The Greek colonies of antiquity seem to have been chiefly
founded by citizens whom the violence and fury of contending factions forced to leave
their native land ; but they were sometimes formed for the purpose of relieving the
mother country of a redundant population, and sometimes also for the purpose of extending
the sphere of commercial transactions, or of providing for their security. The relations
between the mother country and the colony depended, in a great measure, on the motives
which led to the establishment of the latter. When a colony was founded by fugitives,
forcibly expelled from their ancient homes ; or when It was founded, as was frequently
the case, by bodies of voluntary emigrants, who received no assistance from, and were in
no respect controlled by, the parent state, it was from the first inde])endent : and even in
those rarer cases in which the emigration was conducted imder the superintendence of
the parent city, and when the colony was protected by her power and influence, the
dependence was, mostly, far from being absolute and complete. The great bulk of the
Greek colonies were really independent states ; and though they commonly regarded the
land of their forefathers with filial respect, though they yielded to its citizens the place
of distinction at public games and religious solemnities, and were expected to assist them
in time of war, they did so as allies only, on fair and equal terms, and never as subjects.
Owing to the freedom of their institutions, and their superiority in the arts of civilised
life to the native inhabitants of the countries among whom they were generally placed,
these colonies rose, in a comparatively short period, to a high pitch of opulence and
refinement ; and many among them, as Miletus and Ephesus in Asia INIinor, Syracuse
and Agrigentum in Sicily, and Tarentum and Locri in Italy, not only equalled, but
greatly surpassed, their mother cities in wealth and power.
• Seneca has given, in a few words, a very clear and accurate statement of the different motives that
induced the ancients to found colonies. — " h'cc omnibus eadem cansa rilinquendi qutcrendique patrir.m
fuit. Alios excidia urbium suarum, liostilihns armis elapsos, in aliena, spoliatos suis, expulcrunt : Alios
doyncstica seditio suhmovit : Alios nimia siiperjttientis populi freqncntia, ad exonerandas vires, emisit :
Alios pcstilentia, aut frequens terrarum hiatus, aut aliqua intoleranda infclicis sali ejecerunt : Quosdam
J';rlilis arte, el in majut laudatte, fa?na eorrupit : Alios alia causa cxciiit domibus suis." — (Consol. ad
Helviam, c. (>.)
COLONIES.
321
r
I
(2.) Roman Coloniei, — Tlie Roman colonics were, for the most part, founded by nnd
under tlic authority of government ; being intended to serve both as outlets for pour and
discontented citizens, and as military stations, or garrisons, to secure the subjection of
the conquered provinces over wliich they were scattered. The most intimate political
union was always maintained between them and the mother city, 'flieir internal govern-
ment was modelled on that of Rome; and, while their superior officers were mostly
sent from the capital, they were made to contribute their full quota of troops and taxes,
to assist in carrying on the contests in which the Republic was almost constantly
engaged.
(3.) Spanish Colonies. — The early colonies of most modern nations were founded by
private adventurers, influenced either by the hope of gain, or by a desire to escape from
religious persecution, without any wish to relieve the mother country of a suqilus
population, or to bridle subjugated provinces. On their first institution, therefore, the
modern colonies approached, though with some essential variations, more nearly to the
Grecian thon the Roman model — but the period of their freedom was of very
limited duration. They were very soon subjected to laws and regulations framed in the
metropolis, and calculated, as was to be supposed, rather to promote its interests than
those of the colony. At a somewhat later period the foundation of colonial establish-
ments was eagerly patronised by most European governments, in the view of extending
commerce, and of enriching the mother country, by securing to her the exclusive pos-
session of the market of distant countries ; and where, from the thinness of the abo-
riginal population, or their inferiority in the arts of civilised life, the colonists were
enabled to amass fortunes with comparative rapidity.
The Spaniards who first reported to America after its discovery, had no intention of
settling in the country, or of colonising it. The idea that gold and silver alone con-
stituted wealth was then universally prevalent ; and the bold and enterprising companions
and followers of Columbus, instead of engaging in industrious imdcrtJikings, which they
neither understood nor relished, sought only to enrich themselves by plundering the
feeble and defenceless natives of the gold and silver in their possession, and of the abund-
ance of which the most exaggerated accounts were immediately spread throughout
Europe. When new adventurers arrived on an unknown coast, their single iivquiry was,
whether it abounded in gold. If it did, they remained, for some time at least, in the
country ; if not, they immediately set sail for some other quarter. Auri rahida sitis a
cultura Hispanos divertit, is the expressive statement of a contemporary writer (I'etrus
Martyrus, in the Novus Orhis of GrynaDUs, p. 511.). The slow progress of the Spanish
colonies, after their first discovery, must principally be ascribed to this cause. The gold
and silver accumulated by the natives were very soon exhausted ; and the skill and energy
of the successive swarms of adventurers, who continued to pour into the country, were
principally directed to the unproductive and generally ruinous trade of mining. The
few large fortunes that were made in this way, like the large prizes in a lottery, inflamed
the cupidity of the multitude, and gave an appearance of credibility to the fabulous
accounts of the excessive productiveness of the mines. After the gambling spirit which
had exclusively actuated the early adventurers had begun to subside, the colonists gra-
dually betook themselves to agricultural and commercial pursuits : and the vast variety
of valuable productions with which Mexico and the other Spanish colonies abound, the
extreme richness of their soil, and their advantageous situation, would, had they been
only tolerably well governed, have occasioned their rapid increase in wealth and civilis-
ation. But a blind and intolerant despotism paralysed their energies, and fettered and
retarded tlieir progress. All the abuses and defects of the government of Old Spain
were transferred to, and multiplied in, the colonies. The whole property of those vast
regions was considered as vested in the crown of Spain ; and every law or regulation,
whether of a local or general nature, affecting their government, emanated from the
council of the Indies, in which it was supposed the king was always present. We
cannot stop to describe the sort of regulations to which the colonists were subjected with
any degree of minuteness ; but we may notice a few of them, to furnish the means of
judging of their general spirit and probable effect. It was, for example, made a capital
offence to carry on aiiy intercourse with foreigners ; and the inhabitants of the different
colonies were even forbidden any intercourse with each other, unless under the strictest
and most vexatious regulations. There were several articles, such as flax, hemp, and
wine, which they were not permitted to cultivate ; at the same time that the crown re-
served to itself the monopoly of salt, tobacco, gunpowder, and some other less important
articles. The alcavala, and other oppressive imposts, which had proved destructive of
industry in Old Spain, were rigorously levied as well on the exports as on the imports of
the colonies. No situation of power or emolument could be filled except by a native of
Old Spain. The Catholic religion was established, to the exclusion of every other ; and
bishops, tithes, and the inquisition, followed in its train : while, in order still better to
consolidate and strengthen the foundations of this monstrous despotism, the government
Y 4
r* I
,1 t,
fe^
m
ss
^aqs
^m
at ' t
COLONIES AND
endeavoured to make tlie colonists insensible of their degradation, by proscribing every
species of instruction, and watchfully opposing the introduction and progress of all useful
knowledge !
Under such circumstances, we cannot be surprised that the Continental colonists, among
whom the monopoly system was maintained in its greatest purity, should have languished
for above two centuries in a state of sluggish inactivity. Tliough surrounded by all the
means of producing wealth, they were not generally wealthy. Oppression rendered them
indolent ; and went far to deprive them not only of the power, but also of the wish, to
eiticrgc from jjoverty. The progress of the colonists who occupied the West India
islands was not quite so slow. It is certain, however, that down to the middle of last
c( ntury, Spain reaped no greater advantage from the possession of Cuba, Hispaniola, and
Forto llico, than England or France from the smallest of its dependencies. In proof of
this we may mention, that the noble island of Cuba, which could without difficulty supply
all Europe with sugar, did not, in 1750, produce a sufficient quantity even for the con-
sumption of Old Spain. But the combined influence of an arbitrary and intolerant
government, and of a degrading superstition, could not balance the means of improve-
ment, which the fertility of the soil, and the command thence arising over most of the
necessaries and many of the conveniences of life, gave to the colonists. Owing also to
the total incapacity of Old Spain to furnish her transatlantic provinces with a sufficient
supply of the articles she had forced them to import from Europe, and the consequent
extension of the contraband trade carried on with them by the other European nations,
she had been compelled gradually to relax the severity of her commercial monopoly. A
new impulse was thus given to the spirit of industry. The colonists began to be more
sensible of the natural advantages of their situation, and less inclined to submit to the
blind and bigoted policy of the Spanish court. In 1781, a rebellion broke out in Peru,
in consequence of an attempt made by the government to establish a new monopoly in
that province, w.iich threatened to end in the total dissolution of the connection between
Spain and South America, and was not quelled without great difficulty and much blood-
shed. Hut the s])irit of liberty, when once excited, could not be suppressed. It con-
tinued to gain ground progressively, until the commencement of the late contest between
France and Spain interrupted the communication with the mother country, and gave the
colonists an opportunity of proclaiming that independence which, aiier a lengthened and
bloody struggle, they happily succeeded in achieving.
(4.) British Colonics. — The English, who, like all the other nations of Europe, had
been impressed with mingled feelings of admiration and envy by the extent and im-
portance of the acquisitions made by the Spaniards in the New World, speedily entered
with enthusiasm and ardour into the career of discovery. Owing, however, to the
bull which Ferdinand and Isabella had obtained from the Pope, conveying to them
the ample donation of all the countries inhabited by infidels that the Spaniards had
discovered, or might discover, the English, to avoid encroaching on the dominions of
their rivals, directed their efforts further to the north. Several attempts to found
colonies on the coast of America were made in the reign of Elizabeth by Sir Hum-
phrey Gilbert, Sir Richard Grenville, Sir Walter Raleigh, and others. But in conse-
quence of their ignorance of the country, the deficiency of their supplies of provisions,
the loss of time in fruitless searches aflter gold, and the various difficulties incident to
the first settlement of a colony, none of these attempts proved sucoessiul : and it was
not until 1607, that a small body of adventurers founded the first permanent establish-
ment of the English in America, at James Town in Virginia. Letters patent were
granted in 1609, by King James, to the principal persons resident in London, by whom
the expense attending the formation of the colony was to be defrayed, incorporating
them into a company, and establishing a council in England for the direction of their
proceedings, the members of which were to be chosen by, and removeable at the pleasure
of, the majority of the partners of the company ; permitting whatever was necessary for
the support and sustenance of the colony for the first 7 years to be exported free of
duty ; declaring that the colonists and their descendants were to be secured in all the
rights and privileges of Englishmen, the same as if they had remained at home, or been
born in England ; and reserving only, as the stipulated price of these concessions, and
in imitation of the policy of the Spaniards, one fifth part of the gold and silver ore to
be found in the colonies, which was to be paid to his Majesty and his successors in all
time to come. In virtue of these powers, the company issued, in 1621, a charter or
ordinance, which gave a legal and permanent form to the constitution of the colony.
By this charter the supreme legislative authority was lodged, partly in the governor,
who held the place of the sovereign, partly in a council of state named by the com-
pany, and partly in a general council, or assembly composed of the representatives of
the people, in which were vested powers atid privileges similar to those of the House
of Commons. It was not long, however, before tlic kin/^ and the company quarrelled.
The latter were in consequence divested of all their riglils, partly by open violence, and
(-■I
I
I
COLONY TRADE.
329
\ i
1
'3
•0
partly under colour of law, without compensntion, after having expended upwards of
150,000/ in founding tlio colony ; and a governor and council of state a)>pointed by the
king succeeded to the powers of those appointed hy the committee. — ( iiobertson's His-
tory of America, book ix. fmssim i Jvfft'rson'ii Notes on I'iryinia, p. 179.)
The founders of the colony in \'irginia had been actuated solely l)y the hopes of
gain ; but the colonies that were soon after established in New England, were chiefly
planted by men who fled from religious and political persecution. The form of govern-
ment in the New England colonies, though at first modified a good deal by the peculiar
religious opinions entertained hy the colonists, was in its leading principles essentially
free. For a considerable period, the colonists elected their own governors, coined
money, and exercised most of the rights of sovereignty ; while the English, wholly
engrossed with the contest between freedom and prerogative at home, had no leisure to
attend to their proceedings. Subsequently to the Restoration, however, the govern-
ments of most of the New England states were established nearly on the same footing
as that of Virginia ; which, indeed, became the favourite model, not only for the consti-
tution of the colonies established on the Continent, with the exception of the proprietary
governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland, but also for those that were established in
the West India islands. Ihit under every vicissitude of government and fortune, the
New England colonists were distinguished by the same ardent and enthusiastic love of
liberty that had first induced them to quit their native land. Every thing relating to
the internal regulation and administration of the difTereut colonies was determined, in
the colonial assemblies, by representatives freely chosen by the settlers. The personal
liberty of the citizens was well secured and vigilantly protected. And if we except the
restraints on their commerce, the monopoly of which was jealously guarded by the
mother country, the inhal)itants of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New England, enjoyed
nearly the same degree of freedom, when colonists of England, that they now enjoy as
citizens of the powerful republic of North America. Their progress in 'wealth and
population was in consequence quite unprecedented in the history of the world. The
white population of the colonies had increased in 1776, at the commencement of the
revolutionary war, to above 2,000,000, and the value of the exports from Great Britain
to them amounted to about 1,300,000/. a year !
It is not difficult to discover the causes of the unexampled prosperity and rapid
growth of our North American colonies, and generally of all colonies placed under
similar circumstances. The North American colonists carried with them a knowledge
of the arts and sciences practised by a civilised and polished people. They had been
trained from their infancy to habits of industry and subordination. They were practi-
cally acquainted with the best and wisest form of civil polity that had been established
in Europe ; and they were placed in a situation that enabled them, without difficulty,
to remedy its defects, and to try every institution by the test of utility. But the thin-
ness of the aboriginal population, and the consequent facility of obtaining inexhaustible
supplies of fertile and unoccupied land, must certainly be placed at the head of all the
causes which have promoted the rapid increase of wealth and population in the United
States, and in all the other colonies both of North and South America. On the first
foundation of a colony, and for long after, each colonist gets an ample supply of land of
the best quality ; and having no rent, and scarcely any taxes, to pay, his industry neces-
sarily becomes exceedingly productive, and he has every means, and every motive, to
amass capital. In consequence, he is eager to collect labourers from all quarters, and is
both willing and able to reward them with high wages. But these high wages afford
the means of accumulation, and, joined to the plenty and cheapness of the land, speedily
change the more industrious labourers into proprietors, and enable them, in their turn,
to become the employers of fresh labourers ; so that every class participates in the gene-
ral improvement, and capital and population advance with a rapidity hardly conceivable
in old settled and fidly peopled countries.
It has been frequently said, that the establishment of our American and West India
colonies was a device of the supporters of the exclusive or mercantile system — that they
founded them in the view of raising up a vast agricultural population, whose commerce
should be confined entirely to an exchange of their raw products for our manufactured
goods. There is, however, no truth in these assertions. On the contrary, the charters
granted to the founders of the settlement in Virginia distinctly empower the colonists to
carry on a direct intercourse with foreign states. Nor were they slow to avail themselves
of this permission ; for they had, so early as 1620, established tobacco warehouses in
Middleburgh and Flushing — (Robertson's America, book ix. p. 104.); and the subse-
quent proceedings of the British government, depriving them of this freedom of com-
merce, were the chief cause of those disputes, which broke out, in 1676, in an open
rebellion of ominous and threatening import. — {Robertson's America, p. 147.) It was
not until the colonists had surmounted the difficulties and hardships incident to their
first establishment, and had begun to incrci:se nipidly in wealth, that their commerce
* P
I T',
3S0
COLONIES AND
'.\
M
became an object of importance, and tliat regulations were framed in tlie view of reNtrict-
in{^ its freedom, and of rendering it peculiarly advantageous to the mother country.
The act of KiSO, passed l>y the repuhliean |>arliament, laid the first foundations of the
monopoly system, by confining the import and export trade of the colonies exclusively
to liritish or colony built ships, liut the famous Navigation Act of 1(>(>0(12 ('liarlcs 'J.
c. 18.) went much fiirtlier. It enacted, that certain specified articles, the priMluce of the
colonics, and since well known in commerce by the name of vnunwriihil articles, should
not be exported directly from the colonics to any foreign country ; but that they should
first Im! sent to liritain, and there unladen (the words of the act are, litid upon t/m g/iore),
before they could be forwarded to their final destination. Sugar, molasses, ginger,
fustic, tobacco, cotton, and indigo, were originally enumerated ; and the list was subse-
quently enlarged by the addition of cotiee, hides and skins, iron, corn, lumber, &c. In
17:)!), the monopoly system was so far relaxed, that sugars were ])ermitted to Ik; carried
directly from the ISritish plantations to any port or place southward of ('ape Finisterre;
but the conditions under which this indulgence was granted, continued so strict and
numerous down to 18U;), when they were a good deal sim]>lified, as to render it in a
great degree nugatory — {Edwanh's irent Indies, vol. ii. p. 4.'>'2. cd. 1819.); and with
this exception, the oppres.sive and vexatious restrictions on their direct exportation to
foreign countries were maintained on most of the other enumerated commodities of any
importance, down to the recent alterations.
But besides compelling the colonists to sell their produce exclusively in the English
markets, it was next thought advisable to oblige them to liuff such foreign articles as tliey
might stand in need of entirely from the merchants and manufacturers of England. For
this purpose it was enacted, in lOfiii, that " no commodity of the growth, production, or
manufacture of Europe, shall be imported into tlie British plantations, but such as are
laden and put on Iward in England, Wales, or Berwick-upon-Tweed, and in English
built shipping, whereof the master and three fourths of the crew are English." The
preamble to this statute, which etlectually excluded the colonists from every market for
European produce, except that of England, assigns the motive for this restriction to be,
" the maintaining a greater correspondence and kindness between the subjects at home
and those in the plantations ; kee|iing the colonies in a firmer dependence on the mother
country ; making them yet more beneficial to it, in the further employment and increase
of English shipping, and the vent of English manufactures and commodities ; rendering
the navigation to and from them more safe and cheap ; and makiiig this kingdom a sta])le,
not only of the commodities of the plantations, but also of the commodities of other
countries and places for their supply ; it being the usage of other nations to keep their
plantation trade exclusively to themselves."
It was also a leading principle in the system of colonial policy, adopted as well by
England as by the other European nations, to discourage all attempts to manufacture
such articles in the colonies as could be provided for them by the mother country. The
history of our colonial system is full of eftbrts of this sort ; and so essential was this prin-
ciple deemed to the idea of a colony, that Lord Chatham did not hesitate to declare, in
Iiis place in parliament, that " the British colonists of North America had no kiuht to
manufacture even a nail for a horseshoe/" — {Edwards's West Indies, vol. ii. p. 566'.) And
when such were the enactments made by the legislature, and such the avowed sentiments
of a great parliamentary leader and a friend to the colonies, we need not be surprised at
a declaration of the lote Lord Sheffield, who did no more, indeed, than express the
opinion of almost all the merchants and politicians of his time, when he affirmed that
"THE ONLY nse of American colonies or West India islands is the sionoi'oly of their con-
sumption, and the carriage of their produce.'"
II. Influence op the Monopoly of the Colony Tkade. — Slavery.
It is not necessary to enter into any lengthened disquisitions with respect to this i)art
of our subject. The rules by which we are to t'nnv our judgment upon it, are unfolded
in the article Commerce. Here it is sufficient to (.bserve, in the first place, that, though
it could be shown that restrictions on the colon;, trade were really advantageous to the
mother country, that is not enough to prove that they shoidd be adopted. In dealing
with a colony, we are not dealing with a foreign country, but with an integral part of our
own empire. And hence, in order to show that restrictions on the colony trade are ad-
vantageous, it must not merely be shown that they are beneficial to the mother country,
but it must further be shown that they are beneficial, or, at all events, not injurious, to
the colony. The advantage of one part of the empire is not to be purchased by the de-
pression of some other part. The duty of government is to promote the prosperity, and
to maintain the equal rights and privileges of all ; not to enrich one class, or one province,
at the expense of others.
This principle is decisive of the whole question. Owing to the identity of language,
manners, and religion, the merchants of the mother country must alw.iys have very great
:1
4
4
1
■:i
*, :«'?ii
COLONY THADK.
n$i
V.
lis jKirt
iifolded
lliou}i;li
to the
lealins
of our
ire ii(i-
mntry,
)lli3, to
Lhc do-
ty, and
(vincc,
Igiiagc.
ly great
advnntai^cn in the colony markets; and if tlic commodities wliioli tliey have to "lell Fhj
ahoiit iiH Niiitiihle lor them, and as low |)rieed, as those of others, none else will he im-
ported into them; hut if they he not, it would pliiirily he to the injury of the colony to
compel her to huy from the mother country what she mif^ht prcK-ure cheaper from othern.
It will inunediately he seen that such forced sale could he of no real advantage to tliu
mother country ; hut whether that were so or not, its mischievous inlluence upon
the colony is manifest. Were Jamaica, tor example, ohiiged t(» iinjuirt any article from
Kngland which cost her I(X),(XXV. a year more than she could procure a similar article
for elsewhere, she would manifestly lose this ainoimt ; and though it were true that every
Hhilling of this sinn found its way as exlrii profit into the pockets of the merchants or
manufactiuers of ICngland, that would he no sullicient justification of the |)olicy of such
a system. The protection due l>y a government to its suhjects does not (lepen<l on tliu
varying degrees of latitude and longitude under vvhicli they happen to live. It would
not he more glaringly unjust to lay peculiar hurdens on the Lothians fur the sake of
Middlesex, thim it is to lay them on .lamaicu for the sake of England.
In point of fact, however, the monopoly of the colony trade is of no real use, hut the
reverse, to the mother coiuUry. If, as has heen already ohservcd, she can su|)ply
her colonists with gooils as cheaply as they can l)e su])])lied hy others, she will have no
competitors in their markets; and if she cannot do this, the monopoly is really hostile to
her interests. Kach country has some natural or accpiired ca])al>ilities that enahle her
to carry on certain l)ranches of industry tnore advantageously than any one else. Jhit
the fact of a country being liable to be undersold in the markets of her colonies, shows
conclusively, that instead, of having any superiority, she labours under a disadvantage, as
compared with others, in the production of the peculiar articles in demand in them. And
hence, in providing a forced market in the colonies for articles that we should not other-
wise be able to dispose of, we really engage a portion of the capital and labour of the
country in a less advantageous channel than that into which it would naturally have
flowed. We impress upon it an artificial direction ; and withdraw it from those secure
and really beneficial businesses in which it would have been employed, to engage it in
businesses the existence of which depends only on the continuance of oppressive regu-
lations, and in which wc arc suqiassed by foreigners.
Even were it conceded that the possession of an outlet in the colonics for goods that
coidd not otherwise be disposed of, was an advantage, it is one that can exist in theory
only. IVactically it can never be realised. The interests of the colonists, and the
dexterity and devices of the smuggler, are too much for Custom-house regul.itions.
Cheap goods never fail of making their way through every obstacle. All the tyrannical
laws and f/iiarda costas of Old Spain did not hinder her colonies from being glutted with
prohibited commodities. And we may be assured that the moment a competitor appears
in the field capable of supplying the Canadians and people of Jamaica with cottons,
woollens, hardware, &c. chea|)er than we can sui)))ly them, that moment will they cease
to be our customers. All the revenue officers, aiul all the ships of England, supposing
them to be employed fur that purpose, would be unable to avert this result.
The consequences of the American war ouglit to have led to sounder opinions than
those that are still current as to the value of the monopoly of the colony trade. Has the
independence of the United States been in any respect injurious to us? So far from
this, it is certain that it has redounded materially to our advantiige. We have been re-
lieved from the expense and trouble of governing extensive countries at a great tlistance
from our shores, at the same time that we have continued to reap all the advantage that
we previously reaped from our intercourse with them. It is visionary to imagine that
we could have succeeded either in preventing them from establishing manufactories at
home, or from importing products from abroad, had any one been able to undersell us. Our
command of the American market depends, at this moment, on thr very same principle
— the comparative cheapness of our goods — on which it depended when we had a
governor in every state. So long as we preserve this advantage, wc preserve tjie only
means by which the monopoly of any distant market can be maintained, and the only
means by which such monopoly is rendered of the least advantage.
But it is not to be supposed that, because restrictions on the trade of colonies can he
of no real advantage to their mother countries, they arc not often very injurious to them
and to the colonies. We could not, however anxious, exclude manufactured articles, and
such foreign goods as are valuable without being very bulky, from our West India islands,
provided they were offered cheaper by others. But such is not the case with lumber,
provisions, &c. They are too bulky to be easily smuggled ; and may be, and indeed are,
very much raised in price by restrictions on their importation. For many years past, all
direct intercourse between our West India colonics and the United States was inter-
dicted ; and, in consequence, the planters were compelled either to supply themselves
with lumber, staves, &c. by a distant voyage from Canada, or, which was by far the most
common practice, from the United States, through the circuitous and expensive channel
l' ' .
832
COLONIES AND
U'
jf -t i
If [
of St. Thomas and other neutral islands ! In papers laid by the West India morcliants
and planters before the House of Commons (No. 120. Session 18;} I ), they estimate the
increased exj)ense tliey thus incurred on lumber, staves, flour, shingles, I'lsli, &c. at 1.5 per
cent, of the entire value of these articles, or at 187,57fi/. a year. And it will he observed,
that no part of this sum went into the pockets of any British merchant. It went who!ly
to indemnify the Americans and others for being obliged to bring their products round
about l)y St. Thomas, instead of direct from the States.
This system grew out of the American war ; but it is due to Mr. Pitt to stute that
it received no countenance from him. On the contrary, he introduci 1 a l)iil, in 178,5,
for reviving the beneficifil intercourse that existed previously to the war, between the
United States and the West India islands. But being opposed by a powerful party in
parliament, and by the ship owners and Canada merchants, he was obliged reluctantly
to withdraw the bill. The following remarks of Mr. Bryan Edwards on this subject
are as applicable at this moment, as they were at the period (1794) when they were
written.
" Tliis," says he, " is not a business of selfishness or faction ; nor (like many of those
questions which arc daily moved in parliament merely to agitate and perplex government)
can it be dismissed by a vote. It will come forward again and again, and haunt admi-
nistration in a thousand hideous shapes, until a more liberal policy shall take place ; for
no folly can possibly exceed the notion that any measures pursued by Great Biitain will
prevent the American states from having, some time or other, a commercial intercourse
with our West Indian territories on their own terms. With a chain of coast of 20"^ of
latitude, possessing the finest harbours for the purpose in the world, all lying so near the
sugar colonies and the track to Europe, with a country abounding in every thing the
islands have occasion for, and which they can obtain no where else ; all these circum-
stances necessarily and naturally lead to a commercial intercourse between our islands
and the United States. It is true we may ruin our sugar colonies, and ourselves also,
in the attempt to prevent it ; but it is an experiment which God and nature have marked
out as impossible to succeed. The present restraining system is forbidding men to help
eoi /( other ; men who, hi/ their necessities, their climate, and their productions, are standing
in perpetual need of mutual tssistance, and able to supply it." — (^Hist, West Indies, Preface
to 2d ed. )
We have also thought fit to interdict the West Indians from the refining, or, as it is
technically termed, tlie claying of sugars. This is one of the few manufactures that
might be advantageously set up in the islands. The process adds considerably to the value
of sugar; and it might becairied on in the buildings, and by the hands, that are required
to boil the cane, or to prepare the raw or muscovado sugar. Instead, however, of being
allowed to refine their sugars on the spot, and where it might be done for a third of the
expeii<;i>, that is required in En'^land, the planters have been prohibited from engagi ig
in this branch of industry ; and have been obliged to export all their sugars, either Taw
or crushed, to England. Nothing can exceed the oppressiveness of such a regulation ;
and what is most singular, it l;as not been enforced, like most regulations of the sort, in
order to bolster up any of the leading interests of the country, but merely to give a
factitious employment to a very small class, — that of the sugar refiners, whose natural
resxlence is in the West Indies. The planters and merchants estimate the loss caused
by this preposterous regulation at 75,5501. a year.
The distillation of spirits from sugar has only been occasionally allowed ; but pro-
vided the duties were so adjusted as to give no advantage to the planters over the
growers of barley, or to the latter over the former, we think the distillers should be, at
all times, allowed to distil indiscriminately from sugar, molasses, or grain. It is the
duty of government to take care that the duties be so arranged as to give no unfair
advantage to any party over another ; but, having done this, it should do nothing more.
To prohibit distillation from sugar, that a forced market may be opened for grain ; or
distillation from grain, that ^ forced market may be opened for sugar ; are interferences
with the freedom of industry, for which no good reason has been, nor we believe can be,
sssigncd.
Tlie interests of the planters have been sacrificed in many other ways besides those
now pointed out, in the view of securing some illusory advantage to our merchants and
ship-owners. Perseverance in this line of policy is the less excusable, as it is in direct
opposition to the principle of the measures introduced by Mr. Robinson (now Lord
Goderich) in 1822, and Mr. Huskisson in 1825; and sanctioned by the legislnture.
The avowed object of these measures was the subversion of the old colonial system, and
tiie repeal of the vexatious restrictions laid on the trade of the colonies. " if we look,"
said Mr. Robinson, " to ti.e dominions of England in the Eastern hemisphere, we shall
find the restrictive system has been entirely and systematically abandoned. The whole
of the East India Company's territories have never been shackled witl. the iieculiar
restrictions of the navigation laws; and who will sty that the interests of commerce and
7v
COLONY TRADE.
333
navigationjiave siifteied ? or rathe-, -'»o will deny that they have been materialli/ benefited
by the freedom they have enjoyed f — " I projjose," said Mr. Iluskisson, in 1825, " to
admit a free intercourse l)etween all our colonies and other countries, either in British
ships, or in the ships of those countries, allowing the latter to import all articles, the
growth, produce, or manufacture of the country to which the shij) belongs ; and to
export from such colonies all articles whatever of their gro.vth, produce, or manufacture,
either to the country from which such ship came, or to any other part of the world;
t'.ie United Kingdom and all its dependencies only excepted."
Uiduckily, however, the conditions and regulations introduced into the bills were, for
tlie most part, in direct contradiction to .the principle laid down in the speeches now
quoted ; nor is it easy, indeed, to conceive for what purpose the latter were made, unless
it were to exhibit the impolicy of the former. Among others which will subsequently
be specified, the act of 1825 imposed the following duties for the express purpose of
securing to Canada and to British ships tlie supply of the West India islands with food
and lumber.
Table of nuties imposed liy C Geo. 4. c. 114. on certain Ar-
ticles of I'rovision, anil of Wood and I.\nnber, I
not beinK the
i'roi'.uction, or Alanufacture of the I'nite<l Kinjj-
of any Hrtliiih Po&sesiiion, iniporte<l or brouxbt into
h Possessions on the Continent of South America,
(Jrowtli,
dom, nor
the British i us&essionH on ine i oniment or houth America,
or in thc-\Vest Indies, the Bahama and Bermuda Islands
included.
I'rovisions, viz. t. ,. j.
Wheat, the bushel ■ ■ . .
Wheat (lour, the Imrrel - . , -
Bread or biscuit, the cwt. - - -
Flour or meat, not of wheat, the bairel
Peas, beans, rye, calavances, oats, barley, In-
dian com, the bushel - . .
Rice, the 1,000 llis. nett weight
Live stock, 10 per cent.
Luml>er, viz.
Shingles, not being more than it inches in
lenRth, the 1,000
Shingles, lieing more than 12 inches in length,
the 1,000 - . . .
Staves and headings, viz.
Ked oak, the 1,000 ....
White oak, the 1,000
I Wood hoops, the 1,0<X) .....
White, yellow, and pitch pine lumber, the 1,000
ffct of 1 incll thick - - - 1 1
1
r>
1
(i
■2
(i
7
U
6
7
U
15
Vi 6
5 3
L. t. d.
Other wood and lumber, the 1,000 feet of 1 ^* '" ''•
inch thick - - - - 1 8
Fist), betf, pork, prohib'ted.
The revenue derived from these and the other duties imposed
hv the act of 1825, amounted to about 75,fKX)/. a year, and the
cnarKes of coHection to about (>S,()0()/. !
Thu eflect of these duties in audinf; to the prires of the food
and lumber nnportetl l>y the planters, in exhihiteil in the fol-
lowing stiUcment of the i)rict8 (-f some of Ihe principal of
these articles in the United States and the Continent, and in
Canada and the Unite<l Kingdom: —
Herrinss (Danish] at the Island of St. Thcmas, the
barrel . - . -
Ditto (British) in the colonies, the barrel
Mess beef, in Hamburgh, the I arrt'l
Ditto, in the Ignited Kmgriom, ditto
Pork, in Hamliur^'h, the barrel
Ditto, in the United Kingdom, ditto
Ked oak staves, in the Unitid Stales, per 1,000
Ditto, at Quebec, \>vr ditto
White oak staves, in the United States, per ditto
Ditto, at Oueltec, per cmio
Flour, in tne United States, the barrel
Ditto, at Quetiec, ditto ...
Shin^lfs, in the United States, per 1,000
'Mtto, in Canada, |ier ditto
1
1 11
I)
,7
4 t)
II
•i. (!
3 ,'>
I)
4
7 »
4
fi lU
2
10 u
•i
1 1
I)
1 r>
St
(1 14
»
1.S
The United States, who felt themselves aggrieved by the imposition of such oppressive
duties on flour, wheat, and lumber, refused to accede to those conditiris of reciprocity
under which the colonial ports were to be opened to their ships ; and, owing to this cir-
cumstance, it was not till the end of 1830, when fresh negotiations were entered into
with the United States, and it was agreed to reodify some of the duties, that the West
India colonies derived any sensible advantage from the changes, such as tliey were, that
were made in 1825.
But, notwithstanding the modifications introduced by the act 1 Will. 4. c. 24., and now
embodied in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 59. — (see post), — the regulations under which the
colony trade is at present conducted, are in the highest degree objectionable. There is, for
example, a duty of 5s. a barrel on all flour brought from a foreign country into our pos-
.sessions in the West Indies and South America, and also into Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. At first sight there seems nothing to object
to in this regulation, except the imjiosition of the duty ; in point of fact, however, this is
its least objectionable feature, and is used merely as a pretext to conceal its real object.
The necessity of raising a revenue might, in some degree, excuse even the imposition of a
duty on the food of the colonists ; but there cannot be so much as the shadow of an
apology for taxing it for the benefit of another class. Such, however, is the sole end
and purpose of this ingeniously contrived regulation. It will be observed, that though
no wheat flour can be carried duty free direct from a foreign country to our possessions
in the West Indies, or to our pos.sessions to the north of the United States on the
Atlantic, it may be imported duty free into Canada, where it is not needed ! The con-
sequence is, that a large proportion of the United States' flour intended for the West
Indies, instead of being shipped direct from New York, Philadelphia, &c. for the islands^
is carried, in the first instance, to Montreal .nrd Quebec, and is thence conveyed in
British ships to its final destination. The duty k imposed to force this trade ; that is,
to make the food of the colonists be carried to ihem by a roundabout course of more
than 2,000 miles, in order that a few hundred pounds may be forced into the pockets of
the ship-owners, at an er.pense of many thousand pounds to the colonists. Such, indeed,
is the influence of the system, that there have been instances of wheat having been carried
from Archangel to Quebec, landed there, and again shipped for Jamaica ! Shingles,
lumbci, &c. are subjected to the same regulations, with this rafference merely, that they
may be imported duty free into Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, &c., being thence
carried to the West Indies; whereas, by confining the imprrtation of duty free flour to
Canada, it must pass, before it can reach the consumers, throiigh the lengthened, difficuU,
and dangerous navigation of the St. Lawrence.
u
)
Wi
334
COLONIES AND
It is unnecessary to make any commentary jn such regulations. None more ol)>
jectionable in principle, or mischievous in practice, arc to fae met with in the worst parts
of the old Spanish colonial regime.
All duties on and regulations with respect to the importation of articles of provision,
lumber, &c. into the colonies, ought to be wholly abolished. Jamaica, and our other
West India colonies, may be viewed as immense sugar, rum, and coffee manufactoi ics,
which, though situated at a distance from England, belong to English men, and
are carried on by English capital. But to promote tlie prosperity of any manu-
facture without injuring that of others, there are no means at once so obvious and
effectual, as to give those engaged in it every facility for supplying themselves with
the materials necessary to carry it on at the lowest price, and to keep the duties
on its produce as low as possible. This is the sound and obvious principle that ough*
to have been kept steadily in view in legislating for the colonies ; though, as already
seen, it has been totally lost sight of. That the system of fovcing importation from
Canada may be advantageous to that province, we do not presume to deny ; but we
are not to impoverish one part of our dominions that we may enrich another, more
especially when it is certain, as in the present case, that the advantage conferred is trifling
indeed compared with the injury inflicted. In other respects, the operation of the present
system is most pernicious. Sugar is an important necessary of life, and enters largely
into the consumption of every individual in Great Britain. Surely, then, it is highly
important that every means should be resorted to for reducing its cost ; and as we have
excluded foreign sugars from our markets, the only way in which any such reduction
can be effected is by abolishing the existing restrictions, and allowing the planters to
furnish themselves with the materials necessary for their manufacture at the lowest
rate, and to dispose of their produce in the state and at the places they prefer.
The vexatious regulations now alluded to, have been, for the most part, imposed
to benefit the mother country at the expense of the colonies. There has, however,
been, in this respect, a reciprocity of injuries. Being obliged to buy whatever they
wanted in the markets of the mother country, the colonists early succeeded in obtain-
ing, what, indeed, could not, under the circumstances of the case, be denied to them,
the monopoly of these markets for the sale of their peculiar productions. And hence
the high discriminating duties on foreign sugars, coffee, timber, &c. Owing to the
very great fertility of the colonies of Demorara, Berbice, &c., acquired during the late
war, the exclusion of foreign sugar has not latterly been so great a burden as it used to
be, though it still occasions an enhancement of its price. But there are no palliating
circumstances about tiic discriminating duty on foreign timber. Not satisfied with
giving the Canadians an unfair advantage in the markets of the West Indies, we give
them a still more unjustifiable advantage in those of England. It was proved in
evidence taken before a committee of the House of Lords, that timber from Canada is
not half so durable as that from the Baltic, and is, besides, ptjuHarly liable to dry rot.
It is not allowed to be used in the building of ships for the navy, and is rejected by all
the more respectable house-builders: and yet, under the miserable pretext of giving
employment to saw mills in Canada, and to a few thousand tons of additional shipping,
we actually force the use of this worthless article, by imposing a discriminating duty of
no less than 45s. a load on all timber from the north of Europe. It has been shown, by
papers laid before parliament, that were the same duty laid on timber from Canada that
is laid on timber from the Baltic, the revenue would gain 1 ,.'500,000/. a year, while the
durability of our ships and houses would be doubled. — (For a further discussion of this
subject, see Timber.)
These restrictions tend to render the colony trade a source of loss, and of irritation and
disgust to all parties. In other respects, too, their influence is most pernicious. So
long as the colonists are prevented from purchasing lumber, provisions, &c. in the
cheapest markets, and as their trade continues subjected to regulations injurious to their
interests, they are justified in resisting all efforts to make them contribute any thing
considerable to the expenses of the armaments required for their protection. " At-
tempts," said Lord Palmerston, " have been made in all the West India islands to induce
them to contribute to the expenses of the establishments ; and they have always repre-
sented that their means of doing so were crippled by the commercial arrangements of the
mother country : they have said, * If you will let us trade as we like, and collect our own
custom duties, and so on, we will do it.' " And no proposal could be fairer. — (Finance
Committee, Evidence, p. 146.)
The expense of the colonies is a very heavy item in the national expenditure — far
more so than is generally supposed. Not only are we subjected, as in the case of timber,
to oppressive discriminating duties on foreign articles, that similar articles from the co-
lonies may enjoy the monopoly of our markets, but we have to defray a very large sum
on account of their military and naval expenditure. There are no means by which to
estimate the precise amoinit of this expense; but it is, notwithstanding, abundantly
[
COLONY TRADE.
333
» m
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certain, that Canada and the islands in tlie West Indicp cost us annually, in military
and naval outlays, upwards of a million and a half in tine of peace, exclusive of the revenue
collected in them. And if to tliis heavy expense were added the vast additional sums
their defence costs during wiir, the debtor side of a fairly drawn up colonial budget
would attain to a very formidable magnitude ; and one whicli we apprehend could not
possibly 1)0 balanced.
In entertaining this opinion we are not singular. " If," said Lord Sheffield, " we
have not jiurchased our experience sufficiently dear, let us derive a lesson of wisdom
from the misfortunes of other nations, who, like us, pursued the phantom of foreign
conquest and distant colonisation ; and who, in the end, found themselves less populous,
opulent, and powerful. By the war of 1739, which may be tr--ty called an Ame-
rican contest, we incurred a debt of upwards of .'51,000,000/. ; by the war of 1755 wc
incurred a further debt of 71,5(X),000/. ; and by the war of the revolt we have added
to both these debts nearly 100,000,000/. more ! And thus we have expended a far
larger ^um in defending and retaining our colonies, than the value of all the merchandise
we have ever sent them. So egregious has our impolicy been, in rearing colonists for
the r,ake of their custom ! " — ( 0» the Commerce of the American States, p. 240. )
But our object is not to excite unavailing regrets for bygone follies, but to induce the
return to a better system. The repeal of the restrictions on the colony trade seems in-
dispensable, as a preliminary to other reforms. We have already seen that the legislature
has recognised tiie principle of this repeal ; and until it has taken place, or the existing
restrictions been materially modified, we shall neither be able to rid ourselves of the dis-
criminating duties in favour of colonial products, nor to make the colonics defray any
considerable part of the expenditure incurred on their account.
If there be no room for surprise at the complaints so constantly put forth by the West
Indians, there is very great room for surprise that so few attempts should have been
made to redress the grievances of which they com])lain. Met in every quarter by the
keen and active competition of the Brazilians and Cubans, who have been emancipated
from the trammels of monopoly, and permitted freely to resort, wliether as buyers or
sellers, to every market, the planters in the British colonies could not be otherwise thaa
depressed. They have been made the victims of an erroneous system of policy ; for
there is nothing in the circumstances under which they are naturally placed, to lead to
a belief that their distresses are incin-able. Were they permitted freely to supply them-
selves with such articles as they require, to refine their sugar in the islands, and were the
exorbitant duties that are now laid en some of their staple products adequately reduced^
can any one doubt that their condition would be materially improved ? or that these'
measures would not equally redound to the general advantage of the public?
The colonies being integral parts of the empire, the trade with them should, as far as
circumstances will permit, be conducted on the footing of a coasting trade. The state
of the revenue requires that moderate duties should be laid on sugar, coffee, and rum,
when imported into Great Britain or Ireland ; but the duties on cotton, cacao, and most
other colonial products, might be repealed without injury to the revenue, and with ad-
vantage to all parties. The system we have hitherto pursued has been a radically
different one, and in most respects the reverse of what it ought to have been. By
excluding the colonists from the cheapest markets for their food and lumber, we have
artificially raised the cost of their produce ; and then, to protect them from the conse-
quences of such short-sighted policy, we give them a monopoly of the British market ! It
is thus that one unjust and vicious regulation is sure to give birth to others ; and that
those who depart from sound principle have nothing left but to endeavour to bolster up
one absurdity by another. It is time, surely, that an end were put to so ruinous a system.
Ft is as much for the interest as it is the duty of England, to remove all restrictions from
■ lie colonists, not essential for the sake of revenue ; for this is the only means by which
she- can i)rovide for their real prosperity, and rid herself of those monopolies that form
tiie heaviest clog upon her industry.
We hope it will not be sup])osed, from any thing now stated, that we consider the
foundation of colonial establisiiments as, generally speaking, inexpedient. We entertain
no such opinion. It is not to the establishment of colonies, provided they be placed in
advantageous situations, but to the trammels that have been laid on their industry, and
the interference exercised by the mother countries in their domestic concerns, that we
object. Every individual ought to have full liberty to leave his native country ; and
occasions very frecjuently occur, when governments may advaniageously interfere to
settle emigrants in foreign countries, and when the soundest policy dictates the propriety
of their supporting and protecting them until they are in a situation to support and pro-
tect themselves. There can be no question whatever that Europe has been prodigiously
Wnefited by the colonisation of America. The colonists carried the arts, the sciences,
the language, and the religion of the most civilised communities of the Old World to
k
Vu^/
336
COLONIES AND
rf '■ Is
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regions of vast extent and great natural fertility, occupied only by a few miserable
savages. The empire of civilisation bas in consequence been immeasurably extended :
«nd while the experience afforded by the rise and progress of communities placed under
such novel circumstances, has served to elucidate and establish many most important and
fundamental principles in government and legislation, Europe has been enriched by the
vast variety of new products America lias afforded to stimulate the inventive powers of
genius, and to reward the patient hand of industry.
But whatever may have been the advantages hitherto derived from the colonisation of
America, they are trifling compared to what they would have been, had the European
powers left the colonists at liberty to avail themselves of all the advantages of their
situation, and avoided encumbering themselves with the government of extensive terri-
tories 3,000 miles distant. Fortunately, however, a new era is, at length, begun — Novua
smdorum nascitur ordo I The monopoly of the trade of America is destroyed, and her
independence achieved. From Canada to Cape Horn, every port is ready to receive
adventurers from Europe ; and a boundless field has, in consequence, been opened for
the reception of our surplus population, and for the advantageous employment of
European arts, capital, and skill. The few remains of the old colonial system which
still exist, and which are principally to be found in the mercantile policy of this country
and France, cannot be of long duration. Their mischievous operation is no longer
doubtful ; and they will disappear according as the knowledge of sound commercial
principles is more generally diffused.
Slavery. — Since the publication of the former edition of this work, a law has been
made which will effect a radical change in the condition of society in the British West
Indies. The abolition of the slave trade has been consummated by the act for the free-
dom of the unhappy persons now in a state of bondage. The statute 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 73.
enacts, that on the 1st of Aui^ust, 1834, slavery is to cease throughout the British do-
minions, and that the then e» isting slaves are to become apprenticed labourers ; the term
of their apprenticeship parti;, e-ising on the 1st of August, 1838, and partly on the 1st
of August, 1840; whenthebi ;' ' "oloured population will become altogether free. A
sum of 20,000,000/. is to be dis'. in certain proportions, and according to certain
conditions, to the planters, as a c i. .;nsation for the loss of their slaves. — (See article
Slaves and Slave Trade.)
Such are the prominent features of this famous statute, by which the British parlia-
ment has endeavoured at once to once to meet and satisfy the claims of humanity and
justice. The payment of 20,000,000/. to the colonists, though not more than they were
fairly entitled to, is, perhaps, the most striking instance to be met with in history, of a
resolution to vindicate and maintain the right of property ; and reflects as much credit
on the wisdom as on the liberality of the British nation.
Nothing but va^ue conjectures can, of course, be indulged in as to the future working
of this measure in the colonies. We believe, however, that those who have contended
that it will not be productive of any falling off in the industry of the blacks will be found
to have taken a very erroneous view of the matter. Field labour in the West Indies has
hitherto been always associated with slavery and degradation, and been enforced by the
lash. The fair inference, consequently, is, that when the fetters are struck off the
slave, and he is left to follow his own inclinations, he will be desirous of escaping from
what he cannot fail to consider an ignominious occupation. Necessity, no doubt, will
prevent him from becoming altogether indolent ; but the effect will in this, as in other
instances, be proportioned to its cause : and necessity in the West Indies is very differen
from necessity in Europe. Most articles that are here deemed indispensable, would there
be positive incumbrances ; and those essential to subsistence may be procured with less
certainly than half the labour i.Itherto exacted from the slaves. At some future period,
perhaps, when the recollection of their degradation has begun to fade, and a taste for
conveniences and gratifications has been introduced amongst them, they may become more
industrious ; but this is a distant and a very uncertain prospect. We, therefore, look, at
first, for a very considerable decline in the industry of the slaves, and a proportional falling
off in the exports from the islands. It will give us pleasure should our anticipations be
disappointed ; and assuredly we do not state them by way of objection to, or deduction
from, the great measure of emancipation. It would be monstrous to suppose that we
might retain above 750,000 of our fcllow-c-eatures in a state of bondage, for no better
reason tlian that sugar might be sent to England from Jamaica or Barbadoes, rather than
from India, Java, or Cuba.
For further information on this subject, we beg to refer our readers to an article on
Colonial Policy, in No. 84. of the Edinburgh Review, to the chapter on Colonies, in Sir
Henry Parnell's invaluable work on " Financial Reform," and to the Parliamentary
Paper No. 120. Sess. 1831. This paper, being prepared by a committee of West India
merchants and planters, occasionally, probably, exaggerates the injury they sustain from
the existing regulations ; it is, however, a very instructive and valuable document. Some
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of the previous stutuments are taken from the article in the Edinburgh Review ; hut wv
are not, on that account, liable to the charge of appropriating the labours of others.
ili
III. Magnitude, Population, Trade, etc. ok the British Colonies.
Notwithstanding the loss of the United States, the colonies of Great Britain, ex-
elusive of India, exceed in number, extent, and value, those of every other country.
Previously, indeed, to the breaking out of the late contests, the colonial dominions of
Spain far exceeded in extent and importance those of any other power. But Cuba,
Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands, are now all that remain to her. Thase, indeed,
are very valuable possessions, though inferior to those of England.
(1.) North American Colonies. — In North America we possess the provinces of Lower
and Upper Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, with their dependencies. The
situation and boundaries of these provinces will be more easily learned from the inspec-
tion of the accompanying map, than they could be from any description. The shores of
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are washed by the Atlantic Ocean ; and the noble
river St. Lawrence, by its communication with the great American lakes, gives to
Canada all the benefits of a most extensive inland navigation, and forms a natural
outlet for her surplus produce, as well as for the surplus produce of that part of the
United States which is washed by the lakes. There is every variety in the soil and
climate of these regions. In Lower Canada, the winter is very severe. The surface of
the country is covered with snow for nearly half the year. From the beginning of
December to the middle of April, the St. Lawrence is frozen over, and afibrds a smooth
and convenient passage for the sledges by which it is then covered. But though severe,
the climate is far from being unhealthy or disagreeable. The weather is generally clear
and bracing ; and the labour of artisans, at their out-door employments, is rarely sus-
pended for many days in succession. On the breaking up of the ice in the latter end
of April, or the beginning of May, the powers of vegetation almost immediately re-
sume their activity, and bring on the fine season with a rapidity that is astonishing to a
stranger. The highest temperature in Lower Canada varies from 96° to 102'^ of Fah-
renheit ; but the purity of the atmosphere abates the oppressive heat that is felt in most
countries where the mercury ranges so high ; and the weather is, on the whole, decidedly
pleasant. In 1814, it was ascertained that the province of Lower Canada contained
about 335,000 inhabitants ; at present the number may amount to about 580,000. The
population is chiefly confined to the banks of the St. Lawrence.
That part of the province of Upper Canada, which stretches from Lake Sirncoe and
the rivers Trent and Severn, westward to Lake Huron and the St. Clair River, and
southward to Lake Erie, and part of Lake Ontario, has a soil of extraordinary fertility,
capable of producing the most luxuriant crops of wheat, and every sort of grain.
" The climate," says Mr. Bouchette, surveyor-general of Lower Canada, " is so par*
ticularly salubrious, that epidemic diseases, either among men or cattle, are almost
entirely unknown. Its influence on the fertility of the soil is more generally perceptible
than it is in Lower Canada, and is supposed to be congenial to vegetation in a much
superior degree. The winters are shorter, and not always marked with such rigour as
in the latter. The duration of frost is always accompanied with a fine clear sky and a
dry atmosphere. The spring opens, and the resumption of agricultural labours takes
place, from 6 weeks to 2 months earlier than in the neighbourhood of Quebec. Tlie
summer heats rarely prevail to excess, and the autumns are usually very friendly to the
harvests, and favourable for securing all the late crops." — {Bouchette' s Topographical
Description of Canada, p. 595.) The ground on the shores of Lake Ontario and Lake
Erie, as far west as the junction of tlie Thames with the St. Clair Lake, is laid out in
townships, and partly settled. But the population is so very thin as not, on an average,
to amount to more than twenty persons to a square mile, in settled townships ; while
the fertility of the soil is such, that 120 persons to a square mile would not be a dense
population. To the north of the River Thames, along the banks of the St. Clair, and
the shores of Lake Huron, round to the River Severn, and thence to the river that joins
Lake Nippissing and Lake Huron, is a boundless extent of country that is almost entirely
unoccupied. The interior of this space has hitherto been but imperfectly explored ; but
the banks of the St. Clair and the shores of Lake Huron afford the finest situations for
settlements. The soil is in many places of the greatest fertility, the river and lake teem
with fish, and every variety of the best timber is found in the greatest profusion. In
1783, the settlers in Upper Canada were estimated at only 10,000: th 1825 they
amounted to upwards of 157,000 ; and now amount, according to Mr. M'Gregor, to
above 300,000 : a miserably small population for a country that could easily support
man'j mil/ions of inhabitants in a state of the greatest comfort.
The winters in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are more severe
than in Upper Canada, and they are a good deal infested with fogs and mists. But
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Of th*tr. (tir ifi<«( inaj'>r>|i li»»r tirni ilcttiiiiil fur I'pl''"' t'«i>*«l» — • "f Kii' IoIaI rniicr.iliixi frnm tlw
I '» t«^l Kiiigil"m, irt- I'tmoivi-rat
Int'^Tm-lti'in /r l'.iniir<i^li to Jt-ih'h S'^'fth Imrrirtl. — In tin- l.illiT litit iif jHII, ;i
s«t iif i*»iinniissii>iiiT<> witc »|>|>iiiiiti'ii l>y ^MxTtinitiit tor tlic |itir|'iis«' cl (lij^fsiiii;; pt.iMs nl'
t'iiii;;ratiiin, |iim.iirin(» i!it°iii in.iti.ni nv I'ul I'.ir (•nii;;r;iiils, .\i-. On ilic '<lti nf' l'iliiuii\,
1 > IJ. tlii-1 isMH.i i!ii' (■•ill.iwiiig it,i|iiT, till- st UiMiH'nts in wliiili ni.i) liv, i'i)ns4'<|ii«'iiiiii.
rc^'arilitl us ipiitc autliiiitii-.
OJ ni.iJ fj/ff.v, <Mh ./ frhru.iri/. Is.;.'
IIm* i'l.)< 1 1 of ihr protriit ii«iirr ii t<> affiir-l tint) nif >riniti'>M ,i< i« likrit l'> |«- utrfiil tn ix-rti'iii w'm
Ji* rr I it'iir In i in^crAli , ct I" »»»i»l i<lh. rt lo riinifrjli-. In Ilir lliilih |«iu(*»ii>ii< mi Si tlh \iiicn<'&
III tlir fir»l I'Ui r. It •rv-iiM <ti'<ir*lilr I" i1r(l!ir tin- i..iliiri' >'l tin' «>>i>t >u. «• i ■• Ix' i \ !.<•< 'isl lr<'iii (j..» ii ii
liiciil I'l iHiK. i« prmmliiiu lu Ihnr i oJm.u > N i |" i liiuar) ml viiH I'*' iil|..*i >l !■> if<\i f iiiii. i.l In imhi
|{i4:itt I" t'r S\>itti Aii»'ri> uii i iil"iii<t ; iii>r \!l< I Ihi it .iiru nl w ill Hir^ r<s t'ltr iti *' !• <'IUiiil, <ir Kifta itl
li«il>, or » »u|i>N i>l |.io« iiiiMit llo|M-i ol «M t!ii-><' III. i;i littc luaii mimi' l>iiir> hi' lit oiil l.i riiiiKr.i il> l>y
Hot iilAlori III Hut ( < tinlrt, ili-tiroiti I'l it)«kiii^ » imilil l<i llinr ■ onvcf ,iii< . lo N.itth Aiiirru .i, ami h iilii.)(
f r ihal |iiiriBn4 to ilr^Kli- I' in w illi >i' (ouinlnl )>(•<' l.<t orit, tvn ir>l!i-«t of tin- r iiil>*<'i|ii nt ili»4t>|«Mi.|
ilii-M l<iil till- vitli of (;o%rt'iiMriil II III fiiriiit'i IIkmi' olio riiii^ijlr «iiFi a KmI kliuoir Ki- nl tin i ii-
riimtUii' It thrv will ftii.l m Itir • ouiiliir* lo « i.u h lint .in- ff"'ll
No dtftitl.iiii r of tSc I \li ior>.K. jr<i (-111 nl aN>% r tlr** t ilinl i* 4 hiunl, hi> .iiit«'. tli rol.mii «, H hrrr I!' itt
« ' o .li-«iti (•■ »■ Ik 1 .ml, I Idll lo i!o Will I 't !l rnir i> !••, l; 'lir •'!. Il !• Ult-'i^l I.«llil, If). I. it I, iitnl IT.
' ii-rl% In l>r );r:iiiliil K'o'u ><">"' > • I'ul ■ 'mi ■( *«• f*^> " '■* I**'' I" <'|''<'- C' T f'ti'"' thai Ihi-y >\*,\ iioi th,-
l.ii-aiit ol h> iiiK iliirmii llii' iiiti f >.il Mii'ifttjir« lo r4>M- Ihi'ir i-ioja , «iiil furtlii't, tli tl Ihi-i km w not i-iuh , h
if I hi' III i:iiii r <( l.tiiKii.K I'l I hi I I 'loll 111, In iiiakr Mil |>r<iKri-«t .M^rr All, Ihi r<°'<>f, Ihi y «i'rr i>lili|i>o
lo ao'k foi m»it<t, ii! Ill ihrT roul<l tnakr » dm ta«ifii;t, ami i oiiUI li'trii a I Illr il Ihi' • it of fariuiiK I'l
< 4 ■ait J. Itiil liu«, UihI It iio| ihtiaMi^l of <'\ r).| [ty i^li- 1 hr |iriatu>f of tali't, Allh'Mi||li Hi |ii,ii' t«
«i tl n.ii'i'rjli , It I'ki l> lo Ii- I'litt' a i ooi' )■ Itt. r i.i'iil, mIik 'i i iii Ik' tijriiiil I • Ihr Ii nrfil ol 11 r n, Hiiii-a,
aiiil IIm»<I"Ii of Ihr iiii){rahl», « ' ilr >H i. • liaritihr^i it imHu lol • ii Ihr |'>ir rnii^ri aol, «»ho w.li >«.. Ii
f-if wktri • )<iil at hi ,li.l U'futr, aul lait aftci a ohiii- a' 'jiiitr laixl, if la!:il '. c hia iitifis I, h) thr >.i> >■«
• till II llu- hiKh » aifit III Ihxr . .ilr.Dn-t i-iial-lr h in i|4->>i|,l« !.• n.akr
J t.r»4 .irr Ihr riatoiit Mht ti'o* • f n I'-i lit i* '^t liot Ih.nk it iiis-rttam ti> f: v(* aw it liii>1 in .iriHo.lrv,
wlirti , ht Ihr too iir*i ol lit |>ri> r, Ihr iitiiitiluliii-tt of u ork, aii'l Ihr lii|th i itf ol »a|l<*«, «'■ iiiihiitr i' ui
man I .ill r^Mi mi'.U||Ii hi a (• • » a »'•!■• t • i<xo ui a frii lo.) rr I.) ii r ma o| h, . umii a«'.;u^ti| out
i hr lain) nihil h It lor t,i'r » il !■' ■■^H'li lo |.iil''.' ro i.|*ill;. Il, AO I ol I (111 .', Ihrlrlof.', ili |.ri< r till 1.1
ilifti-iHl ii|>'ii Ihr olTi rt 11 .tl mat hr in.tilr , hut il « ill kiik r iIIi irnt Im- tol,! loi Ii*m Hi an Inuii 4i lo ■ |x r
ai rr ; aii.l in tiltijliont « I . rr loa It I at r lin li lii.vU- ol Ihr Kitmiul hat i <-■ ii iitilotllt i li iriil, Ho roiiw
liioii |iiut't lati > hair Imi'i .1 i>l , I I, alHl I -j lu'llir I'trtii u. iii it II li' Ix-tt lr.tiiinl ii|-.n Hir
i|>'t, ohirr rMtt riulratin.t will Lm' ina.U- to mn t thi- iwfTtK-tit > lf> uilUlalUft jinl t it « i o! iMft rnil
I'Ulrh.lM'Tt
.Auhii .i|h Kotcrivinriil ml. not makr ant i; At al Hu |»,l.l.> r(|a-'.tr lo rnuifraiili to N'lith \in ri' a,
• irri.lt <t ill !«■ inaii<laii>iil at Ihr irii.i .|-<l ('.LiIhaI |--rli, «t ti>4r iL.tt ilwili In-, «iiH 'i.I Irr or irit aiil
flofi) |iri).ilt' III 'it ulkialt, to fi.ttit (?i-'i:rantt ai?tiiitt itii|«>«>ii mi ii|«'tt Ihrir llitl IaikIihk, t" ac'<itijti>t
tliriii tiilli Ihr ilrinant) h't la!«>i.f >li •liltnrnl il.tliult, I ■ jaioil out inr tt.iNt *i|t aJilaK< o-.ii rnu'ri, joil lo
liiTliliit llll*. II ^'rorf alU « .1 h all oii hil .ittt .t i tj|ii>)i Ihr o' . ii It <« In. h ihi-t h.ii i* h nl .ri t n-it ui rlloiff atinn
a'llithrn a |<f » -iS i-i.^.i>,'i'inrt I » .tijimt Ik' io ti.f^l alrlt i4.1j.tnl, « in; lo> iiit*t I will Ik AlfoiiUil on ti'inr
I'f Ihi- i>ii<''ii M '.It III i.r'trii •« o. Ihi I oliiini I IV'ttiiii 111 tt It an fol ih ml-l nut oni.l I.' i oniull H r
KwVi iiiinriit aKt"i| l'>r rin.Kiaiti, ao.l At iioo U j.t |»u.ti',|r tl .i il at . ul ihli i.lu il in Ihr |."<l>, hIii ir th< y
.ilr rt.-o.il to illk.n'.tol 11111. ••■Il », anil ( |li-t. \ti ft kiflnllj; Ihr n at I it.tnt irl .«o> lli.mrt Ihrt
I'. 41 I- ■••■ at hat iHi'ti rviH'iitltTi — For thr tainr |.ur|««r I'f j.*iiatiliiii; ajt.iinit thr fi 4<.«U pi uliti^t oii iii'i*
■ oiiirit ait'l i>l |>irtriit,ii|{ an i 'i.|>r oi i,n .1 i \pi in.iiiiir at I', tlitl iiioiiiriil of all .« al, .1 tii iiii i> 1 1 <!t.»ir
al'ii* Ihal iiiilit .tl'.taU 1. 1^. nut w :tli In I urn ill rni'Ktan* t h Ih inotii' • I ,t H rii >•>■' in I *■ • -loiit tl .mM
1.1) r 111.' .1,1 'I.- < I I'l il mu I* r III' 1.1 t |iat jMr Ihi 'r, iii>ii ail nl ^'u .i.|; t iiitn llu- liao.U ..| ihr ' in ifta 't
111 II..- r.inntii Th < ii.m ttniin ft lot i'iiOk'''>i - ■ air " i.i,'J>; >l in • iln t .i ; K i.i i il ai ' ai...; in. nit I. i
thit I ur|«Mi', anil lUn i ■•tn r «i t. t>r K tin ii. iiii | u< t t i»h< ,. Ilirt ■.. lii i« i oiii). '11 Ak. nli ht
riinv" iliii, liA> r Iki i. a,>|«<o.li-.| al ".i Jo' i. «, "M ^., i, « ., .im i Mi' tioi In m V- < ."-"o t.t ■ k, ai.l jI
Oiitlx-i .I'l.l ^ ..rk II I a'l ..l.t Ihi Ihr w h' n lu' n ■ I i.| • l.r Inannrr .f I" ■■ i i il oK U,«'n iluti'iir, il li. iV In
i.^l>«i I It.'., Ol 1 . .1 K.tmii, I' .1 III. t-II'Ml ttiil 111- tjh tl-.! !:, 1- 1 1 liij.1 I in t^ I a' I * Ilinli .ti » tn » • t-il) lol tli i. it
at Hn |.Urr ol ilitiin .«iL..tn.ii, ai.il llo n ■.iii. ii ai Iu Hi i||>.(t>i .In t ol .1 ,>i i r Uiiii jf H.. i
Ul> .ir I ( . ouiit .
I il
(OI.ONY ruADi:.
UliJ)
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AOi r lli|« r\|l iii.itlM'i of tfif cttriit ir Mm> iihI In Im' rlii>i*rti'<l
lll> iil> ,111' >lil,| I i| C'l till' nlill'MI \ t l>.ir^l-« liir (i.liia.lgi III till' Nnrtll Alllrln .lll l nlnilll'*, »• Mill ila iil Hie
iiMi.il riilr* I'l M .itdn .mil u>ii.il (iriii^ in lluin, iii Muhr lli.il im r\ imlit iilu.il iii.u IuMc IIii' iiii'.iIik uI
jiiill(ii p liir lull <i II III llii' ii'ilini imi l< In i iiii^>i,itr In llii-r yMl- • I tin' ItntKli ili iiiiiIiiIk
/'ii'.«'ij;r — l'a'».«i»i'« tn ( >iiilii'r nr Ni w lltiiii««iik iii,i> iiilur In- i ti^'innl ihi ixxir nl iirii\ ■•miiii, nr
)'ii liiMfi- III iri t iMiiiii, III Mini li r.i>r tin •).i|> hm lirr tiiiiN i,<illiiii»( I'lit w iti r, lili I iiliil I id I |>i>l( r<>, M it limit
III iMiiiK. ( liililii'ii iimliT 1 1 fr.iri nl iiKi' III < ImiKi'il •»>■' ImII, <iiiiI umlir ' triii'< nt .iki' m r llnnl, nt tin-
fiill tirirc , mill Inr ■ luliln n iiiuli r I .' nuiiillii nl a»;i im i har^T i« iii.nli' I |'i ii llii'«i' i iiiiilitiiniii tlir (irii i-
III ) n»,iK< III III! I I 'I nil 'II, I If III IMI |ilni'i'' nil till' r.Kl ■ imhI ■>( dn at liril.iiii, li.i< «' iii rallv linii i^ m III it'i-
t l>liili», nr i/ Vkilllnlll Irnlll latl l|ii<n|, lirrrlliK k, anil till' |iriliil|'.ll lu'lt" nl Inl.itnl, a» tllr i ll.ilni'* nf
ilrl.iv nrr liMiT, till' iti.irK'' i< 'im ruli.it Inuir; tlii> \iarit u'lll |<ii ImIiK In- Irmi. .1 \i: U Ii < 'aitl.nnt
|iriik »inii«, I If 1 1 Mill 4/ III i/ Mil liiiliiiti |'iii\ i>iiiii« It 14 |Mi<i>il.li' III at III Man li .iinl Apul p.i'x.iKi • ■>ia> In-
III I iiiiril liniii I liililiii Inr 111 III I till J I i liiit till' |iiiri • iIm It < ^Tiivv lti|;lirr a> III!' T Kiiii aiU.iiii i'> In
itlni'i •ailiiiK It'll! ^^ nil mil nr ltd mil, it Im* liin«llt Inn Ilir rii-tnin Inr |ia><i >i'.'rr> In tii il tin ir umii prn.
tKi'iiK lull Una iiailirr li.i* lint lift n i>ii frrniral in Lnhilmi, anil anim' •liip nMin |>, >rii>ililr nl llii>
ilaiiKi'ri'iK iiii«lakri> u linli iiia> lie iiuiilr in tin-' iiialti i lliri ii^l: iKlin'aiii'i', aii' vrr> iiti'tic In ri i riti' r''i>-
kii'Ki ta ulin Mill IK'I awn <' In Ih' Mitii iIIi'iI Ii\ till' nliip I liiini' uliii iln ttmilvi' In iili|'|>U tlirii null (>i'n.
tcimia, «|iiinlil at l< .i*! Iii' i arrliil iml In l.it in .iii iii>iillli n nt atm k ; .'ill a\ • i- tlir •Imrti'it I'ltintl lor
« I'lili It n "air In I'ti't nil' , ami llnlii l^niiiliili Iln |iji«»at;r i- ••'liirtinici (iti'lnin'iii In ', "• il.iy*.
I III' In <l iiiniillii Im li.it III); lln^lainl arr i ritaiiiU >i.iirli anil April ; tlir l.iirr i lii>^'i.inl< i!ii i.nl II nil
<'iii|il'itiiirnt •n .iliiiiiilaiit, ami li.ivr li"** tiiiir in ll r rnlmit In Inrr llir rniMlnrnri mint nl u niirr
\ .It II Ills IraiiiN art' .iili'Mi|>ti •! ii|inn riniKrii I*, tt Im li ■ in niil> lie ill rtiialU ili |i ati il li\ llii' ){<hi<I •riix'
III I I.I' I'aitira aKaili>l uliniii lln'V .iti' rniilriviil. .'nuih liliirn .i^iIiIk l.ikr |i,i> im nt Irmii Iln- i li.i;.r.>lil |i.r
ln< |ia»a^r, ami linn ii'iniiiini ml liiiii In miiiii' tati rii, mIiiti' iir i- ilrlainril liniii i|..> In iliy iiinliT l.iNo
III I li'tici'ii Inr ili'lav, II lit 1 1, lirl. II' tin' ili'|i.irturr nl tin- •Inn, Ilir » tniji- nl liu inniii'V i> rxti.ii tril liniii Inm.
11 I- nl' I'liiiiM' raiiiint lia|i|H'n witli «KrnM rniiiii'i liil w iili n "I'l ilalili linu^rn ; Iml Itii' I'l"-! •iriiiitt i. In
1 1, III. I' III tin li.ir^.nii Inr I'.iniiaKi' .1 |i.irtii iil.ir il.it , .illi r u Im li. u lirtl.ii nt Imt tlir rlu|i <'ail>, llir |ia->i n^ti r
i< In lir riri'iii'il mi I n.inl .iml virtii.illiil li\ tin nwmr.i. In lliii iiiaiimr llir iim^'r.int i .. mint lir iiiliii'-
lii>i..ilU limnrlit In llir I'larr "I cmli'irk.itinti Inn tnnii, ami In' ininiK'Hi'il tn •|<riiil Iik iimmv at |>iililir
liiiii>i'%, li\ l.iix' ai'muiitt III till' turn 'i| sailiiiK; Inr Imin the trr) il.it nl In* anital .it tlir pnrt, U iii^ tin.'
ilay |in vinii<h a^-inil ii|»>ii, thr iilii|i iHcnnirn lii> liniiii'.
I III I'nim \,im <■ n( |i,;ii.i I ^'1 r« III till' |lnli>li |in-»rH»ii ni 111 N'rtli .Armrir.i ii ri'int.ili il In an art nf
|i irli.iiiii'iil 'I (ii'ii I 1. Vl.<, nl u Im II till liilinu iiiK irr llir |irini i|i.il ptiu imhh', ; -- ,s|n|.« arc nnt nllnMiil In
(.11 r\ |i.i«»'iixi'r« III tln"<i' rnlnini'it iinlrKii till') Ih' nt tlir IicikIiI nl '^ Iri'l iHtHcrii ilirk" ; ami lliry liiii-t
Inl r.irtv imitr tl'.in . |.a'«rii>;rr« Inr i\ir> I Iihk nl tlir n>,'i«tiriil Imrilrri ; Il irp iini«t In- nn 1 u.ir' at
li'.ist It )Mllnii« i>t pure M.'ilir, ami .'iIMIk. nl (iK.iil, lux int, n.itini.il, nr lni'.itl aIiiiI', Inr rni li pa-mn^rr.
\\ Inn till' 'lip I ai rill, tin' lull niiinU'r nf pn.*«rnKrr» allow nl liy I.im, tin part nl tin- i .irxn, ami m> slnrra nr
|irn\i«niin, may lu' ran nil In l»riii <li i k« ; Imt it llnrt' In- U'"* than llir rmiipliii' nnniU r nl' pa-Mii^nr*,
^iiinU mat It '•iimi ll In I tin ii iln k* In a prii|nirlinii nnt rxn riling iriiliir.il Irct Inr r.ii li pn^i n^i't u.ii t.
liiK nl tin- li^liii,t iiiinilifr "M.i«lii» nl vi »iiln »lin laiiil pa»«i hkit*, iinlt'iiK ttitli llnir nti n miiMiil, ..t .i
pi. II I ililtrri'iil Irnlll Hint nTi).'iiiallt a^ri nl ii|hiii, an- •iil<jn t In a prn.illt nl ,t>l , ictotcialilt' l>> siiinii..iry
pim rx I't'li'ii' . Jll^ln in nt' llir pincc in any nl tin' Vmtli .\iiiriii in rnlniiifii
I lir inlnirrimiil nl tlii« l.it* rr<t.« rlmtly tvitli tin- i tfiri'in nl \.\* M.ijr<lt '« iinlnnM ; «Iiil pi'r«ii|i> liavmn
('i'iiiplaii.t< In iiiuktMil 111 inlrarlmn, klnnilil .ulilrrx tlirin-rlvi « tn tin- man «t ( ii^ti in Imiisr
lliKiili'* till' x'a vnyaitr I mm l.n^'laiiil, |>('r>nn'> prm rnlm^ In Cniiaila >Ihi|iIi| Iu' pinvnliil tt illi tlir inc.iiK
<il p.iy iii({ Inr till' Jnnnny tt 111! Il ttnt mat li.itr In in. nkr .illir tin ir arrival at niitlH r I lir rnit nl tint
jniiinit mii'.i, nl rniir<(', ili'in'ml ii|i< n tlir iiliialinii nl tlir plan' » In ri' llir imiit hIimI mat Inulimpl t.
Inr I It, nr uln rr hr mat li.it c pri't niiajy Inrmiil u u mil In kit lie , I ait tn all it vt ill prili.ilily I c ii<rliil in
jH '«>,.< til till lilt* iiiK rci'nrl nl till- pill !•» nl rmivi't nil r, iliirinu Iln la*! »ra<iiii, in i tin rmitr tr..ni n n im-
tn ^ nrk, tlir r.ipil.il nt l'p| If < ai Ilia Kli in Oin lni- In Mniitrr.il l-l' liiilri , lit ttr.ilii pn it, tin' i li.ir^;i'
Inr an nilult Man '>.« '</ ; inin Mmiln nl tn l'rc»<nlt p.'li iinli'". , liy lni,it« nr I'ar^'rn, ~< \ In in I'rr»i ntt In
\nik '.'.wi iinloi , lit •Iraiii.lMiiit, ',i I In- jniiriirt, |H'rfnMiinl in tliii> lii.iiiiiir, miuallt inciipii'^ p' nr I.'
ilay« . miMih)!, lluntnrr, \1.« t ir prnvimniii, tin- tit.il nut tmni yui Iht In ^ nrk .i ilntam f nl .'.hi iiiiIi«1
III. It III' -latnl, ,in nnliiix In tin I tiar^i t nt hut tr.ir, at 1/ 1 1.<. in/ I'l r«niis tt Im arr (iiAM'Minl nl •nllirnnt
II laiiH pnlrr l.i tr.it el liy I, mil thai part nl tin' rnnli' ttliiTc Ihi' liitir St. I-ittniirr i.i nnt n.it i^'alilc \<y
«<i am Ina's, .mil llii' jniiimt i" linn ii<n illt prrlnrnml m n il.it ", al a n> t nl ij. Il iiiin>t I r nP-i rt nj,
tli.it till' pun 4 nf runt I yinn- nrr lut'i'its.irily tliictnatitiK, ai il that llir |nr^^llm>,' arrnniil it ni.h prr<i iitni
Ji< ^lllh■ iriitit ai'i'iirali' Inr piirimti « nf nilm iii.uinn in tlii> i niinlrt , Ic.it iiig it In I In- |.'nt rrniiiinf .i^'riit .it
IJiirlm' tn Mipplv t'liiiKrantii w itli iiinri' i'\ai t parlii ular.4, tin nrilniK tn tin- rirruintlam > s nl IIr' tint it
tt Im II tiii'V may arrit t-
li'ili' >'J It iinis <in<l Miiiki-I /'i-»i .» — The tiil(inn'» in Nnrtli .Xtiiirica, tn uhirli rniinraiift inn ttilli
ailtantam' prmrnl, arr lowrt ( aii.iil.i, I p\n t < ailaila, ami Ni tf Hriiiitttirk I mm tin' rcpnrta rnritnl
Ir.'iii tin- nllni llntn-h nil..ini'4 in Vnrtn .\iih rni, ii.iimlt, I'limc rj!tt.irii'« Nl.ii.i!. Ni tt Iniiinll.iml, N.t.i
•Snli.i. .111(1 ( a|M' r.iilnii, It .ippi'.ir- lliit tint iin nnt rniil.nii ihi nn'.iii* ritlnr m allnnliiig cinplnjimnt at
tt.i^'i's t" a I niiMilirnlilc niiinln'r nl rimgranl«, nr nl si'ttliHh' Ihiiii iipmi l.iml.
/ iii'iT ( .iii.ii/(i — rrnm l^'Mir t aiiailii tlir ii>iiiini»»inmrs Inr i'ini^;r.itinii have nnt rn'rit nl tht- iitVnial
ri jmrla tt Inch tt viv rn)iiirnl Icmii llu' N'mtli .Xmcriian i nlniiii'S, Inr tin- piirpii«i' i i i nii pilii n il,i pn-M nt
>laii imiit. I III y Inlnti', hi tti ti-r, th.it 'lie It Hut* aiiJ account nl the prites ul gt'iiii ana ul uag' s may Im
riluil u|KiM I'nr it.« f:i.iiiral nun. Iiifxi : —
Wheat . per Ini-hel
llti- - - — .
.\fai/e _. .
(»il« . _ .
\S .i^'e« nf lahnunrii - per il.iy
.Mnl-liii.lili r-", earpeiiteri, jniiu'm, einiTr-, iim* ir.», aiul LiilniH
ll.
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t'l'f'' C'liuiit.! — 1 rnlli a 11 ll parisnii it a'l the ilnemmili liilnre the iniiiiiiis«ininrs for e'.ii(fratmii.
II appi'.ir'" Hill I lie t. ally »a^■<". n| l.ilioiiret'' in I ppii I .iii.i.l.i, liiinl hy the y e.ir, are In 'in .7/ In ,>!./ ;
tli.il llu ir iiiniilhly tt.iKo, III I'llli'leiit i>itii.il:iiii.4 ai (J at niltereiil «i a'tnii", r.ili^e finiii U. Iln tn .'V !<.<.
IMT inniilli , ami lh..t il.iily u.i^i « lanni irnlll ..(. In ..t. !ii/. In all ttn■^e i.ite.'< nf t^.l^,•l'^, Inanl ami ImU-u k
are Iniiiiit liy tin rniplnyer Willmiit lui.iri|, if.nly tt .i(;e« vary Irnlll .>. iW. nnt nf harvi -t In .'.j iliiiin^
li.irtett; nt i/ , Pemili"- prnn»ini;>, i« siiinetiiiii s (.iten tn linrve>t Im n. The tta^jt-i nf met lianie.a iii.i) 1a,'
• l.iliil uiiivernallt at linin ,'n In'. i«/ per day
I lie tnlliminj; '1 alile ex lulu is ll i' Invtest ami the hijihe.-t priee vt Imli tliu M'ter tl .irtieUn llicreiii l.JlliUtl
bote, iliirmn till yiar P'v -1, in o«eti nl the piiiieip.il il..>tiitl!> nf Ipper Canaila —
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riNii. . .I ml li.i fainilii » i«. i.i« hk Iwu
Hiiutr ii'iil u fii'in V 111 iJ |>rr aiinuin Tr rjiiiil.it <ki iiiiting onp
ri<i>iiii, fii'iii rj til !ii/ I iimiiiiiii l.tl«'iii<r> rniiti' fniiii ..j In 4« ;i
■lav, (iiiiliDg llifir <•« II I'l.lKuif'iiK' ; Imt Hfiiii rin|'l<i<i".l xt tlir |«<rlt in Injd.ii^ «<*•< l>, Itirir >uli«i>;<'ii('r
!• Iiiiiiiil lur tlirm Mi->l)aii»'» rttt.tf litun u ti. Ti '</ |>«'r il«>, aiiU tuitrruir Kiiikiiuii lium 7j u(.
Ill l>i>
I (aiii tlx- ti'ii (;<<iliK >t»triii<'i.t<, i( niu-.! Im' il»pr«f>l II at rini|(r.«titi. t-<|i4^ i.ill> iin h rif ihitti *< arp
a|t>ii ultural lalxurrrt, >Iil>uI<1 i.nt ('\|hi'I tli:* hiiii'iint •.tRi • lutni^l i ilil llu'> lia> c lir^iuiir airu«loiiu>t
III till- uiirk lit the nilniit | hi' imi liaimt iii.xl in lUiiuiul irv iIumi- riniiiirtiil « .1 ti tlie LuaiiicM uf
tioux'-buililmt! MiiM-iiiakrlt .ii.il lailoK, atui iilii,> t ulUltrt, .il»i> Inn) adiii.iUiit i ".ii|<lii«iiiriiL
^Ir. Hiuh.inaii. Iwn M.i'i-»l\'- ilml a^'i-nt tur tl.r •.ii|HTit^tftnliiirr nt" i ttiijjmiit^ in
l'|i|K'i iiiul l.dWL-r I jiiad.1 liiia tvMicti the lullouing iiiroiii.;«(i>iii, datitl (^iii'b«.c, lotii ut'
Jiil\. 1^:5:?.
■| l.i rr !• I lilt itig <f II nil' i.ri(«>r!aiirr to rtr.icriiiti on arrnal at tjui^wf, than rurti-r t iiiformafinn r«i
thr liailiiig (aiiiitt > niiiii-< In! Mitli lli< ii fi.liirr |.ui»uitt Many hat i- tuldiitl lnu< h t>« a uaiil •>( i autimi,
antt l>\ h>Ul.iiiK til till' i'|<iiiiiiii4 (if nil Kitnl iU-*i|j;i.i:'g iliaiaitilt, Wn liti^iiri.llt iHi-r tin it atlt !• «
tiliMiliiitirl, anil i*)ii> arr im t )ir':ri.illi jln t ' jt}\atit aikl lainl.i u jlAxt lii<,ui'iiti'«l In •l<an|!ii< In
puaiit <'iii.||tan(i rrnm la^M ,' inli- lUi li .iinrt, Il i < thxnUI, nnlnoijli i> ixi aiii« al at V*n<'lo> . |''i<< t**^! In
thi- i't!ir«' i.f ll.i- I ! -.rl »*riit (i-r rti.i|(lalil» III 'viutl-aii Mill l.'t Nfi-tt. l-iiwri Inwii. «>l;itritrl« iiifurii.
atiiiii r(i;U.«itr ti'i I III I r Inluir (n.iiatii r, in i 'tlirr |t'"'i'K ••'<'l< MKiil I'li |jii..>, nr I IttaiiniiK I in; li>> nii-i t
III I I'li'-r If lyiii I ( aiuila, » ill In- ••l<l.»ii.t-«l fii.'tJ 4 hi >i.iil rniitr ffnin ^.ii.i lut !.■ V'uf <tr»l ii.ali' ii \i-u
wll liiiil man "IIk «ii<I h hi-n t'« < flrn^t In t jur itriitulrratii'ii, Inil Iniii aa.<« (inii. tliiiii iiiufu jmi 3ir
• I'll Ml tlitit ii( II. I |>uii1> i>r tin itatriuri'U On all uxatinna •lirti )i'U 11.11111 in iit-inl nf aU«iir, a|>('l«
111 the ifi'tirMiH'iii «i,<'iit>
F.iniKiaiitt air ■iit..iii;iil that Inrt mi» riinalii I'fi lH»ari! il<i|i if h iii» aOi 1 arijtal , iinr ran thn Ir
llr)>•l\l'^' ii( ant ' !hrir uinjl a> 1 < t .1. lajAlinn' f. r Kinkiiiff i>r l< f th ny ilur.' k t!.ji |<'f i«l , ai il II r 11 a (< 1
lit Ihr >ln|i !• laiiiiiit til land ilic Mi i;iani> aiol th< ir l^ti^^nr, Ji, t ^ . /farNic, at Ihi- iMi.al lai;iliiiK |iUi 1 •,
anil al >«'juiiialili* hiHiit
st.iuil Mill fii,ii 11- tn I'han^i' \i'<ii l> >'.>li n-iiM », nil 111 ninr ir<|irt'talilr inrri hint ur In thr hti k t
I lie I urrrlir< in thf I auailaa it al thr laii .•( 1 llir r.Kilar, ami i> 1 ^.i •! Kalitai riiiinu * , al | ii-ti i.l
the »:iilil nm ffiiifi !• wmlli .li initnui in Mmf't-al , in \i » ^i>«k, ^l !• ijlinlatnl fur I'u ii. In ,
li. lii I- ii.a:.i irr <!i 111 itt « (nil III ifu j; 1! It.. 14I1-1 1 f 'aNiil, .Sr j in ( aiuila ii iiiUal li ^j Nri»\uik,
Ihiit *u N'l w ^ I rk rnrrpn<-« |< r<;iiii . irnl In .< Ilalil/ik 1 uifrii <
Kir't,'faiti »iii> Willi 111 »illlf 111 i..iai r t aiiaata, 1 t li. 'miilii>niriil, arp Inhitinr^l that mat'*
<)i'«ilalil<- •iliialiiiii* air In Im' nil t » in WiM laii<l> .I >u|iri>i. ., . I« n1.11 Ik* nl'lailiril In 1 nn liatp . n
« rf t ia>v li'iina litiin tlir O'limniti' i.t '> nl ( nnaii laiula m tarmiia tnMtol. |* in II)- |'fi « ii.ir. ai.<l pm*!
(aim l.ilnHirrr* anil inii hai » > aif inuih in tii,ur»l, (•altiiuUilt in thr raairln Inia i.>lii|>«, whrti aUi.
111.11 « r\rrllrnt tilualii'iit ami iiii|<|i'«<il (aiii.t 111, « !«■ I'tiiih.tMnl riniii | riTatc |ifi'f>|iri"ri At V <■
( luMiliU < .ilnil mail* laU'tifrK mill nn.l lii.lii'i'iair I'lni'lniinrlit Ifi r>rr< (kill ••! I | l*^' ' .ti'aila H ■'
itrfi.aiiil F'>r Ittmnrptt ami im^ liiinia u 'Imi «t f < (ttvl .Ml LUmiJiiii iiiiiitianla wh'i ii ai h \ m k, aiil
« hi. mat Ik- hi »alit i( itiiiiK^tialr 1 lli|>lnt niriil, « ili lir |>tiitnlnl Midi tl l.y lh< ^-I'X'ininri.l I hr t'r';ii •• al
tiiti>l iii.< .11 ('|>|vr I Ai.ail.. K hrrr all ai,),'i ii.i nit atr ii.ulr h.( li'«alin|( tliii|(ialiM air in !!><. Iljlhi. ^ >t,
M.illaml, Ni wrailli-, liiliw, l^.tiili'ii, M.il \\ 1 >li-ii. iliitin la. Sritlrti »ilh int am vill l.a< i- 1 |if«'tt uintii •
fif ^iriiiai nn ( mwii l.iiiit< in tniial |.aiti 1 I |i r I'H «inir nt ihr tn-^ilh « •aln, infni inal.iiii nl «f>iih
Mtay In nt'\ .-M nil a|>til'ialii>ii at thr i nna n l.«t*< I llt.rr, \i.ik. iw In \ II {iavki-, Ijij Itir untrrnini > t
•^riit till till igiaiitt thr tr, til al.nni th<-< • ti ■:|i|>l>. •'!> >iri<a', Im tin h fuiihi 1 a>l> n >■ a> il • « may fn^inir.
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COLONY TliADK.
311
they tt:ll pure Ii.ik- iIumiht mid of hitter iiiinlitt/ lli.iii nloiij^ the rciulf rii^y an- .il> i (i.irfi'iil.irljr
('.'iiili'iiii'<t ii,.!!!!''! Ilir ii'iiit .iriliiil s|iinN, iir ilriiikini; ciilil rn cr u.itcr, cir Imii^; (111 Iti"- ImmK" n( tlic rivrr
iV|Mis,.ii III the iiikIiI i1i«s, llir> »IiimiIiI (irm ( ( il ;it fine Iniiii tin' ■.liam.li.r.it .it Mmitrcil tor l..iiliiiif,
S iiiili'H aliiiM', li'iiii ulii'iiir tlir Diirliaiii .mil riti ,iin-li<iiits -l.irt li<r rrr-mtt ami Itxtnuii il.nly.
I jiu|.i.iiit- « iM iilil.Mii liiiiii Mr .lului n.i>«, III'' K'ln t-ri iiiiiit a(,'riil ,it I.iu luiii-, ,'111 li .iih ice aiiil .isiiiiU
aiiii' .IS tlii'> iiiiU r('i|um' ; iiikI llirv « ill liiiiMlicio .1 ciinvi iiicnl ii irrai k li'i; Iiihim', wlicri' tlmx" wiihliif;
111,1V nni nil l<ir liii' iii>;lit, .iikI avmil i'X|Ki«iirr .mil cxikiix' oI IimIk n^;*. Mr. Julin I'attoii, the K"^i'rii>
nil lit ajjiiit at I'riMiilt. will riinlcr <vim> .iilini' ami asM-taiai' tii riiiij;raiit<
I .ill II Hints i<r Mil rliaiiH'it iliininli lit uii iiiiiiiriliatr riiiplo) 11 rut .irr rr'|iii >'iil to priKHTil itiiiiioliatrly on
nrri'.il luIn Ihi- inni-liy I'lf rlml ajicnt uill rmi-nliT «iii li |i«r<iiii» as iiia> loiter alxiiit Itif (xirts 01
I iiiiliiij: li. uiliil (■»,• le. .k alter .irrn il In li.ivi 11 n liirllii r 1 1. 1111, » on the tirolei tion ot his M.iji-ty's .ifterifi
lor assistaiue or eiii|ilnMi,( nt, imli'Mt the) h.ne lir( II ilil niied li) MiKiiis> or siiiiic olher satislaetory
cause.
I'lii' t'lillou iiiij int'iiniiatioii wiili ri'^-pt'it to I iipiT (atiiida li.is hi'i'ii ciifiilatiil by
the (".inula ('(iiii|).inv : —
" I'ri'iniis ilcsiroiH III' ohtaiiiinn i-iii|iliivmeiit, •''•'I'l li.iviiij; the liieaiis of <Mi:i„'raliiig to I piicr ( inaila,
in.iy Ki't uork at hifili priei's coiiiii.irtil Willi wli.it thiy have lieeii an UstiiiiK il to re-eni- in this roiuitry a.«
a^nriillnial l.ili.'iircrs 1 he u',ii;rs ^riveiiiii l'|i|<(T (aiiaila .ire Irniii ./.to 'J | <'r in nth, with t»>aiil m.ii
linl^iii.' .M these w.iKi.s there is a eonsiaiit ili in.iml lor l.tlxmr in .ill part~ ot Ippi r I .m.nl.i ; aiiit there li
110 iioiill III, It ,1 very K"'.it iiiiiiiher, lievomi those now tlun , woiJil liiil 1 iiiployiiH i.t. Working artii.in*,
jiaitii III itly 1)1,11 k ..111 I ill-, earpi iili'rs, liiu kl.ivers, iimsoim, i iioper>, li!illwri,,lils, w In ilwri>;lit>, »ho<iii,iker«,
nml t.iilo;., i^et liiKii v«aK>'--, aiiil aie iiiin h waiiteil. Iiiniisti n Us men lii.iy look loruanluilh eonCilcnc't'
(o .111 iii.pl, .\ I'liii III III their sitii.ilioii, as the) may save i noii|.'h out ol one .te.isoli s uurk to hliv laiiiJ
them. ell e« in si ttUil tiiuii-lii|i<i.
" I leeliiilil l.mil ol e\eelU lit <|iiality is I" he ~.il.l at \«. :W to .lis lurreiiey (lor aire, payaMe as follow, :
— One tilth III the pun li.ise ijionev to he paiil ilowii at the tune of iii.ikiiiK i lio;(e ot llie laml in ( an.nl.i,
Bill I he I en, um el ill ., .iiiiiiuil payineiiU with interest, wliieli an imlu-liimu settler wnulil he able to pay
out ol the er' •".
" I pp< r * 111.;. 1. 1 !■ a Triti-li province, within a l"iw vvi'iks' sail of thi> country. 'I'he rliiii ife if ko'xI ;
all llie ln.il« aail ve(;et;liles eomiiinii to the la.Kl.sIl kili hi o ^- mU 11 thrive w ell , suj,Mr, lor liouiest,,
piirpi -e», IS iii,iile Iroiii the in ip4c tree, 011 the laml 'I he »oil ,iiiil coiiiitry po«., »> every rei|'iisite tor
fatiiiiiiK piir|i<i-es anil eonifort.ille settlcineiit, which m proveil hy the experieme ol the iiiiiiieriii.s
linlii-lrioiiH eiiii»;raiit< now sett leil there. The s.iniples ot I pper (aiiail.i w lie.it li.ive Hot In en exi eeileil
in 1,11. ■Ill) l,y :iiiy ill the llriti«li m.irkit iliiriiiK' the p.ist ye.ir The population ot the proniice, which is
rapiiiU imr easing', coi si,.|s almost exi liisivi I) ol per-ons Iroiii ( in .it I.I 1 tain ami Irelinil, who haM' joi.e
ther,' In «e!ile. I he t.ixi s .11 e vii » trJliiiv;, ami there .ire no tithes | lie expense ot clearing; the laiiit
ri'ailv lor -e.-.l 's alioiii 1/ per acre it panl lor in iiioiiev ; hut il ilom- by t!ie purcli*ier> theiiiscives, they
mti-t eiiipii,) pail ol till ir tune at w aj;e"., or |io->e'>» -on e uie.iiis it |hi ir own
'" lie lAiKiise of reiiioviiiK from this 1 0111. try to (Jio Ixx' or MontriMi, incluiliii); piovi>i(iiis lor the
Voya^'i , i«, lor Krown person*, men or woineii, liniii iJ lo ', / , .mil li.ill price tor 1 hililren uiali r 14 yi ars of
•|(e 'I till' p.irties liml their ii» II prov isioiis, the |i.i-s;if;e money IS ^ or I V < lor an ailult, .mil in pro.
portirii tor I liilitrin Iroiii Ire'.iiil and Seotl ml the eX|Hi;se is eolisulerahlv liss I he i x;iei se ot the
traiisisirl of an adult eiiii>(r.iiit fioiu ^Jiunhc to Voik iiid the head ot I-ike Oiit.irio will not exceed Irmii
1/ to 1/ J.<. 1../. ciirreiii y, or IVi 01 l;i> slerhiif,', 1 xclusive o| oiov 1 .loi.-
" llie ( .111U1I.1 ( ompiiiy, to ei.ci.iir.i^e settliiiieiit in tin lluroii tr.ict, have determiiieil for tli s yenr
(Is -i; to allow .ill laiiiilies, stltirit in lh.it distn-.t, putchisiii^; INi acres or more, ot the I oinpaii), the
expenses of i'$ii ri/iinif, at n st|iul.itiil iiili-, IromVJinlM'C or M.iiitreal to ihe he.id ot I-ike Ont.irio,
ail iw iiK I .nil l.iiinlt lo I insist ot J adults and J chililreii, ti) deduct ;ii),' those ex |xii«i-s troiii the sei oiui
llisl.iliiient III the purchase money of their furiii. I he presi nt puces ol land in llie Huron trad, wliuh
In ol the tinist i,uality 111 .Aineiie.i, .iie Iroiii Ss. 'ki. to Uis. provincial currency, that i«, liciii '.} tu J
doll.ir- per .lere
" I'll!' (all. id. I (ompaiiy, to ficiht.ile the Ir iiisiiiis.sion of iiioney to the l"p|«T and Iaiwit I'rov mret,
will rrceive Iroiii ml. ndiiiK eiiii>;r.iiits .iiiv de|HKit« in l.omlon, lor which the) will issue letters of crl^llt
on till ir .ii^eiits, .illouiii^i the p.irties tin' lull In iielit of the r.ite of excliinjie, which u^ii 'li) ran^,'! . Iiotii
8 to |o |.«r cent. rer>ons resident in this countiy, ■Icsirous ol iiak ng reimtt.ii.cis to their Iru iius 111 Ihe
Cm .d.is, are atlorded the same lacilitus ind a'Vai t.ijti s
*' I iirthet iiitorii.alion, and the p.ipers distributed b\ the t aiiad.i C oinp.iny, may be ubtaiiievl on .ippli-
Catioii 1,1 the seiiii.iry, John I'erry, l-sq.
" l.oiiiioii, ( lelob'er, !'• ; , ■■
The lol low 11,1; extr.iit I r 0111 the Maiit), ,1/ Uaih/ A(inrtt\rr of the ttli ol Sptember, l"" i J, givej the price*
ol till print ipal .irln Us 1 I I aii.idiaii piiHlm e .i» under ; -.
£ s il. j: s li.
(tr.i n and seed —
\\ lie.it, \\. Canada, p«T Titlllwi 1 1 ti .; — I) f, li
lilixevl
red
')>. i
Ashes, (sit, l«l .-orl, per cwt
peail
Flour aiiii me.il —
Siipeitine, p< r I'Jiilbn ( anacla I In
Kiiic dill.) dill. I
MidilllliK ditto ditto
I'od.ii.U tlitlii dillo I J
Imli.iii meal, |H'r lii.'s lb*. . I .'
O itimal per cwt. . l» 1 i
s
i.
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Iiiiliaii coin
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U b riax seed, pi i bushel
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I '. ) If'i \t hull I ^'o/.oii'cs. — III tlio Wist Imlies «•»• jxivsi'ss Jaiiiaiea, Mai l>,i(l(H"i,
.St. Iiici.i, .\iiti'.'ii.i. (■reiiada, 'I'l ii.id.iil, ami vuiir' ullu r i-laiiils, i \cliisi\i <it' D.iiur.ir.i
uiiil Uertiiev 111 .s«iiitli .Viiu'iii-.i. J.iiii.iic.i, liy t'.ir the hirjicNt anil iiiunI v.iliialile ot" our
insular |nisMssioiis, ii .ilmnt l.'O mrk's in liiio|h ami U) in iiieail hreaiUli, eiii'.taiiiin)^
hImiiiI 'J.MKMHK) acris, ot' whicli iVom l,H>l).(HH) to l,'JtH\iHH) are siippoM'tl to lu- in
riilliv.ition. Hi'iiiLr Nilii.itiii williin the trupie of (atietr. the liial in the NSivt Imlies is
iiitiii.'.e, lull i-> iiioili i.iteil liy tlii' sea Ime/.e w hii li Mow •, rtonl,ii|\ ijurinj^ tlii' f^reater
p. lit 111" the <l.i\. rill' rains makv tin- only tlislitution i,(' siasous. 1 hey soinetiiiiis tall
Willi prodi'^ioiis iinpt'iiiosiiy, gi\ inj; birth to iiitiiitm r.ible torrents, ami laviiii; all the
love eoiiniry iinili r v> .iter ihe trees are f^reeti the whole \ i.ir nniml : iln'V have no simw,
no Ir.ist, ami but i.irely smm' b.iil. i'lii' eliin.ili' is very hiitiiiil ; iron 1 lists and eorrodis
in a Very shoil tiiin'; iiml it is ibis, peril. ips, lb. it relideis the West Indies so iitirriemiU
to l-iiirupfiiii I'oiiNlitiiliotis, ami prodmes those iiiali^'tiant levers th.it are so very fatal.
'I be vi'jret.ible prodih tion«i .if luiiiiemiis .mil v.diiable ; but tlii' siij;.,! eiilie ami ihw eollio
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342
COLONIES AND
mi
ir'^ '
r
'vm
\u ( '
plant fire incomparably more important than the others, and constitute the natural riches
of the islands.
The West Indies are occasionally assailed by the most dreadful hurricanes, which
destroy in a moment the liopes and labours of the planters, and devastate entire islands.
Whole fields of sugar canes are sometimes torn up by the roots, houses are either thrown
down or unroofed, and even the heavy copper boilers and stills in the works have, in
numerous instances, been wrenched from the ground and battered to i)ieces. The rain
pours down in torrents, sweeping before it every thing that comes in its way. Tlie
destruction caused by such dreadful scourges seldom fails to pro<luce a very great scarcity,
and not unfrequently famine ; and ve are ashamed to have to add, that the severity of
the distress has on several occasions been materially aggravated by a refusal on the i)art
of the authorities to allow importation direct from the United States ! * This was the
case at Dominica so late iis 1817.
Jamaica was discovered by Columbus in 1494, and continued in possession of the
Spaniards till 1655, when it was wrested from them by the English. Although it had
thus been for more than a century and a half under the power of Spain, such was tlie
deadening influence of her colonial system, that it did not, when we conquered it, con-
tain 1,500 white inhabitants, and these were immersed in sloth and poverty. Of the
many valuable articles which Jamaica soon after produced in such profusion, many were
then altogether unknown ; and of those that were known, such a supply only was cul-
tivated as was required for the consumption of the inhabitants. " The Spanish settlers,"
it is said by Mr, Bryan Edwards, " possessed none of the elegancies of life ; nor were
they acquainted even with many of those gratifications whicii, in civilised states, are
considered necessary to its comfort and convenience. They were neither ])olished by
social intercourse, nor improved by education ; but passed their days in gloomy languor,
enfeebled by sloth, and depressed by poverty. They had been for many years in a state
of progressive degeneracy, and would probably in a short time have expiated the guilt
of their ancestors, by falling victims themselves to the vengeance of tlieir slaves." —
{Hist. West Indies, vol. i. p. 297. 8vo ed.)
For a considerable number of years after we obtained possession of Jamaica, the
chief exports were cacao, hides, and indigo. Even so late as 177'2, the exports of sugar
amounted to only 11,000 hogsheads. In 1774, they had increased to 78,000 hogs-
lieads of sugar, iiCOOO puncheons of rum, and 6,547 bags of coffee. The Amcric.tn
war was very injurious to the West India settlements ; and they may, indeed, be siiid to
be still soflforing from its effects, as the independence of America led to the enactment
of those restrictions on the importation of food, lumber, &c. that have been so very
hurtful to the planters. In 1780, Jamaica was visited by a most destructive hurricants
the devastation occasioned by which produced a dreadful famine ; and other hurricanes
followed in the immediately succeeding years. But in 1787, a new era of improvement
began. The devastation of St. Domingo by the negro insurrection, which broke out in
1792, first diminished, and in a few years almost entirely annihilated, the annual supply
of 115,000 hogsheads of sugar, which France and the Continent had previously been
accustomed to receive from that island. This diminution of supply, by causing a greatly
increased demand for, and a conse(iuent rise in the price of, the sugar raised in the other
islands, occasioned an extraordinary extension of cultivation. So powerful in this respect
was its influence, thnt Jamaica, which, at an average of the 6 years preceding 1799, had
produced only 83,000 hogsheads, exported, in 1801 and 1802, upwards of 286,000
hogsheads, or 14;},000 a year !
The Siuiie rise of price, which had operated so powerfully in Jamaica, occasioned a
similar though less rapid extension of cidtivation in our other islands, and in Cuba,
Porto llico, and the foreign colonies generally. The vacuum caused by the cessjition
of the supplies from St. Domingo being thus more than filled up, a reaction commenced.
The price of sugar rapidly declined ; and notwithstanding a forced market was for a
while opened to it, by substituting it for malt in the distillery, prices did not attain to
their former elevation. On the opening of tiie Continental ports, in 1813 and 1814,
they, indeed, rose, for a short time, to an extravagant height ; but they very soon fell
again, involving in ruin many of the speculators ujion an advance. And notwithstand-
ing a recent rally, they arc, and have been for the last 10 years, comparatively low.
The fall seems to be entirely owing to the vast extension of the sugar cultivation in
Cuba, Brazil, Java, Louisiana, &c., and in Demcrara, Ilerbice, and the IVIauritius.
From the facility, too, with which sugar may be raised in most of these countries,
and their vast extent, there seems little prospect of prices ever again attaining to their
• It is stated in a report liy a committee of the A3seml)ly of Jamaica, that iri.CflO negroes perished
between the latter end of 17H(» and the l)ei,'inniiig of 17H7, through famine orcasioned by huni^'anes and
the proliibitioii of importation iVoin tlic United States 1 — [Eilnuinlx's ll'i'sl Indirs, vol. ii. p. ,OI."i.) 'I'Iiom'
who are so very fund of vitiipcratini! " hard-lirarted economists," as tliev are pleased to term those who
advocate the repeal of oppressive restrictions, inuat, w« presume, look upon occurrences of this sort .is
merciful dispensations.
:
COLONY TRADE.
SiS
i
^^
old level. It is to no purpose, therefore, to attempt to relieve the distresses of the
planters of Jamaica and our other islands by temporary expedients. The present low
prices have not been brought about by accidental or contingent circumstances. And
to enable the planters to contend successfully with the active competitors that surround
them on all sides, we must place them, at least in so far as we have the means, in a similar
situation, by allowing them to resort for supplies to the cheapest markets, and to send
their produce into Europe in such a shape as they may think best.
The devastation of St. Domingo gave the same powerful stimulus to the growth of
coffee in the other West Indian colonies, that it did to the growth of sugar ; and owing
to the extraordinary increase in the demand for coffee in this and other European coun-
tries durinft the last 10 years, the imi)ulse has been, in a great measure, kept up. — (See
Coffee.) In 17.'/i, the exjiort of coil'ee from Jamaica amounted to only GO,(KX) lbs. ,
In 1775, it amounted to 4'1(),000 lbs. ; in 1797, it had increased to 7,y:}l,621 lbs. ; in
18.'52, the exports to England amounted to 19,31 1,000 lbs. ; and they have been stationary
at about this quantity for some time.
We have already seen, that when Jamaica was taken from the Spaniards, it only con-
tained 1,500 white inliabitants. In 1673, tlie population amounted to 7,76K whites
and 9,504 slaves. It would have been well for he island had the races continued to pre-
serve tills relation to each other; but, unfortunately, the black yiopulation has increased
more tlian./((v times as rapidly as the white; the latter having increased only from 7,7f)S
to about ,'K),()00, while the former liiis increased from 9,504 to rj'J'i,4'Jl, exclusive of
persons of colour. The immense preponderance of the slave pojudation has rendered
the question of emancipation so very difficult.
The correspondence of the slaves in Jamaica with their emancipated brethren in Ilayti
or St. Domingo has been prohibited by a provision in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 59. § 55.
—(sec post).
The real value of the exports to Jamaica amoimts to about 1 ,600,000/. a year, being
more than half the amount of the exports to the West Indian colonies. It should,
however, be observed, that a considerable portion of the articles sent to Jamaica, an<l
some of the other colonies, are only sent there as to an entrepot, being subsequently
exported to the Spanish main. During the ascendancy of the Spanish dominion in
Mexico and South America, this trade, which was then contraband, was carried on to
a very great extent. It is now much fallen off; but the central situation of Jamaica
will always secure to her a considerable share of this sort of transit trade.
Barbadoes was the earliest of our possessions in the West Indies. It is the most
easterly of the Caribbee islands; Bridge Town, the capital, being in Ion. 59° 41' W.
Barbadoes is by far the best cultivated of all the West India islands. It contains about
105,000 acres, having a population of about 16,000 whites, 2,700 free people of colour,
and 68,000 slaves. It exports about 21,000 hogsheads of sugar, of 16 cwt. e:ich. Bar-
badoes had attained the acme of its prosperity in the latter part of the seventeenth century,
when the white population is said to have amounted to about 50,000, though this is
probably an exaggeration. But it is only as compared with itself that it can be con-
sidered as having fallen off; for, compared with the other West India islands, its
superiority is manifest. It raises nearly as much food as is adequate for its siipi)ly.
The islands next in importance are St. Vincent, Grenada, Trinidad, Antigua, &e.
It is unnecessary to enter into any special details with respect to them ; their population
and trade being exhibited in the Tables annexed to this section.
During the late war, we took from the Dutch the settlements of Demerara, Berbicc,
and Essequibo, in Guiana, which were definitively ceded to us in 1814. The soil of
these settlements is naturally very rich ; and they have, in this respect, a decided
advantage over most of the West India islands. Their advance, since they came into
our possession, was for a while very great ; but recently their progress seems to have
been checked, and their exports, particularly those of rum and cofFee, have declined
considerably. The imports of sugar from them amount to about a third of the imjiorts
from Jamaica. The rum of Demerara enjoys a high reputation ; and of the total
quantity imported from the I'litish colonies and plantations in 1832, amounting to
4,741,649 gallons, Demerara and Berbice furnished 1,415,449 gallons. The best
samples of Berbice coffee are of very superior quality; but the planters finding the
cultivation of sugar more profitable, the imports have materially declined of late years.
In 1832, they amounted, from both colonies, to 3,449,400 lbs. Considerable quantities
of cotton were formerly exported from Guiana ; but the Americans having superior
facilities for its production, the planters have in a great measure ceased to cultivate it.
Cacao, annotto, &c. are produced, but not abundantly.
These statements are sufficient to show the importance of Demerara and Berbicc.
Considering, indeed, their great natural fertility, and the indefinite extent to which every
sort of tn.pical culture may be carried in them, they certainly rank among the most
valuable of the colonial possessions we have ac(iuind for many years.
Z 4
I !
•:^ i
,....,
311
COLONIES AND
Eiclusivc of the above, we possess the settlement of Balize on the Bay of Honduras.
This is of importance, as afTording a means of obtaining abundant sui)plies of matiogany ;
but it is of more importance as an entrepot for the supply of Guatemala with English
manufactured goods. — (For .iccounts of the colonies in Australasia, &c., see Columuo,
Cape of Good Hope, Port Louis, Sydnk., &c. )
The following is an account of the quantities of the three great articles of sugar, cofTee,
and rum, imported from the British West Indies into the IDnited Kingdom in the year
1832: —
British Colonlct-ln the VVeit Indie*.
KuKiir.
CofPce.
Rum.
AntiRU.-l ~ . - -
BarbadncR . .
Dominica • .
Circnuda . - . .
Jamaica . -
Montserrat ....
Nevis ....
St Kitt's - ...
St Lucia - . . -
St Vincent
Tcbago . - . -
Tortola ....
Trinidad . ...
Bermudas
Demerara - . . -
Hcrbice . . . •
Total imports in 18.32
Ditto in 1830
Decrease in 18.'32, as compared with 1830
til'/, art. Ihi,
143,;536
2(i(i,4(M. 2 27
58,270 25
188,2,31 1 14
1,4,51,689 1 18
20,855 2 20
39,843 1 19
SO.&a 20
47,!«i5 3 14
186,812 1 15
108,100 3 10
14,999 24
312,26.5 3 10
2
736,5(;i 1 26
137,457 20
49,888
1;08,191
l,a50,4<)l
8,749
19,405,843
1(>4
112
1,074
84,512
. .
3i
1,200,791
2,^91,497
24,642,787
27,428,877
Pnnf Grl/A»u.
29,173
5,740
34,5!19
103,6.54
2,7.57,053
11,504
11,189
29,951
6,-544
29,732
281,651
108
5,550
30
1,293,2.55
122,194
3,773,45ii 1 4
3,9!2,(i28 2 12
4,721,933
6,751,797
139,172 1 8
2,786,090
2,029,864
The duties on West India produce entered for home consumption during the year
1832, yielded about 7,000,000/. nett.
The exports from this country to our West Indian colonies consist of coarse cottons,
linens, checks, hats, and other articles of negro clothing ; hardware and earthenware ;
staves, hoops, coal, lime, paint, lead ; Irish provisions, herrings and other salt fish ; along
with furniture, wine, beer, medicines, and, indeed, almost every article which a great
manufacturing country cfin supply to one, situated in a tropical climate, which has very
few mechanics, ar.d hardly any manufactures. Since the dejiression of West Indian pro-
perty, and the ojiening of the ports on the Spanish main to ships from England, the
exports to the West Indies have decreased both in quantity and value. Their declared
or real value amounted, as appears from the following account, in I83I, to 2,581,949/.
Statement of the Total Amount of Trade between the United Kingdom and the British West India
Colonies, in each Year, from 1814 to 1'831, both inclusive.
Years.
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
18ii0
18'a
1822
1823
1824
1825
1S26
1827
1828
1829
i8,;o
1831
Official Value.
Declared Value
of
British and IrUh
Products
exported to the
British West Indies.
Imports from
the Hrilish
West Indies.
Exiiorts to the British West Indies.
British and Irish
rroiiuce and
Manufactures.
Foreign and
Co'onial
Merr.iandise.
Tot.-U
of
Kxports.
£
9,022,309
9,903,260
7,847,895
8,326,926
8,608,790
8,188,539
8,3.53,706
8,;i67,477
8,019,765
8,425,ii76
9,065,546
7,932,S29
8,42(),4;)4
8,.'>80,833
9,496,950
9,0.H7,923
8,59!), 100
8,448,839
£
6,282,226
6,742,451
4,584,509
6,632,708
5,717,216
4,395,215
4,246,783
4,940,609
4,127,052
4,621, .589
4,84,i,5.56
4,702,249
3,792,4.03
4,(i85,789
4,134,744
5,l(i2,197
3,749,799
3,729,522
£
339,912
453,630
268,719
382,883
272,491
297, um
314,.567
370,738
243,126
28.5,247
324,375
295,021
2.05 241
331, .586
326,298
359,059
2iX),878
258,764
£
6,622,138
7,19ti,081
4,8.53,228
7,015,.591
5,989,707
4,692,414
4,.56 1,3.00
5,311,347
4,370,178
5,906,836
5,167,931
4,997,'.'70
4,047,694
5,017,.375
4,461,042
5,5V 1,2.5(1
4,040,677
3,988,286
£
7,019,938
7,218,057
4,537,056
.5,890,199
6,021,627
4,841,253
4,197,761
4,320,581
3,4.!9,818
3,676,780
3,827,489
3,86(3,834
3,199,265
3,683,2i2
3,289,704
3,612,085
2,838,448
2,581,949
The following are the quantities of some of the principal articles exported to the West
Indian colonies in 1831: — Cottons, 21,975,459 yards; linens 11,029,191 yards;
woollens, 149,952 yards; hats, 26,694 dozens; leather, wrought and unwrought,
349,842 lbs.; earthenware, 1,331,799 pieces; glas.s, 23,544 cwt. ; hardware and
cutler)', 13,535 cwt. ; coals and culm, 48,536 tons ; beef and pork, 24,472 barrels ; soap
and candles, 4,389,968 lbs., &c. — (Par/. Paper, No, 550. Scss. 1833.)
\
^ ff
I
COLONY TRADE.
a45
idura<i.
)gany ;
English
.UMBO,
coflbe,
e year
'■>tu.
3
O
<9
4
•3
4
'J
1
4
2
1
S
s
J
5
1
3
7
year
ttons,
I'aro ;
along
great
very
pro-
, the
lared
9/.
India
ish
he
dies.
t^est
•ds;
?Jit,
and
oap
I
The articles exported from Canada and tliu British possessions in North America
principally consist of timher and lumber of all sorts ; grain, flour, and hiscuit ; furs, dried
fish, fish oil, turpentine, Sic. The imports priiicipiilly consist of woollens, cottons, and
linens, earthenware, hardware, leatiier, salt, haberdashery .>x all sorts ; tea, sugar, and
coffee; sjjices, wine, brandy, and rum, furniture, stationery, &c.
T'-e following are the (juantitics of some of the principal articles exported from Great
Britain to t'anada, Nova Scotia, &c. in 18:31 : — - Cottons, l.'j,fil8,10G yards; woollens
f)(X),l'21 yards; linens, ;5,;K)!),1().') yards ; earthenware, '_','J5:?,R,)1 pieces; iron and steel,
wrought and unwrought, IL',400 tons; hardware and cutlery, 29,482 cwt. ; coals and
cuhn, :n,l.'H tons; salt, \,r>r>9,€S4 bushels; beef and pork, 8,534 barrels, &c. — (Purl.
I'apiT, No. 550. Sess. 18;};l.)
We arc indebted to JMr. Mayer, of the Colonial Oflicc, for much valuable inform-
ation, and in particular for the Tal)ks given in the next two pages, the most com-
plete that have ever been published, of the population and trade of our colonial
possessions.
Jl/oniv/. — What is called West India currency is an imnpinnry monpy, and has a difl'crent value in
difl'ercii't coloiiii-s. 'J'iic value il t)pars, as compared with sterling mniicy, was suppoDcd to represent the
corre^pDiuliiig value oC the coins in circulation in the difl't-rent islands at the time the proportion was
fixed: these cuius heinR (or the most part mutilated, and otherwise worn and deCaced, currency is in all
cases loss valuable than sferlinK. The following are the vaUu s of 1U«/. sterling, and of a dollar, in the
currencies of thu dillcrcnt islands : —
Sterling. Ciirri'ncy. Dollar. Currency.
Jamaica - . . - Mt/. - IK)/. 1 = lis. Hd.
Harhadocs - - - llHi/. = V.i'il. 1 = fts. Jrf.
Windward Islands (except Harbadoes) - - 1(K)/. = 17"i/. 1 = Ss. '.iti.
Leeward Islands - - . KM)/. - 'MU. 1 = 9j. IW.
But these proportions are seldom acted uiion ; the exchange being generally from 10 to 20 per cent,
above the fixed par.
By an order in council of the S.Sd of March, }H'2'), British silver money is made legal tender throughout
all British colonial po.^sessions, at the nominal value as in Kngland ; and bills for the same are given on
the Treasury of I.oiuton, of KM)/, each hill for lO.'B/. such silver money. By this order, also, the value
of the Spanish dollar is fixed at 4.«. 4d. British silver money Uiroughout all the colonies where it U
current.
The following arc the gold coins circulating at Jamaica, with their legal weight and fineness : —
Spanish doubloon ...
Two pistole piece
ristole
Half pistole
Portuguese Johannes (called Joe)
Half Joe
Quarter Joe
filoidore - - -
Half moidore
English guinea . • -
Half guinea
^)0vereign ...
IV. Reguiatioxs under which Coloxy Trade is conducted. — Disposal of Land
IN THE COI.ONIE-S, &C.
These arc embodied in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 59., which came into operation on
the 1st of September, ISS.'J. It is as follows : —
Importation and Exportation of Goods confined to free Ports No goods shall be imported into,
nor shall any goods, except the produce of the fisheries in British ships, be exported from, any of the
British possessions in America by sea, from or to any place other than the United Kingdom, or some
other of such possessions, except nito or from the several ports in such possessions, called " Free Ports,"
enumerated or described in the table following ; (that is to say,)
Table qf free Ports. — Kingston, Savannah Le Mar, Montego Bay, Santa Lucia, Antonio, Saint
Ann, Falmouth, Maria, Morant Bay, Annotto Bay, Black River, Rio Bucno, Port Morant, Jamaica ;
Saint George, (ircnada ; Roseau, Dominica ; .'Jaint John's, Antigua ; San Josef, Trinidad : Scarborough,
Tobago; Koad Harbour, Tortola; Nassau, New Providence j Pitt's Town, Crooked Island; Kingston,
Saint Vincent; Port Saint George and Port Hamilton, Bermuda; any port where there is a Custom,
house, Bahamas; Bridgetown, Barb-ndoes ; Saint John's, S.iint Andrew's, New Brunswick; Halifax,
Dvla.
ffra.Tr.
17
8
«
If)
4
8
2
4
18
12
!)
fi
4
1.5
fi
2-2
;?
11
r,
8
2
ir>
5
2
Value
in Currency.
■£ s. ,/.
5
2 10
1 5
12 6
5 10
2 LI
1 7 6
2
.
1
1 12
If. 3
1 12
if any goods shall be imported into any port or place in any of the said possessions contrary hereto, such
goods shall bo forfeited. — ^2.
His Majesfi/ may appoint other Ports to be free Ports. — Providetl always, that if his Majesty shall deem
it expedient to extend the provisions of this act to any port or ports not enumerated in the said table, it
shall be lawful for his Majesty, by order in council, to do so : and from the day mentioned in such order
in council, all the privileges and advantages of this act, and all the provisions, penalties, and forfeitures
therein containe<1, shall extend, and be deemed and construed to extend, to any such jiort or ports, as fully
as if the same had been inserted and enumerated in the above table: provided also, that nothing herein-
before contained shall extend to prohibit the importation or exportation of goods into or from any ports or
places in Newfoundland or Labrador in British ships. — fj 3.
His Majcsit/ may a)ipoint Ports for limited Purposes — And whereas there are in the said possessions
many places situated in rivers and in bays at which it mav be necessary to establish ports for particular
and limited purposes only ; be it therefore enacted, that it shall be lawful lor his Majesty, in any order in
council made for the appomtment of any ft-ce port, to limit and confine such appointments respectively
to any and such purposes only as shall be expressed in such order, ^4.
Privileges granted to Foreign Ships limited to the Shi/>s qf those Cuvntries granting the like I'riuilrpcs
to British Ships, Sfc. — And whereas by the law of navigation foreign ships are perinitled to import into
'W
H
til
l*r\\
31G
COLONIKS ArJI)
i
rorULATlON OF TllK UlUTISH NOIITU AMICUICAN AND VVKsr INDIAN i'DLONUX
llrtlUh North AnirrliMn
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TK.VDE or ASIATIC, AFHUWN, AND EUUOPEAN COLONIES IN 18;U.
t'O I ■}
DiH'lari'il i.r Niimln'r ami 'ro..nai:t* of N'rn^-ls
Ex|iorta from llio ri.itii
Kli.gilom,
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of llrilish
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foloiiial
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XX
3^8
COLONIES AND
IN
f .
I
I I
i'il
any of tliL> Hrltisli poiteKloni abroad, rroiii the coiiiilrlct to wliicli tlu<y l)cl'>iifi, (;iioiti tlii< prwliirc of ihouc
couiitrii'i, aiiil to export k<"'iI.i Irom nulIi piwui'ssioii* to lii' carricil to any toici^n cniiiitry ulmtwiT ; liu
It tlicri'liiro I'liiictcil, III. it tlie prl\ IIc^i'k tlu-rcliy xriiiitf:! to Ibri'iKn Nliijx »liall li(> hiiilto<l to the Mhlps of
tliosi' t'oiiiilrlcH which, liavlii;{ I'liloiiiiil possi'K'loiit, nil. ill Krmt the hki> privilcui's of trailiiix with tlio»o
jioiMCHiiioiH to llritJNii Hhips, <ir uhiili, not having riiloiii.il pO'<>l('^^iollH, uliall |>la( i' tht- I'liniiiiii'cc ami
navigation of this country, mill ol Itit poA»('it»i()ii!< abroail, upon thi' lixiliiiK ol' llu' l^(>^t l.ivourcd nation,
UiiU'»!i his .M.tJl'.'^ly liy onlcr In couiicll xhall in any cn.Hi' iIcimii It cxpi'illiMit to Kraut thi> whole or any of
•iicli privili'KcH til the shljiH of niiy foreiK» country, allhiiuxh thi'si' conilltions lie not in all rcMiit'cli
fiillllli'ii liy Kiicli forclKii I'ouolry : provlilt'd, that no fori'ixn ciiuiitry nhall lie iIcciihmI to have fullllli'il the
hi'fore-tiientiiini'd con.lltion>, or to he eiititli'il to these |>ri\ ilexes, iinle'^H his Majc-^ty shall, by his nrilir or
oriler^, have lUclared that such foreign country hath ho fiillilled the said conditions, and is entitled to the
tiaid piivilcKcs : provided also, that every order in council In force at the llnii' ol the coinineiu'enirnt of
this art, whrreby deilaiation Im made ol the eouiitries entitled in whole or In part to the privileges ol the
law of navii,'atii)n, nhall continue in force as clli.'ctually as If Ihu 8uiue had been made under the authority
of this act. — ', .").
T/'i.i Act mil ID (tjfcct certain Act». — NotliinR cnntaiiicd lii this act, or any other act pa.«sed in the pre.
sent session of parliament, sh.ill extend to repeal or in any way alter or allect an act .Hii'o. \. c. i7.l,
intituled " An .\ct to authorize bis M^'jrsty, under certiiii I'lri'iim.^tamcs, to re^ui.ile the Duties and
Diawb icks on tioods imported or expurte I in lorei;;!! Vessels, and to exeiii|i' i ertaiii foreign \ i'smIs iVoin
l'ili>t.iKe," nor to repe.il or in any way alter or alli'il an act ^o (ieo +. e. ,")(i. ) lo amend the lastinentioniil
act ; anil that all trade and intercourse lictiveen the llritisli possessions and all loreiyn countries .shall be
BUbje I to the powers Kranted to Ins .Majesty by those acls. — ^ (i
do ids iirohihiliil or icsliiclt'il lo ho iin/torliil into Co/nnirs. — J'he several snrls of goods rnnnierated
or ile.scriljed in the taiile followiiiK, lieiiominated " A 'I'able of I'roliiliitioiis and Kestrii tions," aie beicliy
prolilbited lo be importe I or brought, either by sea or by inland earri.ige or iiavi^.tlioii, into tile lliiliOi
jiossissioiis in America, or shall be so imported or bron^dit only under the restriciions meiitiuned in sui'li
table, aeeoriiiiiK as the .several sorts of siuh Komls are set lortb therein ; (.that is to say,)
A Tiililc of Prohihilion) ami lifslrif lions.
Gunt>i)w{ltT, nriiis, ainintiniti'in^ nr ut<'ti><its of w.u', in.iliilitud
IoIk* iinp>irit'(l, fxi'iM'l Iniiii the l.nlti-U lini({(liMii, or finiii
Vmu' >llu'r Hrilisli ^l<^>^t■■.^illn.
Tei, pi-.»tiil'iti'.l la i-f iiiiin'rii-il, t'Xfi'iit fi-urn tliv t'liilisl I\inK.
(Iiiin, ur IViini sntnt* nthiT Itrilish {l()s^es^ll»l in .Xnit'ru'.i, iiii-
ifss Iiv tliL' l-^l^t lixli'i I 'ii)i]|i.iny, nr with tlu-ir lirfiiiu (luniiif
the i-ontiiui.inrt' uf tlii'lr lAilliHiv*' ri^ht ol' tr.uU-.
Fish, (In il or ^.tlitil, nil, Mu1>liL-r, lin^, or skills, tlic prmliifu
uf I .'I'.itiirL'^ liviit,' ill thtf si'i, proliiliitril l>i lie iiM|iortrit,
i'Xri'|ii t'toiii till' niiiiLiI Kinuddin, or from somic olinr Itrl-
iish iio-j,c.,,ioii, or unless t.ilii'n by llrilish >liii)s litteil nut
fiu.n the I'nilul Kinudoin or I'rnin Minie lltilsli ]in>M.->s.nii,
anil liruilitlit in friiin tlu' lianTv, and i'\cLiit lllM'rin^^ IVniii
Ihu l,k> of .Aliin, lakuti ,111(1 cui'i'il liy the inh.lhilants Ihi rmf.
And if any goods shall be imported or brought into any of the Ilrltish possrsslnn* In Amrrici rnn.
trary to any of the prohiliitions or restrictions mentioned in such table in ri'spect of such Koods, the s.iine
(ball be forleited; and if the ship or vessel in winili such goods shall be imported lie of less biinlen than
"0 tons, such ship or vessel shall al.sii lie lorleited — ; 7.
t'i//i'(', \r, lliotif;/! Jliili.s/i, ilcYiiiiil Fon-iiiu in rrrlitin Canes. — All cnd'ee, siicnr, melasscs, and rum
(altbiuiKli the sank' may be ol the liritish pl.intati(ins>, exported from anv of tlie llritish possessions in
Americ.i, into which the like goods of foreign iirodnctiim can be lei;ally imported, shall, upon sulisci|iieiit
importation from thence into any of the liritish possessions in America, into winch such gnuds, being of
foreign production, cannot be legally impoited, or into the United Kingdom, be deemed to be of fmeign
piodintioii, and shall be liable, on such iiiniortatiun respectively, to the same duties or the same lnrfcitures
as articles of the like descriiition, being ot foreign production,' would be li di'e to, unless the same shall
have been warehoused under the provisions of this act, and exported from the warehouse direct to such
other Hritish possession, or to the United Kingdom, as the case may be. ^ S.
Diiliis (if I/)t/iii>tiil/oH ill .Iniiririi. — 'I'hcre shall be raised, levied', collected, niul paid unto his Majesty
the several duties of customs, as llie same are respectively set forth in figures in the table of duties
hereiiKiUcr contained, upon goods, wares, and inerchandisu imported or brought inloany of his Majesty's
I osscssions in America; ^lliat is to say,)
Ctitree, iti;,';(r, nii'l isms, au'l nun, In'in;; off irctjrii iiroiliiction,
ur Itle |ir(KUl(-liiiii III' ,in> ]il.i(-e within the linulMit' the li.ia
liull.t r'oni|t;iny's i hartei , iirohilillcil to l),.> l,,i|ioit('(l nilo
any of the llnll,li iio.-essinns on tlie conllnint of >uulli
Aluerien or In tlie W l^t liii!ii~, (the llalMin,-! anil Itirnnida
islmd;, not hu-luiled), etrept to he w irehiiused for export-
ation i.nl. i ,iiid in.it .ilso lie proliil'lti'd to U' iinporlt'd nun
the lliiii, 1111,1 or the ileriiuul.i isl.inds li) las .M.ijesty's iiider
in eoUMi tl.
ll:iM! or counlerfell ciiiii, and liooks, surli ni nrc prohlhiteil lo
he linporitHl into the t'lilled KinK<loiii, prullihitisl to lie iin-
IHjrud.
TaUc 0/ Duties.
Dalies pay.ihle upon spirits, bciuK of the growth, production,
or in.inul'arUire of tlie t'liinsl IvinKdom, or nt any of the
llritish possessions in Aniericji or the NVfst Indies, imported
into iNewfouniUarid or Canada,
Spirits imported into Newfoundland : vl/. L. », d.
the pnuUire uf any of the Ihitish possessions in
fiiuuth .Anierie.Vor the West Indies; vi/.
Imported from any llritish possession in
America, or from the tnileil King-
dom, the uallon • - - 6
, Importisl from any other pl.iee, to he
(Itemed foreif^n, and to be eharged with
duty as siieh.
the produce of any Hritish jmsspssion In North
America, i>r of the rnihtl Kini^ilont, and
imporied from the rniteil Kingdom, or
from any liritish possession in AnuTiea, the
Khllon - - • ■ - I C
Imported from any other place, to he
deenietl fiuv ign, and lo he charged with
duty as siifh.
Spirits importeil Into Canada, viz.
the produce of any llrili.li possession In South
.(Vmeriea or the West liulies, .and ini|Hirted
from any Hritish llosse^son in .Vmerica, or
from tlie I'niled Kinoloin, the (tallon - 6
Imported from an otiier place, to he
deemed furci;;!!, and to be ehar^ed with
duty ai, such.
Note — When imimrted from the I'niled Kingdom, tliis
duty is not to he abated upon the ground of any duty under
any colonial law.
Duties payable upon Roods, wares, and mrrrhandise, not beinff
of the (jrowth, production, or manuf.ictiire of the I'nited
Ivinudoni, or o am of the Hritish povsessions in .\merie:i,
imported or broUL;hl into ;iny of the Hritish possessions in
.Vimriea, by sea or by inland c vTriaf;e or itavi|;ation.
Imjiorted into the Hritish possessions in the West
Indies or on the confnent of South America, or
into lite Haliama or lli-rmuda i, lands ; vi/.
Wheat flour, the li.irrel
imported from any Hritish possession in
North .\iniriea, or from the warehouse
ill the I'liiusl Kiiu{dom
Shingles, not moie than V.i inches in leni;th,
the l.iMin . . .
more tl an 1'^ inches m kngtli, the I, Don
iniliorted from any Hritish possession in
Norih Ameriii.or from the warehouse
ill the f'nited Kingdom
Red o.ik staves and be.aitin^s ; viz.
until the ist of .lanuary, IS.TI, the l,(IOil
on and from the 1st of .lanuarv, IS.TI, until
the 1st of .lamiary, ls."a;,the l.oiHI
on and from the 1st of ,l,uiu irv, IS."))., the
1,000 . . . ■ . .
imported fnin any Hritish possession in
Nortli .\inerir.i, or from the warehouse
in the I'ltitiHl Kingdom
While onk st.ives and tuadin^s ; viz.
until the 1st of ,lanu.ir> , isr.l, the 1,000
on and from the 1st nf .lamiaiv, IS." 1, unli!
the Isl of.hinuar\, IH.Ili, the l,iilio
on and from the 1st of .lanu.irv, Is."!), the
I,ISI0 . - ■ . .
imported from any Hritish possession in
North Aintrien, o" from the warehouse
in the rnit'd Kin^doni
Pitch pine iilniber, 1 inch thick, the 1,1100
imported from any Hritish (lossession in
North .\meriei, or from the warehouse
in the United Kn;:d.iin
MTlile and yellow pine lumber, 1 inih thick,
the 1,000 f,et; vi/.
until the Isl ol.l.inurry, IS.'^I
on and from the 1st of ,laii(iarv, 1S.11, until
the 1st of .l.aimars, ISKI ' . . .
on .and from the 1st of .lanuary, Is:ir,
imported from any Hritish |iosse.-vsion in
North .\inerica, or iVom the warehouse
in the t'liitid KiuKdoin
I..
U
Free.
Free.
1 r,
I ii
II l,'i
Frc«.
1 ^
10
I-/
Free.
1 1
Free.
Fr»».
COLONY TKADK.
SiJ)
t. ii.
r,
7
It
u
Frff
fi
3
•i
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"ree
^
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I
■Free.
8
fi n
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I) 1 n
II fi
7 7
7 Id
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7 ID
Krcr
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u
Al.il.n-lfl
ti.ilhir,
7 10
I'i
Freu
iMilid
Ivilipli
Iljt W0.K1 KwA cKlilm't niiiki'r^ votuX • Vtrv-
illhi'r kliiili'if wrHiil niul luiiiWr, I Inch lliick,
lllf l,IN«jf,tl - • • -IS
Woi«l I i".i'>. ti"' l.iim ■ • • I' ''
iin|H)r'i(l friiin iinji Itriti^h |i<iiiM>^Hlnii hi
Ni>ith AiiHTlr.-i, or Irniit the wiin-liouAt''
In tint I 'nil4tl l\lnixil'int
Ikclnml i.itk, »,,ll.il, iil .ill «cirl<, lliu rwt.
iiii|H>riinl tViiin itity llrlii»h |Kj!i.Hi-K.>h)n In
Nnrlii .Viiii'Hi-ii
ImporlFil iMici Ni'w llrun«wl< ki Nov* Hcolla, or
rriiu-i' l-.Muai-il*> l-.litul ; vl/.
U l.i.il llinir, I V l..irrcl - - .11 .'i
Hill .mil iiurk, vallnl, 111' nil wirli, Ihi' iwl. - Ul'i
I'll' h, liroiiKhi li> I. mil iir nil.iiul il.tvij.itinn Frtv
Impiirtiil im." .iiiy of iliu llriii:>Ii |io;v.i'.-.^n)H;i in
..\nii'rii I i Vl/.
t*iuril>; Vl/.
Jir.imlv, (ifni'va, or roriliiiK, nncl other
njhiil^, i-xrt'pt llllll, Itli' u.lltiill
UJiil t'liTltirt, tilt- .iniiiutil iif .my duly
Vaiiilile tot- til.' limr lieitiu on siiirilH
till'- iihiiiut'.i. uiru ut' till; riilti-tl
l\inuil.tni.
Kmii, llie li.iili.n ....
nntl hi'tlu-r, tl'i- nniouMt iif'nn.v (hity
li.i.ul li- r..r till tlii-i- III ii'B OH rum of
the llnlMi iiovHi ss OH-, ill Suulh
Aim tic. I or llii- \V'i>l liiillis.
,V.II.~ Ktmi, allh.iiii;li ilriti h, if hn-
]ioiti-it Irom aiiv llritiJi pii seislnti In
ulilrli roriiuu rum K nut |>roliil>lti il, U
tre.ite.l .i.. loli-li^ii, uiili-sv il li.iil Ik-. 11
M ..r- lluii.^. il, AliU eKpoitiU t'l'uiu Itie uare-
lii.11,1..
Uhie ill loiili,, il.iMitn
mill ruTilier. tur i-vi-rv liio/, of the value -
.mil nil llll' lililtli'.., IlK'llo/l-n
tiollli'il Ml ami lm|..irtiil I'lcim thpl'nlled
Kill, iliim.lorevirv Inn/, oltlie value .
tlie li.itlli-s
Wine lull 111 1.1. Ill >,fiiriviry Inn/, of tliM value 7 111
lm|i. rliil tiitii tl.e llr i^li |i..s,i-,hiiius In
.Si-rlli Atui-rlr.i from I i.lir.ili.ir or .Malta,
hul.jei't to no lii;;lier diitvtli .11 if imiiiirti'il
from llie rniliil MuKilotill vl/. l-lllth
of till- duty liiitilled.
f'on'ee, llie 1 wt. - ...
Coi oa, the I wt. . •
Su>;.-ir, the i-wl. • ...
Klelil'ses, llie ewt.
anil further, the nmoutit of aiiv duty pay.
lihle t'ov Ihe time l-eiug on <'(-fli-e, eot-iia,
KU^'ar, anil im-l.i^-i-s ri siintive \ , helnjf
the iivi.iluii. 1.1 the lliliish lUKM^siiins in
Siilitll .\liierii a 111 the We.t Ind es.
CIorkH and watet.es, leailu-r tnaiiuf.iriuri-i, Iinen»
niusieal inslruments, wiri-ii of all .sorts, hooks anil
fiaiiers, silk tumiufaclure.s, fur every Inn/, of the
vaiue .....
lililss tiiantifni-lures, soap, refined sui^ar, *.u;;ar
eatiilN, tiiliii-io niaiiur.u lurid, eottiiii iiitinuf.u--
lur.s, for every inn/, of till- value . . '^(I i
And if anv of llu- goods licrcin-brforc mpntinncd .sliall be Imported tlirniiRh the United Kingdom (having
lici-ii wartli(iii.soil tliereiii, and exported from tlie warelimise, or the duties thereon, il'tliere paid, having
been drawn bacl< , one teiilli part of the duties herein ini|iosed .shall be remitted in respect of such goodD.
Arix mi/ rrprn/i(l. — Nothing in lhi-< art or in any other passctl in thcpre.sent session of parliament shall
exti-iidto repeal or abrogate, or in any way to alter or adeet an art (IS (ieo. ;>. e. l'x'.\ intituled "An /\et for
remo'.ing all Dinilits ami Apprehensions concerning Taxalinn by Ihe parliament of (ireat Hritain in any of
the Colonies, I'rovince-*, and I'l.mtatioiis of North America and the West Indies, and for repealing so
imiih of an .-\ct inaile in IheTthVear of the Hi igti of his present Majesty as imposes a Outy on Tea importeil
from (ireat liritain into any Colony or I'lantation in America, us relates thereto ;" nor to repeal or in
anyway alter or allt'ct any act now in force which was passed (trior to Ihe la.st.im-iitioned act, and by
which any duties in any of the British po-sessions in America were grantetl and still contiiiiie payable to
the ( rowti ; nor to repeal or in any way alter or aflect an act (-Jl Geo.;;, e. Jl.) intituU-d " An Act to repeal
cirtain I'arls of an Act p.-i.sseil in the 1 Hh Year of his Majesty's Heign, intituled ' An Act lor making more
ell'i-etiial rrovisiotis for the (jovernnient of the I'tovince ofyuebec in North America, and to make further
I'rovisions for the Cioveinment of the said I'roviiice.' " — \ 10.
Diifi'ts iiii/ii'si-il by i»ivr Ails to he iipplicd to I'lir/iosrs nf lliosc Ads, — The duties imposed by any of
the acts heicin-lK-foie mentioned or ri-ferred to, passed prior to the said act (IM (ieo. J. c. I'Z) shall be
received, acciiuntcd for, and applied for Ihe purpo.ses of those acts : provided always, that no greater
proportion of the duties imposed by this act, except as herein-heforu excepted, shall be charged uimn any
article w liii h is mliject also to duty under aiiy of lite said acts, or suliject also to duty under any colonial
law, than the ainounl, il any, by which the duty charged by this ai-t shall exceed such other duty or
(liilies: provided, that the full amount of the duties mentioned in this act, whether en account of such
former act.t, or on account of such colonial law, or on account of this act, shall bo levietl and received
under the rei,'ulations anil jiowers of this act. — ^11.
Ciirii'iicij, II i/}i/,ls, iiiid Mtiisiins. — .Ml .'ums of money granted or imposed by this act, either as
duties, liOtialties, or lorfeitures, in the liritish possessions iii America, are hereby declared to bo sterling
money of (ittv-.t Hritain, and shall be collected, and paid to the amount of the v.-iUic which such nominal
sums biar in dre.it IJntain ; and that such monies may be received and taken at the rate of .'-.v. Cul. the ounce
in silver ; and all duties shall be paid and reci-iveil in every part of thoDritish possessions in America
according to Hritish weights and incisures in use on the lith day of .liily, 182.J; and in all cases where
such duties are imposed according to any specific i|uantity or any specific value, the jame shall be deemed
to apply in the same proportion to any greater or less quantity or value ; and all such duties shall be under
the inanaoeiiient of the c.nnmissioners of the customs. — ^ 1-2.
Diilits jmitl hi; Collcrlor to Tremun r of Colony in tr/iirli Icvirtl. — The produce of the duties so received
inuler this ai-t, except suih duties as are payable under any act passed prior to the 18 fieo. .3. aa
al'oresaid, shall be paid by the collector of tlie customs into the hands of the treasurer or receiver.gene-
ral of the toloiiy, or other proper olhcer authorised to receive the same, to be applied to such uses as shall
be directed ny the local legislaiures of such colonies j and that the produce of such duties so received in
colenies whicii have no local legislature may be applied in such manner as shall be directed by the com-
missioners ol his Majesty's tieasiiry — ^ IJ.
r, aiii-l'iivlei, ari;ol, anlwul, amher, al-
tiriu.stoiie, iHinirKo, hni wuihI, i iirranli,
I iisi.ii O.I, iiimiiim s*-ih1, rorni, lork, em-
d ili-s J isstui-eof lii-ruainot, of liiniiii,iif
r.iM-s, of e It run, of oranui s, of la.i iiiIih', of iime*
liuiry i eliury nlouej fltlil, pri-setveil ill sliKar or
hiimdi I Miisi honey 1 Iron in h,ir«, utiwrouithl,
and piu iron i Imiipir hi-rrles, illcen^e ol fraiikin.
line, Uva anil .Malta st..iie for liuildlnK. Ienlll»|
tn.irlile, ruin'h and uiiiked; nios.ili work, me.
daU, musk, mail iroiil, nuts of all kinds ^ oil of
olives, oil of alinonds ; urns riMit, ostriih feattie h,
til lires, oranuu hitiU <inil peil. olives, pitih,
pi. klt-s in,i.ii> anti Imtlles, paiiitiuis, po//olaiia,
piiiiiii e sl'one, punk, ^a^tnt-^all i-hii-se, pliklt-n,
prints. Ill-arts, prei-ious Hlones it.xeeiil tUaiiiiinfl»),
ipiii-ksllvi-r, r.ilsios, .. .iis.i»(-s, sponue., tar, tur
p. iitiiie, leimiiioii, itriiiit'tili, whelslouis ; tor
e-ery llH-/. of llie v.llue - - • ■
liiHiils, uari-s, and nil ti hanilisr, not otherwise
I li.iri.ed Willi ilutv, and not ht-n- n ilei tared to I e
fn-e iirihiti, for evt-ry inn', of the va ue
Coin, liuilliin, and tllamunds ; lii.rsi-s, inuli-s, avsis.
neat r ittlt-,iitHl all olhi-r liiestmk; tallow ami
riw hulls: rli-e i t-iitn and crain, unuiountl i
hi.rnit or hread j nii-al or Hour (eneipl win at
lloiirl I fresh meal, fresh ii»h, t-.-irri.iKes of tra-
vellers .....
Wheal Hour, liet-f antI pork , h ims and hai-on, wiioil
and hiliiler, linpoiled into I'.inada ; wood ami
Imulier, llii|.orliil inlii .Vew llruiiswiek, .Nova
^eiili.i, or rrlni-e Kdiv.iril'.i Island; li.iy antl
sir.iw, fruit and veuetahlt-s, fresh; .all, tollon
wiii'l : piiKis, the iiri.ilme of )ilaitii within IliO
lllnlli of the K.lst liull I ('oin|iaii>'»i hartt-r, ilii.
I Iruiii those )ilaie«, or from Ihe I'lilltil
tloin, or frotii Mime plai'e in the Hritish tlu-
inns ! lu-rrinus taken iiid eiireil hy the Inhii
hilatits of the Isle of .Man, anil iinporttd from
IhtiiL-e; lumlier, the protluie of and imporli-tl
fr.ini any Hritish |M«ssession on the wist ii-a.st of
Afrlt-a ( aiiv sort of erafl : footi and vii-tuaN, e«.
I'i'pl spirits ; antl anv sort of elothinu, and implp.
nunts and tnalerlals, lit and m-eessary hir the
Hritish lisheries In .\ineriia, lm|iortetl into the
plai-e at or from whenee sui-h tislu-ry Is rarrii tl
on ; dniirs, i;utnH or rt^sins, dye w-mtl and hartl
wiHitl, laliiiut-inakers' wtxiil, tortoine'shell, hemp,
Ilax, antl low ...
Sttsls, wlie.ll Hour, fiuits, piikles, wootls of all
sort., o-ikllin, ]iili-h, tar, luri>eiilliie, orlires,
lirimstune, sulphur, vii;e;alile oils, hurr si,,nes,
iloK stones, hojis, fork, saKo, lapiot-a, spouse,
siiusaues, iheese, elder, wax, spiees, tallow, im.
iiorieil tlirtit from the warehouse in ihe I'uited
Kingdom ■ - - -
All ({"Otis imported from tlie Cniled Klnudom,
id'ler haviiiu thele p.iid the dulii-s of eonuimp-
tion, antl htiiiK exjiurtetl from thenie without
drawback - - . - .
Free.
Fric.
Free.
fill
1.1
.! II \ ^
'!
1;
'
1
J
350
Run
COLONIES AND
/til nritish I'cssrls shall be suhjirl tii i-qual Duties, cxrciit ronstini; Vessels. — Wlicroas in some of hii
Majc>!ity's p()ss(>ssi(iiis abroad, certain duties uf tonnage arc, liy acts of tlif local IcKislattircs of such prM.
icssloiiK, k'vk'd upon Hritish ves^rN, to which duties the like vessels built within such imssessions, or
owned by persons resident there, are not subject; be it further enactetl, that there shall be leviinl and
paid at the several IJritish jHissessions abroad, upon all vessels built in any such possesions, or owned by
any person or persons there resident, other thaTi coasting or drogueing vessels employed in co.isting or
droifueing, all surli and the like duties of tonnage and shipping dues as are or shall Im? p;iyal)le in any such
posses«ion.'! upon the like llritish vessels built in other i>arts of his Majesty's dominions, or owned by per.
sons not resident in such possessions. — ^ 14.
Draivhaek on Hum, S(e. —TX^vre shall be allowed upon the exportation from Newfoundland to
Canada of rum or other spirits, the prcHluce of the Hritish possessions in South America or the West
Indies, a drawliack of the lull duties of customs paid ui)c)n the importation thereof from any of the
sail! places into Newfoundland, provided proof on oath be made to the satisfaction of the collector and
compi roller of the customs at the jxirt whence such rum or other spirits is exported, that the full duties on
tlu' iniiiortation of such rum or other spirits at the said port had been jjaid, and that a certificate he pro.
diiced uniler the hands and seals of the collector and comptroller of the customs at Quebec, that such rum
or otiier spirits had been duly landed in Canada : provided that no drawback shall br allowed upon any such
rum or other spirits unless the same 'Iiall be shipped within 1 year from the day of the importation of tin;
same, nor unle.-s such drawback s'.all be duly claimed within 1 year from the day of such shipment. — ^ IS.
Ship nnil Cari;o to be rcpor'. it on Arrival. — The ma.ster of every ship arriving in any of the Kritish
possessions in America, or tiie islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, or Sark, whether laden or in ballast,
shall come directly, and ueforc bulk be broken, to the Custom-house for the port or district where he
arrives, and there make a report in writing to the collector or comptroller, or otlier proper otticer, of the
arrival and voyage of such ship, stating iur name, country, and tonnage, and if llritish the port of
registry, the name and country of the master, the country of the owners, the num>'"r of the crew, ami
how many are of the country of such ship, and whether she he laden or in ballast, and if laden the marks,
numbers, and contents of every package and parcel of gomlson board, an.l where the same was laden, and
where and to whom consigned, aiu! where any and what goods, if any, had been unladen during the
voyage, as far as any of such particul.rs can be known to him ; and he master shall further answer all
sui'h question.s concerning the ship, and the cargo, and the crew, and the voyage, as shall be demanded ot
him by such otticer; and if any goods be uidaden from any ship before such report be made, or if the
ma>ter fail to make such report, or make an untrue report, or do not truly answer the questions de.
maiiiled of him, he shall forfeit the sum of lUU/. ; and if a<iy goods be not reported, they shall l3C forfeited.
_5 Iri.
t.ntri/ outirards of Ship for Cargo, — The master r>f every ship bnuiiil from any Hritish imsscssinn in
America, or the islandi. of (iuernsev, Jersey, .Mde. ney, or Sark, shall, before any goods be laden therein,
deliver to the collector or comptroller, or othe' projier otticer, an entry outwanis under his hand of the
destinaticm of such shii), stating her name, cuintry, and tonnage, and if Hritish the port of registry, the
name and country of the master, the coun'.iv of the owners, the number of the crew, ai:d how many are
of the country of such ship ; and if any j,(iods be Uaden on l)oard any ship before such entry be made, the
master of such ship shall forfeit the si;in of ;j(i/. ; and before such ship depart the master shall bring and
deliver to the collector or comi)trollcr, or other otHier, a content in writing under his hand of the goods
laden, and the names of the respective shippers and consignees of the goods, with the marks and mnnberg
of the pack.iges or parcels of the same, and shall make and subscribe a declaration to the truth of such
content as far as any of such particulars can be known 'ji him; and the master of every s'lip bound from
any Hritish possession in America, or fr<ini the islands of (iiiernsey, Jersey, Alderney, or Sark, whether
in ballast or laden, shall before departure come before the collector or comptroller, or other proper otticer,
and answer upon oath all such questioi\s conceriung the ship, and the cargo, if any, and the crew and tho
voyage, as shall be demanded of him by such otticer ; and thereupon the collector and coiiii)troller, or other
pro|ier oiKcer, if such ship be laden, shall make out and give to the master a certilicate of the clearance
of such ship for her intendeil voyage, containing an account of the total (|uanlities of the several sorts of
goods laden therein, or a certilicate of her clearance in ballast, as the case may lie ; an<l if the ship depart
without such clcarmce, or if the nuuster deliver a false content, or shall not truly answer the questions
demanded of Inm, he shall forfeit the sun: of IIIOA —J 17.
(liiix!s not slateit in Ctrlijiciile to be I'roiluee of /liili.yli Posse.isiuiis to be deemeii of l'oieij;n Proiliirtion.
— No goods shall be stated in such certirtrate of clearance to be the produce of I'ritish possessions in
America, uidess such goods have been expressly stated so to be ni the entry <;ulwards of the same ; and
all g(KHls not expressly stated in such certilicate of clearance to be the pr.Hliice of the Hritish possessions
in .America shall, at the place of importation in any other such possessiims, or in the United Kingdom,
be deemed to be of foreign proihiction.— ^ IS.
y,eirfouiiit/a>iii I'/.-hiii/i Cerl(/iei'/e.i in lien of Cleiiranec. — Whenever any ship shall be cleared out
from Newfouiulland, or any other part of his Majesty's donu ions, for llie tislierics on the banks or coasts
of Newfouiuiland or Labrador, or their depeiidem'ies, with'iit having on b.wrd any article of tralhc, lex.
a pt only the provisions, nets, tackle, and other things •...-ually emiiloyed in and about the said (islicry, the
m:istir (if such ship shall be entitled to demand from the collector or oi ■ •, princip;il otlicer of the lu.'.tonis
at such port a certiticate under his hand that muI >hip hath been specii.llj cleared out lor the Newfoiuid-
laiid lishery ; anil such certificate shall be in lorce for the tishing scasuii tor the \iMr in which tlu' »aiii3
may be gr.inteil, and no longer ; and upon the hist arrival in .Miv port in Newloundlaiid, \c. of any ship
having on board such certilicate, a report thereof shall be mad.' by tlie master of smh .ship to the (irinci.
p.il otticer of the customs ; and all shijis having such certilicat' so reported, and being actually engaged
in the said fishery, or in carryin.e coastwise to be laiuled or put on board any other ships engaged in the
said lishery any iish, oil, salt, provisions, or other necessaries lor the use and purposes thereof, shall lie
exempt frcim all obligation to make an entry at or obtain any clearance tVoin any Custom-house at New-
fiiiindlanil upon arrival at or departure from any of the ports or h.irbnurs of the sjud (oloiiy, \c. during
the fishing season for which such certiticate may he granted ; and previously to obtaining a clearance at
the end ot such season lor any other voyage at any of such ports, the m.ister of such ship shall deliver up
the bcior'.'-mentioncd certilicate to the olhcer of the customs : provided always, that in case any such ship
shall have on hoard, during the time the same may be engaged in the .said fishery, any goods or merchan.
discs whatsoever other than fish, seals, oil made of hsh or seals, salt, provisions, atid ntliiT things, being
the produce of or usually employed in the said fishery, such ship shall finrfeit the said lisliing certiliiate,
and shall thenceforth be subject and liable to the same rules, regulations, \c. as ships in (general are sul>-
ject or liable to. — ^ 19.
l.n/ii/ of (iiKii/s to iw laden or uulmlen. — \o goods shall be laden, or water-liorne to be ladi n, on
board any ship, or eiiladen from any ship, in any of the Hriiish possessions in .America, or the islands of
(inern-i'V, Jersey, .vlderiiey, or .'sark, until due entry be maiU-of such L'oods, and warrant granted for the
laiiing or unlading of the same; and no goods shall be so laden or w iter-loriie, or so unl idcri. ex-
cept at some place at which an officer of the < u-tonis is appointed to .ilteiid the lading an<l unlading of
goods, or at some place for which a snflerance fhall be granted by the c illector and comptroller : ••r-d
no g'lods shall be so laden or unladen cm ept in the presence or with the 'jierinission in wiiting if the
proper ollicer : piovid«l always, tli.it it shall be lawful for the (<Mnniissi'iiiers of customs to nuke arxl
appoint such other regulations for the larrying i'oa«twise,or liir the removing of any goods for sli (imenl,
as . ■hall appear expedient ; and til it all gr«ds l.ideii, wafer borne, or nnladen contrary to the regiiiation*
of this act, or contrary to anv regulati.ns su made, he lorti iled. — * 20.
' )
K
COLONY TRADE.
951
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rhc
1(1-
IP 3
hip
[li-
lt; I'll
tllO
lie
OU'-
riiiK
;it
up
ship
)an-
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ate,
sul>-
on
(if
the
ex-
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the
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ent,
iullt
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I
Particulars i\f Entry oj Guoils inimrds and (mltvards. — 'l'hc person entering any such goocla shall
deliver to the collector or comptroller, or other pro|)er officer, a bill of the entry thereof, fairly written in
words ut lenuth, containing the name of the exporter or importer, and of tlie ship, and of the master,
and of the place to or from wiiich bound, and of the place within the port where the goods are to he laden
or unladen, and the particulars of the quality and quantity of the goo<l8, and the packages containing the
same, and the marks and numbers on tlie packages, and setting forth whether such goods he the protluce
of the IJrilish possessions in America or not ; and such person shall at the same time pay down all (Uitiea
due upon the goods ; and the collector and comptroller, or other i)roper officer, shall thereupon grant their
warrant for the lading or unlading of such goods. — ^ '2\.
F.ntrii inwards by Bill nf Sif-lit. — I f the importer of any goods make and subscribe a declaration before
the cc.liector or con'iplrolUr, or other proiMir otHcer, that he cannot, for want of full information, make per-
fect entry thereof, it shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller to receive an entry by bill of sight for
the packages or parcels of such goods by the best description which can be given, and to grant a warrant
thereupon, in order that the same may be landed and secured to the satisfaction of the officer of the cus-
toms, and at the expense of the importer, iind may be seen and examined by such importer in the
presence of the proper offlceis; and within 3 days after the goods shall have been so landetl, the impo.lec
shall make a perfect entry thereof, and pay down all duties due thereon ; and in default of such entry
such goods shall be taken to the King's warehouse, and if the importer shall not, within 1 month after
such landing, make pLrtWt entry of such goods, and pay the duties due tliercon, together with charges
of riMooval and waieliouse rent, such gtKMis shall be sold for the payment thereof, and theoverplus, if any,
shall be paid to the proprietor of the gCHxls ^ 2'.'.
Goods subjcci i,i iid I'alorrm Dull/. — In all cases where the duties imposcnl by this act upon the
importation of articles into his Majesty's possessions in Amcri( a are charged, not according to the weight,
tale, gauge, or measure, but acconling to the value thereof, such value shall be ascertained by the declar-
ation of the importer of ouch articles, or liis known agent, in manner and form following; (that is to
say,)
' I /I. li. do hereby declare, that the articles mentioned in the entry, and contained in the packages
' r/ii';r x/n'C'/i/ini; llic several packai^cs, and drsrrihiiif! the several marks and jiiimhers, as the case iiiuy
' 6(',] are of the value of . Witness my hand the day of . A. B.
* The above declaration, signed the day of in the presence of C. D. collector [or
* other iirincipat tifficer']. '
Which declaration shall be written on the bill of entry of such articles, and shall be subscribed by the im-
porter thereof, or his known ..gent, in the presc'iceof the collector or other principal officer of the customs
at the jiort of importation : proviiled, that if i in; view and examination of such articles by the i)\oper
officer of the customs it shall appear to him tli.it the said articles are not valued according to the true
price or value thereof, fiid according to the true intent and meaning of this act, in such case the iin.
porter or his known agi iit shall be required to declare on oath before the collector or comptroller what
i.-i the invoice price of such articles, and that he verily believes such invoice price is the current value ot
the articles at the p'uce (torn whence the .said articles were imported ; and such invoice price, with the
addition of 10/. per centum thereon, shall be deemed to be the value of the articles in lien of the value so
declared Oy the importer or his known agent, and upon which the duties impose<l by this act shall be
charged and [laid : provided also, that if it shall appear to the collector and comptroller, or other proper
officer, that such articles have been invoiced below the real and true value thereof, at the place from
whence the same were imported, or if the invoice price is not known, the articles shall in such case b«
exiiniined by two competent per.sons, to be nominated and appointed by the governor or conimander-in.
chiel of the colony, pl;intalion, or i»lan.i into which the ."aid articles are imported, and such persons
sliall declare on oath before the collector or comptroller, or other proper officer, what is the true and real
value of such articles in such <oloiiy, i>lantalion, or island; and the value so declared on the oaths ot
such persons shall lie ileemed to be the true and real value of such articles, and upon which the tluties
impn-cil liy this act shall be charged and paid. — ^ 'J.J.
// Im/xKtei- refuse to pnii such Duly, tlie Uotiils may be sold. — If the importer of su?h articles shall
refuse to pay the duties hercoy imposed tlieretin, it shall be lawful for the collector or other chief officei
oi the customs where such articles shall be imported, to take and swure the same, with tlie casks or
other package thereof, ..nd to cause the same to be publicly sold within the space of '.() days at the most
alter such refu.;.il made, and at such time and place lis such officer shall, by i or more days' public notice,
appoint tor that purpose; which articles shall he sold to the best liidder ; and the money arising from the
s.de thereof sh. II he applie<l in the lirst place in iiaynient of the said duties, togither with the charges
th:-,; shall have been occasioned by the said s.ile, and the overplus, if any, shall be paid to such importer
or proprieto'-, or any other person authorised to receive the same. — ^ VI-.
//' (I'diW.v he ii'i/ entered in LO liui/s, the OJJieey tiiai/ land and seii/re them. — Kvery importer of any
goods shall, within 'Jli days alter the arri\al ol the inipo'itiiig ship, make due entry inwards of such goods,
and land the same; and in delault of siicli entry and landing it shall be lawlul lor the ollicers of the
customs to convey such goods to the king's wareliouse ; and if the duties due upon such gocMis be not
p.iid within .i months alter such Vd ilays shall have expired, togither w ith all charges of removal aiirl
warehouse rent, the same shall be sold and the proiluce Ihereof apphed lirst to the pavnient of treight
and charges, next of duties, and the overplus, if any, shall be paid to the proprietor of the goods. —
(kIs
any
(hidds imported from Vnited Kingdom or British Possessiojis must appear in Coeket, SfC. No goi
shall be im oo'ted into any liritish |>ossession as being imported from the Uniteil Kingdom, or from e
other hritish possession >if any advantage attach to such distin<tion\ unless such goods appear ii|H)n the
cockets or other proper documents for the same to have been dulv i learcd outwar<ls at the port of export-
ation in the L'nited Kingdom, or in such other Hritisli possession, nor unless the ground upon which
such advantage he claimed be stated in such coeket or doeument. — ( 2li.
I ioods imiHirled Jroni, to tie deemed of tlie (iioiilh of, I niled Kingdom. — \o goods snail, ii|)on impoi t-
ation into any iif the liritish possessions in America, be deemeil to be of the growth, production, or
manufacture of the Lnited Kingdom, or of any Hritish possession in America, unless importtHi from the
Lnitf.l Kingdom, or Irotn some Hritish possession in America.— \ 27.
Kniri/ iioi to Ije valid, if Coods lie not properli/ deserilied in it. — No cut rv, nor any warrant for the
landivg of any goods, or for the taking of any Koods out of anv warehouse, shall be deemed valid, uide.ss
the particulars ol the goods and packages in such entrv ccrrespoiid with the particulars of the t,oi ds a'' '
p.ickages 111 the report of the -hip, or in the certili<:ite or other document, where any is renuiied, b\ whi( n
the importation or entrv of juch gomis is lulhorised, nor mil '
de.scnlud in such entry by the deiiominatious and with 'he charactei
wliieh such goiKls are ehai'gi'd with duty or i
s and circumstances ac
been incipeily
oinniK to
any shi)i or
any warehou.se liy virt
a) hi' imported ; and any coiids taken or delivered out of
such rei
due entry thereof, anil sliall in Ibrleited
peels, or not properly .le.-ciibing the
lie of any entry or warrant not corresponding <ir at.reeing in all
e, shall be dctined to he goods landed or taken without
Cerlfi' ate of Produelion for S
spirit.* ..hall he shipped lor exportat
ufior, CojUe, Cocoa, or .<>/)(>//,«.— Befo.c any sugar, coflbc, cocoa, or
being the produce of such pi
my l!riti.-li possession in .America or in the isl.nid ol Mnuritiu.s,
goods were or
iir I
ssissioii or ol sii.li island, the proprietor of the estate on which such
or eonpln li r at thi port of expoitalioi
lis ktiDuu agei.t, sh.ill m.ike ai <l
1 al! davit in writing before the collector
' II!
■4
fi '!
' ^
1, or before a jiistiee of ihe pi aie, or otiier officer duly authorised
/ .i i
^5=^
•i52
COLONIES AND
I t
to iulministcr such oath, declaring that Buch goods are the proiluci> of nich estate ; and such affidavit
shall set forth the name of the estate, and the description and tjuantity of the goods, and the packages
containing the same, with the marks and nunil)ers thereon, and the name of tlie person to whose charge
at the place of shipment they are to be sent ; and if any justice or other otficcr shall snhs<rribe his name
to any writing purporting to he such allidavit, unless the person making it shall actually appear before
him and be sworn to the truth of the same, such justice of the peace or otiicer shall forfeit and pay for
any such ott'ence the sinn of ;'>()/. ; and the |)erson entering and shipping such goods shall deliver such
afhdavit to the collector or comptroller, or -other proper officer, and shall make and subscribe a dedar.
ation before him that the gocnls which arc to be shipped by virtue of such entry are those mentioned in
such affidavit ; and the master of the ship in whicli such goods shall be laden shall, before clearance,
make and suhscrilic a declaration before the collector or comptroller that the goods shipped by virtue of
such entry are the same as are mentioned and intended in such affidavit, to the best of his knowledge
and belief; and thereupon the coUeitor arxl comptroller, or other proper officer, shall sign and give to the
master a certitiiate of production, stating that proof has been made, in maimer required bylaw, that such
goods {descrihing the same) are the proiluce of such Uritish possession or of such island, anil setting fortli
in such certilicate th? name of the exporter and of the exporting ship, and of the master thereof, and
the destination of the gools ; and if any sugar, coffee, cocoa, or s|>irits be imiMirted into any liritish pos.
session in America, as being the produce of some other such possession or of such island, without such
certilicate of production, the same shall be forfeited. — { "'X
Ccil{tivii/f of I'nxluctinn on lii-cximrlalion from niiot/wr Co/oni/. — Hefnre any sugar, coffbe, cocoa, or
spirits shall be shipj)ed for exportation in any ISritish |)osses.«ion iri America, as being the produce of some
other such possession, the person exporting the same shall in the entry outwards state the place of the
production, and rel\r to the entry inwards and landing of such goods, and shall make and subscribe a
declaration l)efore the collector or comptroller to the identity of the same; and thereupon, if such goods
sliall liave been duly imported with a certiticate of i)roiliiction within 12 months prior to the shipping for
exportation, the collector and comptroller shall sign and give to the master a certificate of production,
referring to the certilicate of production under which such goods had been so imported, and containing
the like particulars, with the date of such importation. — 5 M
Hoods hroiifihl oiur Land, or hy Inland Sai'h^ation. — It shall be lawful to bring or import by land or by
inland navigation into any of the liritish possessions in America from any adjoining foreign country any
goons which might be lawfully imported by sea into such possession from such country, and so to bring
or import such goods in the vessels, boats, or carriages of such country, as well as in Uritish vessels,
boats, or carriages. — ^ Jl.
H'hat I'fsurls shall hr dfcmcd lirithh on the J.akcs in America. — No vessel or boat shall be admitted to
be a liritish vessel or boat on any of the inland waters or lakes in America, except such as have been
built within the liritish dominions, and shall be wholly owned by British subjects, and shall not have
been repaired at any foreign place to a greater extent than in the proportion of 10.?. for every ton of such
vessel or boat at anyone time: provided always, that nothing herein-beforc contained shall extend to
prevent the employment of any vessel or boat as a Uritish vessel or boat on su<li inland waters or lakes,
which shall have wholly belonged to Hritish subjects before the ."ith day of July, IS'i.'j, and which shall not
have been since that day repaired as aforesaid in any foreign place. — \ ,'ii
(.iuiids must he hmugfit lo a Place wlicri' tlicrc is 11 Cnslom.hoiisc. — It .shall not be lawful so to bring
or import any gooils except into some port or place of entry at v. iiich a Custom-house now is or hereafter
may be lawfully established : provided also, tliat it shall be lawful for the governor, lieutenant-governor,
or person administering the government of any of the said jiossessions respectively, by and with the
advice of the executive council thereof, from time to tune to diminish or increase, by i)roclamation, the
number of ports or places of entry. — 5 >^'-
Dtitit s to be co/hcted in same Manner as on (hioils imported In/ Sea. — The duties imposed by this act
shall be ascertaineil, levied, and n covered upon all goods so brought or imported in the same manner,
anil by the same means, rules, regulations, penalties, \c. as the duties on the like goods imported by sea;
and if any goods shall be lirought or imporled contrary iiereto, or if any goods so brought or imported
shall he removed from the station or place appointed Ibi the examination of surh goods before all duties
pavalde thereon sh.ill lia\e been paid or sal.slii'd, such goods shall be forfeited, together with the vessel,
Doiil, or carriage, and the horses or other cattle, in or by which such goods shall have been so importei'
or brought, or so removed. — J ,!4.
Dniie.t in Canada on .iiiierie.in lioals, a.- in Anieriea on Britisli Boats. — The same tonnage duties shall
l,e (p.iid upon all vessels or bo.its of the Lnited .'-t.ites of America importing any poods into C"ana<la as
are or may be payable in the United States of .Xmer.ca on Uritish vessels or boats entering the harbours
w hence such goods have been imported. — i :)').
CoNniTIONS WITH RliSPIXT TO WaHKIIOUSINO IN TIIK Coi.OMES.
Ports tierein mentioned lo he free warelriiisini; Purls. — The several ports herein. at>er mentioned, (that
is to say,) liridgctown in li.irbadoes, Ouiliec in lanada, Sydney in (ape lireton, Uoseau in Dominica,
St. (ieorj,'e in (irenaila, Kingston and Moiite(;o Hay in .lamaica, Charlestown in Nevis, Saint John's and
Saint Andrew's in New lirunsttick. Saint John's m Ni'wfmindlanil, Nassau m New I'r.iviileiice, Halifax
and I'ictou in Nova .Scotia, r,as>eterre in Saint Kitl'.^, Kingston in Saint Vincent, Iload Il.irbour iiiTor.
tola, .San Josejih in Trinulad, shall be/MV irart liniifiiifi /lorls for all the purposes of this act; and
Kingston and .Montreal in the (a
„ jd comptroller shall di
Il.oid upon l.nhfj i\l (loodji to he i('areliou.si(l. — I iioii the entry of any goods to be warehoused, the im-
porter of such goods, instead of paying down the ilulies due therecui, shall give bond ullh two lufficient
I
\
.■•i.M
COLONY TRADE.
353
|l, (that
liiiira,
aiul
lalilax
In Tor.
aixl
\iiiisini;
.-hips.i
\\\, I'V
'shall
lieclaro
lilnu'iit
place,
|v !i\U'h
' iluty
■ ^ o7.
; any
s\U'li
BciT tl)
Ic line
I'isions
|>h(m»e
iiul ill
Ir bhall
|isp, (ir
rules
lie im-
llicielit
SMfi-tios, to he approved of by the collector or comptroller, in treble the dutios payable on such goods, with
londition for the safe depositing of such goods in the warehouse mentioned in such entry, and for the
payiiiCMt of all duties due upon such goods, or for the exportation thereof, according to the first account
taken of such gcjods upon the landing of the same ; anil with further condition, that iio part thereof shall
lie taken out of such warehouse until cleared from thence upon due entry and payment of duly, or upon
iluc entry for exportation ; and with further condition, that the whole of such goods shall be so cleared
from such warehouse, and the duties, upon any deficiency of the i|uantity according to such first account,
shall be paid, within 2 years from the uate of the first entry thereof; and if after such bond shall have
been given, the goods or any part thereof shall be sold or disposed of, so that the original bonder shall be
no longer interested in or have any control over the same, it shall be lawful for the collector and coiii|>.
troller to admit fresh security to be given by the bond of the new proprietor or other person having control
over such go«Kls, with his sutticient sureties, and to cancel the bond given by the original bonder of such
goods, or to exonerate him to the extent ol the fresh security so given. — ^ H).
limuls not (Ml/ <c«/rAu«,vc(/, <S('. tultcj'orjiitcd. — If any goods which have been entered to be warehoused
shall not be duly carried an<l <lcposited in the warehouse, or shall afterwards be taken out of it without
due entry and clearance, or having been entered and cleared for exportation shall not be duly carried and
shipped, or shall afterwari's be lelaiuled except with permission of the customs, such goods shall be for.
feited.— ^ 41.
Aciuunt 0/ (iiioils In h' taken on tniirliiij,'. — Upon the entry and landing of any gomls to be warehoused,
the proper iillicer shall take a particular account of the same, and shall mark the contents on each pack.
af,'L', and shall enter the same in a book to be kept for that purpose; and no goods which have been so
warehoused shall be taken or delivered from the warehouse except upon due entry, and under care of the
proper ofiicers for exportation, or upon due entry ami payment of duty for home use; and whenever the
whole of the goods warehoused uniler any entry shall lie cleared from the warehouse, or wlienever further
time shall be granted I .i any such goods to remain warehoused, an account shall be made out of the
qua'itily iipiiii which t'l' iiuti'.-s have been paid, and of the (jualitity expoiteil, and of the quantity to be
then ascertaincil) of the goods still remaining in the warehouse, as the case may be, deducting fr>im the
whole the (|uantily contained in any whole packages (if aiiyj which may have been abandoned for the
duties ; and if niion such account there shall in either case appear to be any deficiency of the original
quantity, the duty payable upon the amount of such deficiency shall then be jiaid. — ^ ii.
Siiin/ili-s mny he taken. — It shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller, under such regulations as
they shall see fit, to permit moderate samples to be taken of any goods so warehoused, without entry, and
williout payment of duty, except as the same shall eventually become payable, as on a deficiency of the
original quantity — ^ 43.
(iinx/s may In- skirled and rc/iar/.iW. — It shall be lawful lb.- the collector and comptroller, under such
regulations as they shall see fit, to permit the proprietor or other person having control over any ware-
housed go(Kls to sort, separate, and pack and repack any such goods, and to make such lawful alterations
therein, or arrangements and as.sortments thereof, as may be necessary for the jireservation of such goods,
or in order to the .sale, shipment, or legal di.spo.sal uf the same ; and also to permit any parts of such goodg
so separated to be destroyed, but without prejudice to the claim for duty upon the whole original (|uaiitity
of such goods • pro>i led always, that it shall be lawful for any person to abandon any whole packages to
tlie officers oi the customs for the duties, without being liable to any duty upon the same. — ^ 41.
GoihIs uarcliuuscd may he dclhvn'd .for IWmoval without Payment of Duly. — Gomls warehoused at any
warehousing p<irt in any of the Uritish possessions in America, being first duly entered, may be delivered,
under the auiJ'ority of the proper ofiicer of the c istoms, without payment of duty, except for any de.
ficiency thereof, for the purpose of removal to another warehousing (lort in the same possession, under
bond, to the satisfaction of such otticer, fur the due arrival and rewarehuusiiig of such goods at such other
port. — ^ 4.').
.'/// (ioods to he chared tt'ilhin 'J Years, or sold. — All goods which have been so warehoused or rc-
warehoused shad be duly cleared, either for exportation or for home consumption, within 'J years from
the day of first entry for warehousing; and if any such go<ids be not so cleared, it shall be kwful for the
collector and comptroller to cause the same to be .sold, and the produce shall be apiilied, first to the pay.
ment of the duties, next of war<'house rent and other charges, and the overplus (if any, shall be paid to
the proprietor: provided always, that it shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller to grant lurther
time for any such goods to remain warehoused, it they shall see fit. — ^ 4(i.
Jiutid on Entry for Exportation. — Upon the entry outwards of any gomls to be cxported.from the ware-
hou.se, the (lerson enleriiig the same shall give security liy bond in treble the duties of importation on
such goods, with two suflicient sureties, to be approvetl by the collector or com|itroller, that the same shall
be landed at the place tor which they be entered outwards, or be otherwise accounted for. — ^ 47.
Poller to a/i/Hiint olli<r I'orts. — It shall he lawful for his Majesty, by order in council, from time to
time to appi>int any port in his Majesty's jio.sse.ssions in America to be a free warehousing port for all or
any of the purixises of this art ; and every such port so apiiointed by his Majesty .shall be, for all the pur.
poses expressed in such order, a free warehousing port under this act, as if appointed by the .same ^ 48.
Uoodsfrom Mauritius liable to same Duties and Uegulations as }l'cst India Goods. — ' ^ VX — ,See Poht
Loiis.)
Vape of Hope within Limits of the Company's Charter. — In all trade with the British possessions iii
America, the (ape of (iood Hope, and the territories and dependencies thereof, shall be deemed tu be
within the limits of the liast India Company's charter. — ^ 50.
Urxcii Proprietoks, &c.
Dutch rroprietors in Demerara, E.isei/iii/io, and Berhice, mm/ supply their Estates from Holland. — It
shall he lawful for any of the subjects of the King of the Netherlands, being Dutch proprietor,s in the
colonies of Demerara, Rsseijuibo, and Herliice, to import in Dutch ships from the Netlierlands into the
said colonieR all the usual articles of supply foi their estates therein, and also wine imported for the pur.
poses of medicine only, and which shall be liable to a dutv of Kl.v. |.er ton, and no more ; and in case
seizure be made of any articles so imiiorted, upon the ground that they are not such supplies, or are for
the purpose ol trade, the proof to the contrary shall lie on the Dutch proprietor importing the same, and
not on the seizing officer: provided .-ilways, that if sutticient security bv bond be given in court to abide
the decision of the commissioners of customs upon such seizure, the goods so seized shall be admitted to
entry and released. — ^ ."il.
estates then belonging to Dutch proprietors llierein, and all sin h proprietors as being then resident in the
said colonics, .ind being natives of his said Majesty's .loniiiiions in the Netherlands, mav have declared,
within ,! months after the publicatimi of the aforesaid convenlimi in the said colonies, that they wish to
^il I'.'l'n.'1 1 1 ;■""*".'""''';"' 'O"!'. aii'l all sjbiects of his .aid Majesty the King of the Netherlands who
may be the holders of niorlg.iges of estates in (he said colonies made prior to the date of the convention,
and who may under their mortgage deeds have the right of exporting from the said colonies \o the
i
r
til
. I I
" IMI I' -V". ^ '
M54
COLONIES AND
U
NetherlandH the proiliioc of such estates, shall be ilcemcd Dutch proprietors uiuler the provisions of thi(
uct : provided, that where both Dutch and Itritish subjects have morlgaKcs upon the same property in the
said colonies, the produce to be consigned to the ditlerent mortgagees shall be in (iroportion to the debts
respectively due to thcni. — ^ .O;).
J'crsniis nut irishiii'f to be considered Dutch Proprietors to siffn a Declarntion to that Ejf'ecl. — Whereas
it is expedient to permit any of sucli persons, at their option, to reliiujuish such character of Dutch pro-
prietor: be it therefore enacted, that if any such person shall make and sign a declaration in writing,
iittestcil by two credible witnesses, setting forth that he is desirous and has clecteil not to be ilecmetl to be
a Dutch proprietor within the meaniiig of the said act in respect of any such ( to or mortgage to be
mentioned and named in such declaralion, and shall cause sucii de«'laration to : delivered to the com-
missioners of his Majesty's customs, such person shall thenceforth be no longer deemed a Dutch pro.
prietor within the meaning of the said act in respect of the estate or mortgage so mentioned in such
declaration as aforesaid, and such delaration shall have ell'ect in respc;t of any gooils the produce of any
such estate of which such person so far as relates to those goods was a DuK^h proprietor, although such
goods may have been exported from the colony before the delivering of such declaration as aforesaid.
— ^ r.+.
A'o Ship to sailjiom Jmnaien to St. Ihimniffo, nrfnitn SI. Doinnimi to Jamciica. — No British merchant
ship or vessel shall sail from Jamaica t<KSt. Domingo, nor from St. Domingo to .lamaiia, under the penalty
of forfeiture of such ship or vessel, together with her cargo ; and no foreign ship or vessel which shall have
come from, or shall in the course of her voyage have touched at St. Domingo, shall come into any port or
harbour in the island of Jamaica ; and if any such ship or ve-sel, h.iving come int<i any such port or
liarbour, shall continue there for 48 hours after notice shall have l)eeii given by the olliccr of the customs
to depart, such ship or vessel shall he forfeited ; and if any person shall be landed in Jamaica from any
ship or vessel which shall have come from or touched at St. Domingo, ex< ept in case of urgent nccess ty,
or unless licence shall have been given by the governor of Jamaica to land such person, such ship shall
be forfeited, together with her cargo. — ^ h't.
Colonial Imu's repUf;nnnt to any Act 1/ Parliament to be null and void. — All laws, by-laws, usages, or
en.stoms at this time or which hereafter shall be in practice, or pretended to be in practice, in any of the
Biitish i)ossessions in America, in anywise repugnant to this act, or to any other act of parliament, so far
as such act relates to the said imsscssions, shall be null and void to all intents and purposes. — ^ M.
FiTcniption from Duties to extend only to Duties liy Act of Porliaoienl. — Provided always, that no
exemption from iluty in any of theliritish' possessions .ibroad, contained in any act of parliament, extends
to any duty not imposed by act of parliament, urdess and so tar only as any duty not so imposed is expressly
mentioned in such exemption ^ iiT.
Qtfleers may hoard Ships hovering on the Coasts. — It shall be lawfid for the ofliccrs of customs to go on
Imard any ship in any Hritish possession in America, and to rummage and search all parts of such ship
for prohibited and uncu.itomed goods, and also to go on board any ship ho\eiing within 1 league of the
coasts thereof, and in either case freely to stay on board such ship so long as she shall remain in such port
or within such distance; and if any such ship be bound elsewhere, and shall contiinie so hovering fi r the
fpace of 24 hours alter the master shall have been recpiired to depart, it shall lie lawful for the orticer of
the customs to bring such ship into port, and to examine her cargo, and to examine the master upon oath
touching the cargo and voyage ; and if there be any goods on board prohibittnl to he imported, such ship
and cargo shall be forfeited ; and if the master shall not truly answer the (juestions demanded of him, he
shall forfeit 1(H)/. — ^ TjS.
Forfeilurt-'of Vessels, Carriages, S;e. removing Goods liable to Forfeiture. — All vessels, bo.its, carriages,
and cattle made n.se of in the removal of any goods liable to fcrfeituro uniler this act shall Ik- forfeited,
and every person who shall assist or be otherwise concerned in the unshipping, landing, or removal, har-
bouring, &c. of such goods, or into whose possession the same shall knowingly <<ime, shall forfeit the
treble value thereof, or the penalty of KKi/., at the election of the officers of the cusl<im.s. — ^ ."i!l.
Goods, Vessels, S(C. liable to Forfeiture may be seized by OJ/icers All goods, ships, vessels, boats, car-
riages, and cattle, liable to forfeiture under this act, may be seized and secured by any olficer of the
customs or navy, or by any person employed for that purpose with the concurrence of the commissioners
of Ills Majesty's customs ; and every person who shall in any way hinder or obstruct such olficers or per-
sons employed as aforesaid, or any i)crson aiding him, shall for every such offence forfeit the sum ot '.IK)/.
— i no.
Ivrit of Assistance to search for anA seize Hoods liable to Forfeiture. — Under authority of a writ of
assistance granted by the supreme court of justice or court of vice a<lmiralty having jurisdiction in the
place, it shall lie lawful lor any officer of the customs, taking with him a peace olficer, to enter any build,
ing or other place in the daytime, and to search for, seize, and secure any goods li.iblo to Ibrleilnre under
this act, and, in case of necessity, to break open any doors and any chests or other packages for that pur.
pose; and such writ of assistance, when issued, shall be deemed to be in force during the whole of the
reign in which the same shall have been granted, and for I'i months from the conclusion of such reign.
— \ lif.
Ubstruction of lyfieers by Force. — If any person shall by force or violence assault, molest, liinder, or
obstruct any officer of the customs or navy, or other person employed as aforesaid, or any person acting
in his aid, such person upon conviction shall be adjudged a felon, and punisheil at the discretion of the
court. — ^ ti'J. •
Goods seized to be secured at the next Custotn-house, anil sold by Auction. — All things seized as li;il|(i
to forfeiture under lliis act, or under any act made for the ineveiition id' smug,i;ling, or relating t iliu
customs, or to trade or n.ivigation, shall be deliverinl to the collector and cnnipfrollt r ,>i the customs next
to the place where the same were seized ; and alter coiideniiiatiun the y sit lU cause ■^e same t<i be .Id by
public auction to the best fjidder : provided always, that it shall be lawiii for the <iimniissioiurs of the
customs to direct in what manner the produ'e of such s.ile shall be a; !..ieil, or, in lieu of such sale, to
direct what things shall l)e destroyed, or be reserved lot t!ie public servio — *i fi.!.
The next 17 clauses relate to the mode of proceeilnig 111 wtums as ti> seizures l)efore the courts, the
application and recovery of ])enalties, \c. It seems uinieeessary to insert these m this pi. ice.
The King may regulate the Trade of certain Ctiboiies. — It shdl be lawful for tiis Majesty, by any ordi r
or orders in council to be issued from time to time, to give such directions ar.i make such regulations
touching the trade and commerce to and from any Hritish possessions on or noa/- 'An- cnntinent of llurope,
or within the Mediterranean Sea, or in Africa, or within the limits of tlu' ICast Irwlia (.'ompanys charier
(excepting the ))ossessions of the said Company), as to his Majesty in council .Aall appear expeihent;
ami it any goods shall be impoited or exported in any manner contrary to any sundi order, tlie same shall
bo forfeited, together with the ship importiug or exporting the same — < HI
East India Company mat/c:iriy dooiis from India to Colonies — It shall lie lawful for the Kast India
Company, during the continuance ><( their exclusive privih'Hi > ol trade, In export from any place within
the limits of their charter any giK^:- *or the purpose oVlieing eameil to some id his Majesty's possessions
in America, and so to carry and t . Tjport the same into any of such possessions, and .d-<> 10 carr; return
cargoes from such po.ssesnums to any place within the limits nf their charter, or to Ihi' I uitiif Kiiigiiiini;
and it shall l>e lawl'ul for iu>y »f his .\laj«»tv's «id)jects, with the licence or uniler the a\iltioritii nl the said
Ciinuanv, to lade in and ex(>ort fnmi iiniynf the dominions of tlie Kin|>iTor of Cliina any gooifs. and hj lado
in and export frmn any plere w.thin ts»t limits of thu^ said Company's charter «n) tea, li>r the purpose of
being earned to some of his Majnttf's fnwesiiiNi in Jkmerica, and also lu to cairy ami to iiii|K>rt tte taiuc
into any uf (Uuh poiieittuiM. — ^ tt.
i
writ of
in the
iv liuili'-
ro inuliT
ll:,t 1)111--
Iv (if tlio
:li ruiB"'
mlcr, or
artiliK
I uf the
■ sh.il li'
It- t ,hu
im» m\t
,U1 liy
ot ll>o
h sale, to
iiiiv onli r
"(jiilatiuiis
f Kurdpe,
•» charter
xiieiiieiit ;
;ime shall
:ast Iiiili'i
i within
i()s>essioli!4
|ir' rrliiftl
Lhih«|'ii";
J ilH-saW
jiul fin lad*
limiTO*'-' »**"
> tkae s»l»*
\
COLONY TRADE.
355
CfrtiJIeate of Production of East India Siipnr. — It slinll be lawful for any shipper of siip.irtho proiUice
of some llritisli possession within the limits of the Kast India Coinpany's charter, t;) be exported from
such possession, to K'> before tlie collector, coinptriiller, si: of the customs at such place, or, if there be
none such, to go before the principal otticer of such (ilace, or thejiulKe or commercial resident, and make
an afidavit that such su^ar was really and botuijidf the proiluce of Mich lUitisli possession, to the lust of
his knowledge and belief; and such oHiccr, &c. is to grant a certilicate thereof, setting forth the name of
the ship in which the sugar is to be exported, and her destination.— ^ KJ.
fHiips limit iiritir tu tlir \sl of .Innmirii, IHlii, dcimrd lirilish S/ii/is within rrrtiiin Limits — All ship<
built williiri the limits of the Kast India Company's charter prior to the 1st day of .laniiary, ISltl, ami
which were then, and have continued since, to be solely the property of his MajcMy's subjects, shall be
deemed to he British ships for all the purposes of trade within the said limits, including the Cape of
Good Hope. — \ M.
Cfit/iciitf if I'linliirtion (f Cain- If'/m: — It shall be lawful for the shipper of wine the produce of the
Cape o'f tJood" Hope, or of it's dependencies, which is to be exported from thence, to go before the chief
odi'er of the cnstimis, and mal<e an allidavit that such wine was really and Ihiwi Jiilc the produce of the
Cape or its dependencies; and aiicli ollicer is re<|uiied to administer such atlidavit, and to grant a certiH.
rate thereof, stating the name of the ship in w liich the wine is exported, and her destination. — ^ K,">.
Colijicatc of Production of Hoods in Gucrnscii, ^Vc. — It shall be lawful lor any person who is about to
export from t'Juernsey, Jersey, Alderney, or Safk, to the United Kingdom, or any Iiriti.-.li possession in
America, any g(lod^ the growth or iiroduce of any of those islands, or any goods niamifactiired from
materials the gri.wih or produce thereof, or of the United Kingdom, to go belbre a magistrate of the
island from which the good,; are to beexporteil, and sign a declaration that such goods are of such growth,
produce, or manuf.ictiire, and such magistrate shall administer and sign such declaration ; and thereupon
the governor, lieutenant-governor, \c. of the island sliall, upon the delivery to him of such declaration,
grant a certilicate under his hand of the proof contained in such declaration, .stating the ^hip by, and the
port in the United Kingdom, or in such possession, to, which the goods are to be exported; and such
certificate shall be priHluced at such ports, in proof that the goods mentioned therein are of the growth,
produce, \c. of such islands. — ^ Kii.
The next section relates to the importation of tea into Guernsey, &c. during the exclusive trading pri-
vileges enjoyed by the Kast India Company.
Oiicrnsci/, Sfc. ToiDiaj^cofSliips and Sixc of I'nckancs for S/iirils. — No brandy, geneva, or other spirits
(except rum of the liritisli plantations, shall be imported into, or exported from, the islands o( Jersey,
Guernsey, Alderney, or Sark, or removed from any one to any other of the said islands, or coastwise
from any one part to any other part of either of the said islands, or be shipped to In ^o removed or carried,
or be waterborne for the purpose of being so shipped in any ship, vessel, or boat of less burden than 100
tons icxcept when imported from the United Kingdom in ships of the burden of 71) tons at leastl, nor in
any cask or package of less size or content than 40 gallons, (except when in bottles, and carried in a
square-rigged ship,) nor any tobacco or snutl' in any ship, vcs.sel, or boat of less burden than 100 tons
(except when imported from the United Kingdom in ships of the liurden of 70 tons at least\ nor in any
cask or package containing less than +.')() lbs. weight, (save and excejit any such spirits or loo.se tobacco
as shall be tor the use of the seamen belonging to and on board any such slii]), vessel, or boat, not ex.
ceeding i.' gallons of the former, and .'5 lbs. weigh|>)f the latter, for each seaman, and also except such
manufactured tobacco or snufi' as shall have been duly exported as merchandise from Oreat Hntain or
Ireland,^ on pain of forfeiture of all such foreign brandy, geneva, or other spirit ', toliacco or snull' respect-
ively, together with the casks or packages containing the same, and also of every such ship, vessel, or
boat, together with all her guns, furniture, Ac. — 5 ^^^
Nut to extend to J'csscis of 10 Tons supplying Island of Sark, fiavinp Licence so to do, — Nothing herein
contained shall extend, or be construed to extend, to any boat not exceeding the burden of l(j tons, for
having on board at any one time any foreign spirits of the quantity of 10 gallons or under, in casks or
packages of less size or content than 40 gallons, or any tobacco, snuft', or tea, not exceeding .Oi; lbs. weight
of each, for the supply of the said island of Sark, such boat having a licence from the officer ol customs at
either of the islands of (iuernsn or Jersey, for the purpose of being employed in carrying commodities
for the supply of the said island oi Sark : provided that every such boat having on board at any one time any
greater quantity of sjiirits than ' gallons, or any greater quantity of tobacco or snutl'than ,00 lbs weight
of each of the said articles, uicss Mich greater quantity of .spirits, tobaico, or snutf .shall be in casks or
packages of the size, conten:, or weight herein-before required, or having on board at any one time any
greater quantity of tea than .V) 11 s, weight, shall be forfeited. — ^ h\<.
Penult!/ on Persons found on brntrd lesxis liable to Forfeiture within I I.r.-^tic of Guernsey, i^c— F.very
person found or di.scoverni to lia»e been on lioard any ves.sel or boat liable oi forieitnre, for being found
within 1 league of the islanl- of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, or Sark, having on lioard or in aiiv manner
attached or athxed thereto, or conveying or having conveyed, in any manner, such goods or other things
as subject such vc.«sel or boat to lorieiture, or who shall be fuund or discovered to have lieen on board
any vessel or boat from which any part of the cargo shall have been thrown overboard during chace, or
staved or destroyixl, shall forfeit the sum of K 0/ — ^ W.
Jlrilish Coals nut to be re-exported from Hrilish Possessions without Duti/. — It shall not be lawful to
re-export from any of his Majesty's possessions abroad to any foreign place any coals the produce of the
United Kingdom, except upon payment of the duty towhich'such coals uould bi' liable ujion exportation
from the United Kingdom to such foreign place; and no such Coals shall be shi|.ped at any of such
jiossessions, 'o be exported to any British place, until the exporter or the master of the exporting vessel
shall have given iKind, with one sufficient surety, in double the Value of the coals, that such coals shall
not be landed at any foreign place. — ^ ;il.
Penalty for usinf; Documents counterfeited or falsified. — If any person shall, in any of his Majesty's
possessions abroad, counterfeit or falsify, or willully use when counterfeited or fulsilied, any entry,
warrant, cocket, &c, for the unlading, lading, entering, reporting, or clearing anv shiii or vessel, or for
the landing, shipping, or removing of anj goods, stores, baggage, or article whatever, or shall b\ iny false
statement jirociire any writing or document to be made for anv such jiurposes, or shall falscl> niake any
oath or aHirniation required by any act for regulating the trade of the Hritisli possessions abroad, or shall
forge or counterfeit a certilicate of the said oath or affirmation, or shall knowingly publish such certificate,
!.j shall for every such offence forfeit the sum of ijoi)/. — ^ iW.
The American govcfninont liavinc tk-ciined coiTipIying with those comlitioii.s of reci-
procity under which the trade between i.te United States and the llritisli colonies was
to be opened by the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 1 14., it wa.s direeted by an ordei in council, dated
tin 'JTth of July, lS'2r,, that a dtity of 4». M. \>cr ton should be charged upon all
AnKTiean vessels entering his Majesty's pos.sessions in the West Indies, as well as an
addition of 10 per cent, upon the duties imposed by the above-mentioned act on all and
each of the articles named in it, when imiiorted into the West Indies in American ships.
^ In the rourse of 1 ^{o. however, the negotiations tliat had been etUered into nith the
Uniti'd Srat. i,i i"v,> t.' this subject «rere happily terminated by the Americans agree-
ing to ti^ c(i. vi.u... . ^,£ reciprocity above mentioned; so thai the discriminating duties
o .\ 2
*>.
' 1
,i ■ I
m.
85G
COLONIES AND
i^P
(' tii
if I
li r
iiniiDSL'd upon the ships and goods undur authority of the abovc-UKjiitioiied ordor in
council ure wliolly rcpculud.
Subjoined is the circular letter of the American government, and an extract from the
British order in council, dated the 5th of November, 1830, relative to this new arrange*
ment.
Circular to Ihc Collectors of Customs.
Treasury Department, Oct. 6. IH30.
Sir, — You will perceive by the proclamation of the president herewith transmitted, that from and after
the date thereof, the act entituletl " An Act concerning Navigation," passed on the l.itli of April, ISIH ;
an act supplementary therein, passed the l.otli of iMay, 18i() ; and an act entitulcd " An Act to regulate
the commercial Intercourse between the United States and certain llritish Ports," passed on the 1st of
March, IHi), are absolutely repealed ; anil the fiorts of the United States are open to British vessels and
their cargaes, rumiyii- from the lirilish colonial possessions in the litest Indies, on the continent of South
America, the Bahama Litatii/s, the Caicos, and the Bermuda or Somcr Islands ; also from the islands, pro-
rinees, or colonies if Oreat liritain on or near the Norlh American continent, and mirth or east of the
United States. Ky virtue of the authority of this proclamation, and in conformity with the arrangement
made between the United States and tireat liritain, and under the sanction of the president, you are in-
structed to admit to entry such vessels being laden with the prinluctions of Ureat liritain or her said colo-
nies, subject to the same duties of toiuiage and import, and other charges, as are levied on the vessels of
the United States, or their cargoes arriving from the said liritish colonics : you will also grant clearances
to Hritish vessels for the several ports of the aforesaid colonial possessions of (ireat liritain, such vessels
being laden with such articles as may be exported from the Unite<l States in vessels of tlie United States ;
and liritish vessels coming from the said colonial possessions may also be cleared for foreign ports and
places other than those in the said British colonial possessions, being laden with such articles as may be
exported from the United States in vessels of the United States. I am, Occ.
(Signed) S. D. INGHAM, Secretary to the Treasury.
Extract from the British Order in Council, dated the .Wi of Noremher, 1830, relative to the Trade bctuieen
the United States and the British West Indies.
" Whereas it hath l)een made to appear to his Majesty in council, that the restrictions heretofore im-
posed by the laws of the United Stales upon liritish vessels navigated between the said States and Ids
Majesty's possessions in the West Indies and America, have been repealed ; and that the discriminating
duties of tonnage and of customs heretofore imposed by the laws of the said United States upon liritish
vessels and their cargoes entering the portsof the said States from his Majesty's said |)ossessions, havealso
been repealed, and that the ports of the United States are now open to liritish vessels and their cargoes
coming from his Majesty's possessions aforesaid. His Majesty doth, therefore, with the advice of his
privy council, and in pursuance and exercise of the powers so vested in him by the act passed in the sixth
year of the reign of his said late Majesty, or by any other act or acts of parliament, declare that the said
recited orders in council of the -1st of July, ]Ki.';J, Aid of the ii7th of July, lhi.'ii, and the said order jii
council of the Kith of July, lS'i7 (so far as such last-mentioned order relates to the said United States^^
shall be, and the same are hereby respectively revoke<l.
" And his Majesty doth liirther, by tlie advice aforesaid, and in pursuance of the powers aforesaid, declare
that the ships of aiid belonging to the said United States of America may import from the United States
aforesaid into the liritish possessions abroad, goods the produce of those States, and may export goods
from the British possessions abroad, tube carried to any country whatever."
Connection of the Planter and Home Merchant, Mode of transacting Business in
England, — The mode of transacting West India business is as follows: — A sugar
planter forms a connection with a mercantile house in London, Bristol, IJverpool, or
Gla.sgow ; stipulates for an advance of money on their part ; grants them a mortgage on
his estate ; and binds himself to send them annually his crop, allowing them the full
rate of mercantile commissions. These commissions are 2^^ i)er cent, on Uie amount
of sugar sold, and of jjlantation stores sent out ; along with i^ per cent, on all insurances
effected. During the war, when prices were high, the amount of those commissions
was large ; but, like other high charges, the result has, in nine cases in ten, been to the
injury of those who received them ; they led tiic merchants to undertake too much, and
to make too large advances to the j)I;mters, for the sake of obtaining their liusiness.
At that time it was usual to allow a permanent loan at the rate of 3,000/. for the assured
consignment of 100 hogsheads of sugar; but that ratio was very often exceeded by the
planter, the 3,000/. becoming 4,000/., 5,000/., 6',(XX)/., and, in very many cases, still more,
in consequence of unforeseen wants and too sjmguine calculations on his part.
Persons resident in the West Indies arc almost always bare of capital, and for ob-
vious reasons. A climate of such extreme heat, and a state of society possessing so
few attractions to persons of education, otter no inducements to men of substance in
Europe to go thither. Those who do go, must trust to their personal exertion and the
support of others ; and when, after a continued residence in the West Indies, they
have made some progi-ess in acquiring a comi)etency, and have become accustomed
to the climate, they hardly ever consider themselves as settled there for life; their wish
and hope is to carry their acquisitions so far as to lie enaiiled to pass the remainder of
their days ci;mfortably at home. The readiest means, in the view of the jilanter, of ac-
comj)lishing this, is the extension of his undertakings; which he can do only by borrowing
money. lience a continued demar.d on his mercantile correspondents at home for fresli
advances : the consuming effect of heavy commissions, and of the interest on borrowed
money, is, or rather was, overlooked in his ardent s))eculafions. but when ])iices
unfortiuiately fall, he finds himself 10,000/. or '20,(X)0/. in debt, with a reduced in-
come. The merchants at home become e(iually embarrassed, because the case of (me is
the case of three fourths of their eoiresjiondents ; and the capital of the merchants, large
as it may be, is absorbe;! and placed beycjnd tlieir control. The mortgages they hold
. 'It
COLONY TRADE.
357
for ob-
Issinj^ so
litaiice in
ami the
iL's, tliey
Jiistonied
Ic'ir wish
lintlcr ci
\r, ofac-
jjrrowiii;^
Ifor tVcsli
lorrowcd
|n pricos
iiceil iii-
|i)f one is
Its, liirjio
Ihcy holJ
are of value only in an ultimate sense : to foreclose tliem. and to take iiossession of tliu
estates, is, in general, a very hazardous course.
Such has lieen for a nunihcr of years tiie state of our West India trade. lVrhiii)s it is
impossihletoiKiint out any meansof edectuai relief; ouri)lanters must not build expectations
on such doubtful, or rather iniprobalde, events as the stojipafie of distillation from malt,
or an insurrection of the nej^roes in rival coiMitries, such as t'uba or lirazil. Of a boimty
on exjjortation it is idle to speak : so that their on;_^ rational and substantial ground of
hope seems to be in a further reduction of the duties on sugar, coffee, and rum; and an
abolition of the duties on imports, and of the restrictions laid on their trade with America
and other countries.
The Side of West India articles takes place through the medium of produce brokers,
who in London reside chiefly in Mincing Lane and Tower Street. Samples of sugar
and rum are on show in their resjjective sale rooms during four days of the week, viz.
Tuesday, Wednr.'sday, 'I'hursday, and l-'riday, from 11 to 1 o'clock ; during which time
the sugar refiners, wholesale grocers, and other dealers in produce, call in, observe the
state of the market, and buy what they refjuire. The term of credit is short ; only 1
month for coffee and rum, and -2 months for sugar. Coffee is generally sold by
public auction, sugar and rum by private contract. The broker's commission is usually
^ per cent, on the amount ; but in the case of coffee, as they guarantee the buyers,
tlieir charge amounts to 1 jter cent. The f)rokers have no correspondence or connection
with the j)lanters ; they are employed f)y the merchants; and their sides, though for large
amoimts, being very simple, a brokerage house of consequence generally does the busi-
ness of a number of merchants. Neither merchant nor broker see, or are in the least
under the necessity of seeing, the bulky packages containing the difl'erent articles of
produce of which they effect the sales: idl is done by siunjjle ; the packiiges remaining
in the bunded warehouse from the time of landing till they are sold ; after which
they pass to the premises of the refiner, wholesale grocer, or whoever may be the pur-
chaser.
The allowances made to th^.- buyer in respect of weight, consist, first of the tare, which
is the ex.'ict weight of the cask; and, in the second place, of a fixed allowance of 5 ll)s.
per cask in the Cfise of coffee, cidled trett, and of LJ lbs. per cask on sugar, under the
name of draft. — (See Account Sulci of l)oth, in pj). 150, \51.)
The shipping of stores f'rom Engliind to the jilantiitions is also a very simple trans-
action. West India merchants in London, Liverpool, or Bristol, receive from the
planters, in the autunni of each year, a list of the articles rccpiired for the resjjeetive
estates : these lists they divide, arrange, and distribute among different wholesale
dealers in the course of .September and October, with instructions to get them ready to
ship in a few weeks. November and Decend)er are the chief months for the despateli of
outward-bound West Indiiuuen, as the plantation stores ought, by rights, to arrive id)out
the end of l)ecend)er, or in the course of January. That is a season of activity, and
generally of heiilth, in the West Indies; the comparatively cool months of November
and December having cleared the air, and the j;roduce of the fields having become ripe
and ready to c;uTy. Crop time liists from Jiuniiiry to the end of .July, after which tlie
heavy rains put a stop to field work in the islimds. Uemerani, being so near the line,
experiences less difference in the seasons, and it is customary there to continue making
sugar all the year round.
The arrivals of West Indianien in Englimd with homeward cargoes begin in Ai)ril
and continue till October; after which, with the excei)tion of occttsionid vessels from
Uemenira and IJerbiee, they cea.se till the succeeding April. This corresponds with
the time of carrying iuul loiiding the crops : for it would be quite imiulvisid)le, on the
score of iK-ahh, as well iis of the interruptions to work from the heavy nuns, to attempt
loading vessels in the sugar ishnuls during the autumnal months.
'i'lie unloiuling of West IndJMinen in lAjndon usually takes phice at the West India
docks; and dicl so unilbrndy from the autunm of IKO'-', when the docks were first
opened, till August, 182.'i, when the dock monopoly expired. The delays in discharging,
occasionally complained of during the war, arose from two cimses; from the vessds
arriving in fleets (in eonsecpience of sailing with convoy), and trom the imjjerfections
inscpiMiible from a new estiiblishment. The latter have been long remedied ; and as to
the former, though at particular seasons, and afU'r a chiuige of wind, the vessels still
come close on each other, the crowding in the docks is by no means to be compared
to that arising from the arriv;d of a convoy. Ciirgoes are discharged very sjjcedilv. the
time seldom exceeding ;5 days. The dock dues have also been mate'riidly reduced
since the peace: and the whole exhibits a striking example of the advantage' attendant
on transiicting a mass of business on one spot; iin advantage which ciui be enjoyed only
in great sea-iiorts, such as London, laverr
pool.
i
'I'he rates of freight during the war were
coffee from 10.'. to 1 l,v. ; where.-is they now
— (See Do( Ks. )
on sugar from T.t. to Ss. per cwt., .and on
.amount, the ft rmtr to '1,'. iiiid is. Off., and
^\\
%
u : i
«
•J A ;}
358
COLONIES AND
i ■ U I •
• ti
J ''■
I'l-I
i «
the latter to Cs. Tlif sliij) owners complain that these freights leave them very little
jjrofit ; l)iit in consecimiice of tlie s])ee(l with which vessels may now he tniloaded and
I'ieared at London, it is probahle that the practice of making two voyages in the season
■will liecome general.
Dtspiisiil of L(tmt in the Colimiis. — The chief cause of the rajjid advancement of all
colonies placed in rude and tliinly ))eoi)led countries, has been the facility with which
they have obtained su]>plies of fertile and unoc<.'u|)ie(l land. Were the inhabitants of a
colony so situated, that instead of resorting to new land to obtain increased supplies of
food, tliey were obliged to improve the land already in cultivation, their progress would
be comparatively slow, and they would appro.aeh to the condition of an old country ;
and the greater the concentration of the inhabitants, the nearer, of course, would be their
approach to that state. On the other hand, several inconveniences result from allowing
the colonists to spread themselves at pleasure over imoccui)ied districts. The inhabitants
become too much dispersed to he able to lend efficient assistance to each other ; a large
extent of roads is necessary, and their construction is a task too great for so thin a jwpu-
lation. But the greatest injury that can be done to a colony is the making of gratuitous
grants of large tracts of land to corporations or individuals, without laying upon them
any obligation as to their occupation, or obliging them to contribute their share of the
expenses necessary on account of public improvements. Wherever such an luiwise
policy has been pursued, as in Lower Canada for example, the consequences have been
most injurious. The occurrence of the unoccupied districts obliges the settlers to esta-
blish themselves at inconvenient distances from each other j it prevents, by the want of
roads, their easy communication ; and retards, in a degree not easy to be imagined, the
advancement of the district. 'J'he inconveniences resulting from these grants are, indeed,
obvious. They have been loudly complained of by the colonists, and are now almost
universally iidmitted.
It is not difficult to discover the principle of the measures that ought to be adopted
with respect to the disposal of unoccupied colonial land. They should be so contrived
SIS to prevent too great a diffusion of the colonists, without, however, occasioning their
too great concentration. And it is plain, that these advantages may be realised by
selling all lands at a moderate i)rice, or by imposing upon them a moderate quit-rent. If
the i)riee or quit-rent were very high, it would, of course, occasion too great a con-
centration, and be an insuperable obstacle to the rapid progress of the colony ; while, if
it were too low, it would not obviate the inconvenience of too great dispersion The
fixing of the price at which land siiould be sold is, therefore, the only really difh'ci't y)oint
to be decided upon. The Americans sell their public lands at 2 dollars an acre ; and
this is, perhaps, all things considered, as proper a sum as could be selected.
Until very recently we did not follow any fixed plan in the disposal of colonial lands,
which have in many instances been bestowed in the most improvident manner. But
a different system has been adopted, find lands in the colonies are no longer obtain-
able except by purchase. We, however, are not without iijjijrehensions that considerable
inconvenience will result from the proposed plan of selling land by auction. It
is easy, no doubt, to fix a minimum upset price ; f)ut the market price must entirely
de))end on the tjuantiti/ put up for sale, comjjared with the number anrl means of
the buyers. And, as the regulation of this quantity must necessarily be left to the
local authorities, they will, in fact, have the power of fixing the price. A system
of this sort can hardly fail of leading to very great abuses ; and will give rise to per-
petual complaints, even when they are not deserved, of partiality and preference. The
best way, as it appears to us, would be to order competent persons to fix certain prices
upon all the lands to be located, according to the various circumstances for and against
them ; and to grant s|)ecified portions of such lands to all who claimed them, according
to the amount of ca|>ital they proposed to employ in their cultivation. We do n(>t, how-
ever, think that the maximum price ought in any case to exceed l'2s. or 15s. an acre : a
price of this magnitude would secure a sufficient degree of concentration, without carrying
the principle so far as to make it injurious*
Disposal of Lund inCtinadn. — The following advertisement, dated at the office of the
Commissioner of Crown Lands, York, Upper Canada, 27th of May, IS."}:}, explains the
terms on which lands are in future to l)e granted in that province : —
111 lonrormity to ins'riu'tions recently received from his Majesty's secretary of state for the colonies,
the followiiiK arrangements lor dispcising of the waste lands of the crown in Upper Canada, are made
known lor the information of emigrants and otiiors.
Kxcept ill the (■a*e of U. Iv Loyalists, and other persons entitled by the existing regulations of the
government to free grants, no person can obtain any of the waste lands of the crown otherwise than hy
purchasing at the public sales, made from time to time under the direction of the commissioner of crown
lands.
! : i-
* The injurious consequences resulting from the late system of granting lands in the colonies have
been very forcibly Doiiitcd out by Mr. (longer, Mr. 'rcnnaiit, and oiliurs ; but the degree of concentration
they recommend would be ten times more injurious.
COLONY TRADK.
359
lands,
But
niii-
rablc
It
tirt'ly
ms of
the
stem
per-
Tlie
prices
;ainst
ding
liow-
e : a
■rying
ilonics,
made
have
tratioii
These sales *vill be made on the Itt aiid;!d Tuesday of each ninntli, and will either be continued through
the I'ollowinK d:ty, or nut, as circumstances may appear to the aKCiit to require.
llesidcs these general perioilical sales, there may he occasicinal sales by auction In other districtB, nfsucli
town lots, or other lots of land, as may remain to be disposed ol'i and of these sales ample notice will be
given.
The conditions of every sale by jjublic auction will be as follows : — One fourth of the purchase money
to be paid down ; and the remainder in J e(|ual amiual instalments, with interest at ti per cent, on cacll
iiistalnjcnt, payable with the instalment.
Tlie lands will be put up at an upset price, of which notice will be (?iven at the time of sale, and in tho
previous advertisenu iits w Inch will be published of the lands intended to be put up at each sale : ami iit
case no oiler shall be made ut the upset price, the land will be reserved for future sale, in a similar manner,
by aucticm.
A patent for the lands will be issued free of charge, upon the payment in full of the purchase money
and interest
The connnissioner for crown land.s, acting also as agent for the sale of clergy reserves, requests it to bo
noticed, that such clergy reserves as have imt been hitherto occupied by authority, or leased by the
government, will bedi.-posed of, by public auction ordy, either at the periodical sales of crown lands, or
ut occasional sales, to be duly advertised, and that the terms of payment for clergy reserves will continue
to be as follows: — 10 per cent, to be paid at the time of sale, and the remainder in !) annual iustalincnta
of 10 per cent, eacli. with interest on each instalment, to be paid with the instalment.
Sueh clergy reserves as have been leased, or occupied by the authority of the government, must be ap.
plied for by letter to the conimissioner of erown lands, and when disposed of, will be sold by private sale
on the same terms of payment as those disposed of by public auction.
Terms upon which the Crown Lands will be disjmsed t]f in Sew South Wales and Van Diemen's Land.
It has been determined by his Majesty'sgovernmcnt that no land shall, in future, be disposetl of in New
South Wales or Van Uiemen's Land otherwise than by public sale, and it has therefore been deemed
expecKent to prepare for the information of settle. o ,! following summary of the rules which it ha:i been
thought tit to lay down for regulating the sales of land in those colonies : —
1. A division of the whole territory into counties, hundreds, and parishes, is in progress. When that
(Hvisinn shall be completed, each parish will comprise an area of about 'J;; square miles.
". All the lands in the colony, not hitherto granted, ami not appropriated for public purposes, will bo
put up to sale. The jirice will of cour.sc depend upon the quality of the land, and its local situation ; but
no land will be sold below the rate of .0,«. per acre.
.'3. All persons proposing to purchase lands not advci'tised for sale, must transmit a written application
to the governor, in a certain prescribed form, whii li will be delivered at the Surveyor Ueneral's Olhce to
all perscns apjilying, on payment of the requisite fee of '.',?. tW.
4. Those persons who are desirous of purchasing, will be allowed to select, within ('ertaiii deliiied limit«,
s\ich (lortions of land as they may wish to acquire in that manner. 'I'hcse portions of land will be adver.
tised for sale for 3 calendar months, and will then Ik- sold to the highest bidder, provided that such
bidding .shall at least amount to the price tixed by Article 2.
5. A deposit of 10 i>er cent, upon the whole value of the purchase must be paid down at the time of
sale, and the remaintler mu.st be paid within 1 calendar mouth from the day of sale, pre\ ious to which the
purchaser will not be put in possession of the land : and in ca.se of paynient not being made within the
prescribtHi period, the sale will be considered void, and the deposit forfeited.
f). On payment of the money, a grant will be made in fee-simple to the purchaser at the nominal quit-
rent of a pepppriorn. Previous to the delivery of such grant, a fee of -lO.v. will be payable to the colonial
secretary, for preparing ihe grant, and another fee of j,s-. to the registrar of the Supreme Court, for en-
rolling it.
7. The land will generally be put up to sale in lots of 1 square mile, or (140 acres ; but .smaller lots than
640 acres may, under jjarticular circumstances, be imrchascd, on making application to the governor in
writing, with'l'uU explanations of the reasons for winch the parlies wish to purchase a smaller quantity.
8. The crown reserves to itself tho right of making and constructing such roads and bridges as may be
necessary for public ))urposes in all land purchased as above ; and also to such indigenous timber, stone,
and other materials, the produce of the land, as may be required tor making and keeping the said road»
and bridges in repair, and for any other public works. The crown further reserves to Itself all mines of
precious metals.
Colonial Ollicc, 20th of January, 1831.
Selection of Sites fur Colonial Estdhlishments. — Nothing can be more unwise than the
plan, if so we may call it, hitherto followed in the selection of ])laces at whicli to found
colonies. The captain of a ship, without any knowledge whatever of the nature of soils,
or the capacities of a country in an agricultural point of view, falls in after a long crui.so
with a river or bay, abounding with fish and fresh water, and surrounded with land that
looks fertile, and is covered with herbage, lie fortliwifh reports all these circumstances,
duly embellished, to the Admiralty, strongly recomn. ending the situation as an admirable
one at whicli to found a colony ; and in nine cases out of ten this is all the information
that is retiuired in taking a step of such intinite im])ortance ! No wonder, therefore,
that many line schemes of colonisation should have ended only in loss and disappoint-
ment ; and that situations which the olonists were taught to look ujjon as a species of
paradise, have proved to be any thing but what they were rei)resented. Botany Bay,
though described by Captain Cook as one of the finest i)laces in the world, had to be
abandoned by the colonists that were sent out to it ; n-; the country round it, instcatl of
being favourable for cultivation, is a mere sjindy .swamp. Is it possible to suppose, had
the i)roper incjuiries been entered into, that any attemi)t would have been made to
establish a colony in so pestilential a climate as that of Sierra Leone ? The colony in
the district of Albany, in the Cajje of CJood IIo])e, was founded upon the rejiresentations
of an individual, who, whatever might be his information in other respects, had not the
slightest knowledge of agriculture ; and the distresses the settlers have had to encounter,
were the natural consetpiences of their relying on such authority. The late estaljlisbment
at Swan Uiver may l)e adduced as another instance of misplaced or jiremature confidence
in the reports of those who were really without the means of forming a correct estimate
of the various circumstances necessary to be attended to in forming a colony.
2 A 4
«i'
iJ !
t
,'i '■
^11: If I
% \
li'lK
n,:r -^
,'!•
If'l I'i
-i'
ll '■
i;if I'
SGO
COLONIES AND COLONY TllADE.
We ilo, therefore, hope that nn end will bo put to this system, — n system whi<;h is in
no common degree injurious to the public interests, and is lii;;hly criminal towards thoso
who embark as colonists. The fbimdinj^ of a colony ought to be looked upon in its true
point of view — as a great national enterprise. It is not an adventure to be intrusted
to presumptuous ignorance; but shoidd be maturely weigiied, and every circumstance
connected with it carefully investigated. Above all, the situation in which it is proposed
to found the colony should be minutely surveyed : and its climate, soil, and capacities of
pro<luction, deliberutely inijuired into by competent jiersons employed for the piu-])ose.
Were this done, government and the public would have the best attainable grounds upon
which to proceed ; and neither party would have nuich reason to fear those disappoint-
ments, which have hitherto so often followed the exaggerated representations of thoso
to whom the imporUmt and difficult task of selecting situations for colonies has been
delegated.
V. FoREioN Colonies.
1. ftpanixh Colonics. — Spain, whoso colonial possessions extended n few years .tgo
from the frontiers of the United States to the Straits of Magellan, is not, at i)resi'nt,
possessed of a foot of ground in tho whole American continent. Still, however, her
colonial possessions are of great value and im|)ortance. In the West Indies, she is mis-
tress of Cuba and Porto Uico ; — the former by far the largest and finest of the West
India islands ; and the latter .ilso a very valuable possession. In the East, Spain is
mistress of the Philipi)ine Islands, which, were they in the hands of an enter|)rising
people, would speedily become of very great counnercial importance. — (S e the articles
Havannaii, Manilla, Poiito Uico.)
'J. Dutch Colofiiiis. — Java forms the most important and valuable of the Dutch
colonial possessions. — (See Hatavia.) In the East they also possess the INIoluccas,
Bencoolen on the coast of Sinnatra, IVIacassar, and the citsfern coitst of Celebes, Handa,
&c. They have several forts on the Gold Coast in Africa; and in the West Indies, they
possess the islands of Cura^oa and St. Eustatius, &d)a, and part of St. Alartin ; and on
the continent of South America, they are masters of Dutch Surinam. Curac;oa and
St. Eustatius are n.iturally barren, but they liave l)een both highly improved. From its
being very conveniently situated for maintaining a contraband traffic with the Caraccas
and other districts in South America, Cura<,oa was formerly a ])lace of great trade,
particularly during war. IJut since the independence of South America, Cunigoa has
ceased in a great measure to be an entn-pot j the goods destined for the Continent being
now, for the most part, forwarded direct to tlie places of tlieir destination.
That district of Surinam ceded to the British in 1814, comiirising the settlements of
Demerara, IJerbiee, and Essequibo (see aiitt; p. ;J4:5. ), formed the most valuable jjortion
of Surinam, or Dutch Guiana. The district which still belongs to the Dutch lies to the
south of Ik'rbice. It contains about 2,'),(X)0 sfjuarc miles, and a population of about
60,000. It is daily becoming of more value and importance.
.3. French Colonies. — Previously to tho negro insurrection that broke out in 17f)2,
St. Domingo was by far the most valuable colony in the West Indies. IJut this dis-
astrous event, having fir^t devastated tlie island, terminated in the estiiblishment of tlie
independent black republic of Ilayti. — (See Pour aii Phince. ) Having also sold
Louisiana to the Americans, and ceded the Mauritius to the English, without mw' '".^
any new acquisiticms, the colonial dominions of France are, at this moment, of \. v
limited extent. They cDnsist of Guadelou])e and Martinicpie, and the small islands of
Marie- Galante and Deseada, in the West Indies; Cayenne, in South America; Senegal
and Goree, in Africa; the Isle de Hourbon, in the Eastern Ocean; St. jNIarie, in Ma-
dagascar ; and Pondicherry and Chandernagor, with a very small surrounding territory,
in the East Indies. The tabular statements in the opposite page show the population,
trade, &c. of the French colonies.
4. Danish Colonies. — In the West Indies, these consist of the islands of St. Croix,
St. Thomas, and St. .Tolm : of these, St. Croix only is valu;d)le. It is about 81 square
miles in extent, and contains about 37,000 inhal)itants, of whom 3,000 are whites, 1,'_'(X)
free blacks and mulattocs, and the remainder slaves. The soil is fertile, and it is well
cultivated. The principal productions are sugar, rum, and ctjffee. In India, the Danes
possess Tranquebar, near Madras ; and Serampoor, near Calcutta. The former contained,
in 1809. about 19,000 inhabitants; but it has greatly improved since the peace, both in
commerce and population. Serampoor is a neat but not very consider.ible place. It
serves as an asyliun for the debtors of Calcutta, and is the capital station of the mis-
sionaries. The Danes have a few forts on the coast of Guinea.
5. Swctlish Colonies. — The Swedes only possess one colony — the small island of
St. Bartholomew, in the West Indies. It is only about '25 sipiare miles in extent, but is
very fertile. It has no springs, nor fresh water of any sort, except such as is supplied
by the rain. Population between 8,000 and 9,000.
I
COLUMBO.
sr,i
(Us-
>f the
sold
Table of the Populalloii of ttio rrcncli Colonlei, and of tliclr Commerce willi Vtancc.^ (Mvitlvdriin,
Etmii ite Slutislii/ue tur IfM Culum'cs, I'ilcen JuatijIiiiliiHii, No. 5.)
Culonics.
I'opulallon In I8V9 nr «c
■orJlnu
Coiiiini'rre with
Kmiico.
Ki'iU Value, ls.1l.
N»iK<»l«n,
Cod iif ilir Kri'iuh
Klalivrlvt.
lo till' lii>i ('<niui
Knli'u^l.
Cli'artKl nut.
Whim.
I'lHtplt'ofiolmir.
Tolnl.
llll|>nrt«
llllll
France,
K«iniru
fniri)
Kriinie.
t'rtiHCi.
Nhlpi.
Ton-
nani-.
Khi|n.
1'on.
imxe.
A".
linportwl
ll ll.ll.
(im<lal
Valu.'.
Fram-i.
Frif. 1 SIftviii.
S»rlH .ImrnVii.
No.
Nil. No.
All.
francs.
Ax.
No.
So.
Saini I'liTri' iiiul \
Thr Anlilhn.
Martinliitii't.l.iii.l
1. 1>,V^) A
8i;l
!>,IIO
18,83» 80,7.'>.1
81,1
U10,09.'i
6,70<VJl(i
S0,l'i.-»,.',8l
•»7(i,ll7
lK,ri33,.'t.V)
3
3,'i3
j.ia
30,037
l,711,r,l8
4.'^C,15.'i
(ill.i(<i<l.)UIH'(.Tilll. 1
1 iv>i) -i
111,,',;) ,
10,777 0(1,71.1
II'V.III
•iOM'ifii'i lV,I'lfi,853
l3i
47,CM
I'J'l
*7,Vi J,»aO,07i
70.'',01l(
South .tini-finl.
1
( a\t'iiiK> (J.tit. 1. 1
J,('H
ii.wn I9,l-.i
vv,r,8i
2,1I2,1,M 1,736,7!)'^
1
iiO
•l.l.'iH
23
4,0,'ifi
131,157
32,7H'J
Hi>nrl»>n (•'.in \'l
IS.'rft) . -j
SfiuKal (ISV*.) .
211,0110
11, .Mill (;r.,ooii
n7,'ifK
1 'i,0.',7,27C .1,7.3'^,!lOS
50
l.'.,lri
O'i
18,31.'i
210,315
58,581
■.III ,1,.'i7.1 l'i,'^'.i7
Hi, 110
.l.ll'i.lW?' .1,0!i,',,m»
S'J
.I.O.'iS
•i.',
2,701',
in Imli.tllKV.'ilJ
T,„., - .
1 1
l,0'il-107,9SB 1,1'Jl
1 1
1 10,OTI
3,Ti3,-m
7.'..1,2.Vi
*
1,11.'.
!>
1,211
•i.^.tiii i'it;,ii7.i '^7o,ii;ii
ir;'.i,(ii.'i
7'l,l.".1,(110
uals. 1 (.'olo
.1.1,SSS,Wo 11,1 110,7.'.'
i\>
11111,127 •l,!lll«,l!l.1
l,22ll,.',4'.l
> francs.
3 —
AMi'lioillcd lilacksnl luithsi'ius - l'l|,l It liutlviU
Old Mien, clilldri'ii, aitil ^i^k 7.'»,''^'J —
iKa for colonial produce -
Ditin
- lin|iortAtlons
Kxpurtatlonii
Cl,2(i.'i,2.'.
30,2.'iO,0H
Statement of the I'rodorts of llio I'rciuli Colonics imported into Kranrc, .inil entered for Consumption,
and of the Duties eliarKeil on tlieir liitnuliution, in 18^1. — {Mniitniraii, No. ti.)
Cfilonit'S nnd
KsUibli.'>l)iiit;iUs.
SuKiirs of
all
(Qualities.
KU»k'r.
}■ •
Sl,.1.12,».'57
CoU'w.
Cacio.
CoKon.
Cloves
and
S|iici.s.
Aiinotto
Inillgo. (juni.
Max.
Woml of
all Kinds.
Custom
Dutin.
Mitri)iiii|uu -
CnjerniP
Sfiienal
K.ulories in Iml a -
Si. IMiTrt' and Klsli-
erica of iMiquflim
Total .
Prixlint' of tlu'
Krt n« h roloniis
liii}iiirh (1, hut not
iniired fi>r mi'-
suiii|ition,in 1^31
Total -
KiH't.
!ii;s,'isii
37!l,0|l
7lit,SII
42,l2li
47,282
9,1112
157,110
191
22
2)1,892
5,117
3,174
169,520
81,232
A'i/ii^T.
24,1l'8
729
18,112
193,747
A't/o^'r.
82,122
A'lVi^T.
■
2H2
12,734
A'i/.Wr.
677,010
KiloKr.
12,898
KHnnr. t'rtliirM.
241,01V 18,813„157
949,840 13,845,7(151
31,'.i!).', 7,O92,.105
68,72!) 851,41181
93,285 lll,75'^j
424,(108|
- - 6,7891
2,l!)9,(;ili
lliH,315|2(18,935
23(;,9(i7
82.1 22| 13,036 677,040
12,898
1,384,889
41,148,984'
r>,.'i82,S.-,.'5
0.38,317
S7,!I15,770
2,199,(;4B 1(58,315 2(18,93,'i
2.1(i,9(i7, 82,122 13,0.3fi 077,040 12,898
l,3Sl,88!(
42,0S7,.V)1
58674486*
Value in franrx •
.Vi,7l«,4(;2
l,fity,28fi Ilfi,4l2 175,148
2,3(19,r.70 164,214 13(),.360 947,856 25,796
346,222
N.B. — Thc kilogramme = 2'21b9. avoirdupois.
^'OLl']MBO, the modern capital of Ceylon, situated on tlic soiitli-wost coast of the
island; lat, fa" 55' N., Ion. 7!)^ 45' E.f It is defended hy a very stronp fort, nearly
surrounded by the sea, in wliich is a )i{;ht-house 97 feet high. In 1816, the population
of the town .mid lurt was 24,664 ; and in 1831, 26,.357 {Culumho Journal, 17th of Oc-
tober, l!^:('_'. ) Tl)f liousos iire generally only one story high ; they are of stone, clay, and
lime ; and tlie town has > e of a European appearance than any other in India. The
inh;il)itants are |)riiic'ipaU 'ingalese. hi 1821, there were only ?,2 Europeans in
the jlace (jiialified to serve . juries. '1 ire temperature of the air is remarkable for its
eciuiiiity; and though very hiiniid, the climate may, on tin- whole, be esteemed salu-
brious and temperate. There is no li.-irbour at Ci/Uim!)0 for largo vessels, i)ut only an
open roadstead. A projecting rock, on whieb two batteries are erected, affords shelter
to a small semicircular b.iv on the north side (-4" the fort, having a wooden quay to faci-
litate the loading and uiil uding of lioafs. The de])tli of water is not sufficient to allow
sloops or large dhonies i" come alongside tlie quay; t' use exceeding 100 tons burden
lying at about a cal)le's leii;.'th from it. A bar of saiu on some j)arts of wliich the
water is not more than 7 feet deej), extends from the pi ejecting rock acro.ss this bay.
The channel where it may hi crossed l>y the larger class of sIdjis is liable to shift;
and it is only in the fine weatlier of tin safe season that they venture to go within the
bar. The outer road aflords .secure ai.chorage for half the year, from the beginning of
October to the end of ISIarch, dining tlie prevalence of the N. E. monsocm, when the
wind blows off the land; during the dther, or .S. W. monsoon, when the wind blows from
the sea oi slmrc, the roan is very far iVom safe; and the ships that frecjucnt it are
sometime obligid to slip their cables and stand out to sea. — (Millurn^s Orient. Comm, ;
* Allowinp I'o'.' Iniinty on export."!.
t This is the i>f)-ii'on as given by Hamilton. According to Mr. Stcuart, master attendant of the port, it
>« in lat. 6° bl' N., Ion. 79° b'Z' E.
^'.
!i
f ij
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
|50 '"^"
1^1
2.2
U
2.0
m
1.25 1 1.4 1.6
^
6"
►
Science
PC,
Corporation
i\i WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
%
^
^
I !
362
COLUiMBO.
.<! ^
• '. 1
:fM
V 1 I
Hamilton's Gazet., §*c.) As respects its Jiarbour, Coliimbo is, therefore, very inferior to
Trincomalce, the liarhour of which is accessilile at all times, and is one of the best in India :
but tlie country in tlie vicinity of Colunibo is more fertile ; and it has the command of
an internal navigation, stretching in a lateral direction along the coast, from Putlam, to
the north of the city, to Caltura on the south, a distance of about KH) miles, partly ob-
tained by rivers, and partly by canals. Many flat-bottomed boats are employed in this
navigation, the families dependent on which reside mostly on board. Nearly all v.vj
foreign trade of Ceylon is carried on from Columbo ; and it has also a large proportion
of the coasting traffic.
Moneys. — The rixdollar = U. Gd. ; but accounts .ire kept in pounds, shillings, and pence, as in England.
Weights, Measures, S(c. — The weights are divided into ounces, pounds, *c., and are the same as in
Great Britain. The candy or hahar = .5(K) Ihs. avoirdupois, or 4()1 lbs. Dutch Troy weight. The principal
dry measures are seers or parralis. The former is a perfect cylinder, of the depth and diameter under-
mentioned : —
Doptli. Diameter.
Seer ... 4'3.'5 inches. i'oii inches.
The p.irrah is a perfect cube, its internal dimensions being every way 11'57 inches.
The liquid measure consists of gallons, and their multiples and sub-multiples. 150 gallons = 1 leaguer or
IcgRer.
The bale of cinnamon consists of 92J lbs. very nearly.
Rates of Pilotuffe pixyalile by all Square-ri^fijed Vessels, Sloops,
or Schooners, at tlie I'ortr of Columbo, Trincoinalee, and
Ualle.
Columbo
Trincoma!ee —
Vessels of (100 tons and upwards
-400 and under don
•^00 - . -loi)
100 - . i!00
under 100
Galle —
Vessels of (iOO tons
400 and under flOO
!iO() - . 400
100 - - '-iOO
under 100
L.
-
15
For. Hack
•i
1 10
1 1
(1 10
6
For the Inner
Harbour.
/..
4
3
•2
1
Ij
- 15
The abore rates of pilotacc will be charRed to all vessels pointj
Into liie inner harbour of Trincoinalee and the harbour of
Galle, whether they ii'ake a signal ii)r piliit or not. In Co-
lumbo an<l Hack H;iy, at Trinccinialee, the clKir^e will only be
made, if the vessel liiake signal, and a pilot actually repair on
board.
Fees on Pari Clearances payable by Merchant Ships and Ves-
sels, from the 1st Day of October, 18'^5.
Square-rigsed vessels, sloops, or schooners ; vii.
Of fiOO tons or upwartls . - -
400 and under (i(K3
200 - - 400
1(K) - . iiOO
tmder 100
Dhonics; vi/.
Of ."^O f;arce and opwards
*ih f,'arce and under ."()
liO - - -^5 .
IJ - - VO
10 . - 15
5 - - 10 •
imiler 5 • - -
Ti'xccyj/iitHj. — Manar and JafTna dhonies, when passing from
port to port within the districts they belonii to, or from Alanar
to .Tatlna Kaits or I'oint Pedro, or vice versd, to jiay half of the
above rates.
Uoats, vessels, or dhonies, certifietl to belong to any IHirt of
Ceylon, buin); under the 5 garce or 1,000 parrahs burden, are
to pay as follows : — L. s. il.
Under 50 i).imhs - - - -
50 and under 200 parralis, or 1 garce . - O .T
1 earce and under 2 carce - ■ - 5
2 - - 3 7
3 . . 4 . . - - 10 o
4- -5 - - -Olio
s.
rf.
8
5
10
4
I)
2
15
1
lU
4
3
n
1!
li
li
V
fi
1
i"
fi
1
7
15
Sailing Directions and Remarks on the Port of Columbo, by Jaynes Slcuart, Esq. Master Attendant,
The land about Columbo is low neir the sea, with some
JiHIs to the eastward at a di--^tance in the countn-. The hijjh
mountain having on ir a sharp timi-, callud Adam's I'eak,
bears from t'olumbo E. 7** S., distant Vi^ leagues; its heiuht
above the level of tl'.e sea is e>.'.i)nated at about 7,IKH) faet,
arcording to a rough trigonometrical measurement by Colonel
A\'illernian. \>'heii the atmosphere is clear, it may he seen
30 leagues. During the prevalence of the N.K. monsoon,
Adam'a I'eak is generally viMble in the morning, and ire-
<ju'' 'Hy the whole of the day ; but it is rarely seen in tbeS.W.
tnoi oi}n, dense vapours generally prevailing over the island at
this season.
Hhip.s ai)proaching Columbo in the night have a brilliant
^ht to direct them, which i?. exhibited every night from a
light-house in the fort; the height of the lightabove the level
of the sea is HI fi-et, and may be seen in clear weather as far
as the light appears above the horizon.
A steep bank of coral, about ^ a mile broad, with 15 fathoms
water on it, lies 7 miles \V. from Cotuinbo,e\tending northward
towards S'euombo (where its surface is sand), and a few niiles
to the southward of Columbo; outside the bank the w.iter
dee(>en.s at once to '-i." fathoms, and in 2 mile^ to W fathoms,
greenish sand, wluch is not frtr frr, ,i the edge of soundings.
\Vithin the bank there are 25 fathoms gradually shoaling
towards the shore.
A bctl of sunken forks, calb.'d the Drunken Sailor, lies S.W.
by \V. i W. from Columbo I.ight-house, distant l,OiH» yards.
I'he length of the leilge may he estimated at l()(t yards, and the
breadth 2ll yards ; on its \. end a sti.all spot, about the size of
the hull of a 20 ton boat, is said to have only H feet water on it
at low w.iter ; hut during several recent visits, when some of
the coral from its surfact? was brouuhl up, there did not appear
to be less than 7 fee* (1 inches water on the shallr)west part : on
the other parts of the ledge there is 1, 5, ami G fathoms. The
sea breaks on the shallow part of ^he.^e rock^ almost constantly
during the S.W- monMion, but thi.-* is very seldom the case
during the N.K. monsoon.
'J'here appears to be no doubt, that the Drunken Sailor is
RTaniie, or stone of the same <lescriptioi; as the rocks on the
shore, with its surface iricrustated with coral ; if there ever
was so little water as 3 feet on it, it may he supposed to be
sinking.
The Dnmkcn Sailor should not l>e ajiproarhed under 9
fathoms during tlie night, as then' are 8 fathoms very near to
it, and in its stream to the southward.
In the N.K. nion.soon of l.S'^'I, the K.I.Company'shvigof war
Thetis touched on the Drunken Sailor, having stuod too close
to the land in beating up to the anchorage from the southward ;
hut with common attention to the depth of water approaching
the rock, it may be easily avoidetl.
The passage within the Drunken Sailor is clear, and some
»hips have sailed through; but no .ulvantage can i>e gained by
apjproaching the shore sci very near at tbi; point.
The Drunken Sailor lies h'o near the land, and so far to the
southward of the anchorage in Columbo road, as scarcely to
form any imi>ediment to ships bound to or from ("olumho.
The currents otf Columbo are subject to con.siderable vari-
ation ; but they arc never so strong as to cause inconvenience to
ships, which may have to communicate with thestiore in either
mon.soon without coming to anchor.
Columbo road aHords gootl anchorage, free from foul ground ;
and is frequented at all seasons of the year.
The he.^l anchorage during the iirevalence of S.W. winds
from April to October, is in from 7 to H fathoms, with the
light-house hearing S. by K. .J E., Dutch church E. by S. In
the N.E. monsoon from November to April, it is more con-
venient to anchor in (ii fathoms, with the liglit-house bearing
S, or S. ^ E., and the Dutch church E.S.E.
Ships requiring pilots to conduct them to the anchorage
shoultl make the usual sipial j the charge for pilotage is I'la.
The bar is a bank of sand with 7 feet water on its shallowest
]iart, tlie northern extremiry being about 100 yards N.M'. of
the Cu^tom•house Point ; small vessels that draw less than 10
feet water, ride within the bar protected from the S.>V. wind
and sea.
W'lien the sea is high, it breaks with great force on the bar,
anil renders the passage from the ship)nng in the outer road
dangerous fur small boats : the native boats generally tiass
out and in to the southward of the bar, close to the breakers
on the rocky point of the Custom-house ; but as the iiassage in
narrow, it stiould not lie attempted by strangers; when the sea
breaks on the bar, it is better toproceed round to thenortbward
of the bar, which may be easily distinguished by the breakers.
What is strictly undersl<iod by a gale of wind, is a rare oc-
currence at Colurnbo : this may be owing to the vicinity of the
equator. The strong gales which blow on the IMatahar coast are
felt in small squalls, and a high sea, but there is scarcely wind
to endanger vessels properly found mi ground tackling; it is true,
ships have sonu times required the aid of a r,econd anchor, but
in most cases the cause has been attributable to some defect in
the first anchor or cable, a light anchor, an anchor breaking,
a short ihain,or the chain coming imshackle<l : an instance
occurred in Columbo road, of two ships receiving cargo dnrintt
the S.W'. monsoon, whose chain tables came unshackled
twice ; tw ice diii it occur to each ship.
On the '2d of June, 1831, the Hector drove in a squall ;
liaving about SO fathoms of chain ahead, they let go the second
anchor; but finiting the ship did not immediately bring up,
they made sail anil shipped their cables; this ship stood out of
the roads under double-reefed fore and mizen ton-sails, and
from its size, a sinule-reetwl main top-sail, foresail, fore and
main tr>'sails and d-'ver, and returned to anchorage on the
4th. Instances of s:„ps putting to sea are rare, and when it
is considered that although the sea is hiub, the wind Is not
violent; and as at these times the rain having fallen in the
intirior, strong freshes escaiK; lo the S.\S'., from the Kalany
(ianga ; it is by no means suri'riaing that Columbo road prov*.»
a safe anchorat^o.
t
COLUMBO.
363
L. t. d.
S (1
(1
6 10
(1
4
'i \r,
(1
1 lu
u
4 n
n
3 n
n
n i'^
(i
•i n
1 i7
(i
1 7
15
C. i.
il.
(1
I)
3
(»
(> 5
7
11)
n
1.)
Trade and Navigation of Ceylon. — The quantity and estimated value of the principal articles exported from
Cevlonin 18-J(),be(;inning with cinnamon, the most important ot'all, were as follow: viz.Cinnamon.iSO.OOOlhs.,
value U2,5(X1/. ; arrack ''o'.K*'" Rallons, value 'J+,()()()/. ; coir, and coir ropes and cables, I ,+<i<),-l J3 lbs., value
5 +;.■)/ ; cocoa nuts 2,842,4!I5, value 2,S'JS/. ; cocoa nat oil 118,;")1 1 gallons, value 8,992/. ; chanks and chank
ri'n^'stf2..',8;;;pic<'es,value;i,089/. ; plumbago .")(),r>-29 lbs., value 180/. ; jaggery Si92,v;8d lbs., value ;!,ti(iO/. ; coH'eu
l,(i(i'i,4'H) lbs., value l'J,'.'3.V. ; areca nuts ;i,.;48,97'i lbs., value l'J,0t;4/. ; tobacco and sherroots 1,()9:),()73 lbs.,
value 4,89ti/. The destination and total value of the exports from Ceylon in 18,;0, were, to Great liritain,
108 :)7(i/.: to Hritish colonies, including India, 80,(i"y/. ; to foreign states, l,5dii/. ; being, in all, 250,787/. :
but' to this has to be added, for the value of the pearl lishery in 1830, s;4,02j/. ; making an aggregate sum of
274,810/.
(
18;;
at :
mated i _ , .
British colonies, including India and China.*
The number and tonnage of the ships entering Ceylon inwards in 1830 were as follow : —
From Great Britain.
From i-riti>h Colonies ami
India.
From Foreign States.
Total.
Ships.
n
Tons.
3,911
Shi pi.
878
Tons.
Ships.
169
Tons.
12,9()2
Ships.
1,0J8
Tniis.
77,030t
Extent, Population, Revenue, §-c. of Ceylon. — The area of Ceylon has been computed
at a4,664 square miles. Its population lias been much cxagf^erated ; having frequently
been estimated as high as 2,000,000, and even Mr. Bertolacci reckoned it at 1,500,000.
— ( VJetv of Ceylon, p. 65.) IJut it was found hy an actual enumeration taken in 1831,
that the total population did not exceed 950,000, of whicli about 6,000 where whites. It
apjiears from the official accounts laid before the Finance Committee in 1825, that
during the 14 years ending with 1824, the excess of expenditure over revenue in the
island amounted to 1,. '305,452/., at the same time that various heavy ii-ins of expense
are not included in this account. But according to a statement in the Ceylon Almanac
for I8;5;5, which seems to proceed from authority, there wa.s, during the 3 years ending
with 1831, an aggregate surjilus of revenue over expenditure of 174,828/. We may,
however, observe tliat the accounts laid before the Finance Committee differ very widely,
for the period to which they ajiply, from those in the Ceylon Almanac ; so much so,
that while, according to the former, there was, in 1822, an excess of expenditure over
revenue of 55,896/., there was, according to the latter, an excess of revenue over ex-
penditure of 15,323/. ! Of course, we do not presume to say which of these accounts is
most to be relied upon. Probably our readers will be inclined to think that neither is
entitled to implicit credit.
A part, at least, of the former excess of expenditure may fairly be ascribed to the nat are
of the establishment kept up in the i.sland ; which, in point of magnitude and expensive-
ness, seems to have been a good deal beyond what was really required. W'e are, how-
ever, disposed to believe that the greater part of the excess is to be ascribed to the poverty
and backward state of the colony, arising from the perpetual interference of government
with every branch of industry. All the restrictive regulations enacted by the Dutch
more than a century ago were kept up till 1832. The cultivation of cinnamon, the
fishery of pearls and chanks, the digging for chaya root, the felling of timber, &c. — (see
these articles) — have been all monopolised by government, and were carried on exclusively
either by its servants or by those whom it had licensed. A country where most of
the principal branches of industry were subjected to such restrictions, could not be other-
wise than languishing. We believe, too, that most of these monopolies have not
been worth the expense attending them. In fact, the whole revenue of the island,
including land rent, customs, cinnamon monopoly., &c., very seldom exceeds 360,000/. a
year ; but looking at its extent, its fertility, its favourable situation for commerce, and
the advantage it enjoys in the possession of cinnamon, can any one doubt thiit, were it
rigiitly governed, its trade and revenue would be far greater than they are ? Nothing is
wanted but the adoption of measures calculated to give freedom and .security to industry,
and the imposition of moderate duties on imports and exports, to increase them both in
a very high degree.
We are glad to have to state that government seems, in part at least, to have at
length come round to this way of ihinking ; and that, under the auspices of the present
governor (Sir II. W. Ilorton), the system of compulsory labour has been relinquished,
and most monopolies, including that of cinnamon, been thrown up. This wise and
liberal conduct will, no doubt, be productive of the i.iost beneficial effects. These, how-
ever, will be materially lessened i)y the exorbitant duty of '.Is. per lb. laid on the ex-
portation of cinnamon ! It is difficult, indeed, to imagine for what other purpose so
oj)pressive a duty could be imposed, except it were to countervail the advantages that
• Dr. Colquhoun (2d cd. p. 412.) estimated the exports of Ceylon at 1,. "500,(100/. a year, and the imports
at 1,0(K),(M)0/. ! Perhaps a third of the Doctor's estimates are about equally near the mark.
t No accurate returns of the trade of Ceylon for IS.il have as vet (10th of October, 18.^3) been received
in England. Those given in the papers printed by tlie Hoard of Trade for 18J1, are really for 1830.
\ , y-
I
,1 ■■
I
364.
COLUMBO ROOT. — COMMERCE.
would otherwise liavo rcHulted from tlie abolition of the monopoly. It is not, liowevcr,
possible that so niisebievous an impost sboiikl be maintained. — (See Cinnamok.)
Amonj; other iinproveineiits reeently introdueed into the island, may be mentioned tlie
establishment of a m.iil eoacli from t\)linnbo to Candy.
COLUMIU) R()()T(l)n. Col umbo wortd ; Vr. Ravine dc Colombo ; Gcr. Coliimbo-
70urzd; It. linil'u-i: <li Coliimbn ; I'ort. Ruiz lie Coluinba ; Sp. Ruiz tie Columbo ; Mo-
sainb. Kitlumb), tlie root of tlie jjlant of that name. It is a staple exjwrt of the
l'ortu<i;uese from I\Ios:nnl)i(jne. It is not cultivated, but j^rows naturally in great
abundance. It is imported in circular pieces, from -[, an inch to 3 inciies in diameter,
generally from \ to ^ of an inch tliick; tlie bark is wrinkled and thick, of a brownish
colour without, and a briglitisli yellow witiiin ; the pith is spongy, yellowish, and sligiitly
strii)ed: wlien iVesJi, its smell is rather aromatic; it is disagreeably bitter, and sliglitiy
pimgent to the taste, somewhat resembling mustard that lias been too long kejit.
Choose the largest i)ieces, fresh, and of a good colour, as free from worms as possiliie,
rejecting tliat which is small and broken. The freight is calculated at 16 cwt. to a ton.
— (Milbitni's Oiient. Com.)
CO.MIJS (Ger. Knmme ; Du. Kammen ; Fr. Peitjnes ; It. Peltiiii ; Sp. Peines ; Rus.
Grcbnii; Lat. Perfiiws), instruments for combing the hair, sometimes made of horns of
bullocks, or of elejihaiits' and sea-horses' teeth ; sometimes also of tortoisesheil, and
sometimes of box or liolly wood.
CO.AIMKRCE, from commntutio mcrciiim, is simply, as its name imports, tlie exchange
of commodities for commodities.
I. OuiciN or Commerce. — Mercantile Classes.
II. Home Trade.
III. Foreign TuAnE.
IV. Restrictions on Comjierce.
I. Origin of Commerce. — Mercantile Classes.
(1.) The Origin of Commerce is coeval with the first dawn of civilisation. The mo-
ment that individuals ceased to sujiply themselves directly with the various articles and
accommodations they made use of, that moment must a c(«Timercial intercourse have
begun to grow up amongst them. For it is only by exchanging that portion of the
produce raised by ourselves tliat exceeds our own consumption, for portions of the sur-
plus jirodiice raised by ofiiers, that the division of employments can lie introduced, or
that different individuals can apply themselves in jireference to diflerent pursuits.
Not only, however, does commerce enable the inhabitants of tlie same village or
parisli to combine their separate elforts to accomplish some commcm object, but it .also
enables those of ditfereiit provinces and kingdoms to apjdy themselves in an especial
manner to those callings, for the successful prosecution of which the district or country
which they occu;iy gives tlu'in some peculiar advantage. Tiiis territorial division of
labour has contributed more, ]ierliaps, than anything else to increase the wealth and acce-
lerate the civilisation of mankind. Were it not for it, we should be destitute of a vast
number of the necessaries, comforts, and enjoyments, which we now jiossess ; while
the price of the few that would remain would, in most instances, be very greatly in-
creased. But whatever advanlages may be derived, — and it is Iiardly ])ossible to
exaggerate either their magnitude or importance, — from availing ourselves of the pecu-
liar cajiacities of jiroduction enjoyed by others, are wholly to be ascribed to commerce as
their real source and origin.
We do not mean to say any thing in this article with respect to the practical details
connected with the diflerent departments of commerce. These will be found under the
various titles to which they refer. Our object, at jiresent, is merely to show the nature
and iiitli.'.enee of commerce in general, and of the restrictions that have sometimes been
imposed upon it. We shall begin by endeavoui ing, first of all, to give some account of
the nature of the services performed by those individuals by whom commercial under-
takings are usually carried on. In the second jdacc, we shall consider the influence of
the home trade, or of the intercourse subsisting .amongst individuals of the same country.
In the third place, we sliall consider the influence of foreign tr.ade, or of that intercourse
which sul)sists amongst individuals belonging to difFerent countries. After these topics
have been discussed, we shall offer a few remarks on what has been termed the restric-
tive system ; or on the principles involved in the regulations enacted at different times,
in this and other countries, for the government and direction of commerce.
(2.) Mercantile Classes. — While the exchange of different products is carried on by
the producers themselves, they must unavoidably lose a great deal of time, and expe-
rience many inconveniences. Were there no merchants, a farmer wishing to sell his
crop woidd be obliged, in the first place, to seek for customers, and to dispose of bis
kVu
COMMERCE.
361
not, liou'ovor,
CiNNAMOX.)
lentionc'd tlic
Jcr. Columho-
iliimbo ; Mo-
xport of the
illy ill sreat
ill (liainotcr,
r a browiiisli
, and sliglitly
and sli<rliily
long kept.
s as )n)ssil)le,
u't. to a ton.
'ehies ; Rus.
' of lionis of
isesliell, and
he exchange
di
The ino-
iirticlcs and
;oiir.sc have
•tion of the
of the siir-
•oduced, or
iiits.
villajjo or
but it also
m especial
or country
vision of
and acee-
of a vast
is ; wliile
greatly in-
ossible to
the pecit-
ninerce as
al details
under the
le nature
nies been
ecount of
under-
uence of
country,
tercourso
sc topics
e rostric-
it times,
d on by
id expe-
sell his
iC of liis
corn as nearly (ts possible in such quantities as might suit the demands of the various
individuals inclined to buy it ; and after getting its price, he would next be obliged to
send to 10 or 20 dillerent and, ])erha])s, remote jilaces, for the commodities ho wanted to
get in its stead. So that liesides being exjiosed to a world of trouble and inconvenience,
iiis attention would be continually diverted from the labours of his farm. Under such a
state of things, the work of production, in every diHerent employment, would be meet-
ing with perpetual interruptions, and many branches of industry that are successfully
carried on in a commercial country would not be uiulertaken.
The establishment of a distinct mercantile class eU'ectually obviates these inconve-
niences. When a set of dealers erect warehouses and shops for the jHirchasc and sale
of all descriptions of commodities, every jiroducer. relieveil from the necessity of seeking
customers, and knowing beforehand where he may at all times be supplied with such
])ro(lucts as he recjuiies, devotes his whole time and energies to his i)r()i)er business.
The intervention of merchants gives a continuous and uninterrupted motion to the
plough and the ioom. Were the class of traders annihilated, all the springs of industry
would be paralysed. The numberless difliculties that would then occur in ellecting ex-
changes would lead each jjarticular family to endeavour to produce all the articles they
had occasion for -. society would thus be thrown back into prinucval barbarism and
ignorance; the divisions of labour would be relinquished; and the desire to rise in
the world and improve our condition would decline, according as it became more diffi-
cult to gratify it. What sort of agricultural management could be expected from
farmers who had to manufacture their own wool, and make their own shoes? And what
sort of nianufiicturers would those be, who were every now and then obliged to leave the
shuttle for the plough, or the needle for the anvil V A society, without that distinction
of employments and professions resulting from the division of labour, that is, icithimt
commerce, would be totally destitute of arts or sciences of any sort. It is l)y the assist-
ance each individual renders to and receives from his neighbours, !)y every one apjilying
liimself in preference to some peculiar task, and combining, though probably without
intending it, his efforts with those of others, that civilised man becomes equal to the
most gigantic efforts, and appears endowed with almost omnipotent power.
The mercantile class has generally been divided into two subordinate classes — the
wholesale dealers, and the retail dealers. The former jjurchase the various products of
art and industry in the places where they are produced, or are least valuable, and carry
them to those where they are more valuable, or where they are more in demand ; and
the latter, having purchased the commodities of the wholesale dealers, or the jjioducers,
collect them in shops, and sell them in such quantities and at such times as may best
suit the public demand. These classes of dealers are alike useful ; and the separation
that has been eflected between their employments is one of the most advantageous divi-
sions of labour. The operations of the wholesale merchant are analogous to those of
the miner. Neither the one nor the other makes any change on the bodies which he
carries from place to place. All the difference between them consists in this, — that the
miner carries them from below ground to the surface of the earth, while the merchant
carries them from one point to another on its surface. Hence it follows that the value
given to commodities by the operations of the wholesale merchant may frequently ex-
ceed that given to them by the producers. The labour or expense required to dig a
quantity of coal from the mine, does not exceed what is required for its conveyance from
Newcastle to London; and it is a far more difficult and costly affitir to fetch a piece of
timber from Canada to England, than to cut down the tree. In this respect there is
no diflference between commerce and agriculture and inanufactuics. The latter give
utility to matter, by bestowing on it such a shape as may best fit it for ministering to
our wants and comforts ; and the former gives additional utility to the products of the
agriculturist and manufacturer, by bringing them from where they are of comparatively
little use, or are in excess, to where they are of comparatively great use, or are
deficient.
If the wholesale merclia.it were himself to retail the goods he has brought from
diflferent places, he would require a proportional increase of cai)ital ; and it would be
impossible for him to give that exclusive attention to any department of his business,
which is indispensable to its being carried on in the best manner. It is for the interest
of each dealer, as of each workmiin, to confine himself to some one business. By thi«-
means each trade is better understood, better cultivated, and carried on in the cheapest
possible manner. But whether carried on by a separate class of individuals or not, it is
obvious that the retailing of commodities is indispensable. It is not enough that a cargo
of tea should be imported from China, or a cargo of sugar from Jamaica. Most indi-
viduals have some demand for these articles ; but there is not, perhaps, a single private
person, even in London, requiring so large a supply of them for his own consumption.
It is clear, therefore, that they must be retailed ; that is, they must be sold in such quan-
tities and at such times as may be most suitable for all classes of consumers. And since
1 (. ,
m
'
^'
'm
r
366
COMMERCE.
'I 4
i: f K I;
'I 'hi i *.
M
?!i
iv
it is adinittc'd on all liaiuls, that tills necessary business will be best comluctcd by a class
of traders distinct from the wholesale dealers, it is impossible to doubt that their em-
jiloyment is equally conducive as that of the others to the public interest, or that it tends
equally to augment national wealth and comfort.
II. Home Tkade.
The observations already miide serve to show the influence of the borne trade in
allowing individuals to confine their attention to some one employment, and to prosecute
it without interruiJlion. Hut it is not in this respect only that the estal)llsliment of the
home trade is advantageous. It is so in a still greater degree, by its allowing the inha-
bitants of the different districts of the empire to turn their labour into those channels
in which it will be most productive. I'lie different soils, different minerals, and diflf'erent
climates of different districts, fit them for being appropriated, in preference, to certain
species of industry. A district, like I^ancashire, where coal is abundant, which has an
easy .access to the ocean, and a considerable command of internal navigation, is the na-
tural seat of manufactures. Wlieat and otlier species of grain are the natural products
of rich arable soils; and cattle, after being reared in mountainous districts, are most
advantiigeously fattened in meadows and low grounds. Hence it follows, that the inlm-
bitants of different districts, l)y confining themselves to those branches of industry for
the successful prosecution of which they liave some peculiar capability, and exchanging
their surplus produce for that of others, will obtain an incompaiibly larger supply of all
sorts of useful and desirable products, than they could do, were they to apply themselves
indiscriminately to every diflerent business. The territorial division of labour is, if pos-
sible, even more advantageous than its division among individuals. A jierson may be
what is commonly termed J<ick of nil trades ; and though it is next to certain that he
will not be well acquainted with any one of them, be may nevertheless make some sort
of rude efforts in them all. IJut it is not possible to apply the same soil or the same
minerals to every different purpose. Hence it is, that the inhabitants of the richest and
most extensive country, provided it were divided into small districts without any inter-
course with each other, or with foreigners, could not, bow well soever labour might be
divided among themselves, be otherwise than poor and miserable. Some of them might
bave a superabundance of corn, at the same time that they were wholly destitute of
wine, coal, and iron ; while others might have the largest supplies of tbe latter articles,
with but very little grain. But in commercial countries no such anomalies can exist.
Opulence and comfort are there universally diffused. The labours of the mercantile
classes enable the inhabitants of each district to apply themselves principally to those
employments that are naturally best suited to them. This superadding of the division
of labour among different provinces to its division among different individuals, renders
the productive powers of industry immeasurably greater ; and augments the mass of
necessaries, conveniences, and enjoyments, in a degree that could not previously bave
been conceived possible, and which cannot be exceeded except by the introduction of
foreign commerce.
" With the benefit of commerce," says an eloquent and philosophical writer, " or a
ready exchange of commodities, every individual is enabled to avail himself, to the
utmost, of the peculiar advantage of his place ; to work on the peculiar materials with
which nature has furnished him ; to humour his genius or disposition, and betake him-
self to the task in which he is peculiarly qualified to succeed. The inhabitant of the
mountain may betake himself to the culture of his woods and the manufacture of his
timber ; the owner of pasture lands may betake himself to the care of bis herds ; the
owner of the clay-pit to the manufacture of his pottery ; and the husbandman to the
culture of his fields, or the rearing of bis cattle. And any one commodity, however it
may form but a small part in the accommodations of human life, may, under the facility
of commerce, find a market in which it may be exchanged for what will procure any
other part, or the whole : so that the owner of the clay-pit, or the industrious potter,
without producing any one article immediately fit to supply his own necessities, may
obtain possession of all that he wants. And commerce, in which it appears that com-
modities are merely exclianged, and nothing produced, is, nevertheless, in its effects,
very productive, because it ministers a facility and an encouragement to every artist in
multiplying the productions of his own art ; thus adding greatly to the mass of wealth
in the world, in being the occasion that much is produced." — (Fergu8un''s Principles of
Moral Science, vol. ii. p. 424.)
The roads and canals that intersect a country, and open an easy communication be-
tween its remotest extremities, render the greatest ser-ice to internal commerce, and also
to agriculture and manufactures. A diminution of the expense of carriage has, in fact,
the same effect as a diminution of the direct cost of production. If the coals brought
into a city sell at 20s. a ton, of which the carriage amounts to a half, or 10s., it is plain
that in tlie event of an improved communication, such as a more level or direct road, a
i
COMMERCE.
.'J67
railway, or a canal, being opened for the conveyance of tlie coals, and tliat lliey can, by
its means, l)e imported for half the previous expense, their price will innnediately fall to
I5s. a ton; just ;is it woidd have done, had the expense of extracting them from the
mine been reduced a hall'.
Every ore acupiaiiited with the merest elements of political science is aware that em-
ployments .ive more and more subdivided, that more powerful machinery is introduced,
and the productive powers of labour increased, according as larger masses of the popu-
lation congregate together. In a great town like London, Glasgow, or iManeliester, tlie
same number of hands will perform nmch more work than in a small village, where each
individual has to perform several ()i)erations, and where the scale of employment is not
sufliciently largo to admit of the introduction of extensive and comi)licated machinery.
But the great towns with which England is studded, could not exist without our im-
proved means of conununication. These, however, enable their inhaliitaiits to supjily
themselves with the bulky i)roducts of the soil and of the mines almost as cheap as if
they lived in country villages ; securing to them all the advantages of concentration,
witii but \'{.'w of its inconveniences. Roads and canals are thus productive of a double
benefit; for while, by affording couiparatively cheap raw materials to the manufacturers,
they give them the means of perfecting the divisions of labour, and of sujiidying propor-
tionally cheap manufactured goods ; tlie latter are conveyed by their means, and at an
extremely small expense, to the remotest jiiuts of the country. The direct advantages
which they confer on agricultm-e are not less important. Without theiu it vvoidd not bo
possible to carry to a distance sufKeient supi)lies of lime, marl, sliells, and other bulky
and heavy articles necessary to give luxuriance to the crops of rich soils, and to render
those that are |)oor productive. Good roads and canals, therefore, by furnishing the
agriculturists with cheap and abundant supplies of luamu'e, reduce, at one and the
same time, the cost of producing the necessaries of life, and the cost of bringing them
to market.
In other respects, the advantages resulting from improved communications arc probably
even more striking. They give the same common interest to every different p.trt of the
most widely extended empire ; and i)ut down, or rather prevent, any attempt at monopoly
on the i)art of the dealers of particular districts, by bringing them into competition with
those of all the others. Nothing in a state enjoying great facilities of comnmnication is
separate and unconnected. All is mutual, reciprocal, and dependent. Every maw
naturally gets into the precise situation that he is best fitted to fill ; and each, co-oper-
ating with every one else, contributes to the utmost of his power to extend the limits of
production and civilisation. — (.See Uoads. )
Such being the nature and vast extent of the advantages derived from the iiome trade,
it is obvioCisly the duty of the legislature to give it every proper encouragement and
protection. It will be found however, on a little consideration, that this duty is rather
uegative than positive — that it consists less in the framing of regulations, than in the
removal of obstacles. The error of governments in matters of trade has not been that
they have done too little, but that they have attempted too much. It will be afterwards
shown that the encom-ageitient which has been afforded to the producers of certain
species of articles in preference to others, has imiformly been productive of disadvantfige.
In the mean time it is sufficient to observe that the encouragement which a prudent and
enlightened government bestows on industry, will equally extend to all its branches;
and will be especially directed to the removal of every thing that may in any respect
fetter the freedom of commerce, and the power of individuals to engage in difierent
employments. All regulations, whatever be their object, that operate either to prevent
the circulation of commodities from one part of the empire to another, or the free circu-
lation of labour, necessarily tend to check the division of employments and the spirit of
competition and emulation, and must, in consequence, lessen the amount of produce.
The same principle that prompts to open roads, to construct bridges and canals, ought
to lead every people to erase from the statute book every regulation which either preventa
or fetters the operations of the merchant, and the free disposal of capital and labour.
Whether the freedom of internal commerce and industry be interrupted by impassable
moimtains and swamps, or by oppressive tolls or restrictive regulations, the effect is
equally pernicious.
The common law and the ancient statute law of England are decidedly hostile to
monopolies, or to the granting of powers to any particular class of individuals to furnish
the market with commodities. Lord Coke distinctly states, " that all monopolies con-
cerning trade and traffic are against the liberty and freedom granted by the great
charter, and divers other acts of parliament which are good commentaries upon that
charter." — (2 Inst. 63.) And he affirms, in another place, that " Commercium jure
gentium commune esse debet, et non in monopolium et privatum pmduhrum questum conver-
tendum. Inujuum est aliis permtttere, aliis inhibere mercaturam."
But, notwithstanding this concurrence of the common and statute law of the country
■ ,1
ini \\
m
368
COMMERCE.
in favour of the freedom of industry, during the arbitrary reigns of the princes of the
house of Tudor, the notion that the crown was by its prerogative entitled to dlspcnKc
•\vitli any law to the contrary, and to establisli tnonopolies, l)ecanie fashionable among tlie
court lawyers, and was acted upon to a very great extent. Few tilings, indeed, occasioned
so nuich ilissatisfaction in the reign of Elizabeth as the multiplication of monopolies ;
and notwithstanding the opposition made l)y the crown, and the court ])arty in jiarlia-
ment, the grievance became at length so intolerable as to give rise to the famous statute
of 16'i4 (21 James 1. c. ,'5. ), l)y which all monoi)()lies, grants, letters patent, and licences,
for the sole buying, selling, and making of goods and manufactures, not given !)y an act
of the legislature, are declared to be " altoyetlier contrary to the laws of this realm, void,
and of none effect," Thin statute has been productive of the greatest advantage ; and
has, perhaps, contributed more than any other to the development of industry, and the
accumulation of wealth. With the exception of the monopoly of printing Bibles, and
the restraints imposed by the charters of bodies legally incorporated, the freedom of
internal industry has ever since been vigilantly protected ; full scope has been given
to the principle of competition ; the whole kingdom has been subjectwl to the same equal
law ; no obstacles have been thrown in the way of the freest transfer of commodities
from one county or place to another ; the home trade has been perfectly unfettered ; and
though the public have not been supplied with commodities at so low a price as they
might have obtained them for, had there been no restrictions on foreign commerce, they
have obtained them at the lowest price that would suffice to jjay the home prodticers the
cost of producing and bringing them to market. It is to this freedom that the com-
paratively flourishing state of industry in Great Britain is mainly to be ascribed.
III. FoilEIGK TUADE.
What the home trade is to the different provinces of the same country, foreign trade
is to all the countries of the world. Particular countries produce only particular com-
modities, and, were it not for foreign commerce, would be entirely destitute of all but
such as are indigenous to their own soil. It is difficult for those who have not reflected
on the subject, to imagine what a vast deduction woidd be made, not only from the
comforts, but even from the necessaries, of every commercial people, were its intercourse
with strangers put an end to. It is not, perhaps, too much to say that in Great Britain
we owe to our intercourse with others a full half or more of all that we enjoy. We are
not only indebted to it for the cotton and silk manufactures, and for supplies of wine,
tea, colfee, sugar, the i)recious metals, &c. ; but we are also indebted to it for most of the
fruits and vegetables that we now cultivate. At the same time, too, that foreign
commerce supplies us with an immense variety of most important articles, of which we
must otherwise have been wholly ignorant, it enables us to employ our industry in the
mode in wliich it is sure to be most productive, and reduces the price of almost every
article. We do not misemploy our labour in raising sugar from the beet-root, in culti-
vating tobacco, or in forcing vines ; but we employ ourselves in those departments of manu-
facturing industry in which our command of coal, of capital, and of improved machinery,
give us an advantage ; and obtain the articles produced more cheaply by foreigners, in
exchange for the surplus produce of those branches in which we have a superiority over
them. A commercial nation like England avails herself of all the peculiar facilities of
production given by Providence to different countries. To produce claret here is
perhaps impossible ; and at all events it could not be accomplished, unless at more than
100 times the expense required for its production in France. We do not, however,
deny ourselves the gratification derivable from its use ; and to obtain it, we have only to
send to France, or to some country indebted to France, some article in the production
of which we have an advantage, and we get claret in exchange at the price which it
takes to raise it under the most favourable circumstances. One country has peculiar
capacities for raising corn, but is at the same time destitute of wine, silk, and tea ;
another, again, has peculiar facilities for raising the latter, but is destitute of the former ;
and it is impossible to point out a single country which is abundantly supplied with any
considerable variety of commodities of domestic growth. Nan omnis fert omnia tellns.
Providence, by giving to each particular nation something which the others want, has
evidently intended that they should be mutually dependent upon one another. And it
is not difficult to see that, cceteris paribus, those must be the richest and most abimdantly
supplied with every sort of useful and desirable accommodation, who cultivate the arts of
peace with the greatest success, and deal with all the world on fair and liberal
principles.
" The commerce of one country with another is, in fact," to use the words of an able
and profound writer, " merely an extension of that division of labour by which so many
benefits are conferred upon the human race. As the same country is rendered the
richer by the trade of one province with another ; as its labour becomes thus infinitely
more divided and more productive than it could otherwise have been ; and as the mutual
I
COMMERCE.
tiGO
ces of tlie
) (lisi)cnKC
UTiong the
occ'iisiont'd
Diiopolii's ;
in jjarlia-
)us statute
id licences,
I by an act
ialm, void,
tage ; and
f, and tlic
iiblcs, and
freedom of
)een given
same equal
)mnioditics
tered ; and
Ice as they
leree, they
oduccrs the
it the com-
>cd.
reign trade
icular com-
' of all but
ot reflected
ly from the
intercourse
■eat Britain
jr. We are
es of wine,
most of the
lat foreign
f which we
istry in the
most every
)t, in culti-
tsof manu-
machinery,
reigners, in
iority over
facilities of
et here is
more than
liowever,
ve only to
production
e which it
as peculiar
and tea;
le former ;
with any
7iia tellns.
want, has
And it
bundantly
the arts of
nd liberal
of an able
bh so many
(idcred the
infinitely
Ithe mutual
supply to each other of all the accommodations which one province has, and another
wants, multiplies the accommodations of the whole, and the country l)ec()mes tlius in a
wonderful degree more opulent and happy ; the same beautiful train of consequences is
observable in the world at large, — that great empire of which the different kingdoms
and tribes of men may be regarded as the provinces. In this magnificent empire, too,
one province is f'avo.nable to the production of one species of accommodation, and another
province to another ; by their mutual intercourse they arc enabled to sort and distribute
their labour as most peculiarly suits the gei>ius of each particular spot. The labour of
the lunnan race thus becomes I'nich more productive, and every species of accommodation
is afforded in much greater abundance. The same number of labourers, whose eflbrts
might have been expended in producing a very insignificant quantity of home-made
luxuries, may thus, in Great Britain, produce a quantity of articles for exportation,
accommodated t(j tlie ivants of other places, and peculiarly suited to the genius of
Britain to furnish, which will ptnchasc for her an accumulation of the luxuries of every
quarter of the globe. There is not a greater proportion of her population employed in
administering to her luxuries, in consequence of her commerce; there is probably a good
deal loss ; but their labour is infinitely more productive : the portion of commodities
which the people of Great Britain acquire by means of the same labour, is vastly greater."
— {Mill's Commerce tlefc.nded, p. ;18.)
What has been already stated is sufficient to expose the utter fallacy of the opinion
that has sometimes been maintained, that whatever one nation may gain by her foreign
commerce, must bo lost by some one else. It is singular, indeed, how such a notion
should ever have originated. Commerce is not directli/ productice, nor is the good de-
rived from it to be estimated by its immediate efllects. What commercial nations give is
uniformly the fair equivalent of what they got. In their dealings they do not prey
upon each other, but are benefited alike. The advantage of conmierce consists in its
enabling labour to be dividetl, and giving each people the power of supplying themselves
with the various articles for which they have a demand, at the lowest price required for
their production in those coimtries and places where tliey arc raised with the greatest
facility. We import wine from Portugal, and cotton from America, sending in exchange
cloth and other species of manufactured goods. By this means we obtain two very im-
portant articles, which it would be all but impossible to produce at home, and which we
could not, certainly, produce, except at an infinitely greater cost. But our gain is no loss
to the foreigners. They derive precisely the same sort of advantage from the transaction
that we do. We have very superior facilities for manufacturing, and they get from us
cloth, hardware, and other important articles, at the price at which they can be produced
in this country, and consequently for far less than their direct production would have cost
them. The benefits resulting from an intercourse of this sort are plainly mutual and
f eciprocal. Commerce gives no advantage to any one people over any other people ;
but it increases the wealth and enjoyments of all in a degree that could not previously
have been conceived possible.
But the influence of foreign commerce in multiplying and cheapening conveniences
and enjoyments, vast as it most certainly is, is perhaps inferior to its indirect influrnce
— that is, to its influence on industry, by adding immeasurably to the mass of dcsir.ible
articles, by inspiring new tastes, and stimulating enterprise and invention by bringing
each people into competition with foreigners, and making them acquainted with tlieir
arts and institutions.
The apathy and languor that exist in a rude state of society have been universally
remarked. But these uniformly give place to activity and enterprise, according as man
is rendered familiar with new objects, and is inspired with a desire to obtain them. An
individual might, with comparatively little exertion, furnish himself with an abundant
supply of the commodities essential to his subsistence ; and if he had no desire to obtain
others, or if that desire, however strong, could not be gratified, it would be folly to sup-
pose that he should be laborious, inventive, or enterprising. But, when once excited, the
wants and desires of man become altogether illimitable ; and to excite them, no more is
necessary than to bring new products and new modes of enjoyment within his reach.
Now, the sure way to do this is to give every facility to the most extensive intercourse
with foreigners. The markets of a commercial nation being filled with the various
commodities of every country and every climate, the motives and gratifications which
stimulate and reward the efforts of the industrious are proportionally augmented. The
husbandman and manufacturer exert themselves to increase their supplies of raw and
manufactured produce, that they mny exchange the surplus for the products imported
from abroad. And the merchant, finding a ready demand for such products, is prompted
to import a greater variety, to find out cheaper markets, and thus constantly to afford
new incentives to the vanity and ambition, and consequently to the enterprise and
industry, of his customers. The whole poweis of the mind and the body are thus
called into action ; and the passion for foreign commodities— a passion which has some-
2 D
,1 ,> f.
111-
l.ii
I
370
COMMERCE.
Ui
V.
. I
1 •
V'Mf
" ?t'
r'.i
r\.f
,,Y
5S'^
.1/
(
times l)coii igiioraiitly censured — becomes oiic of tlie most efficient causes of wcaltii ond
civilisation.
Not only, liowever, does forei;;n commerce excite industry, distribute tlic gifts of
nature, and enable them to be turned to the best account, but it also distributes the gitbi
of .science and of art, and gives to each particular country the means of proliting by the
inventions and discoveries of others as much as by those of lier own citizens. The
ingenious machine invented by Mr. Whitney, of the United States, for separating cotton
wool from the pod, by reducing the cost of the raw material of one of our princi|)al
manufactures, has been <juite as advantageous to us as to his own coimtrymen. And
the discoveries and inventions of Watt, Arkwright, and Wedgwood, l)y reducing the
cost of the articles we send abroad, have been as advantageous to our foreign customers
as to ourselves. Commerce has caused the blessings of civilisation to be universally
dilFused, and the treasures of knowledge and science to be conveyed to the remotest
corners. Its humanising influence is, in this respect, most im])ortant ; while, by making
each country depend for the means of supplying a considerable jjortion of its wants on
the assistance of others, it has done more than any thing else to remove a host of the
most baleful prejudices, and to make mankind regard each other as friends and brothers,
and not as enemies. The dread, once so prevalent, of the progress of other nations in
wealth and civilisation, is now universally admitted to be as absurd as it is illiberal.
While every people ought always to be prejjared to resist find avenge any attack ujion
their independence or their honour, it is not to be doubted that their real i)rosperity
will be best secured by their endeavouring to live at peace. " A commercial war, whether
crowned with victory or branded with defeat, can never prevent another nation from
becoming more industrious than you are ; and if they are more industrious they will
sell clieai)er ; and consequently your customers will forsake your shop <ind go to theirs.
This will happen, though you covered the ocean with fleets, and the land with armies.
The soldier may lay waste ; the privateer, whether successful or unsuccessful, will make
poor ; but it is tlie eternal law of Providence that ' the hand of the diliyent can alone
make rich.' " — ( Tuc/ivr's Four IVacts, p. 41. 3d ed.)
Mr. Hume has beautifidly illustrated the powerful and salutary influence of that spirit
of industry and enterprise resulting from the eager prosecution of commerce and the
arts. " IMen," says he, " are then kept in peri)ctual occui)ation, and enjoy, as their
reward, the occupation itself, as well as those pleasures which are the fruits of their
labour. The mind acquires new vigour ; enlarges its powers and faculties ; and, by an
assiduity in honest industry, both satisfies its natural appetites, and prevents the growth
of unnatural ones, which commonly spring up when nourished with ease and idleness.
.T.'anish those arts from society, you deprive men both of action and of pleasure ; and,
leaving nothing but indolence in their place, you even destroy the relish of indolence,
which never is agreeable but when it succeeds to labour, aiid recruits the spirits,
exhausted by too much application and fatigue.
" Another advantage of industry and of refinements in the mechanical arts is, that
they commonly produce some refinements in the liberal ; nor can tlie one be carried to
perfection, without being accompanied in some degree with the other. The same age
which produces great philosophers and politicians, renowned generals and poets, usually
abounds with skilful weavers and ship-carpenters. We cannot reasonably expect that a
piece of woollen cloth will be wrought to perfection in a nation which is ignorant of
astronomy, or where etliics are neglected. The spirit of the age affects all the arts ;
and the minds of men, being once roused from their lethargy, and put into a ferment-
ation, turn themselves on all sides, and carry improvements into every art and science.
Profound ignorance is totally banished ; and men enjoy the privilege of rational crea-
tures, to tliink as well as to act, to cultivate the pleasures of the mind as well as those
of the body.
" The more these refined arts advance, the more sociable do men become ; nor is it
possible that, when enriched with science, and possessed of a fund of conversation, they
should be contented to remain in solitude, or live with their fellow citizens in that distant
manner which is peculiar to ignorant and barbarous nations. They flock into cities ;
Jove to receive and communicate knowledge ; to show their wit or their breeding ; their
taste in conversation or living, in clothes or furniture. Curiosity allures the wise, vanity
the foolish, and pleasure both. Particular clubs and societies are every where formed ;
both sexes meet in an easy and sociiible manner ; and the tempers of men, as well as
their behaviour, refine apace. So that beside the improvements they receive from know-
lodge and the liberal arts, it is impossible but they must feel an increase of humanity
from the very habit of conversing together, and contributing to each other's pleasure and
entertainment. Thus industry, knowledge, and humanitij are linked together by an indis-
soluble chain ; and are found, from experience as well as reason, to be peculiar to the
more polished, and, what are commonly denominated, the more luxurious ages." —
(^E»$ai/ of Refinement in the Arts.)
COMMERCE.
371
oalth and
; gifts of
; tlio gitbi
ig by tlie
ns. Tlio
iig cotton
principal
.•n. And
iieing the
custoint-rs
iniveisally
.' roinotcst
)y making
i wants on
ost of the
I l)rotliers,
nations in
s iliil)t'ral.
ttaek upon
prosperity
U", wliethur
ation from
s tlit-y will
o to theirs,
ith armies.
will make
t can alone
f that spirit
•ce and the
^y, as their
lits of their
and, by an
the growth
nd idleness.
asurc ; and,
f indolence,
the spirits,
arts is, that
le carried to
lie same age
lets, usually
Ixpect that a
ignorant of
ill the arts ;
a ferment-
and science,
itional crea-
Lvcll as those
ke ; nor is it
Irsation, they
that di unit
into cities ;
bding; their
[wise, vanity
lere formed ;
[n, as well as
■ from know-
lof humanity
I pleasure and
r by an indis-
Lculiar to the
tus ages." —
,*
#
Most commercial treatises, and most books on political cconotny, contain lengthened
Rtateinents as to tlie c(>in])arativc advantages derived from tlie home and foreign trade.
13ut tlu'se statements are almost always bottomed on the most erroneous principles. The
quantity anil value of tlie eonnnodities which the inhabitants of an extensive country
exchange with each other, is far greater than tlie (juantity and value of those tiny ex-
change with foreigners ; but this is not, as is commonly supi)ose(l, enough to sIk>\\ that
the home trade is proiiortionaliy more advantageous. Commerce, it must bv lH>rne in
mind, is not a direct but an indirect source of wealth. 'l"he mere exchange of commo~
(iities adds nothing to the riches of society. The influence of commerce on wealtii con-
sists ill its allowing employments to be sei)arated inid prosecuted > ithout interruption.
It gives the means of imshing the divisions of labour to the furthest extent ; and sujjplies
mankind with an infinitely greater quantity of necessaries :iii(l accommodations of a'l
sorts, than could have been produced, had individuals and nations been forced to de])end
upon tiieir own comparatively feeble efforts for the supj)ly of their wants. And hence,
in estimating the comparative advantageousness of the home and foreign trades, the real
questions to be decided are, which of them contributes most to the division of labour?
and which of them gives the greatest stimulus to invention and industry? These ques-
tions do not, perhaps, admit of any very satisfactory answer. The truth is, that both
home trade and foreign trade are most prolific sources of wealth. Without tlu former,
no division of labour could be established, and man would for ever remain in a barbarous
state. Hence, perhaps, we may say that it is the most indis))ensablc ; but the length to
which it could carry any particular country in the career of civilisation, would be limited
indeed. Had Great liritain been cut of!' from all intercourse with strangers, there is
no reason for thinking that we should have been at this day advanced beyond the point
to which our ancestors had attained during the Heptarchy ! It is to the products and
the arts derived from others, and to tlie emulation inspired by their competition and
example, that we are mainly indebted for the extrjiordinary progress we have olrcady
made, as well as for that we are yet destined to make.
Dr. Smith, though he has. satisfactorily demonstrated the impolicy of all restrictions
on the freedom of commerce, has, notwithstanding, endeavoured to show that it is more
for the public advantage that capi;.'' should be employed in the home trade "^han in foreign
trade, on the ground that the capitals employed in the former are more frequently re-
turned, and that they set a greater quantity of labour in motion than those employed in
the latter. IJut we have elsewhere endeavoured to show that che rate of profit which
different businesses yield is the only test of their respective advantageeusness. — {Prin-
ci/)tes of Political Econnwi/, 2d cd. pp. 160 — 180.) Now, it is quite evident that capital
will not be employed in foreign trade, unless it yield as much profit as could be made by
employing it at home. No merchant sends a ship to China, if it be in his power to
realise a larger profit by sending her to Dublin or Newcastle ; nor would any one build
a ship, unless he expected that the capital so laid out would be as productive as if it were
employed in agriculture or manufactures. The more or less rapid return of capital is
a matter of very little importance. If the average rate of profit be 10 per cent., an
individual who turns over his capital 10 times a year, will make one per cent, of profit
each time ; whereas if he turns it only once a year, he will get the whole 10 per cent,
at once. Competition reduces the rate of nett profit to about the same level in all
businesses ; and we may be quite certain that those who employ themselves in the depart-
ments in which capital is most rapidly returned, do not, at an average, gain more than
those who employ themselves in the departments in which the returns are most distant.
No one is a foreign merchant because he would rather deal with foreigners than with his
own countrymen, but because he believes he will be able to employ his capital more
advantageously in foreign trade than in any other business : and while he does this, he
is following that employment which is most beneficial for the public as well as for
himself.
IV. Restbictioks on Commerce.
The statements already made, by explaining the nature and principles of commercial
transactions, are sufficient to evince the inexpediency of subjecting them to any species
of restraint. It is obvious, indeed, that restrictions are founded on false principles.
When individuals are left to pursue their own interest in their own way, they naturally
resort to those branches of industry which they reckon most advantageous for themselves;
and, as we have just seen, these are the very branches in which it is most for the public
interest that they should be employed. Unless, therefore, it could be shown that a
government can judge better as to what sort of transactions are profitable or otherwise
than private individuals, its regulations cannot be of the smallest use, and may be ex-
ceedingly injurious. But any such pretension on the part of government would be
universally scouted. It is undeniably certain that a regard to our own interest is, if not
an unerring guide to direct us in such matteiw. at least incomparably better than any
2 B 2
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COMMF.IlCi:.
ulliiT. If till' trado witli a |i:trli('iilai- coiiiilry or it) a piirlii'tilar i-oinintxiity l)U a l(min^
OIK'. i>r iiu'ivly a less pnililaMo «iiiu than oIIuts, it is )|iiilo as imiii-oi'ssai-y lo pass an act
to |>ri'vi'iit it iVoni licin^ carrii'd on, as it would Ik* to inli'rti'ro to pii'vcnt individnah
rriiui si'llinfT llu'ir lalionr or tlii'ir <-onnnoditit's liclow the niarkcl (irii'i*. It appi'ars, ilu'ro-
iori>, lliat ail ri'f^idalions alli'i'lini; llio iVci'doui oC I'oninu'rfis or of any lirancli oC industry,
an- I'illiiT usfli'ss or pernicious. Tlicy arc useU'ss, when they are intended lo proleit the
interest of individuals hy pri'venliuf; tlieiu fiiim eii^a;;in;f in disailvanla;reoiis businesses;
and pernicious, when lliey prcveni tlieni from i'ii;^.'i^ing in those that are advanlafreous.
'I'lie self interest ol'ihe particsconccrni'd is I he only safe principle to ^o liy in such matters.
When the ads of the le^^islature are in unison with it, there is notliiii}r to object to in
them, save only that they luinht as well not exist ; but whenevi'r tlu'y are inconsistent
with it — that is, whenever lln'y lend lo <livert capital and industry into channels, into
which individuals, if left to their own discretion, would not have carried then\ — they uri!
decidedly injurious.
No oni- denies that it is jxissible to confer, by means of a ri'slriclive ref^ulation, an
adv.'uita^e on a (Greater or less number of individuals. 'I'his however, is no proof that
it is advantageous in a public point of view ; and it is by its inlluence in this respect that
we are to decide concerning it. If the exclusion of an article imported from abroad, in
order to encourafje its manufacture at home, raise its |)rice in the lion\e market, that cir-
cumstance will, for a while at least, bo advanla;jroous lo those enjiaf^ed in its production.
Hut is it not clear that all tliat is thus gained by Iheiii, is lost Inj fliosc iclio piinlinnf
l/it: artirlf ? To suppose, iiulced, that the exclusion of conunodities that are compara-
tively cheap, to make r(K)m for those that are compatalivcly dear, can be a means of
cnrichiii'ia coimtry, is e(|uivalent lo supuosinj^ that a people's weallh mi^flit be increased
by destroy injr their most powcrfid maeluiies, and throwing their best soils out of cuU
tivntion.
But it is contoiKJcd, that thouf^h this n<ight be the case in the instance of commoditier.
produced at home, it is materially dillerent when the commodity excluded came lo us
from abroad. It is said, that in this c.-se the exclusion of foreij^n produce increases the
demand for that produced at home, and coiisecpieiitly contributes to increase the demand
tor labour; so that the rise t.l' price it occasions is, in this way, more than balanced by
the other udvantaj^es wliich it brin>;s alouf; with it. Hut the fact is, that though the
<lomand for one s))ecies of produce uiay l)e increased by a i)robibition of imjiortation, tlio
tlemand for some other s|)ecies is sure to be at the same time e(|ually diminished. 'I'hero
is no jugglery in commerce. Whether it be carried on between individuals of the same.
country, or of did'erent countries it is in .all cases bottomed on a fair principle of reci-
procity. Those who will not buy neoil not ex])ect to sell, and conversely. It is impos-
sible to export without making a corresjionding importation. We get nothing from the
Ibreignor gratuitously : and hence, when we prevent the importation of produce from
ubroad, we prevent, by the very same act, the exportaticm of an cipial amount of Itritish
produce. All that the exclusion of foreign comnuKlities ever ed'ccts, is the substitution
of one sort of demaiul for another. It has been said, that " when we drink beer and
porter wc consume the produce of English industry, wliercas when we drink port or
claret we consume the i)roduce of the industry of the Portuguese and French, to the
obvious advantage of the hitter, and the prejudice of our countrymen!" IJut, how
paradoxical soever the assertion may at first siglit appear, there is not at bottom any real
distinction between the two cases. What is it th.'it induces foreigners to supply us with
port and claret ? The answer is obvious: — We either send directly to Portugal and
France an equivitlent in British pnulucc, or we send such equivalent, in the first i>lace to
South America for bullion, and then send that bullion to the Continent to i)ay for the
wine. And hence it is .as clear .is the sun at noon- day, that the Englishman who drinks
only French wine, who eats only bread made of I'olish wheat, and who wears only Saxon
cloth, gives, by occasioning the exi)ortation of a corresponding amount of liritish cotton,
hardware, leather, or other produce, the same encouriigemcnt to the industry of his
countrymen, that he would give were he to consume nothing not immediately produced
«t home. A quantity of port wine and a (piantity of Birmingham goods are respectively
of the sjime value ; so that whether we directly consume the hardware, or, having ex-
changed it for the wine, consume the latter, must plainly, in so far as the employment of
British labour is conjcrncd, be altogether indiiVerent.
It is absolutely nugatory, therefore, to attempt to encourage industry at home hy
restraining importation from abroad. We might as well try to promote it by inter-
dicting the exchange of shoes for hats. \Ve only resort to foreign markets, that we may
supply ourselves with articles that cannot be produced at home, or that require more
l.tbour to produce them here, tlian is required to i)roduce the equivalent exported to pay
for them. It is, if any thing can be, an obvious contradiction and absurdity to attemjit
to promote wealth or industry by prohibiting an intercourse of this sort. Such i)ro-
Iiibition, even when least injurious, is sure to force capital and labour into less pro-
\
('OMMEllCK.
37S
l)U n Itminjj
) |)Mss an act
I iiidiviiliiaU
pi'ars, lliiTf-
(>r imliisiry.
II pniU'fl till-
s hnsiiH'ssL's ;
ilvaiil anions.
,iu'li manors.
I ol)jri't to ill
■ illCDllNistl-llt
liai\iK'ls, into
i\ — liu'y an!
cfiulatioii, ail
no pnidl' lliat
s ri'spi'i't that
111) aliroad, in
•ki't, tliat I'ir-
s iii-(i(liii'ti<m.
ir/io piircliiisi'.
arc cdinpara-
i a iiu'ans of
t be iiu'rcaswl
lis out of CIlU
f eominoilitios
'd caiiK- to lis
• iiK'ioasc's tin;
iL' liie (Iciiiaiul
I lialancud by
It tlioiij^ii tlio
ijiortation, tiio
ishi-d. Thcro
Is of tbc sanu!
a'iple of ri'i'i-
It is iiniios-
liiif^ from tho
produce from
lint of Hritisii
o substitution
ink beer and
hink port or
rcneli, to tho
Ihit, bow
ttom any roal
iijiply us witli
Portugal and
first i>laco to
jiay for tho
In who drinks
•s only Saxon
ritish cotton,
lUistry of his
tely prodncod
rospoctivcly
ir, having ox-
nploymont of
I at home by
it by inter-
I that wc may
Vcr]uirc more
lortcd to pay
^y to attempt
Such jiid-
luo less pro-
thulive oliannils; and cannot fail to diminish the foreign demand for one speeiif* of
pnidure, (piite iis much as it extends tlie home demand for aiiolher. ^
II is but sehioin, iiowever, thai a leslrielioii on iniporliilioii from nbroad does n(»
more ihMii sulisliliite one sort of employment for anotlier. lis usual elleel is liolli to
alter tiu' liistriluilion of cajiital. and to increase the price of eommodilies. A country
rari'ly imp-rts any I'oimuodily from abroad that may be as cheaply produced at home.
In tiie vast inajiirity of inslaiices, tiie articles bought of the foreigner could not Ite
directly iiroiluceil at "home, without a much greater outlay of capital. Supptise that wc
import' 1. ()()(),()()()/. worth of any commodity, that its importation is pidhibited, and that
tlie same ipianlity of produce cannot be raised in this country for less than 1,'-'(H),(HK)/.^
or K.IOO.OOd/. ; in a ease of this sort, — and this is actually the case in '.)<> out of
every 1(X) instanci's in which prohibitions are enacted, — the prohibilion has the same
ell'ee't on the consumers of the connnoditVi as if, supiiosing it not to have enisled,
they had been liunle:ied with a peculiar taxdf '-'(HMHK)/. <ir .'JIHVMK)/. a year. Hut, had
such been the case, what the eonsumers lust would have gone into the coH'ers of the
treasury, and would have airorde<l the means of repealing an ei|ual amount of other
taxes; whereas, under the prohibitory system, the high price, being occasioned by an
incre.ised dilliculty of production, is of no advantage to any one. So that, instead of
gaining any thing by such a measure, tho public incurs a dead loss of 2(X),000/. or
,'■)(X),()(K)^ a year.
We have said that a prohibition of impoitation may be productive of iinmcdiate ad-
vantage to the home producers of the prohibited article. It is essential, however, to
remark that this advantage cannot continue foi any considerable time, and that it inuiit
lie followed by a jieriod of distress. Were tho impoi tion of foreign silks put an end
to, thiit circumstance, by narrowing the supply <if silk , (lods, and raising their jirices,
would, no doubt, be, in the first instance, advantageous to the manufacturers, by ele-
vating their profits above the common level. ISut {\u- cuiisecpienee would lie, that those
already engaged in tho trade would immediately set about extending their conci'rns ; at
the same time that not a few of those engaged in otiier employmiMits would enter a
tiiisiness which presented such a favourable iirospeet: nor would this transference of
capital to the silk manufacture !)e stopped, till such an increased supply of silks liad been
b -ought to market ns to occasion a glut. This reasoning is not founded upon liy))othesis,
but upon tho widest ex]ierience. When a business is carried on under the protection
»if a restriction on iiniiortation, it is limited by tin* extent of the home market, and in
incapable of further extension. It is, in conseciuonce, particularly snlijeet to that fluc-
tuation which is the bane of industry. If, owing to a change of fashion, or imy other
cause, the demand be increased, then, as no suiijilies can bo l)r(>ugl't from abroad, prices
suddenly rise, and tho manufacture is rapidly extended, until a reaction takes place,
and prices sink below their usual level : and if the demand decline, then, as there is no
outlet abroad for the superfluous goods, their price is ruinously deiirossed, and the i)ro-
ducers are involved in inextiieable diiliculties. Tho liusinoKsos deepest entrenched behind
ramparts of prohibitions and restrictions, such as the silk trade previously to IK'J.'i, the
West India trade, and agriculture since 1H15, liavo undergone the most extraordinary
vicissitudes ; and have been at once more hazardous and less proiitublc than the businessci
carried on under a system of fair and free competition.
A prohil)iti(m against buying in the cheapest markets is really, also, a jirohibition
against selling in the dearest markets. There is no test of high or low jirice, except the
quantity of other produce for which an article exchanges. Suiijioso that, by seiuling a
certain quantity of cottons or hardware to Brazil, we might get in exchange 150 hhds.
of sugar, and that the same (piantity, if sent to Jamaica, would only fetch 100 hhds. ; is
it not obvious, that by preventing the importation of the former, we force our goods to be
sold for fMv) t/iirds of the iirico they would otherwise have brought ? To sujiposo that a
system productive of such results can be a means of increasing wealth, is to sui)i)ose what
is evidently absurd. It is certainly true that a restrictive regulation, which has lieen long
acted upon, an(f under which a considerable quantity of capital is employed, ought not
to be rashly or capriciously repealed. Every change in tho jiublic economy of a groat
nation ought to bo gone about cautiously and gradually. Adequate time should be given
to those who carry on businesses that have been protected, either to withdraw from them
altogether, or to prepare to withstand the fair competition of foreigners. I5ut this is atf
that such persons can justly claim. To persevere in an erroneous and oppressive system,
merely because its aliandonmcnt might be jiroductive of inconvenience to individuals,
would be a proceeding inconsistent with every object for which society is formed, and
subversive of all improvement.
It may, perhaps, be supposed that in the event of commodities being imported from
abroad, after the abolition of a jirotecting regulation, that wcio previously produced
at lioine, the workmen and those engaged in their production would i,c' thrown upon tho
parish. Such, however, is not the case. We mav, by giving freedom to commerce,
'J H 3 '
^M,
VU
I, I
!• ■!
ikm
S74.
COMMERCE.
if* • ,
lij 11
change the species of labour in demand, but it is hot possible that we should thereby
change its quantity. If, in consequence of the abolition of restrictions, our imports
were increased to the amount of 4,000,000/. or .'i,000,00(3/. , our exports, it is certain,
must be augmented to the same extent : so that whatever diminution of the demand for
labour might he experienced in certain departments would be balanced by a corresponding
increase in others.
The pressure of taxation has often been alleged as an excuse for restrictions on com-
merce, but it is not more valid than the rest. Taxation may be heavy, and even op-
pressive ; but so long as it is impartially and fairly assessed, it equally affects ail branches
of industr' carried on j»t home, and consequently affords no ground whatever for the
enactment of regulations intended to protect any particular business. And to propose
to protect all branches of industry from foreign competition, is, in effect, to propose to
put a total stop to commerce ; for if nothing is to be imjiorted, nothing can be exported.
Tlie imposition of moderate duties on foreign commodities, for tiie sake of revenue, is
quite another thing. Many of these form among the very best subjects of taxation ;
and when the duties on them arc confined within projier bounds, — that is, when tliey arc
not so high as to exert any injurious influence upon trade, or to occasion smuggling and
fraud, — they cannot fairly be objected to.
It is sometimes contended, by those who assert, on general grounds, that restrictions
are inexpedient, that it would be unwise, on the part of any country, to abolish them
until she had obtained a security that those imposed by her neighbours would also be
abolished. But the reasons that have been alleged in favour of this statement are not
entitled to the least weight. It is our business to buy in the cheapest and sell in the
dearest markets, without being, in any degree, influenced by the conduct of others. If
they consent to repeal the restrictions they have laid on commerce, so much the better.
But whatever others may do, the line of jiolicy we ought to follow is clear and well
defined. To refuse, for example, to buy claret, brandy, &c. from the French, because they
lay absurd restrictions on the importation of British hardware, cottons, &c., would not be
to retiiliate upon them, but upon ourselves. The fact tliat we do i-nport French wine and
brandy shows that we do export to France, or to some other country to which France is
indebted, an equivalent, in some sort, of British produce. The fear of being glutted
with foreign products, unless we secure beforehand a certain outlet for our own, is the
most unfounded that can be imagined. The foreigner who will take nothing of ours,
can send us nothing of his. Though our ports were open to the merchants of all the
countries of the world, the exports of British produce must always be equal to the
imports of foreign produce ; and none but those wJio receive our commodities, either at
first or second hand, could continue to send any thing to us.
" Les etrangers ne peuvent demander ni dcsirer rien mieux, que la liberie de vous
achetcr et de vous vendre chez vous et dans vos colonies. II faut la leur accorder, non
I)ar foiblesse et par impuissance, mais iiarccqu'elle est juste en elle-menic, et qu'elle vous
est utile. lis ont tort sans doute de la refuser chez cux : mais cette faute d'ignorancc
dont, sans le sjivoir, ils sont \n\n\s les premiers, n'est pas ini raison qui doive vous porter
a vous nuire a vous-meme en suivant cet exemple, et ii vous exposer aux suites et aux
depenses d'une guerre pour avoir la vaine satisfaction d'user des reprusailles, dont rcflCet
ne pent nianquer de retombcr sur vous, et dc rendrc votre commerce plus desavantageux."
— {Le Trosne de F Ordre Social, p. 416.)
There are some, however, who contend, that though restrictions on importation from
abroad be unfavourable to opulence, and the advancement of individuals and nations in
arts and civilisation, they msiy, notwithstanding, be vindicated on other grounds, as con-
tributing essentially to independence and security. The short and decisive answer to
this is to be found in the reciprocity of commerce. It does not enrich one individual or
nation at the expense of others, but confers itj f-nours equally on all. We are under no
obligations to the Portufj;uese, the Russians, or any other people with whom we carry on
trade. It is not our advantage, but their own, that they have in view in dealing with us.
We give them the full value of all that we import ; and they would suffer quite as much
inconvenience as we should do were this intercourse put an end to. The indejjendence
at which those aspire who would promote it by laying restrictions on commerce, is tlic
independence of the solitary and unsocial savage ; it is not an independence productive
of strength, but of weakness. " The most flourishing states, at the moment of their
highest elevation, when they were closely connected with every part of the civilised world
by the golden chains of successful commercial enterprise, were, according to this doctrine,
in the most perfect state of absolute dependence. It was not till all these connections
were dissolved, and they had sunk in the scale of nations, that their true independence
commenced ! Such statements carry with them their own refutation. There is a
natural dependence of nations upon each other, as there is a natural dependence of
individuals upon each other. Heaven has so ordered it. Some soils, some climates,
some situations, are productive exclusively of some peculiar fruits, which cannot else-
1
I
COMMERCE.
375
lid thereby
lur imports
: is certain,
ileniand for
rresponding
)ns on corn-
id even op-
ull branehes
ever for the
I to propose
) propose to
be exported.
F revenue, is
of taxation ;
■hen they are
luggling and
t restrictions
ibolish them
vould also be
^nent are not
lid sell in the
)f others. If
;h the better,
lear and well
, because they
would not be
>nch wine and
lich Frjince is
being glutted
ur own, is the
thing of ours,
ints of all the
I equal to the
[ties, either at
liberie de vous
accorder, non
qu'ellc vous
ite d'ignorance
e vous porter
suites et aux
dont rettl't
savantageux."
portation from
and nations in
ounds, as coii-
isive answer to
individual or
arc under no
ni we carry on
ealing with us.
quite as much
indejiendence
mmerce, is tlic
ice productive
jment of their
civilised world
o this doctrine,
se connections
independence
There is a
dependence of
some cliniiitcs,
h cannot else-
where be profitably procured. Let nations follow this as their guide. In a ricli and
rising community, tiie opulent capitalists may be as dependent upon the poor labourers,
as the poor labourers iipon the opulent cajjitalists. So it is with nations. The mutual
dependence of individuals upon each other knits and binds society together, and leads to
the most rajjid advancement in wealth, in intelligence, and in every kind of improve-
ment. It is the same, but on a far larger scale, with the mutual dependence of nations.
To this alone do we owe all the mighty elForts of commerce ; and what lights, what
generous feelings, and multiplied means of human happiness, has it not every wliere
spread ! " — ( North American Review, No. 57. )
The principles of commercial freedom, and the injurious influence of restrictive regu-
lations, were set in a very striking point of view by Dr. Smith, in his great work ; and
tliey have been since repeatedly explained and elucidated. Perhaps, however, the true
doctrines upon this subject have no where been lietter stated than in the petition pre-
sented ijy the merchants of London to the House of Connnons on the 8th of IMay, 18'20.
This document is one of the most gratifying proofs of the progress of liberal and enlarged
views. It was subscribed by all the principal merchants of the metropolis, who have not
scrupled to express their conviction, that the repeal of every protective regulation woidd
be for the public advantage. Such an address confirming, as it did, the conclusions of
science, by the approval of the best informed and most extensive merchants of the world,
had a powerful influence on the legislature. During the last 10 years several most
important reforms have been made in our commercial system ; so that, besides being
the first to promulgate the true theory of commerce, we are now entitled to the praise of
being the first to carry it into effect. No doubt our trade is still fettered by many
vexatious restraints ; but these will gradually disappear, according as experience serves
to disclose the benefits resulting from the changes already made, and the pernicious opera-
tion of the restrictions that are still allowed to continue.
The petition now referred to, is too important to be omitted in a work of this sort.
It is as follows : — -
" To the Honourable the Commons, &c., the Petition of the Merchants of tlie City of London.
" Shcweth,
" That foreiBii commerce is eminently conducive to the wealth and prosperity of a country, by cn.tbruig
it to import the commmlities for the production of which tlie soil, climiite, capital, and industry of other
countries are best calculated, and to export, in payment, those articles for which its own situation is
better adapted.
" That freedom from restraint is calculated to give the utmost extension to foreign trade, and the best
direction to the capital and industry of the country.
" That the maxim of buying in the cheapest market, and selling in the dearest, which regulates every
merchant in his individual dealings, is strictly applicable, as the best rule for the trade of the whole
nation.
" Tliat a policy founded on these principles would render the commerce of the world an interchange
of mutual advantages, and diti'use an increase of wealth and enjoyments among tlie inhabitants of each
state.
" Tli.it, unfortunately, a policy the very reverse of this has been and is more or less adopted and acted
upon by the government of this and every other country; each trying to exclude the productions of other
countries, with the specious and well-meant design of encouraging its own jiroductions : thus intlicting
on the bulk of its subjects, who are consumers, the necessity of submitting to privations in the quantity
or fjuality of commodities ; and thus rendering what ought to be the source of mutual benefit and of
harmony among states, a constantly recurring occasion of jealousy and hostility.
" That the prevailing prejudices in favour of the protective or restrictive system may be traced to the
erroneous supiiosition that every importation of foreign commodities occasions a diminution or dis-
couragement of our own productions to the same extent : whereas it may be clearly shown, that although
the particular description of production which could not stand against unrestrained foreign competition
would be discouraged, yet, as no import.ition could be continued for any length of time without a corrc.
simnding exportation, direct or indirect, there would bean encouragement, for the purpose of that export-
ation, of some other production to which our situation might be better suited ; thus atlbrding at least an
equal, and probably a greater, and certainly a more beneficial, employment to our own capital and labour.
" That of the numerous protective and prohibitory duties of our commercial code, it may be provetl
that, while all operate as a very heavy tax on the community at large, very few are of any ultimate
benefit to the classes in whose favour they were originally instituted, and none to the extent uf the loss
occasioned by them to other classes.
" That among the other evds of th" restrictive or protective system, not the least is, that the artificial
protection of one branch of industry ur source of production against foreign competition, is set up as a
ground of claim by other branches for shnilar protection ; so that if the reasoning upon which these
restrictive or prohibitory regulations arc founded wero followed out consistently, it would not stop short
of excluding us from all foreign commerce whatsoever. And the same train of argument, which, with
corresponding prohibitions and protective duties, should exclude us from foreign trade, might be brought
forward to justify the re enactment of restrictions upon the interchange of productions (unconnected with
public revenue^ among the kingdoms composing the union, or among the counties of the same kingdom.
" That an investigation of the ett'ects of the restrictive system at this lime is poculiaily called for. .is it
may, in the opinion of your petitioners, lead to a strong presumption, that the distress, which now so
generally prevads, is considerably aggravated by that system ; and that some relief may be obtained by
the earli 'St pr.icticable removal of such of the restraints as may be shown to be most injurious to the
capital and industry of the community, and to be attended with no compensating benefit to the putjiic
revenue?.
" That a declarition against the anti. commercial principles of our restrictive system is of the more
importance at the present juncture ; inasmuch as, i.i several instances of recent occurrence, the mcrchaiiti
and maiiufactiircrsof foreign countries have assaile<l their respective governments with applications for
further protective or prohiliitory duties and regulations, urging the example and authority of this country,
against which they are almost exclusively directed, as a sanction for the policy of such measures. And
certainly, if the reasoning uiion which our restrictions have been defendetl it worth any thing, it will
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COMPANIES.
apply In behalf of the regulations of foreign states against us. They insist upon our euperiority in capita*
and machinery, as we do upon tlieir comparative exemi)tion from taxation, and with equal foundation.
" That nothing would tend more to counteract the commercial hostility of foreign states, tlian the
adoption of a more enlightened and more conciliatory policy on the part of this country.
"That although, as a matter of mere diplomacy, it may sometimes answer to hold the removal of
particular prohibitions, or high duties, as depending upon corrcs|K)nding concessions by other states ift
our favour, it does not follow that we should maintain our restrictions in cases where the desired con-
cessions on their part cannot be obtained. Our restrictions would not be the less prejudicial to our own
capital and industry, because other governments persisted in preserving impolitic regulations.
'' That, upon the whole, the most liberal would prove to be the most politic course on such occasions.
" That independent of the direct benefit to be derived by this country, on every occasion of such con-
cfssion or relaxation, a great incidental object would be gamed, by the recognition of a sound principle or
standard, to which all subsequent arrangements might be referred ; and by the salutary influence which
a promulgation of such just views, by the legislature and by the nation at large, could not fail to have on
the policy of other states.
" That in thus declaring, as your petitioners do, their conviction of Wc impolicy and injustice of the
restrictive system, and in desiring every practicable relaxation of it, they have \n view only such parts of
it as are not connected, or are only subordiiiately so, with the public revenue. As long as the necessity for
the present amount of revenue subsists, your petitioners cannot expect so important a branch of it as the
customs to be given up, nor to be materially diminished, unless some substitute less objectionable be sug.
gested. But it is against every restrictive regulation of trade, not essential to the revenue, against all
duties merely protective from foreign competition, and against the excess o/ such duties as arc partly for
the purpose of revenue, and partly for that of protection, tliat the prayer ot the present petition is respect,
fully submitted to the wisdom of parliament.
" May it therefore," &c.
For examples of the practical working and injurious operation of restrictions, see the
articles Bordeaux, Cadiz, Cagliari, Colony Tbadk, Corn Laws and Corn Trade,
Naples, Timber, &c., in this Dictionary ; the articles on the American Tariff and the
French Commercial System in Nos. 96. and 99. of the Edinburgh Review; the Report of the
Committee of Commerce and Navigation to the House of Representatives of the United
States, 8th of February, 1 8.30 ; and the Petition and Memoire d VAppui, addressed, in
1828, by the landowners and merchants of the Gironde to the Chamber of Deputies.
For an a count of the doctrines with respect to the balance of trade, and the import-
ation and exportation of the precious metals, see the articles Balance op Trade, and
Exchange.
For an account of the articles exported from and imported into Great Britain, see
Imports and Exports.
COMPANIES. In commerce or the arts, a company is a number of persons
associated together for the purpose of carrying on some commercial or industrious under-
taking. When there are only a few individuals associated, it is most commonly called a
copartnery i the term company being usually applied to large associations, like the East
India Company, tlie Bank of England, &c., who conduct their operations by means of
agents acting under the orders of a BoJird of directors.
Companies have generally been divided into two great classes — exclusive or joint
stock companies, and open or regulated companies.
1. Exclusive or Joint Stock Compania. — By an institution of this sort is meant a
company having a certain amoimt of capital, divided into a greater or smaller number of
transferable shares, managed for the common advantage of the shareholders by a body of
directors chosen by and responsible to them. After the stock of a company of this sort
has been subscribed, no one can enter it without previously purchasing one or more
shares belonging to some of the existing members. The partners do nothing individually ;
all their resolutions arc taken in common, and are carried into effect by the directors and
those whom they employ.
Accorrling »o the common law of England, all the partners in a joint stock company
are jointly and individually liable, to the whole extent of their fortunes, for the debts of the
company. They may make arrangements amongst themselves, limiting their obligations
with respect to each other ; but unless established by an autliority competent to set aside
tiie general rule, they are all indefinitely responsible to the public. Parliament some-
times limits the responsibility of the shareholders in joint stock companies established by
statute, to the amount of the shares they respectively hold. Charters of incorporation
granted by the Crown were also, until lately, supposed necessarily to have this effect ;
but by the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 96. the Crown is empowered to grant charters of incorporation
l)y which the members of corporate bodies may be made individually liable, to such extent,
and subject to such regulations and restrictions, as may be deemed expedient. Hence
chatters are now frequently granted for the purpose merely of enabling companies to sua .
and be sued in courts of law, under the names of some of their oflice-l)earers, without in
any respect limiting the responsibility of the shareholders to the public. This limitation
cannot be implied in a charter any more than in an act of parliament, and will be held
not to exist unless it be distinctly set forth.
" In a private copartnery, no partner, without the consent of the company, can transfer
his share to another person, or introduce a new member into the company. Eiich
member, however, may, upon jjrojier warning, withdraw from the copartnery, and
demand payment from them of iiis share of the common stock. In a joint stock com-
h
J/i
COMPANIES.
377
ritain, see
I
pany, on the contrary, no member can demand payment of his share from the company ;
but each member may, without their consent, transfer his share to another person, and
thereby introduce a new member. The vahie of a share in a joint stock is always the
price which it will bring in the market ; and this may be either greater or less, in any
proportion, than the sum which its owner stands credited for in the stock of the company."
— {Weulth of Nations, vol. iii. p. 2;58.)
2. Utility of Joint Stock Companies. — Whenever the capital required to carry on any
undertaking exceeds what may be furnished by an individual, it is indispensable, in order
to the prosecution of the undertaking, that an association should be formed. In all those
cases, too, in which the chances of success are doubtful, or where a lengthened period
must necessarily elapse before an undertaking can be completed, an individual, though
ready enough to contribute a small sum in connection with others, would, gcnorally
sjjeaking, be very little inclined, even if he had the means, to encounter the whole
responsibility of such enterprises. Hence the necessity and advantage of companies or
associations. It is to them that we are indebted for those canals by which every part of
the country is intersecfr-d, for the formation of so many noble docks and warehouses, for
the institution of our principal banks and insurance offices, and for many other establish-
ments of great public utility carried on by the combined capital and energies of large
bodies of individuals.
3. Branches of Industry, for the Prosecution of which Joint Stock Companies may be
advantageously established, — In order to ensure a rational prospect of success to a com-
pany, the undertaking should admit of being carried on according to a regular systematic
plan. The reason of this is sufficiently obvious. The business of a great association
must be conducted by factors or agents ; and unless it be of such a nature as to admit
of their duties being clearly pointed out and defined, the association would cease to have
any effectual control over them, and would be, in a great measure, at their mercy. An
individual who manages his own affairs reaps all the advantage derivable from siiperior
skill, industry, and economy ; but the agents, and even directors, of joint stock companies
labour, in most cases, entirely or principally for the advantage of others ; and cannot
therefore, however conscientious, have the same powerful motives to act with energy,
prudence, and economy. " Like," says Dr. Smith, " the stewards of a rich man, they
are apt to consider attention to small matters as not for their master's honour, and very
easily give themselves a dispensation from having it. Negligence and profusion, there-
fore, must always prevail more or less in the management of the affairs of such a
company." It also not unfrequently happens that they suffer from the bad faith, as well
as the cfirelessness and extravagance of their servants ; the latter having, in many instances,
endeavoured to advance their own interests at the expense of their employers. Hence
the different success of companies whose business may be co;iducted according to a nearly
uniform syste n, — such as dock, canal, and insurance companies, rail-road companies,
&c. — and those whose business does not admit of being reduced to any regular plan,
and wheic much must always be left to the sagacity and enterprise of those employed.
All purely commercial companies, trading upon a joint stock, belong to the latter class.
Not one of them has ever been able to withstand the competition of private adventurers ;
they cannot subject the agents they employ to buy and sell commodities in distant
countries to any effectual responsibility; and from this circumstance, and the abuses that
usually insinuate themselves into every department of their management, no such com-
pany lias ever succeeded, unless when it has obtained some exclusive privilege, or been
protected from competition.
The circumstances now mentioned would seem to oppose the most formidable obstacles
to the snc'jess of the companies established in this country for the prosecution of mining
in America. This business does not admit of being reduced to a regular routine system.
iNIuch must always depend on the skill and probity of the agents employed at the mines ;
and it must plainly be very difficult, if not quite impossible, for directors resident in
London to exercise any eij'ectual surveillance over the i)roceedings of those vlio are at so
great a distance. Hence it is not at all likely that these establishments will ever be so
productive to the undertakers, as if they had been managed by the parties themselves.
The Abbe Morellet has given, in a tract published in 1769 {Examen de la Reponse de
M. N., pp, ;35 — :38. ), a list of 55 joint stock companies, for the prosecution of various
branch js of foreign trade, established in different parts of Europe since 1600, every one
of which had failed, though most of them had exclusive privileges. Rlost of those that
have been established since the publication of the Abbe Morellet's tract have had a
similar fate.
But notwithstanding both principle and experience concur in showing how very ill
fitted a large association is for the purpose of prosecuting commercial undertakings, there
are cases in which they cannot be prosecuted exeei)t by associations of this sort, and when
It may be exi)edieiit to grant them certain peculiar privileges. When, owing either to
the disinclination or inability of govcriunent to afford protection to those engaged in any
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378
COMPANIES.
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particular department of trade, they are obliged to provide for their own defence and
security, it is obviously necessary that they should have the power to exclude such indi-
viduals as may refuse to submit to the measures, or to bear their due share of the expense,
recpiired for the common protection of all. The Russian Company, the East India Com-
pany, the Levant or Turkey Company, and most of the other great trading companies
which have existed in this country, seem principally to have grown out of a real or sup-
posed necessity of this sort. It was not believed that any safe or advantageous intercource
eould be carried on with barbarous countries without the aid of ships of war, factories,
interpreters, &c. And as government was not always able or willing to aiford this
assistance, the traders were formed into companies or associations, and vested with such
peculiar privileges as appeared to be necessary for enabling them to prosecute the trade
without any extrinsic support. " When," says Dr. Smith, " a company of merchants
uiuIl take, at their own risk and expense, to establisli a new trade with some remote and
barbarous nation, it may not be unreasonable to incorporate them into a joint stock com-
pai;y, and to grant them, in case of success, a monopoly of the trade for a certain number
of years. It is the easiest and most natural way in which the state can recompense them
for hazarding a dangerous and expensive experiment, of which the public is afterwards
to reap tlic benefit. A temporary monopoly of this kind may be vindicated upon the
same principles upon which a like monopoly of a new machine is granted to its inventor,
and that of a new book to its author. But upon the expiration of the term, the monopoly
ought certainly to determine ; the forts and garrisons, if it was found necessary to establish
any, to be taken into the hands of government, their value to be paid to the company,
and the trade to be laid open to all the subjects of the state." — ( Wealth of Nations,
vol. iii. p. 258.)
It may be doubted, however, whether it be really necessary, even in such a case as that
now mentioned, to establish a joint stock company with peculiar privileges, and whether
tlic same thing miglit not be more advantageously effected by the establishment of an
open or regulated company.
4. Open or Regulated Companies, — The affairs of such companies or associations are
managed by directors appointed by the members. They do not, however, possess a com-
mon or joint stock. Each individual pays a fine upon entering into the company, and
most commonly an annual contribution : a duty applicable to the business of the company
IS also sometimes charged upon the goods imported and exported from and to the countries
with which they trade. The sums so collected are applied by the directors to fit out
ambassadors, consuls, and such public functionaries as may be required to facilitate com-
mercial dealings, or to build factories, maintain cruisers, &c. The members of such
companies trade upon their own stock, and at their own risk. So that when the fine, or
tlie sum payable on admission into a regulated company, is moderate, it is impossible for
its mcnihiTs to form any combination that would have the effect of raising their profits
above the common level ; and there is the same keen and close competition amongst them
that there is amongst other classes of traders. A regulated company is, in fact, a device
for making those engaged in a particular branch of trade bear the public or political
expenses ircident to it, at the same time that it leaves them to conduct their own business
with their own capital, and in their own way.
Should, therefore, government at any time refuse, or be unable to afford, that protec-
tion to those engaged in any branch of trade which is necessary to enable them to carry
it on, their formation into a regulated company would seem to be the most judicious
measure that could be adopted ; inasmuch as it would obtain for them that protection
which is indispensable, without encroaching on the freedom of individual enterprise.
The African, the Levant, and some other branches of trade, were for a long time con-
ducted by open or regulated companies. These, however, have been recently abolished :
the African Company, by the act 1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. 28. ; and the Levant Company, by the
act 6 Geo. 4. c. .S3. The Russia Company still exists (See Russia Companv.)
In so far as relates to protection, it may perhaps be thought, for the reasons given by
Dr. Smith, that a joint stock company is better calculated to aiford it than a regulated
company. The directors of the latter having. Dr. Smith alleges, no particular interest
in the prosperity of the general trade of the company, for behoof of which, ships of war,
factories, or forts, have io be maintained, are apt to neglect them, and to apply their whole
energies to the care of their own private concerns. Hut the interest of the directors of
a joint stock company are, he contends, in a great measure identified with those of the
association. They have no private capital employed in the trade ; their profits must
depend upon the prudent and profitable management of the common stock ; and it may,
therefore, it is argued, be fairly presumed that they will be more disposed to attend care-
fully to all the means by which the prosperity of the association may be best secured. On
the other hand, however, it is seldom that the directors of joint stock companies stop at
the proper point ; having almost invariably attempted to extend their commercial dealings
by forcfr, and to become not only merchants but sovereigns. Nor is this any thing but
m
COMPANIES.
what might have been expected, seeing that the consideration and extensive patronage
accruing from such measures to the directors is generally of far more importance to them
than a moderate increase of the dividends on their stock. Whenever they have been
able, tliey have seldom scrupled to employ arms to advance their projects ; and instead of
contenting themselves with shops and factories, have constructed fortifications, embodied
armies, and engaged in war. But such has not been the case with regulated companies.
The businesses under their control have uniformly been conducted in a comparatively
frugal and parsimonious manner ; their establishments have been, for the most part, con-
fined to factories ; and they have rarely, if ever, allowed themselves to be seduced by
schemes of conquest and dominion.
And hence, considering them as commercial machines, it does not really seem that there
can be any doulit as to the superiority of a regulated over a joint stock company. The
latter has the defect, fijr which nothing almost can compensate, of entirelif excluding
individual enterprise aid competition. When such a company enjoys any peculiar privi-
lege, it naturally, in pursuing its own interest, endeavours to profit by it, how injurious
soever it may be to the public. If it have a monopoly of the trade with any particular
country, or of any particular commodity, it rarely fails, by imderstocking the home and
foreign markets, to sell the goods which it imports and exports at an artificially enhanced
price. It is not its object to employ a comparatively large capital, but to make a large
profit on a comparatively small capital. The conduct of the Dutch East India Company
in burning spices, that their price might not be lowered by larger importations, is an
example of the mode in which such associations uniformly and, indeed, almost necessarily
act. All individuals are desirous of obtaining the highest possible price for what they
have to sell ; and if they are protected by means of a monopoly, or an exclusive privilege,
from the risk of being undersold by others, they never hesitate about raising the price of
their products to the highest elevation that the competition of the buyers will allow them ;
and thus frequently realise the most exorbitant profits.
And yet, notwithstanding these advantages, such is the negligence, profusion, and
peculation, insejjarable from the management of great commercial companies, that even
those that have had the monopoly of the most advantageous branches of commerce have
rarely been able to keep out of debt. It will be shown in the article East India Com-
pany, that that association has lost by its trade ; and that, had it not been for the aid
derived from the revenues of India, it must long since have ceased to exist. To buy in
one market ; to sell with profit in another ; to watch over the perpetually occurring
variations in the prices, and in the supply and demand of commodities ; to suit with
dexterity and judgment the quantity and quality of goods to the wants of each market ;
and to conduct each operation in the best and cheapest manner ; requires a degree of
xmremitting vigilance and attention, which it would be visionary to expect from the
directors or servants of a great joint stock association. Hence it has happened, over
and over again, that branches of commerce which proved ruinous to companies, have
become exceedingly profitable when carried on by individuals.
5. Constitution of Companies. — When application is made to parliament for an act
to incorporate a number of individuals into a joint stock company for the prosecution of
any useful undertaking, care ought to be taken not to concede to them any privileges that
may be rendered injurious to the public. If a company be formed for the construction
of a dock, a road, or a canal, it may be necessary, in order to stimulate individuals to
engage in the undertaking, to give them some peculiar privileges for a certain number
of years. But if other persons were to be permanently hindered from constructing new
docks, or opening new lines of communication, a lasting injury might be done to the
public. It may be highly expedient to incorporate a company for the purpose of bring-
ing water into a city ; l)ut supposing there were no springs in the vicinity, other than
those to which this company has acquired a right, they might, unless restrained by the
act incorporating them, raise the price of water to an exorbitant height ; and make large
profits for themselves at the expense and to the injury of the public. In all cases of this
sort ; and in the case, indeed, of all joint stock companies established for the formation
of canals, railroads, &c. ; it would be sound policy to limit the rates charged for their
services, or on accoimt of the water, ships, goods, &c. conveyed by their means, and also
to limit the dividends, or to fix a maximum beyond which they should not be augmented :
enacting, that if the rates charged by the company produce more than sufficient to pay
the maximum rate of dividend, and to defray the wear and tear of the aqueduct, canal,
&c., they shall be allowed to red:.ce them till they only yield this much ; and, in the
event of their declining to do so, that the whole surplus above paying the dividend shall
be applied to purchase up the stock of the association, so that ultimately the charges on
account of dividends may be entirely abolished. Had this principle been acted upon
when canals first began to be formed in England, the carriage of goods conveyed by
some of the most important lines of communication would now have cost almost nothing;
and this desirable result might have been accomplished in the way now suggested, with-
♦ '
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380
COMPANIES.
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out, \vc believe, cliininisliing in nny degree tlic number of those undertakings. Tliere
are few who, at the time tlicy engage in such enterprises, suppose tliat they will yield
more than 10 or I'J per cent. ; and vast numbers will always be disposed to engage in
them, if tliere be any reasonable prospect of tlieir yielding this much. Now, when sucli
is the case, is it not the duty of government to provide, in the event of the undertaking
becoming in an unexpected and nnusitnl deyree profitable, that the ])uhlic should derive
some advantage from it ? This is not a case in which competition can reduce profits to
the common level. The best, perhajjs the only practicable, line for a canal or railroad
between any two places will be appropriated by those wlio are first in the field ; who
thus, in fact, obtain a natural monopoly of which they cannot be deprived : and hence
the adviintage of limiting the charges and dividends : without discouraging enterprise,
it affords a security that jjrivate individuals shall not reap an unusual and unlooked for
profit at the expense of the public.
In all those cases in which companies arc formed for the prosecution of undertakings
that may be carried on, with equal advantage to the public, by individuals ; or where
there are no very consi(icral)le difticulties to overcome, or risks to encounter ; they ought
to enjoy no privilege whatever, but should be regarded, in every point of view, as if
they were mere individuals.
For accounts of the principal joint stock and regulated companies established in this
country, see the articles Bank of England, Docks, East India Company, Insurance,
Russia Company, &c. &c.
6. Companies en Commandite, — In France there is a sort of companies denominated
socictcs en commandite. A society of this description consists of one or more partners,
liable, without limitation, for the debts of the company; and one or more partners, or
commanditaires, liable only to the extent of the funds they have subscribed. A com-
manditaire must not, however, take any part in the business of the company ; if he do
this, he loses his inviolability, and makes himself responsible for the debts of the asso-
ciation. The names of the partners in such societies must be published, and the amopnt
of the sums contributed by the commanditaires.
It has been proposed to introduce partnerships of this sort into this country ; but it
seems very doubtful whether any thing would be gained by such a measure. Partner-
ships en commandite may be very easily abused, or rendered a means of defrauding the
public. It is quite visionary to imagine that the commanditaires can be prevented from
indirectly influencing the other partners ; and supposing a collusion to exist amongst
them, it might be j Dssible for them to divide large sums as profit, when, perhaps, they
had really sustained a loss ; and to have the books of the association so contrived, that
it might be very difficult co detect the fraud. This, it is alleged, is by no means a rare
occurrence in France.
7. Civic Companies, or Corporations. — Exclusive of the companies previously men-
tioned, a number of ancient companies or corporations exist in this and most other
European countries, the members of which enjoy certain political as well as commercial
privileges. When the feudal system began to be subverted by the establishment of
good order and regular government in the towns, the inhabitants were divided into
certain trades or corporations, by which the magistrates and other functionaries were
chosen. The members of these trades, or corporations, partly to enhance the value of
their privileges, and partly to provide a resource, in case of adversity, for themselves,
acquired or usurped the power of enacting by-laws regulating the admission of new
members, and at the same time set about providing a fund for the support of such as
accident or misfortune might reduce to a state of indigence. Hence the origin of
apprenticeships, the refusal to allow any one not a member of a corporation to carry on
any business within the precincts of any town corporate, and the various regulations that
had to be subiiitted to, and the fees that had to be paid by the claimants for inrolment
in corporations. For a lengthened period these privileges and regulations were very
oppressive. Within the last century, however, their influence has been progressively
diminishing. In France, where the abuses inseparable from the system had attained to
a very great height, it was entirely swept off by the Revolution : and though corpo-
rations still exist in this country, they have been stripped of several of their peculiar fran-
chises ; and should now, for the most part, be regarded more, perhaps, in the light of
charitable than of political institutions. It would be well, however, were they reduced
entirely to the former character ; and were the few political and commercial privileges,
which they still enjoy, communicated to the rest of the citizens. At their first institu-
tion, and for some time after, corporations, considered as political bodies, were probably
useful : but such is no longer the case ; and in so far as they now possess any special
immunities, they tend to obstruct that free competition that is so advantageous.
The following extract from a Report on the Commerce and Manufactures of the United
States, drawn up by Albert Gallatin, Esq., then secretary to the Treasury, and laid
before Congress in 1816, sets the superior advantages resulting from the unrestricted
P
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COMPASS.
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freedom of iiulustiy in n very striking point of view. " No cause," says lie, " has,
perhaps, more promoted in every respect the general improvement of tlie United States,
than the al)senee of those systems of internal restriction and monopoly which continue
to disfigure the state of society in other countries. No laws exist here, directly or
indirectly, confining men to a i)articular occupation or pl.ice, or excluding any citizen from
any branch he may, at any time, think i)roper to pursue. In<lusfry is, in every respect,
free and unfettered ; every species of trade, commerce, and profession, and manufacture,
being e<iually open to all, without requiriiuj any regular apprenticeship, admission, or
licence. Hence the imjjrovement of America has not been confined to the improvement
of her agriculture, and to the rapid formation and settlement of new states in the wil-
derness ; but her citizens have extended their commerce to every part of the globe, and
carry on with complete success even those branches for which a monopoly had heretofore
been considered essentially necessary."
There is in liees's Ci/eloptedia, article Company, a list of the different Civic Companies
belonging to the City of London, in which the periods of their incoritoration, and various
other important piirticulars with respect to several of them, are specified.
COMPASS (Ger. Ein Kompass ; Du. Zevhompas ; Da. Soekompass ; Sp. Sjucom~
pass; Fr. Boutsole, Compas de mer ; It. Biissola ; Sp. Aguja de marcar ; I'ort. Com-
passode marear ; Rus. Kompass /torabelniii), or mariner's compass, an instrmnent com-
posed of a needle and card, by which the ship's course is directed. The needle, with
little variation, always points towards the north, and hence the mode of steering by tho
compass.
The common opinion is that the comp.^ss was invented by Flavio Gioia, a citizen of
the once famous republic of Amalphi, very near the beginning of the fourteenth century.
Dr. Robertson has adopted this opinion, and regrets that contemporary historians furnish
no details as to the life of a man to whose genius society is so deeply indebted. — ( Hist,
of America, vol. i. p. 47. 8vo ed.) But though Gioia may have made improvements on
the compass, it has been shown that he has no claim to be considered as its discoverer.
Passages have been pnuluced from writers who flourished more than a century before
Gioia, in which the polarity of the needle, when touched by the magnet, is distinctly
pointed out. Not only, however, had this singular property been discovered, but also
its application to the purposes of navigation, long previously to the fourteenth century.
Old French writers have been quoted ( Marphcrson's Annals of Commerce, anno 1 iiOO ;
Jiees's Cyclopadia), that seem fully to establish this fact. But whatever doubts
may exist with respect to them, cannot affect the passages which the learned Spanish
antiquary, Don Antonio de Capmany (Questiones Criticas, p. 73 — 132.), has given
from a work of the famous Raymond Lully (2?c Contemplutiotie) published in 1272.
In one place Lully says, " as the needle, when touched by the magnet, naturally
turns to the north " {sicut acus per naturam vertitur ad septentrionem dum sit facta
u maynete). This is conclusive as to the author's acquaintance with the polarity of
the needle ; and the following pfissage from the same work — " as the nautical needle
directs mariners in their navigation " {sicut acus nautica dirigit marinarios in sua naviga~
tione, Sj-c.) is no less conclusive as to its being used by sailors in regulating their
course. There are no means of ascertaining the mode in which the needle Raymond
Lully had in view was made use of. It has been suiticiently established — (see the autho-
rities already referred to, and Azuni, Dissertation sur V Origine de la Boussote,) — that it
was usual to float the needle, by means of a straw, on the surface of a basin of water ;
and Capmany contends that we are indebted to Gioia for the card, and the method now
followed of suspending the needle ; improvements which have given to the compass all
its convenience, and a very large jiortion of its utility. But this part of his Dissertation,
though equally learned and ingenious, is by no means so satisfactory as the other. It is
difficult to conceive how mariners at sea could have availed themselves of a floating
needle ; but, however this may be, it seems most probable that Gioia had considerably
improved the construction of the compass ; and that, the Amalphitans having been the
first to introduce it to general use, he was, with excusable partiality, represented by them,
and subsequently regarded l)y others, as its inventor.
The reader will not consider these details out of place in a work on commerce, which
the compass has done so much to extend. " Its discovery," to borrow the language of
Mr. Macpherson, " has given birth to a new era in the history of commerce and navi-
gation. The former it has extended to every shore of the globe, and increased and mul-
tiplied its operations and beneficial effects in a degree wliich was not conceivable by
those who lived in the earlier ages. The latter it has rendered expeditious, and com-
paratively safe, by enabling the navigaior to launch (mt ujion the ocera free from the
danger of rocks and shoals. By the use of tiiis noble instrument, the whole world has
become one vast commercial commonwealth, the most distant inhabitants of the earth
are brought together for their mutual advantage, ancient prejudices are obliteuited, and
mankind are civilised and enlightened." — (Vol. i. p. 3GC.)
;i ei I ill
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382
COMPOSITION.— CONSTANTINOPLE.
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COMPOSITION, in commerce, commonly implies the dividend or sum paid by an
insolvent debtor to his creditors, and accepted by tlicm in payment for their debts.
CONEY WOOL (Ger. KaninchenwoUe ; Du. Komjnhair ; Fr. Foil de Inpin ; It.
Pelo di Conigiio; Sp. Conejumi), the fur of rabbits. This article is extensively used
in the bat manufacture ; and besides the large supplies raised at home, a great deal is
imported. The imports usually range from about 300,000 to about 500,000 skins
a year; but, in 1831, they exceeded 900,000, while, in 1827, they were only 197,000.
CONSTANTINOPLE, formerly the metropolis of the Eastern, as it still is of the
Turkish Empire, is situated on a triangular point of land, on the European side of the
Sea of Marmara (Propontis), at the point where it unites with the Uosphorus, or
channel leading to the Black Sea, in lat. 41° O' 12'' N., Ion. 28° 59' 2" E. Population
variously estimated at from 300,000 to 600,000, but believed, by the best authorities, to
be about 400,000. The situation of this renowned city is, in a commercial point of
view, one of the finest imaginable. Standing on the narrow straits uniting the Medi-
terranean and Euxine Seas, she at once 'commands, and is the entrepot for, the com-
merce between them. The harbour, whence the Turkish court has taken the appellation
of the Sublime Porte, is most excellent. It consists of an extensive inlet, or arm of the
sea, stretching along the north-east side of the city, which it divides from the suburbs
of Galata and Pera. It has sufficient depth of water to float the largest ships, and can
accommodate more than 1 ,000 sail. The strong current that sets through the Bosphorus
into thi" Sea of Marmara strikes against Seraglio Point — (see Plan); apart of the water,
being in consequence forced into the harbour, runs along its south-western side in the
direction marked by the arrows — (see Plan), — till, arriving at its extremity, it escapes
by the opposite side. In the middle the water is still. On leaving the port, it is neces-
sary to keep well over to the northern side; for otherwise the ship might be taken by the
current, and driven on Seraglio Point. It may be worth while, however, to remark,
that notwithstanding this inconvenience, the current has been of signal service to tlie
city, by scouring the harbour, and carrying away the filth and ballast by which it must
otherwise have been long since choked up. The distance across from Seraglio Point to
the opposite suburb of Scutari, on the Asiatic coast, is rather more than an English mile.
Within less than ^ of a mile of the latter is a rocky islet, upon which is a tower
and light-house, known by the name of the Tower of Leander. Foreigners reside in
Galata, Pera, and the suburbs on the eastern side of the harbour ; ond it is thtx'e,
consequently, that the principal trade of the place is carried on. The quays are good,
and ships lie close alongside.
The Bosphorus, or channel of Constantinople, runs in a N.E. by N. direction about
15 miles, varying in breadth from ^ to -J- mile. It is swept by a rapid current, which
it requires a brisk gale to stem, and has throughout a great depth of water. The
Hellesiiont, or strait of the Dardanelles, leading from the Archipelago to the Sea of
Marmara, is about 13 leagues in length. Its direction is nearly N.E. Where nar-
rowest, it is little more than a mile across. It also is swept by a strong current, and has
deep water throughout.
The subjoined plan of p.art of Constantinople and its port is copied, without reduction,
from the beautiful pliin of the city and Bosphorus, drawn and engraved by M. MerzofF
Robert of Munich, and published by Mr. Wilde, of this city.
Nothing can be more imposing than the appearance of the city when seen from the
sea, but on landing the illusion vanishes. The streets are narrow, dark, ill-paved and
irregular. Owing to the want of any effective system of police, and of the most ordi-
nary attention to cleanliness, they are extremely filthy ; and are infested with herds of
dogs, and also with rats, which perform the functions of scavengers. The houses are
mostly built of wood, and fires are very frequent. Most of these happen designedly ;
the burning of a few hundred houses being deemed the readiest and most effectual
means of making the government aware of the public dissatisfaction, and of procuring a
redress of grievances !
3/onf;/. — Accounts are kept in piastres of 40 paras, or 120 aspers. The Turkish coin has been so
much degraded, that the piastre, which a few years ago was worth 2s. sterling, is now worth little more
than 4rf. A bag of «ilver [kefer) = SOO piastres, and a bag of gold {kilze) = 30,000 piastres.
Weights and Measures. — The commercial weights are — 176 drams = 1 rottolo ; 2'272 rottoli = 1 oke ;
6 okes = 1 batman ; 7| batmans = 1 quintal or cantaro = 124457 (1-4} very nearly) lbs. avoirdu.
pois = 56'4'!7 kilogrammes = llt>'527 lbs. of Hamburgh. The quintal of cotton is 45 okes = 127'2 lbs.
avoirdupois.
The pik, or pike, is of two sorts, the greater and the less. The greater, called halebi or arschim
used in the measurement of silks and woollens, is very near 28 inches (27'9). The lesser, called endese,
used in the measuring of cottons, carpets, &c. = 27 inches. Hence 100 long piks = 77 498 English
yards, and 100 short piks = 75'154 do. But in ordinary commercial affairs, the pik is estimated at } of
an English yard.
Corn is measured by the Itislox or killow = 0'941 of a Winchester bushel ; 8J kisioz = 1 quarter. The
fortin — 4 kisioz.
Oil and other liquids are sold by the alma or meter = 1 gallon 3 pints English wine meaiure. The
alma of oil should weigh 8 okes. — {Nelkenbrec/icr and Dr. Kel/a.)
The Port Charges on account of English vessels in the harbours of the Ottoman empire are fixed
by treaty at SOO aspen, neither more nor less.
§
■ii V
CONSTANTINOPLE.
383
The
•e. The
re fixed
w
SEA OF
MARMARA
Re:ita
References to Plan. — A, Seraglio Point : B, Galata ; C, Srutari ; D, Tower and lighthouse of Leander.
The arrows show the direction of the currents. The soundings are in fathoms.
Trade, S^c. — Owing to the vicious institutions of the Turks, and the disorganised
state of the empire, the trade of Constantinople is very far from being so extensive as
might be supposed from its situation and population. Tlie imports consist of corn, iron,
timber, tallow, and furs, principally from the Black Sea; and of cotton stuffs and yarn,
tin, tin plates, woollens, silks, cutlery, watches and jewellery, paper, glass, furniture,
indigo, cochineal, &c. from England and other European countries. Corn and coiTeo
are imported from Alexandria ; but a good deal of Brazil and West India coffee is also
imported, particularly in American bottoms. Sugar is partly imported from the East, but
P'
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CONSTANTINOPLE.
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1irincii)a11y from tlic West Indies. Tlio exports nre very triflinpr, consisting of silk, car
jiets, hides, wool, goats' liair, potashes, wax, golls, bullion and diamonds, and a few
other articles. - -
return cargoes at Sniyr , . , ,
cure l)iils at Constantinople. Trade is chieHy in the hands of English, French, and
other Kuroi)ean merchants (denominated Franks), and of
Ships carrying goods to Constantinople, either return in ballast, or get
at Smyrna, Odessa, Saloniea, &c., on which places they frequently pro-
Armenians and Greeks.
Commem
of the
the h
is entitled to
on commerce,
Bargains are negotiated on tlieir account l)y Jew brokers, some of whom are rich
Commerriid Policy of the Turks. — It is singular that as respects connnerce, the policy
e Turkish government, whether originating in design or carelessness,
ighest praise. " No restrictions," says ^Nlr. Thornton, " are laid (
except in tiie instance of a general prohibition of exporting the articles necessary for the
support of human life to foreign countries, especially from the capital, where alone it is
rigorously enforced ; and this impolitic restraint will no doubt l)e removed, when the
Turki.^li government shall become sensible, that what is intended as the means of
securing abundance, is, in fact, the sole cause of that scarcity which is sometimes expe-
rienced. Witli this one exception, connnerce is pertectly free and unfettered. Every
jtrticlc of foreign or domestic growth or manufacture is conveyed into every port, and
over every province, without any interference on the part of the magistrates, after pay-
ment of the duties. On this subject I speak from actual experience, and may appeal
to every foreign or native merchant in Turkey for Its general truth." — (Present State
of Turkey, vol. i. p. 82.)
The duties, too, are extremely moderate, being only three per cent, on imports, and as
as much on exports ; so that in almost all that relates to her commercial regxdations,
Turkey is entitled to read a lesson to the most civilised European powers ; and this
die has done in a very able manner, in an oflficial paper published in the Monifcitr
Ottoman, in September, 1832. We extract a few paragraphs from this very interesting
document.
" It is recogniseil tlirbughout Europe that it would be useful to the great majority to substitute, for
the system of prohibitions, that of liberty, which theoretical men advocate; (he ditticiilty is, to find
means to separate the future from the past without a violent rupture. Hence the ditticultics of govern-
ment in satisfying all the exigencies of agriculture, industry, and commerce, driven in a circle where
every measure in favour of one, acts immediately in an inverse sense on the other. The endeavour is
vain to establish, between so many crossii.g interests, a factitious equilibrium which absolute liberty of
exchange alone can give.
" 'I'hus, one of the most important questions which occupies the meditation of statesmen in Europe,
is, to discover how the palings which jien commerce up in narrow spaces may be thrown down withou
shocks that might endanger public order.
" Good sense, tolerance, and hospitality, have long ago done for the Ottoman empire, what the other
states of Europe are endeavouring to cflect by more or less happy political combinations. Since the
throne of the sultans has been elevated at Constantinople, commi-rcial prohibitions have been unknown;
they opened all the ports of their empire to the commerce, to the manufactures, to the territorial pro.
duce of the Occident, or, to say better, of the whole world. Liberty of commerce has reigned here
without limits, as largo, as extended as it was possible to be.
" Never has the divan dreamed, under any pretext of national interest, or even of reciprocity, ot
restricting that faculty which has l)een eserciseti, and is to this day, in the most unlimited sense, by all
the nations who wish to furnish a portion of the consumption of this vast empire, ami to share in the
produce of its territory.
(• " Here every object of exchange is admitted, and circulates without mn' iig any obstacle other than
the payment of an inflnitely small portion of the value to the Custom-hou,-i'. The chimera of a balance
of trade never entered into heads sensible enough not to dream of calculating whether there was most
profit in buying or selling. Thus the markets of Turkey, supplied from all countries, refusing no objects
which mercantile spirit jiuts in circulation, and imposing no charge on the vessels that transjmrt them,
are seldom or never the scenes of those disordered movements occasioned by the sudden deficiency of
such or such merchandise, which, exorbitantly raising prices are the scourges of the lower orders, by
unsettling their habits, and by inflicting privations, from the system of restrictions and prohibitions
arise those devouring tides and ebbs which sweep away in a day the labour of vcars, and convert com.
mcrce into a career of alarms and perpetual dangers. In Turkey, where thi. system does not exist,
these disastrous efl'ects are unknown.
" The extreme moderation of the duties is the complement of this regime of commercial liberty : and
in no portion of the globe are the officers charged with the collection, of more confiding facility for the
valuations, and of so decidedly conciliatory a spirit in every transaction regarding commerce.
" Away with the supposition that these facilities granted to strangers, are concessions extorted from
weakness ! The dates of the contracts termed capitulations, which establish the rights actually enjoyed
by foreign merchants, recall periods at which the Mussulman power was altogether predominant in
Europe. The first capitulation which France obtained was in 15;!,0, from Soliman the Canonist (the Mag.
nlficent). The dispositions of these contracts have become antiquated, the fundamental principles remain.
Thus, 300 years ago, the sultans, by an act of munificence and of reason, anticipated the most ardent
desires of civilised Europe, and proclaimed unlimited freedom of commerce."
Did the policy of Turkey in other respects harmonise with this, she would be one of
the most civilised and powerful of nations, instead of being one of the most abject and
degraded. Unfortunately, however, this is very far from being the case. Tyranny,
corruption, and insecurity imiversally prevail. " The cultivator of the soil is ever a help-
less prey to injustice and oppression. The government agents have to suffer in their
turn from the cruelty and rapacity of which they themselves have been guilty ; and the
manufacturer has to bear his full share of the common insecurity ; he is fixed to the
spot and cannot escape the grasp of the local governor. The raw material monopolized
by a bey or ayan, may be forced upon 'lim at a higher price than be could purcliase it
himself, and perhaps of inferior quality ; fines may be imj)osed upon liiin, ho may bo
CONSTANTINOPLE.
385
ed ft-om
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taken for forcid lahour, or troojis may In; qimrtcrcd on liis workshop." — ( I'rquhart on
Till III!/ mill ils Hisoiiiris, \^. \:i9.)
'J his iiiisiial)lo ^ysdiii li.is overspread soim- of thi- fairest provinees of Europe
and Asia with l)ariaii lu — tiiriied tliiir lities into villages, and their palaees into
eotta"-e-i: hut the (liiiiailation in wiiicli they are involved, wouM have been still more
foini)?eto, hut for the fieedoni of eomnieree they have always enjoyed. 'J'liis has tended
to keep alive (he seeds (jf industry, and to counteract the destructive influence of opprts-
hion and insecurity. Had their intercourse with foreigners been either proliibite<l, or
placed inider o|)i)ressiie re-.tricti(>iis, the barbarism of Turkey would have been com.
l)leted, and it is dillicult to supixise that there could have been either wealth or industry
in the em))ire.
Tia<k of Tinhvn iiit/i i:>i;,Jiniil. — 'J'i)o trade between this country and Turkey is of
nnich fjreater valiie and iniiK)rtanco than is generally supi)osed ; and appears to be
sn-ce])til)le (jf an almost iiideliiiite increase. Cotton stuHs and twist are the great
articles of export from Great liritain to 'i'mkey j and notwithstanding the convulsed
and distracted state of the latter dnriii,<j; the last 5 years, she has continued to take off
a rai)idly increasing amount of these staple articles. In IH'25, for example, we exporli'd
direct for 'i"in-key, (including what is now the kingdom of Greece), 13,674,000 yards
of cotton cloth, and -1 lf;,lri'_' lbs. of cotton twist; whereas, in 1831, we exported to
'I'urkey (exclusive of the IMorea), '_' 1,.';(;.';,000" yards of cloth, and 1,7.35,760 Ibf. of
twist, being an increase of nearly 100 jier cent, in the exjjorts of stufl's, and of 400 per
cent, in those of yarn ! The Tmkish manul'actures of muslins, ginghams, handkerchief!),
I've, have suffered severely from this extraordinary im])ortation of liritish goods ; so much
so, that of GOO looms for nuislins busily employed in Scutari in 1812, only 40 remained
in 18!il ; and of 2,0(K) weaving establishments in lournovo, at the former epoch, tliere
were oidy L'OO at the latter! — ( Un/ii/iiirt on Turin i/, §*c. j). 150.) But the great con-
sunijition of Turkey consists of coinse home-made fabrics; and we are assured by tlie
very intelligent author now referred to, that this great branch lias not been sensibly
allected by our inijiorts. Hitherto, indeed, they have been jirincipally intended for the
Avealtliier part of the commimity ; but as cottons are universally worn l)y the mass of the
people, the trade will not attain to any thing like tlie extent to which it may l)e carried,
till we supjily the peasantry with the stuPs suitable for their use. It is creditable to the
tliscermnent of the Americans, that they were the first to perceive the superior import-
ance of this class of customers, and to set about supp'ying them with coarse unbleached
stull's. The INIanehester maiuifacturers immediately followed in the same track, aiwl
with signal success. I'lain goods now form tlie lialf of our investments for Turkey ;
and it h inii)ossil)le, seeing the extent to which articles of this sort are made use of in
all parts of the empire, and, indeed, of the East, to form any clear idea of what may be
the futm-e magnitude of tliis trade.
Of the European states, Austria and Switzerland have been our most formidable
rivals in the stipply of Tmkey with cottons. The stuffs were, in several respects, well
fitted for the Eastern markets ; but owing to the difficulty they lay under of getting
returns, and tlie continued and rapid reduction in the price of English cottons, we seem
to have gained a decided advantage over them, and are now nearly in the exclusive pos-
session of the market. Cheapness is every where the grand desideratum. Though our
muslins and chintzes be still very inferior in fineness to those of the East, and our red
dye (a colour in great esteem in Turkey, Persia, &c.) be inferior in brilliancy, these
defects are more than balanced by the greater cheaimess of our goods ; and from Smyrna
to Canton, from IMadras to Samarcand, we are every where su])planting the native
fabrics ; and laying the foundations of a commerce that will be eminently beneficial to
all parties.
Kxclusivcof cottons, wc exported to Constantinople, Smyrna, and other Turkish ports, in 1831, arms
and ammunition of tlio value of 'J 1 ,78.1/. ; earthenware, (i,4.!4/. ; hardware and rut'.ery, 11,067/. ; iron and
steel, .OO.dii.V. ; refined sugar, 4I,(ii.'(i/. ; woollens, to ahovc 1S,()()0/. ; .ind some les-ser artirles ; making, with
cotton studii and yarn, tlie declare<l or real value of the direct exports of British produce and manufac-
tares to the whole empire WiH,(i.")4/., besides those exported to it at second hand from Malta, the Ionian
Islanrls, gic. We also supplied her with a eonsider.ible quantity of colonial produce. Our imports from
Turkey duriuR the same year, were, wheat 7,')H,'! quarters, currants 8,702 cwt., figs 26,243 cwt., hides
IfiH'i, indigo 4,181 lbs., madiler root ';.;,S,'y cut., olive oil 108,19) gallons, opium 8,184 lbs., raisins 100,458
cwt., silk ■l;V.','-'iiO lbs., valdiiia lUii.i.'y.'i cwt, cotton wool dCti,y50 lbs., with carpets, bullion, galls, sponges,
Si.c.~(l'ntl. Paper, No. ,0,0. Sess. 183;!.)
Our commerce with Turkey would be considerably facilitated by a reduction of the
duties on figs, currants, oil, and carpets. Nothing, however, would contribute so much
to its extension, as the establishment of order and tranquillity throughout the country.
But this, vi'e fear, is beyond the ability of the Ottoman government. The abuses
which have reduced the empire to its present state of degradation seem to be in-
herent in the structure of Turkish society, and to be in harmony with the habits and
prejudices of the people. If such be the case, reform must come from without, and not
from within. But of whatever other advantages a revolution might be productive) it is
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ciinTiciilt to lifliovp that !t woiilil luiiiff along willi it n more lilioral system of commiTciul
policy than llial wliioli at pri'si'iil oxists. *
CONSl'I,, ill coiiiiiuTo', an odii-iT appoiiiU'il l>y compi'tont aiitlmrily to ri'sido in
foriij^n coiintiii's, in the vii-w ttl" fiuililalinf; and ixtiiniiii); tin- loininiiix' carried on
between the snhjects of tlie country which appoints him, and those of the country or
place in which he is to reside.
Orii/in iiHil .■l/ipiiinliiiiiit iif ("(iii.siils. — The odice of consul ajjpears to have originated
in Itaiy, ahoiit the middle of the Iwilflli ci'iitiiry. Soon after this, liie I'Vench and other
Christian nations trading to the Levant began to stipulate for liherly to appoint consnis
to reside in the ports freipiented hy tiieir ships, that ihey might watch over the interestii
of their siihjeefs, and judge and delerniiiie siu'li diHeri'iices with respect to commercial
nllliirs as arose amongst lliein. 'I'lu' practice was gradually extendi'd to other countries;
nnd ill the sixteeiitli century was generally established ull over Kurope. — (Miirtenn,
I'lrcin ilii Droit tlm (,'iiis, § 117.)
Itritish consuls were formerly ap]>ointed by the Crown, U]ion the recommendation of
threat trading companies, or of the merchants engaged in the trade with a particular
country or plact*; hut they are now directly appointed by governmeiK, wilhont recpiiriiig
any nucIi recommendation, though it, of course, is always attended to when made.
The right of sending consuls to reside in foreign countries de|iends either upon a
tacit or express convention. Hence their powers ditler very widely in dillerent statcfi.
In some tliey exercise a very extensive jurisdiction over tlie subjects of the state whicli
n))points them ; hut the extent of this jurisdiction is not discretionary, and must, in all
cases, lie regulated either by an express convention lietween (he state appointing and
the state receiving the consul, or by custom. Consuls established in Mngland have no
judicial power; nnd the ISrilish government has rarely slipulateil with other jmwers for
much judicial authority for its consnis. 'I'urkey, however, is an exception to this remark.
English consnis enjoy in that ccnintry several peculiar jirivilegcs conferred by ancient
treaties, and ccmlirmed by that signed al the Dardanelles in IHUii. It is there stipulated
nnd agreed upon —
I " That if there hniipen nny suit, or otlicr iliUVrcnrc or (li«piitp, nmonp; the Fiinlish thciiisclvoa, thr
decision IhcnvJ' shnll /«' lijt to their own iini/iii.s.stidor or consii/, aci'orilini,' to their lusloiii, without thu
judge or otliur governors, our slaves, iiiti'mii'iiilliiii,' therein.
" Tliat if an KnKlishiiiaii, or other Bulijei't of that nation, sliall lie involved in any lawsuit, or other
aft'air coiineeted with law, (with a 'l"urk,» the judi-e shall not lii'ar nor ileeidi- thereon, until the anihas.
sailor, consul, ur interpreter shall lie present ; and all suits exceeding the vuluu of 4,IXIU aspers, shall be
heard at the Sublime I'orte, and no where else.
" That the consuls appointed by the I'lnnlish ainb.-issadors in onr sacred doniiniona, for the protection
of their merchants, shall never, under any pretence, be imprisoneil, nor their houses sealrtl up, nor
tlicni.selves sent away ; but ull suits or diHi'rences in which tliry may be involved, shall be represented to
our Sublime I'orte, where their ambassador will answer for them.
" 'J'liat in rase any Kn^^lishmaii, or otln'r person subject to that nation, or navif;atin(( tmder its ttitg,
ihould happen to die in our sacred dominions, our Used ami other ollicers kliall not, u|)on preti'iice of it!i
not iM'iiiK known to whom the property belongs, intcrpoM' any opposition or violence, bv takiiij? or seiziiiK
the eti'eets that may be found at his death, l)ut they shall be ilelivered up to such l')nglishman, who-
ever he may be, to whom the deeeasi'd may have left them by his will ; anil should he have died intes.
tate, then the jwoperty shall be delivered up to the Knt;lish consul, or bis representative who maybe
then present ; and in ease there be no consul, or consular representative, they shall be registered by the
judge, in order tu his delivering U|> the whole thereof, whenever any ship shall be sent by the ambassador
to receive the same."
Conformably to these capitulations, and the I)y-laws of the Levant Company, No.s. H9,
40, and 41., the consuls were authorised to administer justice in all cases of contention
amongst British subjects within the 'I'urkish dominions ; and they were further autho-
rised to send to England, in safe custody, any Hrifish subject resident in 'I'urkey, who
shoidd decline their jurisdiction, or appeal tViim them to the courts t)f the Grand
Signior, or of any other potentate. Ami the act (> Geo. 4. c. ii'X § 4., for the abolition
of the Levant Company, expressly provides for the continuance to the consuls ai)pointed
by his Majesty, of the siime rights and duties of jurisdiction over British subjects in
Turkey, that were enjoyed by tlie consuls aiipointed by tlie Company.
At present, therefore, consuls in Turkey enjoy extensive judicial jiowers ; but owing
to the freedom of Turkish commerce, and the simjilicity of the regulations under which it
is carried on, their other functions, with the exception of furnishing statistical details, none
• The treatise of Mr. Urquhart, entitled Turkey nnd its Jlesources, to which we are principally
indebted for these details, is a work of ilistingiiished talent, discovering throughout an intimate acquaint-
ance with the subjects treated of At the same time we cannot help diflering wholly from Mr. Urquhart
In his views as to direct and indirect taxatiim. We believe that no inconsiderable part of the ))overty
and degradation of Turkey is to be ascribed to the prevalence of the Ibrmer, which has every where,
and at all periods, been a fruitful source of oppression and misery. The most superticial reader of this
work will see that we are no friends to excessive cusKmis duties ; but it is to their abuse, and not to
the duties themselves, that we olycct. The duties we impose on brandy, for example, have been carried
to such a height as to defeat their object, and to be productive of an immense amount of smuggling and
demoralisation. And yet there can l)e no more proper subject of taxation ; nor, provided the duties
were reducetl to 8s. or Wa. a gallon, is it possible to imagine any less unexceptionable tax. The defects
inherent in our system of customs duties might easily be removed, not only without any diminution,
but with a large accession, of revenue ; but though it were otherwise, we are satisfied that the imposition
of direct taxes on property or income would occasion more injury in the course of 4 or 5 years, than
the present customs duties, with all their defects, would occasion in" half a century.
U-n.-^A
CONSl'L.
387
its (lap,
ii'i' dl' it*
or «i'i/.iii(j;
inn, whd-
Ictl illtl'H.
may lie
■il by tlio
iiubassaiiur
principally
nc(|uaiiit--
Uniuhart
jioverty
ry where,
cr of this
ml not to
en carried
;gling and
the duties
ho defects
minution,
m|)Osition
«r«, than
of wliiili thoy liavi- liitlioilo conimiiiiipiitid, arc ixlromoly imimimrtaiil.* IMr. IJrqiilinrt,
wlidsi- opiniDn iis to nil tlmt ri'spirls I'nrkfy is disirvi-dly ol' Mry ^rnit wi'inlit, Hwins
to lliiiik iliiit till- jiiilicial |iotttrs cnjoyiil l>y llii- Minoiu an i'oiimiIs in iliat coiiiilry, have
lii'i'M iiiodiu'livi' ol' inuili Ml
isfliii'l", Slill, liowi'vcr, wf doiilit wlii'llicr llii'y t'oidd Ik'
I with ill a coiinlrv so pi'i'ldiarly siliialcd. lint tlicn- can Ih> no doulit
t (arc sliotdd be taken in tlic selccliuti of the
i'iitircl\ dispi'iisc
that it is hijihiy necessary that the (^'reates
individuals to xrlioin such |iowcis an' intnistcd.
Other stales have occasionally ^jivcn to consuls similar powers
them in Turkey. 'I'liiis. in the treaty hetwic
to til
cone
Sweden and the I'nitcd Slate
led to
s uf
Imerica, ralilicd on the 'Jllli of July, ISIH, it is stipulated lluit the consuls appointed
ide within the iloniiiiions of the other, or their snhslitntuB,
liy I'illicr ;'ovtrnnieiit to res
such, have the rijiht of aclinic as jud^'cs or arhilers ui all cases o
if <iin
ereiice*!
I' the vessels of the nation wliow
which may arise Ifelwcen the captains and eri'ws o
nllairs are' intnistcd to llicir care. 'I'he respective governments shall have no ri^'lit to
interfere in these sort of alliiirs, except in the case of the conduct of the crews dislurliiliK
1)11
hii
c (inter and
I tranipiillity in the comilry in which the vessel may lia]i|)cli to h
in which the eoiisul of the place may he ()l»li},'ed to call for the intervention and support
of the executive power, in order to cause his decision to he respected ; it heinfr, however,
well understood, that this sort of judjiinent or arhitiation cannot dejirive the contending
parlies of their rij^dits of aiiiiealinjj; on their return to the judicial authorities of their
conniry."
Didivs of ('iiimiiln The duties of a consul, even in the eonfmed sonoc' in wliicli they
are commonly understood, are iinportaut and mullifarioiis. It is his business to be
always on the spot, to watch over the coniniereial interests of the subjects of the state
whose servant he is; to be ready to assist them with advice on all doubtful occasions ; tu
see that the conditions in commercial treaties are properly observed ; that those he is
appointed to )iroteet are sniijrcled to no unnecessary or iinjiisliliable demands in con-
•liictiii}; their business; to represent their f{rievaiices to the authorities at the place where
thcv reside, or to the amb.issador of the soverei^fii appointing; him at the court on
which the consulship (le|)en(ls, or to the fiovernment at home ; in a word, to exert him-
self to lender tlie con(lition_ of the subjects of the eoimtry employiiif^ him, within the
limits of his consulship, as comfortable, and their transactions us advantageous and
secure, as possililc.
The followiiiff more detailed exjiosition of the ocneral duties of a IJritish consul, is
taken from IMr. Chitty's work on Conimcnidl l.tiw : —
»' A IJritish coiisnl, in order to be iiroperly ipialilied for his employment, slioiild take
care to make 'limself master of the lanjfiia^e used by the court anil the maf^istracy of
the country where lie resides, so as to converse with ease ujioii subjects relatinjf to his
duties. If tlie common people of the )iort use another, he must acipiire that also, that
he may be able to settle little diUerences without troubling the magistracy of the ])lace
for the interposition of their authority ; such as accidents hiippening in the Iiarliuur, by
the ships of one nation running foul of and doing damage to each other.
" He is to make himself acipiainted, if lie be not already, with the law of nations and
treaties, with the tarill'or speeilieation of duties on articles imjiorted or exported, and
with all the municiiial ordinances and laws.
" He must take esjiecial notice of all jirohibitions to prevent the export or import of
any articles, as well on the part of the state wherein he resides, a<: of the government
employing him ; so that he may admonish all Hritisli subjects against carrying on an
illicit commerce, to the detriment of the revenues, and in violation of the luws of either.
And it is his duty to attend diligently to this part of his oflice, in order to prevent
smuggling, and conseipient hazard of eonfiseatioii or detenti(m of shijis, and imprison-
ment of the masters and mariners. — {lUiiwis, I.vx Merc. vol. ii. p. 4'J. )
" It is also his duty to protect from insult or im|)osition IJritisli subjects of every
description within his jurisdiction. If redress for injury suffered is not obtained, he is
to carry his complaint by memorial to the Hritisli minister residing at the court on wliich
the consulship depends. If there be none, he is to address himself directly to the
court ; and if, in an important case, his com])laint be not answered, he is to transmit the
memorial to his Majesty's secretary of state. — ( Deawes, Warden, Sfc)
" When insult or outrage is oflered by a British subject to a native of the place, and
tlie magistrate thereof comjilains to the consul, lie should summon, and In case of dis-
obedience may by armed force bring before him the olFender, and order him to give im-
mediate satisfaction ; and if he refuse, he resigns him to the civil jurisdiction of the
magistrate, or to the military law of the garrison ; nevertheless tiltvai/s uctiny as coumellor
or advocate at his trial, when there is (question of life or property.
• No'answer has hitherto (IStli of October 1833) been received to the Circular Queries from «ny one
of the Turkish consuls.
I >* 1
I i
'■' it,
m'
S88
CONSUL.
i^ti'l'
:^i^ fe
i^ If If
,■; .'
" But if a British subject be accused of an offence alleged to have been committed at
sea, witliin the dominion or jurisdiction of his sovereign, it is then tlie duty of the con-
sul to claim cognizance of the cause for his sovereign, and to require the release of the
parties, if detained in prison by the magistracy of tlie place on any such accusation
brought before them, and tliat all judicial proceedings against them do instantly cease ;
and he may demand the aid of the power of the country, civil and military, to enable
him to secure and put the accused parties on board such British ship as he shall th.ink
fit, that they may be conveyed to Great Britain, to be tried by their proper judges. If,
contrary to this requisition, the magistrates of the c(mntry persist in proceeding to try the
offence, the consul should then draw up and transmit a memorial to the British minister
at the court of that country ; and if that court give an evasive answer, the consul should,
if it be a sea offence, apply to the Board of Admiralty at London, stating the case ; and
Hpon their representation, the secretary for the i)roper department will lay the matter
before the king, who will cause the ambassador of the foreign state, resident in England,
to write to his court abroad, desiring that orders may immediately be given by that
government, that all judicial proceedings against tin prisoner be stayed, and that he be
released. — (See Case of Ilorsenuin and /lis Crew, Haiwes, vol. ii. p. 422.)
" It is the duty also of a British consul to relieve all distressed British mariners, to
allow them Gd. daily for their support, to send them home in the first British vessels
that sail for England, and to keep a regular account of his disbursements, which he is to
transmit yearly, or oftener if reqm'rcd, to the Navy Office, attested by two British mer-
chants of the place: this is provided for by positive enactment — (1 Geo. 2. s. 2. c. 14.
§12.) He is also to give free passes to all poor British subjects wishing to return
home, directed to the captains of the king's packet boats, or ships of war, requiring
them to take them on board. — (See Seamkn'.)
♦•' The consul is not to permit a British merchant ship to leave the port where he
resides without his passport, whiili he is not to grant imtil the master and crew thereof
have satisfied all just demands upon them; and for this purpose he ought to see the
governor's pass of a garrisoned town, or the burgomaster's ; imless the mercliant or
factor to whom the sliip was consigned will make himself responsible. — {Beawes, Lex
Mi-rc. vol. ii. p. 423.)
" It is also his duty to claim and rceovt r all wrecks, c.ibles, and anchors, belonging to
British ships, found at sea by fishermen ot other persons, to pay th« usual salvage, and
to communicate a report thereof to the iS'avy Board.
" The consuls and vice-consuls of his Majesty are, by express enactment (4G Geo, 3.
c. 98. § 9.), empowered to administer oitlis in .ill cases respecting quarantine, in like
manner as if they were magistrates of t ae several towns or places where they respect-
ively reside. It is also laid down, that a consul is to attend, if requested, all arbitrations
where property is concerned between mtstcrs of British ships and the freighters, being
inhabitants of the place %vhere he resides. " — (^Chitty on Commercial Law, vol. i. pp. 58
— 61., and the numerous authorities tJiere quoted.)
Any individual, whether ho be a suiyect of the state by which he is appointed, or of
another, may be selected to fill the office of consul, provided ho be approved an-i ad-
mitted by the government in whose territory he is to reside. In most instances, however,
but not always, consuls are the subjet ts of the state appointing them.
Much, however, of the peculiar duties of a consul must always depend on the nature
of the intercourse with the country to which he is sent, and of the instructions given
him. British consuls are regularly supplied with copies of all acts relating to trade and
navigation, quarantine, slave trade suppression, emigration, &c., and with the treaties
between this and other countries, and must, of course, shape their conduct accordingly.
They are strictly forbidden from corresponding with private parties on public matters.
We subjoin an extract from the General instructions for British Consuls.
" He will bear hi mind tliat it is his principal duty to protect anil promote the lawful trade and
trading iiitoicsts of Great Dritain by every f.iir and proper mt-ans, talking care to conform to the laws
and regulations in question j and whilst ho is supiHirting the lawful trade of Great Britain, he will take
special n^itico of all prohibitions with respect to the export or import of si)eci tied articles, as well on
the part of the state in which he resides, as of the government of Great Britain, so that he may caution
all British sulyecis ag.iinst carrying on an illicit commerce to the detriment of the revenue, and in
violation of the laws and regulations of either country; and he will not fail to give to this de|>artment
immediate notice of any attempt to contravene those laws and regulations.
" The consul will give his best advice and assistance, when called upon, to his Majesty's trading sub.
jects, quieting their diHbrences, promoting (M-'ace, harmony, and good.will amongst them, and conciliating
as much jis possible tlie subjects of the two countries, upon all points of difterence which may fall under
his cognizance. In the event of any attempt being made to injure British subjects either in their
persons or property, he will uphold their rightful interests, and the privileges secured to them by treaty,
by due representation in the proper odlcial quarter. He will, at the same time, be car< ful to conduct
hnnsclf with mildness and moderation in all his tran.s.ictions with the public authorities, and he will
not upon any account urge claims, on behalf of his Majesty's subjects, to which they are not justly
and fairly entitled. If redress cannot be obtained from the local administration, or if the matter of
complaint be not within their jurisdiction, the -'onsnl will apply to his Majesty's consul-general, or to
his Majesty's minister, if there be no consul-general in the country wherein he resides, in order that he
may make a representation to the higher authorities, or take such other steps in the case as ho miiy
^af--:-
Jl II IJ PW|» _^_ !■
CONSUL.
389
nature
lis given
rade and
treaties
dlngiy.
matters.
trade and
tlio laws
will take
well on
ly caution
le, •imt in
jjiartmeut
(ling sub.
nciliating
fall uniler
in tlieiv
by treaty,
o conduct
id he will
lot justly
matter of
ral, or to
r that he
,b ho m»y
think proper; and the consul will pay strict attention to the instruction«_which he may receive irom
the minister or consul-general."
Emnluments of Cansuls. Prohihition of Tradimj, §-c. — The emoluments of our consuls
were, until these few years, lirincijially derived from certain fees, depending on the ton-
nage, length of the voyages, &c. of the British ships entering and clearing out of the
limits of their consulships. But this mode of remunerating them was materially changed
i.v the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 87. The fees payable under this act — (see ;«)«<) — are but
inconsiderable ; but the deficiency has been, partly at least, compensated by salaries
allowed iiy government.
At present, British consuls are, in some instances, permitted to carry on trade, while
in others they are interdicted from having any thing to do with it. The principle on
which the distinction is made does not seem very obvious. We observe, for example,
tliat tlie consul at Petersburgli, who must have a great deal to do, is allowed to trade ;
while the consul at Odessa, whos-e duties must be much lighter, is denied this privilege.
There is the same distinction between the consuls at Venice and Trieste ; the latter,
whose duties must be the heavier of the two, being allowed to act as a merchant, while
the other is not. If this distinction must be kept up, the preferable plan would seem to
be to interdict all consuls resident at the great ports, and those resident at other ports
princii>ally in the character of political agents, from trading ; and to permit it to others.
The public duties of the former are either quite sufficient wholly to engross their attention,
or they are of such a kind as would make it very inexpe<lient for those employed in them
to be occupied in mercantile pursuits : in the case of the smaller class of ports, but little
frequented by British ships, and where the consuls have no peculiar political functions to
discharge, there is a less urgent necessity for prohibiting them from carrying on business on
their own account. At the same tinic, however, we are clearly of opinion that it would in
<dl cases be better not to allow consuls to engage, either directly or indirectly, in any sort of
industrious undertaking. The main end and purpose of their institution is the facilitating
of commerce with the nation in which they reside ; and in furtherance of such object
they ought, on all occasions, to communicate the fullest and earliest information in their
power touching commercial matters, not only to the government that appoints them, but
to such of its subjects as may apply for their advice and assistance. But, however
advantageous publicity may be to others, it may in various ways be '.'xtrcmcly hostile to
the interests of the consul considered in his capacity of merchant ; and, when his own
advantage and his public duty are set in ojiposition, it requires little sagacity to discover
which will have the ascendancy. Hence the fair presumption is, that a trading consul
will rather endeavour to profit by the peculiar information his situation may enable him
to obtain, than to communicate it to others. His interests as a merchant must frequently,
also, even when such is not really the case, appear to be in opposition to those of the
parties for whose behoof he is said to be appointed ; and under such circumstances, his
proceedings, however fair, will always be liable to the suspicion of partiality. It is
material, also, to observe that mercantile consuls labour under peculiar disadvantages
in the obtaining of information. If a consul, not engaged in business, make a proper
application to a public functionary, or merchant, for information as to any subject with
which they may be acquainted, he will, in most instances, learn all that they know.
But it is obvious, on general principles, and we have been assured of the fact by some of
the most intelligent officers of the class, that if a trading consul make the same ap-
plication, the chances are 10 to I he will either learn nothing, or nothing that is not
false or misleading. The inquiries of the former excite no jealousy, tliose of the latter
invariably do. The former is known to be actuated only by a feeling of liberal curiosity,
or by a wish properly to discharge his public duties; but, the latter being engaged in
business, gets credit only lor selfish and interested motives, and is believed to be
seeking the information merely that he may turn it to his own account. A mercantile
consul is, therefore, unifiirmly the object of the :ii!si)!cions cf all parties, both of
liis countrymen, and of the foreigners amongst wlioni he resides. Instead of
being, as he oiglit to be, an independent public • functions'-y, he necessarily gets
entangled in the cabals and intrigues of those whose differences it is his province to
conciliate. He is tempted, also, to engage in smuggling adventures, contrary to his
duty, and highly injurious to the character of his nation. And though \vi should 1)6
proof against temptations of this sort, he is, like all other individuals, subject to misfor-
tune and bankruptcy ; and may, in this way, bring discredit and embarrassment on the
government that appoints him. 'I'hese reasons seem to je far more than sufficient to
vindicate the policy of interdicting consuls from trading. But were it other 'ise, it is
cnoiigli to decide the question to state, that if they be made iiroperly to perforin the
functions of their office, it will occupy every moment of their time. To the argument
111 favour of the existing system derived from economical considerations we do not
attach the smallest weight. 'J'o attempt to save a few thousand pounds liy allowing
an important class of public i'uiictionaries to engage in avocations inconsistent with
' H
li ! '
1 it|
■ tMi
390
CONSUL.
? )'
I I
: I:
I
their duty, and destructive of their utility, would be something the very reverse of
jjconomy.
Cost of the Establishment. Improvements made in it. — \Vc- hfid occasion, in the former
edition of this work, to complain of the cost and inadequacy of our consular establishment.
But its expense has since been very much, and, in some instances perhaps, tc i much,
reduced ; at the same time that measures have been taken for increasing the duties of
the consuls, by making them furnish details as to the trade, manufactures, duties,
prices, &c. of the districts in which their consulships are situated. Hitherto this im-
portant department of what ouglit '.c' be the peculiar duty of a consul has been most
strangely neglected ; but if it be projierly attended to, it will occupy a large portion of
the consul's time, and will be a field for the display of superior talents. Some of the
answers made by the consuls to the Circular Queries prepared by the author of this
work, have been drawn up with great care and intelligence, and reflect much credit on
their authors. There are a gootl many certainly of a very inferior description ; but this
is not to be wondered at — it being hardly ))ossible for those who have not given a good
deal of their time to such subjects, to make a proper reply to rjueries relating to them.
And if the system is to be perfected to the degree of whicli it is susceptible, the salaries
allowed to the consuls ought to be such as to afford a sufficient remuneration for the
services of gentlemen of character, familiar with the principles of public law, commerce,
and statistics; and such only ought to be nominated to consular situations. We subjoin
that part of the General Instructions for the Consuls that has reference to statistical
inquiries.
" The consul will forward to the secretary of state, in duplicate, so soon as the information he can
collect will enahlo him so to do, but at any rate within a period of (i months from the date of hii arrival
at his residence, a general Report on the trade of the place and district, spccifyinf? the comniDdities, as
well of the export as import trade, and the countries which supply the latter, lii(.>ethcr with the Increase
or decline in late years, and the prohahle increase or decline to be expected, and the causes in both cases.
He will state the pencral regulations with respect to trade at the place where he is resident, and their
effects. He will give the average m.arket prices within the year of the several articles of export and
n|>ort ; he will particularise what articles, if any, are aljsohitcly prohibited to be imiKirtc<l into the
country wherein he resides; what articles are prohibited to be imported from any other places
than from the place of their growth or production ; whether there lie any privileges of importation,
and what those privileges are, in favour of ships that are of the built of, or belonging to, the country
wherein he resides; whether there be any diU'erence in the duty on goods when imported into that
country in a foreign ship, and if so, whether it l)e generator applicable only to particular articles;
what are the rates of duty payable on goods imported into the said country; whether there be any
tonnage duty or other port dues, and what, payable on shipping entering at, or clearing from, the ports
of that country ; whether there be any (and, if so, what' ports in that country wherein goods maybe
warehoused on importation, and afterwards exported with or without payment of any duties, and
under what regulations."
Pie is also to transmit an annual statement of the trade with the principal ports of his
consulships; ar.d quarterly returns of the jjrices of corn, c"tc. This is a good beginning,
and, if it be properly followed up, may lead to very advantageous results.
The following are the provisions of the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 87. with respect to the salaries
and charges of consuls : — •
Salaries to Consuls. — " Whereas the provision which hath hitherto been m.ide for the maintenance
and support of the consuls general and consuls appointed l)y his Maiesty to reside within the domiiiions
Of sovereigns and foreign states in amity with his .Majesty, is inadei|uate to the maintenance and support
vf such consuls general and consiUs, and it is expedient to make further and due provisions for that
purpose ; " it is therefore enacted, that it shall be lawful for his Majesty, by any orders to be issued by the
advice of his privy council, to grant to all or any of the consuls general or consuls appointed bv his
Majesty to reside within any of the dtmiinions of any sovereign or foreign state or power in amity with
his Majesty, such reasonable salaries as to his Majesty shall seem meet, and by such advice from time to
time to alter, increase, or diminish any such salaries or salary as occasion may require. — (ti Geo. 4. c. 87.
« 1.)
Terms on which Salaries shall be granted. Leave of .Hisetice Such salaries shall be issued and paid
to such consuls general and consuls without fee or deduction ; provided that all such salaries be granted
during his Majesty's pleasure, and not otherwise, and be held and enjoyed bv such consuls general and
consuls, so long only as they shall be actually resident at the places at which they may he so appointed to
reside, and discharging the duties of such their oHices: j)rovidcd nevertheless, that in case his Majesty
shall, by any order to be for that purpose issued through one of his principal secretaries of state, grant to
any such consul general or consul leave of absence from the place to which he may be .so appointed, such
consul general or consul shall be entitled to receive the whole, or such part as to his Majesty shall secra
meet, of the salary accruing during such period of absence. — ^ '2.
Salaries in lieu of Fees formerly paid. Consji/s not to take other than the Fees hereinafter mentioneii. —
The salaries so to be granted shall be taken by the consuls general and consuls as a cui'npensation for all
salaries heretofore granted, and all fees of office and gratuities heretofore taken by them from the masters
or commanders of liritish vessels, or from any other person, for any duties or services by such consuls
general or consuls done or performed for any such persons ; and no such consids general or consids sha'l,
from the 1st of January, 1821), be entitled, on account of any thing by him done in the execution of such
his office, or for any service by him rendered to any masters or connnanders of British vessels, or to any
othi.T person in the execution of such his offii«, to ask or take any fees, recompence, gratuity, coin-
pensiition, or reward, or any sum of money, save as herein-after is excepted. — \ 3.
CertaM Fees still allowed to be taken. — It shall be lawful for all consuls general and consuls appointed
by his Majesty, and resident within the dominions of any sovereign, or any foreign state or power in
amity with his Majesty, to .accept the several fees particularly mentiened in the tables to this present act
annexed, marked with the letters A. and I! , lor the sever.d things and official acts and deeds particularly
mentioned in the said schedules ; and it shall lio lawful for his Jlajesty, by any orders to be by him made,
by the advice of his privy council, from time to time, as occasion may recpiire, to diminish, or wholly to
abolish, all or any of the fees aforesaid, and to establish and authorise the payment of any greater or
smaller or new or additional fees for the several things mentioned in the said schedules, or for any other
thing to be by any inch consul gineral or consul done in the execution of such his office. — ^ i.
;'»
^f
CONTRABAND.
391
Penalty on Consuls demanding more I'ccs "•an specified in the Schedule. — In case any consul general or
consul appointed by his Majesty as aforesaid shall, by himself or deputy, or by any person authorised
thereto in hisbehalf, ask oraocept for any thing by him done in the cxeeution of such his office, or for any
service, or duty by him rendered or performed \n such his olfice, for any person whomsoever, any other or
greater fee or remuneration than is specified in the schedule, or than shall be sanctioned and specified in
or by any such order in council, the jierson so offending shall forfeit and become liable to pay to hii
Majesty any sum of sterling British money, not exceeding the amount of the salary of such person for
1 year ' nor less than the 12th part of such annual salary, at the discretion of the court in which such
penalty may be recovered ; and shall moreover upon a second conviction for any such of!bnce forfeit
such his office, and for ever after become incapable of serving his Majesty in the same or the like capacity.
Taiile of Fees to he exhibited at Custom-houses. — A printed copy of the tables of fees allowed by ' "lis act,
or which mav be sanctioned or allowed by any order to be made in pursuance of this act by his Majesty
in council, shall be exhibited in a conspicuous manner, for the inspection of all persons, in the Custom.
house ill the port of London, and in all other Custoni.hoiises in the several ports and harbours of the
United Kingdom of Great liritain and Ireland ; and printed copies thereof shall, by the collector or other
chief officer of customs in all such ports and harbours, be delivered gratuitously, and without fee or re.
ward, to every master of any vessel clearing out of any such port or harbour, and demanding a copy thereof.
Table of Fees to be exhibited at Consuls' Offices. — A copy of the schedule or table of fees to this present
act annexe<l, or which mav be eslablishe<l and authoriscel by any such order in council, shall be hung up
and exhibited in a conspicuous place in the public offices of all consuls general or consuls appointed by
his Majesty, in the foreign places to which they may be so appointed, for the inspection of all personi
interested therein j and anv consul general or consul omitting or neglecting to exhibit any such copy of
the schedulos in such his public office, or refusing to permit the same to be inspected by any person
interested tlierein, shall for every such offence forfeit and pay a sum of British sterling money not exceed,
ing one half the amount of the salary of such person for 1 year, nor less than the 12th part of such
annual salary, at the <iiseretion of the court in which such penalty may be recovered. — 4 7.
Superannuation. — " And whereas it is expedient that his Miijesty should be enabled to grant to the
said consuls general and consuls, appointed as aforesaid, allowances in the nature of su])crannuation or
reward for meritorious public services ; " it is further enacted, that all the regulations contained in
SOGeo.3. c. 117., SGeo 4. c. 113., 5 Geo. i. c. lO-l-., rc-pecting superannuation allowances, are hereby
extended to the said consuls general and consuls, so far as such regulations can be applied to the casef
of such several persons respectively, as fully to all intents and purposes as if the same were repeated and
re-enacted in this present act. — . ^ S.
Allowances riuiiiiu U'ar. — If it shall at any time happen that by reason of any war which may hereafter
arise between his Majesty and any sovereign, or fdreign state or power, within the dominions of whom
any such consul general or consul shall be ajipointed to reside, he shall be prevented from residing, and
shall in fact cease to reside, at the place to which he may be so appointed, it shall be lawful for hit
Majesty, by any order to be issued by the advice of his privy council, to grant to any such consul general
or consul, who may have served his !\Iajcs^y in that capacity for any period not less than 3 years, nor
more than 10 years next preceding the commencement of any such war, a special allowance not exceed,
ing the pro|>ortion of their re.-pective salaries to which such consuls general and consuls would be entitled
under the provisions of tlie said act of ;! Geo. 4., in case the period of their respective service had exceeded
10 years and had not exceeded ];■) years : provided that in case any such consul general or consul shall
have served in such his office for the space of 10 years and more, it shall be lawful for his Majesty, by any
such order In council as aforesaid, to grant to him such a proportion of his salary, which, by the said act
is authorised to be granted, as a superannuation allowance, according to the several periods of service
exceeding 10 years, in the said act ^ 9.
Commencement. — This act shall take effect from the 1st of January, 1826, except where any other com-
mencement is particularly directed. — ^22. ^,
Tables of Fees allowed to be taken by Consuls General and Consuls, by the preceding Act qf
G Geo. 4. c. 87.
Table A. — Certificate of due landing of goods exported from the United Kingdom . - 2 dollars.
Signature of ship's manifest •- • > . • -2
Certificate of origin, when required . . , . .2
Bill of health, when required - . > . . ..2
Signatu: of muster roll, when required . - - . - - 2
Attestation of a signature, when required - ■ - - -1
Administering an oath, when required - « . - . . |
Seal of office, and signature of any other document not specified herein, when required . 1
Tal)le li. — Bottomry or arbitration bond - > - - . 2
Noting a protest - . - - - • . . \
Order of survey . - - . . --2
Kxtending a protest or survey - . - - - •.!
Registrations - - . - • . .1
Visa of passport .'->... .|
Valuation of goods -..-•..'
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
. . 1 per cent.
Attending sales, | per cent, where there has been a charge for "aluing ; otherwise, 1 per cent
Attendance out of consular office at a shipwreck, 5 dollars per diem for his personal expenses, over and
above his travelling expenses.
Ditto on opening a will - . - • • .5 dollars.
Management of projjcrty of British subjects dying intestate - " - . 2J per cent.
The dollars mentioned in the preceding tables are in all cases to be paid by the delivery of dollars, each
of which is to be of the value of 4«. (irf. sterling, and no more, according to the rate of exchange prevailing
at the place where such payment is made.
CONTRABAND, in commerce, a commodity prohibited to be exported or imported,
bought or sold.
Contraband i.s also a term applied to designate that class of commodities which
neutrals are not allowed to carry during war to a belligerent power.
It is a recognised general jjrinciple of the law of nations, that ships may sail to and
trade with all kingdoms, countries, and states in peace with the princes or authorities
whose flags they bear ; and that they are not to be molested by the ships of any other
power at war with the country with which they are trading, unless they engage in the
conveyance of coiitmhand goods. But great ditficulty has arisen in deciding as to the
goods comprised under this term. The rca.M)n of the limitation suggests, however, the
2 C \
m\
I V
!1;J
h 'J
h
t.':'!
1^:
hl^
S92
CONTRABAND.
Ml
1 I
1 I I .
\' i
Hi
species' of articles to which it principally apiilics. It is iii(lispensal)le that those who
profess to act upon a principle of neutrality should carclully al>stain from doinjr any
thing that may discover a Mas in favour of citlier party. IJut a nation who should furnish
one of the belligerents witn supplies of warlike stores, or witli sup|>lies of any article,
without which that belligerent miglit not be able to carry on the contest, would obviously
forfeit her neutral character; and the other belligerent would be warranted in preventing
such succours from being sent, and in coiifi:icating them as lawful prize. All the l)est writers
on international law admit this principle ; which, l)esides being enforced during every
contest, has been sanctioned by repeated treaties. In order to obviate all disjjutes as to
what commodities should be deemed contraband, they have sometimes been si)ecified
in treaties or conventions. — (See tlie references in Lampredi del Commercio t/e' I'opoli
Neutrali, §9.) But this classification is not always respected during hostilities;
and it is sufficiently evident that an article which might not be contraband at one time,
or under certain circumstances, may become contral)and at another time, or under dif-
ferent circumstances. It is admitted on all hands, even by IM. Ilubner, the great
advocate for the freedom of neutrfil commerce — (/)<? hi Saisie dvs Bdtimv.ns Seutres,
torn. i. p. 1 93. ) — that every thing that may be made direcll// avuilahle for hostile purposes
is contraband, as arms, ammunition, horses, timl)er for sliip-building, and all sorts of
naval stores. The greatest difficulty has occurred in deciding as to provisions, which
are sometimes held to be contraband, and sometimes not. Lord Stowell has shown that
the character of the port to which the provisions are destined, is the principal circumstance
to be attended to in deciding whether they are to be looked ui)on as contraband. A
eargo of provisions intended for an enemy's port, in wliich it was known that a warlike
armament was in preparation, would be liable to arrest and confiscation ; while, if the
same cargo were intended for a port where none but merchantmen were fitted out, the
most that could be done would be to detain it, paying the neutral the same price for it
lie would have got from the enemy.
By the ancient law of Europe, a ship conveying any contraband article was liable to
confiscation as well as the article. But in the modern practice of the courts of ad-
miralty of this and other countries, a milder rule has l)uen ado))tcd, and the carriage of
contraband articles is attended only with the loss of freight and expenses, imless when
the ship belongs to the owner of the contraband cargo, or when the simple misconduct
of conveying such a cargo has been connected with other malignant and aggravating cir-
cumstances. Of these a false destination and false papers are justly held to be the worst.
— (5 Rob. Adm. Rep. 275.)
The right of visitation and search is a right inherent in all belligerents; for it would
be absurd to allege that they had a right to prevent the conveyance of contraband goods
to an enemy, and to deny them the use of the only means by which they can give eU'ect
to such right. — ( Vatfel, book iii. c. 7. §114.) The object of the search is twofold ;
Jirst, to ascertain whether the shij) is neutral or an enemy, rOr the circumstance of its
lioisting a neutral flag aflfords no security that it is really such ; and, secondly, to ascertain
whether it has contraband articles, or enemies' property, on board. All neutral ships
that would navigate securely during war must, consequently, be provided with passports
from their government, and with all the pajiers or documents necessary to prove the pro-
perty of the ship and cargo — (see Ship'^ Papers) ; and they must carefully avoid taking
any contraband articles or belligerent property on board. And hence, as Lampredi has
observed, a merchant ship which seeks to avoid a search by crowding sail, or by open
fiircc, may justly be captured and subjected to confiscation. — (§ 12.)
It has, indeed, been often contended that free sfiij)s mn/ic. free e/oods (que le prtvil/oit
nouire la marchandise), and that a belligerent is not warranted in seizing the property
of an enemy in a neutral ship, unless it be contraband. The discussion of this important
question would lead us into details which do not properly come within the scope of this
work. We may, however, shortly observe, that no such privilege could be conceded to
neutrals, without taking from belligerents the right, inseparable from a state of war, of
seizing an enemy's property if foimd in places where hostilities may he lawfully carried
on, as on the high seas. In fact, \vci*i the principle in (]nestion admitted, the commerce
of a belligerent power with its colonies, or other countries beyond sea, might be pro-
secuted in neutral ships, with as much seciu'ity during war as in peace ; so that neutrals
would, in this way, be authorised to render a belligerent more important assistance than,
perhaps, they could have done had they sui)plie(l him with troops and amminiition ! But
it is surely vmnecessary to say, that to act in tiiis way is a proceeding altogetlier at
variance with the idea of neutrality. Neutrals are !)()nnd to conduct themselves in the
spirit of impartiaHtj/ ; and miLst not alford such aid or assistance to one jjarty, as may
the better enable him to make head against the otlier. It is their duty " nnn inlerpniierc
se hello, non hoste imniinentc ho.stem eripere." And yet it is manifest that the letiding of
neutral bottoms to carry on a belligerent's trade is in direct contradiction to this rule.
The ships or cruisers of a particular power may have swept those of its enemy from the
CONVOY.
393
sea, and reduced liim to a state of prcat difficulty, by puttinpf a stop to his commerce
witli Ibrc'ijfiHTs, or with his own colo!iies ; but of what consequence would this be, ii
neutrals niijjht stei> in to rescue him from such diHicultics, by carryinjj on that inter
course fo. him which he can no longer carry on for himself? It is natural enough thai
such a pi-ivilegc should be coveted !)y neutrals : bul, however advantageous to them, it
is wholly subversive of the universally admitted rights of belligerent powers, as well as
of the i)rinciples of neutrality ; and cannot, therefore, be truly said to be bottomed on
any sound princi]>le.
In the war of 1756, the rule was laid down by Great Britain, that neutrals are not to
be allowed to carry on a trade during war, that they were excluded from during peace ;
so that, supposing a nation at war with Great Britain had, while at peace, prohibited
foreigners from engaging in her colonial or coasting trade, we should not have permitted
neutrals to engage in it during war. This rule has been much complained of ; but the
principle on which it is founded seems a sound one, and it may in most cases be safely
adopted. The claims of neutrals cannot surely be carried further than that they should
be allowed to carry en their trade during war, as they had been accustomed to carry it on
during peace, except with places under blockade ; but it is quite a different thing when
they claim to be allowed to employ themselves, during war, in a trade in which they had
not previously any right to engage. To grant them this, would not be to preserve to
them their former rights, but to give them new ones which may be fairly withheld.
Supposing, however, that either of the belligerent powers has force sufficient to prevent
ainj intercourse between the other and its colonies, or any intercourse between different
ports of the other, she might, in the exercise of the legitimate rights of a belligerent, ex-
clude neutrals from such trade, even though it had formerly been open to them ; be-
cause otherwise she would be deprived of the iidvantago of her superior force ; and the
neutrals would, In fact, when employed in this way, be acting as the most efficient allies
of her enemy.
For a full discussion of this important and difficult question, and of the various dis-
tinctions to which it gives rise, see the work of Ilubner (/)e la Saisie des Batimens
Neutres, 2 tomes, 12mo. 1757), in which the different arguments in favour of the
principle that " the flag covers the cargo" are stated with great perspicuity and talent.
The opposite princijjle has been advocated by Lampredi, in his very able treatise Del
Commercio de' Popoli Neutrali, § 10. : by Lord Liverpool, in his Discourse on the Con-
duct of Great Britain in respect to Neutrals, wri'ten in H^'T; and, above all, by Lord
Stowell, in his justly celebrated decisions in the Admiralty Court. Martens inclines to
Ilubner's opinion. — (See Precis du Droit des Gens, liv. 8. c. 7.)
CONVOY, in navigation, the term api)lied to designate a ship or ships of war, ap-
pointed by government, or l)y the commander in chief on a particular station, to escort
or protect the merchant ships proceeding to certain ports. Convoys are mostly appointed
during war ; but they are sometimes, also, appointed during peace, for the security of
ships navigating seas infested with pirates.
Individuals have not always been left to themselves to judge as to the expediency of
sailing with or without convoy. The governments of most maritime states have thought
proper, when they were engaged in hostilities, to oblige their subjects to place themselves
under an escort of this sort, that the enemy might not be enriched by their capture.
Acts to this eifect were passed in this country during the American war and the late
French war. Tiie last of these acts (43 Geo. :5. c. 57.) enacted, that it should not be
lawful for any ship belonging to any of his Majesty's subjects (except as therein pro-
vided) to depart from any port or place whate" ., unless under such convoy as should
bo appointed for (hat purpose. The master was required to use his utmost endeavours
to contiinie with the convoy during the whole voyage, or such part thereof as it should
be directed to accompany his ship ; and not to separate therefrom without leave of the
commander, under very heavy pecuniary penalties. And in case of any ship departing
without convoy contrary to the act, or wilfully separating therefrom, all insurances
on the ship, cargo, or freight, belonging to the master, or to any other person directing
or ])rivy to such departure or separation, were rendered mdl and void. The customs
officers were directed not to allow any ship that ought to sail with convoy to clear out
from any ))lnce in the United Kingdom for foreign parts, without requiring from tiie
master, bond with one surety, with condition that the ship should not depart without
convoy, nor afterwards desert or wilfully separate from it. The regulations of this act
did not extend to ships not requiring to he registered, nor to those licensed to sail with-
out convoy, nor to those engaged iu the coasting trade, nor to those belonging to the
East India Company, Re.
It is very common, during periods of war, to mt\Vc sail in ij or depariinp with convoy
a condition in policies of insurance. This, like other warranties in a policy, must be
strictly performed. And if a ship warranted to sail with convoy, sail without it, the
ilVl
X
If I '<
I'M'
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m
.
W.l\
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S94f
COPAIVA. — COPENHAGEN.
I i».
f
policy becomes void, whether this be imputable to any negligence on the part of the
insuf^d, or the refusal of government to appoint a convoy.
Th' re are five things essential to sailing with convoy : viz. /irst, it must be with a
regular convoy under an officer appointed by government ; secoiidli/, it must be from
the place of rendezvous appointed by government ; thinlli/, it must be a convoy for the
voyage ; fourthly, the master of the ship must have sailing instructions from the com-
manding officer of the convoy ; and Jift/ili/, the ship must depart and continue with the
convoy till the end of tlie voyage, unless separated by necessity.
With respect to the third of these conditions we may observe, that a warranty to sail
with convoy generally means a convoy /or the voyage ; and it is not necessary to add the
words " for the voyage " to make it so. Neitlier will the adding of these words in some
instances, make the omission of them, in any case, the ground of a different construction.
A warranty to sail with convoy does not, however, uniformly mean a convoy that is to
accompany the ship insured the entire way from the port of departure to her port of
destination ; but such convoy as government may think fit to appoint as a sufficient
protection for ships going the voyage insured, whether it be for the whole or only a part of
the voyage.
Sailing instructions, referred to in the fourth condition, are written or printed direc-
tions delivered by the commanding officer of the convoy to the several masters of the
ships under his care, that they may understand and answer signals, and know the place
of rendezvous appointed for the fleet in case of dispersion by storm, or by an enemy, &c.
These sailing instructions are so very indispensable, that no vessel can have the full pro-
tection and benefit of convoy without them : hence, when, through the negligence of
the master, they are not obtained, the ship is not said to have sailed with convoy ; and
a warranty in a policy of insurance to that effect is held not to be complied with. If,
however, the master do all in his power to obtain sailing instructions, but is prevented
from obtaining them by any insuperable obstacle, as tlie badness of the weather ; or
if they be refused by the commander of the convoy ; the warranty in the policy is held
to be complied with.
For further information as to convoy, see Abbott on the Law of Shipping, part iii.
c. 3. ; Marshall on Insurance, book i. c. 9. § 5., and the Act 43 Geo. 3. c. 57, 8fc.
COPAIVA. See Balsam.
COPAL, improperly called gum copal, is a valuable and singular kind of resin, that
naturally exudes from different large trees, and is imported partly from America, and
partly from the East Indies. The best copal is hard and brittle, in rounded lumps of a
moderate size, easily reducible to a fine powder, of a light lemon yellow colour, beauti-
fully transparent, but often, like amber, containing parts of insects and other small
extraneous bodies in its substance. Its specific gravity varies from 1'045 to 1*139. It
has neither the solubility in water common to gums, nor the solubility in alcohol common
to resins, at least in any considerable degree. It may be dissolved by digestion in drying
linseed oil, and other volatile menstrua. This solution forms a beautiful transparent
varnish, which, when, properly applied, and slowly dried, is very hard and very durable.
Copal varnish was first discovered in France, and was long known by the name of vermis
martin. It is applied to snuff-boxes, tea-boards, and other utensils. It preserves and
gives lustre to paintings; and contributes to restore the decayed colours of old pictures,
by filling up cracks, and rendering the surface capable of reflecting light more uniformly.
Copal is liable to be confounded with gum anime, when the latter is very clear and good.
But it is of importance to distinguish between them, as the anime, though valuable as a
varnish, is much less so than the finest copal ; the varnish with the former being darker
coloured, and not so hard. Besides the external appearance of each, which is pretty dis-
tinct to a practised eye, the solubility in alcohol furnishes a useful test, — the anime being
readily soluble in this fluid, while the copal is hardly affected by it ; copal is also brittle
between the teeth, whereas anime softens in the mouth. — ( llees's Cyclopadia ; Ure's
Dictionary, §"0.)
The imports of gum anim^ and copal are not distinguished in the custom-house accounts. The entriet
of both for home consumption amounted, at an average of the 3 years ending with 1831, to 123,7i.'3 lbs.
a year. The duty has been judiciously reduced from 5(m. to Cis. a cwt. Copal fetches in the London
market fVom 6d. to U. Td. per lb., duty paid.
COPENHAGEN, the capital of Denmark, situated on the oast coast of the island
of Zealand, in the channel of the Baltic called the Sound ; in lat. 55° 41' N., Ion.
12° 35' 46" E. Population about 105,000. It is a well-built, handsome city. In going
into Copenhagen, the course is between the buoy on the Stubben Bank to the left, and
the buoy on the Middle-grounds, and those in advance of the three Crown batteries on
the right, W.S.W. by compass. From the three crowns to the roads the course is
S.S.W. The water in the channel is from 6 to 4 fathoms deep ; but it is narrow, and
the navigation rather difficult. There is no obligation to take a pilot on board ; but if a
vessel wish for one, she may heave to abreast of :!ie battery, when he will come to her.
.■.?■
COPENHAGEN.
395
> part of the
St be with a
ust be from
nvoy for the
m the com-
ue with the
•anty to sail
' to add the
rds in some
instruction,
y that is to
lier port of
a sufHcicnt
ly a part of
nted direc-
sters of the
V the place
inemy, &c.
le full pro-
ligence of
ivoy ; and
with. If,
prevented
'ather; or
icy is held
'» part iii,
I'csin, that
erica, and
umps of a
r, beauti-
hcr small
•139. It
I common
in drying
msparcnt
durable,
of vernis
?rves and
pictures,
liformly.
nd good,
able as a
g darker
etty dis-
(le being
J brittle
;/ Vre's
le entries
i3,7'/3 lbs.
i London
e island
^., Ion.
n going
ft, and
iries on
urse is
iw, and
)ut if a
to her.
Vessels not intending to come into harbour bring up in the roads, at from ^ to § a mllo
from shore, in about 4 fathoms, the town bearing S.S.W. In the harbour, within the
boom, the water is from 17 to 18 feet deep. Vessels in harbour load and unload along-
side the quay. The anchorage in the roads is good and safe.
Minu-y. — Accounts are kcjit in rixdollars of 6 marcs, or 96 skillings ; the rixdollar being formerly
wortli about is. \tl. sterling. Hut in 18l;3, a new monetary system was adopted, according to which the
new or liinibank dollar is worth i,'*. ;)}rf., being half the value of the old specie dollar, and | of the old
current dollar. Hut the money generally used in commercial transactions is'bank.money, which is com.
monly at a heavy discount. The par of exchange, estimated by the Higsbank dollar, would be 8 dollars
7ti skillings per pound sterling.
U'ciuhts and iVfrtSttrci. — The commercial weights are, 16 pounds = 1 lispound ; 20 lispound =
Ishipiiound; 100 lb. - llOilbs. avoirdupois = 134 lbs. Troy = 101 lbs. of Amsterdam = 103 lbs. of
Hamburgli.
Tliu liquid measures arc, 4 ankers = 1 ahm or ohm : IJ ahm = 1 hogshead ; S.hogsheads = 1 pipe ;
2 pipes = ^quarter. The anker = 10 (very nearly) English wine gallons. A fuder of wine = 930 pots ;
and 1(H) pots = 25i wine gallons.
The dry measures are, 4 viertels = 1 scheflffel ; 8 schcffels = 1 tocndc or ton ; 12 tons = 1 last = 47*
Winchester bushels. The last of oil, butter, herrings, and other oily substances, should weigh
2L'4 lbs. nett.
The measure of length is the Rhineland foot = 12| inches very nearly. The Danish ell = S feet ; 100
ells = ti8| Kngli-sh yards.
Trade of Copenhagen, — This is not very considerable, and has latterly declined.
Anchors, pitch, and tar, are chiefly imported from Sweden and Norway ; flax, hemp,
masts, sail-cloth, and cordage, from Russia ; West India produce from ..le Danish West
India islands ; tobacco from America ; wines and brandy from France : coal, earthen-
ware, and salt are the principal articles of direct import from England. Of coal, we
sent to Denmark (principally to Copenhagen), in 1830, 100,127 tons, and of salt
1,272,487 busliels. Owing to the erroneous policy of the Danish government, which is
attempting, at a great public loss, to raise and bolster up manufactures, the direct im-
ports of woollens and cottons are quite inconsiderable. These articles are not, however,
absolutely prohibited ; but are admitted on condition of their being stamped, and put
up to auction by the Custom-house, which, after retaining 30 per cent, of the gross pro-
duce of the sale, pays over the residue to the importer, who is generally the purchaser.
Tliis oppressive regulation reduces the legitimate importation of these articles to next to
notiiing ; but the illicit importation is very considerable, principally by the Elbe and
the Molstcin frontier. The exports consist, for the most part, of the produce of the
soil, as grain, rapeseed, butter and cheese, beef and pork, hides, horses and cattle, corn,
brandy, bones, &c. In 1830, the imports of grain into this country from Denmark
were its follows, viz. wheat 88,033 quarters, barley 75,532 do., oats 118,203 do., rye
1,151 do., peas and beans 5,182 do., the importation of rapeseed during the same year
was 28fi,5()9 bushels. — (See Corn Laws.) We subjoin
An Account, extracted from the Returns published bytheDanish Custom-house of the principal Articles
of Agricultural Produce exported from Denmark in 1831.
Articles exported.
Wheat and wheat flour
Rye and rye flour
Harley, flour and groats
malt
Oats, meal and groats
Buckwheat do.
Peas
lieans and tares
Rapeseed
Hiittor
C:hce.«o
Hrandy (corn)
Pork, salted
smoked
Beef, salted
smoked
Hides and skins —
calf, sheep, and lamb
ox, cow, and horse
Wool, sheep
Cattle —
Horses
Oxen
Cows
Calves
Quantities exported.
Danish W'eiKhls
and Measures.
113,6!)(i ton.
7s,4r)0 —
584,384 —
19,092 —
351,340 —
fi,9S8 —
:i.5,9!« —
31,133 —
14,'3,1.M —
47,f)J8 bar.
872,()(K) lbs.
2,31 !lj hhd.
1,449,787 lbs.
3r)5,789 —
691,104 ~
15,773 —
1,112,582 lbs.
1,744,007 —
779,488 .-
British Weights
and Measures.
Real or de-
clared Value in
Rigs bank
Dollars.
54,952 qrs.
37,921 —
282,408 —
9,228 —
169,815 —
3,377 —
7,730 —
15,047 —
71,608 —
8,,590 cwt.
115,775 galls.
14,3,51 cwt.
,'J,fi03 —
6.808 —
156 —
10,960 cwt.
16,169 —
857,436 —
Value in Sterling.
12,ai0 head
23,013 — I -
8,4.il — i -
5,056 — j .
Rbd.
3,964,772
1,390,487
2,382,900
54.500
2,885,316
jE s. d.
446,036 17
156,429 15 9
268,076 5
6,131 5
324,598 1
10,677,975 .£'1,201.272 3 9
sid^ab'ir* "°'"^*"' of ascertaining the proportion shipped from Copenhagen, but it was very con-
•m'flTM'i ~'-' ^^2h V'''^"''' entered the port of Copenhagen 1,505 ships ; of which 309 were from Sweden
305 from trvisia. 208 from Norway, 160 from Great Britain.' 137 from 'Russia, 90 frmFtnland, 29 froSi
.It
! :
' 1?,
i;!
? . J
iC'
S96
COPENHAGEN.
France, Stc
U ail
The tonnage of these ships U not stated ; but many wore of very small burden. Subjoined
' fv
Ji
H
if Iff
■Id
Account of the Danish Shipping cmploywl in the KdrpiKU and in the Carrying Trade of Denmark in th«
Yo.ir l»;ii).
Countrioi and
I'lacM.
No.
of
Ships.
Tonnage.
Russia
Prussia
Mccklenburgh
Lubeck
Sweden and )
Norway -J
Hamburgh )
and Urenien i
Netherlands -
Great Britain
France
Spain
Portugal
Mediterranean
Brazil >
25r,
579
lU
383
710
555
i!69
837
122
76
67
66
11
4044
24,1»8
29,836
2,547
7,472
25,696
31,154
15,159.
43,42?
15,858
8,451
9,500
9,637
2,416
Nature of OnrRne* exportc '
from Ut-ninark.
225,354
CBalla.st, I'ruit, bricks,)
{ and piece K<>(id<i -i
rBallastihcrrings, trninl
< oil, and colonial >
t produce . -J
r Herrings, train oil,
< colonial I . produce,
C and provisions
f Corn, and i)rovision
\ piece goods, lie
C rings, &c.
f Corn and provisions
J wool, piece goods
C and colonial produce
rCorn and seeds, but-
i tcr, provisions, and
C piece goods
( Corn, flour and seeds, )
f piece goods, &c. -J
f Corn, seeds, oilcakes, 1
< binics, wool, hides, V
C &c. - - -3
fCorii and provisions,!
s piece goods, fish, y
t and hides - -J
J Ballast, pieco goods, )
I fish, butter, &c. -j
i Ballast, corn, piece J
I goiKls, fish, flax, &c. J
fFish, pitch, and tar, l
•< timber, train oil, 5-
C. piece goods -J
C Ballast, wheat, and /
I piece goods - j
MS, 1
I
W'ltciue
arrlvi'ii.
1!H
414
102
3G!
592
IfiO
9fi
587
31
3
£6.
61
13.1
12
118
3X
173
250
91
73
65
53
11
arm 14.58
' Di'stlna-
Hon.
Nature of C,ir(»o«i Imported
into Deunu- rk.
{Hemp, flax, ashes, tal- )
low,secds,aiid timber j
f Linen, flax, wood,)
I staves, and timber -J
C Balla.st, corn
< seeds, wool,
t piece goods
and
and
f Piece goods,
■< deals and
C salt, &c.
1
(•Ball;
< tol
C nri
iron, 1
timber.
Iron, tar, deals, tim
ber, fish, herring
train oil , -
ast, piece goods,
tobacco, colonial
« produce
f Ballast, piece goods, /
and colonial produce j
salt,
and ;
produce
^1
C Ballast, coals, salt, f
< piece goods, and >
C. colonial produce -J
C Wine, salt, piece )
l goods and ballast -5
fOil and fruit, wine,)
I and salt - -J
Wine, piece goods, )
salt, fruit, &c. - j
f Ballast, fruit, wine, )
i and piece goods -J
Colonial produce
l(ii
^^:l^
161 94
421 158
101 13
342 41
359 151
308 247
92, 177
035! 202
85
46
52
58
2711I13.'33
This return docs not, however, include vessels engaged in the fisheries, or in the coasting trade, the
latter of which is very considerable.
At)out 200 Danish ships are engitged in the carrying trade of the Mediterranean. Latterly, however,
the Swedes and Norwegians have obtained an ascendancy in this department.
Excluding vessels under 20 tons, there belonged, in 1830, to
Ships. Tonnage.
Denmark - - 1,563 - • 65,.')75
Sleswick - - 1,022 . . 33,926
Holstein . - - 1,106 - . 27,683
Total
3,696
124,984
Colonial Trade. — In the West Indies, the Danes possess the island of St. Croix, which, though small,
is fertile, and well cultivated. All the ports of Denmark may send vessels thither, but the return cargoes
must be discharged at places having sugar refineries. The principal part of the trade is in the hands of
Copenhagen merchants. St Croix produces about 25,(XX),(KX) lbs. of sugar, and 1,400,000 gallons of rum.
In 1831, 23 ships, of the aggregate burden of .'),772 tons, arrived at Copenhagen from St. Croix. A good
deal of the colonial produce brought into Denmark is again exported.
The trade to the settlement of Tranquebar and Serampore, in India, is in the hands of an exclusive!
company. Whether it he owing to the deadening influence of monopoly, or to the real superiority of the
Americans, who supply the Continental markets with tea, &c. at a cheaper rate, only one ship a year has
latterly sailed from Conenhagen for India ! The trade to the Danish settlements on the African coast is,
iflMssible, of still less importance —(iV. .B. For an account of the trade on the Kiel Canal, see Ca.\ai,s.)
Porl Charges vary according as the vessel has come from this or the further side of Ca|)e Finisterre,
or from the Indian seas ; as she is wholly, or only part loaded ; and as she clears out with goods that have
been m transitu, and are for the most part free of duty, or has on board a cargo of native produce sub.
ject to duty. On a ship of 300 tons belonging to a privileped nation from this side Cape Finisterre, un-
loading and loading mixed cargoes in Coiienhagen, the different public charges, including Sound dues,
brokerage, &c., would be about (37/. 10*. ; and from the further side of Cape Finisterre, the charges
would be about 99/. \0s. When a ship is not fully loaded, lastage money and light dues are only chartied
in proportion to the cargo on board. Lastage money is not charged on ships outwjird bound, laden with
transit goods, as tar, pitch, iron, &c. But notwithstanding these deductions, it is obvious that port
charges at Copenhagen are very heavy, and there can be no doubt that tliey are a material obstacle to the
extension of trade.
Commission on purchases is generally 2 per cent, and on sales, 3 per cent., including 1 per cent.
del credere.
Citizens/lip. — To enable a foreigner to trade as a merchant in Denmark, he must become a burgher,
which costs alraut 10(V., and it will require about (iO/. more to free him from the obligation of serving in
the militia. The obstacles in the way of a foreigner establishing himself in Denmark as a maiiutacturcr
are much greater, on account of the exclusive privileges enjoyed by the guilds or corporations into which
(he principal cratts or trailes arc divided.
Credit Goods imported into Copenhagen are commonly sold on credit: 3 months is the term
generally allowed on most sorts of goods, and in a few instances 6 months. The discount for ready
money is 4 per cent. Bankruptcy is of rare occurrence.
COPENHAGEN.
807
Di'stina-
lion.
Ifil 94
421 158
101 13
342 41
55!)' 151
308 247
02 177
CiSal 202
85
30
IS
8
46
58
A good
cent.
biirghcr,
rviiiR in
facturer
6 which
Tnturanre. — M.irlnc Insiirnncc U oITccHhI on liberal terms, by a company establUhcd In 1746. A good
many riskn nri", liowtvir, iiiHurcil at Anistcrilani and Hamburgh. . , . „ ,. .. ,
t'artriiiii" .S'A/iw' .SVon'.v, J^r. — Copeiiliagen bas goml buiUliiiK-yards, and U in all rcapecta an eligible
place lor the' repair of sliiiw, and fur supplyiiig tlieiii with pruvisionn. HubjoincU is an
Account of the Average Trices of .ships' Provision at Copenhagen in 183), in Imperial Weights and
Measures, and Sterling Money.
Biscuits, ships', 1st quality
Ditto 2d ditto
Butter, 1st quality
Ditto, 2(1 ditto
Cheese
Peas
Heef, salted
Pork, ditto
Bacon - -
Spirits. — Rum, 2.«. to 2,«. tW.
£ s.
d. £ >.
rf.
,
15
per cwt.
12
U ditto.
-.28
to 2 lU
U ditto.
2 4
U ditto.
. 13
5 to 17
U ditto.
.
- 1 8
9 — 1 12
per Imp. qr.
. 1 IH
— 1 19
per 2(X) lbs.
. a ifi
— 2 18
ditto.
.
3i-
31 per lb.
French Brandy, 2s. id. to 3s. per gallon.
Tares. — Statement of the Tares allowed by the Custom-house at Copenhagen, on the principal Articles
of Import ation.
Arlielw.
Ilisniiilion of Packages.
Tares.
Articles.
Uesirlption of Packa|;ea.
Tares.
Linen baRi
4 per ct.
Pqipcr
IkiKs of ISO lbs. and under
2 lbs.
4 -
do.
CiUMH liuntn .
All sorth (if packaffcs
do.
lU -
do.
exceeding ISO lbs.
Linen bags
4 per ct.
rimento
do.
t'olluu V-
Civski of IIH) Itiit. and under
Hi -
lUisins
A barrel
exreeiliriK loo IIps.
Matted lians ul l.'iOlbs. ic tinder
\U —
i. ''»• • . - .
12 —
'i lbs.
Casks exceeillns ^ barrel
do. under A barrel
10 Iter ct.
Mcecdhm 1*0 lbs.
I —
12 —
Hast India bag^, doublu
do.
Rice •
Casks
1(1 —
do. single -
V lbs.
Barrels
21 lbs.
Colourj.paintcrs'
Unmixwl and not eiiuineralM -
do. and cnuinuralwl, and not
10 per ct.
A do.
\ do. -
IS -
12 -
beinu ootire, Mliitu lead, or
I do.
» —
brown red
12 —
IlaRs of 100 11m. and not exceed-
rrep.ired
ing l.Vl lbs.
4 _
Cotton
, lilies, or balus
4 lbs.
l.'jOlbs. and under
2 _
(■\irrants'
All sorts of packages
Ibpurct.
12-
Saltpetre
All kinds of packasea
10 per ct.
D.I ft ware
Ko.ip, white
do.
14 —
KiKs -
\ casks ...
f/lbs.
Su^ar, raw
In casks
17 -
X do. ...
f'.^sks
lirazil boxes •
do.
1(1 per ct.
Havannah do. -
12 —
ll.ukets, or frails
8 —
refined -
Casks (transit)
do.
Iloxes
VI —
do.
do.
lloitles In crates and in straw -
20 —
Baskets packed in maU
» -
do. in boKes and in sawdust
40 —
Turpentine
Casks (thick)
17 -
Hardware
In casks and boies
12 —
oil -
do. ...
20 r-
I'.ickeil in mats, per jiiece
4 lbs.
do. cased
84 -
Hops
IlaKH and poi kets
All sortioV paikaKcs
4 i>er ct.
Vitriol -
(jiass bottles or llosks in baskets
20 —
liuliKO
20 —
do. in Iwxes
.Mustard -
(llasscs, in boxes and casks
12 —
do. packed in sawdust
40 -
,t)clire
.Ml tnrlsofpaeknKis
Stone bottles
.
.-lO _
Ollvi; oil
In sinirle aiul double casks
Itottled, in bOAkets and straw -
18 —
20 _
White lead
All kinds of packages
-
10 _
do. in boxes and sawdust -
40 —
General liemarlis. — On the whole, the commerce of Denmark may be pronounced to
he in a stationary state. But from her advantageous situation between the Baltic and
North Sea, and the industrious, i)ersevering character of tlie inhabitants, there can be
little doubt that it may be materially extended. It is needless, however, to expect any con-
siderable improvement till the present system of domestic policy be, in many respects,
altogether changed. The Danish government has long been exerting itself to bolster
up a manufacturing interest, by laying oppressive duties on most species of manufactured
articles. Even under, the most favourable circumstances, such conduct, though it may
benefit a few individuals, is sure to be productive of great national loss. But in the
ca.sc of Denmark, *he circumstances are such as to render the restrictive system pecu-
liarly injurious. All, or nearly all, the branches of industry carried on in the kingdom
are subjected to the government of guilds or corporations ; no person can engage in
any line of business until he has been authorised by its peculiar guild ; and as the
sanction of this body is rarely obtained without a considerable sacrifice, the real effect
of the system is to fetter competition and improvement, and to perpetuate monopoly and
routine. Even the Danish writers acknowledge that such is the influence of the present
regulations. " Nos ouvrkrs," say they, " sont chers, travaillent lentement, et sovvent mat
ct sans gout ; Icur education est negligee. On ne les forme point a penser, et fapprentif
suit mnchinalement ce qu'il voit faire au maitre," — ( Catteau, Tableau des Etata Danois,
tome ii. p. 260. ) It would be idle to imagine that a country which has to import coal,
should, however favourably situated in other respects, be able to manufacture cottons,
woollens, &c. at .so cheap a rate as they may be imported from others enjoying greater
natural facilities for their production. But when to the physical obstacles in the way
of manufactures, we add others, not less formidable, of a political nature, the attempt
to force them into existence by dint of customs duties and regulations becomes absolutely
ludicrous.
The port charges and transit duties arc also exceedingly heavy ; and the Sound duties,
being charged on native as well as foreign ships, operate as an inland duty on the trade
lit
m ]
■\:> ' I
1 i 5' ■ i
^1 1 i
- w
\\\
ii
•lui
* ■ 1 1
*K«i
■■i=._-
-«»x^^„
A53«a*a)fcaS^
--rrt^ :
f
lift-
li II
H\
' I'/
I: t .'
S98
COPPER.
between diflTorent parts of tl>c counti y. We are glad, however, to be aWe to state, that
the more intelligent portion of the Danish i)eoj)Ie are (piite aware of the mistaken
policy on wliich they are now proceeding; and there is reason to believe that it will, at
no distant perio<l, be rendered more in accordance with the spirit of tlie age, and more
conducive to the improvement of the people. In IH'.i'J, a petition, signed by almost i.lt
the merchants of Copenhagen, was addressed to the king, containing an able and distinct
exposition of the circumstances which depress Danish conmierce. The petitioners pray
for the e.-naneipation of commercial pursuits from all the restrictions laid upon them by
guilds and corporations, or, in other words, for the freedom of industry ; for a revision
and reduction of the transit duties, and a change in the mode of charging the Sound
duties ; for a reduction of the tonnage duties, and a remission of the charge on account
of light money on ships arriving at Copenhagen that have already paid for the lights at
Kisineur ; they further pray for the abolition of the East India Company's monopoly,
and the freedom of trade to the East Indies and China ; and for a reduction of the
duties on several articles of domestic produce when exported, and of foreign produce
when imported. What is here asked is so reasonable, and, if granted, would add so
much to the real prosperity of the country, that we trust the government will earn for
itself a new title to the public esteem by honestly endeavouring to meet the wishes of
the petitioners.
Ill compiling thig article, we have consulted Oddi/'' European Commerce, pp. 3;30— 309. ; Dkti'onnaire
du Commerce (Enci/. MHhodique, tome II. pp. ;) — 16.), Catlrau, Tableau des Etats Vanoin, tome ii.
pp. aii!— 371. ; the Consul's Answers to Ciroular QutTit'J, which do that functionary great credit; and
communications from merchants at Copenhagen.
COPPER (Ger. Kupfer / Du. Koper ; Da. Kobhcr ; Sw. Kopper ; Fr. Cuiore :
It. Rame ; Sp. Cohre ; Port. Cohre ; llus. Mjed, Krasnoi mjed; Pol. Mierlz • Lat-
Cuprum; Arab.Nehass; Sans. Tu/nnj), a well-known metal, so called from its having
been first discovered, or at least wrought to any extent, in the island of Cyprus. It is
of a fine red colour, and has a great deal of brilliancy. Its taste is styptic and nauseous ;
and the hands, when rubbed for some time on it, acquire a peculiar and disitgreeabic
odour. It is harder than silver ; its specific gravity viiries according to its state, being,
when quite pure, near 9'000. Its malleability is rrreat : it may be hammered out into
leaves so thin as to be blown about by the slightest breeze. Its ductility is also consider-
able. Its tenacity is so great, that a copper wire 0*078 of an inch in diameter is capable
of supporting 302 "26 lbs. avoirdupois without breaking. Its liability to oxidation from
exposure to air or damp is its greatest defect. The rust with which it is then covered
is known by the name of verdigris, and is one of the most active poisons. — ( Thomson^s
Chemistry.)
If we except gold and silver, copper suoms to have been more early known than any
other metal. In the first ages of the world, before tlic metliod of working iron was
di-scovered, copper was the principal ingredient in all domestic utensils and instruments
of war. Even now it is applied to so many purposes, as to rank next, in point of utility,
to iron.
Alloys of Copper are numerous and of great value. Those of tin arc of most importance. Tin added
to copper makes it more fusible, less liable to rust, or to be corroded by the air and other common sub-
atanccs, harder, denser, and more sonorous. In these respects the alloy has a real advantage over un-
mixed copper : but this is in many cases more than counterbalanced by the great brittlcncss which even
a moderate portion of tin imparts; and which is a singular circumstance, considering that both metals
arc separately very malleable.
Copper alloyed with from 1 to 5 per cent, of tin is rendered harder than before"; its colour is yellow,
with a cast of red, and its fracture granular : it has considerable malleability. This appears to have been
the usual composition of many of the ancient edged tools and weapons, before the method of working
iron vas brought to perfection. The ;t«^«w of the Greeks, and, perhaps, the as of the Homans, was
nothing else. Even their copper coins contain a mixture of tin. The ancients did not, in fact, possess
(as has been often contended) any peculiar process for hardening copper, except by adding to it a small
quantity of tin. An alloy in which the tin is from 01 to | of the whole is hard, brittle, but still a little
malleable, close grained, and yellowish white. When the tin is as much as J of the mass, it is entirely
brittle ; and continues so in every higher proportion. The yellowness of the alloy is not entirely lost till
the tin amounts to 03 of the whole.
Copper (or sometimes copper wKh a little zinc), alloyed with as much tin as will make from about O'l
to I of the whole, forms an alloy, which is principally employed for bells, brass cannon, bronze statues,
and various other purposes. Hence it is called bronze, or bell metal j and is excellently fitted for the
uses to which it is applied, by its hardness, density, sonorousness, and fusibility. For cannon, a lower
proportion of tin is commonly used. According to Dr. Watson, the metal employed at Wtwlwich con-
sists of 100 parts of copper and from 8 to 12 of tin ; hence it retains some little malleability, and, there,
fore, is tougher than it would be with a larger portion of tin. This alloy being more sonorous than iron,
brass guns give a louder report than iron guns. A common alloy for bell metal is 80 parts of copper and
20 of tin : some artists add to these ingreilients zinc, antim( ly, and silver, in small proportions ; all of
which add to the sonorousness of the compound. — tSee Beli- Mkt*l.)
When, in an alloy of copper and tin, the latter metal amounts to about J of the mass, the result is a
beautiful compound, very hard, of the colour of steel, and susceptible of a very fine polish. It is well
adapted for the reflection of light for optical purposes j and is therefore called speculum metal. Besi<les
the above ingredients, it usually contains a little arsenic, zinc, or silver. The application of an alloy
aimilar to the above, to the construction of mirrors, is of great antiquity, being mentioned by Pliny j w ho
lys, that formerly the best mirrors were reckoned those of Brundusium, of tin and copper mixed {stanno
' isre mistis). — {Hist Nat. lib. xxxiii. ^ 9.)
For the alloys of copner with zinc, see the articles Brass, Pinchbeck. See, also, Thomson's Chemistry ;
set's Cyclopxdiai Dr. Watson's Chemical Essays, vol. iv., Sjc.
„ *- , ^
mm
COPPER.
999
Srilhh Copper Trnde. — Oreat Uritnln hn§ various copper mlnei, In Cornwall, Dcvonthirc. Walcn.&c
wcTi' (lisCDviTC'il. Thi' BiippliPH of lire I'liriiished by them were Cor a long time aliundant beyond all pre.
cedent; Imt for niiiny yearn pant the prdduiUiveness ol the mine has been dcclininK. and it now vield»
comparatively little loiiper. At present the ininen in AnKlesea, and other parts of Wales, yield from'l.Tfx)
to^' (KXI tons of copper ; those of Uevorishire yield about UM tons ; the quantity produced in the other part*
of'fcnL'land bciiiK i|iiite ineonsiilcrable. The Irish mines proiliicc about /itX) tons. Those of Scotland
never were proiliictive, and have been almost entirely abandoned. 'J'he entire pro<luce of the copper
mines of the empire may, therefore, be estimated at present at from \\,Xl{) to l.l.fKH) tons.
In lOMseciui'iiie of the «reallv increased sujiplics of copper that were thus obtained, Kngland, instead of
beintr as formerly, dependent on foreiKnerj lor the ((realer part of her supplies of this valuable nieta!,
becan'ic, previous'lv to 17!'^i, one of the principal marltets for the supply of others. And notwithstanding;
the vastly increased demand for ccipper during tlie war for the sliealhing of ships and other iiur|Hises, the
exports continued to increase and the imports to diminish ; the greater productiveness ot the Cortdsh
mines having siilliced not only to balance the iiiureaACd demand, but also to make up fur the falling oH'in
the supplies from Anglesea. , . ,
OwiiiK to the want of coal in Cornwall, the ores are not smelted on the spot, hut arc, for the most jiart,
sent to Swansea; it being found cheaper to carry the ores to the coal than the contrary.
Account of the Copper produced from the Mines in Cornwall since 1800 ; showing the Quantity of Ore,
of Metal or Fine Copiier, the Value of the Ores in Money, the average I'erceiilage or Produce, and
the aver.ige Standard or Miner's Trice of Kine Copper, made uj) to the lind of June in each Vcar.
Years.
1800
IKOl
IHOi.'
1H().5
IKm
IWI.l
ISdti
1807
180H
1WI9
1810
1811
1811i
1813
1814
181.5
|81fi
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
182*
182.5
1826
1827
1828
182!)
1830
1831
Quantity of
Ores.
Tout.
5,j,!181
.511,(11 1
5;i,!>37
6(V")l!(i
()+,i«7
78,+.52
7!>,2il!)
71,fiiH
f57,8H7
7ti,2+.5
6t),04S
6fi,78ti
71,5t7
7+,()47
74,322
78,483
77,3;i4
7fi,70l
8K,174
88,73fi
91,473
<>8,426
104,523
9.5,7.50
99,700
107,454
117,308
12fi,710
130,.'!fi6
124,.502
133,9t>4
144,402
Metal or Fine Cop|ier.
Tma.
.5,187
.5,2li7
.5,228
.5,i;it)
5,374
(i,2.i4
(i,8lfci
fi,Tl(>
6,79.5
6,821
6,t*2
6,141
5,720
(i,918
6,3(19
(1,.525
6,697
6,498
6,8^9
6,804
7,508
8,514
9,140
7,927
7,823
8,226
9,(.2i>
10,311
9,921
9,6.56
10,748
12,044
cni. tfrt, fha.
3 7
18 3 10
1.5 3 5
16 21
19 1
13
7
3
13
6
4
20
fi
13
26
25
19
27
3 7
2 4
6
3 7
3 25
17
16
1
2 7
.3 26
12
19 2
8 3
17
15
20
7
10
\'i.iue of the Ores,
21
12 3 15
3 15
2 11
14
1
10 3 4
550,925
476,313
415,094
.531,911)
.507,H40
862,410
730,84.5
6 9,002
4!I5,.!03
770,0; H
.570,035
.55i 1,723
,549,6<).5
5!) 1,34.5
627,501
.552,8 1. i
447,959
49t,(il0
68ll,(K)5
62,1,595
602,441
605,968
663,(,85
608,0.hJ
587,178
726,.353
788,971
745,178
7.56,174
717,3.34
77.3,846
806,090
s. d.
1
1
4
16
11
10
6 6
13
8
19
6 6
10
10
8 6
17
12 6
12
19 6
6
6
12
15
1
16
Proctiu'e
of (ir*8
per icivt.
Avt'Ta^e Stand.ird
I'rlce jier Tun.
91
9}
8|
7
8
9-
10
8
8
9g
L'*
8*
8'
8
8;
H
8J
8J
71
''I
8|
i*
8i
133
1J7
s. d.
3 6
110 18
122
1.38 5
169 16
138 5
120
100
14,3 12
132
120
111
115
7
12
7
130 12
117 16
98 13
108 10
1^14 15
127 10
113 15
103
104
109 18
110
124
123
106
112
109 14
106
100
I I
,1' r
*! 1
•;m
f (
^t ,1
Exports
of British Copper since 1820.
Years.
Unwrought.
Coin.
Sheets, Nails, &c.
Wire.
\Vrouitht Copper of
other Sorts.
Total of British
Copper exported.
( 11/.
Int.
Ctrl.
Cnl.
Cwt.
<:wl.
1820
41,1.55
10
.58,121
8
22,663
121,958
1821
34,543
155
66,676
21
24,035
125,431
1822
25,S29
6;5,070
40
22,731
11.3,671
1S23
2l,(/82
802
.56.146
98
25,387
106,516
1824
19,2(,9
95
62,920
292
23,.580
106,()iX>
1825
10
2,1, !4
51,4.37
40
25,(H)2
78,'^24
1826
5,604
1,807
65,264
11
26,307
95,994
1827
26,583
1,4.50
74,943
8
40,439
14.3,424
1828
21.591
1,1.50
.52,4 '2
71
48,897
124,121
1829
• .52,978
15
59,871
13
46,()4.3
159,521
18;iO
56.722
640
6fi,3.il
16
56,443
18.3,1.54
1831
67,2(H)
96
70,477
149
32,6<X)
170,613
18.!2
77,497
2
79,;i+t
13
37,1.55
194,6:2
N.B. — The forciRn copper imported is altogether intended for re^'xportation. In 18,32, 13,894 cwl
of copper were smelted from foreign ore. The Ivast Indies and China, France, and the Unitetl States, are
the great markets for ISritisli copper. The exports to these countries, in 1832, were respectively 82,880,
35,984, and 31,235 cwt.
For the following details with respect to the state of the British copper trade in 1830, we are Indebted
to Mr. Pascoc Grenfell, who is largely engaged in it, and on whose accuracy every reliance may be
placed ; —
" The quantity of copper produced during last year (18S0) in Cornwall, (torn ores raised in that county.
1 'Ml
I' !
.': h:.\i
1'
I'
400
COrPKllAS.
r-j.
If I
'■ \
\
excnmlcMl ten tfnniinrul loin of piiro molnl : iind if to tliU lio added wind lint lippii prmliirod In Wiilr*. In
i)tli(!r |>ar(a of llii^'liuid, .iihI in Ircljiiid, tlir wliolr i|ii.intity «(Jiiir or /lurf nii'tal iirodnccd in lliu I'iiiUhI
Klii};(ioni, in lS.<l, may lie f.iiily »l.d( il at lii'i-lr.' Ihnusitinl Ioiim.
" i'lic ijiiantity of IIiUihIi i'ii|i|ii'i i>)i|Mirt('d in IS.!ianiiinMln, atcordinK to iin account ri'ci'ntly laid beforo
tlu> Ilou>o of ('innniiini', to 7,''Vl> toii^ of lliii> nu'lal : lo which adihiiK thr (■\piiiis of fori'iKn Clipper, the
total export wan H,>I7 lon^ Tlie copper inipoited H altoKi'tlicr inleiided lor re exportation. 1 cannot
•tate iti precise i|Uantitv in line metal, lieianse the jtreater pint of it arnve.i in .1 ntate of uir, nnil I have
no meaiiH of knowing the pruJucu in pure niclul ol that ore, beyond micli jiart uf it uh muy come into my
own posHeKHion.
" J'lie value nf the l!J,IX)U tout of cupper prodiiPcU lu tho United Kingdom, ai above itatcd, at M)l. per
ton, iH l,itmi,()(X)/."
Fori'itin i'i>/>/ii-t. — Copper orei are aluindnnt in Sw( don, Snxony, Hiissiii, I'eriia, Japan, China, Chili, \c.
Near Kahliin, in the proviiwe of Dalecarlia, In Sweden, is the celebrated copper mine of the same iiame,
(iippoHcd tu have been wroiiKht nearly I,IHI() years. Kor a long time it was one of the most prndnctive
mines In tlio world, 'i'liwards the beginning of the seventeeiitli century it yielded un annuHl prodine of
nliont S,lKHl,(i:illlb4. of pure met d i but it has sinei> Kre.itly declined ; anil It is most nroliable (hat at no
distant period it will bo wliolly aliaiuloned. — 1 'l'/iii>iis<i>i'i 'I'riivc/s in Sinulrii, p '."Jl.) 'i'liere are still,
however, several productive copper mines in other parts of Sweilen. The exports of copper from Stock,
holm lu IH').' amounted to 4,'iiii skippounds, or 'i'2.i tonn ICiikHsIi, benides the exports from (oittenburKh
And otiier ports. I'he product of the copper mines in the government of Olonel/, in Kiissia, is estimated
at 'Jll»,(HK» iHiods, or .i,.17J tons iHiig.) a year (Sf/niitx/i r, /■.'.«.>((( d'inir S/nlis/ii/iir (li'iii'm/r, \c. p. U.)
'J'he copper mines of ( hili are also vi'ry rich, and their produce is at present imported into I anion and
Calcutta direct from \'alparaiso. 'I'he copper mines of Japan are said to be ainoiiH the richest in the
world. 'J'he Dutch annually import about THO tons of their produce Into llatavia; and. the Chinese
fk'oni KDO to l,IMHI tons Into Canton and other ports. In fact, Japan copper is spread over all the Kast,
and is regularly cpioted in the Price Currents of Canton, Calcutia, and Singapore, — (.See p. '.'4.">.) It is
liurer, and brings a highrr price, than any other species of bar or slab copper. It is uniformly met with
III the shape of bars or ingots, very much resembling largo sticks of red sealing wax. When'the copper
of .South America Is worth in the Canton market from l;j to hi dollars per pieul, that of Japan fetches
from IN tu 'JO. Pretty considerable (pianlities of copper are imported into Calcutta from llushireand
Uussorali. 'I'his is mostly tho produce of the Persian mines; but a little is uiulerslouil to come from tho
Itussian mines in (ieorgia.
Customs lififiilations. —Old copper sheathing, old cnppor utensils, and old copper and pewter utensils
of Uritish niannlactiire, imported from Uritish pl.int.itions, and also old copper stripped oil' vessels in [Hirts
in the United Kingdom, may be admitted to entry, duty free, under the following re^nlatioiis ; viz. —
1st. Old cojiper sheatiiiiig stripped oil' Uritish vessels in ports in the Uritish possessions, upon proof to
the satisfaction of the Commissioners of (Customs, that such sheathing was stripped oil' in such ports, and
also that the said sheathing is tho property uf tliouwiier uf tjio ship from which it was so stripped, to be
delivered to such owner.
'2d. Old copiier sheathing stripped olT any ship in any port in tho United Kingdom, inion the fact being
ccrtilied by tlic landing-waiter sujierintending the process; tho old copper to be delivered only to tiie
coppersmith who may ro-coppcr tho vessel fiuin which the copper was stripped, ho making pruof to tliut
fact,
HA. Old worn-ont Hritisli copjier and pewter utensils to bo in all cases delivered when brought from
British possessions abroad in liritish ships, upon the consignee submitting proof that they had been used
on a particular estate, and are eoiisigiied on account of the owner uf that e.state, and that he (tho coii-
•ignco) verily believes them to have been of I!i-itish manufacture. — (.)//«. Vuni. Cu::., l.")tli of Keb. IS.'W.)
Copper ore may be taken out of warehou.ses to be smelted, on proper notice being given to the customs
ofKcei-s, and giving sutlicient security, by bond, for returning tho computed quantity of lino copper in it.
— (7 «: 8 6V0. 4. c. 58. ^ SJ.)
Cupper is in extensive demand all over India; being largely used in the dock. yards, in the manufacture
of cooking utensils, in alloying spelter and tin, &e. 'I'he funeral of every Hindoo brings an necession to
tho demand, according to his station ; the relatives of the deceased giving a brass cup to everv Kralimin
present at the ceremony : so that .""j. III, .00, 1(K), I,00(), and sometimes moio than 10 times this last number,
arc disiienscd ujion such occasions. — {licl/'s Commerce of ISi'iij'dl.)
COPPERAS, a term employed by the oltler ehemists, aiul poimlarly, as synonymous
witli vitriol. There are three sorts oi' cojiperas : the </;•< 1 //, or Kiilpliate of iron ; the him;
or Sulphate of copper ; and the white, or sulphate of zinc. Of these, the first is the most
important.
Sulphiite of iron l.s distinguished in common by a variety of names, as Martial vitriol,
English vitriol, &c. When jiiire, it is considerably transparent, of a fine bright, though
not very deep, grass green colour ; and of a nau-seous astringent taste, acconipanied with
a kind of sweetness. Its specific gravity is 1 •8:J4. It uniformly reddens the vege-
table blues. This salt was well known to the ancients; and is mentioned by Pliny,
(Hist. Nat, lib. xxxiv. § I'i.), imder the names of miii/, sory, and cakhantum. It is
not miide in the direct way, because it can be obtained at less charge from the decom-
po.sition of pyrites on a largo scale in the neighbourhood of collieries. It exists in two
states ; one containing oxide of iron, wilh 0'2'J of oxygen, which is of a jiale green, not
altered by gallic acid, and giving a t\ hiie precijiifate with prnssiate of potass. Tlie
other, in which the iron is combined w'u'n O-.'JO of oxygen, is red, not cry.stallisable, and
gives a black precipitate with gallic ac'd, and a blue with prussiate of potass. In the
common sulphate, these two are often mixed in various projiortions.
Sulphate of iron is of great importance in the arts. It is a jirincipal ingredient iu
dyeing; in tlie mainifacture of ink, and of Prussian blue: it is also used in tanning,
painting, medicine, &c. Sulpiiuric acid, or oil of vitriol, was formerly manufactured
from sulphate of iron. — (See Acms. )
Sulphate of copper, or blue vitriol, commonly called Roman or Cyprian vitriol, is of
an elegant sapphire blue colour, hard, compact, and semi-transparent ; when j)erfectly
crystallised, of a flattish, rhoinboidal, decahedral figure ; its taste is extremely nauseous,
styptic, and acrid; its specific gravity is 2'1943. It is used for various purposes in the
arts, and also in medicine.
, Sulphate of zinc, or tvhite vitriol, is found native iu the mines of Goslar and other
f . «
p1acc<i.
t'lUori'sieil
«timewh;i(
gravity, \\
i'liMinicreil
of till' iial
'J'iu' siilpll
at llif Si'iiil
extracted
is run iiiH
tiiiii (if iril
Jiirs's < 'i/\
( ()pS|
con.
(Wdl; U\
fi mariiu'
.•\neienls, \\
nidus or iil
snail has tl
M'ry highll
(in If, ill vil
nicks, andi
fslioiild roll
Straits of
length, am
to arrive a
100 fatlKni
sun siiiiiild
size, solid!
wliile somi
it will not
by the tliit
parts of till
IJesides tli
fisheries cm
deal of Me
tion of its
stated by S
quintals of
'I'he mannc
in the Medit
tho caster th
bottnm of tlu
beams of wo(
tity nf hemp,
mauhine is Ic
tliey draw it 1
lialf a dozen
lUfore the li
divided, at th
other (i men 1
Mat. Indica ;
CORD/
Sp. Jitrciu,
or great, m
))y the act !
in the mam
them, and
Cable.)
or the cole
standing or
The folk
not exceedi
At the t(
circumferei
that make
Suppose
in the Sd <
to it you w
5 feet 6 int
)(l
C'OPYHKJIIT. — CORDAGE.
401
%
pinci's. Soini-thni's it is met wiili in triins])ari>nt pioccn, but more eomtnnnly in wliilu
t'lHori'sci'iii'i's. 'I'lii'so are' dissidvcd in wiiliT, mid iTjstallisi'd intti liirf^i" irregular niii.ssi<!i,
Hdim-ttliat rfsiMiil)lin;f liiii' Mi^ar, liaviiijj; a swuutisli, naiisioiis, Ktyptic taste. Its N|K'cifio
yiavilv. wlitn 11 v-lallisi'd, is 1 •!)!'_'; uIk'U in tlif stall' in wliicli it commonly occ-nis in
t'oMiniiii'i'. it is 1 •;i'J".'!. Snlplialc of /iiu' is i)ri'paivd in the lar^e way from sonio variotit-s
of till' nativt' sulpljnrit. I'lii' oro is loastt'd, wilti'd uitli wati'i, an<l I'xposod to the air.
'J'Ik' snlplnn- altniils oxj^jin, and is oonvi'iliil into suipluiric acid ; and the metal, hcinjif
at the siiiiu' time oxidi/ed, eoniliines with llie acid. After some time the Nulphate is
extracted hy solntion in water; and the Miintion heinj,' evaiumited to drynevs, the mas.s
is run into nionlds. 'I'hus, the white vitriol of the sliops {{iiieraliy contains a small por-
tion of iron, and often of eopi)er and lead. — {Leuiii's Mat. Mvdiia ; Urv'n JJicliuitari/ j
Jiiin'n ('i/f/n/}<nliii i 'J'/iniiisiin'.s C/iiinisfri/, i^c. )
COl'SllKiHT. See Hooks.
rOHAl. (der. KiiriilliH; l)ii. Kontuhii ; Vr, Cornll ; It. Corah,- Sp. and Port
Coral; Ihis. Konillii ; I,at. i'tinilliiiin ; Arab. Hisiil; Vvrs, Merjun i llitxd. Mo<>ui/a),
."» marine production, of which tiicre are several varieties. It was well known to the
.-mcients, bnt it was reserved for tlie moderns to discover its real nature. It is, in fact, the
nidus or nest of a certain species of vermes, which has the same relation to coral, that n
Nuail has to its shell. As an ornament, black coral is most esteemeil ; but the red is also
very hi{;hly i)rired. Coral is found in very great abundance in the lied Sea, the Persian
(iulf, in various places in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Sumatra, Sic. It grows oa
rocks, and on any solid submarine body; and it is necessary to its production, that it
should remain fixed to its place. It has generally a shrul>-like appearance. In the
.Straits of Messina, where a great deal is (ishi'il up, it usually grows to nearly a foot in
length, and its tiiLi'kness is about that of the little finger. It requires 8 or 10 years
to arrive at its greatest si/.e. The depth at which it is ol)tained is various — from 10 to
100 fathoms or more ; but it seems to be necessary to its production that the rnys of the
sun should readily jienetrate to the place of its habitation. Its value depends upon its
si/e, solidity, and the depth and l)rilliancy of its colour; and is so very various, tliat
vvliili' some of the Sicilian coral sells for S or 10 guineas an ounce, other descriptions of
it will not fetch Is. a pound. It is highly prized by opulent natives in India, as well as
by the fair sex throughout Europe. The inferior or worm-eaten coral is used in some
parts of the INIadias coast, in the celebration of funeral riti-s. It is also used medicinally.
lU'sides the fishery in the Straits of Messina already alluded to, there arc valuable
(isheries on the shores of Majorca and Minorca, and on the coast of Provence. A good
deal of Mediterranean coral is exported to India, which, however, draws the largest por-
tion of its s-u])i)lies from the Persian Gulf. The jirodiice of the fishery at Messina is
stated by Spallanzani ( Tntveln in the Two Sicilies, vol. iv. p. a08, &c.) to amount to 12
quintals of 'J5Q lbs. each.
'llio manner of listiing coral is no.'irly tlio same every where. That which is most commonly practised
hi tlif Mediturr.ineaii, is as follows: — Seven or H men go in a boat, commaiulcil by the jirourietor ;
flic caster tlirows his net, if wo may so call the machine which he nses to tear up the coral Irom the
bottom of tlio sea ; and tlie rest work, the bo.'.c, .iiul help to draw in the net. This is composc«i of two
beams of wood tied crosswise, with leuds tix 'il t them to sink them : to these beams is fastcnct) a quat)-
tity of hemp, twisted l(>o.sely round, .ind iiiK'nuingled with some loose netting. In this condition the
machine is let down into tlie sea ; and when the coral is pretty strongly entwined in the hemp and nets,
tliey draw it up with a rope, which they unwind according to the depth, and which it sometimes requires
half a dozen boats to draw. If this rope happen to break, the li.shermen run the haiard of being lost
lUlbre the lisliera go to sea, they agree for the price of the coral; and the produce of ahe fishery is
divided, at the end of the season, into IJ jiarts; of which the proprietor has 4, the caster 2, and the
other (! men 1 each : the thirteenth belongs to the com])any for payment of boat-hire, &c. — (See Ainslie's
Mut. Indica ; Uics's Cyclopedia ; Kncy. Mclrop. ; Bell's Cmii. of Venial, ^c.)
CORDAGE (Ger. TM«tf/?rA J Ti\i. Touwivcrk ; Vr. Muncnivres, Cordage ; It. Caolame;
Sp. Jarciu,Corditjc), a. term used in general for all sorts of cord, whether small, middling,
or great, made use of in the rigging of ships. The manufacture of cordage is regulated
by the act '25 Geo. 4. c. .IG., wliich specifies the sort of materials that are to be employed
in the manufacture of cables, hawsers, and other ropes, the marks that are to be affixed to
them, and the penalties for non-compliance with the respective enactments. — (See
Cable.) Masters of British ships are obliged, on coming into any port in Great Britain
or the colonics, to report, under a penalty of 100/., the foreign cordage, not being
standing or running rigging, in use on board such ship. (;} & 4 Will. 4. eap. 52. § 8.)
The following table shows how many fatlioms, ieet, and 'inches, of a rope of any slzCi
not exceeding ) 4 inches, make 1 cwt.
At the top of the table, marked inches, fathoms, feet, inches, the first column is the
circumference of a rope in inches and quarters; the second, the fathoms, feet, and inches,
that make up 1 cwt. of such a rope. One example will make it plain.
Suppose it is required how nuich of a 7-incli rope will make 1 cwt. : find 7,
in the .Od column, under inches, or circumference of the rope, and immediately oppuilte
to it you will find 9, 5, « ; which shows that in a rope of 7 inches, there will be 9 fathoDU
5 feet 6 inches required to make 1 cwt.
2 D
M
w
t y~
U I
'iW
I
'.'. ' .
v-\
ill!
mm
•402
CORK. — CORN LAWS'.
i,.i t
'!;'!■
l}\
.-: !
II:?'
\<l
1 «
E
S
i
S
i
s
;■«
^,
q
S
i
i
S
1
«-■ Inch
1
1
s
o
M
3f
£
B
c
(4
1
a
1
B
II
48(i
34
3
i)
11
3
9i
5 4
IIt
3
3 3
IH
;5i;?
5
4
30
1
6
•'<-
11)
4
il^
.5 2
12
3
2 3
i.'lii
;»
+t
2(i
r,
3
7
!)
.';
(i
!>J
r,
(■■
12}
3
2 1
IJ
l.-f)
;i
4,S
24
7|
(J
1
<j
10
4 r,
1'4
3
2
ii
121.
,'i
4J
21
.>
7i\
H
4
1)
lOi
4 4
1
12J
2
7 »
5i
.'Ml
2
5
1')
3
"ii
8
3
(i
1(),»
4 2
2
13
2
5 3
77
3
^>i
17
4
K
7
3
1)
111^
4 1
«
13J
2
4 9
-2^
fi,5
4
'•a
1()
1
«J
7
H
11
4
m
2
4
,3
5+
Bi
14
4
(i
«.*
<i
4
3
lU
3 5
,
1:4
2
3 6
it
45
5
a
ti
IJ
3
H:f
(i
2
1
114
3 4
1
14
2
2 1
39
3
(il
12
2
9
9
G
CORK (Gcr. Korlt ; Du. itro/'/;, iif«r/i, Vlothoiit ; Fr. Liege; It. Sughero, Suvero ;
Sj). Corc/io ; Port. Corlica {ili- Sorndro) ; Uus. Korliowoe derewo ; Lat. Suber), the thick
and spongy hark of a species of oak ( Quercus Suber Lin. ), nhundant in dry mountainous
districts in the soutli of France, and in S|>ain, Portugal, Italy, and IJarhary. The tree
grows to the height of ;5() feet or more, has a striking resemblance to the Quercus Ilex,
or evergreen oak, luid attains to a great .age. After arriving at a certain state of matu-
rity, it periodically sheds iis bark ; but this valu<'\ble product is found to be of a much
better (juality when it is artificially removed from the tree, which may be eflTected with-
out any injury to the latter. After a tree has attained to the age of from 26 to 30
years, it niiiy be barked ; and the operation may be subsequently repeated once every
8 or 10 years*, the quality of the cork improving with the increasing age of the tree.
The bark is taken off in July and August ; and trees that are regularly stripped arc
said to live for 150 years, or more. — (^Poiret, Hist, Philosnphiqne des Plantes, torn. vii. 419.)
Cork is light, porous, readily compressible, and wonderfully elastic. It may be cut
into any sort of figure, and, notwithstanding its porosity, is nearly impervious to any
common licjuor. These qualities make it superior to all other substances for stoppers
for bottles, \\\ the manufacture of which it is principally made use of. It is also em-
ployed as buoys to float nets, in the construction of life-boats, the making of water-
proof shoes, and in various other ways. Before being manufactured into stoppers, the
cork is charred on each side; this makes it contract, lessens its porosity, and consequently
fits it the better for cutting off all communication between the external air and the
Liquid in the bottle. Spanish black is inade of calcined cork.
The Greeks and Romans were both well ac juainted with cork. They seem also to
have occasionally used it as stoppers for vessels ( Cadurum obturameiitis, Plin. Hist. Nat.
lib. XVI. cap. 8.) ; but it was not extensively employed lor tliis purpose till the 17th cen-
tury, wl'.en glass bottles, of which no mention is made before the l.'jth century, began to
be generally introduced. — {Bechmann's Hist. Invent, vol. ii. pp. 114 — li27. En/;, ed. )
The duty on manufarti'recl cork is prohibitory ; anil on the rude article it is very heavy, I ;-ing no less
than 84-. a cwt. or 8/. a ton. The quantity tntereil for home con.sumption amounts, at an average, to from
40,000 to 4.'),0(K) cwts. Its p.ice, ineluiling duly, varies witli the variations in its quality, from about 20/.
to about 70/. a ton. The Spanish is the best, and fetches tlie highest price.
CORN (Ger. Com, Gelrdde ; Du. Graanen, Koreii ; Da. Koni ; S\v. Slid, Spaninal;
Fr. Bleds, Grains; It. liinde, Grani ; Sp. Gnnins ; llus. Chljvb ; Pol. Zboze ; Lat.
Frument.um), the grain or seed of jjlants sejjarated from the spica or ear, and used for
making bread, &c. Such are wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize, peas, &c. ; which see.
CORNELIAN. See Caunki-lvn-.
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE. — From the circumstance of corn forming,
in this and most other countries, the principal part of the food of the iwople, the trade
in it, and the laws by which that trade is regulated, are justly looked upon as of the
highest importance. IJut this is not the only circumstance that renders it necessary to
enter at some length into the discussion of this subject. Its ditliculty is at least equal to
its interest. The enactments made at different jieriods with resjject to the corn trade,
and tl'.e opinions advanced as to their [jolicy, have been s»> very various and contradictory,
that it is indispensable to submit them to some examination, and, if possible, to ascertain
the principles which ought to pervade this department of commercial legislation.
L IIisTOKicAf, Sketch of the Corn Laws.
II. Pkincii'les of the Corn Laws.
III. IJalTISH COKN TUADK.
IV. FollElGN COIIN TllADE.
i
I
■ I ,(
!■!
ai
• Bcckmann (vol. ii. p. 115. Eiig. ed.) says, that " when the tree is 15 years old, it may be barked, ..ml
this can be done successively for « years." 'I'liis erroneous statement having been copied into the article
Cork in Kees's C'yclopxdia, has thence been trunspianted tea multitude of uti.er works.
' <\i
i
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
403
■3 6
2 1
Suvero ;
the thick
intainous
The tree
reus Ilex,
of matu-
>f a much
:ted with-
26 to 30
nee every
' the tree,
ipped are
. vii.419.)
ay be cut
us to any
r stoppers
J also cm-
of watcr-
ippers, the
nsequently
ir and the
cm also to
Hist. Nat.
.' ITtli cen-
be'fan to
;. ed.)
ing no less
go, to from
mi about i-H)/.
Spanmali
ttoze ; Lat.
used for
.•h see.
•n forming,
■, the trade
m as of the
iccc«sary to
ast equal t()
corn trade,
ntradictory,
to ascertain
on.
e barked, .'"'^
ito (he aiticltf
fc
I. IIisroKiL . ■, Sketch of the Cokn Laws.
For a ion" time tlie rogulations uith respect to tlie corn trade were principally
intended to promote ahimdance and low jjrices. I5ut, though the purpose was laudable,
the means adopted tor afconii)lishin<r it had, for the most part, a directly opiwsite effect.
\\\w\ a country export,-, corn, it seems, at first sight, as if nothing could do so much to
increase her supplies us the jirevention of exportation : and even in countries that do not
export, its i)r()hil)ition seen\s to l)e a prudent measure, and calculatetl to prevent the
supply from l)eing diminished, upon any emergency, l)elow its natural level. ITiese are
the coMtlusions that innnediately suggest themselves upon this subject ; and it requires a
])relly extensive ex])erience, an" attention to facts, and a habit of reasoning upon such
t()i)ics, to perceive their fallacy, lliese, however, were altogether wanting when the
ie;,nil:itions aflictiiig the corn trade he<ran to he intrcxluced into Great Britain and other
cotiiitries. 'I'liey were framed in accordance with what were supposed to be the dictates
of common sense; and tiieir oliiect being to procure as large a supply of the prime
necessary of life as ])ossible, its expcntation was either totally forbidden, or forbidden
when the home price was above certain limits.
The princi))le of absolute i>rohil)ition seems to have been steadily acted upon, as far
as the turbulence of the period w-nild admit, from the Conquest to the year 1436, in tlie
reign of llein-y \\. Ihit at the last mentioned period an act was passed, authorising
the ex|)()rtati»n of wlieat whenever til" lionie price did not exceed Gs. 8d. (equal in
amount of i)ine siivei tolJ.s-. 10 J(/. present money) per quarter, and barley when the
home price did not exceed :)S. 4(/. In 116;',, an adihtional benefit was intended to be
conferred on agriculture by pr<)liil)iting importation until the home price exceeded that
iU whieii exjiortation ceased. Ihit tlie Ihictuating policy of the times prevented these
regulations from being carried into full ellect ; and, indeed, rendered them in a great
measure inoperative.
In adiiition to the restraints laid on exportation, it has been common in most countries
to attenqit to increase the su])i)ly of lorn, not only by aciiniuiiig its unrestrained import-
ation from abroad, but by liolding out extraordinary encouragement to the importers.
This policy has not, however, been much followed in England. During the .TOO yeai-s
immediately posterior to the C onquest, importation was substantially free ; but it was
seldom or never i)rom(!ted by artificial means : and during the last century and a half it
bus, for tlie must part, been subjected to severe restrictions.
IJesides attempting to lower prices by prohibiting exportation, our ancestors attempted
to lower them liy ])r<)seriirnig the trade car- ied on by corn dealers. This most useful
class of jjcrsons were looked \ipoii w'li. suspicion l)y every one. The agriculturists
concluded that they would be able to sell their produce at higher prices to the con-
sumers, were the corn dealers out of the way : while the consumers concluded that the
profits of the dealers were made at their exiiense ; and ascribed the dearths that were
then very jirevalent entirely to tlie practices of the dealers, or to their buying up corn
and witliluilding it from market. These notions, which have still a considerable degree
of ir.ihienc ', led to v;"ious enactments, jiarticularly in the reign of Edward VI., by
wliicli the frtedoni of the internal corn trade was entirely suppressed. The engrossing ot
corn, or the buying of it in one market with intent to sell it again in another, was made
an olll'iice ])iinislial)le by iniiirisoiiinent and the ])illory ; and no one was allowed to carry
corn Irom one jiart to another without a licence, the privilege of granting which was
confided by a statute of Elizabeth to the quarter sessions. But as the principles of
commerce came to be bettt. understood, the impolicy of these restraints gradually grew
more and more olivioiis. They were considerably modified in \G'1'\ ; and, in 1663, the
engrossing of corn was declared to be legal so long as the price did not exceed 48«. a
quarter — (\5 C/iiis. -J. c. 7.); an act which, as Dr. Smith has justly observed, has, witli
all its imperfections, done more to jn-oniote jilenty than any other law in the statute
book. In 1773, the last remnant {A' tlm lif/inlul ire enactments restraining the freedom
of the internal corn dealers, was entirely repealed. But the engrossing of corn has,
notwithstanding, been since held to be an ofli'iice at common law ; and, so late as 1800,
a corn dealer was convicted of this imaginary crime. He was not, however, brought
uj) for judgment ; and it is not very likely tlu;t any similar case will ever again occupy
the attention of the courts.
The acts of M;;6 and M63, regulating the prices when exportation was allowed and
when importation was to cease, continued, nominaily at leas:, in force till 1'562, when
the ])rices at which ex])ortaiion might take place were extended to 10s. for wheat and
Cs. 8(/. for barley. But a new principle — that of imposiiv^ duties on exportation — was
soon after introduced ; and. in \5~\, it was enacted ih.it wheat might be exported, paying
a duty of L'.v. a (piarfr, and barley a'.ui other grain a duty of Is. 4d., whenever the home
price of wheat did not exceed 'JO.v. a quarter, and barley iiul malt Ifts. At the Restor-
ation, the limit at which exportation might take place was very much extended : but as
2 D 2
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CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
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the duty on exportation was, at the same ^'me, so very high as to be almost prohihitory,
the extension was of little or no service j the agi'cultiirists. This view of the matter
seeiTLs to luive been sijoetlily taken by the legislature; for, in KifJ.'J, the high duties on
exportation were taken ofl", and an ud valorem duty imjjosed in their stead, at the same
time that the limit of exportation was extended. In 1670, a still more decided step was
taken in favour of agriculture ; an act being then passed which extended the <'xportatioii
price to 5(is. 4d. a quarter for wheat, and other grain in proportion, imposing, at the
same time, prohibitory duties on the importation of wheat till the price rose to 53s. 4 J.,
and a duty of 8s. between that price and 80s. But the real effects of this act were not
so great iis might have been anticipated. Tlie extension of the limit of exportation was
rendered comparatively nugatory, in consequence of the c(mtinuance of the duties on
exportation caused by the necessities of the Crown ; while the want of any proper method
for the determination of prices went far to nullify the prohibition of importatio'''.
At the accession of William III. a new system was adopted. The interests of agri-
culture were then looked upon as of paramoinit importance : and to promote them> not
only were the duties on exportation totally abolished, but it was encou'Mged by the grant
of a bounty of 5s, on every quarter of wheat exported while the price continued at or
below 48s. ; of 2s. 6d. on every quarter of barley or malt, while tlieir respective prices
(lid not exceed 24s. ; and of ;5s. 6d, on every quarter of rye, when its price did not exceed
32s. — ( 1 Will. §• Mar;/, c. 1 2. ) A bounty of 2s. 6d. a qunrter was sul)6equcntly given
upon the exportation of oats and oatmeal, when the price of the former did not exceed
15s. a quarter. Importation continued to be regulated by the act of 1670.
Much diversity of opinicm has been entertained with respect to the policy of the bounty.
That it was intended to raise the price of corn is clear, fi'om the words of the statute,
which states, " that the cxjiortation of corn and grain into foreign parts, when the price
thereof is at a low rate in t/ils kinydom, hath been a great advantage not only to the owners
of land, but to the trade of the kingdom in general ; therefore," &c. But admitting this
to have been its object, it has been contended that the low prices which jjrevailcd during
the lirst half of last century show that its real eilect had been precisely the reverse; and
that it had by extending tillage, contributed to reduce prices. It will be afterwards
shown that this could not really be the case; and the fall of prices may be sufficiently
accounted for by the improved state of agriculture, the gradiud consolidatioji of ♦arm)
the diminution of sheep husbandry, &c., combined with the slow increase of the pupui .i''?!'
In point of fact, too, prices had begun to give way 30 years before the boinit_) .s-a,.
granted ; and the fall was equally great in France, where, instead of exportation being
encouraged by a bounty, it wjus almost entirely prohibited ; and in most other Continental
states. — ( For jiroofs of what is now stated, see the article Corn Laws, in the new
edition of the Ency. Brit. )
The Tables annexed to this article show that, with some few exceptions tlierc was, during
tiie first 66 years of last century, a large export of corn from England. In 1 750, the
whent exported amounted to 947,000 quarters; and tiiC total bounties paid during the
10 years from 1740 to 1751 reached the sum of 1,515,000/. But the rapid increase of
population subsequently to 1760, and particularly after the peace of Paris, in 1763, when
the commerce and manufactures of the country were extended in an unjjreeedcnted de-
gree, gradually reduced this excess of exportation, and occasionally, indeed, inclined the
balance the other way. This led to several suspensions of the restrictions on importation ;
and, at length, in 1773, a new act was framed, by which foreign wheat was allowed to be
imported on paying a nominal duty of Gd. whenever the home price was at or above 48s.
a quarter, and the bounty * and exportntion were together to cease when the price was
at or above 44s. This statute also permitted the importation of corn at any price, duty
free, in order to be again exported, ])rovided it were in the mean time lodged luider the
joint locks of the king and the inqjorter.
The prices when exportation was to cease by this act seem to have been fixed too low j
and, as Dr. Smith has observed, there appears a good deal of impropriety in prohibiting
exportation altogether the moment it attained th.e limit, when the bounty given to force
it was withdrawn ; yet, with all these defects, the act of 1773 wiis a material improvement
on the former system, and ought not to have been altered unless to give greater freedom
to the trade.
The idea that this liiw must, when enacted, have been injurious to the agriculturists,
seems altogether illusory: the ])ernussion to import foreign grain, when the home price
rose to a moderate height, certainly prevented their realising exorbitant profits, in dear
years, at the expense of the other classes ; and prevented an unnatural proportion of the
capital of the country from being turned towards agriculture. But as the limit at which
importation at a nominal duty was allowed, was fixed a good deal above the average price
♦ The bounty amounted to Bs. on every <|uarter of wheat ; '2s. Gd, on every quarter of barley ; 3s. dd. on
every quarter of rye ; and i.'s, Gd. on every quarter of oats.
I
i
V
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
ulturists,
HTie iirice
in dear
an of the
at which
age price
■,3s. 6(1. on
oFthe reign of George 11., it cannot be inaintained that it had any tendency to reduce
previous prices, which is the only thing tliat could have discouraged agriculture : and, in
fact, no such reduction took place.
It is, indeed, true, that, but for this act, we should not have imported so much foreign
grain in the interval between 1773 antl 1791. This importation, however, was not a
consequence of the decline of agriculture ; for it is admitted that every branch of rural
economy was more inii)roved in that ))eriod than in the whole of the preceding century;
but arase entirely from a still more rapid increase of the manufacturing population, and
hence, of the efl'ective demand for corn.
IJy referring to the Tables annexed to this article, it will be seen that, in 1772, the
balance on the side of wheat imported amounted to 18,515 quart-rs; and in 1773, 1774,
and 1775, all years of great prosperity, the b/dance was very nuich increased. But the
loss of a great part of our colonial possessions, the stagnation of commerce, and difficulty
of obtaining employment, occasioned by the American war, diminished the consumption ;
and this, combined with unusually productive harvests, rendered the balance high on the
sid< of exportation, in 1778, 177'), and 1789. In 1783 and 1784, the crop was unusually
deficient, and consideriJ)le importations took place; but in 1785, 1786, and 1787, the
exports agiiin exceeded the im])orts ; and it was not till 1788, when the country had fully
recovered from the ellects of the American war, and when manufacturing improvements
were carried on with extraordinary spirit, tJiat the imports permanently overbalanced the
exports.
The growing wealth and commercial prosperity of the country had thus, by increasing
the population and enabling individuals to consume additional quantities of food, caused
the home supply of corn to fall somewhat short of the demand; but it must not,
therefore, be concluded that agriculture bad not at the same time been very greatly
meliorated. " 'llie average annual produce of wheat," «iys ]Mr. Comber, " at the begin-
ning of the reign of George III. (17()()), was abuut 3,800,000 quarters, of which about
300,000 had been sent out of the kingdom, leaving about 3,500,000 for home con-
sumption. In 1773, the produce of wheat was stated in the Tlouse of Commons to be
4,000,000 (juarters, of wliicli the whole, and above 100,000 imported, were consumed
in tlie kingdom. In 1790, the consumption was stated by Lord liawkesbury to be
5(X),000 quarters per month, or 6,000,000 quarters annually, of which about 180,000
were imported; showing an increased produce in about 20 years of l,8'iO,000 quarters.
It is evident, therefore, not only that no defalcation of produce had taken place in con-
sequence of the cessation of exportation, as has been too lightly assumed from the
occasional necessity of importation, but that it had increased with the augmentation of
our commerce and manufactures." — (Cumber on National Subsistence, p. 180.)
These estimates are, no doubt, very loose and unsatisfactory ; but the fact of a great
increase of produce having taken place is imquestionable. In a report by a committee of
the House of Connnons on the state of the waste lands, drawn up in 1797, the number
of acts passed for enclosing, and the number of acres enclosed, in the following reigns,
are thus stated ; —
Number of Acts. Number of Acres.
Ill the reign of Queen Anno - . 2 1,439
(Joorgo I. . - - 16 17,'9ffl)
(ieorf-'e II. . . 22(5 31.^,778
Oeorgo III. to 17')7 1,5,J2 2,804,197
It deserves particular notice, that from 1771 to 1791, Ixjth inclusive, the period during
which the greater number of these improvements were effected, there was no rise of
prices.
The landholders, however, could not but consider the liberty of importation granted
by the act of 1773 as injurious to their interests, inasmuch as it prevented prices from
rising with the increased demand. A clamour, therefore, was raised against that law ;
jnd in addition to this interested feeling, a dread of becoming habitually dependent on
lureign supplies of corn, operated on many, and produced a pretty general acquiescence in
;:]e act of 1791. I5y this act, the price when imports ion could take place from abroad
at the low duty of 6d., was raised to 54*. ; under 54s. and above 50s. a middle duty of
2.9. 6d. ; and under 50a-. a prohibiting duty of 24s. 3d. was exigible. The bounty con-
tinued as before, and exjjortation without bounty was allowed to 46s. It was also
enacted, that foreign wheat might be imported, stored under the I'ivrr'." lock, and again
exported free of duty; but, if sold for home consumption, it became liable to a ware-
house duty of 2s. 6d. in addition to the ordinary duties payable at the time of sale.
In 1 797, the Bank of England obtained an exemption from paying in specie ; and the
consequent facility of obtaining discounts and getting a command of capital, which this
measure occasioned, gave a fresh stimulus to agriculture ; the efficacy of which was most
powerfully assisted by the scarcity and high prices of 1800 and 1801. An agricultural
niamu now seized the nation ; and as the prices of 1804 would not allow the cultivation
of the poor soils, which had been broken up in the dear years, to be continued, a new
•J IJ ;j
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CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
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corn law, being loudly called for by the farmers, was passed in 1804. This law imjiosed
a prohibitory duty of i!4s. ;?f/. per (luarter <m all wlicat iin])()rtL'(l wlien the iionie pric(!
was at or below 6'^s, ; between 0';5,v. and (JGs. a middle duty of 'Js. (id. was jjuid, ami al)r)ve
66a. a nominal duty of 6"(/. The price at wliicli tiie bounty was allowed on exjjortation
was extended to 50s., and exportation without bounty to .T'l.s'. 15y the act of 1791, tiie
maritime counties of England were divided info I'J districts, importation and exportation
being regulated by the particular prices of each ; but by the act of 1801 they were regu-
lated, in England, by the agyrcynte uvcriKje of the maritime districts; and in Scotland by
the aggregate average of the 4 maritime districts into whicli it was divided. The
averages were taken 4 times a year, so that the ports could not be oi)en or shut for less
than ;J months. This manner of iiscertaining prices was, however, modilied in the
following session ; it being then fixed that importation, both in England and Scotland,
should be regulated by the average ))riee of the lii maritime districts of I'lngiand.
In 1805, tlw; crop was very considerably deficient, and the average i)rice of that year
was about 22s. a quarter above the price at which iuiportation was allowed by the act of
1804. As the depreciation of pajjcr, compared with bidlion, was at that time w\\\fi)itr
per cent., the high price of that year must have been i)rincipaiiy owing to the new law
l)reventing importation from abroad till the home ])rice was high, and then fettering
mercantile operations ; and to the formidable obstacles which the war threw in the way
of importsition. In 1806*, 1807, and 180S, the depreciation of pajjcr was nearly ;> jjcr
cent. ; and the price of wheat in those years being generally from (',i].i. to 7,).s'., the im-
portations were but small. From autumn 1808, to spring 1811 the (lei)reciation of llic
currency was unusually great; and several crops in that iiUerval being likewise delicient,
the price of corn, influenced by both causes, rose to a surprising height. At that time
no vessel could be laden in any Continental port for England without ])urcliasing a
licence, and the freight and insurance were at least 5 times as high as during i)eaee.
lint the destruction of Napoleon's anti-commercial system, in the autumn of 181;5,
biiving increased the facilities of importation, a large (piantity of corn was ])oured into
the kingdom; t i'^ 1814, its /nj/iwi price fell below the price at which imi)ortation
was allowed.
Before this fall oi , a committee of the House of Commons had been apjiointed
to inquire into the state the laws alfecting the corn trade ; and recommended in their
Report (dated 11th of May, 18l;>) a very great increase of the prices at which exiiortation
was allowable, and when importation free of duty might take ])late. This recommend-
ation was not, however, adojjted by the House; but the fact of its having been made
when the home price was at least ll'Jv. a (piarter, displayed a surprising solicitude to
exclude foreigners from all competition with the home growers.
The wish to lessen the dei)endence of the country o\\ foreign supplies formed the sole
ostensible motive by which the committee of ISl:? had been actuated, in proposing an
alteration in the act of 1804. But after the fall of price in autunm 181;), and in the
early part of 1814, it became obvious, on coni])aring our previous jiriceswith those of the
Continent, that without an alteration of the lav/ in (juestion this (lei)endence would be a
good deiil increased ; that a considerable extent of such ])oor lands as had been brought
into cultivation during the high prices, would be again thrown into jjasturage ; and that
rents would be considerably reduced. Tliese eouse<piences alarmed the landlords and
occupiers; and in the early part of the session of 1814, a series of resolutions were
Yoted by the House of Commons, declaring that it was ex))edient to repeal the bounty,
to permit the free exportation of corn whatever might be the home i)rice, and to impose
a graduated scale of duties on the importation of foreign corn. Thus, foreign wheat
imported when the home (irice was at or under (j l.s'. was to jiay a duty of 2 l.s. ; when
at or under Gos. a duty of 2;5s. ; and so on, till the home ))rice should reach 86'.s., when
the duty was reduced to Is., at which sum it became stationary. Corn imjiorted from
Canada, or from the other British colonies in North America, was to pay half the duties
on oilier corn. As soon as these resolutions had been agreed to, two i)ills founded on
them — one for regulating the importation of foreign corn, and another for the repeal of
the boimty, and for jierniitting unrestricted exportation — were introduced. \'ery little
attention was paid to the last of these bills; but the one im])osing fresh duties on im-
portation encountered a very keen opjiosition. The maiuifactnrers, and every class not
directly supjiorted by agriculture, stigmatised it as an unjustifiable attempt artificially to
keep up the jirice of food, and to secure excessive rents and large ])rolits to the land-
holders and farmecs at the expense of the consumers. Meetings were very generally
held, and resolutions entered into strongly expressive of this sentiment, and dwelling on
♦ Several impolitic restraints hnil been for a long time iinpnsod on tlio free liiipnrf.it ion and exporfafiim
of com lietwceii tJreat IJritaiu and Ireland, liiit tlicy wi if wliollv aliolislicit in ISilii; and the act of lliat
year (4()Geo .3. c. !)7.1, estalilishing a free trade in cmn lictwecn tlie 'J (jrcat divisions of the empire, was
not only a wise and proper measure in itsell', t)nt lias powerfully contributed to promote tlic tieiierat
advantage.
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE,
•107
the fatal conseqtit'nccs whicli, it was affirmed, a continuance of tlic liij^li piiccs woiilv
have on oiir manufactures and commerce. 'I'his determined oiijjo.^ition, coupled wit.'i
the indecision of ministers, and jjcrhaps, too, with an exjiectation on the part of some of
the landholders that prices would rise without any legislative interference, caused the
miscarriage of tliis hill. '11:0 other bill, rcjiealing the bounty and allowing an unlimited
freedom of exiwrtation, was passed into a laM*.
Committees had l>een appointed in 1814, by both Houses of Parliament, to examine
evidence and report on the state of the corn trade ; and, in consequence, a munber of
the most eminent agriculturists were examined. The witnesses were unanimous in this
only, — that thei)rotecting prices in the act of 1804 were insufficient to enable the farmers
to make good the engagements into which they had subsequently entered, and to continue
the cultivation of the inferior lands lately brought under tillage. Some of them thought
that 120s. ought to be fixed as the lowest limit at whicli the importation of wheat free of
dutv should be allowed: others varied from 90s. to lOO.s. — from 80s. to DOs and a
fi from 70s. to 80s Th.' general opinion, however, seemed to be that 80s. would
sulhce ; and as prices continued to decline, a set of resolutio-.s founded on this assump-
tion were submitted to the House of Commons by Mr. Robinson, of the Board of
Trade (now Lord Goderich); and having been agreed to, a bill founded on them was,
after a very violent o])position, carried in both Houses l)y immense majorities, and finally
])assed into a law (55 Geo. 3. c. 26.). According to this act, all sorts of foreign corn,
meal, or flour, might be imiiorted at all times free of duty into any port of the United
Kingdom, in order to be warehoused ; but foreign corn was not permitted to be imported
for home consumpti'>n, except when the average prices of the several sorts of British
corn were as follows : viz. wheat, 80s. jier quarter ; rye, peas, and beans, 5Ss. ; barley,
bear, or bigg, 40s. ; and oats, '2Gs. : and all importation of corn from any of the British
plantations in North America was forbidden, except when the average home prices were
at or under, wheat, 67s. per quarter j rye, peas, and beans, 44s. ; barley, bear, or bigg,
33s. ; and oats, 22s.
The agriculturists confidently expecttnl that this act woidd immediately effect a rise of
prices, and render them steady ai about 80s. But, for reasons which will be afterwards
stated, these expectations were entirely disappointed ; and there has been a more ruinous
fluctuation of prices during the 18 years that have elapsed since it was passo<l, than in
any previous period of our recent history. In 1821, when prices had sunk very low, a
committee of the House of Commons was appointed to inquire into the causes of the
depressed state of agriculture, and to rejiort their observations thereupon. This com-
mittee, after examining a number of M-itnesses, drew up a report, which, though not
free from error, is a very valuable document. It contains a forcible exposition of the
pernicious cflects arising fiom the law of 1815, of which it suggested several important
modifications. Those, however, were not adopted ; and as the low prices, and conse-
quent distress of the agriculturists, continued, the subject was brought under tlie con-
sideration of parliament in tlie following year. After a good deal of discussion a new
act was then passed (3 Geo. 4. c. fiO. ). which enacted, that after jirices had risen to the
limit of free importation fixed by the act of 1815, that act was to cease and the new
statute to come into oj)eration. This statute lowered the prices fixed by the act of
1815, at which importation could take place for home consumption, to the following
sums, viz. —
Tor Cnni not nf ilic Iti-iiisli
''ossebsions in North ^Vincrica-
For Cnm of tlio BriliOi
rossis.sioiis in North AniLTica.
- 7(ta. per quarter.
.W*-. per iiiiaiter.
- 4(;.s-. —
3!l4-. -
- or,s. —
SOi-. _
- '23s. —
'Ml. —
Wheat
Ilyc, peas, anil boans
liarley, bear, or bigg
Oats
But, in order to prevent any violent oscillation of prices from a large supply of grain
being suddenly thrown into the market, it was enacted, that a duty of 17s. a quarter
should be laid on all wheat im])orted from foreign countries, during the first 3 months
after the opening of the ports, if the price was between 70s. and 80s. a quarter, and of
12s. afterwards; that if the price was between 80s. and 85s., the duty should be 10s.
for tlie first 3 mmtln, and Ss. afterM-ards ; and that if the price should exceed 85s., (he
duty should be constant at Is, ; and proportionally for other sorts of grain.
This act, by preventing importation until the home jirice rose to 70s., and then loading
the (jnantities imported between that limit and the limit of S5s. with heavy duties, was
certainly more favourable to the views of the agriculturists than the act of 1815, But,
unluckily for them, the inices of no s])ecies of corn, execjit barley, were sufficiently liifh,
while this act cxistitl, to bring it into operation.
ation
In 1825, the first approach was made to a better system, by permitting the im])ort-
on of wheat from British North America, Milliinit refercrce to the price at home, on
pajment of a duty of 5s. a ((uarter. But this act was jiassed with diilitulty, and was
limited to one vear's duration.
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Owing to the drought that prevailed during tlie summer of 1826, there was every
prospect that there would be a great dcKcicncy in the crops of that year ; and, in order
to prevent the disastrous consequences that might have taken place, had im))ortaliun been
prevented natil the season was too far advanced for bringing supplies from the great
corn markets in the north of Europe, his INIajesty was authorised to admit 500,000
•ji-arters of foreign wheat, on payment of such duties as the order in council for its
importation should declare. And when it was ascertained that the crops of oats, peas,
&c. were greatly below an average, ministers issued an order in council, on their own
responsibility, on the 1st of September, authorising the innncdiate importation of oats
on payment of a duty of '2s. '2d. a boll ; and of rye, peas, and beans, on payment of a
duty of 3s. Gd. a quarter. A considerable quantity of oats was imported under this
order, the timely appearance of which had undoubtedly a very considerable edect in
mitigating the pernicious consequences arising from the deficiency of that species of
grain. Ministers obtained an indemnity for this order on the subsequent meeting of
parliament.
Nothing could more strikingly evince the impolicy of the acts of 181,') and 1822,
than the necessity, under which tlio legislature and government had been placed, of
passing the temporary acts and issuing the orders alluded to. The more intelligent
portion of the agriculturists began, at length, to perceive that the corn laws were not
really calculated to produce the advantages that they had anticipateil ; and a conviction
that increased facilities should be given to importation became general throughout the
country. The same conviction made considerable progress in the House of Commons ;
60 much so, that several members who supported the measures adopted in 1815and 1822,
expressed themselves satisfied that the principle of exclusion had been ciu-ried too far,
and that a more liberal system should be adopted. Ministers liaving participated in
these sentiments, Mr. Canning moved a series of resolutions, as the foundation of a
new corn law, on the 1st of March, 1827. These resolutions were to the effect that
foreign corn might always be imported, free of duty, in order to be warehoused ; and
that it should always be admissible for home consumption on payment of certain duties.
Thus, in the instance of wheat, it was resolved that, when the liome price was at or
above 70s. a quarter, the duty should be a fixed one of Is, ; and that for every shilling
that the price fell below 70s. a duty of 2s. should be imposed ; so that when the price
was at 69s. the duty on importation ;vas to be 2s., when at 6'8s. the duty was to be 4s.,
and soon. The limit at which tlie constant duty of Is. a quarter was to take place in
the case of barley, was originally fixed at 37s., but it was subsequently raised to 40s. ;
the duty increasing by Is. 6d. for every Is. which the price fell below that limit. The
limit at which the constant duty of Is. a quarter was to take place in the case of oats
was originally fixed at 28s. ; but it was subsequently raised to 33s., the duty increasing
at the rate of Is. a quarter for every shilling that the price fell below that limit. The
duty m colonial wheat was fixed at 6f/. the <|uarter when the home price was above
65s. ; and when the price was under that sum, the duty was constant at 5s. ; the duties
on other descriptions of colonial grain were similar. These resolutions were agreed to
by a large majority ; and a bill founded on them was subsequently carried through t'ne
House of Commons. Owing, liowever, to the change of ministers, which took place
in the interim, several peers, originally favourable to the bill, and some, ever, who
assisted in its prepara<')n, saw reason to become amongst its most violent opp-ientsi
and a clause moved by the Duke of Wellington, interdicting all importation ci' foreign
eorn until the home price exceeded 66s., having been carried in the Lords, ministers
gave up the bill, justly considering that such a clause was entirely subversive of its
principle.
A new set of resolutions with respect to the eorn trade were brought forward in 1828,
by Mr. Charles Grant, t' Thcy^were founded on the same principles as those which had
been rejected during the previous session. But the duty was not made to vary equally,
as in Mr. Canning's resolutions, with every equal variation of price ; it being 23s. 8d.
when the home price was 64s. the Imperial quarter; 16s. 8(/. when it was 69s. ; and Is.
only when it was at or above 73s. After a good deal of debate, Mr. Grant's resolutions
were carried in both Houses ; and the act embodying them (9 Geo. 4. c. 60.) is that by
which the corn trade is now regulated. An abstract of this act will be found in a
Eubsequent part of this article.
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II. Principles of the Corn Lawr.
1. Internal Corn Trade It is needless to take up the readtrii timt by endeavmn-
ing to prove by argument the advantage of allowing the free conveyance of corn from
one province to another. Every one sees that this is indispensable, not only to the equal
distribution of the supplies of food over the country, but to enable the inhabitants of
raising and fattening of cattle, sheep, &c. to
those districts that are best fitted for the
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CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
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addict themselves to these or other necessary occupations not directly connected with
the production of corn. \Ve shall, therefore, confine the t'vw remarks we have to make,
on this subject, to the consideration of the influence of the s))ecu]ati()ns of the corn mer-
chants in l)uyin>^ up corn in anticipation of an advance. Their proceedinj^s in this res])cct,
though of the frreatest public utility, have been the principal cause of that odium to
wiiicii they have been so long exposed.
Were the harvests always ecpially productive, nothing v.-ould })e gained by storing up
sui)plies of corn ; and all that would be necessary would be to distribute the crop equally
througiiout the country, and throughout the year. IJut such is not the order of nature.
Tiie variations in tiie aggregate produce of a country in diilerent seasons, though not
perliajjs so great as are commonly supposed, are still very considerable ; and experience
has shown liiat two or three unusually luxuriant harvests seldom take place in succession ;
or that when they do, they are invariably followed by those that are deficient. The
speculators in corn anticipate this result. Whenever jirices begin to give way in con-
sequence of an unusually luxuriant harvest, speculation is at work. The more opulent
fanners withhold either the whole or a part of their produce from market ; and the more
oi)ulent dealers purchase largely of the corn brought to market, and store it up in ex-
pectation of a future advance. And thus, without intending to promote any one's interest
but their own, the speculators in corn become the great benefactors of the public. They
provide a relief stock against those years of scarcity which are sure at no distant period
to recur : while, by withdrawing a portion of the redundant supply li'om immediate
consumption, prices are prevented from falling so low as to be injurious to the farmers,
or at least are maintained at a highef level than they would otherwise have reached ;
provident habits are maintained amongst the people ; and that waste and extravagance
are checked, which always take place in plentiful years, but which would be carried to
a much greater extent if the wlujle produce of an abundant crop were to be consumed
within the season.
It is, however, in scarce years that the speculations of the corn merchants are prin-
cipally advantageous. Even in the richest countries, a very large proportion of the
individuals engaged in the business of agriculture are comparatively poor, and are totally
without the means of withholding their produce from market, in order to speculate upon
any future advance. In consequence the markets are always most abimdantly supplied
with produce immediately after harvest ; and in countries where the meixhants engaged
in the corn trade are not possessed of large capitals, or where their jiroceedings are
fettered and restricted, there is then, almost invariably, a heavy fall of prices. 15ut as
the vast majority of the people buy their food in small quantities, or from day to day as
they want it, their consumption is necessarily extended or contracted according to its
price at the time. Their views do not extend to the future ; they have no means of
judging whether the crop is or is not deficient. They live, as the phrase is, from hand to
mouth ; and are satisfied if, in tlie mean time, they obtain abundant supplies at a cheap
rate. Hut it is obvious, that were there nothing to control or counteract this improvidence,
the consequence would very often be fatal in the extreme. The crop of one harvest must
supp<n-t the pojiidation till the crop of the other harvest has been gathered in ; and if that
crop should be deficient — ii", for instance, it should only be tulequate to afTbrd, at the
usual rate of consumption, a supply of 9 or 10 months' provisions instead of 12 —
it is i)lain that, unless the price v.cre so raised immediately after harvest, as to enforce
economy, and put, as it were, the whole nation on short allowance, the most dreadful
famine would be experienced previously to the ensuing liarvest. Those who examine
the accounts of tlie ])rices of wheat and other grain in England, collected by Uishop
Fleetwood and Sir V. M. Eden, will meet with abundant ])roofs of the accuracy of
what has now been stated. In those remote periods whLii ihe farmers were generally
without the means of withholding their crops from market, and when the trade of a corn
dealer was proscrilied, the utmost improvidence was exhibited in the consumption of
grain. There were then, indeed, very few years in which a considerable scarcity was not
experienced immediately before harvest, and many in which there was an absolute famine.
The fluctuations of price exceeded every thing of 'vhich we can now form an idea; the
price of wheat and other grain being 4 or 5 times as higli in June and July, as in Sep-
tember and October. Thanks, however, to the increase of cajjital in the hands of the
large farmers and dealers, and to the freedom given to the operations of the corn mer-
chants, we are no longer exposed to such ruinous vicissitudes. Whenever the dealers,
who, in consequence of their superior means of information, are better acquainted with
the real state of the crops than any other class of persons, find the harvest likely to be
deficient, they raise the price of the corn they have warehoused, and bid against each
other for the corn which the farmers are bringing to market. In consequence of this
vise of prices, all ranks and orders, l)ut especially the lower, who are the great consumers
of corn, find it indispensable to use greater economy, and to check all improvident and
wasteful consumption. Every class being thus imiiiediatelv put upon short allowance,
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the pressure of flie scarcity is flistrihiitcd equally slirouf^liout the year; and instead of
indulging, as was formerly tiie ease, in tlie same scale of consumption as in seasons of
plenty, until the supjily became altogether deficient, and then heing exposed without
resource to the attacks of famine and pestilence, the speculations of the corn merchants
warn us of our danger, and com))el us to jirovide against it.
It is not easy to suppose that these proceedings of the corn merchants should ever bo
injurious to the i)ul)lic. It has been said that in scarce years they are not disj)osed to
bring the corn they have luu-chased to market until il has attained an exorbitant ))rice,
and that the pressure of the scarcity is thus often very nnicli aggravated ; but there is no
real ground for any such statement. The inunense amount of capital reipiired to store
up any considerable (juantity of corn, aiul the waste to which it is liable, render most
liolders disposed to sell as soon as they can realise a fair ]n-ofit. In every extensive
country in which the corn trade is free, there are infinitely too many persons engaged in
it to enable any sort of combination or concert to be formed amongst them ; and thougli
it were •'brmed, it could not be maintained for an instant. A large pro))o:-tion of the
farmers and other small holders of corn are always in straitened circinnstances, more
particularly if a scarce year has not occurred so soon as they expected; and they are con-
sequently anxious to relieve themselves, as soon as prices rise, of a jjortion of the stock
on their hands. Occasionally, iiuleed, individuals are found, who retain their stocks for
too long a period, or until a reaction takes place, and juices begin to decline. But
instead of joining in the popular cry against sutli persons, every one who takes a dis-
passionate view of the matter will perceive that, inasmuch as their miscalculation nnist,
under the circumstances supposed, be exceedingly injurious to themselves, we have the
best security against its being carried to such an extent as to l)e productive of any
material injury or even inconvenience to the public. It ought also to be borne in mind,
that it is rarely, if ever, possible to determine beforehand, when a scarcity is to abate in
consequence of new sup|)lics being brought to m.u-ket ; and had it contimied a little
longer, there would have been no miscalculation on the part of the holders. At all
events, it is plain that, by declining to bring their corn to market, they preserved a
resource on which, in the event of the harvest being longer delayed than usual, or of any
unfavourable contingency taking place, the public could luive fallen back ; so that, instead
of deserving abuse, these speculators are most justly entitled to every fair encouragement
and protection. A country in which there is no considerable stock of gr.iin in the barn-
yards of the farmers, or in the warehouses of the merchants, is in the most jicrilous
situation that can easily be imagined, and may be exjiosed to the severest privations, or
even famine. But so long as the sagacity, the miscalculation, or the avarice of mer-
chants and dealers retain a stock of grain in the warehouses, this last extremity cannot
take place. By refusing to sell it till it has reached a very high jirice, they put an
eflTcctual stop to all sort^ of waste, and husband for the public those supplies which they
could not have so frugally husbanded for themselves.
We have already remarked that the last remnant of the shackles imposed by statute
on the freeda;n of the internal corn dealer was abolished in 1773. It is true that
engrossing, forestalling, and regrating — (see Engkossino, &c.) — are still held to be
offences at common law ; but there is very little probability of any one being in future
made to answer for such ideal offences.
2. Exportation to Foreign Countries. — The fallacy of the notion so long entertained,
that the prevention of exportation was the surest method of increasing plenty at heme,
is obvious to every one who has reflected upon such subjects. The markets of no
country can ever be steadily and plentifully su]ii)lied with corn, unless her merchants
have power to export the surplus supplies with which they may be occasionally furnished.
When a country without the means of exporting grows nearly her own average sup-
plies of corn, an abundant crop, by causing a great overloading of the market, and a
heavy fall of price, is as injurious to the farmer as a scarcity. It may be thought,
perhaps, that the greater quantity of produce in abundant seasons will compensate for its
lower price ; but this is not the case. It is uniformly found that variations ir the
quantity of corn exert a much greater influence over prices, than equal variations in the
quantity of almost any thing else offered for sale. Being the princii)al necessar- of life,
when the supply of corn happens to be less than ordinary, the mass of the people make
very great, though unavailing, exertions, by diminishing their consumption of other and
less indispensable articles, to obtain their accustomed supplies of this prime necessary ;
so that its price rises much more than in proportion to the deficiency. On the other
hand, when the supjdy is unusually large, the consumption is not proportionally extended.
In ordinary years, the bulk of the population is about adequately fed ; and though the
consumption of all classes be somewhat greater in unusually plentiful years, the extension
is considerable only among the lowest classes, and in the feeding of horses. Hence it is,
that the increased supply at market, in such years, goes principally to cause a glut, and,
consequently, a ruinous decline of prices. Tliese statements are corroborated by the
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CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
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widest cxporicncc. AVlit'iicvir tlicrc is an inaliiiity fci cxjuirt, from wliatovor cause it
may arise, an unusually luxuriant crop is uniformly acfonipanied l)y a very lieavy fall of
priee, and si'vere a;j;rieultural distress; and when two or three sueli crops liappeii to
follow in succession, t ■• nun of a larjje ])roportion of the fanners is coni|ileted.
Jf the 'niscliiefs V'.saltinf; from the want of jjower to exjiort stopjied here, they mi^ht,
th()U<;h very f^reat, he liorne ; but they do not stop here. It is idle to suppose that a
system ruinous to the ])rodueers can be otlierwise to the consumers. A glut of tlie
market, occasioned by luxuriimt liarvests, and the want of |)ower to export, cannot be of
long continuance : for, while it continues, it can hardly fail, by distressing all classes of
farmers, and causing the ruin of many, to give a check to every si)ccies of agriculturaV
improvement, and to lessen the extent of land in tillage. Mhen, therefore, an im-
favourable season recurs, the reaction is, for the most |iart, appalling. The su|)i)ly,
l)eing lessened not oidy by the badness of the season, but also by a diminution of the
quatUity of land in crop, falls very tin- below an average; and a severe scarcity, if not an
absolute famine, is most connnonly experienced. It is, therefore, clear, that if a country
would render he self seciu'c against famine, and injurious tluctuatious of i)rice, she nuist
give every I'.'ss'Me facility to exportation in years of unusual plenty. If she act upon a
dillerent sys^- n, — if her ))olicy make exportation in such years impracticable, or very
ilillicnlt, — slie will infallibly render the bounty of Providence an injury to her agricul-
turists; and two or three abundant liarvests in succession will be the forerunners ot
scarcii and famine.
3. county on the Exportiition of Corn. — In Gro«it Britain, as already observed, wo
have not only been allowed to exjwrt for a long series of years, but from the Revolution
down to 181.> a bounty was given on ex])ortation, whenever the home prices were
dei)ressed below certain limits. This policy, however, erred as much on the one band as
a restriction on exportation errs on the other. It causes, it is true, an extension of the
demand tor corn : but this greater demand is not caused by naturi'i, but by artificial
means ; it is not a eonseiiuence of any really increased demand on the part of the
Ibreigner, but of our furnishing the exporters of corn, with a ho>,us, in order that they
may sell it abroad below its natural price ! To sui)pose that ,i proceeding of this sort
can be a public advantage, is e(iuivalent to supposing ha* a shopkeeper may get rich by
selling his goods below what they cost. — (See Uounty.)
4. Impnrldtiim from Foroiyii Countries. — If a ci)untry were, like Poland or Russia,
miiformly in the habit of exporting corn to other countries, a restriction on importation
would be of no material consequence ; because, though such restriction did not exist,
no foreign corn would be imjiorted, imiess its ports were so situated as to serve for an
cntrvp'it. A restriction on importation is sensibly felt only when it is enforced in a
country which, owing to the greater density of its population, the limited extent of its
fertile land, or any other cause, would, either occasionally or imiformly, import. It is
fimiliar to the oliservation of every one, that a total failure of the erojjs is a calami..y
that but rarely occurs in an extensive kingdom ; that tiie weather which is unfavourable
to one description of soil, is generally favourable to some other description ; and that,
excejjt in anomalous cases, the total produce is not very diflercnt. Rut what is thus
generally true of single countries, is always true of the world at largo. History furnishes
no single instance of a universal scarcity ; but it is uniformly found, that when the crops
in a particular country are unusually delicient, they arc projjortionally abundant in some
other quarter. It is clear, however, that a restriction «m importation excludes the
country which enacts it from profiting by this beneficent arrangement. She is thrown
entirely on her own resources. Under the circumstances sujiiiose^l, she has nothing to
trust to for relief but the reserves in her warehouses ; and should these be inadequate to
meet the exigency of the crisis, there arc apparently no means by which she can escape
experiencing all the evils of scarcity, or, it may be, of famine. A country deprived of
the i)ower to iini)()rt is unable to sup])ly the deficiencies of her harvests by the surplus
])rodiice of other countries; so that her inhabitants may starve amidst surroundinp^
jilenty, and suffer the extreme of scarcity, when, but for the restrictions on importation,
they might enjoy the greatest abundance. If the "estriction be not absolute, but con-
ditional ; if, instead of absolutely excluding foreign corn fror- \ne home markets, it
merely loads it with a duty ; the degree in which it will operate to ■nc-ease the scarcity
and dearth will depend on the magnitude of that duty. If ihe duty be constant and
moderate, it may not have any very considerable effect in discouraging importation ; but
if it be fluctuating and heavy, it will, byfalsif\;ng the speculations Of the merchants,
and making a corresjionding addit )n to the jn ice of the corn imjiorted, be i)roportionally
injurious. In whatever degree forv.ign corn may be excluded in years of deficient crops,
to the same extent must prices be artificially raised, and the pressure of the scarcity
rendered so much the more severe.
Such would be the disastrous influence of a restriction on imjiortation In a country
which, were there nc such obstruction in the way, would sometimes import and sonic-
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times export. But its ()|)eration would lie Infinitely more injurious in a eouiitry nliieli,
imder a free system, would uniformly import a portion of her snjiplies. 'I'lie reslrielion,
ill this ease, lias a twofold operation. liy preventing iinportiition from aliroiid, and
Forcing the ])opulation to depend for subsistenee on eorn raised at home, it eompels
recourse to he had to comparatively inferior soils ; and thus, hy inereasiiiff the eost of
producing corn above its cost in oti.'er countries, adds proportionally to its average
j)rice. The causes of Huetuation are, in this way, increased in a geometrical pro|iorlion ;
for, while the i)revention of importation exiioses the ])opulation to the pressure of want
whenever the harvest happens to be less jjrodiietive than usual, it is sure, at the same
time, by raising average prices, to hinder exportation in a year of unusual jilenty, until
the home prices fall ruinoiKily low. It is obvious, therefore, that a restriction of this
sort must be alternately destructive of the interests of the consumers and producers.
It injures the former by making them (jay, at an average, nn nrlilicially increased jiriji-
for their food, and l)y exposing them to scarcity and famine whenever the home crop
proves deficient ; and it injures the latter, by depriving them of the power to export in
yesirs of unusuiil plenty, and by overloading the market with ])roduce, whkcli, under a
free system, would have mot with an advantageous sale abroad.
The principle thus briefly explained, shows the imi)ossibility of permanently keeping
up the home prices by means of restrictions on importation, at the same time that it
affords a clue by which we may trace the causes of most of that agricultural distn.'ss
which has been experienced in this country since the peace. The real object of the
Corn liawof 181,5 was to keep up the price of corn to 80s. a quarter; !)ut to succeed in
this, it was indis])ensable not only that foreign corn should be excluded when prices
were under this limit, but that the markets should never be overloaded with eorn pro-
duced at home : for it is clear, according to the principle already explained, that if the
supjily should in ordinary years be sufKcient to feed the population, it must, in an
unusually abundant year, be more than sufficient for that purpose ; and whe'i, in such a
case, the surplus is thrown upon the market, it cannot fail, in the event of t .-rago
prices being considerably above the level of those of the surrounding countries, to ..ause
a ruinous depression. Now, this was the precise situation of this country at the end of
the war. Owing jjartly to the act of IHO-l, but far more to the difKeulties in the way of
im])()rtation, and the depreciation of the currency, prices attained to an extraordinary
elevation from 1809 to 1814, and gave such a stimulus to agriculture, that we grew, in
181 'J and 18i;5, suflicicnt corn for our own supi)ly. And, such being the ease, .'t is
clear, though our ports had been hermetically sealed against importation from abroi^l,
that the first luxuriant crop nmst have occasioned a ruiixnis decline of jirices. It is the
exclusion, not the introduction, of foreign corn that has caused the distress of the agri-
culturists; for it is this exclusion that has forcetl u)) the ])rice of corn in this country,
in scarce and avcrfige years, to an unnatural level, and that, consequently, renders
exportation in favourable seasons impossible, without such a fall of prices as is most
disastrous to the farmer. It may be mentioned in proof of what is now stated, that the
average i)rice of wheat in England and Wales in 1814, was 7'ls, a quarter, and in 1815
it had fallen to 64.'!. But as these prices would not indemnify the occupiers of the poor
lands brought under tillage during the previous high jirices, they were gradually relin-
quishing their cultivation. A considerable portion of them was converted into pasture ;
rents were generally reduced ; and wages had begun to decline : but the legislature
having prohibited the importation of foreign corn, the operation of this natural ])rinciple
of adjustment was unfortunately counteracted, and the jirice of 18U) rose to 75s. lOi/.
This rise was, however, insufficient to occasion any new improvement ; and as f<)reign
corn was now excluded, and large tracts of bad land had been thrown out ''(' cultivation,
the supply was so much diminished, that, notwithstanding the Increase ii' the value of
money, prices rose in 1817, partly, no doubt, in consequence of the bad harvest of the
])revious year, to 94s. 9d. ; and in 1818, to 84s. Id. These high prices had their natural
effect. They revived the drooi)ing spirits of the farmers, who imagined that the Corn
Law was, at length, beginning to produce the effects anticipated from it, and that tlic
golden days of 1812, when wheat sold for 125s. a (juarter, were about to return!
But this prosperity carried in its bosom the seeds of future mischief. The increased
prices necessarily occasioned a fresh extension of tillage ; capital was again api)lied to the
improvement of the soil ; and this increase of tillage, conspiring with favourable seasons,
and the impossibility of exportation, sunk prices to such a degree, that they fell, in
October, 1822, so low as .ISs. Id., the average price of that year being only 43s. 3d.
It is thus demonstrably certain, that the recurrence of periods of distress, similar to
those that have been experienced by the agriculturists of tliis country since the peace,
cannot be warded off by restricting or prohibiting importation. A free corn trade is the
only system that <. : give them that security against fluctuations that is so indispensable.
The increased importation that would take place, were the ports ;dways open, as soon
as any considerable deficiency in the crops was apprehended, would prevent prices from
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CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
413
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rising to an oppressive lioiRlit ; wliilc, on the other liaiid, when the erops were uniisualiy
luxiiriiint. !i ready outlet would ho found for the suriilus in foreif^n eountries, without
its occasionin;; any ver/ lieavy fall. To expeet to eoinhine steadiness of priees with
restrictions on importation, is to expect to reconcile wiuU is contradictory and alisuni.
The iiijiher tiie limit at whieii the imiwrtation of foreign corn into a country liito
Kn<,'iand is fixed, the jrreater will he the oscillation of prices. If we would secure for
ourselves ahmulancc, and avoid lluctuation, we nnist renounce all attempts at exclusion,
and l)e ready to deal in corn, as we ought to he in every tiling else, on fair unci liberal
principles. , , .
That the restrictions imposed on the foreign corn trade duruig the last 10 years
should not have lieen productive of more disastrous conseciuenees than those that have
nclnally resulted from them, is, we believe, principally to be ascribed to the very great
increase that has taken place in the imports from Ireliuid. Previously to 180fi, when
a i)eriectly free corn trade between (Jreat llritaiu and Ireland was for the first tunc
estai)lished, the yearly imports did not amount to '100,000 quarters, whereas they now
amount to 'J.fiOO.OOO ; and any one who has ever been in Ireland, or is aware of the
wretched state of agriculture in it, and of the amazing fertility of the soil, must be satis-
ficd that a very slight improvement woidd occasion an extraordinary increase in the
imports from that country ; and it is believed by those best qualified to form an opinion
on such a subject, that the settlement of the Catholic question, and the disfranchisement
of the 40,?. freeholders, by i)roinoting the public tranquillity, and taking away one of the
l)riiu"pal inducements to'the ;iernicious practice of splitting farms, has, in this respect,
already had great intlnence, . nd that it will eventually lead to the most material im-
provemttfits. Hence it is by no means improbable, that the growing imports from
Ireland may, at no distant period, reduce our prices to the level of those of the Continent,
and even render us an occasionally exporting country. These, however, are contingent
and uncertain results ; aiul supposing them to be ultimately realised, the Corn Laws must
in the mean time l)e productive of great hardship, and must, in all time to come,
aggravate to a frightful extent the misery insei)arable from bad harvests.
Nothing but the great importance of the subject could excuse us for dwelling so long
on what is so very plain. To facilitate production, and to make commodities cheaper
and more easily obtained, are the grand motives which stimulate the inventive powers,
and which lead t(» the discovery and improvement of macliines and processes for saving
laboin- and diminishing cost ; and it is pUiin that no system of connnercial legislation
deserves to be sui)p()rted, which does not conspire to promote the simie objects : but a
restriction on the importation of corn into a country like England, which has made it
great ccmiparative advance in population and manufacturing industry, is diametrically
opposed to these principles. The density of our poi)ulation is such, that the exclusion
of foreign corn forces us to resort to soils of a decidedly less degree of fertility than those
that are under cultivation in the surrounding cou"tries; and, in consequence, our
a'-erage prices are comparatively high. We have resolved that our people should not
employ their capital and labour in those branches of niiuuifacturing and commercial
industry in which they have a decided advantage over every other country ; but that
they sliou'd be made to force comparatively barren soils to yield them a scanty return
for their outlay. If we could, by laying out 10(X)/. on the manufacture of cottons or
hardware, produce a quantity of these articles that would exchange for 400 quarters of
American or Polish wheat ; and if the same sum, were it expended in cultivation in this
country, would not produce more than 300 quarters ; the prevention of importation
occasions an obvious saci'ifice of 100 out of every 400 quarters consumed in the empire ;
or, which is the same thing, it occasions an artificial advance of 25 per cent, in the price
of corn. In a public point of view, the Impolicy of such a system is obvious ; but it
seems, at first sight, as if it were advantagecms to the landlords. The advantage is,
however, merely apparent : at bottom there is no real difference between the interests
of the landlords and those of the rest of the community. It would be ridiculous, indeed,
to imagine for a moment that the landlords can be benefited by a system In which those
tremendous fluctuations of prices, so subversive of all agricultural prosperity, are in-
herent ; but though these could be got rid of, the result would be the same. The
prosperity of agricidture must always depend upon, and be determined by, the prosperity
of other branches of industry ; and any system which, like the corn laws, is most
injurious to the Litter, cannot but be injurious to the former. Instead of being publicly
advantageous, higli prices are in every case distinctly and completely the reverse. The
smaller the sacrifice for which any commodity can be obtained, so much the better.
When the labour required to produce, or the money required to purchase, a sufficient
supply of corn is diminished, it is as clear as the sun at noon- day that more labour or
money must remain to produce or purchase the other necessaries, conveniences and
amusements of human life, and that the sum of national wealth and comforts must be
proportionally augmented. Those who suppose that a rise of prices can ever be a means
f" I
-II
I
!
w
.< km
411-
CORN LAWS AND COHN THADK.
i i
i *
of iinproviii;; tin- I'oiiiiiiiiui of a cmiiitry ini;ihf, with oqiial rc.isoii, sii|)ii()sc' lli;it it woiiM
Ik' iiii|)i°i)Vt.'(l l>y tlirowiii;; iti host soils out ol' cultivation, inid di'stroyiu)^ its uiost |iou'i'iriil
tnai'liiui's. Tiiu opinions of sueli persons ai'i> not only opposed to ilu> plaini'st and
most oi)vious sc'ii'utilii.' piinfiplos, hut tlii-y arc oppo'.i'd to (ho ohvious conolu'.ions of
conunon sonso, and tho univoisai ixporionco of mankind,
Msporiouco of tho injurious iHoi'ts rosultiii^ from tiio (^orn r,aws has iuduood niiinv
tliai, u'oro forniorly tlioir zoalous ■■ulvooatos to conio round to a moro lihiial way of
t!iiul<iuj[r. It would, howovor, ho unjust not to montion that thoro has always hoon a
larj;o and rospootahlo party anionjjst iho landlords, opposed to all roslriotions on ilu'
♦ rado in corn ; ;nid who have nnifornily fhouj^ht that thoir inlorcsln, hoiu;^ idonliliod
with tlioso of tho puhlio, would ho host jirouiotod hy tho aliolition ol' rostriolions on ini-
jjoriation, A protost oxpros^ivo of this o|)inion, suhsorihod hy 10 poors, was onlorod on
tho .Tournals of tlio IIouso of Lords, aj^ainst tho 0(n'n law of IHl,', This doouniont is
said to havo hoou drawn up hy Lord (ironvillo, who has always hoen tho oidij!;htonod
advooato of sound oonnnoroial prinoiplos. Its roasoninjf is so oloar and satisfactory, that
wo aro sure wo shall {^ratify our roadors, us well as strongtlion the statements previously
made, hy laying it hol'oro them.
" nisscniii-iit. — I. Itccnusp we nro ailvcrso in prinriplc to nil now r^^straintji on commercp. AVo think
It fcitiiiii tliat puhiic prospeiily is l)C<t prnnidtcii by leaving nnc<iiitr()lleil tlip froo ciirrrin (if national In.
•Iiistry ; and we wish rather, hy well eonsiilereil steps, to hriiij; hack our counnorcial l(\«islation to the
straifjht .■'.ikI simpli' line of wisdoui, than to iiu'rease the deviation hy siihjectinK additional and extensive
branches of the pulilic interest to IVe-li systems of artillcial and injurious restrictions.
" II. Hecaiise we think thai the great practical rule, of leaving all comnicree unfettere<l, ,i|)|itic3 more
pcculiarhi, and on still stronger grounds of justice as well as policy, to the corji trade than to any other.
Itresistihie, indeed, nni.^t be that necessity which couM, in our judgment, authorise the legislature to
tamper with the sustenance of tlie peo|ile, and to impede the free purchase of that article ou which de-
pends the existence of so large a portion of the connuuiuty.
" III. llecause we think that Ih" expcctalioiis of ultimate benefit from this measure are founded on a
delusive theory. We cannot persuade ourselves that this law will ever eontribnte to prcnhu'e plenty,
eheapiu-ss, or steadiness of prii'e. So long as it operates at all, its ellccts must he the opposite of these.
Miimi/xi/i/ is the I'dn'iil nf sciirciti/, n/'rfc.u/n'.w, nml of unccrliiiiili/. To cut otl'any of the sources of sup-
ply, can only tend to lessin its abundance; to clese against ourselves tho clii'apest market for any
eonnnodity, must enhance the price at which we purchase it j and to conlinetlie coiisunuT of corn to the
nroduee of his own cujintry, is to refuse to ourselves the henelit of that provision which I'rovidencc itself
lias made for e(|Ualisiiig to iiiau the variations of cliuiale and of seasons.
" IV. Hut whatever may be the future conse<|ueiu'es of this law at some distant and nncertain period,
we see with paiu that these hopes must In- purchased at the expense of a great aiul present evil. 'I'o com-
pel the consumer to purchase com di.irer at heme than it might lie impoiteilfrom abroad, i» the immediate
jiractieal ctl'ect of tliis law. In tliis way alone cm it operate. It:i prcsiut protection, its inomised ex-
tension of agriculture, must result if at all" IVom the iirolits which it creates by keeping up the price of
eorii to an artificial level. These future beiielils are the coiisei|iieiices expceteil, but, as we coiilideiilly
believe, erroneously e.\|iected, Inmi giving a bounty to the grower of cum, by a tax levied on il;:
consumer.
" V. iieeanse wo think the adoption of any permanent law for sucli a pnrpose, rcqnired the full ' and
ino.«t laborious iiive.stigatii^n Nor would it iiave been sulllcieiit lor our satislactiou, could we b.- "'ii
eohvineed of the general policy of a hazardous I'xperiineut. \ still liuther iinpiiry would \ mi
necessary to persuade ns that the present moment is lit for its adoption. In such all iii(|Uiry, t
iuve had the means of satisfying ourselves what its immediate opeialioii will be, as eonnectei. ...e
varioos and pressing circnmslaiices of public dilliculty am! distress with which the country is surroundcii ;
with tie -state of our circulation ,niid ci rrency, of our agriculture and manufactures, of our internal ami
externa! commerce, and, above all, with the condition and reward of the industrious and labouring classes
of our ci.mnuniity.
" On all these iiarticulars, as they respect this (picstion, wo think that parliament is almost wholly
uninformed ; on all we see reason for the utmost anxiety and al.irin from the operation of this law.
" Lastly, Because, if we could approve of the principle ami purpose of this 1 iw, we think that no suf-
ficient foundation has been laiil for its details. The evidence before us, unsatisfactory and imperfect as
it is, seems to us rather to disprove than to support the propriety of the high price adopted as the standard
of importation, and the f.dlacious mode by which that price is to he ascertained. .\nd on all these grounds
we are anxious to record our dissent from a measure so precipitate in its course, and, as we fear, so
injurious in its coiisciiueuccs."
Attempts liave somotimos heoii made to estimate the pecuniary hurdon which tliu
vostrictions on importation entail in ordinary years iijion tlie country. This, liowevor,
is a suhject with respect to which it is not possihio to ohtain any very accurate data. lUit
supposing the total quantity of corn annually jiroduood in Groat I'ritain and Ireland to
amount to . "52,000,000 (luarters, every shilling tliat is added to its price hy the Corn Laws
is equivalent to a tax on corn of 'i,fiOO,0()0/. ; and estimating the average rise on all sorls
of grain at 7s. a quarter, the total sum will he 18,'J00,00()/. So great a quantity of
corn is, however, consumed hy the agricidturists themsolves as food, in seed, the keo|)
of horses, &e., that not more than a half, perhaps, of the whole quantity produced is
brought to market. If we aro nearly right in this hypothesis, and in the i)revious esti-
mates, it will follow that the restrictions cost the classes not engaged in agriculture no
loss than 9,100,000/., cxclu.sivo of their own pernicious consoquencos. Of this sum a
fifth, probably, or 1,800,000/. may go to the landlords as rent; and this is all that tho
agriculturists can be said to gain Iiy the system, for the additional price received hy tho
fanner on that portion of the produce exclusive of rent is no more than the ordinary
return for his capital and labour. His profits, indeed, instead of being increased l)y this
system, arc really diminished by it ; (for proofs of this, see the note on Com Laws, in my
edition of the Wealth of Nations, vol. iv. pp. 35S — 30' 1. ;) and though the rents of the
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
415
and
'■'II
'11
t
..10
I
landlords bo, noininiilly nt IcoHt, wnnewlmt incri'nsi'd hy It, it is, notwitlisluiuiiiij?, iiI)um-
diiiitly nrtain that it is any tliiiij^ luit «dviinta},'ooiis to tlii'ni. It would rt'<|iiiii' ii Car
lar>;i'r sum to halaiii'c tin- injury wliicli iiuctuatioiis of jiricc oocasioii to tlicir tiiiniits,
auil till' (laiuaf^f (loiio t(t lliiir I'statis by ovfr-crojujing when priccH arc liigli, than all
that is (lurivi'd iVoui the nstrictions.
5. Diilivn on Impnrtiition, — A duty may bo oquitably imposed on imported corn, for
two ohjiels ; that is, oilher for the sake of revenue, or to lialaiiee any excess of taxes
laid oil the aj^ricuilurists over those laid on the other clas,ses, — (See my edition of
WviillU iif Siiliiiiii, \ol. iv. ))]). IK;,'! — ;U;!).) With respect, however, to a duty imposed
for the sake of revenue, it may he (loui)te(l whether corn be a proper subject for taxation.
Ihit at all events such a duly should be exceedingly moilerate. It would bo most inex-
|>edient to attempt to add largely to the revenue by laying heavy duties on the prime
necessary of life.
If it ho really true that agriculture is more heavily taxed than any other branch of
nidustry, the agriculturists are entitled to demand that a duty be laid on foreign corn
when im])orted, c()rre>i)onding to the ixvcss of burdens aflccting them. It has been
doubted, however, whether they are in this i)redicament. Hut though the ijuestion l)u
l>y no means free from dilHciilty, wo should be disposed to decide it in the aflirmativo,
bemg pretty well satisfied that, owing to the local and other burdens laid un the land,
those occupying it are really subjected to heavier taxes than any other class. It is dif-
ficult, or rather, ])crhaps, impossible, to estimate with any degree of precision what the
exirss of taxes laid on the agriculturists beyond those la'd on manufacturers and mer-
chants may amount to ; but we have olsewhoro shown, that if we estimate it as making
an addition (A' 'is. or (is. to the quarter of wheat, we shall certainly be beyond the mark.
— (See my edition of the Ifntlth of iXulions, vol. iv. p. 'Mi'J.) Ilowever, wo should, in
a case of this sort, reckon it safer to err on the side of too much protection than of too
little ; and would not, tliorefore, object to a fixed duty of On, or 7s. a quarter being laid
on wheat, and a pro|)ortional duty being laid on other species of grain. Under such a
system the ports would bo always open. The duty would not be so great as to interposu
any very formidable obstacle to importation. Every one would know beforehand the
extent to which it would operate ; at the same time that the just rights and interests of
the agriculturists, and of every other class, would be maintained unimpaired.
When a duty is laid on the importation of foreign corn, for the ocjuitablu purpose of
countervailing the peculiar duties laid on the corn raised at home, an vquiculent druwlnick
ougJit to bo allowed on its exportation. •' In lUowing this drawback, wo are merely
returning to the farmer a tax which he lias alii.a(ly paid, and which he must have, to
])lace him in a fair state of competition in the foreign market, not only with the foreign
producer, but with his own countrymen who are producing other commodltios. It is
ossontially different from a bounty on exportation, in the sense in which the word
bounty is usually understood ; for, by a bounty, is generally meant a tax levied on the
j)eople for the purpose of rendering corn unnaturally cheap to the foreign consumer ;
whereas what I pro])oso is to sell our corn at the price at which we can really ailbrd to
produce it, and not to add to its price a tax which shall induce the foreigner rather to
purchase it from some other country, and deprive us of a trade which, under a system
of free competition, we might have selected."^ — (^likardo vn Vrotectiun to Ayrkulture,
p. .53.)
A duty accomi)anicd with a drawback, as now stated, would not only be an equitable
arrangement, but it would he highly for the advantage of farmers, without being injurious
to any one else. The radical defect, as already shown, of the system followed from 1815
down to the present moment, in so far, at least, as resi)ects agriculture, is, that it forces
up i)rices.in years when the harvest is deficient, while it leaves the market to be glutted
when it is abundant. Hut while a constant duty of 6s. would secure to the home
growers all the increase of price which the regard due to the interests of otliers sliould
allow them to realise in a bad year, the drawback oi 6s., by enabling them to export in
an unusually plentiful year, would prevent the markets from being overlo.ided, and
prices from falling to the ruinous extent that they now occasionally do. Such a plan
would render the business of a corn dealer, and of agriculture, comparatively secure; and
would, therefore, provide for the continued prosperity of them both. We are astonished
that the agriculturists have not taken this view of the matter. If they be really entitled
to a duty on foreign corn, on account of their being heavier taxed 'than the other classes
of their fellow citizens, they must also be entitled to a corresponding drawback. And
it admits of demonstration, that their interests, as well as those of the community, would
be far better promoted by such a duty and drawback as we have suggested, than tlicy can
ever lie by any system of mere duties, how high soever they may be carried.
The iirincipal objection to this plan is, that it would not be possible to levy the duty
when the home i)rice became very high, and that, consequently, it would be every now
and then necessary to iiuspeiid it. liut this objection docs not seem to be by any moans
I tT
1' ' (
i'J
t
m
ii
' I
■ ^ [
■ M
-' 't
416
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
so fonnidiible as it i- . soinctiincs buen represented. It may, we tliink, be concluded on
. unassailable grounds, that were tlie ports constantly ojjeii under a moderate fixed duty
and an ecjuivalent drawback, extreiiie tluctuations of price would be very rare. Suppos-
ing it were enacted, that when the home jirice rises above a certain high level, as 80s.,
the duty should cease, we believe the clause would very seldom come into operation ; and
those who object that it is not fair to the farmers to deprive them of the full advantage
to be derived from the highest ))riccs, should recollect that in matters of this sort it is
not always either possible, or, if possible, prudent, to carry the soundest principles to an
extreme; and that, generally speaking, the luiblic interests will be better consulted by
guarding against scarcity and dearth, than by securing, nt all hazards, a ^rifling though
just advantage to a particular class.
III. British Cokn Trade.
1. Quantity of Corn consumed in Great Britain, — Attempts have sometimes been
made to compute the quantity of corn raised in a country, from calculations founded on
the number of acres in tillage, and on the average produce per acre ; but it is plain
that no accurate estimate can ever be framed of the extent of land under cultivation. It
is perpetually changing from year to year ; and the amount of produce varies not only
with the differences of seasons, but also with every improvement of agriculture. This
method, therefore, is now nu-ely resorted to ; and the growth of corn is generally esti-
mated from the consumption. The conclusions deduced from this criterion must indeed
be subject to error, as well from variations in the consumption, occasioned by variations
in the price of corn, as from the varying extent to which other food is used. But sup-
posing the prices of corn to be reduced to an average, if the consumpt'Mi of a consider-
able number of persons, of all ranks and orders, and of all ages and sexes, were accurately
determined, we should be able, supposing the census of the poi)ulation t<. be nearly
correc, to make a very close approximation to the total consumption of t.ie country.
Mr. Ch: -'''s Smith, the well-informed and intelligent author of the Tracts on the Corn
Trade, maue mai.y curious investigations, with a view to discover the mean annual con-
sumption of corn ; and reducing it to the standard of tvhait, he found it to be at the rate
of about a quarter for each individual, young and old. This estimate has been confirmed
by a variety jf subsequent researches ; and, among others, 1 y imjuiries made during the
scarcity of 1795 and 179G, by the magistrates of Suffolk, in t'i different parishes, in the
view of ascertaining the average consumption of each family, which they found to cor-
respond very closely with Mr. Smith's estimate. It is also worthy of remark, that
M. Paucton, the intelligent author of the Metrolociie, estimates the mean annual average
consumption in France, when reduced to the standard of wheat, at about 10 bushels for
each individual ; and as the French consume considerably more bread, and less animal
food, than the English, this estimate affords ;, strong proof of the correctness of that of
Mr. Smith.
Having taken the population of England and Wales in 17G5atP,000,000, Mr. Smith
reckoned the consumers of each kind of grain, the quantity consumed by each individual,
an^ \ hence, the vhole consumed by :.ian, to be as follows : —
Estimated Popu-
latinn of England
and Wales.
Averngo (^on-
suDiiition of
each I'lirson.
3."'>0,000 consumers of wheat, at 1 quarter each . . .
■VSVlfOdo. of barley, at If do. .....
■ '^;i8,CHH) do. of rye, at 1 i do. ....
: GW.tHX) do. of oats, at iij do. - -
Consumed by man . - . . -
In addition to this, Mr. Smith tgtimatcd the wheat distilled, made into starch, &c.
Uarley used in malting, &c. .....
liye for hogs, &c. .......
Oats for horses, &c. .....
Total of horn'; con, umption ....
AJ('. excess of exports over imports
Add seed (one tenth) ....
Total growth of all kinds of grain in England and Wales in ITfu
Tonsu tiled
by Man.
Qrs.
l,01i!,lL'.l
!lilf 1,000
7,;).'i(;,.'3;")0
!KI,0(.0
3,H",0(ll)
;i 1,001)
2,4til,500
l;3,,'i."w,s.vi
l;!,!r)4,47l
1,.')P."),447
if),,')4y,9','i
This estirDate, it 'vill be observed, does not include either Scorland or Irelanc' , and
later in(|uiries have rendered it probable that Mr. .Smith underrated the population of
England and Wales by nearly 1,000,000. The most eminent agriculturists seem also to
be ofojiinion that the allowance ft)r seed ought to be stated a-, high as a seventh.
Mr. Chalmers, availing himself of the information res])ecting the lunnbers of the
people furnished under the population act of K-iOO, estimatei'. the total consumjition of
nil the different kinds of giain in Grent Britain at that epoch at 27,18,'j,300 quarters,
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
417
Qr.i.
3,7.",( 1,(100
l,(llii,l'J.-.
!».l!l,(«iO
7,a5(),.';j()
!)U,(KiO
3,H7,(KK)
r>\,w.)
2,4til,5U0
|l;3,,'-.")5,8:.n
|l;!,!»J4,47l
1, ■>!'."), U7
ll5,;j4<J,9i.'l
li(' , and
[latioii of
also to
of tlie
|))tiou of
luartcrs,
h
whereof wheat constituted 7,676,100 quarters. The crops of 1800 and of 1801 being
unusually deficient, the importation in these years was proportionally great ; hut exchidinj;
these scarcities, the total average excess of all sorts of grain imported from Ireland and
foreign countries into Great Britain over the exports had previously amounted to about
1,000,000 quarters, which deducted from 27,185,300, leaves 26,185,300, to which if
r'c add one seventh as seed, we shall have 29,925,057 quarters as the average growth of
oreat Britain in 1800.
The jjopulation of Ireland, as ascertained by the census of 1821, amou'^'^d to very
near 7,000,000, and probably at present exceeds 8,000,000. The greatest portion of its
inhabitants are, it is true, supported by the potato, and seldom or never taste bread ; but
we shall perhaps be within the mark, if we estimate the number of those fed on the
various kinds of corn at ^,000,000, and the average quantity of the different sorts of
grain consumed by each individual at 2 quarters. This would give 6,000,000 quarters
as tlie total consumption of Ireland.
But the pojjulation of Great Britain increased, from 10,942,000 in 18C0, to 16,537,000
in 1831 ; and both Mr. Western and Dr. Colquhoun concurred in estimating the average
consumption of the whole empire, in 1^:2 and 1814, at about 35,Q00|000 quarters.
The followir;^ is Dr. Colquhoun's estimate: —
Species of Grain.
Estimated
A vcraee of tlie
Fofiulation of
Great iiritain
and Ireland.
Each
Person
averagi'd.
Contumed
b/ Man.
Consumed by
Animals.
Used in Beer
and Spirits.
Used in va-
rious ManU'
factures.
Tout of
Quarten.
Wheat . .
Bar>'.-y .
Oats
Ilyc
Beans and peas .
Totals -
9,000,000
1,500,000
4,500,000
500,000
500.000
Qtu rier»»
Quarttrl.
9,000,000
1,875,000
6,750,000
625,000
500,000
<iuarttr».
' 210,000
10,20(i,000
59,000
1,360,000
Quarter*.
4,250,000
Quiriert*
170,000
' 1,000
9,170.000
6,335.000
16,GSO,000
685,000
1,860,000
16,000,000 1
18,750,000
11,829.000
4,250,000
171,000
35,000,000 1
Dr. Colquhoun has made no allowance for seed in this estimate ; and there can be no
doubt that he has underrated the consumption of oats by at least one half quarter in
the consumption of v;aeh of the 4,500,000 individuals he supposes fed on them, or by
2,250,000 quarters. Adding, therefore, to Dr. Colquhoim's estimate 5,500,000 quarters
for seed, and 2,250,000 quarters for the deficiency of oats, Jt will bring it to 42,750,000
quarters; and taking the increase of population since ISIS into account, it does not ap-
pear to us that the annual average consumption of the dilTerent kinds of grain in the
United Kingdom can now be estimated at less than forty-four millions of quarters,
exclusive of seed, and at fi.tt-two millions when it is included. Assuming this estimate
to be correct, and the proportion of wheat to amount to twelve millions of quarters, the
progressive cor sumption will be as follows : —
Consumption of Wheat and other Grain in the United Kingdom, in a Year, Six Months, a Month,
a Week, f^c.
Wheat.
Other Grain.
Total.
(►-..
9r..
«r..
A year
12,000,000
40,000,000
62,000,000
Six months
6,000,000
20,000,000
26,000,000
Three months
3,000,000
10,000.000
13,000,000
Six weeks
1,500,000
5,000,000
6.500,000
One month
1,000,000
3,333,333
4 333,333
Two weeks • • .
500,000
1,666,666
2,166,66S
One week
250,000
833,333
l,083,a'J3
One (lay • . .
35,714
119,048
154,762
The total imports of foreign corn in 1831 amounted to l;,54 1,809 quarters, being the
largest quantity ever brought into Great Britain in any I year. Now, as this quantity
does not amount to one fourteenth part of the entire produce, it would seem as if the
greatest iir.portation could have but a very slight influence on prices ; but it has been
already sliown that a very large proportion, perhaps a half, of the entire corn produced
in the empire is never brought to market, but is partly consumed by the agriculturists,
and partly used as seed and in the feeding of farm horse.. &c. Hence, if we are nearly
right in this estimate, it follows that an importation of 3,500,000 quarters is really equi-
valent to aboui otie seventh part of the entire produce brought to market in an avcraga
year, and must consequently have a very material influence in alleviating the pressure of
scarcity in a bad year, and in checking the rise of prices.
2. Regulations under which the Corn Trade of Great Britain is at present conducted. —
These regulations are embodied in the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 60., an abstract of which is sub-
joined : —
Sections 1. and 2. repeal the acts 55 Geo. 3. c. 26., 3 Geo. 4. c. 60., and 7 & 8 Geo. 4. c 58.. and so much of
the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 111. as imposes duties on the importation of buck-wheat and Indian com.
9 E
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418
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
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Foreign i
corn
IJrit
sumption, upon the payment (
of ISrittsli
tliere shall 1
sumption i
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tal)lc of lUitics of customs inwards annexed to the act 6 uea 4. c. 111. — ^ J.
The following is the table referred to : —
I
If imported from atif/ foreign Country :
Whcnl r—ArcnnUnp to the average price of
wheat, made up and piblished In manner
reiiuired t>v law ; x'iileltcd,
WliL'iievor siich vrice shall he fi2». and under
Ms. the quartir, the duly shall lie for evcrj
niiarter - " " , '
Wlimcvur such price shall lie BSj. aiul under
61». the quarter, the duty shall lie for every
quarter - - .,.",,'
Whenever such price shall !« 64». and under
fi.li. the quarter, the duly shall be for every
quarter - " „, " , , '
Whenever such price shall be fi.'u. and under
6(ii. the quarter, the duty shall l>e for every
quarter - - .,',,*
Wiienever such price shall lie fiGi. and under
C7*- the quarter, the duty shall be for every
quarter - - - *
Whenever sui h price shall lie fi7». and under
BS». the quarter, the duty shall be for every
quarter • - • , ■
Whenever such price shall be CS». and under
G!)J. the iiuarler, the iluty shall lie for every
quarter - - - , ■
Whenever such price shall he fi!)*. and under
70j. the quarter, the duty shall be for every
quarter - - „ ' , j "
Whenever such price shall lie 70». and under
71». the quarter, the duty shall be for every
quarter - - • -
Whenever such price shall be 71». and under
Tis. the quarter, the duty shall be for every
quarter - - » " , , '
Whenever such price shall be 72f. and under
73j. the quartet, the duty shall be for every
quarliT - - - •
A\'lienever such price shall be at or above 73«.
the duty shall be for every quarter
Whenever such price shall be under Ct'ia. and
not under (il«. the duty shall be for every
quarter - - - -
And in respect of each intORral shilling, or any
part of eich integral sl.illinj; by which such
price shall be ,inder Sl»., such duty shall be
increased by It.
Barlet) : — Whenever ti..- "■•erage price of barley,
inarie up and published in manner reiiuired
by law, shall be S.l*. and under 3'U. the
quarter, the dutv .shall be for every (juarter -
And in resjiect of every intepral shilling by
which such price shall be above M»., such
dutv shall he decreased by 1». Gd., until such
«. •!.
4
8
3
S
2
8
I
8
8
18
8
IG
8
1.1
8
10
8
G
8
i
8
1
/,. «. (/.
rire shall be 41*.
Erit
e for every quarter
enever such prite shall be at or above 4U.,
1 fy 8
12 4
Whenever such price shall be under 33*. and
not under 32*., the duly shall be for every
quarter - • - -
And in respect of each inteRral shillinp, or any
pat of each integral shilling, by which such
priie shall be under 3*2*., such duty shall be
mcreased by 1*. d/.
Oats .' — Whenever the average price of oats,
made up and published in inanr<.'r require<l
l»y law, shall be 2.0*. and u-tder 26s, the
quarter, the dutv s^-n >>•' <"•■. every Quarter -
And in respect of every inteiiral sliillinp by
which suih price shall be above 'Z5s., such
duty shall be decreased by I*. 6d., until such
price shall he 31*.
Whenever sucli price sliall be at or above 31*.,
the dutv shall t>e for every quarter -
1
13 10
9 3
1
Whenever such price shall !« under 2.^>s. and
not under '24*., the duty shall l>e for every
quarter : -
And in respect of each inteKral shiii;:?''. or anv
part of each inte^jral shillmK* by which sash
jtricc shall he under 2is. such duty shall be
UK reased by I*. tUl.
Rye, Pens, and litans : — Whenever the averaire
price of rye, or of |)eas, or of beans, made up
and published in m.inner required by l.iw,
shall W 36*. and under 37*. the quarter, the
duty shall be for every quarter
And in respect of every integral shilling \>\
which sucn price shall Iw above 3(i4., such
duty shall be decreased by 1*. »!(/.» until such
price shall l>e 4fi*.
Whenever such price shall be at or above \Cts.,
the duty shall he for every ipiarter
Whenever such price shall be under 3fi.i. and
not under 3'>*., the duty shall be for every
quarter ...
And in respect of each intepral shiUinR, or any
part of each intt^ral .hilHnf;, by which such
price shall be undLT 35*., sui h duty shall Iw
mcreiised bv 1*. tii/.
WhetU Menf ami Fhut : — For every barrel, beinf;
inn lbs., a duty enual in amount to the duty
payable on 3.Si Rallons of wheat.
Oatmeal :— Vor every quantity of IKLJ lbs., a
duty equal in amount to the duty payable on
a quarter of oats.
Waize or ladian Corn, Ihick-Wheai, Bear,or Biixg :
— For every quarter, a duty equal in amount
to the duty payable on a quarter of barley.
// the PnMhtce of ami imported from any British
Posstssion in lilorth America, or elsewftere out qf
Europe,
\yheat : — For everv mmrter
Until the price ot' llriti>h wheat, matle up and
published in manner required by law, shall
b.. fi7*. per quarter.
Whenever such price shall be at or above fi?*-,
*he duty shall be for every quarter
Barley : — For everv quarter
Until the price of Kritish barley, made up and
gublished in manner required by law, shall
(' 34*. per quarter.
Whenever such price shall be at or above 34*.,
the duty shall be for every quarter
Oats : — For every quarter
Until the price of British oats, made up and
fiublishetl in manner required by law, shall
►e *25*. per quarter.
Whenever such pnce shall be at or above 25*.,
the duty shall be for every quarter
Rue, Peas, hiui Beans : — For every nuarter
Until the price of British rve, or of peas, or of
beans, made up and published in manner re*
quired by law, shall be 41*.
Wnenever such price shall lie at or above 41*.,
the dutv shall be for every quarter
Wheat Mealand Flour: — For every barrel, lieinp
196 lbs., a duty equal in amount to the duty
payable on 5S,J gallons of wheat.
On/»irn/ . — For every quantity of ISl^ lbs., a
duly equal in amount to thie duty payable on
a qiiarter of oats.
Maize or Indian Corn, lUick-Wheat , Bear, or Bigg :
— For every quarter, a duty equal in amount
to the duty payable on a quarter of barley.
A
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Regulations to be observed upon sliiming Com from ant/ British Possession out of Europe, SfC. — Nornrii,
grain, meal, or flour shall be shippeti from any port in any British possession out of Kurope, as being th»
produce of any such possession, until the owner or proprietor or shipper thereof shall have made and si;!)-
ecribed, before the collector or other chief officer of customs at the port of shipment, a declaration in
writing, specifying the quantity of each sort of such corn, grain, or flour, and tliat the same was the pro-
duce of some JJritish possession out of Kurope to be named in such declaration, nor until such owner iir
proprietor or shipper shall have obtained from the collector or other chief officer of the customs at the
faiid port a certihcate, under his signature, of the quantity of corn, grain, meal, or flour so declared to be
ship|)cd ; and before any corn, grain, meal, or flour shall be entered at any port or place in the United
Kingdom, as being the produce of any British possession out of Europe, the master of the ship importing
the same shall produce and deliver to the collector or other chief officer of customs of the port or place of
importation a copy of such declaration, certiflcd to be a tiuc and accurate copy thereof, untler the hand of
the collector or other chief officer of customs at the port of shipment before whom the same was made,
together with the certificate, signed by the said collector or other chief officer of customs, of the quantity
of corn so declared to be shipped ; and such master shall also make and subscribe, before the collector or
other chief officer of customs at the port or place of importation, a declaration in writing, that the several
quantities of corn, grain, meal, or flour on board such ship, and proposed to be entered untler the autho-
rity of such declaration, are the same that were mentioned and referred to in the declaration aiul
certificate produced by him, without any admixture or addition ; anil if any person shall, in any such
ileclaratiun, wilfully and corruptly make any false statement respecting the place of which any such corn,
icnt that
or (>r any
tor I'oii-
age price
tcil, that
lOtne con-
it forth ill
d in such
cd in the
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made iind 8'!l)-
derlaralion in
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siich owner or
customs at the
declared to be
. in the United
ship importiiii!
)ort or nUu-c ol
icr the hand ol
imc was inaile,
)f tlic quantity
he collator or
;hat the several
Idcr the autho.
[eclaration ami
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I such corn,
lanyi
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
grain, meal, or flour was the produce, or respecting the identity of any such corn, grain, meal, or flour,
such iK-Tson shall forfeit and become liable to pay to his Majesty the sum of Ml/., and the corn, grain,
meal, or flour to such |>crson belonging, on board any such ship, shall also be forfeited ; and such for-
feitures shall and may be sued for, prosecuted, recovere<l, and applied in such and the same manner in all
respects as any forfeiture incurred under and by virtue of the said act 6 (»eo. 4. c. 111. : Provided always,
that the declarations aforesaid shall not be recjuired in resiwct of any corn, grain, meal, or flour which
shall have been shipped within 3 months next after the passing of this act.— ^ 4.
Pinalti/for immrlina Malt or tiround Corn. — It shall not be lawful to import, from parts beyond the
seas into "the United Kingdom, for consumption there, any malt, or to import, for consumption mto Great
Uritain, any corn ground, except wheat me. I, wheat flour, and oatmeal ; or to import, tor consumption,
any corn ground into Ireland ; and that if any such article as aforesaid shall be imported contrary to the
provisions aforesaid, the same shall be forfeited. — J 5. , ~. ...
Account (/ Corrt an,! Flour imported, S(C. to tic published in the Gaxctte monthly. — The commissioners of
his Majesty's customs shall, once in each calendar month, cause to be published in the London Gazette an
account of the total quantity of each sort of corn, grain, meal, and flour respectively, which shall have
been imported into the United Kingdom ; and also an account of the total quantity of each sort of the
corn, grain, meal, and flour respectively, upon which the duties of importation shall have been |>ai J in the
United Kingdom during the calendar month next preceding ; togethi - with an account of the total qiiaii-
tity of each sort of the said corn, grain, meal, and flour rcspcctivcl, remaining in warehouse at the end
of such next preceiling calendar month. — ^ 6, .
Section 7. enacts, that if any foreign state shall subject British vessels, goods, &c., to any higher du..c-»
or charges than are levied on the vessels. Sec. of other countries, his Majesty may prohibit the importation
of corn from such state.
IVcckly Returns of Purchases and Sales of Corn to be made in the Places herein mentioned. — And
whereas it is necessary, for regulating the amount of such duties, that etfectual provision should be made
for ascertaining from time to time the average prices of Jiritish corn ; be it therefore enacted, that weekly
returns of the purchases and sales of British corn shall be made in the manner herein-after directed, in
the following cities and towns; (that is to say,) London, Uxbridge, Hertford, Royston, Chelmsford, Col-
chester, Humford, Maidstone, Canterbury, Dartford, Chichester, Guildford, Lewes, Hye, Bedford,
Windsor, Aylesbury, Ipswich, Woodbridge, Sudbury, Huntingdon, Hadleigh, Stowmarkct, Bury Saint
pAlmunds, Keccles, Bungay, Lowestoft, Cambridge, Ely, Wisbeach, Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn, Thetford,
Watton, Diss, East Dereham, Harleston, Holt, Aylesham, Fakcnham, North Walsham, Lincoln, Gain",-
borough, Glanford Bridge, Lowth, Boston, SIcaford, Stamforil, .Spalding, Derby, Northampton, Leicester,
Nottingham, Worcester, Coventry, Heading, Oxford, Wakeheld, Warminster, Birmingham, Leeds,
Newark, York, Bridlington, Beverley, Howden, Shcftield, Hull, W hitby. New Malton, Durham, Stockton,
DariiUtiton, Sunderland, Barnard Castle, Walsingham, Bclford, Hexham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Mot*-
peth, Alnwick, Berwick.u|)on-Tweed, Carlisle, Whitehaven, Cockcrmouth, Penrith, Egremont, Appleby,
Kirkby-in-Kendal. Liverpool, Ulvcrston, Lancaster, Preston, Wigan, Warrington, Manchester, Bolton,
Chester, Nantwich, Middlewich, Four Lane Ends, Denbigh, Wrexham, Carnarvon, Haverford West,
Carmarthen, CardifF, Gloucester, Cirencester, Tedbury, Stow-on-the-Wold, Tewkesbury, Bristol, Taunton,
Wells, Bridgewater, Frome, Chard, Monmouth, Abergavenny, Chepstow, Pont-y-pool, Exeter, Barn-
staple, Plymouth, Totness, Tavistock, Kingsbridge, Truro, Bodmin, Launceston, Kedruth, Helstone,
Saint Austel, Blandford, Bridport, Dorchester, Sherbourne, Sliaston, Wareham, Winchester, Andover,
liasingstokc, Fareham, Havant, Newiwrt, Ringwood, Southampton, and Portsmouth ; and for the pun>08c
of duly collecting and transmitting such wccl.ly returns as aforesaid, there shall be appointed in each of
the said cities and towns, in manner herein.after directed, a fit and proper person to be inspector of com
returns. — ^ 8.
Appointing Comptroller of Corn Itetums. — It shall be lawful for his Majesty to appoint a fit and proper
person to be comptroller of corn returns, for the purposes herein-after mentioned, and to grant to such
comptroller of corn returns such salary and allowances as to his Majesty shall seem meet : Provided always,
that such person shall be appointed to and shall hold such his office during his Majesty's pleasure, and
not otherwise ; and shall at all times conform to and obey such lawful instructions, touching the execution
of the duties of such his office, as shall from time to time be given to him by the Lords of the committee
of privy council appointed for the consideration of all matters relating to trade and foreign plantations,
— ^9.
:. Sections 10, 11, 12. embody the comptroller's oath, enact that he shall execute his office in person and
not by deputy, provide for supplying his place during illness or absence, and authorise him to send and
receive letters relating exclusively to the duties of his office free of ix'stagc.
Sections 13. and U. authorise the Lord Mayor and aldermen to ai iioint an inspector for the city of
London, who is to do the duty in person, &c.
Sections 15, Ki. and 17. declare that no person shall be eligible to the office of corn inspector in the city
of London, who shall be engaged in trade as a miller, maltster, or cdrn factor, or be anywise concerned in
th" buying of corn for sale, or in the sale of bread made thi !'; 'hey also embody the oath the inspector
is to take, and provide for the enrolment of his .••ppointmci
Dealers in Com in London to deliver in a Dt elaiatiun tn : I Mat/or, SfC. — Every person who shall
carry on trade or business in the city of I^ondon, or within .i nnIi - from the Royal Exchange in the suid
city, as a corn factor, or as an agent employed in the sale of British lorn, and every person who shall sell
any British corn within the present Corn Exchange in Mark Lane in llic ~.i il city, or within any other
building or place which now is or may hereafter be used within the city ut I .mdon, or within .Smiles from
the lloyal Exchange in the said city, for such and the like purposes for which thi aid torn Excb nge in
Mark Lane hath been and is used, shall, before he or they shall carry on trade r business, or »t fany
corn in manner aforesaid, make and deliver to the Lord Mayor, or 1 of the aldermeu of the city of London,
a declaration in the following words; (that is to say,)
" I A, B. do declare, that the returns to be by me made, conformably to an act passed in the ninth year
of the reign of King George the Fourth, intituled Ihere set forth the title if this act\ of theqii,iiititiesaiid
iirices of British corn which henceforth shall be by or for me sold or delivered, shall, to th, best of my
knowledge and belief, contain the whole quantity, and no more, of the corn bonufide sold ul delivered
by or for me within the periods to which such returns respectively shall refer, with the prices of such corn,
and the names of the buyers respectively, and of the persons for whom such corn shall have been sold by
me respectively ; and to the best of my judgment the said returns shall in all respects be conformable to
the provisions of the said act."
Which declaration shall be in writing, and shall be subscribed with the hand of the person so n i the
same; and the Lord Mayor or such alderman as aforesaid of the city of London for the tinn shall
and he is hereby required to deliver a certificate thereof, under his hand, to the inspector of < i eturns
for the city of London, to be by him registered in a book to be by him provided and kept for that puriiose.
— ^ 18.
Dealers in Com to make Returns to Corn Inspector. — Every such com factor and other person as afore-
said, who IS herein-before required to make and who shall have made such declaration as aforesaid, shall
and he or she is hereby required to return or cause to be returned, on Wednesday, in each and every week,
to the inspector of corn returns for the city of London, an account in writing, signed with his or her own
name, or the name of his or her agent duly authorised in that behalf, of the quantities of each respective
sort ol British corn by him or her sold during the week ending on and including the next preceding Tues»
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420
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
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day, with the prices thereof, and the amount of every parcel, with the total quantity anil value of each
sort of corn, anil by what measure or weight the same w.->" solii, anil the names of the buyers thereof, anil
of the persons for and on behalf of whom •"■'.i corn was sold ; and it shall and may be lawful for any such
inspector of corn returns to deliver to any person making or tendering any such returns a notice in writ-
iiiff, requiring him or her to declare and set forth therein where and by whom and in what manner any
such Hritish corn was delivered to the purchaser or purchasers thereof ; and every person to whom any such
notice shall be so delivered shall and he or she is hereby require*! to comply therewith, and to declare and
set forth in such his or her return the several particulars aforesaid. — ^ l!t.
Sections lit), iil,2i.',23. and i!*. authorise the appointment of corn inspectors in the places before-mentioncil,
forbid those bein(( employed as such who have within the |>receding 12 months been engaged in any de.
partment uf the corn trade, or as a miller, or maltster, forbid those who are appointed from engaging in
*uch occupations, prescribe the oath they are to take, and provide for the enrolment of their appoint-
ments, &c.
Dealers in Com in Cities and Towns lo 7)inhc Declaration. — Every person who shall deal in British
corn at or within any such city or town as aforesaid, or who shall at or within any such city or town en-
gage in or carry on the trade or business of a corn factor, miller, maltster, brewer, or distiller, or who shall
be the owner or proprietor, or part owner or proprietor, of any stage coaches, wagons, carts, or other
carriages carrying goods Oi passengers for hire to and from any such city or town, and each and every
person who, as a merchant, clerk, agent, or otherwise, shall purchase aPany such city or town any British
corn for sale, or for the sale of meal, flour, malt, or bread made or to be made thereof, shall, before he or
she shall so deal in British corn at any such city or town, or shall engage in or carry on any such trade or
business as aforesaid, or shall purchase any British corn for any such purj^ose as aforesaid, at or within
any such city or town, make and deliver, in manner hcrein^after mentioned, adeclaratiin in the following
words i ^that is to say,)
" I A.S. do declare, that the returns to bo by me made conformably to the act passeil in the ninth year
of the reign of King George the Fourth, iiitituU-d [Acrr set forth the title vfthis acf], of the quantities and
prices of British corn which henieforward shall by or for me be bought, shall, to the best of my knowledge
and belief, coiitain the whole quantity, and no more, of the British corn bond fide bought for or by me
within the periods to which such returns respectively shall refer, with the prices of such corn, and the
luuiies of the sellers respectively ; and to the best of my judgment the said returns shall in all respects be
conformable to the provisions of the said act."
Which declaration shall be in writing, and shall be subscribed with the hand of the person so making the
same, and shall by him or her, or by his or her agent, he delivered to the mayor or chief magistrate, or to
some justice of the peace for such city or town, or for the county, riding, or division in which the same is
situate, who are hcretiy required to deliver a certilicate thereof to the inspector of corn returns for any
Aiich city or town as aforesaid, to be by him registered in a book to be by him provided and kept for that
purpose. — \'iS).
Inspectors cmpoivered to require sueh Dechirnlionfrom Com Dealers. — It shall and may he lawful for
any inspector ot corn returns for the city of London, or for any such other city or town as aforesaid, to
serve upon and deliver to any person buying or selling corn in any such city or town, and who is not
within the termsand meaningof this present act specially requireil to make any such declaration as afore-
said, a notice in writing under the band of such inspector, requiring him to make such declaration as
aforesaid ; and any person upon whom such notice shall lie served as aforesaid shall and he is hereby re-
quired to comply with such notice, and to malte such declaration in such and the same manner in all
respects as if he or she had been specially required to make the same by the express provisions of this
piesent act. — 5 2<>.
Corn Dealers to make Return.^ in tf'riting to Corn Inspectors. -~ W\ persons who are herein-beforo
required to make and who shall have made such dei.!araci<>n as aforesaid, shall and they are hereby re-
quireil, on the first market day which shall be holden in each and every week within each and every such
city or town a.? aforesaid at or within which they shall respectively deal in corn, or engage in or carry on
any such trade or business as aforesaid, or purchase any corn for any such purpose as aforesaid, to return
or cause to be returned, to the inspector of corn returns for such city or town, an account in writing, signed
with their names respectively, ol the amount of each and every parcel of each respective sort of British
corn so by them respectively bought during the week ending on and including the day next preceding
such first market day as aforesaid, with the price thereof, and by what weight or measure the same was
so liought by them, with the names of the sellers of each of the said parcels respectively, with the names
of the person or persons, if any other than the person making such return, for or on accountof whom the
same was sd bought and sold ; and it shall and may be lawful for any such inspector of corn returns to de-
liver to any person making or tendering any such return a notice in writing, requiring him or her to
dei'lare and set forth therein where and by whom and in what manner any such British corn was delivered
to him or her ; and every person to whom any such notice shall be delivered shall and he or she is hereby
required to comply therewith, and to declnre and set forth in such his or her return, or in a sei>arate
statement in writing, the several particulars aforesaid. — 5 27.
Iit.ipector not to include Hetums tmtU he has ascertained that the Persons making them have taken the
Declaration required. — No inspector of corn returns shall include, in the return so to be made by them as
aforesaid to the comptroller of corn returns, any account of sales or purchases of corn, unless such inspec-
tor shall have received satisfactory proof that the i)erson or persons tendering such account hath made
the declaration herein-before required, and hath ilelivereil thesameto the mayor or chief magistrate or to
some justice of the peace of the city or town for which such inspector shall be so appointed to act, or to
some justice of the peace for the county, riding, or division in which such city or town is situata — ^ l.'.S.
Inspector to enter Hetiirtts made to him in a Rook, SjC. — Every inspector of corn returns shall duly and
regularly enter, in a book to be by him provided and kept for that purpose, the several accounts of the
quantities and prices of corn returned to him by such persons respectively as aforesaid ; and every such
inspector of corn returns for the city of London, and tor the several other cities and towns aforesaid, shall
in each and every week return to the comptroller ol ■ rn returns an account of the weekly quantities and
prices of the several sorts of British corn sold in tin- city or town for which he is appointed inspector,
according to the returns so made to him as albresaiii, .mil in such form as shall be from time to time pre-
scribeil and directed by the said comptroller of corn nlui iis ; and the said returns shall be so made to the
said comptroller by the inspector of corn returns for the city of London on Friday in each week, and by
the inspector of corn returns for the several otlier cities and towns as aforesaid within 3 days next after
the first market day holden in each and every week in any such city or town ^ 29.
Average Prices to be made up and published every Week. — The average prices of all British corn, by
wliioh the rate and amount of the said duties shall be regulated, shall be made up and computed on Thiirs.
<lay in each and every week in manner following ; (that is to say,! the said comptroller of corn returns shall
on such Thursday in each week,.from the returns received by him during the week next preceding, ending
on and including the Saturday in such preceding week, add together the total quantities of each sort of
British corn respectively appearing by such returns to have been sold, and the total prices for which the
same shall thereby appear to have l)een sold, and shall divide the amount of such total prices respectively
by the amount of sucn tot.il quantities of each sort of British corn respectively, and the sum proiluced
thereby shall be added to the sums in like manner produced in the '> weeks imnieiliately preceding the
same, and the aniount of such sums so aiMcd sluUl he divided by (i, I the sum thereby given shall he
>lut*med and taken to be the aggregate average ;irice of each such sort m British corn respectively, for the
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
421
purpose of regulating and ascertaining the rate ami amount uf tlie said duties ; and tlio laid comptroller
of corn rcturnsiihaU cause such aggreKate weekly avoniKes to be publisheil in the next succeeding (iazette,
and shall on Thursday in each weeli transmit a eertilicafeol'such aggregate average prices oleaeh sort of
Dritish corn to the collector or other chief otticcr of the customs at earli of the several ports of the United
Kingdom ; and the rate and amount of the duties to be paid under trie provisions of this act shall from
time to time be regulated and governed at each of the ports of the United Kingdom respectiiely by the
aggregate average prices of liritish corn at the time of the ev'ry ,.jr home consumption of any corn, grain,
meal, or flour chargeal)le with any such duty, as such agf^regatc average prices shall appear and be ^tate<l
in the last of such certificates as aforesaid which shall have been received as aforesaid by the collector or
other chief officer of customs at such jiort. — ^ oO.
How Quantities qf Com arc to be computed. — In the returns so to be made as aforesaid to the comp.
troller of corn returns, and in the publications so to be made from time to time in the I,onilon (iazette, and
in the certificate so to be transmitted by the said comptroller of corn returns to such collectors or other
chief officers of the customs as aforesaid, the quantities of each sort of liritish corn respectively shall be
computed and set forth by, according, and with reference to the imperial standard gallon. — ( ,'il.
Comptroller may use the present Averages. — Until a suDicicnt number of weekly returns shall have been
received by the said comptroller of corn returns under this act, to atl'ord such aggregate average prices of
British corn asiiforesaid, the weekly average prices of liritish corn published by him immediately belore
the passing of this act shall by him be used and referred to in making such calculations as aforesaid, in
such and the same manner as if the same had been made up and taken undei lul in pursuance ot this
act. — % 32.
iVhat shall he ilcemcd Piilish Corn. — All corn or grain, the produce of the United Kingdom, shall be
dceme<l and taken to be British corn for the purposes of this act. — 5 ""■■
Provisitms of this Act may be applied to any Town in the I'nitcil Kinfflom. —For the purpo.se of ascer-
taining the average price 1' corn and grain sold within the United Kingdom of Great liritain and Ireland,
it shall and may be lawful for his Majesty, by any order or orders to be by him made, by and with the
advice of his privy council, to direct that the provisions of ihis act, so far as regards the appointment of
inspectors and the making of weekly returns, shall be applicable to any cities or towns within the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which shall be named in any such order or orders in council :
Provide<l always, that the returns so received from such towns shall not be admitted into the averages
made up for the purpose of regulating the duties payable upon foreign corn, grain, meal, or flour. — \ J4,
Set'tion o'>. provides for the continuance in uttice of the present comptrollers and inspectors.
If /leturns are untrue. Comptroller lo lai/ a Slatcmcnl thereof before the Committee of I'riry Council. —
If the said comptroller of corn returns .shall at any time see cause to believe that any return so to be made
is aforesaid to any such inspector of corn returns lor the city of Umdon, or for any other such city or
town as aforesaid, is fraudulent or untrue, the said comptroller shall and he is hereby required, with all
convenient expedition, to lay before the Lords of the said committee of privy council a statement of the
grounds of such his belief; and if, upon consideration of any such statement, the saiil Lords of the- said
committee shall direct the said comptroller lo omit any such return in the computation of such aggregate
weekly average price as aforesaid, then and in that case, but not otherwise, the said comptroller of corn
returns shall and he is hereby authorised to omit any such return in the computation of such aggregate
weekly average price. — ^ 3ti.
Section 37. enacts, that corn dealers having made the declaration previous to this act shall transmit
returns and comply with the rules hereby required.
Comptroller to issue Directions respecting Inspection qf Books of Inspectors. — The comptroller of corn
returns shall and he is hereby authorised from time to time, in pursuance of any instructions which he
shall receive in that behalf from the Lords of the said committee of privy council, to issue lo the several
inspectors of corn returns any general or special directions respecting the inspe-t'on by any person or
persons of the books so directed as aforesaid to be kept by every such inspector of cor.) returns ; and no
such inspector as aforesaid shall permit or suffer any person to inspect any siic.'i bo' k, or to peruse or
transcribe any entry therein, except in compliance with some such general or speti..; directions from the
said coinptioller of corn returns as aforciaid. — k, .'3H.
Copy of the last lictiirn to tie affixed on Market Place on each Market Day. — Each and every inspector
of corn returns shall and he is hereby required on each and every market day to put up or cause to be pul
up in the market i)lace of the city or town for which he .shall be appointed inspector, or if there .'liall be
no market place in such city or town, then in some oiher conspicuous place therein, a copy of the last
return made by him to the comptroller of corn returns, ouiilliiig the n.imes of the parties w lio may have
sold and bought the said corn ; and every such inspector shall also again put up such act ount on the
market day immediately following that on which it shall first have been put up, in case the .same shall
from accident or any other cause have been removed, and shall take due care that the same shall remain
up for public inspection until a new account for the ensuing week shall have been prepared i:nd set up, —
^ 39.
Sections H). and 41 rel.itc to the payment of comptrollers and inspectors.
Penalty on Corn Dealers for 7iot making Declarations or Returns. — If any person who is hereby
recjuired to make and deliver the declaration or declarations herein-ljeforc particularly mentioned and set
forth, or either of them, shall not make and deliver such declaration or declarations at the time, and in
the form and manner, and to the person or oersons, herein before directed and pi escribed in that b"' alf,
every person so otiendiiig shall forfeit and pay the sum of »)/. for each and every calendar month d' ..og
winch he shall neglect or delay to make and deliver any such declaration ; and if any person who is
herein.before required to make any return to any such inspwtor of corn returns as aforesaid shall not
make such returns lo such inspector, at the time and in the form and manner herein. before directed and
prescribetl, every such offender shall for such his ollence forfeit and pay the sum of LH)/. — ^ 42.
Sections 43, 44. and 4,"). regard the recovery and application of penalties, and imiKi.se a fine, not exceeding
10/., on any person, lawfully summoned ;is a witness touching any matter of fact under this act. who
refuses to attend without reasonable excuse.
Punishment for making false Itetnrns. — If any per.-nn shall make anv false and fraudulent statement
in any such return as he is herein.before directed and rcijuired to make, or shall falselv and wilfully
include, or procure or cause to be included, in any such return, any liritish corn whii h was" not truly and
Imta pde soM or bought to, tiy, or on behalf ot the p.Tson or persons in any such return mentioned in
that Denalt, in the quantity and for the price therein stated and set forth, every such ollei.dcr shall be and
be deemed guilty of a nusdemeanor. — \ 4ii.
Act not to 'Meet the Practice of measuring or Pririlegci of the Citi/ of London. — Nothing in this act
contained shall extend to alter the present practice of me; sirring corn, or any « f the articlis aforesaid, to
be shipped from or to be landed in the port nf London, lint that the same shall be measured bv the sworn
meters appomteil tor that purpose, by whose certificat" the searclicrs or other proper oHicers of hi&
Majesty s cu,stoins are hereby empowered and required to crrtil'v the i,uantitv of corn or other articles aa
alorcsaid so shipped or landed ; and that nothing in this act con'taiiied shall extmd to lessen or take aw.iv
me riglits and privileges of, or the tolls or duties duo and pay.dile to, the ma\,ir and commonaltN ai.d
citizens of the city ot London, or to the mayor of the said citv for the time being, or to take aw.iy the
privileges of any persons lawfully deriving title from or under tliein. — ^ 47.
Limitation <;/ .IrV/on.?. — Actions brought or cuminenceil under this act must be within three munllis
after the matter <ir thing done. Defen.ianis may plead the CLiieral issue; and if judgment be fciveii
aaamst the plainlifi; defendants shall luu e treble costs. — \ 4a.
2 E 3
1 ::
{
I 'l
li^
h
\i \
,
«
H^
^..J-JJI
422
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
■'■ ' !:
'. ".1
i ,
.V
1 1 . n.
'. :-!
,i&,' I ii
II
r .
•^^
3. Tables showing the Pkices op the different Sorts of Graik in Great Britain,
t:ik Quantities imi'obted and exported, &c.
I. Account of the I'ric> : of Miilclling or Mealing Wheat per Quarter at Windtor Market, as ?;ccrtainc(l
liy the Audit-Books of Eton Collb^?.
Avermte
Average
AveraKC
IViccs of
I'rlccii of ' ut Tl-11
Prices of
Prlcen of
of Ten
Price* of
Prices of
of Ten
Wlu-at Bt
Wheat re- ' Ye.irsai:-
W Ileal at
Wheat re-
Years ac-
M' heat at
Wheat re-
Years ac-
Windsor,
UiK-ed to the I'orclinu to
Wiiulh4ir,
duced to the
cording to
the Wiii-
Windsor.
duceillothe
cording tu
Yran
'J liallom
Wiiuhester the \\m-
Vear.'i.
<J (iulloiH
Winchester
VL-an. l)<mlluns
Wincheslerl the Win- I
to the
Hushel of cht-Mur
to th ■
Husliel of
cht?ster
to the
Hu^hel of
Chester
Uusht'l.
8 Uallons. Hushel of
lliL^hel.
8 Uallom.
Hu,h 1 of
Uu^ihel.
8 OaUons.
Bushel uf
je~S. it
li (iailom.
M UalloMH.
£ s. a.
£ s. d.
€ s. ri.
8 Gallons.
£ >. d.
£ s. d ''jt' I- (I.
£ s'd.
£ s. d.
lOlfi
2 8
2 2 8
1707
1 H li
1 5 4
\-in
3 4 (>
2 17 4
lfi47
3 13 8
3 5 5-
1708
2 1 ()
1 ir, 101
I7li8
3 6
2 13 9i
1(>48
4 5
3 15 6
1709
3 18 6
3 9 9i
1769
2 5 8
2 7
KU9
4
3 11 1
1710
3 18
3 9 4
1770
2 9
2 3 liJ
IIkV)
3 16 8
3 8 1
1711
2 14
2 8
1771
2 17
2 10 8
Iti^l
3 13 4
3 5 2
1712
2 6 4
2 1 2i
1772
3 6
2 18 8
iiwa
2 9 6
2 4
1713
2 11
2 5 4
1773
3 6 6
2 19 11
lf>53
1 15 6
1 11 6
1714
2 10 4
2 4 9
1774
3 2
2 15 li
\(V>i
1 6
1 3 Ij
171.3
2 3
1 18 ^
2 4 21
1775
2 17 8
2 11 3i 2 11 31 1
lfK)5
1 13 4
1 9 7 2 11 7JI
1716
2 8
2 2 8
1776
2 8
2 2 8
lti.f)
2 3
1 18 2
1717
2 5 8
2 74
1777
2 15
2 8 lOf
ltw7
2 6 8
2 1 5
2 17 9l
1718
1 18 10
1 14 64
1 11 li
1778
2 9 6
2 4
KiW
3 5
1719
1 15
1779
2 8
1 16 U
2 3 1
law
3 6
2 18 8
1720
1 17
1 12 lOj
1780
2 8 6
KMiO
2 16 6
2 10 2}
1721
1 17 6
1 13 4
1781
2 19
2 12 5i
ItM)!
3 10
3 2 2
1722
1 16
1 12
1782
3 6
2 13 9
UW2
3 14
3 5 9l
1723
1 14 8
1 10 lOj
1783
3 1
i 14 2v
l(ir>3
2 17
2 10 8
1724
1 17
1 12 10,
1784
3 6
2 13 9}
Ififil
2 6
1 16
1725
2 8 6
2 3 1 +
1 15 4S
178)
2 14
2 8
2 7 8i
UiCiTt
2 9 4
2 3 lOi 2 10 5JI
1726
2 6
2 1',
IVnil
2 7 !'•
2 2 2f
um
1 15
1 12
1727
2 2
1 17 4
1787
2 11 6
2 r- m 1
lfit!7
1 16
1 12
1728
2 14 6
2 8 51
2 1 7|
1788
2 15 6
2 ) 7
KWS
2
1 15 6f
1729
2 6 10
1789
3 3 2
2 1.. •■!
lt)69
2 4 4
1 19 5
1730
1 16 6
1 12 5i
1790
3 3 2
2 16 U
1670
2 1 8
1 17 Oi
1731
1 12 10
1 9 e|
1 3 8|
1791
2 15 6
2 9 4
liiTI
2 2
1 17 4
1732
1 6 8
1792*
2 13
l()72
2 1
1 16 5i
1733
1 8 4
} ,^ 2i
1793
,
2 15 8
U)73
2 6 8
2 15
1734
I 18 10
4 6i
179*
.,
2 14
1()74
3 8 8
3 10 1
1735
2 3
« 2$
1 15 2
1795
.
4 1 6
2 14 3i
IWS
3 4 8
2 17 5 2 Hi
1736
2 4
^ ll'i
1796
.
4 2
l(i76
1 18
1 13 9i
1737
1 18
1 13 4
1 11 fi|
1797
_ »
3 2
1()77
2 2
I 17 4
1738
1 15 6
1798
^ _
2 14
lt>78
2 19
2 12 5i
1739
1 18 6
\'t ?*
17U9
.
3 15 8
Ifi79
3
2 13 4
1740
2 10 8
2 5 li
1800
6 7
l(>KO
2 5
2
1741
2 6 8
2 1 5J
1801
6 8 6
1(W1
2 6 8
2 1 5f
1742
1 14
1 10 2f
1802
3 7 2
lliS'2
2 4
1 19 U
I7i3
1 4 10
1 2 1
1803
3
llW.i
2
1 15 6
1744
1 4 10
I 2 1
1804
3 9 6
lf)84
2 4
1 19 U
1745
1 7 6
1 4 5J
1 12 1
1805
2 .
4 8
4 1 2i
I6sr,
2 6 8
2 1 5i
2 1 4^
1746
1 19
1 14 8
1806
4 3
ItiKfii
1 14
1 10 2^
1 2 4}
1747
1 14 10
1 10 Hi
1807
3 18
1687
1 5 2
1748
1 17
1 12 lOf
1808
3 19 2
1688
2 6
2 lOf
1749
1 17
1 12 lot
1809
5 6
1689
1 10
1 6 8
175U
1 12 6
1 8 10|
1810
"
5 12
1()90
1 14 8
1 10 9f
1751
1 13 6
1 14 2f
1811
■
5 8
1691
1 14
1 10 2f
1752
3 1 10
1 17 2i
1 19 8|
1812
-
6 8
1692
2 6 8
2 1 5J
1753
2 4 8
1813
-
6
1693
3 7 8
3 H
1754
1 14 8
1 10 9J
1814
-
4 5
1694
3 4
2 16 lOf
1755
1 13 10
1 10 1
I 1 2?
1815
-
3 16
4 17 6
1695 2 13
2 7 H
1 19 6|
1756
2 5 2
2 If
1816
-
4 2
1696
3 11
3 3 U
1757
3
2 13 4
1817
•
5 16
16S!7
3
2 13 4
1758
2 10
2 4 51
1S18
-
4 18
1698
3 8 4
3 9
1759
1 19 8
1 15 3
1819
-
3 18
1699
3 4
2 16 10|
1760
1 16 6
1 12 51
ISd)
-
3 16
1700
2
1 15 6f
1761
1 10 2
1 6 9f
1821
.
3 11
1701
1 17 8
! 13 5*
1762
1 19
1 14 8
1822
.
2 13
1702
1 9 6
1 6 2f
17(>3
2 8
1 16 If
1S23
.
2 17
1703
1 16
1 12
1764
2 6 8
2 1 5f
1824
.
3 12
1704
2 6 6
2 1 4
1765
2 It
2 8
1 19 31 1825
,
4 4 3 18 8.1
1705
1 10
1 6 8
2 2 11
1766
2 8 6
2 3 li
1826
.
3 13
1706
1 6
1 3 li
1 1 1
I
|Mi
The Eton Account of Prices commencoil in l.')95 ; the accuracy of the returns in the Hrst years cannot,
however, be so implicitly relieil on, as those quoted above Bishop rieetwood and Sir V, M. liicn have
collected, with great industry, almost all the existing information respecting the state of prices in England
during the last six hundred years.
il
• From this year, inclusive, the account at Eton ColU-Re has b.^eii kept according tO' the bushel of 8
gallons, under the provision of the act 31 Geo. 3. c. 30. \ 82.
S 1
ii
■ »^ ^'k*^1il»* >'»*.» '
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
423
11 Account of the Average Prices of Hritish rurii per Winchester Quarter, in England and Wales,
since 1771, a» ascert.iini'U by llie Keceiver of Corn Keturns.
3?
7 8J
Vcarj.
1 2i
1771
177a
1773
1774
1775
1771)
1777
177H
177!)
17«0
17H1
17H'2
1783
17H+
I'lHT)
17«ti
1787
1788
1789
17!)0
1791
17S12
1793
1794
1795
1796
nsn
1798
1799
18(X)
1801
1802
1803
1804
1806
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
ISUi
1817
1818
1819
Whiat.
K>«.
Jb'
2
2 10
2 11
2 12
*. d.
7 2
8
18
2
13
8
8
4
2
6
8
8
8
10
8
2 8 10
2 11 10
1 18 10
2
2
1
2
2
1
1 Vi
2 4
2 7
2 12
1
2 5
2 11
13
7
2
2
2
2
11
8 11
11 8
14
17
13
10
3 7
5 13
5 18
3 7
2 10
3
7
19
13
19
15
(i
14
5
8
14
4
15 10
14 9
4 1
1'.
2
1
1
3
G
7
3
5
6
1
10
3
7
2
l>
5
9
4
£ ».
1 14
1 l(i
I 13
rf.
4
8
4
1 14 4
1 12 lU
6
8
8
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1,-
10
4
4
2
t) 10
8 10
12
8
I
7
7
9
14
1 11
1 10
1 15
1 17
8
8
10
4
8
11
9
2 8 5
2 7
1 11 11
1 10 11
2 3 9
3 Ifi 11
3 19 9
2 3 3
1 lO 11
1 V 1
2 1.
2 /
i 7
2 12
3
2 19
9 11
15 U
10 7
4 6
17 10
2 3 2
2 10 6
2 14 10
'.' 9
llatlcj.
£
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
19
17
17
d.
8
4
4
()
2
6
8
(>
2
6
4
10
4
8
1 11
1
1
1
2 10
(i
10
9
9
(i
12 10
l7 8
1 16
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
7
13
4
10
4
18
18
2
7
7
1
fi
18
1 17
1 10
1 13
2 8
2 13
2 fi
7
9
1
9
1
10
4
8
6
4
1
3
11
10
6
4
4
Oats.
jC a. d.
l(i 8
It) 2
17 2
17 10
hi (>
15
15 8
15 2
14
12 10
13 8
15 2
19 10
18 4
17
18
Ii)
15
Hi
18 10
18 2
17 10
1 1
i 2
1 4
1 1
Ifi
19 10
1 7 7
1 19 10
1 16
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 13
6
7
3
9
8
1
8
8
4
11
5
6
10
6
1 12 1
1 12 11
1 9 4
12
9
7
4
19
6
3
3
Ucaiu.
£ a.
1 8
1 10
1 13
1 11
1 8
6
8
7
4
2
3
6
14 10
12 2
10 8
1 13 2
1 11 10
1 7 2
1 7 2
1 11
1 10
1 11
1 17
2 2
6
1 18 10
I 7
1 10
2 4
3 9
3 2
1 Hi
1 14
1 18
2 7
2 13
2 7
1 16
1 18
12
3
15
6
1
7
3
8
4
8
7
5
9
3
8
9
7
10
8
5
7
1
4
1
IVaa.
£ a. a.
'&2
1 12
1 18
2 (i
2 13
2 3
1 13
8
4
8
4
6
5
1 13 11
1 19
18
1
2
2
2 3
2 15
10
8 4
3 6
11
7
2
2 11
3 13
3 Ifi
2 10
1 18 10
1 IS 4
U
19 11
2 ](i
M
m
\\\. Account of the Average Prices of nritisl: Corn per Imperial Quarter, in England and Wales, since
18v;0, as ascertained by the Keceiver of Cum lieturns
Years.
Wheat.
Rye.
1
1
Barle;
Oats.
Beona
I'eaa.
£ s.
rf.
£
.V.
rf.
£ s.
it.
£
a.
rf.
£ a.
rf,
£
a. d.
1850
3 7
11
2
1 13
10
1
4
9
2 3
4
2
5 n
1821
2 16
2
12
1
1 6
19
6
1 10
11
1
12 9
1822
2 4
7
11
1 1
11
18
2
1 4
6
1
6 S
1823
2 13
5
11
11
1 11
7
2
11
1 13
1
1
15
1824
3 4
1
.5
1 16
5
4
10
%
I
2
8
1825
3 8
7
2
4
2
1
5
8
2 2
10
2
5 S
1826
2 18
9
1
2
1 14
5
6
9
2 4
3
2
7 8
1827
2 16
9
19
1 16
6
7
4
2 7
7
2
7 7
1828
3
5
14
2
1 12
10
2
6
1 18
4
2
6
1829
3 6
3
14
10
1 12
6
2
9
1 16
8
1
16 8
1830
3 4
3
15
10
1 12
7
4
5
1 16
1
1
19 2
1831
3 6
4
2
1 18
5
4
1 19
10
2
1 11
1832
2 18
8
1
14
7
1 13
1
5
1 15
4
1
17
iM
IV, .
11 1 '..''
N. J}. —The Winchester bushel contains 21,';042 cubic inches, while the Imperial bushel contains
2218'192 cubic inches, being about out 'lirty-secondth part larger than the t'onncr. — (See UiaiiuL, and
Weights anu Measibe^.)
rbe following account of the current prices of nil sorts of corn in the Lor^on market, 7th of October,
1833, is interesting, Irom its showing their comimrative values, and the estimation in which they are
held : —
:■'
2 E 4
:i«l'
m
424
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
IV. — Current Price* of Grain, Secdi, &c. per Imperial Qimrter. London, 7th of October, 1&'J3.
F ;
\ ^ if
I
• ' -l!
liUt
Brltlth.
• I'uland
")j potato
Wheat, Emci, Kent, and SufTolk, old red
do. do. white
do. do. new ml
do. do. white
Not^olk rirul Lincolnshire, old
Nortliiiinbetland, Hirwirii, and Scot., do.
(}aiwa> and IJtnericli, wlute and red -
Cork and VouMhal do.
Ihiblhi, Waterfurd, and Clonmel, do. •
Rye, new. ...
llarlej, Kent, Emcx, Norfolk, and Sun'olk,new
Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire <lo.
stainpl and ftrlnding ■ do.
Scotch ....
Malt, KMex, Norfolk, and SulUilk
Kingston and Ware
OaU, Norfolk, Oambridneshlrc,
r colnshire, and Vork>hire
do.
Northumberland, Berwick, and
Scotch •
do. - - feed
Devonshire, and West Country fetil, or
black
Dumlalk, Ncwry, and Belfast, iKrtato,
'i\i.lo'iii. M. - - feed
Limerick, Slifjo, and Westport, fee<l
do. di>. iHjtato
Cork, Waterford, Dublinilhlack
Youifhal, and Clonmel J white
Gaiway
Beans, tick, new
old - -
harrow and small, new
do. old
Peas, boilinB
hog, grey, and maple
Thre« ....
Flour, English, per sack of 2801b(.
do. fine do.
Scotch and North Country
Irl.h
Linseed, crushing, per quarter
sowing, do.
cake, per l,0()U of 3 lbs. each, \\l. to
Il/.IOJ.
CloTcrsccd, old English white, per cwt.
do. red do.
foreign white do.
do. red do.
new English white, do.
do. red do.
Trefoil, new - -do.
Kapi'sccd, crusliing, new, per last, Vu. to 25/.
c.ike, IHT ton, 1/. Kit, to 'it.
Per Quar-
ter.
b\ to An
f.l) — 6'^
61 _ ,M
W — 5'J
47 — i«
60 — 61
■1« _ IS
41; — IS
40 — 4»
.■51 — ,1fi
3'^ _ .la
—
47 - 30
I) _ I)
.'lO - (io
(i3 _ (i6
1'.) _ n
20 — Vi
■i\ — tb
•a — «4
IS — 20
I'J — 21
l.S — 20
2U — 22
17 - 19
19 — 21
IS — 20
29 — 32
31 — .3fi
33 - 36
37 — .W
4» — 46
.3S _ 42
40 _ 44
42 — 45
4(i _ .OO
41 —43
41 — 44
0—0
0—0
5S _ C2
40 - 6C
66 — 06
62 — 64
66 _ 66
40 _ 66
24 —30
Foreign.
Wheat, Dantzlc and Klinlgklicrg,
flneiit high mi&ed
do. giKxl mixed
do. red mixed
Stettin
Danish - -
lianiburgh and I'oineranian
Zealand and Brnbant *
tidessa, soft
Hlgu, Petersburgh, and Lie.
bau, soft
Archangel • - -
Tuscan, red
(!iinada - - .
Hpani.sh, soft - • •
Buck or brank
Indian com
Kye, Uallic, dried
do, undried -
Barley, Hamburgh, D.-int/ic, KMnigs.
berg, and liiga, malting -
do. grinding
Danish do.
Oats, Dutch lirew uud thick
Danish
Friesland brew and tlikk
Kus-siau - - -
Beans, tick - ...
small ...
Mediterranean
Peas, white, boiling
grey or hog ...
Tares (duty IOj.) -
Flour, Dantzlc, per barrel
American, sour, do.
do. sweet, do. -
Frw.
Per t>r-
<. I.
on to 68
66 _ 6S
62 — 66
0—0
0—0
62 - 66
0—0
46 — 49
46 _ 48
.38 — 40
6H — 60
,'>S _ 61
60 - 62
yi — 31
.32 — 36
.->() — 32
31 - 32
0—0
— O
—
21 - 22
Hi — 1!)
■.ill - 21
W — 21
32 — 3 1
—
0—0
42 - 46
0—0
0-0
In Blind.
Per Ur.
48
46
36
O
27
O
22
o
46
O
I)
22
14
11
O
22
23
32
to SO
_ 4S
— 10
— o
— 32
— O
— O
— 27
—
—
— O
— 66
— O
O
21
0—0
0—0 21
— [ 26 _
Linsuetl, Russian, crushing (dutj U. per ''
quarter), )ier quarter - - ■ 2 to
do. sowing, per barrel - .00 —
Aledlterranean, per ipiarter . . ^ 8 —
Rapesced (duty U. per qr.), crushing, new,
per quarter - • - 22 —
Linseed cake (duty 2(/. ))er cwt.), i>er ton .70 —
Rape cake (dutv 2f/. ]ier cwt.), flo. > 4 10 —
Cloverseed, reit (duly 20». per cwt.), per ton 2 10 —
white (duty 2U«. per cwt.) do. - 2 12 —
.
22
2,S
L I.
2 g
II
2 12
24
H O
4 16
3 li
3 lU
V. Account of the Quantity of Wheat and Wheat Flour exported, and of Foreign Wheat and Wheat
Flour imported, in the following Years (Winchester Mcasi re).
Years.
AVheat
and Flour
ex|>orted.
Foreign
Wheat and
Flour im-
ported.
Yean.
AVheat
and Flour
exported.
Foreign
Wheat and
Flour im-
ported.
Years.
UTieat
and Flour
exjioried.
Foreign
Wheat and
Flour iin.
porlrd.
England.
Iti97
l^'fibg
Q".
England.
«r..
Qri.
Gt. Britain.
Qri.
Qri.
400
1732
202,058
1761)
164,9)9
11,020
1698
6,857
845
1733
427,199
7
1767
5,071
497,i«l5
16U9
557
486
1734
498,196
6
1768
7,433
349,268
1700
49,056
5
1735
153,343
9
1769
49,892
4,378
1701
98,324
1
1736
118,170
16
1770
75,449
34
1702
90,230
1737
461,602
32
1771
10,089
2,510
1703
Id6,6l5
50
1738
.580,596
2
1772
6,959
25,474
1704
90,313
2
1739
27H,.542
5,423
1773
7,637
56,857
1705
96,185
1740
54,390
7,568
1774
15,928
289,149
1706
188,332
77
1741
4.5,417
40
1775
91,037
560,988
1707
74,155
1742
293,260
1
1776
210,(>61
20,578
170S
83,406
86
1743
371,431
2
1777
87,686
233,.J2;5
1709
169,680
1,.W2
1744
231,984
2
1778
141,070
106,391
1710
13,924
.400
1745
324,8,!9
6
1779
222,261
5,0.3t)
1711
76,M9
1746
130,646
1780
224,059
3,915
1712
14.'-.,191
1747
266,907
1781
103,021
1.59,8(i(i
1713
176,227
1748
.543,387
385
1782
145,152
80,6M
1714
174,821
16
1740
629,049
382
1783
51,943
584,183
1715
166,490
n-w
947,()02
279
1784
89,288
216,947
1716
74,926
1751
(i61,416
3
1785
132,()85
110,863
1717
22,954
17.52
429,279
1786
205,466
51,463
1718
71,K0O
1753
299,609
1787
12(),,536
59,,'J39
1719
127,762
20
1754
356,270
201
1788
82,971
148,710
1720
83,084
Gt. Britain.
1789
140,014
112,().56
1721
81,633
17.W
237,466
1790
3(),K92
222,557
1722
178,880
17.-)6
102,752
5
1791
70,626
469,056
17'J3
1.57,720
17.57
11,545
141,562
1792
300,278
622,417
1724
2«,865
148
1758
9,234
20,;i53
1793
76,6-29
490,398
1725
204,413
12
1759
227,641
162
1794
155,048
327,902
1726
142,183
~
1760
393,61+
3
1795
18,8.39
31.'J,79.3
1727
30,315
1761
441,9.56
1796
24,679
879,2(K)
1728
3,817
74,.574
1762
29.5,;J85
56
1797
54,525
461,7(i7
1729
18,993
40,315
1763
429,5.;8
72
1798
59,782
39<i,721
17;30
!>3,<)7I
76
1764
3!>6,8,57
1
17!i9
39,.;i>2
46), 185
17. ;i
I ;i),l»2.">
4
176'i
167,126
101,547
IHOO
22,013
l,2ti4,520
111!
I i
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
425
( J
Ti
—
21
_«
(1
1)
(1
H
_
u;
11
n
(1
_
(1
m
.._
li.i
•i*
.T2
3.'i
_
1)
—
,^
n
iii
__
•i'd
liO
—
•m
L
«.
to
S
8
<l
-
!i
12
-vt
ri
S
—
4
1'.
3
lu
VI.— Acroiint ipcc'lying the Total Quantities of all Sorti of Grain imported into Great Britain, rrom (lif.
Ivri'Mt t'onntries, In eai'li Year, from 1801 to 18^5, both inchisivu ; tliu Average Quantity of all Sort* of
Grain, anil the AveraRe Quantity of each particular Species of Grain, as Wheat, Hye, barley, &c.,
iin|x)rtccl in each of the above Yeara, from each diflbrent Country, in Winchester Quarters.
ri'i
Vi'arii
Ruuia.
8w«)en
and
Den-
murk.
Pruuia.
Ocr-
munj.
The
Nether-
FrnncB
nnd
South of
tTnlled
Stiilm iif
l!rll'>h
Nurih
Norway.
Kuroiw.
America.
372,151
t'olonles.
67,724
mil
204,tai)
2ti,:i75 7,088 t)»>3,584 tanV-'tO 351,;J30
3.223
mn
12,870
10,!H)1 3,882 .377,984' 151,303 103,194
2,032
80,820
7,5,17'.'
1H();J
1(>,44P
,'5401 8,619 171.(X)i: 161,147 «I,7.W
1,, 5(1,5
109,8;32
4,3,245
im*
8,21.';
19,9311 .3l,029.'")31,,!tH 1;J8,810 170,977
l(i8
4,351
21,211
IWtt
17.i.87-l
25,859 52,837 702,605 126,146 72,51h
2,7!»4
13,475
2.2,50
18(Xi
57,4 l(i
. . 10,284 90,04i lOH,.^! 29,94!
3,790
79,906
9,801
1807
6,18;:
no 74,049, 22,890
i:ur,31 237,523
32,113
2.50,866
27,693
1808
3,6t\i
litt 1,8(X)! . .
. '"M 18,1.37
11,73(
13,206
21, ,506
1809
14,08!)
2,348 9,027, 2,015
'l69,, 328,.582
30,848
172,878
23.7;>7
1810
t)6,Sfif
87,961 132,287 316,22'J
255,475 436,286
241,345
t'8,,'i(il
2,5,!».38
1811
49,597
40,391
4.5,127, 97,886
2,429 • -
5,167
18,097
440
1812
128,4,37
14,919
.52,;!()2 9,0<ii
619 2
454
ll,.^24
23,774
181,'J
f4,!i;)8
71,62!
.';8,872 l,3;j,<K»7
' IC.'i.l.OO - ■
.
l,0i)3
1
1814
9,7(>(1
30,!)2t
18,,356 186,241
11()„S61 420,(O9jl70,5!)(i
2
3
1815
1,44a
62(
!",2.">0 19,428
\ 3.5,279 1,35,77,S, 7!i,051
45,.586
£5
181(5
24,198
(m
14,874 94,7!n
54,1,57 118,048
1,18!
7,209
.3
1817
40.'5,9;5,'J
l,l6f
149,012 414,947
2.53.403 191,141
•35,,372
316,;,64
25,876
1818
t)7fi,793
2,4.V.| .342,213 829,646.571,864 761,874
•12,891
187,,576
.5(1,617
1819
543,554
2,2;-.5: 12.3,(i38 ;i23,,aOO 2,35,076 193,029: 218,215
47.654
14,257
1820
3-2,l(>9
13,4!)2
147,,W5 3,06,288 218,7111 78,813
12,917
91,098
4(),8!)8
1821
28,445
,
26,778 39,25f'
51,540 19,96-J
102
38,488
40,916
1822
22,040
.
15,045, 28,745
21,5281 3,(Hi
741
6,242
23,4.;9
182.3
I4,,5fi8
.
0,948 8,743
4.635 3.896
102
4,237
20!i
1824
14,.';()0
2,R.-i8
106,998 7(),780
2.31,430| 132.160
l„3!i.5
3.3,872
8!)1
Annual ^
2(),8!I5
4,284
248,282
217,836,372,8.39 6.3,9,-)4
4119
12,!K)3
115,05!'
1
average of f
the above f
117,902
14,397
67,847 228,584
171,103
158,078
37,932
80,712
£5,627
Annual S
average of f
ditto lor C
53.377
9,576
16,324 157,359
58,103 56,817
24,649
74,024
21,863
wheat J
1
Do. rve
P,<)(>8
960
1,12-3 5,689
.5,189 1,690
293
2,431
,
Do. barley
7,11"?
!187
18,S08 18,718
24,839| 9.500
1,0!)7
31
51
Do. oats 1
Do. poas >
and beans J
46,652
2,446
30,672 39,209
75.828 84,269
1,9.53
S
1
785
428
823 7,009
7,144
5,802
9,124
£01
607
Do. In.
dian corn
8
.. .
97; - -
- -
- ■
816
4,022
1
fllh„
F« rei^n
<'ountrii.h,
Mo if
-Man, aiHi
I'ri/e
Cuin.
10,074
8.56
1,782
4,57()
8,511
5,613
18,996
12,236
20,848
28,4(i5
15,9)4
17,970
10.112
7.476
6.600
4,077
8,016
8,740
6,484
9,86!)
12,l(i,3
5,000
10,,3O3
!1.1.54
1,5,227
Irilnrd.
9(;o
467,fxr7 ,
.'i.fci,548 I
316,9;58
;30<i,!)'.';!
466,!W7
4(i3,40<i
()5»i,770
!) i3,(158
6.32.84!!
4,30,18!)
(ioo,vti,s
!i77,16t
812,805
821,l!12
873,865
6!I9,8(;!)
1,207,851
9ii7,86I
1,417,120
l,822,8](i
l,0(i3,08!)
I..528.1,5;i
l,6,il,0':"4
2,2(l3,!i(i2
10,.363 8r>,5,908
4,836, 187,458
1,4,381
2,l!i4
1,703
15l'
4ll
33„J,iI
G,;9,.S,57
4,922
167
VII. — Account of the Imports into Great Britain of all Descriptions of Foreign Corn in 1P31 ; spcrifvinif
tlic Countries whence they were imported, and the Quantities brought from each. — (/'nW. I'd'pcr
No. 42(). Scss. 1832.) ' '
i
Countries fvnin which
imi orted.
lliussia
; Sweden •
jDl'iimark
J'russia
iOormany
I'l'he Netherlands
I'rance
'I'he Azorc
|.Spain
; theC^ .stands
It.dy
I.Malta - .• .
Iloiiian Islands
ITuikey
jCapc of Good Hope
I Mauritius
iKast India Company's
I territories
!^'nn Diemen's Land
jliritish North American
I colonies
! British West Indies
I'tiited States of America
Chili and Peru
NIes of Guern-"),
.•iey,Jer,sev,Al. r'"''';sn
derney&Manjl"'°^"ce
Total .
llnrleyanJI
Itarley Beans.
Me:vi.
Qi-«. bu.
42,568 2
1,718 7
11,5,658 ]
60,778 6
ll(i,928 3
12,284
18,737 7
2,318 3
418 6
3,003 1
624
1
15 1
240 3
1,128 2
5.498 6
Vri. bu.
1,299 4
1,157
7,664 4
7,070 3
1,454
4
4
3,691 4
1,031 3
o"i
Indian
Com and
Meal-
316 6
Oats and
Oatmeal.
17,8:^3
2,649
1,598
47 6
V«. tnt.
369,608 1
20,6t),3 5
!»6,9i)6
Peas.
Qrt. bu.
6,.372 7
3-t 3
2,667 2
Hye and
Rye
Meal. I
Wheat and
VVheat
Flour.
Qr8. Ini
53,911 S
60 C
5,8,32
70,115 4,35,211 0,18,447
31.4.50 1
15,226
7,936
30
1
1
4
4 -
6,90? 6
1 22,195 3
18 5
,962 V
471
122
4 4
2
ISGO
599 4 -
461 6
1
92 i)
2.831 2 22
7,103
4,205
137
233 6
1.887 3
Qrs. bu.
464,584 1
71 2
.55,<K)7 6
296,'.86 5
218,507 4
30,249 4
103,7(XJ 5|
22 21
3H1,!)22 023,,'i88 644,702 1 622,,;(il 4 59,,5,59 2!I1.819 4 2..)ll.,'!ti2 2
154,671
1,082 4
2.5,3,2!15 5
13,.'J,39 7
249 3
6,215 4
2,183 4
6
5,4r0 4
45 5]
218,327 2
3 4|
463,418 7!
140 7
9,242 1
14,265 5 -
Ilurk
Whiat.
Total.
«rj. I,u.
Cr», hi.
2
9,>7,3(i,3 6
• m
22,548 '/
•
278,421 4
-
481,!)!)6 ,'
1
395,617 1
" , ■
69,.506 1
6,(!91 4
156,673 3
2,672 1
■ ■
158,623 1
1,501 ii
•
260,0,:!)
-
14,371 2
-
249 3
-
6,8;;!) 7
-
2,1K5 4
"
t>
_
5,641 5
.
45 5
__
226,166 3
-
4 1
- 4SS,101 2
140 7
- . 10,4(;3
_
22.6.36 2
(i,(i"3 5
3,541,8(9
i
4-26
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
^
viu.
Account! of the Annual Imitorls ol' Cum, Flour, and Meal, Trom Ireland into Circat Orilain,
«incf 1H07.
I m
U
;i I.
•' i
M
Vein.
Wlient and
Whi^iit Fluur.
««•
4.5,111
Itarli'j nnd
Uarli'Y .Mial.
lt)e.
OjitH Anit
O.itinuiil.
gr..
389,r49
Inili.m
Ion.
Qr,.
lleans.
^ Qr..
Tot.il.
1807
2;!,n4«
431
<irs.
4l>!,40r>
5,
67
1H()8
♦.J,+!i7
yo,>S(i
.57.;
.579,97*
2,140
6iu,7(0
IH()<»
tW.l'/t
Ifi.'il!)
4'-'.5
845,782
2,708
93),6.,8
IHU)
1!27,»10
*.;i2i
20
493,231
10
3,757
6J.',849
IHII
147,51 i7
2,71.1
21
275,757
4,131
4;;o,189
18 li!
ir.(),84.}
4'i,2(i2
178
390,y.'fi
.5,0.59
<>H),'.'6S
1KI3
2l7,4.'i4
6.i,,'i(K)
420
691,493
4,5.ii
977,161
IHH
i^'i.Hii
l<i,779
4
5ii4,0|()
6,191
812,805
iHir>
18!t,,044
27,108
207
597,537
6,796
8'.'1,192
IKIfi
12l,(i.il
a',2.H
43
683,714
6,2.'3
87t,8(i5
1H17
Ci'MHT,
2ti,7tili
614
611,117
2, ^'87
699,809
IHIS
1()8,2J()
2.),.!.S7
4
1,069,;J85
4,845
I,'.'()7,8".l
IS!!)
LOl.OJl
20,.'ni
2
789,613
3,!H)4
9i>7,861
1S20
4(H,747
87,095
1.'54
916,'i.50
8,89,3
1,417,1'.'0
IH'.'l
.';iiy,7(K*
82,884
.5.50
],16J,2t9
7,4. y
1,8J'.',,S16
iH'ja
*i3,0()4
2ii,532
353
.5(i9,2.i7
7,9.i.3
1,06),(;89
18i.',J
4(K>,0(i8
19,274
liW
1,10-',4H7
6,126
l,.5'J8,153
18'.'+
,3:)(i,M)8
4;-,,872
112
l,'.".i5,085
6,547
l,(i.>4,024
18ii5
,')iHi,018
lti.>,()82
2J0
l,6'-'9,8;)6
l'.',786
2,'.'0.J,9ci2
lS2fl
014,851
(U,88;j
77
1,303,7,34
7.190
1,452
1,692,189
1827
4()r),2r)r.
r>7,791
2.5i>
I,.i4;i,2li7
1,795
lll,(»37
1,.>72
1, 8.-9,743
18i;8
(i;J2,r.8l
84,204
1,4'J4
2,075,631
2.S0
7,068
4,914
2,8'.'ii,|.35
18'.'!)
51!l,4!li
97, 140
S(i.S
1,673,628
31)
l(t,414
4,.503
2,30.),8l)(i
18:30
5'.'!t,717
189,74.5
4!4
1,471, '.'.52
28
19,0.53
2,5'JO
2,21'.',7'.'!l
18il
r>:>-,rm
18;j,409
.515
1,6)5,934
.5(i.3
15,039
4,6ia
2,41!Vi4.J
1832
572,58(>
12J,068
294
1,890,321
!3,037
14,512
1,916
2,605,734
IX. — Account of the Foreign ami Colonial Corn, Flour, and Hloal, entered for lloiiic Consumption m the
United Kingdom since 1815; specifying the Total Amount of Duty received thereon, and the Kates of
Duty ; in Imperial Quarters, — (/tp/nviut/x to Agricultural llcjiort of I8,i3, p. 62i).)
Com, tic, entered for Home Consumiitlon.
Veurs.
181A
IHIfi
1S17
ISIS
ISI9
l>.W
IH'^I
\sii
wa
IS'^l
ISM
IS'^fi
IS'i7
ISHS
mvj
1S.10
I.S.I I
IS3',<
\\'heat ] B,irli.j
and and I
Flour. ! Meal. I
live
and
Meal.
OatM and Indi,^n
Oatmeal. ' Corn.
Urs.
yr.. I lir,.
Ifid I IS,
! '225,2fi.1 H,!)IS 10,2,-,!)
1,(W(VJ1I) l.1.1,13S \3i,-iU7\
i,'''.>3,.'>tnr,<x'),(i'ii\ 7<.i,u'ni
l',i'i,I.\1.1U4,OI'^l \7,'i'J3
34,-i7M . . . .
\r>
81'^,
l,.WI,
1,701,
I,4U1,
,1.'57
,777i
,W 1
,S'J'^
,7.1.1
,0J0
:im
iSS.')
,(i.ii
,435
.19,
270,
.I.Ti,
KG,
217,
'im,
.Vi'i
,W3
,67\)
,611
,'jai
,.', i.'j
,106
,107
,70!»
,U(iJ
211
7f>,2!)r
473,S1.1,
BU0,!I17;
S23,,')l.'.
726,S18'
IJrs.
and
Pe.lH.
Ur«-
1
Total.
Urs.
.'i23
.12fi,73l
l.O? 17,122 l,777,7(Ki
1,111 177,H.'',(l.1,,'">3S,i(;s
2(i,7.1S IUy,71fil,2,'>3,llP:
3 701,12.',
2
fil9,.110'
.1,-112 V>\
67,241,1, I8.'i,2lll
21,SS7 l,S.01,2ISj
•4,371
4S9
U'i,33l
I'J,I21
56,SfiS
61
l>)J,SH(l
900,319
sa.-i.rio
2,863
1,249
91
6,222
I l.'i,S42
22,747
22,(;SS
4, 1(H)
6.'),42S
1,021
I
30,
IS'.i
1.'.7
II '.I,
'Mi
63
S3
7671
S9I2
s.-,i2:
7S2 1
11 1
.1114 2,
4112
ISl
,137
,629
,22.'.
,101
,-'».'>.'>
,9S7
,019
,176
,9S3
229
Wc have, in the previous parts of this article, sufficiently illustrated the impolicy,
generally speaking, of imposing duties on the importation of corn ; hut besides tlie ob-
jections that may be made to all duties of this sort, from their tendency to force up
average prices, and to render exportation in abundant years impossil)le, the duty now
existing in this country is liable to some which may be looked upon as peculiar to itself.
From the way in which it is graduated, it introduces a new element of uncertainty info
every transaction connected with the corn trade ; producing a disinclination on the part
of the merchant to import, and of the foreigner to raise corn for our markets. Sui)i)ose
a merchant commissions a cargo of wheat when the price is at 71s. a quarter ; in the
event of the price declining only .■}«., or to 68*., the duty will rise from Gs. M. to \6s. Sd. ;
so that if the merchant brings th" ;rain to market, lie will realise 13s. Hd. a quarter less
than he expected, and 10s. less thuu he would have done had there been no duty, or the
duty been constant !
It may, perhap.s, be said that if, on the one hand, the present .scale of duties is injurious
to the merchant when prices are falling, and when importation is consetiueiitly eitiier
unnecessary or of less advantage, it is, on the other hand, equally advantageous to him
when prices are rising, and when the public interests require that importation should be
encouraged : but tlie prices in the view of the merchant when he gives an order, are
usually such as he supposes will yield a fair profit ; and if they rise, this rise would, sup-
posing the duty to be constant, yield such an extra profit as would of itself induce him
to increase liis importation to the utmost. If it were possible to devise a system that
would diminish the losses of tlie merchants engaged in unfavourable speculations, by
>^n
Total.
tin.
,',J
1
.1 ,'.
•J.
'i tn
i
>* '4
7
10 s
7.
7 S,
'■irf
,'. mi
■H
I
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
i27
making a proiiortional (k'tluctiou from the extraordinary gainsof those whose speculations
liirii out to Ir> unusually succcsNt'ul, something, perhaps, might bo found to suy in its
liivuur. Uut the system we have been considering proceeds on (juite o])posite |)rinciples :
itsettect is not fo diminish risks, but to increase them ; it adds to the loss resulting from
an unsuccessful, and to the profit resulting from a successful, speculation !
It would, tlierefore, seem, that if a duty is to be imposed, one that is constant is pre-
ferable to one that fluctuates. When the duty is constant, all classes, farmers as well
as merchants, are aware of its amount, and can previously calculate the extent of its
influence. Hut the effect of a duty that fluctuates with the fluctuations of price, can
never be a])preeiated beforehand. Its magnitude depends on contingent and acci<lental
circumstances ; and it nuist, therefore, of necessity, prejudice the interests of the farmer
as well as of the corn dealer.
It appears, from No. I\. of the preceding accounts, that in 1828, 842,000 quarters
of wheat were entered for home consumjjtion, at an average duty of only U. 94'/. per
()uarter ! In 1829 the imports were l,!i(i4,000 quarters, and the duty 9s. 2;ff/. In
lH:i() the imi)orts rose to 1,7()2,(XX) (piiirters, and the duty fell to 6s. 'l\<l. ; and in IS.Sl
the imports were 1,491,000 quarters, and the duty 4s. Hd. Had the duty been a con-
stant one of 0,1. or 7.i., the interests of all ])arties wtmld have been materially promoted.
Hut there are obviously very slender grounds for thinking that the quantity imported
would have been considerably increased ; for though the present system of duties
freijucntly checks importation for a lengthened period, yet, lui the otlier hand, when
jjrices rise, and the duties arc reduced, every bushel in the warehouses is imme-
di-itely entered for home consumption ; and the chance, which is every now and then
occurring, of getting grain entered under the nominal duty of l*., probably tempts the
■nerehants to speculate more largely, though at a greater risk to themselves, than they
would do under a different system. A moderate duty, aceompanied by an equal draw-
back, besides giving a greater degree of security to the corn trade, would, in this respect,
be |)articularly beneficial to the farmer. Under the present system it is not possible to
f'orelell, with any thing approaching to accuracy, what may be the range of prices during
any future period, however near; so that the trade of a farmer, which is naturally one of
the most stable, has been rendered almost a species of gambling. I5ut were the ports
always ojicn mider the plan previously suggested, every one woidd be aware that varia-
tions of price would be confined within comparatively narrow limits: and the business of
farming would acquire that security, of which it is, at present, so completely destitute,
and which is so indispensable to its success.
IV. FoREioN Corn Tradk.
Palish Corn Trade. — Dantzic is the port whence we have always been accustomed
to import the largest supplies of corn ; and it would seem fully established by the data
collected by iNIr. Jacob, in his tours, that 28s. or ."30*'. a (piarter is the lowest i)rice
for wliic-h any considerable quantify of wheat for exportation can be jiermanently raised
in the corn-growing provinces in the vicinity of Warsaw: its minimum cost price,
when broiigiit to London, according to the data furnished by Mr. Jacob, would be as
under : —
Cost of wficat, at Warsaw, per quarter ....
Convcyaiu'c to the boats, and charges (or loading and stowing, and securing it by mats
Freight to Dantzic ' - . . - . .
I>oss on the passage by pilfering, and rain causing it to grow
Expenses at Dantzic in turning, drying, screening, and warehousing, and loss of measure
I'rolit or commission, as the case may be, to the merchant at Dantzic
Freight, primage, insurance, and shipping charges, at Dantzic and in London
Cost of the wheat to the English merchant . - - . 48
It ought, however, to be observed, that the premium paid the underwriters docs not
cover the risk attending dam.age from heating or otherwise on the voyage ; and it ought
further to be observed, that the freight from Warsaw to Dantzic, and from Dantzic home,
IS here charged at the lowest rate. Mr. Jacob supiioses that an extraordinary demand
for as much wheat as would be equal to six days' consumption of that grain in England,
or for 21G,000 quarters, would raise the cost of freight on the Vistula from 30 to 40
per cent. : and as such a demand could hardly be siq)i)lied without resorting to the
markets in the provinces to the south of Warsaw, its minimum cost to the London mer-
chants could not, under such circumstances, amount, even supposing some of these
statements to be a little exaggerated, to less than from .50s. to .'iSs. or 55s. a quarter.
Mr. Grade, of Dantzic, furnished the committee of 1831 with the following Table of
the average prices of corn at that city, free on board, in decennial periods, from 1770
to 1820.
*.
d.
28
6
5
3
a
1
fl
8
< i
M
i^f
n
( i
!';
■/
E , i ,--1 'I
428
COLN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
i? i»
k
i1
I -",
f ■!
Average I'rice, flrom Ten to Ten Yean, of the illflVrcnt S
>ecU'« of Corn,
)antzlc.
iteo on board,
per Quarter, in
StiTlliiK Money, at
Wli.111.
Hye.
ILirley.
OnU.
». d.
(. rf.
*. rf.
f. d.
I'rom 1770 to 177!)
3:i 9
SI 8
in 1
11 1
17S() — 17H'J .
s:i 10
2'.' 1
17 11
ISi 4
17<J0 — 17!t<>
♦J 8
«(! 3
Iil 3
Vi fi
1H(H) — ISOU ...
m
34 ,10
W 1
13 1
1810 — 1811) ....
Agftrrgato Average Price of 49 Years -
na 4
31 1
Sti
SO 4
45 4
27 i
'A) 10
13 JO
In 1823, 1824, 1825, and 1826, prices, owing to the cessation of the demand from
Kiigland, were very much depressed ; but they have since attained to near tlieir former
elevation.
We .subjoin a statement, furnished by the British consul, of the
Average Prices of Grain, bought from Granary, in Sterling Money, at Uantzlc, per Imperial Quarter.
Whlicmul
" "
While anl
Vmu.
\Vlieat.
H>c.
Barley.
Oatii. Vt'lluw
Vc.irs.
WIll'Bt.
Hyi-.
Ilarlty.
Uala.
Vulliiw
I'e.is.
#. (/.
.«. d.
*. d.
s. d. ' s. it.
S. (/
.«. (/.
.V. d.
.1. d.
*. d.
1822
30 3
18 4i
12 .01
10 ll^ 15 7
1H28
37 I
l!) 5
14 3
11 3
28 4
18'.'3
27 !)
18 (U
11 2}
14 Kli
H llj
11 0|
18 2J
11 111
LSi'J
47 I
17 4
13 8
10 11
18 8
i8i;t
'.'3 H
7 7
IS. JO
42 2
20 3
15
11 2
'JO 8
18W
24 2
11 4
10 5
8 1
14 7
1831
.50 2
28 (i
21 .)■
15 8
27 7
1820
18i!7
M 1
26 11
15 31
IS 2
13 5i
Ifi 9
12 5i
13 lo
2.1 1|
;!l 11
Average . -
21 0^
3:i 5
17 10 14 1
11 3J
The shipping charges may, we believe, be taken at 8(/. or 9'/. a quarter ; and this,
added to theal)ove, gives S'ls. 1(/. or 3-l,v. 2d. fur the average jjriee of wheat, /rce onboard,
at Dantzic, during the 10 years ending with 18.T1. The charges on importation into
England, warehousing here, and then delivering to the consumer, exclusive of duty and
profit, would amount to about 10s. a quarter. This appears from the following
Account of the Ordinary Charges on 100 Qu.irtcrs of Wheat, sliipped from Dantzic on Consignment, and
landed under Bond in London. — {I'm/. Paper, No. 33.J. Sess. 1827. p. 28.)
e
s.
rf.
£
1. d.
One hundred quarters, supposed cost at Dantzic, free on board, 305.
150
Ireight at 5.?. per quarter, and 10 per cent.
. .
27
10
Metage ex sliip, &c., 6s. firf. per last
. . . .
3
h
(1
Lighterage and landing, 9(/. per quarter
...
3
15
Insurance on 180/., including 10 per cent, imaginary profit, at SOs. ?
7
14
per cent. ; policy 5*. per cent.
i
Granary rent and insurance for one week
5
Turning and trimming, about
. .
2
Delivering from granary, 3d. per quarter
- • «
1
5
Metage, &c. ex granary, )is. per last
- .
1
Commission on sale, 1*. per quarter
• - •
5
Del credere, 1 \yQt cent, on, 6upi)ose, 40*.
« ■ *
2
51
in
Total cost to importer if sold i
n bond
201
Hi •
Imaginary profit 10 per cent
Would i)roduco, at 4U M. per quarter
20
3 6
221
ly (i
.f 221
13 4
N. B. — Ix)ss on remeasuring not considered.
Freight and insurance are taken in this statement at an average, being sometimes hiehcr and sometimes
lower.
Nothing, therefore, can be more perfectly unfounded, than the notions so prevalent in
this country a.s to the extreme cheapness of corn at Dantzic. When there is little or no
foreign demand, and all that is brought to the cily is tlirown upon the home market,
prices are, of cour.se, very much dejjressed ; but when tliere is a moderate demand for
exportation, they immediately ri.se to .something like the average level of the Kuroijean
market. During the greater number of the years embraced in the consular return, tiie
Polish corn trade was very much depressed; and in some seasons the exports were ex-
tremely limited. But notwithstanding these unfavourable circumstances, the price of
wheat, free on board, at an average of the whole period, was 34.s. Id. a (juarter. Now,
if we add to this 10s. a quarter for freight and other charges attending its imixntalion
into England, and delivery to the consumer, it could not, in the event of its being
charged with a duty of Gs. or 7s. a quarter on importation, be sold so as to indenuiify
the importer for his outlay, without yielding him any profit, for less than 50s. or 51s. a
quarter. And there are really no very satisfactory reasons for supposing that it could
be disposed of for so little ; for whenever it has been admitted into tlie British i)orts uiuler
any tiling like reasonable duti&s, prices at Dantzic have uniibrnilv been above 40s. n
Hi
COUN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
129
Oi>U. I
f.
a.
11
1
V2
4
12
(i
l.'i
1
no
4
13
10
wu
IL* Itll'l
Yf
low
I'e.is. 1
(.
it
i.'H
*
18
8
V.'0
H
27
7
SI
^
$. ll.
w
quarter. Siipposiiif^, liowoviT, tliiit, in t!ic event of our ports hclnj? nlwnys open, tlio
f^rowlli of com in I'olaiul would ho so iiiucli increased iin to udinit of wheat heinj; shipped
in oriiinary seasons tor fll.t., still it is ipiite plain it could nut be $uld in London, under a
duty of t).ii. or 7.1., f«)r less tiian .'ili.f. or .5(.v. a (jiiailer.
It is (lillicult to draw any conclusions (>n which it would l)e safe to place much reliance
ns to the supplies of corn that ini|;ht l>e ohtained from Dant/ic, were our ports con-
stantly open under a reasonable duty. Mr. Jacob gives tiiu following
Account of tho Total annual AvernRC Quantity of Wlicit nnd Hyo exported from Dnntzio, In IVriodf
of 'Z7 Veara cadi, fur (he Itiii Years ending with IHtU.
yi'lir«.
M'hral. Qunrtm.
K>i-. (Ju.irtrra.
'I'ntnl. Quarters.
Hill tr> ll";")
81.775
i;i;i,;ii!i
J<)7,(>M7
KiVli _ 17(H)
l'/l,Sl»7
S'J7,4H2
.%i;,.J7i'
171)1 — 17'.'.5
.')!l,7!i.">
17IJ.IHI)
S'.'a.Biw
17'Ji— I7"i0
8il,i;-J4
11!>,771
2()o,.j<i.';
17.il — 177".
Hl,(*0
i.'(iH,ll()
34t),«v;o
177(i — 1K(J0
i.Mj.a*!!
l();i,()45
2.'".;!,34-l
1801 — ISJ.-I
2()(i,.ii()
fi7..'"ill
2(i7,841
" The avernjjte of the wliole period, " IVfr. .Jacob observes, " gives nn annual quantity
of wheat and rye, of 'J7i),7!»I (pnntLr> ; iind this surplus m.-iy be foirly considered as the
ne.irest approaeli tiiat can be in.ide, with existing materials, to what is the usual ex-
cess of the produce of bread ecn-n above the consmnption of tho inhabitmits, when no
extraordinary circninstances occur to excite or cheek cultivation." — ( lii/inrt, p. 'I!).)
^^'o have, however, been assm-ed by gentlemen intimately ac<iuaintod with the
conniries traversed by the Vistula, the Uujr, &c., that Mr. Jacob has very much under-
rated their ca])ahilities of iinprovenient ; and that were our ports opened under a fixed
duty of o'.v. or 7s. a tpiarler on wheal, and other grain in proportion, we might reckon
upon getting from Dant/ic nn annual supply of from ;550,0(X) to 450,000 quarters. We
incline to think that this is a very moderate estimate. Hitherto, owing to the fluc-
tuating and capricious nature of our demand, it has proved of little advantage to the
cultivators; and but little corn has been raised in the expectation of its finding its way
to JOngland. 15ut it would be quite another thing were our ports always open. Tho
snpjily of (lie Knglisli markets would then be an object of the utmost importance to tlio
rolisli agriculturists, who, there can be no doubt, would both extend and improve their
tillage. We subjoin an
Account of the Kxports of Corn from Danfzic during
yu.-jntities sent to didcrcnt Countries, reck
tho Th
oni'd ii
rcc Years ending with 1831, specifying the
Ouarters of lOj to the I..ist.
Spccieiof Com.
1829.
1830.
1831.
Hrllain
anil ber
I'usses-
siontt.
•'"""•• lil;;!:
Otlicr
Coun-
tries.
Ilritain
anil litr
PoMtes-
sions.
France.
,,„, Other
llrltain
anil her
Vosses-
sions.
France.
IIol-
lanil.
(Ilhrr
Coun-
tries.
«"•
5112
5,456
3(10
510
6.828
Wliiat
Uvf
ll.lTll'J
Oats
IVa» -
Total of Com -
Flour, barrels of 1
I'JBlbs. - -J
nisrnils. tiacs of 1 rw;.
21l!!)33
K,!I8()
3.1118
8,1123
2,144
Qn. 1 QM.
2l.l(i!) fi4,5«l
y,4.'>5 .lO.SIifi
237 1 2,tI8
274
- - 217
Qr,.
3.070
28.!)7l
b72
181
Qri.
328,'.IS2
8,1.53
4.128
20,'J'J7
14,312
9.«.
21,473
62
■
Or: QrM.
43,070 4.1(i3
28,753 47,81C.
788 2,452
4fi5
1,768 S36
VJ.\3hn
2,510
11, .380
2,220
14,780
■
Qri.
7,008
4,5(;0
560
239,128 34,135 : 'J7,795 32,807 ^376,872 21,625 75,27'J | 55,732
156,220 j - - 13,032
2,016
3,224
1 8,026
110,2871
- - 1,770
108
72
loi- . . .
6,732 ' - ...
2
200
Quality of Dantzic Wheat. — It will be seen from the subjoined accounts, that tlie
price of wheat at Dantzic, during the 10 years ending with IS.*?!, was very near 7s. a
quarter above its average price at Hamburgh during the same period, and about 2s.
above the average of Amsterdam. This diUcrence is entirely owing to the superior
qufdity of the Dantzic wheat. Though .small griiined, and not so lieavy as several other
sorts, it is remarkably thin-skinned, and yields the finest flour. Some of the best white,
or, as it is technically termed, " high mixed " Dantzic wheat, is superior to the very
best English ; but the quantity of this sort is but limited, and the average quality of all
that is exported from Dantzic is believed to approach very nearly to the average quality
of English wheat. Allowing for its superior quality, it will be found that wheat is,
speaking generally, always cheaper in Dantzic than in any of the Continental ports
nearer to London. There are but few seasons, indeed, in which Dantzic wheat is not
largely imported into Amsterdam ; and it frctjucntly, also, finds its way into Hamburgh.
But it is quite impossible that such should be the case, unless, taking quality and other
modifying circumstances into account, it were really cheaper than the native and other
wheats met with in those markets. When there is any considerable importation into
England, it is of every day occurrence for merchants to order Dantzic wheat in pre-
ference to that of Holstein, or of the Lower Elbe, thougli the latter might fre(juently
'i
'in
■I \
m
I " I !,
• il
I -f-l
i I
'^
^^^
I: if ;.ri
I ' ■ -I I '
'• t
,1
i ! '
il
430
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
be put 'r^o wart'houw Iicre for 20». a quarter loss than tlie former ! It is, therefore,
quite indispensable, in attempting to draw any inferences as to the comparative prices of
corn in ditlerent countries, to make the requisite allowances for differences of quality.
Unless this l)e done, whatever conclusions may be come to can hardly fail of being false
and misleading ; and when they happen to be right, they can only be so through the
merest accident.
Dantzic bein;^ by far the greatest port for the exportation of corn in the north of
Europe, its price may be assumed as the general measure of the price in other ship])ing
ports. At all events, it is certain that when Dantzic is exporting, wheat cannot be
shipped, taking quality into account, at a cheaper rate from any other place. The
importer invariably resorts to what he believes to be, all things considered, the cheapest
market; and it is a contradiction and an absurdity to suppose that he should burden him-
self witi; a comparatively high freight, and pay 34s. Id. for wheat at Dantzic, provided
lie could buy an equally good article in so convenient a port as Hiimburgh for 26s. 6^d.
If, therefor we are right in estimating the price at which wheiit could be imported
from Dantzic under a duty of 6s. or 7s., at from 5^s. to 54s., we ii...y be assured that
this is the lowest importation price. The greater cheapness of the imports from other
places is app wznt only ; and is uniformly countervailed by a corresponding infe-
riority of quality. — ( For further details as to the Polish corn trade, see Dantzic,
KoNIGSIIEHG, &c. )
Russian Corn Trade. — Russia exports large quantities of wheat, rye, oats, and meal.
Tlie wheat Is of various qualities ; but the greater portion of it is small grained, coarse,
brown, and very badly dressed. The hard, or Kubanka, is the best ; it keeps well,
and is in considerable demand for mixing with other wheats that arc old or stale. Rus-
sian oais are very thin ; but, being dried in the straw, they weigh better than could be
expected from their appearance, and are reckoned wholesome food. Our imports from
Russia, in 1831, were extraordinarily large, she having supplied us with no fewer than
464,000 quarters of wheat and wheat flour, 369,000 quarters of oats and oatmeal,
.'j4,000 quarters of rye and rye meal, 42,0(X) quarters of barley and ■rley meal, &c.,
making a grand total of 937,000 quarters ! Generally, however, our imports do not
exceed a fifth part of this quantity. Tlie quarter of hard wheat was worth, free on
board, at Petersburgh, in November 1832, when there was no demand for exportation,
from 28s. to 28s. 6iA — (The reader will find notices of the llussi.iU corn trade under tiie
articles Archangei,, Peteusbitrgh, and Riga. For an account of the corn trade by
the Black Sea, soc pnst, and the article Odessa.)
Danish Corn Trade. — The exjiort of wheat from Denmark Proper, that is, from .Jut-
land and the islands, is but inconsiderable. There is, however, a pretty large exportation
of wheat and other grain, as well as of butter, cheese, beef, &c., from Sleswick and
Hulstein. As already stated, the quality of the wheat is inferior ; for, though if looks
plump, it is coarse and damp. The chief shipping port for Danish corn is Kiel ; but
owing to the superior facilities enjoyed by Hamburgh, the greater portion of it is con-
signed to that city. In 1S31 we imp.)rtcd from Denmark 55,960 quarters of wheat,
115,638 do. of barley, 96,996 do. of oats, with some small quantities of rye and
beans. — (For an account of the exports of raw produce from Denmark in 1831, see
Copenhagen.)
Corn Trade of the Elbe, Sr. — Next to Dantzic, Ilaniburgh is, perhaps, the greatest
corn market in the north of Europe, being a depot for large quantities of Baltic corn,
and for the produce of the extensive ccuntrl-.s traversed by the Elbe. But the excess
of the exports of wheat from Hamburgh over the iin^iorts, is less than might have
been expected, and amounted, at an average of the 10 years ending with 1825, to only
48,263 quarters a v ir. It appears from the subjoined table that the average price of
wheat at TIainburg.i, during the 10 years ending with 1831, was only 26s. 6^d. a quarter,
being about 7s. a quarter under the level of Dantzic; but this extreme lowness of jirice
is altogether ascribable to the inferiority of the Ilolstcin and Hanover wheats, wliicii
ar generally met w ., in great abundance at Hamburgh. Wheat from the Upper Elbe
is of a better cjuality. Bolicmian wheat is occasionally forwarded by the river to Ham-
burgh ; but the char^^es attending its conveyance from Prague amount, according to
Rlr. Jacob, to full 1 7*. a (juarter, and prevent its being sent down, except when the
price is comparatively high. In 1830, there was shipped from Hamburgh for British
ports, 271,700 quarters of wheat, 1,900 of rye, 18,20O of ha'-lev. and 2,800 of oats.
Perhaps we might be able, did our prices average about .j^^., v^^ import in ordinary
years from 250,000 to 300,030 (juarters of wheat from Denmark and the countries in-
tersected by the Weser and the Elbe.
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
431
Average Prices of Corn at Hamburgh, during the Ten Years ending with 1831, in Sterling Money, per
Imperial Quarter.
Years.
Whe.it.
Rye.
Barley.
Oats.
Yearj.
Wheat.
Kye.
Uilley.
Oats.
1822
1823
18'24
1825
18-2(i
1827
S. rt.
27 6
27 ti
24
20 ti
IS 4
2(i 3
i. d.
15 5
18 4
13
12 9
17 1
23 10
«. d.
13
14 6
12 6
13 10
13 3
17 7
4-. d.
9 4
11
8 6
8 8
12 4
16 9
1828
1829
1830
1831
s. rf.
27 10
34 5
2.5 10
33 4
s. d.
20 8
18 8
21 3
26 8
s. d.
13 4
13 3
14 9
19 9
s. d.
10 2
9 4
10 3
10
Average
26 6^
18 9
14 6i
10 74
Amsterdam i.s an important dtpot for foreign corn, every variety of which may he found
there. Only a small part of its own consumption is supplied by corn of native growth ;
so that the prices in it are for the most part dependent on the prices at which corn can
he hrouglit from Dantzic, Kiel, Hamburgh, and other shipping ports. Rotterdam is a
very advantageous port for warehousing foreign corn ; being conveniently situated,
and the warehouse rent low, not exceeding 2d. or 2^d, per quarter per month. AVc sub-
join an account of the
Average Prices, per Imporinl Quarter, of Wheat, Rye, Barley, and Oats grown within the Consulship of
Ainsteiiiani, during the Ten Years ending with 1831.
Vears.
1S22
1823
182+
1825
18-21)
1827
Wlieat.
Kve.
Barley.
Oats.
Years.
Wheat.
Rye.
Bwley.
Oals.
.1. d.
25
21 1
20 3
2i 4
'2.">
Si 2
J. d.
Hi 8
20 6
17 4
16 5
19 3
29
s. d.
13
16 1
14 2
15 9
17 7
21
*. d.
9 4
8
L! 8
12
16 4
21 8
1828
1829
1830
1831
». d.
34 6
46 10
41 9
42 8
S. d.
24
25 7
27 4
30
S. d.
19
19 5
20
22 4
.1. d.
12 10
13 10
IS 1
IS 6
Average
31 ii
23 7i
17 9i
14 04
Previously to the late revolution in the Netherlands, there used to be a considerable
trade in corn from Antwerp to England. Wheats, both white and red, are among the
finest wo receive from the Continent, and are, of course, pretty high priced. Beans and
l)eas are also fine. Antwerj) buck-wheat is the best in Europe. According to Mr. Jacob,
the cost of storing and turning wheat per month at Antwerp does not exceed l^rf. a
quarter, or about half what it costs in London.
French Corn Trade It appears, from the accounts given by the Marquis Garnier in
tlie last editii;!! of his translation of the IFeallh of Nations, that the price of the hectolitre
sjt; of wheat at the mari;et of Paris amounted, at an average of the 19 years beginning
^ with 180! and ending with 1819, to iiOfr. i.*? cent. ; which is equal to 30 fr. 80 cent,
the scptier ; or, taking the exchange at 2.5 fr., to Aos. Gd. the quarter. Count Chaptal,
in his valuable work, Sur r Industrie Franfuise (tom. i. p. 226.), published in 1819,
estimates the ordinary average price of wheat throughout France at 18 fr. the hectolitre,
or 42s. 10(/. the quarter. The various expenses attending the importation of a quarter
of French wheat into London may be taken, at a medium, at about 6s. a quarter.
France, however, has very little surplus produce to dispose of; so that it would ho
impossible for us to import any considerable quantity of French corn without occasioning
a great advai cc of jirico ; and in point of fact, our imports from France have been at all
times quite iueon-siderable.
The mean of the different estimates framed by Vauban, Quosnay, Expilly, Lavoisier,
and Arthur Young, gives 61,519,672 .septiers, or 32,810,000 quarters, as the total
average growth of the different kinds of grain in France — ( Peuchet, Statisti(jitc EIJ-
mentaire, \). 290.) We, however, took occasion formerly to observe (Supp. to Enerjc.
Brit. art. Corn Laws) that there could not bo a doubt that this estimate was a great deal
too low ; and the more careful investigations of late French statisticians fully confirm
this remark. It is said that the mean annual jjroduce of the harvests of France, at an
ave.age of the 4 years ending with 1828, amounted to 60,533,000 hectolitres of wheat,
and 114,738,000 ditto of other sorts of grain j making in all 175,271,000 hectolitres,
or 62,221,205 Winch, quarters. Of this quantity it is sujjposed that 16 per cent, is
consumed as seed, 19 per cent, in the feeding of different sjiecies of animals, and 2 per
cent, in distilleries and breweries. — {Bulletin dcs Sciences Geographiques, tom. xxv.
p. 34.) This estimate is believed to be pretty nearly accurate; perhaps, however, it is
still rather under the mark.
The foreign corn trade of France was regulated down to a very late period by a law
which forbade exportation, except when the home prices were below certain limits ; and
which restrained and absolutely forbade importation exccj)t when they were ahove certain
other limits. The prices regulating importation and exportation differed in the different
districts into which the kingdom was divided ; and it has not unfrequently happened
that corn wareiiouscd in a particular port, where it was cither not admissible at all, or
not admissible except under payment of a high duty, has been carried to another port iu
\ i
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1. 1
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i,\ 1
i k
fMW-l
w
i f
\ M
432
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
another district, nnd admitted duty free ! But during the last 2 years importation
has been at all times allowed under graduated duties, which, however, like those of this
country, become prolilbitory when the prices sink to a certain level. Tiie division of the
kingdom into sejjarate districts is still kept up; and in June, 183.3, while the duties on
wheat imported into some of the departments were only 4 fr. 75 cent., they were, in
others, as high as 12 fr. 2.5 cent. An official announcement is issued on the last day of
each month, of what the duties are to be in that district during the succeeding month.
These dei)cnd, with certain modifications, on the average pritts of the districts.
SjHuiis/i Corn Trade. — The exportation of corn from Si)ain was formerly prohibited
under the severest penalties. But in 1820, grain and flour were botli allowed to be freely
exported ; and in 1823, this privilege was extended to all productions (frutus) the growth
of the soil. There is now, in fact, no obstacle whatever, except the expense of carriage,
to the conveyance of corn to the sea-ports, and thence to the foreigner. Owing, how-
ever, to the corn-,^ rowing provinces being principally situated in the interior, and to the
cxircme badness of the roads, which renders carriage to the coast both expensive and
ditlicult, the exports arc reduced within comparatively narrow limits ; the same difliculty
of carriage frequently gives rise to very great differences in the prices of places, in all
l)arts of the country, only a few leagues distant. Were the means of communication
inii)roved, and any thing like security given to the husbandman, Spain would, in no long
time, become one of the principal exporting countries of Europe. Old Castile, Leon,
l''.stremadura, and that part of Andalusia to the south and east of Seville, are amongst
tlie finest corn countries of Europe ; and might be made to yield immense sui)plies.
But owing to the disturbed state of the country, and the want of a market for their pro-
duce, they can hardly be said to be at all cultivated. And yet such is their natural
fertility, that in good seasons the peasants only reap those fields nearest to the villages !
Ivatterly we have began to import corn from Bilbao, Santander, and other ports in the
north of Spain; and in 1831, she supplied us with no fewer than 158,000 quarters. —
(&', e J'lLTAO.)
(yorn Tiade of Odessa, — Odessa, on the Black Sea, is the only port in Southern
Europe from which any considerable quantity of grain is exported. We believe, indeed,
t!).'?'., the fertility of the soil in its vicinity has been much exaggerated ; but the wheat
shipped at Odessa is principally brought from Volbynia and the Polish provinces to the
south of Cracow, tlic supplies from which arc susceptible of an indefinite increase.
Owing to the cataracts in the Dnieper, and the Dniester having a great number of
sliallows, most part of the corn brought to Odessa comes by land carriage. The expense
of this mode of conveyance is not, however, nearly so great as might be supposed. The
carts with corn are often in parties of 1 50 ; the oxen are pastured during the night, and
they take advantage of the period when the peasantry are not occupied with the harvest,
sj that the charge on account of conveyance is comparatively trifling.
Both soft and hard wheat is exjjorted from Odessa ; but the former, which is by far
tlie most abundant, is only brought to England. Supposing British wheat to sell at
I'.bout 60*., Odessa wheat, in good order, would not be worth more than 52s. in the
London market ; but it is a curious fact, that in the Mediterranean the estimation in which
they are held is quite the reverse; at Malta, Marseilles, Leghorn, &c., Odessa wheat
f jtches a decidedly higher price than British wheat.
The hard wheat brought from the Black Sea comes principally from Taganrog. It
is a very fine species of grain ; it is full 10 per cent, heavier than British wheat, and has
loss than half the bran. It is used in Italy for making macaroni and vermicelli, and
things of that sort ; very little of it has found its way to England.
The voyage from Odessa to Britain is of uncertain duration, but generally very long.
It is essential to the importation of the wheat in a good condition, that it should be made
<luring the winter months. When the voyage is made in summer, unless the wheat be
very superior, and be shipped in exceedingly good order, it is almost sure to heat ; and
has sometimes, indeed, been injured to such a degree as to require to be dug from the
bold with pickaxes. Unless, therefore, means be devised for lessening the risk of
damage during the voy.ige, there is little reason to think that Odessa wheat will ever
be largely imported into Britain. — (See the evidence of J. II. Lander, Esq. and
J. Schneider, Esq. before the Lords' Committee of 1827, on the price of foreign
corn. )
It appears from the report of the British consul, dated Odessa, 31st of December,
1 830, that the prices of wheat during the qu.irter then terminated varied from 22*. 'If/,
to 54*. GJ. a quarter. During the summer quarter, 149,029 quarters of wheat were
ex))ortcd.
We copy the following account from tl;e evidence of J. H. Lander, Esq. referred to
above : —
I
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
433
in
all
by far
sell at
in the
I which
wheat
ry long,
be made
heat be
and
Toni the
risk of
ill ever
sq. and
foreign
jcenibcr,
22s. 4(1.
.at were
Account of tlic average Prices of Wheat at Odessa, with the Shipping Charges, rcduceil into British
Measure and Currency ; the Hate of Kxchangc (the whole taken yuartcrly for the Vears IHU to l8i.'4,
inclusive) ; and the Quantities annually exported.
t 1!
Quarter mdinu
Price per Chet-
wi'Tt in Ku^iun
Monej.
CliarRes on
Shipping.
Exchange.
Priee on
Imard per
^u.irter.
Quantity
ex|)ortwl.
Olwervation.s.
It.
H.
R.
«. </.
iiwirteri.
1814.
March 31.
eo-75
2-75
18-60
33 8-)
June 3().
21 -."lO
2-t)5
18-90
34 If
187,6a5
Sept. 30.
17-50
2-50
19-55
27 3(
Dec. 31.
18-
2-50
2O-.0O
26 8)
181").
March 31.
24-30
3-55
2O-,'50
36 6")
June .)(».
21-
275
20-10
31 6f
372,309
Sci)t. 30.
i;4-80
2-95
20-60
3.5 11 C
Dec. 31.
23-JO
375
21-20
34 33
18 Ki.
March 31.
32-
5-.50
22-10
4.5 3-)
June 30.
oV,",3
3-liO
22-60
46 Of
801,591
Sept. 30.
3;V80
3-65
2310
45 7f
Dec. 31.
Sti-fK)
3-(i.5
0-3-
47 03
1817.
March 31.
44-75
4-40
22-40
58 6")
Juno 30.
34-(i0
3-60
22-
46 4f
870,893
Sept. 30.
30-
3,30
21-.W
41 2f
Dec. 31.
33-tiO
3-75
22-80
47 11 3
1818.
IMarcli 31.
2!l-80
3-80
20-55
43 -■)
June 30.
22-70
2 85
20-85
32 8f
538,513
Sept. 30.
23-80
2-90
2040
34 llf
Dec. 31.
2! -a)
2-80
19-20
;>3 63
1819.
March 31.
17-20
2-(iO
19-80
26 8-;)
June 30.
17-30
2-f)0
20-S.5
25 5(
li27,926
Sept. 30.
1(5-30
2-55
21-85
23 If
Dec. 31.
14-
2-45
2370
18 OJ
1820.
March 31.
15-30
250
24-30
19 ■}■)
June 30.
17-
2-60
24-20
21 7f
534,199
Sept. 30.
19-,3()
265
24-40
24 Of
Dec. 31.
23-30
2-75
23 40
29 83
1821,
March 31.
24-50
2-80
2370
30 9-)
June 30.
23-50
2-75
24-15
2!l Of
i35,S(i!i
Sept. 30.
20-15
2-65
25 25
24 3f
Dec. 31.
19-80
2-65
24'9()
24 23
1822.
March 31.
17-25
2-60
24-80
20 8-)
June .';o.
17-75
2(W
2,5-
21 8 f
342,752
Scjit. .30.
17-45
2-(i0
24-f>.5
21 7 f
The present price
Dec. 31.
15-2;5
2-.-.0
2)-'.H)
19 10)
of wheat is less
182.3.
March 31.
15-20
2-M)
24-
19 8-)
than the cost of
June 30.
15-
2M
24-50
19 2f
443,035
cultivation. The
Sept. :n
12-25
Z:l->
24-75
15 7f
charge on ware-
Dec. 31.
12-70
2-;j0
24-95
16 03
housing wheat at
1824.
March 31.
12-90
2-30
25-4<)
16 1^
Odessa docs not
June 30.
13-
2-30
25 10
16 3f
427,767
exceed 2rf. per
Sept. 30.
13-
2-30
25-10
16 3f
quarter per month.
Dee. 31.
13-
2-30
24-50
16 7 3
The entire expense of importing a quarter of wheat from Odessa to London may be
estimated at from 16'«. to 19*. We borrow, from the valuable evidence of J. Schneider,
Esq. already referred to, the following account, which states in detail the various items
of expense. — (See Table, next page.)
The price free on board is estimated, in this Table, at under 16*., being no less than
1 2s. below the average price of October and December, 1 830, as returned by the consul ;
but notwithstanding, if we add to the cost of the wheat in London, as given in this
statement, 6s. of duty, and allow 10s. for its supposed inferiority to English wheat, its
price here, when thus reduced to the standard of the latter, would be about SO*. 6d. At
present (7th of October, 1833), Odessa wheat, entered for home consumption, is worth
in the London market from 42*. to 46s. ; being about 10s. below the average of En-
glish wlieat.
American Corn Trade The prices of wheat at New York and Philadelphia may be
taken, on an average, at from 37s. to 40s. a quarter ; and as the cost of importing a
quarter of wheat from the United States into England amounts to from 10s. to 12s., it
is seen that no considerable supply could be obtained from that quarter, were our prices
under 50s. or 52s. It ought also to be remarked, that prices in America are u.sually
higher than in the Baltic ; so that but little can be brought from the former, except
when the demand is sufficient previously to take off the cheaper wheats of the northern
ports.
The exports of wheat from the United States are, however, comparatively trifling ; it
being in the sliape of flour that almost all their exports of corn are made. The shipments
of this important article from llaltimorc, Philadelphia, New York, New Orleans, and
other ports, are u.sually very large. The British West Indies, Cuba, Mexico, Brazil*
England, and France, arc the principal markets to which it is sent. All sorts of flour,
whether made of wheat, rye, Indian corn, &c. exported from the United States, must pre-
viously be submitted to the inspection of officers appointed for that purpose. The law
further directs, that the barrels, in which it is shipped, shall be of certain dimensions, and
that each barrel shall contain 1 96 lbs. of flour, and each half barrel 98 lbs. Tlie inspector.
2 V
.1
rii
W '-1^
■' IBiwi J
' ■ * ■ > I
' i y
m
'bm
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h, «
434
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
'; i
f t W
' I
Pro forma Invoice of 2,000 ChetwerU of Wheat shipped at Otlcssa for London.
3,000 chetwert8 wlicat, at Vl rs. per chct.
Charees.
Measuring when received, at 5 cops, per diet.
Ditto when shipped
Duty
CarViagc to the mole
Lighterage
Use of bags
brokerage, i per cent,
Commission, 3 per cent.
9
77
18
15
10
Rs. 100
180
1,540
am
300
aoo
120
Exchange at 21 rs. per £ sterling
Would produce 1,450 Imperial quarters, to cost per quarter
Charges in London.
Policy duty on 1,200/. at J jier cent
Insurance on 1,150/. at 21. 2!. per cent.
Commission do. } •
Freight on 1,4;)3 quarters wheat, at 12*, per quarter
Primage, 10 jier cent. ....
Gratiflcation . . • . .
Charterparty, 1/. ; Custom-house entries, 10*.
Metagc on sliip, at is. ^i<i. per last
Lastage . . . . -
Lighterage of 1,4)3 quarters at 4d.
Landing, wharlagc, liousing, and delivering, at i)d.
Henl 4 weeks, at 5s. per 100 quarters per week
Mctage, &c. ex granary
Estimated charge fbr probable damage on the voyage
Factorage in London . . -
Del credere, 1 per cent.
27
3
15
1)69
1
31
1
24
54
14 10
7 5
.£1,136 15
Rs. 24,000
2,800
Rs. 26,800
804
Rs. 27,600
.<■ 1,150 3 ■
£
10
Or per quarter
15
8
1
11
r,
2
1
£\ 14
liaving ascertained that the barrels correspond with the regulations as to siec, weight, itc,
decides as to the quality of the flour: the first, or best sort, being branded Superfine; the
second, Fine ; the third, Fine MiiUllinys; and the fourtli, or lowest quality, Middlings.
Such barrels as are not merchantable are marked Bud; and their exportation, .as well as
the exportation of tliose deficient in weiglit, is prohibited. Uye flour is divided into
2 sorts, being either branded Superfine lii/e Flour, or Fine lii/e Flour. Alaize flour is
branded Indian Meal; flour made from buck-wheat is branded B. Meal, Indian meal
may be exported in hhds. of 800 lbs. Flour for home consumption is not subjected
to inspection. Tlie inspection must take place at the time and place of exportation,
under a penalty of 5 dollars per barrel. Persons altering or counterfeiting marks or
brands forfeit 100 dollars; and jiersons putting fresh flour into barrels already marked
or branded, or offering adulterated wheaten flour for sale, forfeit in either case 5 dollars
for each barrel.
The fees of branding were reduced in 1 8S2. They amoimt, in New York, to .S cents
for each hog.shead, and 1 cent for each barrel and half barrel of full weight. A fine of
no cents is levied on every barrel or half barrel below the standard weight, exclusive of
tlO cents for every pound that it is deficient.
'I'he act 9 Geo. 4. c. 60. enacts, that every barrel of wheaten flour imported, shall he
deemed equivalent to 38i- gallons of wheat, and shall be charged with a corresponding
duty {ante, p. 418.). Iiencc, when the price of British wheat per quarter is betwci'n
52s. and 53.s., the duty on the barrel of flour is 20s. 10^(/. ; when wheat is between O'Cs-.
and 61s., tlic duty on flour is XGs.O^d. j and when wheat is between 69s. and 70s., tlie
fluty on flour is 8s. 2f(/.*
The following Tables, derived principally from private but authentic sources, give a
very complete view of the foreign corn trade of the United States during the hist 10
years.
I
! ■■'>
» There is a Table of the duties nn flour, according to the variations in the price of Ilrilish wheat, in
the valuable work of Mr, lleuss (p. 117.) relating to the trade l)etwecn Great Britain and America.
\
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
435
24.000
2,800
afiiKOO
804
27,000
3 3 4
J 15 10
U
8
1 11 r>
'J
1
1 u
•L'if^llt, \c.,
H'rjinv; tlic
Middlings.
as well as
vidcd into
ze flour is
lulian meal
subjected
]U>rtatioii,
marks or
dy marked
e 5 dollars
to 3 cents
A fine of
jxcliisive of
d, sliall be
res|)ondinji;
is between
itween (JOs.
70s., the
•CCS, give a
the last 10
ish wheat, ill
ncrica.
Hi.
n.
1 Account of the Oiiantitics of Flour and Grain exported from the Unitetl States, from October Ist,
1H21, to Septemljct JOth, ISjl, with the Prices of Tlour at I'lrtlaUelphia, and of Wheat and Indian Corn
at New York.
—
Price of Wlieat
Trice of ^\'heat
Price of IfiUian
Years.
\Vheat Flour.
Rje Flour.
Com Meal.
Wheat.
Indian Com.
Flour iier
Barrel at J'hi-
latlelpliia.
per llusliel at
New York.
Uushel at
New York.
liitrrrtt.
ntirrds.
Uurretl.
lUiihrla.
Duihtlt.
DoUi. ctnli.
DMi. miti.
DotU. cent*.
IHSl
l,80r),205
19,0+9
201,2(r>
4O0,ri84
.0tif),7()I
•
1 19
70
IHiO
1,22;".,««1
2(),298
14.'5,.'i()l
4.0,289
444,107
4 98
98
57
18'-'9
H-3T,:',xr,
34,191
17i,77;j
4,007
897,606
6 35
1 38
58
1828
8fiO,8(/!»
22,214
174,ti39
8,90fi
7(H,!X)2
.0 60
1 8
5,3
18S!7
8li."),49l
13,34;)
131,041
22,18-2
y78,(!fi4
.0 23
97
f)5
I82fi
857,820
14,472
l;)8,fi2,5
4.0, Kit)
.0().0,.i81
4 (i)
90
79
182,>
81,J,;K)fi
29,.'">4'i
187,28-,
I7,9i!0
8(i9,<>44
5 10
1 4
.0<i
lHi.'4
!l<Hi,7!l2
31,879
1.02,723
20,373
779,297
.0 62
1 15
47
1823
7.06,702
C;),f>fi5
141, .001
4,272
749,034
6 82
1 5
.03
1822
827,8i»
19,971
148,288
4,418
.009,098
6 58
!X)
49
1821
l,(»;5f>,U9
ikh'i-iS
13I,ta)9
2.0,812
607,277
4 78
89
53
II. — Account of the Quantity and Destination of Wheat Flour exported from the United States, com-
mencing 1st of October, 1821, and ending 30th of September, 1831.
Years.
America. |
Europe.
Africa.
Asia.
All
Total.
British
West
South ' ^^- Bri-
Siiain
aiul Vnr-
Other
All
N. Anier.
Amir. :t;"nand
Fmncc.
Aladeira.
Parts of
I'arts.
I'arts.
I'rov.
1 Ireland.
tu(;al.
Kurope.
Harrftn.
llilrrell.
lUlrrrU. iitlri-t^.%.
lUlrrcU.
Ititnfls.
Itarrttf,
narrth.
Ittirln.
llarlt.
iiarrett.
1831
1.00,645
371,876
3l9,(Jl6 K79,4;!0
23,!)91
3(H
12,811
.3;),416
2,751
8,30:0
1,805,205
1830
149,966
281,2.06
.•J47,2<I0 ,;26,I82
56,5iK)
10,222
!l,628
;>.;,< 124
2,609
.0,214
1,225,881
1829
91,08H
248,23()
2.>.0,.09l 221,176
17,46-1
.009
3,7"9
14,9,09
221
4,362
837,385
1828
86,680
,;70,371
.';o«,I10 23,2,08
6,26()
294
4,061
54,371
1,7.37
5,662
860,809
1827
107,420
3ii2,(r74
271,524 ,03,129
19
4,2<»3
,0,171
,02,114
4,909
7,238
86.0,491
ls2i)
72,<M)4
453,(i!4
2.S5.5H.3 i 18,.3.0-
275
.004
6,119
'-7,716
5,403
7,885
857,820
1825
30,780
4'-'9,760
2:02,781) I 27,972
102
7;io
,3,597
,05,818
7,623
15,4,38
813,<IOfi
1824
39,191
124,.3.'.9
.'«7,,372
70,873
426
939
25,851
47,449
3,883
6,4;i9
99(i,792
1823
29,1)81
442,468
l!)8,256
4,2:02
51
62,387
4,752
2,088
903
ll,8fH
756,702
1822
89,!vK)
436,K49
211,0.;9
12,096
228
2,0,104
21,, '375
976
3,929
2(),429
827,865
1821
131,0;i5 .)51,3>I6
156,KK8 iH„041
1,175
71,908
26,572
9,074
3,123
10,357
1,056,119
Owing to the diminished demand in England, the exports in the year ending 30th of September, 1832,
fell considerably under the level of the 2 preceding years, being only 864,919 barrels, valued at 4,880,623
dollars. There were exported, during the same year, 88,304 bushels of wheat, and 451,230 bushels of
Indian corn. — {Papers laid before Congress, 15th of February, 18;13.)
Mr. Reuss gives (p. 120. 1 the following pro forma account of the expenses attending the importation of
a cargo of 5,000 bushels of wheat from New York, supposing it to cost 1 doll. 12 cents a bushel, which is
about its average price.
.^,000 bushels, at 1 dol. Vi cents per liushel
\VinnowinK, measuring, and delivery
on Im.ird - - - I'lOOO
Ilrokerane.i per cent. - - VSIM)
Insurance, li,i)UO dots, at Ij per cent. 'Jd'OO
Commission, 5 ]>er cent.
Exchange, 1 10 per cent. /.,
L. a. it. L. I. d,
FrelRht, \'i;> ton.s at 15». per
ton - - !),T 1,', (I
Primage, ■') p. cent. 4 13 9
98 8 9
Kntry, officer's fees, and cltv diiea • 1 10
Aleiage from the ship at ^. 8d. per
last of lOqrs. - - 6 18 4
Di'lhlrM.
.'j.eoo-t
208-on
,',,Sf,S'
W3
ti,l«l-10
l/iOU 1 8
L. i. ,/,
BrouRhl forward - 117 7 1
Petty chiirfjes, at 1j. |ierl,istof Klqrs. '^ I'i I)
LiuhtcraRe and portera^jc to granary,
9(/. per quarter - - 19 10
(iranary rent and (ire insurance, say
4 weeks, at V«. per 100 (|rs. |ier ueek *i '2 o
Turning, at v.. pir 1(10 (|uarters . 10 fi
MetaKe and purteraf.e to the Kranary,
■It 4». per l(l()i|uarters - - 10 8
Do. do. from the do. at 5«. Iter qr, U Ki 8
PostaRC and stamps . -17
Factorage, U, i>er quarter - 2G
Conuiiission, '^^ percent,!
(iuarantee, I — J>4ipercenl.r>.f 11
Interest, 1 — \
In I.ondon.
lO.I'nil quarters Winchester measure, equal to
too quarters Imperial.
5,01)0 bushels M'inchesler measure, equal to
tio 1 quarters Imperial measure, costing
49a. ilj<^ per qiprler in IhiiuI .
244 4 12
1,504 5 10
l,.'in3 14 -i
The usual price of wheat in Canada, when there is a demand for the English market, is about 40* a
quarter; hot taking it as low as 3.'js., if we add to this 12.v. a quarter as the expenses of carriage and ware-
housing, it will make its price in Liverpool, when delivered to the consumer, 47,f. ; and being spring
wheat, it is not ,so valu.thle, by about 6,v. a quarter, as English wheaf. The duty on rorn imported from
a British colony being, when the home price is under 67.«., onlv .0*., it is suspected th.it a good deal of the
flour brought from Canada has been really furnished by the United States. It is certain, too, that in
the present year (1833) wheat lias been sent from Archangel to Canada, in the view (a.s is allcgedl of its
being re.shi|)i)ed, under the low duty, to Hritisli i)orts; the saving of dutv being supposed siilticicnt to
countervail the cost of a double vov:ige iicross the Atlantic ; But grain from the colonies is not admitted
into England at the low duty, without the exporters subsrriliing a ileclar.ition that it is the produce of
sucli colonies: any wilful inaccuracy in such document being punislietl by the forfeiture of the corn so
imported, and of KXW. of penalty ; and in .iddition to this, the corn. Hour, .<vc. must also be accompanietl
r^ " '':'■&'',"''' "/""I'in subscribed by the collictor or comptroller iit the port of shipment It is there
lore, ditticult to see how the importers of Russian rorn into Canada are to succeetl in getting it shinned
lor tnglaiid os voloniiU corn ; and wc believe that most of it will go to the West Indies.
o 1,' o
■ ii*
u,
.( i.
("JB' ]
k
11: *
'ii
mi.
<t ''
J v
U I..
hi |l'
!;■
1 n ' r )
4.'iG
COTTON.
Account of all Corn ami Flour imported into Great IJritain from Canada, during the Five Years ending
with ISiii; specifying the guuntities in each \'cat.—(Purl. I'd/irr, No. L'Ofi. Sess. 1SJ!2.)
Corn and Flour.
1823.
182a
Qf'x. bit*.
1830.
Qrt. bin.
1831.
183i
Qr.i* Itui.
Qr-.f. but.
Wheat
14,415 i
4,U.)5 5
!iH,'.m 6
189.885 1
88,GH(i (i
Harley
. . .
-
.
20!) .')
Oats
r>so
til 4
1.223 1
3,7.')() 2
2
Peas
1,S(>S 3
l,f>l() 2
1424 G
■1(J1 G
8 U
Indian corn
Total of corn
S
7
lfi,8()8 7
;-.,740 3
61,011 5
l!>4,3()fi 6
88,695
Ctvt. t/ri. tUs.
Citl. qr>. Ila.
Cwt, tfrs. lilt.
<>c^ v''*. "w-
Wheat meal or flour
1G,;J71 27
5,.'>79 1
Gl,y()4 3 13
y(),().;!) 1 14
48,809 2 27
Oatmeal
.
...
519 1 13
1J2 24
1 2 13
Indian meal
.. - -
1 3 a
Uye meal
Total of meal and flour
-
- - .
.
885 15
lti,571 27
!>,r>Hl G
(12,424 20
97,0f)r> 2 25
48,811 1 1-2
Inferences from the above Review of Prices. — We may, we tliiiik, .sjitisfactorily con-
clude, from this pretty lengthened review of tlie state of the foreign corn trade, that in
the event of all restrictions on the importation of corn into our markets heing aholislied,
it could not, in ordinary years, be imported for less than 4(j.s'. or 47s. a ijiwrter. lUit
taking it so low as 44s., it is plain it coidd not, in the event of its being charged with a
duty of (is. or 7s., be sold for less than 50s. or 51s.
Now, it appears, from the account No. III. page 42.'3., that the average price of
wheat in England and Wales, for the ten years ending with 1832, amounted to
61s. 8^(7. a quarter; and it will be observed that the crojjs from 1826 to ISUl were
very deficient, and that the importations in those years were unusually large. IJut
without taking this circumstance into account, it is clear, from the previous statements,
that tlie opening of the ports under a fixed duty of 6s. or 7s. could not occasion a reduc-
tion of more than 9s. or lOs. a quarter in the prices of the last 10 years; and not more
than 7s. or 8s. on the prices of last year (1832).
We feel pretty confident f hat these statements cannot be controverted ; and they show,
conclusively, how erroneous it is to suppose that the repeal of the existing corn laws,
and the opening of the ports for importation, under a duty of 6s. or 7s., would throw
a large proportion of our cultivated lands into pasture, and cause a ruinous decl'ne
in the price of corn. The average price of wheat in England and Wales, in 1802,
1803, and 1804, — years of decided agricultural improvement, — was exactly 61.*.
a quarter, being almost identical with its price during the last 10 years ; wliile the re-
duction of taxation, the greater cheapness of labour, and the various improvements that
have been made in agriculture since 1804, must enable corn to be raised from the same
soils at a less expense now than in that year. It cannot be justly said that 1 823 was by
any means an unfavourable year for the farmers; and yet the average price of wheat was
then only 51s. 9rf., being rather less than its probable average price imder the system we
liave ventured to propose. The landlords and farmers may, therefore, take courage.
Their prosperity does not depend on restrictive regulations ; but is the effect of the fer-
tility of the soil which belongs to them, of the absence of all oppressive feudal privileges,
and of the number and wealth of the consumers of their produce. The unbounded
freedom of the corn trade would not render it necessary to abandon any but the most
worthless soils, which ought never to have been broken up ; and would, consequently,
have but a very slight effect on rent ; while it would be in other respects supremely
advantageous to the landlords, whose interests are closely identified with those of the
other cla.sses.
COTTON (Ger. BaumwdUe ; Du. Katoen, Boomwol; Da. Bomuld ,- Sw. Boniull ;
Fr. Colon 1 It. Cotone, Bamhagia ; Sp. Algodon ; Port. Algoduo ; Rus. Chlohtschataja
humaga ; Pol. Buwelna ; Lat. Gossypium, Bombax ; Arab. Kulun ; Sans. Kapasa ; Hind.
Ruhi s Malay, Kapaa), a species of vegetable wool, the produce of the Gossypium herba-
ceum, or cotton shrub, of which there are many varieties. It is found growing naturally
in all the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and America, whence it has been transplanted,
and has become an important object of cultivation, in the southern parts of the United
States, and to some extent also in Europe.
Cotton is distinguished in commerce by its colour, and the length, strength, and fine-
ness of its fibre. White is usually considered as characteristic of secondary quality.
Yellow, or a yellowish tinge, when not the cfTect of accidental wetting or inclement
seasons, is considered as indicating greater fineness.
There are many varieties of raw cotton in the market, their names being principally
derived from the places whence they are brought. They are usuaHy classed under the
denominations of long and short stapled. The best of the first is the sen-island cotton, or
that brought from the shores of Georgia ; but its qualities differ so much, that the price
A
COTTON.
437
^;J2.
use
8
()
2
fi95
</r»
9 2
1 a
. Ihs.
27
13
1 1
1-2
lumull ;
\chataja
Hind.
hcrha-
iturally
)lanted,
United
d finc-
juality.
lement
of the finest specimens is often fotir times as great as that of the inferior. The superior
samples of Brazil cotton are reckoned among the long stapled. The vplund or Imved
Georgia cotton forms the largest and best portion of the short stapled class. All the
cottons of India are short stapled.
The estimation in which the different kinds of cotton wool are held may be learned
from the following statement of their prices in Liverpool, on the 1st of November, ISS."?.
The inferiority of Bengal and Surat cotton is sometimes ascribed to the defective mode
in which it is prepared ; hut Mr. Horace H. Wilson doubts whether it can be grown in
India of a better kind. The raw cotton of the Indio.^ islands has hitherto been almost
entirely consumed on the spot.
Prices of Cotton in Liverpool, Ist November, 1833.
Sea-island, stained ami saw.ginn'd
inferior
middling .
fair, cluan, not fine
good, clean, & rather fine
fine and clean
New Orleans, inferior
middling
fair
good fair
good
very choice gin marks
Alabama and Mobile, inferior .
middling
fair
d.
rf.
8
to
12
12*
_
13
13^
_-
13*
13*
__
14
14
«
i'>fl
W
_
20
8|
_M
8
8
8|
—
9
94
—
9
9J
^
10
11
.«
12
I'
81
—
i
rf. d.
Alabama and Mobile, good fair
8 to 9S
good •
9 — lOi
Upland, inferior
7 — 8
middling
8 — 8i
8 — 8
fair
good fair
9 — 9
good
/■I* - 1'!
Ef;\ptian . - ■•
13 — 13
Periiambuco
9J- Hi
9 - 10|
Bahia ...
Maranham
9i- 11
Demerara
8 — 9;*
West India
Carthagcna
7 — «
Surat
n- 7i
A small quantity of very superior cotton has been imported from New South Wales.
The manufacture of cotton has been carried on in Hindostan from the remotest anti-
quity. Herodotus mentions (lib. iii. c. 106.) that in India there arc wild trees that
produce a sort of wool superior to that of sheep, and that the natives dress themselves in
cloth made of it. — (Sec, to the same effect, Arrian Indie, c. 16. p. 582.) The manu-
facture obtained no footing worth mentioning in Europe till last century.
1 . Rise and Progress of the British Cotton Manufacture. — The rapid growth and pro-
digious magnitude of the cotton manufacture of Great Britain are, beyond all question,
the most extraordinary phenomena in the history of industry. Our command of the
finest wool naturally attracted our attention to the woollen manufacture, and paved the
way for that superiority in it to which we have long since attained : but when we im-
dertook the cotton manufacture, we had comparatively few facilities for its prosecution,
and had to struggle with the greatest difficulties. The raw material was produced at an
immense distance from our shores ; and in Hindostan and China the inhabitants had
arrived at such perfection in the arts of spinning and weaving, that the lightness and
delicacy of their finest cloths emulated the web of the gossamer, and seemed to set com-
petition at defiance. Such, however, has been the influence of the stupendous discoveries
and inventions of Hargraves, Arkwright, Crompton, Cartwright, and others, that we
have overcome all these difficulties — that neither the extreme cheapness of labour in
Hindostan, nor the excellence to which the natives had attained, has enabled them to
withstand the competition of those who buy their cotton ; and who, after carrying it
5,000 miles to be manufactured, carry back the goods to them. This is the greatest
triumph of mechanical genius : and what perhaps is most extraordinary, our superiority
is not the late result of a long series of successive discoveries and inventions; on the con-
trary, it has been accomplished in a very few years. Little more than half a century has
elapsed since the British cotton manufactory was in its infancy ; and it now forms tlie
principal business carried on in the country, — affording an advantageous field for the
accumulation and employment of millions upon millions of capital, and of thousands
upon thousands of workmen ! The skill and genius by which these astonishing results
have been achieved, have been one of the main sources of our power ; they have con-
tributed in no common degree to raise the British nation to the high and conspicuous
place she now occupies. Nor is it too much to say that it was the wealth and energy
derived from the cotton manufai ; ure that bore us triumpliantly through the late dreadful
contest, at the same time that it gives us strength to sustain burdens that would have
crushed our fathers, and could not be supported by any other people.
The precise period when the manufacture was introduced into England is not known ;
but It is most probable that it was some time in the early part of the 17th century. The
first authentic mention is made of it by Lewis Roberts, in his Treasure of Traffic, pub-
lished in \CA\, where it is stated, « The town of Manchester, in Lancashire, must be also
herein remembered, and worthily for their encouragement commended, who buy the
yarne of the Irish in great quantity, and weaving it, returne the same again into Ireland
to sell. Neither doth their industry rest here ; for they buy cotton wool in London that
comes first tr',.111 Cypvus ;ni(l Smyrna, and at home worke the same, and perfect it intc
•_' V :;
1 : «
'I
W
1 i
n
\
cW^-
i .V
^!i-
Uh
438
COTTON.
I' ,
I'. '
!' \
l^
fustians, vcrmillions dimities, and other such stufTos, and then return it to London, where
the same is vented and sold, and not seldom sent into forrain parts, who have means, at
far easier termes, to provide themselves of the said first materials." — (Orig. ed. p. ;5ii.)
It is true, indeed, that mention is frequently made hy previous writers, and in acts of the
legislature passed at a much earlier jKiiod*, of " Manchester cottons," "cotton velvets"
" fustians," &c. ; hut it is certain that these articles were wholly composed of wool, and
had most ])rubably been denominated cottons from their having been prepared in imi-
tation of some of the cotton fabrics imported from India and Italy.
From the first introduction of the cotton manufacture into Great Britain down to the
comparatively late jjcriod of 177:5, the weft, or transverse threads of the web, only, were
of cotton ; the warp, or longitudinal threads, consisting wholly of linen yarn, principally
imported from Germany and Ireland. In the first stage of the manufacture, the weavers,
dispersed in cottages throughout the country, furnished themselves as well as they could
with the warp and weft for their webs, and carried them to market when they were
finished: Imt about 17^0, a new system was introduced. The Manchester merchants
began about that time to send agents into tlie country, who employed weavers, whom they
supplied with foreign or Irish linen yarn for warp, and with raw cotton, which being
carded and spun, by means of a common spindle or distaff, in the weaver's own family,
was then used for weft. A system of domestic manufacture was thus established ; the
junior branches of the family being employed in the carding and spinning of the cotton,
while its head was employed in weaving, or in converting the linen and cotton yarn into
cloth. This system, by relieving the weaver from the necessity of providing himself
with linen yarn for warp and raw cotton for weft, and of seeking customers for his cloth
when finished, and enabling him to prosecute his employment with greater regularity,
was an obvious improvement on the system that had been previously followed ; but it is
at the same time clear that the impossibility of making any considerable division among
the different branches of a manufacture so conducted, or of prosecuting them on a large
scale, added to the interrujition given to the proper business of the weavers, by the ne-
cessity of attending to the cultivation of the patches of ground which they generally occu-
pied, opposed invincible obstacles to its progress, so long as it was conducted in this mode.
It appears from the Custom-house returns, that the total quantity of cotton wool an-
nually imported into Great Britain, at an average of the Jive years ending with 1705,
amounted to only 1,170,881 lbs. The .accounts of the imports of cotton from 17'iO to
1 770 have not been preserved ; but imtil the last 2 or 3 years of that jjcriod the
manufacture increased very slowly, and was of very trifling amount. Dr. Percival,
of Mancliester, who had tlie best means of being accurately informed on the subject,
states that the entire value of all the cotton goods manufactured in Great Britain, at the
.accession of George III. in 1760, was estimated to amount to only 200,000/. a year,
and the number of persons employed was quite inconsidercible ; but in 1 767, a most
ingenious person, James Ilargrsves, a carpenter at Blackburn in Lancashire, invented
the spinning jenny. At its first invention, this admirable machine enabled ciyltt threads
to be spun with the same facility as one ; and it was subse(juently brought to such per-
fection, that a little girl was able to work no fewer than from eiyhty to one hundred and
twenty spindles.
The jenny was api)licable only to the spinning of cotton for weft, being unable to give
to the yarn that degree of firmness and hardness which is required in the longitudinal
threads or warp : but this deficiency was soon after supplied by the introduction of the
spinning-frame, — that wonderfid piece of machinery which sjiins a vast number of
threads of any degree of fineness and hardness, leaving to man merely to feed the ma-
chine with cotton, and to join the threads when they ha))]ien to break. It is not difficult
to understand the principle on which this machine is constructed, and the mode of its
operation. It consists of two pairs of rollers, turned by means of machinery. The
lower roller of each pair is furrowed or fluted longitudinally, and the upper one is
covered with leather, to make them take a hold of the cotton. If there were only one
])air of rollers, it is clear that a carding of cotton passed between them would be drawn
forw.-ird by the revolution of the rollers, but it would merely undergo a certain degree
of compression from their action. No sooner, however, has the carding, or roving, as it
is technically termed, begun to pass through the first pair of rollers, than it is received
by the second pair, which are made to revolve with (as the case nmy be) 3, 4, or
5 times the velocity of the first pair. By this admirable contrivance, the roving is
drawn out into a thread of the desired degree of tenuity ; a twist being given to it by the
adaptation of the spindle and fly of the common flax-wheel to the machinery.
Such is the principle on which Sir Richard Arkwright constructed his famous spin-
ning frame. It is obvious that it is radically and completely different from the previous
• In an act of S & Edw. G. (I.w2), entitled, for the true niakinR of wooixen cloth, it is ordered, " That
all cottons called Manchester, Lancashire, and Cheshire cottons, full wrought for salr, shall be in Icnctn."
A .-. This proves incoutctlably, that wh.it were then called cottons were made wholly of wool.
I
4
^1
COTTON.
439
spin-
i
methods of spinning, cither by tlic common hnnd-whccl or distiifT', or by the jenny, which
is only a moditication of the common wheel. Spinning by rollers was an entirely
original idea; and it is difhcult which to admire most- -the |>rofound and fortunate
sagacity which li-d to so great a discovery, or the consummate skill and address by which
it was so speedily perfected, and reduced to practice. •
Since the dissolution of Sir llichard Arkwright's patent, in 1785, the progress of dis-
covery and improvement in every department of the manufacture has been most rajjid.
The iiiulf-Jenni/ — so called from its being a compound of the jenny and the spinning
frame — invented by Mr. Crompton, and the ;wif«;r-/<;w«, invented by the Ilev. Mr. Cart-
wright, are machines tliat have had the most powerful influence on the manufacture ;
and in consecpiencc of their introduction, and of innumerable other inventicns and im-
provements, the prices of cotton cloth and yarn have gone on progressively diminishing.
Hut as the demand for cottons has been, owing to their extraordinary cheapness, extended
in a still greater degree, the value of the goods produced, and the number of jjcrsons
employed in the manufacture, are now decidedly greater than at any previous period.
U. Imports of Cotton Wool, Countries whence it is imported. Ibices, Duties, Sj'c, — 'I'iie
following Tables have been partly taken from official documents, and partly from the
accounts of merchants of great experience. We believe they may be relied on as ap-
proaching as near to accuracy as it is possible to attain to in such matters.
Account of the Imports and Exports of Cotton Wool to and from Great Britain, from 1781 to 1812,
both inclusive.
Years.
Imported.
Kiiiorted.
Years.
Imparled.
Eiported.
Ll„.
LbM.
tJa.
Uu.
1781
5,198,778
96,788
1797
23,;554,371
609,058
17K2
11,828,0J9
421,229
1798
31,880,641
601,139
1783
!i,7a"),f)6.3
177,626
1799
43,;379,278
844,671
]7h+
11,48<2,08;3
201,845
1800
56,010,732
4,416,610
17K.">
18,-H)(),.J84
4()7,4<)6
1801
.56,004,305
1,860,872
17H(i
l!t,47.",,()i>0
323,153
1802
f>0,;345,600
3,7;30,480
1787
23,2,00,2()8
1,073,381
1803
53,812,284
1,561,053
1788
'J(),4fi7,4.i6
853,146
1804
61.8(r7,32!)
503,171
178i)
32,57(>,(I23
297,837
1805
59,682,406
8(M,243
n<K)
.■31,447,ti05
844,154
1806
58,17<i,283
(>51,8(i7 ;
17!U
2S,7(l(i,l!75
363,442
1807
74,925,306
2,176,943
I'^^i
34,!M)7,4!I7
l,48;-.,465
1808
43,605,982
I,(i44,8ii7
17!W
19,()40,<I29
1,171,566
1809
<)2,8 12,282
4,a51,105
17!i+
24,,'W8,;)(i7
1,, '349,950
1810
132,488,935
8,787,10!)
17!ij
'-'(>,4<)1,.'!4()
1,193,737
1811
91,576,.5;35
1,266,867
17!«
;32,i2n,.;:)7
694,962
1812
(t3,02;>,936
1,740,912
Account rf the Imports of Cotton Wool into Great lititain, of the .Stocks on hand on the 31st of
DeccmluT, of the Annual and Weekly Delivery for Consumption, the Amount of the Crop.s of
Cotton in North Americii, and the Average Price of Uplands, each Year from 1814 to 1832, both
inclusive. — {.Furnished by Mr. Cook, of Mincing Lane)
Totiil Imiiorts
Stmk ill the
Total Peliveries
£.stimntcd
Amount of
Averace
Years.
into (ireat
Torts,
lor ('onsumii.
wfct-kly
Cto]i in
I'rlceof
Itritain.
SUt of Duranber.
tion.
Consumptioti.
North America.
Uplands.
IM.
IJit.
/./.I.
Lin.
-. Lit:
Per III.
1814
73,728,000
22,272,000
80,(i4<),000
1,6()4,000
mi.
1815
9ii,2(:(),00O
22,360,000
85,K(X),(XX)
1,612,(XX)
20Jrf.
1816
97,310,(H)O
22,3.55,(XK)
88,(i31,(XI0
1,709,S<X)
. No correct
18}rf.
1S17
126,240,(HI0
3I,0,34,(KK)
l(i8,;3.5H,(XX)
2,051,400
20(/.
1818
17.i,940,(HH)
85,800,000
111,8(X),0(X)
2,132,(XX)
20rf.
l,vl9
1.>7,592,(KH)
f'8,4,02,000
108,8lH,(MX)
2,116,800
13i(/. i
lljrf.
1820
147,.'i76,0OO
103,458,000
l'.'5,64t>,(XX)
2,322,(XX)
18-.'l
126,420,01K)
106,800,(K)0
126,420,(XX)
2,476,800
110,910,000
8 (/.
1822
141,510,(M)0
7(>,3<i2,(KX)
144,180,WX)
2,7.'")0,1(X)
121,485,(i(X)
18v.'3
183,70O,(X)O
105,K75,(XX)
14-,125,()(X)
3,025,000
l;J(i,12,5,(XX)
8^rf.
182 1
147,420,000
64,428,000
174,174,(KX)
3,166,800
152,880,(XX)
8 //.
11 rf.
tiirt.
6 rf.
6 ,/.
.'>%ti.
1825
244,360,(X10
123,968,(XX)
169,264,(XX)
3,456,(XX)
169,860,000
1826
170,520,000
1(X),.")48,(XX)
164,640,(XX)
3,410,400
211,680,(KX)
1S27
e64,330,(:00
1.34,24.t,(XX)
211,167,(XX)
3,801,600
285,120,000
1S28
222,7.50,000
120,,582,(XX)
217,701,(X)0
4,158,0(X)
213,840,()(X)
1829
218,324,000
84,9t)6,(«X)
221,676,(XH)
4,2ti3,(XX)
2.V),780,0(X)
i8.;o
2;">9,856,(K)0
95,3(iO,0(X)
242,0(X),(XX)
4,768,0(X)
292,040,(XX)
' 6Jrf.
1S31
280,()80,(KX)
84,0<XJ,(XX)
2;')7,5(K),(XX)
5,047,7(X)
.';ii,a55,o(x)
5irf.
C, if. 1
18.32
270,690,000
73,560,000
259,<«0,(XX)
S,3;30,.500
296,245,0(X)
... u. . . .u- u J -, 11. ■.. ^ ■ . appear that the inventors had been
al)le to give ettcct to their h-njipy idea, and all traces of the invention seem to have been lost The state-
ments in the case printed by Sir Kichard Arkwright and his partners in 1782, show, that he was aware of
the attempts made in the reign of George 1 1, to spin by machinery ; but there is no evidence to prove that
he was acquainted with the principle on which these attempts had been made, or that he had seen the
patent referred to. Undoubtedly, howoer, the probability seems to be that he had. But ailmittinit this
to be the case, it detracts but little from the .substantial merits of Sir Kichard Arkwright If the idea of
spinning by rollers did not spring up spontaneously in his mind, he was, at all events, the first who made
It available in practice ; and showed how it might be rendered a most iirolific source of wealth
'-' I' J
; !'.
.1
■ki
'i I
',
lili
T
.'ij 'I
440
COTTON.
'= '1
!l
!p
t ,
In
( il
s
In 1786, the supplies of cotton wool were derived from the following sources: ^
From the British West Indies
French anil Spanish colonies
Dutch coluiiies
I'ortuKuese colonies
Smyrna and Turltcy
Mis.
5,800,nOO
5,aH),0<K)
fi,0<X),000
1!),<J00,000 lbs.
or aliout 66,000 bales. — N. li, Tlie liale or package is of various magnitudes ; but may,
at an average, be estimated at from .'iOO to 310 lbs.
Previously to 1790, North America did not supply us with a single pound weight of
raw cotton. After the termination of tlie American war, cotton began to be cultivated
in Carolina and Georgia ; and it has succeeded so well, that it now forms the principal
staple production of the United States. American cotton is generally known by the
names of sea-island, upland, New Orlvans, and Alabama, The first is the finest cotton
imported into Britain. It grows on small sandy islands Contiguous to the shores of
Georgia, and on the low grounds along the sea. The upland grows at a distance from
the coast, and is so very difficult to separate from the seed, that it was for a considerable
period not worth cultivating. Hut the genius of Mr. Whitney, who invented a machine
which separates the wool from the seed with the greatest facility, has done for the planters
of Carolina and Gi '>rgia what the genius of Arkwright did for the manufacturers of
Lancashire. Befoi _■ Mr. Whitney's invention, in 179;5, very little upland was produced,
and none was exported from the United States. No sooner, however, had his machine
been constructed, than the cultivation of this species of cotton became the principal object
of the agriculturists of Carolina and Georgia ; and the exports have increased to upwards
of 100,000,000 lbs. New Orleans and Alabama cottons are so called from the ports
whence they are shipped. At present, the exports of all sorts of cotton frooi the United
States exceed 300,000,000 lbs. a year '
Quantity and Value of the Exports of Cotton Wool from the United States, during the Year ended
^th of Sciiteml)cr, 1832, specifying the.Countries to which Exports were made, with the Quantities anil
their Values sent to each.
Whither.exported. Sea-bland.
Other Kindt
of Cottun.
Value.
Whither exporltd.
Sea-Uland.
Other Kinds
of Cuttun.
Value.
UbM.
Lht.
DoUari.
Lb,.
Ui>.
Duttart.
Russia - >
838,951
87,973
Frnne on the
Sweden and
iitic
1.276,004
^",•^,^72
6,931, 5r4
Norway
• •
fi99,002
75,711
1 1 on the
Denmark
• •
30.'i,+50
27,812
McdiCerrancan
-
8,468,831
791,311
Holland
.
3,9'.'(),()16
3Sf2,43()
Spain on the
England
7,011,235
210,lf»rt,428
2l,2t>2,<H)0
Atlantic
.
1,296,474
142,924
Scotland
319,99*
10,(>74,4;J7
1,088,343
Spain on the
Mediterranean
Ireland
.
8(15,158
77,807
•
987,401
93,4!)1
Gibraltar
.
492,778
42,537
Cuba
■
33;),<l(«)
17,t)60
British K. Indies
136,140
"
20,420
Italy and Malta
"
580,974
51,606
BritishW.Indics
a ■
376
41
Trieiitf and other
Brit. American
Austrian ports
.
1,6.54,775
179,402
colonies
.
36,171
4,298
Europe generally
-
380,513
:is,3:is
Hansc Towns,
&c.
-
4,075,122
403,0911
Total
8,743,373
313,471,749
31,724,682
{Papers laid before Congress, 15th of February, 1833, p. 218.)
Brazil, the East Indie.s, Egypt, &c. are, after the United States, the countries that
furnish the largest supplies of cotton for exportation.
Of 288,674,000 lbs. of cotton wool imported into the United Kingdom in 1831,
219,333,000 lbs, were from the United States, 31,695,000 lbs. from Brazil, 25,80.5,000 lbs.
from tile East Indies, 7,714,000 lbs. from Egypt, 2,401,(KH) lbs. from the British West
Indies, 334,000 lbs. from Columbia, 366,000 lbs. from Turkey and Continentid Greece,
344,000 lbs. from Malta, &c. — (7'«r/. Paper, No-. 550. Sess. 1833.)
It has been the practice for many years past to levy a duty on cotton wool, wlien im-
ported. The policy of such a duty is very questionable ; and it would be quite in-
tolerable, were it not kept at a low rate. For a number of years previously to 1831, it
amounted (on foreign cotton) to 6 per cent ad valorem ,- but, in order to make up, in
part, at least, for the loss of revenue caused by the repeal of the duty on printed cottons
— (see Calico), it was raised in that year to 5s. lOd. a cwt. Such a duty would have
materially affected the imports of the inferior species of cotton, and the price of coarse
goods ; and being, in consequence, justly o!)jected to, it was reduced last session (1833)
to 2.S'. lid. a cwt. The duty on cotton from a British possession is little more than
nominal, being only 4rf. a cwt. At an average of the 3 years ending with 1 832, the
duties on cotton produced 449,760/,
The subjoined statement is taken from the circidar of George Holt and Co,, eminent
cotton brokers at I,iverpool, dated 31st of December, 1832. It contains some additional
,t |i ■
COTTON.
m
93,491
17,660
51,606
and instructive details. Its near agreement with the previous statements affords a strong
proof of their and its accuracy.
Statement of the Coniumption, Exportation, &c. of Great Dritain, for thediflbrcnt Sorta of Cotton Wool,
< from 1824 to 1832, tjoth inclusive.
Avumgr vnikly coii-
Kainiitiui).
I'liliinil
Orli'.tnh and Tvnnotwt'
hoa-inlnud
Tntiil Unlled Stalca
Uracil
K.M I ml I a
Ihfuwtnrtit \Vt»t In- )
Ilia, >Vc. ■)
Total
ParkBgn annualljr cim-
fetinu'd
Averatfe wrli^ht of
iicickaitn cunsunu'il,>
Itllhs. - ■)
WtekN ron^uniption j
til iim kaifen, nvvraReV
.111 Ills. - .)
A»*'r.l«B wei|;ht off
riark.-iges lni|H)rted| >
II lln. - -J
l*at-k9^e« exportwl
Llm. wt'lijlu annuall;^
ijiiwrtcd, ill millions >
and tenths • - )
LhH. weight cunmmiNlido.
LIm. weight in imrts,-]
.Till nt Dec. do.
I.hs. wi;iKht in Great
llritaiii do..
Avi'Tage price per Ih."
of uplands in I.ifer-
pool
Do. do. Pemam*
Do. do. Siirats
1824.
7il
7,W1
W.hllO
.111*
(•II
473
ii,i;.-f.-)
fiUt.VIIU
273
10,?13
sen
S3, (500
1137
165-2
61-0
8(V3
Sill.
n-fiif.
6-fii'.
1825.
188&
1827.
1828.
.-1,713
3UI
S,7M3
•i,713
369
3,!I44I
673
4,<l!lll
4,-^10
63i
(>,.'il.'i
V.'ill'i
N!ll
i.iiyii
627
11,031
69<J,6UO
S78
10,316
270
72,S0()
222-4
1C6-8
107-(1
lla-0
11 -Ci/.
15- W.
8-!)il.
I.IHS
97A
4H9
30R
8,854
1,815
1,M2
set
502
'.1,825
510,9UU
89 1
9,288
295
95,000
171-.'
150-2
89 -0
uo-y
fijr/.
u
Will.
r.p.
674,800
'^7
12,194
303
fiO.lOO
271-1
197-2
129-2
164-S
dil.
9-1(1.
5li/.
9,8.15
X,45fi
671
738
3811
1829.
,'i_iiii
3,788
539
0,1131
3,1194
485
65N
463
14,0X0
732,200
297
13,171
293
63,700
219-8
217-9
112-7
147-0
6-4rf.
8-4il
4-6rf.
14,331
745,200
29<
13,551
297
118,100
221-8
219-2
80-8
115-,
Bill.
1830.
5,452
5,756
460
lll.CliN
3,lill'^
,'i(M
910
281
Hi ,01 12
83^100
298
15,333
300
33,400
261-2
217-6
91-4
118-8
6-9<J.
I^l-
1831.
5,'^ll
5,8110
517
1 1 ,.'i.'.8
l.l.'illl
619
765
'^60
6,496
857,8110
xm
16,230
310
74,6<X)
280-5
262-7
81-3
114-4
r,d.
lid.
4-eii.
1833.
6,219
5,.V^I
519
12,n.'>9
2,843
881
1,161
19fi
17,110
891,300
311
17,140
319
67,100
287-8
276-9
76-5
103-7
6-6(1.
9(/.
id.
We subjoin, from Burns" Glance, a tabular statement, annually published at Man-
chester, and admitted to be drawn up with great care, an account of the cotton spun in
Great Britain in IS.Ti, and how that spun in England was disposed of, with several
other interesting particulars.
Statement of Cotton spun in Kngland and Scotland in 1832, and the Quantity of Yarn produced; showing
also the Quantity spun in England, and how disposed of.
Number of
Hags
contiumeu.
Average
Weight oTUaKi
In lbs.
Total Weight in lbs.
Weekly Consumption
ofllagn.
American cotton
Urazil ditto
EKyptian ditto
West India ditto
East Initia ditto
Taken from inland stock
Total number of bags consumetl -
615,402
135,298
45,Sti4
6,4.54
55,416
;>3,I60
891, ,'594
345
180
220
300
a-30
310
21'.'.313,6!X)
i.' ; , i5;J,640
l(i,U!X),080
1,936,2(X)
18,287,280
10,279,600
11,8,34-,'H
2,60r4<i
882 00
124-06
1,06.5-36
6,37-36
277,260,490
30,325,366
17.146-02
Allowed for loss in spinning IJ oz. p(
;rlb.
■
246,9,"x5,124
24,338,217
Total quantity of yarn spun in England and Scotland -
Deduct yarn spun in Scotland
Total quantity of yarn spun in England
How disposal (\f.
Exported in yarn, during the year . . -
— thread - - - -
— niannfai-turcd gomU
Estimated quantity of y.irn sent to Scotland and Ireland
Exported in mixed manufactures, not stated in the above 1
named articles, consumed in cotton banding, healds, candle >
and lamp wick, waditing, and loss in nianntacturing goods J
Balance left lor home consumption .iiid stock
7I,662,8.W
1,041,273
6I,i;51,380
5,700,000
12,000,000
70,941,404
2522,596,907
222,596,907
This annual quantity of 222,596,907 lbs. gives a weekly supply of 4,280,709 lbs. Sir. Burns cstim-iter
the quantity spun per spindle, per week, atSJoz., making the total numl)er of spindles employed in
England and Wales, in 18-;2, 7,949,'-'(>S Those employed in Scotland, during the siime year, are estimated,
in the same way, at 881,020. Mr. Burns further calculates the iuinil)er of looms employed in England
and Wales at 203,703. The consumption of flour in the mamifactiirc is much greater than any one not
pretty well ac(iuainted with it would readily suppose. The aver.ige quantity reciuired for each loom is
estimated at 4 lbs. per week ; making the total annual consumption, in Englaiul and Wales. 42.301.584 lb* .
or 215,824 barrels of I'Xi lbs, each I
I ■
i »l>
,rl
We are indebted to Mr. Cook for the foUowinij
442
COTTON.
Account ufthc Importf of Cotton into the principal Continental Port* in IS30, 1831, and 1832, and of tho
Stocica oil liand in tliu«e Y'cara.
< I II
l'\
i; )■
1! *»
H
t
I I
i!)
Imporu.
Block, 3UtufU«ccmbi>r. 1
183a
1831.
1832.
1830.
1831.
1832.
Uii.
i,lii.
lJ,i.
Uu.
Lhi.
/./i<.
France
H7,*i(»,0()0
(i5/i 17,900
78,l!)«,f.(X)
18,;j75,000
10,74,1,000
6,(i(X),(XX)
TriMto
ia,7(W,(X)0
iy,7H2,<HX)
a5,~W,M)
2,t>4<),UM)
2,5!M),(X)0
2,4!NI,t>(XI
Oeiioa
'A.OIl.WJO
4,III),(IU()
5,1. "■)!),!)()()
324,()(K)
l,24.'i,W)0
1,24.5,,«X)
Antwen>
r,,M>3,lW
(i07,i«H)
4,I>I3,1(I<)
1,47(),0()0
ai-VMN)
270,OU)
Amatcrdam
4,<.)H,i»)0
\,m\,m)
2,4.'">3,40O
1,17(MHK)
1,424,0(X)
877,2(X)
Kotterdam
LArvKX)
6,7.'">(),(MK)
;i,4(i8,!)(K)
7;i'.',0()0
l,;JiK),.'')(X)
SIti,6(J0
Urcmen
\,'M),{XAi
^IM.JOO
\,i!n,<m
mo^n)
;i7;i,.'".(X)
4I1,(XX)
Haml'urgli
f;,wo,()(K)
3,Hli7,!HK)
4,li!t2,()(K»
2,475,(HK)
l,77iMX)0
l,581,(iO()
I'ctcrsburgli
Tdtnl Iba.
2.5,.')20,000
H<X),«X)
1,847, KX)
!K)(),(X)0
1,14(),(XX)
None.
104,Gtr>,(HlO
127,fi70,7(K)
28,fi.''jri,()()U
21,0(X),100
13,992.300
Baiia
(418,400)
CHI.TSII)
(425,570)
(95,520)
ao,740)
(4<i,fi40)
3. Present Value of the British Cotton Manufacture. Amount of Capital, and Number
of Persons employed in it. — It would be very desirable to be able to form a tolerably
accurate estimate of the present value of the cotton manufacture, and of the number of
persons employed in its different departments ; but the data on which such estimates are
founded being necessarily very loose, it is impos.siblc to arrive at any thing like precision.
Perhaps, however, the following calculations are not very wide of the mark.
In 1H17, Mr. Kennedy, one of the best informed cotton manufacturers in the cmpire«
in a paper published in the Manchester Transactions, estimated the number of persons
employed in the spinning of cotton in Great Britain at 110,763; the aid they derived
from steam engines as etjual to the power of 20,768 iiorses ; and the number of
spindles in motion at (;,645,8:3;i. Mr. Kennedy further estimated the number of hanks
of yarn annually produced at S.987,.5(X),(X)0 ; and the quantity of coal consumed in
their production at 500,479 tons. We subjoin Mr. Kennedy's statement for the year
1817 : —
Raw cotton converted into yarn in tlio Ujiitcd Kingdom
Losa in spinning estimated at 1 1 oz. per ID.
- 1 10,000,000 Iba.
- 10,312,500
P!),r)87,.'")00 lbs.
3,987,.'HX),0tX)
6,045,833
110,7ft3
2(),7()8
Quantity of yarn produced ....
Number of hanlcs, talciiig tlie averat'C at 40 per II).
Number of spindles employed, eauli spindle being supposed to produce 2 hanl(s
per day, at 3(X) worlting days in the year - - ...
Number of persons employed in spiniiint;, supposing each to produce 120 hanka
per day ... - ...
Horse power employed, equal in number to • - ...
Pour ounces and a hall' of coal estimated to produce one hank of No. 40. ; and 130 lbs. of coal per day
equal to one liorsc power.
But the cotton manufacture has increased rapidly since 1817. Mr. Huskisson stated,
in his place in the House of Commons, in Marcli, 1824, that he believed the total value
of the cotton goods then annually manufactured in Great Britain amounted to the pro-
digious sum of </i/>^y-////ee «nt/ « /(«//' millions ; and we believe we shall be about the
mark, if we estimate their present value at thirty-four millions ! If, indeed, we took the
increase in tlie imports of the raw material iis a test of the increase in the value of the
manufacture, we should estimate it a great deal higher. But it will be afterwards seen
that the improvements that have been made in the different processes, and the fall in the
price of raw cotton, have h.-id so jjowerful an influence in reducing the price of the goods
brought to market, that, notwithstanding the incrca.se of their quantity, their total value
must have remained nearly constant.
Tlie average annual ijuantity of cotton wool imported, after deducting the exports,
may be taken at about 260,000,000 lbs. weight. It is sup])osed, that of this (juantity
al>out 20,000,000 lbs. are used in a raw or half manufactured state, leaving a balance of
240,000,000 for the purposes of manufacturing, the cost of which may be taken, on an
average, at Id. jjer lb. Deducting, therefore', from the total value of the manufactured
goods, or 34,000,000/., the value of the raw material, amounting to 7,000,000/., there
remains 27,000,000/. ; which, of course, forms the fund whence the wages of the
persons employed in the various departments of the manufacture, the profits of the
capitalists, the sums required to repair the wear and tear of buildings, machinery, &c.,
the expense of coals, &c. &c., must all be derived. If, then, we had any means of as-
certaining how this fund is distributed, we should be able, by taking the average of
wages and profits, to form a pretty accurate estimate of the number of labourers, and the
ijuantity of capital employed. But here, unfortunately, we have only probabilities and
analogies to guide us. It may, however, be confidently assumed, in the first place, that
in consequence of the extensive employment of highly valuable machinery in all the
departments of the cotton manufacture, the proportion which the profits of capital, and
n
«'\i
[4
COTTON.
4i3
1832.
ijii.
2,4y(),<i(X)
1,245,,«)0
iiVO.OW)
877,WX)
£16,6U0
411,000
l,S81,(i(X)
None.
the sum to Im; set aside to replace its wcnr and tear, liears to tlie wliolo viiliip of tlio
mniiufacturu, must he much hirgcr than m any other (iepartineiit of iiuhislry. We have
heard tliiit proportion variously estimated, at from a fourth to a half of tlie total vahie of
the nianufactured goods, exclusive of the raw material; and as llie weight of authority
seems to he pretty much divided on the suhject, we shall take an intermediate proportion.
Assuming, therefore, that the jjrofits of the capital employed in the cotton manufacture,
the wages of .superintendence, &c., the sum recpiired to replace the wear and tear of
machinery, huildings, Sic, and to furnish coals, &c., amount together to one third of the
value ot' the manufactured goods, exclusive of the raw material, or to <»,tH)(),(){X)A, a
sum of 1 H,000,0(K)/. will remain as the wages of the spinners, weavers, hleachi>rs, &c.
engaged in the manufacture ; and taking, inasmuch as a large proportion of children
imder \(] years of age are em))loyed, the average rate of wages at only 'J'i/. 10.v. a year,
we sh.ill have (dividing 1 8,0(X),(KX) hy •J'j-.'j), H()(),(K)0 as the total numher of persons
directly employed in the ditt'erent departments of the manufacture.
We should mistake, however, if we supposed that this numher, great as it certainly
is, comprised the whole numl)er of persons to whom the cotton manufacture furnishes
suhsistcnce, exclusive of the capitalists. Of the sum of 9,{XX),0()0/. set ajiart as the
profit of the capitalists, and the sum required to furnish coal, and to defray the wear
and tear of machinery, ike, a large proi)ortion must animally he laid out in paying the
wages of engineers, machine-makers, iron-founders, smiths, joiners, ma.sons, hrickluyers,
&c. It is not easy to say what this |)roportion may amount to ; hut taking it at a third,
or r5,(XX),(XX)/. , and su)>posing the rate of wages of each individual to average ;iO/. a year,
the total numher emjiloyed in the various capacities alluded to will he (r5,000,0(X) divided
bj HO) 100,000 ; and a sum of 0',000,0(X)/. will remain to cover the profits of the capita!
employed in the various branches of the manufacture, to repair the difT'erent parts of the
machinery and huildings as they wear out, and to buy coal, flour, &c. Tlie account will,
therefore, stand as under : —
Total value of every description of cotton goods annually manufactured in Great Britain 3 (•.OOO.OOO*
Raw material, 2 l(),(KM),0()() lbs. at Trf. i)or lb. - - - - .£ 7,flO(l,()(X)
Wages of H(K),(l<lO weavers, spiiniers, bleachers, Ac. at £2/. U)s. a year each - 18,(XXJ,UOO
Wages of KXl.UOO engineers, mai'hine>makers, smiths, masons, juiners, &c. at 30/.
a year each - - - ... 3,000,000
Protiis of the manufacturers, wages of superintendence, sums to purchase the
materials of machinery, coals, &C. - - „ . 6,000,000
The capita', employed may be estimated as follows : —
Capital employed in the purchase of the raw material ...
Capital employed in pajment of wages - - - . . .
Capita! vested in spinning-mills, power and hand looms, workshops, warehouses, stocks on
hand, &c. - ......
34,000,000
4,(XX),000
10,WX,',000
20,000,000
.£','34,0(XI,(](X)
Now, this sum of 34,000,000/., supposing the interest of capital, inclusive of the
wages of superintendence, &c., to amount to 10 per cent., will yield a sum of ;5, 400,000/. ;
which being deducted from the 6,000,000/. profits, &c., leaves 2,6tX),000/. to i)urchaso
materials to repair the waste of capital, the flour required for dressing, the coals neces-
sary in the employment of the steam engines, to effect insurances, and to meet all other
outgoings.
The aggregate amount of wages, according to the alwve estiiriatc, is 21,000,000/.;
but there are not many departments of the business in which wages have to he advanced
more than 6 months before the article is sold. We, therefore, incline to think tli;it
10,000,000/. is a sufficient (perhaps too great) allowance for the capital employed in tlic
payment of wages.
• Mr Kennedy, to whose opinion, on a matter of this sort, the greatest deference is due, considers this
estimate as a great deal tf>o high. We cannot, however, bring ourselves to believe that such is really tho
rase. It appears from the olficial account-, that the real or declared value of the cotton fabrics exporteil
in 1832 amounted to 12,f)22,8M)/., and that of the twist to 4,726,7!»<>/. Now it appears from the state-
ments in Burns' Glance, and other good authorities, that the weight of the cotton yarn retained at home
to be wrought up into fabrics for domestic use is about 10 or 12 per cent, greater than the weight of the
yarn exporte<l in the shape of manufactured goods. But without taking this greater weight into account.
If we suppose that the fabrics retained at home arc n^'arly equal in [Hiint of quality to those exported,
the value of the manufacture must be at least 30,()(X),(KN)/., vhi. fabrics exported 12,()22,0(H)/., twist ex-
ported 4,721,000/., and fabrics consumed at home 12,(S'J2,(XXV. But a very large proportion i)f our exports
consist of comparatively coarse fabrics destined for the West Indies, Brazil, \-c. ; and we have been
assured by those well acquainted with the trade, that the value of the fabrics made use of at home
cannot be less, at an average, than from ."30 to 40 per cent, above the value of those exported ; hut taking
it at only 30 per cent., it will make the tot.nl value of the manufacture 34,0(X),0(X)/. We do not well see
how this statement can be shaken. The exporters have no motive to exaggerate the real value of the
goods and yarn sent abroad ; but unless tlicy have done so to a very great extent, it will be ditlicult to im-
peach the above conclusions.
I, '•'
.'f
Ir
'I I'
h
IJ,/
%■
•n . 11
* "■' Iff^
I ! ¥ ':
u
..iij'i
5iH,
;: ■■
'i-l
.1. h
•I'!
Ui
COTTON.
If wc arc nearly riglit in tliesc estimates, it will follow — allowance beiiij^ made for
old and inlirm persons, children, &c. dependent on tliose actually employed in the
various departments of the cotton manufacture, and in the construction, repair, &c. of
the m.ichinery and buildings required to carry it on — that it must furnish, on the most
moderate computation, subsistence for from 1,2CX3,000 to 1,400,000 persons! And for
this new and most prolific source of wealth we are indebted pjirtly and principally, an
already shown, to the extraordinary genius and talent of a few individuals ; but, in a
great degree, also, to that security of property and freedom of industry which give
confidence and energy to all who embark in industrious undertakings, and to that
universal diffusion of intelligence which enables those who carry on any work to press
every power of nature into their service, and to avail themselves of productive capacities
of which a less instructed people would be wholly ignorant.
The effect that the su'lilen opening of so vast and profitable a field for the employ-
ment of capital and !al)our h.^s had on the population of the different towns of Lan-
cfishirc and Lanarkshire, the districts where the cotton manufacture is principally carried
on — has beet, most striking. In 1774, for example, the parish of Manchester is esti-
mated to have contained 41,032 inhabitants — a number which was swelled, in 1831, to
187,019, having more than quadrupled in the space of 57 year ! The population of
Preston, in 1780, is said not to have exceeded 6,000; whereas it amounts, at present, to
33,112. In like manner, the population of Blackburn has increased from 11,980, in
1801, to 27,091, in 1831 ; that of Bolton has increased in the same period, from 17,416
to 41,195 ; that of Wigan, from 10,989 to 20,774, &c. But the progress of Liverpool
is most extraordinary, and can be matched only by the progress of one or two cities
in the United States. Liverpool is not properly one of the seats of the cotton manu-
facture ; but it is, notwithstanding, mainly indebted to it for the unparalleled rapidity
of its growth It is the grand empceium of the cotton district — the pert where almost
all the raw cotton, and the various foreign articles required for the employment and
subsistence of the persons engaged in the manufacture, arc imported, and whence
the finished goods are exported to other countries. It has, therefore, become a place
of vast trade, and is now, in thiit respect, second only to London. In 1700, according
to the best accoimts that can be obtained, the ])opulation of Liverpool amounted to
only 5,145; in 1750, it had increased to 18,450; in 1770, it amounted to 34,050. The
cotton manufacture now began rapidly to extend, and, in consequence, the population
of Liverpool increased, in 1801, to 77,653; in 1821, to 118,972; and, in 1831, it
amounted to 165,175. The proprcss of population in Lanarkshire and Henfrewshire
has been equally striking. In 1780, tlie city of Glasgow contained only 42,832 in-
habitants ; Ml 1801, that number had increased to 83,769; and, in 1831, it amounted
to nearly 203,000. The growth of Paisley is similar. In 1782, it contained, inclusive
of the Abbey Parish, only 17,700 inhabitants; in 1801, it contained 36,722; in 1821,
it contained about 47,000; and, in 1831, 57,466.
Since the repeal of the absurd system of Irish protecting duties, in 1823, the cotton
manufacture has begun to make consider.ible progress in Ireland. This is proved by
a statement laid before the House of Commons, which shows that the number of yards
of cotton goods, manufactured chiefly from yarn sent from England, exported froir
Ireland to Great Britain, in 1822, amount, d to 406,687; in 1823, to 5: ;,646 ; In
1824, to 3,840,699; and in 1825, it am-anted to no less than 6,418,645 ; — ha' ing
increased in nearly a twelvefolil proportion in 2 years, h- the abolition of duties that ivere
intended to protect the industry of I eland ! I'ut the unsettled state of the country and
the want of coal are insuperable obstacles to tlu' continued increase of the manufacture.
Exports of Cotton Goods a/id yarn. Full t.'' Prices, Sfc, — For a very long period
the woollen manufacture was the great staple jf the country. But the progress of
improvement in the s|)inning and manufacturing of cotton, since 1770, being so much
more rapid than any that has taken jilace in tie woollen manufacture, the value of the
former is now vastly greater than that of the latter. It appears, from the accounts of
the declared or real values of the different sons of exported commodities given by the
Cusfoin-hotise. that the exports o'' cotton goods, including yarn, amount, at an average.
to about 17,0(){),(K)0/. sterling, being about half the value of the wholo manufacture ; and
form of themselves about tiro thirds of the total value of all the wove fabrics exported
from the emi)ire. We subjoin a statement, compiled from the Annual Finance Accounts,
of the official and the declared or real values of the cotton manufactured goods, cotton
yarn, woollen and silk manufactures, and the totals of all other articles of British pro-
duce and n'anufacture, exported from Great Britaiii to all parts of the world (except
Ireland) .untually since 1816.
^ h
COTTON.
4i5
Tottim
.'Maiiuf.ifluri.'j.
Cidton Vam.
1
\fnnufaclures.
Tolnl of Wove
Fabrics.
Tnlil of all
otht-r Arlities.
\Lnrs.
Woollen.
I.ini'n.
1 Silk.
Jb'
.f
£
■£
£
£
£
rlSlfi
i(;,,".3.>,ii;.t
l,.-580,4Sr)
r,,r>nf,,3rA
1,.559,.367
161,874
25,0'.'.3,215
9,75l,.!05
1H17
2(),.ii7,I47
l,I2.->,2;-7
5,676,920
1,943,1!H
152,7.34
29,255,2,Vi
9,980,144
1K1.S
2i,(i.'7,y.Jii
l,2<it;,77ti
6,.^H,1(()
2,l.5.;,.i(,9
lh7,5;'9
31,.5S9,(i83
10,,i7,i,84l
1SI!1
l(i,S7li,'J(H)
l,;<8.-.,7.")3
4,i;(l2,'.'70
1,547 ,3.52
l'Ji>,8(,!)
24,7,i8,:;<K)
8,18.5,185
1H20
L'(),7ll4,ti()()
2,022,1.';3
4,.!ti i,!>73
l,!l.!,5,186
1 18,37(1
29,l44,2!vi
8,67,3,75,3
t
w:\
2i,iii<),4yj
l,8!>8,ti!15
5,r)(K/,!/22
2,.:0.3,44.3
1. ,6,402
3l,478,95i
8,715,9,38
3
ISL'2
'Jl,;jlits!l20
2,;r)3,2i7
5,94.3,612
2,;"!»4,783
141,(07
35,59y,.'i39
7,958,9.-X)
.« I
iK'j.i
24,117,549
2,4'.'.'-.,41!)
5,539,789
2,a54,098
141,.3'.'0
31,878,175
N,2(!ii,2!ll
C < IWt
27,170,1(17
2,<i84,;i2!>
ti,13<i,092
3,28.!,403
159,>'48
.39,733,579
8,v;9i.,457
«
lS-\-)
2ii,j;*".574
2,8t>7,70l)
5,!i'29,.i42
2,709,772
150,815
;i8,2S.5,2(.9
8,16781'J
o
lb2li
21,44.'i,5t«
3,748,.02(>
5,041,;'.85
2,056,760
l(J(i,7,.8
32,;;!>ii,i74
7,9.i2,8,30
lh27
2!l,2()3,l,i8
3,<l79,75y
.V79,7(il
2,808,(181
173,.';34
42,144,01,3
9,1,;2.435
IfS'-'.S
2S,tlK!",!l7fi
4,48.'5,841
5,7'.(i,07!»
3,118,270
178,871
42,49,i,037
9,.5;i6,ll3
lK2il
31,S1(>,4;;()
.';,4,08,i)a5
5,.;61,997
3,(H(,i,3!'4
22((,4,;6
45,8.55,248
9,610,475
1S,J(»
3,>,;i!l.'i,400
r),(i").7,.5(l!)
5,.';51,i;il,
3,101,031
4,J5,(J45
.50,J4,8,(i89
io,.;4.;,9,i8
lS.il
3.i,f)82,47.")
.';,fi74,no;)
6,187,979
3,662,945
469,07(>
49,704,1 175
9,.38ti,04H
\li-.i2
j7,(iii<),7yu
(i,72j,.")a5
6,666,700
2,649,343
474,5(,9
53,576,807
11,005,230
f isir.
l;!,072,7;)7
2,fi28,448
7,844,85,5
1,452,667
480,5C2
25,47!',252
14,849,690
1.S17
14,178,022
2,014,1S2
?,16,3,472
l,703,();i2
408,523
25,4(-,827
14,869,292
IHIS
lli,li4.J,.">7!»
2,.-38.'i,;J(i.'5
8,l4,i,193
1,!H9,815
■199,175
29,621.(M)7
l.'>,:/67,182
1S1!I
12,;188,8.'!3
2,51ti,783
5,986,807
1,.391,245
3/;!.7'.'8
22,660,4<i7
11, .588,029
lf>2()
l,J,84J,.';tii»
2,S2(!,(i43
5,583,430
1,6.53,804
374,114
24,278,.570
11,290,109
Si
Ihl'l
1.J,786,!».07
2,,i07,8.'3()
6,461,, '567
1,981,465
373,9,;8
24,911,7.59
10,914,223
1S'.»
14,.'534,'J.->.-J
2,700,4.'i7
6,488,.523
2,192,772
381,4.55
26,297,429
9,879,4(W
>
IS'.?.}
),J,7.'il,41.-)
2,ti2,"i,<f47
5,ti34,I37
2,095,574
3.H(,880
24,4,57,952
10,23,3,172
l<
lcSi!4
]r),240,0()li
3,ia"),4>)6
6,011,534
2,442,440
442,582
27,272,(/59
10,,301,3.59
182.'>
1.0,0, W, 138
3,206,729
6,19.3,775
2,13(1,705
2yti,677
26,862,024
11,221,749
n
IKVf!
10,.522,i.';7
3,491,268
4,982,898
1,489,647
168,4.53
20,6.52, (i23
10,195,015
1
1X27
i3,a';(i,82.'5
3,.'-)4,';,;-,68
.5,277,861
1,89.5,186
2.;6,(/92
24,911,532
11,484,807
1828
l;!,.04.'">,tB8
Sjm,\H5
5,120,226
2,000,033
■ 255,7.55
24,516,647
ll,(K>(i,151
1X2!>
l.'i,42O,.044
3,974,1/39
4,6.56,809
1,885,831
2li7,l!»2
24,2(4,415
1I,(;08,4;58
lK.'i(J
1;".,203,713
4,]i2,2.08
4,847,398
1, '126,256
519,919
26,629,544
11,061,7.58
1831
1 3,207,! »47
3,-/74,989
5,.3H5,811 1
':,.;oi,so3
.5"8,2()0
25,448,810
11,20,3,884
V lHd2
12,(i22,880
''..,721,796
5,475,298 1
1,655,478
529,808
25,005,260
ll,0*),7(i7
It will he observer, from the ahovc Table, that while the official value of the cotton
goods oxpoited ha.s been rapidly increa.sing, their declared or nal value has been about
stationary, or lias rather diminished. Tliis circumstance has given rise to a great deal
of irrelevant discus.sion ; and has even been referred to as proving t.'iat the manufacture
is in a leclining state ! But it proves precisely the contrary. It shows that the decline
in the price of the raw material, and the improvements in the machinery and processes
used in the manufacture have been .so great, that we are now able to export and sell
with a proiit, (for, unless such were the ca.se, the exportation would very speedily cease,)
nearly double the quantity of cotton goods we exported in 1816, for about the s-amo
price. Had the Table been carried further back, the result would have been still more
striking.
In illustration of this view of the matter, we beg to subjoin the following statement
of the proauction and cost of the different species of cotton yarn in England, in 1812
and 1830. U was furnished by Mr. Kennedy, of Manchester, to the committee on the
Kast India C<>mpiuiy's aiTairs, so that no doubt can be entertained of its accuracy.
Hanks per Day, lUT Spindle.
Price of Cotton and
Waste iicr lb.
Labour per lb.*
Cost pet lb.
Desrription of
Vam.
1812.
1830.
1812.
18.10.
1K12.
18.W.
1812.
IS.W.
IVii.
40
60
80
100
120
1.0
2f0
a,'o
2-
IS
IS
1-4
125
1-
0-75
0U5
275
2S
2-
1-8
1-65
1-33
0-90
OW
s. rf.
1 6
2
2 2
2 4
2 fi
2 10
3 4
4
«. rf.
7
10
\l\
1 ]|
1 4
1 8
3
3 8
s. it
1
1 fi
2 2
2 10
3 6
6 6
16 8
31
*. rf.
74
1
1 'J
2 24
2 8
4 II
U 6
24 6
4-. rf.
2 fi
.3 6
4 4
5 2
9 4
20
35
.V. rf.
1 21
1 loj
2 (»
3 4|
4
6 7
14 6
£8 2
The following Table is interesting, from its exhibiting the state of our trade in
wrought cottons with the diflferent countries of the world. If sets the importance of
the markets of Brazil, Chili, and the other .states of South America, as outlets for our
cottons, in a very striking iwint of view.
♦ Wages arc estimated at the same rate, or at 20rf. a day, for every person employed, men, women, and
children, in 1812 ,ind 1830 ; the saving being entirely in the better application of the labour.
i.., 'J
i;'Ji
I
^1
' i
■-1 ■■
-prpr
) >ll
41-6
COTTON.
' . ( f I I
Account of the Kxport of Ci)ttoii Oooils and Yarn, in 1831 ; si)Ocifying the Countries to which they were
sunt, and tlia Quantity and Value of those sent to each. — {Pari. Paper, No. 550. Scss. 1833.) .
I .1
' ■!!
\
Cotton Alaniifactures.
Cotton Twist and Vam.
Hosiery,
Countries to which exixirted.
Entered by the Vard.
I.ace, and
Small Wares.
Quantit.v.
Declared
Vaiiie.
Declared
Value.
Quantity.
Declared
Vahle.
YiirtU*
£
£
/Jw.
£
Northern Europe— Kussia
l,llf)0,(W4
68,412
7,252
13,959,666
790,371
Sweden ...
18,280
615
216
708,510
34,885
Norway -
434,744
13,704
1,829
34,440
1,,553
Denmark
312,4<;i
ti,2l3
i)92
118,.316
.5,7 iO
l'rnssi.i
l,45t)
80
20
19,448
1,5.56
(iormany ...
4I,.'5a),(>lt)
940,441
205,527
20,435,442
1,195,718
The Nethrrlands
I3,2.S5,.")24
383,127
214,123
9,091,2,38
7iH,536
Southern Kiirnpe — France
Portugal, I'roper
'Jt(i,«iO
3;"),.'x>7
13,613
2,61ti
1,127
23,377,2^)
373,910
13,454
281,096
17r'34
Azores
780,(l<t<J
17,126
383
3,240
149
niadeira
51)9,794
14,577
677
Spain and the Halearic Islands
4,75ii,tr.2
129,778
9,;-)03
36,170
3,147
Canaries
(U 1,079
15,(il6
515
2,r)00
131
Gibraltar
P,n09,(X»9
238,732
6,1.58
39,196
3,178
Italy and the Italian islands
,38,l(i4,.5(>4
1,03,">,748
41,172
8,444,518
43«,^;34
Malta
l,9(i7,953
49,594
1,403
312,740
13,4. -8
Ionian Islands . . -
21(),1.">9
5,210
615
(i2,450
3,643
Turkey and ('ontincntal Greece -
24/)6;),.08O
585,473
3,;i35
1,735,760
90,015
Morea and Greek islands •
344,893
6,540
.
11,000
600
Africa— Kgypt (ports on the Medi- \
terrancan) - -j
2,354,(i23
5ii,0S8
26
93,600
6,(XK)
Tripoli, Barbary, and Morocco
7,810
123
Western coast of Africa
2,384,0(H)
75,058
416
280
,34
("ape of Good Hope
2,!K)4,10(>
83,612
3,807
193
19
St. Helena . - -
73,371
2,173
2;)4
Mauritius - - -
2,432,894
65,185
3,400
Asia— Kast India Company's ter-J
ritories, Ceylon and thnia -J
43,.385,852
1,182,574
13,972
6,624,823
467,861
Sumatra, Java, and other islands )
of the Indian Seas - -j
5,915,088
194,889
1,730
312,000
22,6;3
Philippine Islands
1,132,583
33,639
13
18,800
1,793
New South Wales, Van Dicmen's 7
Land, and Swan River - j
1,905,428
61,567
8,380
7,233
330
New Zealand and South Sea Is- >
lands - - -5
5,014
135
America — liritish Northern colonies
15,618,1()(>
413,737
25,5,16
307,!)97
10,376
Hritish West Indies
21,975,4.",9
60ii,923
3l,.5ll8
14,416
835
Hayti
6,8i!8,.-j7li
178,743
4,731
320
30
Cuba and other Foreign West Indies
ll,.'")(;9,441
364,,547
11,329
200
10
United States of America
08,587,893
2,518,824
344,427
317,392
V 063
States (f Central and Southern 7
America; viz. — Mexico .J
12,150,426
471,208
23,712
784,215
37,972
Columbia -
5,757,.5f)2
177,55!)
ilfim
28,830
1,.580
Brazil
2(>,271,527
681,461
20,.54()
2,740
334
States of the Rio de la Plata
0,242,134
176,874
9,743
800
30
Chili
12,793,220
431,323
26,851
4,800
130
Peru - . - -
6,312,931
222,708
19,605
Isles of (iuernsey, Jersey, Alderncy, \
Man, &c. . - - j
Total export .
1,013,852
4t,3t>4
3;),755
4,405
7.55
42I,;385,303
12,163,513
1,118,672
63,821,440
3,975,019
Such being the vast extent and importance of the cotton manufacture, the probability
of our preserving our a.scendancy in it becomes a very interesting topic of intjiiiry. But
it is obvious, that a great deal of conjecture must always insinuate itself into our rea.son-
incs with. res|)ect to the future state of any branch of manufacturing industry. Tliey are
all liable to be affected by so many contingent and unforeseen circumstances, that it is
impossible to predicate, with any tiling like certainty, what m.iy be their condition a few
years hence. But abstracting from the effect of national struggles and commotions,
which can neither be foreseen nor calculated, we tlo not think that tliere is any thing in
our state, or in that of the- different commercial and mantifacturing countries of the
world, that should lead us to anticipate that the gloomy forebodings of those who con-
tend that the cotton manufacture of England lias reached its zenith, and that it must
now begin to decline, will be realised. The natural capabilities we possess for carrying
on tlie business of manufacturing are, .'ill things considered, decidedly superior to those
of any other peoi)le. But the superiority to which we have already arrived is, perliaps,
the greatest advantage iii our favour. Our master man iifaet liters, engineers, and arti-
sans, are more intelligent, skilful, and enterprising, than those of any other country ; and
the extraordinary inventions they have already made, and their familiarity M-ith all the
principles and details of the !)usiness, will not only enable them to jjerfect the jiroeesses
already in use, but can hiirdly fail to lead to the discovery of others. Our establisli-
ments for spinning, weaving, printing, bleaching, &c. are iiiliiiitely more coini)Iete and
perfect than uny that exist elsewhere j the division of labour in them is carried to an
k /,
«i \
COTTON.
447
£
790,371
34,88.5
Vif!
1,5,")G
l,iy."),7I8
7iH,r),jt;
l,li!7
17pJ4
1*9
3,117
1;J1
3,178
438,f-;;J4
l;J,4i8
3,()4;)
90,01.';
GOO
<i,CHIO
34
19
467,801
1, :;,',;
350
10,37fi
83:")
30
:o
1' Of) J
37,97'i
l,,wn
334
30
130
incomparably greater extent ; tlie workmen are trained fr^ni infancy to industrious
liabits, and have attained tliat peculiar dexterity and sleight of liand iu tlie performance
of their separate tasks, that can only be accjuired by long and unremitting application
to the same employment. AVjiy, then, having all these advantages on our side, should
we not keep the start we have already gained ? Every other i)eople that attempt to
set u]) manufactures must obviously labour under the greatest difficulties as compared
with us. Tlieir establishments cannot, ;it first, be sufliciently large to enable the divi-
sion of employments to be carried to any considerable extent, at the same time that ex-
pertness in mani)iulation, and in the details of the various processes, can only be attained
l)y slow degrees. It ai)pears, therefore, reasonable to conclude that .such new beginners,
having to withstand the comi)etition of tliose who have already arrived at a very high
degree of perfection in the art, must be immediately driven out of every market eipially
accessible to both panics; and tliat nothing but the aid derived from restrictive regu-
lations and jjrohibitions will be effectual to prevent the total destruction of their establish-
ments in the countries where they are set up.
4. Progress of the Manufacture in other Countries. — But notwithstanding what has now
been stated, a notion seems to bo spreading abroad, that we shall have no little difficulty
in maintaining our ground against the competition of the Americans, Swiss, Austrians,
French, &c., and a good deal of evidence upon this subject was taken before the com-
mittee of the Hous. of Connnons appointed in 18:5:5 to inquire into the state of monu-
facturcs, commerce, and shii)ping. Such apprehensions appear to us to be quite destitute
of any real foundation. Provided we have no .igitation, that public tranquillity and
security in fact and opinion be maintained unimpaired, we need be rmder no sort of un-
easiness as to any competition to which we can be exposed. The tariff forced cotton,
woollen, iron, and other manufactures, into a premature existence in the United States ;
but we liave little doubt that, except in the coarser fabrics, and those where it is necessary
to use large quantities of tlie raw material, the late modifications of the tariff have given
a death-blow to the American manufacturing system. Independent, however, of this,
there was nothing whatever to fear from that quarter. During the year ended the .TOth
of September, 1829, the exports of all sorts of cotton goods from America amounted
to l,i.'.')!),457 dollars; while duving the year ended the 30th of September, 18:52, they
amounted to 1,'_2<),57-1 dollars. -- (Paiwrs laid before Congress, 5th of February,
IS.'iO, and 1.5th of February, 18:3:5.) It is plain, therefore, notwithstanding the pro-
tection of tlie tariff, that the exports of manufactured cottons from America have not
increased any thing during the last :5 years ; and it is very imlikely that even the
trifling quantity now exiiorted will be maintained. They have been exjiorted only
because the fabrics contained a great deal of the best cotton, which made them more
durable and heavy than those manufactured here. IJut goods of this sort are in very
limited demand ; and the Manchester manufacturers have already produced an article
similar to and cheaper than the American " domestics," which will go far to expel them
from the market.
Among the singular statements that have been put forth as to the cotton manufactures
of America, one is, th.it the wages of labour are lower there than here ! To dwell on
the absurdity of .such a statement would be an insult to our readers. But though it were
true that wages are as low in IMassachusetts as in England, that would afford no real
ground for anticijiating any formidable competition from America in this department.
The price of cottons de))ends more on the profits of stock than on the wages of labour ; and,
so far as we know, it has not yet been alleged that they are lower in America than liere.
Suppose an English and an American manufacturer have each 100,000/. vested in cotton
mills, and in the floating stock required to carry on the business ; if profits in England be
1 per cent, less than in America, the English manufacturer can aflbrd, cateris paribus, to
sell his goods for 1,000/. less than the American. We are very far from insinuating or
believing that this lowness of profit is an advantage ; but whatever may be its influence
in other respects, so long as it continues, it gives our mainifacturers a decided superiority
over those of every other country where profits arc higher, i-n the manufiicture and sale
of all articles, such as cotton yarn and stuffs, i)rincipally produced by machinery. It
is ludicrous, indeed, to supjjose that a half-peo))led country like America, pos.sessed of
boundless tracts of unoccupied Ismd of the highest degree of fertility, should be able
successfully to contend in manufacturing industry, with an old settled, fully peopled, and
very rich country like Great Britain, llie government which encourages such a irds-
direction of the public capital and industry, and those who supiwse it can end in any
thing else than ruin to the parties, are ignorant of the merest elements of the science of
wealth.
The following results .is to the state of the American cotton manufncfurc In 1831 have been dctluccd
from the Ilcpo* I of a C'omiuittec of long" ess ir 1832 : —
= I
,]
\l'\ ,'
m
ii
! li
U
448
COTTON.
I '
' I 1 i. I I
iU
.'.
i i
In 12 stated tlicy had, milU ■ ■ - ''Xi
— spiiullea - - - liStivOiil
-. looms - . . ;*),,')()()
The wriRlit of rofbnn consumctl - - - ~~,!h'i',:>\i\\\
AllowiiiH i!oz. per lb. for loss ... H.liiH-.ikft
Total weightol' yarn produced - • - C7,8t)i;,(>.">2
Weekly amuuiit .... l,.;ori,()")l
Averaging l(>j oz. per .xpindlc weekly.
If the .".J.-jOfi looms were employ wl, ami the whole 1 , 00.^,0.")! Ihs. of yarn
have consumed at an average .>!• lbs. weekly, showing that the goods m.h
dcscrijition. It also a|)pears from statements made by the same committee, that
The number of males employed were
— females - > . ■
Total number employed in spinning and manufacturing
The amount paid for wages in the year was 10,2tM,444 dollars, or 2,l+t,780/., being 42,89,')/. per week ;
averaging 1 l.v. Ilrf. for caeli person employed.
'I'hey state that the consujnption of flour in their manufacture was l,fi41,2.')3ll)s , or 8,.'374 barrels
(lilt) lbs. each), averaging weekly ,Jl,.'"ni2 lbs., or nearly 1 lb. for each loom.
X'o/c, — Uy the new American taritt", plain calicoes, &c. imported, not exceeding in value Is. oil. the
squarcyard, toiiay.'>lrf. per yard duty. Printed or coloured cahcoes, fiC, not exceeding U. .OJrf. the square
yard, to pay 4|(). per yard duty. Cotton yarn, unbleached and uncoloured, not exceeding in value 2s. (irf.
per lb,, to pay lid. per lb, duty. If bleached or coloured, not exceeding o3. 1 Ji/. per lb., to pay Dgi/. per lb.
duty.
.mufacturcd, each loom must
tactured were of a very heavy
18,;X)<)
3H,!h!7
.07,4(i(>
Little as wc liavc to fear from American, we have still less to fear from Swiss or Austrian
competition. America has some advantage over Enghtnc'i in the greater cheapness of the
raw material ; but Switzerland and Austria, situated almost in the very centre of Europe,
can only draw their sujjplies of raw 'cotton by a distant land carriage by way of INIar-
seilles, Genoa, and Trieste ; or by a lengthened navig.ttion up the Illiine or the Elbe ;
and we have the best authority for -nffirming, that a bale of cotton may be conveyed at
a less expense from Charleston to Ma.ichester, than from Genoa or Trieste, Amsterdam
or Hamburgh, to Switzerland or Austria. Switzerland is altogether destitute of coal ;
all that she does is done by water power, and that is already pretty well exhausted. It
is not, however, to be wondered at that the Swiss and Austrians should have succeeded
in supplying their own markets, and some of those immediately contiguous, with certain
species of yarn ; but it seems to us quite visionary to suppose that tliey will ever do much
more than this.
It was stated before the committee of 1833, that the French cotton manufacture had
increased, between 1812 and 1826, in the ratio of 310 per cent., while in JEngland its
increase was only 270 percent. This statement i.s, we believe, iiccurate as far as it goes;
and yet it is eminently calculated, although, no doubt, without being .so intended, to
mislead. In 1812, and for some years previously, it was hardly pos.sible to import
cotton wool into France, and its price was quite excessive. When, therefore, the ma-
nufacturers got wool after the return of peace at an ordinary price, it was impossible,
seeing that foreign cottons are excluded from France, but that the manufacture should
increase with extraordinary rr.i-.iiruy, until the home demand was pretty well supplied
An advance of this sort is assuredly no proof of the capacity of France to prosecute
the manufacture with advantage, or to export cottons without the aid of a bounty. Had
the manufacture gone on increasing in the above, or even in a very inferior ratio, down
to the present time, the circumstance might have justly excited attention ; but sucli has
not been the case ; on the contrary, it has been quite stationary, or has rather, jierlia|>s,
retrograded, from 1822 down to the present time. In proof o!' this, we l)eg to reter
to the Haire Price Current, corrected and revised by a Board of merchants, for the 9tli
of May, 1833. It contains the following
Statement of the Imports of Cotton into France, the Deliveries from the WarefexMises, and the Stock* on
Hand in each Year from 1822 : —
Years.
Iniimtts.
Deliveries.
Htocks, .flit Der
Y*ar>.
Im^mrts.
Df-uveritfA.
Slocks, Slst Der.
lUU .
lUlha.
llitht.
lliilrA.
liillrs.
fInyM.
1822
2().5,8fil
2l.'"),lS»
42,.'i45
1828
*Ki,l.J2
239,723
.-H.sia
1823
irei.sM
172,312
*),(J78
1829
242,2.'iO
2(i4,7.'')0
2<i,292 1
1824
2;-)l,074
243,!t.'i8
47,ltrt
1*10
28l?,7.>2
avi.ist
(il,2li()
181';
2()4,,';72
21(5,400
3.'i,;)()6
I8,il
2lH,;i!t.}
Si!4i>t3
.■i-.,810
18^20
;i2l),174
281, (K)I
74,479
1833
!iai),lM
X72,4»
22,50<i
1827
290,1117
27!".f)M
8;i.403
It is supposed by some, that (he competition wt> h«ve to (V'nr lV(n.i the Continent does
not consist so much in the ■spinning as in thi' \vea\ iiig of cottons ; t:nd that tlie probabilitv
is, that our exports of yam will increase, and our exi)orts of nianuracfiircd KiHxis di-
minish. We do not, bowtrvw. imagine there is much in this. Our power kH>TOh ar»'
superior to those o** any other oountry ; and it is unhappily true, tluU tin w.t^-s of hiind
COTTON.
U9
■112
hit docs
l>al>ilitv
lods (li-
Jnis art'
liHiid
loom weavers here arc sunk below the general level of Europe.* There is not, in fact,
with the exception of tlie dyes, a single ))articu]ar connected with the cotton manufacture,
in which we have not a manifest superiority over the Swiss, Austrians, French, I'russians,
and every Continental nati(Mi. Certainly, however, we are inferior to some of them in
the brilliancy and durahility of their dyes ; and this circumstance occasioned a con-
siderahle demand for (ierman and Swiss printed cottons in many i)arts of the East,
wliere vivid colours are held in the highest estimation. 15ut even there, the greater
cheapness of our goods is proving an overmatch for the greater brilliancy of those of
our rivals.
On the whole, therefore, we see no reason to think that the Britisli cotton manufacture
lias reached, much less jiassed, its zenith. At the same time, however, it can hardly be
necessary to observe, considering the vast importance of the trade, that while, on the one
hand, nothing should be left undone that may serve to widen its foundations, and to pro-
mote its prosperity, on the other, nothing should be attempted that may, by possibility,
have an ojiposite etl'ect. The subsistence of 1,'1()0,00() people is not to be endangered on
slight grounds. 'i"he al)uses even of such a business must be cautiously dealt with, lest,
in eradicating them, we shake or disorder the whole fabric. We admit, however, that
the case of children emi)loyed in the cotton factories is one of those that call fairly for
legiskitive regulation. I5ut it may be (juestioned whether the jilan for having relays of
children is the best that might be devised. The general opinion seems to be, that it will,
in most instances, be found impossible to carry it into ellect. The whole subject, as to
the limitation of hours, is confessedly one of great difficulty ; and it would perha|)s he
better, before taking any very decisive steps in the matter, to try the effect of the system
of inspection, and of the publication of the inspectors' reports as to the condition of the
children employed.
!>. StATITORY Rf.GIXAV.ONS »» TO -.ilE EMPtOVMr.NT OF ClIll.nRIiN IN I'ACTOnUCS.
No statutory restrictions respecting tlio employment of children in the mills and lartories of the United
KitiKdoin existed until the year IHd'J, when an «et of parliament was passed (4'J (ieo. ,i.) for the pre-
servation of the health and morals of apprentices and others employed in cotton and other factories, and
directing the local magistrates to report whether the factories were conducted according to law, and to
iulopt such sanitary regnlatums as they might think (IL This act was followed, in Ihlti, hy an act, gene-
rally calleil Sir Hobert I'eels Act, imposing various regulations on the employment of children in cotton
mills.
lioth of these acts were repealed in ISll, by an act 1 &2 Will. 4. c. S't , commonly called Sir John
Hobhou^c's Act, which provided, that in cotton factories, to w liiili alone it related, no child could legally
be employed till it had attained the ;!(,'(■ of !l years ; and that no person under IS years of age could bo
sullered to remain in the factoriis more than 12 hours in one day ; and that on Saturdays they should only
be employed in the factories for !» Iiours^
.Sir .lohn Uolihouse's act was repealed in 1S5.'5, by the act 3 Sc i Will. 4. c. 103., which contains the fol-
lowing provisions, comprehending tiie whole statutory regulations at present applicable to cotton and other
factories in the United Kingdom: —
1. 'iliJit after the Ist of .l.mu.-iry, ]8;J4, no person under IK years of age shall be allowed to work in the
flight, that is, between | vmt H e m. and j past r> a. m., in any cotton or other factory in which steam or
water, or any other mw-hanical jmwer, is or shall be used to propel the machinery, excepting in lace liic-
tories.
'J. That no person utidcr 18 shall be employed more than V2 hours in one day, nor more than Ct) hours
in one week.
;>. That there shall l)e all»we<l, in the course of every day, not le>- than Ij hour jor meals to every
person restricted to the perl'nrmancc ol 12 hours' work.
4. That after the l»t of January, 18.J4, no child, except in silk mills, shall be employed, who shall
not he '.> vears old.
during the day in more factories than one.
ti. 'J'hat children and young persions, whose hours of work are re(;idated, shall be entitled to 2 holi-
days an<l S half holidays in every year,
t. 'I'hat children, whose hours of work are restrictcHl to 'i hours a dav, are not to be employed without
idrtaiiung a certilicate from a physician or surgeon, ccrtifving that thev are of the ordinary str<iigth and
appearance of children of the age before mentioned, w fiich certificate is to l)e countersigned by some
inspector or justiciv
K. riiat it shall be lawful for his Majesty to apiniint, during pleasure, 4 persons to be inspectors of fac-
tories, wdh extensive powers, as magistrates, to examine the children employed in the factories and to
imiuire respecting their condition, eiiiploymeni, and education ; and that one' of the secretaries of state
shall have nower, on tlu' application of an inspector, to appoint sn|)erinleiidcnts to superintend the exe-
cution of tlie act.
>.>. That those inspectors are to make all rules necessary for the execution of the act, and to enforce the
attcndanie at scho(j|, for at least 2 hours daily out of (i days in Uie week, of children emploved in faetorie.'S
from wl.ose weekly wages a deduction, not exceeding 1 penny in every shilling, for schor.ling shaM hi
made.
Id. T>3t no child sliall t>e employed, who .hall not, oi Mondav of every week, give to the factory manter
a certiti<atc of his or her aitendanee at schcul lor the previ(lcl^ wecJt.
11. Ttiat the interior walls of every mdl shall Iw whitewashed every year.
I K'. That a copy or abstract of the act shall be hung up iii a conspicuous part ot every
VI That the inspectors shall regularly, once a year, report their inoceedings to one (
of state.
mill,
of the sccrctarici
• Tor ui account r
iio an iirtide un manu^iKture.i
uliuvr sCHlBKaati are taikeri from that art
t the circumstances which have occasioned this depression, we beg to refer the reader
1^i".'f?im uTart' ^!'' '" '' '"' ^'"^ "*' "'"" '^"<"'" '""<.'* ^'''''V"'. Some of the
.'tf,
nui4
i.' G
i-IO
cow II AG K. — CREDIT.
'I I
'^ !
, I
I )
: [til
t ;:
I .il'
, The act also colituiiis roKuiatioiis cxIcriilliiK tlic hours or work where time >hn)l be lost hy the want of,
or ail excess of, water, in mills .situated upiiii a 8treani of water ; respectinK the sIi'im to be taken in order
to obtain reRular certificates of ajje lor the eliildreii reijuirinK them ; respecting the erection of schools,
where necessary ; and respecting the proceedings to be had before inspectors i«nd magistrates for enforcing
the act, and the riglit to appeal from their decisions.
OOWIIAGE, oil COWITCII (Hind. Kiimch), the fruit or bean of a perennial
climbing l)lant (Dolic/ws pniriens Lin.). It is a native of India, as well as of .several
otbcr eastern countries, and of America. Tlie pod is about 4 or 5 inclies long, a little
curved, and contains from :J to 5 oval and ilattLsli seeds ; tlie outside is tbickly covered
witb short, bristly, brown liairs, wliieii, if incautiously touclicd, stick to tlie skin, and
ueeasion intolerable itching. Syruj) tliiekciied witb the iiairs is prescribed in certain
complaints. — {.linslic's Miitcrid /lulicii.')
CJOWRIKS (CJer. Kauris; Du. Kauris; I'V. Coris, Cituris, Biuiges ; It. Ctiri, Por-
ri'llune ; Sp. Hucios Zimhos) are .small shells brought from the INIaldives, whieb ]>ass
current as coin in smaller jiayments in Ilindostaji, and througlumt extensive districts in
Africa. They used to be imported into England previously to the abolition of the slave
trade, in which they were subsequently employed. They arc an article of trade at IJom-
l)ay. The best are small, clean, and white, having a beautiful gloss; those that are
yellow, large, and without lustre, should be rejected. The freight is calculated at iiO
cwt. to the ton ( Milliuru's Orient. Com. )
CHANHEllllIES, oil UEl) WIIOUTLEBEURIES, the fruit of a moss plant,
the Vdcriuium o.vi/vin'cus of Einiueus. The berries are globular, about the size of cur-
rants ; are found in mossy bogs in different parts of Scotland, but not in great numbers :
they were once eoinmon in J..iiieolnsliire, and the northern parts of Norfolk ; but since
the bogs have been drained and cultivated, they are rarely met witii. Cranberries have
a peculiar flavour, and a sharp, acid, agreeable taste ; they are easily preserved, and are
extensively used in making tarts. Tliey are very abundant in North America, and in
the northern parts of llussia ; the latter being of a superior quality. We import from
fK),0()0 to ;5,'j,000 gallons annually. It is .said that some very fine ones have recently
been brought from New South Wales.
C'll.M'E (l"r. Crepe; Ger. Fhhr, Krnusjlohr ; It. hUpumiUa, SijjjUHo ; Rus. Flinr ;
.Sj). Crcipan), a light transparent stuff, in manner t)f gauze, made of raw silk, gummed
and twisted on the mill and woven without crossing. It is i)rincipally used in mourning.
Crape was origin:illy mamifaetured in IJologna ; but that made in this country is now
tleemed superior to anv made in Italv.
CREA.^r OF TARTAR. SeeAiioAi..
CUI'^niT, the term used to express tlie trust or confidence placed by one individual
in another, when he assigns him monevi or other property in loan, or without stipulating
for its immediate payment. The party wlio lends is .said to give credit, and the party
who borrows to obtain credit.
Orifjin and Nature of Credit. — In tlie earlier stages of .society, credit is in a fjreat
measure unknown. This arises partly from the eireumstaiice of very little capital being
then accumulated, and partly from government not having the means, or not being suf-
ficiently careful, to enforce that ])uiietual attention to engagements so indispensable to
the existence of confidence or credit. But as society advances, cajiital is gradually ac-
cumulated, and the observanceof contracts is enforced by jiublic authority. Credit then
iKJgins to grow up. On the one hand, those individuals who have more capital than
they can conveniently employ, or who are desirous of withdrawing from business, are dis-
posed to lend, or to transfer, a part or the whole of their capital to others, on condition
of their obtaining a certain stijiulated premium or interest for its use, and what they
consi<ler sufticient .security for its repayment ; and, on the other hand, there are always
individuals to be met with, disjiosed to liorrow, jiartly (and among merchants principally)
in order to extend their business beyond the limits to which they can carry it by means
of their own capital, or to iinrchase commodities on sjieeulation, and jiartly to defray
delits already contracted. These diflerent classes of individuals mutually accoinmodate
each other. Those desirous of being relieved from the fatigues of Imsiness, find it very
convenient to lend their capital to others ; while such as are anxious to enlarge their
businesses, obtain the means of prosecuting them to a greater extent.
It is plain, that to whatever extent the jiower of the borrower of a quantity of produce,
or a sum of money, to extend his business may be increased, that of the lender must be
equally diminished. The same portion of capital cannot be employed by two individuals
at the same time. If .\. transfer his cajiital to 15., he necessarily, by so doing, dejirives
himself of a jiower or capacity of iiroduction which H. atvpiires. It is most probable,
indeed, tliat this capital will be more iirodnctively employed in the hands of IJ. than of
A. ; for the fact of A. having lent it shows that he either bad no means of employing
it advantageously, or was disinclined to take the trouble ; while the fact of B. having
borrowed it shows that he conceives be can advantJigeously employ it, or that be can
invest it so as to make it yield an interest to the lender, and a profit to himself. It is
ij
M\
CREDIT.
451
.1 ;fre;it
il bcin<^
in}^ siif-
ahle to
ally ac-
dit then
till tllilU
ire (lis-
oiulitioii
It they
always
lU'ipally)
means
defiay
rnnuulato
1 it very
re their
produce,
must 1)0
dividuals
deprives
probable,
than of
mployiuK
having
,t he can
If. It is
obvious, liowcver, that except in so far as credit contributes, in the way now mentioned,
to bring capital into the possession of those who, it may be fairly presumed, will employ
it most beneficially, it conduces nothing to the increase of wealth.
The most common method of making a loan is by selling commodities on credit, or
on condition that they shall be paid at some future period. The price is increased pro-
portionally to the length of credit given ; and if any doubt be entertained with respect
to the punctuality or solvency of the buyer, a further sum is added to the price, in order
to cover the risk that the seller or lender runs '<f not receiving paymfc.^t, or of not
receiving it at the stii)ulate<l period. This is the usual method of transacting where
capital is abundant, and confidence general ; and there can be no manner of doubt that
the amount of property lent in Great Britain, the Netherlands, and most other com-
mercial countries, in this way, is infinitely greater than all that is lent in every other
way.
When produce is sold in the way now described, it is usual for the buyers to give their
bills to the sellers for the price, payable at the period when the credit is to expire ; and
it is in the etl'ects coiisecpient to the negociation of such bills that much of I hat magical
influence that has sometimes been ascril)ed to credit is believed to consist. i.'uppose, to
illustrate this, that a pa))er-maker. A., sells to a printer, li., a quantity of paper, and that
he gets his bill I'ur the sum, payable at 1:^ months after date : U. could not have entered
into tile transaction had he been obliged to pay ready money ; but A., notwithstanding
he has occasion for the money, is enabled, iiy the facility of negociating or discounting
bills, to give the requisite credit, without disabling himself IVom prosecuting his business.
In a case like this, both parties are said to be supported by credit ; and as cases of this
sort are exceedingly common, it is contended that half the business of the country is
carried on by its means. All, however, that such statements really amount to is, that
a large jiroportion of those engaged in industrious undertakings do not employ their
own ca])ital, but that of others. In the case in question, the printer employs the capital
of the paper-maker, and the latter employs that of the banker or broker who discounted
the bill. This person had most likely the .'imount in spare cash lying beside him, which
he might not well know wiiat to make of; but the individual into whose hands it has
now come, will immediately ajijily it to useful purposes, or to the purchase of the ma-
terials, or the payment of the wages of the workmen employed in his establishment. It
is next to certain, therefore, that the transaction will have been advantageous. But still
it is essential to bear in mind that it will have been so, not because credit is of itself a
means of jirotluction, or because it can give birth to capital not already in existence ; but
because, through its agency, "•pital finds its way into those channels in which it has the
best chance of being profitably employed.
The real advantage derived from the use of bills and bank notes as money consists, as
has been already shown, in their substituting so cheap a medium of exchange as paper,
in the place of one so expensive a.s gold, imd in the facilities which they give to the
transacting of commercial affairs. If a banker lend A. a note for 100/. or 1,000/., the
latter will be able to obtain an equivalent portion of the land or produce of the country
in exchange for it ; but that land or produce was already in existence. The issue of the
note did not give it birth. It was previously in some one's possession ; and it will
de])end wholly on the circumstance of A.'s employing it more or less advantageously
than it was previously employed, whether the transaction will, in a public point of view,
be profitable or not. On analysing any case of this '-.ind, we shall invariably find that
all that the highest degree of credit or confidence can do, is merely to change the dis-
tribution of capitid — to transfer it from one class to another. These transfers are
occasionally, too, productive of injurious results, by bringing capital into the hands of
spendthrifts : this, however, is not, except in the case of the credit given by shopkeepers,
a very common eflPect ; and there can be no doubt that the vast majority of regular
loans are decidedly beneficial.
Abuses of the present Cnilit Si/siem in Great Britain, Mean* of obviating them. —
The previous observations refer rather to the credit given to individuals engaged in
business, wlio mean to employ the capital which they borrow in industrious undertakings,
than to that which is given to individuals not so engaged, and who employ the advances
made to them in supporting themselves and their families. In neitlier case is credit of
advantage, unless it be granted with due discrimination, and with reference to the cha-
racter, condition, and prospects of those receiving it. In this country, however, these
considerations have been in a great measure lost sight of, in the granting of credit by
sliopkeepcrs and tradesmen of all descriptions. Qu-ing to the competition of such
persons, tlieir extreme eagerness to secure oustomers, and the general indolence of
opulent persons, which disinclines them to satisfy every small debt when it is contracted,
the systetn of selling upon credit has become almost universal. Few among us think of
paying ready money for any thing; seven tenths of the community are in the constant
practice of anticipating their incomes ; and there is hardly one so bankrupt in character
2 G 2
I'l r
■^
■t\
>i !•
II!
) ill ll'
452
CREDIT.
'f^'Ii
M!'
'• »
^ i
and fortune as to he iin;il)li' to find grocers, bakers, butchers, tailors, Sec. ready to furnish
liim upon credit with supjjlies of the articles in whicli tliey respectively deal. We look
upon this facility of ohtainiii}? accommodations as a very great evil. They are not, in
one case out of five, of any real advantage to the i)arties receiving them, while they are
productive of very pernicious results. The system tempts very many, and sometimes
even the most considerate individuals, to indulge in expenses beyond their means; and
thus l)econies the most fruitful source of Imnkruptcy, insolvency, and bad faith. To
guarantee themselves from the extraordinary risk to which such proceedings exjjose fheni,
tradesnten are obliged to advance the price of their goods to a most exorbitant height ;
so that those who are al)le, and who really mean to pay the debts they contract, are, in
fact, oldiged to pay those of the hosts of insolvents and swindlers maintained by the
present system. Many tradesmen consider themselves as fortunate, if they recover from
two thirds to three fourths of the sums standing in their books, at the distance of several
years.
The extraordinary extent to which the credit practice is carried may be learned from
the inquiries of the Parliamentary Committee on Small Debts. It appears from them,
that hatters, shoemakers, &c. in the metroi)olis, have often 4,(XX)/. and upwards on their
books in debts below 10/., and thut Jive sMhs of their book debts are Mow that sum! A
large proportion of these debts are irrecoverable ; but owing to the artificial enhance-
ment of prices, those that are good are sufficient to indemnify the traders for the loss of
the bad.
It is not easy, we think, to imagine any system better fitted to generate improvidence
and fraud. The vast niJijority of those who become insolvent, or are imprisoned for
debt, consist of labourers, artisans, half-|)ay officers, clerks in public and other ollices,
annuitants, itc. — persons whom no jirudent shopkeeper would ever allow to get perma-
nently into his debt. 'J'lie following Table exhibits some of the ellects resulting tioni this
system . —
Number of Persons rommittcil for Di'bt to the several Prisons of the Rfetropolis in the Year 1S27, anil the
Slims for which thry were coniinitti'il. — (/'(T;7. Paper, No. 7ii. Soss. 18528.)
King's Rcnch prison ' -
Fleet prison - •. .
VVIiiteiToss Street prison
Marshalsea prison ...
Horscinonger Lane prison
Total
Vnr Sums'
.lliovt IIXI/.
For Sums
Iietwtfn
.'ill/. ,Si IIKW.
Vor Sumsi
lll'tWi^tni
For Sums
under '^11/.
Tot.il.
In Custody
.fiuiu;irv i.
ISiS.
47-i
'M6
206
20
.'57
111
121:',
;J0
.■),".0
81(i
l(i(i
i;4
11 ;
(KH)
414
i,ftii
(i8;J
il,8<li
ti.iO
1,172
(.74
'-'.-,.!
;!78
102
lO.'i
iXiJ
Kiti 1 1,8S!) i 2,'iK-i .'>,!M>!I l,."'l- 1
,>,.il
It is time, certainly, that something effectual were done to put an end to such flagrant
abuses — to a system that sends f)2:! jjcrsons to a single pri.son for debts imder 20/.!
We do not mean to say or insinuate that credit may not frequently be given to the
labouring classes with the best eflects : but it is of its abuse that we complain, — of its
being indiscriminately granted to everyone; to those whom it encourages to continue in
a course of idleness and profligacy, as well as to those industrious and deserving jiersons
to whom it may occasionally be of the greatest service. To secure the advantages of
credit to the public, free from the enormous evils that result from its abuse, is an object
of the highest importance; and few things, we believe, would do .so much to secure it,
as the taking from creditors the jjower to arrest and imprison for debt. — (See IJank-
RUPTCY. )
It was stated in the House of Commons, (1 0th of February, 1827,) that in the space
of 2^ years, 70,000 persons were arrested in and about London, at an exjjense to the
parties, it may be estimated, of between l.W.tXW/. and 200,(X)0/. ! In 1827, in the
metrojiolis and two adjoining counties, 2;i,5I>') warrants to arrest were granted, and
1 1,317 bailable processes were executed. Hence it may be concluded, that in this single
year, within the above limits, no fewer than 12,000 persons were dejjrived of their
liberty, on the mere allegation of others, without any iiroof that they owed them a
farthing! Well might Lord Eldon say " that the Iriw of arrest is a iiermlssion to romiiiit
acts of y renter oppression and inhtunanity than are to he viet with, in sluveri/ itself, and that
the redress of such a grievance would not be attended with any fiital consequences to the
country."
The following Table, which shows that 1,120 persons were committed to Horscmonger
Lane prison, in 18;il, for debts amounting, in all, to only 2,417/. 7s. 5d., being, at an
iiverage, no more than 2/. 3s. '2d. each, jirovesthat the discussions which have taken |)lace
with respect to the law of arrest and imprisonment, have not, in any degree, lessened its
mischievous operation, W^hatover else may be dear in England, the fact that thousands
of people are annually imprisoned for such miserable trifles, shows that personal liberty
IS, at at all events, abundantly chea)).
1
;i-8
lie space
to the
ill the
ed, ami
is siiij^le
f tlieir
tlieiii !i
roinmit
iiul tliat
to the
jmonger
CREDIT.
•153
A Ilcturn nf the Numhor of Debtor* cominlltc«l to IIorsomonKcr I.ane rriaoii, on I'lix-css out of the
Courts of lli'i|iiest'', duriiiK the Years enilhiK Lit of January, ISJJ anil IH);!; utatinK the aggreKatu
Amount of DchtH anil tVxts, separately, in each Year ; »liowiti»,', in Classes, the NuniliiT ronlincd /roni
One to less tliun Ten Days, lor Ten bays anil less than Thirty, Killy, Seventy, ami Ono llunilreil
Days; stating, also, the Amoiuit paid out of the County or other Hates for the Muinteiiaiice and
Supoort of sucli Prisoners, as accurately as possible.
Number committed in the year
Aggrctjate amount of debts
costs ....
Number coulincd from 1 to less than 10 days
lor lu and . . 31) .
JO . - r>0 .
,'JO . . 70 .
70 - . llA) -
lijo days and more
Amount paid out of the county or other rates for the main- '}
tenanee and support of such prisoners - -J
1831.
1832.
1,120
945
£ s.
</.
£ s. </.
2,117 7
5
2,03!» 14 9
G!«) 2
7
Sm 18 2
(ilO
• 3!>t
Siti
317
77
119
47
tm
S(i
29
'2i
30
£
£
208
2ai
A\'e defy any one to show tliat the law of arrest and iinprisoiunent has a single good
c'otisei|iieiice to l)e jilaeed as a set-ott" against the iiitoierablu evils of wliieli it is produetivc.
'rradesiiien depenil, as is clearly evinced hy the ahove statements, npon the despotical
jiower which it puts in their hands, to get them out of scrapes ; and believe that the fear
i)f being subjected to arrest will stimulate even the most sus])icious portion of their
debtors to make payment of their accounts. The records of our prisons, and of our
insolvent and other courts, show how miserably these expectations are disappointed. We
believe, indeed, that we are warranted in attirming that the more resjieetable classes of
shopkeepers and tradesmen are now generally satisfied that the present system requires
some very material modifications. The law of arrest and imprisonment is, in fact,
?idvantageous to none but knaves and swindlers, and the lowest class of attorneys, who
freipiently buy u)) small accounts and bills, that they may bring actions upon them, and
enrich themselves at the expense of the jioor, by the magnitude of their charges. Such
ojjpressive jiroceedings are a disgrace to a civilised country. Were the law in question
repealed, credit would be granted to those only who deserved it ; for, generally speaking,
tradesmen, supposing they had nothing to trust to hut their own discretion, would not
deal, except for ready money, with tlwse of whose character and situation they were not
perfectly informed ; and the difficulty under which all idle and improvident ]>ersons
would thus be placed of obtaining loans, would do much to wean them from their vicious
cinuses, and to render them industrious and honest. " Those," says Dr. Johnson, " who
liave made the laws, have ajjparently considered that every deficiency of jiayment is tlio
crime of the tlebtor. Ihit the truth is, that the creditor always shares the act, and often
more than shares the guilt of improper trust. It seldom happens that any man imjirisons
another but for debts which he sutVered to be contracted in liope of advantage to himself
and for bargains in which he jiroportioned his profit to his own o))inioii of the hazard •
and there is no reason why one should punish another for a contract in which both con-
curred."
The power of taking goods in execution for debts is also one that requires to be
materially modified. At present, the household furniture of every man, and even the
■Jiitjilcmiiits used in /lis tnide, should there he nothing else to lay hold of, may bo seized
and sold in satisfaction of any jietty claim. It seems to us (piite clear that some limits
should be set to this power; and that such articles as are indispensal)le either to the
subsistence or the business of any poor man ought to be exemjited from execution, and,
perliaps, distress. riie present iiractice, by strip|)ing its victims of the means of sujiport
j'.nd employment, drives tliem to despair, and is productive only of crimes and disorders.
We are glad to observe that there seems to be a growing conviction among mercantile
men, of the inconveniences arising from the jiresent practice. A petition against im-
l)risomnent for small debts, subscribed by many of the most eminent merchants, manu-
facturers, bankers, 8iC. of the city of Glasgow, was presented to the House of Commons
in IS.'?;!. It contains so brief, and at the same time so forcible, an exposition of the
ils resulting from the present system, that wc shall take the liberty of laying it before
ev
our readers,
" Your potitioncrs have boon long and seriously impressed with the belief that very Rreat evils havo
arisen and do arise (rem the imprisonment of debtors in Scotland, especially for small sums
I he petitioners will not here <|ucstion the iK.licy of the existiiiB laws which authorise the imorison
ment of dibtors for considerable sums, nor do they intend to objo?t to the crixiitor rXn ic thTfullo^t
power over the property and eirects of his debtor; but they are humbly of opinion that t^o far Lthc,e
laws give crcditor,s the power to imprison debtors for small sums, sucS as for 8/. and under t I.ev aVe ,3
only injurious to the public, and ruinous to the debtor, but even hurtful to the cr^itor mJcl f^
G ;5
.1 >i
I
II VI
\-U
\ "I
:f!il
' r
\ tiiil
lit!
454
CREDIT.
1 1
* i
I
I I
*' It would be a wutc of time to dwell upon the hardihip of aubjcctlng dcbtori to imprUoimicnt fur
■mall debti, contracted lometiinct certainly under circumstancoi of real dlitrcss, but mure fre(|iicnlly from
the Impruiier use of credit, with which they are too readily supplied. The creditor takes care tliat his
itroflt snail be commensurate with his risk; and the debtor is induced to purchase Treely, and nt any price,
that which he is not Immediately called upon to |iay ; the creditor coolly and cruelly ealoulutes upcin the
s ernnted him over the person of his debtor if he fail to discharKc his debt to him,
while the debtor forgets that, by the cre<lit so imprudently ailbrded him, he Is preparing the way fur his
own ruin, and that of all who have any dependence up<m him.
" The total number of debtors imprisoned in the gaol of Glasgow alone, for debts of 8/. and under, was,
in the year 18J0, 353; in 1831, 419; and in 18Jt^, 437 ; while the whole number of Incarcerations in that
gaol for sums of every description were, in the year 1830, .W7 ; in 1831, CM ; and In 18.18, (i'J*! ; the pro|>ortioii
of sums of 61. and under being nearly two thirds of the whole on the average of these 3 years.
" To remedy these evils, your petitioners humbly submit that means should be adopted lor the repeal of
the laws at present In force, in i>g fa. :;j »hc>' wsncliun the recovery of small debts by imprisonment,
reserving their effbct In every other respect; the result of which would be, that credit for small sums
would Im! greatly limite<l, if not entirely extinguished, and the |>oorer classes rendered mure provident;
and by purchasing with money at a cheaper rate what the;^ now buy at an extravoKant price, they would
t)c enabled to procure for themselves additional comforts, from the more economical employment of their
•mall incomes.
" May it therefore please your Honourable House to take this matter into your consideration, and to
adopt such means as you in your wisdom shall sec proper, to prevent the incarceration of debtors for sums
iinjcbr 8/., and thereby remove or greatly niitJKate the eviU of improvidence on the part of tlic debtor, and
of oppression on the part of the creditor, which necessarily arise under the present system."
So reasonable a proposal, supported by such conclusive statements, could not fail to
make a deep impression ; and a bill was conscijuently introduced by the solicitor general,
taking away the power to arrest and imprison for petty debts. Tliis bill was after-
wards withdrawn ; but there can be no doubt that it will be brought forward again,
unless it be resolved to apply a still more radical cure to the abuses comi)lained of.
Propriety of placing all small Debts beyond the Pule of the Law. — The taking away
the power of arrest and imprisonment, except in the ca.se of fraudulent bankrui)tcy
would certainly be a material improvement upon the existing system. Hut we are satis-
fied that it does not go far enough ; and that by far the most desirable and beneficial
reform that could be effected in this department would be to take away all action fur debts
under a given sum, as 501. or 100/. The only exception to this rule should be in the
case of claims for wages, or labour done under executory contracts. To jircveiit the
measure from being defeated, no action .should be granted on bills under 501. or 100/.,
exc'.pt upon those drawn by or upon regular bankers. This would be a radical change
certainly ; but we are fully satisfied that it would be highly advantageous to every class
of the community, and most of all to labourers, retail dealers, and small tradesmen. It
would protect the former from oppression, at the same time that it would tend power-
fully to render them more provident and considerate ; it would teach the latter to ex-
ercise that discretion in the granting of credit which is so very indispensable ; and it
would l)e publicly beneficial, by strengthening the moral principle, and making the
contraction of debts for small sums, without the means of paying them, at once difficult
and disgraceful.
We agree entirely in opinion with those who think that it is to no purpose to atfemj)t
to remedy the defects now pointed out, by multiplying courts and other devices for
facilitating the speedy recovery of small debts. This is beginning at the wron/r end ;
or rather it is attempting to obviate the influence of one abuse by instituting aii<»lhtr.
No wise statesman will ever be ea.sily persu.tded to fill the coimtry with petty local
courts ; for these, when not absolutely necessary, are the merest nuisances imaginable ;
and he would, at all events, exert himself, in the first instance, to do aw;. n so far
as possible, with the circumstances that make individuals resort to them. it it is
certain that nine tenths of the cases in county courts originate in questions as tc ^ilnple
contract debts under 50/. ; and were such debts placed, as they ought to be, beyond the
pale of the law, the courts would be wholly unnecessary. Our object ought not to be
to provide means for enforcing payment of trifling debts, but to prerent their contraction.
We believe, indeed, that, instead of lessening, the multiplication of district courts will
materially aggravate, all the evils of the present credit system. The belief that they
may readily enforce their claims by resorting to them will make shopkeepers and trades-
men still more disposed than at present to give credit, while the unprincipled, the incon-
siderate, and the necessitous will eagerly grasp at this increased facility. What there is
of caution amongst our retail dealers is in no inconsiderable degree owing to the want
of those petty tribunals so many are anxious to have universally established. Tlie more
they are increased, the less will caution prevail. But instead of diminishing this virtue,
^for such it really is, — it cannot be too much increased. Nothing will ever deter those
who ought not to obtain credit from taking it while in their power ; but those who
give it may be made to exercise greater discretion ; they may be made to know that it
is a private transaction between themselves and tho.se to whom they grant it ; and that
in the case of petty debts they have only their own sagacity to look to, such transactions
not being cognizable by law. A measure of the sort here proposed woidd not, as some
appear to imagine, annihilate credit. It would, no doubt, annihilate that spurious
indiscriminating species of credit, that is as readily granted to the spendthrift and pro-
s'
'I
cRKvv.— ci;i)in:Ai{.
4.55
dif^al, as to tlie friif^al and industrious individual; liut (u the Knmt' ixtciil lliat ft do-
privi'd till! fornior of the means of ohlainin^ aceniiunudation, it would extend those of
the latter. Notliinfr short of this — nothin|r hut the ]>laein^ all Miiall <lel)ts heyonri
the pale of the law — will ever fidly impress trade len with a conviction of the vast
advantages that would result to themselves fioin their withdrawing their eon fidenee front
courts and prisons, and preventinfj; every one fniin j^ettin^; ui)on their hooks, of whose
situation and eireumstances they are not fidly aware ; nor will any iliiufr else he ahli>
completely to eradicate the tlagrant ahuses inherent in the present credit system, and
which have ffone far to render it a |)ul)lic nuisance.
One of the worst consecjuences of the jiresent system is the sort of thraldom in whicli
it kee|)s thousands of lahourcrs and other individuals, whom the improper facilities for
oht.'dning credit originally led into debt. Such |)ersons dare nut leave the shops to
which tliey owe accounts ; and they dare neither object to the (piality of the goods
ofl'ered to them, nor to the ])rices charged. Dr. .fohnson has tndy observed, that " \w
that onco owes more than he can jiay, is often obliged to bribe his creditor to patience
by increasmg his debt. Worse and worse connnodities at a higher and higher price aro
forced ujion 1dm; he is impoverished by comiiulsive Iraflic; and at last overwhelmed in
the common receptacles of misery by del)ts, which, without his own consent, were accu-
midated on his bead." Hy taking away all right of action upon small debts, this system
of invisible but substiititial coercion would be put an end to. The tradesman would
take care who got, in the first instance, upon his books ; and instead of forcing articles
iijion him, would cease to furnish him with any mdess he found he was regular in
making his payments ; while the customer, to whom credit was of importance, would
know that Ins only chance of obtaiiung it would depend upon his character and re-
putation for pimctuality. The abuses of the sort now alluded to, that grew out of
what has been denominated the truck system, justly occasioned its abolition ; but these
were triHing compared with those that originate in the ijringing of petty debts within the
pale of the law.
When tlio formcreditionof this work was published, wo were not aware that it had l)ecii previously pro.
lioscd to fake away .nil action for debts under ")()/. or KM)/, j but we have since met with a pamphlet, entitled
Crrdit Pcniieious, published in IK21, in which this plan is proposed and obly supported. I'lu-re are
also some valuable remarks nnd observations on the topics now treate<l of, in the Trvatisc un l\c I'liliir,
S/c. i<f Ihc Mi/ropo/i.i, by the author of the " Cabinet Lawyer," pp. Ill — 134.
CREW, the company of sailors belonging to any shij) or vessel. No ship is admitted
to be a IJritisb ship, unless duly registered and navigated as such by a crew, t/irrn
foitrt/is of winch are British subjects, besides the master. — (;5 & 4 inil. 4. c. 5-1. § 12.)
The master or owners of any Uritish slnp liaving a foreign seaman on board not allowed
by law, shall for every such seaman foiteit 10/. ; unless they can .show, by the certificate
of the British consul, or of two British merchants, or shall satisfactorily jirovc, that the
recjuisitc number of British seamen could not be obtained at the jilace where the foreign
seaman was taken on board. It is also ordered that the master of every British vessel
arriving from the West Indies shall deliver, within 10 days afYer arrival, to the Custom-
house, a list of the crew on board at the time of clearing out from the I'nited Kingdom,
and of arrival in the West Indies, and of every .seaman who has deserted or died during
the voyage, and the amount of wages due to each so dying, under a penalty of 50/. —
(,'J & 4 Will. \. c. -A. § 19. ; 3 & 4 IViU. 4. c. 52. § Ifi.)
CLBEBS (Ger Kiihehen; Fr. Ciihi he s ; \x. r„lwh; ; Sp. Cw/Wias; \lvi%. Kuhebii ;
Lat. Piper Ciihehu Arab. Kebd'-'i; Javan, Kuninnkus ; Hind. Ciibnb-c/iinie\ the
produce of a vine or, nbcr, the growth of which i'> confined exclusively to Java. It
is a small dried fruit, ,ike a pepper corn, but .somevvliat longer. Cubebs have a hot,
pungent, aromatic, slightly bitter taste; and .i fragrant, .igreeable odour. They should
be chosen large, fresh, sound, and tin heaviest that can l)e procured. The quantity
entered for honu consumjition, in iSfiO, amounted to 1 8,540 lbs., producing a nett
revenue of 1,854/. ' . Their price in the London market, in bond, varies from 21. 10s.
to 4/. 4s. per cwt.
CUCUMBER, a tropical plant, of which then ,ire many varieties, largely cultivated
in hothouses in England.
CUDBEAR, a purple or violet coloured powder used in dyeing violet, purple, and
crimson, prepared from a species of lichen (Lichen tarfarens I. in. ), or crustacoous mo.ss,
growing commonly on limestone rock.s in Sweden, Scotland, the north of England,
&c. About 130 tons of this lichen are annually exported from Sweden. It commonly
sells in the port of Londcm for .about 'JOl. per ton ; but to prepare it for use it must be
washc, and dried; and by these operations the weight is commonly diminished a half,
ami the puce, in cfTect, doubled. Though possessing great beauty and Ju.stre at first,
the , oloiirs obtained from cudhe;ir are so very fntcacious, that they ought nevci 'o bo
employed hit in aid of some other more permanent dye, to which tbey may give Kly
and viv.itit ■. In this country it is chiefly used to give strength and brilliancy tc lie
blues dyed with indigo, and to produce a stiving of that article ; it is also used as a ground
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for madder reds, wliicli commonly incline too much to yellow, and arc maae rosy by this
nddition. The name cudbear was given to this powder by Dr. Cuthbcrt Gordon, who,
having obt.iined a patent for the preparation, chose in this way to connect it with his
own name. — (Bancroft, Philosophy of Permanent Colours, vol. i. pp. 300 — 304.)
CUMMIN SEED (Ger. Kumin ; Fr. Cumin; It. Comino, Cumino ; Sp. Comino ;
Arab. Kemun), t\\{i seeds of an annual plant (Cuminum Cyminum Lin.), a native of
Kgypt, but extensively cultivated in Sicily and Malta. They have a strong, pecidiar,
lieavy odour, and a warm, bitterish, disagreeable t.oste. They are long and slender.
CURRANTS (Fr. Raisins de Corinthe ; Ger. Koriiithen ; It. live passe di Corinto ;
Lat. Passulw Corinthiacw ; Rus. Korinka, Opoek ; Sp. Pasas de Corinto'), a small species of
grape, largely cultivated in Zante, Cephalonia, and Ithaca, of which islands they form
the staple produce ; and in the Morea, in the vicinity of Patras. The plant is delicate ;
and as G or 7 years must elapse, after a plantation has been formed, before it begins to
j)roduce, its cultivation requires a considerable outlay of capital. The crop is particularly
liable to injury from rains in harvest, and is altogether of a very precarious description.
After being dried in the sun, the currants are exported packed in large butts. They
are in extensive demand in this country ; and, when mixed with flour and suet, make a
dish tliat is peculiarly acceptable to the lower classes. But, as if it were intended to
put them beyond the reach of all but the richest individuals, they are burdened with the
enormous duty of 44s. Ad. a cwt. ! The fact, that in despite of this anti-consumiition
impost, the entries of currants for home consumption amounted, at an average of the
3 years ending with 1831, to 127,084 cwt. a year, producing an annual revenue of
281,787/., shows that the taste for them is both deejjly rooted and widely diffused. With
one or two exceptions, they are the most grossly over-taxed article in the British tivriff.
Their price in bond, in London, varies from 20s. to 27s. a cwt. ; so that the '.uty
amounts to more than 200 per cent, on the importation price ! So exorbitant ^ tax
admits of no justification. It is highly injurious to the consumers in Great Britain,
to the merchants engaged in the Mediterranean trade, to the producers in the Ionian
Islands and Greece, and, we may add, to the revenue : for, considering how highly
esteemed the article is by all classes, and that it might ^be imported in much larger
♦luantities without any considerable rise of price, there can be no manner of doubt that
were the duty reduced to 10s. or 12s. a cwt. the consumption would be so much increased,
that in a few years the revenue would be materially greater than at p.-esent.
By referring to the article Ionian Islands, it will be seen that the duty has been
peculiarly hostile to_their interests. It has, in fact, gone far to countervail all the advan-
tages they have, in other respects, derived from our protection ; and has done much
to estrange the affections of the inhabitants, and to excite and keep alive a jealousy of this
country.
The 3Iediterranean merchants, in a petition presented to the House of Commons last
session, prayed for the repeal of the duty imposed since 1806, being 16s. id. a cwt.,
leaving a duty of 28s. a cwt. A reduction to this extent would, no doubt, be a con-
siderable relief .,0 the growers and importers; but it would be quite inadequate to bring
the article fairly into consumption among the mass of the people. To accomplish this
most desirable object, the duty ought not to exceed 10s. or 12s. ; and we are well con-
vinced it would yield more revenue at this rate than at 28s. A duty of 50 per cent, is
surely high enough upon an article fitted to enter largely into the consumption of the
labouring classes.
No abatement of duties is made on account of any damage received by currants.
Currants, the produce of Europe, are no* to be imported for home use except in British ships, or in
ships of the country of wliich {hey are the produce, or of the country wlience they are imported. —
l3&4rF'V/. 4. c.r.4. \\ 2.22.)
A Treasury letter of the3()th of March, 1810, directs the following tares 10 be allowed, with liberty to
the merchant and oHicers to take the actual tare when either party is .lissitistied.
Currants in casks from Zante - - I'i percent.
Leghorn • - 10 —
Trieste - . 10 —
CUSTOM-HOUSE, the house or office where commodities are entered for im-
portation or exportation ; where the duties, bounties, or drawbacks payable or receivable
ujjon such importation or exportation are paid or received ; and where ships are cleared
out, &c.
For information as to the proceedings necessary at the Custom-house on importing or
exporting commodities, see the article Impohtation anh Exportation.
The principal British Custom-house is in London ; but there are Custom-houses
subordinate to the latter in all considerable sea-port towns.
CUSTOMS, are duties charged upon commodities on their being imported into or
exported from a coimtry.
Custom duties seem to have existed in every commercial country. The Athenians
laid a tax of a fifth on the corn and other meichandise imported from foreign comitries,
and alio du several of the commodities exported from Attica. The porta ria, or customs
. I
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CUSTOMS.
457
payable on the commodities imported Into, and exported from, the different ports in the
Jloman empire, formed a very ancient and important part of the public revenue. Tlio
rates at which they were charged were fluctufiting and various, ami little is now known
respecting them. Cicero informs us, that the duties on corn exjiorted from the ports of
Sicily were, in his time, 5 per cent. Under tne Imperial government, the amount of
the portaria depended as much on the caprice of the prince as on the real exigencies of
the stite. Tiiough sometimes diminished, they were never entirely remitted, and were
much more frequently increased. Under the Byzantine emperors, they were as high as
12^ ])er cent. . — (Supp. to Encyc. Brit. art. Taxation.)
Customs seems to have existed in England before the Conquest ; but the king's claim
to them was first established i)y stat. ;3 Edw. 1. These duties were, at first, principally
laid on wool, woolfels (sheeji-skins), and leather when exported. There were also ex-
traordinary duties paid by aliens, which were lenominated piirva costuma, to distinguish
tlieni from tlie former, or ludyna costuma. The duties of tonnage and jioundage, of
which mention is so frequently made in English history, were custom duties; the first
being paid on wine by the tun, and the latter being an ad valorem duty of so much a
pound on all other merchandise. When these duties were granted to tlie Crown, they
were denominated subsidies ; and as the duty of poundage had continued for a lengthened
period at the rate of Is. a pound, or 5 per cent., a subsidy came, in the langu;.ge of the
customs, to denote an ud valorem duty of 5 j)er cent. The Jiew subsidy granted in the
reign of William III. was an addition of 5 per cent, to the duties on most imported
commodities.
The various custom duties were collected, for the first time, in a book of rates pub-,
lished in the reign of Charles II. ; a new book of rates being again published in the
reign of George I. But, exclusive of the duties entered in these two books, many more
had been imjiosed at different times ; so that the accumulation of tlu; duties, and the
complicated regulations to which they gave rise, were productive of the greatest embar-
rassment. Tiie evil was increased by the careless manner in which new duties were
added to the old ; a percentage being sometimes added to the original tax ; while at
other times the commodity wiis estimated by a new standard of bulk, weight, number,
or value, and charged with an additional imjiost, without any leference to the duties
i'-,-merly imposed. The confusion arising from these sources was still further aug-
mented by tlie special appropriation of each of the duties, and the consequent neces-
sity of a separate calculation for each. The intricacy and confusion inseparable from
such a state of things proved a serious injury to commerce, and led to many frauds and
abuses.
The Customs Consolidation Act, introduced by Mr. Pitt in 1787, did much to remedy
these inconveniences. The method adopted was, to abolish the existing duties on all
articles, and to substitute in their stead one single duty on each article, equivalent to the
aggregate of the various duties by which it had previously been loaded. The resolutions
on which the act was founded amoimted to about 3,000. A more simple and uniform
system was, at the same time, introduced into the business of the Custom-house. These
alterations were productive of the very best effects ; and several similar consolidations
have since been effected; particularly in 1825, when the various statutes then existing
relative to the customs, amounting, including parts of statutes, to about 450, wera con-
solidated and compressed into only 1 1 statutes of a reasonable bulk, and drawn up with
great perspicuity. Since then, a few statutes were passed, amending and changing
some of the provisions in the consolidated statutes ; and these have been again embodied
in consolidated acts passed last session.*
The Board of Customs is not to consist of more than i;? commissioners, and they
are to be reduced to II as vacancies occur. The Treasury may appoint 1 commis-
sioner, and 2 assistant commissioners, to act for Scotland and Ireland.
Officers of customs taking any fee or reward, whether pecuniary or of any other sort,
on account of any thing done, or to be done, by them in the exercise of their duty, from
any one, exeejit by the order or permission of the commissioners of the customs, shall
be dismissed their office ; and the [)erson giving, offering, or promising such gratuity,
fee, &c. shall forfeit 100/.
Any officer of customs who shall accept of any bribe, recompence, or reward, to in-
duce bim to neglect his duty, or to do, conceal, or connive at any act whereby any of
the provisions of the customs laws shall be evaded, shall be dismissed the service, and be
rendered incapable of serving his Majesty in future in any capacity whatever ; and the
person offering such bribe, recompence, &c. shall, whether the offer be accepted or not,
forfeit 500/.
Custom duties, like all duties on jiarticiilar commodities, though advanced in the first
instance by the merchant, are ultimately paid by those by whom they are consumed.
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CUSTOMS.
When a government lays a duty on the foreign commodities wliicli enter its j)orts, the
duty falls entirely on such of its own subjects as purchase these commodities ; for tlie
foreigners would cease supplying its markets with tliem, if they did not get the full
price of the commodities, exclusive of the tax ; and, for the same reason, when a govern-
ment lays a duty on tlie commodities which its sul)jects are about to export, the duty
does not fall oil them, but on the foreigners by whom they are bought. If, therefore,
it were possible for a country to raise a sufficient revenue by laying duties on exported
commodities, such revenue would be wiiolly derived from others, and it would be totally
relieved from the burden of taxation, except in so far as duties might be imjiosed by
foreigners on the goods it imports from them. Care, however, must be taken, in im-
posing duties on exportation, not to lay them on commodities that may be produced at
the same, or neavly the same, cost by foreigners j for the effect of the duty would then
be to cause the market to be supplied by others, and to put an entire stop to their export-
ation. But in the event of a country possessing any decided natural or acquired advan-
tage in the production of any sort of commodities, a duty on their exportation would
seem to be the most unexceptionable of all taxes. If the Chinese chose to act on this
principle, they might derive a considerable revenue from a duty on exported teas, which
would fall entirely on the English and otiier foreigners who buy them. The coal ar.d
tin, and perhaps, also, some of the manufactured goods produced in this country, seem
to be in this predicament.
The revenue derived from the custom duties in 1590, in the reign of Elizabeth,
amounted to no more than 50,0001, In 1613, it had increased to 148,075/. ; of which
no less than 109,572/. were collected in London. In 1G60, at tiie Restoration, the
customs produced 421,582/. ; and at the Revolution, in 1688, they produced 781,987/.
During the reigns of William III. and Anne, the customs revenue was considerably
augmented, the nett payments into the exchequer in 1712 being 1,315,423/. During
the war terminated by the peace of Paris in 1763, the nett produce of the customs
revenue of Great Britain amounted to nearly 2,000,000/. In 1792, it amounted to
4,407,000/. In 1815, at the close of the war, it amounted to 1 1,360,000/. ; and last year
(1832) it amounted to about 17,000,000/., and, including Ireland, to about 1 8,500,(X)0/. !
Astonishing, however, as the increase of the customs revenue has certainly been, it is
not quite so great as it appears. Formerly the duties on some considerable articles, such
as sugar, brandy, wine, &c. imported from abroad, were divided partly into customs
duties charged on their importation, and partly into excise duties on their being taken
into consumption. But these duties have now, with the exception of tea*, been trans-
ferred wholly to the customs; the facilities afforded, by means of the warehousing
system, for paying the duties in the way most convenient for the merchant, having
obviated the necessity of dividing them into different portions.
It will be seen from various articles in this work — (see Brandy, Geneva, Sjiuogling,
Tea, Tobacco, &c.) — that the exorbitant amount of the duties laid on many articles
imported from abroad leads to much smuggling and fraud ; and requires, besides, an
extraordinary expense in many departnKiits of the customs service, which might l)e
totally avoided were these duties reduced within reasonable limits. This, however, is tlie
business of government, and not of those entrusted with the management of the customs;
and it would be unjust to the latter not to mention that this department has been essen-
tially improved, during the last few years, both as respects economy and efficiency. The
following extracts from a letter to the Right Hon. II. Goulburn, ascribed to the present
chairman of the Board of Customs ( R. B. Dean, Esq. ), give a brief but satisfactory
view of the improvements that have been effected : —
" As regards the department of customs in 1792, the principal officers engaged in the
receipt of the duties in the port of London were patent officers.
" The first Earl of Liverpool was collector inwards.
" The late Duke of Manchester, collector outwards.
" The Duke of Newcastle, and afterwards the Earl of Guilford, comptroller inwards
and outwards.
" Lord Stowell, surveyor of subsidies and petty customs.
" These noblemen took no part in the official duties, but merely exercised the right of
appointing deputies and clerks.
" Both principals and deputies were remunerated by fees. The patentees received
the fees denominated patent, and the deputies retained the fees called the feesof usjige
for their own use. In addition to these fees, both deputies and clerks received fees for
despatch.
" The same system prevailed throughout the whole department. The salaries of the
officers were nominal ; and the principal proportion of all official income was derived
• From the 2-2d of April, 1834, the colloctioii of the tea duties by the excise is to cease ; and they arc
to be transferred to the customs. — (Sec Tua)
CUSTOMS.
459
from fees. These fees were constantly varying both in rate and amount, and formed a
continual source of dispute and complaint between tlie merchant and the officer.
" This system (after having been repeatedly objected to by various commissions of
inquiry, and finally by the committee of finance in 1797,) was put an end to in the
year 1812; by the act ,51 Geo. 3. c. 71., by which all patent offices and fees were
abolished, and compensation allowances granted to the patent officers, and fixed salaries
established.
" The additional salaries granted under this arrangement amounted to about 200,000/.,
and the temporary compensation allowances to about 40,000/. per annum.
" The fees abolished, and from which the public were relieved, amounted to about
160,000/. per annum.
" In addition to the amount of fees from which the public were relieved, various
allowances made by the Crown to officers for quarantine, coal poundage, poundage on
seizures, and many other incidental allowances, which did not appear on the establish-
ment, were also abolished, and the salaries of every officer placed at one view upon the
establishment.
" The effect of these salutary measures has been to give a great apparent increase to
officers' salaries since 1792; and, upon a mere comparison of the establishment of 1792
with 1830, without the above explanation, it would appear that the pay of the officers
had been most materially augmented, whereas, in point of fact, the difference is in the
mode of payment : and the incomes of the officers at the i)rescnt period (as compared
with 1792) are in general less; and, consequently, the public are less taxed for the per-
formance of the same duty now than in 1792.
" In the year 1792, the warehousing system had not been established. Officers were
admitted at all ages, and there was no system of classification or promotion. The officers
at the out-ports and in London were generally appointed through local influence ; and
were too often persons who had failed in trade, or had been in menial service, and who
regarded their situations rather as a comfortable provision for their families than as offices
for which efficient services were required. The superintendence and powers of the
Hoard were cramped and interfered with by circumstances and considerations which
prevented the enforcement of wholesome regulation. The whole system was so imper-
fect, so far back only as 1818, that a special commission was appointed to inquire into
the department ; and, upon the recommendation of that commission, various regulations
have been adopted.
" The age of admission has been limited ; a system of classification and promotion of
officers, and a graduated scale of salaries, established throughout the whole department ;
and, by this means, local interference in the promotion of officers has been abolished ;
the attendance of officers increased, regulated, and strictly enforced ; holidays reuuced
from 46 in the year to 3 ; viz. Good Friday, the King's birthday, and Christmas-day ;
useless oaths, and bonds, and forms of documents of various kinds, discontinued ; in-
creased facility and despatch afforded to the merchant's business ; the accounts kept in
the different offices, and returns of all kinds revised, simplified, and reduced ; and various
minor regulations of detail established; the whole machin-ry of the department re-
modelled, and adapt<>d to the trade and commerce of the country.
" In Ireland, the number of officers employed at all the ports, in the year ended the
5th of January, 1830, and the salaries and charges, did not much exceed the number and
expense at the port of Dublin alone in 1818 : and, within the space of 11 years, nearly
two thirds of the officers employed at the ports in Ireland have been discontinued ;
the number having been, in 1818, 1755 ; in 1829, 544 : and an annual reduction in sa-
laries and charges has been effected to the extent of 173,724/. ; the amount having been,
in 1818, 285,115/. ; in 1829, 111,391/. (103,813/. of that amount having been reduced
between the years 1823 and 1828), upon an expenditure of 285,115/. ; and the receipts
were nearly equal, in 1827, to those of 1818 and 1823, notwithstanding the total repeal
of the cross Channel duties, amounting to about 340,000/. per annum, subsequent to the
latter period.
"Already has government relinquished, it may be said, any interference with pro-
motion in the department of the customs, and the road is open to advancement to the
meritorious officer,
" Influence is no longer allowed to prevail ; and in many cases v»hich have recently
occurred, and in which the patronage of government might have been fairly exercised,
it has been at once abandoned, in order to give way to arrangements by which the services
of some very intelligent and highly respectable officers, whose offices had been abolished,
could be again rendered available, with a material saving to the public.
" By a recent ordei- from the Lords of the Treasury, of the 20th of February, 1830, the
salaries of the commissioners, and of other officers, have been prospectively reduced, and
directions given to revise the whole establishment in the spirit of that order, with a view
to every possible reduction."
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CUSTOMS,
These are very groat Improvements, certainly, and reflect much credit on the govern-
ment, and on the Board by whom its eflbrts iiave l)een zealously seconded ; but we are,
notwithstanding, satisfied that very great reductions may still l)e made in tlie cost of tlie
est.ablishment. Tiiese, however, are not to be ett'ected by reducing tlie salaries of the
officers, which, if any thing, are now too low ; but by lessening the demand for their
services, l)y reducing and simplifying the duties. The coast guard and coast blockade
(the latter is under the orders of the Admiralty), costing together about 400,000/. a year,
might be wholly dispensed with, were it not for the exorbitant duties on brandy, gin, and
tobacco — duties which seem to be intended only to encourage smuggling; and which it
is quite certain would be 3 times as productive as they arc at this moment, were they
reduced to one third of their present amount. The duties on a great variety of small
articles might also be entirely repealed, without any sensible loss of revenue, and with
great advantage to commerce : and were these alterations effected, and the proceedings
with i-espect to the entry and clearing out of shijjs and goods adequately simplilied, a very
great saoinp might be made in this department, and the services of a large number of
those now employed in it might be dispensed with.
In Scotland, separate Custom-houses seem to be multiplied to an absurd extent.
Within these few years, indeed, a very considerable change for the better was effected
in the Scotch Custom-house ; but it is still susceptible of, and ought to be subjected to,
great curtailment.
Tlie reader will find, in the accounts of most imported articles of any consequence
given in this work, statements of the customs duty paid on their importation. It may
be gratifying, however, to have them all brought together in one point of view, as in
the following Table : —
.»
vK \
All Account of the Gross Ueceipt and Net Produce of the Revenue of Customs in Great Britain
in the Year ending the .'ith of January, 1833; distinguishing the Amount collected on each Article
usually producing 1,000/. or more per Annum.
I ' i
List of Articles.
Gross Kcceipt.
Nett Produce.
England.
Scotland. Great Britain.
Kngtand.
Scotland,
Great Britain,
Duties IilwantS'
/,. s. J
L. 1. d. L. a. ,1.
L. J.
,1
t. », ((
L. s. ,1.
Acid, boracic - -
.^IS.T U
4,183
4,183
1
.
4,183
Alkanet root
1,7.1,1 18
57 18 8 1,791 Ifi 8
1,729 fi
(
57 18 8
1,787 4 8
AIinon(U - -
1(1,')7.T Ifi 7
497 1 111 11,470 18 fi
10,775 10
8
478 5
11,253 15 8
Aloes
'2,1x1 r, .'i
.
2,184 5 5
1,810 5
2
.
1,810 5 '2
AiiKcHca . - -
27.5 2 in
.
275 2 10
275 2
in
.
275 2 10
Annotto
fi71 1
.
671 1
671
1
.
671 1
Apple's, not tlried
'2,99b I'i 8
299 15 C
3,29fi 7 8
2,912 19
7
298 2
3,2U 1 7
Argol
(J7S is .')
8 I
fiSfi IS fi
670 3
6
8 1
678 3 7
Arrow root or powder
787 lU 9
fil 19 4
85'i 19 1
787 12
4
61 18 8
819 11
Ashes, pearl .ind pot
1,SS7 11 1
1C3 2 7
2,050 Ifi 11
1,877
11
163 2 7
2,010 3 fi
Ilacon and liatns
l,7(i'2 l.'i r>
198 3 G
l,9fiO 18 11
1,761 13
1
198 3 6
1,9,5!) 16 7
Halsams - -
'2,490 14 11
57 2 7
2,') 17 17 fi
2„183 6
4
57 2 7
'2,410 8 11
U.arilla and alkali
i.''>,ini; ifi 7
171 4 9
15,311 1 4
15,156 16
7
172 11 7
15,329 8 2
Hark tor tanners' or dyers' use
19,01)1
3,,140 13 10
2'2,3U 13 10
18,970 2
8
3,280 17 9
22,251 5
Baskets - -
1,013 9 'i
1 1 7
1,044 10 9
1,013 fi
2
1 1 7
1,014 7 9
B-.-ef, salted
,100 19 4
11 12 3
312 11 7
300 19
4
11 12 3
312 11 7
Beer, spruce
r,,>jr,6 6 3
892 9 10
6,818 16 I
5,950 17
890 6 11
6,841 3 11
Berries of all sorts
.1,037 11 11
25 6
3,062 12 4
.1,0.37 11
11
25 5
3,062 12 4
Books
8,843 4 7
86 5 4
8,9'29 9 11
8,8'24 1
10
85 8 5
8,'J09 10 3
Boots, shoes, and calashes
3,718 Ifi
3 6
3,751 16 6
3,713 4
.3 6
3,7 4fi 4 6
Borax - - -
87,'> (i 1
7 9
882 15 1:
875 6
1
7 9
882 15 1
Iloxes of all sorts
3,3 1'2 1 9
31) 7
3,378 8 9
3,321 4
9
36 7
.3,357 11 9
Brimstone - - -
fi,'2.'>fi fi r>
l,:,.v; 8 4
7,792 14 9
6,253 18
5
1,,5,10 11 10
7,781 10 3
Bristles
■Ar>,iHr> iG 1
4 '28 8 3
25,611 4 4
25,184 14
7
428 8 3
25,613 2 10
Bugles • ■ "
3 ,07.') '^
4
3,075 6
3,012 16
4
3,013
Butter
127,773 19 in
556 9 10
12S,3,10 9 8
127,739 16
7
,553 19 10
]2S,'293 16 5
Canes of .all sorts
3,.'-,90 8 U
40 16 4
3,631 4 6
3,5«9 17
7
40 16 4
3,610 13 11
Cantharides
1,869 18
12 9
1,8,82 7
1,8.58 19
4
12 9
1,871 8 4
Capers - -
1,131 4 4
19 1
1,,5,53 5 4:
1,534 4
4
19 1 n
l,.553 5 4
Cassia lignea - -
l,0fi3 1 10
141 1
1,807 2 10
1,663 1
10
144 1
1,807 2 in
Cheese
6'2,3fi7 '2 1!
6,808 13 7
69,175 16 6
62,'218 19
7
6,794 13 11
69,013 13 6
China ware, porcelain, and
1
earthenware
4„1fi9 IS a
12 1 3
4,381 19 8
4,200 17
7
12 1 3
4,212 18 10
Cinnamon
41fi Ifi 10
•
416 16 10
41fi 16 10
.
416 Ifi 10
Clocks
,'-.,9.18 7 11
151 13 9
6,093 1 8'
5,Sfi8 14
5
154 13 9
6,023 8 2
Cloves
7,fil.1 13 9
66 2
7,709 15 9
7,514 16
9
66 2
7,,5S0 18 9
<>ochineal, granilla, and dust -
4,'217 18 5
>
4,217 18 5
4,195 15
1
4,195 15 1
Cocoa, cocoa nut husks, shells,
1
and chocolate
ll,.inl 19 9
41 1 7
14,546 1 4
11,185 15 10!
40 8 1
I4,5'2fi 3 II
Coflce . ...
5I8,09'2 8 11
28,165 1 3
576,247 10 8
517,106 13
8
28,158 5
575,'264 IS 8
Coral beads - - -
'2,110 18 1 -
2,110 18 1
2,110 18
1
.
2,140 IS 1
Ccrdage and cables
'2'2 18 4 1 Ifi 3
•24 14 7
22 18
4
1 16 3
21 14 7
Cork, unmanufacturetl -
1'2,990 U 3 '2,S7f. 16 1,
15,8fi7 10 4
12,988 18
7
2,869 15 9
15,858 14 4
Corks, ready made
'261 19 9 9 o'
274 8
264 19
9 9
271 S
Com, grain, meal, and Hour
!
1
(including buckwheat)
279,951 7 4 '29,956 5 8 309,910 13 278,005 9
4
29,910 5 2
,107,915 14 fi
Cotton manufactures (not other-
1
1
wise described)
2,9,10 n 9 6 13 10
2,937 5 7
2,903 1
9
fi 13 in
2,909 15 7
Cream of tartar
1,371 12 2 291 10 3l
l,fififi 2 5
1,354 18
9
291 10 3
l,filfi 9
Cubebs . . -
1,20S IS fi 31 fi 0'
1 ,24 1 4 fi
1,'208 IS
fi
35 6
1,'ai 4 6
Currants
31'2,7J9 17 2 2,382 12 4
315,132 9 6
311,948 2
6
2,376 12 4
314,3'24 14 10
Dye and hard woods ; viz.
j
Boxwood ...
l,8fi8 15 7
-
1,868 15 7
1,868 15
'
Excess of re.
payments-)
18 9 2
1,867 17 4
Cedar, under 8 in. s'juare
2,5.11 10 9 18 9 2'
2,519 19 11
2,531 10
9
2,519 19 11
Fustic
913 7 2' 8 17 2 92'2 4 4
905 18
9!
8 12 3
914 1)
I.f)gwood -
2,307 15 5 117 S lo 2,1)5 4 3
2„102 19
0;
136
2,1,18 )9
Mahog.lny
i59,5l3 17 l! .5,923 11 fi .15,lfi7 S 7
39,501 7
r,l
5,903 19 fi
45,405 6 11
Nicaragua . - - -
815 12 8i - . 1 815 12 8,
806 12
,5,
80(i 12 5
Rosewood
8,027 11 lUl
351 4 6|
8,,178 16 4
8,0'27 11 101
' 318 M 6
8,376 6 4
I
•ll
CUSTOMS.
•101
■eat Uritain
L. a. ,1
4,1S3 (
1,7S7 4 »
1,'2M IS S
l.SII) .■•) a
'^-.l 'i U
fill 1
3,S!1I 1 7
fi7S 3 7
SlU U (
2,l>ll) 3 fi
l,!»l) 10 7
Alio 8 11
VT^:! 8 'i
S!,'i51 ,',
1,011 7 !)
312 11 7
1,811 3 11
7,Ofi2 12 4
u
3
10
n
3 II
(iross Ucceipt.
Ni'lt I'mdiw I'.
List of Articles.
Ureat llritain.
Kngland.
Scotland.
Kngland.
1 Scotland.
(ircat lirliain.
Dulles i/iK-ari/j— coMliiiUttl.
L. n. (1
L. t, (
/.. ». ,/
/.. ». (/
'! L. ,. u
/.. t. ''.
Kfe'iis
Kleliliants' teilh
Kriil>rui(lury and neiilleworli -
'n.M.'y 1 .i| -
21, ,',«■, 1
t 21,537 2 01
21.537 2
2,7(K . 3| 11 II
1 2,712 «
2.1179 IS (l| 10 4 10| 2;illiri 2 10
1
i,3l/l) U 1
1 13
1 5,302 5 1
.'.,1'J5 ly .
1 13 I
5,197 12 4
1
Kssence of twr^amut and
1
lemons. {Sir K^aentiat oils.)
1
Feathers for Uds
4,1'^1 13 2| .Mil It
1 -4,702 7 i
4,1 Ifi 15 1
572 7 f
4,0S9 2 7
1
ostrich
li.!ll .'i '
'i2G .', V
(12G 5 U
>
626 5 2
'
KiK«
2i!,3;i 1.', II
1 '^70 18
22,fil2 11 .'
22,131 S .'
270 18 5
2'2,1II2 « 10
Fish, ancliovies
S'i7 2 ^
2 3 ll| 821J .'. y
815 G 1
1 15 1
817 1 1
eels
nin 11) 1
)
910 10 0| 940 10 (
.
910 10
oysters
.'>,8l(i .', (
5,S4« 5 1
.5,846 5 1
.0,816 5 9
Flax, 'and tow, or rtKlilla ot
heinp and tlax
1,112 1 V
2,703 17
4,115 IS .'
1,405 \i f
'2,6011 16 11
4,075 9 3
Flowers, arlilii lai (not of sillij ■
lil'. 7 •
IS .
> lllli 1
fiI4 7 9
IS 3
615 6
Furs
3I,3,-,I l:i ',
8 3 HI 31,310 2 11
31,071 fi 3
8 3 11
34,1179 10
(;i^^er, dry
3,|.'«l \! i
63 7 .
1 .3,..14 1
3,428 13 7
63 7 5
3,192 1
(ilass; vi/.. tiotlles, ^leen or
eoniino.i - . .
!l,l.'.r, I'l 11
fi.33 12 31 9,79(1 12 1
9,115 11 2
031 2 7
9,776 13 11
of ail other sorts -
4,ii>,ii 11 ;
83 l(i (
4,7(14 8 1
4,671 1 3
83 16 3
4,757 17 6
tirains, Guinea
l,li.-.3 111 1
-
1,(1.33 10 I
1,6,33 10 (
.
1,633 10
'f rapes
1,.")M) H I
102 14 •
l,lis3 2 8
1,.'.59 8 1
102 U 7
1 ,662 2 8
(iuin, aniini and copal -
Araliic
1,,'iiis 1', ^
-
l,.',os 1,-, s
1,19(1 3 3
-
1 , lyil 3 3
2,li'i7 12 'i
114 4 1
2,771 1(1 11
2,(1.3(1 13 (
114 4 9
2,750 IS 3
Senegal
,',,7>>S ,-
.
5,788 3
5,6,33 11 .',
5,6.33 1 1 5
lac ilye
1,41- 4 h
.
1,447 4 8
1,417 1 8
.
1,447 4 S
slieltac
2,1)111 3 h
*
2, 11411 3 S
2,016 3 8
-
2,046 3 8
traj^at-antll
l,llli(i 1
.
1,0111! 11
118(1 14 9
.
986 14 9
Hair, horse
213 I.S (
3 12 1
247 10 7
243 IS (
3 12 1
■247 10 7
human
Hair or ptati' wool, manufir-
7111 I'l !
-
7U1 15 1
700 3 9
700 3 9
tnres of • - . -
2,IS2 l.'i ,'
31 13 (
2,514 8 5
2,174 111 5
31 13
2,.0O6 12 5
Hals of chip and straw .
lli,7ll7 3 ',
.
1(1,707 3 2
16,70" 3 2
.
16,707 3 2
Hemp - - .
2>i,t27 111 1
4,32.-, 2 7
32,7.'.3 1 11
•23 ,,-.81 4 7
3,181 7 10
26,562 12 ft
Hill','.., not tanned
21,!)SS 1) 7
1,118 1 7 1
23,1172 8 1
21,7111 6 8
1,963 15 9
23,7,08 2 5
tantWHl . - .
l.lfil 13 2
f, (
1,170 13 2
1,161 13 2
6
1,170 13 2|
Horns, horn lips, and pie<es -
1,7 1.'. 1 .',
51 12 3
1,789 13 8
1,705 12 11
53 3 2
1,758 16 1.
Horses
yi.'i II 1
.'.7 (1 1
1,0112 1
937 I)
57
991
.r.al.ap
2,.'i.1li 4 3
71 5 (,
2,1107 9 11
2,531 1 7
71 5 C
2,602 7 1
India nitihers
772 l(i 3
.
772 l(i 3
765 10
.
765 10
,ndif{o
.3II,.',|)7 13 11
no 11 r,
30,738 3 1
,-(l,,'>39 17 4
1.30 17 6
30,670 14 1(1
Iron, in liars
2II,.3.3S 17 1
1,011 12 (1
21,.3.'iO y t
20,233 9 2
1,0111 19
21,244 8 2
of all other sorts -
7117 III 1
33 3 (1
Till 13 4
704 2 1
.32 18 3
737 4
Isinglass
3,S3S 1) l)
12 y (J
3,850 10 3
3,836 5 2
12 9 fi
3,818 14 8
.fuice of lemons, '.lines, .uid
oranges
1,011 13 4
111 10
1,1,56 3 4
1,011 13 4
114 10
1,1,06 3 4
.Sninipcr hiTries. {Sir Berries.)
l.ace threail
3.VS 111 2
2 fi
.3fiO 19 8
.358 10 2
2 9 6
.360 19 8
I.ac»juered ware
I.IIIIS 2 II
8 17
1,0111 19 (1
1197 8 3
8 17
1,006 ,0 3
Lead, lilaclc
2,317 1 !i
5 fi (1
2,.352 7 9
2,292 8 5
4 14
2,297 2 5
Leather K'oves
27,'.i2ll I) ,'j
.
27,220 5
27,105 16 3
.
27,105 16 3
manufactures of, except
hools, shoes, and gloves
l.O.VI 11 S
13 U 2
I,Ofil 2 10
1,0.'>0 11 S
13 11 2
1,064 2 10
Lemons and oranf^es
'0(l,'M.'i 11 !i
2,31.-i 5 1
52,570 17 1
19,852 17 9
2,,305 15 4
.02,158 13 1
Linens, foreign
17,121) U 7
43 1') 10
17,473 11 5
17,190 2 1
43 19 10
17,'234 1 II
Liiiuorice juice
l'.l,!/21 7 1
1 ,888 7
21,812 14 4
19,ll'24 7 4
1,8,88 2 4
21,812 9 8
.Mace -
2,i;l3 S 11
.
2,1113 8 11
2.613 8 11
-
2,613 8 n
.Madder and madder root
lS,'.l7li S 2
2,754 5 ."
21,7.30 13 5
18,S.'ifi 8 2
2,7'23 15 6
21,5,S() 3 8
.Manna . . -
.')ll."i 11 li
_
505 G 11
480 8 7
4S() 8 7
Mats of Kussia
4,1 VI 2 1(1
700 17 y
4,820 7
,3,987 17 2
668 3 1
4,656 3
?
oilier sorts
81 '■ U 2
23 1 5
8.38 12 7
81 1 fi 9
23 1 5
837 8 2
^
Melassis - . .
128,2111 ,', S
12(;,43» 5 11
254,1155 11 7
128,089 JG 3
125,'j41 15 3
253,931 11 6
.Musical instruments
l,.'in8 14 1)
3 y (i
1,512 4 3
1,492 3 11
3 9 6
1,4'J5 13 5
.Mvrrh
(103 17 111
tlGS 17 10
495 4 11
4115 4 11
Nutmegs
ll,.'ill.', 8 3
.'.0 2 fi
14,5.'i5 10 9
14,,'i02 8 3
.50 2*6
14,552 10 9
Xuts, chesnuts
2,3.-i3 8 111
12 18
2,340 10
2,310 14 10
10 18
2,.32l 12 |0
small
12,lir;i 1'.) 7
57 1 fi
12,737 1 1
12,«10 5 7
52 17 6
12.663 3 1
walnuts
1,161 12 111
49 5 4
1,.'.03 18 2
1,437 9 4
48 IS 4
1,486 7 8
Oil, castor
2,422 11 III
127 7 e
2,519 !4 4
'A412 1 1
127 7 C
'2,5.39 8 7
chemical, essential, and
perfumed of all sorts
9,llfil 18 .',
SI fi 10
9,1.'.3 5 3
9,000 13 5
91 10
9,092 3
olive
42,.'iMI I 111
384 2 5
42,1)«4 4 3
42,505 1
383 14 1
4'2,8S8 15 1
palm
27,'VjU 2
5 (1
27,559 7
•27,041 7 3
3 4
27,511 10 7
train, spermaceti and blub-
htr
2,277 1,', 4
429 2 1
2,700 17 5
2,272 5 5
427 2 10
2,699 8 3
Okcr
.'.117 17 4
1 4 8
509 2
507 17 4
1 4 8
509 2
Opium
5,1)33 7 (i
52
5,985 7 fi
5,929 fi
52
5,981 6
Orchal and orchelia
28S 10 6
U 4 9
288 15 3
'283 2 11
U 4 9
283 7 8
I'aper
801 l,') 7
801 15 7
801 8 1
KOI 8 1
of the Isle of Man
l)(iU (1
.
9G9
9fi9
_
969
for hanKiuKs
8.01 10 10
.
851 10 10
851 10 10
.
851 10 111
Fepper of all sorts
O^lIM 11 4
8,227 S 8
100,223 3
91,841 7 2
8,227 8 8
100,071 15 10
Pictures
2,1111 2 1
53 1.', 7
2,0114 17 8
2,010 1 1 1
53 15 7
2,061 G S
I'imento
i,7«) 11 4
2'Jfi 14 7
6,li(lfi 5 11
5,767 9 8
2S7 10
6,054 10 fi
I'itch
.3liS 13 3
93 17 7
4(12 10 111
368 13 3
89 IS 7
458 1 1 10
Flatting of chip or str.aw
15,201) 7 9
15,2(iy 7 9
15,198 6 9
15,198 fi 11
Plums, dried
470 11) 1
1 12 5
472 11 fi
470 9 fi
111 3
472 9
Frints and drawings
I, .3111) l.'i (1
9 12 3
1,319 7 9
I, .302 1 11
9 12 3
1,311 II 2
Frunes - - .
.".,7.30 14 2
3111 7 8
6,092 1 10
5,7 IS Ifi
356 4 9
fi,075 9
Ouicksilver
Quills, jicose
K.idix ipecacuanhm
2,(178 2 .'.
12 7
2,678 15
2,674 5 11
12 7
2,674 IS 6
3,(ill!) I 1 7
.'•92 IG 7
4,'202 11 2
,3,6119 11 7
692 10 7
4, '202 1 1 2
1)811 2 11
.
9Sfi 2 11
977 6 11
_
977 6 11
Ka(,'s, &c. for paper
1,401 7
31S 1.', 1(1
1,719 Ifi 5
1,375 4 8
318 4 1
1,693 8 9
llaisins
141, .',.37 17 2
4,177 8
145,715 5 2
110,'.'85 2 10
4,057 17 9
144,343 7
Itapeseed and other oil cakes -
3, '^.32 17 1)
388 13 10
3,(121 n 7
3,221
38G 1 3
3,6117 1 3
Hhuharb
4,213 17 10
>
4,213 17 10
4,'207 2 10
4,207 2 10
Kice
G,.'.IIS 12 .'•
237 15 8
fi,7l6 8 1
6,417 2 11
237 13"
6,6.04 15 II
in the husk
28,187 7 11
28,187 7 11
20,0115 9 8
20,095 9 8
S.apo
1113 7 4
3 9 8
lllfi 17
913 7 4
3 9 8
916 17
Saltpetre
5,111 18 4
9 10 8
5,154 9
5,1 '23 10 5
9 10 8
5,1.33 1 1
Sarsaparilla
4,27.') 4 8
51 4 9
4,329 9 5
4.007 2 4
54 4 9
4,061 7 1
Scammony
1,477 IS 10
3 115
1,4S1 1? 3
1,384 19 6
3 14 5
l,.3S8 13 11
Seeds of all Borts (includinc
tares)
93,244 r, 2
9,R87 11 1
103,131 Ifi 3
92,7'23 4 fi
9,838 13 8
102.561 18 2
.Senna
(i,fi31 1 1
175 Ifi fl
fi,80fi 17 5
6,'0O3 15 3
175 IG fi
6,679 11 9
Ships' hulls and materials
72(1 7 7
203 1 11
1129 9 4
fi.37 10 fi
179 1 9
816 12 3
Shuniae
.'..."iCl (5 S
(iSG 15 5
fi,2l8 2 1
5,311 12 10
C22 3 6
5,9.33 16 4
Silk, raw
ll,'.i02 2 2
,
11,202 2 2
14,1.09 5 3
14,159 5 3
waste, knubs and husks -
2!l| 4 3
.
294 4 3
293 18 3
.
'293 18 3
thrown
sa.oi.'j 1 5
■
52,013 1 b
14,052 G 7
( Ktccis of
drawbacks.)
12,097 18 1
,( ;: ■"
I ''^
!
eM«;
-IJ
i
■ 1
k
I," ■
1 1 •
, , 1
';
.MU
I !••:
:i
\
462
CUSTOMS.
List of Articles.
Gross Receipt.
Nett Produce.
England.
Scotland. { (ireat Britain.
England.
Scotland.
Cireat llritaln.
Dutivt /rfrvf/n/LctintinitciK
/.. t. <l.
L. t. u:
L. ». rf.
L. 1. il.
L. : (/.
/.. .. ,/,
Silk iiKinuriti'turcs. lOu^t Iiulidii
\'.),-iW l/i 8
• •
M.liOfi 15 8
19,262 17 10
•
19,'262 17 III
not ilo>
M't,()7!) 11 4
9 4 5
149,IISS 15 9
148,667 5 10
9 4 6
148,676 10 ,1
Skins ( not liL'inL'fur^)
Smatts
lli.'^Sli l.'i 11
.'>,IP.,.1 .T (J
2,104 fi
512 4 6
18,.193 16 5
5,5,i5 8
16,017 17 7
5,051 7 111
2,015 15 11
612 4 6
18,093 13 (,
6,563 12 1
Soiin, hard antl soft, foreign •
S)H-|(i-r
1,'^77 11) fi
33 7 9
1,310 18 3
1,277 10 li
33 7 9
1,310 18 3
■i.'./S 17 fi
11^5 5
,5,703 17 11
5,573 17 6
1 25 5
6,698 17 11
bpirits, foreign, vjz, mm
lirandy
1,. WO, 102 1 11
.10,411 14 a l,.')70,513 Ifi 1
1,518,991 8 1
.50,408 2 '2
1,.'.09,4:,2 10 3
1,(J!)7,I11 Ifi .'i
fi8,799 4 1,71)6,213 16 9
1,697,0'J5 7 2
68,794 2 111
1,765,889 ID II
(ji'ncva
l.V'77 H 1
7,95B IB 9
■23,531 4 10
15,567 9 8
7,940 18 9
23,514 S 5
of .ill othur sorts
U,la) IG 1
734 '2 10
9,860 18 11
9,020 1 11
721 15 11
9,741 17 10
of tlie tnamitiicture of
Giiutnsi-y and Jur&ey
'^1,1171 18 1
^ ,
21,071 IS 1
21,051 7
.
21,0,54 7
Rjinnpe
^)tf>nes, vi/.. Iiurrs fur mtllstoncs
'2,117 11 7
.
2,147 11 7
2,097 4 1
•
2,097 4 1
1,.11.0 «
M 12 4
l,.34fi 13 1
1,.VI9 15 2
31 12 4
1,311 7 1;
inarblt* blocks ■
CSS 4 11
60 15 S
739 4
(ili5 7 5
50 6 1
715 13 1;
Siir>cfti1i>u _ a
siin s H
62 14 2
962 2 10
889 4 11
62 14 2
951 19 1
i,n",Hi'^ fi V
508,6fill 15 4
4,916,473 1 fi
3/i71,4l9 11 1
415,069 1 7
3,986,518 12 h
'ralldw
175,SIS 11 11
9,151 10 11
185,000 2 10
175,484 7 2
9,111 18 6
184 ,,596 5 7
Taiiiurinds >
Ii7'.) 11
114 8
793 8 11
676 12 8
112 V
78S 12 III
Tar
5,.').1U « 1
1,1.10 11 1
6,669 17 2
5,506 5 8
1,094 4
'j,600 9 8
.llalks and lifers, under 5
\ IlattL-n^ and liattcn ends -
1,'Aio r> 7
113 2
1,.343 7 7
1,2.30 5 7
113 2
1,343 7 7
81„1fifi U 11
28,3«2 7 4
109,728 17 3
80,140 15 5
a8,.347 8 UP
108,488 4 3
1 Deals and deal ends
47'J,S1'J li) H
9,(iS3 11
48!),503 10 H
475,595 16 fi
9,664 9
485,200 5 1,
1 KirewiKtd
4,.'il8 3 1
39 8 r<
4,.557 11 6
4,176 12 9
38 4 6
4,513 17 .1
Kir quarters
.— Ivnees of oak
.■5,lli9 !i
14 12 7
.3,113 12 9
3,369 9 8
14 12 7
3,384 2 ,1
l,:!.')(i 8 9
518 IS 1
1,875 fi 10
1,354 13 5
515 5 8
1,869 19 1
** Kathwoocl
'2.'i,'>10 '2 .1
2,381 13 4
27,891 15 7
'24 ,'263 11 6
2,346 6 11
26,609 IS ,5
'C ! ]\Iasts and spars
jd \ Oak plank
1,1,!I17 10 10
1,1U!I 11 II
15,117 10 10
13,868 6 2
1,177 16 5
15,010 1 7
3,fi:.8 Vi fi
3,591 7 9
7,253 3
3,656 10 6
3,619 16 9
7,200 7 2
7S0 IB 'i
101 19 7
882 15 9
771 5
101 19 7
873 4 T
c
Slaves
4.1,930 4 '/i
2,913 13 11
46,873 IS 1
43,886 17 10
2,9.38 16 11
46,825 13 9
r"
'llMk
Ufi'M 3 C
665 6 9
7,361 9 3
6,686 3 6
002 9 5
7,317 )2 11
Timber, fir,S inches square
or ujjwards
o;ik tin.
.1fi2,tl7 1 2
61,047 11 9
423,494 12 11
314,2.38 15
60,671 11 7
374,910 6 7
■M.'j'.m 111 7
8,174 11 3
38,174 1 10
'29,960 7 10
8,082 1 4
38,048 9 2
\ of other sorts, do.
.0,1)11 I'i ,',
1,.')87 3 6
7,.531 15 11
5,903 4 10
1,.561 6
7,401 5 4
W'alnscol logs, do.
'I'obaL'co and snutt'
7,1.53 4 10
353 7 1
7,K0fi 11 11
7,.391 17 9
.353 1 1
7,741 IS 111
'.i,llC,H2 y
291,392 5
2,437,834 5 9
2,137,242 10 1
291,289 17 6
2,428,532 7 7
Tortoiheshell ■
4.'i,S 10 7
8 6
458 19 1
457 13 1
8 fi
4,58 1 ;
'I'ovs . • -
r,,ir>6 19 fi
00 5 3
3,507 4 9
.3,418 16 4
60 S 3
3,469 1 7
'I'urpentine, common
V altniia
73,707 11 '4
73,707 11 2
73,558 14 3
-
73,558 1 1 3
fi,!)08 '2 10
.•^0 o"o
6,9.38 2 10
6,907 7 10
.30
6,9.37 7 111
Virdif^ris
V'erinicelli and maccaroni
U.UM 4
38 9
2, .506 13
2,457
38 9 (I
2,495 9 II
1,107 7 -i
79 4 6
1,4SB 11 S
1,401 13 10
76 15 6
1,478 9 4
Vhif^ar
•21G 13
1'23 9
340 2
215 10 C
121 16
337 6 (,
of the manufarturp of
(iuernsev antl .levsuy
IB C
14 4
Ifi 14 10
16 C
14 4
16 14 1(1
Water, Cologne, in ilasks
4,0.-2 11 -2
112 7
4,141 IS 2
4,031 5 2
109 19 t
4,141 4 U
W'.iXt bees', &c.
77S fi y
49 1 1
827 7 10
774 1 7
49 1 1
8'23 2 8
\VineA of all sorts • - \
1,331,.'.S4 IB :>
101,2.59 8 6
1,4.3.5,844 4 11
1,277,196 15 6
99,8'29 2 8
1,377,025 18 1
iri,fil3 4 7
142,613 4 7
142,613 4 7
•
142,613 4 7
W'ltiil. cnttiiii ■
.■191,1.34 17 1
.•57,834 13*10
6'^9,270 10 11
5.S8,I49 11 1
37,305 1 7
625,751 12 H
sheep's and lambs*
10'2,li7G 19 1
Oil
102,277 2
102,027 19 4
(Excess of
10'2,027 2 II
Woollen manufactures, not
repayments.)
otherwise described, inchul-
, in^ carpels
11,907 IS 9
1 1 9
11,909 6
11,879 1 10
1 1 9
11,880 3 7
499 12 .I
.3113 15 2
803 7 7
499 12 5
303 15 2
803 7 7
1 1 lllll, LUlkVIl
liiien>raw
534 8
lis 14 9
653 2 9
6.34 8
118 6 7
652 14 7
Yillow berries. (See Benics.)
/atlre
416 12 10
416 12 10
416 12 10
_
410 12 10
All other articles
7'otal duties, Inwards,!
carried forward -,f
Coiili and culm exported
90,833 i 4
'3,194 17 11
94,028 3
88,852 4 4
.3,178 5 9
92,030 10 1
lfi,419,79fi fi 2
1,467,803 6 6
17,887,599 12 8
15,363,788 2 9
1,364,002 16 10
I6,7'27,790 IS 7
51,042 8
5,573 14 10
56,616 2 10
48,923 6
6,407 14 11
64,330 15 4
llrltish sheep and lambs' wool.
woollen jam, &c. exported -
2,905 IB 3
38 17
2,911 13 3
2,827 4 9
38 17
2,800 1 9
Skins, do.
15 2 7
-
15 2 7
15 2 7
.
16 2 7
Per centaKe tluly o" British
(,'ooils exported
Total duties outwards,?
carried forward • \
Duties in wards,t)rought forward
59,B97 5 2
2,5,53 15 3
62,251 5
.53,513 6 6
2,523 5 9
56,036:12 .1
113,660 12
8,166 7 1
121,8'26 19 1
105,278 14 3
7,969 17 8
113,248 11 II
1C,419,79C 6 S
1,407,803 6
17,8S7,.599 12 8
15,36.3,78s 2 9
1,364,002 16 10 16,727,790 18 7
outwards, do.
113,660 12
8,166 7 1
121,8'2fi 19 1
105,278 14 3
7,909 17 8 11.3,248 11 II
16,53.1,156 18 2
1,47.5,969 13 7;i8,0O'J,4'26 11 9
15,409,066 17 2
1,371,972 13 616,840,433 11) HI
Canal and dock duty. Isle of
.Man duties, rent of quays,
Koods sold for duty, &c.
Total, fireat Britain
156,294 15 2
1,944 1 9
158,238 16 11
117,948 6 2
1,648 17 (
120,198 3 «
16,689,751 13 4
1,477,913 15 4
18,167,665 8 8
15,.587,1)15 3 4
1,373,616 11 0!l6,960,n31 14 4;
Irelaiid
-
-
1,516,'JS8 16 2
-
-
l,507,'249ll.ll
Total, United KinRdom
-
-
19,fiH4,654 4 10
-
-
18,467,881 G 3
Inspector Gcncr.tVs Office, Custom House,
London, 25th of March, 1833.
WILLIAM IRVING,
Inspector General of Imports and Exports.
The charges of collection on the customs revenue of the United Kingdom during the
same year were —
Civil department
Harbour vessels
Cruisers
Preventive water guard
Land guard
Ureat Britain.
£ s. d.
• 734,793 10 llf
5,187 17 1
- 13.';,914 3 2?
- £29,7K!t 12 lI
- 18,3.52 8
.i" 1,1 24,037 4 1
Ireland.
S s.
130.044 18
233 12
9,860 6
112,189 1
d.
7
9
6
H
.£252,327 19
1*
^
CUTLERY. — CYPRESS.
463
Ortat Jlritain.
/.. .. ,/.
I'J.Wi 17 Id
S HH,676 10 .1
1 IH,(t!I.T 13 (,
i S/ldS I'i 1
1 1,310 18 ,1
fi.OIIS 17 11
/ l,!>C<J,V.'i 10 .1
l,7fi5,>*S9 10
') W/jU 8 ,',
1 U,?!! 17 10
2I,0M n 7
!i,097 4 1
4 1.311 7 i;
1 715 13 (1
!i 951 19 1
7 3,9Sr.,518 l•^ H
'i 184,596 5 7
i 788 1'^ 10
(1 '/,600 9 sl
n 1,343 7 7
1 108,488 4 3
485,2fi0 ', r,
4,.'>13 17 3
7 3,384 -i 3
i ),8fi0 I'l 1
1 2fi,fi09 18 ."i
5 15,01(i 1 7
1 7,WI'i 7 '^
7 873 4 7
1 46,H'^5 13 <i
5 7,317)'^ 11
7 374,910 fi 7
4 38,048 9 V
C 7,4fil 5 1
1 7,741 18 10
6 2,4!i8,53a 7 7
5 45S 1 7
3 3,409 1 7
73,658 11 3
6,937 7 10
1 !i,495 9
6 1,478 9 4
337 C C
4 Ifi 14 1(1
4,141 4 u
1 8V3 !( 8
8 l,377,OM 18 1
142,613 4 7
7 625,754 12 H
102,027 2 11
> 11,880 3 7
! 803 7 7
r 652 14 7
416 12 in
> 02,030 10 1
116,727,790 18 7
64,330 15 4
» 2,8fifi 1 9'
15 2 7
» 66,036: 12 3
1 113,248 11 11
116,727,790 18 7
1 113,218 11 IJ
i 16,840,433 1(1 K
i 120,198 3 8
116,960,631 14 4
1,507,249 n;il
18,467,881 6 3
id Exports,
iring the
d.
7
i>
6
3i
»i
Inspector General of fmports ami Ei-port.i, Afiserahh Attempt at Economy in titia
Department. — Tile ollice of inspector fjenernl of imports and exports was establislied ill
KJOfi. Tlie accounts of the trade and iiavi{;ation of the country, annually laid before
parliament, arc furiiislied by this office; and, owing to the ability of the officers, the
iiniiroved manner in which these accounts are now made out, and the practice of giviiif.^
statements of the (jiiantities of the jirincipal articles exported and imported, and the
declared or real value of the former, they liave l)ecome of great public importance. It
is singular, however, that after having existed for about l;J,5 years, and being gradually
brought to a high i)itcli of perfection, this oth'-e was, in 18;50, rendered nearly useless
by a pitiful attenijit to save the satari/ of a couple of clerks ! Previously to that year, the
accounts of the trade and revenue of the two great divisions of the empire were exhibited
separately and jointly ; so that if any one, for example, wished to know the quantity of
sugar entered for home consumption in 18'29, in Great Britain and in Ireland, he would
have found the results separately stated ; and in the same way for the produce of any article
or tax. Nothing, it is plain, could be more desirable than an arrangement of this sort;
which, indeed, considering the entirely different situation of the two great divisions of the
empire, is the only one capable of affording the me.ins of drawing any useful conclusions.
IJut in 18;5(), ministers, in order to accomplish the miserable object already alluded
to, had all the accounts consolidated into one mass (rudis et indujesta moles) ; so that it
became impossible to tell wli;it was the consumption of any article, or the produce of
any tax, either in Great Britain or in Ireland, — the only information communicated being
the general result as to the United Kingdom! Nothing more absurd was ever imagined.
On the principle that Ireland is taken into the same average with Great Britain, wc
might take in Canada ; for there is decidedly less difference between the condition
and habits of the people of Canada and those of Britain, than there is between those
of the British and Irish. But this measure was not olijectionable merely from its con-
founding such dissimilar elements, and laying a basis for the most absurd and unfounded
inferences : it rendered all the previous accounts in a great measure useless ; and woidd,
had it been persevered in, have effectually deprived statesmen and statisticians of some
of the very best means of instituting a comparison between the past and future state
of both divisions of the empire. Happily, however, this abortive attempt at economy
has been relinquished. The moment Mr. Poulett Thomson attained to office, he took
measures for the restoration of that system which had been so unwisely abandoned ;
and every one in any degree conversant with matters of finance, commerce, or statistics,
will agree with us in thinking that the Right Hon. Gentleman could have rendered few
more acceptable services. The imblic accounts for 18:30, the only ones made out on the
new system, were a disgrace to tlic country. We are glad, however, to have to add that
they have been withdrawn, and replaced by fithers.
CUTLERY, a term used to designate all manner of sharp and cutting instruments
made of iron or steel, as knives, forks, scissors, razors, shears, scythes, &c. Sheffield is
the principal seat of the cutlery manufacture ; but the knives and other articles made
in London are said to be of superior quality.
The act .'J!) Geo. 3. c. 7. gives the manufacturers of cutlery made of wrought steel, the privilege of marl^•
ing or stamping them with the figure of a hammer; and prohibits the manufacturers of any articles of
cutlery, edye tools, or hardware, cast or formed in a mould, or manufactured otherwise than by means of
a hammer, from marking or impressing upon them the figure of a hammer, or any symbol or device re-
sembling it, on pain of forfeiting all such articles, and 51. for every dozen. A penalty of 10/. per dozen,
exclusive of forfeiture, is also imposed upon every person having articles of cutlery in his possession for
the purpose of sale, marked with the words London, or London made, unless the articles so marked have
been really manufactured within tlic city of London, or a distance of 20 miles from it.
CYPRESS, a forest tree of which there are many varieties, the species denominated
the evergreen cypress ( Cupressus sempervirens) and the white cedar ( Cupressus Thi/oides)
being the most celebrated.
The cypress is indigenous to the southern parts of Europe, to several parts of Asia,
and to America. It grows to a great size, and is a most valuable species of timber. It
is never attacked by worms ; and exceeds all other trees, even the cedar, in durability.
Hence the Athenians, when desirous to preserve the remains of their heroes and other
great men, had them enclosed in cypress coffins ; and hence, also, the external covering
of the Egyptian mummies is made of the same enduring material. The cypress is said
to live to a great age ; iind this circumstance, combined with its thick dark green foliage,
has made it be regarded as the emblem of death and the grave.
In his Geography and History of the Western States of America, Mr. Timothy Flint
has given the following account of the cypress trees found in the southern parts of the
valley of the JVIississippi : — " These noble trees rear their straight columns from a large
cone-shaped buttress, whose circumference at the ground is, perhaps, 3 times that of
the regular shaft of the tree. This cone rises from 6 to 10 feet, with a regular and sharp
taper, and from the apex of the cone towers the perpendicular column, with little tape"
after it has left the cone, from GO to 80 feet clear shaft. Very near the top it begins to
,"! a-
't.
r*
.^■:
'S
' ,
4\:
':i t
< 8
t.;'
4G1-
DAMAGED GOODS. — DANTZIC.
tlirow out tniiltitiidc's of liori/.ontal hrancliL's, wliicli iiiterlaci' with iIiosl' oF tliu adjolnlii"
trt'C's, and, when hare of leaves, have an air of desolation anil deatli, more easily felt
than (lescrihed. In the season of vegetation the leaves are short, line, and of a verdure
so deej) as almost to seem hrown, ^iviuf^ an indeserihahle air of funereal solenniity to this
singular tree. A eypress forest, when viewed from the adjacent hills, with its numherless
interlaced arms covere(| with this dark hrown folia<fe, has the aspect of a scafl(>ldin^ of
verdure in the air. It f^rows, too, in deep and sickly swamps, the haunts of fever, mos-
quitoes, moccassin snakes, alli;;ators, and all loathsome and ferocious animals, that
congref^ate far from the ahodes of man, and seem to make common cause with nature
against him. The cypress loves the deepest, most gloomy, inaccessihle swamps ; and,
south of ;!;5^ is generally found covered with sable festoons of long moss, lianging,
like shrouds of mourning wreaths, almost to the ground. It seems to llourish hest
when water covers its roots for half the year. Unpromising as are the id.ices and cir-
cumstances of its growth, no tree of the country where it is found is so extensively
useful. It is free from knots, is easily wrought, and makes excellent planks, s lingles,
and timber of all sorts. It is very durable, and incomparably the most valuable true in
the southern country of this valley." — (\'ol. i. p. G2.)
D.
11 ' '
if
Ir
If
r I
I 'I
5i
DAMAGED GOODS, in the language of the customs, arc goods, subject to duties,
that have received some injury either in the voyage home or in the bonded warehouses.
It is enacted by the ,3 & + Will. 4. c. 52., that if any goods rated to pay duty acrordiiig to the number,
measure, or weight thereof (except those after mentioned), shall receive damage during the voyage, an
abatement of such duties shall be allowed proportionally to the damage so received ; provided proof be
m.-ide to the satisfaction of the commissioners of customs, or of otticers acting under their direction, that
such damage was received after the goods were shipped abroad in the ship importing the same, and
before they were landed in the United Kingdom ; and provided claim to such abatement of duties be made
at the time of the tirst examination of such goods. — 5 30.
It is further enacted, that the officers of customs shall examine such goods, and may state the damage
which, in their opinion, they have so receivetl, and may make a proportionate abatement of duties ; but
if the officers of customs be incompetent to estimate such damage, or if the importer be not satisticd with
the abatement made by them, the collector and comptroller shall choose 2 indifferent merchants ex-
perienced in the nature and value of such goods, who shall exiimine the same, and shall make anil sub-
rcribe a declaration, stating in what proportion, according to their judgment, the goods are lessened in
value by such d.image, and the officers of customs may make an abatement of the duties according to
the jiroportion of damage declared by such merchants. — ^ 31.
Provided always, that no abatement of duties shall be made on account of any damage received by any
of the sorts of goods ''^rciii enumerated; viz. cocoa, coflbe, oranges, pepper, currants, raisins, figs,
tobacco, lemons, and wine. — ^32.
DAMAR, a kind of indurated pitch or turpentine exuding .spontaneously from
various trees indigenous to most of the Indian islands. DiH'erent trees produce dif-
ferent species of resin, which are designated according to their coloiu- and consistence.
" One is called Danuir-hatu in Malay, or Dnmar-selo in Javanese, which means hard or
stony rosin ; and another in common use Damar-piiteh, or white rosin, which is softer.
The trees which produce the damar yield it in amazing quantity, and generally without
the necessity of making incisions. It exudes through the bark ; and is either found
adhering to the trunk or branches in large lumps, or in masses on the ground under
the trees. As these often grow near the sea-side, or on the banks of rivers, the damar
is frequently floated away, and collected in distant places as drift. It is exported in
large quantities to Bengal and China ; and is used for all the purposes to which wi apply
pitch, but principally in paying the bottoms of ships. 15y a i)revious arrangement,
almost any quantity may be procured at Borneo, at the low rate of ^ dollar per
picul." — (Crawfurd, East. Archip. vol. i. p. 455., vol. iii. p. 420.)
DAMASK (Ger. Dumasten Tafdzeug ; Y)\i. Dumaskwvrk ; Fr. Venise, Damas ; It.
Tela damaschina ; Sp. Tela adamascada ; Rus. Xa»j<sc/ja</ma so/^i'A/), a species of table
linen. — (See Linen.)
DANTZIC, one of the principal emporiums of the north of Europe, in West
Prus.sia, in lat. 54*^ 20' 48" N., Ion. 18" 38' E. Population about 56,000. It is
situated on the left or western bank of the Vistula, about 4 miles from where it falls
into the sea. The harbour is at the mouth of the river, and is defended on each side
by pretty strong forts. The town is traversed by the small river Motlau, which has been
rendered navigable for vessels drawing 8 or 9 feet water.
Roads, Fori, ^c. — The road or bay of Dantzic is covered on the west side by a long, n.nrrow, low,
sandy tongue of land, extending from Keserhoft Point (on which is a light-house), in lat. 54'^ .OOi', Ion.
lSt°23 \!>", upwards of 20 miles, in an E. by S. direction, having the smalltown of Hecla, orHeel, near its
termination. A light-house, elevated 123 feet (Eng.) above the level of the se.i. has been erected within
about i mile of the extremity of this point. The flashes of the light, which is a revolving one, succeed
each other every \ minute. Dantzic lies about S. 4 W. from the Heel ; its pert, denominated the Fairwatcr.
DANTZIC.
icr>
West
It is
it falls
ach side
kas been
fow, low,
h, near its
led within
, surccc'd
lairwatcr.
$
bi'lnR lUstant nt)oitt 1 leagues. TIiitp U k<i<)i1 aiiclioraRc in tlic romls for «lii|wi of nny bunion ; liut flicy
are expioeil, cX('i'j)l nnuiciliatrly under the llecl, to the north and north. easterly wiuits. I here are har.
bour hKhts at the entrance to tiie port. All ships entering the Vistula must heave toal)oiit a niileod'the
iiort, and take a pilot on hoard ; and pilots must always he employed in mm Ior ships in the harhour, pr
In Koin« up and down the river. 'I'he usual dipth of water at the mouth of the river is from \'i to 1,J
feet ^KiiK.) ; in the harhour, from M to 14 feet i at the rontlueiiee of the Motlau with the \istula, from
y to !)J leet ; and in town from S to !l feet. Mole* have been erected on hotli .sides the entrance to the
liarl)our ; that on the eastern side, which is most exposed, is constructed of granite, but is not yet coru-
pleted ; the other is partly of stone and partly of timber.
Tniile of DitiUzic, — Next to I'ctersburgli, Daiit/ic is the most important commercial
city ill llie iiorlli of Euioiic. It owes its distinction in tliis lesjH-ct to its situation ;
tlie Vistula, with its important tri!)utaries the Hug, Narew, &e., giving it the euni-
niand of a great internal navigation, and rendering it tlie intnput where the surplus
liroducts of West Prussia, I'oland as far as Hungary, and part of Lithu.'iiM.i, are ex-
changed for tliose importod from the foreigner. Tlie ex|H)rts of wheat f< mi D.-mtxic
are greater than from any other port in the world, 'i'here are four sorts of wlieat dis-
tinguished liere; vii;. u-liiti; liitjli-mircd, mixvd, and red, according .as the white or red
predominates. The quality of the Danizic wlieat is for the inost part excellent ; for,
though small in the berry, and not so heavy as many other sorts, it is remarkably thin
skinned, and yields the finest flour. The white I'olisli wheat exported here is the
best in tlie 13aitic. Ilye is also very superior, being both clean and heavy ; and the ex-
ports are very large. The exports of barley and oats are comparatively inconsiderabk'i
and the qualities hut indifferent. Very (ine white jieas are exiiorted. Next to grain,
timber is the most important article of export from Uantzic. The principal sujiply of
fir timber, masts, c'vc. is brought by the Uiver Narew, which, with its branches, rise
in Old Prussia and lathuania, and falls into the Bug near the confluence of the latter
with the Vistula. Oak plank, staves, &c. are brought down from the higher porta
of the Vistula, and the tributary streams of Dun.ajetz, "VVieprez, &c. Weed ashes, pearl-
ashes, bones, zinc, wool, sjiruce beer, feathers, &c. are also exported.
Monri/. — Accounts usml formerly to bo wholly I opt in guldens, guilders, or florins of 30 groschon. The
rixdollar := 3 florins = !i<) groschon — 270 schilliligi = l,(iJO pfennings. The florin or guilder = Urf. ster.
luig, and the rixdollar = iis. 3d.
A new system was, however, introduced into all \ arts of the Prussian dominions, oonformahlv to the
decreo.s of theJOth of Septeml)er, liS21,and of the 2iido'' Juno, lh2J; but it has not hitherto entirely supcr-
swled the method of accounting previously in use.
The Cologne mark (containing j.WJ lOng. grains) is the weight at present used in the Trussian mint
in weighing the precious metals. The fineness of the coins is not determined, as previously, by carat.s or
loths, but the mark is divided for this purjiose into ihS grains. Accounts are now kept in the public otliccs
in thalers or dollars (K.), silver groschcii, and pfennings : 1 dol. zz 3(1 sil. gr. ; 1 sil. gr. = 12 pf.
'I'hc only silver monies now coined are dollars and tti dollar pieces j but smaller coins are in circulation,
of former coinages.
The Prussian silver coins havel of alloy : and as the mark is coined into 14 dollars, each should contain
S57'(>ii Kng. grains pure silver, and be worth about 2^-. [l^d. sterling^ but the assays do not alwayii strictly
coincide with the mint valuation.
The gold coins are Frederick d'ors, double, single, and half pieces. The mark of 288 grains, having
2tiU grains of flne gold, is coined into 35 Fred, d'ors. The Fred, d'or is worth from 5 dol. 18 klL gr, to
5 dol. 22 sil. gr., according to the demand.
IVeights and Measures. — The commercial weights arc,
32 Loths = 1 Ounce.
16 Ounces = 1 Pound.
If)^ Pounds = 1 Lispound.
20 Pounds =
33 Pounds =
1 Small stono.
1 Large stone.
5 Quarts =
1 Anker.
2 Hhds.
—
4 Ankers =
1 Ahm.
2 Hoth
—
I| Ahm =
1 Hhd.
2 Fuder
IZ
110 lbs. = 1 centner; 3 centners = 1 shippound (330 lbs); 100 lbs. of Dantzic = 1033 lbs. avoirdupois =
4ti-85 kilog. = !H7 lbs. of Amsterdam = 966 lbs. of Hamburgh.
The liquid measures are, for beer,
1 Roth.
1 Fuder.
1 Last = 620'4 Eng. wine gallons.
In wine inoflsurc, which is less than beer measure, the ahm = 39| Eng. gallons. The pipe = 2 ahms.
The last of corn =: 3{ malters = 60 scheffels = 240 viertels = 060 mctjon ; and weighs 4,680 lbs. Dantzio
weight in rye. The schertel = 347 of a hectolitre = 1 •.').")2 Winchester bushel. Hence the last of 60
Dantzic
: hence 100
!. ditto.
ctjual to 15 geographical nnles."'"' ~ ■" '""""■ "* »••"=""■ ""'es are
, 9"'! •''i',"''^ ''6'',''' ^"d P'I"> staves, are sold by the shock of 60 pieces ; wheat, rye, &c. ore sold by the
last of SCi .cheHiels. — (AV//.j/'4- Cambist ; Xclkcnbreckcr, Manuel L'niversel.)
Imports. — We regret our inability to lay before the reader any account of the quan-
tities of the different articles usually imported into Dantzie. They consist of sugar,
coffee, wine, oil, brandy, spices, copper, lead, furs, cotton stuffs and cotton yarn, woollens,
hardware, silks, indigo, dye woods, &c.
We subjoin an
•J 11
.,« %
!♦! 1
m
\U:
w
MP
,ii!l;
\
4GG
UANTZIC.
I J
Account of the prlncliwl Article* cx|)orteil ttom Dantzic iliirlng cacli of the Three Yean eniling with
I 1831, with their Prlcei and Vnlue« In .Sterling Monry.
ArttclM.
ISSli
,
18J0.
IHJI.
liij.
.ln'raaf
I'ririi III
^IfrliMW
\'»lue.
Uunii-
»ll>.
.\ vi-riiKt
I'riiv,!.
StiTlinn
VkIiii).
111,.
.W(.rnKi.
I'n.c., h.
M.rliiiK
V'ullli'.
Aluiir>.
t.. I. J.
/,.
«.
./.
.Mull
Aliinrjr.
t77.1.
Wlii'nl, liii|>. '|r. miot
I.. 1.
J.
L.
<. li.
MViJUr,
■i 7 1
7V'M7S
.'.
lll,1!IN,.tNS
t 'i
•i
MIIIA'.'" 7
4
1.1.1, MINI
7 10 7
.1,11,1111
II
7H,V7.'>
II 17 1
(i7,H.1K
I>
H
it'i,iiri
1 II
1
hli,l17 H
(.
17, .11(1
1 H (.
I7,H,'.,1
.1 (1
llarli'y, ilMlo
OiiIk, illltii
(i.iir.'i
11 1.1 H
4 ,,'ili 1
.'.
II
7,1iis
I1 1,'.
ti
.'.,.'.711 II
II
11, (.Ml
1 1 1
17,1111
II (1
'.I.1'.I7
II 111 11
.'i.llVII
II
7
'J 1,1117
II 11
7
1I,'IM7 111
II
7.77(1 (111 N
1 ,7.111
(1 (1
V,sW
II IH K
V.li.'.'^
111
S
iiMHii
1 II
s
17,17'.( 17
1
l.l.H.'.ll 1 7 7
71,, I.V.I
11 1(1
Klniir.liiirri'Niil'I'Mlllin.
v.oKl
1 .1
7,1 IH
s
II
ll.HIII
1 1
(i
I7,(W.'> 1,',
17
1 7 11
11
l
Ili-x'Ullk, Iniuiol 1 I wt.
rir iliiiU-r, Miuuml,
.^,'^^1
II 111 II
l.lil'^
u
II
l(l,.1.'i!)i
II III
11
.1,171) 1.1
fi,!l.1i
II U
.1,S17
17 II
Cl.T'JI
1 U II
fi 1,7111
1)
"
•17,'MH
1 II
11
17,1 IS
II
.17,I!I7
1 (1
.17,1117
II 11
Kir ilfitU, loD^i ftliorl,
'/."I.V.'iH
II i
.'iH.II'.l
I'i
7;ii,.iii'i
(I 1
II
.11,11111 III
II
17'.i,lll(l
II 1 II
1,1,N.11
A 11
i\t.l-<U llMtl MtillS, (UllO
l.illll
1 l.'i II
l,7.'.l
l.'l
II
7,711-
1 111
II
i,iii;ii III
II
11. I
7 II 11
iVM
II II
(i.tb |il.iiik, tdtiu
IV.Iid^l
II >J II
.1,7111
1
II
1II,7!I.S
II N
111
4,.1IH .1
N
l(i,7i"l
II III II
.1,.1,-.1
II II
liiiilii'r, tliltti
V.lllV
1 .1 II
V,1IH
(■
II
1,1.7.-.
1 .1
II
l,:i7(i S
i,iu;
1 3 (1
i,.i;ii
11 II
Ktavrs,!ilHH k uf (iO
17,1(11
1 1.'. (;
.in,!i'is
ii
II
II.IIIS
•i II
II
77,0.1(1
II
(i,71(l
7 11 (!
1(1,1177
.1 1]
<'la|il.ii.itil'.,illllu
'I'rt-t-iMils, lUKti
117
,'. II II
,'iS.'.
II
II
vx
.•>
llll II
II
!*''.
,1 (1 II
7(!(l
II
.'i,tiiiU
II 1 a
\i\
r^
.1
7,H.-..'.
II 1
II
711 7
(i
!,1,17ll
(1 1 (1
1(1(1
III II
LiiiIiwikhI, C.iihiitm •
'.t3,1
■i II
l,HIIIJ
l»
l,ll)V.J
7 II
II
7,711.1 II
u
'.i.ii;
7 (1 II
1,1*77
U 11
U'i'i'«l aslii'^i ti.irri-l of
illiOtIt ^ i-wt> •
H.MO
I 1.1
11,711
111
II
r.,,'.H7
1 11
II
tll.Kr.S II
II
.1,(I7H
1 12 II
S,.17S
11 II
IViirlaahvHi cwt.
1.1,'>70
1 V 11
ll,M'i7
II
II
7,1N,'|
1 'i
II
7,711 111
II
.11 111
1 .1 (1
171
7 11
ItOllfH, (tillo
.'i.'ili.li 'i .'. It
1^'M7
17
1,
•1,V17
■i M
II
111,17-1 1
o
7,K(17
7 III II
',i,i.(i7
111 I.
/iiu'i<litla
'^S.'illl 1 I) IV K
iN.II.'.li
i,
ft
7:i,7(,7
II 17
K
1S,S,17 H
s
7,111(1
II 17 1
l.sii;
11 11
Wool, illtio
1,'JS'^J 7 1.1 II
ll.Hl.l
1
II
1,K1,-.
7 !'•
7
11,7.111 III
id
1.11
S N II
I.Sl.T
17 II
FfiilhiTi, jHrniKlH
.-fl),(ll(l II 1 'i
'^,1IKI
11
H
w.n-ir,
II 1
7
1,111 »
7
1.1,.13(l
II 1 7
7H'J
b II
SaltMl i>rrivis)oi)H, hnr-
nil uf '^(Mf iHiuniU -
1 'i7
-I 1 (1
St,'.
H
II
.171;
7 4
Hi 1
(1
1,1
7 1 II
(111
I) II
'J'otiil value
2.'i,IW)
<i (i
H.V71
111
II
10,11.111
li
(i
U,7l.7 1.1
tJ
7(1,I'J1
U (i (1
8, .11 7
1 (1
l,(I.Vi,.'ill
V
III
I,1S.1,0H.1 17
II
.17(1,11,17
III 1
Account, showing the Countries for which the principal Articles exported from Dantzic during tlie
Three Years ending with 1831 were shipped, and the Quantities shipped fur each.
ImH' 'r
-.9 '!
lIU
* i
Art idea.
1829.
1830.
1831.
Ilritniii
anil her
TlKSM'S-
hiUIIH.
8
1
(Ithcr
tluuii-
tries.
Hrllain
aoil her
TosneH-
liloilH.
i
a
Other
(""oun-
Irien.
Ilritaiii
anil her
I'OhheS*
bion.s.
i
i
1
(Ithel
Coun-
tries.
Wliral, Iinp.'ir. nt 10^
711,(1.1.1
71,1(19
fil„1ll»
3,070
378,987
1
71,473 4.1,il7ll
4,1(13
12.1,3.10
7,*I08
.1(17
Hyt , (lill.i
H.irl..y, ilitto
K,!1.SII
II, 1,11
.1(l,Sll(i
7S,'.I7 1
8,1.'.1
.17 28,7.11
17,81(1
2,1111
.
i.-stit
.1,1.1(1
.1,(I-IS
717
7,1 IN
(177
4,178
•
788
7,1.17
1 1 ,180
3(1(1
H,i|71
77 »
.
7II,',I'I7
.
-
4(1.1
2,720
.
.
.
7,1 1 1
717
(181
11,317
.
1,7(18
8.111
11,780
,
0(JO
Jill
Klour, barrels of infillw.
7,(11(1
.
-
-
8,11711
-
2,77(1
KlS
10
.
.
7
Itisciiits, lia^s of 1 rwt.
1,7^1
.
-
-
111,787*
-
•
.77
f.,7.12
.
2IKI
Kir liiiiliir, squari'il,
|.l»*fi.s
.11,737
21,013
7,H,17
l,fi<J7
2C,r.39
10,379
8,fi22
I, "JOS
33,(112
2,1.12
1.11,1
,188
Kir clraN, loii)!, sliort,
anil i'lits, ilitto
U.S.fiOil
!)7,0!10
(10,721
38,83,1
8.i,r.n4
SS,'.)M
18,7.18' ir„'J!14
111,317
11,00.1
18,7117
.18 ,.12 7
111
7.1(1
4(1
1(1(1
137
'li.^W
171
81
.lll'.l
(Id
18
(11,
dak plaiilc, ditto
8,1 7S
2,773
.
7,7(18
4,7111
'■^,517
-
3,731
8,771
2(13
l,7l'l 1
tiinl't'r, ilitto
1,170
M77
- -
-
U7
i.'i'il
• -
3il
311
2.18
. -
1118
staves, Kliosk of CO
7,S75
7,78C4
8C1
-41
4,388
^..Ififi
807
2,1.17
.i,4r,2
30G
34
.118
ri.ipl.oarilrt, ilitto
TreenailH, ilitlo •
I(17A
5,7S,l5
.
.1
77
-
2
1
4 1
8
.
•
-
3711
7,7S8
.
-
.1(17
4,712
.
708
l.athiviKKl, fallioms -
'J71I
.
-
4
l,0<Jlli
-
r.
-
U3(l
-
■
•
W'eeil-.asli.'S, barrel ot
about .1 cwt. -
7,07.1
.
f!,2l.1
12
2,720
-
3,867
-
2, .181
1,'.I87
Sill
.
111,43(1
3,131
711
-
7,711
2l7i
-
.
3(l!l
.
llunes, ilitto
.1,.1(131
.
*-
4,373
-
-
3,8(17
-
.
7I,(17<I
.
«
3,881
7.1,II8!I
.
-
4,078
1,111(1
.
1,000
>Vool, ditto
l,7IiJi
,
37
7ri
1,7IW
-
fill.
•
4.14
.
.
Feathers, iiouniU
30,»1U
.
,'j,llXI
100
21,0'J3
-
1,107
330
13,.130
.
.
-
Salteil (irovisiona, bar-
rel of 7(iil lbs.
1.17
-
-
-
-
4
.
.
.
Spruee lu*r, kegs
2-»,aA0
8o!
4.10
211,170 - - 1
■ -
71'J
2.1,81(1
• •
- -
31,1
k
i
Remarks on TViryf — The following Table afforils a pretty .sufficient specimen of the sort of tarifT which
tiic Prussian government are so anxious to extend all over tiermany ; and in t'lirtherance of which object
they have displayed equal address and perseverance. Some of the duties are abundantly moderate; but
those on cotton goods, wrought iron, and woollen goods, are quite exorbitant. It is obvious too, that
from their being imposed .iccording to the weight, they fall principally on the coarser fabrics, or those
worn by the mass of the people. The high d -.ties on wrought iron are particularly objectionable. 1(
i'russia wish to become a manufacturing country, she ought to open her ports for the reeepti<iii of all
articles made of iron, from wherever they may be had cheapest, 'i'hey are the princip.tl instruments
by which manufactures are carried on ; and if one were to set about contriving methtxis for depressing
the latter, they would not easily find one lietter fitted to effect their object than by confining the manu-
facturers in their choice of tools and instruments, and making them adopt those that were bad and dear,
because they happened to be made at home. The duties on sugar and coH'ec are also, in the circum-
stances of Prussia, quite excessive. We are, indeed, astonished that so liberal and intelligent a govern-
ment as that of llerlin should, at this lute (leriod, become the patron of the exploded errors and absurdities
of the mercantile system.
I 1
(f '3
DANTZIC
467
Uatcf of Outy on tlio chief Artklw imjHirtnl for Honir Coinumptloii Into the Knitcni Trusiiaii
Priiviiii'i'H ill IRVJ.
Value.
L. 1.
it.
II
(1
4 II
II l>
II II
II 11
iriff which
.icli ohji'i-1
crate; but
9 too, that
or tlioso
iiiaWc. H
ition of all
istrumcuts
depressing
the manu-
and dear,
le eircum-
t a govcrn-
abaurdlties
ArlU'lei.
AniHP iicnl, \«n rtnlnvr of
'III Ilia. I'ruHkl.in
(III.
ilo.
■III.
ill..
do.
llii.
lln.
llo.
(llN
.—^
1
Mnkr^ In
1\
.ikr^ In
l*ru.v>»i«n
llriiMi Mimi y,
Arliclri.
l'nb..>inn
<'uiri'iii>.
llrilMi Miilii.;, 1
rutrimy
|iir
hIkiiii
I'i'i
alioiit
«.~«T7i>'
L. III. i/.
'uTi'^.
m
Oil, Provpiirp, In <iii>li«, imr
1 n
IWI.
« mi
r»l. Ill' 1 nulla. I'ruHiUn ■
I
n
iwl.
i III*
II -i III}
1 111 II
.-^ III
^ri'i'ii ilii.
1 II
II
_
1 1 '> II
_
II 1.1 II
OrniiKi. |ivil d".
4 l.-i
II
..»
11 1.1 III
II .I II
_
II ti .'ij
riiiifiilu il".
7 III
II
—
1 1 1)
i; i.'i II
II IS U
IVpiirr "111.
7 III
II
_
1 1 1}
li i'> II
IMS 'I
I'lirtir iinU nlc il".
■i l")
II
—
11 7 Vf*
7 III II
__
1 1 u
Iliilxinn do.
i I.'i
II
—
(1 1.1 II
4 i.'i II
II \^ II
Kill. do.
^ II
(I
^
II N N
,'i.'i ii II
_
7 IH II
Kiiiii mill lirnmly do.
H (1
—
1 .1 IIJI
li (1 II
_
II 17 .1
Siif{iir, in.inul'ui'turi'd, do. •
1 1
—
111 H
'i II II
__
II .'i :>
r.iw do.
li (1
II
—
II 1 1 .'i
II 1 ^
II II 1
II II II
S\ni|i do,
.'i 11
II
—
II 1 1 .1
II III II
S.illlKlre do.
1(1
(1
—
II II II)
^ II II
_
II H M
Sluil do.
U
II
—
II .'i '1
7 III II
_^
1 1 H
Hlct'l, lin"rmi(,'lit do.
I (I
(1
^
'i 1114
1 II II
lirlv
II U 11
Ul'I'UKllt <lii.
n II
II
•
II 17 .1
Silk uiHxl.-. do.
T...I "^ do. .
llll
II
•~
l.'i 17 H
,'.'i II
cwl.
7 IH .'i
11
—
1 II M
U I'l I)
II 1 ,'.
Till, In liiiri do.
U II
II
.—
II .1 '.1
1 II II
_
II U 111^
Ill |iliilw do.
3 VII
II
—
11 III 7
i; II II
_
II 17 ^
Viiilol do.
(I
74
—
(1 II N.J
II ^ II
II II .'.<
Wliilf liad do.
« (1
II
—
1) . U
II i.'i II
II 1 .">
\\ iiolltii koikU do.
^^ I)
II
—
1 I.'i II
II II II
_
1 It H
Wine do.
8 II
—
1 .1 (111
N II
. -.-
.J^J'.l'i-
—
^
Alum
AlinoiuU *l-.-
llrliiiHtoiit' llo.
('0IU.V do.
I 'ninii till,
rns^ia do.
rttrrnnla do.
I'uUuii ^ikmU llo
yarn, M'wiii^,du. do.
IwUI do. llo.
CoiiU do. do.
Kiiriliciiwart' do. do.
(il.iHH do. do.
liiniii'T till. tlo.
Ilt'irini;.*, JUT ImriV'l
ll.irdvi;in., |ii-rt wl.iit'llOlli!!.
^nl^^lilll
lnilii{M do. (111.
1 Kill, till wriii<Klit,( ill liiirH,^tlo
wrou^lit do.
l.n^wiiiKl do.
l.iMil do-
Linen do.
011,1'rovc.Tiri*, intliuJtK.i'tto.do.
With the exception of wool and bones, almost nil articles of export are duty free.
Corn Tradf vf l)antxic.—1\\o re:iilor will find, under the liend Chun I-awm anii Corn Thaiik [\>\y 427—
4.!ll 1, a pretty lull acciiunt of the rolish nirii trade. Hut the imiiiirtaiicc of the siiliject will excuse our
rIviiiK a few additional di-taiU. (iraiii is almost wholly lirouKht to Daiitzie liy water, iii llat-luiltonud biiatt
suited to the uaviKatiiin of the Vistula, liu(,', .Sc. Mr. Consul Oilisiin estimates the expense ol the eon-
veyance of wheat and rye thither, including the duty at Thorn and the cliarges >t lurnin« on the river,
till put into the granary, as follow.') : —
Frmn Ihii uiiiicr iiTovinrcs on tlic lliiR, n distance 1
of rniiii 7IIII III 'ilSI loili-H - J
From lilt- iiroviiut.s of I'r.icow, St'lidomlr, and
l.uliliii,.V.IIIo,\'ill mill.* • - • \
Froiii Warsaw anil its mlRliliourliood, alumt IW
■nilc'i - - • - :
IVr I mil.
if. <
I'«;r Iniii.
d. 1
■J !iio7 III
fi fi - ,'i 1
1 U - .-5 11
From \nnilnwecli and il.s nclgldiniirliiKHl, alioiil 1 . .^,03 j
1 111 inilfs - - ' ' \
Kriiiii Iiriiiidt?nt7, a dUtanrt.. of about 711 milt's,)
nil duly ut 'I'liorn, anti wliun not lunivd on VI) 10 - 9
lilt; river - - • • \
JV./?.— These arc the ordinary tJiargcs. They arc higher when there U any unusual demand for
exportation. .... ,. , . . ....
The HuK has many windings, and its navigation, which is tctlious and uncertain, can only he attempted
in the spring, when the water is high. It is the same, though in a less degree, wiUi some of the rivers that
fall into the Vistu'a before It reaches Warsaw ; and towards Cracow the Vistula itself is frequently un.
navigable, esiiecially in dry seasons, except in spring, and after the inidsnmincr rains, when the snow melts
on ilie Carpathian niountuins. The navig.ntion of the Polish rivers in 18^2 was more than usually bad.
The corn from the ujiper provinces did not reach Uantzie till from 2 to 4 months later than usual, and
was burdened with a very heavy additional expense. In fact, the supplies of grain at Dantzie d'jpend
quite as much on the abundance of water in the rivers, or on their easy navigation in summer, as on the
goodness of the harvests. , ,„ , .
"There arc," says Mr. Jacob, "two motlcs of conveying wheat toDantzic liy the Visttd.t. That which
grows near the lower parts of the river, comprehending I'olish Uussia, and part of the province of IMock,
and of M.-isovia, in the kingdom of Poland, which Is generally of an inferior quality. Is conveyed in
covered boats, with shitting boarils that protect the cargo from the rain, but not from pilfering. These
vessels are long, antl draw about 15 Inches water, and bring almut 1,'iO ijuarters of wheat. They are not,
however, so well calculated for the ujiper iiarts of the river. From Cracow, where the Vistula Hrst he-
comes navigable, to below the junction of the IJug with that stream, the wheat Is mostly conveyed to
Dantzic in o|icn flats. These are constructed on the banks, in seasons of leisure, on sjiots far from the
ordinary reach of the water, but which, when the rains of autumn, or the meltc<Uriow of the Carpathian
mountains :n the spring, fill and overflow the river, are easily floated.
" Karges of this description arc about 75 feet long, and -20 broad, with a depth of C j feet. They are
made of lir, rudely put together, fastened with woo<len treenails, the corners dovetailed and secured with
slight Iron clamps, — the only Iron employed In their construction.
" A large tree, the length of the vessel, runs along the bottom, to which the timbers are secured. This
roughly cut keelson rises U or lU inches from the floor, and hurdleti are laid on It, which extend to the
gules. They arc covered with mats made of rye straw, and serve the pur|M>sc of dunnage ; leaving below
a space in which the water that leaks through the sides and bottom is received. The bulk Is kept from
the sides and ends of the barge by a similar plan. The water which these Ill-constructed and impcr*
fectly caulked vessels receive, is dipped out at the end and sides of the bulk of wheat
" Vessels of this description draw from 10 to 12 inches water, and yet they frequently get aground in
descending the river. The cargoes usually consist of from 18(1 to 200 quarters of wheat.
" The wheat Is thrown on the mats, piled as high as the gunwale, and left uncoveretl, exposed to all the
inclemencies of the weather, and to the pilfering of the crew. During the passage, the barge is carried
along by the force of the stream, oars being merely used at the head and stern, to steer clear of the sand
banks, which arc numerous and shifting, and to direct the vessel In passing under the several bridges.
These vessels are conducted by 6 or 7 men. A small boat precedes with a man in it, who is employed
sounding, in order to.tvold the shilling shoals. This mode of navigating is necessarily very slow ; and
during the progress of It, which lastr several weeks, and even months, the rain, if any fall, soon causes
the wheat to grow, and the ve.sscl assumes the appearance of a floating meadow. The shooting of the
fibres soon forms a thick mat, and prevents the rain from penetrating more than an inch or two. The
main bulk is protected by this kind of covering, and, when that is thrown aside, is found in tolerable con.,
dition.
• A cask, or \\ barrel, weighs about 5J cwt.
t A puncheon of 90 to 100 gallons weighs 8 to 9 cwt., according to the degree of strength.
X A liogsheiid weighs about 5\ cwt.
2 H 2
. ,
M
!- il
.\\\
M'
. ^
1'^
,.:,ft '■''III
i. \
1 : .'
'f
i_..
468
DANTZIC.
" The vcsiicU arc broken up at Dantzic, and usually sell for about J of their original coat. The men
who conduct them return on loot.
" When the carKo arrives at Dantzic or Kibing, all but the grown surface is thrown on the land, spread
abroad, exposed to the 8un, and frequently turned over, till any slight moisture it may have imbibed is
dried. If a shower of rain falls, as well as during the night, the heaps of wheat on the shore are thrown
together in the form of a steep roof of a house, that the rain may run olT, and are covered with a linen
cloth. It is thus frequently a long time alter the wheat has reached Dantzic, before it is tit to be placed
in the warehouses.
" The warehouses {speichers) are very well adapted for storing corn. They consist generally of 7
stories, 3 of which arc in the roof. The Hoors are about 9 feet asunder. Each ot' them is divided by per-
pendicular partitions, the whole length, about 4 feet hitih, by which different parcels are kept distuict
from each other. Tlius the floors have 'i divisions, (?ach of them capable of storing from 15() to 2(X) quar.
ters of wheat, and leaving sufficient space fur turning and screening it. There are abundance of windows
on each floor, which are always thrown open in dry weather to ventilate the corn. It is usually turned
over 3 times a week. The me . who perform the ojieration throw it with their shovels as high as they can,
and thus the grains arc separated from each other, and exposed to the drying influence of the air.
" The whole of the cum warcliuiises now lelt (for many were burnt during the siege of 1814), arc
capable ol storing .'>()(),(XH) quarters of wheat, supposing the quarters to be large enough to till each of the
ii divisions of the floors with a separate heap; but as of late years it has comedown from I'oland in
smaller p.ircels than formerly, and of more various qualities, which must of necessity be kept distinct,
the present stock of about 280,(100 quarters is foiuui to occupy nearly the whole of those warehouses which
are in repair, or are advantageously situated for loading the shi|)S. Shi))s are loaded by gangs of porter.s,
with great despatch, who will eomj)lete a cargo of 5(K) quarters in about ;3 or 4 hours." — i,Fir.i/ I{ip:>rt.)
We extract (roni the work of Mr. Oddy, the following additional information with respect to the
Dantzic warehouses: — " The warehouses for linens, ashes, hemp, fee, and the extensive granaries, are
situated in an islarul l()rmed by the Motlau. To guard these warehouses, from 20 to JO ferocious dogs of
a large size, amongst which areblood.hounds, are let loose at 11 o'clock at night. 'J'okeep the dogs within
their districts, as well as to protect the passengers, large high gates run acro.ss the end of each of the streets
leading to the main one: no light is allowed, nor any person suftt-red to live on this island. These dogs
prowl about the whole night, and create great terror. It would be impo.ssible otherwise to keep property
seoure amongst the hordes of Poles, Jews, he. met with here ; no punishment would have half the eftl'ct
that the dread of the dogs produces. In winter, when the water is frozen over, there are keepers placed
at particular avenues, with whips, to keep the dogs in their range.
" No fire or rolibcry was ever known ; and the expense to each building, with the immense property
they contain, is very reasonable. Vessels, cither from the interior, or other quarters, lying alongside these
warehouses, are not allowed to have a liie, or light of any kind, on board, nor is a sailor or any other person
suff'ercil even to smoke. These regulations partly extend to all shipping lying in the harbour."— {Etn-opean
I'ommfrti; p. y4!>.)
Timber Trade, lirack. — Tir timber is usually brought down in its natural state, and is squared into
logs, or sawn into planks, in winter, when the labourers cannot be otherwise employed. The staves shippeil
here are carefully assorted, and are reckoned superior to those of America.
The expenses of the water conveyance of squared timber, including duty at Thorn, are —
s. d. s. d.
from about 6 to 5 9 per pieca
From the Bug . - from about 6
— Wieprez (above Warsaw) - — 4
— Vistula (above do. ) - — 3
6 -
do.
do.
Being higher when the demand is unusually great, or when hands are scarce.
At Dantzic, as well as at I'etersburgh (which see), Riga, and several other lialtic ports, sworn inspectors
(hrackfrs) are appointed by authority to examine certain articles intended for exportation, and to classify
them according to their qualities. Staves and timber of all sorts, with the exception ot pinewocHl, is sub-
ji'Cteil to the brack. Prime quality is brande<l Kro/iu <>.• down ; second (juality, Britrk ; and the third or
lowest quality, Jiracks ISrack. AU unmerchantable articles are rejecteil by the brackers, and are not
allowed to he exported.
The gauge for crown pipe staves, which the bracker has always in his hand, is 4} inches broad, IJ thick,
and t;4 inches in length, which they must be at least ; but they arc expected to be larger in every
respect.
I'ipe staves are from 64 to fi8 inches long : 6, 5, and 41, at least, broad ; and from 1| to 3 inches thick.
ISrandy staves are at least .'>4 to 58 inches long, as thick and broad as pipe staves.
Hogshead staves are 42 to 43 inches long, as thick and broad as pipe staves, all English measure.
The quality is ascertained by marks, to distinguish each sort, as follows : —
Crown pipe staves, stamped at the end, K.
— bra<;k, in the middle, I.
— bracks brack, II.
Hogshead crown, at the end, O K.
— brack, in the middle, I.
Hogshead bracks brack, 11.
Brandy hogshead crown, at the end, B K.
— brack, in the middle, ><.
— bracks brack, >< X .
Oak pi uiks are assorted in the same manner. Crown plank is marked in the middle, C. Brack, in the
cnil and middle, U. Bracks brack, B B.
To distinguish IJ from 2, and 1.4 ffon> ^ inches, the 1| arc marked with I, and 2| X.
At tne end, in rough strokes, with coloured paint, brack is yellow I ; bracks brack, white II ; crown,
red 111.
Ashfs are subjected to the brack. The calcined are opened, and the crust taken off"; others are not ex-
amined unless there lie any suspicion of their quality, or the staves of the hogshead be supposed to be too
thick. Kvery cask of potashes is opened.
Shipping Charges and Duties, exclusive of Commission.
R. f.nr.
On MTieat
Hve J
Harley S.
Peas S
Oats
Flour
Ship lilscuit
PoatI ashes
We**!! -a.shes
Fir limber
'■pcrlastof aboutlOj Imp.qrs.
about 'i •i'ii •
— 2 W j
- 2\'i J
■ .0 per cttiit.
R.*,er,
alinul O 1(1 per shipiK>unil or.W)lb3.
O fi — li;irrel
10 — load.
Uu.
R.t.gT.
On Deck deals f
Short de.iU >
. about i^i
Deal ends J
I.athwood
. — 1 n
(^lapboard.4
- - 2
();ik plaiikl
Oak ends i
. — 1 10
Staves
_ 11 10
Hlack or spruce
beer - 7i
Feathers
_ 2
— fithom.
.■ihock of (in plern.
— load.
— milK'jtlpe.
_ last iif 1 1 keRS.
— lOU lbs.
Af. n. — The Prussian pound Is about ^h per cent, hcivipr than the English pound. The expenses of sending gooils down
are taken at about an averaKc rate ; but if the whole, or the greater part of the cur^o, were luade<l in Ihti Fairwater ur ruad&#
the expcnsait would W' somewhat more.
tssTTTSs^ssBormKBam
T**l
DANTZIC.
469
Sfiipping, — Account of the Number of Ships, spoclfyltig the Countries to which they belonged, with thcli
Tonnage and Crews, that arrived at and departed from Uantzic, in 1831.
Description.
ArrlTala.
Pepartures.
Ships.
Tonnage.
Crews.
.Sliips.
Tonnage.
Tout. 1 Ltltts,
Crews
Ti.iit.
Liuls.
Bremen ...
2
2if;
144
12
2
216
144
12
British - • -
108
^..^tiO
11,707
875
107
17,493
ll,<ili2
871
Dutch
.'i!)
4,;hi
2,8<>4
a.^
69
4,341
2,8!)4
y-M
Danish
29
2,956
1,971
200
29
2,956
1,971
200
French
1
!I0
»iO
7
1
90
60
7
Hamburgh
3
310
207
17
3
310
207
17
Hanoverian . - -
22
1,773
1,182
108
S3
1,863
1,242
113
Liibeck - - -
ll>
2,.-J7H
1,584
1,32
16
2,376
1,.084
132
Mecklenburg
7
1,005
t)70
54
7
1,005
(i70
54
Oldenburg
7
3.-3ti
224
25
7
Sid
224
25
I'russian - -
S.W
61,-055
41,(137
2,580
2.'.1
58,!KX)
39,2(77
2,514
Hussian ...
11
2,280
l,r>&)
!»ti
10
2,130
1,420
89
Swedish and Norwegian ■
5U
4,981
3,321
3r,5
60
5,(H9
3,3(i6
359
:>n
99,779
66,521
4,714
575
97,065
64,711
4,016
Lying from 1830 -
65
KemainiMg in iiort
M
639
639
%
14 6
8
(1
.■? ID
l.T 11)
16 liO
2
10 yi
4
2 lA
3 !>
1)
IB W
175 17
4
Pori rAar^r«. — Tlie charges on m ihip of S<HJ lasti, or about
3*H> tona burdvfi, urc —
Harbour money ...
Ditto in KoUl (say in Fr^I. d'or;!, reckoned at
5 r., in which this must be paid)
Kiver nwnvy - - .
('orninercial contribution • - -
|Dx|i«<litiun expenses - - -
Captain's alluwance for exi>enses on shore
Tracking the ship into the harbour (Fair-
wat*r| - - . -
Rnllast money, 9t.c, ...
Pilot to the ttalla-st wharf
Ditto niuriiiK ttie :i>up in Fairwater
I'olice passport ... -
c'Iearin{( the vessel In and oi.t
Making 2,5/. (i$. OJ. sterling, at tlic exchange
of ti r. '^8 s. gr.
Therharseson theshipsof all countries having reciprocit> trea-
ties with I'rus-sia (which is generully the case) are the same,
only Dantzic ca|itf'\ins receive no allowance for shure expenses.
Itiver or stream money is imlv iiaid b> vessels that hring goods
to (own, or load in the Motfau (at>ove the blockhouse): if a
ship remain in the Fairwuter or X'istula* the river money
is levied on the craft carrying the goods, and falls on the
latter.
Dantzic is a favouratile place for ships careening and re-
pairing, and for obtaining supplies of all sorts of sea stores at
a rciisonable rate.
There Iwlong to the port 75 slitps measuring about 1(1,000
lasts = 2t,0(K) tons, navigated by about 'JjD men. Tbev are
employed in foreign trade. The port has no Hsherj, and no
coasting trade worth mentioning.
CuHom-houxe Henuiniiims.'-'lh.e shipmaster must, within
21 hours after arrival in port, make a declaration of the
cargo on boardj and of tlie shii)'s provisions, and lie incurs a
Bevtre penalty if the declaration do not prove correct.
The ship's hatches (if go<HU are nn htiard) arc seakd on
arrival, and an additional dechu-ation is acceptctl before
they are unsealed ; but no later declaration, bupntementary,
or cx|>lanatory, of the first, iind no submitling tne goods to
Investigation hy the oifuer-, is received or allowed. If the
slnpmaster be unable to make a complete declaration on ar-
rival, a (Uistom-houi^e ofbcer i.s put on board, who ri mains
until the ship is unloaded, at an expense to lur of about '-^i.
per day and night. The cargo can only Iw discharged in pre-
sence of a custouLi oHicer.
The sbipmahter, and not the receiver of the goods, is made
responsible, if the contents of the packages do not conespond
with his declaration ; and he is only exonerated from this hy
solemnly averring, on making the declaration, that (he con-
tents are unknown to him. An evident mistake or oversight
U treated as rigorously as an intentional fraud.
(hi commencing to Akji/, the shipmaster receives a blank
loading li&t, in which tic nutst daily note the articles Ite takes
on t>oard, or he is liable to line; but tliis regulation is not very
rigidly enforced. On clearing out, this list is compared with
the goods entered by the Tessel, when the sea passport h
given.
Ilallast can be discharged only at stated places, on i»ain of
the shipmaster being fined.
It is material, howivet , to observe, that the wVole Custom-
house business of the shipmaster is conducted bv Custoni-
liouse brokers, so that Ite is never at a loss, being intbrnud by
the one he selects what he has to do. Alterations are fre-
quently made in the Cu:. un -house regulations.
The shipmaster rtnei^es, on arrival, frnni the pilot commo-
dore, a copy of the liarbour regulation^:, in his own language,
with instructions how ti art as to ballast.
H'arch'msing. — i^ucU gi>.>ds as pav a higher dutv than ^ a
dollar per centner(nlun t 1#. 5,Jf/. fur about 115 lbs. Krglish)
majr' be placed in the kinu's stores {no where else), and re-
mam there for '2 years v ithout p.iyment of duty. No allow-
ance is made for waste or damage in these store*:. Other
goods, not capable of bcng cbangeil, nmv be placed in private
stores, UTuler the king's I. ck ; hut not elsewhere, without per-
mission. No rent is ihargetl lor goods in the king's stores,
during the first 3 nutnihs ; afterwards about l^rf. monthly
rent is charged for Ibe first, and about .1*/. monthly for tliu
Bceond year, per centner of about ll.T II s. Kii^ilish.
In private warehouses, the nmiitblv rnit for 10 quarters of
wheat or other grain is from about *r».i(i. to 7c/., ormore, ac-
cording as warehouse room is abundant or otherwise. Other
f;oods do not usually pay by the piece, but part of a store is
nred for them, and the rent ueneratly comes somewhat
higher in pro^wrtion.
The cost of rent and turning orain is from I*. '2d, to U. Od,
monthtv, for 1(1 quarters, according to the season of the year
and otber circumstances i but more wl»en granary room is
scarce, and wages high.
Hanking F.*talJiihmeiiii. — There is none such here, except-
ing a liranch of the Koyal or (iovemment Hank of llerUn.
This was founded partly in the view of receiving de^wsits oi'
money under litigation in the courts of the province ; monies
the property of mmors and charitable instiltitions, the former
until disposidile or placed on good security; and monies
belonging to individuals not merchants, and at times, als4),
thi>se of the latter. Interest is paid ou such deposits as
follows : viz.
.1 per cent, on sums belonging to minors.
2^ do. 'At. charitable institutions,
clmrchcs, and s\ims deposited by the courts of justice, and
2 do all other deposits.
The principal is deirandable at pleasure, unless otherwise
stipulated. The bank makes advances on grain and some
other kimls of giKjds at 5 per cent, interest; discounts bills
with 3 signatures, not having more than 2 months to run, at
() |>er cent., and sometimes, when money is plenty, at a lower
rate. It also makes advances at 4 per cent, on deposits of
Fred, d'ors and certain foreign monies ; and it occasionally buys
bills for account of, and sells bills on, the lierlin bank. It does
not issue notes. 'J he amount of its capital is not fixed ; but
government guarantees its transactions. It is relievetl from
tlie payment of postage on money, and it is not rujuirtHl to
use the stamps fixed by law, on bills for Us deposit trans-
actions, but only those of 1(1 s.gr., (about U^'' ) ; while indi-
viduals must use stamps for such bills of .*) s. gr. for ev» ry
HMt r., of not longer date than 3 muntlis, and for every VOO r.
of longer date-
(hi negotiable bills, however, the bank rr.ust use the stamps
fixed by law, say of .0 s. gr. (about ffiil.) for .sums of ;"»Odol. to
'1110 doU, and at the same rate fur every additional sum between
lUOdol. and UHldol.
Hills from and on foreign places, negotiated at Dant^ic, are
not subjeit to the stamp duty.
'ibe atlairs of the hank are not made public. Heing a go-
vernment concern, there are no di\ideiuls. It is not ^uppohcd
to be very nrolitable, at least in tlie present circumM-rilwd
st;ile of trade, althca|:h enjoying tlie atfvantages of exemption
from I'osti'ge of monu-s, and pa>ing less stamp duty. It is
true, however, that the direct advantage of ihe lower stamp
duty is enjoyed by the borrower.
('ritlH , hrofktnif^e, S,c. — \'ery tVw good-* are consigned from
abroad for sale, for such conMgniiients rarely turn to j;ood
account. im|mrts are seldom sitld for cash, but jenerally Ht
1, '4, ai.d .T months' credit, or longer. '1 hetliscount a'lowed
for cash payments, when m>U1 on time, is usually fi per cent-,
but it varies according ns money is plentiful or othirwi.se.
Any nerson, beinij a burfihtr of the town (wbirh any one
of good character may become), may iran.sact busimss as a
commi.ssioii merchant or factor ; but brokers must be rhoKcn
by the elders of the Corporatii>n of Merchants, approved by
the regency of the proviiue, and sworn in by the magistracy
of the town.
The usual rates of commission are —
.T per cent, on W(Km1 articles! ,„„,, i
y do. other gtKKls Ji'M^ortLd,
2 do. giMxU imported,
with from from I to Z per vent on do. for dii credere, or
guarantee of debts.
The corn factor receives r. 1*7 (aUmt in. 'J'/, sterlinu)
iwr last (of (if) seheMel>) of all grain, from ihtj bu\cr, ami
1 ptr cent, from the .seller.
The rates of brokerage are —
iVi s. gv. (tiearly \s. y^*/.) per 10<V.
7j — ( — S'7./.) per liiO/.
■Ti -- ( — A-?id.) per mor.
1 per niilie tor bilis on llirlin, Warsaw, and IMvw.
i per cent, on iiumies )i!acrd at inlere.--t. for ;t period not lesi
than (i months, fr«nn the btirrouer, and
1 per niille from the lendtr.
1 I'tr n.iUe usnall> \hr short discounts, from bothpartiefi.
1 per cent, on the actual or the coniputtil amount of trans*
.ictiont; in public funds, from both )K»rties.
i )iir cent, usually (son'etinu-s more ov less) f,ir merchandi.^.'.
On grain for exportation, the brokerage is rcitiUK lixidat I
II 3
i.:^;
I*
^
ll l
m
S'. i
i'-rriii;: j
-H^
470
DANTZIC.
'I:i
per cent., to Xte paid by the seller, the buyer refunding to him
o s. KT' per last of 66^ ftchet!<;ls.
liurgners Iwing merchants, may art as brokers, without
direct authority, in the purchaite from, and sale of Roofls to,
Polefi, receiving 1 i>er rent, on goods bought, and 1 to !^
per cent, on floods sold, according to circumstances.
Ilajtkrujitaei are not of fre(iuent occurrence here. Their
most prevalent source* at present are speculations in grain,
and general badness of trade, llanl^rupts catmot obtain a
discharge except by private composition, without which they
always remain re>ponsil)le to each individual creditor, who
can attach them at any time, if he can show that they i>ossess
property, although their affairs have been settled by JacUcial
authority. This, aiid the tediousness of settlements in court,
make both deI)tor and creditor desirous of settling by conipo*
sition ; and hence few insolvents are made bankrupt, by their
affairs being brought into court. It is to be observefi, that
creditors, haTing claims by bills in force, must by law l>e paid
to the full, bewre those with only book claims receive any
thin^; but to avoid the tardiness of the court, bill creditors
here generally agree to let book cretlitors receive half as much
in com|H)sition as they thomselTes get. It is, however, difH-
cnilt to .irrange a composition, as eacli creditor can make his
own terms ; and those who hold out, generally get more, at
least privately, than the ostensible rate of eomi>osition offered
by the debtor.
If a i>rivate composition cannot be effectetl, and the insol-
vent is regularly made bankrupt, by his affairs beinff put into
court, the law prescribes that, if n small portion of the cre-
ditors will not accept the dividend with which the greater
portion are satisfied, the latter can require the former to con-
sent, OT become resimnsible for the estate producing as much
finally ; but so many objections May be made, that this com-
pulsive measure is very seldom resorted to. A private compo-
sition is, however, generally preferred tiy all parties, more
particularly by the debtor, as l>eing the only means by which
ne can become entirely free, and get a general discharge.
Honest bankrupts, whose affairs are brought into court,
may be freed from personal arrest by faithfully delivering up
all their property. Dislionest ones, upon cotiviction, are
pnnishe<i by Ifeing sent to the House of Correction ; but they
often esca|»e punishment , from the too great laxity in enforcing
tlie laws in criminal matters.
The creditors of a bankru)it estate brought into court, rank
under S different classes, each prior class enjoying a prece-
dency of claim over those fbliowmp to the full amount. The
two most considerable classes, in general, are the (ith and 7th,
the former being that of the bill, the latter tliat of the book,
creditors.
Tiirtfs, tVf . — The duties are in general payable on the gross
weight; a fixed allowance being made, in many cases, ac-
cortliiig to the packages; in others, there is no allowance.
I'be tariff specifies the particular regulations on tliis point.
The tare on goods in single sacks is 4 lbs. per centner (about
113 lbs. English), it being left to the option of the receiver to
have the nett weight ascertained.
In trade there are fixed rates of tare only on the following
foods ; viz.
'otashes, (> per cent., wlien sobl by a merchant.
Dye wood, ground, H to 1 1 per bale.
Currants
in whole butts.
hiUfdo.
i and l-«th do.
casks.
whole and half butts.
\ and l-8th.
pipes.
14 per cent.
16 _
18 —
Figs and raisins 10 —
Olive oil Ifi _
18 to 20
Ifi —
Seed oil, latterly the tare is asrertainetl.
Pepper, English, in double bags, 7 lbs.
- Danish, in bags and mats, 11 lbs.
Orange and lemon i)eel, (i per cent., or tare ascertained.
Uice from Kngland or Hamburgh, the tare as on the
cai^ks, less *i lbs. |ier cask on that from Kn^land, and in pro-
portion to the weight on that from Hambur^'h. Danish
should ^ive 10 piT cent, tare, but the buyers are in general
not satislietl with this.
Tallow, 10 per cent., or nett tare.
Tea, Danish bohea, 78 lbs. if in linen and mau.
— Vl lbs. in cliests above llUt lbs.
— 22 lbs. — of about 80 lbs.
Most frequently the tare is ascertained.
Vitriol, 10 per cent.
Raw sugar, 12 to 16 per cent, according to the size of the
chests.
Candied sugar, tare by invoice, adding in that proportion for
the difference in the weight Usually heavier.
Syrup in whole casks, 10 per cent.
— in A ditto, and barrels, 12 per cent.
On the safe of imports, 1 )ter cent, on the nett weight (called
gootl weight) is allowed m favour of the buyer.
Iiuiimucc. — There are no insurance companies nor pri-
vate insurers here ; but there are agents of insurance com-
panies in Hamburgh fov ships, and of those of London and
other places for houses and lives.
Waives of annmon LnUmrcrs in Dantiic vary from 9rf. to llrf.
a day, and those of carpenters, masons, &c., from 1*. 'W. to
2#. "Wages in all the large Prussian towns are higher than in
the smalltowns of the country, from the price of flour, bread,
and butcher's meat being higher in them. Tliis is occasioned
partly by the latter being subject to ocitoit or excise duties on
entering the great towns, from which the country districts and
smaller towns are exempted. The king receives 2-3ds of
thi'se duties, and the towns the other l-3d. 'i'his duty is a
great obstacle to the free intoiconrse with the coimtry.
(We have derived these details from different sources, luil
principally from tlie valuable Autwcrs made by the Cimai*/ to
tlie V'nxuCar Q»enV».)
^:^
:ff n
J I t
if, I
1 -i
Pnt'ssiAN Shipping. — Summary Statement of the Arrivals of Ships at, and of their Departures from,
the different Prussian Ports, in 1830. — (From a Work (p. 182.) of C. W. I'erbcr, Privy Councillor to
his Prussian Majesty, Berlin, 1832.)
Laden.
In Dallast.
Foreign Ves
els comprised in
Columns.
the preTious
Namo of the Ports.
Shii«.
•f.i
Laden.
In Ballast.
iz
Ships.
Lasts,
Ships.
Lasts.
Ships.
•o*;*
■
697
81,445
Ships.
Lasts.
6,661
Ships.
"loo"
Lasts.
46,,53()
^"^■"^^ -[S'ep.
144
14,210
553
67,235
485
53,191
85
7(10
81,377
697
81,190
3
187
487
53,113
48.5
52,963
2
1.5(1
P'"-" - - d"p.
1,033
61,!lfi.'5
296
19,428
737
42,537
870
42,(!(i3
212
10,(H)1
(i58
32,()(i2
1,0.62
63,779
1,021
60,638
31
3,141
874
42,.543
8.57
41,616
17
927
I'""'^"' ■; dep.
1,182
113,192
2<)6
21,306
886
91,886
766
50,.548
208
9,864
.558
40,684
1,171
112,564
1,149
111,476
22
1,088
767
51,703
746
50,668
21
1,0.0
Stolvemunde ^^^
108
3,166
47
1,3.52
61
1,814
20
731
1
32
19
6ii;'
106
3,078
84
2,a57
22
721
20
731
19
699
1
;;2
Riigcnwalde f,^^
H')
J,619
19
477
121
4,142
67
2,,395
1
45
66
2,3.5(1
167
4,401
118
3,677
19
724
68
2,432
65
2,297
3
13;5
Cotoerg - ;;'/•
OS
3,551
41
1,347
57
2,204
16
(Hi
6
229
10
412
P5
3,383
86
2,898
9
485
16
fWl
14
542
2
m
Swincmiinde ^^'
930
64,0.';5
783
51,190
147
12,865
318
19,.561
273
17,047
45
2.514
842
61,796
639
44,800
203
16,<)96
320
19,M9
257
15,059
63
4,.5<)0
Wolgast - »7p
•)3
5,381
42
2,131
51
3 2.50
27
890
20
666
7
224
107
6,506
80
4,979
27
1,527
32
1,242
13
410
19
832
Griefswalde - Jeli
143
10,434
41
1,382
102
9,a52
27
986
13
311
14
675
137
9,335
107
4,931
30
4,404
3')
1,213
25
721
8
492
Stralsund .[*^^
Arrivals .
347
17,984
146
6,605
201
11,379
111
4,140
78
2,921
33
1,219
3.51
18,620
258
12,110
93
6.510
112
4,289
(iO
1,606
52
2,683
4,771
365,792
1,855
119,428
2,916
246,364
2,707
175,746
897
47,777
1,810 127,!W">i>
I>eparturc3
Total - .
4,698
9,469
364,839
730,631
4,239
329,056
459
35,783
2,729 jl77,.55()
2,541
3,438
1C6,.581
188 : 10,975
6,094
448,484
3,.375
283,147
5,436 3.53,302
214,.358
1,5)98 1,38,9+4
Countries to tr/iich Foreign Vessels belonged. — Of the foreign vessels that entered and were despatched
from Prussian ports in 1830, there were —
Anrirals.
Departures.
TonnnRe (In Lasts)
British
- 740
745
155,755
Netherlands
697
680
74,186
Danish
- 584
584
49,294
Hanoverian
238
254
25,607
Swedish
142
147
18,476
Norwegian
152
149
13,;«)6
Then follow tlic ships of the H;iiisentic cities, Uiissia, Mecklenburg, \c.
DATES.
471
Shipt belonging to Prussia. — M. Ferbcr gives the following Tabic of the shipping of Prussia : —
Summary Indication of the Vessels belonging to Prussian Owners, in the Years 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828,
1829, 1830, and 1831. — {Ferber, p. 174.)
4ti,.0;J()
32,(ki-2
92"
40,fi8+
1,0.;;")
f)ii'.l
:;2
9,sr>u
135
412
ou
2/>I4
■l.-OiXJ
224
832
4!I2
1,21!)
2,ti83
m.iKi!)
■ 10,<)7.'">
1:58,944
ispatchcd
182'a 1826.
1827.
1828.
1829.
1830.
1831.
Port*.
Ships. 1 LasU. ;Slilp8.
l.asU. Ships.
Lasts.
Klli)M.
Lasts.
»«hips.
.Lasts.
Ships.
Lasts.
Ships.
Lasts.
K'inigsberg -
13 1,617 16
2,368
16
2,539
17
2,738
18
3,026
20
3,008
11
3,228
Piilau -
11 1,767 12
2,026
16
2,670
14
2,468
15
2,602
15
2,ti60
14
2,589
Memcl -
.•J6 4,229 'X
4,278
35
4,076
S(i
4,377
tin
4,815
38
5,095
38
4,543
Elbing .
12 1,430
15
2,178
17
2,650
19
3,175
18
2,941
19
3,106
20
,3,154
Dantzic •
67 12,.«J9
72
14,9»t
73
15,386
76
\r>,im
78
16,095
76
16,0.58
76
15,934
Stettin .
220 20,5S9
230 22.808
241
25,024
238
25,0.57
235 25,014
244
25,460
252
26,398
Ciislin -
32
1,724
28
1,637
34
2,764
ai
2,792
39
3,045
89
2,909
41
3,181
Stralsund ■ -
82
6,235
78
5,983
80
6,324
81
6,1H6
V6
6,001
75
6,310
81
7,248
Gricfswalde .
41
2,957
42
3,069
52
3,928
54
4,070
62
4,103
52
4,185
.'.2
4,179
Wolgast . -
21
1,626
19
\,M0
18
1,586
20
1,78S
22
1,992
21
1,919
2.-J
2,164
Barth - . .. -
Total .
41
3,554
41
3,572
41
3,784
41
3,784
41
y,V84
44
4,369
44
4,3(i!l
576 58,007 | 589 !(W,393 ' 623
70,731
631
72,434
C30 73,418
643 75,079; 652 76,987 1
Influence (\f Reciprocity Treaties.— ThisTahXc is important, as exhibiting the utter groundlessness
of the clamour raised in tliis country as to the reciprocity treaty with Prussia. Taking the last at IJ
ton, the total increase of Prussian shipping, from 182;» to 1831 inclusive, will be 76 ships and 28,470
tons, which is very little more than the increase, during the same periral, of the shipping belonging
to the imrt of Newcastle! It will be observed, too, that the increase since 1827 has only amounted to
29 ships and 9,384 tons. If, therefore, our shiiiping be distressed, it is quite impossiblo it should have
been occasioned by the increase of shipping in Prussia. Considering, indeed, the extent of sea coast
now in possession of that kingdom, the tranquillity she has enjoyed since the peace, and her rapid progress
in maiuifacturcs and commerce, the small increase of her shipping is not a little surprising. It could
not well have been less, though the reciprocity treaty had never been heard of. Indeeil, many of the
Prussian ship owners think, and, perhaps, justly, that it would have been greater had that treaty not
been entered into. It must also be kept in view, that this trifling increase in the shipping of Prussia
is the only increase that has taken place in the shipping of any country of the north of Europe since
182.5. The mercantile navies of Sweden, Denmark, and Kussia, have undergone little or no change;
but it is a fact, that the shipping of Norway has fallen off' even more rapidly than that of Prussia
has increased, and yet we have a reciprocity treaty with her ! Is not this sufficient to show that the
influence of these treaties has been grossly exaggerated by our ship owneri ? and that they cannot
really have done them any injury ?
DATES (Ger. Datteln; Fr. Dattes; It. Datteri ; Sp. Datiles), the fruit of the
palm tree {Phwnix dactylifera Lin.). This tree is abundant in Egypt, Barbary, Arabia,
Persia, and the adjacent countries, particularly on the confines of the desert, and wher-
ever tliere is sufficient moisture. It is a tall majestic tree; and repeated references
are made to it in the sacred writings (Ecclus. xxiv. 14.), and in the Koran. Moham-
med, in one of his sayings, beautifully compares the upright and generous man to the
palm tree. " He stands erect before his Lord ; in his every action lie follows the im-
pulse received from above, and his whole life is devoted to the welfare of his fellow-
creatures." But the vene ation in which the palm tree is held in the East is to be
ascribed more to its utility than to its beauty. Dates form the principal part of the
subsistence of the inhabitants of many parts of Arabia and Barbary, and they are held
in the highest estimation wherever they are met with. " They are," says Burckhardt,
" by far the most essential article of food for the lower classes of Medina ; their harvest
is expected witli as much anxiety, and attended with as much general rejoicing, as the
vintage in the south of Europe ; and if the crop fails, which often happens, as those
trees are seldom known to produce abundantly for 3 or 4 successive years, or is eaten
up by the locusts, universal gloom overpreads the population, as if a famine were appre-
hended." — {Travels in Arabia, vol. ii. p. 214.)
There is an endless variety of dates. Generally, however, they may be described as
being somewhat in the shape of an acorn, but usually larger, consisting of a thick
fleshy substance, including and freely separating from an oblong stone or kernel, having
a furrow on the one side. Their taste is agreeably sweet, accompanied with a slight
astringency. The new fruit is called by the Arabs ruteb. When the dates are allowed
to remain on the tree till they are quite ripe, and have become soft and of a high red
colour, they are formed into a hard solid paste or cake called adjoue. This is formed
by pressing the ripe dates forcibly into large baskets, each containing about 2 cwt.
«' In this state," says Burckhardt, " the Bedouins export the adjoue : in the market
it is cut out of the basket, and sold by the pound. It forms part of the daily food
of all classes of people : in travelling it is dLssolved in water, and thus affords a sweet
and refreshing drink. During tlie monsoon, the ships from the Persian Gulf bring
adjoue from Bussorah to Djidda for .sale in small baskets weighing about 10 lbs. each ;
this kind is preferred to every other. Ships bound from Arabia for India take with them
a considerable quantity of adjoue, which is readily disposed of amongst the Mohammedans
of Hindostan."— ( Travels in Arabia, vol. i. p. 57.)
The Arabians and Egyptians use the leaves of the tree in the preparation of bags and
baskets ; the boughs, the outer and inner bark of the trunk, and the fleshy substance at
the root of the leaves, where they spring from the trunk, have all their resi)ective uses ;
2 H 4
!'l
i*f*v.
\ m
(J
Mi
s
472
DEALS. — DEMUUU AGE.
■:i%
)i(.
I ■. !'
irr;
II
f-
\iri
Mir
and besides this, tlie kernels of the fruit, notwithstanding their hardness, arc used as
food for cattle ; they arc soaked for two days in water, when they become softened, and
arc given to camels, cows, and sheep, instead of barley : they are said to be much moro
nutritive than that grain. There are shops at Medina in which nothing else is sold but
date kernels ; and the beggars are continually employed in all the main streets in picking
up those that are tiirown away. — (^Burckhurdt, vol. ii. p. 212.)
All the refinements of Arabian cookery are exhausted in the preparation of dates; and
tlie Arabs say t)iat a good housewife will daily supply her lord, for a month, with a dish
of dates differently dressed.
Palm trees are raised by shoots; and Dr. Shaw mentions that they arrive at their
vigour in about 30 years, and continue so 70 years afterwards, bearing yearly 15 or 20
clusters of dates, e<i> Ii of them weighing 15 or 20 lbs. : after tliis period, they begin to
decline. — ( Travels in the Levant, p. 142. 4to ed.)
The best dates Imported into Great Britain are said to come from Tunis, but they
are most commonly brought from Smyrna and Alexandria. Tliey should be chosen
large, soflish, not much wrinkled, of a reddish yellow colour on the outside, with a
whitish membrane betwixt the flesh and the stone. Those that are dry and hard are of
little value.
DEALS, OR DEAL BOARDS (Ger. DjWtn; Hn.Deelen; T>a. Dmler ; Sw. Til-
jor ; Fr. Planches minces ; It. Tavole, Plane; Ilus. Doski ; Pol. Tarcice), a thin kind
of Hr planks, much used in carpentry : they are formed by sawing the trunk of a tree
into longitudinal divisions, of greater or less thickness, according to the purposes they are
intended to serve. They are imported from Dantzic, Petersburgh, Narva, and many
other ports in the Baltic, and from North America ; but those from Christiania, the
capital of Norway, are the best, and bring the highest price. They are distinguishable
from those produced in the contiguous provinces of Norway ; their superiority has been
Siud to depend principally on their being more perfectly sawed ; but it really depends on
the greater care with which the sap-wood and other defective portions of the timber is
cut away, and on the quality of the timber.
A Kussian standard deal is 12 feet long, 11 inches wide, and Ij inch thick ; 400 feet of IJ inch plank
taake a hiad.
A Christiania standard deal is 11 feet long. <j inches wide, and \\ inch thick. There is another standard
of Norway deaU at Drain, 10 feet long, 9 inches wide, and IJ inch thick. —(See Christia.nia.)
DEBENTURE, a term used at the Custom-house to signify the certificate sul)-
scribed by the customs ofHcers, and given to the exporter of goods on which a bounty
or drawback is allowed, bearing that the exporter has complied with the required
regulations, and that he is entitled to such boimty or drawback.
It is enacted by 3Si 4 Will. 4. c. 52. 5 80., that no drawback or bounty shall be allowed upon the export-
ation of any goods, unless entered in llie name of the real owner thereof, orof the person who had actually
purchased and shipped the same, in his own name and at his own risk, on commission.
Such owner or commission merchant shall mnke and subscribe a declaration on the debenture that the
goods have been actually exported, and are not to be relandcd in any part of the United Kingdom,
fee. ; and if such owner or commission merchant shall not have purchased the right to such drawback or
bounty, he shall declare und / his hand in the entry, and in his oath upon the debenture, the person who
is entitled thereto ; and the name of such person shall be inserted in the cocket, and in the debenture,
and his receipt on the latter shall be the discharge of such drawback or bounty. — \ 87.
For these and the other clauses in the act relating to debentures, see Importation and Exportation.
All debentures must bo on 5^. stamps.
Debentures or certiticates for bounty on the exportation of linens or sailcloth exempted from duty.
DELFT, OR DELF (Gcr. Fayence, Un'dchtes Porzellan; Du. Delfs porcelyn ; Fr.
Faience), a coarse species of porcelain originally manufactured at Delft, whence its nany.
It is now rarely used in this country.
DEMURRAGE, in commercial navigation, is an allowance made to the master or
owners of a ship by tlie freighter, for detaining her in port longer than the period
agreed upon for her sailing. It is usually stipulated in chartcrparties and bills of
lading, that a certain number of days, called running or working days, shall be allowed
for receiving or discharging the cargo, and that the freighter may detain the vessel for a
further specified time, or as long as he pleases, on payment of so much per diem for
such over-time. When the contract of affreightment expressly stipulates that so many
days shall be allowed for discharging or receiving the cargo, and so many more for over-
time, such limitation is interpreted as an express stipulation on the part of the freighter,
that the vessel shall in no event be detained longer, and that if detained he will be liable
for demurrage. This holds even in cases where the delay is not occasioned by any fault
on the freighter's part, but is inevitable. If, for example, a ship be detained, owing to
the crowded state of the port, for a longer time than is allowed by the contract, demur-
rage is due; and it is wo defence to an action for demurrage, that it arose from port
regulation.s, or even from the inilawfiil acts of the Custom-house officers. Demurrage
is not, however, claimable for a delay occasioned by the hostile detention of the ship, or
the hostile occupation of the intended port ; nor is it claimable for any delay wilfully
occasioned by the ma.ster, or owners, or crew of the vessel. The claim for demurrage
DENARIUS. — DIAMOND.
473
'«
ceases as soon as the ship is cleared out and ready for sailing, tiiough she should be de-
tained by adverse winds, or tempestuous weather. — ( Chitty'a Commercial Law, vol. iii.
pp. 426— 431.)
DENARIUS, a Roman coin, estimated by Dr. Arbuthnot to havu been worth T^d. ;
but its value difflred at different periods.
DENIER, a small French coin, of which there were 12 to a sol.
DIAMOND (Ger. Du. Da. and Fr. Diamant: Sw. Demant, Diamant ; It. Sp. and
Port. Diamante; Run. Almai ; Vol, Dt/amant ; l^aX. Adamas ; Hind. //iVa), a precious
stone, which has been known from the remotest ages. Pliny has described it {Hist. Nat.
lib. 37. § i.) ; but his account is, ii. "lany respects, inaccurate. It is found in different
parts of India, and in Borneo ; it is aiso found in Brazil, on which, indeed, Europe may
be said to be at present entirely dependent for supplies of diamonds. Plitherto, however,
it has not been met with any where except within the tropics. It is the most beautiful
and most valuable of precious stones. Its most common colours are white and grey of
various shades. It occurs also red, blue, brown, yellow, and green. The colours arc
commonly pale. It is always crystallised, but sometimes so imperfectly that it might
pass for amorphous. It is the hardest body in nature. External lustre from splendid
to glimmering; inteniiil always splendid. It is brittle; its specific gr.-ivity is (i-5. When
rubbed, it becomes positively electric, even before it has been cut by the lapidary, which
is not the case with any other gem. — ( Thomson's Chemistry. )
According to Mr. Rlilburn ( Orient. Com.), the colour should be perfectly crystalline,
resembling a drop of clear spring water, in the middle of which you will perceive a strong
light playing with a great deal of spirit. If the coat be smooth and bright, with a little
tincture of green in it, it is not the worse, and seldom proves bad ; but if there be .1
mixture of yellow with the green, then beware of it — it is a soft, greasy stone, and will
prove bad.
Tests qf Diamonifs. Cutting, SjC. — To ascertain whether any specimen is a true diamond or not, a
fine file may be used ; and it the surface of the stone be the least abraded or scratched by its action, it is
not a diamond. The diflbrcncc will also apiwar upon close examination without this instrument ; the
rays of light easily pass through other gems, but in the diamond they are refracted to the surface, which
occasions its 8U|)crior brilliancy. If the specimen under examination be very minute, it may be placed
between 2 half-crowns, or other flat metallic surfaces, and pressed with the thumb and finger ;,if a diamond,
it will not be injured, but if otherwise, it will break and fall to powder. On account of the extreme
hardness of the diamond, the art of cutting and polishing it was for a long time unknown in Europe. liut,
in 14.'>6, a young man of the name of Louis Bcrghcn, a native of Bruges, is said to have constructe<l a
polishing wheel for the purixjse, which was fed with diamond powder instead of corundum, which the
Chinese and Hindoos had been long accustomed to employ. Berghen was led to this discovery by ob-
serving the action prmlured by rubbing 2 rough diamonds together. Diamonds are cut into brilliants and
rose diamonds ; the former being, for the most part, made out of the octahedral crystals, and the latter
from the spheroidal varieties. — (Joyce's Practical Mineralogy ; Recs's Cyclopeedia, Sfc.)
" Commercial Value of Diamonds. — In the great or wholesale trade there is but little fluctuation in
the price of those diamonds which may be termed stones in general dctnand. I will begin with brilliants
from 1 grain to 2J grains each. — Such brilliants, double cut, and what may be termed fine, iire worth
from 11. to 81. per carat Needy sellers may take 10 per cent, less for cash ; but this is the general average
price for a lot of 10, 20, or .50 carats of well-made stones, if the quality be good.
" Brilliants, from 2 grains to 3, may be bought in lots, at from 7/. 7*. to 8/. per carat. It is to be under-
stood, that diamonds in a lot are never all quite free from faults ; hence there may arise a difference of
10 per cent in the price. Stones of S grains, if tine and perfect, are always in demand, at 8/. or VI.
per carat.
" Brilliants, flrom 3 grains to 4, if very fine and well proportioned, are worth fiom 8'. to 91. per carat.
Those of a carat each, if very line and well selected, are worth 'Jl. or 10/. Three years ago I oHeretl VJl.
each for 8, and could not obtain them.
" Brilliants, from 5 grains to 6, if pure, are worth from 13/. to 14/ ; if perfectly fine, and of the full
Weight of 6 grains, they are worth from 17/. to 18/. each : I have, for such, paid 20/.
" Brilliants, of 2 carats each, are worth from 27/. to 30/. Stones of this weight, if well proportioned,
are considercti of a fine size, and well calculated for pins, or the centre of clusters ; indeed, well propor-
tioned diamonds, from fi grains to 2 carats each, are always in demand, and are retailed at from 20/. to
35/. each, according to their degree of perfection, or as the retailer may think Ht to charge them.
" For brilliants of 3 carats, if fine and well formed, from 70/ to 80/. may be obtained. Stones of tliis
size, and larger, are more liable to capricious flurtuations of price than the smaller ones before named,
being chiefly required for the centre stones of saleable necklaces.
" Brilliants of 4 carats, if fine, are worth from 100/. to 1 j'O/. I have sold stones, single cut, a little off
colour, of this weight, at 80 guinea.s. 1 possessed one of 17 grains, perfectly white, having a surface as
large ns that of a 7 carat stone ought to be; it was, consequently, very thin, but being much in request,
on .■ 1. .it of its great spread, or suiface, it was sold for l(iO/.
" Brilliants of S carats are not frequently met with in general trailc, and are valuable in price ; as the
dealers exact more if they know that suLh stones are wanted, than they would in the regular course of
business. The prices may be said to vary from 180/. to 200/.
" Brilliants ot 6 carats, as before stated, are not common : they are suitable for centre stones of ex-
pensive necklaces, and single stone rings ; if perfect and well shaped, they sell for 230/. to 2j0/. or
more.
" l-'or estimating the value of peculiarly fine diamonds, thorn is no fixed standard. Rough diamonds,
selected as fine, and well formed for cutting, may be estim;-*- J as follows : — Stiuare the weight of the
stone, multiply the product by 2, and the result will he the value in pounds sterling. Brilliants, if fine,
may be estimated by squaring the weight in carats, and multiplying the product by 8, which will give the
amount in pounds sterling.
" As a very large property, both in this kingdom and in other countries of Europe, is vested in dia-
monds, it may be interesting to be informed, that not only the price of these gems has for several years
been, upon the whole, gradually rising, but that it is likely to continue on the advance At the present
time, indeed, and for the last few years, there has been a dull sale of diamonds in England, nor did the
coronation occasion a demand worth notice ; but on the Continent the trade has been steady, and rough
diamonds have been constantly rising in price. That this advance will be progressive, may be assumed
'if
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474
DIAPER. — DISCOUNT.
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! agate, or cairngorm, cannot be engraveil by any other substance ; every crest or letter cut upon hard
ne is indebted to the diamond. This is nut all; tor without it, blocks of crystal could not be cut into
Arom the fact, that the best diamond ground now known, the Serro do Frio in Brazil, has assuredly pasted
the zenith of its prosperity. 1 went over the greater part of what is yet reserved, and still remains to be
worke<l, and I conceive that there would be no dilficultv in caloulatnig the length of time in which the
present number of workmen may re('"ice it to a state of exhaustion, like that of the far-famed Golconda.
The average annual produce of future years may be estimated by the amount obtained from that portion
which has been already worked. Brazil may be said to furnish Europe with 25,(XK) or SO,(XX) carats per
annum of rough diamonds; which, if reduced to brilliants, may make an influx into the market of 8,U0(}
or 9,000 carats annually." — [Mawe's Treatise on Dianumds, 'id ed. pp. 9— U. and p. fio.)
Tlic rule stated by Mr. Mawe, and adopted by the jewellers, for estimating the value of diamonds (mul-
tiply the square of the weight in carats by 2, and the product is the value in |>ounds sterling), can only
hold in the case of those that are of a small size, or do not weight more than 20 carats. The value of the
largest diamonds, which are exceedingly rare, {non nisi regibus, ct iis ad?tiodum paiicis cognilus, I'llny,)
can, it is clear, depend upon nothing but the competition of the purchasers. The diamond belonging to
the Emperor of lirazil is the largest in the world. It is still uncut, and weighs 1,()80 carats ; so that,
according to the jewellers' rule, it must be worth the enormous sum of 5,(i44,800/. ! It may, however, bo
doubted, whether his Imperial Maiest)[ would have any disinclination to part with it for tnc odd sum of
frt^iSMM. The famous diamond belonging to the Emperor of Russia, which the jewellers tell us is worth
4,8()*,OO0/., did not cost 150,000/.
Diamonds are not used exclusively as articles of ornament or luxury. They are frequently employed
with great advantage in the arts, " Bad, discoloured diamonds," says Mr. Mawe, " are sold to break into
powder, and may be said to have a more extensive sale than brilliants, with all their captivating beauty.
In many operations of art they are indispensable ; the tine cameo and intaglio owe their perfection to the
diamond, with which alone they can be engraved. The beauty of the onyx would yet remain dormant,
had not the unrivalled power of the diamond been called forth to the artist's assistance. The carnelian,
the i ■ '■ ■ •
stone i
slices for spectacles, agate for snuff-boxes, &c."
Diamonds may be landed without report, entry, or warrant — (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52. ^ 2.)
'I'he carat grain used in weighing diamonds is different from the Troy grain, 5 diamond grains being
only equal to 4 Troy grains.
DIAPER (Ger. Drell s Du. Orel; Fr. Linge ouvri ; It. Tela tessuta a opere ;
Sp. Manteles alemaiiiscas ; llus. Salfetotaschnoe), a sort of fine flowered linen, commonly
used for tablc-cluth.s, napkins, &c., brought to the highest perfection in the manufac-
tories in the north of Ireland, in Germany, and Scotland.
DICE (Ger. Wiirftl; Du. Taarlingen ,- Fr. Dcs {a jouer) ; It. Dadi ; Sp. Dados;
Rus. Kosti), cubical pieces of bone or ivory, marked with dots on each of their sides,
from 1 to 6, according to the number of the face. The regulations as to the
manufacture and sale of dice are the same as those with respect to Cards (which see).
Every pair of dice is to pay a duty of 20s. All pieces of ivory, bone, or other matter,
used in any game, having letters, figures, spots, or other marks denoting any cliancc,
marked thereon, to be adjudged dice ; and if more than 6 chances are signified on any
one piece, then such piece to be charged with the full duty of a pair of dice. —
(9 Geo. 4. c. 18.)
DIMITY (Fr. Basin; It. Dohletto ; Sp. /)j/ni7c), a species of cross-barred stuff en-
tirely composed of cotton, similar in fabric to fustian.
DISCOUNT, an allowance paid on account oi' the immediate advance of a sum of
money not due till some future period. It is usually said to be of two kinds ; viz. dis-
count of bills, and discount of goods ; but they are essentially the same.
When a bill of exchange is presented at a banker's for discount, it is the practice to
calculate the simple interest for the time the bill has to run, including the days of grace,
which interest is called the discoan<; and this being deducted from the amount of the
bill, the balance is paid over to the presenter of the bill. This is the method followed
by the Bank of England, the London and provincial bankers, and by commercial men
in general. But it is, notwithstanding, inaccurate. The true discount of any sum for
any given time is such a sum as will in that time amoimt to the interest of the sum to be
discounted. Thus, if interest ha five percent., the proper discount to he received for
the immediate advance of 100/. due 12 months hence is not 51, but 41. \5s. 2\d. ; for
this sum will, at the end of the year, amount to 5l., which is what the 100/. would
have produced. Thos' ', therefore, who employ their money ir. discounting, make some-
what more than the ordinary rate of interest upon it ; for a person discounting 100/.
due at the end of a year, advances, supposing interest to be .'^l. per cent., only 95/. ; so
that, as this 95/. produces 100/. at the period in question, the interest received has really
been 51. 5s. (id, per cent.
The rule for calculating discount on correct principles is as follows ; —
As the amount of 100/. for the given rate and time
Is to the given sum or debt ;
So is 100/. to the present worth, or
So is the interest of 100/. for the given time
To the discount of the given sum.
Mr. Smart has calculated, on this principle, a Table of the discount of 1/. for any
number of days, at 2, 2^, 3, 3j, &c. to 10 per cent., to 8 decimal places. But the simple
interest of the sum being the only thing looked to in practice, such Tables are hardly
ever referred to.
Bills in the highest credit are discounted on the lowest terms ; the discount in-
creasing according to the suspicions entertained of the punctuality or solvency of the
parties subscribing the bills. During the war, the rate of interest, or, which is the
ii. \
DIVIDEND. — DOCKS.
475
same thing, of discount, was comparatively liigh; but since 1818, the rate of discount
upon good bills has seldom been above 4, and has often been us low as 3 and even 2^
per cent.
Discount on merchandise takes place when, after making a purchase of goods at a fixed
term of credit, the buyer finds means to make his payment before the expiration of that
term, receiving from the seller a discount or allowance, which is commonly a good deal
above the current rate of interest. The discount on goods varies, of course, according
to the interest of money. During the late war, the loans to government were so large,
and the facility of investing money was such, that the discount on goods was often as
high as 5 per cent, for 6, and 10 per cent, for 12 months. Now, however, the discount
on goods has fallen, with the fall in the rate of interest, to 7 or 7^ per cent, for 12
months ; being about double the current interest arising from funded property, or the
discount of good mercantile bills.
Long credits and discounts upon goods have, for a lengthened period, been usual in
England. This arose from a variety of causes, but principally, perhaps, from the mag-
nitude of our exports to the United States, Russia, and other countries where there is a
great demand for capital ; but in whatever causes it originated, it has latterly been car-
ried to what seems to be an injurious extent. — (See Credit. ) In France and Germany,
the manufacturers, in general bare of capital, are obliged to stipulate with the merchants
for short credits. In Holland, the usage of the exporting merchants has been to i)ay
either in ready money, or at so short a date as to put discounting out of the question,
tlie manufacturer setting at once the lowest price on his goods.
DIVIDEND, the name given to the payment made to creditors out of the estate of
a bankrupt, and to the annual interest payable upon the national debt, and other public
funds.
DJIDDA, a town of Arabia, on the Red Sea, about 21 miles from Mecca, of which
it is the sea-port, in lat. 21° 29' N., Ion. 39° 14' E. It is well built; the streets are
impaved, but spacious and airy ; the houses high, and constructed, for the most part, of
madrepores and other marine fossils. The supply of water is scanty, and its quality in-
different. Small vessels approach close to the quays ; but large vessels arc obliged to
anchor in the roads, about 2 miles off, loading and unloading by means of lighters. Tlie
entrance to the roads is difficult, and should not be attempted without a pilot. Djidda
is a place of considerable commercial importance. It is the entrepot in which is centred
the greater part of the commerce between India, Egypt, and Arabia. Many of its
merchants possess large capitals ; some of them as much as from 150,000/. to 200,000/.
The trade in coffee brought from Mocha, and other ports in Yemen, is the most con-
siderable, but it is said also to be the most hazardous. The returns are principally made
in cash. The trade with India and the Gulf of Persia is safer than the coffee trade, and
is very considerable. Djidda has also a good deal of intercourse with the ports of Cos-
seir, Souakin, and Massouah, on the opposite coast of the Red Sea. The imports from
the last two principally consist of slaves, gold, tobacco, dhourra or barley, hides, butter
(of which immense quantities are made use of in Arabia), mats, &c. ; in return for which
the Africans receive Indian goods suitable for their markets, dresses and ornaments for
their women, dates (which are not produced in any part of Nubia), iron, &c. The
principal article of import from Cosseir is wheat ; and not only Djidda, but the whole
Hedjaz, or Holy Land of Arabia, is almost entirely dependent upon Egypt for corn.
Coffee is the principal article sent in return. Business is transacted at Djidda with ease
and expedition. The number of ships belonging to the port is estimated at 250. Owing
to the scarcity of timber, none of them are built at Djidda ; those belonging to it being
either purchased at Bombay or Muscat, or at Mocha, Hodeida, or Suez. For a con-
siderable period each year, before and after the feast of Ramadhan, when pilgrims come
from all quarters to visit Mecca, the town is thronged with strangers, and a great deal of
mercantile business is transiicted. Djidda is at present, and has been for a number of
years, under the government of Mohammed Ali, pacha of Egypt. The moneys, weights,
and measures of the latter country (for which, see Alexandria), are now generally used
in Djidda, the commerce of which has been much improved and extended in consequence
of the comparative security and good order enforced by the pacha. — ( We have gleaned
these details from the different works of Burckhardt, particularly from his Travels in
Arabia, vol. i. pp. 1 — 100.)
DOCKS are artificial basins for the reception of ships. The term has been supposed
by some to be derived from the Greek SfKo/jLot, to receive ; but it is obviously no other
than the Teutonic dock, originally perhaps derived from dehken, to cover, enclose, or
protect.
Docks are of 2 sorts — wet and dry. Wet docks are generally constructed with gates
to retain the water. Ships are admitted at high water ; and the gates being shut, they are
kept constantly afloat. A dry dock is intended for the building, repairing, or examination
of ships. Tlic ships to be repaired or examined art admitted into it at high water j and
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476
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA).
I
the water either ebbs out with the receding sea, or is pumped out after the gates arc
shut.
Utility of Docks. — The construction of wet docks has done much to facilitate and
promote navigation. A large vessel, particularly if loaded, could not be allowed to come
to the ground, or to lie on the beach, without sustaining considerable injury, and perhaps
being destroyed ; and even the smaller class of vessels are apt to be strained, and other-
wise hurt, if they are left dry, unless the ground be very soft. Hence, when large vessels
have to be loaded or unloaded where there are no docks, and where the water close to the
shore or quay is not sutHciently deep, the work can only be carried on during a particular
period of each tide ; it being necessary, in order to keep the vessel aHoat, that she should
leave the shore witli the ebbing tide. Attempts have sometimes been made to obviate
vJiis inconvenience, by running jetties or piers to such a distance into the sea, that there
might always be a sufficient depth of water at their heads : but this can only be done in
peculiar situations ; and it requires that the ship's position should be frequently changed.
It is in most cases, too, impossible properly to protect the cargoes of ships loading or un-
loiiding at quays, or on the beach, from depredation. IVeviously to the construction of
the wet docks on the Thames, the property annually pillaged from ships was estimated
to amount to 500,000/. a year, though this is probably much exaggerated.
I. Docks on xjie Thames.
West India Docks, % j 6. London Port Dues. — Charges
London Docks.
East India Docks.
St. Katherine's Docks.
Commercial Docks.
II. LivERFOOL Docks, Shipping, etc.
III. Bristoi- Docks, Shipi-inu, etc.
IV. Hull Docks, Shipping, etc.
V. GooLE Docks, Shipping, etc.
• VI. Leitii Docks, Shipping, etc.
on Account of lAylits, Pilotaije,
Sj'c. in the Thames. — Shij)-
piitff, ^c. of London.
k
I. Docks on the Thames.
It is singular that, notwithstanding the obvious utility of wet docks, and the vast trade
of the metropolis, there was no establishment of this sort on the Thames till nearly a
century after a wet dock had been constructed at Liverpool. The inconvenience arising
from the crowded state of the river, at the periods when fleets of merchantmen were
accustomed to arrive, the insufficient accommodation afforded by the legal quays and
suffi.>rance wharfs, tlie necessity under which many ships were placed of unloading in the
river into lighters, and the insecurity and loss of property thence arising, had been long
felt as almost intolerable grievances : but so powerful was the opposition to any change,
made by the jirivate wharfingers and others interested in the support of the existing order
of things, that it was not till 1793 that a plan was projected for making wet docks for
the port of London ; and 6 years more elapsed before the act for the construction of the
West India Docks was passed.
I. West India Docks. — These were the first, and continue to be the most extensive, of the
great warehousing establishments formed in the port of I^ondon. Their construction
commenced in February, 1800, and they were partially opened in August, 1802. They
stretch across the isthmus joining the Isle of Dogs to the Middlesex side of the Thames.
They originally consisted of an Import and Export Dock, each communicating, by means
of locks, with a basin of 5 or 6 acres in extent at the end next Blackwall, and with
another of more than 2 acres at the end next Limehouse ; both of these basins com-
municate with the Thames. To these works the West India Dock Company have
recently added the South Dock, formerly the City Canal, which runs parallel to the
Export Dock. This canal was intended to facilitate navigation, by enabling ships to
avoid the circuitous course round the Jsle of Dogs. It was, however, but little used for
that purpose, and is now appropriated to the wood trade, for the greater accommodation
of which, a pond of 1 9 acres has been recently formed on the south side for the re-
ception of bonded timber. The Export Dock, or that appropriated for ships load-
ing outwards, is about 870 yards in length, by 135 in width; so that its area is
near 25 acres : the North, or Import Dock, or that api)ropriated for ships entering
to discharge, is of the same length as the Export Dock, and IGG yards wide; so
that it contains nearly 30 acres. The South Dock, which is appropriated both to im-
port and export vessels, is 1,183 yards long, with an entrance to the river at each end;
both the locks, as well as that into the Blackwall Basin, being 45 feet wide, or large
enough to admit ships of l,20O tons burden. At the highest tides, the depth of water
in the docks is 24 feet ; and the whole will contain, with ease, 600 vessels of from 250
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DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). 477
to r>()i) tons. The iii'i)nnifion of tin- lioincwnrd hound sliip-i, wliich is of tlio ntmost ini-
|)ortitnce for )>ri'vcntiii^ |)liituli'r, and ^iviiif^ lulditioniil si-cMirity to tliu ri-vi'tuu' and tlio
iniTcliinit, was, for the first ti)nt>, adopted in this i>slnl)iislnn('nt. Tliv Import and
Kxport Docks arc paralli'l to cacli otiicr, l)t.-inf{ dividi'd hy a rnngo of witrolionsi-s, priii"
cipally njipropriatcd to tiic ri't'cption of rnni, brandy, and othor spirituous liquors. 'I'licro
are sinalli-r wnri'liousi's and slu-ds on tlio cpmys of tin* Kxport and South Docks, for tiio
reception of g(K)ds sent down for exportation. Tlie warehouses for imported goods arc
on the four quays of tiie Import Dock. 'J'iiey are well contrived, and of great
extent, heing calculated to contain lfiO,(X)0 hlids. of sugar, exclusive of coflee and
other produce. There have been deposited, at the sninc time, »ipon the (juays, under the
sheds, aiul in the warehouses belonging to these docks, I'lHn'jfiH hhds. of stigar, 70,H75
casks and lili^GIH bags of cott'ee, li.'j.l.'jH puncheons of rum and pipes of IVIadeira wine,
I4,0L'1 logs of mahogany, 'Jl.li.W toi\s of logwood, &c. The whole area oi'cupied by the
docks, wi- rehouses, Ike. includes abotit '_'<).'5 acres; and tlic most ettectual precautions
are adopted for the j)revention of (ire and pilfering.
This spacious and magnificent establishment was formed by subscription, the property
l)eing vested in the West India Dock Company, the aflairs of which are managed by VJl
directors, as a body corjiorate. The right of voting is vested in those shareholders only
who hold ,'j(X)/. of the Comiiany's stock. The ("ompany's capital is 1,3H0,()00/.
The West Iiulia Docks have proved n very successful tmdertaking, aiul have been
highly beneficial to the original shareholders. All West India shii)s freciuenting the
Thames were obliged to use them for a period of '_'() years from their com])letion. Tho
<lividend on the Company's slock was limited to 10 per cent. ; and, after making dividends
to the fidl amount, with the exception of the first half year, they had, in 1819, an accu-
mulated fund of near 4CK),0(K)/. IJut they then diminished their charges, at the sug-
gestion of the committee of the House of Conunons on the foreign trade of the country,
so as to give the trade using the docks the benefit of the surplus fund, which was to
be reduced to 1(X),(XX)/. before the .'{Oth of January, 18iJ6. Latterly the Company
have been obliged, in consequence of the competition of the other Companies, to make
further reductions of dividend. It now amounts to 51. per cent. At present, the
Company's stock sells at obout par.
The nearest dock gate at Limehousc is about 3 miles from the Exchange ; and the
other, next lilackwall, about ^ a mile more. This distance has the disadvantage of
increasing the expense of cartage, and of being inconvenient to the merchants and
others using the docks. On tlie other band, however, ships entering the West India
Docks avoid a considerable extent of troublesome, if not dangerous, navigation, that must
be undertaken by those bound for the St. Katherine's and London Docks.
' Conltivance for ctearinu n'ntfr in the H'eat India /)()rA-«, —
In titinuit all docks Hnil liarlKiurK, a heriutis evil is fi-lt t'roiii
the cunHtant nrninuilaliDti of iiitul, and lliu <-(iii!)i-(]\ii'itt i-x*
fwnst' of fireiifrvinK *he iiropur depUi of water. In various
slliialions, nrovision tias Iieen made for srouriiiy nut or rai.tliiu
mud and iJit b> means of back-water, dretlfferx, Aeci nci-ortt-
liiK to local circumstanceii; but, in the West India Dockx, the
evil has been entirely obviated t a brief notice of the nianntr
in which so important an object hai^ been a«conipliiitU'd, nia^
be tMitb interefilini; and useful.
The weter of the Thames is f;eneral1y very muddy, and
wlu-n it is itdniitted into the basins and docks in IarKe'f|uan-
tities, to re|ilace the water lost by eva)K>rationr leakage,
locking vessels in and out, &c., the deiKwit Is very ^reat. In
(4>c U'est India Docks, the accumulation of nnid, from this
rause, was most considerable in the Eastern or lllackwall
Uasin ; and thv annual cost of clearing; out the same was
between .1/100/. and 4,000/. •
And vet ttie firocess by which that basin was cleared, was
probably the mi>st economical which could be ado|>te{l. A
finalint; dretlger, of the usual description, raised the mud,
which was thrown into barges; and thcbe, when loaded, were
emptied by a stationary engine, workint; an endless chain of
buckets, similar to those of the dreduer. Hut the fieU where
the mud was deposited having become full, additional ex-
iwnse was likely to Ike incurred by rcmovini; the mud to a
greater distance, so that the subjert called uir and received
more attention ; and the result will show, that the Com*
Krovidetl the most ettectual remedy,
e locks point inwards, to sustain the
AH the );ates
long i
Is higlier than llie level of the river, those gates remain
water of the docks ; as long as the level of the water within.
remain closed, the influx from the river wr.uld not be con-
siderable; but when the tide has risen altove the level of the
Import and Kxptirl Docks, tho-e gales would also lie thrown
open, and then the river would How in with considerable
torce ; tlie muddy water discolouring that of the docks, and
of course depositing the sill or mud held In susiienslon.
These facts showeil that the exclusion of the river water
was the only eil'ectual t lire for the ivil ; but the loss or waste
of water from the docks was equal, on an average, to A
Inches over the whole surface in 21 hours, and this loss hail
to lie supplied ; and not only that, but to keep the river out,
it was necessary at all times to keep the water of the dock»
and basins up to a liigher point thsn that to which the river
would rise at the highest spring tides.
After long consideration, the liillowing plan wai matured
for effecting this object : —
The ('ompany's spare land on the north side of the Black-
wall Basin lay lielow hi;4h water mark, and there three re-
servoirs were formed: the two next the basin receive the
water from the river by a culvert with sluices, which are
closed as soon as tfiey are tilled ; from tliese the water la
IHimped by an engine of ZG horse jiower, after having had
time to deposit ttic silt into the elevated reservoir, from
whence it flows hy a conduit into the tiasln, and thence into the
dock, and ihus the level of the whole is kept iip to the highest
point which can be desired, and tlie river Thames with '
mud is no longer admitted
it*
The great biKly of water in the docks Is thus constantly
maintaineil, and is at all limes clear and sweet, and no mud
will hereafler be deposited ; great advantage arises, however,
fk-om the depth of water, which is preserveu from fluctuating
with the level of the neaii and spring tides, as the cleeiiesc
laden ship can at all limes lie transported,*the depth through-
out being fVoin '''3 to V6 feet.
fianv have at length provideil the most cHeciual remedy,
■^" ■ 2 gales of tnt * ■ . . ■ — . .
the d
Is higher than ...
clos<« ; Iiut as soon as the river rises above the level of the
lllackwall Basin, the gate-s of the outer lock are thrown open :
while the gates of the two locks at the west end of that basin
Rules and Regulations to bb observed, and Rates to bc paid, by the Shipfino PREquENnNO
THii West India Ducks.
Ri;i,E9 AND Orders to be ohaerved by Masters, Pilots, and other Porsons having the Charge of Ships,
Vessels, Lighters, or Craft, coming into, lying in, and going out of, the West India Docks, pursuant to
Act 1 & 2 Will 4. u. 52.
7'Af Cimipany's Muorings. — The moorings in the river, within 200 yards of each of the entrances at
Blackwall, and that into Limehousc Kasin, and within LOU yards ot'thc Limehousc entrance of the South
Dock, arc reserved for the exclusive use uf vessels entering into, or which have recently coQie out qf^ the
docks.
Kvery master or person in charge of any ship, lighter, barge, boat, or other vessel, of any description
whatsoever, lying within the above distance, shall immediately remove the same, when required by the
(lock masters or their as^>istant^ Penalty 51. for every hour which such vessel may remain, _ <
;i ')
> r ■
H^:
(i
i"ii '[
>.;;li
> ;
f M
478
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA).
Pilots shall not attempt to place ships inside the buovs, if other ships have previously brought up, but
shall brine them to their berths in due succession on the outside, unless they shill be expressly ordered
by the ilocTc master to take a licrth inside the tier for the convenience of docking.
All parties creating obstructions will be prosecuted, and the penalties will be rigidly enforced.
Vessels about to enter the Docks, &c. Sigtials. — The red flag on the flag-staff at the entrance is the
signal for sliips to prepare. A blue nag will be kept flying the whole time proper for docking j when the
tide has reached high water mark, that flag will be struck, after which no ship can be taken in.
Declaration Hook. — When ships have brought up properly at the moorings, an oflicer will deliver the
Cornpany's regulations, and the commander or pilot of every vessel exceeding 100 tons must certify in
the Declaration Book her draught of water ; that she is provided with all necessary and sufficient warps,
ropes, and tackle, to remove and moor her in safety ; and that her anchors are (or shall be before leaving
the moorings] so secured and stowed as not to endanger the works, the ships therein, or the vessel
herscir.
Preparing Shipt for Adim'ssioth — Every master or pilot, in charge of a ship, should lose no time in
making the following preparations, viz. her anchors to be properly secured and stowed ; her sails all fUrled ;
all quarter boats lowered down, guns unloaded, gunpowder put out, fires extinguished, and such other
precautions taken as the dock master may direct : when these preparations are completed, a flag must be
hoisted at the fore, as a signa'. that the ship is ready.
All ships are required to send down top-gallant yards and strike top.gallant masts, and to have their jib
and mizcn booms rigged close in, bomkins, martingales, and all out-riggers unsh ipped, if time will permit,
and at all events immediately after entering. Vessels will, however, be exempted from striking lower
yards and top-masts, upon the master certifying that the same may be safely dispensed with, and en-
gaging to be answerable for all consequences ; but before being placed at the quay, the yards must be
voppcd well up, and the yard-arms lashed close in to the rigging.
Docking Tickets and Order of Admission. — In fixing the order of admission, and issuing the docking
tickets, regard will be had to the state of the tides, and the size and draught of water of each vessel, as
well as the time of arrival : the largest ships must necessarily he taken in when the tides arc highest, al.
though they may have arrived subsequent to smaller vessels. Loaded vessels must always have the pre-
ference over light ships.
No ship can be admitted, if neither the master nor pilot arc on board. /
The docking ticket will only remain in force for the tide for which it is granted.
At the proper time for the admission of each ship, notice will be given by hoisting her ticket number
at the pier head, provided she has made the signal for being properly prepared.
If any vessel shall attempt to gain admittance before her number is hoisted, the owners, and the master,
pilot, or other person in charge, must be responsible for all consequences of such misconduct.
Entering. — When a ship's number is hoisted, she must drop up to the entrance, and have good and
sufficient warps ready to send tu each pier, when ordvK tl by the dock masters. If the ship shall not so
come to the entrance, she shall forfeit her turn.
When within the jiers, proper ropes will be sent on board to guide and check the vessel through the
lock : the master and pilot will be held responsible for makinij these, as well as the ship's warps, properly
fast on board : the vessel must be hauled ahead by her own warps, and they arc on nu account to be cast
off, unless ordered by the dock master, until the ship is in the basin.
Every pilot must bring his boat into the basin, or South Dock, as it is a most essential part of his duty
to moor the ship.
The owners must be answerable for all ships' boats, and none can be admitted into the Import Dock
except such as are conveniently stowed on deck. All other boats must be sent out of the <iocks.
The boats of ships in the South Dock which cannot be securely stowed on deck, must be hauled up on
the north bank, or secured afloat in such manner as the dock master may direct, alter the ship is moored.
Ships, however, which are not lying at a jetty, will be allowed to employ I boat during the legal hours
of business, which boat must be chained by the Company's officers to the north bank as soon as that time
has expired.
Any boats found afloat in any of the docks or basins, contrary to these regulations, will be re xoved by
the dock master, and will be detained until the charges occasioned by such removal shall be paid.
The hatches of all loaded ships are to be locked down, and the keys delivered to the officer appointed
to receive the same.
Import Dock. — No person whatever can be allowed to remain in this dock after the established hours
of business : nor can any person 'oe permitted to have access to vessels therein, excepting the owner,
master, or chief officer, without a pass.
Passes will be given on the ap))lication of the captain or chief mate, to admit the ship's apprentices, or
other persons, to prepare the ship for discharging, or to do any other work which may be unavoidably
necessary ; but, to prevent the abuses which sometimes occur, it is strongly recommended that the Com-
pany's labourers be employed.
Ships discharpng. — Previously to any ship being quayed, the decks must be cleared, and every thing
prepared to begin working out the cargo. If, through want of proper tackle, or any neglect, a ship be not
in readiness to take her turn, another will be quayed in the mean time.
It is desirable that all baggage or presents should be sent, as promptly as possible, to the Company's
baggage warehouse, where an authority from the master for the delivery thereof must be lodged. Masters
are particularly cautioned against signing such authorities in blank, or allowing themselves to be in-
fluenced by the importunity of brokers ; and it is most desirable that one agent only should be appointed
for each ship.
P,''Ckages of bullion or specie (whether cargo or private property) must be delivered by the captain,
under his own res'ionsibility, unless from their being liable to examination or other circumstance he
may be desirous ot placing the same in the Company's charge, in which case such packages, or any other
of consideralile value, should be particularly specified, and, if bills of lading have been granted for them,
inserted in the regular manifest of the ship. The delivery of goods overside will also rest with the master,
and he must take such steps as he may think necessary to protect his owners in respect to their freight.
An officer of the revenue is authorised to forward all despatches for the departments of government ;
packets so addressed will therefore be delivered into his charge, unless the Company receive express
directions to the contrary.
When a ship is finally discharged and moored in the Export Dock, or either of the basins, for the pur.
pose of going out to the river, all the services provided for in the import rate are comj)lcted.
l"or the more expeditious di!.charee of vessels, or despatch in reloading, every assistance will be given
in clearing the decks, or stiffening them ; coopering water casks, and shipping them, when filled ; clearing
the hold alter discharge; shipping and stowing the outward cargo, under the directions of the ship's
officers; and any other services which can be reasonably required. — Should the Company's movable
machinery be desired, it will be lent upon application to the principal dock master. — The following
charges will be made for such services : ^
For labourers liirccl to work under tlic directions of the
commaiuUiiK odicer of the ship, each man per day,
of the.re^ulated hours of attendance
(and not less than ^ day to be charKcd. Over-time
will bech.irgetl In proportion.)
Articles loaded, shi}))ietl, or strucli down by the docic
crancb or Jigsers, under 'i tons, per ton
1
Two tons, and under .5 tons - - 1
(and not less than 1 ton to be charged.)
IVtovable machinery lent, each Jigger witli its gear,
per day - - - - - 10
The use of the floating engine for wasliing sliips, in-
eluding tlio attendance of^the man in charge, jier day 10
(and not less tlian 1 day to be charged.)
(If
m-<
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA).
479
I. (I.
1 H
Conditions to be observed by Ships taking in Cargoes from the Import Warehouses. —1. The taking the
ship in and out of dock, or to and from the quay, to be performed by the master and crew, as directed by
the dock masters.
2. The goods to be taken from the slings, and to be stowed away by the crew, under the orders of the
master.
3. If a sufficient crew be not on board to receive and stow away the goods as delivered, or to transport
the vessel, a further " umber of men shall be provided by the Company, at the charge of 3*. 6d. per man
per day, to work i.. .d » the direction and resixmsibility of thc-mastcr and liis officers.
4. The vessel to ' j hauled into the basin or Kxport Dock after the usual hours of business, by her own
officers and crew, and to continue in their charge.
Ships, from the Export or South Docks, will be allowed to go into the Import Dock to load, without any
addition to the rate to which they may he liable for the use of the docks.
Goods sent by land carriage will be shipped in either of the docks, on payment of the usual charges.
To prevent delay in loading export vessels, the shippers should pay up the rent and charges upon the
goods ; or where the amount cannot be ascertained without weighing, &c., make a deposit to cover the
same.
Export and South Docks. — All vessels entering or lying in these docks are in charge of the masters and
owners ; and it is the duty of the pilots, or officers and crews, to transport their respective vessels, under
their own responsibility, as directed by the dock master, to or from the river, and to or from any part of
the docks or Ijasirs.
Light ships on entering from the river must bo provided with sufficient hands to dock and transport
them, and sliould move in due time into the dock; otherwise they will be removed by the duck master,
and tile owners charged with the expense.
Vessels discharged of their inward cargoes by the Company in these docks will be regarded as privilegetl
ships, and all transporting within the docks will be performed by the dock master, assisted by the crew,
gratuitously; l)ut unless there are sufficient crew on board to assist iu transporting the outward-bound
ships, they will not be moved.
Whenever assistance is required by other vessels, it will be furnished by the dock master on the fol.
ing terms : viz. —
A boat with warp and 2 hands - - 10s. Orf.
— and 4 hands - • 15s. Od.
And for every additional hand employed, either on board or in the boats, Cxi. per hour.
The warps are only lent in aid of tne sliip's warps.
Ships taking in cargoes will be moored at the quays in due rotation. Light ships not taking in goo<U
shall be moored in either of the docks or basins, as the dock masters may judge convenient.
While ships are lying at, or moving to or from the quay, all out-riggers should be got in and made
snug; and sails arc by no means to be loose while so moving.
No ship must be removed from her berth without notice being given to the dock master, and his assent
as to the time of removal being obtained.
Craft must be fastened to the ships from which they are receiving, or to which they may be delivering
goods : the charge upon craft which shall not be bona fide so engaged, will be the same as the rent upon
sloops and craft coastwise, and, as usual, not less than 1 week's rent will be charged. To obviate any
doubt as to the time for which they may be fairly entitled to exemption, 24 hours will be allowed, from
the time of entering the dock, for receiving goods, and 24 hours alter being loaded or discharged, for
going out of the docks.
Convenient receptacles on the quays and craft arc provided, wherein all dust, ashes, &c. are to be dc-
po.iited, and which sliall be cleared by the persons appointed by the Company, and by no one else.
No vessel shall be permitted to take in ballast alter daylight, or before daybreak.
Ships' provisions or stores cannot be permitted to pass the gates without an order signed by the captain
or owner.
No repair or caulking can be pei mittcd without the special permission of the court of directors, to whom
application should be made througi. the principal dock master.
The Jetties. — Ships landing cargoes in the South Dock, or taking in goods by land, shall have the pre-
ferable use of the jetties.
Ships which are htting out, b^it have not commenced loading, shall be accommodated as far as possible ;
but such ships must be removed to make room for vessels about to discharge or take in cargo by land.
In other respects, preference will be given to ships intended for sale, over those which are merely lying
up; and as between ships which are similarly circumstanced, the priority of their entering the dock shall
determine the preference.
The captains or commanding officers of ships are cautioned to be attentive and careful to boom off
when the ship is fast loading down in the water, or on the approach of neap tides.
Fire and Candle. — Vessels in these docks shall be considered as forming 3 classes : viz
I. Vessels actually discharging, having their crews on board, or loading ouiwards.
II. Vessels rigging or tilting out, but which shall not have commenced taking in goods.
Ill Vessels for sale or lying up.
To each of 'nese classes special licences will be granted.
Every such licence will express theplace in which lire may be kept, and the circumstances under which
It may be used : upon the filightest infringement of the conditions, the penalty prescribed by law will be
rigidly enforced.
Every application fora licence n^'ust be mjjde by the master or owner, specifying the names and capacity
of the persons in charge of the ship, and engaging to be responsible for their attention to the regulations.
Opening and shutting the Gates. — The gates of the ExiKjrt and South Docks will be opened at 6 o'clock
in the morning and shut at 8 o'clock in the evening, from the 1st of March to the 10th of November ; and,
from the lltli of November to the last day of February, opened at 8 in the morning and shut at 7 in the
evening.
Captains ana mates may be furnished with tickets upon applying at the police office, at the Import '
Dock, which will entitle them to admission till 9 o'clock p. m., but no pi,.-,on whatever can uc allowed to
go out after the hour for closing the gates.
Vessels about to leave the Ducks Export vessels should be hauled out in sufficient time to be at the
River Locks, at RIackwall, at low water ; to prevent the inconvenience of hauling down the HIackwall
Basin or South Dock during the lime that other vessels are requiring admission, which must have the
preference.
Vessels can only be let out after high water, upon the special request of the officers in charge of them.
Ships going into the river must use their own ropes, as they are out of the dock master's charge when
clear of the outer gates.
Notice. —Two true copies of the manifest of the cargo must be dclivereil into the General Office, at
the West India Dock House, within 12 hours after every vessel shall enter the docks, or after the carga
shall have been reported at the Custom-house, which shall lirst happen. Penalty for rcfUsal or neglect,
any sum not exceeding 5/. — ( 1 & 2 IVill. 4. c. 52. ^ 84.)
No manifests will be required for ships discharging by their own crews.
No ships can receive their rotation, or be allowed to break bulk until their cargoes are duly entered ;
and such cargoes will be landed in due succession, according to the strict order in which the manifests ate
dclivcre*) and entiles completed.
N'
A
1". ■ ''
i'}
I * j
'^^^
•I
4.80
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA).
ii- 5
'U.
If such manirest, or bill of lading, or copy, ihall l)c TaUo ; or If any bill of lading bo uttered by any
master, and the goods expressed therein shall not have been bona fide shipped on board such sliip; or if
any bill of lading uttered or produced by any master shall not have been signed by him ; or any such copy
shall not have been received or made by him previously to his leaving the place where the goods expressed
in such bill of lading, or copy, were shipped ; penalty KM)/. — (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52. ^ l\.)
Hours of Attendance are, from the lOtli of May to the Hth of November inclusive, 8 m the morning to 4
in the afternoon ; from the loth of November to the yth of May inclusive, 9 in the morning to 4 in the
afternoon ; and there is to be no intermission of business during these hours.
No holidays are to he kept, except Sundays, Christmas-day, Good Friday, fast days appointed by royal
proclamation, and the King's or Queen's birthd lys.
In all cases not specified or provided for in the foreg. ing rules and orders, a|)plication must be made to
the principal dock master. Charles C. PaRisii, Principal Duck Master.
The foregoing regulations approved and confirmed by the Court of Directors of the West India Dock
Company. H. Lonolands, Secretary.
West India Dock House, September 24th, 1830,
N. B. — Ships entering the West India Docks are permitted to retain their crows on board, when re-
quired by the owners; and the directors have fil.e<l up the ship Waterloo, in the South Dock, for the
accommotlation of junior otKcers and apprentices, while their ships are discharging their cargoes in the
Import Duck.
The captains, officers, and crews of ships are requested not to give cither wine, spirits, or grog, to the
servants of the Company, as, by so doing, they expose them to the certain and immediate forfeiture of
their situations.
No fee, perquisite, or reward, of any kind or denomination whatsoever, is to be taken by the Company's
officers, or any persons who shall be employed in the service of the Company, for any act done within the
docks. Penalty, forfeiture of the sum taken, and any sum not exceeding bl. for each oli'encc.
Dock Rates. — Import Vessels, when discharged hy
the Company, including docking, mooring, and
removing within the docks until discharged,
ships' cooperage or mending, and the use of the
docks, if from Hamburgh or the Mediterranean,
for 6 weeks from the date of entrance; if from
any other port or place, for 4 weeks from the
final discharge ; viz.
Per Ton roe.
Ships laden Pntirely, or in part, with hogsheads and
tit-Tces oi bii;{itr or ^ulla^&e.> - • -26
lailcn entirely, or in part, with chests of sugar
aliuve 6 ewt. - - -20
entirely, wilti chests under 5 owt., or bags of
fiugar, rollee, spirits, wine, iron, copper, lirass,
le<ul, spelter, or other metal, in iiigs, l)ars, rods,
plates, or similar pieces, rice, or other gotxls,
(e\cept oil, tallow, or ashes,) packed in b ties,
bags, serons, casks, cases, chest t, or similar
packages, or wood in planks or billets, sucb as
dye wood, staves, &c. • - - 1
laden entirely or in part, with mahogany, tim-
ber, or other wood in logs - - 8
entirely with hemp, or entirely or in part with
goods in bulk > - • - 1
laden entirely or in part with tobacco or oil, not
including ship's cooperage - - 1
entirely with tallow, not including sliip's cooper-
age - - - • -1
laiien entirely with mi«ed cargoes of hemp and
tallow, or ashes, not including ship's cooper*
a^e; vii.
t, (/.
For every ton of hemp 2 01 The number of tons charged
For every ton of tallow > not to exceed the register
or ashes - - 1 3j tonnage.
Ships Wood laden from Europe, or the North Ame-
rican Colonies, when discharged by the Company,
including docking, mooring, and removing within
the docks, until discharged ; unloading the car.
goes, and the use of the docks for any period not
exceeding 4 weeks from the date of the final dis-
charge. Per Ton reg.
f. d.
l.aden entirely with deals, planks, staves, or wood in
hniets - - - - - 1 <i
principally with ditto, and bringing hard wood
or pine timber (for every load of haril wood
anil pine timber (1(7. in addition) • • 1
entirely with hard wood or pine timber - 2
r>
u
ships discharged in either of the Docks or Basins
by their own Crews, the expense of docking,
mooring, unmooring, and removing, not in.
eluded.
' Per Ton reg.
For the use of the docks for any period not exceeding,
if from the Mediterranean,' 6 weeks, from other
ports or places 4 weeks, from the date of entrance 'J
Vessels from any port in the Uniteii Kingdom, or Eii*
roitean fwrt, outside the Ualtic, between the North
Cape and Ushant, with cargoes for trans-shipment,
for delivery on board ships, or for landing in either
dock (except when wikkI laden), not remaining be-
yond, if from Hamburgh, 6 weeks, if from any other
I»ort or place, 4 weeks, from the date of entrance - fi
Sloops and craft coastwise, with bricks for delivery on
board ships and vessels with broken granite or paving-
stones, not remaining Iteyond 1 week - - 3
Vessels entirely corn laden (in lieu of tonnage rate), of
imi tons and upwards, each - - - 21 fl
Under UK) tons, each - - - 10 fi
Kent to commence after 1 clear day from filial discharge.
Vessels two thirds laden with com, will be charged the
usual tonnage rates in proportion to the other part uf their
cargoes.
Vessels entering to load from the Import Ware-
houses only.
Per Ton on
' gr. wt> shipped.
: d.
For the use of the tlock for 1 week - ■ ■ G
Light Vessels, the expense of docking, mooring,
unmooring, and removing, not included.
Per Ton reg.
«. a.
Not having discharged in either of the docks, for any
period not exceeding 4 weeks fiom the date of en-
tering - • - • - 6
- Dock Rent.
For remaining over the perintls specitied, per week - 1
Vessels which re-enter after having been out for repair, will
be allowed their privilege without reckoning the Uine tlic-^
remained out.
f
k
Table for i.'mported Goods.
The Prime Rate 'inc]uAe» all expenses for landing, wharfage, weighing, or gauging at landing, cooper-
ing, marking, sampling, housing, weighing for actual delivery, and delivering ; furnishing lantliiig and
delivery weights or gauges, surveying and furnishing certificates of damage, and rent for 12 weeks from
the date of the ship's commencement of discharge.
This rate will he charged on all goixis imported from the East or West Indies, the Mauritius, Mexico,
or South America, and upon wood, spirits, or wine, and tobacco, from whatever place of importation,
unless notice be given by the importers, of their desire to have them placed under the landing rate, or
their intention to remove them without housing or piling. If such notice is given before housing or piling,
the rate in the second column will be discharged.
The Landing Rate includes landing, wharfage, and housing, or delivering from the quay, and furnishing
landing accounts.
Thie rate will attach to all other merchandise than as above specified, which may be imported ; to Kast
India cotton, to hides and skins, hair, horns and tips, to manu'actures relumed, and to every description
of goods rclandeti, or removed in bontl or coastwise into the docks, unless the importers signify their wish
that they should be warehoused under the prime or consolidated rates.
The Rates for Vnhousine and Loading, or Unloading and Housing, when not otherwise specified, are
cairh one third of the laniting ratc't and that for unhousing, wharfage, and shipping, is the whole rate,
as stated in the second column. When the prime rate has not been paid, those charges will be made,
together with reasonable charges for coopering, sampling, and other operations contingent on housing.
The Charges for Weighing and Rthousing are each one third of the rate in the second column. For
repiling or weighing wood, one fourth of that rate is charged.
f'
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA). 481
1 r.
2 o
y
li
■ 3
6
i
Goods sold from the Landing Scale, or not intended to be warehoused, will be allowed 4 clear days from
the final weighinf? of the parcel for removal ; in default of which, they will be housed or piled. If in.
tended for immediate trans-shipment, they may remain on the quay, subject to the same regulations as
goods prepared for shipment, paying rent as if housetl at landing.
yP'areliouse Rent, on goods to which the prime rate does not attach, will be charged from the date of the
ship's breaking bull( ; but when goods sold from the landing scale are housed, the rent will \]e charged
from the final weighing of the parcel.
A week's rent will be charged lor all fi-actions of a week.
Uol'ore the transfer by the Company, or delivery of any goods can take place, the charges on the quantity
to be transferred or delivered must be paid cither to the collector, at the General Oflice in London, or to
the comptroller, at the General Otiice at the docks.
Hales on Goods imported.
A'. B. — All -sorts of goods may be imported into and warehoused at the West India Docks, on about the
same terms as at the other docks. We have given, under the head London Docks, a Table of the dock
dues, &c. on most articles commonly imported, which may be applied, with very trifling modifications,
either to the West India or St. Katharine's Docks. The following Table includes merely the dock charges
on the imimrtation, warehousing, &c. of the principal articles of West India produce : -
Articles.
Prime
Kate.
I.andg.
Hate.
Rent per
Week.
Grans per *. (t.
Articles.
Prime
Kate.
I.andg.
Kates.
Rent per
Week.
Gro4t per *. rf.
Kelt tier
f.
rf.
t.
d.
Kelt per
s.
J.
«.
rf.
Annotto - • ii>ii
•^1
II
7
ton -" 7
Mother .o'-pearl shells - ton
18
a
7
ti
ton - 4
hask. and v>ack. under 1 i wi.
II
1
7i llKlpckgs.4 2
ware - - chest
II
1
«
chest - 2
Arrow toot * • ton
21)
7
1. Ion - II 7
box
II
II
1
I.1IX • II I
CaiU'lla alba • - cwt.
1
H
fi iwt. - (1 OiJ
Piccaba . - cwt.
II
6 iloii . 4
Chofolale - - box
II
II
(1
"J box - n 2
Pickles, cases - doz. bottles
U
2i'doz. botts.O 114
(l| barrel 1
Cochineal - - cwt.
,•5
II
9 rut. - li
barrels - • gallon
(1
II
I)
Cocoa and coffee, casks —
1
«
6 Ion . ti
Pimento, tasks - > cwt.
1
B
(1
fi |ton • (1 fi
bags - - —
1
2
li
— - <i
bags - . _
1
2
6 ! — - ti
Cotton wool, press packed • —
U
U
I)
3
_ . .^
Knake root - - .-
104 barrel or
not prtss packed - —
1
1)
4A
_ . (1 «
ibale 1
Ginger, casks - - —
li.igs . - - —
1
ti
li
_ - II «
trc.orhaleO 2
1
2
fi
— - 6
hhd. - (1 3
preservid. See Succades.
Succades, under 28 Ibf. package
6
3
cwt. - II II'
Jalap - - —
II
1*
II
in.j;bale,3cwl.O 1
2S lbs. to 1 cwt. —
1
(1
fi
— . 11.
— . II.
Indian rubber • hhd. or pine
u
1
fi
lihd. or
I cwt. and upwards cwt.
1
(1
II
ti
pipe - 4
Sugar, casks - • —
8
3 [ton . Oil
case 2 to » cwt.
1
fi
case 1 to 2
chests above 5 cwt., or
case 1 to 2 cwt.
1)
1
cwt. 1
baskets - - —
II
7
u
3
- - 05
bag or barrel
loose, cwt.
u
II
II
fi
harii'l • <!.}
chests und. A cwt.,orbag8^
II
li
3
_ - 4
II
1
in bottle 1
candy - - —
u
44
cwt. • Oi
Ipecacuanha - - cwt.
Molasses - • —
(1
II
liM
ton - II 111
Tobacco. Sec Lomlon Docka.
u
7
.1
jiiin. - 2*
Wood. See separate Table, p.
lihd.orlrr.il ij
482.
har.nr kegO 0^
Hates on Sugar.
Sugar, 4 to S cwt. bag or basket
about 2 cwt. do. or mat
boxes or chests - ton
bastards, 14 cwt. and upwards,
cask
12 and not exceeding 14 cwt.
cask
under 8 . . tierce
not exceeding 2J - .arrel
refined, 18 cwtto 24cwt ca.sk
Wharfage
and
Porterage.
.?.
d.
8
4
3
4
1
8
1
2
8
r>
2
Kent
per Wtek.
S. rf.
1
Oi
5
1-0 5 ton
Porterage. P" Week.
Sugar, refined, 14 and under
18 cwt. . . cask
12 and under 14 cwt. do.
Do. packed in hhds. 01 vats,to
be housed for exportation.
Housing - . .
Weighing or re-weighing -
Uiihou.sing, wharfage, and
shipping . - .
Rent . per week
*. d.
1
1
s. d.
fi
4
\al.
Ulid.
1
1
3
I
1
6 '
fi
G
1 8
3
I Crushing Sugar. — The following charges include all expenses for receiving, ilelivcring, coopering,
I and rent, for two weeks ; viz.
Crushed fine by the mill and packed into
Havannah cases . - . ton 21
partly crushed and packed with lumps — ]fi
crushed rough . . — li)
crushed fine . . - — i2
ground by the mill - . — IG
broken and packed, rough and not to par-
ticular weights - - ton 14
broken small and rammed
lumps
broken large au^
lumps
Transferring
Kent per week
Sampling
Papering
s. d.
with entire
ton 14
rammed with entire
- ton 12
— 2
- — 07
cask 6
— 6
Jta/cs on Dye Woods.
mi
i5i*2g
"..SB
S.5f5
hi
Dyers' wocd, lie.
Prime Rate, viz.
Landing, MTiarfage,
Piling, 12 Weeks-
Rent, & Delivering.
h.
till
.S-S|*
J'
Rent per Week,
after the first
12 Months.
Dvers'waod,&c
I. rf.
M. d.
<. rf.
t. rf.
». rf.
*. rf.
2
Kar wood • --
llrazilctto
ton
8
fi
Box wood •
Brazil wood, small
8 II
.5 6
Hrazil wood, large
Fu>tic, young
_
8
.1 fi
3
Cam wood - -
Nicaragua wood, small
_
8
6 6
2
Cocus wood
Sapan
_
8
S fi
a 2
Kbony
b ton
6 6
4 6
1
li
Sassafras
_
8
.•i B
3
Fustic
under cover
7
Sandal - - . .
—
8
.•> 6
3
Lignum vine
Other wood, charged with du
yiBt
Logwood
pi'r ton.
Nicaragua, larR* -
Mahog.iiiv, cedar, iararanda.
rose
Quassia
Siuiders wood . ^
wood, satin woo<;,tulii), rebri
,\c.
7
5
u
2 I
U,
i K*
I in^
'i
1 1
■ ti '
;U
482
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (WEST INDIA).
fyooil /latrs. —The West India Dock Compai;/ having apijropriatwl the South Dock to the timber trade,
and affbrdcd other iiicilitics for carrying it on with case anil expedition, we subjoin a Table of the dock
rates on wood imported. N. B. — For the rates on ships laden with wood, sec n/i/i", p. 480.
)■■'
|!
H,
jk;
sill
'? = *
1
1
Uooils Imported.
Goodt imported.
I
^.m
l
1
-!£s2
s
: d.
».
1/.
«. (/.
«. d.
Deals,
Oak, African and other fsnuare, per load!
American, Russian, and Pnissi.an deals,
timber charged with-Jof .'lO ft. round, S-
6 6
1
and deal ends, iter stand.ard hundred
Vi feet lonx and 1) thiik
duty .It per load - / per lo.iil of 40 ft. J
Black birch
y c
3
5
1
Spruce deaUfroin Ouebec, 12 + .T +9
under cover
7
1 G
per 11!0
11 6
4
fi
Wainscot loss, 14 feet long (greater
Swedish deals from iiorts in the Hnltic,
length in proportion) - * each
2
8
•A and.'] inches thick, 11 feet lon^ IW
IS
6
n
7 feet long - - • —
8
2
I J and 2 do. do. —
12
4
Oak and other planks (except fir
Norway and Swetlish, from ports in
planks) • - load
7
1 6
the North Sea,
Clap boards, 6 feet long - - each
3
1
^andlin. thick, under 10 ft. ionR IQO
5
1
6
3 feet long - • —
1
"i
*_ _ 11) to 12 - -
(i
1 10 1
Handspikes • - 120
fi
2
— exceeding 12 to 11 • —
7
2
■^
Spokes . - • 1,200
l.'>
6
— — 11 to 16 - —
8
2
6
Oars, under 21 feet long • • 120
15
5 <l
— — IfitolS - —
9
2IOI
above 24 ftet long - • —
20
7 11
— — IS to 20 • —
10
3
2
Treenails, 2 feet and under - 1,200
8
2 «
— — 20 to 21 - -
10 fi
3
6
above 2 feet - . . _
12
4
li Inch thick, under lofeet lonir —
7
2
2
Staves,
- _ 10 to 12 - -
8 fi
2
8
Uuebec, pipe . . 3 to 4 inch pr. 1,200
SO
•\
— exceedinB 12 toll - —
111
3
2
, 2 to 2A - _
VltolJ - -
M
S J
_ — M to Ifi - —
11 c
3
8
3.-,
g|
— — 1(1 to 18 - —
13
4
2
hogshead • .^ 3 to 4 — —
70
- - IS to 20 - —
14 6
4
8
/ 2 to 2* - _
lltol} — _
4,')
■ S2"
_ — 20 to 21 ■ —
1.'. 3
,0
2
30
G.T,
U and 2 in. thick, under 10 ft. long
9
2
8
barrel and heading 3 to 4 — —
,00
- — 10 to 12 - —
11
3
4
2 to 2i - -
1 to 1} _ _
40
— exceetlins 12 to 11 - —
13
4
30
*"*
- - 11 to Ifi - -
\r,
1
S
North .American,
_ Ifi to IS - —
17
."i
4
puncheon and hogshead, 1 inch
— — IS to 20 - —
11)
6
and under • - —
IS
fi
— _ 20 to 21 - —
20
fi
8
barrel and heading ditto • —
12
4
2J and 3 in. thick, under 10 ft. long
11 6
4
Hamburgh and Baltic, pipe - - —
40
15
— — 10 to 12 - —
It fi
4
6
hogshead - • - —
3,'! I)
15
— exceeding 12 to 1 1 - —
17 fi
.0
6
barrel • « • —
30
10
— — 11 to Ifi - —
20 fi
6
heading - - - —
27 fi
10 1)
— — 1« to 18 - —
23 fi
7
fi
pipe, thin 1 to 1 J inch thick - _
hogshead ditto . - _
2/)
10
— — IS to 20 - —
26 fi
S
fi
22
10
— — 20 to 21 - —
2S
9
barrel and heading ditto - —
Ifi
10
Deal ends, fi feet and under - —
6
2
Billet staves, oak or ash.
Deck deals,
^ inches thick, ,10 to 15 feet long each
1
4
under ll - \ '""« 1
48
3.'j
20
15
2i _ _
10
3
22
10
S
2i
ripp boards 3f inches tliick . —
GO
22 fi
2iand3 "" 22 toM ■ -
S
3
Packs,
under
cover
5! _ — - -
C
2
pipe - . each
hiilfpipe - - - —
1
fi
Battens from all j)orts.
8
4
i and 1 inch thick, under 10 ft. long 120
3 fi
1
2
quarter pipe - - —
The (jinipany will he answerahle for
4
2
^ _ _ 10 to 12 - _
4 2
1
4
— exceeding 12 to 11 • —
4 10
1
fi
the number of pieces oultj of lath-
— — It to Ili - —
.'1 S
1 10 1
woml, and cannot be responsil)Ie for
— — Ifi to 18 - -
6 4
2
2
the dimensions of Quebec or billet
— — IS to 20 - —
7 4
■i
fi
staves.
— — 21 - —
7 10
2
8
Fir staves - . - fm.
15
5
li inch thick, under 10 feet long
,'i
1
8
Ileadin^ and stare ends,
— — 10 to 12 - —
5 S
1
11
not exceeding '^0 inches long 1,200
12
4
— exceeding 12 to It . —
6 I
2
2
— — It to Ifi - —
7
2
.')
Flmted Timlitr,
— _ Ifi to IS - _
7 8
2
8
RaSiinfff Including ropes, staples, layiii^ up
or towing to the dock gates, or to the
— — IS to 20 - —
8 S
2 11 1
- - 21 - -
9 2
3
'/
pond : —
li and 2 in. thick, under 10 ft. long
fi 7
2
Ea-st Conntn', Swetlish and American
timber and moiits, per load
_ _ 10 to 12 - _
7 4
2
4
1 6
1
— cxceeiling 12 toll - —
8 8
2
8
Norway timber - —
J 3
1 6
— — 11 to 16 - _
10
3
4
Spars, fi indi and upwards —
4 6
S
— — Ifi to IS - —
11 4
4
Rafted timber floated from the river
3
1
— — IS to 20 - —
13 4
4
8
Delivering stored timber at the dock gatesf
— 21 -
14
5
Kast Country, Swedish^ and American
24 and 3 in. thick, under 10 ft. long
8
a
3
timber and masts - per load
3
- - 10 to 12 - _
10
3
Norway timber and spars —
4
— exceeding 12 to 11 - _
12
3
U
Rent on stored goods to commence from
— — Mtol6 - _
14
4
fi
the final discharge of the sliip, ard to
— — Ul to 18 - —
16
5
3
be charged likewise on goods not
— — 18 to 20 - _
IS
6
stored, unless they are removed within
— — 21 - —
19
6
6
M days after delivery from the ship.
— — 22 to 30 - each
fi
2
Rejiairiiig floats for delivery : —
Ratten ends - - - 1 20
4
1
4
iSo charge to lie made during the 1st and
Paling hoards, notexceeding 7 feet _
a
2
II
*2d quarter's rent, !>ut at the com-
Fir, thick stulfand plank . lo.id
5
1
8
mencement oftheSdquarter the charge
Fii' boards, 14 inch thick and under - —
7
2
6
to Ih? - . per load
3
I>athwood, under ,1 feet - - fm.
10 n
3
fi
And at the commencement of every suc-
1
.') feet and not exceeding S feet - _
1,')
.')
ceeding quarttr - pur load
1
1
Firewood . . . _
7 fi
2
fi
Rtnind maits to be reckoned ai 40 feet to the
Balks ahove 24 feet and uniler .'> inch —
42
14
iuild.
under 21 feet .md under.') inch - _
32
11
Norway timber in balks - - load
4 '
1
Sj^ecial Char^ct.
a. <;.
Spars under 6 and above 1 inches •■ 120
40
12
Rummaging timber and other measured wood, a
!> 1
Iwlncewood • - - _
30 !
U
ustial per ton or load
. 1 Oi
Rickers, under 4 inch, 21 feet long
Delivering into deckecl vessels
. fi'
and upwards - - 120
20 1
7
Sticking deck deals, when required - eac
h 1 i
under 2 1 feet long • • —
10 '
3
— oak plank and fir thick stuff per loa
d 4
Ufers, under 21 feel long - - —
20
7
r,
Sf)rting Quelwc and billet staves for freight l>er 1 ,'^l
7"
24 to .12 ditto - - . _
3,'i n
10
Turning tn measure for sale at landing, oak, bine
k
above 32 ditto - - . _
:>o
l.'i
liirch, African, and other timber - per loa
d I
Sparboli/ and 10 ells, one tliird more
Marking lots of American and other timber pilctl i
1
than I'fers.
1 tiers (one lot to a tier), or floated timber, per lot
4
* The quarter to bo calculated from the date of the ship's breaking bulk.
+ If not removed within 2 tides after being brought for delivery, to be charged per tide per load Zd.
I'f
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
483
Ts
5
4
.. </.
1
Oi
II
ri
h
1
<1
(1
1
10
7
k
>d
t
n
±
load Crf.
i
]
Memnr.tiuJu for ihe inrormation of the cmi sift nets and ino-
|iTk'tors ot Koo(ls imiwrtcd in sliips which Uiit havKc tlit-ir
carKoe* in the West IniHa Dorks.
No ship h allowed to break hulk until her rargo is duly en-
tereti; it is therefore important that consi«nees should nive
ttirertions for the entry of their rtspective coiuiKiiiiienUi at thu
Custom liouse as soon as tiie ship is reporteil.
IlaysaKf ami presents mav be cltared at the hapKaj^'e ware-
house at the do<ks, after examination by the revenue.
The original liills of lading nnisi be de|Kwited,when required,
except where a part of the floods arc intendetl to be placed
under the Kast India i'ompanjN care ; in that case the original
hill must be exhiliittd, and a true copy thtreof dtuosileti.
Should the original hill have been previously dellvend at the
East India House, a certified copy must Ihj obuincd from the
nrcountani general of the Honourable Company.
I'articular attention is necessary to the reg\ilarity of the
indnri«mi'nts, as the Company's officers cannot pass any bill of
ladings on which the authority from the shipper to the holder
is not deduced by a complete and accurate thain of indorse-
ment.
Kvery bill nf lading should be specially indorstnl, so asclearly
to designate the party to whose ordtr the contents are to be
delivere<l.
In all cases of informality in hills of lading, from want of
indorsement, &c., or of theif being lost, appliration must l>e
made to the court by leltt-r, stating the circumstances, and
enclosing any documents which will show the title to the jk'oods;
JA every s\ich case the applicant must engiige to iiulemnify the
Company by bond, or otherwise, as the C(turt may direct.
When hills of lading are produced, which are at variance
with the manifest, as to the original consignee, the Company
will not pass any delivery order founded thereon, until 3 clear
days shall have elapsed.
The delivery -.^f ijoods afloat will be the act of the captain or
ofRcer in charge ot the vessel.
No order can be received until the manifest of the cargo,
dtiW certiMwl by the captain, ha^ been dt'posileil at the West
India Dock House; hut the orders of tht imiHjrtcrs of allgcMxls
entrusted to the West India Dock Company's management
may then Iw passed.
\l'hen parties holding orders for delivery from the quays
i>i ish the goods housctl in their own names (»r in the names of
other parties, they must lo<lge the order indorsed to that
t'llect, and warrants will he granted accordingly.
All merchandise warehouseil under the c.ire of the West
India Dork Companv is deliverable in the ordinary course of
business hy warrant, with the exceution of muscovado sugar,
wood*, returned manufactures, and articles imported in bulk,
of whit h tht weight or measure is liable to increase or decrease
from natural causes, and goods which are not to he ware-
housed, or are intendetl for immediateshipment ; in the latter
cfise, the importers must state on their ortleri* that " warrants
are ntn re<nnrcd." ,
AW gootls entnisted to the management of the hast India
Companv, although deposited in the West India Docks will be
delivered in the usual course of the Ilonouiable Company's
business by East India warrants.
To facilitate passing orders and paying thecliarges duo upon
the gfXKls, the ('ompany will open tIei>osit accounts upon request
from the merchants as herein-after noticed.
That the course of business, as respects the West India Dock
Company, may Iw fully nntlerstotxl, the attention of imjiorters
and purcha.'-ers of prtnluce is particularly requested to the fol-
lowing memoranda: —
The West India Dock warrants for gords which are usually
ROld without lotting, will be miide out for such quantities as
have been found generally convenient to the importers. War-
rants or chctptes for smaller quantities, or single packages,
may, however, he granted, on paying for the extra number, at
the riites herein fixed.
For gottds which are lotted, made merchantable, &c., the
warrants will be made out as siion as the operations are per-
formed. When tlirections from the importer are required,
notice will l)e given on the landing accounts; it is desirable
that particular and early attention should be paid to such
notices, and that the iniporters of cotton, pepper, or other
articles which usually require being made merchantable,
nhoultl lodge a generarorder tlirccting that operation to l)e per-
formeti to all their importations.
The tirst warrants of the West India Pock Company will 1«
issued to the order of the importers or their a'isigns (provideti
there is no stop u]>on the gtxMls for freight or otherwise), upon
payment of the prime rates or landing charges.
Such payments must include all charges to the time of
housing, and those for lotting or making merchantable for the
iniitorter, but, if the goods are deliverable by warrant, are not
to include rent ;— charges accruing subsequently, and the
rent, must l>e paid by ttie holders of the warrants Before deli-
very of the R(K)ds. The pinprietors of goods may, however,
clear the rent and incitlental charges to any desired date, and
liave new warrants or cheques acct^dingly.
When the assignment or removal of part of the goods only is
intendetl, the warrants or cheques should be divided at the
dock house in Lontlon, as hereafter provitlcd.
If the delivery of the whole of llie contents is directed and
the grKids are not removeil within 2 days, a new wanant or
chetpiefor the remainder of the parcel must betaken out.
In the case of casks of liquids used to fill up others, the war-
rant must be lodged, ami the proprietor may either have a new
warrant for the remainder, or it may he deliveretl (if not re-
quireti again to lie usetl in the same way) to his order.
When the holders of warrants or che<iues are desirous of
nr.signingpart of their contents, without tielivery, reweighing,
rehousing,, &c., new documents will be given* in exchange,
on lodging the originals, duly indorsed. The indorsement
should *pi daily direct the manner in which the contents are
to be di\idetl,"and ktate the naiuf. of the parties In whn^e
favour the new warrants or chtques are to be issued, in rlie
following form:—*' I'lease to divide the within ;" or when
part is to Ih? deliveretl, '• Deliver to bearer (stale how mniy
|»ackages\ antl grant new one for (state how
nianv packages) in favour of one
f..r,""&c.
Warrants may he exchanged or dividctl without afsigniug
the goods, when desired by the holder, at the same rate ot
charge.
The original warrant is not charged for; hut the charge*
for flividing or issuing new documents, or transferring, are —
For each warrant or transfer,
if.
lor 2 packages or quantl-
tie*
3 or 4 do. - . -
5 to 7 do,
H — 10 do.
II _ 1.0 do.
Hi— Zti do.
n -'^5 do.
I 2G to 30 packages orquan-
2' 31 -35 tlo - - - \i
3 ] 3«-4(l tlo. - - Id
4 1 11—45 do. - - 11
5 I IG and upwards - • li
ti ' (iootis in hu'k, per Ion - '^
- 7 I Kvery new cheque griuited 2
If from the nature of the contract between the scIUt ard
buyer, reweighing, ^c. may l»c necc^ssary, the warrants ^lllmid
bedeposiletl indorsed with directitms to that eHect, and new
warrants will be issued, containing the landing weights niul
reweights, as soon as the operations arecompleied.
When any alterations, such as repacking, &c., are to be made
(except when prejiaratory to immediate delivers ),tbe warrants
must he lodgetl ; and others, reiiresentlng the "goods correctly,
issuetl in the same manner.
The warrants must likewise he lodged on giving orders to
vat, but if immettiate shipment is not intended, new warrant*
will be issued as soon as the casks are relili'eth
In the 3 last-mentionetl cases the tharges for performing
the operations include the expense of thenew warrants.
When warrants or cheques are lost or mlslaitl, the Com-
pany require that they should be advertiseti in the Pvlilie
y,c</^'er, the pai>er containing the advertisement, and an en-
f;agement to imlemnify the tom]iany, by Imnd or otherwise, to
)e enclosetl with the application for duplicates. '1 he new
tlocuments not to be issued (unless the original shall Ic tounti
and deliveretl up) until 7 clear days shall have elapsed from the
date t)f notice hv advertisement. Uiion notice of the lt»ss, tho
gtKHlswill l)e stopjted ; and the original document can on no
aicount be actetf upon. AV'hen Kast India warrants are lo>t,
the notice should be given to the Honourable Company's
warehouse keeper.
Irregularities in the indorsements lessen the security of the
proprietors of goods, antl rentier the documents incomplete us
auLnorities. 1 be attention of the holders is tlierefore particti-
larly called to that point, to prevent the impediments whith
must otherwise arise to the regular tiespatch of business.
Any attempt to remove sut'h impetliments by indorsing any
warrant, order, or cheque without tlue authority , even although
no fiautl may be intended, will be invariablV noticed in tba
most serious manner by the directors of the \Vest India Dock
Company.
Forms on which persons may he authorised to sign for others,
may be obtained in the general ofHce at the tlock house ; antt
as ro signature but that of the party named on the warranti
tlelivery order, or chetiue, can lie actetl upon, when goixls are
made tteliveralile to ortler, persons so authorisetl si ould atlhera
to the following form : — *' For (name or firm.)
(Signature of the person authorisetl . ) '
Deposit Accmtnta may be opened with such deposits as the
merchants think proper ; when the balance is retiucetl below
10/., a further deposit must be matle, lo/. being the smallest
sum w hich can be receiveti at a time.
I'arties having tlepnsit accounts with the Company, must
transmit a note of advice on the proper form with each tlepo-
sit, and it will lie necessary that they should invariably sthie
on their orders or warrants whom the charges are to be paid
by, thus: —
'* Charges to the (date) to our account. (Signature.)"
Or, "Charges lobe paidby the holder. (Signiiture.)"
Hy opening such accounts, the business of merchants w ilh
theCompany, particidarly where got.ds are upon rent, is much
facilitated. The I'roii'^'- torms antlpass btwks may be obtained
on application at t'^ iiock house.
OrJers JW Extra Wvrk — The charges for repacking, or
preparing for exportation, and all work not comprised in these
Tables, will hefixetl from lime to time, with reftrence to the
cost of labour antl materials. No such work, however, can be
done but by 'he ortler of the proprietors of gootls, orpartit»i
duly authorisetl by them. The warrants, or other documentsi
must therefore be produced, to show their authority, except
fur tasting of wine, and sampling wine and spirits ; in thtse
cases the number of the warrant n\just be inserted on the
order.
'I'he cliarges under this head must be paid by the parties
giving tho ortler or clearing the gtKMls.
iu-iHlx i<rtjiaral for Shijmicii — When goods housed in the
import warehouses are prepared for shipment, and are not
taken away within the fixed number of days, they will he re-
housetl at the expense of the proprietor, arul the charge for
such rehousal, and any additional rent which may have
accrued, nuist be paid before tlelivery.
The limt, allowed to elapse before rehousing, or rcftowingi
is as follows : mahogany and other measured wood, 4 da\s ;
dye woods, and all other gootls, 7 clear days : when the ex|'H)rt
vessel loads in the docks, the time will* be extended to the
date of her departure.
2. London Docks* — These were the next undertaking of this sort set on foot in the
Thames. They arc situated in Wapping, and were principally intended for the reception
of ships laden with wine, brandy, tobacco, and rice. The western dock covers a space
♦ Warrants will bo granteil, however, at the desire of tlio proprirtor, for dye woo<l imported from the
Kast Indies, or any artielo that can be separated into distinct and eorresponding parcels, on his paying thu
expenses of making such allotment.
2 I 2
1
( 1
MM
n? I.!
■• 1.
ti
w
<
! !
Ml
4S1.
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
'i ,
Hi
of above 20 acres ; aiiU the new or eastern dock covers about 7 aorcs. Tlie tobacco dock
lies between the above, and exceeds 1 acre in extent, being destined solely for the recep-
tion of tobacco ships. Tlie entire space included within tlie outer dock wall is 71 acres
and .'5 roods. The warehouses are capacious and magnificent. The great tabaccu
warehouse, on the north side of the tobacco dock, is the largest, finest, and most con-
venient building of its sort in the world. It is calculated to contain 24,000 hhds.
of tobacco, and covers the immense space of near Jive acres ! There is also a very large
tobacco warehouse on the south side of the tobacco dock. These warehijuses are wholly
under the management of the officers of customs ; the Dock Comi)any having nothing
whatever to do with them, save only to receive the rent accruing upon the tobacco
deposited in them. The vaults are under the tobacco and other warehouses ; they
include an area of about 18:}- acres, and, after allowing for gangways, &c., liave stowage
for 66",0(X) i)ipes of wine and spirits! These docks were opened in 1805. All ships
bound for the Thames, laden with wine, brandy, tobacco, and rice (except ships from the
East and West Indies), were obliged to unload in them for the space of 21 years: but
this monopoly expired in January, 1826'; and the use of the docks is now optional.
The only entrances to the London Docks were, until lately, by the basins at Her-
mitage and \Vapi)ing. llecently, however, another entrance has been completed from
old ShadweM Dock, through what was formerly Milkyard, to the eastern dock. This
new entrance is ^ of u mile lower down than Wapping entrance, and is a most material
improvement.
The capital of the Comiiany amounts to 3,238,310/. 5s. \0d. A considerable portion
of this vast sum, and of a further sum of 7(K),000/. borrowed, was required for the pur-
chase of the houses, about 1 ,1500 in number, that occupied the site of the docks. The
present dividend is 2^ per cent., and a 100/. share is worth about 55/. 10*. The Board of
directors consists of 25 members, of whom the Lord Mayor, as conservator of the river
Thames, is one.
Till' /ti'ijuldli'm.i to he observed hy Ships in the lUffcrcnt Docks being very much alike, as arc also the
rcgiiUuioiis as to loailiinjaiid unloading, working liours, &c., it seems unnecessary, having already given
those issued l)y llic West India Dock Company, to do more than refer to them.
Tonnage Rates.
Vessels are not permitted to leave the dock until the tonnage dues and other expenses have been paid;
for which fjur|)f)ie Ihe register must be produced at the superintendent's oHioc, if British, or a tertiticate
oradnieasmeniuiit by the prtiiier ntlicer of the customs, if foreign ; when a pass will be granted, which
must he lodged with the dock master on leaving the dock.
First C/iiss. — Vessels arrii'iiiu from any port in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey,
Aldcniey, Sark, or other Kuropean ports outside the Ualtic, between the North Cape and Ushant (Ham-
burgh excepted, sec Sccoiift Class), with liberty to reload lor any port, for every register ton of the vessel
fi(/. ; and rejit, after 4 weeks from date of entrance, if cargo discliarged by own crew ; from the date of
final discharge, if cargo discharged by the Dock Company, \il. per register ton per week. If with part
of their cargoes, for every ton of goods landed, (irf. ; and rent, after 1 week from date of entrance, 1</. per
register ton iicr week.
Vessels /()(i(//Hff for any of those pl.icos, not having previously discharged their cargoes in the docks,
for every register ton of the vessel, Grf. ; and rent, after i weeks from date of entrance, Irf. per register
ton per week.
Scamd Cliiss. — Vessels arriving from Hamburgh, with liberty to reload, for every register ton of
the vessel, (If/. ; and rent, alter (> weeks from date of entrance, \il. \>CT register ton per week.
Vessels loiiil/iig for Hamburgh, not liaving previously discharged their cargoes in the docks, for every
register ton of the vessel, (i</. ; and rent, after i weeks from date of entrance. Id. per register ton
per week.
Tliird Class. —Vessels nrriving from any port in the Mediterranean, with liberty to reload for any port,
for every register ton of the vessel, <Jrf. ; and rent, after (i weeks from date of entrance. Id. per register
ton per week.
\essels loading for any port in the Mediterranean, not having previously discharged their cargoes in
the d.icks, lor every register ton of the vessel, yrf. ; and rent, after 4 wecjis from date of entrance, hi. per
register ton pe-r week.
Fourth Class. — Vessels arriving from any other port or place whatsoever (with the exception of those
hereafter eiMunerated\ with liberty to reload, for every register ton of the vessel, 9d. ; and rent, after
4 weeks trom date of entrance, if cargo discharged by own crew; from date of final discharge, if cargo
discharged by Dock Company, Id. per register ton per week.
Vessels loading for any other i)ort or place whatsoever (with the exception of those hereafter enu.
meratedl, not having previously discharged their cargoes in the dock, for every register ton of the vessel,
0(/. ; and rent, after 4 weeks from date of entrance, Irf. per register ton per week.
A>C(7)/(0H.s-. — Vessels from Spain, laden with cork or wool, for every register ton of the vessel, 6</. ,
and rent, after tlie exiiiration of .'J weeks, Irf. per register ton per week.
Vessels to or from the whale fisheries, for every register ton of the vessel, \s. ; and rent, after the
expiration of fl weeks, \d. jwr register ton per week ; for every tun of oil delivered into craft, (id.
Vessels (excepting coasters, for which see First Class), landing part of their cargoes, for every ton of
gOf)ds landed, !)</. ; and rent, after 1 week from date of entrance. Id. per register ton per week.
Vessels loading part of their cargoes, for every ton of goods taken on board from the quays or by craft,
i)il. ; and rent, alU'r 1 week from date of entrance, Irf. per register ton i)er week.
Vessels two thirils laden with corn will be charged dock dues on the proportion which the other part of
the cargo hears to the register tonnage.
No tonnage rates will bo charged on vessels wholly corn-laden, but they will be charged for docking
and undocking as under : —
Vessels of 100 tons and upwards, II. Is.
Do. under 100 tons, 10s. (irf.
with liberty to remain in the dock, without further charge, for 24 h'-Uis after final discharge. Rent,
alter the expiration of that period, Irf. per register ton per week. S'lOuUl the vessel load outwards, the
usual tonnage rates, according to the port of destination, will be charged, instead of the rate for docking
0nd undocking.
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
iSb
Vessels coal laden, for dockini? and undncktnR, 21.». each ; for every ton of coals landed, Cid. ', for every
ton of roals transhipped, fW. j and rent, after 1 week, Irf. per register ton per week.
Vessels which enter the docks light, and load out, pay dues according to their ports of dcsthiation,
instead of those on light vessels.
Light vessels er)tering the dock to lie up, for every register ton of the vessel, 6d. ; and rent, after 4
weeks from date ol entrance, Irf. [H-r register ton per week.
Whenever required, the C'oini)any will discharge the cargo of a vessel upon the following terms ; viz.
Cargoes consisting, either in the whole or in part, of hogsheads or tierces of sugar (including ship cooper-
age), \s. Oil. per register ton.
Cargoes consisting of sugar in chests, 5 cwt. and upwards (including ship cooperage), Is. 5d. per register
ton.
Cargoes consisting of sugar in bags or chests, under S cwt, or other goods (not being oil direct from the
fisheries, tallow, hemp, ashes, corn, wood good.«, pitch, tar, hay, or straw), contained in casks, biiles,
serous, chests, cases, bags, baskets, mats, bundles, or similar packages; also, spelter or metal in pigs,
bars, rods, plates, .Vc, Hit. per register ton.
Cargoes consisting of mahogany timber, or other wood, in logs, 1«. !)rf. per register ion.
lilue gum Wood, or large timber, additional for every load delivered, (irf.
Cargoes consisting of hemp only, or merchandise, in bulk. Is. per register ton.
Cargoes consisting of tallow only, (irf. per register ton.
Mixed cargoes ; hemp, U. ,'Jrf. per ton of goods ; tallow, Cxi. per ditto ; ashet, Gd. per ditta
Alixed cargoes, part lieing in bulk, on the latter, l.v. per ton of goods.
(No eliarge made for excess beyond the register tonnage.)
Vessels which leave the docks for repairs are not charged rent while absent.
Mfinuranda. — Registers of ships inwards and outwards are kept in the superintendent's offlcc.
The wicket gates at the north-west principal entrance, at VVapping, and on tiie cast side of tl . eastern
dock, are oi)encd and closed as under : —
i'rom i!'.'d Sept. to aith Oct, both inclusive, opened at fi o'clock, closed at fi o'clock.
21st Oct. 2()th JIarch — 7 _ G _
Visiters are not admitted on Sundays.
No person is permitted to ipiit a vessel after the wicket gate is closed.
The hours for the comnienccnient of business, and oi)ening and closing the barrier gate, arc,
From 1st .March to ;>lst Oct., both inclusive, opened at 8 o'clock, closed at i o'clock.
1st Nov. 'JSth I''cb. — y _ 4 —
Lodfrmcnt qf Mniiift'sl Ma-sters of ships arc reqnire<l to deliver at the suixirintendcnt's olTicp,
within 12 hours atter the arriv<il of the ves.sel in the dock, or reiH)rting at the Custom-house, (which
shall (irst happen,) a true copy of the manifest or report of the cargo, signed by themselves.
Dhchiirpf (;/' f'issfls. — \C.ssels are not to break bulk, without the permission of tiie superintendent,
until the whole of the cargo has been entered at the Custom-house.
I'pon ajiplieation of the master, the Company will pass a warehousing entry for such goods as the
owners or consignees may have neglecttKl or refused to enter within t-S hours ; and will also land goods
not entered within 7 days ; both jieriods to be computed from the date of the rejjort.
Labourers or lumpers are not allowed to work on board vessels, on the quays, or in the warehouses, un-
less engaged by the Company; but niayl)e hired of the Company, to work under the dire<^tion and respon-
sibility of the master, the charge bi'ing is. hil per day for each man : and should not a sutticient number
be employed (()r the timely discharge of the cargo, additional hands will be provided by the Company, at
the expense of the \ e-ssel.
'I'he decks are to be speedily cleared of such Jirticles as may impede the discharge; and the master,
mate, or .some person duly authorised by the owners, is to remain on board during the unloading.
Stops .for Frcijiht. — (ioods landed wiil be detained for the freight, on due notice in writing, by the
owner, master, or other jjcrson interested therein ; and will not be delivered, nor warrants granted for
them, until orders shall have been given for the release of the goods, or the freight deposited with the
Company ; nor can a stop be received alter the goods have been transferred in the Company's books, or a
warrant has been granted for them.
(i(>o(ls delivered into cralt to be landed elsewhere, cannot be detained for freight.
Vessels U'aving the dock for repairs are not charged rent whilst absent ; nor is any charge made for
Imllast, chalk, or flints, received from or delivered into craft.
Water is sui)i)lied from Die reservoir, and delivered into the .ships' l)oats, at Is. per tun, on application
to the dock master.
Abstracts of cargoes, for the pnri)Ofie of making up fr<.'ight accounts, will be supplied on application
at the cinnptroUer's ottice, at the following charge : — s. (/.
If the goods have 10 marks or under - . --SO
— II to 21) marks . - . . -SO,
■— L'l and ui)wards, 2rf. each mark or parcel.
Steam boats are furnished by the Company, in certain cases, to ve.^sols (not laden with corn or timber)
proceeding to these docks, arriving from North and South America, the West India Islands, the Cape of
Good Hope, and all ports to the eastward thereof, upon application to the secretary, the superintendent,
cr the agent of the Company.
Jirgiila/ions regardini; Goods and the Rates and C/tarprs thereon.
ITent is charged on goods from the day on which the importing vessel breaks bulk. If goods be landed
by a duty paid, a sight, or a wareluiiising entry, and taken away within o days, no ; ent is payable ;
biit if they remain on the quay after that lime, qviay rent or watching is charged for such longer period.
(fdods landed 1)1/ Dock Order. — Hefore goods which have been lauded by the Comi)any for want of
entry, can lie delivered or transferred, the bill of lading must be lodged at the warehouse and the goods
entered at the Custom-house : and such goods are subject to an addi'ional charge for porterage.
Orilers for transfer or delivery ithe forms of which may be obtai. . d at the comptroller's ottice\ unless
the goods are to be delivered from the landing scale, canmt be accci)ted until the goods have been
laiuled.
Neither can orders for transfer be received, until the charges due on the goods comimsing the whole
of the entry have been paid; goods landed under the consolidated rate, and wines and spirits, excepted.
Orders for delivery cannot be acted upon, unless signed by the party in whose name the goo<ls stancl in
the Company's books, or t)y a person duly authoris:d to sign them: and should any interlineation,
erasure, or alteration have been made in an order, it can only be accepted with the initials of the party
set against such alteration.
Payment of Charges and Deposit Accounts. — The only persons authorised to receive money are, the
collectors at the suiierintendeTit's office, and wine and spirit department; the deputy warehouse-keeper
at the tobacco warehouse ; the dock master (for water furnished to vessels in the dockl ; and the ware-
house-keeper at the eastern dock; except for consolidated rates, which maybe paid at the London
Dock House, in New I5:.iK Buildings.
lleposit accounts m;:y be opened at the superintendent's office.
If the order does not specify the party by whom the charges due at the date of the order or transfer
arc to be paid, the amount thereof will be placetl to the deposit account of the party transferring.
'J I '5
l*f.
:i
'■■]
liiii I-
. 1 >
t I
ii
48G
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
I
v •
<t. d.
For rnch wnrrnnt or tranarcr containing
.». (/.
1
2() to ai) pafkagcs
. 8
Si
yi _ 35 .
- y
3
,'Jl) _ 4() .
. 10
4
41 — 4:5
. 11
5
4r> and upwards
- 1 I)
(i
and for goods in bulk, per ton
. 2
7
Warrniits anil Trnnsr,rs. — Warrants for noods in general, arc graiitod on written aiiplieation at the
d(iek, in lavoiir of biieli person as tlie p.irlj i wImh. name tliey htnnd in the Company's bdoks may
ilirei't. The tint arc issued free of eliarge ; on all subsequent warrants and transfers, the charges are as
follow : —
I'or each warraiit or transfer containing
1 or ^ packages
;! — 4
fl to 7 -
8 — 10
11 — 15
Iri — 21)
'.'1 — ii5 - -
The contents of one warrant may be divided into warrants for smaller quantities, at the will of the
lioliler.
Whenever housing, taring, weighing, dipping, rchorsing, or counting of goods is required, tlic oper-
ation must be performed ..ufore u warrant can be issued ; and if rewcigliing, &c. be required, a new one
must l)e obtained.
Applications for duplicate warrants, in consequence of the originals being lost or mislaid, must be
adilresse.l to the secretary, at the London Dock House, who will make known the conditions on whicli the
Company will issue them.
lycifilils nf Goods. — Duplicates arc furnished, upon reasonable cause for requiring them being
assigned.
Scctmd Samples of Ciooiis. — Orders for second samples, if the goods are for "exportation only," are
issued at the coniptroller's otilce, the proprietor paying the customs'duty thereon.
Empty Casks anil Facka^'cs. — If not removed from the dock within 7 days, are sold by the Company,
and tlie proceeds paid to the owners, after deducting the sale charges and other expenses.
I li;
If,.
!ii|
! I)
vy
y%
■ \
F.jeplanation of t/ie following Table qf Hates and Charges on Goods imported into the London Docks.
The consolidated rato is charged upon the nctt weight, and includes landing, wharfage, and housing, or
piling on the quay, coopering, sampling, weighing for delivery, tlelivery, and 12 weeks' rent frtmi the
date of the importing ship breaking bulk ; which may be paid on each mark separately, and will attach
unless notice be given to the contrary, pri.ir to tinal weighing or gauging.
The import rate is charged upon the gross weight, and includes landing, wharfage, and housing, or
]>irnig on the quay, or loading from the landing scale, and furnishing the landing weights or tales ; to be
paid before the delivery of any part of an entry can take place.
Tlie charges for reweighing, rehousing, unhousing and loading, or repiling, are each one third of the
import rate ; those for unhousing or unpiling, wharfage and shipping, the same as the import rate ; when
not otherwise speciticd.
Tadle op Rates A.vn Ciiarues on Goods imported into tub London Docks.
Goods imported.
Per I. ,1.
^Vlk.inet root - cwt. fi
Al ul.>, froTTl Afrir.i, ton 4 ti
in boxes and barrels, cwt. ^ 6
shell
9
Aloes, in gourds • Ion 8
or .1 consolidated rate of ,
.5U.I. per ton nett.
in chests or casks - ton 6
or .1 consolidatetl rate of
Wi. per ton nett.
- ton 3 6
Alum
.Mva nKirina, j
in bales ]tress-p.%cketl, ton ' 3
in ba^s not press-packed, |
ton I 5
Aintter anil be.ids, package i 1
AnibtTKris, in boxes or keu'S I
package I
Anchovies • - cwt.
AnKcUca root
.\niseed - - cwt.
Star • • cwt.
Annotto • - ton
or a consolidated rate ot
'21*. per ton nett in caiks
in baskets or small pack-
ages - - cwt.
Antimony - - ton
ore - • ton
if loose, frlling and weigh-
int;, '^s. i>er ton.
Apiiles basket or barrel
tierce
hogshead
Argol - • ton
1 Arrow root - - ton
I or a consolidated rate of
S0». per ton nett in
' casks, or 30«. in boxes or
I chesti.
Kent.
Per
Week.
3. ,1.
(I 1
4
ii O
1 3
2
OA
'i
(I li
1
3
Quantities, &c.
I Per
cwt.
ton
I IIIO boxes
I UMI half boxes
brl. ycwt. '2<irs.to3cwt>
i barrel
larye bale
small bale
half bale or seron j to
li cwt.
score gourds
1 package under 3 cwt.
li ditto 3 iV undir .'i cwt.
'2 ditto .'■> tSc under 8 cwt.
3 1 ditto 8 cwt. & upwards
3 ' ton
6 ' ton
fi 1 I box or case
n 3 pni'k.ige
■i fi i 1110 brls. or double bris.
13 100 kegs
0^ cask under IJ cwt.
1 barrel
2 tierce
3 hogshead
fi ton
10 ton
7J 2 ' cask .3 to 8 cwt.
Oi mat or basket 1 cwt
and under
7 6
4
2
ton
ton
01 basket or barrel
l| tierce
3 i hogshead
4 toti'in casks
fi 100 cases under 2 cwt.
6 100 bags or cases 2 cwt
and under 1 cwt.
7 Ion
Goods imported*
Ptr
-Arsenic - - ton
.Vsafietida - - cwt.
.Asbes, from America, ton 3
Kussia - - ton 3
Odessa - - ton 3
L'idiousing, wharfage, and
shipping, 'is. per ton*
Asphaltuiii - - ton 5
Bacon - - hogshead 1 2 U
bale : u 6
side ' 2i
middles, 3 cwt. tierce 8?
ditto, 1 to 2 cwt. - cask u G
Oagi^.ige, including deliver)!
and one week's rent.
presents, samples, parcels
of p.ipers, and other
small articles, package
cases, trunks, lioxes, bun-
dles of bedding, and
wearing apparel,packape
middle-sized ditto, and
chests - package
larger packages m pro-
portion.
Rags, empty - - score
Balsam capivi. In jars, cwt. j
in barrels - - cwt.
fi
h I
2
Kent.
Fer
Week
Peru, In jars - cwt*
Coopers attendance at
landing and delivery is a
separate charge.
Canada - - package
llamboos. See Caites.
Hark, oak, in bags or
loose - - ton
in casks • • ton
in cases about 1 cwt.
2 qrs. - - cwt.
Jesuits' or Peruvian, cwt.
B.arilla, loose ■ • ton
Unhousing, wharfage, and
shipping, .3*. per ton.
Filling and weighing, 2«>
per ton.
in serons - • ton
I'nhousing, wharfage, and
shipping, 2«. 6d. per ton.
2
1 li
C
1 IJ
1 6
3 C
3 3
3. d.
4
OJ
Ol
Quantities, tfic
ton
iwt.
cask
c;lsk
ton
Per
S
3
1
U OJ
1
U Q\
1
loii
2
0',
OA
r
2
0]
1
4
4
Unhousing, I
Wiiart
igf, ami
MIU|
.Jjiug.
(i
li
6
u
4
inckape
package
package
score
jar
barrf', under 2 ru(.
barrel, o cwi. Si (i)>witiit.-
jar
1)J
'i.
package
ton
ton
case
clu.<;t
\ chest or seron
\ seron
ton
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
487
Uoodv Imported.
Basketa - - bale
i Imle
laroe bundle
small bundle
Ik'.iiU, jet, or other kindn,
nut described package
IWans, in ba^H * bn^
t;ist<ir - ■ cwt.
Ik'c-f and pork - tierLx*
barrel
tuli, kit,or half barrel
Derries, juni|>er
U
«. ■/.
3
1 G
Kent.
Per
Week.
Quantltiesj iStc.
Per
(» 3 bale
1,^ ) bate
1 far^e bundle
U U) small bundle
vellow or bay
llettl nut)
Itiacuits
B Hies
in bafls
Ituuks
Itoraric ncid
Itfirax, ruu^h or refined, ton
llotllus, empty ^lass ffros'i
Hrass • - ton
llrimstone, loose • ton
t'nbou^ln^, wliarfiige^ and
sliipptiiKi ^4> i>er ton.
Filling and weighing, 'U.
l»er ton.
in caiiks or r.ises - ton
Unhou^iinKi wtiarfagc, and
shipping, 2a, tid, i>er ton.
nristles, in packages above
C> cwt. - - ton
under 5 cwt. - ton
Uron/e - case
case
Bucco leaves • cwt.
Unfiles - - ton
llulliun • disk nr case
small package
smaller |iack^es,not
exceeding .1/. in value.
Hurr stones. Hee Stom;
Butter, foreign.
Friesland or Hnlstein,
landing, wharf.ige, and
lioiistng, or loading,
and ftirniAhing landing
weights to the im|K>rt-
ers . - itask
the like - half qr. cask
Loading fVom the ware-
house, \(!. ]ier cask.
Weighing on delivery, if
retiuiied, and furnishing
delivery weights to the
buyer. It/, per cask.
Gmdt-n or Holland,
landing, wharfage, and
housing or loading,
and furnishing landing
weights - firkin
l*oading frori the ware-
house, ,^f/« per firkin.
M'eighing on delivery,
when required, ^</. per
firkin.
Irish - score firkins
>\'eighing U|K>n delivery,
1(/. per cask or firkin.
Unhousing, whiirfiige, and
hhi))pnig, l^d, per ca^ik
or firkin.
Cables, iron - .- ton
hempen • - ton
coir - - ton
Cambric - - package
Camels' hair - ■ cwt.
Camphor - - cw*t.
or a consolidated rate ol
Is. H(/. per cwt. nett.
(-anes, common rattan,
1,000
or a consolidate!! rate of
.1.s. n</. per 1,000.
ground • - 1,000
reed, in bundles, , 'Zo each
100 bundles
whanghee, bamboo, and
I Jumbo - 1,000
'i Canillaalba • cwt
I or a consolidated rate of
1 Is. H(l. per cut. nett.
I Caiitharides • - cwt
Capers
Cards, playing package
small package
Cardamoms • • 4'wt.
bag
1 6*0 1 ' package
(i 1, bag
3 fi ton
8i 0^ tierro
.'»i T KM) liarrels
34 2 O ' ino barrels
ton [8 2 li ' 100 bags under 2 cwt.
.') 100 bugs '^ to 4 cwt.
. ton 5 Oil ton
■ ton 3 /> ton
cwt. 3 , Oi keg
10 0^ bag or barrel
- a 1 l.oiK)
6 0.V tiai;
a ( bale or box
3 package or chest
4 ton
O 10 ton
1 gro«3
2 ton
2 ton
1,000
bag
cwt.
ton
3 3
7
fi
u
.I
1 6
1 U
6
ton in casks
100ra>esofaliout 2cwt.
IIKI boxes about 1 cwt.
100 bones about 60 lbs.
ton
ton
case
box
: iV case or barrel 2 cwt.
2 rase 3 tod cwt.
9 ton
Goods Imported.
b2 ' I'er I
« Week.
Hem.
Quantltiei, &c.
3
3
Cari>cts, bate above 70 stiuare
y.irils
ballot, under 70 bipiare
)ard»
Carraway seed • ton
Cashew imls • cwt.
Casks landetl empty, or ca>k
cast's. If not delivered with-
in (i days (and includes
delivL'n)
butt, piiK', or ])tnuheon
ftmallcr rask or case
pi. It. — If taken away
witb.in f) davs, half the
atiove cliarges, and no
rent,
wine or spirit, smalt ut-
lages (including turning
over tlie contents, storing
and delivery) each
Cassia lignea - cwt.
bmls • - cwt.
or a cnnsolidatetl rate of
Is. fid. per cut. nett.
fistula - • cwt.
Castor beans • - ton
Castoruni, keg or small box
Catlings - case or diest
Caviare - - packiige
tJbaises or carriages, with
2 wheels ■ ■ each
1 ditto • - each
Clialk, French • ton
Cliassum - - bate
Clieese, foreign - ton
Landing, wharfage, and
tiouslng, or loading,
and furnishing landing
weights to the import*
ers.
Turning, each time, per
ton, W.
Per
4, d. *. d,-
2 4 bale
1 I
1 4i 2 ballot
5 5 ton
G I 0.^ cwt.
2
2
5
3
(1
4
.'/. «
.'•.
'i r,
4
II KM
-i
G
10
No rent or watch-
inK will hv
ihari;«l if lalceii
"Way from tlic
quay within six
worliiiij; (lajs
1(10 from tlie jicrioil
IIX) of IheiiniiDrlinK
sliip bruakirii;
bulk.
Wnfc/ihiff on the
yim.iys, after the
expiratioii of one
wecli, per ninht,
on any immlier
of casks or lir-
kins, t. il.
Not exceeding
100 M ...06
26 & not SO 9
SI _ 75 1
76 — luo 1 6
On any number
above IIHI, In
10/ like i>ro]>orlion,
ton
ton
ton
packaijc
liale or case
1 G U 1,000
4
3
1,000
6
3
1
6
100 bundles
5
■i
1,000
B
H
cwt.
1
3
case or <•.^sk imdcr 4 cwt .
4
case or caik 1 and muter
8 cwt.
6
case or cask S cwt. and
upwards
3
II
6
butt
4
uunrheon
nnj*s!ie.id
(1
3
1
barrel
1
6
•i
pack.i(;e
1
1
small package
(>
1)
chest
1
baK
On delivery, weighing, per
ton; ' ^ '
lelivcry, w
n, U. id.
Unhousing and loading,
per tun, Is. id*
in tub or case - cwt
Chesnuts
bushel
H I butt, pipe, or puncheon
4 0\ sni.dler coak or cue
1
1
1 o
5
eat h
ton
ton, in che»i«
100 bags
fi 0£ cwt.
3 I fi
l> 1
1) 2
6 i 1
G ' I
fi 1 6
fi
6 : I
1
6
24 1
Chicoree, under 1 cwt. 2 qrs.
case 01 cask
under 3 cwt. case or cask
3 and under 5 cwt. case
or ca.sk
5 cwt. ami above, cask
Chillies - - cwt.
or a consolidated rate of
Ia. per cwt. nett.
China root • - cwt,
China ware ot porcelain,
case
small case
box
Chirayeta • cwt
Chocolate • box
Cinnabar - - cwt.
or a consolldatctl rate of
'is. fuL pt-r cwt. nett.
Cinnamon - - cwt.
or a consolidated rate of
3s. iier Lwt. nett.
Citron, in salt - - pipe
hogshead
Cooper's attendimce is a
sejiarate charge,
preservetl. See Succades. ,
CI(K'ks, wooden - chest ,
Cloth, woollen, case or large i
I)ale I
from S to 12 pieces, ordi-
narv bale
under 8 pieces, small bale
Cloves • - cwt.
or a consolidated rate of
2s. 5(/. per cwt. nett. i
Cobalt - - ton
Cochineal - - cwt.
or a consolidated rate of
."«. per cwt.
dust
Cocoa and coll'ee, all kinds,
cwt.
or a ronsotiilated rate,
in casks, Is. (»</. jier cwt.
nett; in Imgs, \s. 2d. per
cwt. nett.
Cocque de \n'r]e chest
Coculus Inditus - cwt.
or a cnnsolidatetl rate of
\s. Cd. per cwt. nett.
3 jOOi
1
II V!
7
6 OJ
I
6 3
(I U
II 1
HI 3
U 2
4* 10
1 Si 1
ton
keg or small box
case or chest
package
each
each
ton
bate
ton
To be housed in a well
lighted and ventilateil
warehouse, with the
use of scaftbldinuiUpon
which tlie cheese will
be stowed, so as to
admit of separate and
convenient examin*
ation; and the rent to
commence after one
week from the day of
landing.
N.lt.— Uy Ihismoileof
stowage and well re-
pilated ventilation, the
loss in weight usually
sustained upon hous-
ing will be materially
diminishetl.
tub or case
KM) small ditto
lOU sacks
KNI bags
100 Larrets
case or cn^k
case or cask
ton
cwt.
case
snKdl case
box
cask or ca:»e
Ik)x
ton
6 4 pi)>e
0,03 hogsliead
0^02
! 3
G 2
l.J
«i 1
o
u
•J
g'I
1
:
i
6
4 2
2
oi
chest
case or targe bole
ordinary bate
small bale
cwt*
ton
cwt.
100 bags
tun
chest
cwt.
■2 I 4
f i.>
i Ml r iiiii
!■?■
PMU'-
'■'!
' ' M
I I!
il ■
•. t mt H» <
488
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
[<a
ml '\'\
I
MM i
!
1
IIojUi Imparted. |-J
Rent. 1
li"
llenl.
'
I
—
Ouuds Imported.
_
■
11...
Per
Week.
"m
I- \V«k. UuanlltitM, &1-.
Quantities, lie.
]
I'fr f. ,/. I. d. Vtr
/Vr
1. if.
J.
(/.
I'tr
Coir, unwrouKhtt pren-i- i
h'lsh, c<td • • ton
4 6
Ion
J
Hem
pnckwJ . ■ ton 3 1 !
ru|H!, under (i Inches girth, i.|. ■ ,„-
hi-ri'tng'l - • tieice
1
3
100 tierces
.|
l"<
mackerel - - barrel
6
1
lliOb.iires
.1
C<K
ton »i 3 (
yarn • • ton •'> i' J
snlinon - • tierce
6
.',
10(1 tierces
1
1
kit
Vi
1
10(1 kits
'1
Coki-rnut« . • KKI 1 6 3 luu
stock, or sturgeon 1,000
l.OIKI stock
1
ur a I'nnsolUlated rate of > .
1
lou kegs sturgeon
1
^•. 4(1. iier 1U(J. '
Colo<iulnlla« • - ewl. U lUJ (1 1 caae or cask under 1 iwt.
2
luu barrels stuck or stur-
1
Wi
geon
1 i '^'1
U 2 L-aM.* or cakk 1 and untler
fl 1
Un
1 3 i-wt
not otherwiio descrlbe<l.
.f
' 3 ca-e or task 3 cwt. and
tierce
1
.1
100 tierces
1
t
' 1 uiiwarda.
barrel
G
2
6
100 barrels
1
Cnlumboroot • cwt. 6 (1 04 cvi.
IMX
3
1
6
IIHI boxes
fi '
l^oiiiier • Ion S u U -^ ton
roM • • barrel
U
3
100 barrels
1
Hide^
WlinrfiKe and ihlppinu
copper slabs, when piled
1
Flax (including weighing).
ton
5
5
ton
m
loo^
on the (iua>, 3«. -!(/. per
If sold from landing scale,
m
froi
ton.
to importer, iier ton.
1
Copptras - ton A 6, ton
3». III/. ■ to buyers, ditto.
hor
Cwiiii'la nuts ■ 1,11(1(1 1 3 U 1 l.twlO
1<. M.
■
fi
CoinitiitK the whole parcel . 1 1
Unhousing, wharfage, and
ox,
Is a separate cliar({e. | | |
shipping, 4».6(<. iierlon
>l
Curat, tVa^inenU • cwt. 1) 7i U 3 caw or catk
Flour • - - ton
4 S
"i^
ton
olh
Le^uls - • case 1 ii U V cata
including delivery by land
r.
box 1 U ; U 1 box
ur water.
n
CnrilaKe, hempen, under B ] 1
Kepiling, If. per ton.
11
iiit'hfi - • t(tn ,^004 ton
Weighing on delivery. If
do.
Cork - • • tun (i 7 tun on (piav
re«iuired, Ut. per barrel
n
Inhotislnit, wharfage, and 1 ton under cover
or chest.
do.
»hippinK, 1*. per ton. | | (
Flowers, anlllclal - case
1
1
case
Corks • - cwt. 2 1 I).ik 1 cwt.
Iwx
9
04 box
do.
1 ! UJ baK .0(1 lbs.
Forest seeds, nuts and
iub
1 t) 2 hoK-head
acorns - - barrel
9
1
barrel
a
Cornelians and beads, chest in 2 rii'st
Frankincense - - chest
»>,
10
Ion
1
box 1 « 1 box
Fruit. See the species ot
1
Ins)
Corpses - - each 1^ {
fruit.
Hone
Cortex Wintiranns - cwt. (i OJ
Furniture, very large case
4 C
4 (arge case
^ ordinary casn
'
or a consolidated rate of
ordinary case
3
Hoofs
1». («/. tier cwt. nclt. |
Cotton goods - bale t r, 2 Uile
middling case
2
2 middling case
intermediate package
1
]i interinedlatc package
i I ■■'■'■'
box or case 1 1^ box ur case
small case
f;
1 small case
i 'llun.^
tnmk U u 1 trunk
Furs. SeeSAi/u.
1
LI I'lal
Cotton wool, press-pckd.cwt. 3 (1 .'> Ion
(lalangal - • cwt.
ii
()l cwt.
of cwt.
^ |iiai
nut press-packed • cwt. 4^ Q U tun
tialbanuin - • cwt.
G
(1
^H
or a cunsulidated rate on 1
Halls • - cwt.
3^
lO'i "">
1^1
press-packed, 9(/. |(er i
(iainboge - - cwt.
(i
OJ cwt.
^1 hur
cwt. nett : not prcss-
(ienlian root - - t(m
,')
(1 " n
^H
packed.lj.percwt.nett. \
Dinger - - cwt.
(i
b
tin
■H
in
Cotton yarn - cwt. 11 ,'4 1 bale
or a consolidaied rate of.
^H
Cowha^e • • cwt. li Oj cwt.
in caiks, 1j. GJ. per cwt.
^H
2
Cowries • ■ ton .*> U 3 tun
nett; in bags, ll. 2<(.
I^H
Horse
Cows - - • each 10 1
(In.
1^1
Jalap
Cranberries - • ke;; (i 1 kef;
(tinseng root - • ton
5
1
barrel
E^H
barrel y 1 barrel
Ulass • • cask or chest
1 6
3
cask or chest
<^M
Jewel
Cream of tartar - ton 5 () (i ton
case
1
2
case
1
1 2 cask under 13 cwt.
box
1
1
box
1
Indiai
(Xis • cwt. fi (Ij cwt.
(ihie - - - ton
!>
4
ton
■m
1 ilunniiin seed - cwt. Oi cwt.
tiranilla - - cwt.
9
2
barrel
'M
1 i
ur a consolidated rate of
■
Unhousing
,1j. per cwt. nett.
^
loos
ami
(irapL'S - - box
6
.')
1(10 boxes
1
Loading.
.iar
3
2
li
1(10 jars
1
India
Currants, 23 cwt. and up-
.. </.
Orease - - - ton
5
(1
3
ton
4
liulig
wards • - buit 4 (■ R
1
(ireavcs - - ton
4 C
3
ton
or a
li to 23 cwt. • butt 3 4
(I .s
(iuinea grains - cwt.
6
10
ton
l>
9 to 15 cwt- - pipe 2 3 1) 3
(i
(ium, in serons, bags, or in
Eas
i to 9 cwt. - carotel 1 e 2i 4
ca.ses, chests or casks, from
01
Deals. See H'ooJ Guor/i. ( ; 1
Africa - - Ion
4 6
4
Ion
Deer - - - each /i I . .
in rases, chests, or barrels.
Diainonds - - packajje 1 (i 3 Package
from other places cwt.
6
U chest or c.Tse
Dragons' bloo<l • cwt. (i Oi '*',•
Dripstones - - each 9 O.J '''Lh
01 barrel
loose or in hogsheads ton
Guns, carronades, U cwt.
5
■»
ton
Dvellowcr ■ - ton 5 (i '""
or a consolidated rate of 1 1 1
and ujiwards - ■ each
2
1
no rent if taken away in
14j. (irf. per ton nett. ! | 1
Other si7.es are charged in
7 days
Eau de Cologne - case 1 fi 4 ""3'* ,
p.onortion.
small case 10 2 •"'•'" ''ase
Hair, horse, ox, or cow.
Ink
KRgs - - . box G 1 liu»
cwt.
G
1 h.ile under 3 cwt. ■
Inkle
Elephants' teeth. See Imr;/.
Emery stune. .See SViihc.
H bale 3 and under .'1 cwt- 1 ■
2 bale 5 cwt. ajul upwards i H \ Ipeca
Essences, 1 cwt. and up-
1
Oi cwt. loose
Iron
wards - - case '20 04 case
human - cwt.
1
2 bale
under 1 cwt. - c.ise 1 |i 2 small case
if la
Extract from oak bark, cwt. 3 1 cask about 1 cwt.
Cnhsg.
Whfge.
and
Shi),B.
n
IJ cask above (ii cwt.
wh<
rhatania - - cwt. 9 1 cwt.
ir
J.suiis' bark - cwt. 09 1 'wt.
li
Fans - - - case 1 U case
Un
Iwx 10 1 box
a. rf.
St
Feathers, bed - cwt. 10* I small bale
U bag 1.J and under 2 cwt.
Hams - • hogshead
tierce
S
' 1 6
.1
1
1 6
8
hot^^hcad
tierce
ir
AVI
2 bag 2 and under 3 cwt.
barrel or basket
G
1
4
barrel or basket
(i
03! bale 3 and under !> cwt.
ai
from Irel.ind - - -.02; bale
loose - - - each ' Of
04' each
t(
astrich - - package 1 6 2 package
vidture» not exceeding 2 { 1
Hats, Leghorn • 10 dox. 6
I
1 "
2
1 10 ciozen
! nndriling case or package
old
ore
cwt. - - package 16 2 package
not exceeding SU lbs. bag 6 OJ bag not exceeding SO lbs.
1
chip - tub of SO do/. ' J 6
Hellebore root • cwt. 6
4
2
10
j large case or package
j tub of SO dozen
j ton
ste
c
h
l^nhsg' Ilent
Hemp (including weighing)
if
1 and per Week.
ton 4 G
6
ton
v
Fig,,3qrs..olcwt.lqr.^^ 3 '0%-^^ 2
about Sfi lbs. i chest 3 Oj 13
If sold from landing scale ; ;
! 00 rhesU
to importer, ton 3*. Gr/. ;
i
KlOhalfchts.
to buyer, ton 1*.
Ising
i chest — 28 lbs. score 2 6 6")
drums - ■ score 2 6 6 #
AVeigliing in the ware-
Ivorj
Junk
house, ton, 2j.
1 A and i drums - score 1 « 6 > 1 S i*™
1 fialfqr drums - score 1 6 '■ V I
Loading, Ion, 2*.
I'nhousing, wharfage, anc
Jute
or
Uipnets ■ - score
1 6
«
J
shipping, U. |)er ton.
1
■
' 1
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
489
vn, Sic,
»?
rfreon
uck ur ittir-
package
wt.
Icr.'ii-wt. !
i\ upwards i
Mil
or basket
ir package
acka^e
OowU imiwiU'd.
1
1
Kent.
(ioud> linjiorKd.
i
5 ■
KmiI. {
Wwk.l Ut'iuillties, Jic.
~
s
e
X 1 er
Week.
Quantities, 5ic.
Per
•.
"7.
«■
d.
I'tr
/•rr
t.
i(. :
./.
l\r
Hemp — cmUinmil.
Kelp ■ - • Ion 3
li
2
tun
[tre^j*-|)aikf(l • ton
4
1)
4
ton
Filling and weighing, 2<.
c<Mlllla. hemp or flan ton
If Bolil from landing I
6
u
t;
ton
per Ion.
Knives - ■ package
\
2
1
rase
barrel
to Importer, Ion Hi.
1 II
'<\
box
to huyer, ton \n.
Lac dye or lake - chest
1
1
chest
Wi'lilhlnfi, '^1. |>er ton.
LonnlnKi ^- per Ion
I.ace • - case or box
2
K
ti
case or box
l.actiuered ware * cliest
}
6 .
2
clieat
L'lihouKiiiu. wharfiitfe, and
khippiiiK, 5l. i>er ton.
Consolidaleil rate, on
Ihix
'
1
liol
I.aril . ■ blailder
IN
fi
KhI bladders
Lead - - - tun 2
6
1
ton
Kaitt Inillii, prcM.
Unpiling, wharfage, and
packed, \U. per ton.
shipping, 1<. tiiJ.perlon.
Hides, hor&u - t>a!e or chest
2
H
3
containing l,')Oor under.
ore • . Ion ••
2
ton
loose - - ■ each
l^
u
C
larger bale In propurtiuii
KKI
black • • ton
while - • ton
3
U t
;
4
4
ton
tun
from lUniliro', ilry UK)
bundle (If '^ hUlfs
7
u
A
Kill
Leather, foreign (tanneil)
U
3
U 10
lUU
hale
1
6 i
2
liale
hnr^e, ox, cow, or Imf-
demi • - - bale
1
1
1',
bale
fato, wet lialted - facli
li
10
lOU hlde»
ItKise - • Ion
4
U ,
9
ton
ox, cow, or buH'alo, wilh
iristi (tannett) bale, under
1
bhuit horns - e.ich
U
'i
2
u
luu
lout. 1'
9
IM
IkiIc under 1 cwt.
other hiiles, not enumi'>
bate, 1 cwt. to 2 cwt.
1
(1
1
bale 1 to 2 cwl.
rated, dry, or dry saltid.
bale, 2 cwl. to 1 cwt.
1
ti
11
bale 2 to 4 cwl.
averaging more than 'it
•mall or niiddiitig crate
2
small or middling crate
Mm. ■ ■ eacli
H
U 10
100
large crute
2
(i
2
large crutu
do. averaxinK I'illis. and
lAinons. See Oraiigu.
1
not eicenliOK Ti llis. KMI
u
(1
1(1
100
I.exia . - -ton
5
4
ton
do. 7 llMi. and under 12 U>s.
Limes . - barrel
H
1
biiirel
UK)
fi
3
fi
tlH)
Lime Juice - ino gallons
2
1 ,
5
lanii hcon
do. under 7 lh.4. - 1(J0
1
2
fi II III
Laying up to gauge, and
3
Mog.slieaU
iuUtleii.aliontScwI. hale
3
.-; hale
cooper'., attendance at
2
barrel
about4cwt. li;de
1
li
H hale
1 Miiall hale
landing and delivery.
small hale
I
3
form a sepatate charge'.
losh - hale or chest
•i
(1
,1 hale or chest
Linen, (iermaii - - hale
2
3 '
4
hale
Honey - - cwt.
u
1 barrel
hale
I bale
1
3
2
i bale
O.l ki-g or jar
III toll
(1
N4 (1
1
\ bale
Hoofs - . cwt.
l\
loose or in bags - roll ! (i
14 1
lllll rolls
Hups • ' • cwt.
ti
■i
bag
chest 1 'I
1, ti
4
( lUM
u
1
IKn ket
} chest
i chwl
1
3
2
i client
i chest
1,'oms, and horn lips, or
HJ
2i
1
plates, including coumInK
Ilussia - . hale
1
2
bale
cwt.
lOi
10
ton horns
i hale, containing 10
pieces, or boarded bale
5
Ion lips
9 1
1
\ bale
i bale
in pack.fges . - cwt.
B
o.i
bag
i hale
7 J
2^
1
hart, sia^, or dier.
crash • ■ bale
1
3
bale
100 pair
3
3
IIKI pair
A bale
J bale
y
2
4 bale
in hales under 'i cwt.
(1
7*
n 1
1
: bale
hale
1
1
Imle
sail cloth • bolt or roll
Oil bolls or rolls
« cwt. and alove hale
Horses • • - each
1
i;
li, IJ''"-'
1
mats, 'I pieces - each j
Irish - - case or bale i 1
.3 2
fi
3
1(10 iii,,i» Ci piecch)
case or hale
box or btiiidle
Jalap • • cwt.
lOi
1 hale about .T cwt.
box or bundle \
9
I
II
(Ij bale about li cwt.
3 package
sample box
fi ,
1
sample box
Jewellery ■ • packa;;e
1
r,
Linseed. Sec H'Aiuf.
box
1
i>
II
■i box
cakes . - ton 3
fi'
3
ton
Indian rubU'r, lihd. or pipe
1
fi
,| hogshead or pipe
Lliiuorice - - cwl.
3i
1
case or barrel
*/ to 4 cwi. i-a?*
1
fi
1
1 tibe
root - - cwt.
6 ; 1
loose. Ion
1 to 2 cwt. case
1
(1
1 case
„'•'
1
bale umler 2 cwl.
barrel
n
fi
(It barrel
Jlaie . - cwt.
1
I*
cheit
looFe • •cwt.
1
l' cwl. in bottle
or a consolidated rate of
cask about 1 cwt.
||J cwt.auUa
Ol bag
?tt. per cwt.
Indian com - - ha^
3
1)
Madder - - ton
3
44
fi
Ion
Indigo, not Kast India, cwt.
1^
serun
roou - - cwt.
I
bale tinder 3 cwt. 2qrs.
bale 3 cwt. 2 qrs. and
under .'t cwt.
bale i cwt. and upwards
bale
or a consolidated rate of
It. Cut. per cwt. nitt.
r
li
Kast India, in chcMs cwl.
or a consolidaleil rale,
8i
U
chest
Maiden hair - • bale
1
2
1
including all opera.
Manna ■ - cwt.
II
104
1
chest or cask
lions incident on tar-
Marbles . . ton
5
4
ton
ing, raising, repack.
Marble hatha - • each
6
C
each
ing, stowing, and at-
mortars - - Ion
a
fi
ton
tendance wltilst on
sculpltind works of art :
show, nailing down,
lolling, and piling
iinixirl rale according
to the size and value -
.
•
3
case
awav, of 17». Gil. per
2
small case
chest.
Ink - - . cwl.
9
2
cask
rough, in casei . cwt.
6
2
caiie
Inkle - • . CWI.
Ipecacuanha • . cwt.
Iron (including weighing),
ton
1
3
lOi
4
1* cTse
1 box or keg
10 ton
i
1 ton
Delivered
into Craft, per
Ton of 'i.'t
Palms or 12
Wharfage
and
Shipping.
if landed for transit, and
1 1
Cubic Keel.
s. ,1.
3 I)
A II
•. it.
4 G
7 fi
IS n
not weighed - Ion
when shipped from land*
Ing scale (including de-
livery) - - ton
Unpiling, wharfage, and
2
G
1
ton
blocks, under 2 tons, ton
above 2 tons - ton
fi
10
n ' n
3
3
i
2
none
if shipped within one
week from the last day
above 10 tons - ton 20
Mastic • ■ cwt.
1
6
3
1
10
case or chest abt. 3 cwt.
snipping,without weigh-
of landing.
Mats . - 100 1
Si
6
100 bundles
ing, 'U. (iff. per Ion.
%Vhen weighed on board.
Indian - • chest 1
2
chest
box
9 ,
1
box
(including use of scales
from corn vessels, bundle !
1
and weights), 2i. per
oflO ,
2
6
100 bundles
Ion.
Delivery by land, Jd. per
old . . ton
.•?
4
2 ton
bundle; by water, \d.
ore . - Ion
3
2 ton
per bundle.
steam engines, boilers,
Melting pots • - cask 4
4
cask
cylinders, and other
Minerals - . case , I
2
case
hiavj machinery, ton
7
6
I ton
Mohair yam - - cwl.
74
1
bale
if discharged fVom the
Molasses. See Wat tmlia
vessel into craft, with-
Dvck Chiir^rs.
i
nut landing or weigh-
Moss, rock or Iceland, Ion 7
6
9
Ion, in hags
ing . - ton
fi
1 1
fi
1(10 casks alwut Ktlhs■
Isinglass . . cwt.
int
10 ton
'3
ll>0casksabout2cwt.
Ivory . . cwt. (1
lllj
1 cwl.
Mother -o'-pearl, shells, Ion ' 7
or a consolidated rate of!
6
4 ton
Junt, or old rope . ton
Jute, pressp.icked ■ ton
3
fi
3 Ion
1
4
,
■1 ton
18.1. Gil. per ton nt-ll. i
ware - • cbisis 1
1
1
or a consolidated i te of
111. per Ion neit.
I
i
fi II
2 chest 1
box
1
1
bux
1
iil ill
[M
i I
r\
h 'i'
^
\ i
49()
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
k i:'
'. u,
ik
m
a,il
(iotxU hnpurtirtl.
Prr
Munjcfi, In liiiliii i-wl.
ur II I uiiHiiliil.tti-d ratu ut
If.li'/. |M-r CWt. DL'lt.
in ImmllfH • • uwt.
ur a coiihoUdati'd rale of
'U. \ivx cwt< nvtt
Muitk - • dirst
box
MyralioUiu - - cwi.
M\rrh - - twi.
Nails • • cwi.
Niinkwn • • chfst
Nnlron, Itmse - - tmi
yilllnu and wcighinKf ^«-
\n.r (un.
NutiiicMa • ' <^wt.
ur i\ ctinHotidati'd rate ut'
li. tiJ. pLT CWt. ntJtt.
Nuts • - bushel
barri'l
b;i({ or navk
cMtania - - bushvl
Nux vomica - - cwt
(MltHin - - ton
Oatmeal* atumt 'i^ cwt., tn>
(')u(linK dflivL'ry • ton
Wi-iKtnnic lor ilvlivury, 1(/.
|H-r huck ur barrel.
(Ichru . - • ton
Oil, hay • • ca»k
cOklur - - cwt.
cliemlcal, 1 cwt. and up-
wardH • • package
under 1 cwt. - jiackage
Landinci whnrftffe, and
laviiiu u|i to KUUKe
("ooJifrSi attendiince, if de>
livtrt'd from the miay -
SeiirL-hin^ and titling up
(if done)
Loading or housing
Couju'r's attendance at
housing, and at delivery
from llie vault
rnhou^in^ and loadin>f •
Unhouaingf wharfage, and
shippiUK -
Rent per week
A.H. - Fourteen davs
allowed from final day of
iandin({ ])rL'vious to the
commencement of rent ;
but the Company are at
liberty to house fi days
after f;au>iing, unless de-
tidned bv written order
previously.
llent on the nuantity re-
main-iiKwill berharKwi
firoin the day of thevesM;]
breaking bulk.
olive, in jars:
common jars - cwt.
A jars - - cwt.
large jars - - cwt.
cases containing 30
quart bottles • casi-
salad, ^ chest of 30
bottles
palm and cocoa nut, ton
ill large casks, for evury
cwt. above uO cwt.
seed - - tun
Oil cdke. See Linseed Cakt».
Olibanuni. See Gum, in cases
or t bests.
Oliies, about Vl calls. X bri.
- G - J brI.
- 'ii - keg
about b quarts small keg,
score
.3 pint jars • ■ score
in larger packages, gallon
Onions - • bushel
Opium • - cwt.
Oranges and lemons, chest
box
Oranges, in cases case
Orange buds - ■ cwt.
1
i
4.
,1.
II
(i
u
1
fi
(1
»l
1)
(1
,1
1
.1
3
u
(i
2
1)
1
(1
t
Hani.
I'lT
UimnllllOT, fic.
I. ,l.\ fir
(11 uwt.
I) Oj, L-Wt.
llOX
cwt,
c-wl.
Iiiirrt I (ir I
.1 toll
•i
I
iij
U Ul
t I) liX) niii'kt
II I ! Imrrel
•i (I I 1 aK*
U 'i]\ I il"> busllcU
(I lil II (IV cwt-
SOU 41 Ion
1 9
,1 'J
I U
u (j
U Vi
1 .1
I) 2
II
II
It
ton, if nnt rlenriMt williiii
1 1 (lay« ut' breaking
bulk.
ton
civsk
punchrnn or hlul.
tun, in }nT* ur iluppcrs
tien-e
liarrut uiulcr 2 cwt.
barri'l iiliiivi' 'i cwt.
CIUL' 1'^ buttli.'9
2 ' r) 4 ' '•■"■»!'' '•■'ISP
1 6 i '^ j "mail C.1.SU
I'er 'I'un of '2.^'^ Imp. Cals.
Olive
in
Cask*.
1. d.
i 6
'i
1 n
1 fi
1
1 (i
i fi
6
Orchella weed
Orpiinent
rwl.
■ tun
Impt.
Ka(e.
3. ,1.
(I Si
si
(i
fi
3 U
9
6
n 4
3
'.^i
1 fi
il
oj
n 6
lOJ
.'4
1 (Ti
4i
O .'.il
b U ■
Fi-sli.
t. ./.
3
2
1 n
I li
1
1 u
3 II
I
Kent
per
We-ck.
•. ,1.
3
II S!
fi
() 3i
-ij
II 4
fi
N'ewfonnd'
land.
1
1 -i
I
1 (i
3
U 4
common J ir
farBcj.ii
score ca.scs
score i chests
ton
n 1 * barrel
(I.Ji \ barrel
Ojjkcs
2 score
1 j s^-ore
3 I tierce
'2 barrel, 30 rallons
1 4 b.irrel
1 I bfiiiket or bBrrel
li chest under 3 cwt.
1 cliest
OA boi
1| case
V I (icrcc
3 hogshead
n 1 I Kife
4 ' ton
Uuodi Importul.
Orrlco root
(JrHidcw
Prr I.
• CWI.
pack age
Otto of rose. - package
iiii'ldling package
niiiall |)a('k.ige
Oxen . . . eiuh
I'ailily, ill bulk - qunrU'r
I'.iper . . . cwt.
I'earl barley • • keg
barrel
I'eas • tierce or barrel
ling
Pepper (uiiHlftitl) . tun
ur a Lunnulidated rate uf
;W. p>r cw(. net! ; ur uf
'U. Xl, per cwt. lu-lt, ill.
eluding urdiiiary bitting
and bjigging
long or (!iiyeiiiie -cwt.
ura cuiiHulidateil rate uf
1«. per cwt. iiett.
I'lano.fortw . . each
Pici-alia • . cwt.
ricklei ■ dozen liottlefi
ill barrel* - gallon
large liuttles or .larn,
under 'i ualluiis • gallon
'i and under 't du., gallon
S and upwards • gallun
Pictures, btrge bale or ca.se
middling bali' or case
sinall bale ur case
Piece gooda • - bale
Pill buies - large vat
•mall vat
Pimento • - cw(.
ur a consoUdatetl rate,
in bags - li. 'id. cwt.
in casks • la. tid. cwt.
Pink rout - - cwt.
Pitch . . . ton
Plaster of Paris . ion
Plums, Purlugal, In boles,
do/en
Porcelain • - case
small case
Potatoes - - ton
Potash. See Ashca,
Preserves,
under '^K lbs. -package
VStoll'^llw. -package
1 cwt. ft upwards, package
or a consolidatetl rate,
under UH lbs. package, Rd.
^Htull'^lbs. du. 1<.
1 1'^ lbs. and upwards,
package,lf.p«rcwt. nett.
Prunes or French plums, j
about 8 cwt. I hhil. ur pun. 1
5 to 7 cwt. - barrel
2 to.'i cwt. - A barrel
under 2 cwt. - } barrel
abuut 1 cwt., cuntainlng
boxes ur cartouns - case
about 6U lbs. - box
Kinit.
Quantities, Aic
(i
aliout 28 lbs.
• i chest
Prusslate of potash -ton
Puree - . chest
Pyri lignr.ic of lead -ton
Uu.assia - - cwt.
Quicksih.,!', in bottles, bott.
cont-'i- III!.' L skin • case
(.luij.s '- - - vat
sinall vat
hogshead or barrel
c.ise
bale
Quinine, sulphate of, con-
taining abuut 3 quarts, case
lladix cuntrayervtE . cwt.
seneka.' - - barrel
llaj^ or old ropes • ton
IJ
4
I "
3
: 1
, 2
: o
3
Raisins, 12(0 20 cwt., butt 3
9 to 12 cwt. - pijw 'i
.5 to 9 cwt. - carotel 1
2cwt.2qrs.to4 cwt. 2qrs,
barrel . f*
1 cwt. 2qrs. toScwt. iiqr. '
J barrel
underlcwt.2qrs., Jbarrel
Weighing do. l.f. score. I
Cape, casks under 3 cwt., I
cask
3 rwt to .*» cwt., c.Vsk I
boiesj about (iU lbs., score 3
/.I I'rr
11 3 hogshead
2 llerie
barrel ur seron
large case
small cosu
packoiia
pmrter
o 111 ' ton
II 111 keg
II U\ barrel
II 1 lierieur bairel
1
7
C
II 4
II 0)
1
lIM) bags
tun
hag ofSl? lbs. nett
ton
each
tun
dozen bottles
barrel
III buttle or |
II nil buttle ur'i
II (IJ buttle ur 'i
.lar
iar
(I b I large bale ur ciso
(I 4 I nmUlling bale ur case
II 3 I sinall bale or ciuse
I) l.J bale
II fi large vat
II 4 small vat
U G (on
2 bale
3 (I liHI barrels
II 2 (on
I
1 1(1(1 boxes
(I 3
(I 2
3
\'
Oi
I'nhsg
and
I. dug,
case
small cose
(un
lU-nt
per
\Vcek
II fi
3
2
2
2
6
score
I) fi
score
Kent
per
Week.
4
I) 1
.5
04
(l| b
0.5 t,
II
I
1
4 2
1
1 3
1
hhd. or pun.
b.arrel
A barrel
too
case
100
ton
cheat
ton
cwt.
iixtle
.ise
4- vat
3
3
3
2
1
2
II.)
3
Unhsg
and
Ldng,
o s
6
4
2
2
01
small vat
hogshead or barrel
else
bale
case
case
barrel
ton
Kent
per
Week
4
(I 3
2
pipe
carotel
OJ barrel
Oj' i barrel
2 i loo
09 cask
2 100
1 8 I
DOCKS OX TIM-: THAMES (LONDON).
491
Ulut, Air.
ItM. nctt
les
nr (MSO
Imlf or i;i,su
*
(I. or pun.
rrcl
arrul
Be
or barrel
ipt!
irotel
inrcl
barrel
JO
isk
K)
Uoodi Inipnritil.
1-^
ill-.--
tio(HU linportetl.
E
s
i Wwk.
^uantitiei, \i .
i'lr
:
~i7.
4.
it.' : d.
Her
I^r
Kalilnn — rnti/fnun/.
Mklns — eimUiiutJ.
l)«nU uiU \'aUiK u, Ikiio,
MogHilorv, dry tnltnl.
IHMirV
•i
G
6
1 3
III)
lu>iM- . . do/en
\VMi;hinR do. Si/. i,cori'.
r.'il or bti b, cask or cajte
iVftlU ur baHkvti > M'urir
1
6
fl
1
ion
cbinclnlll, bale, ta»k, or
1
H
i
1 U
iuii
. •'''"'
W'fiKbinK ilu. t'ul- u-urv.
^ anil i ualUur biukt-tii
deer, pun., hlul., or bale
lajtfor pink
mure
1
4
1
Ini)
bunille
WVI^hiDK do. lii. tciire.
do^ n»h ■ - bale
Malu|{H, \ni\u* • »cuite
2
n 1 1 II
liiii
ilk, looKe • • 120
X nnd i liineH • ntnrt'
U'vl^liinK do. Hi', ftcore.
1
li
II
li II ill IIIM
furs, birije bale, cnw, or
^"*''
bmvmn, ilriiinii . iH-ort>
2
(;
u
6 1 ' IIKI
middling bale, cose, or
Vt'i'iKlilxK ^"- 1"''' M'""'
1
ca>k
i ami ^ drunu • st on-
*Vel({blnK do. liJ. icure.
1
G
1 lUU
small bale, case, or ia>k
Kual, Trieste, bale about
Kent
N cwt.
per
Itamhurgh, bale of liKI
Wiek.
skiiih anduniler
Illialanla vxlract • cwt.
1)
1 I cwt.
bale above 100 skiiiH
ro<it - • cwt.
1) Illi
lu.t
iiV cwt.
Wogadure, above II )0
lihubnrl) - . cwt.
u
10 1 Inn
skins . . bale
A conMilidntnl rcte on
above to to 100 skins.
Kniit liiilin, huluihng
bale
nNu Htnrtinx into bulk,
alMve 30 to (iO skins.
tiirlni;, repairinKi n-
bale
taring;, retiUinK, nail-
of .10 and under, bide
ing down, rewcl){lilnK,
UKhv ' - dozen
untl l)illnf{ uwny, i}i ^j.
per cneit.
hare and coney, 'jOO skins,
bale
lUcc - . . cwi.
Vi
1)
4
Ion
under iOO skins, bale
ur a conHolidatftl rate of,
birge cask
in rasks • l.li. 'b/. t.n
iniddliiiK cask
bliiall cask
In bin* ■ ll)J. till, ton
KootH, sa^iafrai ur m inters
kangaroo . . dozen
cwt.
n
9
1)
2
cask ori'.ise
kid or lamb, hhd., pun.,
Hoftin • • ton
2
b
(1
fi
ton. bio.e
ur bale
.1
1 11 HI barrels
tierce
Hun • • ball'
1
fi
.T 1 bale
barrel
i bale
1
II
II
liUlialo
^ j f.iad
large bundle
RushM • - load
1
li
II
ordinary bundle
for poliihln(j • bundle
(1
M
1
II IIKI bundles
sniafl bniulle
Sae Suturni • cwt.
1)
•T
I)
.1 ■ rbest
lamb, Hamburgh or Co-
Sallron • - cwt.
2
II
1)
2
bale or case
penhagen, under 200
Satllowcr • - ton
4
tun
skins . . hale
or a consolidated rate of
above 200 skins, bale
1 1<. Gtl. |ici ton nett.
leo)iard, lion, and tiger.
Sapo • • . cwt.
Sal ammoniac - ton
fi
II
II
C ton
li 1 Ion
each
nutria . . hogshead
Salop . . paikagc
1
11
2 ,. ,k,!ge
barrel
Saltpetre - • ton
S
II
3 , lor)
about 150 dozen skins.
S.dts - ■ cwt.
3
u
I ton
bale
Samples which arj by law
about 100 dozen skins,
exempted fioni duty, free.
bale
Saphora . - package
(1
fi
1 package
about 50 dozen skins.
SariapariUa . -cwt.
1
(i
1)
1 1 cwt.
bale
Ill, lOObundles
opossum, about 50 skins,
or a consolidated rate of
bundle
4<. Cul. per cwt. nett.
Queliec or Hudson's liay,
Rewcigbing bales 4 cwt.
ciise, bale, or punchecin
large bundle
and upwards 1>. 6(/.
per bale.
ordinary bundle
snail '..Lmlleorkeg
seal . pipe
puncheon or hogshead
under 4 cwt., I».
Scaleboards - lUO bundles
X
n
4
lOObundles
Scamniony - . cwt.
3
01 drum
Seed, a«ricultural (or lot
barrel
otherwise rated).
loose . . ivi)
in lings - ■ ton
3
9
n
3J ton
South So,i8, wij;s . r.iO
iri casks - - ton
4
r.
I)
3J' ton
middlings • 120
Seed lac . . cwt.
9
ItJ cwt.
smalls and pups . 120
(ircenland, loose . VM
or a consolidate<l rate of
2«. per cwt. nett.
sheep, Hamburgh bale
Senna • - cwt.
fi
n
7 J ton
l\ sm.'kll box or bale
slieeji or goat.
Cape ■ bale, 100 skins
Shawls - small box or bale
2
II
large l)ox or bale
3
2^ laj'ge box or bale
75 skins
Shaya root, press-packed.
1
.'JO skins
ton
4
n
4 ton
25 skins
Shellac . . cwt.
9
u
OJ cwt.
loose, dry - dozen
salttHi . . dozen
or a consolidate<l rate of
2<. per cwt. nctt.
India, loose • I'^O
Ships' stores warehoused.
about 4 cwt. large
bale
small calf, Russia,
consolidated rate, \i cwt.
and upwnrtls . cwt.
1
n
1 pac' age
under W cwt. - pnckngc
1
1)
II
n.i package
IIHI skins, bundle
under '.^S lbs. . (larkage
II
fi
I)
14 package
swan, b,ile conlg.l.Wskins
if liquids - Kullon
1
(1
■'j tun
100 skins
Shot . . - ton
3
1)
1^ ton
Vicienia, loose - 120
Shurf . . . ton
.1
1)
2 ton
Smalts . . . ton
bilk, raw or thrown, cWt.
1
II
2 bale.ibrMc 2 cwt.
Snake root . . cwt.
manufactured, 1 cwt, and
Ij bale under 2 cwt.
t
upwards . bale or case
1
6
li bale or case
under 1 cwt., small bale
or case
1
li small b.ile or case
Soap . . . cwf.
Soda . . . ton
Soy . . . chest
in casks . gallon
waste, 4 cwt. & upwards,
bale
2 and under 4 cwt. bale
2
2
fi
n
1 'bale
1 bale
1 ar.d under 2 cwt. bale
9
OJ bale
1 case
Silk ribands - - case
Skim, calf or kip, 4 cwt.
2
Spectacles ■ • cwc
Siielter . . ton
M harfage and shipping,
•it. per ton, when piled
on the quay.
and upwards - bale
about 2 cwt.
middlinc bale
small bale
1
1
6
li bale
0) middling bale
03 small bale
9
Sponge . . cwt.
sailed, wet - dozen
'li
4 , 120
loose, dry . dozen
dry snlted - dozen
n eijihlng and loading, !(/.
3'
0\' dozen
Squills . . ton
4
i : 120 skint
dried, about 4 cwt. - case
1
atioiit 2 cw*t. . case
per dozen each charge.
in bags . cwt.
S-! -
lUiil.
«,i
er
vk.
Uu.miiilim, lie.
«. J. ».
1.
I'tT
3
01
dozen
t 6
t'
3
citek or case
1 G
3
bale, cask, or ciis«>
1 li
2
pun., bbd., or Imic
1
1
lime or pack
U
(1
0\
bnndttf
9
1'
bale
3 U
4
I'^ll
1 G
G
targe bale, cose, or i a^k
1
It
3
middling ilittu
9
2
iinail dillu
2
3
bale
1
1
bale
1 U
•J
u
bale
1 C
2
l'20 skint
9
2
r^O skins
fi
2
I'^O skins
3
2
I'^o skins
II It
3
I'^O skins
1
3
bale
1
2
bale
2
G
large cisk
1 «
4
initjdiing i ask
1
II
3
small cask
01
2
bale
1 c
3
hhd., pun., or bale
1
2
llerce
fi
1
barrel
1
2
largf bundle
ordinary bundle
9
1
u
u
1
small buiulle
1 I)
1
bale
1 (i
li
bale
li
0,
each
1 fi'
4
hogshead
1
1
barrel
1 c
4
bale of 150 dozi'n
1
3
bale of 100 do/en
9
2
bale of .00 dozen
6
1
bundle
1 6
3
case, h.ile, or puncheon
1
II
2
large bundle
9
1
ordinary bundle
fi
1
small bundle ur keg
2
3
pipe
1 C
2
puncheon or hogshead
1
1
barrel
1 fi
3
I'^O
1 9
G
l'20
1 9
4
in)
1 fi
3
120
1 fi
2
\'M
1 6
2
bale
2
2
bale
1 6
U
bale
1
1
bale
I) fi
O-i
bale
3
3
I'ZO
4J
4
\W
1
2
1'20
2
3
bale
9
14
bundle
1 fi
2
bale
1
1
bale
1 fi
3
UO
5
5
Ion
OlUi
1
i bale or barrel
2
tierce
2
bale
3
hogshead
fi
1
case under cwt.
3
4
ton
1
2
chest
I
5
puncheon
3
iingshead
2
kit or barrel
1
1
case
3
u
1
ton
2
ton. In casks
9
n
2
l2qrs.
c,^se or bale under 1 cwt.
3
I.irge case ur cask
5
3
Ion
1 fi
I,'
tasc
1
1
case
U 6 ,
u
Oi
bag
,<il' :
I, M'
U !
i;l
I i
' ;
492
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
y
! ^ :
( ill
P
Kent.
t. d
Kent.
Goods imported.
"
Uoods Imported.
Per
Wetk
t. d
ES
Per
Wn:k.
Quantities, Stc.
QuantlUes, he.
Per
«. d.
a.
rf.
Per
Per
Per
Starch • - ton
i (1
(1
B
ton
Vanelloes, case or canister
1 c
(1 1 1 ; case or canister
Steei - - . ton
4 A
•i
ton
\'erdi({ri4 - - ton
5
6^
ton
Stick lac - - cwt.
U 9
t)i
cwt.
\'ernMlioii - - cwt.
2 44
10
ton
or a consolidated rate of
Vermicelli, case under 1 cwt.
'is, per cwt. nett.
cwt.
1
l>
liox under ,'iC lbs.
Sticks. wiilkinK - 1,000
3
Q
■i
1,000
1 to 2 cwt. - - case
1
II ;
ca.se under 2 cwt.
Stock fi^h. See FUh.
2 cwt. and upwards, cwt.
U 6
II 'i
case 2 and under I cwt.
Stont% liurr • - each
n lA
n
9
100
II 4
ca.se 4 and under fi cwt.
ernury • • ton
3 (i
1
tun
e
case 1; cwt. and upwards
FiltinK and weiffhin^j *'^<-
VinCKar, pun. of 100 calls.
hogshead
2 1
4
nuncheon
hogshead
pt-r ton.
1 2
2
lithographic > - ton
5
6
ton
tierce or h.arrel
1
II 2
tier'-e or barrel
pumice - - ton
7 6
u
H
4
ton
ton in brick.
icask
Cooper's attendance in
addition, hee IVinetimtl
6
14
i ciisk
Turkey • - cwt.
3
1)
U
cask 3 to d cwt.
Straw, manufactured.
S,,irilt.
If noused, includinf; at-
under 1 cwt. - case
1) S
case
1 and uniltT 2 cwt. case
1
(1
1
rase
tendance at delivery.
2 — .Tcwt. case
1 fi
i)
li
rase
puncheon 2j. ; hhd. Is,
liiF. ; tierce 1*.
3 — 1 cwt. case
1 9
■^
case
4 cwt. and upwards, case
S!
u
2
case
Walnuts - • bushel
2i
4
ion sacks
unmanufactured.
2
100 hags
1 to 2 cwt. • - case
1
2
case
Water, mineral, do^. bottles
3
04
donen bottle»
2 to 3 cwt. - • case
t fi
3
case
Wax . . ton
f,
fi
ton
3 cwt. and upwards, case
•i 1)
4
ca&e
sealins • cwt.
I) 9
1
cwt.
Sugar, in ca,sks • cwt.
3
5
ton
Weld . . ton
7 «
9
ton
in cheats, 5 cwt. and above,
Whalebone • ton
7 fi
4
ton
or in baakcti of any size,
Whale (ins . . ton
7 C
U G
Ion
cwt.
chcst5, mats, or bags under
3
5
ton
5 cwt. - - Cwt.
3
4
ton
Landing, j
or a consolidated rate of-
\\'liarfdge, J ]{,„,
in casks, Hd. cwt. nett ;
Housmg,.ind ,,,.,1,10
in chests, /i cwt. ami
above, or in tiriskets ot
Delivering.
Qrs. per
Week.
any siw, 7iL cwt. ni-tt ;
In n ' In a
in cheats, mats, or bai;s.
Sbip. Barge
under 6 cwt>, 6d. cwt.
H'hcat, &c.
t. </.
>. d. t. ,1
nett.
n 4i
5 1/
3 9
3 6
1)
1)
l'
Seed, heavy grain, \-c. qr.
9
fi
4 !)
Kent rnin-
candy - - cwt.
cwt.
Oats, light grain, &c. qr.
8
6
3 In
nieiires from
Sulphate of zinc - ton
ton
t, d.
tht' la--t d.i> '
Sumach - . ton
2
3
ton
FdlinRand porterafje
of landing. ' t
Jlisk from i
Tallow, in casks - ton
toa
at landing, or. Si
if sold fitiin the landing
2 4
Ditto at deliv(»7, q'r. 2
fire for ar- ;
scale to the importer, ton
Turning each time
{'(Mini of prtj-
I also to the buyer, - ton
1 'i
Three working days
100 qrs. 2 6
prietors. |
Unhousini;, wharfag-j, and
from the last tlav of
Screening, 100 qrs. G 5
shippini;, 2*. ()(/. per ton.
Wharfige imd shipping,
weiKhini- at the lamlin);
('■le turning to lie
I
stalf, will he allowed to
clear tallow from Ihe
.barged on scveen.
2«. 4(i. per ton.
iuK.
quays ; no rent will he
Xransferrini
iharj.i'il for that period.
100 sarks 6
it so .-Icireti ; when not
Peeling over heavy
so cleared, rent will he
grain - qr. n r>
1
ch.irjii'd from vessel
Pitlo light - qr. 4i
3
breakijig hulk.
If imported in bags,
an additional charge
of \il, per hag, for
in skins - - ton
3 9
AlediterraneH;-, Tape, or
American, p.ickages un-
der 5 cwt. - ton
Tamarinds. See Preserves.
5
u
3
2
1
package under 3 cwt.
pack igo above 3 cwt.
hale
l.arrel
11 in liarreU
cutting oiwii and
shooting out.
Col ecting emptv
hags and packing
T.ipes . . hale i »»
Tapioca - - cwt. 8^
Tar - barrel of 32 gallons 3
into bundles, hdle. 1
Loading or shipping,
lidle. 1
Tares - - quarter 1
Working out and cleliver- '
ip.att'jr
Working out and deliver.
j
irg into crart, 3J, per
quarter.
inn '"t" craft, 3d. |>er qr.
Terra japonica - ton 5
nienna - - ton '*»
verde - - . ton •'»
3
3
3
ton
ton
ion
umbra and Po/zolani, ion 3 G
3
ton
Impt.
Rate.
Rent
Weiffhinjr I*ozzolani on
per
W'eek.
Qttartitie., .^c.
board, U. per ton.
Thrc.id - - bale 1 6
2
bale
». d.
>. d.
Timber. See H'lWf/. |
Whet ones . cwt.
3
14
0}
cask 3 to ,^ civf.
Tin - - - ton 4
n
2
ton
case or cask I cwt. 1
ore . - - ton I 5
4
ton
Whiks for brooms,
Tobacco,a consolidated rate.
100 bundles
3
3
I Of 1 bundle!!
see pa^e 4fM.
loose ■ . 1,000
3
4
i,ik;o
Tongues, about 2 doz., halo
fi
1
hale
hale
1 inj
3
hale
looie - - dozen
1) 3
%
d.i/.n
h hale
1 1
II 14
.4 hale
^ cwt. . - tierce
M "
}J
tierce
ihale
9
1
i hale
1 to 2 cwt. - cask
I) (, "
?
lask 1 to 2 cwt.
one eighth of a hale
OV oneeighib ofabile ;
Tonquin Iwans . chest
1 fi
chest
manufactured . 100
1 C
2
100
in ciLsks . . cwt.
1
II
1
cwt.
Wine in casks, see consoli-
Tortoiseshell - cwi.
1
II
'Z
case
dated rate, p. 491.
or a consolidated rate of
1
cwt. in casks
incases, see p. I'JI,
4*. (»(/. per cwt. nett.
Tow, in bale* - cwt.
Wire, iron - . cwt.
n 4J
8|
04
u o|
cwt.
4i
1
hale 4 cwt. and nndor
plated or gitt • cwt.
cwt.
11
)pnle above 4 and umler
6 cwt.
Woad. See Weld.
Wool, sheep or lamb.
2
bale 6 cwt. and upwards
German - . cwt.
4i
04, ba'cuv.dcr" mt.
Toy* - Iar«e case or vat
4 fi
II
fi
larjte ca.se or vat
or a consolidalott r?te of
II 1 1 hale .1 to 4 cwt.
middling case or vat
3
4
middling; case or vat
54. tier hale of about
14 hale 1 loli c-wt.
small case or vat
2
3
small case or vat
i cwt.
2
bale f:wt. and u'."'. .ir- >
Tret;, live plants, &c.
Unhousing or loa''ing bv
larpe case
1 fi
1
larpe case
land or wate., and
small case
1
1
small case
mending at delivery,
1
Turmi'ric - - cwt.
3
II
.',
ton
when charged imder
I
or a consolidated rate of
Oi chest 1 cwt. 2 nrs. I
consolidated r,ate, per
fc.ileof about 4 cwt., 1».
V?. i)or cwt. nett.
Turpentine . - ton
■2 6
3
fi
inn tierces
.\ustralian - - cwt.
4i 04
1
hale under 3 cwt.
Deliverv by land or water,
3
n
100 barrels
or a consolidated rale of
hale 3 to 1 cwt. ,
It. Hit. per ton.
r,
n
100 casks, from France
4*. per hale of about 2i
14
2
bale 1 to 11 1 wt.
Twine - . cwt.
n 4J I)
1
mat or bundle
cwt-, including tandiiiK,
bale fi cwt. and upunnl.
Valerian . . hale
1 fi
2
hale
wharftgc, housing, ami
12 weeks' retu from the
Vatnnia - - . ton
1 fi
3
ton
1
FillinR and weighing, 2*.
dateof the ship hre.lking
1
per ton.
hulk, landing " eights.
1
I
1
ent-
intlUes, 9tc*
janistcT
er AG lbs.
ier '■i cwt.
id umler 1 cwt.
i(t under ft cwt.
wt. andupwurits
in
(I
barrel
itttCH
^"^■"-(^■^^
np^w^iaviiw
Itoiit rnm-
nienres tVdiu
(lit- la-t d.t>
of ):it)(tii)U.
Kisk froTii
i'nv for at-
ritiint nf pro-
jirieiors.
antitifs, A;c.
to ft cwt,
cask 1 cwt.
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
493
I
lulleif
hth ofdbilc
I
idrr % rrrt,
to » cwt.
tiWi rwt.
:wt. and uv..;iri^
1
ider 3 rwt.
lo 1 rwt. I
to fi rwt.
-wU aiid upnaiili-
Goods imported.
I
Kent.
Goods imported.
II
Rem.
IT
'.I _ ...
Per
1
—
wUkJ U>'antm«, &c,
Per
Week
1
QuantitiM, &c.
Per i. d.
9.
rf.
Per
.. J.
M
d
Per
Wool — continuid.
Wood — cmtimird.
oriKinal warrants, certl
L'nhnuHing or unpiling, ,
ficate otdainy.;e, or sur-
wharfage, and shipping,
vey after landing, inend-
*^«.fi(/. per ton.
inK at landinr;, tarinfti
or a coniiolidatcd rate of
lotting, samplinR, uii-
6«. 6c/. per ton. If under
piling for show, show-
1 inK, rcpiUng, memling,
coirer, is. per ton.
lira/iletto - ■ ton
5 c
i
(on
j and fillinR in, reweigh-
iirit/il wood, small - toil
5 fi
•i
dm
ing, and any other usual
Fustic, >oung - ton
S 6
,1
IMI
! opt-ratiun jwrformed by
Nicaragua, imall - ton
5 r.
II
'i
ion
1 order of the importer.
Sai\dal - - ton
5 (i
.1
tun
) Unhousing and loading by
>assafras - • ton
.') fi
.1
Ion
land, or direct into ship
Sapaii - - ton
5 G
u
'i.
lull
or lighter, and mending,
or a consolidated rate of
Hit. \>er bale of about
S*. jier tun.
V\ cwl.
Jaccarantla - - >
Malmgany - -
coaU' • - cwt. 6
I
bale about 2 cwt.
'^
bale above V cwl.
.Mapte
hair or beards I- cwt. TO^ o
'i.
Cil.^e
K{).^ewood
Spanish - - cwt. & 4J U
1
bitle '2 cwt. 'i nrs.
Satin
or a consolidated rate of ,
(1^ bale about 'i c\\ t.
0, bate about 1 cwt.
Tulip
ton
4*. per bale of about
Z.-bra
6
15
ton
2 cwt., ant* 3*. per half
Hird's-eyu
1
ton,
after I year (Vnm
bale, including the same
Ledar and other
iKUM IbreakiiiK bulk.
ojierations as to Austra-
wooifs charged
lian wool. 1
withdutv,or sold
Uiihouaing, fitc, fill, per
at - . .J
bale, hi. per half bale.
or a consolidated rate of
Vigonia - • cwt. Q 4^
3
bale
In. per ton.
1 U'oulien cloth. See Cloth.,
Uuinmaging mahogany
Wood. For cotisolidatod rate
limber, or other nica-
un .staves, deals, tStc. st«
sured woods, \s. per ton !
below.
Delivering into t!ei ked i
Itarwo<Hl - • -»
vessels, (»/. |>er ton e.vtra 1
HoxwcHxi
Vam, in vats nut above VI I
Uracil, large
ton ; if under cover, \\d.
cwt. . - tun ,1
n
4
to J
Caiiiwoud -
per ton
above 20 cwt. - ton , 5 3
4
ICI
Cocus wood
1
blarlt ebony, from the
additional for everj cwt. .1
Ebony
"ton
4 G
1
Kast Indies, ami lig-
above 1 ton - - ! 4A
M
1 '
iMie
Fu.*tic, largo
num vitie, rent after
ir. bales - - cwt. ' i J
yi
6
ton
Lignum vittc
1 vear I'roni vcs?iel
Zatrrea - . ton
Jjogwood
breaking bulk, !(/. per
Zinc. See&>f//cr.
Nicarngna, large -^ 1
ton per week.
__
Consolidatoil Rates on Wood Goods. — Transferring, One Penny per Load.
Goods imported.
Per
l,20ii.
.T to 4 inches thick —
a _ vi _ -
\-J z z
2 — 2i — _
1 - Ij -
3-4 — —
3-4
4 —
Stavc-i,
from America,
pipe .
hogshead
barrel or heading
barrel logs
douttle barrel
from Quelrt'c,
pipe logs
tlouble pipe
single •
hogshead logs -
double hogshead
single -
hairel logs
<louble barrel
single
htading logs
ihnible heading
single
from Harnbro'and Dantzic,
pipe . - - - —
hogshead - • - —
barrel - ... —
heading - - - —
thin pipe • 1 lo 1^ inch thick —
hogshead - — ..—
barrel and heading — _
sorting, per 1,'^UO - - 7»
Deals, standard hundred of 120
Kus.sia and Prussia deals and deal ends,
1.^ inch thick and i'^feet long - —
Swedish deals from portit in the Baltic,
'i.k and 3 inches thick, 14 feet long —
\\ and 'I — 14 — —
Quebec, Norwa\, and Swedish deals
fVom ports in the North Sea,
2^ and 3 in. thick* 10 and 12 feet long ^
to 14 — _
— 16 — —
-18 — —
— 20 — —
Ilattens from all (torts,
2,; and 3 in. thick, 10 and 12 feet long —
to M — _
-Ifi — _
— IS _ —
— 20 _ —
I 2i and 3 mch half deals. - - —
ileal ends • - -
batten ends - - . ._
^'aling boards • - —
aT ^ ♦i
J j
a«?
^
•■c :x
tJ-.
p i -C
"-5 5
"-- .
C-I3
■55 i
.5££
2
: il.
t. d.
21
la
•W 11
III
] 1 I)
7 II
SS
44
120
lit
."«
lull
.'ill
•rill
SS
41
2fi
SS
14
2G
3
II 'i II II
2^ II , 7
4 II
I) fid 211 n
II 32 II III S
II IS II li II
II .'■I) 16 8
II 2.) I S 4
l.j 1 .I K
II 4 1 II 14 II
II 22 I
U 13 (I
II 41 (I I
II 22 I) i 7
13 (I 1 4
I
4 4
40
II
'in
11
I.'.
n
37
(1
IS
II
12
li
3'i
li
17
U
10
32
II
Hi
II
III
27
II
13
(i
10
li
2.'.
12
(i
10
20
lU
u
8
12 6 6 3
20
12
fi
7
(1
16
»
8
4
5
6
Ifi
8
,1
fi
11/
'1
fi
6
fi
22
(I
11
n
li
2.''.
12
li
H
fi
2»
u
14
9
6
JO
II
6
4
14
3
7
1
:i
Hi
6
H
3
,')
li
18
il
!l
II
fi
3
21
II
1(1
fi
7
il
4
fi
3
7
(1
3
fi
2
4
il
(1
2
<■
<>
n
fi
n
3
2
fi
4
Gcoda imported*
Deck deals,
3 in. thick, 30 to 10 feet long
2i — .111-40 —
2 — .'iO _ 40 —
3 — 20 _ 30 —
'^.J _ 20 — 30 —
2 — 211 — .30 —
Dunnage board.-,
.\orv.-a>' timber and balks
Spars under 6 and aboTe 4 incheii
Kickers, umler 4 mches, and 24 feet long
and upwards
under 21 feet long
Handspikes - -
Ufery, muler 24 feet long
from 24 to 32 — - •
32 feet long and upwards
Sparholtz and H> ells to add one thii
to the rates on iifers.
Oars under 21 feet long
from 24 to 32 _ - •
32 feet long and upwards
Lancewood spars
tiun stocks - - -
Lathwood under 5 feet long
from 3 to 8 —
Fir staves - . .
Treenails, large, above 2 feet long
small, uiul»r 2 —
Wainscot logs, 7 feet long
14 — -
(."lap boards 3 —
6 - - .
Oak and other timber charged w ith duty
by the load,
square, per load )f /iO feet")
round, per loid cf 10 feet J ' '
incUuling undercover, per loa 1 - -
Deal ;)lank and boards - - —
V i rew . hmI - - - fa t hnm
Spokes, American . . - 1,2(»0
T cakwood, jiUmks of, not under over - load
under Lover - —
Turtui'.g to nieas\irf for sale a 1 landing, oak
or other timber, \s. per loa< . 1
Sorting staves for freight, 7*. per 1,200.
M irking lots on limber piled in tiws, 4'/.
pvr lot.
tl .
■
£!•?
£.S
".5 6
TtS
•5 c^
.Eti
■0 c ■
s=s
§2
Lsot
£■3
*l
M'
.ir ' •
i
t »
M :■:
t II
3^1
49'1'
DOCKS ON THE Til AMPS (LONDON).
Charges on Cigars and Tobacco.
lioxes cnnt&tn>n><
Imiiuii rate; iiuludlnM; lamlinK> whaiTa^o, lioushtt;t wei^hmi; ^ru««; and
t'X.tniinin^, or sampling, (nu' vid*- . . - .
hnlli Niih'H . - -
Unimrltin^, weiwhini; nett, rc|i;irkiiif^ (wlicn in l>nn(llts''t), ami coojioriiijf
w iri()ii>e,aii extra i'liarf;e is nmtk*. Oarbli'i^'ior sorting, ii also an extra
rhiirpi'.
KxainininK. "i* 'tsanipIinK, one side - ■ - -
t><)th sides - - • .
riihousintf, wliarfapr, anil sliipiuiiK . . - -
Ditto, and loading - " - - . -
Translerrini; • - ....
Ut>XL'S or che-^t^, not of tlu- aliove sppcifnd woiKhts, rh irgfMl in proportion,
K
Ui
10 (i
4
Ahovfn(K)
AlinveVjOd
.\Ik)vc1(i(>
and not
and not
and nut
t'xrccdinK
exct'. dinj^
exrcfdin^
lIHUbs.
31H) ll>.s.
'^IHUIis.
ToliaiH'o.
■ .aiKliiiK rtinrt'C^ :iiul I'licpiu-riiiKi « eiutiinK, s:iiii-
|i|jnts nm) niiikini; tni'n-liiiiitnbli? at lAiulinK
scaltMH''' '""ll"^-'"'"
On delivt'vv (or exportation, incliulinf; cooper-
inp, inT llKlllis. niMl
Ditto, if re^arnitlcd, ditto
I ^nhousing an<i loading;, per hopihcatl
KesainpIinK — - -
WeifibfMl ^ro&s when an average tare is taken,
importer's cliarge - -
1. il.
6
8J
I) ^
1 I)
•2 I)
1
'i II
I i;
II 'I
II ^^
Warrant, |
1 Imirsliead - - . . ' t;
V! — . - - . II !l
3 — . . - - 1 II
Any quantity exrcrdinj; ,T lio^lieads, 2(/. per
Ito^Nlit'ad additional ...
Transfer, per hug.^liead - - - *2
Rates on Wines and Sjiirits.
Conwdidatod Ilnti* on AVini*?!, wlicn di'Iiveretl from Ilie t^uny
witliln Six
working Hays after (invipinp.
Ilomp ronsnniptinn
Kxportatitm or rn;istwis»', and sbipi-Infr -
ripe.
Hlid.
Tlurd.
(Jnariir
ta.sk.
lloulde
Anm.
Si„Klo
Auin.
ii.iir
Auni.
I. >/.
1 !»
« 1
.. rf.
1 r,
1 10
4. ,1.
1 li
1 r,
». ,/.
'i
3
«. ,/.
1 r,
1 10
s. ll.
I li
1 !i
Tlic consolulatotl rate on wines in oak casks landed under a warehousing entry, with the standard
numher of iron hoops — (sec note), is t-hargeablo on the (ith working day Eftcr ganging (unless jirevioiisly
dctaiiie<l on the qnay by a written ()rder\and comprises landing, wliarfagc, housing, cooper's attciidani:e,
coopering, 13 weeks' rent from tlie day the vessel began working, and delivery from the vault.
I .. </.
Tort, I.lslinn, Sherry, Kralat;.i, Spanish re<l, and
Itlienisli wine - - - 1-^ 3
IMaileiia, TemTiire, Caiio, nn<l Sicilian - - 11 fi
t'larel and (ttlier Freiirn wines - - -
1
ripe.
Ilhd.
Third.
Quarter
tasks.
llniihle
Auni.
Sintjie
Auni.
Half
Anm.
1 .. ,/.
1. ll.
J. rf.
». rf.
J. (/.
«. rf.
». (/.
l.'i 3
- 8
fi fi
5 1
11 f>
."i U
1
11 r,
7 3
(i
■4 111
.
3 111
.
S 9
7
f, t;
4
2
2
1)
3
n 2
1
r>
n 2i
(1 2J
2
(1 1
II 2A
11 1'.
.if'!
Unit after three months
itto, twelve months
"Sotc. — The standard number of iron hoops is as follows ; viz. port and Lisbon pipes, 10; sherry bii(t«,
8 ; Spanish red, brandy, and geneva jjuncbeons, (J ; double aums, hogsheads, and smaller casks, (i. U" llie
casks be landed with a less number, the charge is 4|rf. per hoop.
i
im
f\
;|i,..
Consolidated llates on Spirits landeil under a Warehousing Entry, exclusive of Kent.
Brandy and geneva
Kent from the day the vessel tiCKins landing | '',,"'„ J,P
I'un.
1 Ilhd.
Thlnl.
». rf.
8 6
11 4
ft
J. rf.
4 3
It 2
2J
: ,1. 1
3 li
2
2i
Note. — When any quantity not exceeding one fifth of an entry is rcquiretl to be delivered or trans-
ferred, the " consolidated rate" is to Ix! paitl on one fifth : when any further quantity is to be deliveriM
or transferred, the " the consolidated rate " must be paid on the whole.
I'nsizeable casks in proportion, at the rate of iilO gallons for '2 pipes or 4 hog.slieads.
The t'oinpany engage to make good the following deficiencies, from whatever cause arising, if the casks
are of oak timber, but not otherwise ; provided they be claimed within <i months of delivery, anil esla-
blished by the custoins'gauge at landing and delivery, viz.— .
Kxceeding 1 gallon on each cask, for any period not exceeding 1 year : C gallons, if more than 1, and
not exceeding 2 years : and in like proportion for each succeeding year.
Wines and spirits landed under a dock order, are chargetl with the consolidated rate, if not taken away,
or detained on the quay by a written order, within fi working days aftir landing.
Wines and spirits landed under a prime entry, cannot bo hon.sed untd the whole of the duty has lieon
paid, but are chargeable with quay rent and watching, after the 6th working day from the lauding, agree-
ably to the Table.
Wine in cases, in lieu of rent for 3 months, and all other charges (except tastingi, on
condition that the proprietors make tlieir eleition prior to the seroiid day atU-r examin-
ation ; the Company being responsible for all deticicnries, per do/.en liottles -
Ditto, on which the consolidatcti rate is not chargetl : —
Import rate, per dozen bottles .-•....
Examining and coopering, ditto ... . . . .
Smaller cases than 3 tlozen, per case, extra ... . .
Rent per week, iier dozen bottles - - . ...
Wine and spirits, in cases, when landed for immccliatc exportation, including ilelivcry and
1 week's rent, per dozen ......
s. li.
1 4
3
3
1
OJ
i-i\
i^P'SW™
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
49.5
J.
</.
•i
.T
7,
II
li
II
1
'i
II
(1
i;
II
V
1 I)
1 V
Rates on Wines and Spirits, wlicro those
in the forcgi
inK Tallies do not
apply, vl».
Pipe or
I'un.
llhd.
Third.
Ouarier
Ta.k.
llouhle
Aum.
Shifle
.Autn.
Half
./\uin.
«. rf.
<. (1.
4.
(/.
.. rf.
<■
d.
». -;.
t.
ll.
T.andinii , - - -
WlmrfaKi; ....
1 I)
(1 fi
(1
4
.1 3
(1
H
4
II
3
II S
II 4
(1
3
11 3
II
fi
II 3
'[
'2
( ooiier's iittcndance at landin); and loading
1 I)
n li
(i
11 4
H
II fi
ll
LaviiiK up to Kau^e in numerical order
II .T
II li
1
II 1
1
landing .....
Ilmisiiiu ....
I'ntiouslnK and Inadinfr
(1 8
(1 4
4
3
II
II 4
1 (1
II fi
II
4
II 3
1)
H
11 4
.»
1 4
II 8
u
li
(1 ft
1
II
II fi
U
t
(\>(ilK*r'.s atlendatu'e at landing and tinusinf;
1 fi
II 10
11
H
(1 S
1
3
II 8
1 'iHiptT's aUi-ndance at dtlivi-ry from vault
1 II
II 6
li
II 4
!)
II 4
4
rnhousinK, wliarfaKe, and sliipping
'i II
1
1
II !l
1
fi
Shippinj; I'rom tlit- i^uay - - •
II S
II 4
II
1
11 3
II
fi
llmiKiiii; (itr ...
1 (i
II 'J
II
'J
II !l
1
1)
II !l
Triii)ii:ing and replacinK wood lioopa
V
1 II
1
II
U
1
fi
1 II
Driving; . - ...
II 111
II ,')
II
.')
(1 4
II
fi
II 4
Iron h<M)ps, rach
s
II «
1)
H
(i
8
fi
u
4
I'ltcos of lead, — . . ili/.
KivH.s — - . . U.
I'liimt-s ... , . (it/.
I'ittiiinK and t„, liiiR
3
n H
II
H
1
IJ
•2
n 1
11
1
Tncasin^, and iHjritr's work
1 li
(1 '.1
'.I
r,
1
(1
II u
(1
rasing ditto - - .
1 li
II M
II
u
(1 fi
1
li
I 'a>inK and new cast's
111 n
1'.^
u
II
7 fi
14
8 fi
S)
II
Kackiii^-^ - * -
'i G
1 3
1
II
II III
1
(i
1 II
S
llreakinu out for cooi>L'rinK and fillint;
Ilitto tor (li-livi'ry ana laying up a|{ain -
li
II 3
II
3
u
II
4
1) 3
11
i
1 u
II 6
(i
(1 4
8
U 4
II
.>
(laugin^, per (asic - - - Oil.
Cellar rem, for the fust 3 monlln, pi-r week
I) 2
4
•i
11 11
II
3
II lA
II
'
Dill), after .T months ...
r.
_ II ui
(1
_'^1_.
II '2_
II
4
II V!
II
11 1
Casks, when necessary, arc supplied by the Company at the market price; and the protccda of the
racked casks, when snldj are paid to the proprietor, after diducting expenses.
Pipe or
I'un.
Fining ....
Haeking from the lees
KackinK and repairing cuiks - . ■
Ilarii luHips ...
Fainting casks ...
Spirits hrought forward for inspection or re-dipping
Tasting 1 in store, eaiJi lime
llitto, at puhlie sale
^Salnpling in vau lt, or se<'ond sampling on the quay
llhd.
II fi
■i O
V> fi
1 4
2 fi
(I G
II 2
Third.
Ouarter
Cask.
llouhle
Auin.
t. ll.
II l\
1 li
U 11
1 I)
1
4
II 'i
II I
I) i:
s.
,;.
«
•i
fi
Vi
li
1
li
3
i
II
1
11
11
Single Half
Auni. Autn.
•I.
II fi
t. ll.
II fi
1 tl
■J 11
1 4
2
1 li
A'. J?. —No charge for tasting is made to tlic proprietor, or clerk (if fully authorised to .sign all orders),
when not accompanied liy another person.
Quay Ilcni, if detained hy Order beyond the Sixth Working Day after Gauging or Kjamination.
Per day each - ...
Pipe, nutt,
or
Puncheon.
Dduhle Single
Aum, Aum,
Hogshead, ! or Ouarter
or Third. 1 C,isk.
('uses of Wine. — (Doiens.)
due
to Thr(.e.
Four to ' Seven ar.d
Six. upwards.
I. ll.
1) 4
». ll. 1. ll. i t. ll.
n 'I li 1 II 1
<. ll. 1 «. ll.
l.J ! 2
,1 ,l
w
, V '. .1
(=(
Watching, iipt NiKh1» if dulainwl by OhIlt iH'ymui the Sixth Working Day after (iaiiKiiip or Fxamination.
\\'ine arc iiiteiiitcil to l»e tlt'tainud on the U"»y» Notice must he given on the Day of Kxaniination
If Cases of
llouhle Single
Cases of Wine. —
(Po/cns.)
Pipe, Butt, 1 Aum, Aum,
or Hogshead, i or Ouarter
Puncheon. 1 or Third, j Cask.
to Three. Six.
upwfu-ds.
». ll. I. ,1.
». rf. ) ». tl.
>. if.
.. ,/.
1 to .'■ -
11 4
(1 3
2
11
2
3
1 '. - 11) . . . .
11
II 4
(1 3
2
3
4
1 U - 20 -
1
II S
ll fi
4
n li
8
ii .- :10 . - . -
1 fi
1 11 II 10
8
HI
1 11
« .1 40 -
2
1 fi 14
1
1 4
1 fi
.1 - .10 - . - -
2 fi
2 II IS 14 18
2 (1
Surveys and certificates thereof, as follows : —
On 1 to .") ca.sks -..-..
i; to 20 ditto . - ....
<J1 and upwards . - - - . -
an entire cargo ......
Duplicate or copy of certificate .....
Scotch and Irish S/n'rits.
Landing, wharfage, loading, laying up to gauge, cooper's attendance, and weighing when
requireil - . - ' .
Rent, to commence '2\ days after the date of the ship's report, per week
Per Ceriir
rate
jf
s.
(1.
- 1)
o
fi
.
i)
(1
-
7
- 1
1
.
1
Per
Pun
*.
rf.
^
4
.
4
^ il, irking in the vaults is not charged until the expiration of (i months from the period of the "
griidatiit rate" attaching; those for exportation excepted.
t Tasting not tierniitted without a written ortler.
con-
r.
,,.>*-•)•. - ■ —■
496
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
Kottling Wine.
iMnK^timJ Quarts. ] Pints.
Consolidated rate for hottlinf^ wine, per dozen, including removing, housing, fining, bottling, i
corking, fitrnw, packing, sealing, marking, nailing down, weigliing, bagging the lees, and I
rent on the impty (wttles - - - - . " * I
Unhousing, wharfage, and shipping, per dozen • • - - . !
Kent, to tomnienre the day after tiottling, |>er G dorcn per week -
' I; ii
II I
VI «
li-
Consolidated rate
Hum.
Rent, per week
Cooper's attendance after 12 weeks, per week
per 100 gallons
f per butt
. 3 I"''' imnchpon •
' f per liogf liead
(. jiiT barrel
f per ptinclicon or hogshcnd
■ I per barrel
I'afling and Refilling.
Unhousing, racking, the use of the vat, remaining one night, refilling, and bunging
up, per KK) gallons drawn from the vat - • - - -
Ditto, for government contracts, ditto ...
Keuiaining in the vat more than one night, per 100 gallons
l'"or each additional night . . ...
Water for reducing the strength, per puncheon ...
Spirits brought in for vatting, for receiving, and delivering, 100 gallons
s.
d.
10
4
y»
14
1)
1
0*
2
8
a
H
f)
3
1
2
4
Rates on Goons sent to the London Docks for Exportation.
Which, if cleared, may be shipped on board until sunset.
If goods be not shipped at the expiration of .'3 weeks, rent is charged upon them,
rated in the following Table, are charged by the package, see post.
Goods not enume-
(looils for p;iport3tion.
! Per
! Acids - middtini; cave
i .sniiili case
A Imontls, in serous ton
in boies or barrels cwt.
shell
Alum - - Ion
Anchors or erapnels, _ ton
Anchovies, case containing
S barrels
douhU' barrel
k.'R or single barrel i
, c lUni al er Three Weeks,
%T?--
Aniseml
Aimottn
Axle trees
Itacon
Baggiigc
chest
4 chest
small h.isket
each <
halt;
tiide
pack age <
Higging, about 2 qrs., roll
iiiiTk - - - chest
( chest or seron
narley - - tierce
small cask
sack
jug or barrel-;
Barrows - - each
Bedsteads, according to
size
Rt-ef and pork
fig to)
each^
litre
barrel
Heer • • kilderkin
barrel
hogshead
hiitt or puncheon
bottled, in ca.>ks,dn/.t>ott. •
ill c ises, bntih's, or i
hainittTS, do/., bottles
Bees' wax, in ca.sk.s - ton
.'> to it cwt. bale |
about 4 cwt. bale :
R. Mows, smiths*
pair<
Jlilliard tables - each< ;
Itlacking - • firkin
barrel
«mall c.isk
from ^ 10 7 cwt. cask ■
about H r\v\ . risk !
rwt. cask
from 10 to 1,^ cwt. ra^k
15 and under '20 cwt. rank
about ?n cwt. ciink
^ n ^
Per
^ J.
Wftl.
». ,1.
.. ,/
.1
II ■)
'i
II 11
.1 4
n 8 i
4
4 II
'i
3
1
C
4
3
(1 'i
2 6
II fi
3 4
U 3
8
I
K
1
jco
fl
II 1
(i
11
1
II 1
fi
'
to
to
1 C
II 'i
fi
II 1
V
II 111
G
II 1
to
10
U
fi
u
'i G
1 (I
II 3
,s
II 'i
1
3
s
u
fi
II 1
n
.'.
to
to
4
10
1) 'i
.',
fi
1
to
to
1 fi
3
(1 fi
8
4
li (1
II 4
I
II 4
U
8
r
1 4
4
1
Oi
2
m
.•5 4
10
1 4
4
1
n 3
II S
II -i
tn
to
!i fi
II fi
■i B
II n ;
to
to 1
.',
1 u
4
n,'
fi
1 i
(1 8
m;
1
V 1
1 -i
s.v
I 4
(1 3 1
1 6
3;
S fi
II 4
,1
q amities, Ac.
ni' ■ ■ .>
sinaii
ton
100
100 half ditto
-out
J barrel al.oul
t'4 cwt. '^qrs,
i or ^ barrel
large bale
miail ditto
f i lmIefrom,"qrs
Ito 1 cwt. 'i iirs.
ton
ton
chest
i chest
small basket
bale
side
> package
100 rolU
chest
.^ chest or seron
tieice
small cask
sack
> score
score
>each
100 tierces
100 bnrrels
kilderkin
barrel
hogshead
butt or puiu'heon
dozen lH>ttles
dozen bottles
ton
bale
bale
ipair
>each
Hrkin
barrel
small cask
cask
ciisk
ca«tk
ca,sk
ca'.k
(ask
Goods for Exportation.
Per
IJottles, empty glass, con-
taining from 16 to 20
dozen • • crate
from 'i\ to '29 dozen, crate
.10 to M dozen, crate
45 to 60 dozen, crate
small basket or box<
Bran ... sack
Itread * ■ - bag
Bricks - - I,'2(H»
if shipped by crew, 1,2(M)
Brooms, birch, 1 doz. bundle
2 dozen bundle
hniror house bundle
Bulliuii • large package
sma 1 |ia<'kagf
Butter - tub or lirkin
^ cank
Cables, hemp ■ ton
chain - - ton
Camphor - • chest
Caiulles, less than 2S lbs. box
2S lbs. to I c-wi. box
above 1 rwt. box
t'anes, common rattan, 1,0(M)
Cannons, under 2 tons, each
under 1 t^n^* - each
* Larger in proportion.
Canva>s - • - bolt
Carts, accordiii
iiig to size,)
eachl
Cart wheels
pair<^
Cassia
under 1 cwt.
Cement
rrei
'4
Casks, empty sugar hlul.
butt or punelit'on
hogshead
barrel
• chest
i chest
barrel
i barrel
Chaff cutlen according to
size - each
Chairs, single or mahogany
each
common, bundle contain-
inK2
other bdls. in proportion.
Chaises with i wVii'tN, each
2 whi-els, e.ich
Chalk, in ca.sks • ton
Chariots - eath
Cheese, loose • cwt.
hamner
about 1 cwt. bHsket
2 qrs. br ket
Cider - - pipe
hngsliead
Cinnamon - single hale
double bale
3 or 4 bolts, packiKe
ti bolts, |iackai;e I
case or chest {
i chL'St i
S Rent after ThreeWeeks.
*'•• Per I
T. Week. Quantities, ftc.
d. «. tl.
Ptr
,02' crate
I 2i crate
to
2
4
(1
4
7
<>
•f.
fi
1
'i
'I
1
II
8
II
•i
II
4
3
4
3
4
II
8
'i
II
3
4
I
2
to
."i
4
to
1 n
II fi
to
S! 6
2
4
fi
O il
8
3
4
crate
<:rate
>()01 sm. basket or box
II I sack
(Ik bag
« I ,VI10
I) fi \;nm
nj bundle
llj binullc
U l4 bundle
3 liiO firkinsorhib
li II 1011 quarter ca^ks
II 8 ton
II 3 ton
II U chest
II 11^ box
I I) 1 box
n ij box
! n 3 l.iKin
I II 4
10 6 each
ino bolts
>eac
I 3
(I 3
to
n fi
II I
to J"pair
n -i S
1 i Migar hogshead
1 bult or puncheon
11^ hogshead
II 3 score
'I ; chest
1 I A chest
1 barrel
II 114 A barrel
2 I 7
to >each
3 J
0^1 each
0> bundle
10 '
fi '
(i
1
II (U
1
1
Hi
4
each
each
ton
each
cwt.
hamper
b.isVet
basket
nlpe
hogshead
single ba'e
double t>ale
package
packiige
rase or chest
J chest
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
407
Gooils for Exportation. 1^ ^.ri Per , „ ■ .
Clocks in cases acconlinti
to >ize - - Piici
Cloves - - sm.-iU lia4
about 'I cwt. hai;
.'» or C cwt. cask
Coaches, sta^e - each
private - each
Coals - - hogshead
Cuttee - bag
small bale
3 cwt. 1 qrs. to 4 cwt. hale
5 cwt. bale
fans
i&ch<
4
engines or shcUers, cai
Coke - - chaklron
Colours, in. casks - ton
Copper, in i:a!»k.s, 1 to (i cwt.
ton
in cases, '> to 7 cwt. case
7 to H cwt. case
9 to 10 cwt. ca^e
bottoms, 1 cwt. bottom
ii cwt. bottom
!x)Its . '^ cwt. bundle
sheets, loose • ton
cakes - - ton
("opwrs, about It cwt. each
CordaKe - . - ton
Cork - - . ton
Corks
bag or cask
Com, in sacks
Cottonj Kait India
each
bale
h bale
I' American - - b.de
twitt, under 2 cwt. 2 qrs.
bale
presses, wooden - each
I iron • - PAch
■ Cows, shipped by mathine
each
Cowries
Curiant:!
Dampers, iron
Dops
Drips ,-,ndpots
Drugs, under 2 cwt. 2 tirs.
chest
2 cwt. 2 qrs to '» cwt.
chust
Earthenware
Engines, fire
garden
Felt .
Fire-arms
Fire or flagstones - ton
Fish, loose - - ton
Flax - - - ton
1 cwt. 2 qrs. bag
Flints, under 1 cwt. keg
Flour - - - barrel
Furniture in packages, ac*
cording to si/e.
(linger
Ulasi
plate
I J ^ Kent titter Three Weeks,
Hardware, .'» to 8
8 to ilcwt. cask 1
9 to 12 cwt. cask
12 to l.'Jcwt. ca.sk
\o to 17 cwt. cask.
>r harii
according to size
H arrows
Hats
Hat boxes
Hay
)sichords,}
a> eaclO
Iiair
case
• each
load of'.lti trusses
bale of 3 trus.ses
truss
ton
each
^ - - barrel
Hides ur skins, East India,
' -■■ lOU
each
loo
bundle
bundle
- bag
pocket
Horn, tips and plates, hhd.
Horses - - - each
cob or pony - each
Indian rul>ber - barrel
Indigo - - serun
about 3 qrt. A chest or
b.'X
client
Iron, birs and unmanu-
factured - - ton
hoops • 1 cwt- bundle
3 qrs. Itundle
2 (|i3. Iiundle
- luu
bundle*^
heavy manvifacturcd ma-
rhmerv, mill work,iN:c.
&c., pieces above 1 ton
ton
under 1 ton • ton
*scrap, loose • ton
in l.iigs - . ton
hurdles - - each
A U cighing 1*. Grf. per ton.
Ivory - . - cwt.
Knives, Blalay - small cask
Lac dve - 3 cwt. che^t
about I cwt. 2 (jrs. cliest
• packages
Laths . . bundle
Lead, in pigs - - ton
bkuk - -10 lbs. ca.sk
sliot, Lc^s, or rolls, ton
puncheon
liUgshcad
small ca.sk <
ton
box or ^ box
crate
\ crate
butt or hogshead
pipe or puncheon
tierce
small cask
small case
middlingca.se
large case
Urates and stoves
Grindstones, for every six
inches in diameter
Gritts - - firkin
Gum - - - seron
chest
Guns. See Fire-^innt*
Kreat. See Cannwi,
to.i
box or i box
crate
if crate
butt or hogshead
pipe or puncheon
tierce
to >small cask
I 2
2 small cafe
<1 middling case
fi large case
27
Uach
02 n ov
2 n A Ion
6 1 seron
10 3 diest
I. ,1.
•»
2
i
I
to
4
iii
U .")
U 4
5
ti
(i
to
H
4
U 3
J-U 3
H
1
OJ
ho^nllfiKl
Iiuncheull
>clsk
cask
cask
L'a!.k
cask
c:uk
>eacli
p.iir
case
score trusses
tun
each
barrel
2 G 100
(IJ G 100
■' ■■ 1 n i 100
3 I score biinilles
.') , sc ore bumllcj
U '^ I b,i«
1 j l.ocket
1 !lOJ,'^hulll
G IJ
U 1
2
o s
u
1 4
10 I)
5 G
G
G
O B
O 8
IJ barril
I4. scroll
I
1^ i chest or l.ox
2 1 chest
V! C 3 1 Ion
ton
I oil) 'J 100
' LunUlc
O 4 J ' I
3 I 1.0 G I
I) 2 ! S I
1 10 •)
2 1/ I
vo I 5.0 0',
•» ij "1
(i
a
4
3
1
3
s
1
8
U
to
1 G
O 1
.0 G ton
li ton
G i ton
G tim
6 I score
I.ogwc od
.Mace and nutmegs,
.Mangles
.Manure, about 1 ton
.Melting jiots
- ton
small
cask
each
cask
- ton
Mill cases
• each
i
gudgeons - - eacl
stones, about 1 ton each
Mineral brown (in lurjien-
. inc casks) 3 cwt. barret
iMolas^es - • puncheon
iVlother-o' -pearl sliells, ton
.Mules - - - each
Musk . - - box
^lustard - - keg
not exceeding 28 lbs. keg
.\ails - - 2iirs. kig
1 cwt. 2(irs. keg
1 cwt. 2 qrs. to 2 cwt. cask
ton
Nankeens, not exceeding
1 cwt. case or cliest
Ntgro clothing, puncheon
8
2 3
8
.-i
2 G
r>
1
to
2
1
4 II
l'
2
2 i
ly
4 ,
to
'
1 G
3
II Oi
J I
3 ,
4
1
to
2
3 ! i
to i >
4 1
c»l.
small cask
ClHv.t
chest
I package
100 bundles
ton
iiinicheon
nug^bcud
thinallca^k
ton
small cask
eaih
cask
toll
each
fi
3
8
I.
6
5
.Nutria skins
I .
Oakum
Oil cake
Oil
wt' bale
^ t wt. bale
2 qrs. bundle
- Ion
hogshead
puiuheon
- tun
under 3 gal Inns, jug
3 to 7 gallons, jug
8 to lOgailoniijug
0^
3
iM
1
G
u
v.*
3
1
2
3 G
1 G
I 2
3 G
2
4
G
II IM
G
4
3
II 8
each
each
I ton
puncluon
ton
box
keg
keg
lUO kegs
keg
ca.^k
ton
case or chest
iiund'.eon
l).Uc
bile
bumlle
ton
hogshead
puncheon
tun
0{ galhm
•li ., {
■I ^
u-
I !
I
't
"lit
Vl I
;''p
2 K
\ tf
ii'f
if
;ti'
498
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (LONDON).
& ^ Kent aftpT T .t«
111;
fS.n- Per
la' liHentaftPTT.t* Weeks.
Goods for Eiporution. IsSaj p„-
IS i\vZ'k. «"antiiio5.&c.
Per'
Oil — ctm/tnued.
11 tol2Ral1om,jug 1
chest ■
J chest
eacl
f. tf.\ *. if. ,
l»«r
ch^
Origans
(hnah\irf;s, loose
Ox l>ow^ ur vukest
Oxen
I'aint, in :>innll kef;s -
I inciukscont;iininKrti>-.tfm
Paper . . - iiale
I small bale
i Pearl barley, I cwt. barrel
or kei
• iiiece
1 (lo/.en
butulle
t'arb
ton
Pepper
bag
Perry - • - butt
Piano-fortes, ffrandi each
cabinet - - each
square - - each
Pickles - ]ari;e package
midcUinf; package
small package
Pigs - - - each
Pipeclay, loose - ton
hogshead |
puncheon
S
s
4
'i
to
.5
1
3
10 O
8
6
1
4
to
C
I 0\ gillon
n in. ihest
' n( i chest
each
(J ]
to >
1 O V
U^ piece
0\ bundle
3
6
small cask< I to
Pipes, empty - each
Pitch ... barrel
PIants,about 5 cwt. package
middling package
small package
Ploughs - . each
Potatoes, about 1 cwt.
basket
3 bushels, sack
ton
Quicksilver
Rags
Hire
Rigging
Rosin
SaHIower, under
y qrs.
iron bottle
3 cwt. bag
- bag
- cwt.
barrel
'2 cwt.
bah
above 2 cwt. 2 qrs. bale
Sago, in boxes about 1 cwt.
box
Sail-cloth - - bolt
Saltpetre, rough, in b;i;s,
ton
refinetl, 1 cwt. barrel
above 1 to 2 cwt. cask
10 cwt. - - cask
?aws - - - bundle
Seed, clover or other bale
St'td I,ic, 2 cwt. to 2qrs. Iiag
Sheep - - each
*^heilac, In bags or Innuiles,
ton
Skins • 18 to 20 cwt. cask
15 cwt. cask
vat
hoshead
tierce
goat andMogadore, al-out
2 cwt. 2 qrs. - bale
large bale
Slates - - iiDgsbf-ad
puncheon
Sonp, 56 lbs. and utider,
small box
57 and under 112 lbs. box
1 and under 2 out. chest
2 and under 3 cwt. chest
3 to 5 cwt. - - chest
8
1
1 ton
O ti ton
2 bale
U 1^ small bale
1 barrel or keg
nj 7
to J-liag
(1 I S
t butt
1 cull
each
f.ich
lartfe paokaje
iniddtinu pckge.
!i
fi
2
1
0.) small paci(fif;e
3 ton
2J hogshead
2 puncheon
1 I
to ■ >
li J
small ca^k
1" each
e , 100 ban els
4 '■ package
3 i middling uckge.
2 i small packaKe
3 each
OJ basket
1 sack
O 1 ton
01 each
1 ; bag
.» ' Inn
Oj cwt.
6 I 10(1 barrels
2 1 bale
U 3 I bale
4 (I 1 j box
CI 3 i score
3 (1/0 fi I ton
4:0 Oi barrel
1 I caik
3 cask
O 10 i score bundle
Ij: bale
2 I bag
fi
1 2
(I 6
8
8
6
5 nil ton
3 7 1 cask
2 fi i
1 G I
1 2 ;
10
Sofas
each'^
Spades - 1 doz. bundle
2 doz. bvmdle
Spelter • - - ton
Spirits, see Witiet.
Starch • I cwt. box
nnder 1 cwt. box
Staves, wine hogshead, pack
pipe, leauor, or sugar
liogshead - pack
Steel , in bars - - ton
in bundles, 1 cwt. bundle
4 '
6
2
1 6 I
2
4
fi
8
1
1
to
1 6
4
8
2
6
4
2
cask
vat
hogshead
tierce
n hale
2'i large bale
1 I hogshead
3 puncheon
Oi' small box
1 box
IJ chest
2 chest
3 chest
(J 3 11
to }
4 ! j
each
Stoves and grates
I Straw
each*i
) 3 4
4
4
6
! 6
2
: to
10
1
3
1
3
1 bundle
2 bundle
4 I ton
1 ■ box
1 box
01 pack
0\ p.ick
ton
Ion
>each
sror ' tru-S' 9
Goods for Exportation.
.S'^ c llentafterThrcs Weeks.
Per
Sugar - • mat or ti;ig
'lor 5 cwt. mat ur ba^k.
bones or chests • ton
bastard, not exceed. 2 cwt. {
2 qrs. - - barrel
under S cwt. - tierce
12 and umler 11 cwt.
cask
1 i cwt* and upwards,
cask
refinetl - hogshead
12 and uml. II cwt. cask
U — IH cwt. cask
IS _ 21 cwt. cask
I
I) 8
3 4
5
y
1 G
Refined, packed in hoj;s. I
beads or vats, to be housed I Per
for exportation. lihd.
Housing - - -
Weighing or re-weighing -
fnlmustng, wharfage, and
shipping
' - P®*" week
Tallow - . ton
Tar . - - barrel
Tea . - chest
k che^t
I chest
small box
Tiles, Welch, about 1 foot
■it|uuTe
- box
barrel
block
each
keg
bag J
Tin
Tombstones
Trijie
Turmeric
Turpentine - carboy-j
\'arnish - - barrel
Vermilion, 2 to 3 cwt.
chest or package
Vinegar - - puncl.eon
nog^bead
barrel or % ho>;->hi'ad
* Vitriolj carbovs - gallon
niiddlinu cast
small case
- each <
\\''agons
Whalebone
5 cwt. bate
ton
Wheels, acv.urding to
si/e,)
pair|
Wheelbarrows • each
Wine, bottled, in casks,
do/en bottles
in casGS - dozen bottles
Spirits, pipe, pumhenn,
or butt
hngshoid
Xo charge is made for
wharfage of wines and
spirits landed at the docks,
and caned to the export
quJiy, except for *' strik-
ing and shipping,'* viz.
pi|ie, butt, and pun-
cheon - - Hil.
hogshead - - 4il.
>\*ire, iron, 1 cwt. 2 qrs.
buiulle
Wood - . ton
When not cleared the
same dav as sent down,
nilintr is ch.irged.
\\ ood hoops • btmdle
truss bundle
Wool, Kngiish, ."5 cwt. to
3 cwt. 2 qrs. - I ale
3 cwt.2 qrs. to .'i cwt. bale
Spanish • 1 cwt. hag
2 cwt. bag
2 rwt. 2 qrs. bag
German, under 1 cwt. bag
4 to 6 cwt. hag
Ci rwt. and upward*, bau
Whfg,
and
Shipg,
■1. (I,
4
2
4
II 6
(I 2
.'>
I) 2
o:
to
(I 2
6
to
1
6
O Oi
I
5
3
O 4
(i
O 7
t; o u
2
I 4
II 8
II 6
O 4
3
2
7 6
to
III
1
:,
4
to
1
.1 2
1
U 2
2
1
6
2 3
n
1
5
8
'J
1 I)
I
3
«
Rent
per
Week.
». (/.
i;
fi
II 3
II 2
I^
1
fi
II (4
(I I
(i
I) 'i
O4
1
to
3
1
O 4
4
O 2
14
1
!l
fi
1
to
1 fi
I) 4
1 II
1
to
2
Oi
0^
Oi
fi
3
Per
mat or b.ig
mat or basket
ton
barrel
tierce
ton
hogshead
ciuk
cask
cajc
1
3
ton
1(10 harreli
chest
■icbest
J chest
small box
100
box
banel
score
each
keg
ton
>carboy
barrel-
chest or package
puncheon
hogshead
barrel or i lihd.
gallon
middling case
small ca^.c
>ea . h
bale
ton
each
do'/en bottler
do/en bottles
Iiipe, pun. or butt
logsbead
bundle
ton
score bundles
score bundtei
2J bale
3 1 bale
1 hag
2 ! bag
2J bag
2 I bag
3 bag
O 4 ! bag
• N. S.—" Persons sending to the dock, for shipment, aqua fortis, oil of vitriol, or other goods of a
dangerous quality, and neglecting to distinctly mark, or state, the nature of such goods on the nutside
of the package, or otherwise give due notice thereof to the superintendent, arc subject to a penalty of 20/."
— (See act 9 Geo. 4. c. 116. % 132.)
*m
f,
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (EAST INDIA).
499
Wiir:N L'liAiiGCD DY nil; 1'ackaob.
1
&
^ Kent alter Three Weeks.
IJ
Ilcnt «fif r Three Week.. I
Goods for Kzportatinn.
V
t
1 '
(jootls for KxiioTtation.
ra--
- •
~
?
2 fer 1 Uuantllies, ie.
/. Week.
IW
- = i'er
;J 7. Week.
Quantities
«cc.
r,r
H'
.'. 1... ,/. j Ml-
». '1. 1. ,1.
IVr
H<ic4, small
ItaliN, siii.ill
• catii
It
1 ; II I ' e.U'Il
Cases — fonlinvrtt.
- tMih
t)
S II 'i ' e;uh
extra larKC, 7 to 8 cwt. each
2 1
2 i; 5.0 fii
iniildliiit;
- I'.u h
1
II , 11 ." uaeli
9 to li cwt. - each
cwl.
lart;e, !j and iim
cr 7 <■« t.
1
alKive lli cwt. - each
^ \ '
each
1
4 1 ."• , each
CaAs, liutts - - eai h
1 fi 1) 4
eadi
7 ami undiT H i
Wt. vurU
I
T 1
hoK^head - e.ich
1 2 II 3
each
Hand undfrV^
■vv t.cacli
2
1
j)il'e or puncheon - each
14 n 1 ' each
I'l Olid UtUlLT
U rut.
1
ticri-e <ir wine hliil. each
l> » , II 2
each
li and under
caih
ir, rut.
2
r,
n;. rwi.
small - - cach^
1) 4 ! 1) J
to i 1,1
{•each
eat'li
3
)
fi , (1 11 >
IG cwt. and
vipw .irds
Chests, small ■ each
S 2 e.iih
each
1
II
inUUllin^ - - each
1 3 eacl)
E. I. goods, singi
c, ta.li
.s
1) 2
each
l.ir(!e - - each
14,04 eaih
dout>le
- t.uh
4
3
ench
Ilo^sheadsj not cxcee<IinK
1
half balfs rcpackt'il.
S or 'J cwt. - tath
1 V! 3
each
t*ai h
fi
U e.ii'h
Jars, see Bi((/i».
Harrela
- each
II
r,
II IJ eaili
r
2,0 0;
7
Baskets, small
- each
II
•i
II llj each
KeRS . - cach.J
to to
Seach
middling;
• fach
n
1
II 1
cacli
i
n 1 : 1
S
lartie
- each
e
1) li
each
I'acks, rats, ^c. - balc<
U ; II 1
1
Ijotllcs or jars, 1 to 3 gallons,
,•"., '"
Mialc
i-acli
n
•i
1 0:0 2
s
4 to 7 f^allniu
- t-arli
II
4
RAllon
Pipes - . . each
1 4,04
each
7 to 10 gallons
- each
r,
rortmanteaus, ord. si/e each
fi H
each
11 to VZ gallons
- each
(1
s
tUher si/es will he
i*ach<
II
2
II 11}
J-cach
char;;ed in proportion, and
Iloxcs
to 1
to
rent one Tourtli of the rati-
II
s
(I 2
for wharfage and shipp'n^'.
liundlcs, largo
- each
1
(1
(1 3
each
Tunchcons - . each
14 4
each
middling
- each
II
11
II 2', each
Tienes . . each .J
II 8 10 2
>each
small
- each
II
li
U eac-h
to to
Cast's, small
- each
H
II 2'
eacli
1 3
middling
• each
1
II
11 3
each
Trunkg . - cacli
II fi il U each
U t> II til
large. 5 to fi cwt.
to 7 cwt.
- each
1
4
3
each
\
- eacli
1
G
(I Hi
cwt.
Irusses - . cach^
to 1 to 1 >each
■
i
1 j 1.1 J
Goods not included in the foregoing Tables pay in proportion to llic rates therein contaiiictl, according
to weight <ir size.
H .1.
k.ige
lile.l.
ise
r butt
3. East India Dochs, — These docks, situated at Blackwall, were principally intended
for the accommodation of the ships employed by the East India Company. Tliere are
2 docks; 1 for ship.s unloading inwards, and 1 for those loading outwards. The import
Dock contains about 18 acres, and the E.xport Dock alxmt 9 acres. The entrance basin,
which connects the docks with the river, contains about 2^ acres ; the length of tlie
entrance lock is 210 feet, the width of the gates 48 feet clear. Having to receive vessels
of great burden, the dejith of water in the Kast India Docks is never less tlian 2,') feet.
Most of the merchandise imported into tliese docks is conveyed, without loss of time, to
warehouses in the city ; io that the extent of warehouses belonging to them is compara-
tively small.
The discharging of ships in the Tnijiort Dock is wholly performed by the servants of
the Company ; and the regulations as to fire, cooking, &e. arc stricter than in the other
docks.
The East India Docks are at the greatest distance from town. The Company's tea
and other goods are conveyed to the warehou.ses in the city in locked wagons of a
peculiar description.
The capital of the Company is under .500,000/., and the dividend is 4 per cent. A
100/. share of the Company's stock is at present worth about 501. Tlie management k
confided to 13 directors, 4 of whom must be directors of the P^ast India Company, and
they must each hold at least 20 shares of the Company's stock.
\ \\
cls of a
-utside
jf20/."
Rates charged on Ships from the East Indict usin^ the East
India Dock.t.
The rate for receiving and unloading shins or ves«c1s under
ROO tons, in llie Kast India Docks, atid for ine u'.cnf the same
for '28 days from .the date of the iinal discharge, is Is. Gd. jicr
ton register.
Dock rent, if the 23 days be exceeded, 1^^ per reuister ton
per week, which is also the rate for lif^nt ships lajing
up in the dock.
The rate for such ships and vessels as are loaded outwards
by the Dock Company will he y«. per ton reuister, should Ihe
packages or articles laden not exceed 2 tons each by measure-
ment or wetKht ; uut on such as exceed '2 tons, aiul uji to 10
tons, 35. per ton additional will he cliar^ed on the quantity
laden ; packages or articles exceeding 10 tons the Dock Com-
panv decline ladini;, excent by special agreement. The rate
for ships and vevsels loaded by their owners will be l.v. per ton
register only, for the use and aconmiodation of the dock.
Sliips and vessels Ioa<ling outwards to be alUiwed '2S tiays for
the pur|)ose, from their commencement of receiving cargo.
Dock rent, if the '2H days be exceed'.tl, 1*1. ptr register ton
per weelc.
Coasters, or other vessels, loading from the import ware-
houses, will be charged (»/. per ton on the gross weight they
take on board ; to !te nllowen 1 week for Burh purpose.
Di)ck rent, if the 1 week be cxccedcil, 1</. I'cr reuister (on
per week.
Mmi — These docks receive no other than ship* or ves-
sels in Uto Kast India trade, or coasters to load from the
warehouses.
Kates charged for WharfagCt Storehouies, iSr., niid for sundnf
Work done Iri/ the Eiist India Dock Cutufuny.
Wharfage of guns above W cwt. each - - '2 fl
above !.''> cwt. and under '^0 cwt. do. - - 2
10 - - 1'} . . - 1 <i
under 10 - - - - - 1
of gun carriages belonging to the gtms of the
above scale, 1.*. 3i/., Is., y</., and Gd.
of nnchors, per cwt. - - - .T
of kentledge, per ton - - - 1 (J
of other articles deposited on the wharfs or
quays, do. - - - - 'i G
These rates of wharfage arc for the season the sbi]) mav
remain at home ; or for a period not excretling 1*2 months : ff
the IV months be exceetUtI, llie same rate of charj:e will bo
made ns if a new seavon liad been coinmcnctd, aucl thir, rate
of wharfage be considered an annual charge — A'. /f. Hy thR
pnsent existing agrt-ement between the Kast India ft inpany
n"fl the Pock Prmi any, \hv pm;s nnd anchors of hbips whilU
in ihc Con-.panj's scvvito fuc free of whuria^e.
2 K 2
il i/. , I
,
500 DOCKS ON TIIL THAMES (ST. KATHARINES).
I.aiuUng guns from crnf^, and stowing tliem on aVkU, '2*1. y>er
cwt IHtt < (iirrlAfiis of ^jun--, hIiovc Ki cwl., I*.; uniier
diUo, (h/. 4-i\cIi. — S'lippln^ ul' ilitic) into cr;il't, tliu >-aiitL>
rn>f. — (ti>ttiit^ K""^ "" ''■'.ird '<hii> iiiul inounliiit; Ihi'iii,
U*. (id. )}V( ion. — (iiMtiii^ on lioira ^iiii carri luis, ol' nuiu
Above Iditwt., fi</. eni'li ; urxtt-r ditto, itl. cirh - I.iuidinufin*
cliors from ( r.-ifl and jilatiiiK llii-ni at racks, ^ll. tuT cwl. —
Shtiipinn ulV diti<) into trait, thu sani*- rati- — I'luiini,' an-
chor-, for unsioiWinK or for ^to. kinu, IJi/. jut vwt. — llis-
charpn« kt'iitlfil^f from s|ii|>"«, and statkini; it on thf
Mrliirf, It. '-;</. ptT ton, - l>is(l)arL'inK ditto from shi|>4 Into
crafl, U. p T ton. — Sldp|iinK otl' kt-ntli'dnf from the wharf,
and stowiMK it in tht- hold, I.». '4il. ikt ton. — Shippinu ofK
ditto into craft, 10./. piT ton. - l>i<ichurKinK shinnle or stone
ballast into i raf t or on thi* quay, ^^.^t^. pi-r ttm. —Water
siipplit'tl to out ward -hound ships, as well as what is used fur
seasoning their <aslts, 1«. per ton Imperial inea.iiire.
AdmiHsion of loaded wau'ons, «. ''• '^ ;v R — Shins* -itorPi
C(:nveyin^ carKo. or y^is.e»- i .^;„, ;.„„;,„ ,|„,,.,.^. ^„,{
gets' liaK^Mue, in U.'U of ,A „tfi. erV haiiti,,^'t., ad-
wharfaK...each - - .. >(,„i,„.,i fn^ ,7, 'uut-
Po.otcart^,w,lhdo.,do. . 2 'J ,,ard Umnd ships.
l)o. of trucks, with tl'i., do. - 1 U-' '
Sturehoust'-i (for ships* stores) may he hired at 1/. \s. per
week ; if rente<l aimually, lar^'e slort•hou^es, Hi/, a year
smaller ditto, ,1.0/. ;i >car; or if taken permanently, large
storehouses, Xt/. a year — sinaHer ditto, at 50/. a year.
Use of the rluKin^ shed for littluf;
ri^uintf, vi/. L.
for ships of SOO tons and upwards - .'i
.'(llOtoHOO tons - - J
,100 . 500 - - .1
under .100 - - '2
Evei7 ship Using the dorks, oul-rards or homewards, and
makini; fast alongside the hulk, of .')Oil tons burden, or up-
wards, to pav 1/. IT,, and ships and vus'-els under ttiat bur-
den, 10,». ((,/.' for every U I hours, for Itu- Jirat 3 ilnt/s ; should
this period be exceedi'd, to pay for every •^^ hours beyond the
same, 5/. 'm., unless surh delenlion is caused by special cir*
rumstancu^, »uch us tlic by-laws provide for.
5 1 S. R. — Time
■1 l_ for this oper-
.1 ( ation limited
2 ) (o 1 month.
The tharffe for any dekcripiion of labour or service performed
h> the Hock t'ompanv, and not !t)H.'eitied in tids Table, will
|>e in:ide on moderate terms.
A'.i/r, — In loading ?.hipH outward, the Doi k Comjtany en-
gage to git on iNiaid all giKxti anit stores from cratt, or the
wliart", without extra charge, except tin- following, vi/, kent-
h'd<.'et aiurhors, guiit and carriages, sails, standing and ruiuung
riggnig, huoms, and hu.its.
Char^jea fir Mnatiitf* or Diamnstini* at the MiMt-Ruitiliixg,
For ships (if
l.iiimtol/.onions
sun . l.iiiH)
(i.'iU - Mill
Aim - (i.'iii
.IIK) - .'i(ll)
iinilir .'^iHI
Main
SIn.-t.
Fort' iMi/on ftow-
Slni-t. .Ma»t. sprit.
r.. ». ./.
Ill II II
7 III II
.'> II II
4 II II
3 111 II
li 111 II
/.. I. ./. /.. .. ./.
fl II II 1 II II
7 11 11 .1 III II
1 HI II 'i 111 II
.1 III li! V II II
^ II ni 1 1,'. II
■J .'l III 1 111 1'
/,. 1. ,1.
r, II II
1 II II
;; HI 11
'I II 11
1 l.'i II
1 III II
For puftiuff
oil ami Ink-in;; ojp Toiis,
For slilps of
l.lliilllo l/iOn tons •
Mill) - l.lllKI .
/Mill . NIH> .
nndiT 'illO .
Main.
Fore.
Mi/en. 1
1,. a. il. I . s ,1
I II II 1 II 11
II |i; (1 Hi II
II 1'^ (i 1-^
in |iriH>ortion.
U
1'^ i;
111
8
The prices in the above Tables are for euh operation,
which includes the use of niaslii.g-fall and slings.
y. D. —Owners h» hhips may pur<hase not less than half a
fall, at l^ l>er cent, under the ready money cost price.
>:' I
;
i iifi:
4. St. Katharine's Docks. — Tlic Company for the con.stniction of tlicso docks was in-
corporated by the act C Geo. 4. c. 105. (hical), and tliey were partially opened on tlic
, 25tli of October, 1828. They are situated Immediately lielow tlie Tower, and are con-
sequently the most contiguous of any to the city, the Custom-house, and otlier ])laces
where business is transacted. The capital raised by shares amounts to 1 ,.'}.5'_',800/. ; but
an additional sum of 800,000/. has been borrowed, on the security of the rates, for the
completion of the works, and the purchase of a freehold jmnierty jiossessing river froiitafje
from the Tower to the corner of liOwer East Smithfield, of the value of upwards of
100,000/., but not required for the immediate purpose of the act. A portion of this
property has been ajijiropriatcd as a s'jam packet wh:irf, where passengers embark and
land witliout the aid or risk of iioat convej-aiice. The piircJiase of the numerous house!>
that stood upon the ground occiqiied l)y the docks jiroved, as in the case of the London
Docks, a heavy item of ex]ie:ise. The .sjiace included within the outer wall is about 'J4
acres, nearly 1 1 of which are water. There are '2 docks, communicating by a basin.
The lock leading from the river is 180 feet long, and 45 liroad : it is so constructed, tliat
ships of upwards of GOO tons burden may pass in and out S hours before high water, so
that outward-bound shijis have the ojiportunity of reaching lilackwall before tiie tide
begins to recede. Ships of upwards of 800 tons register are docked and undockcd with-
out difficulty, and the depth of water at the entrance exceeds that of any other wet dock
in the port of London. Vessels are also docked and undockcd by night as well as by
day, — an advantage peculiar to this establishment. A clear channel of not less than ;J0O
feet in width is at all times to be kejit in the jiool ; and vessels drawing 18 feet water
may lie afloat at low water at the principal buoy off the dock entrance. The warehouses
and vaults are upon a very large scale ; far more so than one might be disposed to infer
from the extent of water. The warehiiuses are exceedingly well contrived and commodious ;
and, owing to their being liuilt partly on jiillars (within which what is called the quay
work of the other docks is transacted), close to the water's edge, goods are lioisted direct
from the hold of the vessel, without its being necessary, as in the West India and I-oiidon
Docks, to land them on (jiiays; so that there is in this way a great .saving lioth of room,
tine, and labour. The whole estahlislunent is exceedingly complete, and reflects the
greatest credit on the public spirit, enterprise, and skill, of those by whom it was projected
and executed.
The regulations to be observed by vessels using the St. Katharine's Docks arc similar
to those enforced in the West India Docks, to which, as in the case of the London Docks,
we beg to refer,
ill.
M
DOCKS ON THE THAMES (COMMERCIAL). 501
TMc of Tonnage Untos rhargrablc o»- ''"fiscls cnteririK the St. Katharine Doeks, and also of the Rntoi
for (h,s(*harping Cargoes landed by J.c Company, i-uhjeit to such Hevifsion, from Time to Time, aa
fchall be fuund expedient.
Vetseli InrvanU.
On Vos.st'U laden, .Per Tan
arriving fruin Hegister
Fint Cl(ua. — Any
port of the Unl
tL-il Kiri^iloin, \s\v
of Man, Jersey,
(iucrnst-y, AI(U*r-
nt'v, Sark, or oilier
Kuruneanporfsout'
side the Haltic, be
tween tlie North
Cape and Ushant -
Second Clnas. — Any
other port
«. (/.
G
9
Privilege.
Vfau'li irhosp citruora art' dia-
charted h/ the iJvck Comji'ini/,
Use in the Dotkfi to vt*ssels ar-
rivtnK from Hamhro', or from
any port in the .Mediterranean,
for (i weeks from the date of
entrance; if arriving from any
other port, 4 wei-ks from
the date of final di-^iharKe,
with liberty to load outwards
for any mrt or place, and to
quit thf dorks for repair*, and
re-ente ; the period of nb^eme
im..' ' tK-k for suth piiri>oaes
not • ^ atll'Lt the privilef;e.
F'-ji.'* rv/une larfioes art: dis
charged hi/ their criwa.
The like privilt-ge, but to com-
mence from the dale of en<
trance.
Rent, in each cose, after the expiration of the
privilege, per we*'k - - - .
r'or partial remissions and eiemptions on
vessels partly laden, or arriving from
Spain or Portugal, wool or cork laden,
or vessels with co*"n, see annexed Table.
Ilatfsfor dischatfpng Cargottbtf the Catnpany.
Caruoes, consisting, in tlie whole or in part,
ut .sugar in hogsheads or tierces» including
ship coo|>erage
Targoes, consisting of sugar in chests of .0 cwt
and upwards, including ship cooperage
Cargoes, consisting of sugar in bags, mats, or
chests under 5 cwt., or other goods (not
being heni|i, tallow, ashes, wood goods,
corn, pitch, tar. hav, or straw), containeil
in ( asks, bales, serous, chests, cases, hagSi
baskets, or similar packages; also si^lter,
or metal in pigs, bars, rods, plates, &c.
Cargoes, consisting of hemp only, or nier
chandise iu bulk, wholly or in part -
tallow onl
par
ily
(I.
I]
( hemp - - 1
Af ixed cargoes of< tallow - -
(.ashes - -
iJUic ffum wowl, or large timber,
additional for every load delivered
No charge uiJon excess landed beyond a ship's
rejiister tonnage.
Oil , additional for every tun delivered
into craft - - - - 6
Vessels Ouln'ardlf
entering the Docks without Cargoes.
r.oading for any
port enunie-
riUt'd in the
Import Tahle
in Urht class -
l)o do. 2d do.
\'essels loading'
in part, on
<luanlity taken
on hoard <
cording to
their port of
destination, as
above classi-
hed - -J
Per Ton
Register.
Privilege.
.. d.
G
9
iU.se of dock to ^
j load 4 weeks
from date of
entrance - - J
Per 'I'on
Register.
9
Per ton of
ftootis, charge
m no case to
exceed the re-
gister tonnage
of the vessel.
TABt.n <tf special Regulations^ HennssintUt and ETeniplion$t ami
^liscellanevus Chnrees aiiplicalde to Vessels iniva ds^ nut liein^
J'lilli/ laden, vrJaden tritn the Articles tuumeratedf ur entering
the Docks lif-hl, iVc
\'J tonnage rate will he charged on vessels wholly com laden .
whose cargw's shall lie laiuled in the docks ; hut a charge will
in such case he made for docking and unUucking, as under :
/.. ». a.
Vessels of 100 tons and upwards - - -110
A'essels inuler 100 tons - - • - 10 (i
with lilierty to remain in dock witlioul further charge for 24
hours after final landing. Rent, after expiration oflhat pe-
rio<l, Irf. per ton register pet week. Shoidd the vessel load
outwards, the usual tonnage rates, acccrding to the port of
destination, will he charged, itisteait of the rale for docking
and unilocking. The IJock Company reserve the |iower of
refusing the admission of ships laden cntiiel/ with com.
'"her vessels, not being fully laden at the tinic of entering the
docks, will Iw chargetl tonnage rateonlv,on the projwrtlon of
cargo brought in ; the amouot of rate to' lie determined by the
port from whence the vessel has arrived ; and if 'discharged
by the Company, rates for iinloiiding in addition, according to
the description of the cargo and qtiantity so disc!iarged.
Kent, after 1 week, 1(/. per ton register per week. i
Vessels laden with cork or wool from Spain or Portugal will Iw
charged only M. per Ion register. Rent, alter .' weeks from
date of entrance, Irf. per ton ugister iiei week:.
I • V . ■''•'• <'•
Light vessels entering the dock to lip 'ip, will be
charged, for any iierlod not ixce^Kling 4 weeks, per
ton register - . . . -
ilent iwi- wotk, a£icT tho rxpirntinn nf the' 4 werks,
the register tonn.age, per ton - - - 1
Vessels two thirds lailen with corn will lie charged tonnage rate
only on the proportion which the other part of the cargo
bears to the register tonnage.
\'cssels chiefly laden with wood goods, pilch, t.ir, hay, straw,
or mtending to discharge the whole of their cargoes into
lighters, will only lie permitted to enter or depart the docks
subject to such terms as shall be first mclually agreed upon
between the owners and the Dock Company.
as above-; i
I'scofdocklo
load 1 week I
from en-
trance - -J
Rent after ex-
jiiration of the
jirivilege, \d.
per ton register
jier week.
Miscellaneous Char/^u*
For labourers hired of the Company, to work on board,
and who shall lie under the itirections and rinpoiiia-
bilityot captains or owners of vessels, bolh or either
(which rtile applies to all over-lio,ard deliveries), a
charge will be made for each man per day, of - -
Th.imes water supplieu to vessels by the Company, per
For an abstract of a ship's cargo inwards, and weights thereof,
lor the purpose of n-.aking up freight ac:oiints, thi. following
charge will be made :— "
If the goods have 10 marks, or under - 2
11 marka to2U marks - ."i
21 marks and upwaris -
t. i.
3 r,
1
u
fi
2 each mark or
parcel.
N. B.— The dock-dues, rent, &c. of most nrMcles landed,
warehoused, or shipped at the ditlerent docks, beint , in general
nearly identical, the reader is referred for an account of the
same to the Table uader the head Luru'm Docks.
S. Commercial Dochs. — Exclc ive of tlie previously mentioned docks, which are all
on the north .side of the river, tliere are on the .south side the Commercial Dnrks, opposite
to the west end of the "West India Docks. These docks are of large ext-nt • the space
included within the oiiter wall being about 49 acres, of which nearly 38 acret. c're water.
Tliey are principally intended for the reception of vessels with timber, corn, and other
bulky commodities. They have but little accommodation for warehousing; and their
establishments are not constructed so as to ntitle them to bond all goods. Tlie Surrey
Canal Company also admit vessels to be doc id in the basin of their caral.
C. London Port Dues; Charges on Account of Lights, Pilotage, S(c. in the Thames i
Shipping, §-c. of London.
It is highly desirable that C' ,icrt pilots, brilliant lights, and every othsr means that it
is possible to devise, should he ..flbrded to render navigation safe and expeditious. But
to secure these advantages, it is indispensable that the charges on their account shoidd be
modeiatc. If tliey be otlicrwisc, navigators are not unfreiiuently tempted to resort to what
*2 K 3
.> ■
.: (
•■; «
'wk
•?«?:
1
w 111
i ■:!
i.^'i/i
Hf
'* I' li
602
DOCKS (LONDON I»0|{T DlJlvS).
;iie less expensive, tliouf;h less secure, cliaiiiiels, Tins principle 1ms not, iiowcver obvious,
heeii iihvays kept Milliciuiilly in view eillier in this or in other eoinitries. Durinj; the
latter years of the war, anil down to l.S2,7, the cliarges on account of docks, lights, pilot-
age, ^c. on sliij)s in the 'I'hanies, and most other liritish ports, were exceedingly heavy;
and wo\d(l, no donht, had they been maintained, have materially injured our commerce.
Instead, also, of encouraging the resort of foreign ships to our ports, a contrary policy
was adopted ; the charges laid on them being usually about double those laid on liritish
ships. This regulation was intended to promote the employment of the latter ; but, as it
led to reprisals in other countries, its real influence is believed to have been quite difter-
ent ; while by driving away foreigners, it injured the trade of the country, and prevented
oiu- ports from becoming, what they are so well fitted to be, the emporiums of tho
world. We are glad, however, to have to state that the circumstances now alluded to
bave been materially changed within the last dozen years. In 1825, the various dock
monopolies expired ; and a very great reduction has been made in the charges on account
Of the docks, which, as already seen, are now very moderate indeed.
Kxi'lusivc (>f tlie tloi.k ilutios, ci-rtain por/ or tonnaar dut/c.i were imposed on sfiips flrequcntiiig the port
of I,i)inlon, l)y tliu acts 39 Geo. J. c. til)., -ti Cieo. .'i. c. l'J|.., Ac, partly to pay tho harbour masters, provide
mooring cliaiiis, tiic, ami partly to croato a I'lirid for the improvement ol the |)ort, and in particular for
'ii'lVaying the cost of makiuK a navigal)K< canal across the Isle of Dogs. But tliis canal havuig lieon sold
Kinl , p. 1.70.) for I'.'O.ODO/. to the West India Dock Company, under the 1(( Geo. 4. c. 1*)., and the sums
iidvanied by the public Ibr the improvement of the i>ort liaving been rcpaiil, it was judiciously reaolved
to reduce the i)ort duties to tho lowest rates capable of (lofraying the necessary expenses. This was
clfl-cted by the 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 3'.'., which imposes the following tonnage duties on vessels in the port : —
For Ton.
a.
Lit Class. — For every ship or other vessel trading coastwise between the port of London and any
port or place in Great liritain, Ireland, the (Orkneys, Shollaiid, or the Western Islamls of Scot-
lanil, there shall be paid for every voyage in and out of tho said port - - - J
iid Class — Kor every ship, &c. entering inwards or clearim? outwards from or to Denmark, Norway,
or La|)land (on this side of the North Capo), or from Holsloin, Hamburgh, Bremen, or any other
part of Germany bordering on or near the Gormanio Ocean, or from or to Holland or any other
ofthc Un ted Provinces, or lirabant, Antwerp, Flanders, or any other part of the Netherlands,
or from or to France (within Usliant^ Guernsey, .Jersey, Alderney, Snrk, or tho Isle of Man,
there shall l>e paid fur every, Ac, as above . - - - . |
Sii Class. — For every ship, &c. entering inwanls or clearing outwards fVom or to Lapland (beyond
the North Cape), Finland, Russia (without or within the Baltic Sea), Livonia, Courland, Poland,
Prussia, Swe<len, or any other country or place witliin tlie Baltic Sea, there shall be paid for
every, &n., as above - - . . . j
ith Class. — For every ship, S:c. entering inwards or clearing outwards flrom or to France (be.
tween Ushant and Spain), Portugal, Spain (without tho Mediterranean), or any of the Azores,
Madeira, or Canary Islands, or any of the United States of America, or of the British colonies or
provinces in North America or Florida, there shall be paid for every, Stc, as above - - J
Olh Class. — For every shin, Ike. entering inwards or clearing outwards from or to Greenland, GibnU.
tar, France, or Spain (v/ithin the Alediterrancanl, or any country, island, port, or place within or
bordering on or near the Mciliterranoan or Adriatic Sea, or tVom the West Indies, Louisiana,
Mexico, South America, Africa, Fast India, China, or any other country, island, port, or place
within or bordering on or near tho Pacific Ocean, or from any other country, island, port, or
place whatsoever to the south waril of ib degrees of north latitude, there shall be paid, &c., as above J
E.vi'»ii)lions. — Ships of war, and ships the property of his Majesty or any of the royal family. — Any
vessel coming to or going coastwise from the port of I.oiidon, or to any part of Great Britain, unless such
vessel shall exceed +,"> tons. — Any vessel bringing corn coastwise, the principal part of whose cargo shall
consist of corn. — Any fishing smacks, lobster an<l oystor boats, or vessels for passengers. — Any vessel
or craft navigating tlie Thames above and below Lftndon Bridge, as far as Oravesend only. — .\ny vessel
entering inwards or outwards in ballast.
iV. li. — The port or tonnaaf duties paiil by ships in tho jKirt of London, as stated in the accounts on
the opposite page, were those payable previously to the act \ ^ii Will 4. c. 32., which only took ed'ect on
the 23th of July, 1834; ant! were, at an average, from 4 to fi times as high as at present.
Owing to the distance of London from the sea, .ind the rather intricate navigation
at the mouth of the river, the charges on account of lights and pilotage must necessarily
be pretty heavy. They have, however, been very materially reduced of late years. The
charges on account of the lights under the management of the Trinity House have been
diininished, in almost every instance, at least one third ; and in many instances as much as
a half, and sometimes even more, since 1823. — (See Ligiit-uousks.) The illiberal and
impolitic practice of imposing discriminating light and pilotage dues on foreign vessels is
still kept up ; but owing to the general establishment of reciprocity treaties with foreign
j)owers, the grievance thence arising has become rather nominal than real, and at present
affects very few of the foreign vessels coming to our ports.
The act 6 Geo. 4. c. 125. made a reduction of 8 percent, in the charges authorised
to be demanded by the pilots licensed by the Trinity House for the port of London ; and
foreign vessels, privileged as British vessels, have been relieved from tiic additicnal or
surplus rate of 25 per cent, payable to the Trinity pilots, as well as to those licensed by
the Lord Warden of the Cinq--" Ports (See Pilotage.)
The ojjpressive and troublesome charges in the port of London, im])0.scd on alien goods
imder the names of package, .scavage, i*vc. — (see Package) — were put an end to during
last session ( 1 8;}:?). At present, therefore, we believe we are warranted in affirming that,
considering its distance from the sea, the pid)lic charges on shipping in th'^ ort of
London are ijuite as reasonable as in any otlier port of the empire, or of ti.. -orld.
f
< t\
•: i
DOCKS (LONDON PORT DUES).
505
Hut wo are iiKUiit'd to tliink that fiirtlier reductions may btill be efll-cled, particularly in
the urtide pilotage.
The following accounts show the nature and amount of the various charges that are at
present incurred by vessels in the port of London ; —
I'll) farmii Acrount of CharKCS on n Sliip of almut 4«ll Tons, entpritiK anil ilopartinB the I'ort of liCndon,
lac'lcii both Ways, supposinK evi-ry tliiiiK to lio fundiirtetl with strict Kconouiy, ami cxcluUiiiK any
Charge on account of extraordinary Despatch or superior Accommodation.
Reporting the ship and appointment ......
TilotaK'c from the Downs ....
ItoanliiiK the pilot at sea . - ' •
Waterman, Ixiat, and kcdnc, from firavcsend
I/ondon i>ort ilnes inwar<ls, r«/. per ton
Do. do. outwards, <lo. - - -
y. /;._'rhi.s lUity is of a temporary character, and will rcasc in about 5 years
'I'rinitv dues and IikI'Is inwards - . . , - -
Dock (lues In and out, !W. per ton ..----
■J'rinity dues .ii;d lights outwards .....
Dunm'ucss li^lit in and out .....
C'learirif! outwards, and victualling bill - - - -
Stoam-I)oat to lllackwall, niiliumil .... . •
I'ilotatJC to the Downs - - - . . .
Putting the pilot on shore, unless landed in the ship's boat
- 1
. 14
- S
- 1
- 10
. 10
11
lii*
H 18
ii r,
'> 12
10
I'i 8
U 10
d.
I)
*
6
U
n
(i
u
(i
U
jt'W 7 ♦
Charges on a British Vessel of 285 Tons, entering and departing the I'ort of Ixmdon, laden both Wayi.
Reporting, appointing, Ac. ....
Tonnage duty inwards (with cargo) . . - .
Do. outwards (do.) . .
Putting pilot on hoard at Deal - . . . -
I'ilotage, Downs to London, dralt l.'i feet (i inches
Do. outwards, drull about It fei^ - -
lloat and men ui> and down, li guineas each
Trinity lights, inwards .....
Do. outwards - - ...
Private do. in and out - ....
Dungencss do. . . . -
Dock duty, !W. jicr ton . - - .
tiearing outwards ....
Si.
rf.
U 10
n
r, 18
fi
r> 18
(i
2 10
1(1 8
7
9 15
1) (i
(> l.i
<2
:> (i
c
U 1(1
1 !l
()
111 13
9
2 7
£Hr, (\ 6
Charges actually paid on the President, American Packet Ship of IVom 470 to 480 Tons, in the River
Thames, in Uctubcr, IbUli.
Repon''ig and appointing
Tonnage duty inwards, and entry
Do. outwards
Trinity lights and pilotage inwards
Do. do. outwards
Private and Foreland, in and out
Pilot from Dungcne.ss
lloat and men up and down
Dock charges -
Clearing and victualling bill
Printing hills and cards
Advertisements in bills of entry
£ s.
. a 10
. 10 (i
. 1(1 10
. l.'i 1'.'
- 28 10
- 5 'S
- 15 12
. 6
.21 2
. 2 12
- 3 13
. 10
I ■
^ , (
]P '' i
,
■ i
jei'22 18
In this case, the pilotage inwards and outwards, lights, &a are charged fVom Cowes, so that a con-
siderable portion of these items cannot be considered as an expense |)eculiar to the Thames. A part
of the dock charges might also have been avoided, by employing the crew ; the last two items arc not
properly port charges.
Amount of Shipping, Sfc. helotiyiiti/ to the Port of London, — According to the official
■\ccoinits, there belonged to this port, in 1832, besides boats and other ves.sels not regis-
tered, 2,659 ships, of the bm-den of 5()5, 174 tons, maimed l)y ;5'J,78G men and boys. In
1819, the gro.ss customs'duty collected in the port of London amounted to 7,749,463/.,
the expenses of collection being 277,01. '3/., or at the rate of 31. II*. S^cl, per cent. In
18.'52, the gross duty had risen to 9,4'54,854/., while the expenses of collection had sunk
to 243,678/., being at the rate of only 2/. 11*-. ~^,l. per cent (Purl. Paper, No. 414.
Sess. 1833.) So vast an amount of shipping and conmieree was never previously con-
centrated in any single port. London may be truly said to be nniversi orhis terrarum
emporium. JMay her prosperity be as lasting as it is great !
* If discharged by the Dock Company, there would be an additional charge of 12i on that account
2 K 1
!■!' .
■C- 1,
! r
; I
50t DOCKS (LIVERPOOL).
The following talmlar slattniL-iit will serve to illustrate the progress of the foreign
trade ami iiavij^ation of London ; —
Number and Tonnage of VesicU entering the Port of London from Foreign I'arln, (li«tinguiihing between
liritiiih aiiil Turelgn Shipa.
Yenn.
HrllUh
Fiirt'ifO*
Shiitt.
17(10
17."»0
l.JIW
I7!K)
'.','.'.'1*
17!il
•J,|H4
17!''.'
'.'.INll
17!IJ
2,.JW
War
ISH
iNir.
IHKi
LSI 7
IHIH
181!I
Tiiiu.
HO.OW
l!IH,(tt}
4')1,IH8
47»,1U5
\"tMri.
Shli^t.
Tom.
Tuiii.
•»!H>
7li,!>!l"'
18'20
ti.W,M<J
184
J(i,.i-Ki
1821
.'I.INIO
.'•.85,'liH
l.llti
14!t,-2().")
18'2'2
:),'2.i<)
ti(l:!,l()7
\,r>ii
llil.dr..)
182:1
;!,()) 1
(111,4.51
l.liil!
l.Vi.'.'W
1821
:i,l.i2
tvn,uxi
I.IUJ
177,01U
1825
;j,!i8<:
7H">,.>(>5
18'2ii
;i,Hl;i
(i7.'>,(l2(i
Cti<.l,ft;)4
1827
4,01'2
7(i'.l,Ui'2
5!7r.,.'i"r.
I8'28
4,081
7(i7,'2l'2
11;"., nil
18'2!t
4,1(18
7S4,(I70
I.il,(i47
18:;()
;i,<)l(i
744,'2'2<J
'27'2,ti'i(>
18.)1
4,14(1
780,! 188
IJH,H8'2
I8i'2
;),V(iH
(l;iit,84()
llritlsh
KorelKn
Shiu:
Hhii
.071
fill?
WW
l,(H:l
1,743
l,.08(i
I,."".. 11
l,:iO;i
l,;i(M)
1,'2(>8
1,.V.7
884
Tuns.
lS'2,(il9
8!),07.1
10(i,0!)<)
l(il,70rj
2(>4,0!I8
.T()-2,l2Si
'21.'5,'2.'i4
5!'2I,(H)8
ly.'i,!l2y
'2l.0,(>(W
vo7,.';(io
2(i9,l;)U
Jf, n, The temporary falling oil' in l83a is to be oijcribcd to the prevalence of cholera, and the unfor-
tunate misunderstanding with llollund.
*iccount of the Number and Tonnage of the Ships tliat have entered the Port of London, with Cargoes,
from Foreign Parts, distinguishing the Countries whence they came, during the Years 183U, 1831, and
18J2. — 1,1'apern published by the Board of Trade, part ii. p. Hi,'.)
'
1830.
1831.
1833.
Countries.
Ilrltish 1 Fo
reign
IlrilUh
Foreign
ilritUh
Foreign
Slilps.
Tonn. Ships.
Tonn.
ShipH.
Tonn.
Ships.
Tonn.
Ships.
Tonn.
Ships.
Tonn.
17U
lO.'i.Vliil 'Hi
Ili,,3.')'.l
M'i
1.33,'W'^
.'.1
1 l.O.'iO
381
,81, .'.82
34
11,270
SwL'tU'n - *
I'.l
3,SII.'i
iii
M.D.'ill
•ill
.3,118
8(;
21,8(11
3
513
31
9,8(1 1
Niirway • - - -
'i
377
K'J
.10,1 1<;
4
1 1.'.
131
•l(i,(Ki,'.
1
78
81
S(l,427
Di'innark
.'■(i
(i.llt
117
l\,-i'i
11
•1,1(18
178
1 11,(1112
23
2,80(1
80
8,72a
I'rusHla - -
■^.17
.33,.1(P|)
VU3
(11,171
1'^^
'^l,V.'iH
280
r, 1,(1.33
113
1(1,115
117
27,901
'ist;
l{l,(itS
is.',
l(l,77'i
V3l
.37,121
nil
lli,.'>25
210
.37,074
72
9,180
\Vi
v.h'Mn
•iS3
■i7,ii'i3
1,33
.'>ii,.'>(;3
2'>3
21,007
318
3.'.,7ao
181
1(1,314
I'l.l
WflW,
(ill
7, -ill.'.
■^0.')
I'.i.iitit
I'JS
l'.),2ll
yvj
18,101
14(1
ll,S(iO
'11 :>
•iii.ni
6
r>Ti
33S, 31, .',18
l'>
1,771
218
21,820
8
9(l(i
S|iAiti atut Caiiitrii'*.
llali.m Sl.iti's
•i\\
V7,l)7.'.
'M
3,0^.')
33'^ ; 3s,'.i.!3
.',11
.'i.d.'is
180
l!),2'J(i
21
2,(iB9
I a
IN.MS'.I
S
Hli
1(13 'i:>,IM)
30
7,280
nil
13,811
4
UM
IS
•^,,'.3.'.
- -
•
31 1,(11.'.
• -
2(1
3,.'i7.'.
Turkey ami lloiititicntal (Jreece
■17
(i,7Sl
• -
•
Ti
10,1(1.',
■ •
.
(17
!),.33'J
Sliiria .and (irutk l^ianils
'1
riM
. -
>
10
1 ,'.iS.'j
• ■
.
13
l,l(8.j
KKvpt
(i
It'll Ml
. .
.
1.'.
3,311
. ■
>
.0
8(12
Tiipdli, Harliarv, and .'Morocco
10
U(i(l
.
1'^
I,I7H
- .
.
!)
U.'.7
Furuitin pusHtMiioiiii in Asisl
11
4,ll>li
1
370
1)
3,2(11
. .
.
fi
1,831
1
370
•ii
27,7IS'^
- -
-
'i\
27,HSy
- -
.
20
2.'i,237
Uniti'd .States of America
11)
V,!lll
iG
M,.'.7I
lil
.'>,77(i
U3
32,981
23
7,3(12
SO
19,794
ForilKli West Inilii's
3^
(i,tl33
U
i!,30S
3'J
7,(1 7 U
i)
2,22U
43
8,'J31
It
4,124
Vorfiui) Coiuinuntal colonics ii\
America - - -
Totalfi
83
1.'.,.^!.'.
1
270
10.'>
20,77.8
1
1C2
70
14,UIC
2
600
2,IIIMI
■iiifi.s.it; 1 ,'ir<7
•iUii.'iM
'i,H7'Z .|,M,.',33 l,'i'^l
2(l.'i,3.'i8 2,02.') !32.'.,2!)9
S.'.l
1,10,42.'.
I !
II. Liverpool Docks, Shipping, etc.
The first wet dock in the Briti.sh empire was constructed at Liverpool, in pursuiincc
of an act of parliament obtained in 1708. At this ])eriod Liverpool was but an
inconsiderable town ; and the accommodation she has derived from her docks is one
of the ciicumstaiices that has done most to promote her extraordinary increase in com-
merce, population, and wealth. A second wet dock was opened about the middle of
last century ; and since that period many more have been constructed, some of them
on a very magnificent scale, and furnished with all sorts of conveniences. When those
now in progress are comjileted, the total area of water in the docks will exceed 90 acres.
The entrance to the port of Liverpool is a good deal incommoded with sand banks ;
through which, however, there arc several channels which, when the proper precautions
are observed, afford an easy and safe access to the port. Being anxious to contribute
all the information in our power as to this great and growing emporium, 3vc have
annexed to this edition, a chart of the entrance to the Mersey, and of part of that river,
with I map of the country from Liverpool to Manchester, exhibiting all the great lines
of communication between these and the adjacent towns. The recently opened, or at least
recently discovered, channel (now called the South Chanmei.), leading through the banks
to Liverpool, is laid down in the chart. In compiling it, we have availed ourselves of
Lieutenant Evans's large and valuable chart of the Mersey and contiguous coasts. In
spring tides, the water rises in the Mersey about 30 feet, and in neap tides about 15:
but the height depends much on the state of the winds, and other circumstances.
The following Table gives the annual amount of the Liverpool dock duties since 1757,
tJie number of vessels entering the docks since that period, and the tonnage of the same
since 1800. It exhibits an increase of commerce unequalled in any other
port.
^^^s
■
1
!
1
[
I
1
I* j
I I
11,1(70
'.I.Hlit
i(i,r^7
H,7'^U
ii7,'.M)l
U,1SI)
ii:,.ii4
ll.SW)
U14
370
19,794
4,1'^'t
,' '' I
i i 1
n
< ti
1,
I- \-
. t,i
<> Y
"A'ilh tbe Kill ranees 16 thr
Ko III) I
> V •/
,^- ^■'"'■< "n
/
"'/(aJJ,^ ,i
K«(i
J O /< /) I v
■r'H.'.ia.f
.•»'•
n .1 v A
Hi''f:iAiA
yhMii.H
,•<*.
\.l..!.. M.
» Vi.l.ll.h^
-«■ .WitprlStrft
• lulr
v.,
''■"■'"■V"'/f^»
w*
'/ /■
h „
/•' / ,1 I s
' !...i>iii,i ,' I /'./
^S
.•'^
,-„-■''' /'.-
/.;
/•y
e*
H A A 7
■i'
/; ISA
n
t
>
MUl/r ftl/.V.
ZTJ:^
K J/i I \ I s n f H I
N
.'.■,4.1. >t iiU-it*4i».i /•!/ i.^it.muMt X I I'.itnii. *Ui /^'i* U ' ^^ /''.■/
<«^
'••<
1^- /In
I X V
■!-'/<,■./ ^f
V
i\ ) V* .. y-ii/.-rj
^
'v> ••>
•fi
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■?. / l/l.l.ll.- .',^
l<ly It I .•» ~ ,
• iulr (■
hnr' o x
.,,.■' '' /' ;
hnnil H.
ll.iltirix \r>,.
(>
'1
'.'• V'"
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t /.i;,-.i /;.////
^ Hi^' -^x .«. / \S- ' \ •Jk-*' ' ', ^ ^-^Si, SiinoiisMrixxt '. f \ \ I 'y-\ii ,j
If
■\
mi.ur'fih
Ha I la
'"X w •• ^ / ' >vx, Z: \V ^X. / uV-\ /1\ ^ I Mo
. . (A^Ji ''''''■%(- ^^^ , W Ft^"'^''^'^'"^^^^'--^"'^
■' / Mii.ihifditilh
-^ •if.iir
r'
1 Huhu>„l'JI,<
ftJiolw
.•.D^h.!! ^, i'^'"''' ^^^'-''i^3
X'^^^hll/^ I'rIVill
\
cliUir. \,
I
I-- t ii^ii^olliMld yX IVinl..Tlyli
Mhiiiii,,,,, fC '\ *-».. '•■Tit'- r" , ,
'' ••'.-1 Vrn---' / )
Ik vr ' \ '/
>l'l.v.'' 'V
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■ S / \ , '•■
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{■
/' 1 vv'^ '''"■•■' Ml II '■/ y
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1 Utivili'tk Li I.
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rM«J|
.O^^aiT
i;,.//i,
•')vPamri»^(^ Ji
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//.i/;/
ii^j
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1'*^:
•II .;.■-■— ^'l'^' •{■"'"'''■■ '^ "'"'i
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ffTifdi'.v .1'- /'
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>ittora ^ ,%, r, . ,',
II ^ /^\ ^XAi-ilneii.i lu
HoiWi'litdii
" " V / x^ivUA
la>»»tif^'()i>k
(»rr.
iiie
./t'rt'iAsp
^7;t/if.y,i-y)(iirti
;Jfiir.yM\
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.SVifl
' DaiMlmifi
J^Hnttnu ^
yf^ ;^-tA. ■r28>-' ^^WlnnA 1 ^,.,
lie
ett(Ul
Biirley Keys
:''/^^^I^^V~e^o^.^ -L.,/ 2\J^ ^ ft - ,.,j>iisH-oi.ti./
%/ i\.M,u,r '■v-'^. >f^ •--■•^
.»f y 'A
V***^ V^ /^« ^^'-'Z \vMV'7^'^ ■' /•• \ •VpiuietiVlfV, Vti/il., I, .U
,Sluit/li7nrtU !
;t..li
^niiiy)sjill
lilt ■« m^^. " ,-^-...,,^^^^ / ^ Xr i- ••'
ill
, /'l.l//f »• i
I ' iiiiiiiii L'li nrjiinii j^*^", -ti-
Li'
•vv*:
^:
i-i:hhithD
a.
•,//.,,^.' -.I '■ « ■■« i *- -y-*'-'- -a/ .r.m^firmA-
OUAhbn.~.._J- A ~v ,, „ / / ^
'i' %'* I Ciirrinifton
l)tftihj>ton
( \ Mo s i J
'•,v,'/i.;^/
\ '^->^ \_oi,iii,,r,
^X S J_. T^e Chamber's' ^»»* L-
t:ii,inilnl I'll XHall.Kiini Wr.'/l/.'iv(i.r/-
<!ir
rJ
I
i .
4
iM
fl) i
•t«S« « 1-^*1**^
DOCKS (LIVERPOOL).
.'^OJ
Amuunt of Dwk
Duties at the Port of Livcnmo!, from the Year 1757, ending tf.e 24tl] of Jmic
each Year.
I'r/ir
: yp, of VetscU.
£ St. ft.
Ymr>
No. nf I'rsKlt.
£ ,. ,. ~
1757
1,37
I
2,336 15
1779
2.374
4,9.57 17 10
1758
1,453
2,403 6 3
1780
2.2.;'
3,528 7 9
1759
1,281
2,372 12 2
1781
2,512
.3,9r5 4 11
1760
1,245
2,330 7
1782
2,496
4,249 6 3
17fi
1,319
y.SS'.' 2
1783
2,816
4,840 8 3
1762
],.307
2,526 19 6
1784
3,098
6,,597 11 1
1763
1,752
3,141 1 5
1785
3,429
8,411 5 3
1764
1,62
5
2,780 3 4
1786
5,228
7,508 1
176.-
!
1,930
3,455 S 4
1787
3,567
9,l!fl 18 8
176(i
1,<)08
3,6.J3 1!) 2
1788
3,077
9,206 13 10
1767
1,704
3,615 9 2
1789
3,619
8,!H)1 10 10
17*
1,808
3,566 14 9
1790
4,223
10,037 6 2i
176!.
2,054
4,004 5
1791
4,045
11,645 6 6
]77(
2,073
1,142 17 2
1792
4,483
13,24! 17 M
1771
2,087
4,203 19 10
1793
4,129
12,4'- 5 5
177i.
2,259
4,552 5 4
17!)4
4,265
10,67^ 7
177;
2,214
4,725 1 11
J7it5
3,.948
9,;368 1(> 4
1774
2,25!;
4,580 5 5
I7!)6
4,738
12,377 7 7
177:
:
2,291
5,384 4 9
1797
4,528
13,319 12 8
i77r
2,!J1(
!
5,0ht 10 10
17iiS
4,478
12,057 18 3
1777
1 '-'.•■;61
1
4,(;i0 4 9
1799 ;
4,518
14,049 15 1
177H
2,2!>1.
■ 4,tU<) 7 7 1
' 1
r.'iir.
No.„fVtssell.
Titntiii^iC,
£ s. a.
Year.
No. of I'iKi/j.
Tiiumtgc.
.t' J. </.
ISOO
4,746
45(),()(i0
23,379 13 6
1806
• 4,676
507,82.5
•14,,"60 7 3
ISOl
5,01 iO
459,719
28,365 8 2J
1807
5,791
66-',3(,9
62,831 5 10
ISO'.'
4,781
510,691
2.S,192 9 10
1808
5,225
.016,836
40,6;;8 10 4
1H()3
4,7!ll
4!!4,.-.2l
28,027 13 7
1M)9
6,023
.594,601
47,580 19 3
1H(!4
4,2! 11
448,761
26vl57 11
1810
6,729
734,391
6;>,782 1
1805
4,lil,S
463,482
Xi,:HM 13 1
1S11 ' -5,016
611,1!'0
.04,752 18 5
1'i7ir.
.V... -./■ r,suh.
Tvnnii,i:c.
.£ .1. d.
.*' S. (1.
ISl^
4,5yu
44ii,788 -
Duties on gooils
■ "
20,260 3 51
24,143 4 6i
44,4(i3 7 11
1S13
5,341
547,426 -
.
24,134 18 8 >
2ti,()42 14 fij
50,177 13 2
Duties on goods
-
1814
5,706
548,957 -
.
28,630 11 3 >
51,110 11 ij
5!<,7-ll 2 4
Duties on goods
.
1815
6,440
709,819 -
Duties on goods
•
36,310 1 <» I
40,605 6 11 J
76,915 8 8
1816
6,.SS8
774,243 -
Duties on go: ds
:
43,765 6 3 )
■n,88I 4 6J
!'2,640 10 9
1817
6,079
653,425 -
.
35,186 8 0*
40,703 8 4J
7;,.TOl'' 10 4
Duties on goods
.
1818
6,779
754,690 .
.
43,842 10 (1 1
,54,695 11 9$
tO.orj 8 3 i
Duties on goods
-
18111
7,849
867,318 -
.
.';0,042 7 81
00,084 14 3
110,127 1 8
Duties on goods
.
1820
7,276
805,033 -
.
44,717 17 10
49,(i94 14 OJ
94,4:2 11 10
Duties on goods
.
1821
7,810
839,848 -
-
43,1 31 6 2
r-1,425 2 11 J
C4,556 9 1
Duties on goods
.
1822
8,136
8!)2,i>02 -
Duties on goods
-
47,229 10 4 J
55,174 7 Oj
102,403 17 4
1823
8,916
1,010,819 -
Duties on goods
52,837 5 5
62,945 16 1 5
115,783 1 6
1824
10,001
1,180,914 -
Duties on goods
-
60,S78 9 7
70,('33 1 11 j
130.911 11 C
1825
10,837
1,223,820 -
Duties on goods
-
5!),4-16 7 8 >
6!',24;> 12 OJ
128,691 19 8
1826
9,601
1,228,318 -
Duties on goods
-
60,411 9 11
70,589 9 ij
ISl.CCO 19
1827
9,592
1,225,313 -
Duties on goods
. ^
61,601 6
72,871 13 9J
134,472 14 3
1828
10,703
1,311,111 -
-
62,!I69 7 10 >
78,100 7 9J
14l,.'3C9 15 7
Duties on goods
-
1829
11,383
1,387,957 - -
Duties on goods
-
66,128 18 10 I
81,I!iS (i Ij
147,327 4 U
1850
11,214
1,411,964 -
Duties on goods
-
r)H,322 9 11 >
83,007 7 nj
151,329 17 10
ISJl
12,537
1,592,436 -
Duties on goods
-
81,039 11 11 J
1(K>,4I5 12 4 J
183,455 4 3
1832
12,928
1,540,057 -
Duties on goods
- . :
74,530 4 11
95,517 2 oj
170,047 6 11
1833
12,964
1,5!)0,461 -
Duties on goods
"
7!i,558 3 11 >
103,422 12 r>S
182,980 16 4
— -I
Dock Office, I.iverpool, 24th of.June, 1833.
Dock Dues. — The following dues are payable upon all vessels entering inwards, or
clearing outwards at the port of Liverpool, for dock rates and harbour lights : —
*. rf.
From between the Mull of Gallow.iy and St. David's Head, Isles of Man and Anglcsea,
the ton . - - . - -■- - -0 3J
from between the Mull of G.nlloway and Duncan's Bay Head, Orkney Isles, and islands on the
western coast of .Scntl.md ; between St. D.ivid's Hf.id and the Land's End, the Fcilly Islands,
and the cast coast of Ireland, from tape Clear to Mailing llcfd, tlic to i 6J
13
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506
DOCKS (LIVERPOOL;.
From the east ami soiitliern coast of Great Britain, between Duncan'8 Bay Head and the Land'i
End, the islan<ls of Shetland, the west coast of Ireland, from Cape Clear to Mailing Head,
in"ludiii({ the islands on that roast, the ton - - - - - 81
I'roni Kurope, north of Cape riniste-e, and westward of the North Cape, and without the
Cattegat and ISaltie Sea, the islands of Uuern-iy, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, the I'aro Isles,
and Iceland, the ton -. - - - - . --1;!
1'roni within the Cattegat and Baltic, the whole of Sweden, the White Sea, eastw,ird of the
North Cape, Kurope, south of Cape Kinisterre, without the Mediterranean, Newfoundland,
Greenland, Davis's Straits, Canaries, Western Islands, Madeira, and Azores, the ton - 17
From the e.ist coast of North America, the West Indies, east roast of South America, north
of Kio Plata, the west coast of Africa, and islands north of the Capo of (iood Hope, all parts
within the Mediterranean, includiiij; the Adriatic, tlic Black Sea, and Archipelago, the
islands of St. Helena, Ascension, and Cape de Verd Islands, the ton - - - 2 3
From Soidh America, south of Uio I'lata, the I'acilic Dcean, Africa and Asia, eastward of the
Cape of (Jood Hope, the ton . - - - - - -34
AV;/,'. — Vessels remaining longer than six months in dock, to pay in addition to tlic above rates,
per month - - - - - - - - -0 2
All vessels arriving at or clearing from the said port, are to pay the said rates from or for the most distant
port or place from or for which they shall trade ; but vessels arriving from any parts in ballaat do not
pay (lockage on entering inwards; and should such %essels proceed to sea again in ballast, then only
one half of the do(^k rates are due, with the whole of the lights ; but taking a cargo outwards subjects
such vessels to full dock dues.
K. B. — New vessels built in Liverpool arc subject only to half the above rates on the flrst outward
clearance.
I'lonling Light, at the Entrance oj the River Mersey. — Towards this light, the following rates are
|iayable : —
All vessels sailing to or from Liverpool, to any port or place between Duncan's Bay Head and the
Land's Knd, on the west side of Great Britain, and between Mailing Head and Cape Clear on the east
side of Ireland, :J'/. per ton.
All vessels sailing to or from Liverpool, to any port or place lietween Duncan's Bay Head and the
Land's End, on the east and southern coast of Great Britain, and between Mailing Head and Cape Clear
on the west coa.^t of Ireland, iil. per ton.
All vessels sailing to or from Livcriwol, to any port or place not being within the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, or the adjacent islands to the northward of the Cape of Good Hope, and the
northward of t ape Horn, l<t. \>vr ton.
All vessels sailing to and from Liverpool, to any port or place to the eastward of the Cape of Go-1
Hope, and tl; '/estward of Cape Horn, i.W. i)er ton.
IX^' In the day time, from sunrise to sunset, a blue fla.q, with the letters N.W. in white, wih
hoisted at the main-mast head, and in thick and foggy weather, either by night or day, a bell will bi
kept constantly ringing, to prevent ve.'sc' I'rom running foul of the light-ve.-seL
Doel; ncjinlutiuHS. I'.j tracts frniii Acts of I'ar/iniiiriit. — Any owner, or niastei", or any person having
the connnand, ajjenry, or consignment of any vessel chargeable with duck duties, refusing to pay the
same, is liable to have such vessel or goods seized.
.\My pcr,>^(jn throwing any ballast or rnl)bish fnmi out of any vessel upiin any of the quays, &c., shall
innnrdiately c.irt or carry away the same : penalty 4(l,v.
Every slifp shall, befoie she comes within any of the -ers, take down all her sails : penalty ;)/.
Any person having the charge of any vessel in any oi the docks, refusing to remove the same, after
'2i hours' notice in writing, shall forfeit 'JU/ , and pay the exj)enses of removal by the water l)ailift!
Any person having the eonmiand of any vessel moored in the river, refusing to remove the same,
when ordered by the water bailili; shall forfeit L'O/.
The master, or other person having the connnand of any vessel from which any cannon or gun shall
be tired whilst in the port, shall forfeit I!)/.
Any person making payment of <lock duties, who refuses to answer such questions as shall be put to
him by the collector, or give a f;.lse or untrue answer, shall forfeit 10/.
Any master, &c. evading payment of the duties, shall forfeit and pay double the duties evaded; and
by ,0,J Geo. J. a sum of 'iO/. in addition thereto.
Whenever it shall he necessary, for the purpose of cleaning or repairing the docks, to remove the
vessels lying therein, the master, mate, or other person taking the command of such vessel, shall, within
3 davs after notice given, remove such ship from such dock, on pain of forfeiting 10/.
A iiy master, S.C. relushig to moor and remove the same in docks, according to the direction of the
dock master, will forfeit 5/, together with the costs of removal by the dock ma.ster.
Any master, ^:c. acting contrary to the direction of the dock master, will forfeit £0/.
Any master, &c. entering and giving false information of the draught of water of any ship to any of
the clock masters, will forfeit 20/.
Any master, Nc. bringing the same into the entrance basins, when a signal is hoisted on the pier, at
the entrance of such basin, signifying that such dock is full of vessels, will forfeit 'JOl.
Any master, &c. bringing his vessel into any of the ducks, contrary to the directions of the dock master,
will forfeit '20/.
Every master, or other person, damaging any of the dock gates, bridges, piers, quays, &c. is liable to
have the ship ieized, and sold to compensate for damage done.
Any person opening or shutting any of the dock gates, sluices, or clews, is liable to forfeit 100/. ; or
opening or shutting any drawbridge, 20/.
Any owner, &c. leaving gunpowder, pitch, tar, &c., or combustible matter of any kind, on the quays of
the docks, &c., or upon the deck of any vessel lying in any of the docks, for above 48 hours afler ))assiiig
the Custom-house officers, is liable to a penalty of 5«. an hour ; on neglecting to watch such goods in the
night time, to a penalty of u/.
Any master, or other person, having the command of any ship, sufTering any iire, candles, or lamp to
be lighted and burning on board : penalty 10/.
Any owner, &c., landing, or causing to be landed and laid, any pumps, boats, anchors, cables, lime-
stones, SiC, or other things whatsoever, upon any of the dock quays, shall within 48 hours wholly j'emove
the .same from off'such quay, or shall forfeit .0,?. per hour above the 4.S.
Any person wilfully cutting, damaging, or destroying any cables, &c. by which any vessel in the river
or in any of the docks shall be fastened : penalty, 50/.
Any person damaging or breaking any lamp, kc. set up near the docks : penalty for each lamp, 'il.
Any master, or other person, having the command of any vessel about which any offence shall have
been committed, in relation to any of the docks, See, is liable to the penalty impo.scd for such offence.
Any owner or master of any ship or vessel giving or offering a bribe to any ollicer employed in pur-
suance of the dock acts : penalty 'i(»/.
Any owner, consignee, or master of any vessel arriving and departing i'l ballast without payment of
dock duties, is liable to a sum equal to double the amoimt of dock duty which should have been paid, and
the master liable to the penally of 20/. in addition.
I
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DOCKS (LIVERPOOL).
50'
i
Vi
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Every niastor, A.c. wilfully throwitiK, casting, or putting any earth, ttoncs, rubbish, &c. out of any
ship, \c. into any part of the port : penalty 50/.
Any owner, &c. ol any vessel laid up for sale, or which shall not bo actually pinploycd for two months,
not removing the same within '■2i hours' notice in writing from the harbour master, or lell on board :
jK'nalty j/., and costs of removal.
Any person discharging timber in any dork without having obtained the consent in writing of the
chairman or deputy chairman of the dock committee, or of some justice of the peace : penalty 111/.
Any person having consent, not removnig the same therufrom within i.'4 hours, llabic to a line of 5j.
an hour.
Any person damaging any ship, Sec. in any of the docks, &c., or in the river, and refusing to make coin-
pensation, liable to have his good.s, or the tackle of the ship, Ike. doing the damage, seize<l.
Any justice o0the peace tor the county of Chester or Imrough ot Liverpool, upon complaint made to
them, may summon per.sons to appear before him, and may fix the amount to be paid to boatmen, and
persons linding and taking |)o»sessiiiii of anchors, \c. in any part of the port of Liverpool.
Any person throwing, casting, or emptying any balla-t, ashes, iic. out of any ship. Sec. into the river
Mersey, the Uock or Horse Channel, or rorniby C'haniu'l, to the e<u>tward of the I'loating Litiht, or from
any of the piers into the docks or basins, or into the river Mersey : penalty 10.'.
i'liat every vessel laden with a cargo consisting solely of limestones, paving-stones, flintstones, grave,
and chalk, shall be charged tonnage rates, as if coming in ballast.
Lverj owner or master, See of any vessel arriving at or departing from the said port, shall produce to
the collector, upon deni.tiul, at the time of making entry, all books, ac<'ouiits, \c, in relation to such
vessel, or which show the weights and ipiantities of the goods. Sec. In case of dispute, such owner, Sec.
sh.ill produce a statement in writing, to be verilied by oath, and showing the actual weights and ijuantities
of su( li goods. Sec, or the accuracy of the said books. Sec.
In case the master. Sec. of any vessel from which rubbish, ballast, dirt, or other refuse of any kind shall
be landed, shall permit or sulKer the same to be so landed, or laid within ,3 yards from the margin of any
such dock or basin, or of the river Mersey, and shall not cause such rubbish, Sec. to be wholly removcil
from otl'such quays, &c. within 21 hours alitor the same shall lie so landed or laid : penalty .V.
Any owner, &c. of any boat or vessel, permitting gunpowder, exceeding 10 pounds in weight, to be
brought into any of the docks or basins, or any vessel or boat lying therein, without the (irevious consent
in writing of a justice of the peace of the borough of Liverpool ; penalty JOO/.
Tiiat upon due proof, on oath, to the satisfaction of any justice of the peace of the borough of Liver-
jiool, or county of Lancaster, that any dealer in marine stores, within the said borough, or Toxteth Park,
shall have lieun guilty of receiving stolen goods, or purchasing or receiving, &c., every such person shall
forfeit 2')/, for the lirst offence, Sili. for the second oH'encc; and after conviction for such second oU'ence,
shall not carry on business as such dealer in marine stores within iiOO yards from the margin or side of
any dock or basin (exclusive of 40 yards prohibited by a former act) on pain of forfeiting the sum of 10/.
for every day he, slie, or they shall carry on s'lch trade or business.
Incase any person or persons giving or accepting any bribe to or from any w.iter bailiff, harbour
master, \c. give information thereof, he or thi v shall be excused from the penalty of i'O/. imposed by the
51 (jeo. .j. lor such offence, jiroviiled such intoimation be given before any proceeding for imnishing the
said offence shall have commenced, or any info ination laid before any justice of the peace against such
person in respect of the same.
Justices of the peace m.iy, upon compla-.it made, summon parties and a.sccrtain and award the amount
of recompence, for any services reiidercHl by boatmen, cS:c. to vessels in. the said docks or basins, and, in
case of non-payment, may levy the sum so awarded by distres.s,
/l//-/nivs. — 1. That the master, &c. who shall permit or softer any pitch or tar, or any other combus.
tible matter, to be boiled or heated for the use of such ship or vessel, either on board of such vessel, or
within .5 yards of the same, shall forfeit lOi. for every oft'encc.
a. That the master, Sec. disc'hargiiig or loading any cotton or other combustible goods on or from any
of the quays, wlio shall permit or suffer any person or persons to smoke or burn tobacco, shall for each
offence forfeit '2()s. ; and any other person or persons who shall burn or smoke tobacco, or any other thing,
amongst cotton or any other combustible goods, lying an<l being on the quays, shall for each offence
forfeit the like penalty of -20.v.
5. That if the master, &c. shall bring the same into any of the docks, basins, or entrances, with loaded
cannon or guns, with gunpowder on board, or, when driven in by stress of weather, shall neglect imme.
diately to discharge the same, or who shall take gunpowder on board, until clear of the docks and pier-
heads, shall forfeit 5/.
4. ill. ' the master. Sec. of any vessel, or any other person or persons whomsoever, wlio shall permit or
sutf r any rope from such vessel to be made fast to any chain. post or quay-fender, or any rcpc, chain, or
tackle of any description, to bo made fast to any of the pillars of any iron or other shed on any of the
quays, or to the roof or any other part of such shed, shall for every oflc'nce forfeit 4lis.
i). That the master. Sec. of any vessel lying within or up to any of the docks, basins, &c., v/ho shall
suffer any ballast, &c. to be taken on board such vessel, or thrown, discharged, or carried out of the same
without having a canvass nailed to the ship's side, or some other safeguard from falling into anv such
docks or basins, shall for every oflence forfeit the sum of 4(),«.
6. That the master. Sec. of any ship or vessel lying in any of the said docks or basins, or the entrances
to the same, who shall sutler any repairs to be done to the outsides of such vessels, without having ii
canvass or some other safeguard secured from the side of such vessel, and |)laced or tixed so as to iirevent
any chips or pieces of wood from falling into the said docks or basins during the whole of such work or
repairs, shall for every oflence forfeit 40*.
7. That the master, .tc. of any vessel lying or being within any of the docks, &c. who shall not cause
all ballast. Sec. discharged from or to be laden on board of anv vessel, to be thrown at least .'> feet from
the edge of the quay, or on the outsides of the cart or chain-posts of the said quay, and taken away imme-
diately, shall for every oflence forfeit IO.s.
5. That the master. Sec. or other person having the charge or command of every vessel lying within
any of the docks or basins, shall have a ship.keeper on deck to attend the vessel every tide, at least 2
hoursbef.ire the time of high water, and 1 hour after high water, uniter the penalty of lOs.
9. That the master, Sec. of any vessel, when hauling into or out of the docks or basins, &c., shall (except
when any such vessel be driven by stress of weather) have the vards a-peak, and the sprit-sail yard fore
and aft, and the jib-boom run in, within 3 feet from the cap, if practicaljle ; and, after any such vessel
shall be brought into any dock or basin, shall have the anchors got in on the forecastle or deck, and shall
have the steering sail booms and irons taken off fnnn the vards, and shall have the main or mizen
booms, and the stern or quarter davits rigged in, within 24 hoiirs, under the penalty of 40.s-.
fO. 'i hat the master or other person h.iving the command of any vessel, who shall, by negligence or
Oiherwise, leave an anchor in the entrance to any of the docks, or upon the strand of the river, without
a buoy, for a longer period than one tide, sliall for every oflence forfeit .0/.
11. That the owner, iSic. of anv vessel who shall refuse to strike the to|).gallant masts and yards of every
such vessel entering any of the repairing or graving docks, shall forfeit 5/.
12. 1 fiat the owner or driver of any cart. Sec, or any other person or persons who shall draw, or cause,
or permit, or suffer to be drawn upon or over any of the dock bridges, any anchors, balks, Stc. shall for
every oflfcnce forlcit 40j.
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DOCKS (LIVERPOOL).
Every day, ? hours befnrp liigti water, a lu'll will be rung for 1 minute at racli ilni:k, when every ulilp.
keeper is to make his appi'arani^e on the ileik of his vessel, or inrur the penalty of Kl«.
All merchants and other owners or agents of ships and vessels trading to the |)ort of lavcrpool, will
he reijuirt'' *o enter llie names of snch vessels, their ilrauxht of water, and the date of their arriv^ij ,it
the port of l^iverpool, together with the name of the dock into which they are intended to be hroiiKJit,
in a book kept for tliat purpose, in theolllce of the harliour master, in 'I'rentham Street. And all ve^soU
will thereafter be admitteil into the said docks or basins in the onler only in which they shall he so
entered ; except when vessels are prevented entering the docks in their regular turn by want of sntflcient
water J in which eases lii^hter vessels will he allowed to enter the docks out of their regular turn, pro.
vided space be reserved for (tie accommodation of such heavier vessels when the tides will admit of their
entrance.
LivEUPooL Dock Rates. —The following is a Table of the dock duties on goods imported, exported,
cr brought coastwise into the port of Liverpool : —
US- The Duties Outwards arc for Foreign, Ilritish, or Irish (3oods, except those marked thus (•) which
are for British or Irish (ioods only.
Vi
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Arliclesi
Acorns
Aluliil>.ttT
Ale, b'jer, and porter
■ ton(tOtiu«.)
• Ion
1(10 Kallons
luiK^tiL'ad
bottled) the punch, or ca»k
tii'rce
liiirrel
liainper
Alkancl root, amlier, ami aluL'S - i wt
Alnlonils • - - ton
Ahini, lofhe - • • —
.Vncluir palms - • • —
Anchovh's, .uiRolica, and annotto cwi.
Anisuds, antlnionj - - —
Apphs - • • busla-l
Aquat'urlil, and arsenic • I'wt.
Ariiol .... Ion
.Vrrow root and powder - cwt.
Ashus — I'arilla - • ton
pearl .'ind pot - • —
*Aslie3 — lilick, soda weed and wood —
tile ichinf^ - - —
common Irish - —
IJacon .... —
ll.iKKini; - - - piece
llalList of pavini; and other stones th.it
may l)e used tor making or repairing
roads . - . - ion
Bark, an({u>tura, eloutlieri.T, Jesuits',
cascarilla, or W'inleranus - cwt.
oak, cork tree, Itirch, and larch, ton
quercition ... —
s.issafras • • - cwt.
Basket rods • - • bundle
1,000
ILissinaU - - - I'^O
It.-Lst rope - - - ton
BeeforiMjrk - - hogshead
punchfon
tierce
barrel
i barrel and smaller package
Beer, spruce - - ^i gallons
Hecs' wax, or bell metal - - cwt.
Bellows, si.iiihs' - - each
Berries, bay, juniper, yellow - ton
Blacking - - - hoKshead
puncheon or cask
tierce
barrel
smaller package
niidders containing lanl, &c. - each
Blocks, heel - - Brass
l.Tst - - • VHK)
ship - - - 100
Blubber - . - ton
Blue - - - package
Boats - - - each
Bobbins - - - c;isk
Bone dust and bones of cattle, and bran,
tun
Books - - - package
Borax or tincal - - - cwt.
♦ ilottles - - - crate
of green or common glass, not
less than pmts
Boulder stones
l^wls of wood
Bows for cattle
Brass
old
Bread
gross
' ton
dozen
cwt.
ton
cwt.
bag or sack
l.iOi)
cwt.
bundle
1 ,(100
dozc>n
load (iS bundlts)
Brown powder ... ton
Brush ho-ids and stocks - - bag
I.IHIII
Brushes - ■ bundle or box
cask
Buckets of wood . - dozen
Bugle • . ■ * ton
Bullion • ■ pdckage
Bricks, bearers, and tiles
Bristles
Broom and brush handles
Brooms
Inwards.
Fo- ICoast
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Articles.
Inward:
Fo-
relRti
Dullru^'hes
llurr .stunos
Uuttur
Cables or cordrifjo
(^akes, linseed ur rafie
<'.ilaiiiine, c.ilaiiiinariit laiiis
Cambric
C-iinphnr, canc'lla alhn
*Caiulle?^i aiiU caiullcwick
loail ((JS liundles)
1(K)
(-.isk ur lirkiti
^ (iikin or kt'K
ton
_ I
pie.e
- cwt.
package S
Cane reeds
C n)tharidot,canut['hiic,and capers, cwt.
Carpets. See lytmlfens.
t'arriaKcs, i;ars, and cans - each
tor Kun.'* • • —
handcarts - - —
Cassia buds - • - cwt.
li-^lula and lignea . . ^-
Cattle, a)M» and mules, bulU, cows, and
oxen - - . . each
calves - - - —
horsi's - . . _-
lambs, sheep, and swine - —
Caviare • - - - ton
('eniunt - - • - —
Chalk . . . . _
Charroal • - - _
*Cheese • ... —
hamper
box or other package, not de.scrihed
if loose, cwt.
Cheese board* - - - dozen
Chesnuts - - - tu»hcl
China. See Eitrthtnirare.
Chirt stones - - ton
Hritish or Iriih - —
Chocolate and cocoa pa^tu • cwt.
Cider - • tun ('.^52 nations)
('innabar _ . . cwl.
Cinnamon - - . __
(Mtron, preserved - - • —
Clay, Caml)ria and pipe - - ton
China, stone, and firebrick —
♦Clocks . . _ - case
(.'loves, cotialt, coihineal . - cwt.
♦Coals - (Winchester meas.) chal.
ton
Cocoa, coffee, cork - - ton
Cocoa nuts
Colouring for portir, fltc.
*Conibs
(.'upper, Britisher Irish
KIU
lOOR.-ilIons
pai'kaue
♦box or tub
♦case
♦ca.Hk
♦tierce
♦barrel
♦bag or kei;
ton
old . . _
ore - • - —
dross and sla^ - . _
Copperas • - . _
('oral - - - - cwt.
('ork - - - ton
Corks • ... hap
Corn — n.(rley, here, and big I>e.ins, In-
dian, pea>i, or rve - - quarter
]\ leal, barley meal or oat meal, ton
Malt, alM wheat - nu.irter
Oats . - . _
^V'hoat floiur - - cwt.
Cotton seed - . - bushel
twist, thre.id, and yarn . cwt.
waste, also cotton wool 1(M) lbs.
Cottons, manufactured - park i^'e
Cream of tartar, also currants - ton
Oystal ... package
Culm . . . ton
(>'nriositie^, natural or artificial, package
l>ra])ery, linen or woolli-n - pici-e
Karih, black, brown, red, or yellow, ton
fullers' - . . _
Eir.henware - crate or other paikaiio
load
E-es - . - 1.200
Khier-- stones - - c»t.
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1'.
1 0'
II u
1
Oj
Oi
:0 2
n
o «■
10
, l\
'i
• O .T
' o;
• '! i
O li !
2
1 11
o ,-?
0.
<. d
II I
I) n I
II II. 111
II 0-J Oi
I H
II fi I
,T <l 2
0, II 0'
li 1
II 1
o;
U 2
U 1
I 0|
(I .1 I
fi I
2 ■•
II 1 ;
4
II 111'
(I 1 I
0,1
oil
oj,
.T
2
II
II
'<!
4
2
■'' \
■'
4
s
10
1
.")
2
1 *'
V
•''
' II
1
I II .")
II r
to r
'II s
lO u
<';J
II .0 ,s 1
2 i tl 1
i
n I I
II 3 I
S
1 I
II 2 I
(I 2
o;
n s '
I i
2
OJi
DOCKS (LIVEUl^OUL).
50!>
1 ■ Vf
u
'^ I
5
I I
I*) I
I'l
?l
« I
'i I
S I
1 I
1
s
1
1
i
1)
•2
n
V
i "
ui
n
t
t
()
(>
V
."
Oi
ArtU'ln.
Empty h(i!;i, li.ioVrti, crates, liani|)<r<,
anii'snik. - - • sioi'i.'
l>arrt'N . . . _
4 l> iricl* ami sniallfr pack-
aili'H
crates
lacii
l.iail
.Mill
Inwarili.
Fo- iL'oakt-
r(-i;{ii.i viinc
1, ,/. J. i/.
(^'l^e^, clu'sts, tia'f quartei' traif
, ami tnuik* • t.u
t It'll C'
Fcailicrs .... i«i
uslrich - - iHiili-..
Fflt - • • I'aik.iKf
Kiijs ... - Cell
Kilierlni! «tonM - - • laili
Kisli, dry salted • - - li"
herritiKH, fre^ll - - l,^"ll
liiikied and salted iif all (Uv r.p-
tioils - - Iwnel
firkin, ' hiirril, or kit
pipe> jniiuhi'Dii, lask
lui^shfad
lier.e
Driiish Lurid - *li(iu~liiad
*[mn( tit'iin
♦liirie
*l.,lirLl
*.J lul. and sntallur pack.i^e
Flafjstonos, aUit Ircci.niie - ton
Flax, rmiyli . ... —
Flint, yrouiid or Ui led • • ton
htone» - - - —
Floor-iloth lcoiitaiiiin)( 1 roll;, Imx, l-ai;,
or mat
Furnllurf, lioiKliold - - In, id
*p,uk,.i;u
bt)i, bundle, itiat, or *tiii>s
ra^e, clu-nt, or trunk
fial.TiiKal, (;albanum,«.ilU,i.'aiiil'ok'« .iwt.
Gentian root, graiii-lla (cochiiit'al relu-s*'J
cut.
(ii){5 - - - - c,n li
(iiiiBer, (ilanbcr salts, or Blue - t.in
preserved ... cwt.
(iinsenj; ... - ton
Glass . . - - cwt.
broken . - . _
crown - - - package
Unit - - • —
Grapes . - - . —
tireaseor greaves
*GrodU
1
o 1
I) 111
'.
I)
II 1
1) (I (I
.ill! -i
II III M
1
II 11
II .1 ' II 1.
II 1
'i
I II
1 (I
U I)
,1 II
1
r.
I, ' 1
X j
■ "
U
I) s
II I
I) II (Ij
V ! II 'i
barrel
cast
j.irorjun
tiir-e
i-h
Grinding stones - - -
Gum. Ammoniac, animi, Arabi*
shew, copal, elenii, (iuaiacum, r-enef;al,
and tra^acantlt - - - ton
Gunliowder - - - cwt.
*b,irrtl
*', barrel
*\ barrel ami kcK
Ifaberdasliery - ■ p 'ck.:),'e
Hair, bull, cow, and ox, goats' and l.or-e
1 o;
n 1
U I)
Hairpowder
llaiiiniocks
Hams
Handcoops
Hardens
(loose)
Hardware
Harrows* also hats
Hay - -
rakes
Hemp, rough
Hides, dry
wet
pieces of, or glue j
Honey
Hoops, mast, and truss
cwt.
I'ackaije
do^Lil
ton
ICHI
paek,ige
- piece
bundle
kcK
all other pack.a^es
each
1 G
toll
do/eii
ton
cwt.
v,-ood -
Hoofs of citllc
Hops
Horns and horn t'ps
ton
cwt.
I'^I)
set
l,'.illll
ton
cwt.
bag or pocket
l,'iO
ho^'shead
tiene
shavings, also slugs - ton
Hurdles containing 1 do/en) - mat
ilackscrews - - - pair
*Jars and jugs containing barley, oat- ,
meal, liroats, peas, or other .articles \
of Itritish or Irish growth, produce, or |
manufacture, not otherwise ratcHl, each '
Iceland moss, or lichen Utandicus, cwt.
Indigo . . . —
Ipecacuanha root • . —
i Iron, vi/, bar, bolt, or rod - ten
broken or old - . —
cast, or piff • . _ ,
hoops and sheet . . — .
*plate and sheet • - box ,
nails . . . paelcage
oi» - • • ton
2
.T III
•i i II
I I
1 1
U : II
ill
II I
r,
1
II I'
II 1
II s
II 4
u 2
1
1 (I*
II I,
II '^
I) .'l
U 1
1
o s
I
1*
II r."
II Oi
4
O li
II 4
1
i;
o 1
(I (It
3
1 1
1,0 1
r II 1
' u s
0,|
(i ' ,T
(1.
l"!|l III
1 II 1
."> 1 II 3
3 ' II V!
(i : U 3 3
II (Ij
O S
O li
u
I/O
1
•i ■ I)
y :o
I
fl In
(I I
2 II
I G
2 'o
U
3
3
n
9 10
G :
6
I
II
0' s"
1 I
4'r
I 0',*
9 (I ()
fi 10 4
I (I I
O 1
O 4
r,
3
1 'n 1
3 O 2
'O 01
11 1
i; 4
IJ I
eon
41 4
I
4 2
; Oi
(I I
2
InwanU. ! 4
Articles.
Fo. I| o.nt. S
rclgn. wUe. J
1. J. 1. J, 1. d.
I ron — conlhtudL
wire, or wrought
ton
2 1 1 8*
*c»»k
• 1 • 4
Isinglass
CMl.
3 (1 11 1
liiiee, leini>n, lime, and orange
2 4 11 V (1 9
lurk . . " .
1 (» 6 4
Ivo.v
cwt.
6 3 II .^
Kelp - - . ton
I.ac, ifum, stii L, stcU, and klull • iwt
late - . . |.aikii«e
l.tuiiptitack, l.itt 11 Mack, anil larJ, ton
l-adis - . . Imnillu
l.fitft, and It-ad ore - • ton I
blnck, nd, whlUs and |iuv\dt.>r
I-eat :
J.tMiiunH
Lime
Limes
l.iMie^tiines
I.nien t luth
'Miwied)
>-<tfht
rut.
- )ia<'ka;;e
rasie or chest
Ikjx or odur p.u knt,'t'
Ihi^shiad
A- ken
♦puntheon (T cask
*titrtt'
- pnrkiu;e
tun
- parka^e
pit re
iT.ile
t wt.
package
tun
cwt.
() ' O « 1
H u 1
'' H ?>
I» K
"4 o fu
*' n s*
"u H
U-o 1
'' 3
.' I II '^
U I) 1
1 n I
^ : n
It
' 1
1 ! I)
(t I)
o
3 o
o
It
3 '
*rair»
ihn -id >nni
■•^niamii'iuMiireil
ri<|uorit e pH>ie, al^ lilliar^'C
iAIaciaiuni
Alaie
*AIathine^, liavk mills, tiiiinacles, brew-
ini:, ruMee fanner-*, and cunkhij; np-
paiatits - . . cat-li
(opyiiiK - . _
lorn, aUo liltering - —
tiri- eiiiiine-s - -
Kills, iiiis.ed cnlililcs, mall
niills, mangles, p.u'kin^
|ire»-es, luiper tin.ul(ls,^aw-
in^, SI dans, and shower
iM'hs - - each
so.ip tuMer* - _
sirau cuiuvs, airo tin —
turning' latlu.s - —
turning ilnil'^ - —
an other packages of ma-
rliiiiery . . .
.^fachintry (loo^e) " - - ton
AI adder ' - . - —
roots - - , _
."Manuane.ie, also marhic - _
iMainire - - .
.Marhle, seulpiurcd, loose pieces —
package
iMnrnia'ade - - - cwt.
.Al.t.slit-h, and mot her -of- pearl sliell —
.Mat.heis - - paekaKe
IMiUhoards - - . I'^o
stones - - catli
.Alineral waters - . pncka^^e
Alolaisos ... (,,,1
cask or punt !ie(in
Mnm - - - lun
."Muriate of lime, potash, and soda ton
-■MuMca! iustiumLiits - - package
A.Mu'kets - - case or thest
iMustavd
Natron, also nixon sal
Nis s of trunks
Nutnu'L's
\n;s
Oakum
tlatiiieal shudes, or dust
*>( hre, or oker • - —
Oii,iasior - - - cwt.
rod . - - tun
duliliin^;, linsecdi also olive - —
in thuks - - che.st
box or i chest
palm, seal, train, or whale - tun
rape, also spermaceti - - —
of v.triol - - . __
*(">ils of all kinds hoiled or manufactured
since their importation - laitt or pipe
puncheon or ca.tk
hogshead
barrel
bottle, jar, jup, or can
Onions ... package
loo<ie - - bushel
Opium, also orange peel - - e»t.
Orangi-s - - case or cliest
box or other package
Orchella we^d ... ton
Orrice root - - - cwt.
Packing boards • • d(V.en
Paint and painters' colours and inate-
riali • - - ton
catei cheit, or hogshead
tierce
cask or puncheon
barrel
box or bundle
keg
jarorj'ij
II
2
n
,T
(1
2
1
"
1
4 () 2
(i 113
"i OA
I O 3
lid I
I (I 1
« I II 3
('i (U
3
1
G O
n 1 li
2
(I G
u y
G
2
G
9
n G
U •'5 1 3
G () G
O 3 (I 3
2 I i
(I ; II
(I II
I
; o
cwt.
paek.ige
ton
- each
cwt.
bushel
ton
2
2 10
1
fi fi
(I H
(I I H
II G
4
I) II)
' 4
1
n 3*
4
2
(I li
(I 4*
9
4
5
1 ()
o
2*
8
5
4
-i" '
G 4
o lo s
l)!o 1
10 (I 7
2 9
3 2
H 1
!> 6
2 1 O 9
r I 1
G
4
2
O IJ
OA
1:0 r
(IJ 1
O IJ 1
II 1
1 •) 1
1 G 10
3 ' (I U I
oj oj.
2
I
6
6
4
fl 2
2
5
3
4
U
2
I oi (U
,0 '4 t OJ
Vl
'i.W
' i
!.
' *i
I- ■ I
'. 1 ir i-
I
! i
M W
• rr
h '.
' ni/rJS
r)d
510
DOCKS (LIVERPOOL).
MfRi'd
l,i,t'-, r
Artlcli'4.
Paper
InwnrUs.
I
Fo- iCd.ut
reiKnJ wiiic.
■i 0:1 (I
1 III in
(l^ U i>\
I. <i. 1 1. ,1.
hall', rn<n, 1 tiMl <> t 1 <l »
i ball!, bumlU-, bn« 1 <> t <> '^
re .11) I" I'l l»i
Pating >tnne> - - - ion " '^ 1 J
I'e.irl anil ^bellvil barler, pi'iM*''" "bH"
or blach, pewter, or piniunlo - ton
Pnm, pUtachto nul» • ■ biiilu I
Pickle* - H.ill.iti
*box, cast', or chest
*li,irrL'l
*kfK.J»ri or 'i»g
Pink root • - ■■•>t.
Pilch . - l.\'»t of I'i liarrt'N
Plaster of Paris - - • ton
Plate and piateil ware • tmi-kaue
Pjou(,'h4 - • loosf, eaili
P'otatoM ... Ion
exported in packaf;es - harrri
hamper
li
Preserved RinRor
cwt.
Preserves
_
Printers' liquor
> 100 cations
Prints or pictures
case ur box
Prunelloe*
cwt.
Prunci
ton
Pumice stone
Qui-m stones
each
ijuickgUver
- package
Quilli
l,Wi)
packai^e
llaUins, also rock mow
ton
Rhuhcirb
cwt.
Rice
tnn
Kidaiet
Immlk'
Ro^in
Inn
1 II
•i II
I) ^
1 u
1 G
liiirri'l
Rushes . . load ir,^ bundles)
Safllower, sal ammoniac, or Keni - ton
WatfVon - - - iiarkaiie
Sapn, sanRliis draronis, salep, also sail-
clers wood, white and yellow - rwt.
Sailcloth . - ' . packaue
Hails - . - earli
Saltpetre • - - ion
firkin
Salt, rock . • - ton
white - . . ^-
Sand for ironfounders and (;l«w^l-'lowers,
ton
siWersmiths - • casks
Sarsaparilla, also saiisa^Lsi . civt. {
Sasjiafras - - . t„n |
Scam nony - - - cwt. j
Scythe stones - - do/eii
Scythes - • - Inuidli'
Seeds, viz. aniseeds, caraway, clover,
or trefoil - - "- t-wi.
Can.iry - - - Ion ]
coriander and carden - cwt.
flax or linseed, hemp and rape, (ir.
fur/e - - 100 bushels
mustard • - ton
rye /^rass - - 100 bushels
Senna ... ton
Shaddocks - - pai-kaKC
Shakes - hogshe.ad, puncheon, or liiTce
barrel, ^ barrel, or \ cask
l> li
1 I)
I
1
O IIJ
IJ
!)
li
II li
II 1
3
ll\
U 1
S
O Di
I) ^
II IM
I) iij
II I
II li
II I
II ,1
II 'i-x
I) .1
II I*
II 114*
II
Articles.
Inwwrta. j f j
Fo. IfDa.l.j t I
reiinl.' wise. * I
.-ij
II U
Sheathing ... ton
Shovels or spades - - buiitlle
Shumac - - - ion
Sieves - - - dozen
Silk, raw or thrown - - cwi.
waste - - • —
manufactured - . packii^e
Skins, kip and calf, drv - . cwt.
wet - - —
badjper, bear, beaver, deer, elk,
ermine, lislier, fox, leopard, lion,
marten, otter, panther, seal (fur),
tiger - - - score
cat, chinrhilli, husse, mink, r.i-
coon, seal (Iiairt - . IW
Roat, Htch, kid. Iamb, musquash.
nutria, slieep, swan - I'^d
coney, hare, mole - - —
Skates, also sl.ite jiencils packaL^e
Slate and slate slabs . . ton
Slates - - puncheon or cask
package
Ion
CWI.
- l,Wlll
Ion
writing
Slime
I Smalts
I Smart sticks
Snutt'
Soap
Soder or solder, or spelter
Spermaceti
.Spinnel
Spirits
Splriu of salts
Sponce
Sprats
Spruce beer
Squilli
Surch
packau'e
ton
cwt.
bales
- 100 gallons
pipe
puncheon
hogshead
liollle
cwt.
I,IH)II
32 galbms
cwl.
• ton
,1
.1
II
'-!
•i II
II 3
1
II II.J
1 II
I r,
1
1 G
II II
1 II
I) 3
IJ
c
c
2
•i
II
'i
II
'^
II
3
II
3
U 10
I
li
II 1
II
II li
"i
l.t
1 n'
II n
II I*
I 11"
I II
I
I II
ij
I
II m
II li'
I
II
II 111
11"
II s
II I
II 3
U i
3*
II I
II S
II I
II li
llllj*
II li
II li*
II 4
II S
O \i
I
(I 3
II m
1
II r,
II 4
II II
lUU*
II I
II s
II 1
*Stationery
Sicel, <ilso sulphur vivuin
Straw •liid slraw plait
Sturgenn
Siiccades and sweetnieala
Sugar .
relined •
candy
i'ali', tamarinds, or lanioci
Tallow, also tin of all kinds
'I'anners' waste
Taiies, ilrilish
iar
water
Tarra.s
1
. package
Ion
p.ackage
CWI.
Ion
hogshead
I ler<-e
barrel
puncheon
cwt.
ton
. piu-kage
last 1 1 '^ barrePs)
barrel
bushel
. pack.age
Thread, linen, twist, cotton, or yarn, cwt
'riiruiiis ... hag
I'in plates - • box
Toliai'Lo and stalks, also turmeric cwt.
II 4A
II 11"
IJ
li:j
3
3
U
1 1*
J 11.1*
) 01
1 111
3
U 3
1 1
II 11+
UOi*
2
II 0^.0 111
II
3
V.
u
3
V
(1
I*
.^*
V
11
1
1
II
fi
1
8
I
(1
H
)K*
1
\i
6
()
••
I)
II
1
(1
[I
^
u
m
1
.T
li
10,08
ToliiU'co pipes
TouKm's - I
'riirioiic-slit'II •
I'uw
'Irt't'nails
Triuk^
Trullk's
Tiirni|M
I urpentine
Twine
Tviits -
ValtTian
\ aUmia, also vaniish
\*ani'll<M.'s
\'tMiice turpentine
Wrdipris
\'frrinft'ili, also vcrniirKm
N'iueifur and vurjuice
lio.t
packiiK*'
cwt.
tun
packanf
l.'^nii
each
cwt.
ton
Vitriol, while
oil of
Wlialcliuni? fnis
W'tu'flh irrows
\\'hl■t^tones
W'hip-iticks
W'liiiinif
Wine -
bottled
cut.
each
c.Lsk
Lunille
tun
tun
linrrcl
box
cavf
cask
lioRslu-ad
punclicnri
tierce
Wood, viz. anchor stocks - each
axe handles - - I'^H
battens, vi/. fi ft. to 21 ft. lony —
above '^1 ft. iony —
batten ends • - —
beech poles - - load
board-*, vi/. beech, bircli, pine,
and iwplar - I'/O
clap - - —
oak, abme \'> ft. —
under do. - —
wainscot, above do. —
under do* —
coal (lit props - - load
crate and crop wood - _
deaU, vi/. under '^1 ft. - 1*^0
exceeding; do. - —
deal ends • - 120
tir unarteri or balks, viz.
inider S in. ^qu iru - —
H nichca and above - load
fire W(H)d - - fiithoni
lath wood - . _
masts, viz. G in. and under 8
in. - - each
S in. and und>r 12 in. —
oak knees, viz. tnuler S in. sq. l20
S in. square anil upwards, load
oar rafters and o.trs - 120
old \\ ood - - load
planks, viz. beech, birch, oak,
and poplar - - loail
pine - - 120
spars, viz. tinder 22 ft. lonp —
22 ft. lonu and upwards —
spruce knee-», vi/. under 8 in. —
8 III. and upwards load
sta\cs, above 1^ in. thick, not ex
cewlinff .1(i in. lonj; 120
exceeii. ."it; in. and under GO —
exceeding fiO in. loop - —
not above U in. thick, not
exceeding .'*> in- lone 120
exceed. Mi in. and under 60 —
exceeding GO in. long - —
liml)er, vi/. fir - - load
teak or oak - —
\H»e, and all other timber —
I
2
U .1
u
.T
4i
10 0^ Oi
i 1 O 1
|o iro 1
!0 4* ,-5
|0 Oil
4i'0 3
T
DOCKS (LIVERPOOL).
511
Artlcin,
Wood — emUmitil.
u<i)T», vi/. iindir ^1 1'l. lontf ISO
'^1 fi-ot luit^ or up\vnnl4 —
wain*-r»t lu)(H . - 1»«(J
WtllL'l't - - 1,'ilNP
llriiKhnr IrMi - —
wheel --imkiN ami fVllicH - —
Iifiti>h or Irish
harwtMMl or hiixwdnd
Ilrnzil -^nil Jh'a/ilt iiu, or
W(HX!
pipe h4i.ll(l4. Sim* .SVilrf.t.
niAsis, 1^ it), iinii upwards
Fir Timliey. t
cetlar woimI, ebony, rustii-,(iu'iir.i
W(mhI, nginiin vine, lciij\\iH)<t,
nmhnjj my, or rwl ^andur-. Ion
NjcarA^ia wtxttif hnpaiii or ro.t'-
wood - ton
Woollens - . pjikaue
Vaini . . Jmi'k.iKe
Yarn, hny . . cwt n
cotton or twist . . _ (I
Kour.ini, also worsted - — 'I
len - . _ M
Inward*. | V
I Fo- |l'on>tJ 8
reh;n.| wi^'. ^
: il. ; : il, i, : ,
ton
cam-
ion
Sec
«
3 U
1 C
1 a
1 'c
1 i;
•i
ions
1 I (I
y II i;
a (> I,
(1 .1
9 (I (i
I) ^
I) !) II li
1 H
1 li II 9 I) li
•^01008
(I li II
II 1 11
I I
II u '
ArtlrlM.
Via«l
^utt'ru (a upeciet of cobalt)
Inwardi.
Po- Coast-
ralun "Ise.
packnue ! I I'
cwt. I 4
1.
>f.
1,
J.
II
(!
V
it
°
3
Artulra lint rtited, I'vt to f><n; ni /-//i rvi.
InwnreU, \'m. Cirpi't^ns wool li'ii-., china aiearilu-nwnrf; cider,
hotllid, iiH iiU- ; cnrilialH at f>]iirits, ilainiitnii ru rtwln ; mln.
fnriiun.aH Imlliim ; hosirry us halitrUnslit'TV, iron liquor nt
iiririMrs' limidr, iron in parkap'H as Itanlwarts inillimry an
lialiLMdaslitrv. valnd nil »<i nlive In Ittisltx, ]ininrKv.umteft an
oranm*- ; sa(Ull«*rv. wmtiulit U-atlu-r slnps, mc HuUrilaufnnn
straw honni'ls and wiarinn aiiparfl iis h.ilifrdashcry.
Outwiini-., vi/. ltacnn,hain:^, lard.nnd tri|K', as liifl and pork :
iriPM, in nackam".; as liardwarr ; lint-n ,is lulton, ni m Inneiy
as HrnuKlit Iron, panir as statinnery , jn-wter and tin ah rnp-
]nr, piiHervtsas tin kli*s; ma\a wati>r iutpirkltH,ta)>e!tuT lintiit
and twine, ttirrad, twisl» an cnttons.
rainliTs'tnliiiif, ni |mrliiiK*^N "^Xwnrdx, inrlmtrs aslus, brown
IHiwiier, i-fnuint tnalk, rharmal, rhnmiatf of U-ail, or inm,
lopperaH, rndhiar, cartliJ*, Mm*, ^n-ast* or Kruavt*^, lamp
Itlatk, lead, litharge, nian^'ane^i', «u lire, tilarrh, and whit-
Inff. _^__^_ ..
.* t \
LivKnpooL Town Drrs. — nrsidcs the dock rato?, town diios are levied on poods inwards and o\it"
ward)*, at a certain rate per jiackaj^o. 'I'hc annual amount of these ihities, .-inie IHl'J, is shown in a i)rc-
vious Tabic, and wo now subjoin uu account of the rate at which they are charged.
d;
2
n 1
II '2
10
1
4
|0 *2
n r>
s
\
s
8
I) .T
Oi
n I
(I I
.-^
1
3
Articles.
Inwanli. , Outward*.
Alabaster, the ton - • -
Aslies of Itrn, the 100 busheU
Bacon, the ton . •
Hrirks, the 1,000
Uuiier, the ton
Oalaniine, the ton - • •
('an<lles, the Itox - . .
Cheese, the ton • - .
('lav for iwiterH, the ton
("opper, the ton
Cotton, the linff
Coals, thf chaldron {Winchester inea*
sure) - -
the ton
Cowshanks, the 1,(MX) -
horns, thi* KM)
Cork wood, the tun
Corn, of all suns, the 100 bushels
Currants, thr butt
I>eals, the IVO
l)CL*r bkins, loose, the 100
dressed, the hof^head
Dyeing wood, of every kind, the ton -
EarthLnware, the cr.ite
the i crate
loose, the toad (fiO pieces)
Ebony, the ton ...
Kk'phants* teeth, the ton
Feathers, the hid or bau
FUh, salted, or stockfish, the ton
(ilnj,'»'r, the ban
(;ias^ Iwttles, the 100 do/en
(iroteries, coastwise, the hoj^sbead
the lirkin
(tuni Senegal, the ion
Gunpowder, the barrel - - -
Hemp or (lax, the ton
Herrings, the barrel
Hides of cows and oxen, eich -
imported from the Kast
Indies^ the dozen
of horses, each
Hops, the pocket ...
Iron, in bars, the ton
in pigs, or cast, the ton -
ore, the ton ...
Kelp, the ton ...
Lead, lead ore, or copper ore, the toti
I<athwood, the fathom
Linen, of all sorts, the pack
a box or bundle
Lemons or oranges, the chest
the box -
Lignum viur, the ton
Mahogany, the ton ...
Masts, above Vi inches diameter
8 inches and under 1'2 inches
diameter
6 inches and xmder 8 inches
dianu'ter
IMeal of oats, iS:c. the ton
Molasses, the hogshead
A.
,t.
«.
>/.
II
i
II
•i
1
t
H
1
II
II
fi
It
1
1
II
fi
(1
.1
II
3
II
1
II
11^
II
li
II
li
II
3
II
3
II
li
II
3
u
•I
1
n
'■'■t
II
'i
II
•i
■J.
II
1
II
1
ll\
1
u
II
li
1
II
H
II
H
II
4
1
II
II
fi
II
3
u
II
4
II
'i
II
(i
II
3
U
.
II
1
.
.
II
4
li
3
1
II
li
II
3
II
3
1
n
II
11,
II
1
II
ni
I
II
II
li
II
V.
II
V
II
I'A
II
iiV
I
II
li
II
1
II
i.i
1
II
II
li
II
1
II
1
II
1
II
(.4
1
n
nV
"\
II
Hi
II
S!
II
•i
1
II
li
1)
li
il
3
II
3
II
3
fi
II
,",
II
<i
II
fl
II
V
II
1
4
11
•I
II
'i
1
II
•i
II
I
II
1
I'V
II
(i
II
3
(i
II
3
~'
2
2
1
II
1
II
r, 1
II
li
2 1
II
2
Articles.
Nuts, the barrel •
the iMg
Oak hark, the ton
liinler, the ion
planks, the I'^O .
Oil, v)/. ti.,h or train, the ton
Taptr, tlu' nark
I'trrv or cider, the hogshead
Tolaloes, the Ino liusbeln
I'ots of iron, tin- ton
ILiisins, tlR> Ino baskets
halt, wliitf, the Itio I, umbels
co.istwisf
rock, the 100 busbeU
coastu ise, tlo.
Seeds, uarden, the sack
Slates, the ton
Snap, the box
Spiiiis, tbi' puncheon
the bngslu'ad
drawn from ( nm, the punc
Staves, heading;, and handspikes
1,00(1 - - .
Starch, the chest
Su.'jar, the hogshead
the tierce
the barrt! ...
Tallow, the cwt.
'J'ar and pitch, ilie barrel
Tnnler (tir, \c.', the load
'I'ohncco, the hogsheatl
TiiriifiitKie, the barrel
WniiiMcit boards, the I'^O
Wiiu', the pip.'
the bo::>hend
coastw i^^^ the pipe
Window glass, the side
the box •
Wn.il, the bag
Varus, linen, the tru-s
the |»eck
foreign, thefnt -
bay.tl e jiack -
Dry gnod^, not I efore described,
pack.ige, viz.
bate
barrel
box
bundle
case
cask -
chtst
crate
i crate
haniner -
lioysliead
puncheon
tierce
trunk
truss
keg
lipon
, the
the
1 Inwardi.
Ontwardi.
1 <. il.
i *. rf.
] II 2
1
; " 1
I
li
fi
II fi
6
1 II
fi
II s
II H
n 2
8
2
2
1 II
1
II fi
II ,i
1 u
I) fi
2
1
1 - .
1 4
1
(1 S
II 1
11 14
II 2
2
11 1
II III
II s
11 4
II li
3
II 2
11 2
fi
11 3
II 2
II 2
II 1
11 2
II 3
» 1*
II 2
II 1
11 1
II 2
II 1
fi
3
II 4
2
1 2
II 1
1 IP
11 li
1 II
II fl
II li
II 3
1 II
11 fi
II 1
II 1
II I'K
Oi
II 1
4
11 li
II 3
II 4
11 i
II S
" 1
II 1
II 2
1
2
II 2
I) I
II 2
1
" 1
n Oi
11 1
2
II 4
11 2
11 1
2
II 2
2
n 1
I
II 1
OJ
II 4
II 2
Il fi
3
II 3
IJ
11 2
11 2
I) 2
1
II 1
OJ
It:^;- The above duties are not due on goods, the property of, and to be sold solclv on account of, per.
sons free of Liverpool, Bristol, London, Watcrford, or Wexford ; nor on the exportation of goods,
which may have been imported, or brought coastwise, provided they are, at the time of exportation, the
»ame property as wlicn so imported, or brought coastwise.
1;l il
•* !
The Liverpool Docks arc all constiucted upon the estate of the corporation, and are
managed by commissioners appointed by parliament. Tlie warehouses belong ty
,. 1.
I .
mpp
mt
512
DOCKS (LlVl-Ul'OOL).
iiuliviiliiiils, uiiil lire private property. None ol' tlieiii lielonj^ to tlie Dock estnie. Most
of tlieiii are, of course, situated in tlie iiinnediate vicinity of tlie doeks, 'i'lie diseliarfring
nnd loadinf5 of vessels in Liverpool is etl'etted l)y a eiass of men called Iiiih/uth. Indi-
viduals wlio follow this Ijiisiness engaf^e to disciiar^re a ship for a speeilie, or luiii/i sum,
from '-' guineas, perhaps, up to 'JO, aeeordiiig to the size and deseription of earj^o, havinj^
the requisite number of eoinnion lahourers ^ehietiy Irishmen) to do the woik ; the
lumper being master and superintendent ; these labourers are generally paid day wages,
but sometimes the job is a joint eoneern among the whole.
A West India ship of ."jtH) tons would be discharged by lumpers for from 151. to 'Ml. :
a cotton ship of the same burden for •!/. to (>/. Hy discharging is merely meant putting
out the cargo on the (juay ; the projirietors of the goods emj)loy their own porters to
weigh, load, and warehouse the property : they likewise employ their own coopers, where
cooperage is recjuired.
It will be seen that the system of managing business of this sort in Liverjjool is en-
tirely diil'erent from the plan followed in London, at least in the East India Docks, where
idl these o])eratiuns are performed by the Dock ("omi)any.
The expense of loading a West India ship of JCK) tons oulivurila would not l)e half as
much as that of discharging inwards, because they very seldom take a full cargo oiilimrds.
The average does not, perhaps, exceed a third, llence the total exjiense of a West
India ship of ,'500 tons, condng into and going out of the port of Liverpool, may be
estimated as follows : —
I'ilotagc iiiwanU ■
iiuat (lire, warpliiR, See.
LuinpiTM (liiuhargiiig ■
Labourers' hire lur loading
4"
t.
rf.
. 8
U
-
10
<i
- 17
10
u
- J
10
Pilotage nufwariU
Uuat hire u:>sititiiig out
£ s. (I.
- 3 H
. 10 G
£M
Desides these, there is the charge for the vari(ms light-houses in St. George's Channel,
which eaimot be called an expense i)eculi:ir to Liverjiool.
In liS;5'i, there belonged to Liverpool sr>'.\ registered vessels, of the burden of lCfi,028
tons, manned by i),;i'_'y men and boys. The gross customs' duty collected in the port
during the same year amounted to the enormous sum of ;>,;r_',';,0()'J/. !
Imports of the principal Artidci of East and Wi'st Indian, American, &c. Produce into Liverpool, during
cacti of the /Vcf Years ending with 183.', with the Stocks on Hand on the ;;lst of Ucceniliei- each Year.
— J'roni the Circular Staictiunt of Messrs. Jcc, Jlrut/iirs, and Co., 31st of December, lb3J.)
I m
Article*.
Packages and
(>uantitie!>.
Imjiorts.
Stock!
on Hand, 31st of December.
IS'^S.
isa'j.
1830.
1831.
183'W.
1S28,
18'21(.
1830.
1831.
1S,T2.
Asliefl, Amuvican -
barrels
1S,1,00
I,'i,700
•i'i.rjuu
'^^,wu
l'J,400
Jliot. 6,300
iprl. 4,200
6,800
1 ,200
S,'21)0
1,800
9,000
5,500
9,500
6,900
Hrimstone
tons
1,1110
i,VIKI
3,S()()
4,SS»
0,300
1)00
2,100
400
40
lln
( "ocoa
bris. and ba^s
K.iOO
400
870
1 ,."Su
IMO
3,iiio
2,000
2,.5oo
l,U5o
1,800
Colll-e, West India
casks
C'^IIO
7,!I00
7,8()U
8,.'i(i.»
y,780
7
tUllo
;.rls. and bflcs
.'i,7IKI
4,0W1
(i.lOl.
4,.'.|ii
lo,5lio
>tons l,6oi)
2,500
1,900
2,000
1,860
Ka-it India, Ate.
do.
1,-^on
1100
l.vuo
y|"
',^,000
s
f'DttOll
baK>,<Vc.
li.11,100
(it2,(iso
7U4,()3'J
7au,iio
77!V^40
2U5,500
'203,250
258,000
212,-50
197,!i6o
Dju wood, fustic -
tons
4,7011
3,10(1
3,yi)u
4 ,'^UO
3,500
1 ,'2l>0
1 ,'JOO
1,,30./
l,5oo
■120
1o^wo«kI
do.
7,,1.')0
4,.;IK)
G.'iOl'
r,,'joi>
8,300
3,000
1,660
2,000
950
1,910
Niraraniifi wood
do.
1,001]
500
Mv
I.IIUII
1,500
'2,'200
1,600
1,400
860
810
camwood
do.
l.'iO
fill
IW
vim
800
100
55
30
12
.Ml
liarwiMxi
do.
100
li.',0
(;i;i>
1,3 lii
400
5o
60
loo
l,'20l.
60u
Flour, American •
barrels
23,WH) 160,000
3U0,.')O(l
(117,000
4S,'^00
8,0uo
24,650
130,000
.2S8,oo(.
211,000
(linger, Wtht India
brk. and ba^s
1,400 I'JO
,')IJO
(iUO
750
2,500
1 ,050
1,000
70.
13.
KhsI India, \c.
pockets
1,370 !(,000
4UII
1,1.10
l,()5o
bags, none
1,800
950
150
2,200
Hides, foreign, cow
and itx
number
'iso.noo i'iri,2ni)
3S0,!IO(l
3fi'^,000
W 1,000
24,000
90,000
75,000
107,80')
5,000
K.ist India -
do.
S,.jOI) Ki.HOO
3;l„5U0
17,000
51,UU0
uncertain
unccrt.
6,000
3,luo
10,500
horse
do.
311,000' 8S,7(«I
'J'4,I>'IU
182,500
(i;,;ioo
13,000
35,000
10,000
S,',,0')0
2'J,4i)o
Indigo
bxs. 1.V serons
,1701 .'lOO
am.
4V0
■ioo
1.30
140
7-0
4o
40
Kast India •
chests
'i,'im 'i,u:>ii
\,KM
1,7W
v,Mo
1(00
ioo
.',20
550
40u
Mo'asse*
puncheons
Li.vni l,\soo
[tyiWi
1,0,00.1
17,8l/U
3,000
5,700
1,140
1 ,500
1)00
()li%eoil
c.islts
'J,(l(l()i .'j,3IO
111,100
l(i,,V)0
M
tuns ),7oo
600
820
3,900
550
Tahn i>il
tuns
.'i,.'iSO, h,.1.10
il.SSO
7,i/5o
10,.500
tons 600
2,150
1,700
1,500
2,5jij
Fei>p»^»*
bays »V nckts.
brls. ami ba^
'J, 700 SIO
l,10U
(1,400
l'J,3U0
5,800
4,000
4,300
500
4,300
IMmento
'J,.j()il 3,1)00
3,;iiji/
1,800
U.'JUU
'2,200
'2,500
4,600
4,850
4,01)1)
<.>UL'U'ilron liark
Iionslu-ads
'^,100 1,(,(J0
'^..'■lOU
l,luo
SOU
240
120
931)
l,o30
410
Kite, AintTit-an
casks
■l,,"lO() -l,;"!!
1,1 (Ml
3,800
1,100
500
2,uuo
600
•
none
iiaddv
llrazii, African
bu-hcis
8'^,(lOO| 8^,I(KI
78,,1,0u
73,800
87,000
.
.
.
.
unccrt.
h:iK.>
none 1 3.')0
.
none
none
none
-
.
•
none
Kaat India
do
W),()00i .OO.ODO
7i'i,l)W
4(i„350
43,301)
12,000
14,000
10,000
7,000
10,000
Hum
)>uiK'tit'ons
10,j(JO: 11,7011
l'^,4l)(l
10,000
i),.50U
7,500
9,060
10,800
14,800
1 1,000
Saltpetre
hilLis, \c.
.1.-,,'J"0i iiS,0|]0
3l,OU0
38,000
(13, 1 00
3,550
2,300
5,700
9,000
l(i,7oii
S*c<l, llax
(luarltTi
!;,{lim a 1,0011
17,'iili.
^'1,000
ii4,000
none
650
.
700
4 ,000
Siiiuiiac
liaKi
-i,"),iioir 'iii.doo
3.'i,UIIU
11, Woo
44,000
.6,000
5,600
4,900
7,800
8,200
Sugar, IJrit. plant.
llhds. and tcs.
■lii.ijnil 4.1,700
42,U0U
48,400
45,400
10,000
11,000
10,500
11,100
1 0,500
llavannali -
boxe.i
l,MiO none
-
S.VOO
1 ,1100
none
none
-
4,000
4 ,5i)0
lirazil
cases
r>.w 7.'iO
"iCu
10,500
'2,600
90
80
50
4,600
3,6 :)0
Kast India
haps and bxs.
I'j.ooo i:u,ioo
■tC,3()i)
40,100
64,500
2,000
»,0S0
23,200
20,500
29,000
other parts
lilids. and tcs.
loo
50
none
none
-
none
none
T^r, American
ban-cIs
is.noo lfi,7oo
Ifi.OOO
17,100
15,000
6,000
4,300
"3,750
none
1,000
Stocliholm, &c.
do.
,-,i,,';ool i.VDii
1!(),0UU
17,500
33,000
18,500
6,500
8,240
8,500
7,50))
Tallow
casks
serons
U./iOOj 17,400
none none
15,U():.
l',i,000
'20,200
none
2,800
5,50»
none
2,500
3,300
5,500
none
Tobacco
hogsheads
a.'lW, 4, MOO
s,luo
ft,5-,;l
5,100
B,200
6,400
'7,0()0
9,700
7,600
Turpentine
barrels
iS.dOO ,W,0llO
51,4 M
73,'ioO
74,')(IO
18,.'i00
13,000
8,000
14,0J0
10,500
V'nloiua
tons
3,."i00 1,.',00
l.UOO l.tiu
'2,400
2,000
1,700
1,400
. 700
830
DOCKS (BRISTOL).
51S
ArrivaU nl LiviTitool. — Acromit of the NuniU'r of Voiioli, ami their TnmiaKr, that h.ivo cntcrrj iho
I'oit ot Livvriioul I'ruin I'ori'iijii I'urta, (li>tliigulihiiig Kritith I'ruiii Kori'igii, tiiicu Di.'o.
s. rf.
H (I
10 tJ
1S.T2.
'J, .'nil)
{i,'ll/ll
l.fjUl)
1,80')
I'JT.ndi)
r.ii)
1,'.
Sll)
.'ill
eiic.
a 1 1,0110
1.1
•2,'^00
.I.OOO
lo,.'il)ll
'.iJ.Joli
'lU
4o»
!IIIU
O.'io
i!,.'ijl
4,300
-1,0111
4 ID
none
iinft'rt.
lioTie
lU,0Oii
ll,oo<i
lii.'Oi
4 ,1)00
S,'.iOll
lil,'lOII
.\,!>MI
3,1)10
V'.),000
none
1 ,000
7,500
i.SOO
none
7,r,uo
10,.')00
800
p
I
i
\nt%.
Brlilth.
FortlKn.
Vran.
Hrlll-I>.
Konlgn.
.V»)UJ.
r..ii..
.V»lll.».
T^tfii.
/'..in.
Shiyl.
8\0
I'.ilU.
1820
a-JH,'.'.!.!
CM
\a,M\
|M'J7
.■5(Hi,.i(i9
&;)I,8ik)
IH2I
I.IHH
ai2,.;22
fiS2
H!',1.'">1
Ih'.'H
l,lK->2
.'I44,lrli
{**)
179,.'-.U
|K2'.>
i.'ji;.!
i.'ill.l.J7
cm
174,lKi7
IS'.'9
l,tH7
.7.'li,.ill
hll
21(1,71.1
|hi!.l
l,+.'<9
2!»i,710
79H
l!l!),H(li)
IS.iO
l,i>."ik">
.■MIX.'JIiH
l,O.W
272,4(i,i
1H24
l..'i.04
;i27.1!«
7()2
174,.1!l.)
IHil
l,H<i2
4I.J,!»'.'8
978
2ti,1,().i7
1H«
L.'i.il
31.),ll.i
Sll,)
'J2v;.is7
ISJ2
1.719
■i\r,,\.K'ji
8ittt
2«7,(«7
IH'Ji!
i,;iH7
s:!i"i,o.i7
IM)
1H|,!H)7
The falhiiR ofT In 18.'!2 in lucrlbablc partly tu thu cholura then prevailing ) but mure tu the ru^tturo
with the Dutch towariU the viiU ul' the year.
Irixh Tntile. — 'Die track- between Livcqiool niul Ireland lins always been of con-
sideralili' valiii- and iiniwrtimee ; but since tlie establisliineiit of regular .steain-paekctH to
Duliliii, liellast, Ike, it lias increased prod'i^ioiisly, 'i'lie iin])orts from Ireland into
Liverputil may, at present, be estimated at about '1,500,(K)0/. a year. Tliey coiusist prin-
cipally of articles of jirovision, wliicli meet n ready and advantageons market in IVIan-
cliester, and tlie surrounding manufacturing towns. Tbe benefits resulting to Ireland
from tliis intercourse are ipiite eipial to those it ci nfers on Kiigland ; and tlie influence
of the wealth arising from it is sutliciently a|)pai'eiit in thu improved^ a.spect of all the
eastern parts of the country. We subjoin an account, which, though not otHcial, may
be depended upon tu being sutliciently accurate tor all practical purposes, of
The Quantity and Value of thcvarloua Articlct of Iriuli raw Protlucc imported into Livcri>ool in 18J1.
ArtUlw.
l^UilntltieA.
.Vv.irriie.
Amount.
Artiilen.
^iiantitieii.
Av. Trice.
Amount. 1
£ $.
£ • ,t.
^" *.
£ a. 1
Cow*
90,71.^>
10
907,150
Butter .
S.'S.O.SV Orks.
2 10
(i4.'.,2l7 10
Horses
2!Mi
2(1
5,920
Do. . .
1!I,2I7 i lirks.
1 5
24,021 5
Sheep
134,702
1 r,
235,8.« 10
v.m*
2,.'")9(i crates
20
50,120
Mules
243
15
3,t>t5
Wheat .
277,(«iO (|ri.
3 ()
8.0,18,'}
I'lKS
Calves -
15ti,(X)l
3 15
Ca->,(«)3 15
Oats
JH(),ir79 —
1 12
i32,9.)0 12
l,l!'fi
2 10
2,!l<H)
Barley
21, .128 _
1 15
37,."'.'4
Lambs
2.5,725
1
2;j,725
Hye
f.l3 —
1 10,
919 lO
Kaeon
l;i,(»'.l9 bales
5
(>;J,4!H
Beons
8,4,-.2 _
2
lfi,<K)4
Pork
UfiCA brls.
3
.43,(j*i2
Peas
1,724 —
2 4
3,448
17,I2;>
Do.
930 i brls.
1 IS
1,1)38 U
Malt
fi,8.'.0 —
2 10
Hams and
Meal . 149,810 loads
1 5
■187,270 ti
tongues
.OHO hhds.
20
11,800
flour . 1 a3,154 sacks
2 5
209,.')!«i 10
Beef
Do. . .
6,391 tcs.
1,189 brls.
4 5
3
27,171 15
3,51.7 4
Thus making the gross value of i
Lard
MV) tcs.
8
3,720
Irish produce imported into ' •
4,497,708
Do. - -
4,.'i42 firks.
1 10
(i,Hl;)
Liveri.ool in 1831
Hotter •
.'j,7;)4 cools
2
11, .-.08
iiccount of tho Quantitie* of Salted Beef, I'ork, and Butter, imjiortctl into Liverpool tVom Ireland
during the Twelve Years ending with 18Ji;,
1 Year.
Deef.
Pork.
Kuller. I
Tifrcet,
BiirrfU.
Itarrfla.
Hal/ nuricli.
fir^l.l*.
Half Firkim.
1821
(.,283
2,444
25,263
3,096
232,(H8
13,.'i85
1822
5,.387
2,713
13,222
1,423
l()6,3(i5
14,629
1823
9,936
2,137
17,408
1,4!«
27O,.021
19,2(W
1824
7,114
1,743
16,389
l,i\M
29ti,,",(H
15,f»4
1825
7,371
1,696
14,4.34
1,606
3'.'7, H3
13,711
1826
5,3,';8
773
ii,a'-.i
8+t
236,(^*7
12,2,57
1827
6,201
997
15,540
2,4'-7
S(K,945
20,249
1828
6,852
1,538
9,978
1,169
o3(i,(!03
21,402
18.9
5,170
l,,'-.3()
14,4.'-.3
1,494
28(i,740
15,808
18 JO
7,105
828
19,360
2,458
25li,;i85
n.irro
1831
6,391
1,189
14,554
93ti
2,-.8,(.87
19,217
15,866
1832
6,887
1,173
11,919
1,2<)7
eu2,2<i2
III. BiiisTOL Docks, SmrpiNo, etc.
Tlie Bristol Dock^ were formed in pursuance of the act 43 Geo. 3. c. 142., liy
changing the course of the river!; Avon and Frome, and placing gates or locks at
each extremity of the old channel. The accommodation thus obtained is very extensive.
The warebou.ses at Bristol, as at Liverpool, are not in any way connected with the docks :
they all belong to private individuals.
Bristol, as a port, used to be inferior only to London ; but now she ranks far below
Liverpool, and probably is second to Hull. However, she still enjoys a very extensive
trade, particularly with the West Indies and Ireland. The custom duties collected in
Bristol amounted, in 1831, to 1,161,970/. In 1832, there belonged to the port 29G
registered ves,sels, of the burden of 46,567 tons.
2 L
I'M
I' I' ■ I
' :>
'>
5li
DOCKS (HULL).
Tlio produff of u'lc liock diitios on tonnage
follows : —
an
d goods, since 1820, has been
as
Years.
T(Minflf;e Kates.
Ilatf-. on (ioikIs.
Vt'ars.
Tonnage Hate^.
Hatts oil iiiMxlx.
.£ s. ft.
Jb' S. it.
€ s. rf.
•f i. </.
1821
U),M\\) 1!) (>
IfiM 7 ti
182(i
1-1.SIK3 10
!),4.38 14 3
ISiii
KVViO 11 2
H.Otii f) J
WSl
13,'J,H 1 8
7,V7.'i 12
l.SJ,i
10,747 1!) a
7,74i> 7 7
IS'28
15,ai2 2
8,3i)t) 10 <_>
IH.'-t
Viyi'X, (i 4
7,fi!«) 7 a
18i!)
1.5,8,33 4 6
8,871 1.1
18. J
l;;,t2t 4 1(»
<i,4()y 11
1830
l.-i,;)<)8 12 8
8,087 1 ()
V
£
s. (I.
2
The charges on .ships entering Bristol are very heavy. They are as follow : —
l-'or every vessel on entering into the port of Rristol, except barges or other vessels pa.ssing or going to
or from the llatli il'.er Navigation, or Kennet and Avon Canal, or re.sliip|)ing or iliscliarging their
cargoes to he again laden, and pa.ss or go up the said navigation or canal, but not discharging any (Kirt of
their cargoes at the (piays of Hristol for sale, the several rates or duties, according to the register tonnage
Of such vessels following, viz —
First C/ass. — For every vessel trading from Africa, Honduras, Surinam, auv! other port.
South America, the United .States) of America, the Kast and West Indies, all the ixirts within
the Straits of Gibraltar, an i tl'c Southern Whale Fishery . - . . .
Second C/nss. — For every vessel trading from the British Colonies, Portugal, Prussia, Russia,
Spain \ ithout the Straits, and Sweden - - - - -
T/ii'ni iJ/iiss. — For every vessel trading from Flanders, France without the Straits, Gennany,
Ouernsey, Holland, .lorsoy, Norway, Poland, and Zealand - - . . .
Ftmith Class. — For every vessel trading from Irela.id, the Isle of Man, and Scotlai.l
/•'////( Class. — For every vessel employed as a coaster, except as aforesaid, not imluduig vessels
from Cardiir, Newport, and other ports to the eastward of the Holmes, at each entering into
the said port ... ......
For vessels from Cardiir, Newport, and other ports to the eastward of the Holmes (excciit as
aforesaid), being market boats or i-e.ssels, having one third jiart at least of tlie lading c(ln^ist-
ing of coal, scrult', tin, iron, tin jilates, grain, copper, bricks, stones, coal, tar, slate, bark,
timber, or wood, and not exceeding 7."< tons burden, each voyage ....
if exceeding 7.'< Ions burden, each voyage ....
For all other vessels from Cardiff, Newport, and other ports to the eastward of the Holmes
(except as aforesaid), if under 40 tons burden, "ach voyage • - . .
if of 4^) tons and under 1.') tons burden, each voyage ...
if 7.") tons anrl under 100 tons burden, each voyage . - . . .
— — if 100 tons burden or upwards, each voyage .....
The following is an estimate of th(> various expenses incurred by a West India sliii)
of .'jOO tons, entering and diseha
.0
7
(i
7
li
12
li
lii
1
1
ling at IJristoI : —
per ton. — Dock dues, 5s. per do Pilotage,
,...c .)/ r... _ ^•'■...■,p^. about 30/. _ Labour (lis.
terns de|i'.Mid greatly on the
Inwards. — Anchorage, moorage, and lights, about r»l. per ton. — Dock du(
1.1/. to 2,')/. — Warner 1/. l.v. — .Mayor and (piay wardens' fees, 2/. 5s. — Cranagi
charging, :M. to 40/. — Coopers' charges, from" 50/. to 100/. The two last ite
ciinitilicin the cargo is in.
Uutwards. — Lights, about id. per ton. — Pilotage, Ij/. to 2o/.
Account of the Number of Ships and their Tonnage, distii,,"ui.sIiinR between British and Foreign
wliich have entered inwards at liristol since IS-.'o. '
I; Or
Years.
I)
AViiii.t.
1820
311
1.S21
2i;i)
1822
2!»1
INii
30.5
I82t
3.;8
IS^.'i
3.5! »
l^;2.i
r>,J4
.5;,H19
4(1,811
.5.),8(J8
57,181)
0.5,878
7.3,70! I
(i5,087
40
52
5ti
S!)
64
f.8
00
Foreign.
Tons.
5,0,52
7,.!50
8,105
7.121
1(,I77
l'.,,'J23
0,!)3l
Vearr
H
W ii(j.
1827
412
18'.'8
.3.57
182it
371
18.>()
357
is,;i
404
1832
240 I
BritLsh,
h.
Kureigii.
Timt.
.SViiV..
72
TlMH.
7,5,!llli
8,.;os
00,,558
01
8,508
7.3, 1 2! >
ftj
8,,501
()'i,47i)
.50
7,818
70,807
■•7
]2,.387
4<>,871
2!)
4,3:52
»: M^
%
m
IV. Hum. Dock.s, Shii'i-ing, etc.
There are three conside- Je docks in iriill; occupying, inclusive of their basins, nn
•area of 'ZG acres. They are capable of .iflbrding acconnnodatioii for ab<>ut .'{I'i^liips
of the average si/e of those that frequent the j.ort. Hull is the ne,;t jmrt in the eni))ire.
after IJristc', or perhaps Liv, -nool ; for, although the customs.dnfy collected in Hull bo
inferior to that of Bristol, u having amounted, in 18lil, to only OH!),! I (J/., she has a
larger amount of shipping. In 18:3'2, there belonged to this port 5ryl registered vessels,
of the aggregate burden of (58,892 ton.s.
The i)roduce of the Ilidl dock duties, since 1824, has been as follows:
Years.
An:ount.
1824
182.5
1820
.£ s.
18,770 6
2.5,S01 10
l!),0,S!) 10
o -
VearH,
i.s:7
1828
182')
Anioitlit.
£ s.
22,381 9
18,5 «5 18
I9,li0ll 5
Years.
1830
18!1
1832
Aniouivt.
f .1.
18,5 U 1!)
22,,38li 18
10,7!l7 U
ft.
4
5
2
The dcoime in the last year was owing to the te>i>oorary falling oil" in the trade of the
port, occasioned by the cholera, and the interruption of (he intercourse with Holland.
The regulations to be ()bserved by Miips using the Hull Docks are similar to those in
llie Iliames; but the dues on most ju'lities are liiirlicr.
</.
3
<)
,0
. 7
II
li
i
7
{) 12
. Hi
- 1 1
li
(a-;ins, nti
!1'-' sliips
• fiii))irc.
Hull 1)0
10 has a
vessels,
.1. d. !
V.) 4
iH r> I
!^l '2_\
o of tllO
)ljaiiil.
tlioso ill
^
DOCKS (GOOLE — LEITII).
Tlie Jock and harbour ilia's on sliips are as follow -. —
515
Per Ton.
S. d.
1 3
From within the Baltic - - -''-
Deninariv, Sweden, Norway below Elsinorc, or any place in Oermany, Holland, Flanders, France,
to the ejist ward of Ushant, Ireland, (iucrnsey, and Jersey . . . .0 10
Westward of L'shant, without the Straits ol" (jibraltar - . - - - 1 3
West Indies, North and South America, Africa, Greenland, eastward of the north cape of Norway,
within the Straits of Gibraltar - . • - - • -19
Number of Vessels, with the Amount of their TonnaRO, entering inwards from Foreign Parts, at the Port
of Hull, each Year from IS'iO, separating British from Foreign. — [Pari. Paper, No. ixid. Sess. 18J3.)
Yfitrs.
Hriti>li.
Ki)Tt'ij:n
Years.
Uriti^li.
F
jrclgn.
Stiitis.
Tom.
Ships.
Tons,
Ships.
Tons.
Ships.
Tons.
1H20
(h
117,4.54
117
l,-.,lll
1827
982
191,3li4
8(X)
72,.>38
IHtl
r>:H
U.i,133
106
13,8l.'0
1828
881
156,925
674
60,1)82
ISW
(57'.'
1^4,999
103
14,011
1K29
883
16.i,791
603
58,8;H
IH'ii
778
153,313
C()3
2li,103
18-iO
897
lli3,l);")7
.556
51,015
l8-.;i
77fi
Ui;,t>l.'.
510
58,(i03
1K31
974
187,361
725
73,.547
1«W
1,171
2ir7,;j.i,5
1,(«X)
UK),773
1S32
7G2
140,788
45*
43,481
IH'.'ti
717
13(),(r74
854
70,137
The ixirt of Goolo has latterly drawn off some portion of the trade of Hull. A large projxirtion of the
foreign vessels frequenting the iKjrt are of small burden, and are engaged in the importation of bones,
rags, rapesecd, &c.
V. GooLE DocK.s, SmrriNG, etc.
The port of Goolo, situated on the Ouse, u little above its junction with the Ilumbcr,
about '22 nijles n.jre inland than Hull, promises to prove a formidable rival to the
latter. Ton or 12 years ago, Goole wjis but an insi.jrniiicant liamlct. It communicates
by means of canals with Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Wakefield, &c. Though so
remote from the sea, ve.s.sels drawing 15 or 16 foot of water roach G(M)Ie in safety. It
lias 2 wet docks and a l)asin. The first, or s/iip duck, is 800 feet long by 200 in
breadth. 'I'he second, or hurge dock, is f)0O foot long by 150 wide, and is intended
for the accommodation of the small craft which ply upon the canals and rivers. The
warehouses at Goole are extensive and convenient ; and it has boon admitted to the
privileges of a Imnding port. There belonged to it, in 1832, 119 registered ships, of the
burden of 8,545 tons.
VI. Leitii Docks, Smrpixc, etc.
Leith has 2 wet docks, constructed in the very be.st manner, containing more tlian 10
acres of water room, and capable of accommodating 150 such .ships as frequent the port.
'I'here arc also ti dry docks contiguous to the wet docks.
The total expense of these docks seems lO have amounted to 285,108/. sterling. Ex-
tensive improvements are at present going foward at the harbour of Leith ; lint the
mimey for this puqio.se has not been furnished by individuals, but by government, and
there is imieh reason to doubt whether the expenditure will be profitable.
The customs, duty collected at Leith in I8;51 amotmtod to 4:51,821/. ; the number of
registered vessels belonging to the port is 246, and their burden 25,629 tons.
Dock Bates at Leith are as follow ; — r„ .r„n.
4. d.
For every ship or vessel, from any [mrt between Buchannoss and Eyemouth, including the great
canal and the river Clyde, as far down as Greenock, coming by the canal - . .0 4.
.^.^— from any other port in great Britain and Ireland - . • . > 8
— — from Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holstein, Hamburgh, Bremen, Holland, and Flanders,
tliut is, without the Baltic, and no further south than Dunkirk - - . . o H)x
-^— from the Baltic, all above the Sound, Onega, Archangel, Jersey or Guernsey, Portugal
France, and Spain, without the Straits of Gibraltar, Newl'oundland, Madeira, or Western Islands' 1 1 1
from within the Straits of Gibraltar, or from America - . . .14
—^ from the West Indies, Asia, Africa, or the Cape de Verd Islands - . .IS
^— from (Jreeidand, or Davis's .Straits - - • . . -20
But if such ship or vessel shall make a second voyage, she shall be credite*! in the charge
for such se<'ond voyage - - - - . --04
For all ships and vessels (excepting those from Greenland or Davis's Straits) remaining in the
dock al)Ove 3 calendar months, for each nllcr-month, or any part (hereof - . - Ci
For all foreign vessels from any of tho bcfure-inentioncd ports or places, the aforesaid respective
rates, and one half more.
For all loadiHl vessels not breaking bulk, and for all vessels In ballast wliich do not take in goods
coming into the present harbour, provideil they do not make use of any of the docks nor
remain in the harbour above 4 weeks, one half of the aforesaid rates or duties. '
For every ship or vessel going from the i)ort of Leith to any other port in the Frith of Forth, to
take in a part of a cargo, and return to Leith, upon her return - . .-02
No ship or vessel shall be subjected in payment of the aforesaid rates and duties for more than 8
voyages in any 1 year.
P/ag, or I.iglil Due*;— Every vessel, of w h.atevcr burden, from foreign ports
of 40 tons burden and upwards, to pay fur each coasting voyage
Beacon and anchorage, per tun - - - . ' . , ° •,"
This duty is only charged upon four fifths of the register tonnage.
2 L 2
rf.
6
6
1- !'
^ h
I ,'
,516
DOG. — DRAWBACK.
■^11 if
fAi
DOG ( Fr. Chilli; Gvr. Ifitnd ; It. Cane; I-ut. Caiiis fumiliiris). Of tliis quadru-
pt'd, cmpliiitically styled " tliu triL-nd and companion of man," there is a vast varietv
of species. But to attempt to <^ive any description of an animal so well known, would
l)e <piito out of ])lace in a work of this kind ; and we mention it for the purpose
principally of layinj; the following account before our readers, with a remark or two
with respect to Asiatic dogs.
An Account of Hic \umbcr of Dogs cntcrcsl, and for which Duty was paid in Orcat Britain, in the Year
\HM ; distinguishing ttic Number of I'aclis of Hounds, and the Number of each Description of Dog,
the Kate of Duty on each, aiul the aggregate Amount paid.
Description of liof^s.
ll,it« (if IJuly.
Total Number.
Amount of Kutv.
Oroyhounds ... . . .
Pointers, hounds, setting dogs, ppanicls, terriers,
lurchers, or any other dogs, where persons keep two
or more dogs - - - - -
Other dogs ; persons kee|)ing one only
Total, exclusive of packs of hounds
Packs of hounds ....
£ S. rf.
1
OHO
8
3(>
18,192
113,J07
21!1,013
£ S. (I.
\ii,\m
7y,:3l4 18
87.fi0". 4
3;j(),51'J
68
ia-..ii2 a
2,418 U
" Many dogs are exempted, either as belonging to poor persons, or as sheep dogs on small farms.
" I'Vom the number of persons compoiniding for their taxes, it is impossible to ascertain the number
of dogs kei)t ; the account is, therefore, made out of the number assessed."
Cuvier, the great French natiir.-ilist, says, " The dog is the most complete, the most
remarkable, and the most useful conquest ever made by man : every species has heoome
our property ; each individual is altogether devoted to his master, assumes his maimers,
knows and defends his goods, and remains attached fb him until death ; and all this
I)roceeds neither from want nor constraint, hut solely from true gratitude and real
friendship. The swiftness, the strength, and the scent of the dog have created for man
a powerful aily agaii'st other animals, and were, perhaps, necessary to the establishment of
society. He ls the only animal which h.is followed man through every region of the earth."
It is singular, however, that neither Cuvier, nor any one of those by whom his statements
have been copied, should have mentioned that this account is a|)plical)le only to Lurope.
All MohaimTiedan nations regard the dog as impure, and will not touch it without an
ablution. The same is also the case with the Hindoos. From the Hellespont to the
confines of Cochin-China, dogs are unapjn'opriated, and have no master. Tliey prowl
about the towns and villages ; and tliongh they are naturally more familiar, they are in
no respect more domesticated, than the carrion crows, kites, vultures, t^vc. which assist
them in performing the functions of scavengers. In China and Cochin-Cliina, the dog
is eaten as food ; its flesh being, with the exception of that of the hog, the most common
in their markets.
The unnecessary multiplication of dogs, particularly in large cities, is a very great
nuisance : coming, as they often do, into the possession of those who are without the
means of providing for them, they are frequently left to wander about in the streets ;
and from ill usage, want of food and of proper attention, are apt, during hot weather,
to become rabid. In several districts of the metropolis the nuisance has attained to a
formidable height ; and it is singular, considering the numerous fatal occurrences tliat
have taken i>lace, that no effort should have been made to have it abated. . It has grown
to its iwesent excess, partly from too many exemptions being granted from the duty,
and partly from a want of care in its collection ; but besides lessening the number of
the former, and more rigidly enforcing the latter, it would be proper to enact that all
dogs found wandering in the streets without masters should be destroyed.
DOWN (Ger. Duiivn, Fluumfidern ; Du. Dong; Fr. Diint ; It. Peiinii matin,
riiimini ; Sp. F/ojul, PInmnzo ; Rus. Pack ; Lat. Plumw), the fine feathers from the
breasts of several birds, particularly those of the duck kind. That of the eider duck is
the most valuable. These birds pluck it from their breasts and line their nests with it.
]\Ir. Pennant says that it is so very elastic, that a (piantity of it weighing only J of an
ounce, fills a larger space than the crown of the greatest hat. That found in tjie nest
is most valued, and termed live down ; it is much more elastic than that plucked from
the dead bird, which is comparatively little esteemed. The eider duck is found on the
western islands of Scotland, but the down is principally imported from Norway and
Iceland.
DIIAGONS' BLOOD. See Balsam.
DRAWBACK, a term used in coinm-'ice to signify the remitting or paying back of
the duties ])revicusly paid on a commodity on its being exported.
A drawback is a device resorted to for enabling a commodity afTecte;! by taxes to be
exported and sold in the foreign market on tlie same terms as if it had not been faxed at
all. It differs in this from a bounty, — that the latter enables a commodity to be sold
DUBBEIl. — EARNEST.
517
Duty.
S.
ri.
U
8
+
2
u
•Sl:
abroad for less tlian its natural cost, wluToas a drawback t-nahlcs it to bo sold exactly at
its natural cost. Drawbacks, as Dr. Smith lias observed, " do not occasion the cxjiort-
ation of a j^rcatcr (juantity of goods than would have been exported had no duty been
imposed. Tliey do not tend to turn towards any particular employment a greater
share of the cajjital of the country than would go to that employment of its own
accord, but only to hinder the duty from driving away any part of that share to other
employments. They tend not to overturn that balance which naturally establishes itself
among all the various emi)k)yments of the society ; but to hinder it from being over-
turned by the duty. They tend not to destroy, but to preserve, what it is in most cases
advantageou? to i)resevve — the natural division and distribution of labour in the society."
— (Vol. ii. p. ;i5ii.)
Were it not for the system of drawbacks, it would be impossible, unless when a
country enjoyed some very pecidiar facilities of production, to export any conunodity
that was heavier taxed at home th;m abroad. IJut tlie drawback obviates this diiliculty,
and enables merchants io export commodities loaded at home with heavy duties, and to
sell them in the foreign market on the same terms as those fetched from countries where
they are not taxed.
Most foreign articles imported into this country may be warehoused for subsequent
exportation. In this case they Jiay no duties on being imjiorted : and, of course, get no
drawback on their subseiiuent exportjitioii.
Sometimes a drawback exceeds the duty or duties laid on the article ; and in such cases
the excess forms a real bounty of that amount, and should be so considered.
" It is cnai'tcd by tlie.ict ,-3 & 4 Will. 4 c. M., tliat no drawback or liouiity shall be allowed upon the ex-
portation from the t'nited Kingdom of any j;<>ods, unlc.vs siu'h goods .shall have Ik-cm entered in the name
<il' tlie person who was llii- real owiilt thereof at the time of entry and shipping, or of the person who
had aituallv purehaseil and shipjied the same, in his own name and at his own liabdity and risk, on c-om-
mi.ssion, acrordinj; to the practice of merchants, and who was and shall have rontinueil to be entitled in
his own right to snch drawback or bounty, except in tlii' rases heriin-after provided for. — ^ H().
No drawback shall be allowed upon the exportation of any good.s, unless such goods be shipped within
." years after the payment of the duties inwards thereon. Ami no debenture for any drawback or bounty
upon the exportation of any goods, shall lie paid alter the expiration of '2 years Irom the shi|imentof
.such goods ; and no drawback shall be allowed upon any goods which, by reason of danuige or decay,
shall have become of less value for home use than the amount of such ilrawback ; aiulall goods so damaged
which shall be de.ired for drawback shall be forfeited; and the person who caused such goods to be so
cleared shall forfeit 'JU)/., or treble the amount of the drawback, at the option of the eonuuissioncrs of
customs. — ^ !K).
No drawback or bounty shall l)e allowed upon goods exported and cleared .is being press-parked, imless
the ipiantities and (puilities of the same be vcritietl by oiith of the master jiacker thereof, or, in case of
his unavoidable absence, by oath of his foreman. — ^ !ij.
No gooiis cleared lor drawback or bounty, c " from any warehouses, shall be carried to be put on board
ship f<ir exportation, except by a person authoii.seil for that purpose by licence of the connuissioi.ers of
customs. — 5 "'4. — [..See Imi'diu'atio.n am) Lxi'oiiTArio.N.)
DUBBEIl, a leathern vessel, bottle, or jar, used in India to liold oil, ghee, i'i:c.
Barrels, as already observed — (see Bakkki.s), — are entirely a lun-ojiean invention.
Li(piids, in Kastern countries, are for the nu)st part jwicked for ex]iortalioii in lealiierii
ves.sels. Dubbers are made of thin untanned goat skins; and are of all sizes, from a
quart up to nearly a b:irrel.
DUNN.AGE, in commercial navigation, loose wood, consisting of jiieces of timber,
boughs of trees, faggots. Ike, laid in the bottom and against the sides of the .ship's hold,
either, 1st, by raising the cargo when she is loaded with heavy goods, to jirevent her
irom becoming too stitf — (see Baii,.\st); or, L'd, to jirevent the cargo, .should it he
susceptible of damage by water, from being injurid in the event of her becoim'ng leaky.
A ship is not reckoned seaworthy unless she lie jMovided with proper and sutlicient
diimiage. — ( Fn/coner's Murine Dktiunanj ; Abbott {Lord Tenterdvii) on the Law of Sfiii).
jiiiii/, part iii. c. ;5. )
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of
E .\ K N ]•' S'i', in conunercial law, is the sum advanced by the buyer of goods in order
to bind the seller to the terms of the agreement. It is enacted by the ITtb section of
the famous Statute of I'rauds, 1^9 t'ha. II. c. U., that " no contract for the sale of any
goods, Wiues, and merchandises, for the prices of 10/. sterling or njiwards, shall be
allowed to be good, except the buyer shall accejit part of the goods so sold, and actually
receive the same, or give something in earnest to liiiul the bargain, or in jiart |)aynient,
or that some note or memorandum in writing of the said bargain be made and signed
by the parties to be charged by such contract, or their agents thereunto lawfully au-
thorised."
As to what amounts to sullicient earnest, Blackstone lays it down, that " if any part
of the price is paid down, if it is but a jiennv, or any portion of the goods is delivered
■J I. ':;
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518
EARTHENWARE.
l)y way of earnest, it is binding." To constitute earnest, the thing must l)e given as a
token of ratification of the contract, and it shoidd be expressly stated so by the giver. —
(Chitfi/'n Ciimmcrcial Law, vol. iii. p. 289.)
E.MITIIENWARE (Ger. InUne Wauren ; Dii. Anrdegoed ; Fr. rui.sselle de tcrre,
Potn-ie ; It. SUwigitc, Ttrraylia ; Sp. Loza de harro ; llus. Gomchttsc/iniie possodii t
Pol. Gliniatiic naczi/nia), or crockery, as it is sometimes termed, comprises every sort of
household utensil made of clay hardened in the fire. Its manufacture is, in England,
of very considerable importance ; and the improvements that have been made in it since
the middle of last century have contributed powerfully to its extension, and have added
greatly to the comfort and convenience of all classes.
" There is scarcely," it has been well observed, " any manufacture which is so inter-
esting to contemplate in its gradual improvement and extension .is thiit of earthenware,
jjresenting, as it does, so beautiful a union of science and art, in furnishing us with tiie
comforts and ornaments of civilised life. Chemistry administers her part, by investi-
gating the several species of earths, and ascertaining as well their most ap|)ropriate com-
binations, as the respective degrees of heat which the several compositions rccjuirc. Art
has studied the designs of anti(]uity, and produced from tiiein vessels even more exquisite
in form than tiie models by which they liave been suggested. The ware has been pro-
vided in such gradations of quality as to suit every station from the highest to the lowest.
It is to be seen in every country, and almost in every house, through the whole extent
«)f America, in many parts of Asia, and in most of the countries of Europe. At home
it has superseded the less cleanly vessels of pewter and of wood, and, by its cheapness,
has been brought within the means of our poorest housekeepers. Formed from sub-
stances originally of no value, the fabrication ha'; induced labour of such various classes,
and created skill of such various degrees, that nearly the whole value of the annual
produce may be considered :is an addition made to the mass of national wealth. The
abundance of the ware exhibited in every dwelling-house is sufficient evidence of the vast
augmentation of the manufacture, which is also demonstrated by the rapid increase of
the population in the districts where the potteries have been established." — (^(juarterli/
Jlcriew. )
For the great and rapid extension of the manufacture we are chiefly indebted to the
late INIr. Josiah Wedgwood ; whose original and inventive genius enabled him to make
many most important discoveries in the art ; and who was equally successful in bringing
his inventions into use. The principal seat of the manufacture is in Staffordshire, where
there is a district denominated the Potteries, comprising a number of villages, and a
popidation which is supposed to amount, at this moment, to above 60,000, by far the
greater proportion of which is engaged in the manufacture. 'I'here are no authentic
accounts of the population of this district in 1760, when Mr. Wedgwood began liis
discoveries ; but the general opinion is, that it did not at that time exceed 20,01X). The
village of Etruria, in the Potteries, was built by INIr. \Vedgwood. The manufacture
has been carried on at IJurslem, in the same district, for several centuries.
The canals by wliich Staffordshire is intersected, have done much to accelerate the
progress of the manufacture. Pipe-clay from Dorsetshire and Devonshire, and flints
from Kent, are conveyed by water carriage to the places where the clay and coal abound;
and the finished goods are conveyed by the same means to the great shipping ports,
whence they are distributed over most parts of the globe.
It is estimated that the value of the various sorts of earthenware produced at the
lotteries may amoiuit to about 1,500,000/. a year ; and that the earthenware produced
at Worcester, Derby, and other parts of the country, may amount to about 750,000/.
more ; making the whole value of the manufacture 2,250,000/. a year. The consumption
of gold at the I'otteries is about 650/. a week, and of coal about «,000 tons a week.
The earthenware manufacture has increased considerably since 1814, but it is not
possible to state the exact ratio. It has been estimated at ^ for the porcelain, 3 for the
i)est earthenware, and at ^ or ^ for the common or cream-coloured ware. The prices of
the different sorts of earthenware are siiid to have fallen 20 per cent, during the last 15
years. Wages have not fallen in the same projiortion ; but we are assured that a workman
can, at tfie present day, produce about four times the (piantity he did in 1790. -r- (This
article has been prepared from information obtained at tlie Potteries, obligingly com-
municated by James Ix)ch, Esq. M. P.)
The real value of the earthenware exported from Great Britain to foreign countries
during the G years ending with 1832, according to the declarations of the exporters, was
as follows : —
.€ s. It.
iV,Hn 17 8
iW,lUi (i (i
1827
1828
IH'iit
- 4(".1,710
1K,T0
18J1
sC
n.
d.
- 4,'5!),ritif)
19
2
- 4.".S,!ir>.1
11
11
- 48!VI8()
17
7
Tiie foreign demand for earthenware has increased consideralily since 1 815. The
exports to South America, Cuba, and other d-ikvant Spanish colonics, have been largely
f
,A
mm
EAST INDIA COiMPANY.
519
incrcasi'd. Rut, notwitlistanding tliis iucivase, the I'nitcil States continues to l)e by far
the best market for Hritisli ojirtlienware. Of tlie entire value exported in I8:!l, amouiU-
in<; to '15S,QI>.')1., the exjiorts to tlie l.'nited States amounted to no less than 2.5.), 15!)/.
The markets next in importanee are Hrazil, the British North American and West Indinn
colonics, (uha, Germany, the Netherlands, &c. We have been assured that it is necessary
to add j to the declared value of the exports, to get tlieir true value.
EAST INDIA {X)M1*ANY, a famous association, originally established for jiro-
secuting the trade lieween England and India, which tliey acqinred a right to carry on
exclusively. Since the middle of last century, however, the Company's political have
become of more importiuice than their commercial concerns.
East Indiks, a poinilar geograpliical term not very well defmed, l)ut generally
iniderslood to signify the continents and islands to the east and south of the river
Indus, as far as the borders of China, including Timor and the IVIoIuccas, but excluding
the l'hiliii)>ino Islands, New Ciuinea, and New Holland. China and the Philippine
Islands were, however, included within the limits of the East India Company's peculiar
privileges.
I. East India Comtwnv (ITistortcai. Sketch of).
If. East Inmiia Cojitany (Constitution of).
III. East Indiks (State of Sociktv in, guowino Dejiand roii ENtii.isH Goods,
Trade, (Colonisation, etc.).
IV. East Indies (Extent, Poi'ii.ation, Military Force, Uevenue, etc. or
British).
' I <1
I
I. East India Company (Historical Sketch of).
The persevering efforts of the Portuguese to discover a route to India, by sailing
round Africa, were crowned with success in 1497. And it may appear singular, that,
notwithstanding the exaggerated accounts that had been prevalent in Euroi)e, from the
remotest antiijuity, witli respect to tlie wealth of India, and the imiiortance to which
the commerce with it had raised the Pha'nicians and Egyptians in antiquity, the \'e-
netians in the middle ages, and which it was then seen to confer on the I'ortuguese, the
latter should have been allowed to monopolise it for nearly a century after it had been
turned into a channel accessible to every nation. But the prejudices by wliicli
the people of most European states were actuated in the sixteenth century, ami the ])i>-
cidiar circumstances under which they were placed, hindered them from embarking
Avitli that alacrity and ardour that might have been expected in this new commercial
career. Soon after the I'ortuguese began to pro.secute their discoveries along the coast
of .Africa, they applied to the pope for a bull, securing to them the exclusive right to
and ])ossession of all countries cK'ciii)ied l)y infidels, they either had discovered, or
might discover, to the south of Cajjc Non, on the west coast of Africa, in 'J7" 54'
north latitude: and the pontilf, desirous to dis])lay, and at the same time to extend,
bis power, immediately issued a bull to this eUect. Nor, preposterous ;is a proceeding
of this sort would now appear, did any one then doubt that the pope had a right to issue
such a bull, and that all states and empires were bound to obey it. In consequence,
the Portuguese were, for a lenglhened period, allowed to prosecute their coiujuests in
Jiidia without the interference of any other European power. And it was not till
a considerable )>erlod after the beginning of the war, which the blind and !)rutal bigotry
of Pliilip II. kindled in the Low Countries, that the Dutch navigators began to display
their Hag on the Eastern Ocean, and laid the foundations of their Indian empire.
The desire to com])ly with the injunctions in the jiope's bidl, and to avoid coming
into collision, first with the Portuguese, and snbseciuently with the Spaniards, who
had concpiered Portugal in 1580, seems to have l)een the |)rincipal cause that led the
English to m;ike repeated attemjjts, in the reigns of Henry \TII. and Edward VI., and
the early [lart of the reign of Eliza!)etli, lo discover a route to India l)y a north-west
or north-east passage ; channels fioin which the Portuguese would have had no pretence
for excluding them. But tlicse attempts having proved unsuccessful, and the jjope's
bull having ceased to be of any eiVect in this country, the English merchants and navi-
gators resolved to be no longer deterred by the imaginary rights of the Portuguese from
directly entering ujion what was then reckoned by far the most lucrative and advan-
tageous branch of commerce. C;q>tain Stephens, who performed the voyage in 1582,
was the fu'st Englishman who sailed to India by the Cape of Good IIo])e. The voyage
of the tamous Sir Erancis Drake contributed greatly to diiruse a spirit of naval enter-
prise, and lo render the I'.nglish belter ac(|u;unted with the newly opened route to India.
Bui tlif voyage of the celebratcil .Mr. Thomas Cavendi.sh was, in the hitter resiiect, the
2 I- 4
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520
EAST INDIA COiMPANY.
tm
1!
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most important. Cavendish sailed from England in a little squadron, fitted out at his
own expense, in July, 15S6 ; and having explored the greater part of the Indian Ocean,
as far as tlie I'liilippine Islands, and carefully observed the most important and charac-
teristic features ot the peojjle and countries which he visited, returned to England,
after a prosperous navigation, in September, 1588. Perhaps however, nothing con-
tributed so much to inspire the English with a desire to embark in the Indian trade, as
the cai)tures that were made, about this period, from the Spaniards. A Portuguese
East India ship, or carrack, capture<l by Sir Francis Drake, during his expedition to
the coast of Spain, inflamed the cupidity of the merchants by the richness of her cargo,
at the same time that the jjapers found on board gave specific information resjiecting
the trattic in which she had been engaged. A still more importjuit capture, of the same
.sort, was made in 159IJ. An armament, fitted out for the East Indies by Sir Walter
Raleigh, and commanded by Sir John Uorroughs, fell in, near the .Azores, with tlie
largest of all the Portuguese carracks, a shij) of 1,600 tons burden, carrying 700 men
and ;)6' brass cannon ; and, after an obstinate conflict, carried her into Dartmouth. She
was the largest vessel that had been seen in England ; and her cargo, consisting of
gold, spices, calicoes, silks, pearls, drugs, porcelain, ivory, &c., excited tlie ardour of the
Englisli to engage in so opulent a commerce.
in consequence of these and other concurring causes, an association was formed in
London, in 1599, for prosecuting the trade to India. The adventurers applied to the
ijueen for a charter of incorporation, and also for power to exclude all other English
subjects, who had not obtained a licence from them, from carrying on any species of
trafiic beyond the Cape of Good Hope or the Straits of Magellan. As exclusive
companies were then very generally looked upon as the best instruments for prosecuting
most branches of commerce and industry, the adventurers seem to have had little dith-
culty in obtaining their charter, which was dated tlie Slstof December, lo'OO. The cor-
poration was entitled, " The Governor and Company of 3Ierchants of London trading
into the East Indies:" the first governor (Thomas Smythe, Esq.) and 24 directors
were nominated in the charter ; but power was given to the Company to elect a deputy
governor, and, in future, to elect tiieir governor and directors, and such other otHce-
hearers as they might think fit to appoint. Tiiey were empowered to make by-laws ;
to inflict punishments, cither corporal or pecuniary, provided such punishments were in
accordance with the laws of England ; to export all sorts of goods free of duty for 4
years ; and to export foreign coin, or bullion, to the amount of 30,000/. a year, 6',000/. of
the same being previously coined at the mint ; but they were obliged to import, within
6' months after the completion of every voyage, except the first, the same quantity of
silver, gold, and foreign coin that they had exported. The duration of the cliarter w.os
limited to a period of 15 years; but with and under the conditicm that, if it were not
found for the public advantage, it might be cancelled at any time upon '2 years' notice
being given. Such w.-is the origin of the British East India Company, — the most
celebrated commercial association either of ancient or modern times, and which has now
extended its sway over the whole of the Mogul empire.
It might have been expected that, after the charter was obtained, considerable eager-
ness would have been manifested to engage in the trade. But such was not the ease.
Notwithstanding the earnest calls and threats of the directors, many of the adventurers
could not be induced to coinc forward to pay their proportion of the charges incident
to the fitting out of the first expedition. And as the directors seem either to have
wanted power to enforce their resolutions, or thought it better not to exercise it, they
formed a subordinate association, consisting of such members of the Company as were
really willing to defray the cost of the voyage, and to bear all the risks and losses at-
tending it, on condition of their having the exclusive right to whatever profits iniglit
arise from it. And it was by such subordinate associations that the trade was conducted
during the first 1;} years of the Company's existence.
The first expedition to India, the cost of which amounted, ships and cargoes included,
to 6'9,09l/., consisted of 5 ships, the largest being 600 and the smaller 1:50 tons burden.
The goods put on board were principally bullion, iron, tin, broad cloths, cutlery, glass,
&c. The chief command was intrusted to Captain James Lancaster, who had already
Iwen in India. They set sail from Torbay on the l.'5th of February, 1601. Ueing
very imperfectly accjuainted with the seas and countries they were to visit, they did not
arrive at their destination, Acheen in Sumatra, till the 5th of June, 1602. Hut though
tedious, the voyage was, on the whole, uncommonly prosperous. Lanc.ster entered
into commercial treaties with the kings of Acheen and Hantam ; and having taken on
board a valuable cargo of pepper and other produce, he was fortunate enough, in his
way home, to fall in with and capture, in concert with a Dutch vessel, a Portuguese
carrack of 900 tons burden, riclily laden. I«uicaster returned to the Downs on the
J 1th of September, 160;$. — (A/oi/tr/i Uiiirir.sal Ilixtori/, \o\. x. p. 16.; Mnrphcrson's
Commerce nf the European Powers with India, p. 81.)
\:f
EAST INDIA COMPANY.
521
But notwithstanding the favournblc result of tlils voyage, the expeditions fitted out
in the years immediately following, though sometimes eonsisting of larger ships, were
not, at an average, niaterially inere.ised. In Kil'i, Captain IJest obtained from the
court at Delhi several considerahle jjrivileges; and, amongst others, that of establishing
a factory at Surat ; which city was, henceforth, looked upon as the principal Ijritisli
station in the west of India, till the acfjuisition of Homl)ay»
In establishing factories in India, the English only followed the exami)Ie of the
Portuguese and Dutch. It was cimtended, that they were necessary to serve as dipCts
for the goods collected in the country for exportation to Europe, as well as for those
imported into India, in the event of their not meeting with a ready market on the arrival
of the ships. Such establishments, it was admitted, are not requireciin civilised countries ;
hut the peculiar and unsettled state of India was said to render them indispensable there.
Whatever weight may be attached to this statement, it is obvious that factories f(;rnied
for such i)uri)oses could hardly fail of sjieedily degenerating into a species of forts. The
security of the valuable property deposited in them, furnished a sjjecious j)retext (or put-
ting tiieni in a ciMidition to withstand an attack, while the agents, clerks, warehousemen,
fiv. foiiiied a sort of garrison. I'osscssing such strong holds, the Europeatis were early
eiuholdtned to act in a manner quite inconsistent with tl ir character as merchants; and
but a very short time elapsed before they began to form schemes for monopolising the
conuneree of particular districts, and ac(|uiring territorial dominion.
Though the Company met with several heavy losses (luring the earlier part of their
trallie with India, from shipwrecks and other imforeseen accidents, and still more from
the hostility of the Dutch, yet, on the whole, the trade was decidedly profitable. There
can, however, be little doubt, that their gains, at this early period, have lieen very much
exaggerated. During the first 1;5 years, tliey are said to lijive amounted to in2 percent.
Ihit then it should be borne in mind, as ]\Ir. (Jrant has justly stated, that the voyages
were seldom accomplished in less than 30 months, and sometimes extended to '.\ or 4
years; and it should further lie remarked, that on the arrival of the ships at home, the
cargoes were disposed of at long credits of 18 months or 'J years ; and that it was fre-
quently even G or 7 years before the concerns of a single voyage were finally adjusted. —
( Sketch of the Ilistori/ of the Conipani/, p. 1.'3.) When these circmnstances are taken into
view, it will immediately l)e seen that the Company's profits were not, rcnlly, by any
means so great as has been represented. It may not, however, be tniinstrutfive to remark,
that the principal complaint that was then made against the Company did not proceed
so much on the circumstance of its charter excluding the public from any share in an
advantageous trafhc, as in its authorising the Company to export gold and silver of the
value of ;iO,(XX)/. a year. It is true that the charter stipidnted that the Company should
inqjort an equal quantity of gold and silver within 6 months of the termination of every
voyage : but the enemies of the Company contended that this condition was not C(mi|>lie(l
Avith ; and that it was, besides, Iiighly injurious to the public interest, and cuntrnrij to all
principle, to allow gold and silver to be sent out of the kingdom. The merchants and
others interested in the su])port of the Com])any coidd not controvert the reasoning of
their oiqionents, without openly imi)ugning the ancient policy of absolutely |)revciiting
tlie exportation of the precious metals. They did not, however, venture to contend, if the
idea really occurred to them, that the exportation of bullion to the East was advantageous,
on the broad ground of the commodities purchased by it being of greater value in Eng-
land. Hut they contended that the exportation of bullion to India was advantageous,
because the conunodities thence imported were chiefly re-exported to other eouiifrics from
which a much greater quantity of bullion was obtained than had been required to pay
for them in Indiiu Mr. Thomas Mun, a director of the East India Conqjany, and the
ablest of its early advocates, ingeniously compares the operations of the merchant in con-
ducting a trade carried on by the exportation of gold and silver to the seed time and
harvest of agriculture. " If we only behold," says he, " the actions of the husbandman
in the seed time, M'hen he casteth away much good corn into the ground, we shall account
him rather a madmiui than a husbandman. liut when we consider his labours in the
harvest, which is the end of his endeavours, we find the worth and plentiful increase of
liis actions." — ( Treasure by Foreii/n Tntde, p. 50. ed. 1664.)
We may here remark, that what has been called the mercitntile system of political
ccoiumiy, or that system which measures the progress of a country in the career of
nealth by the supposed balance of payments in its favour, or by the estimated excess of
the value of its exports over that of its imports, appears to have originated in the excuses
now set up for the exportation of bullion. Previously to this epoch, the policy of pro-
hibiting the exportation of bullion had been universally admitted ; hut it now began to
be pretty generally allowed, that its exportation might he productive of advantage,
provided it occasioned the subsequent exjiortation of a greater amount of raw or manu-
factured products to countries whence bullion was obtained for them. This, when
I'onqiared with tlie previously existing prejudice — for it hardly deserves the name of
ir,r
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522
EAST INDIA COMPANY.
system — wliicli wliolly intcrdictud tlie exportation of f^oUl ami silver, must l>e alloweil to
be a considerable step in the progress to sounder ojiinioiis. Tiii; muxini, cc n\st i/nr Ic
premier pas rjiii coute, was strikinj^ly verided on this occasion. The advocates of tlie
i'ast India Company began gradually to assume i higher tone, and, at length, boldly
contended that bullion was nothing but a commodity, and that its exportation ouglit to
1)0 rendered as free as that of any thing else. Nor were these opinions conlined to the
partners of the East India Company. They were gradually communicated to others ;
and many eminent merchants were taught to look with suspicion on several of the
previously received dogmas with respect to commerce, and were, in consecpience, led to
ac(|uire more correct and comprehensive views. The new ideas idtimately made their
way into the House of Commons; and, in 1GC3, the stiitutes prohibiting the exportation
of foreign coin and bullion were repealed, and full liberty given to the East India Com-
jjany and to ])rivate traders to export them in unlimited quantities.
IJut the objection to the East India Company, or rather the East India trade, on the
ground of its causing the exportation of gold and silver, admitted of a more direct and
conclusive, if not a more ingenious reply. IIow compendious soever the ancient inter-
course with India by the lied Sea and the iMediterranean, it was unavoidably attended
with a good deal of expense. The productions of the remote parts of Asia, brought to
Ceylon, or the ports on the Malabar coast, by the natives, were there jnit on board the
ships which arrived from the Arabic gulf. At Ucrenice they were landed, and carried
by camels 250 miles to the banks of the Nile. They were there again embarked, and
conveyed down the river to Alexandria, whence they were despatched to dillerent markets.
The addition to the price of goods by such a multiplicity of operations must have been
considerable ; more especially as the price charged on each o])eration was lixed liy mo-
nopolists, subject to no competition or control. Pliny says, that tlie cost of the Arabian
and Indian products brought to Rome when he flourished (A. U. 70.), was iiicre.ised a
hundred fold by the expenses of transit — (Hint. Xnt, lib. vi. c. 'J3. ) ; but there can bo
little or no doubt that this is to be regarded as a rhetorical exaggeration. — (See nnfr,
p. 18.) There are good grounds for thinking that the less bulky sorts of Eastern pro-
ducts, such as silk, spices, balsams, precious stones, Sec, which were those i)rincipally
made use of at Rome, might, supposing there were no political obstacles in the way, be
conveyed from most parts of India n the ports on the ^lediterranean by way of Egypt,
at a decidedly cheaper rate than they could be conveyed to them by the Cape of (jood
Hope.
But at the period when the latter route to India began to be frequented, Syria,
Egypt, &c. were occupied by Turks and Mamelukes ; l)arbarians who despise<l commerce
and navigation, and were, at the same time, extremely jealous of strangers, especially of
Christians or infidels. The price of the commodities obtained through the intervention
of such persons was necessarily very much enhanced ; and the discovery of the route by
the Cape of Good Hope was, consequently, of the utmost importance ; for, by putting
an end to the monopoly enjoyed by the Turks and 3Iamelukes, it introduced, for the first
time, something like competition into the Indian trade, and ena!)led the western parts of
Europe to obtain supplies of Indian jjrodncts for about a third jiart of what they had
previously cost. Mr. Mun, in a tract published in IG'Jl, estimates the quantity of Indian
commodities imported into Europe, and their cost when bought in Aleppo and in India,
as follows : —
Cost of bidian commotlitics consumed in Europe wliiMi bouglit in Alopiw (or Alexandria).
(i,(HK),000 11)5. pepper cost, with charges, i*ic. at Alojipo, 2s. per lb. ... CiOO.OnO
4."i(),(KM) lbs. cloves, at k*. IV/. ...... l(li;,S7") K)
l.OO.tKKl lbs. mace, at4.v. iW. ..-.-. ;r>,(Kii (I
Ki(i,(H»0 lbs. nutmegs, at !J,v. 4(/. .... . . 4<'),iii>(i 2 4
:;.'ill,()0(l ll)s. indigo, at 44'. id. ..... 7;>,H.>:5 li S
l,UOt),000 lbs. Persian raw silk, at 12«. . - - . . ftMVKK) (i
j£l,ui.'>,m) 111
liut tlic same quantities of the same commodities cost, when buugbt in the East Indies, arrordiiiK ><>
Mr. Muti, as follows; —
(i,(Ki(),n(i() Ib.s. pepper, at O^rf. peril). . - . .
4'i0,''"ll lbs. cloves, ;il !W. .....
1,')(),(K)0 lbs. mace, at 8(/. .....
•HKI.(Ki<) lbs. nutmegs, at Ut. - • - •
;!.')0,(IIKI lbs. indigo, at 1». L';? . . . -
•,UOO,UO(Jlbs. raw silk, atSi. ......
.£
*.
d.
(iC-ioo
ii;,.s7.'i
(1
,'">,( HX)
li,l!(ii;
l:i
4
21 1,4 1 (i
1-2
4
4(K),(K)0
I)
^r.ii,4,-.8
Which being deducted from the former, leaves a balance of 9.');3,512Z. I'.ls. 4(1. And
supposing that the .statements made by Mr. ISItni are correct, and that allowance is niatlo
fi>r the difFerence between the freight from Aleppo and India, the result would indicate
the saving which the discovery of the route by the I'apc of (.!ood Hope oceasioned in
/
EAST INDIA COMPANY.
523
!)0
.'> S
llic piirc'liase of llie aliovo-nu'iitioiU'd ai'ticlos. — (,/ nisroumcof Tni<h- frcm Knylaml to
Ihf. Kitst /nilicn, l)y '1". M., original cd. p. 10. This tract, wliicli is very scarco, is rc-
priiilc'd ill Piirclias's Piljriims. )
In the same i)ul)licati()ii (p. :57.), Mr. Mun infornis us that, from itie hepinningof the
Company's trade to July, IC>'20, they had sent 79 ships to India; of which ;i 1 had conio
homo safely aid richly laden, 4 had been worn out by long service in India, *2 had hcen
lost in careening, G had lieen lost by the perils of the sea, aiul 12 had been captured by
the Dutch. ]Mr. Mun further states, that the exports to India, since the formation of
the Company, had amounted to 8-IO,!!7o7. ; that the produce brought from India had
cost ;!.'5(;,'_'X8/., and had producid here the enormous sum of l,01f,fiOt)/. ; that the quarrels
with the Dutch had occasioned a loss of 81,088/. ; and that the stjck of the Company,
in shi|)s, goods in India, &c., amounted to '100,000/.
The hostility of the Dutch, to which Mr. IVIun has here alluded, was long a very for-
midable obstacle to the Company's success. Tiie Dutch early endeavoured to obtain the
exclusive ])ossession of the spice trade, and were not at all scrupulous about the means
by which they attempted to bring about this their favourite object. The English, on
their i)art, naturally exerted themselves to ol)tain a share of so valuable a commerce ; and
as neither party was disposed to abandon its views and pretensions, the most violent
animosities grew up between them. In this state of things, it would be ridiculous to
sui)pose that unjustifiable acts were not conunittod by the one party as well as the other;
though the worst act of the English appears venial, when compared with tlie conduct of
the Dutch in the massacre at Aniboyna, in IG'2'J. While, however, the Dutch Comjjany
was vigorously sujijjorted by the government at home, the English Comjiany luet wiili
no eflicient assistance from the I'ceble and vacillating policy of James aiul Charles. The
Dutch either despised their remonstrances or defeated them by an apparent comjjliance ;
so that no real rej)aration was obtained for the outrages they had committed. During
(he civil war, Indian affairs were necessarily lost ^ight of; and the Dutch continued,
imtil the ascendancy of the republican party had been established, to reign triumphant
in tlie East, where the English commerce was nearly annihilated.
IJut notwithstanding their depressed condition, the Comi)any's servants in India laid
the foundation, during the jieriod in question, of the settlements at Madras and in Bengal.
Permission to build Port St. George was obtained from the native authorities in KMO.
In lfi5S, Madras was raised to the station of a presidency. In 164.), the Company
began to establish factories in Bengal ; the principal of which was at Ilooghly. These
were, for a lengthened period, subordinate to the jiresidency at IMadras.
No sooner, however, had the civil wars terminated, than the arms and councils of
Cromwell retrieved the situation of our alTairs in India. The war which broke out
between the long parliament <ind the Dutch, in IGa'J, was eminently injurious to the
latter. In the treaty of peace, concluded in 1654, it was stipulated that indemnification
should be made by the Dutch for the losses and injuries sustained by the ICnglish mer-
chants and factors in India. The 'J7th article bears, " that the Lords, the states-general
of the United I'rovinces, shall take care that justice be done tipon those who were par-
takers or accomplices in the massacre of the English at Amboyna, as the reimblic of
England is pleased to term that f;u;t, provided any of them be living." A commissiou
was at the same time appointed, conformably to another article of the treaty, to in(|uire
into the ret "'irocal claims which the subjects of the contracting ])arties had upon each
other for losstj sustained in Indict, Brazil, &c. ; and, upon their decision, the Dutch paid
the sum of 85,000/. to the East India Company, and '.\.Gl 51. to the heirs or executors of
the sufl'erers at Amboyna. — (Dnirc's Annuls, vol. i. p. *189. )
» The charter under which the East India Company ])rosecuted their exclusive trade to
Iiulia, being merely a grant from the Crown, and not ratified by any <'ict of ])ar1iament,
was understood by the merchants to be at an end when Charles I. was deposed. They
were confirmed in this view of the matter, from the circumstance of Charles having him-
self granted, in \G^5, a charter to Sir William Courten and others, authorising tliem to
trade with those parts of India with which the Company had not established any regular
intercourse. The reasons alleged in justificaticm of this measure, by the Crown, were,
that " the East India Comi>any had neglected to establish fortified tiictories, or seats of
trade, to which the king's subjects could resort with safety ; that they had consulted
their own interests only, without any regard to the king's revenue ; and, in general, that
they had broken the condition on which their charter and exclusive privileges had been
granted to them." — (^Rym. Fccdera, vol. xx. p. I'lfJ. )
Courten's association, for the foundation of which such satisfactory reasons had l)ecn
assigned, continued to trade with India during the remainder of Charles's reign ; ami
no sooner had the arms of the Commonwealth forced the Dutch to desist from their de-
predations, and to make reparation for the injuries they luid inflicted on the English in
India, than private adventurers engaged in great numbers in the Indian trade, and carried
it on with a zeal, economy, and 'success, thai monopoly can never exiiect to rival. It is
(I. ;
i.
t •'
■'liA
( ;
\ '
524
EAST INDIA COMPANY.
I
,r ^11
)
.'ii;
.11 '
<>tatuil in a littlo work, cntitlud Britanniu I.ani/uen.i, ptiblislu-d in 1680, tlio author (if
wliich has evidently hocn a wt'll-infornicd and intolligunt person, tliut during the yi'iirs
lfi53, IG.'j'l, 1G55, and Ifj.'Jf;, when the trade to India was open, tiie private traders iin-
|>urted East India commodities in sueh large (jnantitieN, and sold tlieni at such reduced
prices, tliat they not only fully sup])lied tlie liritibli markets, hut had even come into
successful competition with the Dutch in the market of Amsterdam, " and very much
sunk the actions (shares) of the Dutdi East India Company." — (p. 13'J. ) This cir-
cumstance naturally excited the greatest ap])reheasions on the part of the Dutch (,'om-
l)any ; for, l)esides the <langer that they now ran of lieing deprived, hy the active
competition of the English merchants, of a considerable part of the trade which they
'had previously enjoyed, they could hardly exj)cct that, if the trade were thrown ojien in
England, the monopoly would he allowed to continue in Holland. A striking proof
t)f what is now stated is to he found in a letter in the tliird volume of Tfiurluw's Stale
Viipers, (luted at the Hague, the IJtli of January, lf)."l, where it is said, that "the mer-
chants of Amsterdanj have advice that the Lord Protector intends to dissolve the East
India Company at liOndon, and to declare the navigation and commerce of tlie East
Indies free and open ; which doth cause great jealousy at Amsterdam, as a tliiiKj that
will very much prejudice the Edst India Comixiny in Jlnlhind."
Feeling that it was impossible *'j contend with the private adventurers under a system
of fair competition, the momct . the treaty with the Dutch had been concluded, the
Company began to solicit a renewal of their charter ; but in this they were not only
oj)posed by the free traders, but by a part of themselves. To understand how this hap-
pened, it may be proper to mention that Courten's association, the origin of which has
been already noticed, had begun, in 1648, to found a colony at As.suda, an island near
Madagascar. The Company, alarmed at this project, a])j)lied to the council of state to
prevent its being carried into elTect]; and the council, without entering on the (luestion
of either party's rights, recommended to them to form a union ; which was accordingly
elfected in 164.0. 13ut the union was, for a considerable time, rather nominal than real ;
and when the Dutch war had been put an end to, most of those holders of the Company's
stock who had belonged to Courten's association joined in petitioning the council of state
tliat the trade might in future be carried on, not by a joint stock, but by a ret/nlated
company; so that each individual engaging in it might be allowed to emjiloy his own
.stock, serTants, and shipping, in whatever way he might conceive most for his own ad-
vantage. — (Petition of Adventurers, 17th of Nov. 1656; />'' 's Annals, vol. i. ji. 518.)
This proposal was obviously most reasonable. The i. \ any had always founded
their claim to a monopoly of the trade on the alleged gromul of its being necessary to
maintain forts, factories, and ships of war in India ; and that as this was not done by
government, it could only be done by a Company. Hut, by forming the traders with
India into a regulated company, they might have been subjected to whatever rules were
considered most advisiible ; and such .special duties might have been laid on the commo-
dities they exported and imported, as would have sufliced to defray the public expenses
required for carrying on the trade, at the same time that the inestimable advantages of
free competition would have been secured ; each individual trader being left at liberty to
conduct his enterprises, subject only to a few general regulations, in his own way and
for his own advantage. — (See Companies.)
Uut notwithstanding the efforts of the petitioners, and the success that was clearly
proved to have attended the operations of the private traders, the Company succeeded in
obtaining a renewal of their charter from Cromwell in 1657. Charles II. confirmed
this clhirter in 1661 ; and at tlie same time conferred on them the power of making peace
or war with any power or people not of the Christian reliyion; of estal)lisliing fortifica-
tions, garrisons, and colonies; of exporting ammunition and stores to their settlements
duty free ; of .seizing and sending to England such British subjects as should be found
trading to India without their leave ; and of exercising civil and criminal jurisdiction in
their .settlements, according to the laws of England. Still, however, as this charter was
not fully confirmed by any act of parliament, it did not jjrevent traders, or interlojicrs
as they were termed, from appearing within the limits of the Company's territories. 'I'he
energy of private commerce, which, to use the words of Mr. Orme, "sees its drift with
eagles' eyes," formed associations at the risk of trying the consetjuence at law, being safe
at the outset, and during the voyage, since the Company were not authorised to st()[) or
seize the ships of those who thus atteinpted to come into competition with them. Hence
their monopoly w;is by no means complete ; and it was not till after the Uevolution,
4md when a free system of government had been established at home, that, by a singular
contradiction, the authority of parliament was interposed to enable the Company wholly
to engross the trade with the East.
In addition to the losses arising from this source, the Company's trade suffered
severely, during the reign of Charles II., from the hostilities that were then waged with
the Dutch, and from the eonfusion and disorders caused by contests f.mong the native
vn
I
EAST INDIA COMPANY.
525
princes; but in lfif78, the Company obtained n very vnlniible acquisition in the isloiul of
Uonibay. I'haries 11. iicquired this island as a part of tlie niarria-^o portion of liis
wife, ("atharine of Portugal ; and it was now made over to the Coinjiany, on condition
of their not sellin;; or alienating it to any persons whatever, except sneh as were subjects
of the IJritish crown. They were nllowfd to lej^islate for their new jiossession ; hut it
was enjoined that their laws sliould l)e consonant to reason, and " as near as inijjlit be"
ai^reeable to the practice of England. They were mithorised to maintain their dominion
l)y force of arms; and the natives of Honihay were declared to have the same lilierties as
natural born subjects. The Company's western presidency was soon after transfcmd
from Snrat to Homliay.
In KiO't, the I'rench East India Company was formed; and 10 years afterwards they
laid the foundation of their settlement at Pondicherry.
Hut the reif^n of Charles II. is chiefly memorable in the Company's annals, from its
beiuf^ the era of the connnencement of the tea trade. The first notice of tea in the
Company's records is found in a despatch, addressed to their ajjent at liantam, dated
'J4th of January, 1()()7-H. in which he is desired tosend home 100 lbs. of tea, " the best he
can get." — (Jlrna's Aiiiuih, vol. ii. p. 'JIO. ) Such was the late and feeble beginning of
the tea trade; a branch of innmerce that has long been of vast importance to the
iiritish nation ; and without which, it is more than probable that the East India
Com))any would long since have ceased to exist, at least as a mercantile body.
In 1( 77, the Company obtained a fresh renewal of their charter; receiving at the same
time an indemnity for all past misuse of their privileges, and authority to establish u
mint at Hombay,
During the greater part of the reigns of Charles II. and James II., the Company's
affairs at home were i)rincii)ally managed by tlie celebrated Sir .losiah Child, the al>lest
connnercial writer of the time; and in India, by his brother Sir John Child. In Id'HI,
.Sir .losiah published an ajiology for the Company, under the signature of "friAoTroTpij — " A
'I'reatise wherein is demonstrated that the East India Trade is the most National wf all
Foreign Trades : " in which, besides endeavouring to vindicate the Comjjany from the
ol)jections that had l)een made against it, he gives an .account of its slate at the time.
Eroin thisaccotmt it apjiears tliat tlie Conijiany consisted of .'j.'jG partners; that they had
from \'>5 to ;50" ships, of from 775 to 1(X) tons, emi)loyed in the trade !)efweei\ England
and India, and from jiort to jjort in India — (p. 2:i.); that the custom duties upon the
trade amounted to about (;0,(X)0/. a year ; and tliat the value of the exports, " in lead, tin,
cloth, and stufl's, and other connnodities of the production and manufacture of England,"
amounted to about ()(),0()0/. or 7(),0(K)/. a year. .Sir Josiah seems to have been struck,
as he well might, by the inconsiderable amomit of the trade ; and he therefore dwells
on the advantages of which it was indirectly productive, in enal)ling us to obtain supplies
of raw silk, |)epper, &c. at a much lower price than they would otherwise have fetched.
Hut this, though true, proved nothing in favour of the Company ; it being ar. admitted
fact, that tliose articles were furnished at a still lower price by the inti rlopers or private
traders.
Sir Josiah Child was one of the first who projected the formation of a territorial empire
in India. IJnt the expedition fitted out in I(j80', in the view of aecom])lisliing this pur-
pose, ])roved unsuccessful ; and the Comjiany were glad to accejjt ])eace on the terms
offered by the JNIogul. Sir .John Child, having died during the course of these
transactions, was succeeded in the princijial inanagemcnt of the ('omjiany's affairs in
India by JMr. Vaux. On the a])pointnient of the latter, .Sir Josiah Child, to whom ho
owed his advancement, exhorted him to act with vigour, and to carry whatever instruc-
tions he might receive from home into immediate effect. Mr. Vaux returned for .answer
that he shoidd endeavour to acquit himself with integrity and justice, and that he would
m;ike the laws of his country the rule of his conduct. Sir Josiah Child's answer to this
letter is curious : — " lie told Mr. Vaux roundly that he expected bis orders wuri: to
be his rules, and not the laws of England, which were a heap of nonsense, compiled
by a few ignorant country gentlemen, who hardly knew how to make laws for the
good government of their own private families, much less for the regtdating of coni-
))anies and foreign commerce." — (Ilamillon's Nctu Account of t/ie East luilivs, vol. i.
p. 'J;?'.'.)
During the latter part of the reign of Charles II., and that of his successor, the num-
ber of private .advent lu'ers, or interlo))ers, in the Indian trade, incrciised in an lunisual
ilegree. The Company vigorously exerted themselves in defence of what they conceived
to he their rights; and the cpiestion with respect to the validity of the i)owers conferred
on them by their charter was at length brought to issue, by a prosecution carried on at
their instance against Mr. Thomas Sandys, for trading to the East Indies without their
licence. .ludgnient w.as given in favour of the Com]iany in 168,'). I5ui this decision
was ascribed to corrupt influence; and instead of allaying, only served to increase the
clamour figainst them. The meeting of the (."onventii)n Parliament gave the ('(mipany's
■( J
^ '.
' • i
r,:
I' fi(
i"'!;!
il
t- \
I «:!'
;!fi
iU
:l
4
10: %
526
KAST INDIA CO\U»ANY.
I I :
oi>|it>iU'nts In)i)i's of II Kiit'ci'ssriil issue ti» tluir fllorts ; iiml li:i(l (lioy lu'on uiiiffd, tlioy
iiiij;li( |ir(il)al)ly liavo Miococdcil. 'I'liijr (i|iiiii()iis wi-iv, liowovfr, dividi'il — part iK'iiij^
fur llirnwin^ tliu trade opi'i), mid |Kirt for tlic foriiiatioii of n now coinpniiy on a more
liberal footiii^r. i'lie latter lieiii}^ foniied iiitii a body, and actiii;; in tniisoii, the strn;;;r|e
against liie Company was einefly carried on \>y tliem. The proceedings that took place
on this occasion are amonj^st the most disjrracefid in the history of the country. The
most open and unhlusliini^ (•(jrrnptioii was |)ractised l>y all i)artic8. — " // uuis, in furl, u
trial which sidt: nhniild hriln; the /ii(/hiiit ; /mlilir aulhitrily iiulininij to one. or other ii» the
irrenistihle force of ijnlil dircctcil." — (Moilrrri Universal Jli.stori/, vol. x. p. 127.) CJoverii-
ineiit appears, on the whole, to have been favourable to the Company ; and they obtained
H fresh charter from the Crown in lO'iJJ. Hut in the followin;^ year the trade was vir-
tually laid open by a vote of the House of Commons, " that all the subjects of Knfjland
bad an eipial rij^ht to trade to the Kast Indies, unless prohibited by act of parliament."
IVIatters continued on this footing; till Ki'JH. The |)ecuniary difliculties in which fjovern-
inent was then involved, induced them to ap])ly to the Company for a loan of 'J,()<X),0(H)/.
for which they olfered 8 ])er cent, interest. The (.'ompany oll'ered to advance VDO.CXK)/.
at 1 per cent. ; but the credit of govermnent was at the time so low, that they preferred
accepting an oiler from the associated merchants, who had jjreviously op|)osed the Com-
pany, of the ii,000,00i)l. at H per cent., on condition of their being formed into a new and
vxciusive company. While this project wiis in agitation, the advocates of free trade were
not idle, but exerted themselves to show that, instead of establishing a new Comi)any, the
old one ought to be abolislied. Hut however conclusive and unanswerable, their argu-
ments, having no adventitious reconunendations in their favour, failed of making any
iinj)ression. The new I'ompany was established by authority of the legislature; and as
the charter of the old Company was not yet expired, the novel spectacle wils exhibited of
two legally constituted bodies, each claiming au exclusive right to the trade of the same
possessions !
Notwithstanding all the pretensions set up by those who had obtained the new charter
during their struggle with the old Company, it was immediately seen that they were
as anxious as the latter to supi)ress every thing like free trade. They liad not, it was
obvious, been actuated by any enlarged views, but merely by a wish to grasp at the
monopoly, which they believed would redound to their own individual interest. The
public, in consetpience, became e(pially disgusted with both parties ; or if there were
any dilference, it is irobable that the new Comjiany was l(M)ked upon with the greatest
aversion, inasnmch .is we are naturally more exasperated by what we conceive to be
du)>licity and bad faith, than by fair undisguised hostility.
At first the mutual hatred of the rival associations knew no bounds. But they were
not long in perceiving that such conduct would infallibly end in their ruin; anil that,
while one was labouring to destroy the other, the friends of free trade might step in and
procure the dissolution of both. In consecjuence, they became gradually reconciled; and
in 1"()l!, having adjusted their dillerences, they resolved to form themselves into one
company, entitled, The United Compani/ of Merchants of England trtuling to the Eiixt
Indii •:
Tl" authority of i)arliament was soon after intcrj'osed to give cfiect to this agreement.
The United Company engaged to advance 1,'J(X),0(X)/. to government without interest,
which, as a previous advance had been made of '2,000,0CX)/. at 8 per cent., made the total
sum due to them by the public :5,'J(X ),()()()/., bearing interest at R per cent. ; and govern-
ment agreed to ratify the terms of their agreement, and to extend the cbnrter to the
ii.'jtli of March, 1726', with U years' notice.
While those important matters were transacting at home, the Company had aciiuired
some additional possessions in India. In l(j!)2, the Bengal agency was transferred from
Ilooghly to Calcutta. In lO'OH, the Company acquired a grant from one of the grand-
sons of Aurengzebe, of Calcutta and 2 adjoining villages ; with leave to exercise juili-
ciary powers over the iidiabitants, and to erect fortifications. These were soon after
constructed, and received, in compliment to William III., then king of England, the
name of Fort William. The agency at Bengal, which had liitherto been subsidiary
only, was now raised to the rank of a j)resideiicy.
The vigorous competition that had been carried on for some years before the coalition
of the old and new Companies, between them and the private traders, had occasioned a
great additional importation of Indian silks, piece goods, and other products, and ii great
reduction of their price. These circumstances occasioned the most vehement complaints
amongst the home manufacturers, who ro.st)rted to the arguments invariably made use of
on such occasions by those who wish to exclude foreign competition ; aflirming that
manufactured India goods had been largely substituted for those of England; that
the English manufacturers had been reduced to the cruel necessity either of selling
nothing, or of selling their commodities at such a ])rice as left them no jjrolit ; that great
numbers of their workmen had been thrown out of employment ; and last of all, that
%
EAST INDIA COMPANY.
r>'27
Iixlinn ptKxls were not l)oii({l)t by Hritish pxxls, hut l.ypold ami silvtr, llu- ox|n)rfaticiii of
wli'u'h liad caust'd tin- f^eiUTiil iinpovorisliinoiit of llio kingdom ! 'I'lu- nu'rcliiiiils miiiI hIIu'in
iiitori'stud in llic India trado coidil not, as had pri'vlously liappi'mMl to tlu'in in llu- loii-
trovi'isy with I'l'spi'ct to tlio exportation of bullion, meet these statements witljuut altaek-
in^; the prineiples on wlueh they rested, and maintaining;, in opposition to them, tliat it
was for the advantajje of every people to hiiy the produets they wanted in tlie elu'api'st
market, 'i'hisjnst and sonnd prineiple was, in consetpienee, enforeed in several petitions
presented to pailiament liy the importers of Indian f;oods ; and it was also enforeed in
several ahle |ndtiie.ilions that a)ipeared at the time. Hot tliese argnmenfs, how im-
unsu'eralile soever they may now appear, had then ))iit little inflnenee ; and in IVOI,
an aet was passed, prohihitin;; the importation tif Indian mannfaelured floods for home
eonsmnption.
l'"or some years after the re-estahlishmenl of the Company, it eontinue<l to jiroseente
its cfl'orts to ecaisolidale aM<l extend its eonnneree. Jiut the unsettled slate <if the Mo^nl
empire, eonpled with the deternunation of the Company to establish faetories in every
eonvenient situation, exposed their atliurs to perpetual vieissitudes. In 171.',, it was
resolved to send an endiassy to Delhi, to solieit from Furueksur, an unworthy descendant
of Anreiifizehe, iui extension and eonfn-mation of the Company's territory and privilej^es.
Address, .-leeident, and the proper applieation ui' i)irnriif.i, eonspireil to ensure tiie sueeess
of the endiassy. The grants or )iatenls scdieited hy the Company were issued in 1717.
'I'hey were in all ,'J-I. The suhstanee of the privilej^es they coid'erred was, that l''.n};lish
vi'ssels wreeked on the coasts of the empire sliould he exempt from pluixler ; that
the ainnial payment of a stipulated sum to the govermnent of Sural shoulil free the
I'.n^lish tra(leat thiit port from all duties and exaetions ; that those villaf^es eontij^nons
to Aladr.is formerly fjranled and afterwards refused l)y the f;overnnieut of Areot,
should he restored to the Company; that the island of l)iu, near the port of .Masnli-
])atam, should belong to the Company, paying for it a fixed rent; that in liengal, all
persons, whether European or native, indebted or accountable to the Company, should
be delivered up to the presidency on dem.'md ; that goods of export or import, belonging
to the I'aiglish, might, under a dustink or passport from the i>resident of Calcutta, be
e<inveyed dutyfree through the llengal provinces; and that the English should be at
liberty to purchase the lordship of ;!7 towns contiguous to Calcutta, and in fact com-
manding botli banks of the river for 10 miles south of that city. — ( fV /•««/',< S/ulc/i of
lltr Hist, iif tlif East liidlii Cinnjiiiiii/, p. I 'JH. )
The impt)rtant jjrivileges thus granted, were long regarded as constituting the great
charter of the Knglish in India. Some of them, however, were not fully conceded; but
were withlield or modilied hy the influence of the emi)eror's lieutenants, or souhahdars.
Ill 1717, the Comjiany timnd themselves in diinger from a new competitor. In the
course of that year some ships appeared in India, (itted out by private adventurers tVoin
Osfend. Their success encouraged others to engage in the same line; and in 17'J'J, llio
adventurers were formed info a com])any under a charter from his Imperial Mii^jesty.
The Dutch and I'^nglish Com]ianies, who had so long been hostile tt) each other, at
once laiil aside their animosities, and joined heartily in an attempt to crush their new
comjietifors. Uemonstrances being found ineH'ectual, force was resorted to; and the
vessels of the Ostend Company were captured, under the most frivolous |)retences, in
the o])en seas ami on the coasts of llra/il. 'i'he liritish aiul Dutch governments abetti'd
the selfish s]iirit of hostility dis|)layed by their respective Companies, And the eini)eror
wiis, in the end, glad to jjiirchase the siipjiort of (Jreat liritain and Holland to the
pragmatic sanction, by the sacrifice of the Company at Ostend.
'riiongh the Company's trade had increased, it was still inconsiderable ; and it is very
diliicult, indeed, wlien one examines the accounts that have from time to time been
])ublished of the Company's mercantile afl'airs, to imagine how the idea ever came to
be entertained that their commerce was of any considerable, much less paramount,
imjjortance. At an average of the 10 years ending with 172'1, the total value of the
ISritish manufactures and other iirodnets annually exported to India amounted to only
9'J,'H0/. I'J.s'. (id. The average value of the bullion annually exi)orte(l during the same
])eriod, amoimted to ,'jl8,l()'J/. Il.s. (V/. ; making the total animal average exports
an, 5131. 3s. lOd. ; — a truly pitiful sum, when we consider the wealth, population, and
industry of the countries between which the Company's commerce was carried on ; and
aH'ording by its smallness a strong presumptive proof of the cH'ect of the monopoly in
preventing the growth of the trade.
In 17:50, though there were 3 years still uncxitired of the Comjiany's charter, a
vigorous efl'ort was made by the merchants of London, IJristol, and I.iverpoid, to pre-
vent its renewal. It has been siiid that the gains of the Ctnnpany, had they been exactly
known, would not have excited any very envious feelings on the part of the merchants;
but being concealed, they were exaggerated ; and the boasts of the Company as to the
importance of their trade contributed to spread the belief tli.it their profits were enormous,
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EAST INDI\ COMPANY.
and fonwiiiU'iitly sliiniilatoil the <'xi'rtii)ns of tlu'ir o|)|)<>iiLMits. Supposing, liowevcr, that
the real state of tlie case iiaci heeii known, there was still enough to Jnstily the ulniosl
exertions on the part of the inerehanls ; for llie limited profits made by the Compuny,
notwithstanding their monojioly, were entirely owing to the miseondiii't of their agents,
which they had vainly endeavoured to restrain; and to the waste inseparable from such
unwieldy I'stablishmenls.
The men bants, on this occasion, followed the exiimi)le that bad been si't by the
petitioners for free trade in !(;,')(>. 'I'lny olfered, in tlie fust place, to advance the
:l,'.'0(),()0()/. lent by the ('onipany to the |)ublic, on more favourable terms. And in the
second place, they ]>r()poscd that the Kubscribers to this loan shoidd be formed into il
riyulufiil company, for opening the trade, under the must I'avourable circumstances, to all
classes of tlii'ir countrymen.
It was not intended that the Company should trade upon a joint stock, and in their
cirporate capacity, but that evi'ry iMlividual who |>lease(l should trade in the way of
private advenlm'c. 'I'he ("omi):iny were to have the cliaige of erecting and maintaining
the forts and establishments abroad ; and for this, and for other expenses attending what
was called the enlargement and j)rcservation of the trade, it was ,iroposed that they
should receive a duty of 1 per cent, upon all exports to l'.(iia, and of .0 per cent. u|)ou
all imports from it. For ensuring obedience lo this luid other regulations, 't was to be
enacted, that no one should trade to India without licence from the Company. And it
was proposed tliat ;il years, with [■, years' notice, should be granted as the duration of
their peculiar privilege.
" It appears from this," says Mr. Mill, " that the end which w.-is pniposed lo be
answered, by incorporating such a company, was the jireservation and I'rection of the
forts, buildings, and other fixed establishments, recjuired for the trade of India. This
'Jomp.iny promised to su]iply that demand which has always been hi'ld forth as peculiar
to the India trade, as tiie gram! exigency which, distinguishing the trallic with India
from all other branches of trade, rendered e.ionopoly advantageous in lliat peculiar casi-,
how much soever it might be injurious mi (ttliers. While il |)rovi(ied for this real or
|)relended want, it left the trade open lO all the advantages of private enterprise, |)rivate
vigilance, private skill, and i)rivate economy, — the virtues by which individuals thrive
and nations j)rosper. And it gave tiie i)roposi'd company an interest in the caicfid
discharge of its duly, by making its ]irolits increase in exact pro|iortion with the increase
of the trade, and, of course, with the facilities and aceonnnodation by which the trade
was promoted.
"Three petitions wore jircsenled to the House of Commons in behalf of the |)ro-
posed com;ia!iy, by the merchants of I/ondon, Itristol, and Liverpool. It was urged,
that the projK)sed comj)aiiy would, through the conipetilion of which it would be i)ro-
i ui'tive, cause a greiit extension of the trade; that it would produce a larger exportation
of our own produce and manufactures to India, and reduce the jirice of ail Indian
conimodilies to the ])ei) >le at home; that new channels of tradic woidd be opened in
Asi:. and .AmL-rica, as well as in l'<uroi)e ; that the duties of customs and excise would
be increased ; and that the waste and extravagance caused l>y the monopoly would be
entirely avoided." — (Mill's Imliu, vol. iii. p. ;i7.)
15ut these argmnents did not )irevail. The Company mngnified the im|)ortanco of
their trade ; and contended, tliat it would be imwise to , isk advantages already realised,
for till' sake of those that were pros)iective and contingent. They alleged that, if
the trade to India were thrown open, the pri 'c of goods in Iii,.ia woid<l be so much
eidianced by the competition of diilerent traders, and their jirice in I'/Ugland so much
diminished, that the freedom of the tra<le woui 1 certaii.lv end in the ruin of all who
bad been foolish enough lo advent ine in it. 'i"o enlarge i a the fallacy of these state-
ments woidd be worse than su|)ertluoiis. It is obvious diat nothing whatever coidd
have been risked, and that a great deal would have been gained, by opeiung the trade
in the way that vi-as proposed. And if it were ri'ally true that tlu> trade to India
ought to he subjected to a monopoly, lest the traders by their competition should ruin
e;ich other, it wotdd follow fiiat the trade to America — and not that onl\, but I'very
branch both of the foreign and home Iraiti- of the empire — should be surii'ndered to
exclusive companies. Hut such as the Compai'.y's argmnents were, they seemed salis-
fictory to parliament. They, however, consented to ri'duce the interest on the debt due
to thein by the public from 5 to -1 per cent., and contributed a sum of '_'()( ),(XX)/. ftr the
])ublic service. On these conditions it was agreed fo ixtend their exclusive privileges
to Lady-day, 17()f), witli the customary addition of :i years' notice.
For about I.'j ye.'rs .''rom this jieriod, the Company's affairs went ( n without atiy very
j)rominent changes. Hut notwithstanding the increased importaticn of tea, the eon-
sumption of which now begin rapidly to extend, their trade contim.ed to be compara-
tively insignificant. At an average of the 8 years ending with I7il, the value of the
UHtisli goods and pr ducts of all sorts, exported by the Company to India and China,
KAST INDIA COMPANY.
5'29
amounted to only l.TTiilM/. -In. 7(/. a yi'ar ! \in\ (liirin^r llif 7 yi'ais I'lidiiif^ with 17'IH,
tlii'y iiniouiili'fl to only IKH,l7<i/. Wis. liA yXnd wiivn it is lioiiii- in mind iliat llii'so
cxiiorts iiiL-liKli'd till' military stori's of all sorts, i'orwardi'd tu tin' ('onipany's scttli'nii'nt.s
in India and at St. IlcK'na, tlio aniomit ol' wliicli was, at all tint's, vi'ry cunsidi-rahk*,
it d«R's a|>|)L'ar I'Xfci'din^^ly ddobtlid wjii'tlicr the Company really e) ported, during the
entire period from 17:i() to 17IH, l.'JOilKK)/. worth of IJrilish produee as a legitimate
mercantile advmlnre! 'J'heir trade, such as it Wius, was entirely carried on hy shipments
of liidlion ; and even its amuial aver.i<re export, diirinf^ the 7 yi'ars ending; with 17'IH,
oidy anioimted to 'i[H,~\\l, \<.)n. '.,'(/. It would si'cm, indeed, that the Company had
di'rived no perceplilile advanla^^i' IVom the important concessions ohiained from the
INlo^ul i-mperor, in 1717. Ihit t\\v Irui' conclusion is. not that these concessions were oi"
litlli' value, hut that the deadenin^r inlluence of monopoly had so paralysed the ('om|)any,
that they were unahle to turn them to accoimt ; and that, though without competitors,
and with opulent kingdoms for their customers, their commerce was hardly greater than
that carried on hy some ••ingle n^'rchants.
In 17:i-, the Company were ohliged to reduce their dividend IVom H to 7 per cent.,
at which rate it continued till 17-11.
The opposition the Company had experienced from tlic nicreliants, when tlie tpiestion
as to the renewal of their charter was agitated, in I 7:i(), made them very desirous to
uhtaiii the next renewal in as (piii't a maimer as possihie. I'hey therefore proposed, in
17'l;i, when 2:! years (,!' their charter wi're yet imexiiired, to lend 1 ,()( W ),( )( X )/. to govern-
ment, at '.i per cent., pi'ovided their exclusive privileges wiTe extended to 17H(), with the
usual notice. And as none were expecting such an application, or jnepared to opposi-
it, the consent of government was ohiained without dillicnlty.
Hut the |)eriod was now come, when the mercantile ciiaracter of the East India Com-
pany, — if, indeed, it couM witn propriety, he, at u.v lime,said to helong to them, — was
to he eclipsed hy their achiev.'ments as a military [-on-er, and thi' magnitude of their con-
quests. For iihont two ccnt'iries after the iMiropean powers hegaii their interc<iin'se with
India, the Mogid princes were regarded as amongst the most o|)nlent and powerful of
monarchs. 'I'liough of a foreign lineage — heiiig descended from the famous Tamerlani',
<u' Tiimir Hec, who overran India in I'KH) — and of a diflerent religion from tin- great
l)ody of their suhjects, their dominion was (irndy estahlished in t'very part of their
I'xtensive empire. The administration of the dillerent jirovinces was connnitleil to
ollicers, deiiominaied souhahdars, or nahohs, intrusted with jiowers, in their ri'spective
govi'rnments similar to those enjoyed hy the Roman prietors. So long as the em-
])erors retained any considerahle ])ortion of t!ie vigour and l)ravery of their hardy
ancestors, the did'erent ])arts of the goveriunent were held in due suhordination, and
the souhalidars yielded a ready ohedience to the orders from Delhi. I$ut 'he empe-
rors were gradually dehanched hy the a))parently pros])erous condition of theii' alliiirs.
Insteail ot' heing educated in the council or the camp, the heirs of almost imlxxinded
])ower were hronght \\\) in the slothful luxury of the seraglio; ignorant of pid)lic
alfairs; henuinhed hy mdolence ; depraved hy the flattery of wotnen, of emmchs, and
of slaves ; their minds contracted with their enjoyments; their inclinations were vilified
by their liahils ; j-nd tlieir govermnent grew as vicious, as corrupt, and as worthless as
tliemselvcs. *Vhen the famous Kouli Khan, the usurper of the I'ersian throne, invaded
India, the eH'eniinate successor of Tamerlane and .Anreng/ehe was too luijirepared to
oppose, and too dastardly to think of avenging the attack. This was the signal for
the dismemberment of the monarchy. No sooner had the invader withdrawn, than
tile souhahdars either openly threw oH" their allegiance to the emi)eror, or i)aid only
a species of nominal or mock deference to bis oidcrs. The independence of the
souhahdars was very s.«)n followed hy wars amongst themselves; and, heing well aware
of the sujieriority of JOu.opean troo])s and tactics, they anxiously courted the alliance
and support of tlie French and I'^iiglish lO.-ist India Companies. These l.odies, having
esiv.iused diflerent sides, according as their interests or ])rejndices dictated, began very
soon to t irn the (juarrels of the sotibabdars to their own accoimt. Instead of being
contented, a- hitherto, with the possession of factories and trading towns, they aspired
to the dominion of provinces ; and the struggle soon came to he, not which of the
native princes shoidd prevail, but whether the English or the I'rench shoidd become
the umpires of India.
IJut these transactions arc altogether foreign to the subject of this work ; nor could
any intelligible .iccount of them be given v»'ithout entering into lengthened statements.
"We shall only, therefore, observe that tlie aflairs of the French were ably conducted by
La Hourdonnais, Dupleix, and I. ally, odicers of distinguished merit, and not less cele-
brated for their great actions than for the base ingratitude of which they were the victims.
Hut though vietorv seemed at first to incline to the I'rench and their allies, the English
aflairs were effectually retrieved f)y tiie extraordinary talents and ad(lress()f a single indi-
viduiil ; — Colonel (afterward* Lord) Clivc was equally brave, cautiousj and enterprising ;
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EAST INDIA COMPANY.
not scrii])ulous in tlie use of means; fertile in expedients; endowed with wonderful sa-
gacity and resolution ; and ca])al)le of turning even the most apparently adverse circum-
stances to advantage, llavinj^ succeeded in huml)lin<r the French power in the vicinity
of Madras, Ciive landed at Calcutta in 17.'>7, in order to chastise tiie soul»ah(lar, Sura-
jah id Drjwlah, who had a short wliilo hefore attacked the Knglish factory at that place,
and inlunnanly shut up 146 jMif^lishnien in a prison, where, owinf^; to the excessive heat
and want of water, 12:} perished in a siiifrle night. Clive had only 700 European troops
and 1,100 Sepoys with liini when he landed; hut with these, and .V/'O sailors furnished hy
the Hect, lie did not hesitate to attack the innnense army connnanded hy the souhahdar,
and totally defeated him in the famous hattle of I'lassey. This victory threw the whole
jirovinees of iiengal, IJahar, and Oriss.-s, into our hands; and they were linally confirmed
to us hy the treaty ne<;i)tiated in I7f).).
Opinion has heen long divided as to the j)oIicy of onr military ojierations in India;
and it has heen strenuously con tended, that we «)ught never to have extended our con-
rpiests heyond the limits of IJengal. The legislature seems to have taken this view of
the matter; the House of (-'onnnons having resolved, in 17H'.i, "that to pursue
schemes of conipiest and extent of dominion in India are measures re;)ugi!ant to the
wish, the honour, and the ])olicy of this nation." lint others have argued, and apj)a-
rently on jjretty good grounds, that, having gone thus far, we were comi)elled to advance.
The native powers, tremhling at the increase of liritish dominion, endeavoured, «'hen
too late, to make head against the growing evil. In this view they entered into com-
binations and wars against the Knglish ; and the latter having heen uniformly victo-
rious, their emjjire necessarily went on increasing, till all the native powers have been
swallowed u)) in its vast extent.
The magnitude of the ae<|uisitions made by lA)rd ('live powerfully excited the atten-
tion of the Hritish public. Their value was jjrodigiously exaggerated ; and it was
generally admitted that the {"on)|)any had no legal claim to enjoy, during the whole
period of their charter, all the advantages resulting from con(jue^ts, to which the
fleets and armies of the state had largely contributed. In 17()T, the subject was taken
up by the House of Conmions ; and a eonnnittee was a])])ointed to investigate the whole
circumstances of the ease, and to calculate the entire exjienditure incurred hy the public
on the Company's account. During the agitation of this matter, the right of the Com-
pany to the new con(juests was totally denied by several members. In the end, however,
the <|uestion was compromised by the Company agreeing to ))ay 'lOO.OOO/. a year for 2
years; and in 170'!), this agreement, inchiiling the yearly payment, was further extended
for 5 vears more. Tlie Company, at the same time, increased their dividend, which had
been lixed hy the former agreement at 10, to 1 '_' ', per cent.
Hut the Company's anticipations of increased revenue i»rove<l entirely visionary. The
rapidity of their eoiupiests in India, the distance of the controlling authority at home,
and the abuses in the government of the native princes, to whom the Company had suc-
ceeded, conspired to foster a strong spirit of |ieenlation aniong their servants. Abuses
of every sin-t were nniltiplied to a frightful extent. The English, haviiig obtained, or
rather enforced, an exemption from those heavy transit duties to which the native traders
were subject, engrossed the wh(;le internal trade of the country. 'I'hey even went so
far as to decide what (juantity of goods each manufacturer should deliver, and what he
should receive for them. It is due to the directors to say, that they exerted themselves
to repress these abuses. IJut their resolutions were neither carried into ell'ect by their
servants in India, nor sanctioned by the proprietors at home ; so that the abuses, instead
of being repressed, went on ae(|uiring I'resh strength and virulence. The resoiu'ces
of the coimtry were rapidly impaired; and while many of the Comiiany's servants
returned to Europe with innnense I'ortnnes, the Company itself was involved in debt
and ditliculties; and so far from being able to pay the stipulated sum of 400,(XX)/. a
year to government, was eom|)elle(l to appl}-, in I77'J, to the Treasury for a loan !
In this crisis of their affairs, governmen interposed, and a considerable change was
made in the constitution of the Company. The dividend was restrict.i'd to fi per cent.,
till the sum of 1,4(X),000/., advanced to them by the public, should be jiaid. It was
further enacted, that the court of directors should b • ele(.'ted for 4 years, 6" memliers
annually, but none to hold tlieir seats for more than -1 years at a time ; that no ])erson
was to vote at the courts of proprietors who had not possessed his stock for 12
months ; and that the amount of stock recpiired to qualify for a vote should he increased
from 500/. to 1,(X)0/. The jurisdiction of the i'NIayor's (Jourt at Calcutta was in future
confined to small mercantile cases; and, in lieu of it, a new court was apjjointed, con-
sisting of a chief justice and :{ principal jiiilges appointed by the Crown. A supe-
riority w.is also given to Hengal over the otlu'r presiilencies, Mr. Warren Hastings being
named in the act as governor-general of India. The governor-general, councillors, and
judges, were jirohibited from having any concern whatever in trade; and no jiersoii
residing in the Company's settlements was allowed to take more than 12 per cent, per
lilt SO
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531
aiiniini for money. Though strenuously opposed, tliese measures were carried by a
larjic lUiijcMity.
At tliis period (177:3) the total number of proprietors of East India stock, with their
qualilications as tliej stood in the Company's book, were as follows : —
I'roprictors. Stocks.
Eiif-lislimen, possessing 1,()(X)/. stock and upwards
l-'oreigiiers, jiossessiiig 1,(XX)'. stoek and upwards
Knglisliiiien, possessing 5001. stoek and iijiwards
Toreigiiers, possessing .5CX)/. stoek and upwards
Total
£ s. rf.
487 ],018,r>98 19 11
;}'_',) 8yO,9'l() 17
- 1,'iifi 6;h,-h;4 1 8
95 ,W,2'i6 O
- '■2,153 £'2,591,029 1» 7
Notwithstanding the vast extension of the Company's territories, their trade continued
to he apparently iiisignil'eaiit. During the .'5 years ending with 177;j, the value of the
entire ex.iorts of IJritisii produce and manufactures, inckidiiig military stores exported
by tlie Coiiiimny to India and China, amounted to l,iri9,4 11/., being at the rate of
4S!),S():i/. a year ; the annual exports of bullion during tlie same jieriod being only
84,9:i;5/. ! During the sai.ie , '5 years, 2:J ships sailed aniiiuiiiy for India. The truth,
indeed, seems to be, that, but for the increased eoiisunii)tioii of tea in Great IJritain, the
Comiiaiiy wonlil have entirely ceased to carry on any branch of trade with the East ;
and the monopoly would have excluded us as eilectually from the markets of India and
Cliiiia as if the trade had reverted to its ancient channel.s, and the route by the Cape of
Good Hope been reliiujuished.
Ill 1781, the exehisive privileges of the Company were extended to 1791, with :5 years'
notice; the dividend on the C'ompany's stock was fixed at 8 jier cent.; three fourths of
their surplus revenues, after paying the dividend, and the sum of 4{X),()00/. payable to
government, was to be applied to the public service, and the remaining fourth to the
Company's own use.
In 178(), the v.iliie of Ibitish produce and manufactures exported by the Company to
India and '.liiiia amounted to only .'j8(), 152/. ; the bullion exjiorted dm-ing the same
year was 15,011/. The total value of the exjiorts during the same year was 12,G48,()l(j/. ;
showing that the East India trade formed only one thirti/scconil part of the entire foreign
trade of the empire !
The atlministratioii of I\Ir. Hastings was one continued scene of war, negotiation, and
intrigue. The state of the country, instead of being improved, became worse; .so much
so, thiit in a council minute by ^Iar()uis Cornwalli.s, dated the 18tli of September, 1789,
it is distinctly stated, " i/iat one third of the Cmnpiinys terntori/ is now u jnnijif for wild
lii'iists." .Some abuses in the conduit of their servants were, indeed, rectified ; but, not-
withstanding, the nett revenue ot' Hengal, ISahar, ;md Orissa, which, in 1772, had
amounted to 2,1 2(),7')()/., declined, in 178,7, to 2.072,90';!/. This exhaustion of the
country, and the expenses incurred in the war with Hyder Ally and France, involved
the Comi)any in fresh didieulties. And being unable to meet them, they were obliged,
in 178;J, to jireseiit a petition to ])arliameiit, setting forth their inability to pay the stijiu-
lated sum of 4(X),000/. a year to the jiublic, and praying to be excused from that payment,
and to be supported by a loan of 91K),0(X)/.
All parties seemed now to be convinced that some further changes in the constitution
of the Company had become indispensable. In this crisis, INIr. Fox brought forward his
famous India Hill ; the grand object of which w.as to abolish the courts of directors and
proprietors, and to vest the government of India in the hands of 7 commissioners
aiijiointed by parliament. The coalition between Lord North and IMr. Fox had ren-
dered the ministry exceedingly unpopular ; and advantage was taken of the circum-
stance to raise an extraordinary clamour against the bill. Tlie East India Comjiany
stigmatised it as an invasion of their chartered rights ; though it is obvious, that, from
their inability to carry into effect the stipulations under whieli those rights were con-
ceded to them, they necessarily reverted to the pulilic; and it was as open to parliament
to legislate upon them as ujion any other question. The political opponents of tlie
government represented the jiroposal for vesting the nomination of commissioners in
the legislature, as a daring invasion of the prerogative of the Crown, and an insidious
attempt of the minister to render liimsolf all-powerful, by adding the patronage of
India to that already in his possession. The bill was, however, carried through the
House of Commons ; but, in consequence of the ferment it had excited, and the
avowed opposition of his IVIajesty, it was thrown out in the House of Lords. This
event proved fatal to the coalitiim ministry. A new one Mas I'ornied, with INIr. Pitt at
its head ; and parliament being soon after dissolved, the new minister acquired a decisive
majority in both Houses. ^Vhen thus sec.'re of jiarliamentary support, Mr. Pitt brought
forward his India Hill, which was succcssfullv carried through all it's stages. liy tliis
2 M'2
<'\
'(:■'■
! t
»'
\ ' '■!
Vi
532
EAST INDIA COMPANY.
r P , /
V,t
f iM i ^H
bill a Uoai'il of Control was erected, consistiiif^ of G members of the privy council
wlio were " to check, sui)eriiiteii(l, and control all acts, o|)erations, and concerns, which
in anywise relate to the civil or military f;overnmcnt, or revenues, of the territories and
possessions of tiie East India Company." All coinnnmications to or from Indiji,
toiK'liinif any of the above matters, were to be submitted to this Hoard; the directors
beinjr ordered to yield obedience to its commands, and to alter or amend all instructions
sent to India as directed by it. A secret committee of ;{ directors wm- lormed, with
which the IJoard of Control might transact any business it did not choc o to submit to
the court of directors. Persons returning from India were to be obliged, under very
severe j)enalties, to declare the amount of tlieir fortunes; and a tribimal was ap|)ointed
for the trial of all individuals accused of miscontluct in India, consisting of a Judge
from each of the Court., of King's liench. Common I'leas, and Kxcheipier ; .T menil)ers
of tlic House of Lords, and 7 members of the House of Connnons ; the last being chosen
by lot at the commencement of each session. The superintendence of all commercial
matters continued, as formerly, in tlie bands of tiic directors.
During the administration of Marquis Cornwallis, who succeeded Mr. Hastings,
Tii)poo Sail), the son of Hyder Ally, was stripped of nearly half his dominions; the
Company's territorial revenue was, in conse(jueuce, greatly increased; at the same time
that the permanent settlement was carried into ett'ect in IJengal, and other important
changes accomplished. Opinion has been long divided as to the influence of these
changes. On the whole, however, we are inclined to think that they have been decidedly
advantageous. Lord Cornwallis was, beyond all (piestion, a sincere friend to the peojile
of India; and laboured earnestly, if not always successfully, to jjromote their interests,
which he well knew were identilied with those of the ISritish nation.
During the '.i years ending with 179:!, the value of the Company's exports of ISritish
produce and manufactures fluctuated from 928,78.')/. to 1,0; 51, 'J (>'_'/. But this increase is
wholly to be ascribed to the reduction of the duty on tea in 1784, and the vast inciease
that, consequently, took i)lace in its consum|>tion. — (See article Ti;a. ) Had the con-
smnption of tea continued stationary, there apijcar no grounds for thinking that the
Company's exports in 17y;J would have been greater than in 1780; unless an increase
had taken place in the quantity of military .stores exported.
In 17S);3, the Company's charter was prolonged till the 1st of March, 1811. In the
act for this purpose, a species of provision was made for opening the trade to India to
private individuals. All his ^Majesty's subjects, residing in any part of his lOuropean
dominions, were allowed to exjiort to India any article of the produce or manufacture
of the British <lominions, except military stores, ammunition, masts, spars, cordage,
pitch, tar, and copper ; and the Conii)any's civil servants in India, and the t'rei' merchants
resident there, were allowed to sliij), on their own account and risk, all kinds of Indian
goods, except calicoes, dimities, nmslins, and other piece goods. Hut neither the mer-
chants in England, nor the Com|)any's servants or mcrcnants in India, were allowed to
cx])ort or import except in Company's shins And in order to insure such conveyance,
it was enacted, that the Company slicmld annually appropriate :i,000 tons of ship|)ing for
the use of i)rivate traders ; it being stipulated that they were to jiay, in time of peace,
51. outwards, and 15/. homewards, for every ton occupied l)y them in the Comiiany's
ships ; and that this freight might be raised in time of war, with the ajjprohation of the
Uoai'd of Control.
It might have been, and, indeed, most probably was, foreseen that very few IJritisli
merchants or manufacturers would !)e inclined to avail themselves of the jn-ivilege of
sending out goods in Company's shij)s ; or of engaging in a trade fettered on all sidts
l)y the jealousy of powerful monopolists, and where, consequently, their superior judg-
ment and economy would have availed almost nothing. As far, therefore, as they were
concerned, the relaxation was more ap])arent than real, and did ii'' produvt- any useful
results.* It was, however, made use of to a consideral)le extent >y privati- merchants
in India; and also by the Company's servants returning from India, m.my of whom
invested a part, and soitie the whole, of their fortime, in produce lit for the European
markets.
The financial diflictiltics of the East India Ccnnpany led to the resolution which
took place in its government in 1784. But, notwithstanding the superineetidence of the
Board of Control, it>; finances have continued nearly in the same unpro'-jw'-'rous state as
before. We have been favoured, from time to time, with the movt dappling accounts of
revenue that was to be immediately derived from India ; and numlierlcKs acts of parlia-
ment have been passed for the appropriation of svu-plusis lliut never had any existence
1
flUii
hni
* 111 his letter tn the East India Company, •<«l«<l the Cist of Marrh, 1812, Lord Mplvillo »ayi " It will
not \m> \li>iiii>() tlial the facihtien irrant<«i by thai *i-t tlie act ol'17!';; have nut been satulactnrN, at lex* tn
tlic mi'rrliaiits I'ithor of tliis I riiiiitry i»r o* Iti-iuu I'hey liavt- Im-oii the ;iiurro of cuinl uit tti-iHih". ami
they have even cntailuAt n leavy expewe upm ilir (ompin* without atti>r<ling tn llie iiuhlic any nil»-
quate iicneflt ttom i\\v\\ a latritici'." — 'A;pr:«/>u///ui*r(( tn t. \. Vomp. 1813, (x Ki.)
EvVST INDIA COMPANY.
533
:
except in the iinaffinatioii of tliu-ir franiers. The proceedings that took phice at the
renewal of the cliarter, in 179:5, attbrd a striking example of this. Lord Cornwallis
had then eonehided the war with Tippoo Sail), which had stripped him of half his
dominions ; tlie perpetual settlement, from whieli so many henelits were expected to he
derived, had been adopted in Bengal; and the ("onipjiny's receipts had been increased,
in consequence of accessions to their territory, and subsidies from native jirinces. Sec, to
upwards of ii(//if millions sterling a year, which, it was calculated, would alluitl a future
amiual surplus, after every description of charge had been deducted, of 1 ,'2-10,000/.
Mr. Dinidas (afterwards Lord Melville), then president of the Hoard of Control,
availed himself of these favourable apjiearances, to give the most flattering rejjresentation
of the (Company's attairs. There could, he said, be no (piestion as to the permanent and
regular increase of the Company's surj)lus revenue: he assured the House that the
estimates had all l)een framed with the greatest care ; that tlie Company's possessions
were in a state of prosperity till then unknown in India; that the abuses, which had
formerly insinuated tliemselvc-: into some departmeiits of the government, had been
rooted out ; and that the jieriod was ;it length arrived, when India was to pour her
golden treasures into the lap of England ! Parliament participated in these brilliant an-
ticipations, and in the act prolonging the charter it was enacted, ist. That .'300,000/. a year
of tlie surplus revenue should he set aside for reducing the Coini)any's debt in Lulia to
2,00(),(XX)/. ; 2dly, That .'JCK),0()0/. a year should be paid into the exchequer, to be appro-
priated for the public service as parliament should think lit to order ; Sdly, AVlien the
India debt was reduced to 2,000,000/., and the bond debt to 1,500,000/., one sut/i part
of the surplus was to be a))plie(l to augment the dividends, and the other^-e sUifi.s were
to be paid into the liank, in the name of the connnissioners of the national debt, to he
accumulated as a (/itiininlci: fund, until it amounted to 12,000,000/. ; and ulien it reached
that sum, the dividends upon it wer >, to be apjjlied to make up the dividends on tlu;
capital stock of the Company to 10 per ci'nt., if, ai any time, the funds appropriated to
that purpose should prove deficient, &c.
Not one of these anticipations has been realised ! Instead of being diminished, the
Company's debts began immeiliately to increase. In 1 795, they were authoriseil to add
to the amount of their floating debt. In 179'), a new device to obtain money was fallen
ujion. 3Ir. Dundas represented that as ail competition had been destroyed in conseejuence
of the war, the Conqjany's commerce hiid been greatly increased, and that their mer-
cantile capital had become insuflicient for the extent of their transactions. In conse-
quence of this representation, leave was given to the Comjjany to add two iniUionx to
their cajjital stock by creating 'iO.OtX) new shares ; but as these shares sold at the rate
of 17;!/. each, they produced :!,4')O,O00/. In 1797, the Company issued additional bonds
to the extent of 1,417,000/.; .ind, notwithstanding all this, Mr. Dundas stated in the
House of Commons, on the l:$lh of March, 1799, that there had been a deficit in the
previo' ■, year of 1,319,000/.
l)i"ing the administiation of the Marquis Wellesley, which began in 1797-8 and
terminated in 1805-0', the Ibitish empire in India was augnientct! by the conciuest of
Seringapatam and the whole territories of Tippoo Saib, tlie cessio,: of large tracts by
the Mahratta chiefs, the capture of Delhi, the ancient seat of the Mogul enq)ire. and
various other im])ortanl acquisitions ; so that that the revenue, which had amounted to
8,05;»,0(K)/. in 1797, was incrcitsed to 15,40.'5,0(X)/. in 1805. But the expenses of
go\erninent, and the interest of the debt, increased in a still greater projjorfion than the
revenue; having amounted, in 180.5, to 17,672,(XX)/., leaving a deficit of 2,t.'0'9,0{XV. In
the following year the revenue fell ofFnearly 1,000,0(MV., while the expenses continued
nearly 1 III- same. And there was, at an average, a continued excess of expenditure,
including eommercial charges, and a contraction of fresh debt, down to 1811-12.
Notwithstanding the vast additions made to their territories, the Company's oonunercc
with tlum continiKii to be very inconsiderable. During the 5 years ending with ISI I,
the exports to India by the Company, exclusive of those made on account of indivitlualM
in their ships, were as under ; —
^ \m^^
?',
lii !■
\
*|S
•J
i \\
1S07
1808
1809
£
- aTO.416
1810
• 9li»,;H+
isn
- 81)6,1,',.)
£
1,010,815
l,03J,8l(i
The exports by the private tr.ide, and the privihf),'. trade, tliat is, the commBiwhTs and
ottieer- of the Com])aiiy"s ships, during the above-mentioned years, were about as large.
During the 5 years crKling with 1 S07-8, the annual average imjiorts into India bv British
private triulers, oiily, amounted tt> 305,49(i/. — i Papers published by the Bust India Com-
JHiny in 181;?, 4t<). p. 5», )
The Coiujiany V. export- inclu<le the value of the military stores sent from Great Britain
India. TYw ship- onip.ovfd in the trade to Indin iind'iliinii, during the same 5 years,
TaricJ iroi» 44 w» 5;V ,inil ilieir burden from .3fi,K7I to I5,;M2 tons.
634,
EAST INDIA COMPANY.
;l>ii
I ■■ II
For some years previously to the termination of the Company's charter in 1813, the
conviction had \mvn f^aiiiinj^ grouiui among all classes, that the trade to the East was
capahk- of hcinj; very fjroatly extended ; and that it was solely owinf; to tiie want of
enterprise and competition, occasioned hy its l)eing snhjccted to a monopoly, that it was
confined within such narrow limits. Very f^reat eflorts were, consequently, made by
the manufacturing and connnercial interests to have the monopoly set aside, and the
trade to the l')ast tiirown open. The Company vigorously resisted these pretensions ;
and had interest enough to ])rocure a ])rol(Higation of the privilege of carrying on an ex-
clusive trade to C'hina to the loth of April, IS.'il, with '.i years' notice; the government
of India being continued in their haiuls for the same period. Fortunately, however,
the trade to India was opened, under certain conditions, to the public. The principal
of these conditions were, that ])rivate individuals should trade, directly oidy, with
the presidencies of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, and the jiort of I'enang ; that the
vessels fitted out by them should not be under ;},)0 tons burden ; and that they should
abstain, uidess permitted l)y the Comi)any, or the IJoard of Control, from engaging
in the carrying trade of India, or in the trade l)etween India and China. And yet,
in (li.'s])ite of these disadvantages, such is the energy of individual enterprise as
compared with monojioly, that the private traders gained an almost immediate ascen-
dancy over the East India Comjjany, and in a very sliort time more than tieliled our
trade with India !
In the Report of the committee of the House of Lords on the foreign trade of tlie
coiuitry, i)rinted in May, 1S21, it is stilted, that " the greatly increased consumption of
IJritisli goods in the East, since the commencement of the free trade, cannot be accounted
for by the demand of European residents, the mnnber of whom does not materially vary ;
and it a|)i(ears to have been nuich the greatest in articles calculated for tiie general use
of the natives. That of the cotton manufactures of this country alone is stated, since
the first opening of the trade, to have been augmented from Jour to Jiri' fold (it is now
augmented I'nimjiffi/ to sij:/i/ fold). The value of the merchandise exjiorted from Great
Britain to India, wiiich amoimted, in 181-1, to 870,177/., amoimted *, in IHlf), to
3,().')2,7-ll/. ; and idthougb the market apjjcars then to have been so far overstocked
as to occasion a diminution of nearly one half in the exports of the following year,
that diminution appears to have taken i)lace more in the articles intended for tlie con-
smnption of iMiropeans than of natives; and the trade is now stated to the committee,
by the best infornu'd persons, to be reviving. \Vlien the amount of population, and the
extent of the country over win'cli the consumiition of these articles is spread, are con-
sidered, it is obvious that any facility which can, consistently with the political
interests and security of (he Comjjany's donn'nions, be given to the private trader, i'or
the distrii)ution of his exjjorts, by increasing the numl)er of ports at which he may have
the option of touching in pursuit of a market, cannot fail to promote a more ready anil
extensive demand."'
Besides the restraints imjjosed by the act of 181:1 on the proceedings of the free tradersf ,
they fre(piently exi)erienced very great loss and inconvenience from the connm-rcial si)e-
culations of the East India Company. The latter li.-ive had conmiercial residents, with
large establishments of servants, some of them intended for coerci\e purjjoses, stationed
in all the considerable towns; and the I\lan]uis Vellesley has stated, "that the inti-
mation of a wish from the Conipjmy's resident is alwjiys received as a command by the
native manufacturers and |)roducers." It was obviously impossible for a jirivate trader to
come fairly into competition with jjcrsons ])ossessing such authority, and who were often
instructed to make their ))urcliases on any terms. IVIr. Tucker, now deputy chairman of
the Company, states, in his useful work on Indian tinance, that the Comjjany's invest-
ments (i)urchases) Im India during the last 10 years may in some instances be said to have
been forced ; meaning by this, tiiat the goods exported by them from India have sometimes
been comi)ulsorily obtained from the natives, and sometimes bought at a higher price than
they woidd have brought in a marki'l fre(]nented only by regular merchants. But the
truth is, that it was not in the nature of things th;it the Company's ))urehases could be
fairly made ; tlie natives could not deal with their servants a.s they woidd have dealt
with priv.-ite individuals ; ;md it would be absurd to sup|)ose that agents .-mthorised to
buy on account of government, and to draw on the public treasury for the means of pay-
ment, should generally evince the prudence and discretion of individi.als directly ri'spon-
sible in their own (jrivate fortimes for their transactions. The interference of sncli persons
would, under any circinnstances, have rendeit'd the East India trade peculiarly hazardous.
But their inHuence in this respect was materially aggravated by the irregularity of their
appearances. No individual, not belonging to the court of directors, could foresee whe-
ther the Company's agents would be in the market at all; or, if there, to what extent
• Tins is tho amount of tlic Coiiipany'r, exports only, and llic sum is not quite airurato, sec post.
t Tliesc restraints weie i good deal inodilicd bv the .i (ieo. 4. c. 80., p.i^scd in pursuanri' "f the rcconi-
iiiendation of the committee rjnoteil .ibove.
■^
EAST INDIA COMPANY. 535
tlu-y would either juircnaso or sill. So capritioiis were tlicir iirocectlings, that in some
years they have laid out 700,(X)(V. on iiidi^^o, while in others they have not laid out a siiij^le
shilling;; and so with other thinj^s. A fluctuatin>r demand of this sort necessarily oeea-
sioned f;reat and sudden variations of ])riee, and was injurious alike to the produeers and
the i)rivate merchants, Mr. ^lacken/ie, late secretary to the government of Hengal, set
the nu"schievous influence of the circumstances now alluded to in the clearest ])oint of
view, in his masterly evidence before the select connnittee of 18;i'_' on the affairs of
India; and he further showed, that it was not ))ossil)le, by any sort of contrivance, to
obviate the inconveniences c()m|)lained of, and that they would unavoidably continue till
the Company ceased to have any tliinj; to do with connnerce.
lUit besides being injurious to the i)rivate trader, and to the public generally, l)ofh in
India and Kngland, tliis trade was of no advantage to the East India Company. How,
indeed, could it be otherwise? A company that maintained armies and retailed tea,
that carried a sword in the one hand aiul a ledger in the other, was a contradiction ; and,
liad she traded with success, would have been a i)rodigy. It was impossible for her
to pay that attention lo details that is indisi)ensa!)le to the carrying on of connnerce with
advant.'ige. She may have gained something l>y her monopoly of the tea trade, though
even tliat is very (pieslionable ; but it is admitted on all hands, that she has lost heavily
by her trade to India.* M'lien, therefore, the ([uestion as to the renewal of the charter
came to be discussed in 18:52 and 18:5:5, the Company bad no reasonable. objection to
urge again .t their l)eing dejjrived of the jn-ivilege of trading. And the act '.i & 4
Will. 'I. c. 8.5., fbi- continuing the charter till lH5'i, has tcniiinatfd the Cowpittii/'s anit-
mvrvinl cliaritvtvr ; by enacting, that the Company's trade to China is to cease on the L'L'd
of April, 18:51 I", and that the Company is, as soon as possible after that date, to dispose
of till I stocks on hand, and close their connnercial business.
We congratulate our readers on this consummation, 'i'he trade to India, China, and
the East generally, is now, for the first time, openi'l to free and imfettered mercantile
cnterjjrise. What has been effected since the o])ening of the trade to India in 181'l, not-
withstanding the many drawliacks under which it lias laboured, is an earnest of wliat
may l)e anticipated from the new arrangements. We liave no doulit tliat it will be
found that the commerce between the Eastern and Western worlds is as yet only in its
infancy ; and that it is destined, now that the incubus of monopoly is wholly removed,
to attain to a magnitude and importance of which we can form no definite idea.
II. Iv\sT India Comi-any (Constitutiox of).
Under the new act, the functions ot the Eiist India Company are wholly political. She
is to continue to govern India, with the concurrence and under the supervision of the Board
of Control, nearly on the jdan laid down in Mr. Pitt's act, till the :50th of April, 18,) (.
All the real and personal ])ro])erty belonging to the Company on the 'J2d of Aj)ril, 18:54,
is vested in the Crown, and is to be held or managed l)y the Company in trust for tlie
same, subject of course to all claims, del)ts, contracts, Ike. already in existence, or that may
liereafter lie In-ought iiUo existence by conii>etent authority. The Company's debts and
liabiliti'.'s are all charged on Iiuiia. 'J'be dividend, wlucli is to continue at lOi i)ercent.,
is to lie paid in Iv.igiand out of the revenues of India ; and provision is made lor the
establishment of a hitiii ifi/ fund for its discharge. Tlie dli iitend maybe redeemed f)y
parliament, on jiayment of L'OOA for 100/. stock, any time after April, 1874; but it is
provided, in the event of the Company being deprived of the government of India in
18,54, that they may claim redemption of the dividend any time thereafter upon 3 years'
notice. —(;5& 4 If'ill. 4. c. 85.)
Cimipani/'.i Slot-/,- — forms a capital of (),nO(),0()0/., into which all persons, natives or foroignors, males or
femali'S, hodies politic or corporate fthe tiovernor and Coui))any of the Hank of England only exeeptetll,
are at liherty to purchase, witiiout limitation of amount. .Since ll'Jo, the dividends have been lUJ per
cent., to which they are limited by the Kite ai't.
Cit-iitrii/ Courts. — The proprietors in general court assembled are empowered to enact by-laws, and in
other respects are competent to theeomiilete investigation, regulation, and control of every branch of the
Company's eoiicerns ; but, for the more prompt desp.iteh of business, the executive detail is vested in a
court of (lireetors. A general court is re(|uire(l to be lield oiiee in the months of March, June, .Sep.
tember, and December, in each year. No one can be present at a general court unless possessed of .'M'/.
stock ; nor can any jierson vote u])oii the determination of any question, who has Tiot been in possession
of l.UOOA stock for the preceding \'2 months, unless such stock have been obtained by bequest or mar.
riago. Persons possessed of l,(KK)/. stock are empowered to gi\e a single vote ; o,()(l(V. are a qualilicat'on
for two votes ; (i,(/()()/. for three votes ; and IU,(H)(i/. and upwards tor four votes. 'Ihcrc were i?,(i(>.) pro.
prietors on the Coini)any's books in ISij; of these, 1,M»4 were (|Ualilied to give single votes; ;;!y, two
votes; Gi), three votes; aiuH.S, four votes. U|)on any special occasion, 9 proprietors, duly qualilicil by
• It is needless now to enter upon the controversy as to the origin of the Company's debt. .— (See former
edition of this wor''., p. Ui"}.) It is probable that those who contend that this debt is wholly attrilnUalilf to
the Company's commercial operations, may have somewhat exaggerated their injurious influence. Hut
we do not think that there is any room for dc.iibtuig, notwithstanding the enormous prices charged on
tea, th.Tt, for these many years past, the Company's trade has been, on the whole, i)roductive of nothing
but los.s.
+ Tor the new rcgulationi as to the China trade, see Cwvos.
•_• AI I
1
1'"
1'
'
^
1
'
11
h
[
1
ii '•
«ai«iv
536
EAST INDIES (Socikty in, Trade, &c.)
ir u)
^h J
u.ih
I, i
if!
tlip possession of 1,000/. stock, may, by a requisition in writinK to the court of ilirertori, call a gonoral
cimrt; whicli tliu directors are ri'()uirc(l to ssumnioii within lUtlays, or, in <k"fault, the proprietors may
call sucli court Ijy notice allixeil upon the Iloyal KxcliaUKO. In all such courts the questions are deciileil
by a majority of voices ; in ease ol an equality, the ileterniination must be l)y the treasurer drawiuK a lot
Nine proprietors may, by a requisition ni writiuK, demand a ballot upon any question, whicli shall not be
taken within '-'4 hours after the breaking up of the general court.
Ciiint 11/ I)irccl<jfs. — 'i\\u court of directors is composed of 24 members, chosen from among the
proprietors, each of wliom must be posses.sed of '.'.(XXI/. stock ; nor can any director, after lieing chosen
act longer than while ho continues to holil stock. Of those, (i are chuaon on the second Wednesday ii!
April ill each year, to serve lor 4 years, in the room of li w ho have coinplcted such service. After an in-
terval of li! months, those who had gone out by rotation are eligible to be re-elected for the ensuing
4 years, Kormerly, no person who had been in the Company's civil or military service in India was
eligible to be elected a director until ho had been a resident in ICnglaiid 2 years alter <|uittiiig the
service ; but this condition no longer exists ; and all civil or military servants of the Company in India
Bupposing they are otherwise eligible, may be chosen directors immediately on their return to Kiigland!
provided they have no unsettled accounts with llie Comiiaiiy j if so, they are ineligible for 2 years afier
their return, unless their accounts be sooner settled. — (.i Hi 4 Ifi/l. 4. c. 8,'), ^ 'JS.) The directors choose
anmially, from amongst themselves, a chairman and a deputy chairman, 'i'hev are rei|Uired by by-laws
to meet once in every week at least ; but they frequently meet ollener, TU occasion requires. Not less
than l.'J can form a court. Their determinations are guided by a majority ; in case of an equality
the question must be decided by the drawing of a lot by the treasurer ; upon all questions of imiiorlance!
the sense of the court is taken by ballot. The Company's olticers, both at home and abroad, receive their
appoint nieiits imnie<liately from thecourt ; to whom thev are responsible (or the due and faithful di.,ch iige
of the trust reposed in them. 'I'he patronage is, nevertheless, so arranged, as that each member of tile
court separately participates therein.
Sicrrl Ciiniimllcc — i'he principal [lowers of the court of directors arc vested in a secret committee,
forming a sort ol cabinet or privy council. All communications of a confidential or delicate nature
between the Hoard of Control and the Company are submitted, iu the first instance at least, to the ( im-
sideration ot this conimiltee ; and the directions of the Hoard, as to political atlair.s, may be transmitted
direct to India, through the conjmittee, without being seen by the other directors. The secret committee
is aiipointcd by the court of directors, and its members are sworn to sccresy.
III. East Indies (State of Society ik, cnowiKo Demand fok English Goods,
Trade, Colonisation, etc.).
1. Distinction of Castes in India. Inaccuracy of the Representations as to the Inhabit-
ants bcin<i unalterably attached to ancient Customs and Practices. — AV'e have taken occa-
sion, in tile preceding siietcli of tlie history of tiie East India Coinjiany, repeatediy to
notice tiie small extent of the trade carried on by its agency. It lias been contended,
however, tliat this is to I)e ascrilied, not to tiie deadening influence of monopoly, liut to
the peculiar state of the people of India. A notion has long been prevalent in tin's
quarter of the world, tliat tiie Hindoos are a race unsusceptiiilc of cliange or improve-
ment of any sort; that every man is brought u|) to the profession of his father, and can
engage in none else; and tliat, owing to tiie simplicity and unalterableness of tlieir
haliits, tiiey never can be consumers, at least to any consideraliie extent, of foreign com-
modities. " What is now in India, has always Iiecii there, and is likely still to continue."
— ( lioherlson's Disquisition, p. '_'0-_'.) The Iliiidoos of this day are .said to be the same
as the Iliiuloos of the age of Alexander the Great. The description of tlieni given by
Arrian has been quoted as applying to their actual situation. It is affirmed that tiiey
have neither imjiroved nor retrograded ; and we are referred to India as to a country
in which the institutions and inamiers that prevailed ;!,0()0 years ago may still be
found in their pristine purity ! The I'resident de Goguet lays it down distinctly, in hi.s
learned and invaluable work on the origin of laws, arts, and sciences, that in India
" every trade is confined to a particular caste, and can be exercised only by those whose
parents jirofessed it." — ( Origin of Laics, §v. Eiig. trans, vol. iii. j). 12'1.) Dr. Ilobert-
son siiys, that '^ the station of ecery Hindoo is unallcrnbly fixed ; his destiny is irr;;::iii!„',: ^
and the w<dk of life is marked out, from which he must never deviate." — (^Disquisition on
India, p. I !)!).) The same opinions are maintained by later authorities. Dr. Teimant
says, that "the whole Indian community is divided into 4 great cla.sses ; and each
class is stationed between certain walls of separation, which are impassable by the purest
virtue, and most conspicuous merit." — (Quoted by Mr. liickards, p. 0'. ) This tmal-
teraiile destiny of individuals has been repeatedly assumed in the despatches and official
papers jmt forth by the East India Company; and has been referred to on all occasions
by them and their servants, as a proof that the depressed and miserable condition of the
natives is not owing to inis^overmnent, or to the weiglit of the burdens laid upon them;
and tliat it is in vain to think of materially improving their condition, or of making them
aciiuainted with new arts, or giving them new habits, so long as the institution of castes,
and the prejudices to which it has given rise, preserve their ascendancy unimpaired.
Hut notwithstanding the universal currency which the opinions now referred to have
obtained, and the high autliority by which they are supported, they are, in all the most
essential respects, entirely without foundation! The books and codes of the Hindoos
themselves, and the minute and careful observations that have recently been made on
Indian society, have shown that the influence a.scribed to the institution of castes by the
ancients, and by tlie more early modern travellers, has been jirodigiously exaggerated.
In the first part of liis excellent work on India, Mr. liickards has establislicd, partly by
references to the authoritative books of the Hindoos, and partly by his own observations,
J-
EAST INDIES (Society in. Tiiade, &c.).
,'537
y
H
■ \
aim those of ^Ir. Colel)rook, Dr. Ilclicr, and otlicr high authorities, that tlio vast ma-
jority of tliL" Hindoo ])(>]iidation may, and, in fact, doi's i-nfiajie in all sorts of cinploy-
mcnts. Mr. Uicliards lias furthiT shown, that there is nothing in the stnit'ture of
Indian soeiety to oi)i)ose any serious ohstaele to the introductjon of new arts, or the
sjiread of improvement ; and that the causes of the jKiverty and misery of the people
must he sought for in other circumstances than the institution of castes, and tlie nature
of Hindoo su]ierstition.
The early division of the population into tlie 4 great classes of priests (Brahmins),
soldiers (Cshatryas), hushandmen and artificers (Vaisyas), and slaves (Sudras), was
maintained oidy for a very short period. The Hindoo traditions record that a partial
intermixture of these classes took i)lace at a very remote epoch ; and the mixed hrood
thence arising were divided into a vast variety of new tribes, or castes, to whom, speaking
generally, no employments are forbidden.
" Tlic rmiilovmpiits," savs Mr. Uickards, " nliowpd to these mixed and imimre castes, may lie said to 1)G
every dexriiitinii of liandiir/it't, and nccupatioii, for which the wants of hinnaii society have created a
demand. 'I'hoUKh many seem to take their names from their ordinary trade or |)rofession,and some have
duties assigned them too low, and disgusting, for any othirs to perform, l)ut trom the direst iieer^sity ;
vet no employment, generally speaking, is forhidden to the mixed and impure trit)es, excepting three of
the prescril)ed duties of the sarerdotal class; viz. teachingthe I'frins, oHiciating at a sacrifice, and receiv-
ing presents from a pure-handed (jiver; which three are exclusively Bia/iminical."
ISIr. Colebrook, who is acknowledged on all hands to be one of the very highest
authorities, as to all that respects Indian affairs, has a pajier in the fifth volume of the
Asiatic lir.sp.arches, on the sid)ject of castes. In this paper, INIr. Colebrook states that
the Jittimala, a Hindoo work, enumerates forty-two mixed classes sjiringing from the
intercourse of a man of inferior class with a woman of a superior class, or in tlie inverse
order of the classes. Now, if we add to these the number that must have sprung from
intermixture in tlie direct order of the classes, and the hosts further arising from the
continued intermixture of the mixed tribes amongst themselves, we shall not certaiidy
be disposed to dissent from IMr. Colebrook's com 'nsion, " that the subdivisions of tliese
classes have further multiplied distinctions to an t.idless variety."
Mr. Colebrook has given the following distinct and accurate account of the pro-
fessions and employments of the several classes at the present day. It forms a curious
commentary on the " irrevocable destiny" of Dr. Robertson, and the " impassable walls"
of Dr. Tennant.
" A Brahman, unable to subsist by liis duties, may live by the duty of a soldier ; if ho c.niinot get a sub-
sistence by either of these employments, he may apply to tillage and attendance on cattle, or gain a com-
petence by traffic, avoiding certain commodities. A Cs/ia/rya in distress, may subsist by all these means ;
!)Ul he must not have recourse to the highest functions. Inseasons of distress, a further latitude is given.
The practice of medicine, and other learned professions, painting, and other arts, work for wages, menial
service, alms, and usury, are among the modes of subsistence allowed both to the Bra/iiiian and Cs/uitri/a.
A f'aisi/a, unable to subsist by his own duties, may descend to the servile acts ot a Siidra ; and a Siidrn,
not finding employment by waiting on men of the higher classes, may subsist by handicraft.- ; principally
following those mechanical operations, as joinery and masonry, and practical arts, as painting and writing,
by which he may serve men of superior classes; and although a man of a lower class is in general re-
stricted from the acts of a higher class, the Sitdra is expressly permitted to become a trader, or a
husbandman,
" liesides the particular occupation assigned to each of the mixed classes, they have the alternative of
following that profession, which regularly belongs to the class from wliicli they derive their origin on
the mother's side ; those at least have such an option, who are born in the direct order of the cliissos.
T/ic mixed classes are also permitted to sulisist by tinii of tlir duties of a Sttdra, tliat is, Ity menial service,
by liandicrafts, by commerce, and auriculture. Hence it appears, that almost kvurv occipatidn,
TllOl;(]lI niUil.l.ARLV IT UE THE PHOI'ESSIO.S OF A PARTULl.AH CLASS, IS <iPI:n TO .MOST OTHER Cl.ASSIS ;
and that the limitations, far from being rigorous, do in fact reserve only the peculiar profession of the
Braliman, which consists in teaching the y'eda, and officiating at religious ceremonies."
" We have thus," says Mr. Uickards, by whom this passage has been quoted, " the highest existing
authority for utterly rejecting the doctrine of the whole Hindoo community ' being divided into four
castes ; ' and of their peculiar prerogatives being guarded inviolate by " impassable walls of separation.'
It is also clear that the intermixture of castes had taken place, to an indetinite extent, at the time when
the Dliei ma Sastra was composed, which Sir William Jones computes to be about 8K() years B. C. ; for the
mixed classes are specified in this work, and it also refers in many places, to past times, and to events
which a course of time only could have brought about. The origin of the intermixture is therefore lost
in the remotest and obscurest antiquity; and having been carried on through a long course of ages, a he-
terogeneous mass is every where presented to us, in these latter times, without a single example in any
particular state, or kingdom, or separate portion of the Hindoo community, of that quadruple division of
castes, which has been so confidently insisteil upon.
" I have myself seen carpenters of five or six different castes, and as many diflPerent bricklayers, em-
ployed on the same building. The same diversity of castes may be observed among the craftsmen in dock-
yards, and all other great works ; and those, who have resided for any time in the principal commercial
cities of India, must be sensible, that every increasing demand for labour, in all itsditl'erent branches and
varieties of old and new arts, has been speedily and etrectually supplied, in spite of the tremendous insti-
tution of castes ; which we are taught to believe forms so impassable an obstruction to the advancement
of Indian industry."
2. Growing Demand for English Goods. — It is difficult to sujipose that the directors
of the East India Company should not have been early aware of the fallacy of the opinions
as to the fixedness of Indian habits. So far, however, as we know, they have not,
in this instance, evinced any acquaintance with the discoveries of their servants. On
the contrary, in all the discussions that took place with resjiect to the opening of the
trade in ISl'l, the (or.ipany invariably contended that no increase of trade to India
M
' *i
t'
y'*i
•> (• :| 1
I "I
1. ■ 1
ri
i i
I '1
r 4
538
1:AST indies (Socirty IV, TiiADE, Sec),
coiilil l>i' I'xpi'ctiMl. Ill II li'ttcr of the I'liainiiaii and <li'|uily I'liairiiiiin to tlie Ri'ulit
Ilonoiiralili' Itoliort Diindas, dati'il l:!tli ot° Jainiaiy, IKO'I, it is stiiti-d, that thi> small
tluinaiid tiir I'liri'i;;!! I'tiniintidilii's in India " ii.'siih-< IVnni tho nature ol' the- Indian ]if(i|ilc,
tlii'ir cliniati', and Ihiir iisa;ii's. Thi- arlii'li's of first lu-fi-ssily thi'ir own ciiiintry Ciir-
nishi'S inori' aliniidantly and inori' ('hcajily than it is jiossihli' lor Miiropo to siipply thriii.
'i'hc lahoiir of tiic ;;ri'at hody of the conniion |)i'0|ik- only I'lialik-s tlii'in to Niilisist on rici-,
uiid to wear a slijiht I'oviM-iiif; of eolloii eloth ; they, therefore, run /lun/uisf nime of tlu'
sii/)crjliiiliis Iff offi r t/irm. Tlie coiniiaralivi'ly few in belter circMUiislaiuvs, reslrieled,
like the ri'st, hy iiiiinerous reli;jions and civil customs, of whieli all are remarkalily teiia-
fioiis, tind t\-w of our commodities to their taste ; and their eliinate, so dissimilar to ours,
renilers many of them uiisiiilahle to their use; so tliat a commerct' hetwecn them and us
cannot proceed tiir upon the principle of supplying mutual wants. Hence, except
woollens, in a very limited dc'^ri'c, for mantles in the cold season, and metals, on a scale
also very limited, to lie worked up liy their own artisans for the few iiliiisjis tlu'y need,
hardly any of our staple commodities find a vent amon<r the Indians ; the other ex|iiirts
wliii'li lOurope sends to India liein^ ehielly consumed liy the lOuropean population tlicre,
and some of the descendants of the early I'ortu^'uese .settlers, all of whom, taki'ii col-
lectively, form hut a small liody, in view to any ipiestion of national commerce." —
( I'li/wrs /iiililis/icd 1)1/ (iiif/iDriti/ iij' t/ic ICiist Iiidiit (^impitnij, IHl;!, p. 'Jl.)
The volume from which we have made this extract contains a variety of passaj^tes to
the sameellect. So conlident, indeed, were the Company that they had carrii'd the trade
to India to the utmost extent of which it was capable, that it is expressly staled, in
resolutions jiassed in afroiural court held at the India House, on the 'Jlith of.lanuary,
iKlii, '■ that no lari^e or sudden addition can lie made to the amount of ISritish exports
to India or China ;" that the Company had siillered a loss in attem|itin;^ to exti'iid this
hrancli of their trade; that the warehouses at home were j^liitted with Indian com-
modities fur which there was no demand; and thai to ojien the out|iorts to the trade
would he no other than "a ruinous transfer <if if into new channels, to the destruction
of immeii'-e and costly cstulilisliments, and the beggary uf many tliousiiiuls of industrious
individuals."
liiiekily, however, these rei)resentatioiis were unable to jireveiit the opening of the
trade, and the result has sullieiently demonstrated their fallacy. The enterprise and
exertion of individuals lias vastly increased our exports to India — to that very country
which the Company had so confidently iironomiced was, and would necessarily continuu
to be, incapable of alliirding any addiliona! outlet for our peculiar products!
Thi' commercial accounts for ISl'J and ISl;! were unfortunately destroyed by the (ire
at the Custom-house. I'he tr.ide to India was opened on the lOlli of April, ISl I ; and
in that year the declared or real value of the products ex)io:ted from (ireat Mrilaiii to
the countries eastward of the Cape of (iood Hope, excepiing China, by the Mast India
Company, was H'iO'^T.iS/., and by the private traders, 1,018,1 :i2/. In LSI 7, the Coiii-
jiany's exports had declined to ():!S,;!S'_'/., while those of the private traders had increased
to '2.~30,\',:VM. ; and in 1S_'S, the former had sunk to only ISH.fJOl/., while the latter had
increased to ,'!,!)7!»,()T-/., being more than double the total exports to India, as well by
the Company as by jirivate traders, in ISM !
The Company have stated, and no doubt truly, that they have lost a very large sum
in attem|)ting to extend the demand for liritish woollens in India and China, which,
notwithstaiuling, continues very limited. l>ut in their ellorls to force the sale of
woollens, they seem to have entirely forgotten that we had attained to great excellency
in the manufacture of cotton stuff's, the article principally made use of as clothing in
Ilindostan; and that, notwithstanding the cheapness of labour in India, the adv;mlagu
we derived from our superior machinery might enable ns to offer cotton stnlls to the
natives at a lower ))rice than they conld afford to manufaetnre them for, No sooner,
however, had the trade been oiiened to private adventurers, than this channel of enter-
prise was explored ; and the result has l)een, that, instead of bringing cottons from India
to Kngland, the former has beconu^ oiiv. of llin lust, iiml iiw.st t.vfi'it.sirt: luiirki is fur t/ic
cottons of the Litttv. We (piestion, indeed, whether, in the whole history of commerce,
anotlier equally striking example can be produced of the iiowcrful influence of com-
jietition in opening new and almost buuiidless fields for the successful prosecution of
commercial enterprise.
In 18 11, tlie first year of the free trade to India, the exports of cotton amounted to
817,(KX) yards, of which only about 17(),()(X) yards, valued at 17,778/., were exported by
the Company! The progress of the trade will be seen in the following statement: —
i
EAST IXDIF.S (SoniiY iv, Thadr, \c.).
.'!f)
Arroiitit "prrlfyinj; thr Qii.intilifJt oC llio (iriiitnl ami pi. mi Ci.lKiii Stiifl'-*, llic dc rliirnl Valiir oC .ill Surfu
oriil.inufactiiritl ('nriiMI (fiinils, tlir (Jii.ilililv "I Culliin Tiv i«t or Vain, a ii' I I lie drilarnl \ iiliic r.f Hid
•niiH', cxiMiiliil I'lciiii llir liiilcil Kiii);ilcaii, Id .ill I'arls d' llii' |;a>l, i \rc |it ( lima, imcIi Viar Ircir |^| J.
Vi-.iri
Cnllnii AlaiiiiCirtiim.
I M..II
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yurih.
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'I'lic Kast liiilia ('(iiiipaiiy riiiilriliutcil iiiilliiiii/ uhatcvcr to this rxlraiirdiiiarx iiit'ri'asc nf llic I'littnii
trailr ; their <'\|iiii'l.s net liaviii); liciii mi largi' ill in) iiiic >t'ar as in 181 ^, wliiii tlii'y only aiiKiuiili'il tu the
iiii'iiii.,iilrialil(' Mini already iiieiitiiiiu'd.
Till' (li'iiiimd Ciir si'vural otliiT articles of Hritish mniuiractiirc lins rcct-ntly iiicronscd,
tlliiii;.''li iKit in till' sMim.' iiiiiirccrdci-.tfil iii.inni'r as cottdii, willi cdnsidiralik' ni|iidily.
Nolwitlistaiidiii^ all that lias lici'ii said as tn tlii' iiiiiiiiitaliility (iC Hindoo lialiits, tlii' liii-t
is not to 1)0 dcnii'd, that ii taste lor iMiropuaii |irodiicts and I'listoins is rapidly s|irfa(iiii}^
itsfir ovir India. .And tin- fair jiri'snniiitioii is, that it will contiiuif to fjaiii f;roiin(i
ai'c'ordiiif; ;is I'diication is inori- dill'iist'd, and as tlit' nalivi's hi-conie butter aL'<|iiaiiiti'(l
with our lanffii.ii^i', Jirls, and li.-ihits. 'I'lii' antlii'iitii'ity ol" Dr. IKIkt's stateiiiLMits ciiiiiot
1)0 oallod in (jiiostiiin ; and tlioro aro iii.iiiy |i.issa}fos in <lilU'ront parts of his .Journal that
li)i{;ht 1)0 (piotod ill oorrohoration of what has now boon slated. Our limits, however,
will ordy pi'niiit ns to iii.iko a very low extracts.
" Nor have the relinioiis prejiidiees, anil the iiii('haiiK<'.ilili'iios« oftli.- Iliiiiloo lialiits, been less eXafjKO-
rnted. Smiie of the Ik st inforiiied ol their nation, with u lion i I h ^veeoiiviTM-d, a»~iiri' me, lliat hall their
iniist reiii.irkalile ( ustoiiis ot'ijvil and doiiiestie life are liorrov .d t'roni their Slolianiiiud.in coiiiiiieriirs
.nml (1/ iirisnit lln rr i^< iiii (ilifiaiis inn/ iiniciisiii^ lihiitisiliitn ' imiliilr llic Kiiflmli m iiiti/ t/iiiif;, whiili
has alieady led lo very reniarkahle ili.innes, and will, proh.dilv, to still more iniportaiit. The wiallhy
natives now all aili'il to havi' lliiir houses decorated Willi I orinlhian pillar^, and tilled willi i:ii(;hsli liir-
lliev drive IhcJiesI horses and the most d.oliin^' earria(;es in ( aleiitla : maiiv of lliriii sneak
I ... I.' 1.. I. 1 :..... _ 1 .1... . t. 1.1 .■ . .• • I J
' I '1
P
'! I
i| e.iste." — Vel ii. ji. .iDli.)
" To say that the Ilindoos or Mussultnanii ar«Mli'(i'lent in any rsscnfinl feature of a eivilisnl pi opic, is
an asscrtiiin wliirh 1 < .ni scan i ly supixise to lie made liy any who have lived with H'em ; their niaiim ri
are at least as plea-mn and eoiirtemis a- those In thei-orrespoiidint,' st..tioe.^ oMile anion),' oiirselvis ; I heir
Ikhiscs are larger, and, aceordiiiH to tl ■ • wants and elini.ite, to the hill a- i iiiiviiiieiit as ours ; their .ir-
cliitirtiire is at least .is elegaiil , nor i true that in the meelianieaitsti - v are inferior lo the genera.
run (if i;iiro|wan nations. WIutc tliej ' -hurt of us, - i ;eli is eliietl) in aj,uiultiir.il iinplenieiils, ami
the meehani. - of eominon life," they aie so far as II \e understood of lialv anil the smith ot I'ranre
siirpa-sed in iii\ degree by the people oi "se eonntrie 'I'lieir gohlsinithv and wia\ers produce as
lieaiititiil falir.ev as our own ; and it is so lai roni true that tliey are obstinately wedded to their old pat-
terns, that tin y show an anxiety to imitate our models, and do imitati- tlicm vef) -incessfiilly. Theship.t
built by native artists at Itombay are notoriously as good as anywIiMli sail from I.ondoii or Liverpool.
'I'lie carriages and gigs which thev -iipply at ( aliiitta .oe .is f, imlsoiiie, though not as diir.ilile, as those
of [,oiig .Acre. In the httle tow VI..iighyr, ..i-i miles Iroiii < .deult.i, I had pistids, doiilile-b.irn lied
guns, and ditlercnt pieces of cabinet \> k, brought down to my l«.at tor sale, which in outward loriii lor
I know no ftirtlicrl noliody but perlia| Mr. loiild detect to be oi Hindoo origin ; and .it Delhi,
ill the shop of a vvcallby iiativi' jewel li i 1 found lirooi lu's, ear-rings, siuiH I \es, &c. of the latest models
(.so f.ir as I am a judge , and oriiamcnteil with I'reiich devices and mottos. ^\'(i\. ii. p .;S!J.)
As IJishop Ilebor ponetrateil into tlie interior of India, lie IiiIikI the same taste as in
Calciilla, fur I'.iiroiie.in articles and for luxuries, to prevail every where aiifono the natives.
Of Heiiares, he writes as I'ollows: —
" Ifiif what surjiriscd nio still more, as I pcnrtratcil further into it, wore the large, lofly, and iiamlsninc
dwelhng-lioiises, the beauty and apparent ri( Inn -s of the goods exposed in the bazaars,' and the evident
liiiiii III business. Uenarcs is in fact a very indiistnous and wi^althy, as well as a very holy city It is flic
great mart where tli.' I'aivls of the north, the diainomls of tt^ south, and the muslins of iJaci a and the
eastern |iriiviiices c iitr. ; aid it has very considur:ililc silk, cotfoii, and line woollen nianiitarlories of its
own ; while Kiigh :i lianhv.i c, swords, shields, and spears, troin I.iickiiow and Monghyr, and t/mxr iiw
rii/iiiiu /n.'u)irs ini'.' vli'iiiDi ;i'.v triiirh arc liiiili/ hfci»iiiti<; viorr pii/itiliir m India, circulate from heme
through liundlcciin I, (iorru 'kpoor, Nepaiil, anil other tr.icts which are rcr uved from the main arterv of
theOangeii." — (Vol. 1. p. UJ.J '
111'
I :
ill
Iiicludiii;.' laco. Iingiery, and small wares.
.rvli
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
1.0
I.I
1^128
If B^
It |4o 1 2.0
Z.5
li
1.8
1:25 U II 1.6
« 6"
►
Photograplyc
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
o^
r^^
540
EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, &c.)
l\
%
Piocceiliiif; still further into the interior of the cotnitry, and when at Nusscerabad,
distant above 1,000 miles from Calcutta, the bishop continues his Journal in the same
strain ; viz.
" Euro|)fnn articles are, at Nusseerabail *, as might be expected, very dear ; the shops arc kept by a
Greek and two I'arsees from Hombay : they had in their list all the usual items of a Calcutta warehouse.
English cotton cloths, both white and printed, are to be met with comnionly in wear ainong the people of
the country, and may, I learned to my surprise, be bought best and cheapest, as well as all kinds of hard,
ware, crockery, writing-desks. Sec, at I'allec, a large town and celebrated mart in Marwar, on the eii e oC
the desert, several days' journey west of Joudpoor, where, till very lately, no European was known to
have penetrated." — (Vol. ii. p. ofi.)
As to the cliaracter of the Hindoos, their cajjacity, and even anxious desire for im-
provement, the bishop's testimony is equally clear and decided ; and as this is a jjoint of
pre-eminent importance, the reader's attention is requested to the following statements : —
" In the schools which have been lately established in this part of the empire, of which there are at
present 9 established by the Church Missionary, and 11 by the Christian Knowledge Societies, some
very unexpected facts have occurred. As all direct attempts to convert the children are disclaimed, the
parents send them without scruple. But it is no less strange than true, that there is no objection made
to the use of the Old and New Testament as a class-book ; that so long as the teachers do not urge them
to eat what will make them lose their caste, or to be baptised, or to curse their country's gods, they readily
Con.sent to every thing else ; and not oidy Mussulmans, but Hrahniius, stand by with perfect coolness, .oul
listen sometimes with apparent interest and pleasure, while the scholars, by the road side, are reading the
stories of the creation and of Jesus Christ." — (Vol. ii. p. S!!l().)
" Hearing all I had heard of the prejudices of the Hindoos and Mussulmans, I certainly did not at all
expect to find that the common people would, not only without objection, liut with the greatest thankful-
nes.s, send their children to schools on Bell's system ; and they seem to be fully sensible of the advantages
conferred by writing, arithmetic, and, above all, by a knowledge of English. There are now in Calcutta,
and the surrounding villages, 20 boys' schools, containing fiO to V20 each ; and 23 girls', each of 25 or ;J0."
— {Vol. ii. p. 3(K))
" In the same holy city (Benares) I visited another college, founded lately by a wealthy Hindoo banker,
and intrusted by him to the management of the Church Missionary Society, in which, besides a gramma,
tical knowledge of the Hindoostanee language, ,is well as Persian and Arabic, t le senior boys could pass
a good examination in English grammar, in Hume's History of England, Joyr Scientific Dialogues, the
use of the globes, and the principal facts and moral precepts of the (iospel ; iul ^c of them writini; beauti.
fully in the Persian, and very tolerably in the English character, and excelling most boys I have met with
in the accuracy and readiness of their arithmetic." — (Vol. ii. p. J88.)
" The dift'crent nations which I have seen in India, (for it is a great mistake to suppose that all India
is peopled by a single race, or that there is not as great a disparity between the inhabitants of Guzerat,
Bengal, the Dooab, and the Deccan, both in language, manners, and physiognomy, as between any four
nations in Europe,) have, of course, in a greater or less degree, the vices which must be expected to at-
tend on arbitrary government, a demoralising and absurd religion, and (in all the independent states, and
in some of the districts which are partiahy subject to the British) a laxity of law, and an almost universal
prevalence of intestine feuds and habits of plunder. 'J'he general character, however, has much which
IS extremely pleasing to me ; they are brave, courteous, intelligent, and most eager after knowledge and
improvement, with a remarkable talent for the sciences of geometry, astronomy, &c., as well as for the
arts of painting and sculpture. In all these (minis they have had great difficulties to struggle with, both
from the want of models, instruments, and elementary instruction ; the indisposition, or rather the horror,
entertained, till lately, by many among their European masters, forgiving them instruction of any kind;
and now from the real difficulty which exists of translating works of science into languages which have
no corresponding terms." — (Vol. ii. p. 409.)
Even if our space permitted, it would be unnecessary to add to these extracts. The
facts and circumstances now mentioned, must, we think, satisfy every one that there is
nothing in the nature of Indian society, in the institution of castes as at present existing,
or in the liabits and customs of the natives, to hinder them from advancing in the career
of civilisation, commerce, and wealth. " It may safely l)e asserted," says Mr. Ilauiilton,
" that with so vast an extent of fertile soil, peopled by so many inillions of tractal)le and
industrious inhabitants, Ilindostan is capable of supplying the whole world with any
species of tropical merchandise; the production, in fact, being only limited by the
demand."
S. Trade with India. — The principal obstacle in the way of extending the commerce
with India does not consist in any indisposition on the part of the natives to purchase our
commodities, but in the difficulty under which they are placed of furnishing equivalents for
them. This, however, is rather a factitious than a real difficulty. It results more from
the discriminating duties laid on several articles of Indian produce, than from their being,
in any respect, unsuitable for our markets. Instead of admitting all the articles rai.sed
in the different dependencies of the empire for home consumption on the same terms, we
have been accustomed to give a marked preference to those raised in the West Indies. We
confess, however, that we are wholly imable to discover any grounds on which to vin-
dicate such preference. The protection which every just government is bound to afford
to all classes of its subjects, cannot vary with the varying degrees of latitude and longi-
tude under which they happen to live. And as no one denies that the inhabitants of
Bengal are, as well .as those of Demerara or Jamaica, liege subjects of the British
crown, it does seem quite at variance with every fair principle, to treat them worse than
the West Indians, by imposing higher duties on their produce when brought to our
markets.
The following Tables give a comprehensive view of the trade with India since the
relaxation of the monopoly in 1814, and particularly during the 3 years ending with
1 832 : —
* Nusscerabad, near Ajtncrc, in the heart of the Uajepoot country.
EAST INDIES (Socikty in, Tuade, etc.).
541
An Account of the Value of the Imports and Exports between (iroat nritain and all Places Eastward of
the Cape of 'Jood Hope (excepting' China); distinguishing the Private Trade from that of the East
India Company, in each Year, from 1814 to the latest Period to which the same can be made up.
Years.
Value (if !iiiiM)rts into (Jreat Hritaii), IVnDi all I'lai-es
Ka^twariliilthe('a|ie()t't;ouallo|ie(ex«iil Hiina),
acMordiiiK to the I'riies at the Kast India Cuin.
|ian>'s Sales in the re»iiective Veiirs.
Valne of Hxnorts front (ireat Ilritain to all I'laces
Kfutwardot tliel'a|>eot (iuoil Hope (ujiceiit China),
according to the Declarations of the Kxporters.
Ity the Kast
India Comiiany.
Private Trade. | Total Imports.
lly the Kast
India Company.
Private Trade.
Total Exports.
1814
1815
1810
1817
1818
1819
IS'JO
1821
1822
1823
. 1824
182;>
1820
1827
1828
182!)
1830
1831
183/
£
4,208,079
3,0lli,550
2,027,703
2,323,030
ii,3l)5,(K)3
1,932,401
1,757,137
1,743,733
1,092,329
1,587,078
1,194,7.53
1,402,092
1,520,000
1,012,480
1,930,107
1,593,442
1,593,.500
1,434,372
1,107,787
£
4,435,190
5,119,011
4,402,082
'1 ,511,950
fi,iK)l,144
4,(i83,307
4,201,389
3,031,413
2,0 1,334
4,344,973
4,410,.347
4,710,083
5,210,800
4,0(i8,5.7
5,13>,073
4,024,842
4,085,505
4,295,438
5,229,311
£
8,r>4.3,275
8,13ii,lo7
0,429,785
0,8t);J,580
9,200,147
0,015,7(i8
5,958,526
4,775,140
.■3,7I3,(iO;3
5,932,051
.5,005,100
0,178,775
0,730,920
.5,081,017
7,O0."),180
0,218,284
5,(i79,071
5,729,810
0,337,098
£
82(i,K08
99li,.;48
t);33,54l)
038,382
553,385
700,508
971,09()
887,019
C0(),089
458,5,50
0;)4,783
.598,.")53
990,91^4
805,(ilU
488,001
434,580
19S,3!H
14(i,480
149,193
£
1,048,132
l,,0(i9,513
1,955,<W9
2,750,3,33
3,018,779
l,58ii,575
2,0(i»),815
2,0.70,770
2,8,38,a54
2,957,705
2,841,795
2,.074,OiiO
2,480,588
3,8.;0,580
3,979,072
3,005,078
3,8i)l,917
3,488,-57 1
3,1)01,093
£
1,874,0!)0
2,5ti5,701
2,589,4.55
3,.i88,715
3,572,10-4
2,347,083
3,037,911
3,54-l,.i95
3,444,443
3,410,2,")5
3,490,578
3,173,213
3,471,5,-)2
4,ii33,190
4,407 ,(i73
4,1(KI,204
4,087,311
3,ii35,051
3,750,280
An Account of the Imports into Great Britain from ad Places Eastward of the Cape of Good Hope
(excepting China), distinguishing between those made by the East India C-impany and those made by
private Traders during the Three Years ending with 1832. — tErom Pari. Paper, No. 42a Sess. 18,33.)
1
Articles.
1830.
1831.
1832.
East
India
Company.
Private
Trade.
Total.
Kicst
India
Company.
Private
Trade.
Total.
Contpany. ■'"'''••■
Total.
3I,6S-,
Aloos - : . lbs.
.
SljOCi
.'>i,o(;.'i
.
20,305
20,3(15
.
31,681
Asatirtida - • —
.
K,7'^'^
8,722
.
8U2
892
.
I3,7,")l
13,731
,v
Hfiijanun • - —
.
•inA'V^
27,128
.
S3,879
83,K79
.
92,i;i3
92, 1'.I3
I
Hnrax - - . _
.
WlM'i
172,(i4,i
.
188,211
188,211
.
150,;'.).-|
1.'|(I,2(I5
'
(;.imi)hire, unrefined - —
.
273,08'^
273,682
.
106,979
106,979
-
203,7,34
203,731
Canes, viz. rattans (not
f^ruund) - - numb.
,
'^,4M,.';fi'i
2,411,.'i62
.
3,908,423
3,908,423
.
3,922,.3,'.5
3,922,355
Cotiee - - - lbs. .
7,UV5,7U9
7,02J,7U9
.
7,650,386
7,656,386
.
10,107,837
10,107,837
Cotton piece Roods, white
calicoes and muslins, \*i:^.
171/^23
.
, 171,223
1,467
15,900
17, .36 7
.
79,090
79,090
Cotton piece ^oods, tfyeil
cotton &. grass cloths, pes.
47,53S
20.';,(12.')
2.->2,,'-,63
32,107
136,731
168,8.38
11,120
216,100
227,226
.
Nanquin cloths - —
.
.073,5SI
57,3,.WI
854,671
8,54,671
.
1^5,807
195,S07
i
<;ar(lanioms - ■ lbs.
.
1 1 ,(),1,'>
4 1 ,035
72,800
72,8(10
-
(17,',il8
67,21S
s
[;assi;ibuds - - —
.
S(i,7.')»*
86,7.'>S
171,72(1
171,720
.
75,173
7. ,173
W
Cassia lij^nea - - —
.
S.ll.'^UIl
831,296
.302,789
.392,780
_
996,3(iS
9!(( ,3f,,S
fl
Ciimanioii - • —
.
■IIII.IWG
44U,(„J(i
222,991
222,9'Jl
.
2-"i,:3H
25,73S
■
1) loves - . . _
-
.->,1'JS
3,1!)8
121,607
121,607
.
221,614
221.611
■
(Cotton wool - ■ —
fi2(),33.T
1 1 ,8'J'2,5 j(i
12,.') 12,889
446,930
25,366,643
25,8 1 3,573 2,580,4 1 5.32,633,(.89 35,2 1 9,5( 1 1 1
■
U>e ^ hann ebony, tons
woods, viz. j red sandersi
.
1,3(11
1,.301
111
111
70
70
■
,
11
II
65
65
.
149
149
■
Elephants* teeth • cut.
.
l,«)'i
1,6(J2
2,173
2,173
.
1,010
1,010
■
(ialls - . . —
.
1 ,.')(il
1 ,.'illl
i,(l31
1,031
■
867
8(i7
iiinRer - - —
35
l,'23t
1,26!)
8.''ill
8,50
2,,50!)
2,.'.VII
(iuni, animi and copal, lbs.
M,!!:,!
5.'i,(i,')l
190,274
190,274
.
1,55,290
1.55,211(1
Arabic - - cwt.
.
i.'jua
1,962
2,189
2,489
.
2,693
2,6113
Lac dye, lac lake, and cake
lar - - lbs.
.
4S.'i,i6!l
4S.'-,,269
753,252
753,252
450,379
45ll„179
Shell lac and seed lac —
(il'J,(i3(i
619,()36
1,1 I6,12S
1,146,128
1,070,261
1,07(1,21.1
Stick lac - . -
.
7,-,;>'i:>
37, .VJ,')
149,144
149,144
319,373
3l!l,373
Heinji - • cwt.
.
U, 1.1(1
14,1.30
11,7.35
1 1 ,735
.
fi4,!)40
(i1,91(l
.Nutmegs - - lbs.
-IS.O.OU
4.'),(),')9
110,0,39
110,039
.
223,4-^6
223,426
Oil, i-astor • . _
.
4-1 1, '^7.0
44 1 ,275
343,,373
343,373
.
257 ,,387
257„3,S7
Cocoa nut • -cwt.
.
«,1S1
6,484
3,535
3, .3.35
.
1(1,660
10,(:61i
of mace & nutmegSj Ibs.oz.
-
4(i(i,l,'>
4(i6,15
651,14
051,14
.
264,10
261,1(1
Olibanuin - - cwt.
.
4,ISI
4,181
761
761
,
3,,306
3„3(16
Ft'pper, of all sorts - lbs.
.
'i,i\i;Hi
2,742,224
1,(J70,16I
5,057,776
6,128,240
.
4,6,30,475
4,6.3(1,175
Hides, untanned • cwt.
.
.'),l()4
5,101
-
3,376
.3,.3T0
.
10,7,39
10,7,39
Indigo - - lbs.
^A 154,34 1
'j,lVlfi\<-'i
7,926,857
1,781,978
5,223,268
7,005,216
1,731,898
4,479,997
6,211,S!1.-.
Mace - . - -
.
vi,Mm
12,962
40,921
40,921
72,022
72,022
Madder root - - cwt.
.
Hiri
992
2,571
2,571
,334
,331
Mother o'pearl shells, rh.lbs.
.
4G5,5'J1
465,.5>J1
010,192
510,492
721,527
721,527
Musk - - - oz.
.
3,3'^0
3,.320
3,117
3,447
.
8,129
8,12!1
Ilhubarb • - lbs.
.
l.'^p-.Vll
1,57,211
1.33,462
1.33,462
.
115,237
115,2,37
Rice, not in the husk, cwt.
.
l',i.'),48T
125,487
133,887
133,887
.
l7l,,5(;o
171,,'i60
in the husk - - bush
.
■il,U48
21,948
33,553
33,553
.
19,744
19,711
SafHower - • cwt.
_
i!,l7(l
2,170
2,1.36
2,436
.
5,55l>
5,556
Sago - . . _
.
'i,fi(il
2,661
2,253
2,253
3,377
3,377
Saltpetre - - —
4»,y'^8
98,774
143,702
"28,s"lS
141,9111
17(1,722
149,512
180,(1,^6
229,5,3N
Senna - - - lbs.
1 7(i,.'ji)3
176,,593
.
20o,:i!io
200,990
46I,'.M7
161,917
Silk, raw, waste, & floss, —
1,020,963
7IV^68
1,736,231
1,088,973
636,677
1,725,650
.727,r75
1,087,611
1,811,819
Manufactured, vi/.
Baiulana handkerchiefs
and rumals • pieces
68,624
ca.ib'i
124,276
62,997
121,401
18138
63,547
148,310
211,887
Crape, in pieces —
•
.il3
513
.
932
932
I'rape shawls, scarf, and
gown-pieces and hand*
kiTchiefs - numb
.
23,711
23,711
.
17,740
17,740
.
11,469
11,469
Tall'aties.and other silks,
in pieces - pieces
6.173
%y>r,
8,529
4,282
3,086
7,368
2,206
2,319
4„525
Soap . - cwt
.
11
11
.
1
1
Spirits, vi/. arrack, imp.gall
4I,41U
■11,41!l
.
7,911
7,911
.
20,.591
20,501
Sugar, unretined - cwt
1 18,358
660,729
779,087
102,476
047,972
750,418
56,060
647,077
703,1,37
1
Tin . - . _
.
14, ,174
11, .574
.
5,472
5,472
.
26,612
26,612
■
Tortoisesliell, rough - lbs
_
32,1 S9
3'),1S(I
.
.30,902
.30,!I(I2
.
,3'.l,l)04
39,0(14
■
Turmeric - - —
.
1,8(17,704
l,8(i7,764
.
1,292,028
1,292,028
.
1,IX)1,04.'
1,004,045
■
Vermilimi - . —
•
.
.
.
10,923
10,923
1 ,92(
1 ,926
1
(Mher articles - value/.
2,S1.'
206,020
208,835
2,181
201,279
203,160
- 1 2(18,71!
208,719
1
'Total \'n!ue «l" Imports, /..
I,.')93,.')6<)
lj,nH,'),.W
1 ,5,679,071
h,1,T4j372
4,296,438
5,729,810
1,107,787 5,229,311
(i,337,09S
fcl
. m
i< I (I ••
X'\
512
EAST INDIES (Society in, Trade, etc.).
An Account of the Quantities and declared Values of the various Articles ex|)orted from Great Britain
to all I'laces Kastward of the Cape of Good Hope (exc('i)t China), distinguishing between those made
by the East India Company, and those made by private Traders, during the Three Vears ending with
lH32.—(Vwm tlie I'arl. I'apir, No. +ii5. Sess. l«jj.)
'■' I
Articles.
Apothecary wares
Dfclart'il value L,
Apiiarc'I
Hetr and ale - tuns
DurlarfJ value I..
Books, prinifd - cwt.
Declared value L.
Brass - - cwt.
Declared vahu; /<.
CaDinetand u)ilu)lstervwares
Declared value L,
Carriages - number
Declared value 1^.
Coals - - tons
Deilarod value L.
Cochineal - - Ihs.
Declared value L,
Colours tor p.tintirs
DecLireii value /*.
Coii]'er,unwiou,.;lit, in bricks
and pii;s - cwt.
I>e( lared value A.
WroUh'ht, of all
sorts - - cwt.
Declared value L.
Cordaj^e - - cwt.
Declared value A.
Cotton manutactures (lirit.)
Calicoes, &c., white or
jilain - - vards
Declared value /,.
Ditto, printed, checked,
St. lined, or dyed - yards
Declared value L,
IMuslins,, SiCt white or
plain . - yards
Declared value A.
Ditto, printed, checked,
stained, or dyed - yards
J), dared value L.
Hosiery, and small wares
Declared value /*.
AgirrtH'^i? value of British
cotton manufactures
Declared value f..
Cotton twist and yarn - lbs.
Declared value L.
Cotton nianufac uns (fjn.)
siiuare yards-
value I.,'
Dechred valued,.
Earthenware of all sorts
fiieces
ue L
(ilass - Decl.tred v.ilue I..
Guns and pistols - nund>er
Declared value /,.
Ilaberdashtry and milliiu'ry
Decl:ired value L.
Hardwares and cutU-rv
Declared value L.
Hats of all liorts - du/.ens
Declared value /..
Iron, bar and bolt - tons
Declared value 1.-
cast and wrought cwt.
Declared value />.
Lace and thread of >;old and
silver - - lbs.
Declared value L,
Lead and shot - tons
Declared value L>
Leather aiul saddle^ry
JJeclitred value L,
Linen manufactures
Deolare<l value L>
Machinery and mill-work
Declared value />.
Military stores not other-
wise describeil
Declared value /*.
Musical instruments
Declared value /!..
Opium - - lbs.
Declared value L.
Ordnance, of brass and iron
tons
Declare<l value L.
Plate, plated ware, jewellery
and watches
Declared value £..
Provision'^, declareil value A.
Quicksilver • Ihs,
Declared value L.
Silk manufactures
Declared value t.
Soap and candles - cwt.
Declared value L.
Spelter, foreij^ - cwt.
Declared value L. -
Spirits, British • gallons •
Declared value L. !-
Spirits, forei(;n ■ f^allons -
Declared value /'. I-
1830.
1
18J1.
1832.
Culnp.
I'rivatu
Triidf.
Total.
Eiist
India
'Jump.
rriviite
Trade.
Total.
Kast
India
Cuiiip.
Private
Trade.
Total.
10,5S>
4,3.ji
V
91
9,'il2
2S,2'i 1
3,173
71,.Ti4
703
19,504
2:.2
2,145
20,2.30
32,, 76
3,173
71,.-)64
7 13
20,617
■ill
6,58V
1,89.
2(
391
r
251
5
4U
6,169
27,362
3,144
60,105
823
23,016
161
1,241
1
j 12,751
29,257
3,170
60,795
829
23,275
169
1,284
6,96-
U,27
r
237
15
393
9,778
23,477
4,737
S7,li06
1,032
27,189
121
1,005
16,745
32,748
■1,737
87,).ot»
1,1 '15
27,126
IliO
1,39.S
1,877
2,538
lI,H.->5
2,lMi
l,(l.-,3
41,329
21,0J(J
•3,525
■ 133
I1,S.V,
1,013
.I.-,: 11
4l,.-.'.i9
21,056
2,01.3
2,314
2,019
137
9,382
3,013
2,555
31,67)1
15,870
2,0|9
9,.3S2
6,056
4,809
i 34,).76
13,870
47
l,92f
1,870
3,098
8)1
5,4.-0
4,517
3, SOS
29,5^S
11,095
3,145
.SO
5,4,30
6,173
5,76S
29,588
11,095
679
11,1.-4
15,113
891
8,573
D,164
1,150
11,951
13,101
-
4fi,807
200,050
46,S07
200,050
49,359
201,936
49,359
201,936
2,639
I1,18U
43,710
178,036
46,319
189,216
1,028
5,0 '.H
411
l.lul
4,3,1 V,
195,(J9S
911
2,187
11,211
2011,156
l„-,5'^
.3,288
711
3,500
1,11)5
3,270
.35,216
153,534
1,'.95
3,615
35,930
157,IU4
3,000
6,915
243
1,232
285
602
40,518
173,876
6,7 ".1
10,524
40,791
175,l))S
'i,li3)i
11,126
1
7,500 37 ,555,f;S7
210 l,0OS,Sli5
37,563,187
1,009,105
10,410
32U
28,639,567
726,386
28,649,977
726,706
6,414
268
34,077,810
818,921
31,OSI,2'il
819,189
2,r,00 13,420,203
IIJO 635,951
13,42S,.S03
5.36,111
890
71
13,971,220
471,617
13,972,110
471,688
-
17,907,088
531,6.54
17,907,088
531,)i54
.
5,917,969
185,910
5,917,969
185,910
.
6,362,976
179,652
6,.362,976
179,652
.
5,192,287
143,110
5,192,287
II.-;, 1 10
1
166,271
7,562
166,271
7,562
-
597,173
22,579
597,473
22,,>79
.
381,562
11,168
381,562
11,168
149
21,685
21,835
90
19,280
19,370
-
23,242
2.3,242
51!
38
1
1,760,003
4,6S!l,,-'.-.2
321,951
1,760„552
4,68!i,f,70
.381,955
481
1,419,514
6,54 1 ,S.'i3
453,762
1,419,995
6,5.|l,H,-,3
483,702
268
169
12
1,531,125
4,295,'^58
309,719
1,, 53 1,393
4,295,127
309,731
2,885
111
258
2,885
114
258
- -
7,806
327
7,S06
1
327
: :
991
991
991
991
42,000
429
l,74(i
2,3(K)
4,281
1,245,800
20,072
102,870
1,400
5,100
1,287,800
an, ,001
101, til 6
3,700
y,38 1
27,000
312
2,354
1 ,420
1,583
1,253,525
17,209
100,0)19
478
3,640
1,280,525
I7,.'>21
102,423
1,898
5,2^3
6,900
82
1,060
820
1,416
2,087, .3.-9
27,004
100,087
8,219
11,257
2,091, i-9
27,uS);
101,117
9,039
12,673
112
25,367
25,179
20
20,862
20,882
16
29,543
29,559
9,030
1,222
1,817,
43
371)
5,980,
7,3ir
72,013
2,232
13,510
12,290
S(i,93S
69,616
50,231
81,013
3, 15 1
15,387
12,.-.-3
87,311
75,596
57,572
10,352
980
1,471
93
08U
10,402
12,624
50,690
2,014
9,376
111755
79,258
75,987
50,628
61,012
2,994
10,847
11,848
80,2.38
S6,,389
63,252
11,264
1,001
1,6(«
.30
272
2,495
2,740
71,025
2,791
12,760
17,100
103,7(i5
58,854
37,916
82,289
3,792
14„-.6I
17,1.30
101,037
61,319
40,)i56
ira!
1,455,
31'
487
557
4,661
1,226
16,507
720
6,116
1,260
16,994
96
786
52
719
212
1,677
1,280
16,432
308
2,463
1,3.32
17,151
187
1,465
61
8«7j
474
2,94 1
1 ,565
18,986
6iil
4,lil9
1,626
19,813
1,345
29,051
30,396
3,671
18,367
22,C38
1,505
22,709
21,214
2,077
21,211
23,288
1,611
23,721
25,335
5,341
4.3,716
49,056
7,384
21,10.'-
28,489
3,092
10,340
13,432
3,651
11,623
15,174
5,983
494
6,387
1,081
221
1,302
128
115
243
294
•i
12,060
21,890
16,418
l'',3.:4
21,890
16,118
240
8,951
6,483
4,524
9,194
5,183
4,524
252
7/)85
7,337
223
8,140
10,025'
7,889;
116
730
339
8,870
224
3,286
5
140
229
3,426
34
816
23
130
57
916
44,370
21,317
153,918
14,112
51,39'-.
29,236
1, ',3,9 18
14,112
2,333
7,931
38,208
16,151
95,702
8,972
40,541
24,082
95,702
8,972
" 10,992
33,778
21,454
36,743
3,521
.33,778
.32,116
.36,713
,3,521
fil!)
1,815,
j
9,873
866
.3,889
62,376
32,747
3,6.32
1,780
99,453
12,072
9,873
1 ,185
5,734
62,376
.32,717
3,6.32
1,780
99,1.53
12,072
1,083
41)5
1,318
8,015
8.30
3,657
49,964
27,180
6,001
2,121
128,174
19,310
9,098
1,2.35
4,975
49,964
27,480
6,001
2,121
128,174
19,310
45
2
4
-i
25,159
1,344
5,207
37,499
21,093
6,289
2,362
208,581
32.038
25,204
1,316
5,211
37,499
21,093
6,289
2,362
808,581
3'<,032
■•■i
EAST INDIES (Society in, Tuade, etc.).
543
Total.
•1,7,17
87,i<(lfi
1,IM>
27,1-ii; I
IIHI I
1,3US
3,14.-)
SI)
(>,17.'i
.'>,7(;s
i!ll,.'.SS
ll.UDJ
1-,U)1
■iH,r>i!)
IS'J.'ilU
4ll,7!ll
17i,HIS
•i.uriii
11, lit)
34,nS4,'^'il
Sl'J,lf>'J
I7,907,OS,S
J»51,t).Vl
5,l'.Vi,iX7
ii:.,iiij
3S1,.V1'2
ll.lUS
1, S3 1,393
4,'i'.l:>,ii7
3U'J,731
!)ni
'J!J1
•2,0!)t,i-|)
'i7,ip->i)
lui.ii;
'J,ll."i!l
l'i,ti73
29,5iD
SSi,')S9
3,7',1'i
11,-lil
17,13(1
1111,037
«1,3I!I
4U,(„-|(;
(•.111
4, 111!)
1 ,li ,!fi
ly,S13
21,'ill
49,050
15,174
213
7,337
.'i7
9tli
33,778
3'i,l Hi
3(1,713
3,521
25,204
1,3II>
5,211
37,499
21,093
6,289
■i,3(i2
808,581
32^032
Kxports — conttmifd.
Articles.
1KJ().
18ol.
itwi
Kast
India
Cum p.
Private
'J'raile.
Total.
Kast '
Inilia
t'nii.p.
rrivale
Tr.ulf.
Total.
Kast
Inilia
Loiin*.
I'rlvalc
'1 railf.
Total.
i Stationcrv, (If liircil valiit A.
13.175
,33,004
4I.,239
W.MS
27,V|iS
47,901
23,924
20,2.'i2
.50,170
SU't-l, unw I'ui^ht - cwt.
.
ll),8SI
lU.SM
-
2i,(;.M
•.;l,(,51
2/)
14,140
14,11,0
litrLirud v;ilue /..
.
11,153
11,1. ,3
.
21,1.VJ
21,139
41)
15,11)0
15,1 10
Suf;ar, retiiud - cwt.
u
S.O.T
897
m
70.3
703
31
778
SI 19
Ui-f lared valut- /,.
SIJ
i.syo
1,979
.
1,792
1,792
57
1,951
2,01 IS
Swords • lUinibtT
1,700
90
1,790
75(1
101
911
l,l.'iO
90
1,2111
In-rlared %aluu L.
l,(;3i
1 II)
1,775
484
1.-.9
023
1,052
101
1,1. -^
Tin, umvrciiijiht - cwt.
.
.5
•
41
41
129
1.-5
l)i tl.trL'd value L.
-
15
15
105
105
20
495
515
1 in ami jn-witr wari;-', and
tin i»laits - Itfi". val. L.
731
10,1.38
ln,8(;9
701
8,.'i5»
9,202
67.1
0,822
7, .395
Wines • Imp. gallons
1,.332
23!l,259
24ii,.V,)l
IKi
205,777
2115,893
900
3.3).,5.35
.'539,435
lU't-tart'd v.iluf /,.
459
104,945
10,5,101
51
92,,530
92,581
308
119,949
150,257
Wnnllcn maiiuliicturi^ ( Itr.)
1
Lluihs (.fall ^o^■I^ - pitrcs
Ci.t'2'i
47,71!)
53,74S
2,959
51,712i
54,0711
3,.5n7
.30,180
33,093 1
iK'ilamt valUL' /,.
(;u, 03
211,171
271,7.34
31,470
195,130
220,1,00
34,108
lll,.-)(i5
175,173
fitufK, \ ]/. I ainlft^j.seijjDs,
tSic. • - pit'Ct't
91
20.118
20,242
251
14,707
15,018
50
18,909.1
lS,905i
i»etiari*d value I..
302
49,1 .'.)
49,131
35'i
'10,7.',7
4 1,1 09
SI
4'J,S0i
42, SS,-,
Other wnollni-. dt-r.val. /..
4,127
iy,iou
23,233
2,22(;
11,197
13,;ai
3,01)9
10,512
19,151
A^p-f;;atL' vanie(»t"Hriii-h
uijulkn^ - h' c. val. A.
CI, 992
279,10G
341„-9S
34,048
247,390
281,438
37,8ul
199,708
237,509
AVoullt-n nianuf.tilurt's (I'o-
reih'Hf - i)l(;ces
,
2
2
.
372
372
483
4S3
value /,.
.
40
41)
.
401
401
.
4IK)
4110
IVrlarcd value /,.
5S
58
.
3,500
-,50fi
4.505
4,.-i05
All other an i*-ie» - -;
Total value of exports - L.
" lfi,215
147,218
lfi3,133
14,(501
rj2,(i50
137,317
8,-09
102,230
170,915
l',)5„TO4
3,891,917
4,087,311
140,180
3,488,571
3,635,U51
149,193
3,001,093
3,75(),2S6
The preference in favour of West IndKin commodities was witliiii these 5 years much
frreater than at present ; but the following statement shows that it is still very con-
siderable : —
An ,\ct'(iuiit nf Articles im])nrtrd from nriti.sh Possessions E.ist of tlic Cape of Good Hope, on wliich a
iri^lur C'listonis Duty is clKirgcd on Import into tlie United Kingdom, than is eliarged on tlie .same
Articles iniported from Uritish I'ossossions in any other Parts of tlie World: shoMiiif,', in 'J'hreo
(larallel Columns, the Difl'erent Kates and the Excess oi' Duty on each Article; al>o. the Amount of
Duty levied on each of these Articles in the Year Ib.ji.', and the'Ouantity on wliieh the same was Icvitd.
Articlee.
Hatos of liuly charj^ed.
t Ouaiililv rharu.il uilli Diiiyi .Amount of Dull riTiivid
I ^in tllf Year 1S32. | in tlif Vfai'ls.-,2.
On Import- {
at ions from
Jllit. I'oSMS- I
sions uitliin I
tin.' Limits of '
thf K. 1. (o.'s
C;liarter, ex- I
cL'pt the
JMaiirilius.
On Importations
from otluT
Ilrtti.ih Possessions.
Kxrcxsof I Imported Importetl
Duty cliar^fd frnin llvitish ] from other
Imp.
ations within
the Limits I
of the K. I.
t'o.'s Charter.
Possessions Uritish
within the ses.^ions, ami
Limits of the char^'ed with
K. I. Co.'s j a lowi r Hate
Charter. of iJuty.
On Iinnort-
atiniis from
Uritish Pos-
sessions
within the I
Liinils ot the
Company's I
( hartef.
On Import-
ations irtim
other llritish
Pos-essions,
and charged
with a .ovser
Kate of
Duty.
Cotl'ee -
Suirar
Spirits
Toh.aeco *
9,;. per lb,
r Itil. per Ih., if the pro- 'j
\ dueeofand importetl /
. < from the Mauritius >3tl.
i or any British pos- i
C session in .Anieriea - J
per lb.
IJ,.i.
1,953,744
20,990,837
/.. ». (/. : L. a. d.
73,227 18 , 624,920 18 6
3?J. per cwt. 21«. jier ewt., if do. 8.t. per owt.
15*. pertial. , 9j. per ^al. • 0*. i>er ual.
3.1. per 111. 2.T. 9(/. per Ih. - .3W. per Ih.
Ciil. qr. lb. Cut. i/rJI,.' I
79,008 2 5 4,.3,',5,S14 2 2I 127,.373 13 6 5,220,977 12
- 3,513,250 (,'11/. . . 1,5S0,9G2 loo
Under the new regulations as to residence In India (see pnst). Englishmen will
be allowed to employ themselves in the raising of sugar, as tliey have liitherto been
allowed to employ themselves in the raising of indigo ; but, unless the duty be etjual-
ised, this concession will lie of little importance, at least in so far as respects sugar.
An equalisation is, however, imjieriously required, as well in ju.stice to India as
in the view of promoting the interests of the Uritish pulilic ; and should it take jilace,
we have little doubt that the growth of sugar in India will be very greatly extended, and
that it will become an article of great coinmercial value.
The regulations as to the Importation of coffee from India are as objectionable as can
well be imagined. Why should the coffee of Malabar and {\'ylon pay 3(1. per lb. more
duty than that of the 3Iauritius? A distinction of this sort is an outrage upon com-
mon sense, and an insult to India. Foreign coffee may be imjiorted from any port of
British India at 9(J. per lb.; but if it be imported from a foreign port it jiays Is.
Hence, if a British ship take on board coffee at Mocha, Manilla, or Java, she is obli<red
to call in her way home at Bombay or Singapore; and must there unload and then
reload her cargo ! Such a regulation requires no lengthened commentary ; it is enough
to remark that its existence is a di.sgrace to a eivili.sed nation.
Besides lieing unfairly assessed, the duties on several most important articles of East
India produce are signally oppressive in tlieir amount. Arrack, for example, which
may be bought in bond here for about ,'}«. a gallon, is loaded with a duty of I.';*. It is
almost unnecessary to add that this duty is perfectly unproductive; its only effect is to
exclude a valuable article from the market ; to deprive the public of a gratification they
* Quantity of tobacco brought fVom the East too trifling to deserve mention.
f n
\ •
■:!'
mu ^ I
s-
n '
irt
1 1
-I •
•l!
liur
5U
EAST INDIES ( Society im, Tuade, etc.).
might othtrwiso enjoy, and the government of a considerable amount of revenue. The
duty on pepper is also most extravagantly high; being no less than Is, on an article that
sells from about lid. to 42</. Considering tlie degree in which the demand for pepper is
ciiecked by this anti-consum])tion impost, we believe we may safely altlrm that its reduc-
tion to 3d, or 'Id. would be productive of an increase of revenue.
However, it is but fair to add that a very material deduction has been made from the
duties charged on several articles of East India produce since tlie publication of the
former edition of this work. It is to be hoped tliat the good ettects of which these
4"e(luctions cannot tail to be (iroductive may sjieedily lead to others. The following ac-
count will no doubt receive the attentive consideration of ti.e reader : —
Account showing the Prices In Bond in LtMidon of the different Articles of East India Produce, on
the 1st of November, IH.ii ; the present Duty on such Articles, and the Kate per Cent of the Duty on
the Price. A C'oluinii is added, showing the Duties in I8jl that have since been moditied.
11
I .1 Hi 'li I. h ''
^fv:'.
Ciootis,
I'rices
1st of November,
lh33.
Per
Duties, 1st of
November,
1S.53.
Duly.
Rate iier Cent.
Duties, Ut nf
January, 1831.
(
From
1
T
3
From
1 'i»
L. «.
(/.
t-
«.
(/.
«. (/. inr
II •^ III.
L. ..
(/. tier
Aloes
ii
1)
Vi
cwt.
7
46
1
3 lb.
Asata-ticla
1 10
3
(1
C cwt.
10
20
4 13
4 cwt.
licnjuiiiin, Isl sort
•
-
40
—
7 -
-
o:n
10
n
W
5-4 —
1
•2-7 5.
11 4
—
3(X —
4 10
7
10
f-
'2-7
li
Harilla
-
-
a
u
ton
11) 1) ton
-
40
lioTiW, rt'linetl - - -
4
4
,0
cwt.
10 cwt.
12
123
2 16
—
utirttineil
1
4
a
._
4 0-
4-5
5
1 8
_
( (ii'tiplior
.
7
5
1 II -
0-7
9
4 -
(^urctainon.s, Cevlon
1
6
1
8
lb.
1 1) lb.
fill
GG
2
lb.
Malabar
3
6
u
3
!)
—
1 _
■26
30
2
—
Cassia liiuls • • -
•
-
4
cwt.
1 -
-
llo
liKiiea
^ 5
4
.0
_.
B —
fii
86
Cinnamim
4
6
U
6
lb.
G —
.0
II
(.'love.s, IJourbon
1
1
•i
—
S! _
170
IfOO
Ainbnvna
1
3
1
—
•2 _
133
160
Cocculus Indil:us
1,')
"
-
(wt.
'2 G -
-
1860
Cocbineal
n 1
1
3
lb.
'2 _
13
IG
4 _
Cotll.'t*, Mocha . . -
3 10
II
6
(i
cwt.1
:i lb.
66
120
otber sorls
U 10
3
I)
from Brit, ports
140
168
Cotton, UenK'"^!
li
U
7
117. )
.
ll-.O
0-6
Al.tdras
0-
n
I)
8
- {•
4 cwt.
(1-4
0-7
ISurat . . -
(1
II
7
- J
.
(I','.
0-6
CulK'bs
2 1.')
M
3
.0
cwt.
II C lb.
Ml
llO
2
—
Dragon's blood
Kbony wood
r, 111
u
'■':
4 II cwt.
0-8
3'7
9 fi
S cwt.
1, 111
7
10
tun
3 tun
2
2-3
1,0
(I ton
(Jails - ...
,") 111
'!
.'»
rvl
4 cwt.
y
3
,0
11 cwt.
(iarnboge
U
Ill
n
4 -
1-i
2'2
'.) 6
8 —
(linKcr, Henpal
1 1.7
u
1
18
—
11 -
'29
31
I) 11
(i —
Gum animoiiiiic
1! Ill
5
—
fi -
fi
12
7 <i
—
aniiiii ~ ■ '
6
111
II
G _
3
5
2 16
—
Arabic
■i 10
'2
l.j
II
fi II _
11
12
Gum lac, lac dye tine I>I.
II 1
6
(I
2
3
lb.
GO-
2- 2
3.5J
otlier sorts
u
(1
1
3
GO-
1
5 per ceiu. 1
shell lac -
C 5
u
7
1.0
II
cwt.
6 0-
3'7
4-7
20
-
Hemp - -
Hides, buffalo and ox | '^5/j [
-
-
•23
ton
1 8 ton
.
0-.3
free 1
5
u
ri
0*
lb.
'2 4 cwt.
1 '2 —
2..J
'2-.0
4
Indigo, fme - •
good and middling
6
9
S
G
_
? -
3
3-7
4
3
6
5- 3 lb.
4
6
ordinary
3
(i
u
4
—
i ■
6'2
7
Mace
4
6
6
—
3 6 —
53
8-
Mother*o'-peail shells, Romoay •
Manilla
1 5
,1 !.">
II
Si
4
U
cwt.
1 5 lier cent.
-
5
Afusk
lA
1
8
oz.
fi oz.
1-7
,3-.3
5
07.
Myrrh
4
U
14
cwt.
6 cwt.
2
7*.0
9 6
8 cwt.
Nutmegs
.■?
G
6
C
lb.
■2 fi lb.
38
71
Nux vomica
iS
-
-
cwt.
'2 G _
1860
Oil of aniseed
fij
-
-
0/.
1 4 —
15
4
11,.
cassia
(14
U
7
—
1 1 _
ii
1.0
16
—
cinnamon
5
f.
-
1 4 -
.
1-3
16
_
cloves • - '
<J
n
in
14 —
IIW
116
1 12
—
mace
'2
t
1 1 -
2.)
50
2
—
nutmi'ss
111
1
3
1 4 —
6-7
10
2
—
Olibanum
U
II
3
1.5
cwt.
fi cwt.
8
13
2
cwt.
I'epper, black
Si
u
■»i
lb.
1 U III.
266
320
white
4
9
—
1 —
1.13
300
Rhubarb, common
1
11)
2
4!
»_
1 -
43
511
28 i
2
6 lb.
fine Dutch, trimmed -
.T
6
U
6
_,
1 -
20
Rice from Uritish posbessions
I'i
1
cwt.
1 cwt.
5
8
Spirits, arrack - - -
3
-
-
Ral.
1.0 gal.
•
500
Safflower
.'> r,
s
10
cwt.
1 cwt.
0-6
1
2
6 cwt.
Sago, common - ,j -
III
-
-
1 II —
-
10
pearl
ir.
i
1 _
2'5
6-7
10
cwt.
Sal ammoniac - - -
. 3
•
.
I —
1-7
1 8
D -
Saltpetre
1 15
2
(1
—
fi —
l'2
1-4
Hapan wood
8
17
1)
ton
1 I) ton
0'3
0'6
15
ten
Saunders' woo<l, red
13 1)
16
u
1 -
0-3
0-4
12
_
Seeds, aniseetl, star
3 5
-
>
cwt.
!> cwt.
.
7-5
1 10
cwt.
Silk, Henpal and China
Ifi
1
3
lb.
1 lb.
0-3.0
0-45
Sugar, Bengal, white
1 4
1
11
cwt.
3'2 cwt.
103
133
yellow -
1 1
1
3
u
—
3'2 —
1.39
152
Mauritius, yellow -
brown
1 fi
1
11
_
■21 _
70
92
1 2
1
G
■24 _
92
109
Teeth, elephants'
1!)
iiS
'20 _
3-.0
52
Teirajaponica
3 \ri
4
1 -
1-2
1-3
3
cwt.
Tortoise shell
1 11)
n
i!
],'>
II
lb.
1 lb.
O'l
0'3
6 lb.
Turmeric, Kengal
(1 in
I)
(1
IS
cwt. 7
13
1.5
Java ...
1
II
1
3
1)
- }■
'2 4 cwt.'
111
11-4
China
1
II
1
5
_ (
from Itrlt. jiorts
9
11-4
Wrniilinn
II 2
111
-
-
III.
fi lb.
17-2
I
-
K B. — We are indebted for this valuable Tabic to Mr. Begbie, secretary to the East India Asscv
Ciation.
EAST INDIES (Society in, Tuadr, etc.).
5i:
o'lit
Thoro is another grievance affecting the East In<iia trade, vliich calls loudly for
redress. Goods from America, the West Indies, or any whore except tlic East Indies,
may be conveyed from one warehousing port to another without payment of the duties.
But with East India goods a diifercnt rule has been establislied. There .are only about
a dozen jjorts in the empire in which East India goods may be received and warehoused;
and wh( -ver it liccomes necessary to remove these goods to any otlier place, not privi-
Icf^ed to receive India goods, the whole duties liave to be paid ; so that if a merchant
found it expedient to ship 1,000/. worth of pepper from I^ondon, Hull, or any other
privileged port, to Newcastle, I'iymouth, Aberdeen, or any non-privileged port, he would,
before he could make such shipment, have to advance about 4,000/. of duty ! This is a
most oppressive regulation. There is not, and there never was, any good re.'ison for pro-
liibiting East India goods from being removed, under bond, from one port to another
where other goods are allowed to be bonded. jVIany considerable advantages would
result from permitting this to be done. It would distribute East India goods more
equally over the country ; .ind country de.ilers would be able to lay in and keep up suffi-
cient stocks with a far less outlay of capital than at present. Such a measure, coui)icd,
as it ought to be, with an .idniuatc reduction of the duties, would materially extend the
comforts of all classes at home.
4. Colonisation of India, — Hitherto very considerable obstacles have been thrown in
the way of P^uropeans establishing themselves in India, and particularly of their acquir-
ing Or liolding land. This policy wiis dictated by various considerations ; partly by a
wish to prevent the extrusion of the natives from the soil, which it was supposed would
be eagerly bought up by Europeans, and partly by the fear lest the latter, when scat-
tered over the country, and released from any effectual control, shoidd offend the pre-
judices of the natives, and get embroiled with them. Now, however, it seems to be the
general opinion of those best acquainted with India that but little danger is to be appre-
hended from these circumstances ; that the few Europeans established in it as indigo
planters, &c. have contributed very materially to its improvement ; and tliat the increase
and diffusion of the English population, and their permanent settlement in the country,
are at once the most likely means of spreading a knowledge of our arts and scietices, and
of widening and strengthening the foundations of our ascendancy. If is obvious, indeed,
that the duration of our power in India must depend on a very uncertain tenure, unless
we take root, as it were, in the soil, and a considerable portion of the population be
attached to us by the ties of kindred, and of common interests and sympathies. In this
respect we ought to imitate the Roman in preference to the Lacedemonian or Athenian
policy. Quid aliud cxitio Lacedamoniis Atheniensibus fuit, qua7iq%iam cmnis pollerent,
nisi qttod victis pro alienigenis arcehant? Looking, however, at the density of popu-
lation in India, the low rate of wages, the nature of the climate, and other similar
circumstances, it seems very doubtful whether it will ever become the resort of any
considerable number of English settlers; at least of such a number as would be suffi-
cient, within any reasonable period, to form any thing like a powerful native English
interest. But to whatever extent it may be carried, it promises to be highly advan-
tijgeous. " We need not, I imagine," says the present Governor- General of India,
Lord William Bentinck, " use any laboured argument to prove th.at it would be infinitely
advantageous for India to borrow largely in arts and knowledge from England. The
legislature has expressly declared the truth ; its acknowledgment has been implied in the
daily acts and professions of government, and in all the efforts of humane individuals and
societies for the education of the people. Nor will it, I conceive, be doubted, that the
diffusion of useful knowledge, and its application to the arts and business of life, must be
comparatively tardy, unless we add to precept the example of Europeans, mingling
familiarly with the natives in the course of their profession, and practically demon-
strating, by daily recurring evidence, the nature and the v.ilue of the principles we desire
to inculcate, and of the plans we seek to have adopted. It seems to be almost equally
plain, that independently of their influencing the native community in this way, various
and important national advantages will result from there being a considerable body of
our countrymen, and their descendants, settled in the country. To question it, is to
deny the superiority which has gained us the dominion of India : it is to doubt whether
national character has any effect on national wealth, strength, and good government : it
is to shut our eyes to all the perils and difficulties of our situation : it is to hold as
nothing community of language, sentiment and interest, between the government and
the governed : it is to disregard the evidence afforded by every corner of the globe in
which the British flag is hoisted : it is to tell our merchants and our manufacturers, that
the habits of a people go for nothing in creating a market, and that enterprise, skill, and
capital, and the credit which creates capital, are of no avail in the production of com-
modities."
The existing rogulaiions as to the residence of Englishmen in India are embodied in
the act 3 & 4 Will. 4, c. 85., and .ire as follows : —
2 N
■V
it 1
'» I
Im
^!^ t
1
1 !f
5iG EAST INDIES (Extent, Population, etc. of BniTisii).
Aut/ioritj/for his Majrsty'a Su'iJ.rla to reside in certain Parts of India. — It shall be lawful for any
natural-lx)rn subjects of liiH Majesty to procecil by sua to any iK)rt or i)late having a Custom-liouse I'stab.
lishmeiit within the saino, anil to reside thereat, or to proceed to reside in or pass throUKh any part of
such of the said territories as were tuidcr the government of the said Company on the Ist day of January,
18(;(), and in any part of the countries cedcHl l)y the nabob of the Carnatic, of thg province of C'uttack,
and of the settlements of SingajKjre an<l Alalacca, without any licence whatever ; provided that all sulj.
jccts of his Majesty not natives of the said territories shall, on their arrival in any part of the same from
any port or place not within said territories, make known in writing their names, places of destination,
and objects of pursuit in India, to the chief utticcr of the customs or other otficcr authorised for that pur-
pose at such |)ort or place as aforesaid. — ^81.
Subjects Iff Ms Mi\}csly not to reside in certain Parts qf India wilhutit Licence. — It shall not be lawftil
for any subject of his Majesty, except the servants of the said Company and others now lawfully autho-
rised to reside in the said territories, to enter the same by land, or to procceil to or reside in such parts of
the said territories as are not herein-before in that behalf mentioned, without licence (irst obtained from
the commissioners of the board, of control, or the court of directors, or the governor.general, or a
Ko\'ernor of any of the said presidencies : provide<l, that no licence given to any natural-born subject of
his Majesty to reside in parts of the territories not open to all such subjects shall be determined or revoked
unless in accordance with the terms of some express clause of revocation or determination in such licence
contained. — \ 82.
The Governor-General with previous Consent of Directors, may declare other Places open. — It shall be
lawful for the governor.general in council, with the previous consent and approbation of the said court
of directors, to declare any place or places whatever within the said territories open to all his Majesty's
natural-born subjects, and it shall be thenceforth lawful for any of his Majesty s nat.ural-born subjects to
proceed to, or reside m, or pass through any place or places declared open without any licence whatever.
~S 83.
Laws against illicit Hcsidcnce to be made. — The governor-general shall and is require<l to make laws
or regulations providing for the prevention or punishment of the illicit entrance into or residence in the
said territories of persons not authorised to enter or reside therein. — ^ 84.
Laws and Regulations to be made for Protection of Natives. — And whereas the removal of restrictions
on the intercourse of Kuropcans with the said territories will render it necessary to provide against any
mischiefs or dangers that may arise therefrom, it is enacted, that the governor-general shall and is re-
quired, by laws or regulations, to provide with all convenient speed for the protection of the natives of
tlie said territories from insult and outrage in their persons, religions, or opinions. — ^ 85.
Lands within the Indian Territories may be purchased. — It shall be lawAil for any natural-born sul>-
ject of his Majesty authorised to reside in the said territories to ai'(|uire and hold lands, or any right,
interest, or profit in or out of lands, for anjr term of years, in such part or parts of the said territories as
he sliall be so authorised to reside in : provided always, that nothing herein contained shall be taken to
l>revent the governor-general in council from enabling, by any laws or regulations, or otherwise, any sub-
jects of his Majesty to acquire or hold any lands, or rights, interests, or profits in or out of lands, in any
l>art of the said territories, and for any estates or terms whatever. — ^ Sti.
No Disabilities in respect of Keligion, Colour, or Place of Birth. — No native of the said territories,
nor any natural born subject of his RIajesty resident therein, shall, by rejison only of his religion, |)!ace
of birth, descent, colour, or any of them, be disabled from liolding any place, office, or employment under
the said company. — ^ 87.
IV. East Indies, (Extent, Population, Military Force, Revenue, etc. of British).
1. Extent, Population, §'c. of British Dominions in Hindostan, and of the Tributary and
Independent States, — We copy the following Table from the second edition of Mr. Ha-
milton's Gazetteer. It must, however, be regarded as an approximation only, inasmuch
as no means exist of coming at correct conclusions; but the talents of the writer, and
his perfect acquaintance with the subject, warrant the belief that it is as accurate as it
can be made with the present imperfect means of information.
Table of tl>c relative Area and Population of the Modern States of Hindostan.
fU I P.
Rengal, Bahar, and Benares - ...
IlritUh
Square Miles.
Topulatlon.
162,000
39,000 OOO
Additions in Hindostan since A. D. 1765 - - - -
H8,0<H)
18,000,(M)0
Gurwal, Kumonn, and the tract between the Sutulcjc and Jumna
Total under the Bengal Presidency . - . .
18,000
SOO,(;0O
328,000
57,5fX),000
Under the Madras Presidency - . - . -
154,000
15,00(),(XK)
Under the Bombay Presidency - . . - -
11,000
2,500,000
Territories in the Deccan, &c. acquired since 1815, consisting of the
Peishwa's dominions, &c., and since mostly attached to the Bombay
Presidency .......
Total under the British government . - . -
00.000
8,000,000
553,000
83,000,000
British Allies and Tributaries.
The Nizam .......
96,000
10,000,000
The Nagpoor Baa-
70,000
3,000,0(K)
The KingofOude . - - - - .
20,000
3,0(H),000
The Guicowar - - - • - . .
18,000
2,000,000
Kof ah, 6,5(X) ; Boondec, 2,500 ; Bopaul, 5,000 - . - -
14,000
1,500,000
The Mysore Uaja .--.----
27,000
3,000,000
The Satara Raja - - . - . .
14,000
1,500,000
Travancore, 6,000; Cochin, 2,000 -----
8,000
1,000,000
Under the H^as of Joudpour, Jeypoor, Odeyponr, Bicancere, Jesselmere,
and other Raipoot chiefs, Holcar, Ameer Khan, the Row of Cutch,
Bhurtpoor, Machcrry, and numerous other petty chiefs, Seiks, Gonds,
Bheels, Coolies, and Catties, all comprehended within the line of
British protection ......
Total under the British government and its allies
283,000
15,000,000
1,103,00J
123,000,000
ry and
lla-
ismucli
unci
)0,000
K),(X)0
X),000
X),000
)0,000
X),000
[Xl.OOO
00,000
EAST INDIES (Extent, Population, etc. of British). 547
Tabic of the relative Area anil Population — ron/inwfd.
Brought up - •
Independent Statel.
The Nepaul Raja ....--•
The Lahore Kaja (Runjcct Singh) . . - . •
The Ameers of Sinde - - • - - -
'I'he dotninions of Sindia . . . . -
The Cabul sovereign cast of the Indus - . • -
Grand total of Hindosta.i ....
British
Square Alilei.
1,103,0(X)
53,(XX)
SO,IXX)
e4,(xx)
40,(XX)
10,(X)0
ropulaiion.
ii;3,ooo,ooo
. 2,000,000
3,(XX),(XJ0
1,(XX),000
4,(XX),()(X)
1,(HXI,(J(X)
1,280,(100 1 l;J4,(XX),(XX)
India beyond the Ranges. — British Acquisitions in 1824 and 1825.
Countries south of Runeoon, consisting of half the province of Martaban,
and the provinces of Tavoy, Ye, Tenasserim, and the Mergui Isles
The province of Arracan . . . . -
Countries fYom which the Burmese have been expelled, consisting of
Assam and the adjacent petty states, occupying a space of about
Total
UritUh
Siiuare Miles.
Poiiulation.
12,000
11,0(X)
54.000
51,000
1(M),(XJ0
150,0(X)
77.000
301, (XK)
In 1 805, according to official returns transmitted, the total number of British-born
subjects in Hindostan was 31,000. Of these, 22,000 were in the army as officers and
privates; the civil officers of government of all descriptions were about 2,000; the free
merchants and mariners who resided in India under covenant, about 5,000; the officers
and practitioners in the courts of justice, 300; the remaining 1,700 consisted of adven-
turers who had smuggled themselves out in various capacities. Since the date above
mentioned, no detailed reports have been published : but there is reason to believe that
even now the total number of Britisli subjects in Hindostan does not exceed 40,000;
the removal of the restrictions on the commercial intercourse having, contrary to expect-
ation, added very few to the previous number.
Tlie army retjuired for the protection of these extensive provinces, and for the retaining
them under due subordination, although it presents a formidable grand total, probably
does not amount to a fifth part of the number maintained by the Mogul sovereigns and
their functionaries, when their empire was in its zenith ; yet, even under the ablest of tlic
emperors, commotions in some quarter of their ill-subdued territories were unceasing.
The British system in India has always been to keep the troops in a constant state
of preparation for war ; but never to enter into unprovoked hostilities, or engage in any
contests except those rendered necessary by the principle of self-<Lrfencc. At present,
with the exception of the Russian, the British military force is probably the largest
standing army in the world. In 1796, it amounted to 55,000. In 1830, the latest
period for which we have a detailed statement, it consisted of infantry 170,062, cavalry
19,539, artillery 17,385, engineers 1,084, with pioneers, invalids, &c., making a grand
total of 223,476 men. Of these, 187,068 were natives, and 37,.'376 Europeans; the
latter being divided between the King's and the Company's services in the proportion ot
20,292 to the former, and 17,084 to the latter. The total expenditure on account of
the Indian army during the same year amounted to 9,461,953/. It may, perhaps, be
worth while remarking, that the war department in Prussia, which has one of the most
efficient armies in Europe, cost, in 1829, 22,165,000 rix-dollars, or 3,324,000/., being
little more than the third of the cost of the British Indian army ! Recently, however,
very great efforts have been made to economise in this department. The army has
been reduced to about 190,000 men, and some of the former allowances have been
discontinued.
A good deal of rather conflicting evidence was given before the late select committee on
the state of the Indian army. On the whole, it would seem to be decidedly superior, in
respect of discipline and efficiency, to any native army ever organised, in India. But
many very intelligent officers doubt whether it could make any effectual opposition to
European troops, to whom, generally speakings the sepoys are inferior both in physical
strength and moral energy. Some of the witnesses seem to think that the Indian army
has recently been a good deal deteriorated.
The army is distributed throughout Hindostan under the orders of the supreme
government, promulgated through its political agents. Commencing from the great
stations in the Doab of the Ganges, at Ajmeer is one corps ; another at Neemutch ;
a third at Mow; all supplied from the Bengal army. These are succeeded by the
Gujerat subsidiary forces, the field corps at Mulligaum, and the Poonah division, fur-
nished chiefly by the Bombay army. The circle is further continued by the field force
in the southern Mahratta country ; the Hyderabad and Nagpoor subsid'aries, composed
2 N 2
1.1
•> l M
.
Til'' l(
t-
\\A
»:i
i 1
548 EAST INDIES (Extent, PoPULATroN, etc of British).
,' I
('■
of Miidrus troops; and tlic (Ii'taclimonti from tlie Ilc'n;;;al osfnlilislimcnt, forming tho
NL'rI)u(l(lii aiul Saiigur divisions, from wlionce tlie cordon tirininates in IJiiiidclfund.
Such is tlic penoral outline, )ial)k», of course, to fi'Tni)orary inodiMcations, and occasional
cliauf^e in tliu selection of stations. At present, with the exception of a tract H.'j miles
broad on each side of Aseerf^lnir, there is an unbroken line of communication thr^'ugh
the IJritish territory from Homhay to Calcutta.
In direct and authoritative control, the dominion of the British government extends
much further than that possessed by any prior dynasty, whether Patan or Mogul ; yet
the latter, so long as they abstained from persecution, h.-id nothing to apprehend from
tho religion of tho Hindoos; and history proves that the commotions which agitated the
IVIohammedan monarchies chiefly arose from their own internal dissensions and national
disputes. Neither does it appear that any prior conquerors ever cmj)loyed disciplined
corps of their own countrymen in defence of their own sovereignty, alfiiongh they had
to contend with one very numerous tribe — the Hindoo; while the British, more advan-
tageously situated, have two to put in moti(m against each other, and in process of time
may raise up a third. Each foreign invader certainly favoured his own countrymen ;
but it was by bestowing on them places and high appointments, wliich excited envy,
without essentially strengthening his domination. Besides, therefore, total abstinence
from persecution, the British government, in a powerful corps entirely European, and
totally distinguished from the natives by colour, language, and manners, possesses a
solidity and consistence much beyond any of the prior Mohammedan dynasties, -~
(Hamilton's East India Gazetteer, 'Jd od. vol. i. pp. C)56 — 659.)
2. Revenue and Expenditure of the East India Company. — Tho far greater part of the
revenue of India is at present, and has always been, derived from the soil. The land
has been held by its immediate cultivators genorally in small portions, with a perpetual
and transferable title ; but they have been under the obligation of making .in annual
payment to government of a certain portion of the produce of their farms, which might
be increased or diminished at the pleasure of the sovereign ; and which has, in almost
all cases, been so large, as seldom to leave the cultivators more than a bare subsistence.
Under the Mohammedan government, the gross produce of the soil w,is divided into
equal or nearly equal shares, between the ryots, or cultivators, and the government.
We regret we are not able to say that the British government has m.idc any material
deductions from this enormous assessment. Its oppressiveness, more than any thing
else, has prevented our ascendancy in India ; and the comp.arative tranquillity and good
order we have introduced, from having the beneficial effects that might have been
anticipated. The cultivators throughout' Hindostan arc proverbially poor ; and till tho
amount of the assessment tliey are at present subject to be effectually reduced, they cannot
b, otherwise than wretched. They are commonly obliged to borrow money to buy their
seed and carry on their operations, at a high interest, on a species of mortgage over the
ensuing crop. Their only object is to get subsistence — to be able to exist in the same
obscure poverty as their forefathers. If they succeed in this, they are satisfied. Mr.
Colebrooke, whose authority on all that relates to India is so deservedly high, mentions
that tho quantity of land occujjied by each ryot, or cultivator, in Bengal is commonly
about 6 acres, and rarely amounts to 24 ; and it is obvious that tho abstraction of
half the produce raised on such patches can leave their occupiers nothing more than
the barest subsistence for themselves and their families. Indeed, Mr. Colebrooke tells
us that the condition of ryots subject to this tax is genorally inferior to that of a hired
labourer, who receives the miserable pittance of 2 annas, or about 3 pence, a day of
wages.
Besides the land revenue *, a considerable revenue is derived in India from the mono-
polies of salt and opium, the sale of spirituous liquors, land and sea customs, jiost-office,
&c. Of these monopolias, the first is, in all respects, decidedly the most objectionable.
Few things, indeed, would do more to promote the improvement of India, than the total
abolition of this monopoly. An open trade in salt, with moderate duties, would, there
can be no doubt, be productive of the greatest advantage to the public, and of a Inrge
increase of revenue to government. The opium monopoly, though less objection, iblo
than the last, is, notwithstanding, very oppressive. It interferes with the industry of the
inhabitants; those who are engaged in the cultivation of opium being obliged to sell
their produce at prices arbitrarily fixed by the Company's agents. It would be worse
than useless to waste the reader's time, by pointing out in detail the mischievous effects
of such a system ; they are too obvious not to arrest the attention of every one. The
produce of these and the other branches of Indian taxation is specified in the subjoined
Table, which we have carefully compiled from the official accounts.
' • For an account of the land revenue of India, of the various modes in which it is assessed, «"<' j*'
influence on the condition of the inhabitants, we beg to refer ^to Mr. Rickards's work on India. The
various important and difficult questions with respect to Indian taxation are there treated with great
luarntng and sagacity, and placed in the most luminous jxiint of view.
^
I
I;
EAST INDIES (Extent, Population, etc. of Biutisii). 549
Account of the Territorial Uevenucs of the East India Company during the OClcial Year 1827-28.
IVacription.
Ili.'nK<il.
Madras.
Ilomba).
I'cnanu
21,893
Ma-
laicd.
iilnifa-
1 on..
Saint
Heli-na.
~y
1,004
cii
2,210
Londun
T.ilal.
Land rent
I,i(Hiiiri (nctt)
Opiiini (mniiiipuly)
'I'oliaiTO [d(K)
S.ilt iiartiiil inon(p|i(ily) .
I'arins and lici'nues i,nctt)
Mint
I'DSt-otliCO
Stamps
liaiili, Madras (nctt)
Customa — sea
inland
du. unspccilicd
Sundries
llovenue
Goncml hoard, tripay-
nirnt l)y)
Marine (pilotage')
Judicial ^tincii and fees)
Total civil revenue -
Military (repayments)
15uildiii'(,'s *.d(i.)
Total receipts
Interest
liross revenue and re-
ccipts
Nctt surplus revenue over
expenditure
f
8,252,797
485,4-.'2
2,051,020
*2,389,(W)0
38,139
91,H3.i
327,709
" 831,731
;i()8,355
3,519,745
257,038
85,482
34»),1<I2
5li,2;")2
4,332
32,0-13
M,'Ml
9,10-2
12(l,8,')9
439,870
" 3n2,35.'5
1,9<J5,0<)3
^ "
19,9.36
22,'i,i;;)0
5,440
12,."j81
5,liil
65,69,8
109,2(1!!
219,784
4,8,S1
[ ■
4i881
18,559
■ ■
.£
13,784,032
74.3,000
2,^1,020
KstVJ
W.V>.728
281,9ti8
47.91 1
l;>ii,4(iO
389,131
9,102
194,773
.54!i,079
1,051,518
70O,7l(»
14,777,209
.18,48ii
10(;,287
5,320,191
7,802
13,845
2,028,555
18.,38"
17,8'K)
21,8!»3
3,617
3o7
5,039
30,916
373
49
.31,338
18,559
3,346
- >
52
3,398
3.398
3,398
22,780,ti34
3,617
05,0. ;8
14-1,11.)
I4,ili;l,9b2
5,34:,8,j8 I 2,lit)4,82S
: : 1 :
4,881
4.881
18,.'-,59
- -
18,559
: "J
22,99.',4(h2
373
49
14,921,W2
5,347,838 2,lii)4,828
.2,992,821
- ____ -i
14,921,!KS2
1,479,273
5,317,838 2,604,828
31,3.38
4,881
18,559
- - 22,992,821
Account of the Territorial Charges of the East India Company during the Official Year 1827-28.
Description.
lU'nR.il.
Madras.
Bomtiay.
Penang.
Ma.
larca.
SlnRa-
|)ore.
Saint
IIHuna.
London.
Toliil.
Ji
i'
Jfc"
£
je
£
■t'
Jf
Land rent (collection.
pensions, ^.■c.) 1,608,480 1
702,677
642,551
3.000
50O
1,500
. •
.
2,958,708
Litpiors (cliarges of collection not specitied.)
Opium (cost and
charKes)
658,2.)4
-
.
- -
a «
-
• -
&7S,2.54
Tdhacco (do.)
.
31,843
.
- .
.
.
• -
31,843
.Salt (do.) -
803,322 74,419
.
- .
.
.
• .
882,741
I'arms and licences (charges of collection ii
ot specified ) |
.■Mint vcliarges on)
51 ,780
20,406
3,ti,57
- .
.
. .
. .
75,829
I'list.ortice vdo.)
89,075
Si9,339
18,848
. -
. .
_
. -
]37,2ti2
Stamps (do.)
8I,6<)0
9,437
■
- -
■ .
- .
• -
91,127
Bank (charges not specified.)
Customs— sea (charges
of collection)
.
23,445
14,867
- •
.
.
- -
38,,312
inland (do.) .
.
28,587
3,037
• m
_
.
. .
31,024
general unspecified
126,808
-
25,605
. .
_
. .
. .
1.02,413
.Sundries
Charge under revenue
140,849
363,8r)4
130,944
- -
- -
- -
641,047
lx)ard -
3,5f),7,204
1,284,007
845,489
3,000
500
1,500
. -
5,699,760
Charges under gene.
ral do. -
1,102,824
353,659
474,781
100.014
12,825
30,637
46,808
2,127,548
Charges under marine
do.
n7;745
18,781
212,862
6,000
1,000
3,000
M ■•
359,388
Charges under judicial
do.
Gross amount of civil
l,150,,39t
371,751
305,446
12,000
2,000
.6,000
- -
1,847,591
charges ■
5,936,227
2,028,198
1,838,.'")7S
121,014 16,325
47,137
46,808
10,034,287
Do. military do.
5,245,737
3,897,520
2,051,810
49,255
8,030
11,341
75,172
11,338,865
Buildings both civil
and military do.
Charge in India
1548,492
81,877
163,088
4,833
1,186
4,606
1,989
786,071
11,730,456
6,007,595
4,033,476
17.'i,I02
25,541
63,084
128,969
22,159.223;
Interest on debt
1,712,253
179,025
27,230
2,024
. .
. .
. •
1,920,532
Unspecitied
Gross charge -
Nett charge, oroxccss
-
-
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
2,060,141
2,060,141
13,142,709
0,180,620
4,060,706
177,126
25,541
63,084
123,969 2,060,141
20,139,896
of expenditure over
revenue • . . .
838,782
1,395,881
145,788
20,660 '44,525 1 120,571 !2,060,141
3,147,975
The territorial revenues at the disposal of the East India Company have, for a length-
ened period, equalled those of the most powerful monarchies. At present they are
greater than those of either Russia or Austria, being inferior only to those of Great
Britain and France ! Still, however, the Company's financial situation is the very
reverse of prosj)erous. Vast as their revenue has been, their expenditure appears, iu
most instances, to have been still larger; and at this moment their debts exceed
60,000,000?. I The Comimny have given the following statement of their affair.s, ivhich
•2 X 3
\
>'\\
'i I ■ *
'II
';;;
II ii
ii It
'I
Ml
n'
n
!f>!
n
550 EAST INDIES (Extent, Population, etc. o?BitiTisir;.
is BjipUcable, as respects India, to the 1st of May, 1831 j and w respecU England, to tlio
1st of May, 1«:J'J: —
£
61.1!i7,788
2y,i7!».5!ia
31,(il8,2J<)
13.71S,&M
lIiHiCMIIW
Total territorial and (mlitlcal dcliti ntiroad and at home • •
Ditto, crcdita, ditto ■ . . • .
Balance deficient in the territorial and political branch
Total commercial dobti abroad and at home - - • £ I,!)Sf),4!>l
Ditto, crcditu, ditto .... . 2l,G47,U!)
Balance In Tavour In the commercial branch . .
Balance deficient - - . - . .1
Add the amount of the Comiiany'i home bond debt - . . {
Total balance deficient. Including the home bond debt . . ' • £ l.';,443 4,08
Of the credits placed to account of the Company, arrears of revenue, &c. form an im-
portant item ; but of these it is most probable a considerable portion will never be real-
ised. In a statement laid by the East India Company before parliament, and printed
in the former edition of this work (p. ,511.). intended to represent the situation of the
Company's attiiirs on the 1st of January, 18;U, their assets were said to exceed their delils
and liabilities by about 3,00(),0(X)/. The wide diH'erence between that account and the
one given above, is principally owing to the Company having struck out of tiie latter a
sum of 10,870,000/. expended by them on account of fortifications, buildings, &c. erected
in India, which they took credit for in the former.
The statement now given renders it abundantly obvious, that the recent arrangements
with the Company have been quite as beneficial to it as, we doubt not, they will prove
to the public. All the territorial and other property made over to the Crown will cer-
tainly be far short of meeting the claims upon it.
The following account shows the baloiicv between the revenue and expenditure of our
Indian dominions, from 1809-10 to 1830-31 : —
An Account of the Total annual Revenues and Charges of the British Possessions in India under the
East India Company, from 1809-10 to 18;J0-jl : showing also the Nett Ch.irce of Uciicoolen, Prince i.f
Wales Island, and St. Helena; the Interest paid on account of Uebls in iiidia; and the Aniounf of
Territorial Charges paid in England. — (Abstracted from the Pari. I'ii/kts, No, 2ii. Seas. 18J0, and No.
SOU. Sess. 1833.)
Yean.
Total Gross
Iteveniu's of
1809-10
1810-11
1811-12
1812-13
1813-14
1814-1.-)
1815-16
181(i-17
1817-18
1818-19
1819-20
1820-21
1821-22
1822-23
182,!-24
1824-2.5
1825-26
1826-27
1827-28
1828-29
1829-30
Ksilmale
1830-'n
Total
Charues in
India,
£ £
16,4(t4,391 13,775,577
16,679,198' I3,fKW,<)83
lli,60r.,6l6:13,220,9(>7
l»>,459,774'13,(v)9,429
17,228,71i;i3.617,725
17,231,191:14,182,454
17,16S,195 15,081,587
18,010,l.J5;i5,129,839
18,305,265 I5,844,9«H
19,392,(K)2!l7,.'i.)S,615
19,172,50617,040,848
21,2!)2,0.'J6 17,.';20,612
21,753,271 17,5.55,668
23,120,934 18,()83,4H2
21,2.38,62318,902,511
20,70.5,1.52 20,410,929
21,096,960:22,,'346,365
23,327,75321,424,894
22,818,184 21,778,431!
22,692,711 19,298,622i
2l,fi62,310 18,300,715
[22,366,926 18,075,428;
Ni'tt
Ch irnf of
Meir:f>uli;n,
i'ridceof
WalM
lsliiti(l,ancl
St. Helena.
Interest
on Uebta.
Territorial CharKcs paid in EiiKl.md.
£
203,361
199,663
168,288
2()1,»49
209,957
204,250
225,.5.58
205,372
219,793
210,224
142,049
220,04.3
207,816
154,761
257,276
279,277
214,285
207,973
272,014
250,794
213,304
86,014
£
2,159,019
2,196,691
1.4.57,077
1,491,870
l,5.i7,4'34
1,.502,217
1,584,1.57
1,719,470
1,7.53,018
1,665,928
1,940,327
1,902,.585
1,932,83.5
1,694,731
1,652,449
1,460,4.33
1,. 575,941
1,749,068
l,a58,3I3
2,121.165
2,007,693
2,211,869
Cost of
Political
Stores.
£
190,128
217,703
154,998
193,7«4
64,2/57
129,873
81,903
194.374
81.941
130,162
265,055
228,0.58
202,7.3.5
204,147
395,276
414,181
740,728
1,111,792
805,016
449,603
293,873
Other Terri
torial l-aj-
nient.s
chargeulile
on tile
Revenue.
( Pensions,
&c.)
General Rt*siilt.
Total.
£
867,097
901Ji88
922,770
1,184,976
1,148,1.56
1,064,223
1,1.99,9.52
1,071,176
1,0!H,701
1,150,378
1,1;)(),391
1,072,106
1,17.5,149
1,3.54,9*50
758,590
1,166,078
1,076,504
1,318,102
1,2.55,1 2:5
1,517,802
1,454,867
138,430 1,335,135
£
1,057,225
1,119,;391
l,077,7t«
1,. ■378,7(38
1,212,413
l,194,.59ti
1,281,885
l,2a5,550
1,176,642
1,280,540
1,415,4^(6
1,300,161
1,377,884
1,.5.-9,107
1,1.5;3,866
1,580.2.59
1,817,232
2,429,894
2,0t30,141
1,967,405
1,748,740
1,473,565
Surplus
llevenue.
681,516
651,182
147,t)77
348,632
679,068
1,528,853
Surplus
ChurKe.
520,020
£
730,7(11
736,530
271,634
1,004,993
310,096
689,152
1,323,;305
1,466,164
727,479
3,025,746
4,85t),8.57
2,484,076
3,2.50,715
94:5,275
608,142
However much this account of the financial concerns of our Eastern empire may be at
variance with the exaggerated ideas entertained respecting it, as well by a large propor-
tion of the people of England as by foreigners, it will excite no surprise in the mind of
any one who has ever reflected on the subject. It is due, indeed, to the directors, to
state, that though they have occasionally acted on erroneous principles, they have always
exerted themselves to enforce economy in every branch of their expenditure, and to im-
pose and collect their revenues in the best and cheapest manner. But though they have
succeeded in repressing many abuses, it would be idle to suppose that they sliould ever
entirely succeed in rooting them out. How can it be imagined, that strangers sent to
India, conscious that they are armed with all the strength of government, placed under
I
f M
EIJONY.— ELKMI.
551
no real responsiliilily, cxcnipti'd t'ruiii the sultitury inlluciK'c uC ptiblii- oiiinloii, iVariiii; no
exposure through the inethuin of tlie ])ress, and anxious only to aci'uniuliite u foiiuiie,
should not occasionally abuse their autliurity ? or tliat they slionid manage the loinpli-
eated and diliicult atlairs of a vast empire, inhabited by a race of people of whose lan-
Huage, manners, and habits, they are almost wholly ignorant, with that prudence, ecoiu)iny,
uiul vigilance, without which it were idle to expect that any great surplus revenue could
ever be realised ?
KHONY (Cier. Khmhuh ; Du. Ehhenlwut ; Fr. EU'nr ; It. I'.buno ; Uus. Khviio-
u-di'ili •ifit ; I.at. Ehviim), a species of wood l)rought principally from the Kast. It is
exceedingly hard and heavy, of great durability, susceptible of a very fnie polish, and on
that account used in mosaic and other inlaid work. There are many species of ebony.
The best is that which is jet black, free from veins and rind, very compail, astringent,
and of an acrid pungent taste. This species, (denominated by botanists DiDsiiynis
Elwiius), is found princi|)ally in Madagascar, the Mauritius, and ("eyh>n. 'l"he centre
only of the tree is said to l)e valuable. In 18'26", y,(XJW,7H;i lbs. of ebony, of the esti-
mated value of !),')] 7/. In, C,;</. were exported from the Mauritius. Iksides the l<!ack,
there are red, green, and yellow ebonies ; but the latter are not so much esteemed as the
former, (.'abinet-makers are in the habit of substituting pear-tree and other woods
dyed black, in the place of genuine ebony ; tliese, liowever, want its |)olisli and lustre,
though tliey hold glue better. Tlie price of ebony varies, in the laMidon market, from
51. to \>0l. a ton. 'J'lie quantities imported are but inconsiderable.
EKL (.'liii/iiillii murwnii of Linna'us), a fish, the a))pearance of which is too well
known to require any description. It is u native of almost all the waters of Europe,
fre(juenting not only rivers but stagnant pools. Eels are, in many places, extremely
alxnidant, particularly in Holland and Jutland. Several ponds are appro])riated in
England to the raising of eels; and considerable numbers are taken in the Thames and
other rivers. Hut by far the largest portion of tlie eels used in England are furnished
by Holland. Indeed, very few exccjjt Dutch tjls are ever seen in London; and even
Hampton and Itichmond are principally su])plied i>y them. The trade is carried on by
two Dutcli compunies, wlio employ in it several small vessels, by means of which the
market is regidarly and amjjly jirovided for. A cargo of eels is supposed to averago
from l.jjOtK) to L'0,0()0 ll)s. weight, and is climbed with a duty on importation of
\'M. \s. 'Mi. In IH'.VJ, this duty jiroduced 910/. IOa., showing that 72 cargoes liad been
imported that year. — {lii-port on Chuiinil I'in/iarlvs, p. 9.'J. &c. )
EG US ( I'"r. (F.ufs ; Lat. Ova), are too well known to require to bo described. Tliey
differ in size, colour, taste, &c. according to tlie different species of birds that lay them.
The eggs of hens are those most commonly used as food ; and form an article of very
consideralile importance in a commercial point of view. Vast quantities are brought
from the country to I.,ondon and other great towns. Since tlie peace they liave also
been very largely imported from the Continent. At tliis moment, indeed, the trade in
eggs forms a considerable branch of our commerce with Erance, and affords constant
employment for a number of small vessels !
Account of the Number of Eggs imported since 182(>, specifying the Countries whence they were brought,
and the Revenue accruing thereon,
Countries from which imported.
Oermanj - •
United Netherlands
Frame - . ,
IslesdfCuenisey, Jersey, Aldemey,"
and Miin, (iruduce (duly free) - '
Isli-s iif (iuemsev,Jers*»y, Aldemey,"
and Man, (iroduce (lurciRn)
Ail other places - .
Total of the importaUons into the!
United Kingdom • -j
1826.
Kuitihvr.
fi9,i07,SUU
718,086
493,9b5
9,017
18'i7.
1S28.
3,088,r,!IS 5,447,280
C3,loy,«18' 60,043,026
4S6,S02| 609,930
220,674
1.220
518,147
S,090
1829.
80
6,749,7.59
56,370,479
671,4,-i5
373,419
300
63,260,627 66,886,132' 66,1.';3,773 64,165,472
Amount of duty rcceired
Itntc of duly chargcil
L. t. (I.I
I.. I. rf.l /.. ». ,1. L. s. ,1.
. 21,726 10 2 23,071 4 I 22,920 8 3 '22,189 2 10
1830.
1831.
A'um/.er. Awmfcer.
3,600
4,626,748' 7,.M7,14fi
48,026,006: 50,401,506
705,760: 732,998
281,654'
400'
505,798
210
18.32.
Autliher.
.•5,1 2(1 1
.'),7.14,9Ml|
5^,65 1,24.7
655,229
546,06.
I,2()0j
53,641,168 59,197,688 62,591,817
L. «. d. I,, t. it. /,.
18,505 14 8 20,372 15 9 21.'.-;
». d.
■>
lOif. per 120 durina the whole period.
It appears from tin's official statement, that the eggs imported Irom France amount to
about 5.5,000,000 a year ; and supposing them to cost, at an average, 4t/. a dozen, it
follows that the people of the metropolis and Brighton (for it is into them .hat they are
almost all imported) pay the French about 76,.'388Z. a year for eggs ; and supposing
that the freight, importers' and retailers' profit, duty, &c. raise their price to the con-
sumer to \0d. a dozen, their total cost will be 190,9727.
EJOO. See Gomuti.
ELEMI, a resin obtained from the Amyris elemifera, a tree growing in different parts
of America, Turkey, &c. It is obtained by wounding the bark in dry weather, the juice
being left to thicken in the sun. Ii is of a pale yellow colour, semi-tran.sparent ; at
2 N 4
\ i\
n
i.V,
mmm
mmm
552
ELEPHANTS' TEETH. -^ELSINEUR.
/". ill
*H
lYiit
I Ml
first softlsli, but it hardens by keeping. Its taste is sh'ghtly bitter and warm. Its smell,
which is, at first, strong and fragrant, gradually diminishes. It used to be imported in
long roundish cakes, wrapped in flag leaves, but it is now usually imported in mats and
chests. — ( Thomson's Chcmistri). )
ELEPHANTS' TEETH. See Ivory.
ELM (Ulmus), a forest tree common in Great Britain, of which there are several
varieties. It attains to a great size, and lives to a great age : its trunk is often rugged
and crooked, and it is of slow growth. The colour of the heart-wood of elm is generally
darker than that of oak, and of a redder brov/n. The sap-wood is of a yellowish oi'
brownisli white, with pores inclined to red. It is in general porous, and cross-grained,
sometimes coa* se-grained, and has no larger septa. It has a peculiar odour. It twists
and warps mucli in drying, and shrinks very much both in length and breadth. It is
difficult to work, but is not liable to split, and bears the driving of bolts and nails better
than any other timber. In Scotland, chairs and other articles of household furniture
are frequently made of elm wood ; but in England, where the wood is inferior, it is
chiefly used in the manufacture of coffins, casks, pumps, pipes, &c. It is appropriated
to these purjjoses because of its great durability in water, which also occasions its ex-
tensive use as piles and planking for wet foundations. The naves of wheels are fre-
quently made of elm ; those of the heavy wagons and drays of London are made of oak,
■which supports a heavier weight, but does not hold the spokes so firmly. Elm is said to
bear transplanting better than any other large tree. — ( TrcdgohJCs Principles of Carpentri/,
pp. 201— 'J03. &c.)
ELSINEUR, OR HELSINGOR, a town in Zealand, about 22 miles north of Co-
penhagen, in lat. 56° 2' 17" W., Ion. 12-' 38' 'J^E. Population about 7,000. Adjacent
to Elsineur is the castle of Cronborg, which commands the entrance to the Baltic by the
Sound. All merchant sliii)s passing to and from the Baltic are obliged, under the reserv-
ations mentioned below, to salute Cronborg Castle by lowering their sails when abreast
of the same ; and no ship, unless slu> belong to Sweden, is allowed to pass the Sound
without clearing out at Elsineur, and paying toll, according to the provisions in the
treaties to that effect negotiated with Denmark by the different European powers. The
first treaty with England having reference to this subject is dated in 1450. The Sound
duties had their origin in an agreement between the King of Denmark on the one part,
and the Ilanse Towns on the other, by which the former undertook to construct light-
houses, landmarks, &c. along the Cattegat, and the latter to pay duty for the same. The
duties have since been varied at difTerent periods. Ships of war are exempted from the
payment of duties Most maritime nations have consuls resident at Elsineur. The
following plan of the Sound is taken from the Admiralty Chart, compiled from Danish
authorities, — ( See opposite page. )
Ordinauci' respecting lowering in the Sound. — This ceremony being attended with much inconvenience
in untavuuruble weather, his Danish Majesty issued, in 1829, the following ordinance: —
1. All ships sailing through the Sound, whether they come from the north or south, must salute
Cronborg Castle, by lowering their sails so soon as the northernmost church in Elsineur begins to be con-
cealed behind the castle. The lowering must not commence before the church goes in behind the castle,
and must continue till the church opens itself without the castle again, or for the full space of 5 minutes.
Every person neglecting this duly must expect to be compelled, by cannon-shot, to the same, and to be
fined for contumacy.
A^ B. — When a ship lowers her sails on her first entrance into the marks, and keeps them lowered 5
minutes, tUough not come out of the marks, it is considered sufilicient.
2. The sails to be lowered arc .is follow: — Ships carrying toi>-gallant sails, standing or flying, must
lower the toivgallant sails entirely down on the cap : ships having only one top-gallant sail, and, at the
.same time, the fore-topsail, they must be lowered half-mast down : ships having no top-gallant sails must
lower both the top-sails on half-mast: all other ships, be they galliots, smacks, ketches, brigantines, or of
what denomination soever, carrying only flying top-sails, must lower the top-sails entirely down ; but
those having no standing or flying tup-sails, or which liave all their reefs in their toi)-sail8, arc exempt
from lowering. ■ ■
3. When ships cruize through the Sound with a contrary wind, or when (with a scant wind or small
breeze) the current is so strong against them that it would set them astern, if they lowered their sails,
t/ien it s/ia/l he made known to them, hy hoisting the colours at the castle, that no salute is required, and
that thei/ may make the best of their way without striking their sails.
4. When any vessel has been fired at, then the master or mate, with two of the ship's crew, must go on
shore, and make declaration, on oath, before the Court of Inquest, why they have not lowered in the time
or in the manner prescribed. If it be deposed that lowering was performed in due time and manner, then
the master will be free from paying for the shot fired at him ; on the contrary, he must then pay for each
shot fired at him from the castle, 5 rixdollars 20 stivers current ; and 1 ducat for each shot from the guard-
ship's boat when in pursuit of the ship. If the master of a vessel should sail away without acquitting him-
self, when it is |)roved who the master or ship was, the fine will be demanded of the person who clears
him at the Custom-house.
In stormy weather, when a ship cannot come to anchor in Elsineur roads without danger, or if she be
leaky, or going to repair or deliver ; in such cases, going to Copenhagen is not considered a fraud. But it
is in ail cases indispensable that the ship's papers should be sent to Elsineur as soon as possible, that she
may be cleared.
References to Plan. — A, Castle and light of Cronborg; D, Elsineur; C, Helsinghorg in Sweden i
D, the bank called the Lappen ; E, the bank called the Oiskcu. The soundings are in fathoms,
ELSINEUR.
55H
la
i>
*i
17
ID'-.
o
13
13
<^*20
C ■:.
'■■■'•■••■ a '%
2D
ir/*
17
"^u£-
-*■ a.
^'J>-
II
Aci
7'v^-
la
' " ^^
4 /
\ \
V 2*
,,'ia. ■»-£»-
"it
^>^>.
10
14
m
\ I
Pilotage, ^c — When ships come into Elsineur roads, or lie wind-bound near the Lappen, watermen
come on board to inquire if tlie master will be carried ashore to clear ; and in rough weather it \s always
best to make use of their service , their boats being generally very safe. The Danish authorities nave
published a Table of rates, brinp tne highest charge that can he made by the boatmen upon such occasions ;
but cai)tains may bargain .vith them for us much less as they please. Most ships passing the hminri take
on board pilots, the signal for one being a flag at the foro.topmast-hcad. Those bound for the IJaltic
take a pilot at Elsineur, who either carries the ship to Copenhagen, or Dragoe, a small town on the snutli-
east extremity of the island of Amack, where she is clear of the grounds. Those leaving the Ualtic take
a pilot from liragoe, who carries the ship to Elsineur. Sometimes, when the wind is frc-sh from thel!*
ai. .; S.E , it is impossible for a ship bound for Copenhagen or the Baltic to double the point of tronborg ;
and in that case an Elsineur pilot is sometimes employed to moor the ship in the channel towards Ku 11
Point on the Swedish shore, in lat. ncfi IS' 3" N., Ion. W^ 21)' K This contingency is, however, less likely
to h.appen in future, as we understand the Danish government have recently hired a steam tug for tlic
tppcial purpose of bringing ships, in adverse weather, round Cronborg Point. The pilots are regularly
licensed, so that, by employing them, the captain's responsibility is at an end. Their charges are lij <l
by authority, and depend on the ship's draught of water. We subjoin a copy of the tariff applicable xo
pilots taken on board at Elsineur to carry ships to Dragee, Copenhagen, or Kull Point, wxth the sums
both in silver and in Rigsbank paper dollars.
'^\ II
U' '
h'BSi
.,1
554.
ELSINEUR.
Pilotage from the lit of April to the 30th of September.
Ships drawing Water.
Dtagot.
Copenhagen.
Kull Point.
Silver.
Paper.
Silver.
Faper.
R.h. dr. tch.
Silver.
Paper.
Fat.
R.li. dr. tell.
R.h. dr. ich.
R.b. dr. tch.
R.b. dr.
tch.
R.h. dr.
tch.
irnder -
But» een
H
U 7S
12 18
9 10
9 38
5
72
5
89
8 and 9
•J 10
13 16
1 1 .'M
13 AU
11 94
10 6
U 2
10 36
1 1 35
6
7
63
53
6
7
K3
76
I.i 81
16 36
11 94
12 34
8
4t
8
69
11 - 12
12 13
17 22
17 74
12 91
13 .33
9
Sb
9
63
18 .'■'6
19 16
13 87
14 .32
10
M
10
56
13 14
19 90
20 54
11 83
15 31
11
16
11
,5»)
li 13
21 28
21 92
15 78
16 3(J
12
7
12
43
1.5 16
22 62
23 34
16 75
17 29
12
93
13
36
16 17
24 64
25 43
18 56
19 16
13
84
14
.311
17 18
26 68
27 52
20 37
21 2
15
44
15
HU
18 19
28 71
29 61
22 19
22 86
17
3
17
54
19 21)
,30 71
31 72
24
24 72
IS
59
19
19
.32 77
33 80
25 77
26 58
20
19
20
80
21 22
31 80
3.5 89
27 .59
28 46
21
74
22
43
22 — 23
36 83 1 38 1
29 40
30 32
23
34
24
28
Pilotage from the 1st of October to the 30th of March.
Ships drawing Water.
Uragoe.
Copenhagen.
Kull Point.
Silver.
Paper.'
R.h. dr. tch.
Silver.
Paper.
Silver.
Paper. |
Fed.
R.b. dr. tch.
R.b. dr. tch.
R.h. dr. tch.
R.b. dr.
tch.
R.b. dr.
ich.
Uiider - - 8
14 92
15 40
U 35
11 70
7
53
7
76
Between • 8 and 9
16 75
17 30
12 61
13 2
8
73
9
3
9 — 10
18 56
19 16
13 88
14 64
9
92
10
26
10 _ 11
20 37
21 2
15 19
15 64
11
16
11
.50
11 — 12
22 19
22 86
16 47
17
12
.36
12
73
12 — 13
24
24 72
17 73
18 30
13
65
It
13 — 14
23 77
26 58
19 4
10 62
U
75
15
21
14 — 15
27 69
28 46
20 29
20 90
15
95
16
48
15 — 16
29 40
.30 32
21 57
22 26
17
17
17
6.S
16 - 17
. .32 12
.33 12
24
24 72
18
37
18
92
17 — 18
34 80
35 88
26 39
27 22
20
48
21
11
IS - 19
37 52
38 68
28 79
29 70
22
57
2.3
2.S
19 — 20
40 24
41 48
31 21
.32 19
24
68
25
46
20 — 21
42 92
44 28
33 60
31 6.5
26
79
27
64
21 — 22
45 64
47 9
36 4
37 16
28
88
29
78
22 — 23
48 36
49 85
38 43
39 62
31
3
32
N. B. — When a pilot is taken on board at Dragoc to carry a ship to Elsineur, the cliarge is the same
as that given under the first head of the above column. — (ArcMvcs du Commerce, tome iii. p. liu.)
I •!
(
The Monies, Weiebts, and Measures of Elsineur arc the same as those of Copenhagen (which see), ex.
ccpt that the rixdollar is divided into 4 oris instead of 6 marcs : thus, U skillings make 1 ort ; and 4 ort«
1 rixdollar.
Ill paying toll, however, at the passage of the Sound, the monies are distinguished into three different
values; namely, specie, crown, and current.
Specie money is that in which the duties of the Sound were fixed in 1701.
Crown money was the ancient currency of Denmark, in which the toll is sometimes reckoned.
Current money is the actual currency of the country.
The proportion between these denominations is as follows : .—
Eight specie rixdoUars = 9 crown rixdollar^ ; IG crown rixdollar* = 17 current rixdollars : therefore
to reduce specie money into crown money, add one eighth ; and for the reverse operation, subtract one
ninth.
To reduce crown money into current money, add one sixteenth j and for the reverse operation, subtract
one seventeenth.
Hence, also, 128 specie rixdollars are worth 144 crown rixdollars, or 1S3 current rixdollars: and there-
fore specie money is 13| per cent better than crown money, and 19>7 per cent, better than current
money. "
Houses in the Baltic charge the Sound duties in the invoices, and have their own agents at Elsineur,
to clear all the merchandise shipped by them. If this be not the case, the merchants at Elsineur then
draw upon the owners or agents where the goods are directed or addressed.
Weiffhts. — A shippound from the Baltic, of 10 stone, is calculated as 300 lbs. Danish ; a Russian bcr.
kowitz, as 300 lbs. ; a pud, as 30 lbs. Danish; a centner from the Baltic, as 110 lbs.; and a cwt. English,
asll21t!>. Di;nish.
Corn Measure of different Places reduced to Danish Lasts, for paying the Sound Dues.
Barlh
Colherg
Deinmin
KUuenwalde
Stoipe ■
Treptow -
Stralsund -
Wolgast
3 lastswill be reck,
oned in the Sound
aa 4 lasts.
(Jrvp^walde
Wismar
Anclain
Kostock, 5 lasts for 6.
Stctiin
Wamemunde -
Winemunde
Lubeck, 7 lasts for 8.
7 4 I,
r as
lasts reckoned
U lasts for 7.
Riga
Kiinlgsberg
Dfintzic
KIbing
Memel
Revel
Petersburgh
Oesel
The same as
the Dutch.
16 Russian chetwerts
1 cent, of 28 muiils French salt, from Rochelle
1 cent, from Hordeaux
13 raziers from Dunkirk - -
Laalt.
1
. 13
■ 12
- 1
10 muids from Havre
7 moyos from Cadiz, Lisbon, &c.
400 Dutch marts (measures) - ^*
1 English chaldron, 2 weighs, 2 tons, or 80 bushels
Lailt.
. 12
- 12
- 7
- 1
Liquid Measure. — A tonneau of French wine is considered as 4 oxhofts, or 24 ankers.
A pipe of Spanish or Portuguese wine, as 2 oxhofts.
30 Spanish arrobas, or S-O Portuguese almudcs, as a regular pipe.
30 Spanish arrobas, or 48 pots of oil, as a regular both (pipe) ; a hogshead of brandy, as 6 ankers; a
tierce, as 4 ankers ; an anker, 5 velts, or 40 Danish pots.
ELSINEUK.
555
..'I
Dutiet payable at the Sound on the principal Articles commonly palling through.
int.
Taper.
./>. rfr.
tch.
5
H9
fi
K.T
7
7«
S
«'J
u
C.T
10
.■JB
II
.^1)
12
4.T
l.'S
.Ki
14
.•iO
IS
90
17
i4
19
I'J
»)
SO
'it
4.1
'i\
28
nt.
— .
I'ajier.
.h. dr.
«i7i.
7
7(i
9
.T
10
2(J
11
.-)()
\'i
73
It
1.5
2t
18
JS
17
fis
18
92
!tl
11
ii.1
2.S
a.'.
4fi
•27
6t
W
7S
.■52
Laatt.
. Vl
- 12
- 7
1
Rlxd.
A1« or beer, the R hof^shcads, at 4^ • • • U
Almonds, the 1(X) lbs. - - -
Alum, the shippound - - . -
Anis*?«i, the imtlbs. - - -
Antimony^ the shipnound ■ - .
Anchor and locks, the schock of GO • • * 1
Apples, the last of 'I'i barrels • . .
Apothecaries' drugs, the Uspound valued at 36 rix-
dollars • • * • D
ArKol, the shiptKmnd - - . .
Arsenic, ilo. • - • U
Abhes, weed, the last of 12 burreli, or 12 do. • -
pot, the last of Vi do., or \t do. - • 1
Hacon, the shiupound - • •
Baize, the single piece ■ - -
the double do. - • •. •
Ualks, Kieat, of oak, the piece • ■ -
fir, 4 do. • . .
small, do. '/O do. • - •
Bav, berries, the 2f>0 lbs. > - • O
Beef, salted, the lat.t of 12 l>amls - - •
Biscuit, or bread of wheat, 4 barrels • •
rvf, % do. - • -
Books, printed, the liMl Ihs. valued at 36 hxdotlari >
Brass, or brass wire, the shi)i{Htund - -0
wrought, the 1<M> lbs. vaiued at 36 rixdollars
Bifmstone, tlie la>t of 1'2 shipiKJund • - 1
Brandy, French or Spanish, the hogshead • -
corn, the barrel - - -
Klienish, the ahm * • -
Brazil wooil, the .'j(M) lbs. - - •
Bristles, the shippound, valued at 36 rixdollars - U
Butler, the barrel - - • •
Cables, cordatie, or cable yam, the shipponnd -
Calicoes, the 8 pieces • • -0
Capers, the pipe, or 2 hogsheads • • .
Card.<t, for ptayinj; or for wool, the lU dozen - -
Cardamoms, cinnamon, cloveft, or cochineal, the 100 lbs.
Camlets, the I pieces • - -
Canviiss, or cambricst 4 do. • > -
Callimancoes, the H do. - . .
Campeachy wood, the 600 lbs. • - -
Caraway seeds, the KMJ do. - . .
Caviare, the shippound, valued at 36 rlzdollara -
Cheese, the shippuund - • • • O
Chesnuts, the 3(i sackn - - - O
Cider, the hogshead - - - - O
Clock>work, the 100 lbs. valued at 36 rixdollars - O
Cloth of silk, the piece - • . . ()
fine or short t-loths, or double do/ens, the 2 pieces
coarse, or long cloths, or dozens, tlie 4 do.
Coffee, tho u.yi() lbs.
Copper, the shippound - - -
wrought, the 100 lbs. valued at 32 rixdollars
Cork, the 3U bundles
Copperas, calamine, or cream of tartar, the shippound
Cotton wool, the 100 lbs.
Corn, barley, the last of 20 barrels
beans, neas, oats, or buckwheat, the last of 12 do.
malt, the last of 12 do.
rye, the last of 20 do.
wheat, the last of 20 do.
Coriander and currants, the 200 lbs.
Dainask, of silk, the piece
linen, the 4 pieces
woollen, the 8 do.
Deals of oak or f /, almve 20 feet, the schock
Carlshani, under 20 feet
Prussian
common, 10 to 14 feet, the 1,000
Diaper or drilling, the 20 pieces
Down, the shippound ...
Dmgi^cis, the y pieci-s
Kels, the Ir^t of 12 barrels
Elephants' tei tb, each
Feathers, the shippound •
Fernamburo wood, l,onOlbs.
Figs, the 18 baskets, SlH) do.
Fish, cod, the last, 12 barrels
stock, the last, 12 shippound, or 1,000 fish
salmon, the barrel
salted herrings, do.
retl herrings, the last of 20 straes, or 20,000 -
Flannels, the 8 i)iec-es of 25 ells each
Flax, dressed, the shiPp')und
undressed, as Vetersburgh, Narva, 12 hogs-
heads ; Mari'.'nhurg, all fine sorts podilta,
racketeer, and paternoster, the 4 do.
coarse, half clean, Farken, Hassets, MemelSj
and Alarienburg, the 6 do.
tow, the 5 do. - .
Flounders, dry, the 20,000
Flour of wheat, the 200 lbs.
barte\ or rye, the last of 12 barrels
Frieze, the piece
(ral<s, or gum, the 200 lbs.
Glass fur windows, Knglish, French, Lubeck, and
Dantzic, the 8 chests -
Venice, drinking do., the che.st
bottles, the ton, 4 hogsheads and 30 schocks
the 2 pipes
quart bottles, 100 dozen, 50 rixdollars
Gloves, Kussia, or Courland, the 260 pair
leather, the dozen, value 2 rixdollars
Gunpowder, the 100 lbs.
Haberdashery ware, the 100 lbs. valued at 36 rix-
dollars ....
Hair, camels' or coneys', the 50 lbs-
Handspikes, the 500
Hats, felt, the cask
beaver, the dozen, value 48 rixdollars
castor, the dozen, do.
Hemp, the shippound
low, the 10 do.
1
IH
12
9
12
fi
u
9
.W
(1
9
m
1)
10
24
•1
1
6
n
1H
fiO
H
12
n
24
12
R
M
Hides, elks*, harts', bucks', or Russia, the decker
salted, elks', harts', bucks', or Russia, do.
dry, elks', harts', bucks', or Russia, the 5 do.
Ru.ssia, the s-hippound
Honey, the hogshead
Hups, the sbipitound - •
Horses, the pair ...
Indigu. the IIMIIIm.
Iron wire, or pans, do.
stoves, plates or pots, the shippound
liars, bats, Iwtts, hoo(>s, anchor!*, and guns, do.
wrought, the 100 lbs. valued at 24 rixdollars
old, the shippound
<>stermund.s, do.
Isinglass, tlie 100 lbs. ...
Juniper berries, the 200 do.
Kerseys, the 8 pieces ...
i.ace, silk, or ferret, the 4 lbs.
thread, wool, cotton, or hair, the 10 do.
gold and silver, the lb.
Lemons, the 12 chests, or 36,000
pickled, the pipe or hogshead .
Lead, fodder, the ton, or 6 shippound
shot, the KNMbs.
red or white, du.
Leather, Russia or Scotch, the decker
Spanish, Cordovan, Turkey, and bui!', do.
Sems, the 10 do.
Basanes, the 10 do.
tanned n\ sole, the 100 lbs.
alumed or white, the 500 pieces
Lignum vitie, the 100 lbs.
Linseed, the last of 21 barrels
Linen, calicoes, the 16 pieces
flax, the 20 do.
Holland, Silesia, and Westphalia, the 4 do.
hemp, black .ow, the 80 do.
canvass, the 3 do.
damask, the 12 do.
drilling, the 20 do., or 500 arshcens
&oni Fete/sburgh, all sorts, the 40 do., or 2,000
do. ....
Logwood, the 800 lbs.
Mace, the 50 lbs.
Masts, It palms and uptvards, the piece
small ...
for boats, the schock
Mats from Fetersburgh, the 1,000
Mohair, the 50 lbs.
Mus'.ard seetl, the last of 12 barrels
Nails, Holland or f.ubeck, the centner
tree nails for ships, the 40,000
Nutmegs, do. ....
Nuts, the last of 20 barrels or sacks
Oars, great, the schock
smalt, do. ...
Oil, olive, of Seville or Portugal, the piiio
rape, linseed, hemp, the last of 8 anms
train, the last of 8 hogsheads, or 12 barrels
OlitKinuKi, the 100 lbs.
Olives, the pii>e, or 2 lu^heads
Oranges, the 12 chests, or 3,600
Paper, the 8 bates, or 80 reams
Pepiwr, the 100 lbs.
Pewter, the shipp.und •
Pitch, great band ...
small . .
Plates of tin, the 4 casks, or shippound
Plaidin^^ the 1 ,000 ells, or 40 pieces
Prunes, the KM) lbs.
Pninellocs, the 100 do.
Ooicksilver, tho 50 do.
Rapeseed, the last of 24 barrels
Raisins, the 400 lbs., or 36 baskets
R«sin, the shippound
Ribands of silk, or ferrets, the 4 lbs.
gold or silver, the 2 do.
Rice, the 2tlO do. - . .
SaHron, the 2 do. . -
Salt. Spanish, French, and Scotch, the last of 18 bar-
rels, or 8 bushels
Lunenburg, the last of 12 bushels
Saltpetre, the snipt>ound
Says, double, the 2 pieces
single, or Knglish, the 4 do.
Sailcloth, the 8 do.
SaYsaparilla,do.
Shumac, the 100 lbs.
Silk, sewing, ferret, wrought lace, the 4 do.
raw, the 100 do.
stuffs, do. - . .
with gold and silver, the piece
Skins, t>eaver, the 5 deckers
otter, the piece
Russia, dry, wolf and fox, the 5 deckers
goiit, the 20 du.
calf, the 10 du.
cat and sheep, the .'iOO pieces
black rabbit, or lamb, tlie 1 ,000 Jo.
grey raliliit, ttr kid, the 2,000
marten, the 40
hare, the bale, valued at 72 rixdollars
Soap, white, the UH) lbs.
grein, the last of 12 barrels
Spars, great, the 25 pieces
small, the 1,000 do.
Starch, the 304) lbs.
Staves, pipe, hogshead, and barrel, the great hundred
of 4K schocks
Steel, the 100 lbs.
Stones, Poland, the 1 ,000 feet of 500 ells
Stockings of silk, the dozen, or 1 2 lbs.
kersey, woollen, or worsted, for children,
the 100 pair - • .
Riid
St.
.
9
•
6
-
IH
.
36
.
7
-
6
-
.■5(i
.
3ti
-
4
•
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4
.
12
-
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.
2
.
6
.
9
-
Ul
-
10
.
(i
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■
24
.
18
.
24
.
4
.
2
.
9
.
6
.
3B
.
18
.
3
-
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.
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.
36
-
.10
■ II
.10
■
10
•
.10
.
30
.
30
.
"1
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J
. n
.10
.
30
.
18
.
24
.
1
■ 1
24
.
14
.
.10
. n
30
-
4
-
36
.
18
■
12
-
12
-
8
.
.18
.
36
-
36
-
9
-
18
-
24
-
.10
-
12
.
24
-
18
.
(I
■ (1
12
-
511
•
9
.
9
.
3(!
-
.16
• II
36
.
6
.
10
.
10
.
9
-
9
-
2(
. n
.16
■
6
-
9
.
(i
-
.10
-
IS
-
9
-
10
-
30
.
l.'i
.
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- II
21
-
6
-
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-
36
.
12
-
1ft
-
18
.
18
-
30
-
36
-
9
.
36
•
36
-
16
-
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8
.
30
.
4
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30
•
30
m
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30
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V.Jl
r" i. A
;56
ELSINEUR.
! I
t 'fi
Stockings — continueil.
worsttti, floret, and satft, the 50 do.
wo*)tien, for ehildrcnj "the 2(X) do.
Rturffeon, the last cf 1 'i harreU
Stult's, wwjitfn, iht! H pleat's
Succade, the 50 lbs.
yugar candy, or confectionary, the 100 do,
loaves, powder, ur Mu&covado, tlie *^00 ILs.
Sword blade!), the 50 -
liilts, flo. - . -
Sweetwood, the 100 lbs.
Tallow, the shippuimd
Tnrra^, the last, (i Hhippound, or 12 barrels
Tar, t^renl baml, the last of I "2 barrt-ls
small liami, the Ia.st of do.
Thread, white and coloured, the 50 lbs.
^olil and silver, the lb.
Tin, the sliippiinnd
Tobacco, the KM) lbs.
Treacle, the pipe, or 2 hn^Kheads
T. -penilne, tin- '-hippuunu
Ve.Jisris, the lOOlbs.
Wnnilion, do - • -
Velvet, line, the piece
with thread, the 2 pieces
Vinegar of wine, the luigslu-acl
beer, ale, or cider, the 2 do.
RiX'J. St.
- .10
•
,1(1
I
I'V
{•i
I'i
II
IH
IS
(1
lU
rs
(1
■1
«
.1«
II
IS
II
II
II
.111
II
,')
'^■t
II
II
.111
li
•1
II
,lli
II
II
II
1)
]'4
y
niid.
it.
II 36
U 14
I 36
Wax. the shippound
A\':»inst'ol tiu.-irds, the schtitk - - .
\\'ine, lionU>aux, the tuiij or i hogsheads, at 52 rix-
ftollar.it ■ . . .
rirardiii, llnoKl.tndi Aluscatj and Fronti|;nac,
the 'i ho|;.she.id.H - . - 1
Sp.inish or I'ortuwuese, the pipe • I 24
Italian and Levant - ••20
Klienish, the alim - • •0 40
Wire, iron, or hrii-sit, the iihippound • « - o 24
steel, the 100 Itis. . - - 24
Kold and silver, the lb. • . • U ,'>
Wool, beaver, the .'jO lbs. . . - I
Spanisli, or line, the 4 shippound . - 3li
coarse, or Scotch, tlie It (\o. - . " 3fi
flocit, or cuttinu wool, the 2 do. - - U
Scotch shirts, the 10 pieces - - 15
sl)it'l8, the S do. - . - - 1
Wood shovels, the III schncks • . o il
dishes or travs, tiie <> do. - . o i)
pliites, the .'ido. - - - . o i)
nails, the 2ll,IIIHI - . . o IH
Yarn, cotton, the 50 Itis. - - . . o .^fj
linen, the ship])ound, or 40 schocks - - I) .^ft
tow, the '1 do. . . ,0 .Ifi
sail, the shippound • - - 3fi
all sorts of woollen, the 50 lbs. . - 3G
Memorandum respecting the Mode of preventing certain Overcharges of Sound Duties on Goods shipped
for the Baltic.
There have been many complaints of the Sound duty being overrated on goods which, as they are not
noticed in the tariff", are char.-jeable ad valorem, (1 per cent, in the case of the Knglish, Dutch, and Swedes ;
li per cent, in the case of other nations ;) this charge being solely regulated by the value expressed in
the cockets, the only documents by which the Custom-house officers at the Sound are governed. This
originates in the shippers of goods finding it expedient occasionally to give a nominal value to merchan-
dise not liable to an export duty in England, far exceeding the real value, in order to provide for a further
shipment of the same species of goods in the same vessel (which entry can alone be considered as expressive
of the intention to ship goods to that extent). It is, therefore, suggested to the shippers of merchandise
for the Baltic, th.it, besides the above-mentioned nominal value, they should cause the real value of the
goods actually shipvcd to be inserted on the reverse of the cocket, as there is every reason to believe that
this real valiie will then become the criterion by which the Sound duty will be calculated. Tor instance,
supposing a cocket to run thus —
" Know ye that Parkinson and Co. have entered British cottons, value 10,000/. sterling, to be shipped
per the New land, Francis Hunter, master, for St. Petersburgli : "
The indorsement should be —
" P. 1. a. 10. Ten bales cambrics, value i,T.Hl, Ss. sterling, shipped on board the Newland, Francis
Hunter, for Petersburgh."
(Signed by) Parkinso.v and Co.
(Or by the signing Custom-house officer) N. N
The Sound duty will then probably be charged not on 10,000/., but on 4,794/. Ss. Should, however, the
latter entry be wanting, the first sum will he the only criterion by which to calculate the Sound duty;
and in case of overcharge, no restitution need be hoped for. — {Hordanx, European Commerce.)
Naviuation of the Baltic.
i:lt
' li
' t
' II
riiis is exhibited in the following Account of the Number of Ships that have passed (going and return,
ing) the Sound at difl'erent Periods, from the Year 1777 to the present Time, specifying the Coun-
tries to which they belonged.
Countries. ■
1777. 1780.
1783.
1785.
1787.
1789.
1790.
1792.
1814.
1816.
1820.
3,597
1825.
1827.-
5,1199
1829.
1830.
1831.
18.32.
British islands
,li,.'..V2 1,701
2,862
2,.537
2,95!)
3,501
3,771
4,349
2,3I9tl,848
6,186
4,805
4,274
4,772
3,.T.O
Holl.ind - [-
^!,.■Jfi7 '.i,0.-)8
510
1,571
1,1,30
1,924
2,(109
2,181
.55 1| 87(1
853
630
814
1,105
1 ,227
1,023
1 ,125
Sweden -
1,77.1 I,SSII
2,474
2,13fi
2,3115
63
430
2,1,-4
2,759,2,(142
1,519
1,319
1,.-S9
1,117
1,188
1,317
1,(1115
Denmark
1,1111
1,.141
i.TM
1,7S7
1,337
1,,313
l,5Sfi
I,3r,2
476
VSV
792
8113
856
865
744
695
835
Prussia
■in
<i71
2,08(i
1,358
743
yi:i
599
737
1 ,(l.*.i
1,014
1,554
2,,39l
3,038
2,1 S6
2,253
1,810
1 ,763
Russia
47
4."
137
114
Uli
•
fi
65
495
399
242
335
.384
367
105
421
2183
United States
3
20
,3(1
42
44
C8
-
HIS
169
2,-i(l
191
180
152
17!'
189
France
21
.
8
20
35
111
123
25
12
16
63
72
103
180
199
72
231
Spain - - -
Hanover -
10
.
15
10
23
32
4(1
22
y
-
.
.
III
8
4
4
.
-
-
-
-
55
263
458
413
. 1
602
645
451
542
Imperial (Austria)
r,
."^n
5.33
cr,
61
107
a
40
•
D.mt/ic
V3i
171
202
IGl
2UU
18(1
218
209
.
Mecklenhurgh
.
.
•
>
-
386
517
602
555
627
661
5.35
691
Oldenburfjh -
,'
,
.
.
2
24
35
18
29
47
34
35
44
56
53
7S
Lubpck
7S
«2
125
79
Uli
S3
811
86
28
45
61
121
99
101
SO
77
lirenien
RV
llfi
2G3
]7fi
142
181
177
18S
248
III
59
34
,56
85
79
92
80
HamhiirKh -
22
31
lil
77
(12
104
S3
36
36
15
31
35
46
25
41
21
Rostock
7'J
lilt
57
101
-
224
3,39
338
rai)enl)urgh . -
HI
.
99
112
Portugal -
V/
21
29
28
16
33
28
II
42
48
2
9
11
.
_
2
I'ourland
2
111
25
10
5
22
21
.N.aples
1
\'enice
.
2
2
4
-
2
(lt.)«
*
9
.
.
•
,
2
6
12
S
.Norway
-
.
.
-
-
83
794
916
951
879
1,161
1,202
1,357
Greece •
Totals
-
-
-
-
■
-
■
"
■
■
"
■
"
■
■
2
9,053
8,2U1
11,233
10,2(18 9,74f>
i(,823
9,742
12,114
8,186 8,871
10,92613,160
13,000
13,486
13,212
12,916
12,202
The statements in this Table for the years 1777, 17S0, 1783, and 1789, are taken from the valuable
work entitled Voyage de Deux FranQois au Nord dc I'Europe (torn. i. p. j(:0.) ; the other years are
taken from the returns sent by the British con.snl at Elsineur, printed in various parliamentary papers.
We have seen no two returns of the shipping that pass the Sound that quite agree, though the dilTor-
ences are not very material. The above account, though in many respects most interesting, is defective,
inasmuch as it does not give the tonnage as well as the number of the ships. Since 18,J1, however, the
British consul has sent returns of the shipping ; and it is not improbable that the Danish authorities
may be able to supply this desideratum for a lengthened period. The falling off in the amount of
British shipping in 1832 was wholly owing to the alarm caused by the prevalence of cholera, and other
evanescent causes —'Wc subjoin an
Rixd
.It.
- I)
.Ifi
•
14
- 1
36
- 1
1
•^4
- V
II
-
411
-
2i
•
Ui
•
r>
- 1
II
- n
.i(i
.
3fi
-
!l
-
I.-i
- 11
II)
. (1
II
- f)
ll
■ (1
'1
. II
IS
■
.K!
• II
.Ifi
. 11
,1«
.
.Ifi
• u
.10
18.11.
1832.
4,77'.;
.•!,.v.n
I.ll'^.l
1 , l'2.->
1,.1I7
1,(111,',
IVM
S.I.-)
1,810
1 ,7(i.1
i'i\
218.1
17!i
ISU
Tl
Ml
■\
4
451
542
53.
.M
501
I, .O.I-
l^
EMB ARGO ESPARTO.
557
Account of the British ShippinB employed in the Baltic Trade throuRh the Sound in 1832: exhibiting
the Numlicr ot Vc8.sel» sent out, the Number of Voyages performed liy them, and their Tonnage, an
ascertained by the Consul at Elsineur. — [Papers published by Board of Trade, vol. ii. p. 53.)
To what Ports liclon^ing.
Number of Ships sent out.
Tonnage. Numlier of Voyages performed.
.Aggregate Tonn-ige.
England and Wales
SrotLind -
Ireland
(iiiernsey and Jersey
The Culunies
Total
(179
3)r)
ir,
22
3
141l,4fig
5(I,(1!I4
2,1113
• S/i.lfi
1,H!I1
l,3Vi
3H
43
6
41I.1,'.)!I7
1".'),'.I!I2
.'j,212
fi,Wl»
i,.i;)H
1,115
197,G11_
3,330
593,533
There were lost in the Baltic, in 18.32, 14 British ships, of the burden of 2,897 tons ; and 8 British
ships, of the burden of 1,823 tons, were detained in it by the frost at the close of the year, and obliged
to winter in its various ports.
EMBARGO, an order Lssued by tlie government of a country to prevent the sailing
of ships.
EMERALD (Ft. Emhawle ,- Ger. Smaragd; li. Smeraldo ; Lat. Smaragdus ; Sp.
Esmeralda), a precious stone in high estimation. It is distinguished from all other gems
by its peculiar emerald green lustre, varying in intensity from the palest possible tinge to
a full and deep colour, than which, as Pliny has truly stated, nothing can be more
licautiful and pleasing ; nnlliiis coloris aspectus jucundior est. It emulates, he continues,
if it do not surpass, the verdure of the spring ; and the eye, satiated by the dazzling glare
of the more brilliant gems, or wearied by intense application, is refreshed and strengthened
by the quiet enlivening green of the emerald. In Pliny's time, the best came from
Scythia. Those met with in modern times do not often exceed the size of a walnut.
Some of a much larger size, and perfect, have been found, but they are extremely rare.
Nero used one a.s an eye-glass in surveying the combats of the gladiators. Hitherto it
has always been found crystallised. Specific gravity from 2-6 to 2-77. — {Plht. Hist,
Nat. lib. xxxvii. cap. 5. ; Thomson's Chemistry, )
" For the last two centuries and more, the only country known to yield emeralds is Peru, where they
occur in Santa Ft', and in the valley of Tunca. Several large stones have appeared in Kurojie : about 'i
years ago 1 cut one, exceeding 2 ounces in weight, for the Emperor of Morocco, but it was full of imper-
fections. The largest specimen known is an hexagonal crystal, nearly G inches long, and above 2 in
diameter. This gem, however small, is so rarely seen perfect, that ' an emerald without a flaw ' has passed
into a proverb. A fine stone of 4 carats may be valued at 40/. or 50/., or even more if very pure. Inferior
stones of 1 or 2 carats are sold at (Yom H)s. to 70s. per carat ; and if smaller and defective, at Ids. or 15*.
per carat. Fine emeralds are rare, and in such demand, that a particular suit has been known to have
1)a.ssed into the possession of a .scries of purchasers, and to have made the tour of Europe in the course of
lalf a century." — {Mawe on Diamonds, 2d ed. p. 104 )
EMERY (Fr. Emcril, Emeri ; Ger. Smirgel ; It. Smerglio, Smeregio ; Sp. EsmtrU ;
Rus. Nashdak; Lat. Smiris), a mineral brought to Britain from the isle of Naxos,
where it exists in large quantities. It occurs also in Germany, Italy, and Spain. It
is always in shapeless masses, and mixed with other minerals. Colour intermediate
between greyish black and bluish grey. Specific gravity about 4. Lustre glistening and
adamantine. Emery is extensively used in the polishing of hard bodies. Its fine powder
is obtained by trituration. — ( Thomson's Chemistry. )
ENGROSSING, is " the buying up of corn and other dead victuals, with intent to
sell them again." — (Blackstone, book iv. cap. 12.) We have shown in another article,
how absurd it is to suppose that this practice should have any injurious influence —
(ante, p. 410.). But, for a long time, most scarcities thiit occurred were either entirely
ascribed to the influence of engrossers and forestallers — (see Forestalmng) — or, at
least, were supposed to be materially aggravated by their proceedings. In consequence,
however, of the prevalence of more just and enlarged views upon such subjects, the
statutes that had been made for the suppression and punishment of engrossing, fore-
stalling, &c. were repealed in 1772. — (See ante, p. 403.) But notwithstanding this
repeal, engrossing continues to be an indictable offence, punishable at common law by
fine and imprisonment; though it is not at all likely, were an attempt made, that any
jury would now be found ignorant or prejudiced enough to convict any one on such
a charge.
ENTRY, BILL OF. See Importatiok.
ERMINE (Ger. Hermelin ; Fr. Hermine, Ermine; Rus. Gornostai), a species of
wea.sel (Mustela Candida Lin.), abundant in all cold countries, particularly Russia,
Norway, Lapland, &c., and producing a most valuable species of fur. In summer, the
ermine is of a brown colour, and is called the stoat. It is in winter only that the fur
has that beautiful snowy wbitene's and consistence so much admired. — (See Furs.)
ESPARTO, a species of rush, the Stipa ienacissima of botani.sts. It is found in the
southern provinces of Spain ; and is particularly abundant on all the sterile, imcultivated,
and mountainous districts of Valencia. — Beckmann ( Hist, of Invent, vol. ii. p. 288.
Eng. ed. ) supposes, apparently with good reason, that the stipa tenacissima is the plant
described by Pliny under the name of Sparta, who ascribes its application to useftil pur-
poses to the Carthaginians — (Hist. Nat. lib. six. c. 2.). It is still used for the same
'\^
.'ll
s, X ,
'i»
• . !
! ^i
i I
iti
'yWii
5.58
ESTRICH. ~ EXCHANGE.
I »; i'
^ A
il
•^
'IM
purposes as in antiquity, being manufactured into cordage, shoes, matting, baskets nets,
mattresses, sacks, &c. Cables made of esparto are said to be excellent ; being light, they
float on the surface of the water, and arc not, therefore, so liable as hempen cables to
be cut or injured by a foul bottom. Tliey are exclusively made use of in the Spanish
navy. Esparto is largely consumed in the manufacture of alpergates. Theue are light
shoes worn by the Valencian peasantry, having platted soles made either of esparto or
hemp, but principally of the former. They arc extremely cheap and commodious in hot
climates ; ond besides being in extensive demand at home, used to be expwted in im-
mense quantities to both Indies ; but since the emancipation of Spanish America, this
trade has greatly fallen off. The Spanish peasantry have attained to wonderful dexterity
in the manufacture of esparto. " After having soaked the rush in water, the women and
children, without either wheel or spindle, contrive to twist two threads at the same time.
This they do by rubbing them between the palms of their hands, in the same manner as
a shoemaker forms a thread upon his knees, with this difference, that one motion gives
the twist to each thread, and, at the same time, unites them. To keep the threads asunder,
the thumb of the right hand is interposed between them ; and when that is wanted
for other purposes, the left thumb supplies its place. Two tlireads being thus twisted
into one of the bigness of a large crow.quill, 46 yards are sold for little more than \d.,
the materials being worth sibout Jth part of the price." — ( Townsend's Travels in Spain,
vol. iii. p. 177., see also p. 129. ; Fischer's Picture of Valencia, Eng. ed. p. 92. and
p. 57. &c.)
ESTllICH OR ESTRIDGE (Fr. JDuvet d'autruche ; It. Penna matta di strozzo ;
Sji. Plumazo de avestrux ; Lat. Struthionum plama moUiores), is the fine soft down which
lies immediately under the feathers of the ostrich. The finest is used as a substitute
for beaver in the manufacture of hats, and the coarser or stronger sort is employed in
the fabrication of a stuff which resembles fine woollen cloth. Estridge is brought from
the Levant, Italy, and other parts of the Mediterranean.
EUPHORBIUM (Ger. Euphorhiengummi ; Lat. Euphorhium ; Fr. Euphorhe ;
Arab. Akal-nafzah), the produce of a perennial plant, a native of Africa, and of many
parts of India, &c. It is a concrete gum resin ; is inodorous ; when first chewed has
little taste, but it soon gives a very aciid burning impression to the tongue, palate, and
throat, which is very ])ermancnt, and almost insupportable. It is imported in serons
containing from 100 to 150 lbs. It is in small, hollow, forked piecesj often mixed with
seeds and other impurities. — ( Thomson's Dispensatory. )
EXCHANv/E. In commerce, this term is generally used to designate that species
of mercantile transactions, by which the debts of individuals residing at a distance from
tliuLr creditors are cancelled without the transmission of money.
Among cities or countries having any considerable intercourse together, the debts
mutually due by each other approach, for the most part, near to an equality. There
arc at all times, for example, a considerable number of persons in London indebted to
Hamburgh ; but, speaking generally, there are about an equal number of persons in
London to whom Hamburgh is indebted. And hence, when A. of London has a pay-
ment to make to B. of Hamburgh, he does not remit an equivalent sum of money to the
latter ; but he goes into the market and buys a hill upon Hamburgh, that is, he buys an
order from C. of London addressed to his debtor D. of Hamburgh, requesting him to
pay the amount to A. or his order. A., having indorsed this bill or order, sends it to
B., who receives payment from his neighbour D. The convenience of all parties is
consulted by a transaction ojf this sort. The debts due by A. to B., and by D. to C,
are extinguished without the intervention of any money. A. of London pays C. of ditto,
and D. of Hamburgh pays B. of ditto. The debtor in one place is substituted for the
debtor in another; and a postage or two, and the stamp for the bill, foim the whole
expenses. All risk of loss is obviated.
A bill of exchange may, therefore, be defined to be an order addressed to some person
residing at a distance, directing him to pay a certain specified sura to tlie person in whose
favour the bill is drawn, or his order. In mercantile phraseology, the person who draws
a bill is termed the drawer ; the person in whose favour it is drawn, the remitters the
person on whom it is drawn, the drawee ; and after he has accepted, the acceptor. Those
persons into whose hands the bill may have passed previously to its being paid, are,
from their writing their names on the back, termed indorsers ; and the person in whose
possession the bill is at any given period, is termed the holder or possessor.
The negotiation of inland bills of exchange, or of those drawn in one part of Great
Britain and Ireland on another, is entirely in the hands of bankers, and is conducted
in the manner already explained. — ( See ante, p. 65.) Bills drawn by the merchants
of one country upon another are termed foreign bills cf exchange, and it is to their
negotiation that the following reinarks principally apply.
I. Par of Exchange. — The par of the currency of any two countries means, among
merchants, the equivalency of a certain amount of the currency of the one in the currency
btl
i
EXCHANGE.
559
of the other, supposing the currencies of both to he of the precise weight and purity fixed by
their respective 7nints. Thu!;, according to the mint regulations of Great Britain and
France, \l. sterling is equal to 25 fr. 20 cent., which is said to be tlie par between I^on-
don and Paris. And the exchange between the two countries is said to be at par when
bills are negotiated on this footing ; that is, for example, when a bill for 100/. drawn in
London is worth 2,,520 fr. in Paris, and conversely. When 1/. in London buys a bill
on Paris for more than 25 fr. 20 cent., the exchange is said to l)e in favour of London
and against Paris; and when, on the other hand, 1/. in London will not buy a bill on
Paris for 25 fr. 20 cent., the exchange is against London and In favour of Paris. — (See
Table of the par of exchange at the end of this article. )
IL Circumstances which determine the Course of Exchange. — The exchange is affected,
or made to diverge from par, by two classes of circumstances : first, by any discrepancy
iK'tween the iictual weight or fineness of the coins, or of the bullion for which the sub-
stitutes used in their place will exchange, and their weight or fineness as fixed by the
mint regulations ; and, secondly, by any sudden increase or diminution of the bills drawn
in one country upon another.
1. It is but seldom that the coins of any country correspond exactly with their mint
standard; and when they diverge from it, an allowance corresponding to the difference
between the actual value of the coins, and their mint value, must be made in determining
the real par. Thus, if, while the coins of Great Britain corresponded with the mint
standard in weight and purity, those of France were either 10 per cent, worse or debased
below the standard of her mint, the exchange, it is obvious, would be at real par when it
was nominally 10 per cent, against Paris, or when a bill payable in London for 100/. was
worth in Paris 2,772 fr. instead of 2,520 fr. In estimating the real course of exchange
between any 2 or more places, it is always necessary to attend carefully to this circum-
stance ; that is, to examine whether their currencies be all of the standard weight and
purity, and if not, how much they differ from it. When the coins circulating in a country
are either so worn or rubbed as to have sunk considerably below their mint standard, or
when paper money is depreciated from excess or want of credit, the exchange is at real
par only when it is against such country to the extent to which its coins are worn or its
paper depreciated. When this circumstance is taken into account, it will be found that
the exchange during the latter years of tlie war, though apparently very much against
this country, was really in our favour. The depression was nominal only ; being occa-
sioned by the great depreciation of the pajjer currency in which bills were paid.
2. Variations in the actual course of exchange, or in the price of bills, arising from
circumstances affecting the currency of either of two countries trading together, are
nominal only : such as are real grow out of circumstances affecting their trade.
When two countries trade together, and each buys of the other commodities of pre-
cisely the same value, their debts and credits will be equal, and, of course, the real
exchange will be at par. The bills drawn by the one will be exactly equivalent to those
drawn by the other, and their respective claims will be adjusted without requiring the
transfer of bullion or any other valuable produce. But it very rarely happens that the
debts reciprocally due by any two countries are equal. Tliere is almost always a balance
owing on the one side or the other ; and this balance must affect the exchange. If the
debts due by London to Paris exceeded those due by Paris to London, the competition
in the London market for bills on Paris would, because of the comparatively great
amount of payments our merchants had to make in Paris, be greater than the competition
in Paris for bills on London ; and, consequently, the real exchange would be in favour
of Paris and against London.
The cost of conveying bullion from one country to another forms the limit within
which the rise and fall of the real exchange between them must be confined. If 1 per
cent, sufficed to cover the expense and risk attending the transmission of money from
London to Paris, it would be indifferent to a London merchant whether he paid 1 per
cent, premium for a bill of exchange on Paris, or remitted money direct to that city. If
the premium were less than 1 per cent., it would clearly be his interest to make his pay-
ments by bills in preference to remittances : and that it could not exceed 1 per cent, is
obvious ; for every one would prefer remitting money, to buying a bill at a greater pre-
mium than sufficed to cover the expense of a money remittance. If, owing to the breaking
out of hostilities between the two countries, or to any other cause, the cost of remitting
money from London to Paris were increased, the fluctuations of the real exchange
between them migh': also be increased. For the limits within which such fluctuations
?nay range, correspond in all cases with the cost of making remittances in cash.
Fluctuations in the nominal exchange, that is, in the value of the currencies of
countries trading together, have no effect on foreign trade. W^hen the currency is
depreciated, the premium which the exporter of commodities derives from the sale of
the bill drawn on his correspondent abroad, is only equivalent to the increase in the
price of the goods exported, occasioned by this depreciation, But when the premium
3
IP:.
:i-^^
> t
n
t
i
fill f
• V
: '.:
ill.!
ijr,/
ill
V'if
\A .'
ill
4h
f 11/
m J- J'
i:
560
EXCHANGE.
; 15 B ii
i
'n
ii
i\.)
■'^
on a foreign bill is a consequence, not of a fall in the value of money, but of a deficiency
in tlie supply of hills, there is no rise of prices ; and in these circumstances the unfa-
vourable exchange operates as a stimulus to exportation. As soon as the real ex-
change diverges from par, the mere inspection of a price current is no longer suflicient
to regulate the operations of the merchant. If it be unfavouralile, the premium which
the exporter will receive on the sjile of his bill nmst be included in the estimate of the
profit he is likely to derive fnnn the transaction. The greater that premium, the less
will be the difference of prices necessary to induce him to export. And hence an unfa-
vourable real exchange has an effect exactly the same with what wouhl be produced by
granting a bounty on exportation equal to the premium on foreign bills.
Hut for the same reason that an unfavourable real exchange increases exportation, it
proportionally diminishes importation. When the exchange is really unfavourable, the
price of commodities imi)orted from abroad must be so much lower than their price at
home, as not merely to allbrd, exclusive of expenses, the ordinary profit of stock on their
sale, but also to compensate for the premium which the importer must pay for a foreign
bill, if he remit one to his correspondent, or for the discount, added to the invoice ])rice,
if his correspondent draw upon him. A less qunntity of foreign goods will, there-
fore, suit our market when the real exchange is unfavourable ; and fewer payments
having to be made abroad, the competition for foreign bills will bo diminished, and the
real exchange rendered proportionally favourable. In the same way, it is easy to see
that a favourable real exchange must operate as aduti/ on exportation, and as a hotinli/ on
importation.
It is thus that fluctuations in the real exchange have a necessary tendency to correct
themselves. They can never, for any considerable period, exceed the expense of trans-
mitting bullion from the debtor to the creditor country. But the exchange cannot
continue either permanently favourable or unfavourable to this extent. When favourable,
it corrects itself by restricting exportation and facilitating importation ; and when unfa-
vourable, it produces the same effect by giving an unusual stimulus to exportation, and
l)y throwing obstacles in the way of importation. The true par forms the centre of
these oscillations ; and although the thousand circumstances which are daily and hourly
affecting the state of debt and credit, prevent the ordinary course of exchange from being
almost ever precisely at par, its fluctuations, whether on the one side or the other, arc
confined within certain limits, and have a constant tendency to disappear.
This natural tendency which the exchange has to correct itself, is powerfully assisted
by the operations of the bill-merchants.
England, for example, might owe a large excess of debt to Amsterdam, yet, as the
.iggregate amount of the debts due by a commercial country is generally balanced by
the amount of those wliich it has to receive, the deficiency of bills on Amsterdam in
London would most probably be compensated by a proportional redundancy of those
on some other place. Now, it is the business of the merchants who deal in l)ills, in the
same way as of those who deal in bullion or any other commodity, to buy them where
they are cheapest, and to sell them where they are dearest. They would, therefore, buy
up the bills drawn by other countries on Amsterdam, and dispose of them in London;
and by so doing, would prevent any great fall in the price of bills on Amsterdam in
those countries in which the supply exceeded the demand, and any great rise in Great
Britain and those countries in which the supply happened to be deficient. In the trade
between Italy and this country, the bills drawn on Great Britain amount almost inva-
riably to a greater sum than those drawn on Italy. The bill-merchants, however, by
buying up the excess of the Italian bills on London, and selling them in Holland, and
other countries indebted to England, prevent the real exchange from ever becoming very
much depressed.
III. Negotiation of Bills of Exchange, —TiiUfi o( exchange arc either made payable
at sight, at a certain specified time ajfter sight or after date, or at usance, which is the
usual term allowed by the custom or law of the place where the bill is payable. Gene-
rally, however, a few days are allowed for payment beyond the term when the bill
becomes due, which are denominated days of grace, and which vary in different countries.
In Great Britain and Ireland, three days' grace are allowed for all bills except those
payable at sight, which must be paid as soon as presented. The following is a statement
of the usance and days of grace for bills drawn upon some of the principal commercial
cities : -r-
[mlrf. m\s, did. d's. d\a. respectively denote months after date, months after sight, dags
xfter date, dags after sight, dags after acceptance,^
u
\.
EXCHANGE.
561
IiUfiilon oil
AiiHti'rclaiu
KntU'KlaMi
AlltttlTp
llainliurKi)
Altoii.i
Daiitzic
I'aris «
lliirilcnux
Kruincii
ISnriti'lona
U Stance.
1 m
I m
1 III
1 in
1 III
U >l
SO (I
30 (I
1 111
(ill (I
nny* at
(Ir.Ku.
G
()
t>
li
10
10
10
8
14
l.nnilan on
Geneva
Matlrid
Cadiz
Hillioa
(tiliraltnr
l.eKliiini
Leipsic
(iciioa
Venice
LT^ncu.
Day II of
(Irucii.
30
(>
a)
in
in
3 III
U »
3 III
3 III
.■)
14
li
14
14
30
t)
LunUon vn
Vienna t
Mult.i
Naples
ralcrnio
I/iiilinn
Opoito
Kill Janeiro
Dublin
Cork
U»ance.
14 (la.
Day* or ,
Once. 1
3
30 il.ii.
M
3 in .1.
3
3 m'tl.
rA) d.H.
(i
30 d s.
(i
.30 did.
<i
iil d».
3
21 dis,
J
1
In the (latiiifj of bills, the new style is now used in every country in Europe, with the
exception of llussia.
In London, Jiills of exchange are bought and sold by brokers, wlio go round to the
principal merchants and discover whether they are buyers or sellers of liills. A few of
the brokers of most influence, after ascertaining the state of the relative supjily and
demand for bills, suggest a price at which the greater part of the transactions of the day
are settled, with such deviations as particular bills, from their being in very higli or low
credit, may be subject to. The price fixed by the brokers is that which is published in
Wettenhall's List ; but the first houses generally negotiate their bills (jn A, 1, 1_^, and 'J
per cent, better terms than those quoted. In London and other great commercial cities,
a class of middlemen .'.peculate largely on the rise and fall of tti • exchange; buying bills
when they expect a rise, and selling them when a fall is antici, .ed.
It is usual, in drawing foreign l)ills of exchange, to draw them in sets, or duplicates,
lest the first should be lost or mi.scarry. When liills are drawn in sets, each must con-
tiiin a condition that it siiall be payable only while the others remain unpaid : thus, tl
first is payable only, « second and third unpaid ;" tiie second, " first and third being ui
paid," and the third, « first and second unpaid."
All bills of exchange must be drawn upon .stamps as under : —
Inland Bills and Suit's. — Not oxceedinB Two Months after Date, or
Sixty Days after Sight
le
un-
£ s.
j; s.
If - . 2 and not above !> 5 .
Above 5 5
M
20 -
— 20
«
30 .
— 30
_
r>o .
_ 50
^
lOO .
— 100
__
200 .
— 200
_
300 .
— 3()0
_
500 -
— .500
1,000 -
— 1,000
—
2,000 .
— 2,000
3,000 -
— 3,000
-
-
£
12
15
1 5
Exceeding Two
Months, Sec.
.£ s. il.
1
12
15
1 5
1 10
Promissory notes from 2/. to 100?. inclusive are not to be drawn payable to bearer on demand (except-
ing bankers' rcissuablc notes, which reiiuire a dirt'erent stamji). — Hut notes for any sum exceeding loo/.
may be drawn either payable to bearer on demand, or otherwise — (See nnti; p. 69.)
Foreign ISills of Exchange. — Foreign bill, drawn in but payable out of Great Britain, if drawn singly
the same duty as an inland bill.
Foreign bills of exchange, drawn in sets, s. d.
for every bill of each set, if the sum docs
not exceed 100/. - - - - 1 6
Exceeding KKW. and not exceeding 200/. - 3
— 200/. — 500/. - 4
Exceeding 5(X)/. and not exceeding 1,000/.
-^ 1,000/. — 2,(KX)/.
— 2,000/. — 3,000/.
— 3,000/. —
s. d.
5
7 (i
10 (I
15
No one acquainted with the fundamental rules of arithmetic can have any difllculty
whatever in estimating how much a sum of money in one country is worth in another, ac-
cording to the state of the exchange at the time. The common arithmetical books abound
in examples of such computations. But in conducting the business of exchange, a direct
remittance is not always preferred. When a merchant in London, for example, means
to discharge a debt due by him in Paris, it is his business to ascertain not only the state
of the direct exchange between London and Paris, and, consequently, the sum which he
must pay in London for a bill on Paris equivalent to his debt, but also the state of the
exchange between London and Hamburgh, Hamburgh and Paris, &c. ; for it frequently
happens that it may be more advantageous for him to buy a bill on Hamburgh, Am-
sterdam, or Lisbon, and to direct his agent to invest the proceeds in a bill on Paris,
rnther than remit directly to the latter. This is termed the Arbitration of exchange.
An example or two will sufifice to show the principle on which it is conducted.
Thus, if the exchange between London and Amsterdam be 35s. Flemish (old coinage) per pound sterling,
and between Paris and Amsterdam Is. 6d. Flemish per franc, then, in order to ascertain whether a direct
t r indirect remittance to Paris would be most advantageous, we must calculate what would be the value
• In France, no days of grace are allowed on bills payable A vue.
t In Austria, bills payable at sight, or on demand, or at less than 7 days after eight or date, are not
allowed any days of grace. ,
2 O
, ,<^'Ki
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.'111'.
IJi.- ■ !
\
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■
i 1''^
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i
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t
't
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:I 1
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i
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m
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562
EXCHANGE.
¥
UflV!
ux
f '1
(..■)
of the franc in English money If tlio remittance were made tlironali Ilollnnd ; for if it I)c lem than that
roiiltiiiK from the direct exi lianfje, it will ol)vi()M»ly bo the prfferafile mode of remiltinK. 'I'hi» in (loler.
mined l)y titatiiiK, as .'!.j.«. l-'lvin. ;the Amsterdam eurreney in a poiiiid sltrliiiK) : l« i'"!. rleni. (Amsterdam
currency in a franc) ;;!/.: Wil. the iirdportinnal, (>r iirl>i/ni/iil value of the franc. — Hence, if the Kn^lisli
innney, or bill of exchange, to pay a debt in I'aris, were remitted by Ani'^terdam, It woiilU recpiire Uii/. to
dUcharKea debt of a franc, <ir I/, to discharge a debt of '.'( francs : and, tlierelbri', if theexcliaiiKe between
I^)niloii anil I'arii were at 'Jl, it would be indilli'reiit to the KiiKhsh merchant whetlier he remitted
directly to I'aris, or imlirectly fi<i Amsterdam j but if the exi'liauKC between liOiidon and Paris were
above '.'4, then a direct remittance would be preferal)le ; while, if, on the other hand, the direct exchange
Were lesss than '21, the indirect remittance ouKlit as pliunly to be preferred.
" Suppose," to iMirrow an example from Dr. Kelly (Vnii'viiiii Cambist, vcd. ii. p. I.i7.\ " the cxchanno
of London and Lisbon tube at iiHil. per milree, an i that of LLslion on Madrid ;i()0 rees per dollar, the
arbitrated price between London and Madrid is .i-k/. sterling per dollar; for us 1,()(»0 rees ; (is,/. : ; r^nt
rcen : .'All. Hut if the dirtrt exchanKC of London on Madrid be ;>;»/. sterling i)er dollar, then L)n(lon,
by remitting direilly to Madrid, nuist pay miI. for every dollar; whereas, by remitting through Lisbon,
he will pay only .'rUI. ; it is, therefore, the interest of London to remit indirectly to Madriil through
Liabcm. ()n the other haiul, if I^indon draws dirtH'tly on M;ulrid,he will receive <k'>ri. sterling per dollar;
where.is, by drawing indirectly through Lisbon, he would receive only j-k/. ; it i>, therefore, tlie interest
of' I./ondon to draw directly on Madrid, lli iice the following rules : —
" I. Where the certain price is given, tiraw through the place which produces the lowest arbitrated
price, ami remit through that which priMhices the highest.
" '.'. VVIiere the uncertain price is given, draw through that place which produces the highest arbitratc<l
price, and. remit through that which produces the lowest."
In eomi>ound arbitration, or when more than ;} places are concerned, then, in order to And how much
a remittance passing through them all will amount to in the last place, or, which is the same tiling, to
find the arbitrated price between the first and the last, we have only to repeat the diUbrent statements in
the same manner as in the foregoing examples.
Thus, if the exchange between London and Amsterdam be !i~>s. 11cm. for U. sterling j lictwecn Amster.
dam and Lisl>on 4'ir/. Flein. for I old crusade ; and between Lisbon and I'ariii OH) rees for ;j francs : what
is the arbitrated price between London and I'aris ?
In the tirst place, as o.'iii. Hem. :!/.:: +'i/. I'lem. :
Second, as 1 old crusade, or 4(K) rees : '2s. sterling :
'i'hird, as 'J.v. iHtl. sterling : ti francs : : 1/. sterling
between I..ondon and I'aris.
This operation may be abridged aa follows : —
y. sterling
^1 shillings Flem.
1 old crusade
480 rees
3;> X 4(XI X 3
'2s. sterling = 1 olil crusade.
; 4H() rees : i!s. i'Hd. sterling = 3 francs.
2o francs, the arbitrated price of the pound sterling
11. sterling.
tiiis. riemish.
1 old crusade.
m) rees.
ii francs.
Hence
4,en()
-•ivtlii^aT franc*.
4K0 X ,ij ~ !(>«
This abridged operation evidently consists in arranging the terms so that tho.sc which would form the
divisors in continued statements in the Uule of Three are multiplied together for a common divisor, and
the other terms for a common dividend, The ordin.iry arithmetical books abound with examples of such
operation".
The following account of the manner in which a very largo tran.saction w.t3 actually conductcil by
inilirect remittances, will sutiicicntly illustrate the principles we have been endeavouring to explain.
In 1X04, Spain was bound to |)ay to France a large subsidy ; and, in order to do this, three distinct
methods presenteil themselves : —
L To send dollars to Paris by land.
2. To remit bills of exchange directly to Paris.
3. To authorise Paris to draw directly on Spain.
The hrst of these methotls was tried, but it was found too slow and expensive ; and the second and
third plans were considered likely to turn the exchange against Spain. The following methml by the
indirect, or circular exchange, was, therefore, adoptetl.
A merchant, or baminkr, at Paris, was appointed to manage the operation, which he thus conducted : —
He chose London, Amsterdam, Hamburgh, Cadiz, Madrid, and Paris, as the principal hinges on which
the operation was to turn : and he engaged correspondents in each of these cities to support the circulation.
Madrid and Cadiz were the places in Spain from whence remittances w c to bo made ; and dollars were,
of course, to be sent to where they bore the highest i)rice, for which buia were to be procured on Pans,
or on any other places that might be deemed more advantageous.
The principle being thus established, it only remained to regulate the extent of the operation, so as not
to issue too much paper on Spain, and to give the circulation as much support as possible from re.il
business. With this view, London was chosen as a place to which the operation might be chieHy directed,
as the price of dollars was then high in England ; a circumstance which rendered the proportional ex.
cliange advantageous to Spain.
The business wiis commencetl at Paris, where the negotiation of drafts i~>uetl on Hamburgh and Am.
sterdam served to answer the immediate demands of the state ; and or. , s were transmitted to these
places to draw for the reimbursements on London, Madrid, or Cadiz, according as the course of cxchaufie
was most favourable. The proceedings were all conducted with judgment, and attended with complete
success. At the commencement of the operation, the course of exchange of Cadiz on London was rAUI. j
but, by the plan adopted, Spain got 39Jrf., or above 8 per cent, by the remittance of dollars to London,
and considerable advantages were also gained by the circulation of bills through the several places on the
Continent. — {Kclli/'s Cambist, vol ii. p. lt)8. ; Dubust's Klcmcnts <(/' Cummercc, 2d cd. p. 218.)
Law op Bills ok Exchange.
' The chief legal privileges appertaining to bills arc, first, that though only a simple contract, yet they
are always presumed to have been originally given for a good and valuable consideration ; and, secondly
they are assignable to a third person not named in the bill or party to the contract, so as to vest in the
assignee a right of action, in his own name; which right of action, no release by the drawer to the ac-
ceptor, nor set-oft" or cross demand due from the former to the latter, can aflect.
AH persons, whether merchants or not, being legally qnalilietl to contract, may be p.irties to a bill. Tlut
no action can be supported against a person Incapable of binding himself, on a bill drawn, indorsed, or
accepted by such incapacitated person ; at the same time the bill is good against all other competent
parties thereto.
Bills may be drawn, accepted, or indorsed by the party's itgent or attorney verbally a ji'ioriscd for the
purpose. When a person has such authority, he must either write the name of his principal, or state in
writing that he draws, tkc. as agent : thus, " per iirocuration, for A. B." •
Where one of several partners accepts a bill drawn on the tirm, for himself and partners, or in his own
name only, such acceptance binds the partnership if it concern the trade. But the acceptance of one of
several partners on behalf of himself and partners, will not bind the others, if it concern the acceptor
EXCHANGE.
563
only in a separate and ilistinrt Interest ; antlllip hdldrrnniip bill, at tlic timchcl)ecnme» so, was aware of
that circiini.stance. II', hdwcver, ho be a huniijiilr holiler I'ur a BUtiiiient ('(MiKideration, and had nu sueli
knowledge ut thi' tinii' he llr.st became itosKcskul ol' the bill, nii 8UlMe<|ueiitly accjiilred knnwleilue of the
niiMvindiK't of the partner in giving sucli seeurity will prevent hini from reeuvering on such bilu agalnat
all the partners.
Although no ))recise form of words Is rotpiirotl to eonstitntc a bill of exehaiiKe or promissory note, yet
it is neceitsary that it slMJnld l)C /ii///nA/i' ut all I'viiils, and not depend on any eontingeney ; and that it be
made lor the payment of money oidy, and nut for payment of money and performance uf Bunie other act,
as the delivery of a hiirm', or the like.
If, hovvevir, the event on which the payment is to depend must inevitably happen, it is of no import-
ance liow long the payment may be in suspense) so a bill is negotiable and valid if drawn payable t>
weeks jil'icr the death of the ilrawer's father, or payable to an infant when he shall l)ecome of age.
Any m.derial alteration of a bill alter It has been drawn, accepted, or indorsitl, such as the date, sum,
or time of payinejit, will invalidate it : but the mere correction uf a mistake, as by inserting the words
" or order," wdl have no snch eirect.
The negotlabdity of a bill depends on the insertion of suHicient operative words of transfer; such as by
making it iiayable to A. or oriler, or to A. or bearer, or to bearer generally.
Althougli a bill is presnme<l to have been originally drawn upon a good and.'valuabic consideration, j^et
in certain cases a want of sidlicient consideration may be insisted on in defence to an artion on a bill.
C'ertani considerations have been njade illegal by statute; as for signing a bankrupt's certilicate, for money
won at gaming, or for money lent on a usurious contract. Hut with respect to gaming, it is held, that a
bill Ibunded on a gandiling transaction is go(Kl in the hands of a bunujirie holder ; and by .OK Geo. J. e. !JJ.
a bill or note in the hands of an innocent holder, althuugh originally founded on a, usurious contract, ia
not invalid.
In general, if a bill is fair and legal in its origin, a subsequent illegal contract or consideration on the
indorsement thereof will not invalidate it in the hands of a hond Jiilr holder.
A bill cannot be given in evidence in a court of justice, unless it be duly stamped, not only with a stamp
of the proper value, but also of the proper denoi .nation.
Aiiu'iilaiicf of a Hill. — An acceptance is an engagement to pay a bill according to the tenor of the ao
ce])tance, winch may be eitlier ii/mulu/r or qualijifd. An absdlute aecciitancc is an engagement to pay a
l)ill according to its re(|uest, which is done by the drawee writing" Accepted "on the bill, and subseribiiiK
his name , or writing " Accepted " only ; or merely sul)scribing his name at the lM)ttom or across the b\\Y.
A iiiKiliJifd acceptance is when a t)ill is accepted conditionally ; as when goods conveyed to the drawee
are sold, or when a navy bill is paid, or other future event which does not bind the acceptor till the con<
tingency has happened.
An acceptance may be also partial ; as to pay Kill, instead of 150/., or to pay at a different time or place
from that required by the bill. liut in all cases of a conditional or partial acceptance, the holder should,
if he mean to resort to the other parties to the bill in default uf payment, give notice to them of sucii
partial or conditional acceptance.
In all cases of presenting a bill fur acceptance, it is necessary to present the bill at the house where the
drawee lives, or where it is made i)ayable. Hy I & ii tteo i. c. "H., all bills accepted payable at a banker's
or other place are ti'be deemed a general aiiccjitance j l)ut if they are accepted payable at a banker's " oidy,
and not otherwi.se or elsewhere," it is a ()ualitied acceptance, and the acceptor is not liable to pay the bill,
exce|)t in default of payment when such payment shall have been first demanded at the banker's. The
drawee is entitled to keep the bill 'Ji hours when presented for acceptance. The acceptance of an inland
bill must be in wr tinfi on llir face of the hill, or, if there be more parts than one, on one of such parts ;
nothing short of this constitutes a valid acceptance.
If a bill is made payable a certain time after sinjit, it must, in order to fix the time when it is to lie
IKiid, be presented for acceptance, and the date of the acceptance should appear thus ; " Acceptetl, July
Lst, 18;il."
Due ililigence is the only tiling to bo considered in presenting any description of bill for acceptance ;
and such diligence is a <|uestion depending on the situation of the parties, the distance at which they live,
and the facility of comniunication between them.
When the dravvee refuses to accept, any third party, after protesting, may accept for the honour of tho
bill generally, or for the drawee, or for the indorser ; in which case the acceptance is called a i acceptance
supra protiwt.
I'lie drawers and indorsers are discharged from liability, unless due notice of non-acceptance when pre-
sented for acceptance, or non-payment at the time the bill becomes due, is given. These notices must be
given with all due diligence to all the parties to whom the holder means to resort for payment. Generally,
in both foreign and inland bills, nutice is given next day to the immediate indorser, and such indorser is
allowed a day, when he should giVt; fresh notice to the parties who are liable to liim.
Notice may be sent by the post, however near the residence of the parties may be to each other ; and
though the letter containing such notice should miscarry, yet it will be sulticient; but the letter contain-
ing the notice should be delivered at the General Post-office, or at a receiving-house ap))Ointcd by that
office, not to the bellman in the street. In all cases of notice, notice to one of several parties is helil to
be notice to all ; and if one of several drawers be also the acceptor, it is not necessary to give notice to
the other drawers.
Upon the non-acceptance or non-payment of a bill, the holder, or a public notary for him, should pro-
test it ; that is, draw up a notice of the refusal to accept or pay the bill, and the declaration of the holder
against sustaining loss thereby. Inland bills need not be protested ; in practice they arc usually only noted
for nun-acceptance ; but this, without the protest, is wholly futile, and adds nothing whatever to the
evidence of the holder, while it entails a useless ex|)ense on those liable to pay.
Inilorsc7iicnt of Bills. — An indorsement is the act by which the holiler of a negotiable instrument
transfers his right to another person, termed the indorsee. It is usually made on the back of a bill, and
must be in writing ; but the law has not prescribed any set form of words as necessary to the ceremony,
and in general the mere signature of the indorser is sufticient.
All bills payable to order or to bearer for 1/. and upwards are negotiable by indorsement; and the
transfer of them for a good consideration, before they are payable, gives a right of actioi\ against all the
precedent parties on the bill, if the bills in themselves are valid ; but a transfer after they are due will
only place the holder in the situation of the person from whom he takes them.
Bills may be transferred eitner by delivery only, or by indorsement and delivery : bills payable to order
are transferred by the latter mode only ; but bills payable to bearer may be transferred by either mode.
On a transfer by delivery, the person making it cease's to be a party to the bill ; but on a transfer by in-
dorsement, he is to all intents r.nd purposes chargeable as a new drawer.
A bill originally transferable may be restrained by restrictive words ; for the payee or indorsee, having
the absolute property in the bill, may, by express words, restrict its currency, by indorsing it" Payable to
A. B. only," or " to A. B. for his use," or any other words clearly demonstrating his intention to make a
restrictive and limited indorsement. .Such special indorsement precludes the person in whose favour it is
made from making a transfer, so as to give a right of action against the special indorser, or any of the pre-
cedent parties to the bill.
In taking bills to account or discount, it is important well to examine all special indorsements. Lord
Tenterden decided that a person who discounts a bill indorsed " Pay to A, B. or order for my use,"
discounts it subject to the risk of having to pay the money to the speci<U indorser, who so limited the ap.
2 O 2
. '
'. '
!;' |.! 1 1
irii
"Hi ,
56 1
EXCHANGE.
^'lii
1 1
]r ' \
|ilirallon/<r my me ; thiii a party may be liable to pny tlie amount of tlio bill twice over, iinlcu ho prcb
viiiimly iiHci'rt.iinii that tin* luiyiiuiit lian Iktii inaiU' cuiiliiriiialily to tliu iiii|iort iil' the liiilurti'mi'iit.
Alter till' payiiu'iit or part, a hill may lie iiidoriii'il ovc-r lur tliv rcaiiliit'.
I'lrni ntmi'iitfor J'lii/imiit. — 'I'lit' holder iil' a hill timitt he earelul to present It for payment at the thm.'
when (hie, or (he drawer ami iiKhiritera will he exoneratiil from their liahility ; even the hankruptey, in.
solvency, or ileuth ol' the aceept<ir will not exciiHO a ncKlect to make preaentnicnt to the a.inixneeii or
executor ; nor will the inhiilllcieiicy ol' a liill In any renpeet conatitnte an excuse lor non.presentun'nt :
the presentment Khimlil he made at a reanonahle time ol' the day when the hill in due ; and it' by the known
cUKtum of any trade or place hillit are payable only within particular houm, a presentment munt he withiit
tlioae houm. If a hill haH a ipuilitied acceptance, the presentment ahould l.-r at the place meiitluncU in
such qualillcd acceptance, or all the partiea will he dUcfiarKeil from their olilixationii.
If a bill fall due on Sunday, (ioud Kriday, I'hristman Day, or any public fait or thank»KivinK day, the
presentment must he on the day pr^'cedmg these h(.liilay». liy 1 He H lieo. 4. c. I.';., if a hill or note he pay-
able on the day preceduiK these liolidavH, notice of the diahonour maybe K>ven the day fullowiuK the
holiday : aiul if C'liriulmaii Day fall on Monday, notice may l>e uiven on 'I'uesday.
Hills, liowever, payable at usance, or at a certain time arter date or siitht, or alter demand, ouffht not to
be presented for payment precisely at the expiration of the time meiitioneil In the hills, but at the ex.
piration of what are termed iliii/n nf graei: The days of grace alloweil vary in diU'erent countries, aiiU
uuKht always to be computed according to the usage of the place where the hill is due. — iSeed/i/r, p. .Olil.)
At llaniburgh, and in France, the day on which the bill fulls due iiukes uiiu uf the days of grace ; but no
where else.
Uii bills payable on demand, or when no time of payment is cxpiesscd, no days of grace are allowed ;
but they are payable Instantly on presentment. Uii hank post bills no days of grace are claimed ; but oi\
a bill payable ut sight the usual days of grace arc allowed from the sight or demand.
Payment of a bill should be made only to the holder ; anil It may be refused unless the bill he priHluceil
and delivered up. On payment, a receipt should be written on the hack : and when a part is paid, the
same should be acknowledged upon the bill, or the party paying may be liable to pay the amount a second
time to a liundjiilc iiidorser.
Prumisauri/ Sales untt Checks. — The chief distinction between promissory notes and hills of exchange
is, that the former are a direct engagement by the drawer to pay them according to their tenor, without
the intervention of a third party as a drawee or acceptor. Promissory notes may be drawn payable on de-
mand to a person named therein, or to order, or to bearer generally. They arc assignable and iiidorsable :
and in all respects so nearly assimilated to bills by 3 & 4 Ann. c. 9., that the laws which have been stateu
as bearing upon the latter, may be generally understoixl as applicable to the former. In lUiii v. liiiri/ it
has been decided, in ca.se an instrument is drawn to ei|uivocally as to render it uncertain whether it be a
bill of exchange or promissory note, the holiler may treat it as either against the drawer.
Promissory notes, bills, drafts, or undertakings in writing, being made negotiable or transferable, for a
less sum than <.'(),«., are void, and persons uttering such are subject to a penalty not exceeding 'JU/., recover,
able before a justice of ]x.-ace.
The issue of any promissory note payable to bearer on demand for a less sum than 51. by the Bank of
England, or any licensed English banker, is prohibited ; and by <J (ieo. 4. c. (u. it is provided, that no cor-
]ioratlon or person shall utter or negotiate, in England, any such note which has been made or is.xued in
Scotland, Ireland, or elsewhere, under a penalty not exceeding 'iU/. nor less than .'>/, liut this does not
extend to any draft or order on bankers for the use of the drawer.
Promissory notes for any sum exceeding VM. may be drawn nayablc to bearer on demand or otherwise ;
but notes from 'J/, to IIHI/, inclusive are not to be drawn payable to bearer on demand, except bankers' re.
issuable notes, which require a diiterent stamp.
A check or Uriift is as negotiable as a bill of exchange, and vests in the assignee the same right of action
against the assignor. As to the presentation of checks, ^.c, see Check.
Any |ierson making, accepting, or paying any bill, draft, order, or promissory note, not duly stamped,
IS liable to a penalty of 50/, ; for post-dating them, UAH. ; and for not truly specifying the place where un-
stam|ic-d drafts are issued, IMl/. : and any i>erson knowingly receiving such unstamped draft, 'Ml. ; and the
banker knowingly paying it, 1()0/. ; besides not being allowed such sum in account.
Before eonclucling this article on mercantile paper, it may not be improper to introduce one or two
cautions with regard to acceptances, and accomuiodation paper, and proceedings in case of the loss of
bills.
First, A man should not put his name as acceptor to a bill of exchange without well considering whether
he has the means of paying the same when due, as otherwise ho may be liable not only to the costs of t.lie
action against himself, but also to the costs of the actions against the other parties to the bill : the shrewd
tradesman is generally anxious to get the accepiuiice of his debtor at a short date, well knowing that it
not only fixes the amount of the debt, but it is mure s^ieedlly recoverable by legal procedure than a book
debt.
Secondly, Traders who wish to support their respectability, and desire to succeed in business, should lie
cautious in resorting to the destructive system of cross-accommodation acceptances : it seldom ends well,
and usually excites suspicion as to the integrity of the parties ; it being an expedient often adopted by
swindlers to defraud the public. Independent of the expense in stamps and discounts, and frequently in
noting, interest, and law expenses, the danger attending such accommodation is sulticient to deter from
the practice. Suppose, for instance, A. and B. mutually accommwiate each other to the amount of 1,(HX)/.,
the acceptances lieing in the hands of third persons : both A. and B. arc liable to such third persons to the
extent of 2,000/. each ; and should A. by any unforeseen occurrence be suddenly rendered unable to meet
his acceptances, the holders of the whole, as well the acceptances of A. as the acceptances of B.. will resort
to B. for payment { and it may so happen, that although B. could have providtnl for his own share of the
accommodation paper, he may be unable to provide for the whole, and may thus become insolvent.
Thirdly, In case of the loss of a bill, the 9 & 10 Will. 3. c. 17. provides, that if any inland bill be lost or
missing within the time limited for its payment, the drawer shall, on suHicient security given to indemnify
him if such bill be found again, give another bill of the same tenor with the first.
Lastly, It is of great importance to bankers and others taking bills and notes, that they should have
some knowledge of the parties from whom they receive them ; otherwise, if the instrument turn out to
have been lost or fraudulently obtaineti, they may, without equivalent, be deprived of their security, on
an action by the owner to recover possession. Lord Tenterden decided, " if a person take a bill, note,
or any other kind of security, under circumstances which ought to excite suspicion in the mind of any
reasonable man acquainted with the ordinary affairs of life, and which ought to put him on his guard to
make the necessary inquiries, and he do not, then he loses the right of maintaining possession of the in-
strument against the rightful owner." — {Guildhall, Oct, 25. 1826.)
EXCHANGE.
56S
I. Tabic ('(iiitniniiiK Iho Vauh ok Till'. Miinikn of Armiint iif ilKTcrpnt ri«rr« rpxprrmird in rniop and
, Di'CiinalM <i( I'fiici'), nccdrilliiK to the Mint Trirc Imlh of (iold iind MIIvit in KnKland i dial it,
;i/. lis. mil/. IKT oi. for (Jold, and S*. W. |ht o*. for Silvor. — (A.'i7///'.» Oini/iiaf, vol. 11. |> IH'.)
./ I '
Colni.
Aix-lB-C'liapcllc, Itixiliillar currt'iit
Ainitlcrdaiii, Kixilnllar lianco ^aglo
at 4 pi'r (Tilt.) .
I'loriii liani'ci
Mnriii I'lirrrlit
rcmiul I'li'iiiisli rurront -
Antwcrpil'ouiid l'U'iiii»h ;muncy of
c\cliaii(je)
I'loriii (money of ex-
rli.iiiKi')
I'liund I'k'iniih current •
I'loriii ci4rri'nt
nurrclonn, I.ilini Catalan .
liaitil ■ ItixdiillHr, or ctu of ex-
change
Ilixdoliar current
Berlin - I'liiiiid banco
II i«d(illur current
Deriic - lOcii ol :i Iivre8 .
(rou n of i.'> batzeii
lircmen, Uixdollar current
Itixddllar in Carlfi d'nr -
Cnnsel • Hixdollur current
Cologne, Ilixdoliar specie of KG al-
boxes ...
Hixilollar current of 78
ailiuseii
Constnntiniiple, I'iastre, or dollar..
Dantzic, (lulden or llurin
Denmark, Kixilollar .specie
KixdoUar croun money -
Ilixdoliar Danish currency
RnKland, I'ound sterling .
riorence, Lira ...
l)ucat, or crown current
Studo d'or, or gold crown
France I.ivrc Touriiois
Franc ^new system)
Krancfort, Hixdollar convention
money . . .
Kixdollnr Muntze, or in
small coins
Germany, Itixdnliar current
Itixdollar specie
I'loiiii of the Kmpirc
Ilixdoliar Aluntze
Florin Muntzu
Geneva, I.ivrc current .
Florin ...
Genoa . Lira fuori banco
I'ezza, or dollar of ex.
change
Scudodi cambio, or crown
of exchange
Hamburgh, Mark banco (at mod.)
I'ouiid Flemish banco
Viilut In
Vilut In
bllvtir.
(lolit.
it.
J HO
.•jl-4;i
.'•ri'54
variable
V!l-
ditto
':n''i
ditto
li!t;>i
ditto
laaw:
1'.'387
wr.i
2()r4
lO.'iti'i
lOlilH
17 U)
177(1
i.'8H
V!ii-7I'
•n'27
47-
«-4J
4'-;'.'(i
+7'ii5
variable
:;((•
ditto
4'.'iU
42 1)0
:i:,r,:t
,i.V7;-.
;i7S()
variabii
_
ailiK
37 80
variable
31-38
ditto
SdCiO
ditto
!l4,-i
uncert.
!»•
y
rA-'2
4S"i7
44 U7
44-88
'.'40-
240-
812
H.M
51)84
.Oil 71
.
ti.i-y7
9r,fi
11-38
!)70
!l-52
37 80
37-6;J
31 --A,
'JIW
variable
.'".()-4^)
ditto
2.5'ai
ditto
.■il'50
ditto
21-
ditto
l(i-l;3
ltil3
4(i(l
4 -84
8'
7-83
4,';[)2
•4.")-50
so-".';
sr,m
l8-i;2
variable
l.'3(i-ti.".
ditto
Colm.
Hamburgh, Mark current
I'ound FIcmlidi current •
Hanover, Ilixdoliar (hi cash^
Hixdiillar gold value)
Kiinigsberg, Gulden or lloriii
Leghorn, i'ez/a ol 8 real) •
Lira moiieta hiiona
Lira iiioiieta liiiigii
Leipilc, Ilixdoliar convention mo.
iiey ...
itixihdlnr In Louli d'ors
or I'redericka .
Malta . Si'iido or crown
Milan . Lira liiiperlalu
Lira correiitc
.Sciido Iniperiale .
.Sciido correiitc
Moilena, Lira • .
Munich, Gulden or florin
Naples. Ducat of 1818
I'arina ■ Lira
Persia . Toman of UHI mamoodlt ■
I'oland. (iuldeii or florin .
Portugal, Milrce
Old crusade
Riga . Ilixdoliar Allicrta
Hixdollur currency (agio
at 40 per cent.)
Home . Scudo or crown ■
Scudo di stampa d'oro
Ilussia, Hoiiblc . - -
Sardinia, Lira ...
Sicily - Ounce . -
Scudo or crown .
Spain . Ileal of old plate .
Ileal of new p'ate
Ileal of Mexican plate .
Heal vellon
Dollar of oM pr o, or of
excliaiif,^
Sweden, Hixdollar
Switzerlond, Franc 'new system)
Trieste, Florin, Auatrion currency
Lira, 'i'rieste currency .
Lira di piazza
Turin . Lira ...
Valencia, Libra - -
Venice, Lira piccola (in the old
coins)
Lira piccola (in the coins
introduced by the Aus.
trians) . . -
Vienna, Florin ...
Zantc . Heal - -
Zurich, Florin (money of exchange)
Florin current
\'nliii'ln
N'uImp in
Hllnr.
l„.lil.
</.
ll.
14-82
variable
nil')
ditto
42
42 'Jil
.'ilt-
.ill J»
I'/
variable
Ki'.'.i
4!i'lii
8 1.1
8.'-u
7 7!i
81!»
37-80
variable
;!!»(»
21 .'12
2) ;;4
1041
10 .5.)
7 4.'-.
714
mi nil
(il-tKI
42 -.>2
42 78
3-7Si
'.'1-
21-28
4120
412'-'
2:;';
2-40
'J87-fiO
(i()3
r,-27
.
tr7,".4
,
2li-!i4
52 -.H
variable
,37 •.'53
ditto
.W-O.'i
5|-<)3
7!)-.J7
78-7:I
variable
18-21
18 82
l2.i-.>4
124-80
4!l-(l2
4!l-!^'
4-88
4-.'-.7
518
4-81".
f>48
li-07
2-5!)
2-43
3!)-
.Tfi.W
,55-41
50-43
'A'-14
2.-I-20
25-^
47fi
4-73
4-(i;-)
4-(>.3
11-28
1123
30-45
39-59
507 .variable
4-2.5
ditto
25-20
25-05
400
variable
25-85
ditto
23-."iO
ditto
' t
'.'.'fi -,
i,
H
n. An Account of the Course of Exchange, London, 17th of December, 1833, with some Explanatory
Statements.
Course of Krc-han^.
Amsterdam, 3 ms.
Antwerp
Hamburgh, mcs. bco.
Paris, 3 ins.
Francfort
Potersburgh, p. rou. 3 us.
Vienna, efl'. Flo. 2 ms. .
Madrid, 3 m!>.
Leghorn
Genoa
Venice, p. 6 Aust. livr. .
Naples
Lisbon, 30 days' sight -
Hio Janeiro, ditto
12
12
13
25
1.502
10
Sdi
m
25
47J
4<lZ
52
30
40
54
Explanatory Statements.
that is, London receives
— receives
12 florins 2J stivers for 1/.
12 ditto 4i ditto for I/.
13 marcs lOJ schillings banco for 1/.
receives
receives 25 francs 40'cent. for 1/.
receives l.OOf batzen for 1/.
gives
receives
gives
gives
receives
receives
gives
gives
gives
10 pence sterl. for 1 roublebank money.
!t florins 54 crcutzers for I/.
SOJ pence sterling for 1 dollar.
48^ ditto for 1 pezza of 8 reals.
2.5 lire Italiane .55 cent, for 1/.
■47i lire piccoli for W.
40J (leiicc sterl. for 1 ducato di regno.
52 ditto for I milrce.
36 ditto for 1 ditto.
II h
<.
'I
>
O 3
i^ \{
566
EXCHEQUEIl BILLS. — EXCISE.
>■
/ !
[01
i i
i
III. Par of Exchange between England and the following Places, viz. Amsterdam, Hamburgh, Paris,
Madrid, Lislioii, Leghorn, (ienoa, Naples, and Venice;, tlie same being computed from thu intrinsic
Value of tlu'ir principal Coins, by comparing Gold with Gol<l, and Silver with Silver, according to their
Mint llegulations, and to Assays made at the London and Paris Mints. — (Presented by Dr. Kelly to
the Committee of the House of I.,ords, on the Expediency cf the Uank's resuming Cash Payments.)
Amsterdam, banco
Do. current
Hamburgh
Pa.h
Madrid -
Lisbon
Leghorn
Genoa
Naples
Venice
Gold.
Silver.
Eiplanations.
Rlint
Old CoiiiaRc.
New Coinage.
Alonies of Exchange.
Regiila.
tiuns.
Auays.
Mint
Regula-
tions.
Assays.
111
Assays.
36 8
11 4-5
3i 3-5
25 20
373
67-4
491
45-5
41-22
46-3
36 6-8
11 .3-8
35 1-5
25 26
37-2
67-5
490
45-5
46-0
37 3
11 8-5
34 1
24 73
o9-2
00-41
46-46
46-40
41-42
47-5
37 10-5
11 11-8
35 1-3
24 91
39-0
58-33
46-5
489
49-9
35
10 14-6
32 11
2i 23
417
64-30
49-60
49-4
43-9
44-6
35 6-5
10 17-6
32 11-5
23 40
41-5
62-69
49-5
52-0
461
r Schillings and pence Ilemish !
< per pound sterling. Agio
C 2 per rent.
' Florins and stivers per
I pound sterling.
f .Schillings and penceFlemish
i banco i)er pound sterling.
f l-'rancs and cents. ix;r pound
I sterling.
f Pence sterling for the piastre
I or dollar of exchange.
Pence sterling per milree.
C Pence sterling per pezza of
exchange,
f Pence sterling per pezza
I fuori banco.*
f Pence sterling per ducat
I (new coinage of 1818.)
Lire piccolo per pound sterl.
For further and more ample elucidatiui s, see the articles on the great trading towns, in this Die
tionary.
EXCHEQUER BILLS. Sec Funds.
EXPECTATION, of life. Sii Insurance.
EXPORTATION, in commerce, the act of sending or carrying commodities from
one country to another. — (See I.mportation and Expoktation.)
EXCISE, the name given to the duties or taxes laid on such articles ,is are produced
and consumed at home. Customs duties are those laid on commodities when imported
into or exported from a country.
Excise duties were introduced into England by the Long Parliament in IG IS ; being
then laid on the makers and venders of ale, beer, cider, and perry. The royalists soon
after followed the example of the republicans ; both sides declaring that the excise should
be continued no longer than the termination of the war. Bu it was found too pro-
ductive a source of revenue to be again relinquished ; and when the nation had been
accustomed to it for a few years, the parliament declared, in 1649, that the " impost of
excise was the most easy and indifferent levy that could be laid upon the people." It
was placed on a new footing at the Restoration ; and notwithstanding Mr. Justice Black-
stone says, that " from its first original to the present time its vjry name nas been
odious to the people of England " — ( Com, book i. c. 3. ), — it has continued progressively
to gain ground ; and is at this moment imposed on a variety of most important articles,
and furnishes nearly half the entire public revenue of the kingdom.
The prejudice in the public mind to which Blackstonc has alluded, against the excise duties, seems to
depend more on the regulations connected with their imposition, than on the oppressive extent to wliich
they have sometimes been carried. The facilities of smuggling, and the frauds that might be committed
upon the revenue, unless a very strict watch were kept, have Icil to the enactment of several rather severe
regulations. The officers have been empowered to enter and searcli the houses of such individuals as
deal in exciseable commodities at any time of the day, and in most instances also of the night. And the
proceedings in cases of transgression arc of such a nature, that persons may be convicted in heavy pc-
nalties, by the summary judgment of 2 commissicners of excise, or 2 justices of the |)cace, without the
intervention of a jury.
For the more easily levying the revenue of excise, England and Wales are divided into about 5n
collections, some of which are called by the names of particular counties, others by the names of great
towns ; where one county is divided into several collections, or where a collection comprehends the con-
tiguous parts of several counties. Everjr such collection is subdivided into several districts, within which
there is a supervisor ; and each district is again subdivided into out-rides and foot-walks, within each of
which there is a ganger or surveying officer.
Accounts are given of the different duties and regulations affecting the articles subject
to the excise laws, under these articles. We shall, therefore, content ourselves at present
with giving, from the parliamentary returns,
• The currency of Genoa has consisted, since 1826, of Lire Ilalinnc of exactly the same weight and
fineness a« francs ; so that the par of exchange v/ith Genoa is now the same ns with Paris.
EXCISE.
567
An Account of the Gross and Kctt Troducc of the Excise Revenue in Great Britain, during the Year
ended 5th of January, IKJJ.
I'lcmish !
• Agio j
rs per |
pezza
Drawliack.s, and
lle]>a>menis on
Articles.
Oioss Receipt.
Uuunties ot tlie
Nature of
Allowarces.
(Iver-Kiitries,
tlainajied iiuo'lii.
Nctt Produce.
Drawbacks.
.Sic.
/.. t.
.1.
L. ». <i.
L.
>. d.
/.. ». rf.
L. 1,. ,1.
Aurtions
22.'>,(133 3
'H
-
8,607 13 6
217,02,', Id 54
ll.tr*
KXi IS
10
.M 12 10
-
-
.
51 6
Hrioks and tilcj
.3.13,';2(l 7
iH
4,831 10 7.
-
-
3,528 IS 2J
32.'i,256 IS 2i
l.'i,(WS Is
7+
1,931 7 3
•■
.
4.1,157 1 1 4
(ilass
•,29,082 4
9
185,099 111 9?
871
13 9
914 19 lOi
512,193 U 4
Midi's*
2 1
2 1
."110,27!) i
1
5,931 8
-
•
19 6 10
291,325 17 7
7Sli,2M Ifi
11
-
-
V1I7 12 9
785,217 4 2
.Malt
4,>il.-,,l'.ili 7
l''\
17,807 M oi
226,171 13 G
983 5 10
4,570,1(.3 II I J
I'.llitT
I'nn'Lil (;oods *
77S,.1l.'i 12
■''
31,S41 9 .'.;
15,492
G r.i
70 19
7.30,910 17 6i
3,')7'> 3
'4
199 18 7-
-
•
-
3,375 4 lot
1,186.219 II llj
I,.'i.')ll,.-,I4 1.'.
4
203,794 10 7,
1«),330
« 8J
.
,",IIMi,.TlO 9
3^
.
-
-
50 1 4^
.3,109,284 7 loj
Marili
11 '^,.-.21 2
SJ
3,V.9 7 9
20,580
5 5
.
87,878 9 64
Sunw t>ottIes
•1,007 10
4
419 C 10|
-
•
.
3,5.W 3 .H
Sweets
3,S'>2 1
/
.
-
.
.
3,852 I 7
'Jea
.1,.',0!l,S3l 13
7
.
-
-
.
3,.'>09,834 13 7
\'in('^ar
2i;,,'i77 1
8
•
-
-
-
22,577 I 8
10,029,705 14
2+
515,809 10 8i
303,745
5 10
15,198 17 4i
15,754,941 1 1 3.1
rayment c.xceedinp the re.
ceipt, on the loliiiwini;
article :
Ilid« - -
-
113 17 G
-
-
-
Deduct.llS 17 6
15,734,827 10 'M
Law costs recovered
2,2S7 9
n
.
.
•
.
2,287 9 2,
Fines and fbrteilures ,
18,7 13 H)
il
-
•
-
-
18,713 10 li
lli,0.',0,7."li 13
■'•i
51,'>,923 14 2i
363,755
5 10
15,198 17 4i .
15,755,858 16 1
The total charges of collection on the excise revenue of Great Britain, in 1832, were
946,5451. 11 «. Id.
Account of the Gross and KcU Produce of the Excise Revenue of Ireland, during the Year ended 5th of
January, IbJS.
Articles.
<jros!i Receipt.
l^rawbacks, and
llonnties in the Na-
ture of Urawbacki.
Allowances and
Repayments on
Overcharges.
Nett Produce.
Auctions
(il.i^s
Licences
.Malt
Taper
Spirits (home-made)
Sweets and mead
Vinegar
l.ate collector's balances
Law costs recovered
Fines and seizures
Tiital - /-.
t. J. <;.
lO.l'^S II 8
22,.1(i6 7 2
H2,ISl 15
260,989 9 lOJ
25,637 18 Ij
1,751,0.32 3 6
137 17 6
411 1 2
L. 3. ,t.
4,125 "l7 91
.'lOfi 14 10
383 1 41
i. ». il.
218; 7 7
73 'u g'
6,146 8 4.(
.W 15 9
137 14 4
/.. .. i(.
10,210 4 I
1 8,240 9 41
112,111 3 3
251,966 6 8i
25,199 Hi
1,753,894 9 2
1,37 17 6
411 I 2
2,186,188 4
2,193 16 4.
1,.361 10 6
8,712 15 5
6,015 14
6,001 17 91
2,173,170 12 SI
2,J03 10 41
1 ,364 1 G
8,7 12 15 5
2,I98,7.'.9 1" 4
5,015 14
6,001 17 91
2,187,742 61
The total charges for collecting the excise revenue in Ireland during the year 1 832
amounted to 189,338/. 16a-. ahl.
The laws witli resjjcct to tlie general management of the excise were consolidated by the 7 & 8 Geo. 4.
c. .Oj,, from which the following particulars are selected : —
Cummisaionirs. — Four commissioners constitute a Unard. They are to be subject, in all things relating
to their peculiar duty, to the orders of the Treasury. They may appoint collectors and other subordinate
otfiocrs, and give them such salaries and allowances as the Treasury shall direct : but they are not allowed
to increase the number of inferior officers without the permission and "approval of the Treasury. No
member of the House of Commons can be a commissioner of excise.
Officers of Excise No officer of excise is to vote or interfere at any election of a member of par.
li.iuieiit, under pain of forfeiting 500/., and being rendered incapable of ever holding any uttice or place of
trust under his Majesty.
No person holding any office of excise is to deal in any sort of goods subject to the excise laws.
Any person bribing or ofll'ring to bribe any officer of excise shall forfeit ,5(10/. ; anil every officer accept.
JngiiUih bribe, or doing, conniving .it, or permitting any act or thing whereby any of the provisions of
the excise laws may be evaded or broken, shall forfeit iOO/., and bedeclared incapableof ever alter serving
his Majesty in any capacity whatever. But if any of the parties to such illegul transactions shall inform
against the other, before any proceedings thereupon shall have been instituted, he shall be indemiiitied
agiiinst the iienalties and disabilities imposed for ..uch offences.
Duties and Powers of (llficers. — It is lawful lor iin;- officer to enter any building or other place, used
for carrying on any trade subject to the excise, either by night or by day tbut if by night, in the presence
of a constable or peace officer), to inspect the same, &c. And upon an officer making oath that he hai
cause to suspect that "oods forfeited under the excise acts arc deposited in any private house or place,
2 commissioners of excise, or 1 justice of the peace, may grant warrant to the officer to enter such house
or place, (if in the night, in the presence of a constable,) to search lor and seize such forfeited goods.
i';hcinicn Books may be left by the officers on the premises of persons subject to the excise laws; anif
any one who shall remove or deface such books shall be liable to a penalty of illiO/.
Uemoviiig Goods to avoid Duty. — Goods fraudulently removed or secreted, in order to avoid the duty,
to be forfeited ; and every person assisting in such removal shall forfeit and lose treb .■ the value of such
goods, or lUU/., at the discretion of the commissioners.
I
!lr
w
v\n
if'
♦ Arrertrs only ; tlic duty having been repealed
2 O 4
568
EXPORTS. — FACTOR.
i'
iii
Ohstructine Q/JIccrs. — All persons who shall oppose, molest, &c. any officer of excise in the execution
of his duty, sliall respectively, for every such offence, forfeit 2(X)<.
Ottlrers violently rcsistcil in making any seizure may oppose force to force; and in the event of their
wounding, maiming, or killing any person, when so opposed, they shall be admitted to bail, and may plead
the general issue.
Justices, mayors, bailiffs, constables, &c. are required to assist excise officers ; and any t 'nstable, or
peace officer, who, on notice and request, declines going with an excise officer, is to forfeit 20/. for every
such oflbnce.
Claimants of Gnoiis seized. — No claim shall be entered for goods seized, except in the real names of the
proprietors of such goods. Claimants arc bound with 2 sureties in a penalty of lUU/. to pay the expenses
of claim j and in default thereof the good.' .<ro to be condemned.
I'roccedinst in Courts of Lam. — All penalties under the excise laws may be sued for and recovered in
the Courts of Exchequer at Westminster, Edinburgh, or Dublin respectively, according as the offence
may have taken ])lace in England, Scotland, or Ireland ; provided that the proceedings in the courts
conimeiice within .'} years after the commission of the off'encc.
1 nformation^ for the recovery of penalties against the excise laws in London may be heard and adjudged
by any 3 or more of the commissioners of excise; and in other places such informations may be ex-
hibited before 1 or more justices of the peace, and may be heard and adjudged by any 2 or more such
justices,
Mitignlion nf Penalties. — Justices are authorised, if they shall see cause, except when there is a special
provision to the contrary, to mitigate any penalty incurred for any offbnce committed against the excise
laws to one fourth part thereof; but it is lawful tor the commissioners of excise, when they see cause,
further to mitigate, or entirely remit, such penalty.
Distri/iutian of Penalties All penalties and forfeitures incurred under the excise acts are to be dis-
tributed, half to his Majesty, and half to the officer or person who shall discover, inform, or sue for the
penalty. On |>roof being made of any officer acting collusively in making a seizure, the commissioners
may direct his share to be forfeited.
Oatlis and AJfirniations. — Persons wilfully taking or making any false oath or affirmation as to any
matter connected with the excise laws shall, upon being convicted of such od'cnce, suffer the pains and
penalties incident to wilful and corrupt perjury; and those procuring or suborning such persons to swe.Tr
or affirm falsely shall, upon conviction, be liable to the pains and penalties incident to subornation of
perjury.
Actions against E.ici.ic Qffleers. — No writ, summons, or process, shall be sued out or servod upon, nor
shall any action be brought, raised, or prosecuted, against any officer of excise for any thing done un<ler
any of the excise laws, until after the expiration of 1 calendar month next after notice in writing has
been delivered to such officer, specifying the cause of such action, and the name and place of abode of the
person in whose name it is to be brought. No action shall lie against ctny excise officer for any thing done
under the excise laws, unless it be brought within 3 months after the cause of action shall have arisen.
If judgment be given against the plaintiff, and in favour of the defendant, the latter shall, in every such
action, have treble costs awarded to him.
Forgini; Cerlificntes, (fc. — by the 41 Geo. 3. c. 91. it is enacted, that if any one shall forge, counterfeit,
or knowingly give any forged certificate required to bo granted by any officer of excise, he shall be guilty
of felony, and being convicted, shall be transported for 7 years.
All individuals carrying on any business subjected to the control of the excise, must take 'out licences
renewable annually on the .5th of July. — (Soo Licences.)
All such individuals are also obliged to make entries of every building, place, vessel, or utensil, as the
case may be, in the name of the real owner, with the officer of excise in whose svirvey such building,
place, Ike. shall be situated. Individuals found employed in unentered excise manufactories are severally
liable in a penalty of 30/. for the first offence; and in the eventof any such off'ender refusing or neglecting
to pay such penalty, he is to be committed to the house of correction or other prison for 3 calendar
months, to be kept to hard labour, and not to be liberated until the fine of 30/. has been paid, or the term
of 3 months has expired; and if found guilty of a second offbnce, the fine is to be (K)/. ; and in tlie event
of its not being paid, the imprisonment is to be for 6 months (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 53. % 33.)
Permits are usually necessary for the removal of exciseable commodities. — (See Permits.)
EXPORTS, tlic articles exported, or sent beyond seas. — (See Imports <vnd Exports.)
F.
■ii.:i ■
FACTOR, an agent employed by some one individual or individuals, to transact
busine.ss on his or their nccoiuit, lie is not generally resident in the same place as his
principal, but, usually, in a foreign country. He is authorised, either by letter of
attorney or otherwise, to receive, buy, and sell goods and merchandise ; and, generally,
to transact all sorts of business on account of his employers, under such limitations and
conditions as the latter nuiy choose to impose. A very large proportion of the foreign
trade of this and most other countries is now carried on by means of factors or agents.
Factors and brokers are, in some respects, nearly identical, but in others they arc
radically different. " A factor," said Mr. Justice Holroyd, in a late ca.se, " differs ma-
terially from a broker. Tlie former is a person to whom goods are sent or consigned ;
and he has not only the possession, but, in con.sequence of its being usual to advance
money upon them, has also a special property in them, and a general lien upon ihem.
When, therefore, he sells in his own name, it is within the scope of his authority ; and
it may be right, therefore, that the principal should be bound by the consequences of such
sale. But the case of a broker is ditterent : he has not the possession of the goods, and
so the vendor cannot be deceived by the circumstance ; and, besides, the employing a
person to .sell goods as a broker does not authorise him to sell in his own name. If,
therefore, he sells in his own name, he acts beyond the scope of bis authority ; and his
principal is not bound."
A factor is usually paid by a percentage or commission on the goods he sells or bujrs.
If he act under what is called a tiel vrvdere commission, that i.s, if he guarantee the price
FACTOR.
569
of the gonds sold on account of fiin principal, he receives an nchlitional percentage to in-
cleinnify him for this additional responsibility. In cases of tliis sort tlie factor stands in
the vendee's place, and nnist answer to the principal for the value of the goods sold.
IJiit where the factor undertakes no responsibility, and intimates that he acts only on
account of another, it is clearly established that he is not liable in the event of tho
vendee's failing.
The sound maxim, that the principal is responsible for the acts of his agent, prevails
universally in courts of law and equity. In order to bind the principal, it is necessary
only that third parties should deal bond Jide with the agent, and that the connuct of tho
latter should be conformable to the common usage and mode of dealing. Thus, a factor
may sell goods upon credit, that being in the ordinary course of conducting mercantile
aft'airs : but a stock broker, though acting bond fide, and with a view to the benefit of his
principal, cannot sell stock upon credit, unless he have special instructions to that effect ;
that being contrary to the usual course of business.
A sale by it factor creates a contract between the owner and buyer ; and this rule holds
even in cases where the factor acts upon a del credere commission. Hence, if a factor
sell goods, and the owner give notice to the buyer to pay the price to him, and not to tlic
factor, the buyer will not be justified in afterwards paying the factor, and the owner may
bring his action against the buyer for the price, unless the factor has a lien thereon. But
if no such notice be given, a payment to the individual selling is quite sufficient.
If a factor buy goods on account of his principal, where he is accustomed so to do,
the contract of the factor binds the principal to a performance of the bargain ; and the
principal is the person to be sued for non-performance. But it is ruled, that if a factor
enter into a charterparty of affreightment with the master of a ship, tiie contract obliges
him only, unless he lade the vessel with his principal's goods, in which case the princii)al
and lading become liable, and not the factor. Where a factor, who is authorised to sell
goods in his own name, makes the buyer debtor to himself; then, though he be not
answerable to the principal for the debt, if the money be not paid, yet he has a right to
receive it, if it be paid, and his receipt is a sufficient discharge ; the factor may, in such
a case, enforce the payment by action, and the buyer cannot defend himself by alleging
that the principal was indebted to him in more than the amount.
" Where a factor," said Lord IMansfield, " dealing for a principal, but concealing that
principal, delivers goods in his own name, the person contracting with him has a right
to consider him, to all intents and purposes, as the principal ; and though the real prin-
cipal may appear, and bring an action on that contract against the purchaser of the goods,
yet that purchaser may set off any claim he may have against the factor, in answer to the
demand of the principal."
Merchants employing the same factor run the joint risk of his actions, although they
are strangers to each other : thus, if different merchants remit to a factor different bales
of goods, and the factor sell them as a single lot to an individual who is to pay one
moiety of the price down and tlie other at 6 months' end ; if the buyer fail beibre the
sec"nd payment, each merchant must bear a proportional share of the loss, and be con-
tent to accept his dividend of the money advanced. — (^Beawes, Lex Merc.)
A factor employed, without his knowledge, in negotiating an illegal or fraudulent
transaction, has an action against his principal. On this groimd it was decided, that a
merchant who had consigned counterfeit jewels to his factor, representing them to be
genuine, should make full compensation to the factor for the injury done to him by
being concerned in such a transaction, as well as to the persons to whom the jewels had
been sold.
Tlie office of a factor or agent being ore of very great trust and responsibility, those
who undertake it are bound, both legally and -r orally, to conduct themselves with the
utmost fidelity and circumspection. A factor should take the greatest care of his prin-
cipal's goods in his hands : he should be punctual in advising him as to his transactions
on his behalf, in sales, purchases, freights, and, more particularly, bills of exchange :
he should deviate as seldom as possible from the terms, and never from the spirit and
tenor, of the orders he receives as to the sale of commodities : in the execution of a
commission for purchasing goods, he should endeavour to conform as closely as prac-
ticable to his instructions as to the quality or kind of goods ; if he give more for them
than he is authorised, they may be thrown on his hands ; but he is bound to buy them
for as much less as he possibly can. After the goods are bought, he must dispose of them
according to order. If he send them to a different place from that to which he was
directed, they will be at his risk, unless the principal, on getting advice of the transaction,
consent to acknowledge it.*
* " Whoever, " says Dr. Paley, " undertakes another man's business, makes it his own ; that is, pro.
miscs to employ upon it the same care, attention, and diligence, that he would do if it were actually hi»
own ; for he knows that the business was committed to him with that expectation. And he promise*
nothing more than this. Therefore, an agent is not obliged to wait, inquire, solicit, ride about the country,
r
ill
t i
II J
-H
570
FACTOR.
f !i|
f
m ':^
Jill
A factor who sells a commodity under the jiricc he is ordered, may be obliged to make
good the diilereiice, w jss the cummixliti/ he of a pcris/iablc nature and not in a condition
lonijer to be kept. And if he ])iirehase goods for another at a fixed rate, and their price
having afterwards risen, he fraudulently takes them to himself, and sends them some-
where else, in order to secure an advantage, lie will be found, by the custom of merchants,
liable in damages to his principal.
If a factor, in conformity with a merchant's orders, buy with his money, or on his
credit, a conunodity he is directed to purchase, and, without giving advice of the trans-
action, sells it again at a profit, appropriating that profit to himself, tlie merchant may
recover it from him, and have him amerced for fraud.
If a faf.'tor buy, conformably to his instructions, goods of which he is rohhed, or which
sutt'er some unavoidable injury, he is discharged, and the loss falls on the principal. Hut
if the goods be utolen from the factor, he will not be so easily discharged ; for the fact
of their having been abstracted by stealth, and not by violence, raises a strong jjresumption
that he had not taken that reasonable care of them which was incumbent upon him. U)
however, he can ])rovc that tlie goods were lodged in a place of security, and that he
had not been guilty of jjositive negligence, nor exercised less care towards them than
towards his own property, lie will not be held responsible even for a theft committed
by his servants. — (/ohcs on Bailments, 2d cd. p. 76. ; Chitty on Commercial Law, vol. iii.
p. 308.)
If a factor, having money in his hands belonging to his principal, neglect to insure a
ship and goods, according to order, he must, in the event of the ship miscarrying, make
good the damage ; and if he make any composition with the insurers after insurance,
without orders to that effect, he is answerable for the whole insurance. A principal,
at the end of a very long letter, directed his agent thus : " Observe the premium on this
value is also to be insured." But the agent, not noticing this sentence, neglected to
insure the premium ; and, being sued, was held liable for tlie omission.
If goods arc remitted to a factor, and he make a false entry of them at the Custom-
house, or land them without entry, and they are, in consequence, seized or forfeited, he
is bound to make good the damage to his principal : but if the factor make his entrf
according to invoice or letters of advice, and these proving erroneous, the goods are seized,
he is discharged.
It is now a settled point, that a factor has a lion on goods consigned to him, not only
for incidental charges, but as an item of mutual account for the balance due to him so
long as he remains in possession. If he be surety in a bond for his principal, he has a
lien on the goods sold by him on account of such principal, to the amount of the sum he
is bound for.
It being the general rule of law " tliat property docs not change while in transitu," or
in the hands of a carrier, a consignment made before the bankruptcy of a consignor, but
not arriving till after, remains the property of the consignor, except, indeed, where the
deliver;/ is made by the order and upon the account of the consignee, and is a complete
alienation from the consignor. In the case, therefore, of a consignment to a factor, the
property remains the consignor's, and passes into the hands of his assignees. When a
factor has a lien on goods, he has a right to the price, though received after the bank,
ruptcy.
Where general or unlimited orders are given to a factor, he is left to buy and sell op.
the best conditions he can. And if detriment arise to a principal from the proceedings
of a factor acting under such authority, he has no redress, unless he can show that he
acted fraudulently or with gross negligence.
A factor or broker acting against the interest of his principal cannot even receive his
toil, or study, whilst there remains a possibility of benefiting his employer. If he exert as much activity,
and use such caution, as the value of the business in his judgment deserves ; that is, as he would have
thought sutficient if the same interest of his own had been at stake ; ho has discharged his duty, althoutjh
it should afterwards turn out, that by more activity, and longer perseverance, he might have concluded
the business with grc.iter advantage." — [Moral and I'ol. PkU. c. li)
There seems to be a good deal of laxity in this statement. It is necessary to distinguish between those
who, in executing a commission, render their services for the particular occasion only, without hire, and
those who undertaice it in the course qf business, making a regular charge for their trouble. If the former
bestow on it that ordinary degree of care and attention which the generality of mankind bestow on simil.ir
ad'airs of their own, it is all, i)erhaps, that can be expected : but the latter will be justly censurable, if they
do not execute their engagements on account of others with that care and diligence which a "provident and
attentive father of a family " uses in his own private concerns. It is their duty to exert themselves pro.
portionally to the exigency of the affair in hand ; and neither torfo any thing, how minute soever, by which
their employers may sustain damage, nor omit any thing, however inconsiderable, which the nature of
the act requires. I'erhaps the best general rule on the subject is, to suppose a factor oi agent bound to
exert that degree of care and vigilance that may be reasonably expected of him by others. At all events,
it is clear he is net to be regulated by his own notions of the " value of the business." A man may ne.
gleet business of his own, or not think it worth attending to ; but he is not, therefore, to be excused for
neglecting any similar business he has undertaken to transact for others. — (There are some very good
observations on this subject in Sir Ifitliam Jones's Essat/ on Bailments, 2d ed. p, 53. and passim.)
FACTOR.
571
commission. If lie pay money on account of his principal, without being authorised,
he cannot recover it back.
An agent cannot delegate his rights to anotlier so as to bind the principal, unless ex-
pressly autiiorised to nominate a sul)-ag(.'nt.
( For further information as to the general powers and liabilities of factors and agents,
see liiuivea's Lvx Mi.rcaf(iri<i, art. Fmiors, Siipi'rairi/ofs, §t. ; Cliitti/'s Commvrcial Line,
vol. iii. c. 15. ; Woolrych on Cummvrcial Law, pp. ;51" — 'yJ.O. &c. Seu also the article
liuoKEiis.)
The law with respect to the efi'ect of the transactions of factors or agents on third
parties was phiced on its present footing by the act G Geo. 4. c. i)'l. Under the law that
previously obtained, it was held, that a factor, as such, had no authority to j)Ie<hjc, but
only to ,s('// tiie goods of his principal ; and it was repeatedly decided that a i)rincii)al
migiit recover back goods on whicii a tiomi Jidc advance of money had been made by a
third )iarty, without his being bound to rejjay such advance ; and notwithstanding this
third party was wholly ignorant that the individual jiledging the goods held them as a
mere factor or age\it. It used also to be held, that hunu Jide purchasers of goods from
factors or agents not vested with the power of sale, might be made liable to pay the prico
of the goods a second time to the real owner.
The extreme hardship and injurious influence of such regulations is obvious. It is the
business of a ])rincipal to satisfy himself as to the conduct and character of the factor or
agent he employs ; and if he make a false estimate of them, it is more equitable, surely,
that he should be the sufferer, than those who have no means of knowing any thing
of the matter. Tiie injustice of the law in question, and the injury it did to the com-
merce of the country, had frequently excited attention ; and was very ably set forth by
Lord Liverpool, in his speech in the House of Lords, on moving the second reading of
the new bill.
" Those of their Lordships who were acquainted with commercial transactions, would know that money
was frequently advanced on goods, without its being jiossilile for the person advancing the money to have
any further .icquaintance with the transactions, tlian that the factor was in actual possession of tlic goods.
It then became a question, putting fraud out of view, if the factor became a bankrupt, or in any other
way failed to execute his engagements, whether the loss should fall on the principal who had consigned
these goods, or on the pledf^ee who had advanced money on them. It had been of late ruled, that if the
factor were intrusted only to dispose of the i)roi)erty, the loss must fall on the pledgee. He meant to con-
tend, that this waj contrary to equity, and contrary to analogy; that it was disapproved of by high autlio.
rity, and was contrary to the law in every country of the world, except this, and the United States of
America, which had drawn their law from this country. It was contrary to equity, he thought, that the
pledgei', who had advanced his money witliout any fraud, but on the bona Jhle possession of the goods,
should sufffer. He had i)laccd no confidence, but the principal who had appointed the factor had jdaced
confidence. He could limit him in his operations as he pleased — he could give him any kind of instruc-
tions — he might qualify his power — he was bound to take precautions before i)lacing confidence; and
he was in all rcs(x!Cts more liable to J^uHcr from his faults than the pledgee. The latter knew nothing of
the power of tiie factor, he saw only the goods, and advanced his money on what was a sufficient security
for repayment. On every principle of natural equity, therefore, the loss ought to fall, not on the pUilKcc,
but on the principal. He knew that this view was connected with one very important quest. on — that of
possession and title; but it was not possible for transactions to go on, unless the possession was admitted
as the title to the good.s. If this were an inditt'ercnt question, or a question involving only a few ca.ses, he
would not have called on their Lordships to legislate on this subject ; but all the commercial interests of
the country were connected with it. And he might say he believed that two thirds of the whole com.
merce of tnc country was carried on by consigning goods to a factor, and leavir)g it to his discretion to
dispose of them to the greatest advantage, sending them to market when he pleased, and raising money
on them when he could not send them to market. Hills of exchange, Hxcliecpier bills, and money bills of
every description, were subject to this rule. If a person consigned Excliecjuer bills to a second person,
and lie parted with them, the third party who obtained them was held to have a right to them. Com-
mercial proceedings were of as much importance as money i)roceedinps, and he could not see why they
should not receive the same security. It might be asked, perhaps, when this was felt to be so great an
evil, why it was not altered before ; but it .seemed to beoneof those things which had grown up gradually,
and which did much mischief before they bee.'' ..i; extensively known. The fir.st decision, he believed,
which est.iblishod the law as it now stood, was delivered in 174-2; and he knew that Lord Chief Justice
Gibbs had said, he could not explain the origin of that decision. He su',)posed it might have been dictated
by some fraud. That decision, the Lord Chief Justice maintained, was at variance with the best interests
of commerce, and had grown out of circumstances he could not explain. I'rom the time of the first
decision, the decisions had not been numerous, till of late years. He did not doubt but the judges had
decideii according to the law as it was est.iblishcd by these precedents ; but in doing that, they had ex-
pressed their regret that these precedents had been established. [Here his Lordship read an extract from
opinions deliveretl by the late Lord Chief Justice Ellenborough, and a late judge, Mr. Le Blanc, expressing
their regret, in deciding cases according to these precedents, that they had been established.] He inferred
from these opinions, that these judges, though they had felt themselves obliged to decide in this way, sup
posed that the law was contrary to the general analogy of our laws, and to the principles of justice. He
then came to the List consideration, the law of this country being in this respect diflcrent from the law of
all other countries, except the law of the United States of America. In all other countries, the law was
recognised to be what he wished to establish it by the bill before their Lordships. When there was no
evidence of fraud, it was held, that the man, advancing money on goods held l>y a f.ictor, should not
sufl'er for his faults, but that the person who confided in the factor must be the suH'crcr. This was also
the law in Scotland. He had understood, too, that the evils of the law were felt in America, and that
means had been taken for bringing it l)elbre the congress, with a view to assimilate the law of America to
the law of other countries. If the question were examined bv the principles of eijuity, by analogy with
other cases, by the authority of those who decided in our courts, or by the practice of other countries, it
would be found that the reasons were strong in favour of the bill. It was of great importance in com-
mercial transactions, that our law should be like the haws of other countries. It was not the same with
the law;s relative to real property — to our local law, if he might so call it ; but when the bill was founded
on ecjujtv and analogy, he thought it was an additional reason in its favour, that it .assimilated our com.
mercial law to the commercial l.iw of other countries. He did not know if he had made himself under.
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572
FACTOR.
stood, or if he had sufficiently explained the object of the bill ; but the measure was founded in justice,
a . ' he hoped to have their Lurdsliips' consent to it." The noble Earl concluded by moving the second
rer ling of the bill.
By the new law, all persons intrusted with and in possession of goods arc supposed,
unless the contrary be made distinctly to appear, to be their owners, so far, at least, that
they may pledge them or .sell them to third parties. The following arc the principal
clauses of this important act, 6 Geo. 4. c. 94.
Factors or Agents havinf; Goods or Merchandise in their Possession, shall be deemed to lie the true
Owners. — Any person intru9te<I, for the purpose of consignment or of sale, with any goods, wares, or
merchandise, and who shall have shipped such in his own name, and any person in whose name any
goods, wares, or merchandise shall be shipped by any other person, shall be deemed to be the true owner,
so far as to entitle the consignee to a lien thereon in respect of any money or negotiable security advanced
by such consignee for the use of the person in whose name such gocKls, wares, or merchandise shall be
shipped, or in res|>cct of any money or negotiable security received by him to the use of such consignee,
in like manner as if such person was the true owner ; provided such consignee shall not have notice by
the bill of lading, or otherwise, before the time of any advance of such money or negotiable security, or
of such receipt of money or negotiable security, in respect of which such lien is claimed, that such person
so shipping in his own name, or in whose name anv goods, wares, or merchandise shall be shipped by any
person, is not the actual and bomijide owner, any law, usage, or custom to the contrary thereof notwith.
standing : provided also, that the person in whose name such goods, wares, or merchandise arc so shipped
shall be taken, for the purposes of this act, to have been intrusted therewith for the purpose of consign.
ment or of sale, unless the contrary thereof shall be made to appear by bill of discovery, or be made to
appear in evidence by any person disputing such fact. — ^ 1.
Persons in Possession qf Bills of Lading to be the Owners, so far as to make valid Contracts. — From
and after the 1st of October, 1826, any person intrusted with any bill of lading, India warrant, dock war.
rant, warehouse keeper's certitlcate, wharfinger's certificate, warrant or order for delivery of goo<ls, shall
be deemed to be the true owner, so far as to give validity to any contract or agreement thereafter to l)c
entered into by such person so intrusted, with any person, body politic or corporate, for the sale of the
said goods, wares, and merchandise, or for the deposit or pledge thereof as a security for any money or
negotiable instrument advanced or given by such person, body |K)litic or corporate, upon the faith of such
documents ; provided such person, body j)olitic or coriKirate, shall not have notice, by such documents or
otherwise, that such person so intrusted is not the actual and bona fide owner ^2.
No Person to acquire a SecurHy upon Goods in the Hands of an Agent for an antecedent Debt, beyond
the Amount of the Agent's Interest in the Goods. — In case any person, body politic or corporate, shall,
.liter this act, accept any such goods, in deposit or pledge, from any such person so intrusted, without
notice as aforesaid, as a security for any debt or demand due from such person so intrusted, to such person,
body politic or corporate, before the time of such deposit, then such person, body politic or corporate, so
accepting such goods in deposit or pledge, shall acquire no further interest in the said goods, or any such
document, than was possessed, or might havebcen enforced, by the said person so intrusted, at the time of
such deposit or pledge) but such person, body politic or corporate, so accepting such goods in deposit or
pledge, shall acquire, possess, and enforce such right, title, or interest as might have been enforced by such
|)erson so intrusted. — ^3.
Persons may contract with known Agents in the ordinary Course qf Business, or out of that Course, if
within the Agent's Authority. — From and after the 1st of October, 18'26, it shall be lawful for any person,
body politic or corporate, to contract with any agent, intrusted with any goods, or to whom the same may
be consigned, for the purchase of such goods, and to receive the same of and pay for the same to such
agent ; and such contract and payment shall be binding upon the owner, notwithstanding such person,
body politic or corporate, shall have notice that the person making and entering into such contract, or on
whose behalf such contract is made, is an agent; provided such contract and payment be made in the
usual course of business, and that such person, body politic or corporate, shall not have notice that such
agent is not authorised to sell the said goods, or to receive the said purchase money. — ^4.
Persons may accept and take Goods in Pledge from known Agents. — From and after the passing of this
act, it shall be lawful for any person, body politic or corporate, to accept any such goods, or any such
document as aforesaid, in deposit or pledge from any factor or agent, notwithstanding such person, body
politic or corporate, shall have notice that the person making such deposit or pledge is a factor or agent ;
but then and in that case such person, body politic or corjrarate, shall acquire no further interest in the
said goods, or any such document, than was possessed or might have been enforced by the said factor or
agent, at the time of such de|)osit or ple<lge ; but such person, botly politic or corporate, shall acquire,
possess, and enforce such right, title, or interest as was possessed and might have been enforced by such
factor or agent. — 4 5.
Right qf the true Owner to follow his Goods while in the Hatids qf his Agent or of his Assignee in case
()f Bankruptcy. — Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to deprive the true owner or proprietor of
such goods from demanding and recovering the same from his factor or agent, before the same shall have
been so sold, deposited, or pledged, or from the assignees of such fa;'tor or agent, in the event of his, her,
or their bankruptcy; nor to prevent such owner or proprietor from demanding or recovering of and from
any persons, bodif? politic or corporate, the price agreed to be paid for the purchase of such goods, subject
to any right of set.ononthe part of such persons, bodies politic or corporate, against such factor or agent;
not [nor] to prevent such owner or proprietor from demanding or recovering of and from such persons,
bodies politic or corporate, such goods, so deposited or pledged, uiwn repayment of the money, or on
restoration of the negotiable instrument so advanced or given on the security of such goods, by such per-
sons, bodies politic or corporate, to such factor or agent ; and upon payment of such further sum, or on
restoration of such other negotiable instrument (if any) as may have been advanced or given by such
factor or agent, to such owner or proprietor, or on payment of a sum equal to the amount of such instru-
ment ; nor to prevent the said owner or proprietor from recovering of and from such persons, bodies
politic or corporate, any balance remaining in their hands, as the produce of the sale of such goods, after
deducting thereout the amount of the money or negotiable instrument so advanced or given upon the
security thereof: provided always, that in case of the bankruptcy of any such factor or agent, the owner
or |>roprietor of the goods so pledged and redeemed shall be held to have discharged pro tanto the debt duo
by them to the estate of such bankrupt.— ^6. j.
Agents fraudulently pledging the Goods of their Principals. — The 7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 29. 5 51. enacts,
" Tliat if any factor or agent intrusted, for the purpose of sale, with any goods or merchandise, or in.
trusted with any bill of lading, warehouse keeper's or wharfinger's certificate, or warrant or order for the
delivery of goods or merchandise, shall, /or his own benefit, and in violation of good faith, deposit or
pledge any such goods or merchandise, or any of the said documents, as a security for any money or ne-
gotiable instrument borrowed or received by such factor or agent, at or before the time of making such
deposit or pledge, or intended to be thereafter borrowed or received, every such ofTender shall be guilty of
a misdemeanor, and, being convicted thereof, shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to be tr<ins-
ported beyond the seas for any term not exceeding 14 years, nor less than 7 years, or to suft'er such other
punishincnt by fine or imprisoiiment, or by both, as the court shall award ; but no such factor or agent
shall be liable to any prosi'cution for ileiio^iting or pledging aiiy such goods or merchandise, or any of the
said d'}cuments, in case the same shall not be made a ^ocurity fur, or subject to the payinent of, aiiy grcati r
II
FACTOR-iGiL. —FACTORY.
573
Slim of money than the amount which, at the time of such deposit or pledge, was justly due and owing lo
sucli factor or agent from his principal, together with the nmuiint of any Ijill or bills of exchange drawn
by i:r on account of sucli principal, and accepted by such factor or agent."
This provision does not extend to partners not being privy to the oH'enco ; nor does it take away any
remedy at law or equity which any party aggrieved by any oH'ence might have been entitled to against
such ott'under. And no one shall be liable to be convicted by any evidence whatever as an oHender against
this act, in respect of any act done by him, if he shall, at any time previously to his being indicted for
f uch ollence, have disclosed such acts, on oath, in consequence of any compulsory proi'ess of any court of
law or e(|uity, in any action, suit, &c. which shall have been bond fide instituted by any party aggrieved,
or if he shall have discluacd the same in any examination or deposition before any commissioners of
bankrupt. — \ Ji.
FACTORAGE, oa COMMISSION, the allowance given to factors by the mer.
chants and manufacturers, &c. who employ them : it is a percentage on the goods tliey
purchase or sell on account of their principals ; and varies in different countries, and as
it refers to different articles. It is customary for factors, as ol).served in the previous
article, tft insure the debts due to tliose for whom they sell for an additional, or del credere,
commission, generally averaging from IJ to 2 per cent. Factorage or commission is
also frequently charged at a certain rate per cask, or other package, measure, or weight,
especially when the factor is only employed to receive or deliver : this commission is
usually iixed by special agreement between the merchant and factor.
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Factobage,
Brokerage, and Com.mission Tablb
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34
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32 36
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15
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2,000
30
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AOfl
■ FACTORY, a place where merchants and factors reside, to negotiate business for
themselves and their correspondents on commission. 'NVe have factories in China,
Turkey, Portugal, Russia, &c.
^^r
I ,
'%■
571-
FAIRS AND MARKETS.
V
\k
\iU
FAIRS AND MARKETS. These institutions are very closely allied. A fair, a<i
the term is now {generally understood, is only a greater speeies of market recurring at
more distant intervals. ISotii are api)roi)riated to tlie sale of 1 or more sjiecies of goods,
tlie hiring of serva ' , "r labourers, ^v. : hut fairs are, in most cases, attended by u
greater concourse of people, for wliose annisenient various exhibitions are got up.
1. Oriijiii <if Fairs, — InstitiUions of this sort are peculiarly serviceable in the earlier
stages of society, and in rude and inland cii.ntries. The nuinl)er of shops, and the
commodities in them, are then oitlier comparatively limited, or they are but little fre-
quented by dealers; so that it is for the advantage of all, that fairs should be established,
and merchants induced to attend them, i-'or this purpose various j)rivileges have been
annexed to fairs, and numerous facilities afforded to the disposal of property in them.
To give them a greater degree of solemnity, they were originally, both in the ancient
and modern world, associated with religious festivals. In most places, indeed, they are
still held on the same da^ with the wake or feast of the saint to whom the cliurcli is
dedicated ; and till the practice was prohibited, it was customary, in England, to hold
them in churchyards ! — (Jacoh'.i Liiio Diet. art. Fdir. ) IJut since the growth of towns,
and the opportunities a(I()rded for the disposal and purchase of all sorts of produce at
the weekly or monthly markets held in them, the utility of fairs, in this country, at least,
lias very much diminished ; they have, also, lost much of their ancient splendour ; and,
though some of them are still well attended, and of real use, a good niunber might be
advantageously suijjiressed.
Hut it is far otherwise in inland coimtries, where the facilities for carrying on com-
mercial transactions are comparatively circumscribed. There it is of the utmost im-
portance, that certain convenient jjlaces and specified periods sho\dd be appointed for
the bringing together of commodities and dealers. This is not only the readiest and
liest means of j"-omoting commerce, but also of softening national antipathies, and dif-
fusing a knowledge of the jiroducts, arts, and customs of other countries.
H. Estuhltshmcnf of EiuiUsh Fairs, — No fair can be holden without grant from the
Crown, or a prescrijjtion which supposes such grant. And before a patent is granted,
it is. usual to have a writ of <«/ quod damnum executed and returned, that it may not be
issued to the prejudice of a similar establisliment already existing. The grant usually
contains a clause that it shall not be to the hurt of another fair or market ; but this
clause, if omitted, will be implied in law; for if the franchise occasion damage either to
the king or a subject, in this or any other resi)ect, it will be revoked; and a person,
whose ancient title is prejudiced, is entitled to have a scire facias in the king's name to
repeal the letters patent. If his Majesty grant power to hold a fair or market in a jiar-
ticular pl.-ico, the lieges can resort to no other, even though it be inconvenient. IJut if
no place be appointed, the grantees may keep the fair or market where they please, or
rather, where they can most conveniently.
.•3. Times of huldinci Fairs and Markets, — These arc either determined by the letters
patent appointing the fair or market, or by usage. The statute 2 Edw. ;5. c. 15. enacts,
that the duration of the fair shall l)e declared at its commencement, and that it shall not
be continued beyond the specified time. By statute 5 Edw. 3, c. 5., any merchant
selling goods after the stipulated time is to forfeit doidjle the value of the goods sold.
4. Effect of Sales in Fairs and Markets. — A bond fide sale made in a fair or open
market, in general, transfers the complete property of the thing sold to the vendee ; so
that, however vicious or illegal the title of the vendor may be, the vendee's is good
against every one except the king. But the sale, in order to come within this rule, must
take place on the market day, and at the place assigned for the market. The city of
London is said to be a market overt every day of the week except Sunday ; every shop
being a market overt for such things as the shopkeeper professes to deal in. The pro-
perty of goods may, however, be changed, and eflectually transferred to the buyer, by a
bona fide sale in a shoj) out of London, whether the shopkeeper be the vendor or vendee,
if the goods are of the kind in which he trades. A wharf in London is not within the
custom, and is not a market overt for articles brought there. But a sale in a market
will not be binding, if it be such as carries with it a presumption of fraud : as, for ex-
alnplc, if it take place in a back room, or secret place ; if the sale be covinous, and
intended to defraud the real owner ; or if the buyer know that the vendor is not the
real owner of the goods, &e. It is very difficidt to transfer the property of* horses,
even when they are sold in an open market, without the consent of the real owner. —
(See Horses.)
5. Cotirt of Pie Poudrc. — To every fair or market there is Incident, even without
any express words in the grant, a court of pic poudrc, in allusion to the dusty feet of
the suitors. The steward or mayor may preside. It has cognizance of all questions
'IS to contracts made in the market, respecting goods hom/ht and delivered there, &c.
Formerly pie poudre courts were held at every considerable fair ; but they are now
entirely laid aside.
FAIRS AND MARKETS.
.575
fiiir, an
■riiij; nt
f goods,
cd by ii
n. Clerk of the. Miirket, — Owners and Rovprnors of fairs nrc to take caro that every
tliiii;j; Uu sold accordiiif^ to just weij^lits and lUfasures. And for tliat and otlior ])iir|)()scs
tlifv may appoint a clerk of tlie fair or market, who is to mark and allow all suel:
neif^hts, ive. ; cliargin^ \il, for sealing and marking a bnshel, h'l- ^'m' marking a half
bushel or peek, and \(l. for marking a gallon, pottle, (]uart, pint, &c., imder penalty of
5/. — (L"J Vhd. '_'. c. 8.)
7. Tiills. — Ik'ing a matter of private benefit to the owners of fairs or markets, and
not incident to them, tolls are not oxigil)le unless specially griinted in the patent : l)ut
the king may by a new grant authorise a reasonable toll to be taken. If the toll granted
be excessive, the ])atent will be void. It is a general rule, unless changed by a contrary
custom ol)taining time out of mind, that no toll be paid for any thing )>rouglit to a fair
or market, before the same is sold, .and that it shall then be paid hi/ the biii/er.
The owner of a house next to a fair or market is not allowed to open his shop during
such fair or market, without p.-iying slalluf/e (toll for having a stall) ; on the ground that
if ho take the l)enefit of the market, he ought to pay the duties thereon. Tliis regulation
has been a good deal complained of.
The owners of fairs and markets are required by statute ('2& .T Ph. and 31. c. 7.) to
a])point a person in a special open place to take the toll. The most important jiart of
this person's duty has reference to his entering the horses sold with tJiree distinguishing
marks, and the names, Sec. of those who buy and sell them. — (See Mouses.)
An action lies against any one who refuses to pay the ciLstomary toll,
( For further information as to British fairs and markets, see C/iitti/on Commercial Law,
vol. ii. c. 9.)
The .'3 Gci.. 4. c. 55. enacts, thrit at all fairs held within 10 miles of Temple Bar, business ami .-imnse.
mciits of all kinds shall cease at 11 o'clock in the evening, and not re-coniniencc before (i o'clock in the
morning, under a penalty of -Ms. to be paid by any master, mistress, or other person, having the care or
management of any house, shop, room, booth, standing, tent, caravan or wagon, where any breach of
this enactment shall have been committed. Power is also given by the same act to any 'J justices of
the peace, within tlieir respective jurisdictions, to put a stop to any fair which is held without charter,
prescription, or lawful authority.
8. Principal British Fairs. — Among these may bo specified Stourbridge, in Worcester-
shire. Bristol has two considerable fairs, one in March, and one in September. Exeter
DecetTiI)er fair, for cattle, horses, and most sorts of commodities. Weyhill fair, in
IIam|)shire (Octol)or 10.), ha.s, probably, the greatest disjjlay of sheep of any fair in the
kingdom. IJartholomew fair, in London, used to be of considerable importance, but is
now ajjpropriated only to shows of wild beasts, and .such like exhibitions, and might be
suppressed with advantiige. St. Faith's, near Norwich (October 17.), is the i)rincii)al
English fair for Scotch cattle. They are .sold to the graziers and feeders of Norfolk,
Suffolk, Essex, &c., by whom they are fattened for the London markets, where they arc
met with in great abundance, liut besides those sold at St. Faith's, large numbers or
Scotch cattle are disiwsed of iit Market Ilarborough, Carlisle, Ormskirk, and other
places. Ipswich has two considerable fairs: one in August, for lambs j and one in Sep-
tember, for l)utter and cheese : it is reckoned that above 100,OCX) lambs are annually
sold at the former. Woodborougli-hill, in Dorset, for west country manufactures, as
kerseys, druggets, &c. Woodstock October fair, for cheese. Northampton and Not-
tingham have each several large fairs, for hor.ses, cattle, cheese, &e. The August fair
of Ilorncastle, in Lincolnshire, is the largest horse fair in the kingdom, many thousand
hor.ses being exhibited for sale during its continuance : it is resorted to by crowds of
dealers from all parts of Great Britain, by several from the Continent, and sometimes
even from North America. Ilowden, in Yorkshire, has, also, a very large horse fair,
particularly for Yorkshirp hunters. Devizes, in Wiltshire, has several large fairs for
sheep and cattle. There is usually a large display of cheese at the Gloucester April
fair. A guild, or jubilee, commencing the last week of August, is lield every twentieth
year at Preston, in Lancashire ; the last was held in 1822, and was well attended. The
October fair of Market Ilarborough, Leicestershire, lasts- 9'day,s,'and a great deal of
business is usually done in cattle, cheese. Sec. Woodbridge Lady-day fair is celebrated
for the show of Suffolk horses. Falkirk fair, or tryst, is one of the most important in
Scotlaao,.for the sale, of cattle and sheep. The October fair of Ballin.isloc, in the county
Galway, is famous for the display of cattle and sheep ; by far the largest proportion of
these animals raised for sale in Connaught being disposed of at it. The sheep are gene-
rally from 3 to 4, the heifers from 3 to 4, and the bullocks from 4 to 5 years of age. They
are mostly lean ; and are kept for a year in Leinster before they are fit for the Dublin
or Liverpool markets. It would seem that the number of cattle and shecj) disposed of
at Ballinasloc is rather declining; a result a-scribable to the increase of cultivation caused
by the great augmentation of population, and the continued subdivision of the land.
We subjoin aa ^
,.
]!.■ . I
II
t h
'■■(
h
^■l u
!'
. n
■vt,
576
FAIRS AND MARKETS.
Account of the Nuinher of Sliprp nml Cnttlo, nolcl and iinsiiUl, at tlio October TairH of nallinaaloe from
the Year IWO to the Vrar IS.i'J, bcjth Inclusive, — {^uricultiiral Jti/iorl </ 1S.J'^ p. J4!t.)
ii !k
Vean.
Hho'p aoUl.
ShiT|) llllHulll.
Total.
C'alilu mild.
Catllv uniolil.
Total.
1S7(I
.VMll.T
W,MX
S(l,77IJ
■1,'p01
4.IH11
H,,'iO,'i
IHU
• Ti.HM
l(l,.'iti(i
h.1,l(lll
(i.lMi'i
1,'it'i
7,'iSI
Ifdl
-1,7IS
r.,4,v.)
(111,177
ft,.1it
,1,(,'J'>
(1,017
\lt^i^
7.'i,llsl
»i,.ii'i
!l.'i,'.l!|i)
fi/iSH
t.yn
1II,!I00
IS a
77,1 IH
(i,7H(i
KI.WI
O.criS
1,117
li),.'.(r)
1S«
7V,'.77
17,(iSH
<.IO,'^(i.'>
N,OI'^
uX'i
|n,'/iifi
is'ji;
.'i',sm
Mi.vn
!ll,l(l.'>
1,.1!).1
.1,S1I
N.'ilO
IS'^7
77,0;/.
1 I.IIK)
•ll,.17'>
(i.li.lS
1,711
H,.1IU
IH'^S
Hii,.17 1
1 1,1)111
!)7,.1Sl
7,707
.1,K(lli
ll,.'ll.1
IS'J't
71,1.11
1I,'I7II
Sll.ll.T
.'.,1177
.i,(;iiii
!(,.-Vl7
IN.IO
(;h,s7l
ll.lill
hl.lS.'i
r>,H'.n
I,.'.li3
7,l.-.7
1H.11
.'i7,Hlll
^,^'.l^J
(1I,.1.T.»
0,1 'Ii
i,.i<i
7,.'il.1
iK.ri
SH,M.'J.')
t,7M
liU.'JM
ti.lOl
yjii
(i,(i.'.7
9. Principal French Fairs, — Among these may bo specified tlic fuirs of St. Germains,
Lyons, lllieims, Cimrtres, lloiien, liordeiiux, Troyes, and liayonnc ; but they are said to
be, for the most part, much fallen ort'. This, however, does not appear to be the case
with tlie fair held at IJeaucaire, in the department of the Gard, in July. It is said that
there were from 7(),<XX) to 80,000 persons at the fair of 1 S.^S, and that the business done
exceeded 1 ()0,000,0(X) fr., or «,'KX),0()0/. ! These statements are not, however, oflicial,
and are, most proliably, exaggerated ; and it is admitted, that the last was the greatest
fair that has been held for these many years liont, —- (Archives du Cotnmcrce, torn, iii,
pp. L';J6— 215.)
10. German Fairs, — The principal German, or rather European, fairs, arc those ot
Frankfort on the Maine, Frankfort on the Oder, and Leipsic. Tlie concourse of mer-
chants, and the business done at these fairs, is generally very great. They are copiously
supi)lied with the cotton stuffs, twist, cloths, and liardware of England ; the silks
and jewellery of France ; the printed cottons of Switzerland and Austria ; the r.aw,
manufactured, and literary products of Germany ; the furs of the North ; Turkey
carjjets ; Cachemere shawls, &c. ; and there, also, are to be found merchants of all
countries, those of Isp.than negotiating with those of Montreal for the purcha.sc of
furs ; and Georgians and Servians supplying themselves with the cottons of Manchester
and the jewellery of Paris. There, in fact, are met the representatives, as it were, of
every people in the world, labouring, though 'vithout intending it, to promote each
other's interest, and to extend and strengthen those tics that bind together the great
family of the human race.
The fairs at Frankfort on the Maine should begin, the first on Easter Tuesday, and
the second on the Monday nearest to the 8tli of September. Their duration is limited
to '.i weeks, but they usually begin from 8 to 15 days before their legal commence-
ment. Accounts are kept in rixdoUars : 1 rixdoUar of account = 1^ florin, or 4^ cop-
iticks, or S'ij batzen. The rixdollar =3.?. l'8d. ; so that the par of exchange is 141 bat-
.:ou per 1/. sterling. 100 lbs. common Frankfort weight = 103 lbs. avoirdupois. Tlic
'.JOt = 1 1 '27 English inches.
The fairs at Frankfort on the Oder arc 3 in number : viz. Reminiscere, in February
or March ; St. Margaret, in July ; and St. Martin, in November. They ought, strictly
speaking, to terminate in 8 days, but they usually extend to 15. The Prussian go-
vernment gives every facility to those who attend these fairs. Accounts arc kept in
Prussian money, that is, in rixdollars of 2s. l\\d. 100 lbs. Prussian = 103 lbs. avoirdupois.
The foot = 1 2-356 English inches.
The fairs of Leipsic are still more celebrated than those of either Frankfort. They
are held thrice a year, — on the 1st of January, at Easter, and at Michaelmas. The
first is the least important. Above 20,000 dealers arc said to h.ive been present at the
Easter fair in 1832, and above 13,000 at that of Michaelmas. The Easter and Mi-
chaelmas fairs are famous, particularly the former, for the vast number of new public-
ations usually ofTered for .sale. They are attended by all the principal booksellers of
Germany, and by many from the adjoining countries, who adjust their accounts, learn
the state of the trade in all parts of the world, and endeavour to form new connections.
Most German publishers have agents in Leipsic ; which is to the literature of Ger-
many, what London is to that of Great Britain. As many as 4,000 new publications
liave been in a single Leipsic catalogue ! The fairs ought to close in 8 days, but
they usually continue for about 3 weeks. No days of grace are allowed. The holder
of a bill must demand payment on the day it becomes due ; and, if not paid, he
must have it protested on that very day, and ri'urned by the first opportunity. If he
aeglect any of these regulations, he loses all right of recourse upon the drawer and in-
(lorscrs. Money of account at Leipsic same as at Frankfort on the Maine. 100 lbs. .
F^eipsic =103 lbs. avoirdupois. The foot = 11 "11 English inches. — {Kelli/'s Cambist;
Manuel de Nelkenhrecher ; Archives du Commerce, tom. ii. p. 27., §'c. )
Dr. Bright gives, in his Travels in Ilungnry (pp. 201 — 223.), an interesting account
of the fairs held at Debretzin and Pesth. The latter has become the grand centre of
Hungarian commerce; most {iftrt of which is conducted at its fiurs.
T
FAIKS AND MARKETS.
577
from
11. Italian Fairi,. — Of tlieso, tliu most cfUliratid is tliut ol' Sinifj.iglia, a small hut himil-
somi' town of llio J'apal dumiiiions, on the Misa, iii'ar its fonflui'iicL' with tho Adriatic,
'i'he fair cominiiicis 1)11 tlic Mtli of July, and should tciininati' oil thu last day of that
month, l)ut it usually I'ontiniics ,■; or (i days lon^ff. The duties on goods hrounht to the
fair are extremely moderate, and every thing is done to proiiiote the eonveiiienee of
those freuuenling it. All sorts of collon ami woolli'ii goods, laee, iron and steel, hard-
ware, jewellery, hiandy and li(|ueurs, raw and retined sugar, dried fish, caeao, colleo,
spiees, ive. are hroughl here hy the Knglish, I'leneh, Austrians, Americans, .Swiss, \c.
'Ihesc are exchanged for the various raw and manufactured products of Italy and the
Levant; consisting, among others, of raw, thrown, and wrought silks; oil, fruits,
cheese, alum, soda, sumach, sulphur, ivc. The value of tiic imports for the fair of IHU'J
was estimated at ahout 'J,(KK),tK)()/. Accounts are kept in scudi of iiO soldi ; the
scudo = -Is. Ul. very nearly. U)0 Ihs. .Siuigaglia = 7:1]^ Ih.s. avoirdupois. The ell or
braccio measures 25-:}.'l English inches. — {Maiiud da Sdktnbreclivr ; Archives du
Commerce, toin. ii. \i, :J8. )
\2. Hussian Fairs. — These arc numerous, and many of them well attended. The most
important is held at Nishnei-Novogorod. This city is situated at the confluence of tlie
Oka with the Wolga, in lat. r)(i° Hi' N., Ion. 44" 18' K. It is the great emporium of
the internal tra<le of Russia ; communicating hy an inland navigation witli the Baltic,
the Hlack !Sea, and the Casjiian. The fair was formerly held at Makariet; 84 versts
distant. It generally lasts from 6 weeks to ii months, and is well known all over the
east of Europe. The bazaars erected for the accommodation of those who attcnu this
fair, form, according to Dr. Lyall, the finest establishment of the kind in the world. Tlie
sjile of iron and iron articles is said usually to amount to above lO.OOO.tXX) roubles; the
furs to 3(),(H)(),0(X) ; the images to 1,:500,0<X). Captain Cochrane is of opinion, that
" the fair, in point of value, is second to none in Europe ; the business done being esti-
mated at nearly 2()0,0()(),000 roubles." The stationary jwpulation of the place amounts
to from 1.5,(XX) to lf;,(XK): but during the fair it is said to amount to li!0,()00 or
l.50,0()0; among whom may be seen Chinese, Persians, Circassians, Armenians, Tatars,
Hucharians, Jews, '< and a specimen of almost every Euroi)can nation." — (See Modern
Tnivfller, art. liussia, p. 'M)5. ) We suspect, however, that these statements are very
far beyond the mark. It is stated in the Archives du Commerce (torn. i. p. 173.), that
the total value of the mercliandise disposed of at the fair of Nishnei-Novogorod, in
1832, amounted to 1 2 3, '-'00,000 roubles. Theatrical exhibitions, shows of wild beasts,
and other Hartholomew fau" amusements, add to the attractions of the scene.
Another celebrated Russian fair is held, in the month of December, at Kiaclita, in
iMongolia, on the Chinese frontier, in lat. 50° 20' N,, Ion. uncertain, but about 105" E.
The town is small, the population not exceeding 4,000 or 5,000; but by far the largest
part of the commerce between the Russian and Chinese empires is transacted at its fair,
and it is also the centre of the political intercourse between them. The commodi-
ties brought by the Russians consist principally of furs, sheep and lamb skins, Rus-
sian and German broad cloths, Russia leather, coarse linens, worsted stutts, cattle, &c.,
with, for the most jiart, bullion. These they exchange with the Chip'„^ lor tea, raw
and maiiufactured silk, nankeens, porcelain, sugar candy, rhubarb, tobacco, musk, &c.
The quantity of tea, using the word in the sense in which it is understood here, purchased
at the Kiachta fairs by the Russians, amounts, at an average, to about 60,000 boxes
a year, that is, to ahout *1, 200,000 lbs. ; the greater part being the flne species of black
tea called pekoe. Rut, exclusive of this, the Russians buy large quantities of a coarser
species of tea, called break or Tartar tea, which, though not thought worth the trouble
of putting into packages, is largely consumed by the nomadic Tartars and Siberians.
According to the otticial accounts jjublished by the Russian Custom-house, the total
value of the exports by way of Kiachta, in 1831, amounted to 4,655,536 roubles, and
that of the imports to 6,775,858 ditto. The Russian trade is in the hands of a com-
paratively small number of merchants, some of whom are very rich ; that of the Chinese
is much more diffused. Commodities may be conveyed from Kiachta to European
Russia either by land or by water. In the former case, the journey takes a year ; in
the latter, it takes 3 years, or rather 3 very short summers ; the rivers being for the
most part of the year frozen over. — (Scfinitzler, Statistique Generale de r Empire de la
Russie, p. 143. ; private communications from Captain Gordon, who visited Kiachta in
1819; Official Statement of the Trade of the Russian Empire in 1831, §-c. )
13. Eastern Fairs. — The most important fair in the Eastern world is that held at
Mecca, during the resort of pilgrims in the month of Dhalhajja. It used to be frequented
by many thousands of individuals of all ranks and orders, brought together from the
remotest corners of the Mohammedan world ; and though the numbers attending it have
declined of late years, the concourse is still very great. — (See Caravax.)
Hurdwar, in Hindostan, in lat. 29" 57' N., Ion. 78° 2' E., 117 miles N.E. from Dcllii,
IS femous from its being one of the principal places of Hindoo pilgrimage, and the greatest
o I'
I . I
i! ■■(
hr
■■ i
'^mmrnm.
578
TATHOM. — FIGS.
\
':
fr
fuir ill India. The town, wliicli is l)iit incousidiTiiliio, is situntvd on the Ganges, at the
point whiTu that sacri-d stream issues from the mountains. The |)ilf,'rimaf?e and fair arc
held »o^ether at the vernal eijuinox ; and ICuropeans, nowise addieted to exa^f^eration,
who have heen repeatedly present on tiiese oceasions, estimate that from '_'(X),(XX) t(i
r((K),(XX) stran};?ers are then assemhied in tiie town and its vicinity. IJut every twelfth
year is reckoned pecidiarly holy ; and then it i^ supposed that from 1,(XX),(XX) to
l„')(X),0<X), and even 'i,(XXJ,(XX) pilf^rims and dealers arc conj^refjated together from all
|)artM uf India and the countries to the nortli. In 1H1<), which happened to he a twelfth
year, when the auspicious moment for halhing in the Oanges was announced to the im-
jialient devotees, the rush was so tremendous that no fewer than 'l;i() persons were either
twunpled to death under foot, or drowned in the river ! Tlie foreigners resorting to
llurdwar fair for commercial purposes only, consist princii)ally of natives of Nepaul, the
J'unjah, and I'eshwaur, with Afghans, Usheck Tartars, itc. They import vast num-
bers of horses, cattle, and camels ; I'ersian dried fruits, shawls, drugs, &c. : the returns
are made in cotton piece goods, indigo, sugar, spices, and other tropical jiroduclions.
Tiic merchants never mention the price of their goods, but conduct the hargain hy
touching the dirt'erent joints of their lingers, to hinder the bystanders gaining any
information. During the Mahratta sway, a kind of poll-tax and duties on cattle were
levied ; l)ut all is now free, without impost or molestation of any sort. Owing, also, to
the precautions adopted by the British government, the most perfect order is preserve<l ;
much to the surprise and satisfaction of the natives; for, antecedent to our occupation of
the country, the fairs usually ended in disorder and bloodshed. — {Private information,
and the excellent account of llurdwar hi Hamilton's Gazetteer.)
The fairs of PortobcUo, Vera Cruz, and Acapulco, once so famous, are now totally
deserted ; that of the Havannah is also much fallen off.
FATHOM, a measure of length, G feet, chiefly used for measuring the length of
cordage, and the depth of water and mines.
FEATHERS, BED-FEATHERS (Fr. Humes, Plumes d lit; Ger. Falern, Beit-
federn ; Yiu. Bedveern, Pluimen ; It. Pi u me ; S\>. Plumas), make a considerable article
of commerce; particularly those of the ostrich, heron, swan, pe.icock, goose, and other
poultry ; for jjlumes, ornaments of the head, filling of beds, quilts, &c. The coarsest
part of the ostrich plumage is generally denominated hair, to which it bears a resem •
blance, and is used in the manufacture of hats. Many parts of Great Britain sujiply
feathers for beds, and an inferior so'-t is brought from Ireland. Eider down is importell
from the north of Europe; the ducks that supply it being inhabitants of Gieenhmd,
Iceland, and Norway. The eider duck breeds in the islands on the west of Scotland,
but not in sufficient numbers to form a profitable branch of trade to the inhabitants.
Hudson's Bay furnishes very fine feathers. The down of the swan is brought from
Dantzic, as well as large quantities of superior feathers.
The bed-feathers imported in 1828 amounted to 3,103 cwt., yielding 6,826/. 12s. of
duty. The duty on ostrich feathers during the same year produced i)62/. 8s. 9d,
FIDDLES, OR VIOLINS (Ger. Violinen, Geigen ; Du. Vioolen ; Fr. Violons; It. FJ-
olini; Sp. Violines ; Rus. Skripizii), musical instruments, too well known to need
any particular description. The finest-toned violins are those made in Italy ; they are
usually called Cremonas, from the name of the town where they were formerly manufac-
tured in the highest perfection : 50 or 60 guineas have not unfrequently been given for
a Cremona violin.
FIGS (Ger. Feigen ; Du. Vygen ; Fr. Figues ; It. Fichi ; Sp. Higos ; L.it. Fici, Carica: ;
Arab. Teen), the fruit of the fig tree {Ficus carica), a native of Asia, but early introduced
into Europe. It flourishes in Turkey, Greece, France, Spain, Italy, and Northern Africa,
and even sometimes ripens its fruit in the open air in this country. Figs, when ripe, are,
for the most part, dried in ovens to preserve them ; and then packed very closely in the
small chests and baskets in whicit we import them. The best come from Turkey ; those
of Kalamata, in the Morea, are sai'i to be the most luscious. — ( Thomson's Dispensatory. )
Dried figs form a very considerable article of commerce in Provence, Italy, and Spain;
besides affording, as in the East, a principal article of sustenance for the population. In
Spain, figs are chiefly exported from Andalusia and Valencia ; but they are more or
less abundant in every province. In the northern parts of France there are many fig
gardens, particularly at Argenteuil.
Figs belong to that class of articles, the duties on which might be reduced, not only
■without any loss, but with very great advantage to the revenue. They are extensively
used at the tables of the opulent ; and would, there is no doubt, be much used by the
middle classes, were their price lower. The imjjortation, even with the present duty of
21s. 6d., is about 20,000 cwt. ; and as this duty is full 100 per cent, upon their price in
bond, it may be fairly concluded, that were it reduced to 8s. or 10s. a cwt., the quantity
imported would very soon be trebled, or more.
^ No abatement of duty is made on account of any damage received by figs.
.:
FILK. — FISH.
.'■.7i»
riLF-, FII,r,S (Da. /wVr, Dii. iy,,(; Vr.Limrs; (iir. yV/7.« . It. /./'/»<•), mi
iiiHlriiiiaiit of iron or torpid stiul, cut in little t'urrowii, used to polisli or Kniui>tli metals,
liinlii'r, liiul otluT linrd ImhIk's.
I'lU. Nil. Pink.
ri IU'"-A U.MS. Uiuli'r this U'sij?natioi> is comprised all sortH of ({ims, fowlinj^-
pii'ci's, l)iimdi'rliiissi's, pistols, Kc. 'I'ht' inamiCacturi' of tliesi' wi'apons is of cotisidi'ralile
importance ; employing at all times, but especially during war, a large number of
persons.
Ill rdiiscnui'iicc 111" tlu> tV(M|iiciit onMirrciicp of arridciitu from Hie biirstiiiK f>f If'sunicU'iit Iwrri'U, fho
l<'((i»latiiri' liaK iiiDst iprnporly inttTlcrctI, not torcKiilati'tliciriiianuraitiirf, liiit to |iri'vciif all inTiidiu fnim
viMiiK or Hi'llliiK liarrcia that have not hii'n ri'Kularly piiniil in a |iul)lic |iroot-liou.Hi.-. The lirst act liir thU
iiur|Mi4e wan paitacd in IHIJ^ Ixit it wa» soon alter HMpcriic'di'il liy a l\illrr and more complete one, llu>
.V) (iuo. :i, c. .j!i. 'I'liii statuti' Imposes a liiu' of 'J(i/. on any pi'r»im »/.«/«A', in any ol tlic proKri'imivc' staKi'ii
of ita mamilai'lnri', any liirrcl not duly provc'd , on any prrson tlclii'iriiiif llii' sanii-, except thron^rli a proof-
lioiise; and on any person (■iic/c;/!^', for the purpose ot niakiiiK (lUim, \e. any barrels wliieh have not passed
through a proof.house. 'J'hese penaltle.4 to lie levied on eonvictioii bvfurc 'i Jimtlcvii } with like ptnultlea,
to he similarly levied, on pertons counterfeiting i\\c prvul-nidiks.
I'lUK-WOllKS. Hy !» & K) Will. 3., all sorts of (ire-works are declared to be ft
common miisance ; and the mnliiinj, ciiitsiiiii to l»: mudc, (/irlii;/, mUiii;/, or iijf'rriiii/ for
sale, any sfpiibs, rockets, seri)ents, or ot/iir Jirc-worku, or any cases or im|)lenients for
making the same, is made subject to a penalty of .I/., to be recovered on conviction befons
a justice of the peace. Casting or firing any such lire-works, or i)ermitting the same
to be cast or lircd, from any house or jilace, and casting or firing the same intoauy
house, shop, street, highway, or river, is subjected to a jienalty of 'JO.v., to be recovered iti
like maimer ; and if not immediately paid, the party to lie imprisoned and kept to bard
labour for any time not exceeding a month, lint the statute provides, that it shall be
lawful for the master, lieutenant, or commissioners of bis Majesty's ordnance, or those
authorised by them, to give orders for making any fire-works, to be used according to
such orders.
Fill KIN, a measure of caji.icity, equal to 9 ale gallons, or 7 A Imperial gallons, or
2,5:iS cubic inches. — (See Weights and 3Ieasuiiks.)
FIR LOT, a dry measure used in Scotland. The Linlithgow wheat firlot is to the
Imperial bushel as -'JUS to I ; and the Linlithgow barley firlot is to the Imperial bushel as
1.45() is to 1. — (See Weights and Mkasukes.)
FISH(Ger. Fisc/ie; Du. Visachen ; Da. and Sw. Fish; Vr, Poiasons ; It. Pesci ; Sp.
Pescadoa ; I'ort. Peiies ; Ilus. Eiih ; Pol. lii/bi ; Lat. Pisces), a term used in natural
history to denote every variety of animal inhabiting seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, &c. that
cfinnot exist for any consider.ible time out of the water. IJut in a commercial point of
vfew, those fishes only are referred to, that are caught by man, and used either as food
or for some other useful purpose. Of these, herring, salmon, cod, pilchard, mackarel,
turbot, lobster, oyster, whalt, &c. are among the most important. — ( See tho different
articles under these titles.)
The supply of fish in the seas round Britain is most abundant, or rather quite inex-
haustible. " The coasts of Gi-at liritain," says Sir John Boroughs, " doc yield such
a continued sea harvest of ^ai" and benefit to all those that with diligence doe labour
in the same, that no time or season of the ycare passeth away without some apparent
meanes of profitable employment, especially to such as apply themselves to fishing ; which,
from the beginning of the year unto the latter end, continucth upon some part or other
upon our coastes ; and these in such infinite shoales and multitudes of fishes are oflfered
to the takers, as may justly move admiration, not only to strangers, but to those that
daily are employed amongst them." — « That this harvest," says Mr. Barrow, " ripe for
gathering at all seasons of the year — without the labour of tillage, without expense of
seed or manure, without the payment of rent or taxes — is inexhaustible, the extra-
ordinary fecundity of the most valuable kinds of fish would alone afford abundant proof.
To enumerate the thousands, and even millions of eggs, which are impregnated in the
herring, the cod, the ling, and indeed in almost the whole iif the esculent fish, would give
but an inadequate idea of the prodigious multitudes in wliich they flock to our shores ;
the shoals themselves must be seen, in order to convey to the mind any just notion of
their aggregate mass." — (For an account of the shoals of herrings, see Herring.)
But, notwithstanding these statements, there has been, for these some years past, a
growing complaint of a scarcity of such ^^sh as breed in the Channel ; and it is afllirmed,
in the report of the Commons' committee of 1833, on the Channel fiiheries, that the
fact of such scarcity existing has been completely established. The committee ascribe
it to various causes, but principally to the destruction of the spawn or brood of fish, by
fishing with trawl or drag nets with small meshes, near the shore, during the breeding
season ; a practice prohibited by several statutes, which seem, however, to have fallen
into disuse. The committee represent the fishermen as being generally in a very de-
pressed state, and that the business is, for the most part, very unprofitablt. We believe
that this is the fact ; but we do not know any period when the same might not have
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I'lSH. — FLAX.
been said with cjuite as imiih truth as at present. Smith lirjs remarked, that from the
age of Theocritus downwards, fisliurnien have been i)r()verhially poor — {U'lnltk of Na-
tions, vol. i. p. 107.); and a library niifrht he filled wiili tiie acts, reports, jjlans, tracts,
&c. that have been printed in this country during the last 'J I'cnturies, contaiiiiiifr icfiu-
lations, schemes, suggestions, &c. for the improvement of fisheries and fishermen. iJut
it is not too much to say, that not one of these well meant endeavours, notwithstanding
the enormous exjjense incurred in carrying some of them into eflect, has been productive
of any material fidvantago ; and we see no reason to tiiink that the suggestions of the late
committee, supposing they were to be acted upon, would hav, any better success.
The injury done to the breeding grounds might, perhaps, be obviated ; but besides
this, the committee lay much stress on the encroachments of the rrench and otiier
foreign fishermen, and on the licence given to import foreign-caught turbot, &c. duty
free ! We confess, it appears to us quite visionary to sujjpose that these circumstances
can have much influence. Our fishermen, living upon the very shores of the bays to
which the French are said to resort, have advantages on their side sufficient, surely, to
insure them a superiority, without the forcible expulsion, sujiijosing that could be ac-
comi)lished, of their foreign competitors. A man who does not succeed in a business
carried on at his own door so well as one who resides 100 miles off, must look for
tlie cause in his want of skill or industry ; and should seek rather to improve himself
than to discard his rival. The proposition for excluding turbot, &c. of foreign catch,
is one that ought not to be listened to for a single moment. Such exclusion could not
be of the slightest advantage to the IJritish fishermen, unless it occasioned a rise in the
price of the fish ; and we need not say, that if the legislature bo to interfere at all in
tlie matter, its interference ought to have for its object the lowering, not the raising of
prices. »
All that it is possible to do for the fishery, by relieving it from tithes and oth.er bur-
dens, and facilitating the disj)osal of the fish in the markets of this and other countries,
ought to be done ; but except in so far as its interests may be promoted in this way, and,
perhaps, by some new regulations for preserving the brood, we do not see what more
is to be done by legislative interference. It will be seen, in our articles on the herring
and whale fisheries, that the bounty system was attended with vast expense, without
leading to any useFt.l result.
Except in London and a few sea-port towns, tlie consumption of fish in England is
not great. The price in the met>opolis, though it has been a good deal reduced of late
years, is still very high. This has been •retty generally believed to l)e in no small de-
gree owing to til J salesmen of Hillingsgate market being able, in .-i great measure, to
regulate both the supply of the article and its jirice. Tlie late committee, however,
declare, that though they have not minutely examined the subject, it does not ajipear
that any improper monopoly or injurious regulations subsist either in the mode of
supplying the market, or in the sale of the fish. Had any such existed, the recent
establishment of the liungerford market would have tended materially to counteract
their influence.
Mr. Barrow, in a valuable article on the fisheries, in the Supplement to the Encydopadia
Britannica, has estimated the value of the entire annual produce of the foreign and do-
mestic fisheries of Great Britain at 8,300,000/. But it is admitted by every one who
knows any thing of the subject, that this estimate is very greatly exaggerated. We
doubt much, whether the entire value of the fisheries can be reckoned so high as
3,500,000.
Regulations as to Importation. — Fresh flsli, nritisli taken, and imported in British ships; and fresh
turbots and lobsters, however taken or ini|)orted; may be landed in the United Kingdom witliout rcpoit,
entry, oi warrant. — {HSii Will. i. c. 51. S -■)
Fresh fish of every kind, of British taking, and imported In British ships ; and fresh lobsters and tuibots,
however taken, or in whatever ships iin|)ortcd ; and cured lish of every kind, of British taking and curing,
imported in British ships ; shall be imported free of all duties, and shall not be deemed to be inehidi'd in
any charge of dutj' imposed by any act hereafter to he made on the importation of goods generally ; pro.
vided that before any cured jish shall be entered free of duty, as being of such taking and curing, the
master of the ship importing the same shall make and suhscrib" a declaration before thecoUeetor or comi|>-
troller, that such lish was actually caught, taken in British ships, anil cured, wholly by his Majesty's 6ul).
Jects. — 5 44.
Fish of foreign taking or curing, or in foreign vessels, except turbots and lobsters, stockfish, live eels,
anchovies, sturgeon, botargo, and caviare, prohibited to he imported on pain of forfeiture. — % 58.
FLAX (Ger. Flachs ; Du. Vlasch ; Fr. Lin; It. and Sp. Lino; llus. Lvn, Lon ;
Pol. Len ; Lat. Linnm), an important plant (Linum usitutinnimum) that has been cul-
tivated from the earliest ages in Great Britain and many other cc-mtries : lis fibres being
manufactured into thread, and its seed crush ;d for oil. Generally, however, we have
been in the habit of importing a large proportion of our supplies. Tne premiums given
by t'l-e legislai ure to force the cultivation of flax, have had very little effect ; the fpct
being, as Mr. Loudon has stated, that its culture is found to be, on the whole, less profit-
able than that of corn. When allowed to ripen its seed, it is one of the most severe crops.
The principal sorts of flax imported into this country are, Petersburgh, Narva, Riga,
4
r
l-LAX-SEED.
581
Hcvel, Pc'rn!\ii, Liclr;; '^leinul, Obcrland, and Diitcli flax. The Petcisbur^h and Narva
flax arc nearly of tlic s.iiiu' quality, tlie latter Iieinj? l)ut little inferior to the former. IJoth
.sorts come to us in bundles of I'-J, !), and (> heads. The Riga flax seems to deserve the
preference of any impoited from the Haltic. It is the growth of the provinces of Marien-
bnrg, Druania, Thiesenhausen, and Lithuania.
The best Maricnburg is called simply Marionbiirg vM), or Maricnburf; clean ; the second quality, cut
((i M' ; ami the third, ris/rn ilrri/fxinil i III)) : of the three other provinces, the (irst quality bears the name
of rakitxer ; — as Druania iii/,ilzi'' (1)11), Thicsoihnuscn rakilxcr (I'll), and l.ithnanin rakitxcr (I.K).
'i'iie cut flax of these three provinces is the second quality : uid to the third quality belong the Imdslitb
and hiulsliih cut 1! and liti) ; \\vi piUcmmhr (I'N) ; and/((//v three hinid ^HI)). B<ifL\tiib aiul paternoster
are the refuse of the rnki/xer flax, and the t/iree biinti again the refuse of tlie former sorts, ajid consequently
very onlHiary. 1 he Hevel and I'ernaii consists of Marienburg, eut, riaten, ItaJ's three liiind, ani\ three
hiiiid. Tlie I.ielwu and Meniel growths are distinguished by tile denomination of Jaur and three liaiiil.
'I he.-L' two sorts, as well as the Obcrland Hax, come Irom Kunigsbcrg, Klbing, &c., and arc little esteemed
ill the liritisli markets.
Flanders or Dutch flax is well dressed, and of the finest quality.
Flax is extensively cultivated in Fgypt. Of late years, some of the Italian ports
which used to be suppiiLil from itu^^sia, have I)een fully supplied on lower terms from
Alexandria.
The Phdrmiiun teiia.v, or New Zealand flax, is said to exceed every other species iit
strength of fibre and whiteness ; (pialities which (if it really possess them in the degree
stated) must make it jieculiarly well fitted for being made into canvass and cordage. .It has
Isceii obtained within these flw years at seond hand from Sydney and Van Dicmeii's
Land; the injiorts from them having amounted, in 18;51, to 15,7'J.') cwt. Attempts are
now making, but with what success remains to be seen, to raise it iu this country.
^^'llen flax is brought to the principal jfiissian jiorts whence it is shipped, it is classified
according to its (jualities, and made up in bundles by sworn ins])ectors (hnickcrs) ap-
lioinli'd by goveniiiient I'or the assortment of that and all otlier merchandise. These
functionaries are said to perform their task with laudable impartiality and exactness. A
ticket is attached to every luindle of assorted flax, containing the names of the inspector
and owner, the sort of Hax, and the jieriod wlicn it was selected or inspected. — (See
IIi'.jii'.) Good flax should be of a fine bright colour, well separated from the tow,
codilla, or coarser jiortion of tin- plant ; and of a long, fine, and strong fibre. In pur-
chasing flax, it is usual to employ agents wholly devoted to this peculiar business.
Of <):5f),411 cwt. of flax and tow imported into Great Britain in 1831, G'23,25<j cwt.
were brought from Russia; rjH,'i;51 cwt. from the Netherlands; 101,7'29 cwt. from
I'nissia ; .'JoiS'J'l cwt. from France; 1,41,5 cwt. from Italy; 15,27!) cwt. from New
South Wales, &c. Almost the whcle of this quantity was retained for home consumption.
The duty was recentl- reducAl, and is now only It/, a cwt.
I'lax, the prodiiee or manufacture of lOuropc, not to lie imported for home consumption, except nt
Uritish ships, or in ships of the ooiintry of which it is the produce^ or of the country from which i« is im-
ported, on pain of forleitiire of the goods and UK)/, by the master of the ship. (,i iS; 4 III//. 1. c. 54.
We subjoin an account of the charges on the importation of the dillereiit sorts of tliix from I'ctcrsburgh
and Iliga.
C'h.ir^i's ;it I^ctfrslmrwli on 1'^ Ho.iil n.ix, ]ier ton.
t!irf.i, I'i linliliins ^^ C." pooUs= 1 ton.
Hon. cop.
Duty, .^< 10 coll. ptT hcn-ovit/. ... .^l 2
Ooaraoliiu' ilutv, 1 pi-ni-nt. - . - ,"51
Ailditioii.il iluty, lU iiLTi'cnt. - - . - 3 •10
H . ?7 7(i
Custom. Ifoitso rluircos, 1 ]ipr cent. - - 1 .'>1
Hfi'civinf; ami ^vt.'i^Ililll:, 'HI cop. per bobbin - (! 40
lirackin^, \ roiili. piT bcrcovitz - . . G ."o
Hiiulin^, 7'» con. per ili :, - - - 4 7'^
I.i^hter.i^c .iml attendance to Cronstaiit, S roub. per
IJOpixids - - - - . S 'in
Blats . . - . ..SO
Urokern^e, (iO cop. per ton • . -0 fiO
Kixiil charcea «. 73 09
Broker.ifio, K percent.
*'onunis.sion aiitl extra chav/tes, .T per cent.
Stunip'i, I l'i?r cent. ) ,
I*rol;i'r:.^i- o.i bill., ■ ,,cr cent. J - ''*"'' "'"*'
art' L'hitr^ft varviuK i.'cmdinK tt> th«» price paid.
Ili^fa (lax is hoviftht atho imidi pci vhippoumi, Hi i^hipiwund
=: I ton. ^
The cIiarKes of iiupottation are the same, or nearly so, as on
IVtersburgh (lax.
Charges hero, per ton, taking; the price at i.yf.
L
Insurance, Vis. Cut. per cent, and policy, diiring
the sunnner, tur hest rihkii
Sound dues ...
Fri i|,'lit, .'^ay 62«. iUI. per ton in full
Ctistiiiiis .....
I.andinfi chnrgcs . . . .
Dim -nt, 3^ piT cent. (Iicing sold at montlis*
iTc(lit) ....
lirokerage, J per cent.
Loss by tare, 2 per cent.
L.
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9 Head Klax.
2(> l)obltins =: (.." poiHls - - 1 ton. Ritii, Ci\
Fixed cbarKPi at retir»liur(ili .iniouni to - -BO
The oilier diarges same as on 1'^ hi ad ; the diaries
of import may be called tbe same as cm 12 bi ,iil
also, tbe dillei
makes tb
less .aiiiMitnt
Ti
lertnci.' ht inji nnlv on the value ; which
insiiriincc, di-count, and brokt r.ijjr, of
The increiihe ot' (ixed chHryL^ ;it
VlersburKh i-. nwhiK to the larger nunihcr el'
Iiobbins to the ton.
r> Hea.l Flax.
47 hnhbins =fi.'5 poods = 1 ton. Ihui. m,).
Fixed chart;es, ptr ton . . - - 'Ji i>%
Othir chargts, vult: suprti.
FLAX-SEED, OK LIXHEED (Fr. Lin, Gniinc de Lin ; Get. Leinsaat ; Du. Ljn.
sand; It. Linseme ; Sp. L«/iffca ; Port. i.i«/iaca ; Pol. Siemie, Inianc ; Ilus. Semju
lenjanm' ; Eat. Lini ncmev), the seed of flax. It contains a great deal of oil, which it
yields by expression ; and is cultivated either that it may be used iu sowing, or sent to
the crushing mills to be converted into oil.
As the tpiality of the crop depends much on the seed employed, a good deal of care is
requisite in selecting the best. Generally spiaking, it slunild be chosen of a bright,
brownish colour, oily to the feel, heavy, and iinite ficsb. Dutch iced is iu the hichest
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582 FLOTSAM, JETSAM, AND LAGAN. — FREIGHT,
estimation for sowing ; it not only r.pens sooner than any other that is imported, but
produces Lfger crops, and of the quality thf.t best suits our principal manufactures.
American sued produces fine flax, but tiie produce is not so large as from Dutch seed.
British flax-seed is sometimes used instead of Dutch ; but the risk of the crop misgiving
is so much greater, " that those only who arc ignorant of the consequences, or who .ire
compelled from necessity, are chargeable with this act of ill-judged parsiaiony." — {Lou-
don's Eiicij. of Ayriculture.) Crushing seed is principally imported from Russia, but
considerable quantities are also brought from Italy and Egypt. Of 2,759,10:5 bushels of
linseed imported m IS.'Jl, 2,210,702 were brought from Russia, 172,099 from Prussia,
106,291 fiom the United States, 105,448 from Italy, 98,847 from Egypt, 5;5,7;}8 from
the Netherlands, &c. The duty is Is. a quarter; and the price, in December, 1833,
varied from 45s. to 54s. a (piarter.
FLOTSAM, JETSAM, and LAGAN. Ii. order to constitute a legal wreck, the
goods must come to land. If they continue at sea, the law distinguishes them by the
foregoing uncouth and barbarous appellations : flotsam is when the good? continu'
swimming on the surface of the waves ; jetsam is when they are sunk under the surface
of the water ; and lagan is when they arc sunk, but tied to a cork or buoy to be found
again. — (Bluckstone, book i. c. 8.) Foreign liquors, brought or coming into Great
Britain or Ireland, as derelict, flotsam, &c., are to pay the same duties and receive the
same drawbacks as similar liquors regularly imported.
FLOUR (Ger. Feines muhl, Semmclinehl ; Du. Bloem ; Fr. Fleur de farine ; It. Fiore ;
Sp. Flor), the meal of wheat corn, finely ground and sifted. There are three qualities
of flour, denominated flrst, seconds, and thirds, of which the first is the purest. — (See
Corn Laws and Cokn Trade.)
FOOT, a measure of length, consisting of 12 inches. — (See Weights and
Measures.)
FORESTALLING, the buying or contracting for any cattle, provision, or mer-
chandise, on its way to the market, or dissuading persons from buying their goods
there, or persuading them to raise the price, or spreading any false rumour with intent
to enhance the value of any article. Several statutes had from time to timi been
passed, prohibiting forestalling under severe penalties. But as more enl-'vged 'ews
upon such subjects began to prevail, the impolicy of these statutes bccaTvr nh
They were consequently repealed in 1772. But forestalling is still pu' ... i.,
common law by fine and imprisonment. It is doubtful, however, whether any jury wuuld
now convict an individual accused of such practices. — ( Jrealt/i of Nations, vol. ii. p. 409.)
FRANKINCENSE. See Rosin.
FREIGHT, the sum paid by the merchant or other person hiring a ship, or part of
a ship, for the use of such ship or part, during a specified voyage or for a specified time.
The freight is most commonly fixed by the charterparty — (see CuARTERrAUTv) — or
bill of lading — (see Bill of Laoing); but in thj absence of any formal stipulations on
the subject, it would be due according to the custom or usage of trade.
In the case of a charterparty, if the stipulated payment be a gross sum for an entire
ship, or an entire part of a ship, for the whole voyage, the gross sum will be payable
although the merchant has not fully laden the ship. And if a certain sum be stipulated
for every ton, or other portion of the ship's capacity, for the whole voyage, the payment
must ue according to the number of tons, &c. which the ship is i)roved capable of con-
taining, without regard to the quantity actually put on board by the merchant. On the
other hand, if the merchant have stipulated to pay a certain sum per cask or bale of
goods, the payment must lie, in the first place, according to the number of casks and
bales shipped and delivered ; and if he have further covenanted to fiu'-nish a complete
lading, or a specific number of casks or bales, and fiiiled to do so, he must make good
the loss which the owners have sustained by his failure.
If an entire ship be hired, and the burden thereof be expressed in the charterparty,
and the merchant bind himself to pay a certain sum for every ton, &c. of goods whicii
he shall lade on board, but does not bind himself to furnish a complete lading, the
owners can only demand payment for the quantity of goods actually .shipped. But if
the merchant agree to load a full and complete cargo, though the ship be described as
of less burden than .she really is, the merchant must load a liiU cargo, according to the
real hurihn of the ship, and he will be liable for freight according to what ought to be
loaded.
The delivery of goods at the place of destination is in general necessary to entitle the
owner to freight ; but with respect to living animals, whether men or cattle, which may
frequently die during the voyage, without any faidt or neglect of the persons belonging
to the sliip, it is ruled, that if there be no express agreement whether the freight is to
bo ])aid for the lading, or for the transporting them, freight shall be \)aid as well for tli,>
dead as for the living: if the agreement be to pay freight for the lading, then death cer-
tainly cannot deprive the owners of the iVeigiit ; but if the agreement be to piiy freight
3
1
.1
FREIGHT.
583
for transporting thorn, then no freight is di'.c for those that die on the voyage, because
as to tliein the contract is not jjerformcd. These distinctions have been made in the
civil law, and have been .adopted into the modern systems of maritime law.
Freight is most frequently contracted to be paid either by the whole voyage or by
the month, or other time. In the former case the owners take upon themselves the
chance of the voyage being long or short : but in the latter the risk of the duration falls
upon tile merchant ; and if no time be fixed for the commencement of the computation,
it will begin from the day on which the ship breaks ground and commences her voyage,
and will continue during the whole course of the voyage, and during nil unavoidable
delays not occasioned by the act or neglect of the owners or master, or by such circiunstances
as occasion a suspension of the contract for a particular period. Thus, the freight will
be payal)le fur the time consumed in necessary repairs during a voyage, provided it tlo
not ajjpear that the ship was insufficient at the outset, or that there was any improper
delay in repairing her.
In the a!)sence of an express contiact to the contrary, the entire freight is not earned
until the whole cargo be rer.dy for delivery, or has been delivered to the consignee
according to the contract 'or its conveyance.
If a consignee receive goods in pursuance of the usual bill of lading, by which it is
expressed that he is to pay tlie freight, he, by such receipt, makes himself debtor for
the freight, and may be sued for it. But a person who is only an agent for the con-
signor, and who is known to the m.Tster to be acting in that character, does not make
himself personally answerable for the freight by receiving the goods, although he also
enters them in his own name at the Custom-house.
In some cases freight is to be paid, or rather an equivalent recompence made to the
owners, although the goods have not been delivered at the place of destination, and
though the contract for conveyance be not strictly performed. Thus, if part of the
cargo l)e thrown overboard for the necessary preservation of the ship and the remainder
of tlie goods, and the ship afterwards reach the place of destination, the value of this
part is to be answered to the merchant by way of general average, and the value of the
freiglit thereof allowed to the owner. So, if the master be compelled by necessity to
sell a part of the cargo for victuals or repairs, the owners must pay to the merchant the
price which the goods would have fetched at the place of destination ; and, therefore,
are allowed to charge the merchant with the money that would have been due if they
had been conveyed thither.
When goods are deteriorated during a voyage, the merchant is entitled to a compen-
sation, provided the deterioration has proceeded from the fault or neglect of the master
or mariners ; and of course he is not answerable for the freight, unless he accept the
goods, except by way of deduction from the amount of the compensation. On the other
hand, if the deterioration has proceeded from a principle of decay naturally inherent in
the commodity itself, whether active in every situation, or in the confinement and close-
ness of a shij), or from the perils of the sea, or the act of God, the merchant must beai
the loss and pay the freight ; for the master and owners are in no fault, nor does their
contract contain any insurance or warranty against such an event. In our West India
trade, the freight of sugar and molasses is usually regulated by the weight of the casks
at the port of delivery here, which, in fact, is in every instance less than the weight at
the time of the shipment ; and, therefore, the loss of freight occasioned by the leakage
necessarily falls upon the owners of the ship by the nature of the contract.
DiflTerent opinions have been entertained by Valin, Pothier, and other great authorities
as to maritime law, with respect to the expediency of allowing the merchant to abandon
liis goods for freight in the event of their being damaged. This question has not been
judicially decided in this country. " The only point," says Lord Tenterden, " intended
to be jjroposed by me as doubtful, is the right to abandon for freight alone at the port
of destination: and in point of practice, I have been informed that this right is never
claimed in this country." — (Law of Shipping, part iii. c. 7.)
Freight being the return made for the c iveyanceof goods or passengers to a particular
destination, no claim arises for its payment in the event of a total loss ; and it is laid
down by Lord Mansfield, that " in case of a total loss with salvage, the merchant may
cither take the part saved, or abandon." — {Abbott, part iii. c. 7.) IJut after the merchant
has made his election, he must alnde by it.
It often liajjpens that a ship is liiied by a ch.nrterparty to sail from one port to another,
and thence liack to tlie first — as, for example, from London to Leghorn, and from Leg-
horn back to London — at a certain sum to be paid for every month or otlier period of
the duration of the employment. Upon such a contract, if the whole be one entire voyage,
and the ship sail in safety to Leghorn, and there deliver the goods of the merchant, and
take others on board to be brought to London, but happen to be lost in her return
thither, notliing is due for freight, although the merchant has had the benefit of the
voyage to Leghorn ; but, if the outward and homeward voyages be distinct, freight will be
2 1' i
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( ;,
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fJMll
M. il-
584
FllUlT.— FUNDS.
A !
I
due for the proportion of the time employed in the outward voyage. " If," said Lord
Maiisfiehl, in a case of this sort, " tliere be one entire foyatje out and in, and the ship be
cast away on the iionieward voyage, no freight is due ; no wages are due, because tlie
whole profit is lost ; and by express agreement the parties may make the outward and
homeward voyage one. Notiiing is more common than two voyages : tflurecer there are
two voi/ayes, and one is performed, and tlic ship '■; lost on the homeward voyage, freight
is due for the first." — (A'. B. Trin. Term, 16 Geo. 3.)
It frequently happens that tlie master or owner fails to complete his contract, either
by not delivering tiie whole goods to the consignee or owner, or by delivering them at a
place short of their original destination ; in these cases, if the owner or consignee of the
goods derive any benefit from their convei/aitce, he is liable to the payment of freight ac-
cording to the proportion of the voyage |)erformed, or pro rata itineris peracti ; and though
contracts of this nature be fre(iuently entire and indivisible, and the master or owner of
tlie ship cannot, from their nature, sue thereon, and recover a rateable freight, or pro
rata itineris ; yet he may do so i.pon a fresh implied contract, for as nnich as he deserves
to have, unless there be an express clause in the original charterparty or contract to the
contrary. A fresh im])lied contract is inferred from the owner's or consignee's acceptance
of the goods. Many difficulties have, indeed, arisen in deciding as to what shall amount
to an acceptance : it is not, however, necessary actually to receive the goods ; acceptance
may be made by the express or implied directions, and with the consent, of the owner or
consignee of the goods, but not otherwise.
It sometimes hajjpens that the owner of the ship, wlio is originally entitled to the
freight, sells or otherwise disposes of his interest in the ship; where a chartered ship is
sold before the voyage, the vendee, and not the vendor or party to whom he afterwards
assigns the charterparty, is entitled to the freight. Hut where a ship has been sold duriny
the voyage, t ■'e owner, with whom a covenant to pay freight has been made, is entitled
to the freigh'. and not the vendee. A mortgfigee who does not take possession, is not
entitled to ti "■ "-h*.
Tlie tin e ai.i vr of paying freight are frequently regulated by express sti])uIations
in a charterparty, her written contract ; and when that is the case, tiiey must be re-
spected ; but if theiv i)e no express stipidation contrary to or inconsistent with the right
of lien, the goods remain iis a security till the freight is paid ; for the master is not bound
to deliver them, or any jiart of them, without payment of the freight and other charges
in respect thereof. but the master cannot detain the cargo on board the vessel till
these payments be made, as the merchant would, in that case, have no op])ortunity of
examining the condition of the goods. In England, the practice is, when tlie master is
doubtful of payment, to send such goods as are not required to be landed at any par-
ticular wharf, to a pidilic wharf, ordering the wharfinger not to jiart with them till the
freight and other charges are paid. No right of lien for freight can exist, unless the
freight be earned ; if the freighter or a stranger prevent the freight from becoming due,
the ship owner or master's remedy is by action of damages.
(For further information and details with respect to this subject, see the art. Chauter-
PARTY, in this Dictionary; Abbott (Lord Tenterden) on the Law of Skipping, part iii.
C.7. ; Chittys Commercial Law, vol. iii. c. 9. ; Molloy de. Jure Maritimo, book ii. c. 4., ijr. )
FRUIT (Ger. Ol)st, Frdchte ; Du. Ooft ; Fr. Fruit ; It. Frutta, Frutte ; S]). Fr-afa ;
Rus. Ownschtsch ; I«at. Fructum). This appellation is bestowed by commercial men
upon those species of fruit, such as oranges, lemons, almonds, raisins, currants, apples,
&c., which constitute articles of importation from foreign countries.
FULLERS' EARTH (Ger. Walkererde; Du. y„ldarde ; Fr. Terre dfoulon; It.
Terra da piirgatori ; Sp. Tierra de batan ; Rus. Schiffernaia ; Lat. Terra fullonnm), n
species of clay, of a greenish white, greenish grey, olive and oil green, and sometimes
spotted colour. It is usually opaque, very soft, and feels greasy. It is used by fullers
to take grease out of cloth before they apply the soap. The best is found in IJucking-
hamshire and Surrey. When good, it has a greenish white, or greenish grey colour,
falls into powder in water, appears to melt on the tongue like butter, communicates a
milky hue to water, and deposits very little sand when mixed with boiling water. The
remarkable detersive property on woollen cloth depends on the alumina, which should
be at least one fifth of the whole, but not much more than one fourth, lest it become too
tenacious. — (Thomson's Crwmistry ,- Jameson's Mineralogy.^ Malcolm, in his Survey of
Surrey, published in 1809, says that he took considerable pains in endeavouring to
ascertain the consumption of fidlers' earth, and that he found it to be about C,:?00 tons
a year for the entire kingdom, of which about 4,0(X) tons were furnished by Surrey.
FUNDS (PirBMc), the naiue given to the public funded debt due by government.
The practice of borrowing money in order to defray a part of the war expenditure
began, in this country, in the reign of William II' In the infancy of the practice, it
was customary to borrow upon the security of sou \, or ])ortion of a tax, set ajiart as
a fund for discharging the principal and interest of . c sum borrowed. This discharge
f \
FUNDS.
I
I
f
uas, however, very rarely effl'ctecK The public exigencies still eontimiiiig, the loans
vere, in most cases, either continued, or the taxes were again mortgaged for I'resli ones.
At length tlie practice of l)orrowing for a fixed ])eri<;d, or, as it is connnoidy termed,
upon tirtiiiiiitlilc annuities, was almost entirely abandoned, and most loans were made
upon iiif( rmiiKihle amiuities, or until such time as it might be convenient for government
to pay ofl'the principal.
In the beginning of the funding system, the term fund meant the taxes or funds
ajjpropriated to the discharge of the principal and interest of loans ; those who held
government securities, and sold them to others, selling, of course, a corresponding claim
iipon some fund. Hut after the debt began to grow large, and the practice of jjorrow-
ing upon interminal)le annuities had been introduced, tlie meaning attached to the term
fund was gradually changed ; and instead of signifying the security upon which loans
were advanced, it has, for a long time, signified the principal of the loans themselves.
Owing partly, perhaiis, to the scarcity of disijosable capital at the time, but fiir more
to the supposed insecurity of the Revolutionary establishment, the rate of interest j)aid
l)y govermnent in the early part of the funding system was, comparatively, high. J5ut
as the country became richer, and the confidence of the public in the stability of govern-
ment was increased, ministers were enabled to take measures for reducing the interest,
first in ITlfi, and again in 1749.
During the reigns of William III. and Anne, the interest stipulated for loans was
very various. lint in the reign of George II. a diiFerent practice was adopted. In-
stead of varying the interest upon the loan according to the state of the money market
at the time, the rate of interest was generally fixed at three or t/irec and n half per cent. ;
the necessary variation being made in liie principal funded. Thus, sujipose government
were anxious to borrow, that tliey i)referred borrowing in a 3 per cent, stock, and tliat
they could not 7ieg()tiate a loan for less than *lA |)er cent. ; they eflected their object by
giving the lender, in return for every 100/. advanced, 1501. ;) iier cent, slock; that is,
tliey bound the country to pay him or his assignees •!/. lO.v. a year in all time to come,
or, otherwise, to exiinguisb the debt by a iiaynient of \50l. In conseijuence of tlie
prevalence of this practice, the principal of the debt now existing amounts to nearly two
fifths more than the sum actually advanced by the lenders.
Some advantages are, however, derivable, or supjiosed to bo derivable, from this
system. It renders the management of the debt, and its transfer, more simple and
commodious than it would have been, had it consisted of ii great nunil)er of funds bear-
ing different rates of interest : and it is contended, that the greater field for speculation
afforded to the dealers in stocks bearing a low rate of interest, has enabled government
to borrow, by funding additional capitals, for a considerably less payment on account of
interest than would have been necessary had no such increase of cai)ital been made.
Were this a proper place for entering upon such discussions, it would be easy to show
that the advantages now referred to are really of very trifling importance; and that the
method of funding by an increase of capital lias been a most improvident one, and most
injurious to the public interests. But it would be quite foreign from the objects of this
work to enter into any examination of such questions ; our readers will, however, find
them fully investigated in an article in the 9;id \o. of the Edinliiin/h Herieii: Here
we have merely to consider fun led property, or government securities, as transferable
or marketable commodities. Th." following is an account of the progress of the national
debt of Great Britain, from the Uevolution to the present time: —
rrincipal.
Interest.
Debt at the Revolution in IfiSO . - - ■
Excess of ilt'bt contractetl during the reign of WiUlam III. above debt
paid off - - - ...
£
C<H,2t)3
15,7;)0,t39
£
1,27 1, 0S7
Debt at the accession of Queen Anne in 1702 - . -
Debt contracted during yucen Anne's reign - ...
It;,.-J!lt,7ii2
37,7;)(),(ii)l
1,310,!H2
2,()4(l,+lli
Del)t at Che .-ccesslon of George T. in 171+ - -
Debt I aiil ofl' during tlie reign of George I. above debt contracted
54,14;'j,.jri3
2,():)3,I'2J
3,3.">1,3.')H
1,1.;3,N(I7
Debt at the accession of George 11. in 1727 - - -
Debt I'ontracted from the accession of George 11. till the peace of Paris
ill i7l)3, 3 years after the accession of (icorgc III.
5-2,01)2,238
S(),773,!!'2
2,217,.0J1
2,ft34,;70O
Dobt in ]7G,3 - - - ...
Paid during peace ... . .
i.;,s,w;.'),4.io
llV-'HI,7i)J
4,8,"/J,0."j1
3«0,+H0
Debt at the rommenrcment of the American war in 1773
Debt contracted during the American war ...
12S,r)S.),(!.).)
121,2ii7,i':i3
4,471, ,'571
4,i.l.S0,20l
Debt at the conclusimi of the American war in 17S+
Paid during peace, from 17H+ to 17!'.'3
24!I,8.^1,(;2S <l,+.')l,77'i
i(),.-i()i,.;s() 2+;,277
Debt at the commencement of the French war in 17D3
Debt contracted during the French war ...
23!i,3')0,l4S I !l,2(W,4!),">
li()S,',>32,321) 1 24,r>l,".,<)7l
Total funded aniUinfuiideddi.bt, ,";fh of.l.Tuu.nry, ISl", vvlicnilie English
Slid Irisli Kx(lu-i|\M'r.^ were cciii(ili(bil('il ' .
S4S,2S-2,+77
.3,!,8.-4,4fir.
/,«
i;!
V.M
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586
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587
Since 1817, a deductum has l)cen made of about sij;/;/ millions from the principal of
the dcl)t, and about Jiir. millions from the annual charf^u on its accoiuit. This diminu-
tion has heen principally effected by taking advantage of the fall in the rate of interest
since the jjcacc, and ollcring to pay otl" the holders of different stocks, unless they con-
sentcd to accept a reduced j)iiyment ; and had it not been for the highly objectionable
practice, already adverted to, of funding large capitals at a low rate of interest, the saving
in this way might have been incom]>arably larger. — (See Table on opposite l>age. )
\Ve shall now subjoin some account of the different funds or stocks forming the
public debt.
I. FUNBS BEARING INTEREST AT ThREE PER CeNT.
1. South Sea Debt and Annuities, — This portion of the debt, amounting, on the 5th
of January, 18;5;j, to 10,144,,';81/., is all that now remains of the ca))ital of the once famous,
or rather infamous. South Sea Company. The Company has, for a considerable time
past, ceased to have any thing to do with trade : so that the functions of the directors
are wholly restricted to the transfer of the Comjjany's stock, and the payment of the
dividends on it; both of which operations are performed at the South Sea House, and
not at the liank. The dividends on the old South Sea annuities are payable on the .'Jth
of April and lOtb of October ; the dividends on the rest of the Company's stock are
payable on the 5th of J.lniiary and 5tli of July.
2. Debt due to the Bank of Enrjland. — This consists of the sum of 14,686,800Z. lent
by the IJank to the public at 3 per cent. ; dividends payable on the 5th of April and
loth of October. This must not be confounded with the Bank capital of 14,55;J,()00/.,
on which the stockholders divide. The dividend on the latter has been 8 per cent, since
18215. — (See a«^t', p. 81.)
.'}. liank Annuities created in 1726. — The civil list settled upon George I. was
700,000/. a year ; but having fallen into arrear, this stock was created for the purpose
of cancelling Exchequer bills that had been issued to defray the arrear. " The capital is
irredeemable ; and being small, in comparison with the other public funds, and a stock in
which little is done on sjjeculation, the price is generally at least 1 per cent, lower than
the ;j per cent, consols." — ( Cohen's edit, of Fairinan oh the Funds, p. 40.)
4. Three per Cent. Consols, or Consolidated Annuities. — This stock forms by much the
largest portion of the public debt. It had its origin in 1751, when an act was passed,
consolidating (hence the name) several separate stocks bearing an interest of ;5 per cent,
into one general stock. At the period when the consolidation took place, the principal
of the funds blended together amounted to 9,1:57,821/. ; but by the funding of additional
loans, and parts of loans, in this stock, it amounted, on the 5th of January, 1833, to the
immense sum of 347,458,931/. !
The consolidated annuities are distinguished from the 3 per cent, reduced annuities,
by the circumstance of the interest upon them never having been varied, and by the di-
vidends becoming due at different periods. This stock is, from its magnitude, and tlic
proportionally great numb'jr of its holders, the soonest afTected by all those circumstances
which tend to elevate or depress the price of funded property. And, on this account, it
is the stock which speculators and jobbers most commonly select for their operations.
Dividends payable on the 5th of January and 5th of July.
5. Three per Cent. Beduced Annuities. — This fund was established in 1757. It con-
sisted, as the name implies, of several funds which had previously been borrowed at a
higher rate of interest ; but, by an act passed in 1749, it was declared that such holders
of the funds in question as did not choose to accept in future of a reduced interest of 3
per cent, should be paid off, — an alternative which comparatively (q\v embraced. The
debts that were thus reduced and consolidated, amounted, at the establishment of the
fund, to 17,571,574/. 15y the addition of new loans, they now amount to 123,029,913/.
Dividends payable on the 5th of April and 10th of October.
II. Funds bearing siore than Tjiree per Cent. Interest.
1. Annuities at 3^ per Cent., 1818. — This stock was formed in 1818, partly by a sub-
scrijition of 3 per cent, consolidated and 3 per cent, reduced annuities, and partly by a
suhscrijjtion of F.xchequer bills. It was made redeemable at jiar any tune after t!ie 5th
of April, 1829, u])on months' notice being given. Dividends payable on the 5th of
Ajjril and 10th of October. The capital of this stock amounts to 12,350,802/.
2. Beduced 3 J per Cent. Annuities. — This stock was created in 1824, by the transfer
It is redeemable at plea-
Amount, on the 5th of
of a stock bearing interest at 4 per cent. (Old 4 per cents.)
sure. Dividends payable 5th of April and 10th of October.
January, 1833, «3,45"3,824/.
3. New 3^ per Cent, yinnnities. — This p ock was formed by the act 11 Geo. 4. e. 1?-.,
out of the stock known by the name of " New 4 (ler cents.," amounting on the 5th of
January, 1830, to 144,331,212/. The holders of this 4 per cent, stock had their option,
H;
r 1 «!
I 'i I I
■A
m
\ \\
ai,
,: il
588
FUNDS,
1^1
mt
either to subscribt' it into tlio new ;?\ per eent. aniuiiiii's, or into a now 5 per cent, stock,
at the rate of 100/. I per cents, for 70/. f) \wr cents. Dissentients to be pai<l od". Only
4G7,71;i/. new '> per cent, stock was created under this arranfjement. Tiie sum re{iuire(J
to i)ay dissentients was 2,(> 1 0,000/. The new :iS per cent, stock tiiat was tlius created,
amounted, on the ,^tii of January, 18:53, to 1,'J7,6' 13,820/. Dividends payable 5th of Ja-
nuary and r>lh {)f July.
4. Fiiur per Cint. Annuities, created 182(). — By virtue of the act 7 CJeo. 4. c. 39.
3,000,000 of Excheipier bills were funded, at the rate of lO"/. 4 \wr eent. annuities for
every lO!)/. bills. In 18'J!) (10 Geo. 4. e. 31.), 3 additional niiMionsof lUchequer bills
were tuniled in this stock, at the rate of 101/. lO.v. stock for every iOO/. bills. Dividends
payable ."ith of April and 10th of October. Amount, atli of January, 1833, 10,7i>(j,340/.
A considerable sum has l)een transferred from this stock for the purchase of annuities
und'.'r the U) (Jeo. 4. e. '_'4.
5. New 5 per Cent. — AmoiuU, 5th of January, 1833, 402,737/. — (See above, 3. A\'w
G^ per Cent, .Innuities.)
III. Annuities.
1. Loni/ Annuities. —
ex])ire to^iether in 186'().
the subscribers to loans.
These annuities wove created at difTeront periods, but they all
They were chiefly ffranted by way of j)remiums or douceurs to
Payable on the 5th of April and lOtli of October.
2. Annuities per 4 (ieo. 4. c. 22. — This amuiity is jjayable to the Bank of England,
and is commonly known by the name of the " Dead weight " annuity — (sec(J«/r, p. 80.).
It expires in 1H(')7. It is equivalent to ii perpetual annuity of 470,319/. 10«.
3. Annuities per 4H Geo. 3. and \0 Geo. 4. c. 24. — These acts authorised the com-
missioners for the reduction of the national debt, to grant annuities for terms of years,
an<l life annuities; accepting in payment either money or stock according to rates spe-
cilied in Tables to be apj-roved by the Lords of the Treasury. No aimuities are granted
on the life of any nominee imder 15 years of age, nor in any case not aiiprovetl by the
commissioners. Aimuities for terms of years not granted for any period less than ten
years. These annuities arc transferable, but not in parts or shares. Those for terms of
years, payable 5tli of January and 5th of July ; and those for lives, 5th of ;\i)ril and
loth of (Jctober.
The annuities for terms of years granted under the above acts, amounted, on thelOlh
of October, 1830, to 772,758/., being ecpial to a perpetual annuity of 491,058/. The life
annuities amounted, at the same period, to 6'0'fi,411/., being equal to a perpetual annuity
of 2 ■f),071/. — (i^"r/. Paper, No. 174. Sess. 1831.)
Irish Debt. — It seems imnecessary to enter into any details with respect to the
public debt of Ireland. The various descriptions of stock of which it consists, and their
amount, are specified above. The dividends on the Irish debt are jiaid at the Hank of
Ireland ; and in order to accommodate the public, stock may be transferred, at the ])lea-
sureof the holders, from Ireland to Great Britain, and from the latter to tlie former.
Exchequer Jiil/s, are bills of credit issued l)y authority of ))arliamcnt. They are for
various sums, and bear interest (at present at the rate of l})d. per diem, per 100/.)
according to the usual rate at the time. The advances of the Bank to government are
made upon Exchequer bills ; and the daily transactions between the Bank and govern-
ment are principally carried on through their intervention. Notice of the tiin' at wlu'cli
outstanding Excheciuer bills are to be paid off is given by public advertisement. Bankers
prefer vesting in Exchequer bills to any other species of stock, even thougli the interest
be for the most part comiiaratively low ; because the capital may be received at the
Treasury at the rate originally paid for it, the holders being exempted from any risk of
fluctuation. Exchequer bills were first issued in lrj96, and have been annually issued
ever since. The amount outstanding, and unprorided for, on the 5th of January, 1833,
was 27,278,000/.
India Stock and India J}onds, are iilways quoted in the lists of the prices o*" the ijublic
funds. The stock on which the East India Company divide is 6,000,000/. ; .he dividend
on which has been, since 1793, 10^ jier cent. ; and is to remain at that r-.tc during the
continuance of the charter. India bonds are generally for 100/. each ; and bear at pre-
sent 2i- per cent, interest, payable 31st of March and ,30th of September. In selling
them, the interest due down to the day of sale is, with the premium, added to tlie amount
of the bills ; the total being the sum to be jiaid by the purchaser. The premium, which
is, consequently, the only variable part of the price, is influenced by tlie circumstances
which influence the price of stocks generally, — the number of bonds in circulation, &c.
The price of stocks is influenced by a variety of circumstances. Whatever tends to
shake or to increase the public confidence in the stability of government, tends, at the
same time, to lower or increase the jjrice of stocks. They are also afFected by the state
of the revenue ; and, more than all, by the facility of obtaining sujjplies of disposable
capital, and the interest which may be realised upon loans to responsible persons.
FUNDS.
58«J
fl
From 17.'!0 till the rebellion of 1745, the ;i jier cents, were never inuler 8f), and were
once, in June, 17:J7, as hi{^h as 107. Diiriii{r fhc rehellion fliey sunk to 7(i ; hut in
171!) rose apiin to 100. In the interval hetwuun the pcaet- of I'aris, in 17*;.!, and the
hreakinj^ out i " Mie American war, they averajred tVoni tio to 90; but towards ilif close
of the war tliey sunk to 'yl. In 17;)'-', they were, atone time, as hii^h as !»;. In 17i>7,
the iJTospejts of the country^ owiii};; to tlie successes of the French, the nmtiny in IJie
fleet, and other adverse eireumstances, were by no means favourable ; and, in conscijucMce,
the price of;} per cents, sunk, on the 'JOth of September, on the intelligence transpiriuff
of an attem|)t to neirotiate with the French republic having failed, to 47^, being the
lowest price to wliicli they have ever fallen.
Prices of J per Cent Consols, in February und August, each Year since IS'-X. — {Itfport qf Bank Cum-
mith-e.)
\v:\TS.
rrirutifrouKol.s.
CH^ per cent.
Yfars.
i'rit'eor(N)tiM*Is. |
\H20. I' bniary
18'Jt). February
.
77; ia>r cc-ut. |
/* a^iist
l.Ti —
August
-
7!), — 1
lf<2l. ' I'hnuiry
18i!7. I'ebruary
-
hi, —
August - - -
7(i'j —
7s| -
Augu.-t
-
8ii, -
18;.'. lVl)Hiary
18'J8. I'ebruary
.
8.S —
AiiKiist
so J -
August
.
87 —
8l>x —
1S2J. I'l'bruary
7.j —
1829. February
August
i<4 -
Augunt
-
8.^1 —
18'.'+. l-iliniury
18,3(). February
ill I —
Au;^ust - - -
'X4 -
August
-
tXi . —
1825. I'uhruary
18.31. February
.
77i —
August - - -
87i -
August
- -
81 -
The following is a statement of the prices of the dillercnt descriptions of British funds
during the 0" days commencing with Saturday, the 14th of December, lH;i3.
Description of Stuck.
Saturday.
.Monday.
Tuestlay.
»\'etliU'sti.ly. 'I'lmi^d.ty.
rriday.
Hank stock, dividend 8 per cent.
•JlO 11
iJKi :i
i-'ioi 11-;
i-'Kij Hi 2iii 11
'211ri 11
S per cent, reduced - . . -
«7i ,
8sa i
m
S/* < ' ■
87s
87,; i
87i 8
.') per cent, consols for account
"M
88|
8»J
88-; 8Lia
.)} per cent, aniuiities, 1818
di per cent, reduced . . . -
New „^ per cent, amuiities - - -
yi;g .1
Wi^ J
!«i4
•ItiJ 5
fCJ i
illli 7
New 4 per cent, annuities, 182(1
i(«-j 4
Wi'^ i
103g
l()3J 1
l')3i f
103i 5
New ;) |)er cent. - - - • .
.
Long aniuiities, expire ,5 Jan. ISfiO -
Kii 1j-1i)
.
i«5
KiJ IJ.IG
l(i^ 15.1 fi
Hi 1.5.1G 17
New annuities, .Ian. and July - -
South Sea stock, divitlend .i} percent.
Do. old annuity, dividend i per cent.
Do. new annuity, dividend i per cent.
;i per cent, aniuiities, 1751 - - -
India iKjnds.'JJ [ler cent. . - -'J2.s'.24i. pm
•:2v.2l.s'.pin
J'^,s-21.'J )iui
ins.<2'2s. pn
Jll.v.21.«.|i.n
2U.— .t. p-.n
Kxcheciuer bills, IJrf. l(K)/. - - l.J.v.-H*-. pm
l.;.v.H4- ini;
t'.'.v. — \nu
U.v.-lis. pn
H4-.4'Zs-.ii.n
iUA'ls. pni
Hank stock for account - -'-'10 11
21(1 U
Jll
India stock, dividend HIJ per cent. -!
Agreements for the sale of stock are generally made at the Stock Exchange, which is
fretjuented by a set of middlemen called jobbers, whose business is to accommodate the
buyers and sellers of stock with the exact sums they want. A jobber is generally jios-
sessed of considerable jiroperty in the funds ; and he declares a jirice at which he will
either sell or buy. Thus, he declares he is ready to buy fi per cent, consols at 8.5^, or
to sell at 8,)^ ; so that, in this way, a jierson wiliiiig to buy or sell any sum, however
small, has never any difficulty in finding an individual with whom to deal. The jobber's
profit is generally ^ per cent., for which he transacts both a sale and a jiurehase. lie
fretpiently confines hitn.self entirely to this .sort of business, and engages in no other
description of stock speculation.
We borrow the following details from Dr. Hamilton's valuable work on the National
Debt : —
" A l)argain fn • the sale of stock, being agreed on, is carried into execution at the Transfer Office, nt
the Hank, or toe South Sea House. For this purpose the seller makes out a note in writing, which con.
tains the name and designatii>n of the seller and purchaser, and the siuii and docription of tlu^ stock to
be transferred. He delivers this to the i)roper clerk* ; and then .n s up a receipt, a printed Ibruiof which,
with blanks, is obtained at the ottice. 'I'he clerk in the uie.in time x.tmines the seller's accounts, and if
he find him pos.sessinl of the stock ])roi)osed to be sold, he makes o.ii the transfer. This is signed in the
books by the seller, who delivers the receipt to the clerk; and jpon the |)urcliascr's signing his acceptance
in the book, the clerk signs the receipt as witness. It is then delivered to the purchaser njion payment of
the money, and thus the business is comple. I.
" This busine.<s is generf. y transacted by brokers, wlio derive their authority from their employers by
powers of attorney. Forms '' these are obtaiiu-U at the respective offices. Some authorise the broker to
• The letters of the alph.ibct are pl.iced round the room, and the seller must apply to the clerk who has
his station under the initial of his name. In all the offices, there are supervising clerks who join in wit-
nessing the . •an.'ifer.
m
I
I
f H
i1 \
i i,
W M
! I'
590
FUNDS.
■
ilH
'!R
In
ID
I^^M
(I^B
I
-t. t
icU, othcM to nrcopt a piircliasp, ami otlicrs to rcri'ivclhrilivldciula. Smno romiirclinul all tlioHp ohjprtf,
and the two last arc KCiicr.illy unitul. I'owcrs ul' attiiriioy aiitliorisliiK to sell iiiUHt hi' (U'liositcil in the
imiprr cilHi'i- t'ur cxaiuiiiatioii one ilayboloru selling : a stockholder actiOK personally, alter KrantiiiK a letter
of attorney, revokes it liy iniplieation.
" The person in whr)se name the stork is invested when the hooks arc shut, previons to the payment of
the ilividend.H, receives the dividend lor the h.dl' year preceding , and, therclbre, a purchaser during tlio
currency of the half year has the henelit of the interest on stock he huys, from the hist term of payment
to the day of transfer. 'I'he price of stock, therefore, rises xradually, r,c/iri.i piinhits, from term to tern; ;
ami when the dividend is paid, it underKoes a fall eijual thereto. 'I'liun, the .> per cent, consols shoidd he
higher than the .< per cent, reduced hy J per ci'iit. from the /itli of April to the .'itli of , Inly, and from the
10th of Octoher to the .Oth of .lanuary ; and should he as nuich lower tVom the ."itli of .lanuary to the "ith
of March, and from the .'ith of .Inly to the luth of October ; and this is nearly the ciue. Accidental eir.
Cinnstanccs may occasion a slight ile\ iation.
" The dividciids ou the dill'crcnt stcjcks heiuK payable at iliH'erent terms, it is in the power of the stock-
holders ti> invest their property in such a manner as In draw their income quarterly.
" The busiiuss of speculating in the stocks is fouTided on the variation of the price of stock, which it
probably tends in some measure to support. It consists in buying or scllini^ stock accordin){ to the views
entertained, by those who euKaKC in tins busiiu'ss, of the probability of the value rising or falli.ift.
" This business is partly conducted by |iersons who have property in the funds ilut a practice ds i pre.
vails amoiiK those who have no such property, of contractiiiK (or the sale of stock on a future day at a
price .lurched on. Tor example, A. may .aurec to sell H. l(),(MiO/. of ;) per cent, stock, to be transfeired in
'JO days, for (i.Olill/. A. has, in fact, no such stock ; but if the price ou the day appointed fur the transfer
I)e only .jH, he may purchase as nuu-h as will enable him to fullil his bargain fur .'i.siiO/., and thus },'ain 2oO/,
hy the trans.iction : on the other hand, if the price of that stock shouUI rise to (ii, he will lose -(Ki/. I he
liusiiu'ss is generally settled without anjf.ictnal purchase of stock, or tiansfer ; A. payiuK to H. or receiving
from him the ditference between the price of st<ick on the day of settlemerd, and the price agreed ou.
" 'i'his practice, which .amounts to nothing else than a wager concerning the price of stock, is not sane-
tioned by law; jet it is carried on to a great extent: and .is neither party can be compelled by law to
implement these bargains, their sense of lionour, and the disgrace attending a breach of contract, are the
principles by which the business is supported, i n the languijge of the .Stock Kxchange, the buyer is called
II liu/l, and the seller a Jii'iir, and the person who refuses to jmy his loss is called a La»ir Duck ; and the
names of these defaulters are exhibited in the .Stock Kxchange, where they dare not appear atlerwards.
" These bargains are usually m.ide for cert.ain days fixtMl by a romnnltee of the Stock Kxchange, called
settling (tiii/s, of which there are about S in the year ; viz. one in each of the months of .lanuary, Kel)ruary,
April, May, .Uily, August, October, and Novend)eri .and they .are always on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thurs-
day, or Friday, being the days on which the commissioners for the reduction of the national debt make
i)urcha.ses. The settling days in January and July are always the first days of the opening of the Hank
tjooks for p\iblic transfer ; and these days are notified at the Hank when the consioU ire diut to prepare
for the diviileiid. The |)rice at which stock is sold to be transferred on the next setl -''■' , is called the
price on account. Sometimes, instead of closing the .account on the settling day, tue . w. ' is carried on
to a future day, on such terms .^s the parties agree on. 'I'his is called a continuation.
" All the Imsiness, however, which is done in the stocks /or ///hc, is not of a gambling n.aturc. In a
place of .so extensive commerce as l<<mdnn, opulent merchants, who jhis.scss property in the funds, and are
unwilling to part with it, have frequently occ;usion to raise money for a snort time. Their resource in
this Ciise is to sell for money, and buy for .account ; and although the money raised in this manner costs
more than the legal interest, it affords an imiiortant accommodation, and it may be rendered strictly legal
and recoverable."— (Third chI. pp. i)14 — 1317.)
It woultl bo foreign to the object of tbi.s work to enter upon any cx.imination of the
comparative advantages and disadvantages of the funding system. I'eriiaps, on tiic wliole,
the latter preponderate ; thougli it is not to be denied tliat the former are very consider-
able. The purchase of funded properly affords a re.'idy method of investment ; and as
neither the Bank of England, nor any of the London j)rivate banks, allows interest upon
dei)0.sits, it is plain th.it, wore it not for the facilities given !)y the funds, individuals un-
able to employ their savings in some branch of business, would derive no advantage from
them, unle.ss they resorted to the hazardous expedient of lending i,pon private credit. In
Scotland, where the public and private banks are universally in the habit of allowing
interest upon dcpo.sits, the advantages of funded investments are not quite so obvious,
though probably as great ; for it may be doubted whether the banks could afford interest,
or whether, indeed, they could be conducted at all, without the aid of the funds.
The sul)joined account of the niunber of dividend warrants issued fti the h.ilf year
ending with the 5th of January, I S.^S, is a very important docimient. The large num-
ber (87,176) of holders of sums not producing above 51. of half-yearly dividend, is prin-
cipally to be ascribed to the circum.stancos already mentioned as peculiar to the banking
system of the metropolis ; and there can be little doubt that their n.i'iiber woidd be ma-
terially diminished, were the Scotch system adopted in its stead. It is evident from this
account, that the number of persons having a direct interest in the funds is much greater
than it represents. The dividends upon the funded property belonging to the Equitable
and other insurance companies, the different banking companies, &c. are paid upon single
warrants, as if they were due to so many private individuals ; whereas they are, really,
paid to these individuals only because they act as factors or trustees for a vast number
more. It is consequt;ntly quite absurd to pretend, as is sometimes done, that any inter-
ference with funded property would affect only 280,000 individuals out of a population
of 25,000,000. Any attack upon the dividends would really be destructive, not merely
of the interests of those to whom dividend warrants are issued, but of all who depend
upon them : it would destroy oiu' whole system of insurance and banking, and overspread
the country with b.-mkruptcy and ruin. Not only, therefore, is every proposal for an
invasion of the property of the fundholders bottomed on injustice and robbery, but it
would, wc ^ U acted tipon, be little less ruinous to the community than to the peculiar
class intended to be plundered.
FURS.
591
All Account of the Total Niimlior of Prmoiiii to whom n Hnlf Year's nivldpiul wm duo at Iho last Half-
yearly rayiiiciil thcri'of, on each Dcucriptioii of I'ulihc .Stock, and on each I)c»rri|ilioii of IVrniiiiahlo
Annuities i di.-tliiKiii.HhiriK the Nninl)er rei*|iectivfly of thone uhoiie l)ividend« for the Half Year did
not cMced .">/,, 10/ , "Hi/., urn/., '.'(«)/., :mi., :aki/., 1,(joo/., U,()(Hi/.,.i,(KKl/.,4,(KXi/.,J,li(l0/., and the Ninnlicr
of tliiisc Hlio»r Dividends exceed .'V"*"' > dl?diiimii»hiiiK also, in those alM)ve 1,(HI(j/., the l)iviiU'nd«(liio
to any I'ulihc loiii|pany, or to more than a niiiKle Name {I'url. I'lijicr, No, 'Jii.', (h'hs. IhJJ.)
Not excvcdlnit
Total,
bh
10/.
,00/.
lUOl.
'iOOl.
3001,
.'KX)/.
1
5
JtS
11
^1
^1
■^
I
_'S
1§
'^<
-•^
(It'iul^ u'lTi* pajalitL'
1)11 .V. I.IT < fill. r»'.
diii'i'il iiniiintit's .
in,3i7
1,7l.'lIl,(iHl
.1,17.1
8,175 7I!I
1,'.,1
231
&3
24 '.1
,1
.',
3
12
33,918
1)11 7^1. llM. yvx cunt.
1
1
rctluieil anmiiiU-H
7,01!)
■\,MVi 10,17,1
'A'JflO
I,5fil 411
«,'.l
112
1.1
21, ,'>
4
nil
1
,'.
2(i,81ft
lin n/. Ml. yvr rent. # '
1
1
1
nnimlti.s. ISIS . s
* lus
10'^ 3U'.i
VI 1
l'^7 67
.18
.10
3
3 nil
nil
nil
1
3
1,23'^
On 1/. inT ruiU. nn-l ,
nuittfs, iS'^rt -J 1
1
1
1 ,1101
!W3 ',(,041
; au
31!< i)'i
.W
1,'.
4
I 2
1
nil
nil
nil
,i,(;3fi
On lonu animltiL'it • - i
On iinnuitii'H fur 7 '
"J,07S
•l.'il'^
«,,10l
l,.'ll(i
7W 187
99
3^1
4
•1 I
1
1
1
nil
21,221
teniu of years • -1
)
1,.01'J
7«
\,i<Sl
351
178 Sfi
3^
20
4 nil 2
nil
nil
nil
2
4,183
On 3/. per cent, t'on-
\
1
1
hulidiitetl nnniiities
'^s,r'^'^
1.1,71')
^'i,m\
'.),01'^
B,a8G 2,141
1,424
70!)
1.13 18 10
20
7
13
21
'J,1,,15.1
On .V. |)ir » t'lit. an-
1
nuities, 17V(i • -
IW)
71
IHO
40
K7 4
U
nil
nil
nil nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
447
On new M, Hi*, per
+
, 1
I'ent. annuities -J
■^li,,SHl
11,(1'JS
W,VU
fi,f.48
.1,1 ',iU 7Ci
431
201
28
20 4
1
2
4
y
82,1U4
On new .V. per eenl.
annuilit'H - •]
y-
.11
107
3fi
W 3
4
nil
1 nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
nil
237
(
. .1
1
ternifiuf vetuTii • -
/
i,r,;.i,
8.1.1
i,7.v;
333
Ifil' 37
34
lU
1 nil
1
3
nil
1
8
4,8,1<J
Totals . .
S7,l-(i
ll,(ils
US.IOi
'i?.,(Ul
11,701 4,4»,'>
j!i,H27
l,.1(i7
Vflli l.'.l 40 1 3,'. i 1.'. 24
dti
l27".),7.1l
Dividcndii payable 10th of October,
t Dividendslpayable on 5tli of January.
The following Table lias been calculated, in order to show in which of the public funds
money may be invested, so as to yield the greatest interest. It gives the prices, difl'ering
by 1 per cent, from ."jO to 93 for :J per cents. &c., at wliicli they all must be, to yield the
xi'mc interest ; so that, supposing the ;J per cents, to be at 80, a sum invested in them, or
in tlie ,;.V per cents., will yield the same interest, provided the latter be at 9;5^ : if the
:5^ jier cents, be Mow this sum, it will of course be more advantageous, in so far at least
as interest is concerned, to invest in them than in the 3 per cents. ; while, if they be
above <):iij, it will be less advantageous.
To get the true value of the different funds at any particular period, in order to com-
pare thein accurately together, it is necessary to deduct from each the amount of interest
accruing upon it from the payment of the last dividend. — (For further details, see a7tte,
p. 82. and p. 188.)
Tabic showing the Prices the difbrcnt Funds must he at to produce an equal Interest ; and also the annual
Interest produced by 100/. Sterling '-vested at any of those I'rvccs.
3iier0i'nt.
I'ricf.
3i jior Cent.
Trice.
4 iicr Cent. H per Cent. ' interest.
I'rire, Trice. i
3 percent.
Trice,
3,Vper ('cnt. 4 per Cent. 1 5 per Cent. 1 , .
I'rire. 1 Trice. I Trice, 1 Interest.
,i'
Jt' s.
(I.
jf S. rf. Jt"
s. tl. £
s.
(/,
£
£ S.
(/.
Jt: s. ft.
£ s. (I. jb' s. (1.
W
r,s 6
H
m 13 4
8,'5
6 8
(i
11
84
96
120
4 3 3
r,i
r>'j 10
m
8;".
5
17
7
73
85 3
4
:;7 6 8
121 13 4
4 2 2
r,2
60 13
4
(i9 6 8
86 13 4
5
15
4
74
86 6
8
98 13 4
123 6 8
4 1
.M
61 IG
8
70 13 4
88
6 8
5
13
2
75
87 10
100
125
4
54
t)3
72
90
5
a
1
76
88 13
4
101 6 8
126 13 4
3 18 11
r,r>
04 3
4
73 (i 8
91
13 4
5
9
77
.S9 16
8
102 13 4
128 6 8
3 17 11
r,6
6r» 6
H
74 13 4
9;;
6 8
5
7
1
78
91
104
130
3 16 U
57
fit) 10
76
95
S
5
3
79
SKi 3
4
105 6 8
131 13 4
3 15 11
.58
()7 13
4
77 6 8
96
13 4
5
3
5
SO
93 6
8
106 13 4
1,33 6 8
3 15
1 59
68 16
8
78 13 4
!'8
6 8
5
1
8
81
94 10
108
135
3 14
1 (10
70
80
1(0
5
82
95 i;s
4
109 6 8
136 13 4
3 13 2
(51
71 3
4
81 6 8
101
13 4
4
18
4
83
96 16
8
110 13 4
138 6 8
3 12 3
62
72 6
8
82 13 4
103
6 8
4
16
9
84
98
112
140
3 11 5
63
73 10
84
105
4
15
2
8;-,
9!) 3
4
113 6 8
141 13 4
3 10 7
64
74 13
4
85 6 8
106
13 4
4
13
8
86
100 6
8
114 13 4
143 6 8
3 9 9
&i
75 16
8
86 13 4
108
6 8
4
12
3
87
101 10
116
145
3 8 11
615
77
88
no
4
10 10
88
102 13
4
117 6 8
146 13 4
3 8 2
67
78 3
4
8!) 6 9
m
13 4
4
9
6
89
103 16
8
118 13 4
148 6 8
3 7 4
68
79 6
8
<H) 13 4
1)3
6 8
4
8
2
90
105
120
\r>o
3 6 8
69
80 10
92
115
4
6 11
91
106 3
4
121 6 8
151 13 4
3 5 11
70
81 13
4
93 6 8
116
13 4
4
5
8
92
107 6
8
122 13 4
153 6 8
3 5 2
71
S2 16
8
94 13 4
118
6 8
4
4
6
93
108 10
124
1.55
3 4 6
FURS, in commerce, the skins of different animals, covered, for the most part, with
thick fine hair, the inner side being converted by a peculiar process into a sort of leather.
Furs, jjreviously to their undergoing this process, are denominated pellry.
Beaver fur, from its extensive use in the hat manufacture, is a very important com-
mercial article. That made use of in this country is almost entirely brought from North
America. It is gradually becoming scarcer and dearer, being now obtainable only in
hi :•■
( I
< ' 1
);''
'
i
m
i^
m;
59'i
1-Uk TUADM.
' I
considerable qimntitii's from tlic most northerly and inaccessible districts. Tlic fin of tliu
middle-aj^od or yoiin;; aiiiinal, ealii'd cub beaver, is most estecnu-d. It is the (inest, most
flossy, and takes tlie best dye. I'itcii, or the fur of the (itehet or |K)leeaf, is |iriii(i|i.iliy
imported from (ieriniiny : it is soft and warm, hot the unpleasant smell wliieli adheres
to it depresses its value. ^Marten juid mink (a diminutive species of otter) are prin-
cipally imported fnim the I'luti'd Slates and Canada. The I'nr of the muscpiash or musk
rat (.1 dimimnive s|)ecii's of l)ea\er) is imported in v.isf (pianlities from our possessions iu
North Ameiie.i; whieh also supply us with considerable (juanlities of otter skins. Nutria
skins are principally brou;;hi from Itucnos Ayrcs. The more valuable furs, as ermine,
sable, ivc, come principally from llussia.
I'TJIl 'I'll A 1)1*. We are indebted for the following details with respect to the fur
trade to one of the most extensive and intellif^ent for merchants of London.
" '^l)(lll^'ll practically t'iina;,'('<l in the I'lir tra<lc, I fear I shall be able to say little with rrnard to it not
already known to yoii ; hut were 1 to write on the sulyect, 1 should divide the tr.idc into '.", or rather ;J
clas'^i's.
■' I. The 1st cla'is would (•onii>rise articles of rieeessity ; .imonK which I shonld principally numher nn
immense variety of lauili skins, varyinx ■•*" widely from each otiier in size, c|ualify, col<iiir, and value, that,
to most persons, they would appear as the produce of so many dillerent species of animals. These lainli
skins are produced in all parts of the kI"'"', and are every where consumed ; but they form, in particular,
an essential part of the dress of thousands anion)? the lower classes in Itussia, I'oland, Kast I'russia, llun.
Kary, lioliemia, and Saxonv. In Itussia and other cold eiimates, the skins of various other animals may
be considered iis articles ol' actual necessity.
" 2. The '.'d class would in a meanuro lorm part of the (Irst, as it aUo comprises ftirs which through
h.-ibit and fashion have now become articles ol necessity. I should here enumerate all those dilU'rent
skins comM\oidy called /nilliiiu/urs. I'ew who are not acquainted with this branch of the fur trade can
form an idea of its extent. It spreads, of course, over all parts of the ({lobe where hats are worn, and n^
quires very superior juilgment and considerable capital to conduct it successfully. The furs now used for
liat niakiuK are beaver, mus(pinah, otter, nutria, hare, and rabbit ; but each of these may be subdivided
into 'JO dillerent sorts or cUmses.
" Neutria, or nutri.i, is comparatively a new article. It bcR.in first to be imported in larRC quantities
about ISKI, from the Spanish possessions ui South America. — (.See N'lirniA.) The skin is used for
different purposes, being either dressed .as a peltry, or cut (shorn) as a hatting fur; and if well maim,
facturcd and pre|>ared, it bears some rcsembl.uicc to beaver fur, and is used for simil.fr purposes.
" ,'j. Under the ;UI and last class 1 should bring all those furs, which, though contiinially sold, and
Used in iunnense (|uaiitities, must still be considered mere articles of fashion, as their value varies
according to the whims and fancies of diflerent nations. There are, however, exceptions among these;
and many furs may be considered as standard articles, since they are always used, though their price i»
liuidi iiiHuenced by changes of fashion.
" This class comprises an endless variety of furs, as under it may be brought the skins of most
animals in existence; almost all of tliem appearing occasionally in the trade.
" Kurs being entirely the produce of luatiire, which can neither be cultivated nor increased, their value
is not intluenced by fashion aloii", l)ut depends materiallv oil the larger or sm:'ller supplies received.
The weather has great iiiHuence on the quality and (|uaiitily of furs imported from all (|uarters of the
glolie ; and this circumstance renders the fur trade more dilhi'iiit, perhaps, and precarious than any other.
The (|ualit?, and consei|iieii|ly ihe price, of many furs will diller every year It would be completely im-
imssible to state the value of the difli-rent art ides of furs, theti.idc benig the most fluctuating imaginable.
Iiave often seen the same article rise and fall 101), 'ino, and 3M jier cent, in the course of ■ twelvemonth ;
nay, in several instances, in the space of I iiiontli only.
" Among the furs which always r.ink very high (though, like all the rest, they ch.anf lue), maybe
specified the Siberian sable, and the black and silver fox. These articles are at all t nparatively
very scarce, and command liitdi prices.
"The chief supplies of peltries are received from Russia (particularly the Asiatic part oi that emiiirc',
and from North America. Hut many other ccuntries produce very lieautiful and useful furs; and though
We are most indebted to Asia and America, ICurope furnislies a very considerable quantity. Africa and
Australia arc of little importance to the fur trade, as, from their situation, they furnish Imt few articles,
and consume still less. Krom the former we draw leopard anil tiger skins (the most beautiful of tli.it
species , while the im/i/ production of the latter is the kangaroo ; this, however, is never used as a fur
being chiefly consumed liy leather dressers and tanners for the sake of its pelt.
" IJesides numerous private traders, there are .several fur companies of very old standing, who in various
countries do a great amount of business. Among these, the Hudson's Hay ('ompany (in Londoni deserves
to be mentioned lirst, not only from the extent of their business, but because it is one of the oldest
thartered companies in laigland.
" The American I'ur Company fin New York) stands next. They chiefly tr.ide to London, whither
they send the produce of the United States and other parts of North America.
" The :'.(i company is the Hnssian American (in Mo.-,cow;. They trade to the Ku.ssian po.ssessions on
the western coast of North America, wlieiice tliey draw their supplies, which are chiefly consumed in
Russia.
" The 4th and last cnmp.-.uy of any consequence is the Danish Greenland Company in Copenhagen).
They <lo but a verv limited business ; exposing their goods for sale once a year in Copenhagen.
" Tlie principal consumption of the liirs which 1 should bring under the head of the .id class, is in
China, Turkey, and Kussia,»and among the morn civilised countries of Kurope, particularly in I'.ngland.
Germany consumes a considerable quantity. The consumption of America is comparatively little. In
Africa, none liut the Kgyptians wear fur. In Australia, none is consumed.
" Hatting furs are used tlirou.'hout Kurope (with the exceiition of Turkey and Oreepe), and in
America ; but by far Ihe principal trade in these .irticles is carried on in London and New York.
" Most of the coi.ipanies sell their goods by pulilic s.ile, and the principal fur fairs are held at Kiaclita
(on the borders of Cliinai ; Nislinei Novoguroil, between JIoscow and Casan, in Russia ; and twice a year
at Leipsic. — See Kaius )
" It is a rcmaik.able feature of the fur trade, that almost every country or town which produces and
exports furs, imports an<l consumes the fur of some other place, frequently the most distant. It is but
seldom th.at an article is consumed in tlie country where it is produced, though that country may con-
sume furs to a very great extent."
The following details with respect to the North American fur trade may not be
uninteresting : —
This trade was first practised by the early French settlers at Quebec and Montreal ; and
consisted then, as now, in bartering fire-arms, ammunition, cloth, spirits, and other articles
1
VL'll TllADK.
593
III demand nmonR tin- Tiidinns, for laavir and otlior skins. In lf;7(), Cliarlos II. osfaMisIicd
till- nudson's Hay Company, to wliicli lio ussigiu'd tlio t'xclusivo privilege of trading
witii tlic IiidiikiiM in and alioiit tin* vast inlot known l)y liio nanu- of Hudson's Kay. Tliu
('()in|iany foiindt'd I'stalilislnni'Uts at Forts C'liurcliill and Albany, Ni-lson ItiviT, niid
otiiir placis on tlic west coast of tliu bay. Hut tlio trade tlii-y carried on, tlioiigli said
to lie a iirofilalili' one, was of very limited extent ; and their conduct on various occasions
shows how tliorou^lily they wi're " jiossessed with that spirit of jealousy which prevails
ill siiiiie di'giei' in all knots and societies of men endued with jieculiar privileges." __
(I'Uinijiiiin Siitlimiiih, vol. ii. p. 'J(iH.) INIr. Hurke has, in the same place, expressed
bis astonisiimeiit that (he trade has not been thrown open. Hut as tlic Company's
charter was never confirmed by any act of parli.'imeiit, all Hritish subjects are lawfully
entitled to trade with those regions; though, from the ditlicnltics attached to the trade,
the protection reipiired in carrying it on, and the undisguised hostility which (irivate
traders have ixjierieiici'd from the agentN of the Company, the latter have been allowed
to monopolise it with but little opposition. In 17H,'{-'I, tlie principal traders engaged
in the fur trade of Canada formed themselves into an association known liy the name
of the North- West Company, having their chief estalilishment at 3Ioiitreal. This new
company prosecuted the trade with great enterprise and very considerable success.
The course of their iiroceedings in their adventurous undertakings has lieeii iiiiiiufely
described by Mr. Mackenzie, one of the agents of the Company, in his Voijdiiv J'nmi
Mimtnul, t/iioiii/lt the Ciintinvnt of .timrivii. This gentleman informs us, that some
of those engaged in this trade are employed at the astonishing distance of upwards of
4,0(X) miles north-west of .Montreal ! A very numerous caravan, if we iiuiy so call it,
sets out every year for Le C'nmd I'lirtuiie, on Lake Suiierior, where they meet those
who have wintered in the remoter establishments, from whom they receive the (\irs col-
lected in the course of the season, and whom they, at the same time, furnish with fresh
supplies of the various articles reijuired in the trade. Tort Chepeywan, on the Lake of
the Hills, in Ion. 1 10° 'ici' \V., used to be one of the most distant stations of the servants
of the North- West Company; but many of the Indians who tr.uled with the fort came
from districts contiguous to, and sometimes even beyond, the Uocky .Mountains.
The competition and success of the North- West Company seein to have roused the
dormant energies of the Hudson's IJay Company. The conflicting interests and jire-
tensions of the two associations were naturally iiroductive of much jealousy and ill-will.
Under the auspices of the late Earl of Selkirk, who was for n considerable period at the
liead of the Hudson's IJay Company, a colony was inojected and founded on the Red
River, which runs into Lake \Vi iiipec. The North- West Company regarded this
establishment as an eiicroaclnnent upon their iieculiar rights; and the animosities thence
arising led to the most violent proceedings on the part of the servants of both companies.
At length, however, the more moderate individuals of each party began to perceive that
their interests were not materially different ; and the rival companies, wearied and im-
poverished by their dissensions, ultimately united under the name of the Hudson's Bay
Fur Compmiy, which at present engrosses most of the fur trade of British America. The
most important part of the trade is still carried on from Montreal in the way described
by Mr. Mackenzie.
The A'o/M American Fur Company, the leading directors of which reside in the city
of New York, have long enjoyed the principal part of the Indian trade of the great
lakes and the L'liper IVllssissippi. Rut, with the exception of the nnisk rat, most of the
fur-clad animals are exterminated in the vicinity of the lakes. The skins of racoons
arc of little value; and the beaver is now scarce on this side the Rocky Mountains. The
further north the furs are taken, the better is their quality.
According to Ulr. Bliss, tlie number and value of the furs and peltries exported fVom British Americ?
to all parts, in 18;'il, were —
No. £ s. (I.
Kacoon - ."'.'5 at 1 fi
Tails - 2,2<X) — 1
Weasel - a4 — (i
Wolverine 1,744 — 3
Wolf - 5,tH7 — 8
Undescribed from Halifax and St. John's estimated at the average annual value of
Exported to the ITnited States by inland trade ....
Sterling
Ko. £
4.
rf.
£ s.
rf.
Beaver
. 12fi,!H4 at I
5
. .
158,1180
Boar
. 3,8."K) — 1
()
. .
3,850 3
Dcei
(i45 —
3
. .
90 15
l''()X
. 8,7i;.'i —
10
. .
4,38'.' 10
I.ynx
- .'JS.OlO —
8
- .
'J3,2(t4
Minx
- 9,298 —
'2
-
!(ill 16
Musk rat
-375,731-0
6 .
9,;i93 5
6
£ s. rf.
24 7 6
114 10
17
261 12
2,378 16
;£• 203,316 9
15,000
16,146
23-1,462 9
.£211,016 4 2
{Statistics of Trade and Indnstry qf British America, p. 29.)
According to Mr. M'Grcgor, the value of the furs annually exported from Briti.sh Amcrici, amounted, at
in average of the 5 years eiuling with 1832, to about 2l0,0wj/. sterling a year. — (
2d edit, vol.ii. p. 594.)
• {British Sorth Avierica,
2Q
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t
k 1 ^
f
vmt
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!
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ii'
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I
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i\ H ,?
I'l,' i
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594.
FUSTIAN. — GALBANUM.
Account of the principal Furs ip-i'irtod in 18)1, the Countries whence they were broueht and ih.
gu;.ntity lurnislied by euch Country. * '"
»• \
Countries. ' Bear. j Beaver.
Fitch. 1 JMarten. j Minx.
Mii!>quahh.
Nutria.
Otter.
Prussia ...
Germany ...
Netherlands
France . - -
British N. Ame-
rican colonies 3,'.)9i
United States - 13,480
liuenos Ayrcs . 1 -
All other places j 128
115
53
93,199
7,459
118
y.KiS
180,4!)9
24,418
30,620
21,139
817
27,676
112,038
50,083
"2,354
C88
30,742
70,120
* 2,011
7,028
762
737,746
27,000
157
'2,000
"52,130
4t9,966
9,971
44
21,636
1,401
117
Total - 17,«/2 100,944 1 243,705 1 214,107 1 103,561 1 772,693
494,067 !
23,198
.1 «
Of these iinports, the beaver, fitch, and marten were mostly retained for home consumption. A large
number of bear and otter skins were re-exported to Germany ; and no fewer than 592,117 musquash skins
were exported, in 1831, to the United States. — {Pari. Paper, No. .050. Sess. 18J3.)
'I'he imports of ermine are inconsiderable, having only amounted, at an average of 1831 and 1822, to
2,197 skins a year.
'I'he duty on furs produced, in IS.sa, 34,079/. : and that on skins, not being furs, 18,093/. 13*. firf.
China is one of the best markets for furs. 'Ihe Americans began, with their characteristic activity, to
send furs to Canton very soon after their flag had appeared in the Eastern seas in 17S4; and they still
prosecute the trade to a considerable extent, though It has rapidly declined within the last 3 or 4
years. The Americans procure the furs intended for the China markets, partly from tht American Kur
Company already alluded to, and ])artly from Canada ; but they have also been in the habit of sending
out snips to the north-west coast of America, which, having purchased large quantities of skins from the
natives, carry them direct to Canton. Uecently, however, this trade has been materially diminished, in
consequence, it is said, of the regulations of the Russian government, who do not permit the American
traders to cruise so far north as they did formerly.
FUSTIAN (Ger. Barchent ; Dii. Fustein ; Fr. Fntaine ; It. Fusta<^no, Frustagno ;
Sp. Fustun ; Rus. Bumasea ; Pol. Bc.rchan), a kind of cotton stuff", wealed or ribbed
on u- iide.
FUSTIC (Ger. Gdhholz, Fustick ; Du. Geelhout ; Fr. Boisjaune de Brcsil; It. Lcgno
giallo lie Brasilio ; Sp. Palo del Brasilamarillo), the wood of a species of mulberry
(Moms tinctoria), growing in most pirts of South Ameiica, in the United States, and
the West India islands. It is a large and handsome tr le ; and the timber, though, like
most other dye woods, brittle, or at least easily splinterei', is hard and strong. It is very
extensively used as an ingredient in the dyeing of yellow, and is largely imported for
that purpose. Of 6,335 tons of ftistic imported into Great Britain in 18.'31, 1,68.? tons
were brought fiom the British West Indies, 1,3.54 ditto from Cuba and the foreign
West Indies, 1,013 ditto from the United States, 990 ditto from IWexico, ,510 ditto from
Colombia, 705 ditto from Brazil. Fustic from Cuba fetches fr'i 35 per cent, more in
the London market than that of Jamaic i or Colombia. At rresent, the price of the
former varies from 10/. to 12/. a ton, "''.ile the latter varie.'; from 8/. to 9/. a ton. The
consumption amounts to about 6,000 tons a year.
Zante, or young fustic, is really a species of sumach {Rhus cotinun Lin.), and ''■ quite
distinct frjm the morus tinctoria, or old fustic ; the latter being a largo Amcncan tree,
while the former is a small European shrub. It grows in Italy and the south of France,
but is principally exported from Patras in the Morea. It imparts a beautiful bright
yellow dye to cottons, &c., which, when proper mordants are u.sed, is very permanent.
It is conveniently stowed amongst a cargo of dry goods, as it may be cut into pieces of
any length without injury. Only a small quantity of tliis species of sumach is imported.
Its price fluctuates considerably. In August, 1833, it was worth, in the London market,
from 9/. to 11/. a ton.
•' I'i
G.
GALANGAL (Ger. Galgant ; Du. and Fr. Galanga ; Rus. Kalgan ; Lat. Gnlanga;
Arab. Kustttdk -, Chin. Laundon), the root of the g(dutiga, brought from China and the
ieces about an inch long, and hardly ^ an inch thick. A larger root of
It
East Indies in pieces „, _ ^ ^
the same kind (Greater Guhingul), an inch jr more in thickness, is to be rejected
has an aromatic smeh, not very grat» ftil ; and an unpleasant, bitterish, ex* cmely hot,
biting taste. It should be chosen full and plump, of a bright colour, very firm and
sound : 1 2 cwt. are allowed to a ton. — ( Ltwis'n Mat, Med. ; Milhum's Orient. Com. )
GALBANUM (Fr. Gulliainim ; Ger. Mutterharz ; It. Galhano ; Lat. Galbanum ;
Arab. Barzud), a species of gum resin obtained from a perennial plant ( Galbanum
officinale) growing in Africa, near the Cape of Good IIoi)e, and in Syria and Persia. It
is l)rcught to this coinUry from t! Levant in cases or chests containing from 100 to
300 lbs. eacn. The best is in ductile masses, composed of distinct whitish tears agglu-
tinated together by a pale brown or yellowish substance. It is generally much mixed
GALLON. — GARNETS.
59d
with stalks, seeds, and other impurities. Tlie sejiarate tears are considered as tlic best
When the colour is dark brown or blackish, it is to be rejected. It has a strong peculiar
odour, and a bitteiish, warm, acrid taste. — ( T/iotnson's Dispennntori/.)
GALLON, a measure of capacity, both for dry and liquid articles, containing 4 quarts.
By 5 Geo. 4. c. 7'1., "the luiperial gallon shall be tlie standard measure of capacity, and
shall contain 10 lbs. avoirdupois weight of distilled water, weighed in air at the tem-
perature of 62^ of Fahrenheit's thermometer, the barometer being at SO inches, or
277 •'J74 cubic inches ; and all other measures of capacity to be used, as well for wine,
beer, ale, spirits, and all sorts of liquids, as for dry roods, not measured by heaped mea-
sure, shall be derived, computed, and ascertained from such gallon ; and all measures
shall be taken in parts, or multiples, or certain proportions, of the said Imperial standard
gallon." The old English gdlon, wine measure, contained S.'Jl bic inches; and the
old English gallon, ale measure, ccntaincd 282 cubic inches. Hence the Imperial galk
is about I larger than the old wine gallon, and about ^ less than the old ale gallon. By
the () Geo. 4. c. 58. § 6". it is enacted, that from and after the 5th of .lanuary, 182G,
whenever any gailon n '^asure is mentioned in any act of parliament relative to the excise,
it Iiall be taken and deemed to be a gallon Imperial standard measure. — (Sec Weights
AND Mkasukes.)
GALLS, OK GALL-NUTS (Fr. Galles, Nuix de gaVe ; Ger. GaUapfel, Gallu:^ ;
It. Galle, GuUiize ; i.at. Galw ; Arab. Afis ; Hind. Majmiphal ; I'ers. Mazu), are ex-
crescences produced by the attacks of a small insect, which deposits its eggs in the tender
shoots of a species of oak ( Qiicrcus infectnriu Lin.), abundant in Asia Minor, Syria,
Persia, &c. Galls are inodorous, and have a nauseously bitter and astringent taste.
They are nearly spherical, and vary in magnitude from the size of a pea to that of a
hazel nut. V/hen good, they are of a black or deep olive colour ; their surface is tuber-
cular, and almost prickly ; they are heavy, brittle, and break with a flinty fracture.
They are known in commerce by the names of whiif, green, and hltic. The white galls
are those which have not been gathered till .ifter the insect has eaten its way out of the
nidus and made its escape. They are not so heavy as the others, are of a lighter colour,
and do not fetch so high a price. The green and blue galls are gathered before the
insect has escaped ; they are hoavier and darker than the former, and are said to afford
about one third more of colouring matter.
G.iUs are of great importance in the arts, being very extensively used in dyeing, and in the manufacture
of inli, of which they form one of the principal ingredients. They are the most powcrftjl of all the
vegetable astringents ; and are frequently used with great efliect in medicine.
'1 he ancients reckoned the gall-nuts of Syria superior to every other, and they still retain their pre.
eminence. Thiy are principally exported from Alijipo, Tripoli, Smyrna, and Said ; those brought from
the first come chiefly from Mosul, on the western bank of the Tigris about ten days' journey from Aleppo.
'1 he real Mosul galls are unquestionably the be.'-t of any ; but all that are gathered in ttie surrounding
country are sold under this name, 'those from Caramania are of a very inferior quality. TIjc galls met
with in India arc carried thither from Persia by Arabian merchants.
It is not unusual to dye the whitish gall-nuts blue, in order to increase their value. The fraud in,
however, detected by the deeper lilue tinge that is thus imparted to them ; and by their being perforated,
and lighter than the genuine blue galls.
The price of galls in bond varies in the London market from dns. to 8.')«. a cwt. The duty is 5s. a cwt.
— {Ilecs's Cyclopedia ; Bancroft on Colours ; Ainslie's Mat. Iniiica, fjc.)
GAMBOGE (Fr. Gomme gutte ; Ger. Gummigutt ; It. Gomma gutta ; Lat. Gumtni
giitfw, Cambngir. ; Arab. Ossarnrewuiid ,• Siamese and Cambojan, Rang), a co'icvete
vegetable juice, or gum resin, the produce of the Gurciiiin Cumbogin, a forest tree of the
genus which affbrds the mangostein, the most exquisite fruit of the East. The districts
which yield gamboge lie on the east side of the Gulf of Siam, between the latitudes of
10^ and I J^' north, comprising a portion of Siam and the kingdom of Camboja,
whence its English name. It is obtained by making incisions in the bark of the tree,
from which it exudes, and is collected in vessels placed to receive it. In these it assumes
a firm consistence ; and being formed into orbicular masses, or more frequently cylindrical
rolls, it is at once fit for the market. It is of a bright yellow colour, opaque, brittle,
breaks vitreous, has no smell, and very little taste. Sjjecific gravity 1'22. When taken
internally, it operates as a most violent cathartic. It forms a beautiful yellow pigment;
for which purpo.se it is principally used. The Dutch began to import it about the
middle of the seventeenth century. The greater part of the gamboge of commerce first
finds its way to Bangkok, the Siamese capital, or to Saigon, the capital of lower Cochin
China ; from these it is carried by junks to Singapore, whence it is shipped for Europe.
Its price at Singapore varies, according to quality, from 30 to 80 dollars per picuJ.
Dark coloured pieces should be rejected. — ( Crawford's Embassy to Siam, p. 425. ;
Thomson's Chemistry. )
GARNET, GARNETS (Fr. Grenats ; Ger. Granaten, Granatstein ,- It. Grunati t
I.at. Granati ! Rus. Granatnoi knmrn ; Sp. Granadas). There are two species of
garnet, the precious and the common. The colour of the first is red ; and hence the
name of the mineral, from its supposed resemblance to the flower of the pomegranate :
pas.ses from Columbine red, to cherry and brown red ; commonly crystallised. External
2 Q 2
Ri';
Hi
'U i
i llv«
W
Mv'w
V*
), I
" :i
r^ \ ' .
\ '
^^<5
it
1
596
GAS COMPANIES.
:, Mi
)M
' m,
i
nliin '
\M
lustre glistening, internal sliii !ng, vitreous; transparent, .sometimes only translucent;
specific gravity 4 -08 to 4'',>5. Tlie colour of the common garnet is of various shades of
brown and green. Difterent colours often appear in the same mass : translucent ; black
varieties nearly oii.i.que: speciiic gravity from ii-6G to 3 •",■>. — (^Thomson's Chemistri/.)
The finest varieties come from India, and some good specimens have been received from
Greenland. When large and free fn.m flaws, garnets are worth from '21, to 51. or 61.,
and even more ; but stones of this value are of rare occurrence, and always in demand.
— ( Mawe on Dinmonih, Sfc. '2d ed. j). 113.)
GAS COMPANIES, the term usually applied to designate the companies or asso-
ciations established in most large towns for lighting the streets and houses with gas.
Every one must have remarked that most species of coal, when ignited, give out large
quantities of gas, which burns with much brilliancy, yielding a great quantity of light
as well as of heat. Dr. Clayton seems to have been the first who attempted, about 1736,
to apply this gas to the purposes of artificial illumination ; but his experiments were
upon a very limited scale, and no further attention was paid to the subject till more than
half a century afterwards. At length, however, Mr. Murdoch, of Soho, instituted a
series of judicious experiments on the extrication of gas from cofil ; and, by his ingenuity
and sagacity, succeeded in establishing one of the most capital improvements ever made
in the arts. Mr. Murdoch found that the gas might be collected in reservoirs, purified,
conveyed by pipes to a great distance from the furnace where it was generated ; and that
it aHbrds, by its slow combustion, when allowed to escape through small orifices, a
beautiful ,uid steady light. This great discovery, which places Mr. Murdoch in the
first rank among the benefactors of mankind, was first brought into practice at Redruth,
in Cornwall. In 1802, it was applied to light Mr. Murdocli's manufactory at Soho ; in
1805, it was adopted by Messrs. Philips and Lee, of Manchester, in the lighting of their
great cotton mill ; and is now employed in the lighting of the streets, theatres, and other
public buildings, factories, &c. of nil the considerable towns of the empire ; and also in
most considerable towns of the Continent and America.
Gas light is indebted, for its rapid diffusion, not more to its peculiar softness, clearness,
and unvarying intensity, than to its comparative cheapness. According to Dr. Thomson
( Supp, to Ency. Brit. art. Gas Lights), if we value the quantity of light given by 1 lb.
of tallow in candles at Is., an equal quantity of light from coal gas will not cost more
than 2|f/., being less than a. fourth part of the cost of the former.
Oil and other substances have been used i.i furnishing gas for the purpose of illumin-
ation, but none of them has answered so well as coal. Most of the oil gas establishments
have been abandoned.
The construction of gas works on a large scale, and the carrying of pipes through the
streets and into houses, &c., is very exi)ensive, and requires a large outlay of capital.
Hence most of the gas lights in the different towns are supplied by joint stock companies.
Many of them have turned out to be very profitable concerns.
The subjoined Table contains a statement of the most important particulars connected
with the principal gas companies ; viz. the number of shares in each, the no:ninal amount
of each share, the sums actually paid up, the market price of shares, the dividend payable
on them, &c. — (From the Share Listot Mr. Charles Edmonds, Broker, of Change Alley,
Cornhill, 12th of October, 1833.)
Number
.\ mount
Fricc
Dividend
l>ividt'n<ls
ctf Shares.
Names of Companies.
of
Shares.
Paid
up.
S.
per Sli.-ire.
per Annum.
pasable.
jf
£
«.
12,000
Gas Light and Coke Chart. Company
50
.00
50
G per cent.
May, Nov.
.0,000
Ditto, New (London)
50
10
10
li per cent.
.Mav, Nov.
l.lKH)
City (London)
100
100
1!15
10 percent.
Mar. .Sept.
1,(K)0
Ditto, New (London)
100
m
120
10 per cent.
Mar. Sejit.
10.000
Imperial (London)
50
.0(1
4S
15
5 per cent.
April, Oct.
7(i,")0(W.
Ditto debentures - -
100
100
100
4 per cent.
Jan. July.
9,000
Phoenix, or South London
50
Ji)
4;i
(i per cent.
Teb. Aiij.'.
5,(K)0
British (London) ...
40
iti
21
i2
]/. persliare.
April, Oct.
5,(XX)
Ditto (Country)
20
19
22
1/. per share.
April, Oct.
Ditto debentures
100
.
,
lO.-J
5 per cent.
.Ian. .July.
2,000
Independent
30
.'iO
45
() per cent.
Mar. Sept.
4,(XX)
Equitable - . -
.00
2.-.
J4
4 per cent.
April, Uct.
8,2(H)
General United Gas Light Company
.00
14
41
5 per cent.
Mar. Sept.
4.0<^
Imperial Continental
1(K)
51
5
t'!|>
l/.IG.s. persh.
I'eb. Aug.
tiOO
Bradford
25
20
40
10 per cent.
May.
GOO
Brentford ....
.00
.00
25
2,500
Bath ....
20
l.i
3::
15
10 por cent.
Feb. Aug.
600
Barnslcy
10
10
10
Mar. .Sept.
704
Birmingham - ' -
50
.00
no
10 percent.
Mar Sept.
2,400
Birmingham and Staffordshire
50
50
100
4/. per sli.
April, Oct.
i,rm
Brighton
20
20
u
750
Brighton New
20
18
1-2
Brighton General
20
\H
31 per cent.
.0 per cent.
1,312
Blackburn - . .
10
10
d
U
4,850
Bristol ....
20
-
.
41
10
10 percent.
i'eb Aug.
GENEVA
Number
of bharei.
Names of Cuiiipaiiius.
240
oOO
8(0
i.'00
180
(iOO
240
780
(iOO
l.i-'OO
8(X)'
KiO
-201
220
500
200
200
S20
542
320
120
3,200
600
fiOO
2,500 I
10,000 '
1,000 ;
480 I
240,
1,600 !
1,000
144
294 I
4(J0|
100!
1,000 1
240
550 1
600 i
Canterbury
C'lieltuiihain
Coventry
Dirliy
Dover
Dmlley
Kxi'ter
Uriat V'arinouth
(iuill'dril
Halifax
Ipswich
Ink' of Thanct
KitUiermiiistcr
Leeils
Leicester
Lewes
Liverpool
Maidstone
Newcastle-undcr-I.ine
Newport, Isle of Wight
Nortnanipton
Nottingham
Oxford
Paisley
Poplar
I'ortsea Island
Portable
Plymouth
Katclift' -
Uochdale
Uochei-ter
Sheltield
Shrewsbury
Stockton
Warwick
Wakefield
Warrington
Wigaii
Woolwich
Wolverhampton
Worcester
50
')0
;.0
100
SO
50
20
50
150
50
50
50
IOO
50
1(0
*5
50
2.5
10
55
50
25
20
10
50
20
20
19
50
loO
5.3
20
tiO
:A)
18 5
SO
20
£7
47
18 lOdis.
70
46
par
58
58
12 10
50
29
20
16
GENEVA (Du. Genever ; Fr. Genievre ; Ger. Gaud, Genever; It. Acqua di
Giiiepro ; Lilt. Jimiperi aqua ; Sp. A;iua de Enelro), a spirit obtained by distillation
from grain, rectified, with the addition of junij)er berries. Tlic latter give to the
spirit that peculiar flavour by which it is distinguished, and are also said to render
it diuretic. Geneva is a corruption of yenievre, the French term for the juniper berry.
By far the best geneva is made in Holland, where its manufacture is carried on to a
very great extent. The distilleries of Schiedam have long l)een famous, and are at present
in a very prosjierous condition. Schiedam geneva is made solely of spirit obtained from
rye and barley, flavoured with juniper bi.i ries. It beci.nics milder, and acquires, Jis it
getj old, an oily flavour disliked by the Hollanders; t.cnce nearly the whole of the
" Schiedam" is exported, principnltv to the East Indies. There are no fewer than 300
distilleries in Schiedam. 100 in i. (lurts of Holland, and not more than 40 In Belgium.
The entire annual produce of the distillery in Holland is estimated at 2.0()() (HX) ankers,
or 20,500,000 wine gallons, of which ah 1 two thiids are exported. — ( ( lott, JJescrijjtion
Geoyraphiqne dcs Pui/n Bus, p. 92.)
In nothing, i)erhaps, has the destructive effect of In .u y taxation been so strfjngly exhibited, as in the
trade of geneva. It appears from the far/.l'tijicr, No. 248. "ss. IHiiti, that uring the 1(; years ending
with l"8(i, when the duty on geneva was about lO.v. the vine ^alWin, the aver.ij^f annual consumption in
Great Britain amouTited to about 80,;)62 gallons. Hut in i78('>, Mr. Pitt reduced the duties to .'''.?. a gallon ;
and the efleet of this wise and politic measure was such, that in the next decennial • criud the average
imports for home consumption aniountetl to 444,891 gallons! prom 17'ifi to 1806, I i- duties fluiiuated
from 7.S. Cil. to H*-. ; but as the taste for geneva had l)ecn fo.med, and ,is the duties on othor spirits had
been increased in aliout the same i)roportion, the consumi)tir'i went ■ ii increa.sing, having been, at an
average of the 10 years, as Iiigh as 724,,')j1 gallons a year. I'his was tl.. naximum of consumption. Mr.
Vansittart soon after began his inau.s])icious career, and immediately rai.M'd the duty from 14s. to 20,«. 8(/. j
the conse(|uence of tliis increase being, that in the 10 years ending with lM(i, the aver.ige consuniption
amounted to only 272,h!'8 gallons. Since then the duties have continued, stat j(,nary, being at this mc nient
22.S'. ()(/. the Imperial gallon, on an article which may be boiight in bond for 'Ji'. :'.il' ht '2s. Otl. ! The duties
on rum and Hritish sjiirits having been materially reduced d\iring the Ia*t 10 > -, the consunipfion of
geneva has gone on progressively diminishing, till it now anuiunts, as ai>pi;ir- in the sul<joincd otllcial
statement, to no more tlian 2i',yoo gallons ; being only mie l/iirty-Juurl/i part ■ hat it amounted to during
the 10 years ending with 1806!
In Ireland, the eflects of this/c/o de se system have been more injurious than appears from this Tabic.
During the 4 years ending with IH,'?, the books of the Irish Custom-house show that there were, at an
average, 82,828 gallons of geneva entered for home consumption, producing, at the then duty of 7s. S^tl.,
39,92.'3/. a year; whereas, notwith.standing the vast increase of pojiulation, the consumption of geneva in
Ireland, in 1832, w.is only 1,402 gallons, and the reveimc only 1,577/.
To make any lengthened commentary on such statemencs wouid bo useless. Our policy, if we may
apply this term to so revolting a display of short-sighted rapacity, has had no other ettect than to lessen
the public revenue and enjoyments of the people, to injure our trade witli lIoU. ml, and to foster and pro^
•2 Q :J
598
GENOA.
M •
I!
mote the ruinous and destructive praetice of smuxKliiiB- I'lie exorbitant dutias on geneva, brandy, and
tobacco, have led to the formation of the coast Ki'i'r<l iiml the preventive water puard, eiistinn together
between 4(X),(KX)/. and rKX),(H)()/. a year; and vi't ■■::tnithstandinK this enormous outlay, and notwithstand-
ing tlie innumerable penalties and pu-nsliments to whicli lie is exposed, the trade of the smugKler is not
put down, but is, on the contrary, in a iieculiarly flourishiuK condition ; and so it will continue, in despite
of every tiling that can lie done for its suppression, till these duties bo adequately nnluciHl.
We believe our jjiii manufacturers have nothing to apprehend from a reduction of the duties on geneva
to Id.v. a gallon. The lower chisses, who are the great consumers, prefer I'Jnglish gui to every other tfi-
inulant ; and now that the duties on juniper berries — (see Hr.imii.s' — are redueeil, its quality may be
materially improved. lUit nothing would have so mucli iuHuence in thi.s respect as the a<lmissioh of
geneva at a mtMlerate duty. It would also have the benelicial ettect of putting an end to the manufacture
of Ihc spurious compounds sold under its name.
The regulations as to the importation, &c. of geneva are similar to those afTecting ISra.ndy ; which sec.
An Account of the Number of Gallons (Imperial Mea.sure) of Geneva entered for Home Consumption in
(ireat liritaiu and Ireland, the Uates of Duty on the same, and the entire Nett Produce of the Uuty,
each Year since 1S14.
UiianUtiw rei.i.n«l for Home
Halt's of Duly (ur
Con^uinptioi
.
Nett Produce of Dutj (Customs and Kxcise).
Inipuria) (ialliin (('ii:,toms
and Kxcise).
Years.
(irt-al
lr(^l:iii>1
irTiit.ii
Itritaiii.
1 1 L 1 (ti 111 ■
KinRttnm.
(ireat lirilain.
lo-land.
t'nitcil KiiiKil
iin.
lit. Britain.
Ireland.
Im,i. 0„ll.
Imp. Oiill.
Imp. Gait.
i'r.,374
: £ S. d.
.f .«. rf.
£ .1.
£ s. d.
£ .1.
rf.
un
HiV'tW
(i,(l72
\m,rm i3 3
.'".,.081 18 r-,
174,141 11
1 2 OJ
17
ai
i.sir>
li4,.V)8
4,4W
128,0.54
{•■>v-m 13 3
4,0i;9 8 11
i t3,798 2
ij
181i)
1 ().'!,! I7.i
l,«l.'5
l().'i,278
110,967 12 11
1,3.".9 1;7 8
118,3-27 8
7
1817
l().-.,48!
2,174
l()7,r67
118,837 19 10
i.',(;12 hi
12(),8,')0 15
10
1818
v.;,'2r>r>
.T,(iJ-2
ll(i,'J87
l'27,.'i0.3 18 11
2,772 3 3
l.'iO,'J75 2
2
181!)
im.o'iii
3,li.'4
l(),';,fi4"
114,799 13 7
2,79.5 2 9
117,5i)4 Iti
4
1 2 7i
IS'JI)
io."),()i;7
iJ,;j8.'i
l(i8,4.-)()
114,<)03 Ifj 2
2,943 17 11
117,847 13
1
i.",','l
S<l,41,-i
3,.'ii;4
92,7()7
l(K),9t>;i \'t 9
2,940 2 lO
103,905 18
7
1H2Z
H^.iiTO
2,917
91,r,87
99,!)8l Iti 2
2,;W3 14 3
1{)2,.'>05 10
5
I8-.';i
8i>,78-i
8,1()4
9(),948
93,442
7,(W0 14 .'i
l(MVKi2 14
5
.
1 2
8
18'J+
lSt,t>(W
412
90,017
101,089 12 3
472 7 U
l()l,5li-J
o
\Hi->
8,),7(l!t
1,(K)0
84,709
94,4<i3 2 1
1,14.5 17 H
95,009
l8'JI)
t)7,()79
2,081
fi9,lt«)
7."',.'>o3 5 10
2,3.i7 10 i:
77,8'K) Iti
9
1 2 (i
1 2
(>
IS'JV
rri)ja)
l,i»(l8
52,l)fiS
57,204 11 11
2,1+7 12 G
.oy,.>5-.' 4
5
18'JH
■!■,■),( ],'i7
2,i."-'.'i
4;7,'J(iO
4«,4!3 9 1
2,;-,00 11 10
.50,9 :4
11
I8-2S)
:5,-.,.'i01
l,8t.'i
37,I4rt
39,047 17 2
2,075 12 ()
41,7.'3 9
8
18iO
29m;
l.Titi
30,799
3',',or,0
2,018
34,i:(>8
is; I
'2i,r,\i)
1,388
2.>,898
2;"),3.)2
1,.502
2ii,894
is,!'.'
a),8!t<)
1,41)2
22,301
23,.'.14
1„577 C
2.5,1 ';>!
GENOA, a niaritiine city of Italy, once the capital of the faiiioiis republic of that
name, now of a province of the kingdom of Sardinia. It is situated at the bottom of the
extensive gulf to which it -^ives its name; the light-house being in hit. 44" 24' 40" N.,
Ion. 8° 5'2' 55" E. Population 80,000- Genoa is one of the fmest cities of Europe.
In general, tlie streets are inconveniently narrow ; but some of the principal ones are
moderately wide, and consist almost entirely of public buildings, and private jialaces
erected during the period of her pro.sperity. Being built on a rising ground, in the
form of an amphitheatre, the appearance of the town from the sea is most magnificent,
and justifies the epithet given to her of " la superha"
Port. — The harbour is semicircular.,, the diameter l)eing .ibout 1,000 fathom.s. It is artificial, being
formed by two gigantic moles haviiii; c)p])osite directions. That on the east side, calleti the old mole ^)>lolo
vccc/iin], projects from the centre of the city W. by S. It is al)out 2t)0 fathoms in length, and has a battery
ne.ar its middle. The new mole (vialo niiovo), on the opi)osite side of the port, adjoins the southern
extremity of the suburb of S. I'ietro d' Arena, projecting about 210 fathoms from shore in an 10 S. K
direction. The mole heads bear from each other N. E. by E. and S. W. by VV., the distance between
them, forming the entrance to the hartour, being about 3.50 fathoms. The light-house is without the
port, on the west side, near the extremity of a ])oint of laad, and contiguous to the bottom of the new
mole. It is a lofty square tower ; and as it stands on a high rock, and is paintetl white, it is visible lu
clear weather at a great distance. There is also a harbour light at the extremity of the new mole.
There is no difficulty in entering the harlmur ; the ground is clean, and there is plenty of water, jjar.
ticularly on the side next the new mole ; fare, however, must be taken, in coming from the west, to give
the light-house point a good oiling. Moderate sized merchantmen connnonly anchor inside the old iiioie,
contiguous to the /jorto /rrtnco, or iHiuded warehouses, having a hawser made fast to the mole, iind an
anchor ahead. Men of war and the largest cla.ss of merchantmen may anchor inside the new mole,
but they mu.st not come too near the shore. Ships sometimes anchor without the harbour in from 10 to
25 fathoms, the light-house bearing N. ,} W., distant 2 or 3 miles. The S.W. winds occasion a heavy swell
but the bottom is clay and holds well. Within the town are two rather shallow basins designed for
gallies and small trading vessels. 'I'liero is also 'h arsenal.
Money — Accounts were formerly krpt at Gen a in lire of 20 soldi, each soldo contiining 12 denari ;
and money was divldetl, into Annro andy»()n'rfjA(inri). But since the 1st of January, 18-7, the ancient
method of reckoning has ceascxi, and accounts arc now kept in lire Italiane, divided into cent,«. I'he
weight and fineness of the new coins are i)recisely the same iis tho.se of France : so that the par <d" ex.
change = 2478 lire per pound ,^l< rling, if estimated in silver ; and 2.5'.'0, if estimated in Rold. old lire
di banco are eqiuil to 5 new lire very nearly. — (itaiiucl dc Sil/.iiil/rcchcr.) Sales of merchandise con.
tinue, however, to be, for the most part, made in the old currency, 'i'he prices given in a subsequent
part of this article are in it
The IJank ef (jenoa, or of St George, wa.s one of the most ancient and celebrated banks of circuiatinn
and deposit in Europe. Until 1740, when the bank was piUagul by the Austrians, it was custon ary to
make all bills of exchange drawn u[K)n Ge.ioa pay.able in Ixmco ; but since then they liave generally l)een
made payable in money /«on di banco. In 18(Kl, when the T'reiich were besieged in (ienua by the .Vus'trians,
they took the treasure of the bank to pay their troops. The establishment has never recovered frcnii this
blow ; some warehouses, and a part of the town's revenue, were assigned to it, but they yield a very poor
dividend. It is no longer used as a place of deposit for money.
H'fiiihts and Afcasurcs. — The imund is of two sorts ; the;)c\vi) .v, ■/,• = 4,891i English grains, .ind the
IXio grosso. The latter is 10 |)cr cent, heavier than the former : hci i e the cantaro of 100 lbs. peso sottile
= 69'891b8, avoirdupois ; and the cantaro of iOOlbs. peso giosso - 7(j8751bs. avoirdupois. 'l"l»c latter ii
rf.
GENOA.
599
uscii for weighing bulky commodities; the former is ustxl in the wcigliing of gold and silver, and of all
commodities of ^mall bulk.
Com i.s measured by the mina of 8 (juarte or yo gombctte; 1 mlna=:3i Winchester bushcU nearly.
Salt is sold by the mondino of H mine.
Of liquid measure, 1(K) pinto = 1 barilla.
2 barilli = 1 mezzarola = S'J) Cnglish wine gall'Viis. The barilla of oil = 17
English gallons.
Of long measures, the palmo ;i <)72i En.'.'iisn inches. The canna is of 3 sorts : the canna piccola, used
by tradesmen and manufacturers, := !l raline, or 87 J English inches; the canna grossa, used by mer-
chants, :; li.' palnii = 11() 7 Englisli inches ; and the canna used at the Custom-house — 10 palmi ::: VTHi
English inches. The braccio = 'ij palmi.
Truili; ijc. — Genoa is the cntrep'it of a large extent of country ; and her comtnerec,
tliougl) inferior to what it onco was, is very considerable, and has latterly been increasing.
She is a free port; that is, a port where goods may be warehou.sed and exported free of
duty. The exjiorts consist partly of the raw products of the adjacent country, such as
olive oil (an article of great value and inii)ortance), rice, fruits, cheese, rags, steel, argol,
&c. ; jjartly of the j)roduets of her nianulaeturing industry, such as silks, damasks, and
velvets (for the production of which she has lieen long mious), thrown silk, paper, soap,
works in marble, alaba.ster, coral, iS:c. ; the priiUed cottons of Switzerland, and the other
products of that country and of the western parts of Lombardy, intended for the south
of Euroj.e and the Levant; and partly of the various foreign products brought by sea,
and placed in porta franco. The imports princiiially consist of cotton and woollen stiifls ;
cotton wool, mostly from Egypt; corn from the IJIack Sea, Sicily, and IJarbary ; sugar,
salted fish, sjiices, coffee, cochineal, indigo, hides, iron, and naval stores from the Baltic ;
liardware and tin plates from England ; wool, tobacco, leiid (principally from Spain),
wax, &c. ' Corn, barilla, Gallipoli oil. cotton, valonia, .sponge, gall.s, and other products
of the countries adjoining the Ulack Sea, Sicily, the Levant, &c., may in general be had
here, though not in so great abundance as at Lt^liorn. The various duties and Custom-
house fees formerly charged on the transit of goods through Genoa and the Sardinian
territories have recently been abolished. This will have a very beneficial influence on the
trade of this port, particularly as regards the importation of raw cotton for Switzerland
and Milati, as well as of the different descriptions of colonial produce.
Statement of the Principal Articles of Ilaw Produce exported from Genoa, with their Prices there on the
1st of .January, ISi.j, ni Porto J'rntico l,Uon(l>, in Italian Money, Weights, iuid Measures, and free on
Hoard in English Money, Weights, and Wea.<ures. — (I'roni the Circular oj Oriintu, HaU'our, and Co.)
Exports.
<icno;
Porto
llates
n
franco.
j'ricoinKnKlish
MoiU'y, und
Weighl.s.frce on
board.
Kxporls.
Genoa Kates
in
Fort* Iran CO.
Pri( e In English
Money, ajid
Wei(.ht.s, free on
board.
;,/«.
/.. .. (1.
L. i. d.\
Alinoiuls, sweet, Sicily, liv.
r.t to
Hill
3 » 10
cwt.
Oil, (ienoa, superfine liv.
101
to KXi
bri.
65 ly 2, tun of
Ar/iOl, wliite - - —
16 —
IS
i.'iii
1 \r> 2
SH
no
4.) 16 3 236
rt'd K.'irbled - —
4'J —
41
1 12 3
__
middling - - —
(iailiiKjIi, Sicily, and
Levant - - —
7*1
_
hu
4U 1 4 6 (). gal.
14 _
10 4
_
lirimstone, rough - —
,?*-
8
—
r> 7 7
tou
fil
—
fiv
_
2!) 7 !ll —
1.1 —
14
—
'J H 3
Opium - - —
l.'i
_
Ui
lb.
14 3|lli.
(..liith.-iridos - - —
,,^ -
, ■'■+
1
6 10
ll>.
Taper, Flori'tta, lilbs. —
7
74
4 11 rm. of
!.')() —
160
l.'iU
11-S
Ahtlia, Hllis.
_
i
nf47.'-.
3 6| 476
lO.') —
l(l!l
—
7-.)
Alm.^^!.o, l(i lbs. - —
K^
sheets
6 3 slieeU
10 —
11
1
•I 19 7
4V
lb.
2 Ulb.
Kbsfiu-L- ol iKTgnmot liv.
X.f _
U
_
8 U
lb.
Kice, I.onibardy - liv.
vo
21
l.'iOlb.
15 n c»t.
7 —
—
6 10
>atlluwfr, new - sols
■■Vi
lb.
1 2 lib.
■•■■I -
fl
—
4 11
SaHron - • liv.
.^.'I
_
.16
1 12 i\ —
Gall.^, 1 urkPTtti ue sols
•2.-> _
w
—
6 i.l 1
CWl.
Soap, wlitte - - —
-1*1
_
4N
1601b.
1 16 Ocwt.
11 -
\'i
3 1 .')
^
41
,_
46
I 13 7
Gum .\r.-iMr. ((ii'ked - —
.Tt _
41
11 3 S
Shiiniac, Sicilv - —
V?
—
22.')lb.
U 10 V —
iti M>rl.s - . —
llcn)|), Holof^na, dressed.
16 —
20
_
5 1 S
,„
Spoiif:e\, fine and sujicr. —
4
6
lb.
5 1 Ih.
btcel, Milan, .No. UK. —
V!»
31
16Ulb.
1 2 6 cwt.
2.1 . - . _
7."> -
76
lin.'.i 1 7
ton
No, 0. —
V<)
31
12 6 —
7(1 —
71
— ,'.0 10 5
V7
__
19 7
_
garden - - —
■IS —
- 34 .1 1
Tallow - . _
■SO
_
^ .
1 16 7
,
cordage, 1st • —
M . . . _
,->s -
40
_ 2S U 3
^
Valonia - • —
10
»—
.1
12 9
_
.16 -
.16 _
.17
— |26 G 7
— 26 6 7
—
riedmoiit, 1st - —
Liquorice p:iste, Cdabri..
Grain, wheat, Illack
,')6 —
.'jT
UK) 2 IS 10
cwt.
Sea, soft • - ^
9n
VI
mina
2 1 7 quart
2 1 7 imp.
13 6 —
Mnseed • .
flladdii roots, Cyprus,
14 —
46
- ! 2 3 .5
ditto, hard - _
V3
14 —
U
ISO
1 19 2
qr.
Weans, Alexandria,
n
ai.d Smyrna - sols
Tripoli . - _
IMamia ui Hakes . —
.; : —
K
1
2 1 2
cwt.
old -
11
19 lu' —
S
—
2 1 2
Com, Indian - - —
M
__
IS
__
1112 6 —
60 _
Ml
_
3 8
II).
m sorts, (iur.aci - _
•i:> -
.111
-
1 4
1
St.itcment of the Quantities of some of the Principal Articles of Colonial and other Raw Produce im-
poited into Genoa in 18;;(l, 1831, I8o',>, with the Stocks on Hand on the 1st of .January, 18.:32 and IH.J.'J.
Articles imported.
I83U.
13,600
I ,(1(16
1831.
Cocoa, all (juals. bgs,
((ollce, ditto tons
I'olton, ditto bales
Cochineal - lbs.
Fish.t'cHilish, (luint.
Slo,kli^l^ —
rilcbards.hhds.
Herrings barts.
Hides, dritt! and dry
salted - mi.tlb.'llS,400'62,600 SC,400
Indiuoillengal, easel 67o( (Ilio, cjo
Spanish scrons 616i 275 762
I I Sloclr, I .Stock,
18.'52.'lsl.l,n. Isl.I.m.
I I 18,12. I 18.13.
8,6liu ,'i,2M()
1,3.10 2,'.).10'
S,37o'!.1,7oo 10,600
l.'>,2oo '^(1,000 76,OUU
36, (loo 31, Mill ,',4 ,000
2o, 8. iOj 16,(100 2'^,i/(lll
2,6601 3,060 6,20(1
6,100 4601 690
1,6
Lead
figs 2l.6llo23,.5U0 2l,.W
3, 11 'I
I 10 (ISO
4,160 1,660
36,000 64,000
750
1,800
6,000 3,200
3(10 ISO
1,070 1,120
16,200 |7,iillU
Artit les imported.
1830.
1831.
1832.
Spices, Pepper lb-.
I'iinento - ~
Cassia lignca, ca
ditto - mat.'
Sugars, loaves, cask.s
cru^lled —
Havai.n di, bxs.
Itrn/it c.a.ses
ditto - b.igs
K. India ~
I'orlo Kico, csks.
Tin plates lx>xe«!
,0.">0,'H*0
132,000
790
1,100
310
2,780
8,200
6,410
4,rioo
9,500
4,670,
4.96U
900,000 1
146,000
560
175
2,0S()
I3,.6o0
6,100
6, 1 I/O
1 2,200
2, too
2,800
,600,000
160,000
820
85
2,860
1 6,600
4,800
1 1 ,.1«0
54,000
4,500
6,500
Stock,
1st Jan
1 832.
30
160
2,150
880
2,100
490
850
Stock,
1st Jan.
1 833.
.16,000
96,000
40
45
310
4,600
1,040
2,500
470
1,700
2 Q 4
:'li
1
1
1 .
t
i.
'1'! y.
ii.^'
11,
'i
i
i «'
i i' !
*1
ift
i <(l
t'<
\M^
^ i
600
GENTIAN. — GIBRALTAR.
. \
1 1
f ,,
tf
TiirM. — Those of uiagc ans — oii rotton, (ish, tallow, ami
Talor.ea, 4 ptT cent. J hfmis I ikt cent, i wood, 1 1 1; fur I (*ii Ibs.j
Blinonds, wax, anil KalU, lul fur I no lbs. ; i;>'<Ui'r, 11'^ fur
loillhs.; siiRar In loaves, '4 jior cent.; r.tw silk, I unnco ni-r IN.
Alum, arfrnl, ancliovies, barilla, brandy, tloiir, Itiin, Iciul, s.tlt-
|M'tri', ti^s, hbtt-A, pepner, juniper berries, piiniirc stunc, r,ii;s,
' * ■ " ' 'kitilver, hbntnaci
articles hoiil l>y
lepper,
uf tai
raisinft, rice, crean'i uf tartar, "essenres, nuiclotilver, hbntn;
pteel, and suaji, have nu tare; for all utner
weiubt, lo(> lbs. are ^iven for every luo lbs.
'1 he loss of wei»;ht nn i)nport;ni..Tis frtun the pliice uf growth.
parti; arUinKfroin dilllrence uf t n , varies as lollows ; —
Per cent.
Su^ar In ohesis frum Kin (lu Janeiro, lo»c» I tu .lytaklnK.IJ
b.ilJs, ditto - - - .T — ■< f arrobiuas
diesis fnnn Pernaitibuco - -I— J Tetpial to I
iliests tVuni Itdlia - - C -^ lO ) cwt. Kii^.
boxes Iruin II. IV, uinah and Cuba - 4-. <i/ni,in„4i
nniscov.ulu hi casks from Cuba anil I'orlo ' ,,',,* '
llico - - - 1-2- 1.'. i'"""-
lin)iurt;iti()ns from other rpiarters where the tares allowed are
nn a p.ir with those of (leno.t, ^;eneialiy r« nder full weight ;
llavannah box su^.'irs from the United States render 1 to '2 ptr
cent, more ttian full weight.
Navigation, f^c. — In 18.51, tlii^ro cntorctl tlie (linTiToiit port.s of the .Sardinian states, 3,70t ships ; but the"
greater number of these must hav:! been small eoiustiiiK vessel.s, as their aKKrenate burden did not exceed
531, '217 tons. If we deduct about a third for Sardinia, by f.ir the largest iJroportion of the remainder
must have entered and cloareti out at Oenoa. — {Arcliii'cs ilu Commerce, torn. ii. \i. 39.) — In ISoli, 84 bri-
tish ships, of the l)urilen of 1J,478 tons, arrived at Genoa.* — {I'arl. Vapcr, No. 7;j(i. Sess. 1H3;).)
GENTIAN (Gor. Enzian; Fr. (,'nitiane ; It. Genzimia ; Sp. Jencinna ; llu.s.
EnzLi'i ; .Ti.-it. Gcntiana), the roots of two <il|)iiie plants, Gentiana Ittteii and Gentiana
purpurea, found growing in Switzerl.ind and Austria, tlie Apt'iinini's, tlie Pyrenees, and
in North America. Those brought to this country come from Germany. They are in
pieces of various lengths and thickness, twisted, wrinkled on the outside, .-md covered with
a brownish grey cuticle. They have no particular odour ; and the taste is intensely
bitter, without being nauseous. — ( Thomson's Dhjmisatory, )
GHEE. See Hutter.
GIB HALT A 11, a famous fortress near the southernmost extremity of Spain, and
contiguous to the narrowest jiart of the strait, to which it gives its name, joining the
Atlantic and Mediterranean, in lat. ^iG- 6' ;iO" N., Ion. 5° 21' I'J' W. It is situated
on the west side of a rocky mountain or jjromontory, the Mons Calpe of the ancients,
projecting into tlie sea, in a southerly direction, .ibout 3 miles, being from A to ^ of a
mile in width. The southernmost extremity of the rock is called Europa Point. Its
northern side, fronting the isthnuis which connects it with Spain, is almost iierpendi-
cidar, and wholly inaccessible ; the east a>:d south sides !ir<> so rugged and precijjitous,
as to render any attack upon them, even if they were not fortified, -^ext to impossible ;
so that it is only on the west side, fronting the bay, where the . •■>< < declines to the
sea and the town is built, that it can be attacked with the least > n.'nce of success.
Here, however, the strength of the fortifications, .ind the magnitude of the batteries, are
such, that the fortress seems to be impregnable, even though attacked by an enemy having
the command of the sea. It was taken by the English in 1704, but the fortifications
were then very inferior to what they are at present. Towards the end of the American
war, it was attacked by a most formidable armament fitted out jointly by Spain and
France ; but the strength of the place, and the bravery of the garrison, defeated all the
efforts of the combined powers. Population about 17,000, exclusive of the troops,
which usually amount, in time of peace, to from ;5,000 to 4,000.
The bay of Gibraltar is spacious ; and, being i)rotccted from all the more dangerous
winds, affords a convenient station for ships. Two moles have been constructed at a
vast expense, for the protection of the shipping. The old mole j)rqiects from the north
end of the town, N. W. by N., 1,1(X) feet into the sea : the new mole is W, mile more to
the south, extending outwards about 700 feet ; it has an elbow formed by the .shore, and
in winter large vessels anchor inside ; the farthest tmt in from 5 to G fathoms. The plan
ou the opposite page gives a better idea of the position of Gibraltar, as well as of the
S'.raits, than could be derived from any description. It is taken from Captain Smyth's
beautiful chart of the Mediterranean.
Trade, Political Importance, §*f. — Gibraltar is of considerable consequence as a com-
mercial station. Being a free port, subject to no duties and fiiw restrictions, it is a con-
venient entrepot for the English and other foreign goods destined for the supply of the
contiguous Spanish and African provinces. In this respect, however, it has greatly fallen
off. This has been owing to a variety of causes: partly, and principally perhaps, to the
insecurity and apprehension occasioned by the fear of pestilential diseases, the i)lace
never having recovered from the effects of the dreadful contagion by which it was visited
in 1804 ; partly to large quantities of those goods being now kept at jMalta and Genoa,
that wer : formerly kept at Gibraltar ; and, more recently, to the making of Cadiz a free
port. This measure has, liowever, been revoked ; but, notwithstanding, it is not at all
j)robable that Gibraltar will ever again be of much importance as a trading station. In
1831, the declared value of the various articles of British produce and manufacture ex-
ported to Gibraltar, was 367,285/.; the official value of the foreign and colonial jiro-
ducts exi)orted to it during the same year being 121,342/. The trade with Gibraltar, or
any British dependency in the iMediterr.inean, may be regulated by an order in council ;
and any goods imported or exported contrary to such order shall be forfeited, together
with the ship importing or exporting the same. — (6' Geo. 4. c. 1 14. § 73.)
* We are not sure that this is the correct reading, the title to the account being drawn up in so slovenly
a way, that it is not easy to say whether it means that 84 ships arrived and 84 ueparted, or that 42 arrived
iiid 42 departed
I \
GIBRALTAR.
601
' ■
\\i
u
i.-i
Ili/.-irnc-s to Plnn. — A, point ami liglit-housc of Tarifra, in lat. 5(P 0' 30" N., Ion. 6° 3.1' l.";" W.
Till.' liMlit-lioii.sc was eiiTted in \h\o, ami the lit,'lit revolves. B, Cabrita Point. C, Kuropa I'oint, the
extremity ot the nick ot (iiliraltar. 1), town and fortress of Ceuta, on the African coast. K, Little
Ceuta Hay. V, I'oint I.eoMii. (i, I'oint Circs. The soundings and the direction of the currents are
marked in the chart, ''ariation in the Straits, 22° 31'.
'v M
Tlic real value of Gibraltar to Great Uritain consists in its importance in a military
and naval point of view ; in its In-ing, in fact, tlie key of the Mediterranean ; and in its
affordinfT a convenient and secure station for the outfit, refreshment, repair, and ac-
connnodation of our shijjs of war and merchantmen. The reveiuic collected in the town
amounts to from SO,(X)0/. to -10,000/., which is about sutticient to defray the public civil
exi)cnditure of the i)Iacc. The expense annually incurred in Great IJritain on account
of the garrison, in tiuic of (leace, amomits to about 200,000/. — a small sum compared
with the important political and commercial advantages it is the means of securing.
Moncu. — The ed'cctive or hard dollar = is. id. ; the current dollar heinR esiiniatcd nt ^ hard dollars
=: 2i. I0'i(/. Heals and quartos of both liard and current dollars are the same, being, the former -. 4irf.,
and the latter = l-^^ri.
Accounts are kept in current dollars (pesos], divided into 8 reals of 10 quartos each ; 12 reals currency
' i1
i 1
w
602
GILD. — GLASS.
, I 1
maku a cob or liarit dollar, by wliicli goods arc bought and sold ; ami ,i of tlii'so rcaU are coiKldurttl equal
to a Spaiiiah reals vulloii.
Uibrultur draws on Loudon in cillxtivc dollan of I'J rcaU, and London on Gibraltar iu currL-nt dollnrs
of 8 reals.
TliL' uxchaUKC of Oibraltar on (Jadiz, and other cities of Sjiain, is in hard dollars at a percentage, which
varies consideraldy, and mostly in favour of <iil)raltar.
ICi'i'^i/its aitti iMiuisurrn are those of i;n),'land, exee|)ting the arrolia -z 2j His, Mnglish : jjrain is sold by
the fanega, !> of which nialio 1 Winchester (|uarter ; wine is sold by the gallon, lull of which are eijual to
111',)! Knglisli wine gallons, — iSee Papers laid Ocforc Finance Cu/nimllcc ; Edinbnrglt UaxcUixr j Juglis's
Spain in IHM, vol ii. p. liil*. \c.)
GILD, oil GUILD, a company of mcrcliiiiits or manufacturers, whence the halls of
sucli companies iire denominated Gild or Guild Halls.
GILL, a nieasiue of capacity. See Wkiciits and Mi-asijuks.
GIN. Enjflisli ffeneva, or gin, is made of sjiirit ol)tained from oats, barley, or malt,
rectified, or redistilled, with the addition of juniper berries, oil of turpentine, &e. All
spirits manufactured in Enj^land, and most of the Scotch and Irish spirits imported into
England, are sul>,jected to tlie process of rectification. Englisii gin is said to be one of
the most wholesome spirits. — (See SriiiU's.)
GINGEIl (Ger. Imjwvr ; Du. Gcinber ; Fr. Gingemhre ; It. Zemero ; Sp, Jv.njihre,
Afjemjibre ; lliis. Jiiliir ; Lat. ZhujUwr ; I'ers. Ziiiii/elwcl ; Anil). ZZ/ff/i'/ycr/), the roots of
a plant (Aniomum Ziiiijihvr), a native of the East Indies and Cliina, but which was early
carried to and succeeds very well in the West indies. After the roots are dug, the l)est
are selected, scraped, washed, and dried in the sun with great care. This is called u-liite
g'uKjer ; while the inferior roots, which are scalded in boiling water before being dried,
are denominated bLick (jingir. Preserved ginger is made by scalding the green roots, or
the roots taken up when they are young and full of sap, till they are tender j then peel-
ing them in cold water, and putting tliem into a thin syrup, from which they are siiifted
into the jars in which they come to us, and a rich syrup poured over them. Dried
ginger has a pungent aromatic odour, and a hot, biting taste. It is imported in bags, each
containing about a cwt. The white brings the Mghest i)rice, being more imngent and
better flavoured. The external characters of goodness in both sorts of dried ginger are,
soundness, or the being free from worm holes, heaviness, and firmness ; tlie pieces tliat are
small, light, and soft, or very friable and fibrous, should be rejected. The best in-eserved
ginger is nearly translucent ; it should be chosen of a bright yellow colour ; rejecting
that which is dark-coloured, fibrous, or stringy. — (Mi/lmrH's Orient. Commerce ; T/wm-
son's Dispensatory.)
^ The consumption of ginger is but trifling, not exceeding B,n)0 cwt. a year. This is principally to he
a.scribcd to the oppressive duties with which it is burdened, they being no less than LV. l.i,v. a cwt on
foreign ginger, and ll.v. on that brought from a British possession. The revenue derived from it is
about .J.'.'.jli/. a year ; a sum which might be doubled by reducing the duties on all descriptions of ningor
to 7,v. a cwt. Of ,),')li> cwt. of ginger imported in 18J1, .'),")jl came from the British West iTidies, 841) from
the Kiust India Company's ])osscssion8 and Ceylon, 807 from the Netherlands, and lOi) from Western
Africa.
GINSENG (Du. Ginse?ir/, Ginscmj Fr. Ginseng ; Gcr. Kraflwerzel, Ginseng,- It.
Ginseng ; Sp. Jinseng ; Chin. Yunsam ; Tfirt. Orhota), the root of a small plant (Panax
qninquefoUiim Lin.), growing iii Cliina, Tartary, and .several parts of North America.
The latter is what we generally see in England, and is an article of trade to Chin.i,
which is its only market. Large quantities were formerly exported from tiiis country ;
but it is now carried direct to China by the Americans. It is .sometimes exported crude,
and sometimes cured or clarified. Within these few years, it has been discovered in the
Himalaya mountains, and small quantities have been thence sent to' Canton ; but the
speculation has not succeeded. It is only about ;50 years since it began to be sent from
America to China. Previously to the present century, the Chinese drew their supplies
from the wilds of Tartary, and the root brought an exorbitant price. Crude ginseng
now sells in the Canton market at from 60 to 70 dollars per picul, and prepared at from
70 to SO dollars. In 18;5'i, there were sent from the United States to China, 407,0()7lbs.
of ginseng, valued at 99,30;) dollars. — (Private information.')
GLASS (Ger. and Du. Glas ; Fr. Vitre, Vcrre ; It. Vetro ; Sp. Vidrio ; Rus. Steklo;
Lat. Mtrum), a transnarent, brittle, factitious body. It is formed by mixing together
some sort of siliceous earth, as fine sand, or poimded flint, with an alkali, such as soda,
potash, or per.rlasii, and subjecting them to a strong lieat. By this means they are
melted into a transparent, soft, tenacious mass, that may, when hot, be formed into thin
plates, bent and shaped in every possible way. When cool, it becomes brittle, and is
denominated glass. Litharge, minium, borax, the black oxide of manganese, &c. are
sometimes used_ in the mo,nufacture of glass, according to the purposes to which it is to
be applied.
The kinds of glass, and their ingredients, are stated by Dr. Ure as follows: —
" There are 5 ilisliiict kinds nf rI.iss at present maniirvc-
. Flint ula,«s, or ^lass of le.lil ; y. Plate (;Iass, or kI-»s.s
tureil
. "8'
f[>a6s, a coarse window gloss ;
Bottle, or coarse j^recn ylass.
" 1. Flint Glitss, so named because the siliceous InKredienI
was orii.'liinll.v employed in the form of ground flints. It !•
now made of the xollowinR composition : —
J ■■
GLASS.
b03
iV
Purtflwl I.jnii sanrt • looii.iri*.
t.iiliiirf^L*. i>r rttl lead ■ . (iu —
ruriliid |'iMrla~.li ■ . 3(1 —
" T'l t-rirrei't thf nrot>t\ cnUmr lU-rlvetl from comliiistilile
liiiitti-r, t>r (ixlilv nt' iron, ii littlf Mark oxitli- of iitanKniiebe U
added, >Hi(l HoiiU'tinit'S iiitri> and arsenic. Thu t'uniuii il ac-
coin|ili->IU'd UMialt) tn about 3tf hourn.
•* u. /'/ri/e (#/((«.'— tioml (arUtnate of Htala, jirocurt'd hy de-
coni)Hisin^ I'otniMon salt Hith itL'arlaHl), it I'lnptoyed an the
flux. 'l"ie )>ro|iiirtion of tht* niaturiaU ia —
I'lirr sand • . 4.10
l>r)' snlK-arlionalc (if ttotla • U'f'.'t
riirL'(|uickli)(iu • - 4*»
Nilrt- ■ • - 1 A
Itroken |ilati' Rlass . . i.VO ino-O,
Almiii 70 )iarti> uf ^ood jilate (jIavs may lie ruii uft' from theftc
matfrlaU.
".1, t'rofvnt iir ihif Wimhir (it'iHS. — This is made of sand
vilrilic'd b.v the irn|mre h.tritin rnanufactureil li> indneration
of !>ea uffd on the Scotcli and IrMt ithtttvtt. 'J'tte tnixi ap
provitl coMiiionltiun ts.—
Fine Himd |)urini>d
Ik-st ki-lp f;rutnid
Uy Mi':\suri;.
. A
- 11
11> Ueighl.
330
** 4. Ilfimil (ititKa. — ThiH U made of a mixture of Konp-
hollem* waste, kelp, anil sand. The (list ingredient coniistii of
lime used for renderinu the alkali of the soa)i-boiler « auitti' ,
the insolulile matter of his kelp or iKtrillat and a i|U,Mitit.v ui
bait and water, all in a p:ist> >l.ile. 'I'he proptirtions nei'ei-
satlly vary. '2 of the was'e, 1 of kelp, anil 1 of band, form a
pretty Kood hruad Hhiss. 'I'hey are mixed toKetlier, dried, anil
IVitled.
" .1. Itttltle. Glau in the coarsest kind. It is made of soapi'm'
M-aste and rivet s;md, in proponions h liiih practice must deter-
mine according tn the tpiantity of the uast' ; some soap*
Ipoilers extracting more saline matter, and ot ers less, from
their kelps. I'ommon sand and linu', with a little loinmull
clay aiul bca bait, form a cheap mixture for iKJttle f{ltis.,."
1. IlUtorlail Noth'Oi with respect to Glass. — The manufacture of f^la.ss is one of the
very highest heauty and utility. It is most probable tliat we are indebted for this won-
derful art, as we arc f •• the gift of letters, to tlie I'ha-nicians. According to I'liuy
{Hist. Nat. lil). xxxvi. c. i'ti)- glass liad been made for many ages, of sanil found near the
mouth of the small river Bei , 'U I'lirenicia. " The rcj)ort," says he, '■ is, that the crew
of a merchant shi|) laden with nitre (fossil alkali) liaving used .some pieces of it to su))-
port the kettles phiced on the fires they had made on the sand, were surprised to see
pieces formed of a translucent substance, or gla.ss. This was a sutlicient hint for the
manufacture. Ingenuity (astuta et iiigeniosa sokrtid) was immediately at work, to im-
prove the ])rocess thus happily snggcNted. Hence the magnctical stone came to bo added,
from an idea that it contained not only iron, but glass. They also used clear pebbles,
shells, and fossil sand. Indian glass is said to be formed of native crystal, and
is on that account sui)erior to every other.* l'lia>nician glass is prepared with light dry
wood, to which copper and nitre are added, the last being i)rincipally brought from Ojihir.
It is occasionally tinged with ditFerent colours. Sometimes it is brought to the desired
.shape by being l)lowu, sometimes by being ground on a lathe, and .sometimes it is embossed
like silver." .Sidon, he adds, is famous for this manufacture. It was there that mirrors
were first invented. In Pliny's time, glass was made in Italy, of fine sand on the shore
between Cuma; and the Lucrine bay.
Glass was manufactured at Home into various articles of convenience and ornament.
Pliny mentions that Nero gave C,000 sesterces (50,000/. according to the ordinary method
of reckoning) for two gla.ss cups, each having two handles! These, however, must have
been of an immense size and of exquisite workmanship ; for gla.ss was then in common
use for drinking vessels, and was used even in the form of bottles in which to keep wine.
— {Mart. Ephj, lib. ii. 22. 40., and lib. iv. 86.)
There is no authentic evidence of glass being used in '"'lows previously to the thira
or fourth century; and then, and for long after, it was u^i .)nly in churches and other
public buildings. In this country, even so late as the fter part of the sixteenth
century, glass was very rarely met with. In a survey oi Alnwick Castle, made in
1573, it is stated — " And, because throwe extreme wind.s, tlie glasse of the windowes
of this and other my lord's castles and houses here in the country dooth decay and
waste, yt were good the whole leights of everie windowe, at the departure of his
iordshippe from lyinge at any of his said castels, and houses, and dowring the tyme of
his lordship's ab.sence, or others lyinge in them, were taken doune and lade up in safety :
And at sooche time as ather his lordshi])pe or anie other .sbolde lye at anie of the said
places, the same might then be set uppe of newe, with smale charges, whereas now the
decaye thereof shall be verie costlie and cliargcal)le to be repay red." — {North. Jloiisfi.
Book, xvii.) Sir P. ^I. Eden thinks it probable that glass windows were no", introduced
into farmhouses in England much before the reign of James I. I'hey are mentioned
a lease in 1613, in a parish in Sufiblk. In Scotland, however, as late as 16'61, the
.idows of ordinary country houses were not glazed, and only tlie upper jiarts of
veil those in the king's palaces had glass ; the lower ones having two wood'jii shutters,
to open at pleasure, and admit the fresh air. Prom a passage in Ilarriso I's Description
of Entjland, it may be inferred that glass w-.s introduced into country Iiouscs in the reign
of Henry VIII. He says, — " Of old time," (meaning, probably, the beginning of the
century,) " our countrie houses instead of glasse did use much lattise, and that made
either of wicker or fine rifts of oke in checkerwise. I read also that some of the better
sort, in and before the time of the Saxons, did make panels of borne instead of gla.sse,
and fix them in wooden calmes (casements) ; but as home in windowes is now (1584) quite
laid downe in everie place, so our lattises are also growne into disuse, because glasse is
* If thi.s he a correct description of the glass of India in the ago of Pliny, it lias since fallen off very
much ; Indian gla:>s being now about the very worst that is made. At pre.serit, the Hintloos manufacture
it of fmgmonts of liroken glass, quartz sand, and impure soda, — an article found native in m.inv parts of
India, particularly in the .south. The furnaces are so bad that they cannot melt our ronimon bottle ulat.-.
— {Hamilton's Mi/sore, \o\. iii. p. ;;70.) The glass of China ij much better than than that of India,
though still very inferior to that of Europe.
«
',»
I '
i, I
i <
\\ !
■« ■*
I 1
i*
mr
f: f/^'
r
I :i
.' 1'
GOt
(iLASS.
coinuto be so ]>li.-iitif(il, and williiii vi'i'ii.' litllo so ^rooil, cliL-npi', it" not ln'ttcr ili.ni tlif oiIrt."
(iliiss is now introdiu'i'd into tlu' windows ot'idmost I'vi'iy I'oltii^o ot' (iiTat IJritain ; and
in this cold, damp climato, it on^lit ralluT to ho consiiii'icd as a noi't'ssary of lite-, than as
the most elej^ant and usct'nl of convi'iiii'iu'i's. What Dr. .loinison has said as to jrhiss
deserves to lie qnoted. — " \iy some fortuitous lii|ue(:ution was mankind taught to
jiroduee a l)ody at once in a hij,di decree solid aiid transparent, whieli mij^lu admit thi-
lij^lit of the sun, and exehide tiie violence of tlie wind ; whieh mij^lit extend the si^rht of
tlie ]))uloso])lier to new ranges of existence, and eharni him 'it one time with the nn-
Ixtunded extent of the material creation, and at another with the endless subordination
of animal life; and, «hat is yet of more importance, mijrht supply the decays of natiue,
and succour old aj^e with sid)sidiary sight. Thus was the llrst artiiieer in glass employed,
though without his own knowledge or exiieetation. lie was facilitating and prolonging
the enjoyment of light, enlarging the avenues of science, and conferring the highest and
most lasting pleiisures ; he was enabling the student to contemplate nature, and the
beauty to behold herself." — (Hainhltr, No. 9.)
Venice, for a long time, excelled all Europe in the manufacture of glass, but was sub-
sequently rivalled by France. The manufacture was early introduced into England ;
but it was not carried on to any extent previously to the 16th century. The first jilates
for looking-glasses and coach wiitdows were made in 10'7;5, at Lninbetli, by Venetian
artists untjer tlie protection of the Duke of IJuckingham. The IJritisli Plate Company
was incorporated in 17715, when it erected its extensive works at Ilavenhead, near St.
Helen's, in Lancasliire. The manufacture was at first conducted by workmen from
I'rance, whence we had previously brought all our plate gliiss. 15ut that which is now
made at Kavenbead, at Liverpool, and London, is ecjual or superior to any imported from
the Continent.
It is dilHcidt to form any precise estimate of the value of the glass annually pro-
duced in Great ISritain. We believe, however, that it cannot amount to less than
li,O00,000/. ; and that tlie workmen employed in the different departments of the tnaiui-
facture exceed oO,()00.
2. Diitits on (lldss.—'Vhc glass maniit'acture is sulyoctcd tn tlie excise ; and it is (liOicult tn say wnctljcr
till' regulations uiuler wliieli the duty is charged, or the duty itself, be most opiircssivo. U'lic Wealtli and
l)0|)\Uatiiin of the C(i\mtry have more than d(iul)led since 17!Ki ; and we are well eonviuci'd that, had the
Iflass manufacture not heen interfered with, it would have increased in a still greater ratio. lint iii>tcad
of advancing, it has positively declined; and is actually less >at this moment than it w.us K) yeai> ago.' .'^o
extraordinary a result is wholly to he ascribed to the exorbitant excess to whieli the duties have In rn
carried. Instead, however, of submitting any remarks of our own in vindication of thi;. view of the sub-
ject, we shall take the liberty of laying before the reader the following extract from the speech di'li\eieil
by :Mr. I'oulett Thomson in the Il(juse of Conimoiis, 'Jiith of March, IS.Jll, — a sju'cch whieh combine^, in
a degree rarely exhibited, a familiar knowledge of practical details and of sound seientilic principles.
That the administration of which the Itiglit Hon, (Jentlenian is a distinguished member, has not yet jto.
poscHi the rei)eal of this oppressive fax, is not, we are sure, owing to his colleagues ditl'ering in opinion
with him as to its imiiolicy, but is wholly to be ascribtHl to other causes — to the res dura ct i-ruiii miintas
the diRiculty of linding .i snhstituto, aiid the urgency of the claims for relief advanced l)y others.
'• The gross duty on glass liir the year IHJs amounted, in (ireat liritain (exclusive of Ireland\ to
9">0,10j/., and the nett duty to .Wti,77eA ; the diderence being, either returned, or sacrificed in the collec-
tion. And here I would entreat the House to remark, that for the sake of such a sum as j(Hl,(iii(i/., a
charge of collection on nearly l,lir)i),(K)ii/. is incurred. The duty is (W. per jiound on flint, but ecpial to 7rf.
IVoin the mode of its collection j in other words, uiiwards of Kill per cent. ; the glass, when made, selling
for 1.?. to l.v. '.'(/. Tlii; duty, ton, is very much reduced Ikjui what it was ; and here the House w ill observe
an admirable illustration of the ell'ect of heavy duties on consumption, and consequently on revenue. In
17!H, the last year in which the duty was 1/. \s. iiil. per cwt. for plate and flint, and otlier kinds in pro-
portion, the (juantities paying duty were as follow ; —
Flint mill I'lati'. BroMl. Crown. Roltle.
Cwt. ()7,f)I5 20,tiU7 ho,\m 227,476
The duties were successively raised to 2/. 9s. ; and at last, by Mr. Vansittart, in pursuit of hia favourite
theory, in 181 j, Xo^il. bSs. ! and let us see the result In Islii, the consumption had declined to
Plato. Jlroail. Trown. IJotlle,
Cwt. 'Jli,(i(lC (),l+0 ,'i.7,;")(l2 ].W,.'i'J.l
In ISa.^, gnvcrninent saw a |i.art of their error, and reduced the duty by one half, still leaving if too high ;
but mark the efl'cct. In 1«.8, the last year for which 1 have the returns, the consumption rose to
riatp. Ilrciii. Crown. Ituttle.
Cwt. i;S,l,'54 fi,U;7f) !«l,li();J 2'-'+,8(H
Still, however, only about the same as in 17!l+. It a|)pear3, therefore, that notwitlistanding the incro.ise
of population and general luxury, the consumption ha-s been kept down by your improvident system, and
is actually now less than it was m years ago. Hut here, again, the duty is far from being the greatest evil
Let any one turn to the act : he will find :'d clauses of regidations, penalties, and prohibitions ; all vex-
atious to the manufacturer, and all to be paid for by the public. I have said that the duty on Hint .elass
is til/, per pound ; the glass, when made, selling for Is. Hut the excise ollicer lias the ))ower of imposing
the duty, either when the glass is in the pot, ihl. jier pound, or alter it has been turned out, at tW. ; the
glass, when turned out, gaining 10(1 per cent. It is found more atlviintageous to the revenue to exact tlie
duty on gl.vss in the pot. at oil. ; and in this way the duty Ls raised to "(/. Nor is this all. The manu.
facturer is driven bv this method into the necessity of producing frequently an article which he does not
want. He makes the line glass from the middle; the coarser from the t.;;) and bottom of the |x)t. He
fret|uently wants only line glass, and he would re-melt the tiux of flieco.irser' parts if he had not jiaid duty
upon it ; but of course he is unable to do so. All the glass manufacturers whom I have consulted, agree
that the whole cost of the excise to the consumer, bpsitles the duty, which is KM) ])er cent is '■25 per cent. ;
and besides, there is great incom enience and opi>ression from thefrauds that are daily taking place. And
observe the ellect which is produced upon your trade, lioth at home and aliroad,
" A manufacturer who has lately travelled through rrance, the Netherlands, and Germany, has
assured me that our m.anufacf uiers could advantageously cope with forciKiii'is, were it not for the duties
CiLASS.
60.'
iiniMwrd liy thi' (((ivrrniiMiit. I.iil«piii
ilicjip ill tills idiiiilry, iiur inminiily i» ^Tcalcr, ami llic inntf.
riiilH .ire alsii a" rlira|i, il l>, then, the i('Xatiiiii> mieiiiux iliit> iilniie that fiiws the lorej^n inaiiiilaiturer
the advalilaKe (iver the liinll>li. Iliil liie i llect nf the duty (;cie> liirther: it (i) iiali » In pre\eiitall iiii-
|.roveiiu'iit ill the article ; lieraiise, tn iiiiiroie, e\|>i riineiit.' imi>t lie made ; imt a lean «itli ailiily nf I'J.'i
|ier eeiit over lii» head is not \er\ likely to male many e\|i'i iiiieiits. 1 Ids argument applieK esjiecially
with respect to cnloiirs. A iiianiiiactiirer has assured me that lie has iiiicr hecii ahle to I'liidiiee a lieaii-
tiliil rid, heeaiise the duties lune prevented Ids trying the iiecessaiy cxperinn nts, willii>ut Ins incurring
a (;reat risk nr Insx. 'Iliiis a iniserahle duly, aiiinuntiiiK to enly ..l.l.liliU/., and upon wlii<li a charne iif
111 per cent, is made liir cullcctiii),', is alliiwcd tn impeile our ii.aive indiistiy, aial ti> put a stnp tn all iii>-
provement, and he a snurce nr endless iippressinii and fraud. I reallv eaniint 1 elie\e that the lenislaturL-
will resist siiili an appeal as the maiiuliKturers iilthis article could make to llieiii, nr leluse to relieve them
from the f^'ratuitous injury which is inllicted on tlu'iii."
The lollowiiiK aicounts show, Ijctler than any reasoniiijf, the injurious iiillueiice of the existiiij; diiticf.
— histeail of increasing, as it certainly would have done, had it not I eeii crushi'd hy lAorhitant dutien,
tlie ^la.ss manufacture has goiie on pro^-ressively decliniii),' from the | cried w hen Mr. '1 liomsou made the
excellent speech now nuoted, down to the present day. 'I'lie falliuj,- olf in tlii' 1 ottle glass dejiartn ent is
particularly slriking. Ihe dutien heing so very high, the necessity of gi\ing drawlacks on tlir glass
exported opens a wide door to every species of fraud. It the duly must he kept up, it ought, at all event,<,
to lie reduced a half, and simplilied as much as possihie. 'J his woulil materially relieve the manufacture;
and would not, we feel eonlident, occasion the smallest loss of revenue. II is monstrniis, iudeeil, to see
destructive duties tenaciously defended on the stale and stupid pretence of their lieiiig necessary to tlio
Iireservation of the revenue, when, in point of fact, there is not a single inslanco in which they have been
reduced, that the revenue h;is not iucrciusctl.
T. Account of the Number of Glass-houses res]H'ctlvely employed in tlie Manufacture of Hrond, Crown,
I'lint, I'latu, and coimnun Uottlu (ila.ss, in each Year, from l8i.'!i to ls;;2 inclusive, in the United
Kingdom.
Vi'ars.
llroaa
(ilass.
Crown.
es
25
24
28
I'lint.
I'hili-.
('ulliinoTi Itotdl'
(das^.
18C'!I
18.;()
i8.;i
o
o
i
2
54
54
55
59
3
2
2
2
42
Hi)
3fi
39 1
II. Arronnt of the Quantities of I'lint, Plate, Bro.nd, Crown, and Rnttle filass, charged with the Duty in
each Year, from 18'Ji) to 18.J!.', respectively, vvitli the Hates of Excise Duty anil Uevenue accruing
thereon.
Vcars,
IS'.'!)
is;;u
is;5l
18v'2
Flint
GlUsH,
H.nto
of
Ihitv
tnl. I
7!Vi^0
7'i,ii42 1
75,(il!)!
75,771 1
Vlme.
H Mi-
nt
nutj
Crrt. i t.
14,484 (K)
io,.';iii }
i5,ot;7 1
12,270 1
Hale
Uro.id. ' of Crown.
Dulv!
,^C j Itoltlf
Dun *■'••>'*•
Kalu
i.f
Duly
(ill.
t;,8(;4
4,845
.%!)15
5,a)4
n. I Cnl.
SO 114,8il2
i'li,,")!)."!
!l0(l,(lSt)
'l(.y,M2
». ,l.\ Cut.
:s (i^3,v.',h<i4
;)4(),7!i.i!
i;o,i,8li8'
.■>l(>,:i('5'
(jfo.ss Duty.
Ilcvpnnc.
/,. I. ll: I.. s. r/.' /,. $. d.
8;;i,8(l<) 18 10Ce4,7')4 17 2 (107,015 1 8
7'.'5,.".!)7 1 3 18'.',r.78 4 8 .'liUHH ItJ 7
7.!(i,.')l2 1 '.'01,152 2 .0;W,;i."i!» 18 1
748,0! ITSII 18!t,5(i5 7 8 558,5,il 10 3
I
' i|
III. .Account of tlic Quantities of British. made Gl.iss retained for Home Consumption, with the Import.i
of I'oreign (il.iss enteriil for Home Consul iptioii ; the Amount of Customs Duty on the latter, and the
Nett Uevenue arising frcm llritish Glass, in each Y'ear, from ]82!t to IS.W, both inclusive
liritUh.
I-'orcign.
Ve.irs.
Flinl.
1
rintc. liioad.
t
t'roun.
H.'ltle.
riatc.
Crown.
Revt nue on
lluttle. i Forti^n
1 (;|,1S.^.
Nt'ti Kfvcnue
oil Itrilisli
(.lass.
182!)
18;J()
IS.SI
18;;2
(ill.
4!',(.04
48,(«i,3
48,887
4!),552
Cnl. Cnl.
M,'J!ii) (i,8r.4
1,';,0.07 4,S45
14,7!fi 5,i)15
ll,!)!* .V04
(ill.
!17,l;'4
84,178
8.-!,5'J7
!)0,25.5
Ciii.
20!),Si;-2
ltl.O,..t|i
M.'V.SI'
1,-. 1,7(1.".
,s,/._;;,i.
!,iti.;
i,4;;r.
8i;,-i
717
Cirl.
l.W
104
KH
25
t^liHirlit.
7114,778
74;3,7il8
(i'):i,4,-,4
ril5,52G
l(i,708
lli,411
15,841
14,,0;)2
t. I. ll.
f)10,.'3(i7 1 8
5'Ji:,.-,()7 Id 7
510,518 18 1
54;i,!i!iy 16 y
(Compiled from the Pari. Papers, Xos. :;iJ4. and 747. Scss. \SS3.)
.T. ttcffulntipm {1.1 to the MdtH'f act lire of Class. — Tho excise
npTilations «ilh rtNpcct tn ^li'.ss are ninriroiis, rnnpli-x, iuid^
Hifnrt'cd ui-tUrhtavv penaltit-^. MV ran iiotirc oirv a Uv. ot
Ihe Ifiulinj; remilations. AM ulnss ninkcrs nuisi mJc- out a
lifenre.rtTicwaMe nniniallv, A^liich costs '.^t /. lur each izlass-
lx)use; nnd tliev must make eiitrv at tlie next excise office cf
all wo^kbml^es,"fuma^ps, pots, V(it-clmirlx'rs,a>'nfniinKarches,
wanlioiises, Hic, \iiii1er a lunalty of '■i^Hil. No jiot is to he
chnrmii vitbnut ^jivini: imlvc hours' previous notice, in
writing,', of ihi- time of heuimiinjr, the \vt i^'lit uf metal, ami
species of ulass, on pain ot 'H)/. If, aftt r notice piven and a
pauce taken bv the officer, any material or preparation U' put
Into anv po(, a" penaltv of t)vl. is incuiTed ; liul if the manu-
ftictuve'he of ilint ylass, the penalty is 'iiM7. Manufacturirs of
flint class are allowed 3 liours for hepnnin^; to charge their
pots after the tin*' specified in their notices. Kntries of the
quantities maiie are to he made in wriiii'tj, uiion oath, and tlie
clntits paid monthly in London, and ev(r> ft we< ks in the
countrv. Putv niioh materials lost ot spelled i.-% al!uv\eil for,
u]ion due proof heinr made of the fact. f)fficer<; at all times,
by dav and nif^ht, are tn have acre^<i to wi.vkhouses, i<cc., to
paupe the materials, and mark the pots as the\ think fit ; any
attempt to ol.siruct theoffict-rs soemi>Ioved incurs a penalty of
200/. : the rounterfeitinR, alterinp, or effluinpanN marks made
hv the officers is visited w ith a penalty of .'-no/. ; a penalty of
Qiio/. l.einp also imposed upon any one procurinp or conniving
at its heinp done. Officers are enlitleil to take samples, not_
exceedinp 4 ounces in all, out of each pot ; paying for them, if
demanded, Af/. an oimv^e. Thewhole of the metal intended to
be manufacturetl into common plass hottUs is to he workfd
within in hours next after the same shall he bepun ; and ubtn
the bottles are deposited in the annealinp arches, maniifar-
t\irers .ire rii:;ii". in the prest nee fit'the fttlcer, to chaipe fach
pipt u ith fit--ti pii;iierials,ofher than broken plass, not less than
.S(t Ihs. ^veipbt , .nd declarations are to be deliMred, in writ-
inp, of Ihe numbei of nucIi bottles, on penalty of \iHil.
Manufactuters of plnss boiiles are to atbx proper hooks or
staples, with scales and weinhts, to be approvtd ot, in writinp,
by the surveyor or ^npervi^or, under a ptnalty of 6(7. ; the
usinp nny false or in.sunicient stales or wtiplits iii tlie weiphlng'
ot bottlis, incurs a pinaliy of lot-/.
Notices are not to he pivin for drawinp out bottles, hut only
hetwfcn 8 oV loc k in the morninp and *> m the afternoon.
No crown plas,':, or German sheet plass, or broad or spread
window plass, shall be made of preatcr thicknes*;, excludinp
the centre or bullion and theselviipe or rim thertof, than one
ninth part of an inc h, unless notice Miall have been pive!i tliat
it was iiilendid to manufacture the metal into plate plass, and
thodutv on plate plass be paid thereon.— {Sie the Statutes in
livni'sJusliaf Marriott's ed. \oI. ii. pji. 18(i '^^S.)
Knv an account of the duties on foreipn plass imported into
(ireat Itrilain, and the drawl ack, v'tc. allowed upon the ex-
portation of >iritish-maile plas"-, stv Tahiff.
4. i:.r}ortot'um i;/' dlnss.— It is enacted by sf.it. fi (Joo. 4.
c. ll"., tlat no Hint ^;'ass shall I e entitli'd to the drawback on
exporialion, if it b.e not of the sjiecilic piavitv of :^,iiMi, that of
water bein^ 1,000; and if it \>v not worth at least lIi/. a pound
for home con'-umption at the time when it is entered tor ex-
portaiion. All tlint plass entered fur exportation, of less >iu'-
cific pravit> than ."i.oou, or of !.'b>' value th.in 11((. per pouiul,
isforfeitedj and may he ni/td bv anv officer ofexcue.— Sects.
2-1 , 2:>.
IS
K \
i t|
M n
(JOf)
(il.OVKS.
'I
\ 1 ,
I
Thf oiiMifter of ulam It eo niiki-niu'i tlni lu- U-Iiivcn lr tolw
vntlri'h (li UrKlnli iiuuml'iictun-, iumI iImi iIh' iliitl s i(iitHi«<>(l
iiimii K liv liiw liiivi- liti'ii ii;ii(l. Vi tMiiis wlltuHv i.tkinu u tiil«t<
niiih In iiitt iniUlir itn* li.ilili (o tin- p.iltK .mil |>t-iMliit « ut' pi-r-
Jurv. — (.V'j (»m. .1. r. i:.. M(t. '\.J
h«-<nrlt) Uy b»mti it to Iir i;l\rii (u^ii dlf t.r a l.^^*l^•r miiii iinil
A Kn-.iU'r iiuiintlty (it'^HHlt tluui tirr hil*'n<liil li> \»- i-xpt'ttt-tlt,
th It U ■i«-<. oil tlw i-ii)iMrliit)oii Ml' wh It'll .1 ilr.vuhii k It ,ill<ivM't|,
hh.ili U* ^)iiji)>«>l wllhlM 1 iiiuhlh .it'tcr tin- il.il<-ni tii. Ii tiiiirlu ;
t>iil if ()h' I iirnniittliini rt In- s.ili<iii tl (li tl ihi- ^hl|llMt■nt dI' ilii'
^latt M itlnn llti' tf* rilicd linic liat tn-cii )irt-vriiii>il liy mum-
iiiiiivniiliiblf iiiriiliiii, (lu-> II). i> Kr.irit t'lirtluT liMit'. mtt i'\-
cvtiUnu .1 inontht, tur ilu< tlii|tini'iil ili.rcnf. — Stil. 7.
Noilr.twltu k IK til U- .illtiwiil upon the i-\iiiirliitliMi ofustHl,
old.nr •.M-ntiil liiiul ^l.i-^. Sfir.!f.
My Miil. M (I'M. ^. r 'i; M't t. (i. It It *'nuli-<l, tli.it nnilrnw.
ttick itiiill III- ,illnwi>il l.T .u)N n-mil.ir iPiiu*-, <.i(U'irrt, nr n rt.iit-
K"l.ir IkMurt'-t 'if tiiiiMil i;l.itt nr (.Umt whitlow nl;i--., nay |i,irt if
Willi h >iiall (••ii>itt ut nr >iir ii(li> itii- I'ltltinn nt lliit k t lmHil'
|iiir( nl' ilir t ililf IVoiii wlili ti ^ii< h p.nir^, t'lu ir<-t, nv rrit.in-
f;iit.ir li-'tiri't »li<ill li.tvi' tuTit iiit or laki'ti, ot iin> )i.ii I nt' llu-
.siliil liiHlinii, iinlfti iin hull' nt' iiiiv Mii li princ^, iSic. sji.ill
mi'Utiirf tftt th mi liii'hi>'< : imr sh Mi -nu (lr.i» tp u k I'i'allnmd
for any In/i-ti^cs, aii^ p.irt uhi-n nt tli.iil i-nii-jit nf nr im liitl*-
th<* liiitlinii nr ill rk ri'iitn* )i.irt nf ttif l.thli- fimn which siit h
|o/ri)((ft sh.ill li.ivi- lit'i'M t.iki-M, nr any part nt' ihr luillion,
tinlu^Kiio hhtt' nf anv Mit-h In/rii^i- tlrtll iiita-<urr h't< tliat) N
inchft i nnr uiilt'HH llu- distam-c hi'iMi-rn llu- tun nhttitt- anklet
of I'.tih !turh ln/< iiui- •<hall ini'<i-<iir(' S hnhts at llu> lt-asl ; imr
hhall anv llra^^ h <• k U- .illovvril t'nr ativ lnzt-ii^'t>4 not innl ihiinu
t)u* tiiiMUiii nr thii k ct'itiri* part ol'ilu' talilu tVutii whu h nut h
lo/rnt{i't nhall hiivu lu'i-ii nil i>r lakcii, i>r any ptrl or iht* hul*
hiitl, unlftH thi-lli'>taiir<' hrlwi'i'ii I lie t^o nhtll-i> .iiicU ?« ot'rvi-ry
siK'li In/.i-ii^i- htiall inu ituu*.")) Inrias ut ItMM ; and all uhiilnw
KI'I'^-'i any part whffi'nf Nlial hit liiilc nr rniisitt nf tin- hullimi
(If ttiU-k rcnlrf partnfihi' i.iii|t> frnin which tht> -..inii- th.itl
havf h '(>ii rut nr lakoi, .iiid \^hich sh ill 1 1' nf .in\ nilur thane
ur nfh^t (IinH'U>i'>>'t Ih in at al'm-oa'd, sh dl In- di'cntiil tn hi'
«'(#/(• i:fii»% ; and il'.iny ptTtoii th.ill ktuminuly enter nr thip
f >r expnrt.iiinn, in order to nliiain .niy ilrawha< k, any nain-t^
miiiares, nr reeianmilar li^mes or lo/en^e. of spread window
«lits, eoiiuntpnly kmiwii h\ (he name nt /'npiU /i.'/'M*, or other
window ulat^, not heint; spre id ^latt at afnrctaid, eonia niiiu
nr iricltiilint; the linllinii nr thick pait nf the lalile iVuiii^ whicli
Mich paiu's, M|uares, vecianmil ir hLiuri'!*, or lo/eiiKeii nf tpread
Wtass or other window ulatt nspcctively, which nhall not U* of
the dimensions in that hehalf .if,ire-.aMl, huch persnn shall, for
every package cuiitaininf^ any tiicli ;^las.t so entered or sliip|>ed
contrary lo thJH act, forfeit Hhj/.
Ilv .Vi (ifo. 3. i\ 77.Hcct. ti. it i:it'n.ict€Ml, that no^lass what-
snev'er m idi- iiiUreal llritain,or made in Ireland and imported
Into < ire.it Hi itain, sit ill he )ia( ked for exportation nn draw-
I'.ick, in any package made w ith any volil xpiice in nr t pet ween
the component )iarttt thereof, hut all such ^lash •thall he pack< d
for export dion in casks, hoxes, or chests on!y, and in which
the exporter tihallt iirevious to the iiackiiif; of such kIiss,
therein, have cut or ^ullk a sulfliient iinmher ef ' ircular
cavities, each thereof not less than \ of an inch, nor more than
i; inch in diameter, lo receive the se.d direetetl lo he put nn
such package, and for the purpose of nrotectinn such se.d from
h> mi,' lU'ttroved, defaced, hroken, or daniimed ; and where any
such «last stiall he packtMl thr exportation in any cask, hox, or
chitt, eat h tiieh cavity shall hecut and sunk, one part thereof
on the efl>;eof the lit) or cover, and the other on the sideuf suth
liox orchett, so that each such seal may he ctaivenientiv placed
hv the prtiper oHieer of excise, part on the wtiod of such liil or
rover, and the residue on the wikhI of the side of each such hox
or chest ; ami no drawhack shall l*o paid for any fjlass not
pat ked In a cask, box, t)r rhest as aforesaid, nor for anv glasH
packed in any hox or chest not havinu a Hutlicient number of
such cavitk'S: provided that nothing herein sh.all prnhihit the
parkin^iof whole or half tables of spread ^Iii.vs, or of crown
ulass, or any t'oinnion bottles made of common bottle metal,
In any crate or other package whatsoever*
FrfitululaU Packing. — Ifany |H.'rson shall place any brick,
stone, or any other heavy substance, other than (lint nl.iss, or
phial ^lass, or broad K>ats, or crown glasA, la any cask, box, or
chest containing flint wlass, Ac. packing or packed for export-
ation on drawhack, the person so offending shall for each such
offence forfeit '.iOU/., and all such glass, brick, stone, or other
heavy substance contained therein shall Iw forfeited. — (62
Ceo. 3. c. 77. sect. 7-)
Any i»erson altering or defacing any marks on any c.isk, box,
&c. containing glass for exporuttioh, expre>sini; the weight
and tire of sui^ cask, Jkc, or the weight of tht; gla-s therein,
or the time or pbu-e of ip-ickhic, or the number of the cask, &c.,
shall for each offence torleit 2Uti/., with the glaw. — Sect. H.
GLOVES (Gor. Ilamhchnhe ; Fr. GanU ; It, Guanti ; Sp. Gitrmtes; Rus. 7?«-
kawizily Ptrtschatki, Golizii), well known artit-les of dress used for coverin*i; tlie hands,
usually made of leather, but frequently also of eotton, wool, silk, &c. The leather used
in the manufacture of gloves is not, ])l*o[)erly speaking, tanned, hut prepared by a peculiar
process that renders it soft and pliable. Some sorts of leather gloves admit of being
washed, and others not. Woodstock and Worcester, but particularly the former, are
celebrated for the manufacture of leather gloves of a superior (juality ; in which a great
number of women and girls, as well as men, are employed. The produce of the Wor-
cester manufacture has been estimated at about 42,000 dozen pairs of oil leather, or beaver
gloves; and 470,000 dozen pairs of kid and lamb-skin gloves; the value of the whole,
when finished, l)eing about 375,000/. Besides Worcester and Woodstock, London, Yeovil,
Ludlow, and Leominster arc the principal seats of the leather glove manufacture. Gloves
are sometimes sewed by machinery ; but this is done only to improve the work by ren-
dering the stitches more correctly equidistant, as it is not cheaper than manual labour.
Limerick used to be famous for the manufacture of a sort of ladies* gloves, called chicken
gloves. Large quantities of cotton gloves are made at Nottingham and Leicester,
'I'bi' nilli em of excUr nrp lo biniid of mark rvrry r«<fc, itoT,
\< . <if KlaH4 for evtpon iilon with Ihe leiters K. (t. j ,itid if t,ny
I ask, Ate. of p{lat. to lirantled UMiotpiit nn b«>aril Hiihln {^
UnuT'* .if>er llie l<r iiuling Iherittf, or Ifany < awk, \c. no branded
befniindtpn laiul .dier 1^ incpiiiht frtpiii ibfiiine wbi'iisn. b^| is«
wis pai ketl i'lt: expori.ilioii, ilii< s.itne vIiaU \,v fnrfiiiett. Any
person nbllteialKPU, lb f.n iiig, allerm^, \i ■ the .doietdd let-
ters.lo f.rt'ell ^IHl/. - Se. |. U.
Hy rn, lirn. ^. c. lOH. It |<4 piiaeied, that nn d-awbat k slmlj
be p.tid for tlii fvpnrlatlon ot any gmunil tir jpntitbed pial«
gl.i>t made iiitireat llrilain, iiidesh tia h glatt lie exported In
rii langular platesnf Ibe s'/uipf b itu be* 111 lingih by 1 im hen
in hie. lilt b at the le.ist, an J unli-sh each plale ofsm')) gl.itt \t^
free f I till) ttitlntaiitl bll-.ierH,.md I pe perfect .md lit fur bmiietliatc
Use, .It atitl for grountl and pnlitlietl pl.iit gl.iss ■ nntl If anv
perstpii shall p.uk or ship for exportalitai iPii drawback, any
jilate I'f phieglastut gnaiiitl and pub, heil plate ^l,|tt matte
In (ileal lliit.iiri, which it not pUte Mi.t.tt, or hat iml hi en
uroiinti and ppplMi(d,or y^hll b sImII he foreign gl.Lst, tir t>f lesn
ilhiieii^inii nr tlili kiit-<sihr>'Ughnut than .d'tpresald. or shall bv
st.iiPiitl, nr blisieretl, nr nnperfci, or nut tniinetllateU lit for
use .IS ^{rnund and pnlisbetl plate ulast, or any other sia'i of
gl IS-, \sith an<i griaiiid anil polMudplate glas^. the t.ime. a.ul
all the ^last iherewillu shall be foil'eiliHl, and the perstai so
otitfiidmg shall tnrfeit b)r each such p.u kage 100/.
Anv person pit king for eximrbilit)!) on drawbark any un<
ground tiruiipolitheil iilale glass nf|es« nr greater diinetisltm!!
Ill ihickncht and si/e iiiait a l.ut afnrtsaid, nr any foul, im-
perfect, or unmerchantable nngrountl nr iinpnlished platn
gl i^s, in any package, with or amongst anv tpilnr kind nt'
glass, the same, antl all the glass ilierewith, shall be forteilitl,
anil the iierMin Hool!i>ndlng shall forl'eil for each bUch package
llMI/._-( Pli ti,u.^. c. lOS. sect. I.)
liy lyfieo. ."?. c. .1!!. it i. enacted, that if glass shipped for
draw b.u k be frautlulentlv unshipped ni relarvled, iver\ person
in anywise concerned or astltlitig in the same shall, over and
al)ove all other penaltieH, forfeit for eviry siit b otteiue |ni»/. ;
and i-very person knowingly etdering any tni'Km vr irii.iti f:liiiig
for export'itlon upon adrawbitk shall, exclusive of all other
paint anil penahles, forfeit l(Hi/. — Sett. .^7.
\i\ bfJen. I.e. 1 1 7 it is en.icted, th.d i very i«erxnn shipping
or inteniliiig to ship, or being about to ship, in Intanil, any
plate ylass, broad glass, nr crown i;la*s, lor expmtalinn nn
draw bai k, or fur the removal thereof to I ireat llritain, shall
give'^1 bourt" notice of such intentiiPii, and of the plat e nf
shijiping, to theneai'efil collector or uflicer of excise ; and tuch
cnlli'cfor and olHcer are rei| .Iretl thereupon to attend, anil In
cause all such glass to tie weiglunl and nieasnred j and in caae
siub glass ban not been ehargeil with the respectiv" thitles
under the provisions of-lhis act, and It about to ner' t lo.ed to
(ire.it ftritain, it tball be lawful for such collector t .tlicer,
and he itveipiirttl to i barge all such glass with duly at the
rtsp' dive rates of duty made payable by this act on sui h Hort
or kind of glass ri*spectively ; and upon payment of such duty,
it tball he lawful for suih colli-etor or ollicer to grint a ceV-
tilicate of the payment of such duty, lo iiccnmpany such
glas;, upon such removal, and to be produced at the port of
einry in Great llritain ; and in case any such glasH which Khatl
have been diilpr chargetl with the respective duties imyable by
this act shall be cntertd for exportation to for ign parts upon
ilrawhack, or be stnt and removtxl to (ireat hritain, it shall
be lawful for kui h collector or officer, upon proof that such
duties have lieen paid, or have been charged and duly secui rd
lobe paid, to grant a certificate of the pavinent t»f such dutv,
or a certificate that such iluty ha* been charged and is duly .
sec u nil to be paid, to accompany such glass upon such ex-
]iortation to foreign parts or sucn removal to Ore at Hrttain,
and to be there pniduced as aforesaid ; and if at anv time any
person shall export nr enter fiir exportation from Ireland, jion
drawb.ick, or shall remove or send from Ireland to be brought
into (ireat Hrilain, or shall bring into (ireat Itritain 'nv p' '••
glass, broad glatt, or croyyn glasB, unaccompanuw .•\ ucn
eertilicate, containing such particulars a« afon-said ; or it any
person shall refuse to produce such certificate at the port of
entry in (Jreat Uritain, or shall forge or counterfeit any eer-
tilicate nijuired in this act, or shall inakeuseof or deliver any
false or tmtrue certificate a.s and for a certificate riiiuircd by
this act : all such glass respectively shall be forfeiteti, and may
be seized by ,nny ntHcer ot eicise, and the (lerson so tplVending
shall forfeit bWl.: providetl always, that if any plate glass,
bro.id gliLss, crown glass, which shall have been previously
sent to Ireland from (ireat Hrilain, on drawback, shall at any
time afterwards be sent or reirovwl to (Jreat llritain, the rate
of duty to be ehargeil thereon as aforesaid shall be equal and
accortling to the rate of drawback now payable thereon
resiK-'clively when exported to foreign parts.- Sect. 7.
I
f]()LD. - (lOMl Tl.
607
liu.
lands,
used
culiar
being
arc
fjvcat
VVor-
eavcr
hole,
;ovi!,
loves
rcn-
)our.
ckcn
Influence nf Hi /null nj l'i<>/ii/iiliiiii nl fiii/hirliilii'n _ 'I'lii' iiiiiKiitutidli nf lr;illirr rl'ivcn niiil mlttn wiu
forimily |iri)liiliitt'il, iimlcr llic »cvirci.t |t'iiiiltii» I liin jirnliil iliuii li.itl lln' id'ci I, liv |iri'ViiitiiiK all
c'oMii'i'titioii mill I'liiiilaliiiii u nil tliu Imritiiirr, to clirrk iiii|ii(i\ riiifiit, and In ri'iiitcr (tnti-ili ^jnvo ^t
iilirc iht'iriiir in i|U.>lity an<l lii).'li in |>ri<'i' '1'Iiih Ky'<ti'iii was, liourM'i', |irriiiitl('il In coiitiiini' till l><Z'>,
ulicn till' iirdlilliiliiiii was riiMuli'd, anil ^jlnvt'ii iillnwrillu lii' lni|Hirt)'il tin |>ayiMriit i I iliitii>, ulilrli, though
IiIkIi, arr iii>t priiliiliitnry. Ills niiaMirc was vi'lii'iiirntly ii|>|ii>si'il j ami many |irtilirti>>ns wt'if mailc- of
the liilal ruin iil llir inanutartiirt' ; lint In tliii, as In cvi'iy Minilar iiistaiiic, r\|ii'rirlirr lias slimt n tliiit
tlic tra'li' hail lM>t liii'ii rially lii'iirllti'il ; lint tliat, nil the cnlitrary, it hail lirrli iiijiirril hy thr |<riiliiliitiii||.
'1 III' ulinlrsnnii' i'iini|irtitii>n tii wliiili tin' niaiiurailnri'rs niiiv I'l'lt tlii'ni>rlM's, Inr tlii' lirsi tinir, i'xikim'iI
liiaili' tlii'in rxrrt iill Ihrir riirr^'irs ; and it is ailnnlti'd nil all hands, lliat tlirir li.w litiii a iiinri' ra|iiil
lin|iriivrnii'nl in thr inaiiurartnii'dnriii)<tlir last h.ilt iln/in ycarsllian in tlii' |>ir\ n lis hall i rut iiry llii'ii'
is Htill, nil ill mill, a xrrat dial nl (:oin|>laiiiiliK nl a ilrray iil trade aniiiiiK tlii' Irallirr i^lnvi' inaiinlai Miri rn ;
hilt \vf arr assiirril thai, 11 llirrr hi' any rial Iniiiidatinn Inr tlirir r<>in|'laihls, it is aMriliahli' lar ninri'
In till' ^r<l^vill^ ii^i' III' hnnii'.niadr inttnn xInvi'M than In till' ini|iiirlatinii nl 111111^11 Iratlirr glnvis ; and had
it lint hi'i'ii Inr tin' iinprnnd lahrii', and nrratrr rhi'apniss nl liritisli li atlirr Kln\ 1 s, that has ^■r^\^|| out nf
till' iii'W systi'iii. It IS ahniidantlv rrrtaln that rnttnn (ilnu's wnulil havr u'aiiiiil still ninri' ra|<iillv mi tliriii.
In |iniiil .il lart, hnwrviT, d dnis lint appear that tlirri' has hern any lallin;^ (>ll in the leather ^'Ime trade.
On till' iniitrary, the lair inl'eri'ni'e seeniH In he that it has materially inereasi d : at all events, there liaK
lieeii a \ery innsiderahle increase in the linmher nl' skins liriin|{ht Irnin ahrnail In he usiil in the mamilar-
tnre, and i'niisei|iiently in tin' nnnilier nf pairs nf ^Intes prndneed Irniii sneh skiiin i and there is im reason
Inr tliinkin),' that it is at all dillerent with the other departments.
Leather ^'Inves must 'e impnrted in paeka^es, inntainiiiK i^ach IIK1 dozen jinirs nt least, and in vesAeU
of (0 tons burden or uiiwards, on penalty of forleiturf. — 17 Ihu. 4. c. ■«(. ^ 7.)
Account of the N'umlier of Piizen I'airs of Ilaliit (ilnves. Men's fllnves, and Wnmen's fJloves and Mitts,
iiii|M>rti'd iiiln the United Kingdiim ; the Amount of Duty liaid Iherenii during the \ears Ifi'iS Ih.n and
IHKI) and the Itates nf Duty
Tnlal Oil
iiitlr\
Yiars.
liibit(;i..v.'..
IMcnS (1 loves.
ami Alilli'
Ihtr.fn, Pairs.
III l.i'.illii'r
<.||.^.'S
i.r iiiit* ,.ii i..,,ii,iT
aiul AlilK il
,|i..rl.-.l.
liluvi-^ , 111(1 .MilH.
L. <. rf.
I>.,y.,;i. I'l.ira.
tiif.ftt, Vitiri,
ft. •..■.!.
Pain.
IH'JS
Ii|l,."in+ 7
iiV,lkiH 1(1
;i,()ia H
Kio.ii!)
1
21,(K.1 3 H
l«.'!l
■*.j,l!7!l T)
'.'.;,( i.;;> (i
ii.'iHl (i
7-.',(i!ii>
.0
I.O.ilO 15 8
1H,0
li'-Vii;.) 1(1
'i.,(i|3 ,i
:i,lH7 M
PM'-'ti
||
I'MSH 1 7
IKJI
.
.
.
'j'J,lti~>
5
'-■|,S)S
ih.;j
.
.
.
l'.'n,Jb(i
()
'^■/,ll"j U
llateii of dutv
thriiu|(hniit the
wlinle perind -
4*'. per doz. pair.
'n. per iloz. pair
7.«. por doz. pair.
Accnunt of fill' Nuintier of Lnnil) and Kid Skins entered for HonieCnnsuniptinn in the Twelve Years end-
iiiK with IH.il, with an Kstimate of the (Quantity of (doves which such Skins would produce, on the Sup-
position that frnin each liii) Skins there would lie inannfaotured IS Dozen I'airs of (iloves.
Years.
Niiml'i'r (if
Tolnl I.amli
!)(./. (Ildvfs
Nunilirr nf Number i.f
Tdlal I.anili
!)(!/. (iloVCH
LainU Skins.
Kill Skins
ami Kill.
(<i( Il \'L'ar.
I.aiiili Skins. Kill Skins.
and Kill,
I'.uli N'l'jir.
IS2()
!>.K',H17
mi,^^]
l,'-'l!l,ili(l
I8'J,SS|)
IH'Jti
1,74.;,778
■<7.';,.-..j;j
'.v;i!v;ii
.'S47,»'8n
18'J1
l,a)-i,()'J|l
24'.',! '(Ill
I,I4.'.,( )•-'.")
2lii,7.j(i
IK'J7
2,74n,.)!i7
(iWl.Hdi
a,;)<Ki,'.'(io
.0()8,.M«)
IHijy
l,<)08,(i.">l
*IH,;V-'.'3
'J,.il7,174
y 47 ,.">(;'.'
I8i!8
'-',!il7,47(i
!iit4,(i.!!»
;j,8'J'.',ii.-,
.^.-..-Joo
18i;,i
1,!I74,143
4! 17,444
2,471r'S7
;37(i,7i.'8
18liy
l.tUn.iilO
tm,tM
2,(i28.!l!l4
.■i!'4,,'J44
lHi;4 1 '.',a)l,'.");5
(k-3l,!K);i
2 8.iV-!
41'4,!I8()
18.iO
l,8,J!l,8.")0
l,08(i,2(l!)
2,!l4ii,().-)',i
'Hi,<m
lK2."i ' 2,(i<)H,.«i
77l,.".ii2
'.',S7 0,075
43( !,.">( )fi
18,il
2,8!li;,!).!4
I,()(l8,.-i(l7
;3,!HiI,i.'41
.'■iS.-i.lHO
GOLD(Ger. Gold; Dii. Goud ; Da. and Sw. Guld; Fr. Or, It. and Sp. Oro ;
Port. Oiro, Ouro ; litis. Soloto ; I'ol. Z/oto ; Lat. Aunim ; Aral). Tlhr and Zilnh ,•
.San.s. Swiirna ,- Malay, Man), the most jirecioiis of all the metals, seems to have been
known from the earliest anti<(uity. It is of an or.inge red, or rediiish yellow colour,
and has no perceptible taste or smell. Its lustre is considerable, yielding only to that of
platinum, steel, silver, and mercury. It is rather softer than silver. Its specific gravity
is 19":?. No other substance is eipial to it in ductility and m.dleahility. It may be
l)caten out into leaves so thin, that one grain of gold will cover .'j(,J squart inches.
These leaves are only jy^'nin of an inch thick. But the gold leaf with which silver wire
is covered has only -j'^ of that thickness. \n ounce of gold upon silver is capable of
being extended more than L.'IOO miles in length. Its tenacity is considerable, though
in this respect it yields to iron, copper, platinum, and silver. From the experiments of
Scckingen, it appears that a gold wire ()'()78 inch in diameter, Is capable of supporting
a weight of l.TO-OT lbs. avoirdii])Ois without breaking. It melts at 3'J° of Wedgwood'.s
pyroinetcr. When melted, it assumes a bright bluish green colour. It expands in the
act of fusion, and consequently contracts while becoming .solid more than most metals ;
a circumstance which renders it less proper for casting in moulds-. — ( Thomson's
Chemistry. )
For the quantities of gold produced, and the places where it is produced, see Pre-
cious Metals.
GOMUTI, OR EJOO, a species of palm {Borassus Gomutus), growing in the
Indian islands. A valuable product is obtained from this palm, resembling him-k horse
hair; it is found between the trunk and the branches, at the insertion of the l.itter, in a
matted form, interspersed with long, hard, woody twigs of the same colour. When
freed from the latter, it is manufactured by the natives into cordage. Its fibres are
stronger and more durable, but less pliant, than those of the cocoa nut, or coir
i
,; it,
:»)
r'i
', ?
^'!
i''
)
f i'
f *i
V
M '
608
GOOD HOPE, CAPE OF GOTTENBUllGH.
*i
(see Coir) ; ami is, theroforc, CittLT for cahli's and si'uiding rigging, but less fit for running
rigging. Tlie nntivL- sliipiiiiig of tlie Easti-rn islands of all liinds are chiefly equipped witli
cordage of tlie gomuti ; and tlie largest European sliipping in the Indies use cables of it.
It undergoes no i)re))aration l)Ut tliat of spinning and twisting ; no material similar to
our tar or pitch, indispensable to tlie preservation of benipen cordage, being necessary
with a substance that, in a remark "'.ilo degree, jiossesses tlie quality of resisting alter-
nations of heat and moisture. The gomuti of Amboyna, and the other Spice islands, is
the best. That of Java has a coarse ligneoas fibre. Gomuti is generally sold in twisted
shreds or yarns, often as low as 1 dollar a picul, and seldom more than 2. Were
European ingenuity applied to the imjirovement of this material, there seems little doulit
that it miglit be rendered more extensively useful. — ( Crawfard's East. Archip, vol. iii.
p. 42,5. )
GOOD HOPE, CAPE OF. See Cape Town.
GOTTENIJIJIIGM, oii, more properly, GOTIIABORG,on the south-west coast of
Sweden, bordering the Cattegat, near the mouth of the river Gotha, lat. 57" 42' 4" N.,
Ion. 11^57' 4,';" E. Population 21,000*, and increiising Vessels do not come close to
the city, but lie in the river or harbour at a short distance from the shore, goods being
cot veyal from and to them by lighters that ii.ivigate the canals by which the lower part
of the town is intersected. The depth of water in the port is 17 feet, and there is no
tide, bar, or .shallow. A vessel entering the Giitha must take a pilot on board, whose
duty it is to meet her ^ a league west of Wingo boaeon. After Stockholm, Gotteiiburgh
l':is the most extensive commerce of any town in Sweden. Iron and steel, the former
excellent, but the latter inferior to that made in England, form the principal articles of
export. They are brought from the rich mines of Wermeland, distant about 200 miles ;
being conveyed partly by the lake Weiier, partly by the Trtlllhstta canal — (see Cana i.s ),
— and partly by the river Giitha. The exports of ■•■on, in 18:51, amounted in all to21,f);i9
tons, of which 15,400 tons were taken by the United States, and 4,51 1 tons by England.
The original cost of iron is supposed to be increased abinit 5 per cent, by the expense of its
conveyance to Got'euburgh ; and the slii])i)ing charges, iiicl ive of the export duty, iire
about 10 per cent, additional. Tlie next great article of export is timber, particularly
deals, which are also furnished by AVermeland. Of these, the exports, in 18:51, we>»j
52,H6'(i dozen, of which 40,f>00 dozen went to Great Britain, and the residue t>>
France, Ilol'ind, is.c. The other articles of export are, linen, sail-cloth, tar, copper,
alum, glass, colialt, manganese, linseed, oak bark, bones, juniper berries, cranberries,
vock moss for dyeing, &c. Grain is sometimes imported and sometimes exported. The
principal articles of import are sugar, cott'ee, tobacco, cotton yarn and twist, salt, indigo,
and dye woods, South Sea oil, rice, herrings, wine, sjiices, &c. In 18:51, 52!) sliijis, of the
burden of (;;5,075 tons, enti-rcd Gotteiiburgh. Of these, G8 sliijis, carrying 16,770 tons,
were American ; and 41 ships, car/ying 5,i;51 tons, British. The rest belonged, for the
most jiart, to Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. About 80 vessels, of the burden of
14,000 tons, belong to the po'^t ; but the native sliiiiping is decreasing.
Iln-n'n^ I'ls/ia-i/. — (iottcnlmrRTi usotl, at no distant poriod, to bo one of the principal scats of tlio
licrriiij,' lislu'ry ; Imt at present tliis branch of industry is quite extinct, and it h;i3 always beeii very
caprieious. rVinn \')M ti> l.")HS, great (|uantitie,; of herrings were taken ; from 1.5,SS to l(iiiO, they left the
coast ; during tlie next 1") years they were again abunclsnt ; but from Jti7j to 1747, they entirely disap.
peared. From 1747 t) 1770, they were abundant, l,s(|,()ll- barrels being taken in ]7(i), and l.)l,483 in
17iiS. Krom 17sii to l"!t!>, the li»hery Wiis very good, from 1I(),IHI0 to I'.lO.IMK) barrels being annually
exported. In lSi)4, the export was 7!',")1'.' barrels In ISllS and ISO|i, fish were very scarce ^ and in IHl'J
they entirely disappeared, and have not Ir iierto returned; so that (iottenburgh, instead of exporting,
at present imports cons derable supilies oi iierrings.
The customs duties produced, in 1H.31, T4!>,7 >'.' dollan banco, or j3,')52/. Both iron and timber pay
duties on exportation, but they are not very heavy.
Cinti^m-hnitS" 'h^nl'lfiimi ami Port C/iilri:es> — On arriviilf; in
iii>i't,iu> ner^' salliiwt-il to bi>ar(t or to leave it vt'sscl till slirltc
in i-usttMly oi .01' olM'.'iT-, ; who, li ivioi; iiuiiui-ted the iii:tiiife>t
iiul p.iiiLTS, semi tht'iH to the Custoni-^lou^*. .\n otRi'cr is ,ip-
iiointecl to stiuerhitend tlie tinlo.uliiit; atul .iKo the loading.
The pnlilic rh trees ot' all sorli on a .■,wt'.li.,h shiii and on .1
foreign snip ii'H priviletted, eacli of ."Soil tons hnniiii, nnlo.ul-
in;j and loidi .nixi'd I'.aruoes at tiottenl)nrj,'h, would he,
on the former ,. ,^ ;,,,."''., on the latter \\il. tys.ld. On a pri-
vih't^wS foreign ship tin, ch.irh'os are the same as on . Swedish
.ship.
W^ttrchttimni; Kyslent^ — (roods ni ly he honded for any length
of tnne, an paying ^ per cetit. tut niturein for the first 'i years,
iind i per cent, anmi.div thereafter.
Ciimniitsiont CretlUt \c. - The tiso.il rate of eoniniission is
'2 percent. tfOo,ls are commonly sold on credit. Haw sugar
at it months, with ^ months* interest to the seller. Other yood.s
at .1, 4, and li months.
fiiiuK-ing, Sr — ThtTe arc no pnhlic or private hanklni: osti •
hii.hments at tiottenhurgh for the issue of notes; hut the
national hank has two ollire^ here which advance Innit.d
smns of money, a, .'> per cetit. on the security of go(Mls, and in
diseoMnt of hills. Some of the Knglish in>uraiue coinpamcH
h.ive agents here, who do a good deal of Im-iness.
Sea SlitrrSf II',(/er, \c. — These may he hail here of exiellent
(itial.ty.md dicap. Hii>f I V. per lb., hest rye hre.id '^Ji/. pet
lb., and hutter tit), per Ih.
Fri-i^^'ltt to London, in IS.'^'i, iron, 10*. a ton ; deals, per
I'eteisliurgh standartl hltttdrLsl, '/I. IOj.
Mtoit'i/, llv/^'/j/.,, Mttisurcst J^c, same as at Stockiioim,
which see.
In eomiiiling this article, we have made use of the ('timiirn
Afl^n'CrSf dated lIMh of .lannary, IS.'^S ; ftirf'a Tftiit-h in lite
A'.ir//i (./■ Enrttin'f vol. iv. pp. '^(,7' -V75. ; Oihli/'s Eiiriiiittni i\mi.
ttterce. ' '''-' : ntol some valuable prica^cc<nnmijriir(itM'ri.T.
Ct»nmnciiil I'<iliri/. — l\ut for the perverse policy of its ROvernment, the trade of Oottenburgh, and
of .Swetlen in general, would bo far greater than it is. Its rich ami exhau.stlcss mines and forests fur.
nish an ample supply of etiuivalents for whatever might lie importml into the country ; but inste.td ot
alluwin.t; the energies of the nation to he emiiloyed in this safe and natural clianneli government has
attempted, by a system of prohibitions and heavy duties, to raise, CDiife qui coutc, a manufacturing inter.
• This is the po ulati->r as given in the Weimar Almanac for 1332; according to the Consul's report
it U under 18,000.
of tlu>
u VITV
left IIi'l>
.'ly ilisap.
"1,48J ill
niinually
" ill I SI'.'
sporting,
lint ihi>
hiiiil.d
)il>, iiiul in
timijiiiilifS
rvifllent
r/^ in the
iilll f'.tlM.
GRACE, DAYS OF. — GUAIACUM.
609
est, and to make Swwleii iiidcpeiulent ol' IbruiKiitT'^ ! In coiispciuiiirc, a good many cotton and \v(h)IIiii
rnills have bi-oii ostalilishcd in ditU'rcnt parts of thf country. It would, liowcvor, Ik- alisurd to imagine-
that tlicy should ever lie able to furnish jiroducts at so cheap a rate as they may lie imported for from
this and other countries, enjoying superior facilities for the jiroseciition of manufacturing industry.
Tills forced system is, therefore, doubly injurious to Sweden; hrst, by lessening the foreign deniaml for
her peculiar products, and secondly, by diverting capital and industry into the lea-t productive channels,
forcii.g the Inhabitants to pay an aftilicially enhauceil price for .-ome highly nece.-sary articles, and encou-
raging smuggling. Unt, pernicious as the system is, so great a proiiorlioii of tlie scanty capital of Sweden
is now emb.irked under its a-gis, that the return to a better order of things will be a work of much ilifti.
c'ultv. It need not surprise u> to learn that the imiiosition in this country of oppressive discriiniiiating
duties on tiinlier from the north of liurope bad a material influence in stiinulating the Swedes to endeavour
to dispense with foreign, that is, with British, manufactured articles !
Gll.\C'E, DAYS or. ScL" Ext haxgk.
GIl.M'KS ( (iur. Trauhen ; Vr. ]itii.sins ; It. Grappuli, Grajipi ; f'p. L'lxis, liiiiiiiins;
I.nt. Uv(i'), a well known fruit, iiroducetl fioiu the vine. l-'raiice, Spain, I'orliio;:!!, and
Italy, as well as some jiarts of (jernianyand lliiiifjary, produce grapes wliieli yield wines
of various qualities and Havoin-, many of tliein e.xeellent. \Ve iniport green grapes from
ISIalaga and some other parts of Spain ; they are lirought packed in jars, and secured iVoni
damage Iiy means of saw-dust, plentifully strewed between the layers of fruit. 'I'lie grapes
grown in Great Britain in the open air are much smaller, and by no means so Itiseions, as
those of foreign countries ; but those raised in iiot-hotiscs are (piite etpial, if not superior,
to the former. Grapes are imported not only in their natural state, but dried and pre-
berved. in which latter state they arc denominated Haisins; which .see.
G]UNDST(.)NE.S, flat circular stones of diflerent diameters and thickness, motnited
on sj)indles or axles, and made to revolve with different degrees of velocity, employed to
polish steel articles, to give an edge to cutting instruments, ivc. Grindstones not in constant
use are commonly tinned by winch liandles ; but at Sheffield and other places, where
polished articles and cutlery are extensively manufactured, large numbers of grindstones,
being mounted in buildings approjiriated to tliat purpose, called grind or liiade mills,
are turned by .straps, acting on tlieir axles, the moving jiower being either water cv
steam. The stone l)est suited to form grindstones is what is called a sharp-grit ; it
lieing chosen finer or coarser grained according to the purposes for which they are
destined. The principal grindstone (]iiarry in England is at Gateshead Fell, in the
county of Durham ; wliere they are produced in vast numbers, not only for home use,
but for exportation to all parts of the world. IJut those principally in use at Slieftield
are mostly quarried at Wickersley, in Yorkshire.
They ai-.' classed in eight diiTercnt sizes, called fuols, according to their dimensions, as in the fol.
lowing 'I'aMe : —
A grindstone foot is 8 indies: the size is lound by adding tiie diameter and thickness together.
Thus, a stone 513 inches diameter by S thick, making together ti4 inches, is an f?.l'oot stone, of 8 inches
each foot.
liesidcs the above sizes, grindstones are made, when ordered, of any intermediate dimensions ; many
,^re made much larger than any of the above sizes ; some as large ; s 7ti inches diameter, and 14 or 15
inches thick, which are a great "weight, a cubit foot weighing 1 cwt. I qr. 14 lbs. — (/{crii's Cydojiicdia ;
J'ni7i'i/'s Siirvri/ of Dnrliani, p. 4;3.)
Grinding is an unhealthy and dangerous employment. For some purposes, the stones arc made to
revolve with an extreme degree of velocity ; which makes them (jccasioiially fly in pieces, lint the
greatest annoyance to which the grinder is exposed, is irom his inhaling the minute particles o( stone,
and of iron and steel, that are always Hying about, particularly in the process termed dry grinding.
Contrivanci"s have been suggested for obviating this serious inconvenience; but whether it be owing to
their unsuitableness, or to tlie carelessness of the workmen, none of them has succeeded in practice.—
(Tn aline oh Iron and SlCtl, Lanlncr's Ci/clo/iiidin, p. ii'Jo.)
Gl'AIACUM, OK LIGNUM VITil': (Fr. Goi/ac, Bois snint ; Ger. PoiMuln ; It.
Gudjdco ; J>at. Guaiacum, Lignum vita-, Sp. Giicu/aci)), the wood of a tree, a native of
Jamaica, Ilayti, and the warmer parts of America. It is a dark-looking evergreen,
growing to from 40 to 50 feet in height, and from 14 to 18 inches in diameter. Tlie
bark is hard, smooth, and brittle ; the wood is externally yellowish, and internallv of a
blackish brown colour. Lignum vitas is the weightiest timber with which we are ac-
quainted, its specific gravity being 1 ".VMl. It is exceedingly hard, and diflicult to work.
It can hardly be split, but breaks into pieces like a stone, or crystallised metal. It is
full of a resinous juice (i/i«iiiic), which prevents oil or water from working into it, and
renders it proof against decay. Its weight and hardness make it the very best tiinljer
for stamjiers and mallets ; and it is admirably adapted for the sheaves or pulleys of blocks,
and for friction rollers or castors. It is extensively used by turner.s.
The guitiac, or gum, spontaneously exudes from the tree, and concretes in very pure
tears. It is imjiorted in casks or mats ; the former containing from 1 to 1 cwt., the latter
generally less than 1 cwt. each. Its colour dillers considerably, being partly lirownish,
partly reddish,, and partly greenish ; and it alwavs becomes grt'eii when left exposed to
•J U
N I'
mm
M !
M
1
** I! \
^'^
610
GUERNSEY. — GUMS.
f'"'i i
i !
*' a
the light in the open air. It has a certain degree of transparency, and breaks witlt a vi-
treous fracture. When pounded, it emits a ])leasant balsamic smell, but has scircely any
taste, although when swallowed it excites a burning sensation in the throat. When heated,
it melts, diffusing, at the same time, a pretty strong fragrant odour. Its sjjecific gravity
is l'2'i9. — (See Veyet. Suh., Lib. of Entert. Knowledge; Thomson's Cheviistry, ^c.)
GUERNSEY. For the peculiar regulations to be observed in trading with Guern-
sey, Jersey, &c., see Imtortatios and Exportation.
GUMS, RESINS, GUM-RESINS. In commerce, the term gum is not only
applied to gums properly so called, but also to resins and guni-resins. But though
these substances liave many properties in common, they are yet sufficiently distinct.
I. Gum is a thick transparent fluid that issues spontaneously from certain species of
plants, particularly such as produce stone fruit, as jjlnm and cherry trees. It is very
adhesive, and gradually hardens by exposure to the atmosphere. It is usually obtained
in small pieces, like tears, moderately hard and somewhat brittle while cold ; so that it
can be reduced by pounding to a fine powder. When pure, it is colourless : but it has
commonly a yellowish tinge ; it is not destitute of lustre ; it has no smell ; its taste is
insipid; its si)ecific gravity varies from l';5161 to 1'4;517 ; it readily dissolves in water,
but is insoluble in alcohol. Gum is extensively used in the arts, particularly in calico
jjrinting, to give consistence to the colours, and to hinder them from spreading. It is
also used in painting, in the manufacture of ink, in medicine, Sic.
The only important gums, in a commercial point of view, are gnm Arabic and gum
Senet/ul,
1. Gum Arabic (Fr. Gomme Arabique. ; It. Comma Arabica ; Ger. Arabische gummi ;
Arab. 2\)lh), the produce of the Acacia vera, a tree growing in Arabia, and in many
jiarts of Africa. The gum exudes naturally from the trunk and branches, and hardens
l)y exposure to the air. " The more sickly the tree appears, the more gum it yields;
and tlie hotter the weather, the more prolific it is. A wet winter and a cool or mild
summer are unfavourable to gum." — {Jacksor,''s Morocco, p. 81.) It is in irregularly
shaped pieces, hard, brittle, and semi-transparent. When jinre it is almost colourless,
or of a pale yellowish hue ; being insipid, inodorous, and dissolving completely in the
moutli. Specific gravity l-lU to 1 •43. It is often mixed with gum Senegal. East
India guni Arabic is, though a usetul, a spurious article, not being the produce of the
acacia vera, but of other sjiecies of plants. The best gum is either imported direct
from Alexandria, Smyrna, 'I'ripoli. ^logadore, Tangiers, i*vc., or at second hand from
them through CJil)raltar, JMalta, and the Italian ports. The i)riee depends principally
on its whiteness and solubility, increasing and diminishing, according as the article has
more or less of these (juaiities. — ( T/iomsoii's Dispensatory, and privatK information.')
At an average of the 3 years ending with 1S31, the gum Arabic entered for consum]ition amounted
to 13,57i ewt. a year. I'rcvionsly to last year (I8.)'2', the duty on gum Araliic from a British possession
was (KV. a ewt., and from other. parts 12.<. ; l)ut the duty on it and all other gums is now fixed at (is.
a cwt. without regard to origin. _<)f 7,7.S4 ewt. of gum Arabic imported in IH.jO, Tripoli, Harliary, and
Morocco furnished 'J,i() J; Egypt, .J7!' ; Gibraltar, 1,. "187 ; Italy, 1,0(17 ; Malta, oi)7 ; the Kast Indies,' l.Wii.',
HiC. The reduetion of the diity on foreign gum will most i)robably oeeasion an increase of the imports
from the Meiliterranean and Mogadore. 'J'he i)riee of gum Arabic in bond in the London market
was, in December, l'<:i3, — Kast India, from 3ls. to Gjs.. per cwt. ; Turkey, from lOOs. to 'ills, per do. ;
and Uarbary, from 5Ui. to \Ws, per do.
2. Gum Senegal, principally brought from the island of that name on the coast of Africa,
is obtained from various trees, but chiefly from two : one called Vereck, which yields a
white gum ; the other called Ncbitel, which yields a red gum ; varieties of the acacia
gummifera. Gum Arabic is very often mixed with gum Senegal. The latter is nearly
its j)ure as the former, but it is usually in larger masses, of a darker coloin-, and more
clammy and tenacious. It is the sort of gum principally employed by calico jirinters.
It was worth, in December, 1 8,'}.'}, duty (6s. ) paid, from 75s. to 78,s. a cwt. — ( T/iomsoii.' s
C/iemistrg, Thomson's Dispensatory, Ainslic's Materia Inilica, ^c.)
1 1. Itesins, for the most part, exude spontaneously from trees, though they are often
obtained by artificial wounds, and are not uncommonly, at flrst, coml)incd with volatile
oil, from which they are separated by distillation. They are solid substances, naturally
brittle ; have a certain degree of transparency, and a colour most commonly inclining to
yellow. Their taste is more or less acrid, and not unlike that of volatile oils ; but they
liave no smell, unless they hajipen to contain some foreign body. They are all heavier
than water, their ,s])ecific gravity varying from 1'0182 to 1'1862. They differ from
gums in being insoluble in water, whether cold or hot ; while they are, with a few
exceptions, soluble in alcohol, esiiecially when assisted by heat. When heated, they
melt ; and if the heat l)e increased, they take fire, burning with a strong yellow flame,
and emitting a vast cpiantity of smoke. Common rosin furnishes a vef-y perfect example
of a resin, and it is from this substance that the whole genus have derived their name.
Rosin is, indeed, frequently denominated resin. Tiie principal resins are Animi, Elemi,
Copal, Lac, l.abdanum. Mastic, Rosin, Sandarach, Tacamahac, &c. ; which see, under
their re>;pcclive names, — ( Thomson's Cliemislry.)
GUNPOWDEU.
611
HI. Giim-resins, a class of vegetable substances consisting of gum and resin. They
difK'r from resins in this — that they never exude spontaneously from tlie plant, being
obtained either by l)ruising the parts containing them, and expressing the juice, whicli
is always in a state of emulsion, generally white, but sometimes of a dillerent colour, or
by making incisions in the plant, from which tlie juice flows. The juice, being exposed
to the action of the sun, is condensed and inspissated, till it forms the gum-resin of
commerce. Gum-resins are usually opaque, or, at least, their transparency is inferior to
that of resins. They are always solid, and most commonly brittle, and have, sometimes,
a fatty ajjpearanee. Wla^n heated, they do not melt as resins do ; neither are they so
combustible. Heat, however, commonly softens them, and causes them to swell. They
l)uni with a flame. They liave almost always a strong smell, wliich, in several instances,
is alliaceous. Their taste, also, is often acrid, and always much stronger than that
of resins. They are usually heavier than resins. They are partially soluble in water,
but the solution is always opaque, and usually milky. Alcohol partially dissolves them,
the solution being trans])arent.
The most common gum-resins are Aloes, Aminonlit, Eiipliorhhim, (Uttlliitnum, dimbm/c,
Mi/irli, Oliltdiiiim, S((i/(i}n'iium, Scnmmomj, i"vc. ; which see, under their respective names,
— {I.niiildii's luiii/. of Aiiriciill. ; 'I'/ioiiisoii's C/iemisIn/.)
Gi:\r()\Vl)kll ((ier. Pii/nr, Sr/iicssjiulrcr ; l)u. Buskruid ; D.i. Krwif, Piilirr ;
Hw. Knit; \'r. I'oiidrc ; It. I'ulrviv ; Sp. and Port. Polroni ; Kus. Poroc/i ; Pol. Prin'li ;
Lat. Pidvh ]ii/iiiis). This well known inflammable ])owder is composed of nitre,
suli)hin', and charco.al, reduced to powder, and mixed intimately with each other. The
proportion of the ingredients varies very consideral)ly ; but good gunpowder may be
comi)()sed of the following ])ro])ortions ; viz. ~G ])arts of nitre, 15 of charcoal, and 9 of
suli)hur. 'I'hese ingredients are first reduced to a fine jiowder separately, then mixed
intimately, and formed into a thick ))aste with water. After this has dried a little, it is
l)laced upon a kind of sieve full of holes, through which it is forced. I?y this process it
is divided into grains, the si/e of which depends ui>on the size of the holes thro\igb whieli
they have lieen squeezed. 'I'he powder, wlien dry, is jnit into barrels, wliieli are made
to tiu'n round on their axis. 15y this motion the grains of gimpowder rub against ciicli
other, their asjjcrities are worn off', and their sin-faces are made smooth. The powder is
then said to be glazed. — ( 'J'/iomson's Chemistry.)
Dr. Thomson, whose learning is ecpial to his science, has the following remarks with
respect to the introduction of gun])owtler into warlike oijorations; — '• 'J"he discoverer of
this compound, and the person who first tliouglit of iii)plying it to the jjiirposes of war,
are unknown. It is certain, liowever, that it was used in the fourteenth century. I'Vom
certain archives quoted by Wiegleb, it api)ears that cannons were employed in Ckrmany
before the year 1:57L'. No traces of it can be found in any P^uropean autlur previously
to the thirteenth century ; but it seems to have been known to the Chinese long before
that jjcriod. There is reason to l)elieve that camions were used in the battle of Cressy,
which was fouglit in 1;J'10'. 'I'liey seem even to have been used three years earlier, at
tiie siege of Algesiras; but l)efore this time they must have been known in Germany, as
t'iere is a i)iece of ordnance at Amberg, on which is inscribed the year ISO:). Uoger
Bacon, who died in 1'.292, knew the jjropcrties of gunpowder; but it does not follow
that he was acquainted witli its ai)i)lication toflre-arms." — ( T/iomson's Chemistry,) For
further ]iarticulars as to the introduction of camion, see that article.
The m.iiiuf'acturo and sale of Riiiipnwilcr is rc'Knlatrd t)\ ^('vcral statutes. Uy tlic 12 Geo. 3. c. (11. it is
enarti'd, that iii) jiorson sliall use mills or other engines tor maliinp Riuipowdcr, or maiiut'ric'turp the same
ill any way, except in mills and otiier places wliirli were actually in rxisti iice at the time (it |ia>siiij,' the
.let, or wliieh, if erected alierwards, have been sanctioned l.y a licence, under jiain of lorfeilint; the fiuii.
poMcler, and '.'.v. a pound. It is further eiKuted, that no mill worked liy a pestle, and usually termed a
licstle mill, shall he used in making gunpowder, under the iliove-nientionod penalty ; and that no more
than -IDlhs. of gunpowder, oi materials to lie m.ide into gunpowder, shall lie made at any one time under
a single pair ot mill-stones, on pain of forfeiting all ahove 4(1 lbs., and L'.v. for every iiouiuf; nor shall more
than Id ewt. lie dried in any one stove or place at aiij one time, under forfeiture of all .iliove that quantity,
and 'Js. for every pound thereof, 'llie powder mills erected at Uattle, (rowluirst, Saddlesconibe, aiid
lirede, in Sussex, previously to 177", are exempted from the above regul.itions so far .is relates to the
in.aking of line fowling powdt'r.
No dealer is to keep iiK^rc than COO llis. of powder, nor any person not a dealer, more than '>0 lbs., in the
cities of London or Westminster, or within .'i miles thereof, or within .iny <ither city, borough, or market
town, or I mile thereof, or within 'J miles of the king's palaces or magazines, or } a mile of any parish
ehuri'li, (in pain of forfeiture, and '.'.«. per lb. ; excejit in licensed mills, or to the .imount of .00 lbs. for the
Use of collieries, within 2oO yarrls of tliem.
Not more than 2."> li-irrcls are to be carried by any land carri.ige, nor more th.m COO barrels by water,
unless going by sea or ro.istwise, each barrel not to contain more than UK) lbs.
All vessels, except his i\li\jesty's, coming into the 'I'h.imes, are to put on shore, at or lielow Hlarkwall,
all the gunpowder tbey have on board exceeding i.';") lbs. \e.-sels outward bound are not to receive on
board more than 'ZTIIis. of gunpowder previously to their arri\al at lilackwall. 'i'he 1 riiiity House have
authority to appoint searchers to inspect ships, and search for gunpowder All the gunpowder found
ahove •,"> lbs., and the liarrels containing it, and '.'.v. for every lb. above tli.at ^juantity, are Ibrl'eitiHl. Any
person obstructing an ollicer searching for coiicea!(>d gunpowder is liable to a penalty of 10/ The places
of deposit liir gunpowder are regulated by tlie 5i (ico. :]. v. l,",o.
The exportation of gunpowder may be prohibited by order in council. Its importation is prohihitcnl on
p.iin of forfeiture, except by licence from his Majesty; such licence to bi graiiteil for furnishing his Ma^
jest\'s stores (inlv. — (li (■■(•(). 4. r, 107.)
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GUNNY. — HALIFAX..
I; i
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The act 1 Will. 4. c. 44. prohibits the manufaoture aiiJ keeping of gunpowder In Ireland by any person
who has not obtained a licence I'rom the Lord Lieutenant ; such licences may be suspended on notice from
the chief secretary, and any one selHng gunpowder during the su.spension of such licence shall forfeit
500/. GunjKiwder makers under this act are to return monthly accounts of their stock, &c. to the chief
secretary. This act, which contains a variety of restrictive clauses, was limited to one year's duration,
but has been prolonged.
GUNNY (Hind. Tdtj Bun. Guni), a strong coarse sackcloth manufactured in
Bengal for making into bags, sacks, and packing generally, answering at once the two
purposes for which canvass and hunt are used in Eurojie. The material from which this
article is manufactured, is the fibre of two plants of the genus Corchorus ; viz. Corc/ionis
olitorius, and Corchorus capsularis (Bengali, pot); both, but ])articularly the first,
extensively cultivated througiiout Lower liengal. Besides a large domestic consumption
of gunny, the whole rice, paddy, wheat, pulses, sugar, and saltpetre of the country, as
well as the pepper, coH'ee, and other foreign produce exported from Calcutta, are packed
in bags or sacks made of this article. There is also a considerable exportation of manu-
factured bags, each commonly capable of containing two maunds, or about 160 lbs.
weight, to I'rince of Wales Island, ^lalacca, Singapore, Java, and Bombay. In 18^8-129,
the number exported from Calcutta was 2,'J05,'20(;, of the value of lf)()',109 sicca rupees,
or about 16,000/. sterling, showing the price of each sack to be less than 2d, — ( WaUkh ,-
Roxburgh; Bell's Review of the External Commerce of Renqal.)
GYPSUM, OR SULPHATE OK LIME, is found in various parts of the Con-
tinent, and in Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. When reduced to a powder, and
formed into a paste with water, it is termed plaster of Paris, and is much used for form-
ing casts, &c. It is also used for laying floors ; and has been advantageously emj)loyed
as a manure.
H.
J '!
I !'
HAIR, Hitman (Ger. liaarc, Menschen-haar ; Du. Hair; Fr. Cheveux ; It. CapeUi
umani ; Sp. Cuhvllos ; Lat. Cupilli), "Human hair makes a very considerable article
in commerce, especially since the mode of perruques has obtained. Hair of the growth of
the northern countries, as England, &c., is valued much beyond that of the more .southern
ones, as Italy, Spain, the southern parts of France, &c. Good hair is well (vA, and
neither too coarse nor too slender; the bigness rendering it less susceptible of the arti-
ficial curl, and disposing it rather to frizzle; and the smallness making its curl of too
short duration. Its length should be about "25 inches; the more it falls short of this,
the less value it bears." — {Eiicy. Brit.)
IIaiii oi' Ttiasts (Ger. Haarc, Iluhaare ; Du. Hair; Fr. Foil; It. and Sp. Pelo ;
Lat. Pelles), The hair of horses is extensively used in the manufacture of chairs, sofas,
saddles, &c. ; while the hair-or wool of beavers, hares, rabbits, &c. is much employed in
the manid'acture of hats, &c.
HAIll-POWDEll (Ger. Puder ; Fr. Potulre a poudrer ; It. Poherc di cipri ; Sp.
Polcos dc pelnca), is used as an ornament for the hair, and generally made from starch
l)idveri.sed, and sometimes perfumed. A tax of I/. ;js. 6d. a year is laid upon all persons
who wear hair-powder. Dillerent statutes prohibit the mixing of hair-powder with starcii
or alabaster. And hair-powder makers are prohibited having alabaster in their custody.
HALIFAX, the capital of Nova Scotia, on the south-east coiist of that province,
lat. 44^" ^6' N., Ion. 63° 28' W. It is situated on a peninsida on the west side of Che-
bucto Bay, and has one of the finest harbours in America. Population, exclusive of tiie
military, about 18,000. The town is irregularly built, and most of the houses are of
wood. The government-house is one of the most splendid edifices in North America.
Halifax was founded in 1749.
Port. — The best mark in sailing for Halifax is Sambro light-house, on a small island off the cape of the
same name, on the west side of the entrance to the harl)our, in lat. 44° 30', Ion. H.J'-' '32'. The light, which
is Hxctl, is 210 feet atave the level of the sea; and a detachment of artillery, with twoi;4.pounders, is upon
duty at the light-house, tiring .it regular intervals during the continuance of the dense fogs with which
this part of the coast is \ery much infesteil, — {Coulter, Tahlcs des Principtiles Positions (icdgrnp/iiqms,
p. 78.) The course into the harbour for large shipps, .ifter assing .Sambro light, is between the main lanil
on the west and Macnah's Island on the east. On a si)it projecting from the latter, a light-house has re.
cently been con.structed ; and when this is seen, ships m.ay run in without fear. The harbour is defended
by sever.il pretty strong forts. Ships usually anchor abrea.'it of the town, where the harlniur is rather more
than a mile in width. Alter gradually n.arrowing to about i of that width, it suddenly exi)aiuls into a
noble sheet of water, called liedford liasin, completely land-l<ickcd, with deep water thr<)ugli()ut, and c.v
pable of ,icconun(Klating the whole navy of (ireat Hritain. 'I'he harbour is accessible .it all times, and is
rarely impede<l by ice. There is an extensive royal dock-yard at Halifax ; which during w.ar is an im-
portant naval station, being particularly well calculated for the shelter, rep.iir, and outtit of the tleets
cruising on the American coa.st and in the West Indies. Mr. M'(iregor has severely, and, we believe,
justly, ccn8ure<l the jiroject for the removal of the dock-yard from I^Ialifax to Rermuda.
Trade, S(C. of llalif'ar and Nova Scotia. — Halifax is the seat of a considerable fishery ( but the Mritish
colonists seem to be, for what re.nson it is not easy to say, both less enterprising and less successful (ishers thiin
the New Knglanders. The principal trade of the town and province is with the West Indies, Ureal Britain,
and the I'nited States. To the former '.liry export dried and pioklctl fish, lumber, coals, grindatones
HAMS.
613
cattle, flour, butter, cheese, oats, potatoeK, &c. Tlicy i-xiiort tlie same artidosto t) -diitliern ports of tli
Liniteil States, and gypsum to tfie eastern ports (jI New Kuxlaud. 'I'o (ireat IJi ,01 they send tim\ier
deals; whale, coil, aiid seal oil; furs, ^e. The priu'.i|ial exports of liniher are tVoiu I'ictou on the St.
Lawrence. The iini>orts consi.>.t principally of colonial produce from the West Indies ; all .sorts of manu-
factiireil goods from Great Uritain; and of tiour, lumber, &c. from the UnitcKl States, principally tor ex.
portation to the West Indies.
The Boverinnent packets sail regularly once a month from Halifax to Falmouth ; but packet shiju to
I.iveriHiol have recently been established, which are, in all respects, superior to the former. 'J'here are
also regular packets fnmi Halifax to Hoston, New York, and the West Indies. A steam.boat plies con-
stantly between Halifax and the little town of Dartmouth, on the opposite side of the harbour.
In IM'iti a company was formed formaking a canal across the country from Halifax to the basin of Minn.s,
which unites witli the bottom of the Hay of I'lnuly. Tlie navigation is formed, for the uiont part, by Shii-
beii.iiadie UiU' and river 'I'iie legislature gave ].j,()(K)/. to this undertaking; but it has not hitherto been
conipletiKl. 'I'lii' excavated part of the canal is t;i) feet wide at top, :k> feet at bott(jm, and is intendcil to
admit vessels drawing H lect water. It seems very quisti<inable whether this canal will be i)rolitable to the
shareholders; but there can be no doubt that it would, if linished, be of considerable service to the trade
of Halifax.
There arc 2 private banking comi>anies at Halifax. Accounts are kept in pounds, shillings, and pence,
the same iis in England, and the weights and nu'asurcs are also the same.
AlK)ut Ml large .square-rigged vessels, and about the same number t ' large schooners, with several
smaller craft, belong to Halifax.
The total revenu .■ of Nova Scotia for the year IKOl, including balances and arrears, was 8;"),0I8/. ; the
expenditure during the same year, exclusive of that incurred on account of the garrison, being !M-,S7i>/.
Weliorrow from the valuable work of Mr. M'Uregor the following statements as to the trailc of Nova
Scotia in lKi'2 : —
Produce of the Fi-sln'rief. exiMjrtf.l in the Vt'.ir eiidiiit; ."Jth of
January, LS.")."^.
Ifin.fiin rwt. dry fish, at lOi.
.17, l.")! liarreU |iiiklid ti...h, at l.lc
h,t'll boxes smoked herrings, at .>j.
701 tuns oil, at UOI.
AI,'J1.S Kal skins, at 1<. fit/.
L.
I. d.
Total
S(i,3'il» O
•n,si,r> 10
\,mc, ^
ll.OHO (I
.I.H'Jj 17 U
Ili7,l.'i5 10 O
Produce of ARrirullure.
Jtirley and oats, .",178 hushels, at ^J.
Potatoes and turniiis, ()1,7P.^, at l«. (ij. •
Oalnieal, 7 liarrels, at 20«,
Flax-seed, 10 bushels
Ilornetl cattle, horses, sheep, and swine,
\)'Hu value - -
liulter, chee.sc, and lard, 8.0, 7'^'! lbs., value
Cranberries, 4*J(t gallons
A|tples, '.^(iO barrels
lleef and |iurk, IM barrels
Total l.'j,')S.l 8
Produce of the Mines, exported.
(,'oals, 12,n'iO chaldrons, at S/ii.
Ditto, from Caiie lireton, 7)11,077 chaldrons
tiypsuni, ^b,Um tons, at 10*.
Ditto, from Cape Itreton, (iVN^ tons
Grindstones, I'JjVJll, at 30».
Total
L. I. </.
i.';,OM
3s,.-.;i 1.'. (t
•i'i,-,:A
.lis .'.
28,SliU
10.j,3a9
Produce of the Forests.
1
Square Umber, 38,191 tons, at \ri3.
Deals and inch boards, !),'JSI,UUU -
LathwoMl, ViH loads
Staves, V!,711,(KK) - . . -
Shingles, .1,11 l'^><i(X)
Handspikes, '^,300 - . - -
Oars, poles, &c., 3,894
IMasts and s)iars, M'i
Hoops, 'i.'M,\bn
Value of timber shipped from Cape Urcton
Total
/,. i. (/.
!i!l,(ll3 ,'> (1
'n;im (i ii
ViH
3,.'ii;9
'i,'i\<\ 10
11')
l.'i (1
WK)
111 1 3
1,972
(i2,117 IB 3
The balance of exports consists of various articles, transhipped, principally West India protluce, tea
from China, &c.
Account of Vessels entered inwards in the Port of Halifax and Nova Scotia generally, in the Year end-
ing ,0th of January, IHS.'i ; and of those cleared outwards from the same.
Inwards.
Ships.
Tons.
Men.
Ships.
104
Tons.
Km.
Unitetl Kingdom
110
17,4.H
2,317
25,429
1,174
liordcaux . - .
a
i;,ii
1(>
Oporto
)
ii»i
9
1
112
6
Guernsey and Jersey
3
o7y
22
( adiz • • .
- -
.
-
1
90
6
Smyrna
o
2.01
15
Memel . . -
4
!)!12
41
IJritish West Indies
28!)
27.112.!
1,5153
292
£7,430
1,724
Hetcrsburgh
1
227
12
Hritish N. A. colonies
l,04<i
Go,'yir,
3,784
l,i(rt
1)9,1 Gti
4,048
Azores and Madeira
2
187
12
4
;i5()
19
Malaga and Gibraltar
7
yji
4ti
o
237
13
l-oreign vessels from India
or hurope
-
.
,
1
l.OO
13
United States, British vessels
3!>7
31,443
1,.059
398
31,fiti(i
1,.".98
Ditto, foreign vessels
77
7,!)21
41'!
u>
9,549
461
Hrazil
f>
1,381
98
10
1,584
82
Mauritius
1
187
10
( anton . . .
1
Si)4
Vi
Africa - .
1
JKj
7
Kio Janeiro
i
151
8
Havannah
Totals
o
191
U
1,950
163,.'385
9,973
166,047
9,162
(See M'Grcgor's British America, 2d eil. vol. i. p. 481.483. Ac; Moorso7ii's Let/as from Sot'o Scotia,
passim ; Papers laid bcjorc the Finance Committee, ffc.)
HAMS (Ger. Schinkcn; Du. Hammcn ; Fr. Jamhons ; It. Prosciutti ; S]^. Jamo/ies ,-
llus. Okoroku), the thighs of the hug sahed and dried. York, Hants, Wilts, and Cuin-
lierhiiid, in England, and Dumfries and Galloway in Scotland, are the counties most
famous tor producing fine hams. Those' of Ireland are eoniparativuly coarse and without
flavour. — (.See Bacon.) The hams of Portugal, Westphalia, and N'irginia, are ex-
quisitely Havoiired, and arc in high estimation. The imports of bacon and hams, prin-
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614-
HAMBURGH.
cipally the latter, amount to about 1,350 cwt. a year. The duty is very heavy, being
no less than '2Hs, a cwt.
HAMBURGH, a free Hnnsentic city, on the nortli l)ank of the river Ell)e, about 70
miles from its mouth, in lat. 5IJ° 3'2' .'Jl" N., Ion. 9-^ .58' 37" E. I'opulation, 12.'>,tXX).
Hambur<5h is tlie greatest couMnereial city of CJcrmany, and, perliaps, of the Continent.
Slie owes this distinction principally to her situation. Tiie Kibe, which may be navi-
gated by ligiiters as far iis I'rague, renders her the cntrvp'it of a vast extent of country.
Advantage, too, has been taken of natural facilities tiiat extend still further her internal
navigation ; a water communication having been established, by means of the Spree and
of artiticial cuts and sluices, between the Elbe and the Oder, and between tiie latter and
the Vistula ; so that a consideral)le part of the produce of Silesia destined for foreign
markets, and some even of that of Poland, is conveyed to nami>urgh (See Canals.)
There is, also, a communication by means of a canal with the Trave, and, conse(|uently,
with I^ubeck and the Haltic, by wliicli the necessity of resorting to the ditlicult and
dangerous navigation of the Sound is obviated. \'essels drawing 11 feet water come up
to the town at all times; and vessels drawing IS feet may come safely up with the spring
tides. 'J'he largest vessels sometimes load from and uidoad into lighters at Cuxhaven.
The trade of Hamburgh embraces every article that Germany either sells to or buys
from foreigners. The exports principally consist of linens, grain of all sorts, wool and
woollen cloths, leather, ilax, glass, iron, copper, smalts, rags, staves, wooden clocks and toys,
Ithenish wines, spelter, &c. IMost sorts of Haltic articles, such as grain, tlax, iron, ])itcli and
tar, wax, Sec, may generally be bought as cheap at Hamburgh, allowing for (liUi.'rence of
freight, as in the jiorts whence they were originally brought. The imports consist ))rin-
cii)ally of sugar ; coll'ee, which is the favourite article for siieculative purchases ; cotton wool,
stuffs, and yarn; tobacco, hides, indigo, wine, bnuuly, rum, dye woods, tea, ])ei)pcr, i*v:c.
Heing brought from manyditrerent places, there is a great variety of (piality in the grain
found at Hamburgh; but a large pro])ortion of the wheat is inferior. Some of the barley
is very good, and fit for malting. The oats are feed of various ipialities. The customs
revenue is fuimd to amount, one year with another, to from 30,(XX)/. to IJ.T.OOO/. 'i'lie
rate may, perhaps — (see/osO' be taken, on imiiorts and exjjorts, at a rough average, at
5.S'. \\J. ])er cent., which would give, at a medium, l'J,:iH(),()()()/. a year for the value of
the trade in articles subjected to duties; and adding '_',(X)(),00()/. for the trade in articles
exempted from duties, we have M,;i80,(XH)/. as the total annual value of the import aiul
export trfide of the jiort ! And, as the largest (jortion of this iunnense trade is in our
hands, it will be necessary that we should be a little fuller than ordinary in our details
as to this great emporium.
Moui-i/. — Afcouiits arc kc|it at Ilambiargli in marcs, diviilcd into 10 sols or schillings lubs, and the
schilling into V2 pt'cnings lubs.
Accounts arc also kept, particularly in exchanges, in pounds, scliillings. and i)onrr I'lcmish. The pound
consisting ot '21 crowns, ,>J tlialcrs, ~\ marcs, ijo schillings I'leinisli, and JKi grotes I'lcmish.
'i'hc monies ui circulation at Hamburgh arc divided into Ixiiicii mh\ nirrnit minicii. The former con-
sists of the sums inscribed in thc"books of the bank (i|)positc to the naincs of those who have deposited
specie or bullion in the bank, liaiiro is intrinsically worth about 'J) per cent, more than riirmiii/, but
tiie n/;io is constantly varying. — I'or an account of the liank of Ilamlinrgh, see Hanks (Imikkk^n .)
Of the coins in circulation at lland)urgh, the rixiloll.ir banco and the rixdollar current are the most
common. The weight of the former is not unilorm ; but Dr. Killy estimates it, at a medium, at -iUCi
Eiig. grains pure silver = 4s. li^i/. The current ri.\dollar — jI8o grains^, js. H^U. very nearly. The Mam-
burgh gold ducat = !>.v. 4//.
Taking the mean value of the rixdollar banco at .'iVid. .sterling, it follows, th.at U. sterling - 1.', marcs
2 7 schillings banco, or 1/ sterling — .).'>.i. lit. I'lcmish banco. No tixed piir of exchange can, however, be
established between London anil Hamburgh, on ac<'oinit of the lluctuaiiou of banco. I/, sterl. = lii marts
2 »chiUings Hamburgh c.irrcncy, or 1 marc current = 14. Si/, sterl. — {kt//i/\i Cambist, Ilamlmrglt.)
Weights and Mcusinrs — The commercial weights are,
'2 I/oths 1^ 1 Ounce. I 14 founds ^ I Lispound. I 2j Centners =: 1 Sliippound.
Ifi OuTicos = I I'ound. | 8 Lispounds =; 1 Centner. |
100 Hamburgh po\nids n KliiS lbs. avoirdupois - 12<i s lbs. Troy - 4S-4j kilogrammes = iJS lbs. of Am-
sterdam. A stone of (lax is '.'lllh.s. A stone of wool or leathers is KMbs.
In estimating (he carriage of goods, the shippound is reckoned at o8U lbs.
Tlie measures for liquids are,
2 Oessels n 1 (,)uiirtier. I '2 Stubgens = 1 Vicrtcl. fi Ahmsor J , p. ,
2 yuartiers = 1 Kaneu. 4 Vierlels = 1 Kimer. i;4 Ankers j - l i'l'uci.
2 Kancns — \ Stubgen. | ;") lOimers = 1 Ahm or 4 Ankers.
The ahm is cipial to :!S}, and the fuder to '22i'J, Kngiish wine gallon.s.
A fass of wine -- 4 oxhott = (i tierces. The oxhoft or ho.gsiiead is of various dimensions. 1 oxhoft
French wine = (i:! to (i4 stubgens ; an oxholt of brandy - liO stubgens. A pipe of Spanish wine — !lii to
](K) stubgens. A tun of beer is 4h stubgens. A pipe of oil is S.'Olbs. nett. Whale oil is sold per barrel
of (i steckan = ,'i'2 Kng. wine gallons.
The dry measures are,
4 Spints = 1 Himtems. I ,3 Fiiss = 1 Scheflel. I 2 Wisps - 1 Last.
2 Himtems = 1 I'ass | 1(1 Schetrels = 1 Wi>p. | li Last = 1 Stock.
The last = 112 Winclu-stcr quarters. A keel of coals yields from 8 to !i Uists.
The Hamburgh foot = UVSIi English inches. The lihuieland foot, used by engineers and land
surveyors, =: bi'oii inches. The ISrabant ell, most connnonly used in the measurement of piece goods,
^ 27';"i8,5 inches.
A ton in the lading of a ship is generally reckoned at 40 cubic feet. Of things that arc sold by number,
.•\ gross thousand = 1,21)0 ; a gro.ss hundred - 120 ; a ring = 240 ; a coumion or small thousand = 1,000 ;
a shock ^: 60; a steigs =. 20; a gross = 12 dozen.
Imports,— Vic subjoni an account of the imjiorts, consumption, exports, storks, and prices, of someof the
principal articles imported into Hamburgh, during each of the 10 years ending with the let of Jan., 1833.
c
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HAMHUIIGH.
i'. ill]
; %
F.iporls. — Wc rcRrct that no mntcriiilt exist by wliicli it is possible to give any account of the quantity
and value of tlie (lillerent articles exported from Hainluirxh. — (I'or soino partinulara a« to the corn trade,
see Cdkn Lawh and Chun 'J'haoi:.) Linens are one of the most important articles of export. They are
Keiierally sold liy the piece ; but there are Kreat ditli'rences in the dimen.sions of pieces of diflercnt ucno-
Jiiinations. The followiiiK Table is, therefore, of importance, as it exhibits the various descriptions of linen
usually met with at I lainburKh, with the length and breadth of the dillcrent i>ieces. It also gives their
cost on board in sterliiiK, on 1st f March, 18Jj.
IK>»c-riptioii^.
Ltnglli.
VunU.
Width.
Hold.
Cost
on lluaril,
in Sterling.
Yardi.
£ s. (t.
£ s.
rf. £ s. rf.
riatillaa royales .
5r>
\^
per piece.
Ifi 8
to 1 10
11 to 2 5
Urown Silesias
3J
\l
—
13 C
— IS
0—1 1
liritamiias
7
lil
_
3 11
— 07
7-0 9 5
Ditto
7
il
—
8 <i
.- 12
— !.■> 8
Dowlas . . . -
C7i
M
—
1 n 10
— 2 2
— 2 17 11
C'reas ii la Morlaix
07i
\^
—
1 15 2
— 2 14
— 3 15
List.iilos ....
43
I
—
1 1
- 1 7
— 1 ll)
White sheetings
50
^
—
2 3 5
— 2 14
(I — 3 2 11
Plain lawns
H
\%
—
f)
— 15
— 1 1
Clear, figured, and worked lawns
H
\%
—
7 7
— 09
— 12
Arabias ...
2IJ
I
—
9
— 12
0-0 u; 5
Checks, No. 2. - - -
171
i
—
5 3
— f>
0-0 (i 7
Striped and chocked books
43
i
per 3 pieces.
13 6
— 18
— 19 C,
Hessia rolls -
3.5
8
per piece.
8 7
— 12
0-0 ic r>
Linen for coarse bags
3J
19
Tfi
—
9
— 12
— 13 G
Osnaburghs ...
-
5" per WO 7
{double ells i
1 12 10
— 37
4—4 2 6
TccklrnhnrBhs - -
-
- -
—
2 18 5
— 3 (1
— 3 12
The I'latillas and Britannias come principally from Silesia; the Creas from Lusatia, &c. ()snabur2;hs
are made of flaxen, and Tecklenburghs of hempen, yarn. Linens are sold w ith a discount of 1 per cent.
S/iipi»np. — The ships arriving at Hamburgh in the undermentioned years (ending oOth of September),
have been a.s under : —
From the
1827.
1828.
1829.
18.30.
1831.
18.';2.
Kast Indies
9
12
8
13
8
8
Brazil
83
71
8.5
82
94
!)■>
West Indies
90
11.-.
84
102
129
113
United States
40
42
40
23
42
44
Mediterranean
Vi
G2
63
61
61
54
.Spain
21
15
20
20
24
20
Portugal
30
18
16
28
16
13
France
f)2
86
r.1
65
47
107
Great Britain
.570
.529
587
710
652
(i72
Netherlands
346
342
395
375
290
387
Baltic
Totals
281
292
338
443
385
38.5
1,.578
1,584
1,697
1,922
1,748
1,896
Nni'ientinn 'if the Elbe, Pilotapc, Sjc. — The nioutli of the Kibe is encumbered with sand banks The
channel leading to Cuxhaven is bounded on the north by the \'(igel .Sands and North (Grounds, and on the
south by the Schaarhorn .S.ands and Neuweik Island. On the latter there are 2 liglit.hmises and J beacons,
and on the Schaarhorn is another beacon. The light-lumses on Neuwerl; Island are about 7<iO yards
apart ; the most southerly, which is also the most elevated, being in hit .03° .54' 57" N., Ion. if 29 iij" K.
It is li8 feet high, being twice the height of the other. The channel is, in some jilaces, hardly J of a
mile wide. The outer red buoy in the middle of the channel, at its mouth, bears (rom IIeli{;oiaiul S K.
by S., distant nearly 20 miles. I5ut the best mark in entciing the lOlbe is the floating light, or signal .^hip,
iiioored 2 miles N.W. by N of the red buoy, in 11 fathoms at low water Thi... v(?ssel never leaves
her station, unless compelled by ice in the winter sea.soii. By night she exhibits a lantern lij;lit, .'aS I'eit
above deck, and in foggy weather rings a bell every quarter of an hour. A second signal ship is .-fa-
tioned 5J miles S.K. by K. fmni the first, at the westernmost point of a sand hank dividing the lair way of
the river. She is rigged like a galliot, to distinguish her by day from the first signal ship; anitiliiiing
night she exhibits tivo lights, one IS feet above the tither. The distance from the outer red liiioy to
Cuxhaven is about 1(> miles; thence to (iliickst-idt the course is ea>t, '-)-' \iiiles ; from the latter to Stadc
the course is south-e.isterly, 9 miles ; and then easterly to Ilanibiugh, IS mile-. The clKiiinel through-
out is marked with black and white buoys, which are numbered and specified in the cliait-. '1 he black
ones are to be left, in passing uj) the river, on the starboard or right hand side, and the white on the
larboard side.
Kvery vessel coming from sea into the Elbe, and drawing 4 feet water, is directed to take a pilot oti lioard,
and iiuii-t pav pilotage, though she do not take one. However well the sigiLlls, lights, beacons, and buoys
may be arranged, an experienced jiilot is very necessary, in case of a fog in the night, or of a storm. 'I'otakc
in a pilot, a vessel must heave to by the pilot galliot, which lies, in good weather, near the red Imoy, and in
bad weather, N.N.K. from Neuwerk, and is known by having at the tlag.-tafl'an ailniiral's tla^-, ami a Iniig
streamer flying at the top. If the ))il(>t boat have no pilot on board, or il the weather be so lad that the
pilot cannot leave her, she lowers lier flag, and then the vessel coming in imi^t sail, witli the signal 'or a
]iilot hoisted, to Cuxhaven, and lieave to there, where she is certain of getting one.
Tlieie are no docks or quays at Ilambiirgb ; and it i^ singular, consicliring the great trade of the port,
that none have been constructed. A'esselsnioor in the river outside of piles driven into thcgiouiid a.-hort.
di.--tance I'diii shore ; and in this situation they are not expo>ed to any danger nnle-s Ihi' [liles give way,
which rarely happens. There is a sort of inner harbour, formed by an arm of the Kibe whi( li runs into
the city, where small craft lie and discharge their cargoes. Larger vessels load and unload from their
moorings, by means of lighters. These carry the goods from and to the warehouses which front the various
small arms and channels of the rivi'i, and the can.ils carried from it in'o diflerent parts of the city.
The charges on account ef lighterage arc c\liemely niotlerate.
IIAAIHURGH.
«)17
PotlCHareet.^Tht iliiTRe* of a nuMio nature pn^uMeliy
Tev«l9 enltriiiu itu* port of HiiinburK]),ui)ln.-idltiK iti)(tliiailiiit{,
art* |iili>LiKi' •Kid iHsU^t'. The be|Mr;iti' ilt'nis of \«hi(l) an*
Kiveii tn the t'ollouinK laMe.
i'iV.rf(ii.'f (/M.f l.-'iNfi'r. — The lliinhurnh pilot*. Koiur.illy
HM'ftliiiiK, tiikr i'h.irK«' of v^■^st■ls oiilv from the Hr»l Itiun/ to
Frt-tjhirtih or Uliuk^riull, the iiiliiiai;e for wliii!i is reniilatiil l»y
' <. 17:>H, a> ' ■
Frftjl'iiruh
aw of the
isthuf Kebruury.
, as follows : —
Fur each Foot HambufKh |
.Measure whic
ha
\'«*1
itraws
.*
• h.
E5S.
s i
3 Z '-^
K 3
j.i^f.
^ .3
M /^
£"
7f-
-,
= ^r*.
C 2
i^ it ^
C u^
Veiwcls roming nortliwardt,
a --
?=-!
Murks L
urrcnry.
■f.
KiiRlish
iMunt'V.
((. t. (/.
1
and roUiers
•i
3
2
.13 f,
A II vessels, ninacks, and k^iven
drawing' more th.tn 1 feet
water, and in hallast
'i
3
2
4 3 6
\V-*t-ls hiilen withsalt or com,
1
w hertsoever they may cotni-
1
from
3
1 8
3
5 3
\'f.s<eU which, besides salt,
corn, or ballast, have one
third of the carKucunMslin^
of pit-re |,'o<Ki.-i
4 n
r.
t
8
7 n
V'lsseN Lillet) with htrrinys -
■i
3
'i
4
3 U
vVll vi'>sels laden witli wine,
oil, vinegar, train oil, iron,
Ii-ad, packa^^e^, or ba^s, ami
all ve■.^e^ coinintr from fo-
ii'i^n parts, uliLtlier laden
or not
1
C
I
S
7
lAll Miiatks fiuini; between
llollaiui, Fn.sland, and
Hamburgh with piece hihkU
>
fi
•t
_S_
7
//./// t'lhhifjv intt,,.— s.it. In case the Hamburgh pilots
eni»r a vessel only within thelirst tiiioy be\oridihe Hosshacken,
Siran^ny, or t uxbaven, half the above mentioned pilotam? is
" '' •\'';'>I>[»lt^ pilotage nnist lie paid at all events, whether
sseU arc
the ve^sel has taken a pilot trum the pilot galliot or not
PiloUific lurnctl. — 'I he above pilotage is earned if ves
* Sixteen feet English are equal to 17 feet Hamburgh.
broHKbt na fir an Freyhur^fh or filihktta'tl , and wheti fro-ii
stre>s of wiiul or weather, uhich M-ld<im hapi>enft, (hi> ll,iiii-
l.urj;lv pilots t.ike vi-sm'K to IViflenlH'rfjh or .'Seuiniifiltn, ihey
are to pav, without distinction —
Mirvs cuninci/. tl. iftr.
To Witlenbertfh - 1 14 l?
— Neunuihlen 1 H Vl O
filoliit:*' nil the M"<i.v-— For pilotaRo the whole way froinru*.
hut'eii to Hamburifli, there is no talile of rairs, for, Keneratly
speakiiiK, the Hamburgh piIutA ilo not take viv^eU up bevoiu'l
from ItMSch ti^ lliimburf^h. — VeswU i\if Renprally pilntcil
from Itoetch tu Hainliiiruh b> DaniMi or Hanoverian jiifots, tu
whom it in customary tu p.iy ^ iiiarc^.
lliirlHiur-mattcr's cUar-^et. — Hy a Custom -house order of the
16th of IX'ceinlier, l^itt>i the Hamburgh harbour-master is not
entitled to fit's-
iMJilii^f ami Ciiahm'hnntt: ('harf*ti. — Itritlsh and other foreif^
vessels pay the same us HamhurKh vesse;^. For clearing in aiul
clearinij out, no separate chnrKes are made; visiiinu the port Is
coiisiilered as yyiic voyage, and the charKes on vessels are paid ai
follows : — •
For VL'&sels arrived with cargoes from the undcrnientioneU
places : \\t. —
For every
I' I act's.
(Commer-
Stt
rli
'K'
cial Last.
-
~7.
Marta.
/,.
The Kant liuUos
3
II
II
11
U'l'st Inilit's, Nortli antl Snutli America
•I
N
II
.'»
rurtUKalf Spain^atid the M etlitt-rranean
'i
II
II
t
The rest of the Ktiropean jiorts
1
H
(1
:i
lliillaml, Hast Krieslanil» the \\'eser.
Ksder, and .rutlaitd
II
vt
n
II
1(1^
Pur vessels under '^0 cummercial lasts*
without distinction
4
(1
3.\
Vessels arriving and departing in bal-
last, of upwards ot 20 commercial
Lists
H
II
1)
7
For all vessels laden \\\\\\ coals, wo4h), or turf, no lasta^e is
paid, providi-d they do not take return carKoes.
Half Liutitf^e — Vessels arriving in hallast and departinK
with a cari;o pay half the above laslage, according to their
destination.
A'./t. — Kxclusivc of tlie above dues, which are all remark-
ably mo<lerate, vessels cominu to the port of Handiuruh are
obliged to pay certain dues to tlanover, called Stade or liruns-
hausen dues, llu^se are rated accordint; to the number of tl»e
vessel's masts, and are over and above the Stade duties on the
car^o. — {For the items, see SrAoa.)
* It IsdifBcult to determine the exact ratio of a last to a ton,
but it may be taken at about 3 or '^ii to 1. IJut in Hamburgh
all vessels are measured by the harbour-master ; and it is upon
his report that the lasta(;e is calculated.
Tariff— Tho customs duties at Hamburgh are as inoilcrate as possible, being only J per cent, ad valorem
oil exports, anil j per cent, on imports ; but in truth they are not quite so much, being calculated in money
of one value antl paid in money of less value. The duty is, in fact, estimateil in banco marcs, while it is
paid in current marcs, which are inore than 20 per cent, under the former ; so that in reality the import
duty is only about ii-.^ths per cent. A few years ago it was IJ jicr cent.*, but the comiietitioii iiV the Alton;;
merchants, wht^re there are no duties, obliged the authorities at Hamburgh to reduce tiiese duties to the
])rcsciit level. 'I'here is no inspection of goods at the Custom-house. The merchant makes oath to the
iictt weight of the article, and to its value at the current prices of the day, and on tliis the duty is assessed.
'i'lie following articles are free from both import and export duties, viz. —
1. Linen, rags, Hax yarn, hemp yarn, cotton yarn, raw sheep and lamb's wool.
'2. \\ heat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, and malt.
3, Cinv-ought cojjper and brass, plates of copper, raw zinc, tinned and untinncd iron plates.
4. Cash and coin, tinwroii^'ht goltl and silver, and scrai)ings of the precious metals.
, 5. l'ami)hlets and printed works.
Articles free from Import Duly.
1. Timber, staves, and fire wood brought down the Kibe or in carriages into the city, the latter with the.'
exception of that coming from the sea.
2. IMercliaiidise coming bv post, if the goods for the same individual do not exceed the value of .OO marcs
banco.
.Irtieles free from F.xport Duly.
1. .Ml articles manufacturetl in Hamlnirgh, and all foreign n.anufactures worked up in the citv.
i.'. .'^niall packages of loo lbs. weight and under, pio\ ided their value do not exceed 100 marcs banco.
^' l>- — An import duty of -l schillings current is pavable upon lemons and oranges, for the whole chest
to 1,0(,(|; 'J schillings current for the ^ clust to IM; a'nd for casks in the same proportion.
The duties are the same whether the importation be edected by Hamburgh or l)y foreign ships. Kx.
elusive of the above or customs duties, most articles of provision imported lor the consumption of the
town are subject to an excise duty.
Stdile Duties. — liesiiUs tlie duties levied at Hamburgh, all articles passing U|) the Kibe to Hamburgh,
whether for transit or not, pay duties fo Hanover at lirunshansen, near Stade. 'i'hese duties are rated
according to a tarilf, and are compiitiHl from the ship's manifest, bills of lading, and cockets, which have
all to bi .sent on shore for that purjiose. On some articles, particularly those of Uritish manufacture,
these duties are very heavy, being fretiuently much larger than the Hamburgh duties! They are par.
ticularly grievous, too, from heavy penalties being attached even to the slightest unintentionarmistakes.
It is really surprising, considering the source of this iniisance, that it should not have been abated long
ago. It might, at all events, have been expected that liritish ships and goods would have been exempted
fr(>m such a tax. We ilo hoiie that some portion of the public attention will be directetl to this crying
evil. With what face can we i)rotest against the conduct of Prussia and other tierman states in throwimj
obstacles in the way of the free navigation of the Kibe, when we submit, without a murmur, to similar
proceedings on the part of Hanover? — ; lor further particulars, see SlADii.)
i\
,' , 1
,♦■ .
■!
It was so statt-d by ini.-t.ikc in the former edition of this work.
■V"
wmm^^mm^m
I '
GIB
HAMBURGH.
!ili||l>
'H
'Ir
., »
Transit Goods nro totally exrmpted fnnr duty. Tlicy an* siirh only a« arrive at Hanibuiwli iiWct, and
whii'h aro ite'ithfr solil nor exchaiiKi'd uliilc in the city, 'riu* lihrrty of transit it* limited to the term ui" J
months from the time ot'reeeivin^ the transit tirket; hut, upon apphcation being made for a prolcmgation
of the term previously to the expiration of the lirst I monttis, it is grantetl on payment of | pt-r rent, on
the banco value of the goods ; but luuler no cireumstanrcs is the term extended beyond (» months. If the
gooils Vie not then exported, they bercnne liable to the ordinary duties.
IVarchousiu^ Sifstcm. — This has not been introduced at IIand)urgli ; nor, from the smallness of the
duties, is it necessary, though it would seem that the time during wliich goods are al'owed to be in fntnsitu
might be advantageously extended. 'I'lic wardiouse rent of a cjuarter of wheat may be about 1^//. bterling
per month, and of a ton of sugar, about !W. ; but thuru are no iixed rates.
Custow-houst' /{iX'u/ut/'o/is.—Ow passing Stade, tlie masters of vessels nuist send their papers, including
the manifest, bills ot lading, and cockets, oti shore, that the amount of the Stade duties may be ealculatcti.
On the vessel's arrival at Ilamburgb, thi' broker reports her to tlie (.'ustom-house, and gives his guarantee
for payment of the duties ; Iiu cither delivers her pajiers, or undertakes to deliver them as soon as they
can be got fron) Stade, ami, upon a rec<ipt being produced f(tr the Stade duties by the Hanoverian au-
thorities at Hamburgh, the vessel is allowed to unload. On clearing, a manifot of the outward cargo,
together with tiie consul's certiticate i)f the regularity of the ship's oapers, must be proiiuced at the
i'ustom-houisc by the broker, who obtains in return a clearance certitlcate, authorising the ves.sel to go
to se;i,
iluarnutinc is enforced, when occasion requires, at Hamburgh, and is performed near Cnxhaven.
Cit'ti/ft iirokcnifit\ tVr. — Almost all gcxuls are sold for ready money, with an allowance of I jiercent. for
discount. Sometimes, but nnt frecpiently, sales are made at 'J or .J month.s' credit, and in sU4h cases ;i
higher price is obtained than for cash. Sometimes sugar is sold to the sugar baker at this credit.
Jirokers are positively forbidden to .ict as merciuuits or factors. They are licensed by the Senate, and
must conform to the established regulations.
/(niAfT/i^'c is [i.iltl wholly Iiy the mIIit, iml amounts to —
" Five ^ixth^ tuT ifiit. nil cotton, ruimn twis', cocoa, co-
chinfitl, ropiHT, liidcs, nuligo, nmnutac' ' goods, nankevns,
sii^Mr, and Ua*.
" Out? \\vr (H-nl. on annoltn, fani]>liin-', cinnamon, oarda-
mons*, c.Ls.sia*, clovi-^*, dru^> not dunominatt'd*, dt'L-r skins,
dye woods, ^in^^■r*, .(il'ip*, ma.***, niitnugs*, |)ep]ier, jd-
ntt'nto, potashc-., I't-ruviun l)ark, i|iiercitron bark, rtcr*, salt-
petre, sar?.apari!la*, -^lifllac*, t.iniarintK*, tohaci'o in leaves*
and toliaeco stems* of thi' growth of tliu L'nited Stales of
America, whale oil*, vanelloi-s*.
" iV.H. — 'I'obacco steTns* of all other origin, st-nars, and
other mainifa. tared tol)acro, pay '^ per cent.; all other leiif
and roll loli u i n*. 1 \ per tent.
"One and a half jier cent, on wine, hrandv, rum, and arrack,
if sold in parcels amount iiiK to ^,0(io marcs hancoand up" irds.
•* Two percent, on ditto, for sale-i of an{l under ."^,000 inarcs
banco.
'* bi and ion tliesdlinj; broker is entitled to I ; percent, and
fhe iHirchasHig l)roker to 2 jk-T tent., without regard to the
amount."
All articles marked (*) pay the hrokcrin:el)ef»re-mcntioni'd,
if the iiuaiility sold amounts to C.OO marcs 1 anco, or higher ;
for .smaller lots of less than (tOO m.ircs banco, anit down io I.*'0
marcs b.mco, the broki ra^e is paid, wiih ilie aildilion of one
half, and under I 'lO tnarcs baiici*. the tloulile i> allowiil. All
other merchandise pa>s l.J per cent, at lea.st for sales not ex-
ceeding; I.'iO marcs banco.
It is, Iiowt'ver, to he observed, that all an ntatjons, in
(iroportion to thi' amount sold, are only to lie totnl for sale
ly private contract, and not for those by aut ii lul even iu)t
for such private sales, where a broker hai» niad«' itr purchase of
ft larger tpiantily of piods above the said anupunf <» ('.(10 marcs
banco, and has afterwards divided it into smaller lots.
CoiulHhnis -[f Still- . ltn}Mtrts. — i'oWec is sokl per pound in
schill. baiu!o ; discount, I per cent. ; ^ood uei^lit is ^ jter cent.
'1 are is as follows ; vi/. on ciisks, real weiyht ; on liagsof l.lOllis.
or Ic-s, '^Ihs.; above 130lb>. i-nd noral)ove ISOlbs., .Tibs.;
above ISOlbs. and not exceeding' '200 ib^., l lbs. On .Alocha
halesof about .loolbs., lllls.; if (li.O Ibs.,.10 lbs. On llourbon
biiiitlp bates, 2 lbs. ; on double, 1 lbs.
( otton is sold per lb. in srhill. banco ; discomit, 1 percent. ;
pood weight, 1 percent.; tare on liales,\V'fst Indian and North
American, 1 per cent. ; on square bales, fi tier cent. ; on liom-
bay .ind Sural bales, S percent. ; on liourtion bales and Ma-
nilla serous, Gvvr cent. ; on (araccas and tiuJana small serons,
10 per cent. For the ref^ulationof the Stade duty, all packages
should be called bags, and not bates, in the bill of lading.
Kast India jiiei-e goods arc sold per piece, in marcs fianco ;
discount, 1 percent. For saving in the Stade duty, if more
than 30 pieces are in a hate, the number (»f pieces should not
be mentioned in ttie bill of lading, but only the nundier of
bales.
Flour is sold per llK) lbs. in marcs currency, uncertain agio ;
discount 1 pur ci'nt. ; pooti weight, 1 per cent. ; tare, W lbs.
|>er barrel.
Fustic is sold per UlO lbs. in m:ircs currency ; a^io, '^0 per
cent.; discount, 1 i>er cent. ; tjnod wei;ilit, 1 percent.; and
fre(|uently an allowaiue in weight is made, if the wood is not
very solid.
liiditio is sold per lb. in schill. Iianco; discount, 1 percent. ;
good weiuhl, .'J per cent. ; tare, if in serous upwards of I'iO lbs.,
'.^'.^llis.; in ^ serons less than I'^Olbs., V01b:». ; in chests, real
tare.
logwood is sold like fustic— A'.B. To avoid a high Stade
duty, Ihe nett weiHlit of all d>e woods should lie stated in the
bills of lading.
I'epper Is sold per lb. in schill. banco; discount, 1 iter cent.;
pood weight, A percent.; tare, if in single liales of ."OOJbs.,
■Tibs. ; in double bates, 'Mbs.
Quercitron bark is sold per 100 lbs. in marcs currency ; agiri,
yo per ci'nt. ; discount, '.i percent.; goml weight, 1 perieiit.
To determine the tare, the American tare is reduced to Ham-
burgh weiglit.
Hice is sold ^ler 100 lbs. in marcs banco; discount, 1 per
cent-; g(M)d weiglit, I per cent.; tare, real; and supcr-lare
for tiera-s, 1 lbs. ; for .^ tierce-, '^ lbs.
Hum is sold per :^0 tpiarts in riidoll. currency, agio un
certain.
Sugar, raw and (layed, is sold per lb. in banco groats, with
a rebate of S '.i-lds per cent. ; disc mnit, I percent., and some-
times H percent.; Urazil or Havannah ilu-st, gcMui weight,
.•j ptr cent. ; real tare ; super-tare, loib-.. for Hra/il, and ,'> lbs,
tor Ilavaimah sugar, per dust. .Muscovados in ca>ks, i;u(>d
wei^fbt, 1 per cent. ; tare, if the casks weigh upwards ot
l.OOOIbs., IS per cent.; If Uss, '20 per cent. CLayed sugars,
goodweigbt, 1 per cent. ; tare, I'l percent. Kast Inilia sug irs,
in bags, goiKl ueigbl, { per cent. ; tare for white, I to .) lbs. ;
for brown, f! to 7 lb^.
'i'ea, per lb. in schiil. currency, agio uncertain; *llsconnt, 1
percent.; good weight, ^ percent. Tare of bolu'a, in t be-ts
of lOOlbs., TOlbs.; of l.'.Oto lhOIbs.,-b»lbs. .\ll black lea,
'2H lbs. tare; green, Vllbs. For the regulation of thi- St.iitc
duty, the nett weight should likewise be niemioned in the bill
of lading.
1 oba* CO. — Loaf tobacco is sold jier lb. in s<hitl. banco,
agio uncertain; iliscount, lA per cent.: good weight, 1 jier
cent.; tare per cask, SO lbs. ~l(ra/il leaf in serous ; tare .'» per
cent. In rolls; canister, in baskets of about 1<HI lbs.; good
weight, 1 lb. per basket ; tare, 11 lbs. if theb.isket is paeiti-dup
in linen, and I'^lbs. if without linen. I'orto Hico ro|l>, gomt
weight, I jper cent. ; no tare, as tlie rolls are weighetl l)v tbeni-
selves. Ihi/il rolls, i[i strons of inO to bOUIbs., are iold per
n.., in schillings liancu; goodwtight, .^percent.; late, Mbs.
per seron. Tobacco stems per lOO lbs., in marcs currenc y.agit)
uncertain; discount, I ', jier cent. ; goodweigbt, 1 percent.;
tare, if in casks, real weiglit ; if packed up with cords, '2 to I
percent, according to the thickness of the rope. As there i-, a
great ditii-rence in tlie Stade dutv for the dilFerent sorts of
tobacco, it is necessary that, fin shipping leaf tobacco, ttu-re
should be inserted in tlie tiill of lading, ^('f/' Tolunco, omittiiig
the weight. With tobacco in rolls, only the number of pack-
ages containing roll tobacco, antl the nett weight,without nun-
tioning the nundier of rolls, should appear it) the bill of lading.
tilass (window) is sold per che>t, in marcs currency, au'io
niu-eriain ; other glass ware per piece, do/eu, or hundred, in
schillings or marcs currency, with uncertain agio; discount,
1 per cent.
Ilares'wool is sold per <:^ lbs., in marcs currency agio un-
certain ; discount, 1 per tent.
Hare skins ((ierman, grey) are sold per lU) pii-ci-s, in rivdoll.
banco. Russian, grey, per 101 piei-es, in rixdoll. banco. White,
in marcs currency, agio uncertain ; discount, 1 per cent.
Iron is .sold pi-r'lOOlbs., in schill. currency, agio uucert im
discount, I per cent.
('opper is .sold per ItX) lbs. in schill. banco ; discount, 1 per
cent.
The excliange business done at Hamburgh is very great ; for
besiiles the business of the pla<e, most of tlie merchants in the
inland towns liave their bills negotiated there.
The usual charge for conmiission is, on sales 1? percent, and 1 percent, forrfc/mv/crc, if .such guarantee
be required j on purchases, -2 per cent. Under particular agreements, the rates sometimes vary considerably
froin the above
OVuc//.'.////^ — Foreigners cannot e.'itabli.-h themselves as merchants, or carry on any business in their
CAvn names, at Hamburgh, without becoming burghers ; and t(t be manufacturers, they must also enter the
guild or corporation peculiar to the trade they mean to follow. But to become a burgher one has only to
comply with certain forms and pay certain fees, which do not, in all, exceed 10/. He then become>, in
the eye of the law, a Hamburgh subject ; and enjoys all the rights and privileges of a native.
lionkiftgj I)isurami\ i\r. — Koran account of tiie ISank of Hamburgh, see Hanks (Forkion). All sorts
of insurances are effected .at Hamburgh. A municipal regtdation compels the insurance of all houses
within the city, the rate varying according to the luimber of tires, and the amount of loss. Marine in-
surance is principally effected l)y joint stock companies, of which there are several ; tlieir competition has
reduced the premiinns to the lowest level, and the business is not understood to be profitable. The high
duties on policies of insurance in this country has led to the insuring of a good many Knglish .'^hips at Ham-
IIA.MBLR(;il.
(ili)
UW. 1 IH-i".
1831.
Nuinlier
iil'll.ink-
rui)t».
Ainouni I?!.",',"'*/ ' A.nnuni
utl)ul,t,. ";"™*- ofDil.lv
CI
/,. L.
U7 277,Vn.'.
bUTKh. LilV itHuraiicc is nut pro^rciiti'ii in (trrniaiiy to .iny ronsiilorablocxlt ut j butsomcoflliu English
coinpanics have UKi-nts lu-rc, uho art- >aitl not to be very hcrupulous.
nunkriit'lttf, _ ConsiiiiTinit tin* ^ii'-t numlwr id' mi'n ti.intH ronsUts of dinsi' wlioni' books shnvt ttial mitfortiiiir niono hut
nml triu|t'-'|ii'<i|ilf ill ll'irnliurt^li, harikriipti-v iIih.*^ Dot st-cin to m-casiniud ttir l>.nikrii|>t( . : tli.U thi- iiirtv li.ts nH .ttoiitf \\\t-xl
ho "t tVr«iiii'ni M. . urreiK I', huriuii ihi* ' yv.iT'. tinlitiK wilh , within his tirolxhlt- inroim', iirul r.tn .mounl tn hu a>siKiM'fii
\H^\, thi- iiuriiltcr ut' dn ■ *riti li.uikruiili .iiiil Ihe Arnuunt of coinplctfl^ iW .ill h^ li>--»-». Wtit^'vi-r i> .uljnilKcd hs ihi- 1 imrt
their ikht.s witi- .i:» uiuUm «" l«'l»'»K to thi-* v\a^ (*hicti innt.iins ).ut fi-w in luiu.Url, t*
('■itisidcriil ciitirflv tm> from hU di'ltN, iind it not sul>itTt ti> hv
CiillL'd iipiiii hiTt^ahfr. Thi* M-t <iiu) atid uunt iHiiiurniin i'la<t«(
coiUaiiiH ihttse u-iiiuil " r.irtlfv* '" Iiaiikni)il4. 'J 'hv>t' art- |n'r-
kiJiiK wlioliavfi'ntcrtHl in'uH|M>i'til,iti<>ns f\i i»thnf( tht'irni<>a))ti«
who havL> Koiit*oii tor:i[-(insuU>raltl( (niif atur ilits I'uiind ihi'ir
(Utjiirs in arrear, who h.ivi* ti\t'd lii>\tiiid Muir Iiu'dmk-, haw not
k( |it thrir buuks in unud order, and >•■ forth. lUv\ an- hatli' to
lit'('ontlni>dhi inisoiilDr ,i perioil »»r,T "r (I ni..nth-^ , .- 'I.im \ idcil
thi'v have not |i,iid a dividend ot 1(p jHrrt'iit <« (« rallfd
upon fi.r iiasnuMiI nf their deh( after ') sear-* from ih|.ir dift-
efi.infe. ft ,1 1 laini hv njadu hy airv '.ndlor after this lapse nt'
time, the bankrupt ii obliged lop'> whatever sum be is able
for the tieiiebt ut' his ( rediiofs. l{\ must swear thai Ium tiinot
i> ly any thiiiu, or not ahovu a reriain sum, u hh^ut depriving;
niiMsi-lf and his taniil> uf lucessaries, Kver. '• Nears ih(' » laliii
ina> he renealett. All t arrles^ bankrupts an- tlisahleil from
holdinuntlt. IS of honour. The third tla<.s toniaint the '* fraud*
ulenl " h.inkrupt>, \\ ho iire Ual)le to be imprisoned accordliiK
to the extent i>t their Ir.iuiUi for a hndtrd perimt or even for
iife,he-.ulesheini< reiubTeil iti< apable of bnldninany otihe what-
ever. Should a h.nikriipt abscond, he is ealU-d upon hv puhbr
advt'riisement to . appear by a rertain d.iy, in di taiilt of vi hu h
he is adjudp'd II fraviiiiilent bankrupt, and hia name l.> pttatcd
up on a bUuk board un the Kxctianf^e.
Hut this acrount does not Inehide the faihires si-tth'd hy on-
Tale coinpropoise, and of wiiii h no puhlic notiete i-. liken, 'i hu
Im-rease in 1n."1 is ovuin:, in ri ureal ntcasure, to the lailun-,
for Ill,lioi)/.. of a i-otiipany uhuh had lent their iiHtncy iin-
jirovidcnil) on liniisfs, vVf. Ahu h of the b\isitiess (ransai ted
at llamliurnh heioK oti eoininis-.ii ii aiul for .ucount of houses
atir'Md, the failure . if fiift i(,'n nie"» liants is a pn valent souue
of liankruplcv. Anolhir source of hankiuptcy is lo-ses on
f[i)oils imported or expoT'ed tn >|ie< ulatioii, and oi * asitiiially
ooe-. m the fimd-, in whi* li : ^nod tleal ut' uainhlin^j got h on
luri' KKiitn>ive hviiiL' is not iieirly so prevalent a source of
bai'^ ' iiptcy liere as in T'Oiubin and other {ilacuH.
'i hf law of llandtur^;!! makes 5 classen uf bankrupt>; _ the
utiforlunale, liie careless, and the fraudulent. The tnat class
Itt'paty oj SfifpSt Sra Sfotrs, S^-c. — >I at trials and labour lu'ing clienp, Hainburnh may bt' roKunleil, in so
far as ri'^pectst'Xiit'nM', as a favourable plan' (ortMrccnin^,' and ri'iiairiii^'^hips ; but, having iioihirKs, tbcsc
oprralioiis are ineonveiiiuatly perldnned. All articles of iirovisioii may be obtained in K^tat aljuiulanie
uuvt at moderate prices.
An Account of the rricos of the nrlncipal Articles of Ships' Provision at Hamburgh in 1831, stated in
' Weil *
Imperial Weiglitd and Measures, and in Sterling Money.
January
April
Julv
October
December
Pork.
I Itutter I
Beef. I (equal td Sliip Ilrcad
iCoikTIiirds)!
I'er lla« of
112 H>s.
Nett.
Ter Barrel
of-^^Olb.s.
Nett.
3. it.
Per Cwt.
Seconds
Flour.
Per Harrel
ofllHi lbs.
Nett. I
Kydam
Oheese.
Teas.
Jamaica \
Kitiit. I
jt. d. «. (l.\ ». ft.
'/. 9. (/. a. it,'
li u to u I) i\\ to 70 u l^ I, to H I. '27 " to ^S n
IH — .'io ()(]•£ u— <;;> i.-i o _ I7 u no o — ^i o
.57 0—61 hi u - IS o !:> 0— .'Mi o l.l ()— H n .ii o— 27 o
notie. |4'-> (»— 'l.'i f. .'iO 0—71 o'\'i (» - •> o 'J."! 0— (> o
Jl> 0— 60 12 — 45 051 0— tiS U 6— 12 2.1 - o o\
er lb.
4 to 41
4A - t\
4—5
I Per Tel-
Imperial Imperial {
j ^Juarier. (i.dlon. |
I s, it. *. tt, S. it, M. d.\
M Oto.l7 u^ 1 to.T 7 1
M 0— .^.^ b.T 2-1 1
127 0— 2?» 2 '.) - ^ 10
1 29 o_n.*5 G 2 t; _ :^ 4
21) 0_34 2 3 — .1 3
Fuel. -Coals. 19 marcs current, or about 2'2*. Cut. p( r ton, HritiOi weijjht, in lar^c quantities.
Do. 2.1 maris cuirent, or about 27*. Gd. per lyn, iJritish weijiht, in .sniall qH'iuUtie.s, free on lionrd.
Fresh lierT, 2,''m. tvl. to Tio.*. per cwt.
Frt.'sh pui k, is, 2r/. to .''is. Id. per 1 1 lbs.
tt'
y, s. —The pricrs include the cost of the packages of all the articles, excepting cheese and peas. In
Si'iitcmbor and October no pork was to be had in a wholesale way.
;V(7^///,«.— Tlie diHert'iit sliip agents engat-'ed in the trade with Great Britain have publisiied a Table of
freii,'hts ; but as they are, notwithstanding, materially inllucnced by the demand at the time, the season, iSc,
it seems luniecessury to insert it.
(j'ciicml Hi-miii7ts. — The trade of Ilainljurgli is, in a great measure, jiassivc; that is,
it tk'peiuis more on tlie varying wants and jjolicy of others than on its own. Tliere is
nothing of sucli vital importunco as tlie free navigation of the l.llie to the prosiierity of
Hamburgh, and, indeed, of all the countries tlnougli which it Hows. This, too, is a
matter of paramount consecjiience as respects our interests; for the Elbe is the grand
inlet by which Uritish manufactures find their way into some of the richest and most
extensive Eurojjcan countries. The principle that the navigation of the Elbe, the Rhine,
the Weser, &c. should be ([uite free along their whole course, was distinctly laid down by
the Congress of Vienna in 1815. But no general tarill' of duties being then established,
this declaration has hitherto had no practical effect. I'russia, who is endcasDuring
to bolster up a system of home manufactures, has laid heavy transit duties ou articles
passing by the Elbe, and has prevailed on .\nhalt, and some of the smaller states, to follow
iier exami)k'. I'liese duties amount, on some of the coarser .sorts of I5i itisli woollen goods,
to no less than fjO jier cent, (id vulnrcm, and are, even when lightest, a great obstacle to
trade. It is to be hoped that a just sense of their own real interests may, at no distant
period, oiien the eyes of the German governments to the impolicy t)f such proceedings.
It is in an cs))ccial manner for the interest of Saxony, Austria, and Englantl, that these
duties should be abolished ; and their intluence in the diet, if pro])erly exerted, might
countervail that of Prussia. So long, however, as the Stade duties are kept uj), it would
be folly to imagine that much attention should lie paid to our remonstrances against the
Prussian duties. If we cannot jjrevail on Hanover to emanciiuite our commerce from
oppressive restrictions and burdens, we need hardly expect to succeed with any other
power. AVcre the Stade duties and those in the ipper parts of the Elbe wholly abolished,
we have little doubt that, in a dozen years, tiie trade of Hambin-gh would be nearly
doubled ; an increase which, however advantageous to lier, would be far more udvau
tageous to the extensive countries of which she is the grand emporium.
\,
» !
M^
! l!
! i; I
T
i
i,
(i'2()
iiANSKATic i-i:A(iri:.
..... .... I , J ., - ^ ,..,.. , r .
li A NSI'lA'l'IC l.l'.ACil'IO, an asMK'iiiliiMi oC llif |iiiiu'i|iiil lilits in tin- norlli iil'
(irriiiMMV. I'ni' in. i"vo., Ii>r llii- lii'ltiT caiiviii^f on iit' roiiiiiu'ii-i', ami fur (lit'ir nnilii.il
sali'ly and il n'ni'c. This ciinli'ilciacyi m> ri'Mdati'il in llir early liislinv nC niiKltin
l'/nii>|u', ciinliilinli'il in no inclinary ilcj^rct' lit intiuilni'c tlir Itlcssings nl' i'i\ilisati(in and
jjihmI ;ii)V('rnini'nl inliillu- Niiilli, 'I'lii- I'xii'nsion and |>niU't'tiiin ol' Cdnnni ici' was, Iniw-
I'viT, its main (iliji'i'l ; and liiMico asluiit aeconnt nl' il may not l>i- <li'i'nu'(l inisplaci-il in a
wi>rk of this (k'scii|ili()n.
(iriijin tiiiil I'riiiiriss of lliv llitiisctilli- l.riii/iif. — llaml)m'|';li, loiiiiili'd by ('hiirU'niap;iu>
in llic niiilli.and lailii'ck, lonndcd alinnl llic middli' ot'llu' IwclHli ccnlnry, wci'i> llu- I'arlii'st
nu'inltris nl' llii- Lfa^iir. 'I'lii' dislancc lu'lwt'i'n lliiin not lu'in^ vi'iy coiisiili'ialdc, and
lu'inir alike inli'i'i'sli'd in tin- i'i'|ii't'ssion oi' llioso disordiTS lowliii'li most itailsof l''.ni'o|>i-,
and |iai-(ii'nlai'ly llit-i'oasl of I lie Mallii', wcrca |)i'i'y in I In' Iwclt'ili, IliiiU'i'nlli.andlomti'i'ntli
ci'iilmics, iIk'v iMi'ly I'oinu'd an inlimali' |iolilii'al nnion, jiarlly in tlii' viowof inainlainiii^
a sail' inti'iToursi' hy land willi I'acli otiu'i', and parlly liir llu' pi'titi'rtion of navi^alioii
from tlif atlai'ks of llii' pirati's, willi wliii'li I'very sea was al thai tiini- inli'sti'd. 'I'licro
is no vi'i'v distinct I'viiK-iU'i' as to tlif period ulieii this alliaiu'c was I'onsninmati'd ; some
a'^etihe its oi'i;;in to the year ll(i'). others to the year l'J(H), and others to tlie year I 'Jl I .
Kill till' inusi pi'ohahle opinion seems to lii', thai it would ^row up liy slow decrees, and lie
pei'fei'leil aeeoriiin^ as the advantd^e derivalile IVom it lieeaine more ohvions. >Siicli was
the ori;^in of thi' llansealie Leaj^iie, w called Iroiii the old 'I'eutonic woril /iinisn, sij^ni-
t'yin^ an association ur coiili'deracy.
Adam ol" ISremen, who ilourislied in the clcvontli ci'iitnry, is the earliest wrili-r who
las j;iven any inl'orinalioii with respect to the commerce of the eonnlrii's lyiii;^ romul
lie llallic. And from the errors into which he has fallen in deserihin^ the northern
I 1 1'.i... :. : : I .... .i 1....I i i:..i. r ...I I
till' Itallic. And trom the errors into which lie has tallen m (leseriiiin^ the noriiiern
and I'astern shores of thai sea, il is evident they had been very little I'leipiented and not
at all known in his lime, 15nt iVom the bej;iniiinjr of the twelfth century, the proj^ress
of comineri'i' and iiavij^ation in ilie North was I'xceediiif^ly rapid.
'I'he eounlrii's which
Ol cominerce anil iiavij^aiion in me i\oriii was I'xcecdiiif^'iy rapio. i ne eouniries wincn
slri'leh alon<; the liollom of the liallic, from Kolstein to Russia, and which had been
oceiipied by barbarous tribes of Sclavonie orif^iii, were then subjugated by the kings of
Demnark, ilie diikes of Saxony, and other princes. 'I'lie (greater part of the inhabitants
beitifj exlerminaled, their place was lilled by (ierman colonists, who founded the towns
of Siralsund, Kosloek, Wisinar, I've. I'russia and I'oland were afterwards subju^^ated
by the Ciiiislian princes and the Knights of the 'I'eutonic Orili'r. So thai, in a eoin-
paralively short period, the foundalions of civilisation and the arl'i were laid in countries
whose barbarism had ever remained impervious to the Uoman power.
The cities that were established along the coast of the IJallic, and even in the interior
of the coimlries bordering upon il, eagerly .joined the ll.uisealie confederal ion. 'J'liey
xvere indebted to the merchants of I.ulieck for supplies of the commodities |irudiiee(l in
more civilised countries, and they looked u)) to them i'or protection iigainst the bar-
barians by whom they were surrounded. Tlir jirogress of the League was in conse-
ipieiice singularly rapid. Previously to the end of the thirleenlh century, it embraced
every considerable city in all those vast countries exleiuliiig I'roin i.ivoiiia to Holland,
and was a match for the most powerful nion.-u'ihs.
The llansealie confederacy was al its highest degree of jjower and splendour during
the fourteenth and til'leenth cenlurii's. It then comprised fiom (iO to SO cities,
\\ liicli were distributed into I classes or circles. Lubeck was at the head of the lirst
circle, and had under it Hamburgh, iiremen, Kosloek, \Visinar, i*te. (.'ologne was at
the he.id of the second circle, with '_'!) towns under il. Urunswiek was at the
liead of the third circle, consisting of l;i towns. l)ant/ie was at the head of the
fonrih circle, having under it 8 towns in its vicinity, besides several th.'it were more
remote. The supreme aniliority of the League was vested in the deputies of the dif-
ferent towns assembled in congress. In il they discussed all their measures; decided
upon the sum tlial each city should eonlribule to the common fund ; and upon the
ipiestions that arose between the confederacy and other powers, as well as tliiise that
fre(|i)ently arose between the dilK'ieiit members of the confederacy, 'i'lie place for llm
nieeling of congress was not fixed, but it was most fuVpiently held at Lubeck, which
was considered as the capital of the League, and there its archives were kept. Some-
times, however, congresses were held at Hamburgh, Cologne, and other towns. They
met once every ;{ years, or ol'tener if occasion required. The letters of convocation
sjiecilied the ))rineipal subjects which would most (irobably be brought under discussion.
■Vny one might be cliysen for a deputy ; and the eongresb consisted not of mcichaul.;
IIANSKATK I-KA(irK
(•,•21
I
imlj, l)iil iil-iti i>r iliTHyiin'ii, liiwyi'is, iirlisis, Kv. Wlii'ii llii' (k'lil)i'riitioiis wi'ii' ton-
Clllili'il, till' (Ici'i'i't's wiTi' li)i'iiiiilly I'Dtiiiniiiiicalcd Id llir iiiii^islriil('>. of llif c-ilics at llu>
lu'iiil lit' t Ml li riri'U', \>y wIhmii tliry were siilisi'i|iu'iitly cDiiiiiiiiiiii'iiliil In llinsi' liilnw
llii'lii ; mill till' niiisl \i;^oi'iiiis liuiisiiii'^ writ' iiilii|il('il liir iMiiyin^ lliriii intit illri I.
Olii' 1,1' till' l)ili'f;i>iniislris ol' l.iiliiik pirsiiliil iil llir iiurliii^^s iit' riiiijiiiss ; iiiiil (Iniiiif;
(lie ri'i'i'ss (III' ina^isliati >< ol' lliiit i ily liail llii' m'Ii', i'I' at all i miiIs iIii' |ii'iiu'i|ial, ilirirlinii
(if till' allaiis iil'llii' l.ra^^iii'.
ISi'iilis till- liiwns aliraily iiuiiliiiiu'il, llirir witi' olliris lli.it «rii' ilrniiiiiiiialril iiiii-
ri'iK'i'aU'il I'ilics, nr allii's, 'I'lu' latliT iK'itlii'r ciinlriliiilrii In llic riiiiininn I'liiiil ol' llic
Iam^mii', nor si'iit ilr|Milii's In niii;^rrss ; ivi'il llii' ini'mliris mi'Ic mil all on llii- saiiu-
j'lHiliii^ ill i'is|iii'l III |ii ivilr(;i's : ami llic iiitciiial iiiiiiinotions liy uliicli it was rii'i|ii('iilly
anilaliil, |i.iilly ui ijjinaliii;.' in lliis fanM', ami parlly in llii- iIIm niilaiil ililrirsts anil loii-
fllrlin;^ |ili'lriisiiiiis nl' llir ilili'iriiit cilirs, iiialirially ilii|iaiiril tlii' |mi\\i'| of llii' rnii-
I'l'ili'iary. Hut in ilisjiiii' nl'lliisi' iiisailvaiila;;i's, llii' laaf^iii' siirri i iliil liir a liiiptlii mil
|ii'rinil, iinl only in I'uiil rolling' its own n'riailniy nicinlirrs, liiit in making; ilsril' iis|irrli'il
mill iliraili'il liy iiilu'is. It |ii'iiiliiriil alilo ;r(.ni'ral-. ami ailniirals. skilful |iiililiriaiis, ami
MiiiK' of tlir inosi I'lili'i'iH isiiij.', siirri'ssfiil, ami VM'allliy iiiircliaiits nl'nioiliiii liiiiis.
As llu' |iiiwrr of till' loiili'ili'iali'il citii-. was iiii'i'iastil jiml riinsoliilak'ii, llii'v lii'ciiiiic
more aniliiliniis. Instcail of liiiiiliii^; llirir i lliirls In llic nici'c aiUamciiicnt of cnin-
incrcc ami tlii'ii' nwii iilntcitioM, tlicy I'liilcaMinrcil In arijiiiic (lie iniiiiii|ioly of llic tiaiic
of till' Noi'lli, ami to csci'i'isc the same soil of liniiiiiiioii o\ii' llic Itailic tliat llic \ cm.'-
tiaiis cxci'ciscil ovci' llic Aiiriatic. I'or lliis |iiii'|iiisc tlicy smcciiliil in ililaiiiin^, |iat'lly
ill I'ctnni for loans of money, ami partly liy force, various pri\ilc;;es ami iiimiiiiiilics
from the iiortlicrn soverei;i;iis, wliieli seciireil to llicm alimist (lie wliolc foreign eoiu-
ineree uf Scamlinnvia, Dcninark, I'riissja, I'olaiiil, Itiissia, iSe. Tlicy exclusively
carrieil on tlie lii'rriii^ fisliery of the Soiiml, at llic same time thai lliiy cmleavunrcil lu
olislrmt ami liimier the naxi^ation of foreign vessils in llii' l>altic. It shoulil, however,
lie iilisiivcil, that the imiiiiiiiitics they eiijoyeil wcri' miislly imlis|ipnsalili' to the security
of llieir eoiniiu'rce, in coiisci|ucm'c of the liarliarisni that then pri'vaileil ; ami iiiilwilh-
stamlili;; their atlclii|its at iiiomipoly, there cannot he the shallow of a ilmilil that the
proj^ress of civilisation in the North was proilijiiously ai icleratcil liy the inllucnce ami
iisccml.uicy of llic I laiisealie cities. They reprcsseil piracy Iiy sea ami rolilicry hy lami,
which must have liroken out a<;aili hail their power liceii ovcrllirown liefori' civilisation
was fully estahlisheil ; tlicy acciislonied the inhahitants to the principles, ami set licfore
them the cxaniple, of ^'ooil <ri)vernnient ami siilioriliiiation ; they iiitriiilneeil amoii<{st
llicm eonvetiieiiees anil enjoyments unknown liy their ancestors, or ilcspiseil liy them, and
iiispind them with a taste for literature and scii'iici' ; they did for the |H'iiple round the
It.'iltic, what the I'liiinicians luid done in rcinoter a^^cs for those riiuiid the IMiiliterraman,
and deserve, equally with theni, to lie placed in the lirst rank amongst the beiU'factors oi*
niankiml.
" In order," as has liecp. justly oliserved, " to ;iccomplisli their |itirposc of rendering!;
the llaltic ii larp' field for the priiseciition of coninicrcial and industrious pursuits, it
was ncc'ssary to instruct men, still liarliarous, in the rudiments of industry, and to
familiarise tlieni in the principli's of civilisation. 'I'licse j^rcat principles wiTc laid liy
the confederation, .'mil :it the close of the liftecnth century the ISallic and the nei<{li-
liDuriiiir seas had, liy its means, liecome frcipiciitcd routes of coniiniinieation lictwccn
the North and the South. The |)cople of the former were ciiuhli'd to follow the jiro-
gress of the latter in kmiwlcdjfe .iml industry. 'I'lie forests of Sweden, J'olamI, i\;e.
gave |)lace to corn, lieinp, and llax ; the mines were wrought, and in return the ]iroilni'c
ami manufaeturcs of the South were imported. 'I'liwns iind villages were erected in
Scandinavia, where huts only were before seen : the skins of the hear and the wolf were
exehanged for woollens, linens, and silks; learning was introduced; iind |irintiiig was
hardly invented lielore it was practised ill Denmark, Sweden, ^.c." — {Odtniii, TnhUuii
tic III Mir J{iil/ii/iii', torn. ii. p. 175.)
The kings of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway wore frerjiiently engaged in liostilitiis
with the llanse towns. They regarded, and, it must lie admitted, not without pretty
good re.'ison, the privileges acipiiied by the I.c.-igue, in their kingdoms, as so many
usurpations. Jiut their eH'orts to abolish these privileges served, for more than 'J
ccninries, only to augment and extend them.
" Oil the part of the League there was union, subordination, and money; whereas
tlie half-savage Scandinavian inonarebies were full of divisions, factions, and troubles;
revolution was immediately followed by revolution, and feudal anarchy was at its height.
There was another circumstance, not less im]ii)rt;int, in favour of the Ilanseatic cities.
'J'he popular governments established amongst them possessed the respect and confidence
of the inhabitants, and were able to direct the iiublic energies for the good of the slate.
'J'he astonishing ))rospcrily of the confederated cities was not wholly the ed'ect of ciim-
mcice. To the undisciplined aimics of the princes of the North — armies composed of
, \
T
()2'^
MANSEATIC LEAGUE.
i t
vHSKals witlioiit attadiincnt to flioir lords — the cities opposed, besides tlie inferior nohlcs,
whose services tliey iil)erally rewarili'd, eitizens aecustoined to daiif^er, and resolved to
(li'li'nd tlieir lil)erlieN and property. 'I'heir military o|)erutions were eoinhiiied atul
direeled by a eoimeil eomposed of men of tried talents and experience, devoted to their
country, responsible to their fellow citizens, and enjoyini; their confidence. It was
ehietly, however, on their ni:n-ine forces that the cities depended. They einjiloyed their
ships inditl'erently in war or conunerce, so that their naval arnmilients were fitted out
at comparatively small expense. Isxclusive, too, t)f these favourable circumsfanees, the
fori i Ileal ions of the principal cities were looked upon as imprcf^nable ; and as their
connnerce supplied them abundantly with all sorts of provisions, it need not excite our
astonishment that I.nbeck alone was able to carry on wars with the surroundini''
inonarehs, and to terminate them with honour and advantage; and still less that the
I-eaj^ue slioidd lonj^ have enjoyed a decided preponderance in the North." — (J.'.lrt <te
vi'iijii: lis Diitrs, :!""' partie, tom. viii. j). 'JOI.)
'i'he extirp.'ition of |)iracy was one of the ol)jects wliieh had orifrinally led to the
formation of the I.eaj^ue, and which it never ceased to prosecute. Owiu}^, however, to
till' barbarism then so uuivi'rs.illy prevalent, and the countenance openly j;iveu by many
princes and nobles to those euffajjjed in this infamous profession, it was not possible
wholly to root it out. Hut the vij^orous eH'orts of the la'ajrue to abate the nuisance,
ihouL^li not entirely successful, served (o render the navigation of the North Sea and the
H.iliic comparatively secure, aiul were of siiru.d advautajje to couuncrce. Nor was this
the only mode in which the power of the coid'ederacy was dinctly employed to ])romote
the common interests of mankind. Their exertions to ])r()lect shipwrecked mariners
from the atrocities to which they bad been sul>ject, and to procure the restitution of
shipwrecked property to its le>^itimate owners*, though, most i)rol)ably, like their
I'xertions to repress piracy, a conse(juence of selllsh considerations, were in lu) ordinary
deijree meritorioits ; and contributed not less to the a<lvaneement of civilisation than to
the security of navi<ration.
luiclDrii's oiloiiijiiKi to f/ii; Lc<tniic. — In ordei' to facilitate and extend tlieir commercial
transactions, tin- League I'slablished various factories in foreijfii countries; the principiil
of which were at Novoi;orod in Russia, London, Hruges iii the Netherlands, and
l{eij;en in Norway.
Novojj;oro(l, situated at the conlluence of the \'olkof with the Imler Lake, was, for a
lengthened period, the most renowned emporium in the norlh-easlern parts of iMirojie.
lu the l)eginuiiii; of the eleventh century, the inhiibitauts o!)tained considerable i)rivi-
leges that laid the foundation of their liberty and pros|)erily. Their sovereigns were at
first subordinate to tlii' grand (hikes or e/ars of Itussia; but .as the city and the con-
tiguous territory increased in population aiul wealth, they gradually usur|)ed an almost
absolute independency. Tlu- power of these sovereigns over tlieir subjects seems, at ihe
same time, lo have lu'eii exceedingly limited; .and, in eflecl, Novogorod ought rather to
l)e considered as a republic under the jurisdiction of an elective magistrate, than as a
state subject to ;i regular line of hereditary monarchs, jjossessed of extensive |)rerogatives.
During the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centiu'ies, Novogorod fornvd ihe grand
^iitn/ii'il between the countries to the east of I'oland and the Ilanseatic cities. Its fairs
weie f're(iiK'nted liy an iunue si> concourse of i)eople from aM 'he surruindiiig countries,
as well as by numbeis of •.■lerchants from the llanse towns, who c'.grosst'd the greater
part of its foreign conunerce, and wl, ■ furnished its markets with .lu' manufactures and
products of distant countries. Novogorod is sjiid to have contained, during its most
flom-ishing period, towards t\u- middle of the lit'teentb century, upw.irds of '1(X),(H)()
souls. This, liowevcr, is most p,'obal>ly an exaggeration. 15ut its dominions were then
very I'xtensive ; and its wealth ;ind power seemed so great .and wi'll est.ablished, and the
city itself so imiiregnable, as to give rise to a proverb. Who can resist (be (iods and
great Novogorod? Qiiis contra Deos et ma<jnam Noroffor<li<im? — (Co.ti's Trnvrls in the
.\iiit/i iif l'!iir,>i)i; vol. ji. p. HO.)
15ut its power and prosperity were far from being so firmly eslablisfied as its eulogists,
and those who h.id only visited its fairs, a])pear to have sui)pose<l. in tli»' latter part of
ilie fifteenth century, Ivan \'assil1evitch, c/ar of Kussia, liaving secured his dtuninions
against the inroads of the Tartars, ,uul extended liis empire by the eoncjuest of some of
the neighbouiing principalities, asserted his right lo the principality of Novogorod, and
supported his pretensions by a formidable army. Mad the inbaliitants been animated
b- the spirit of unanimity and patriotism, they might have defied his efll)rts ; but their
dissensions facilitated their conipiesf, and rendered them an easv prey. Having entered
the city at the head of his troops, Ivan re 'eived from the citizens the charter of their
• A .•.cries (if rosdliitioiis wore iniaiiinioiislv apricd to liy the mercluiiit? frcnii?ntinK tlie port cil VVisliv,
line of the iiriacip;!! einpi.riimis of the l.e:ii,Mie, in I'JST,' proviihlif; tm :lie restoriifidii iil' shipwrecked
priipevty tn its original owiieis, ami ihvaliiniiK to eject Irinn the " idusoriii/itntr inaraloinn'," any city
tliat iliii iiDt :ut coiitiirii.tlilv tn the rei,'iil.itiiiii» laiil (linvii.
» (
fe
19i
IIANSEATIC LEA(Jl E.
623
lil)ortios, wliifli tlii-y cither wanled coiiiagL- or inclitiiilion fo (li-iciid, and larriod oil' an
ononnoiis lii'll (o ^\Iost()\v, that has hwn long ri-jfardi'd wiili a sort of siipiTstitious
veiu'ration as ihu i)alladiiiin of tlio I'ity. IJiit notwitlislandiiif^ the di'spotisni to which
Novojiorod was suhject, (hiiini^ the reiffiis of Ivai. and his successors, it continued for a
considerahlc ])criod to l)e tiie hir<;esf as well as niost commercial city in the Kussian
empire. The famous Richard Chancellonr, who ])assed throu<^ii Novo<roro(i in I,').')!,
in ins way from the court of tlie c/ar, s<iys, that " next unto Moscow, the city of
Novo^orod is rejjuted the ciiiefcst of Kussia ; for although it be in m.njcstie inferior to
it. yet in greatness it ffoetli beyond it. It is the ehiefest and grisitest mart town of all
Muscovy; ;md all>eit tlie em|)er(ir's seat is not there, but at iNIoscow, yet llie coni-
moihousiu'ss of the riviT talliiijc into thi' (Julf of l''inhmil, whereby it is well frc((m'nlcd
by nierehanls, makes it more famous tlian Moscow itsi'lf."
liut till' scourjfe of the destroyir soon after fell on tliis celebrated city. Ivan I\'.,
havin;^ discoveied, in ] '>~0, a correspondence between some of the ]irincipal cili/cns
and the King ol" I'oland, relative to a surrender of the city into his hands, ))unisiied
them ill the most inhuman manner. The slaiighler by which the bloodthirsty bar-
barian sought to satisfy his revenge was alike extensive and imdiscriminating. The
irinie of a I'vw cili/ens was made i iiretext for the massacre of 'J."), ()()() or :!(>,(K)().
Novogorod never recovered from this dreadt'ul blow. It still, however, continued to
be a place of considerable trade, until the foundation of I'etersburgh, which innnediately
became the si'at of that conuni'rce tiiat had formerly centred at Novogorod. Tlii' de-
gradation of lliis ill-fated city is now complete. It is at present an inconsiderable ))lace,
with a |)opulation of about 7,000 or H,00() ; and is remarkable oidy for its history and
anti(|uities.
The I'H'ichants of the Ilaiise towns, or Hansards, as they were then commonly
termed, were establishei ' i I.<indon at a very early jjeriod. and their factory here was
of c(/nsiiicrabie magnitu'li and imi)()rtance. They enjoyed various privileges and im-
nm, lilies; they were permitted to govern themselves by their own laws .ind regulations;
tlK- custody of one of the g.ites of the city ( IJishopsgate ) was committed to their care;
:iiid the duties on various sorts of imported commodilies were considerably reduced
in their favour. These privileges necessarily excited the ill-will and animosity of the
l^iiglish nierehanls. The I lansards were every n<j\v and then accused of acting with
bad faith ; of intraduciiig commodities as their own that \rere really the jiroduce of
olliers, ill order to enable them to evade the duties with which they ought to have been
charged; of capriciously ".'Xtending the II-,I of towns belonging to tlii' .issocialioii ; and
obstructing the commerce of the Mnglish in the IJallic. I'^flints were continually
making to bring these disputes to a termination ; but .as tliev really grew out of the
privileges granted to and claimed by the Ilaiis.ards, tliis was foiiiu' to be 'mpossible.
'I'he latter were exjiosed to many indigiii'ies ; and their factory, which was .>itiiated in
'I'liamcs Street, was not imlVeipiently attacked. The League exerted •hcmselvcs vigor-
ou'ly in (U'leiice of their iirivileges; and having decla.retl war against laigland, tliey
siicceede<l in excluding our vessels from the IJ.iltie, and acted with such eiurgy, that
I'.dward IV. was glad to come to an aeeominodation with them, on terms which were
.my thing Imt liononralile to the Knglisli. In the treaty for this purpose, lU'gotiated in
II7'I. the privileges of the merchants of the Hanse towns were renewed, and the king
assigned to them, in absolute property, a large space of ground, with the buildings upon
it, in Thames Street, denominated the Steel Yard, whence the Hanse merchants have
been commonly denominated the Association of the Steel Van! ; the property of their
eslablishnu'iits at lioston and I.yim Mas aKo secured to them ; the king engaged to allow
no slrangi'r to participate in their |)iivileges; one of the articles bore that the Hanse
nierehanls should be no longer subjecl to the jiidgis of the Mnglish Admiralty Court,
but that a particular tribunal should he formed for the easy and speedy settlement of all
disputes that might arise between them and the English ; and it was furlher agreed
that the iiarticular jirivileges awarded to the Hanse meri bants should be published as
•often as the latter Judged inoiier, in all the sea-jiort towns of l^ngland, and such
Englishmen as infringed ujion them should be punished. In retiiin for these con-
cessions, the I''iiglish accpiired the liberty of frei'ly trading in the Hallic, and I'specially
in the port of Dant/ic and in Prussia. In II'l^, all direct commerce with tlii' Nether-
lands being sasi)ended, the trade fell into the hands of the Hanse nierchaiits, whose
commerce was in consequence very greatly extended. 15nt, aecordi; ,■ as the siiirit of
commercial enfcriirise awakened in the nation, and as the benefits resulting troni the
prosecutiiin of foreign trade came to be better known, the privileges of the Hanse
merch.ints became more and more obnoxious. They were in con-eipieiice considerably
modilied in the reigns of Henry \TI. and Henry \'lll..and were at length wholly
abolished in l.)!)7. — (.Uiili rsan's JlisI, Com. Anno 1-17I, ^•(■. )
'i"he ditl'erent individuals belonging to the factory in London, as well as those be-
longing to the other factories of the League, lived together at a common table, and
i;:^
'I I
n
J I:
1l
nA
; I
■n
G21-
HANSEATIC LEAGUE.
J i
n
u
h
u
I'''/ '•
\\\ I
wure enjoined to observe tlie strictest eelihaey. The direction of the factory in London
was intrusted to an alderman, ii assessors, and f) councillors. The latter were sent
by the cities forming the diilereut classes info whicii the Leaf^uc was divided. The
business of these functionaries was to devise means for extending and securinjr llie
))rivile}^es and commerce of tiie association; to watch over tlie operations of tlie
nK'iciia;.ts ; and to adjust any dis))utes that mij^iit arise amongst the meml)ers of the
confe.lcrucy, or between them and the lOnglish. The league endeavoured at all times
to (jromote, as much as possible, the employment of their own sliips. In pursuance of
tliis object, they went so i\\r, in 1117, as to forbid the importation of English merchan-
dise into the confederated cities, except by their own vessels. liut a regulation of this
sort could not be carried into full etrect ; and was enl'orced or modified according as
circumstances were favoural)le or adverse to the i)retensions of the League. Its very
existence was, liowever, an insult to the Knglish nation; and tlie irritation produced by
the occasional .-ittemiits to act ujjon it, contributed materially to the subversion of the
jirlviiegis the llanseatic merchants had ac(|uired amongst us.
l»y means of their factoiy at 15ergen, and of the privileges which bad been either
granted to or usurjied by liieni, the League enjoyed for a lengthened period the mono-
poly of the connnerce of Norway.
IJut the principal factory of the League was at liruges in the Netherlands. Bruges
l)ecame, at a very early ))eriod, one of the (irst coimnercial cities of iMuope, and the
centre of the most extensive trade carried on to the north of Italy. The art of navi-
gation in the tliirleenth and fourteenth centuries was so imperte'ct, that a voyage from
Italy to the IJ.illic and back ;igain could not be performed in a single season; and
hence, for the sake of their mutual convenience, the Italian and llanseatic merchants
determined on establishing a magazine or store-house of their respective products in
some intermediate situation. IJruges was hxed upon I'or this purpose; a distinction
which it seems to have owed as nnich to the freedom enjoyed by tlie inhabitants, and
the libel iility of the government of the Low ("ountries, o the conveniency of its
situation. In consetinence of this iireference, Bruges sjiei . _ rose to the very highest
rank among commercial cities, and became a place of vast wealth. It was at once a
staple for Knglish wool, for the woollen and linen manufactures of the Netherlands, for
the timber, heiiii), and flax, pitch .md tar, tallow, corn, lish, ashes, i^ve. of the North ; and
for the spices and Indian comniodities, as well as their domestic manufactures imported
l)y the Italian merchants. The fairs of Hriiges were the best frecpiented of any in
Kur()])e. Ludovico (Miicciardini mentions, in his Description nf the. Low Cdiniliics,
that, in the year i'MH, no fewer than !> W'iietian galle:ises, vessels of very considerable
burden, arrived in Hruges in order to disjiose of their cargoes at the fair. The Ilaii-
se.itic merchants were the principal purchasers of Indian commodities; they disposed of
them in the ports of the lialtie, or carried them up the great rivers into the heart of
Germany. The vivifying -eU'ects of this commerce were every where felt; the regular
intercourse oiiened between the nations in the north and soutli of Kurope made them
sensible of their imifu.il wants, and gave a wonderful stimulus to the spirit of industry,
'i'his was particularly (he case with regard to the Netherlands. Manutiictures of wool
and flax had been established in that country iis early as the age of ("liariemagne ; and
the resort of foreigncs to their markets, !ind the great additional vent that was thus
ojiened for their maijiitiictures, made them l)e carried on with a vigour and success tiiat
had been hitherto unki;own. These circumstances, conilnned with the free spirit of
their institutions, and the moderation of the government, so greatly promoted every
elegant and useful art, tint the Netherlands early became the most civilisetl, best cul-
tivated, richest, and most )) )i)uIous country of Europe.
DccUiit of thf Ilinisvdtif I.nii/ur, — Trom the middle of the fifteenth ceiitury, tiie
power of the confederacy, though still very formidable, l)egan to decline. 'I'his was
not owing to any misconduct on the (lart of its leaders, Imt to the ]irogress of Thai
improvemeni it had done so much tt promote. The superiority enjoyed by the League
resulted as much from the anarchy, onfusion, and barbarism that |)revailed throughout
(he kingdoms of the North, as from the good government and order that distinguished
the towns. I5ut a distinction of this sort could not l)e perniaiient. The civilisation
which had l)een at first confined to the cities, gradually s]nead from tlu'in, as from so
many centres, over the contiguous country. Feudal anarchy was every wtiere super-
seded by a system of subordination ; arts and industry were diffusi'd and cultivated;
and the authority of government was ;it length (irmly established. This change not
only rendered the princes, over whom the League had so freipiently triumphed, superior
to it in jiower ; but the inhabitants of the countries amongst which the confederated
cities were scattered, having learned to enlert.iin i\ just sense of the advantages derivable
from co'iiuK'rce and navigation, could not brook the siiperioiity of the association, or
hear to see its members in possession of immunities of whicli they were deprived : and
in adliii Ml to these ciicunistances, wliicli must sjieedily liave dccasioiied the dissolution
! I ARBOUR.
G25
iiy, till!
tlis WHS
of tliat
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iiffo not
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ilioii, or
: and
solution
^
of the lA-ague, the interests of tlie clirtlTcnt cities of whicli it consisted became daily
•iiore and more oijposed to each other. I,nl)eck, Hamburgh, IJremen, and tlie towns in
their vicinity, were latterly the only ones tliat had any interest in its maintenance. The
cities in Zealand and Holland joined it, chiefly because tliey would otiierwise have been
excluded from the c<nnmerce of the Haltic; and those of Prussia, Poland, and Russia
did the same, because, had they not belonj^ed to it, they would have been slnit out from
ail intercourse with stranj^ers. When, however, the Zealanders and Hollanders l)ecame
sutlicieiitly powerful at sea to lie able to vindicate their rifjht to the free navigation of
tlie IJaiiic by force of arms, they immediately seceded from the Leaijue ; and no sooner
had the ships of the Dutch, the Kn<^lish, ^:c. begmi to trade directly with the Polish
and Prussian Hanse towns, than these nations also embraced the first opportunity of
withdrawiiifT from it. The fall of tliis {jreat confederacy was really, therefore, a con-
secjuence of the improved state of society, and of the devel()])ment of the connnercial
«])irit in the ditterent nations of Europe. It was most serviceable so Ion<; as those for
wh,)m its mercliants acted as factors and carriers were too barbarous, too nnich oceu-
jiied will) other matters, or destitute of the necessary capital and skill, to act in these
ca])acities for themselves. When they were in a situation to do this, the functions of
the Hanseatic merchants ceased as a matter of course; their confederacy fell to i)ieces ;
and at tiie middle of the seventh centuiy the cities of Ltd)eck, Hamburgii, and Hremen
iwre all that continued to acknowledj^e the authority of the Leaj^ue. Even to this day
tlioy preserve the shadow of its power; being acknowledged in the act for the esta-
blishment of the Germanio confecieiation, signed at Vienna, the Kth of June, 1H15, as
free Hanseatic cities. — ( From an article in No. i;J. of the Foreitjii Qiitirhrli/ Jttrieu;
contributed by tlie author of this work.)
H.\HHC)UH, H.VVEN, on POUT, a piece of water commnnicating with the sea,
or with a navigable river or lake, having depth sufficient to Hoat shi])s of considerable
burden, where there is convenient anchorage, and n-here ships may lie, load, and unload,
screened from the winds, and without the reach of the tide.
(Jiiiiii/ies of a good llarhour. — There is every variety in the form and quality of
Iiarboin-s. They are either natural or artificial; but, however formed, a good harbour
sliDidd liave sufficient depth of water to admit the largest ships at all times of tlic tide;
it sliould be easy of access, without having too wide an entrance; the bottom should be
clean and good ; and ships should be able to lie close alongside (juays or i)iers, that the
expense and inconvenience of loading and unloading by means of lighters may be
avoided. Ships lying in a harbour that is land-locked, and surrounded by high grounds
or buildings, are, at once, without the reach of storms, tides, and currents; and may, in
most cases, be easily protected from hostile attacks. IJar harbours are those that have
bars or banks at their entrances, and do not, therefore, admit of the ingress or egress of
large sliii)s except at high water. These are most commoidy river harbours; the sand
and mud lironght down by the stream, and driven back by the waves, naturally forming
a bar or bank at their mouths.
Best liritinh Iltirhoiirs. — Good harbours are of essential importance to a maritime
nation ; and immense sums have been ex])ended in all coimtries ambitious of naval or
connnercial greatness iii their improvement and formation. Portsmouth, INIilford Haven,
and the Cove of Cork are the finest barltours in the Uritish islands, being surp.assed by
very few, if any, in the world. Of these, Portsmouth is entitled to the pre-eminence.
This admirat>lc harbour is about as wide at its mouth as the Thames at Westminster
Bridge, exjianding within into a noble basin, almost sufficient to contain the whole navy
of Great Hritaiti. Its entrance is uiu)bstructed by any bar or shallow; and it has,
throughout, water Jidecjuote to float the largest men of war at the lowest tides. The
anchorage ground is excellent, and it is entirely free from sunken rocks, sand banks, or
any similar obstructions. The western side of the harbour is formed by the island of
I'ortsea ; and on its south-western extremity, at the entrance to the harbour, is situated
the town of Portsmouth, and its largo and important suburb Portsea. Hero are docks
and other establishments for the building, repair, and outfit of shijjs of war, constructed
upon a very large scale, and furnished with every conveniency. The fortifications that
protect this great naval lit'jh'it, are superior, both as respects strength and extent, to any
other in the king<lom. " Thus," to use the words of Dr. Campbell, " it apjjcars that
Portsmouth derives from nature all the |)rcrogatives the most fertile wits and most
intelligent judges could devise or desire ; and that these have been well seconded by art,
without consideration of expense, «-hieh, in national improvements, is little to bo
regarded. Add to all this the striking excellence of its situation, which is such as if
Providence had expressly determined it for that use to which we see it applied, the
bridling the power of France, and, if I may so speak, the peculiar residence of Neptune."
— ( Survey of Great Britain, vol. i. p. .'570. )
Portsmouth harbour has the additional and important advantage of opening into the
2 S
* ,
MTT
Ml
m
li'4
I i t
r i
I I
626
HARBOUR.
celubratwl road of Spithead, between the Hampshire coast and tlie Isle of Wijrht, furniiiig
a safe and convenient retreat for the largest Hects.
Milford Iluven deeply indents the southern part of Pembrokeshire. It is of great
extent, and has many subordinate bays creeks, and roads. The water is deep, and the
anchorage ground excellent ; and being completely land-locked, ships lie as safely as i(
they were in dock.
Cork harbour has a striking resemblance to that of Portsmouth, but is of larger
extent; it has, like it, a narrow entrance, lead' >g into a cupaciow; basin, ailbrding a
s^'cure asylum for any number of ships.
Plymouth, which, after Portsmoutli, is the princip.il nav.il ilcjxit of Kngland, h,is an
admirable double harlM)ur. The roadstead in Plymouth Sound has recently been much
improved by the construction, at a vast ex])etise, of a stU])endous breakwater mure than
1,100 yards in length. This artificial bulwark protects the ships lying inside from the
ertects of the heavy swell thrown into the Sound by southerly and south-easterly winds.
I^ondon stands at the head of the river ports of Great Hritain. Considering the
limited course of the Thames, there is, probably, no river that is navigable for large ships
to so great a distance from sea, or whose mouth is less obstructed by banks. London in
mainly indebted for the unrivalled magnitude of her commerce to her favourable
situation on this noble river; which not only gives her all the advantages of an excellent
port, accessible at all times to the largest ships, but renders her the emporium of the ex-
tensive, rich, and populous country comprised in the b.isin of the Thanies.
The Mersey, now the second commercial river in the empire, is more incommoded
by banks than the Thames ; and Ls in all respects inferior, as a channel of navigation,
to the latter. Still, however, it gives to Liveri)ool very great advantages ; and the new
channel that has recently been discovered in the banks promises to l)e of much importance
in facilitating the access to and from the port. This channel will be found laid down
in the map of LiverpiKjl and its environs, attached to the article Docks in this work.
HrLstol and Hull are both river ports. Owing to the extraordinary rise of the tide
in the Bristol Channel, the former is accessible to the largest ships. The Humber
is a good deal impeded by banks ; but it also is navigable as far as Hull, by very large
vessels. Tlie Tyne admits vessels of very consideral>le burden as far as Newcastle, whicl»,
next to London, Ls the wiost important port, for the extent of the shiiiping belonging to
it, of any in the emi)ire.
The shallowness of tlie Clyde from Greenock up to Glasgow has l)een a serious draw-
back upon the commercial progress of the latter. Large sums hare been expended in
.nttcnipts to contract the course and to deepen the bed of the river ; and they have been
so far successful, that vessels of 150 tons burden may now, generally speaking, ascend to
the city, at all times of the tide. But there seems little |>robabiltty o*' its ever bccomintj
suitable for the navigation of ships of pretty large burden.
Generally speaking, the liarbourson tl)e e.^st coasts, both of Great Britain and Ireland,
are, with the exception of the Thames, very inferior to those on the south and west
coasts. Several h'Tb^urs on the shores of Sussex, Kent, Lincoln, &c., that once admitted
pretty large ships, are now completely choked up by sand. Large sums have been
expended upon the ports of Yarmouth, Boston, Sunderland, Leith, Dundee, Aberdeen,
&c. Dublin harbour being naturally bad, and obstructed by a bar, a new harbour has
been formed, at a great expense, at Kingstown, without the bar, in deep water. There
h.xs also been a large outlay upon the harbours of Donaghadee, Portpatrick, &c.
For an account of the shipping belonging to the different ports of (ire;it Britain and
Ireland, the reader is referred to the article Siiirs in this work. Tlie cliarges («n
account of Docks, Pilotage, &c. are specified under these articles.
Foreign Harhours and Ports. — The reader will find the principal foreign commercial
harbours described in this work at cotisidorable It-ngth under their ri--pective titles.
The principal French ports for the ncconuijodation of men of war are Brest, Toulon,
and Cherbourg. The latter has been verv greatly improved by the construction of a
gigantic breakwater, and the excavation of immense basins. Besides Cadiz, the prin-
cipal ports for the Spanish navy are Ferrol and C'arthagena. Cronstadt is the principal
rendezvous of the Russian navy ; Landscrona of that of Sweden ; and the Heldcr of that
of Holland.
Law of England as to Harbours. — The anctMrnge, &c. of ships was rcgxdated by
several statutes. But most of these regulations have been repealed, modified, <vr te-
enacted, by the 54 Geo. :). c. Hi).
This ,i(t aiitlinritcti the Ailmiralty lu \»iiYule for tlic moorings of his Majesty's ships ; and pr..pib'ts .it»y
private shij) from fastening thcnlii. h iViither authorises the Admiralty to prohibit tlie bn t»g of any
^llill or vessel at any place or [itaies on shore they may think <ft ; and to jKiint out the (I'l'vs where
private shipR «haJj deposit tlie guiiiKiwder they may have on Imard exceeding '-ItM. — (^ (i. . t)rohil)ir«
the u»o of <iny (ire o«i board any ship or vessel tliat i« being breamed in injr |)<>rt, harlMur. or tMvcn, lie-
tween the W>urs << tl m the evening and 5 in the morning, fVom tlie 1st ot Ortolier to !r.e Hut of Marcl'
iiielusive ; and h n w ^ w n the hourt- of II in the evening and 4 In the momiiig. from the 1st m April to tt
'Mh of SfiiWiiiljei oMslusive : ami it prohibits the mcUinii ut ItoiUiif oi any ptch, t&r, talliw, &c. wMtua
ial
IIAUDWAUE.
f)'i7
850 yards of any of his Majesty's slilps, orof liU Majesty's duck-y.-iriU. By aiuitlier section, the kccpinR of
ciiMs slujtttd, anil tlie (iriiiK of tlie aainu in any iK)rt, is pruhijjiteil untliT a penalty of ;"«. for enTy gun
kept Bliotteil, and l(l,v. lor every gun discliarged. — (^ !M The sweeping or creeping for anchors, .SiC.
within the ilistanrc of l.'A) yards of any of liis Majesty's shiiw of war, orof his Majesty's ni(M>rings, is pro-
hiljiti'd under a (HMialty of !()/. for every oflencc. — (^ 111.) Tlie loading and unloiuling of bailout is also
reguiatetl liy thi^ statute ; but for the provisions with respect to it, see Hali.ast.
HARDWARE (Gcr. Kurze waaren; Dii. Vzerkramery ; Da. hcukramvarcr ; Sw.
J'iinihriim ; I''r. ClimiKnilUrtr, Qidiicaillcrie ; It. C/iincat/lio ; Sp. Qiiini/tiilleriii ,- Port.
(Jiiiniiil/iiniu ; Riis. mflotzchniie. towiirii), includes every kiiul of gmxls manufactured
from metals, comprising iron, brass, steel, and copper articles of all descripti(ms.
Birmingham and Sheftield are the principal seats of the Rritisli hardware manufactures ;
and from these, immense quantities of knives, razors, scissars, gilt and |>lated ware, fire-
arms, Sic. are supplied, as well for tjxpurtatioii to most parts of the world, as for home
consumption.
The hardware manuCicturc is one of the most important carried on in Great Britain;
and from the ithundance of iron, tin, and co|)per ores in this country, antl our inex-
haiistihle coal mines, it is one which seems to be established on a very secure foimdation.
The late Mr. Stevenson, in liis elal)orate and excellent article on the statistics of Eng-
land, in the Edinhuryh Eiiciidopivdia, pul)lished in 1815, estimated the value of all the
articles made of iron at 1 (),0()0,(XX)/. , and the persons employed in the trade at 'J00,000.
Rlr. Stevenson estimated the value of all the articles made of l)rass and copper at
3,tKX),(XX)/. , and the persons employed at .W.CXX) : and he further estimated the value of
steel, plated, and hardware articles, including toys, at 4,000,0(X)/., and the persons em-
ployed at 7(),(XX). So that, itssuining these estimates to be nearly correct, the total
value of the goods produced from different sorts of metals in England and Wales,
in 181.'), must liave amounted to the sum of 17,000,000/., and tlie persons employed
to :{20,0(K).
There is re.xson to believe that this estimate, in so far, at least, as respects the value of
the manufacture, was at the time rather too high ; but at this moment it is most probably
witln'n the mark. 'I'here has been a very extraordinary augmentation of the quantity of bar
and pig iron prcxluoed within the last \!i years; and the rapid increase of liirmingham
and Sheffield, as well as of the smallerseats of the hardware manufacture, shows that it hiis
been increased in a corresponding jiroportion. We have been assured, by those well ac-
quainted witli most departments of the trade, that if to the iron and other hardware
manufactures of England be added those of Scotland, their total aggregate value cannot
now be reckoned at less than 17,500,000/. a year, affording direct employment, in the
■.arious departments of the trade, for at least ;>C0,000 persons.
Fall of Piins. — Owing partly to the reduced cost of iron, but incomparably more to
improvitnents in manufacturing, a very extraordinary fall has taken place in the price of
most li.irdware articles during the last I'J or 15 years. In some articles the fall exceeds
80 pi I .-ent ; and there are few in which it does not exceed 30 per cent. In conse-
queiKv, the poorest individuals are now able to supply tliemselves with an infinite variety
of c( mm(Hlious -md useful articles, wiiich, half a century ago, were either wholly unknown,
or were too dear to be purchased by any bit the richer classes. And those who reflect
on the importance of the prevalence of liahits of cleanliness and neatness will readily agree
witli us in tiiinking that t!ie substitution of the convenient and beautiful hardware and
earthenware liousehold articles, that are now every where to be met with, for the wowU'Vl
and horn articles used by our ancestors, has been in no ordinary degree advantageous.
Rut it is not in this respect only that the cheapness and improvenu-nt of hardware is
essential. Many of the most powerful and indispensable tools and instruments used by
the labourer come imder tliis description ; and every one is aware how important it is
that they should be at once cheap and efficient.
Account of the real or declared \!\\ue of the different Articles of Hardware exported (\oni Great Britain
to foreign Countries, during the Year ended 5tn of .lanuary, 1833,
£ s. (i.
Brass and cnpncr manufactures ...
Hardware ana cutlery ....
Iron and steel, wrought and unwrought ....
MatheuiaticM and optical instruments - . • '
Plate, jilatcd ware, jewellery, and watches • . m ■
Tin aiwi ucwter wares texclusivc of unwrought tin)
Total
The exports of the same articles during the year ended 5th of January, 1820, wuc a« follo>[iS :-.
Brass and copper manufactures • .... 653>859 '3 5
Hardware anil cutlery . . - - - 1,459,510 i9 7
Iron ai.dsteel, wrought ami imwrought,(matheniatica) instruments notspecified) 924,44f 8 1
Tin and pewter wares exclusive rf unwrought tin) - - - 187,811 10 7
916,220 4
1,433,297 17
1,189,250 10
lG.43(i \8
173,f;T- v
9
£
li
•',.,.** »
«
Total
.5^2,915,63(1 11 8
lncrca»e of thv i ^ports of 1S32 over those or IRID
•i S 2
£ 1,056,38.1 18
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628
HARPOONER. — HATS.
The Eait Indies and China are by far the most important markets for our l)rass and copper maniifac.
tures. The total exports of tliese articles, in IS'.il, aniountid toHl«,li;4/. ; of which Ihcy took .i4«,()-k)/,, Ihe
United States liiD.Stt!/., and France I'l/iHC/. Of the total exports of hardware and cutlery in IRil,
amountinK to l,m'i,i<i\)t. the United Slates took no less than <i!iM,4iiii/. ! The Uritish possessions" in North
America and the West Indies were the next most important customers ; but the exports to them both
did not amount to 1<K),(KK)/. The United States, and the possessions now rclerrcd to, take the groatest
quantity of our iron and steel j the eximrts to the former, in IK.il, beinj,' v'iH,707/., and those to the latter
SV>,'22Sl. The United States take nearly a half of our exiwrts of plate and plated ware, \c.
HARPOONER, the man tliat throws tlio harpoon in (ishiii}^ for whaU-s. Hy
5.5 Geo. 3. c. Oli. § ;H., no harpooner, line manager, or boat steerer, belonginf; to any
ship or vessel fitted out for the Cireenland or Soutliern whale Jislieries, shall he impressed
from the said service ; but shall be privileged from being iinpressed so long as he shall
belong to, and be employed on board, any ship or vessel whatever in the fisheries
aforesaid.
ll.VrS (Ger. Hii/p ; Dti. Ifoechn; Fr. Cluipp.aii.r ; It. CappiUi ; Sp. Somhrcrns ;
Riis. Sr/ilnpii), coverings for the head in very general use in (Jreat Uritain and many
other countries, and known to every body. 'J'hey are made of very various forms and
sorts of material. 'I'hey may, however, be divided into two great classes, viz. those
made of fur, wool, silk, i*tc., and those made of straw ; the former being principally worn
l)y men, and the latter by women.
i 1 ATS ( Fi: It, Wool, h c ). — The manufacture of this description of hats, which is one
of very considcral)le imjiortaiice and value, was first noticed as belonging to England in
the I '1th century, in reference to the exportation of rabbit or coney skins*from the
Netherlands. About n century afterwards ( 14(73), the importation of hats was pro-
hibited. A duty of lO.v. (id. a hat was substituted for this absolute prohibition in 181 (J,
and is siill contiimed. The following instructive details with resj)ect to the sjjecies of
hats inaimfactured, their value, I've, liave been obtained from the highest practical au-
thority ; and may, we believe, be safely relied on : —
1. Sliijr lliil.i. — 'I'll is term is applied by the trade only to the best description of hats, or to those
broiiKlit' to the hij-'liest perfection in London. Sinei- the introduction of " waterprooMng," it is found
uiuiecessaiy to u.se so valuable a material as beaver in the foinidation or franie-worl- of the best hats.
Insteail of it, line seasoned bai ks of IJiKbsli coney wool, red Vi^onia wool, Dutch cau'oted coney wool,
an<l a small ipiantity of fine .Saxony lamb's wool, are empliiyed with eipial advantage.
The covering, /. i'. the "iiappnij;," of the best (iiialitics is a mixture of c/irrk beaver, with white and
brouNsta^'o beaver, or seasoned lieavcr, commiiiily called "wiiuiiis." Inferior stuttii are nappcnl with
mixtuics of stage liiavcr, nutria, hare-' wool, ami niusnuash.
or Lite years, hats have been much rciliiced in weight. This is principilly owing to the new method of
" watcrpronliiig," which is etrected in the bodies of the hats prior to their being najjpml. The eUistic
]>ropertii'- of the gums employed for this purpose, when ilissolved in pure .spirits of wine, give a body to
the stull's which allows a good deal of their weight to be di.-.peiiscd with.
Not '.'!) years ago, :iii ounces of stiill' were worked up into 1 dozen ordinary sized hats for gentlemen;
at pnv-ent, Iroiii Ji to,>t ounces only are rcciuired to complete the same quantity. It is proper to observe
that the he.ivy liiity on Kiigli.-li spirit.s ot wine is very injurious to the manufacture, as it causes the em-
jilovmcnt of interior ciissolv.'iits, as iiaphtlia and gas sp'.rit, which injure the gums.
'I'he niamif.u-tiire of the best Imts emjjloys in London marly 1,0IK) makers and finishers, besides giving
cmploynient to nearly ,),i (K) men in (ilouceatershire and Uerbyshire, in body.makiiig and ruffing. The
gross returns amount to about »)l'l,(,(Ri/.
2. I'/alid ll/i/.i. — Next to tine hats are those designated "])lated," so called from the /)/»/(•, or napping,
being of a distinct and superior nature to the foundation or body. I'he latter is generally formed of Kent,
Spanish, or Shropshire wool ;. wlnle the lornier consists of a mixture of line beaver, hares' wool, mii.s-
quash, nutria, and Lnglish b.ick wool. I'rom the cheapness of coal and the purity of the water in Lan-
cashire, Cheshire, and StalHirdsiiire, the whole of Ihe plating tra<le is cngro.ssed by them. The m< n
employed in the .J counties, including apprentices, do not exceed .i.iKO. 'I'he total u.nount of rolurnn
amount to about I,(lH(l,ll!)ll/ , inclusive of bonnets, and ciTildrcn's fancy beaver hats.
;!. Fi'lf //(Invalid '.'o/y//i-,« an- the coarsest species, being made wholly of K nf, Shropshire, am. Italian
wools, Cordics are distinguislied by a tine covering of camel or goat hair. A very large trade was at one
time carried on in these articles ; but since the introduction of caps, and the manufacture of inferior
plates, the returns have sunk from l,(ilKi,()(i'V. to scarcely l.")(),()IHi/. ! .A t herstonc, Uudgeley, Bristol, and
NewcastU>-uiider-Line, are the principal places where they are m.inufactiired.
i, Si'/k lints, made from silk, plii-h, or shag, manufactured in Coventry, Hanbury, and Spitalfields, form,
at present; a very important branch of the hat trade. Many thousaml dozen are exported to Italy, (iib-
raltar, the C'ajie, Sydney, and Van Dienicn's Land. Little progress was made in this article for the first
quarter of a century after its invention, in consequence of the hard appearance which the cane and wil.
low frame-work necessarily gave the hats; but now that beaver hat bodies have been used, as well as
those of lawn and muslin, this dilticully has been overcome, and silk hats have as sott an outline and as
great a variety of shapes as beaver hats. I^ondon alone produces nearly lj(),0(K) dozen siik hats annually ;
and the quantity manufactured in Manche.-ter, I^iverpool, Birmingham, and Glasgow, is estimated at
upwards of KK),n()0 dozen more, making a total of .above 2.')0,(H)l) dozen. Large quantities of the wool
shells, used as the foundations or (Vaine-work, are made in Ireland by the aid of machinery. The work-
men arc distinct from beaver hatters ; and, owing to the competition of labourers, the trade has advanced
in a greater ratio. 'I'liis bvanch gives <Miiployment to .about .■i,(KI() men.
S. Machinery, as applied to Hals. — Mr. William.!, an American, introduced, a few years since, ma-
chinery for the bowing, breaking up, and felting wools for hats. The opposition of the journeymen
bo<ly-makers, who refused to assist in the necessary process termed basinina, caused it to be laid asiilc :
it is now used only in the preparation of the shells required for silk hats, wnich, as already observed, are
principally made in Ireland.
Mr Kriward Ollerenshaw, of Manchester, beg.in, in I82+, the finishing of hats bv the aid of machinery,
hut the pertinacious oppositi(m of the men prevented his accomplishing this desiriible object. Lately,
Mr. Johnson of Kdinburgh obtained a patent for machinery calculated to eflect very important improve-
ments In the art of ruffing or covering the bodies of hats. Dut we understand that ihe apposition of the
workmen has, also, made him lay aside his invention.
n
Italian
.as at one
iiiforior
istol, and
HATS.
629
II.U4.
rialnl
Sriill4
Wm>ls*
bilk
0. Summary qf Kcstills.
ntcliirid Vutut ofHalt tparitd, IKi.
I.. t. <l.
AlUcru, C'i,8:il riurcn - - 17(1,184 u U
Offinal Value.
Jle,i\er and fells .... 111,'ifi.l
AlldlhiT - ... ll,.177
Wilue.
I.. I. ,1.
l,nH(»,t><MJ u
(ilO.d'lil II II
IftM.niiii
'i4<i,ijiiu 1}
/.. '2,1V","i"i II II
* Incluiling fi-lted capt fur lolilicrs.
I'ntal niinit>«*r of men emplovctl tn the manufjctiirp uf
litlMT lilts - - ■ . - - IT.IMIO
I>i:to, nilk lialH .... 3,iiuu
Hats (Straw). — It is most prohaMe that the idoa of j>ltiitlii(r straws vras first Mipf^osted
by tlie niakiiifj of liaski'ts ot'osieTs and willow, alluded to l>y Virf;il, in his Pastorals, as
oiu' of the ]iiiisuits of the aj^iieultiiral ))0|iiiiation of Italy. AN i" are if;noraiit of the
period wlien the inamifact lire of straw plait first hecaiiie of iniportanee in that eoiintry ;
hut it appears from C'oryat's Cruililiis, ))iililished in Hill, that "the most delieatu
strawen hats" were worn hy both men and women in many [)Iaees of Piedmont, " many
of them havinjj at le:ist an hundred seames." It is evident, therefore, that the art of
straw jilaitiii;;; must have arrived at great pert'eetion iijiwards of two eenturies since; hut
it does not ap])ear to liave heeii •ollowed in I'.njrland for more than (JO or TO years, as it
is witliin the reinemhranee of some of the old iidialiilaiils <if the straw distriets, now
alive, that the wives and daiijriiters of the farmers used to ])laif straw for makiiij; their
own honnets, before straw jilaiiinj; became esi.ihlLshed as a manufacture. In fact, the
custom, amon<r the women in lOnfiland, of weariiif; bonnets at all, is comparatively mo-
dern: it is not yet KM) years since '• /lomls <iiiil jiiinii is" were j^a'iierally worn, and it was
»)nly tlie ladies of (jualily who wore small silk hats. — (See Miihatiii's Mdiiiurs (ind
Ciititimi.i.)
I'ri/is/i P/iv'/. — The 'Irnir /h'nif i.'is/n'it comiirisos tlic ciniiitii'S of HcdtVinl, llcrirnrcl, and nuckinp-
liain, lii'iiiK till' most lavouralili' (iir tlic iprndiiclinn nl' tl'c v lirat stiaw, wliuli is tlif matt rial chicth tisi'd
in laiulaiid. 'i'lie inannlactnri- is alxi liillowcd in snme plans in llsscx and Siilllilk, Imt vrry parlially ill
(iihcr cdnntics. Dnriiif,' tlic late war, llii' ini|i(iitatnin nt straw hats troni I,('(;hiirii iMving in a gnat
iiii'asiirc ceased, an eMiaiirdinary deforce nrencdiira^enieiit vvas i;i\eii t(i iMir dnniestic niaiuifaelnre, and
a |iii>|iort>oiial def;ree of ciinilnrt was derived liy the agricultural lahi urers in these place-, liy tlie wives
and children nf w liiini it was chidly fnlliiwed. 'Ihis ]iriHliicc(l cnmiietitinn, and led tn an niiproveinent nt"
the plait hy x/i/i/htif; the straw, which had lornierly lieeii used entire — tn a n;(ire earelnl selectinn nf the
straw itself — and alsn tn ini|ir(iveiiients in liiiishing and bleaching. So .sure essliil was slraw plaiting at
this periiMl, that it has hceii ascertained that wimieii have earned as mneh as '.'2,v a week Inr their laliniir
(See I'.iiifi lire <■>! tin- I'lmr Lavs, p. 'J77.^ Itiit at the eoncliisinii nf the war, I.eghnrn hats again came
iiitn the inaiket ; and frnin their snpirinrity in lincncss, eelmir, aiuf diirahility, 'hey speedily acijnired a
piefirence over mir linnie niamifactiire, w hich eonsecjiiently hegan to decline. Still the wages continued
(ii.iiil. as the •■.shioi of wciring Duiistahle straw hais had graihially ctalilished ilsilf over the country,
which kept up tlie<leniand for them ; and many individuals ahaniloned the woiking oi jiillnv luce another
don-.estic iiiam.tactiire peculiar to Hedford and liiicks, w hich in IS'Jli had (alien into decay, owing to the
application of machinery', and hetnok themselves to straw plaiting, as a more iirohtahie emtiloymi'iit.
W nil the view of improving the condition of the straw plailers, who from Iheir increased mimheis w.'re
reduced to great distress, anil eiinliling them to meet the (dreigii comiietitioii, the Society of Arts, in tho
years IS'J-J to WSl, held out premiums lor the successful appliealion of some of our native grassi's or
sirai' , other than the wheat straw in general use, ;iiid lor iniprovciueiil.s in plaiting, tinishing, and hleach-
ing. .Many .specimens were sent to the Society ; and, aniengsl other candidate-, l\Ir. I'arry, of London, u\
1,S'."J, leeeived the largesilver medal for an imilation and discriplion of the moilc of plaiting the I.eghoin
hat.s. .Mr ('obliett,alsii, who li,;d contriliuted samiiles of |ilailing, made Irom 1 "> dillercnl soits of grass in-
digenous to Knglaml, received a similar reward. I he puhlication of these conlriliulions in the Soeuty's
'i'ransaetions was tollowed hy the most lienelicial results to the liriti^h manutactiire. Oiir native glasses
were not found to promise much .succcs;;, owing to the hrittlene-s of their steins and the iineveiiness of
their colour; liut >!r. I'arry's eommunication was of especial importance, as tin straw o( J'nseany kpeeuily
hecame an article of import. Me immediately set the example, hy teaching and employing ahovo 70
women and children to plait the straw hy the Italian metliod ; and it is peculiarly gratilj iiig to oliserve, as
an evidence o; it.s success, ihat while the importation ol I.egliorn hals lias, dining the last few years,
licen on the deeline, tlir uiivKnivJnclurid matiiial /his //.ch /ii<i;rif.siri/i/ an t/if iiicniisr. 'I his straw,
which is imported at a nominal duty of \(l. a cwt., is chiefly plaited in lair straw districts ; and the
Tuscan plait, which pays a duty of 17a'. per lb., has likewise lieen largely imported, and iiiuile up into
linnnets in this country, of e(|iiai fineness and beauty to the genuine I.ef;horii hat.
There is, perhaps, nii manuiacture more deterviiiR of encouragement and sympathy than that of straw
plait, as it is (piite independent of machinery, and is a doniestie and liealthlul employment, allording
subsistence to great numbers of the families of agricultural labourers, who without this" resoiirie would
be reduced to parish relief liy the estimate of an intelligent individual, intimately aciiuainted with the
manufacture, it is considered that every score (or 'ill yards' ot plait cniisumes a pound of straw in the
state 111 which it is bought of the farmer; that, at an average, every plaiter makes lo yards per diem j
that in the counties of Hertford, He<lfiird, and Kucks, there are, at an average, 111,0(0 scores brought to
market every day, to make which l.'i,,';(iO persons iwomen and children^ must he emploved. In K-sex and
Sutlolk, it is estimated that '.VHM) scores are the daily produce, to make which about .■;,('(.li persons are em.
ployed ; and about 4,1(0 persons more must be employed to convert these <|uaiitilies into hnnnels. In.
eluding other places where the manufacture is carried on in Knglaml, there are, perhaps, in all. about .'jO.tiOd
persons engaged in it. The earnings of the women and children vary from M. to .w. iW. per score, or If oin
U'. tirf. to li .V iier week. There arc 7 descriptions of plait in general use ; viz. ii/ii^/r Dmmtiihlc ttho
first introduced^ plaited with 7 entire straws ; split straw, introduced about 'JO years since; jiatcnt Dini-
slal/li; or double 7, formed of H .split straws, every '.' wetted and laid together," invented about LVi years
since ; Dcriinsliirr, tbrmed of 7 split straws, invented about lt> years since ; I.tttoit p/nif ian imitatiim
of whole Dunstable', formed of double 7, and coarser than patent Dunstable, invented about 10 \ears
since ; lii-iljhril I.i-filinru, formed of 'Ji! or double 1 1 straws, and plaited similarly to the Tuscan , and Italiuii,
formed of 11 split st aws. Hut there are other varieties in fancy straw plait, not generally in demand lor
the home trade, out chieHy reijuired for exportation ; such as the backhimr, of 7 straws ; tlie liistrr, of
17 straws ; the vaiv, of 2'J straws ; and diamimd, of 'JJ straws. There were other plaits, called rusti'r, of
4 coarse straws split ; and pcnrl, of 4 small straws entire ; but these are now superseded. The principal
markets are I.uton, Dunstable, and St. Alban's, where the plait is usually brougnt every morning by lli«
plailers, and bought hy the dcalerf.
2 S ;?
I
i . ,
i 14
1
\
\
i.v
"t.
1
1
i
f
1
1
1
i«
:l\l
•If
tf
M
630
HATS.
But the advaiitiiRCS which folh^weil the piiltltcatinn, by the Swioty of Arts, ol' the variuus attoiiipts It
iiiijirdve the trade, were nut eonliiie<l t'l lOiiKlaiul. Messrs. J. Xc A. M^iir, of (ireenuik, (who suhsecjuently
•cut speeiiiU'iis til the Society, niiil received'.' ditl'erent inedaU), were in coiiseiiueiice attriu'ted to the
manufacture, and in IH2.i established strav plaitiiiK, in imitation of Leghorn, in the Orkney Islanits, with
singnlar success, adopting ri/r straw, dwarfetl by Iwing grown on mor land, as the material l)est suited for
the purjiose. In the estimation of |>ersons largely empSoyetl in tlie trade in I<ondon, hats manufactured
in Orkney arc (|uite equal, both in colour and (piality, to those of Leghorn ; indeed, some of the plait senl
to the S<H:iety was so line, as to lie capable of nuiking a hat of 80 rows in the brim, being i<<|ual to 10 or 1 1
rows in an inch ; but we learn with regret that the prevalence of mildew in that humid climate is so in-
auspicious to the bleaching of the straw, that it is equal to 50 per cent on the value of the crop. To this
circumstance, an<l to the low prices of Leghorn hats of late years, is to be ascribed the dilHcidty they have
had, even with the protecting duty of J/. 8.«. ()er dozen, in withstanding the competition of the foreign
maJiufacturer. In their letter to the Society of Arts, of the 10th of February, IS'Jli, Messrs. Muir stated, —
" We had last year about 5 acres of straw, which will produce alKUit l'J,000 score of plait, — sup|M)se on
the average of .1 score to the hat, will be 4,(KK) hats, not more. We think them (me hundreilth part of the
consumption of the United Kingdom. These 4,(KI0 hats may give to the manufacturer, including his profit,
5,0INIAVKor seed and straw 7 acres of land would be re<|uired,and in manufacturing 5<iU persons would be
constantly emplove<l all the year. We suppose the consumption of Leghorn h.tts to be not less than
5(KI,IM)(U. in the United Kingdom : now, were these all maiieliy our own imlustrious |>opulation, 7o<) acreii
of (loor land would be re<iuircd, and .')0,0(K) persons would be employed in the manufacture." — {Trans, n/
Soc. Arts.) The pUiters in Orkney were earning, in l.S'.'T, only from' i^. to 'is. (x/. per week, and since that
|>eri(Hl the trade, it is understocHi, has tieclined.
Italian Plait In Italy, the manufacture is principally followed in the neighbnurhoo<l of I'lorence, I'isa,
Sienna, and the Vul d' Arno, in the Duchy of Tuscany ; and it is also established at Venice and other
places. There, as in England, it is purely a domestic manufacture, and the prixlucc is eollecteil by dealers
who ^a round the country. There is no means of estimating, with any degree of accuracy, the number o|
individuals employed, as the government is entirely unprovided with statistical data, ami is even opposed
to any being collet'ted. Hut sup|iosing that Kngland took about a third of the Italian manufacture u'ind it
is l>elieve(l that we have taken nearer a half ), it would not ap|iear that, even in the most prosperous times,
more than .'i0,(KK) iH-rsons could have lK*en engaged in it.
The description of straw u.sed, which is eultivatcnl solely for the purposes of the manufacture, und not
for the grain, is the triticnm turgiiiuni, a variety of bearded wheat, which seems to diHer in no respect
from the spring wheat grown in the vale of Kvesham and other parts of Kn^'land. — ( Trims, iif Sar. Arts. )
Alter undergoing a certain preparatory (iroi'ess, the upper parts of the stems (being first sorteil as to colour
and thickness) are formed into a plait ol generally l;j straws, which is allerwards knitted together at the
edges into a circular sha|>c called a "Hat," or hat. The fineness of the Hats is determined by the
number of rows of plait which compo.se them (counting from the bottom of the crown to the e<lge of the
brim), and their relative hneness ranges from about No. '-'(). to (id., being the rows contained in the breadth
of the brim, which is generally 8 inches. They are afterwards a.ssorted into Ist, i'd, and :kl i|u:ilities,
which are determine<l liy the colour and texture; the most faultless being denominated the 1st, while the
moat defective is described as the 'M quality. These qualities are much iiiHuenced by the season of the
year in which the straw is plaited. Spring is the most favourable, not only I'or plaiting, but for bleaching
and finishing. The dust and perspiratio'i in summer, and the lieiiumbed Hngers of the workwomen in
winter, when they are compelled to keep within their smoky huts, plaiting the cold and wet straw, are
equally injurious to the colour of the hats, which no bleaching can improve. The flats are allerwards
made up in cases of 10 or 'JO <lozen, assorted in orogre-isive niunbers or qualities, and the price of the
middle or average number governs the whole. 'J'lie liroxxi make bears the highest repute, and the Sifiiia
is considerwl secondary : which names are given to the Hat.s, from the districts where they , -ire plaited.
Florence is the principal market, and the demand is chiefly from lOngland, France, Germany, and Ame-
rica ; but the kinds mostly required are the lower numbers ; the very finest hats, and particularly of late,
being considered too expensive by the buyers.
The im|iortation of Leghorn straw hats has very sensibly decreased of late years, owing to the change
of fashion in favour of silk bonnets, and also the |>revailing and increasitig practice of Knglish dealers, from
the high duty on the manufacturetl article, importing the straw plait, ami the straw itself for the purpose
of being knitteil, plaited, and fliiished in this country. This has been attended with serious consequences
to the iHH)r straw plaiters of Tuscany, many of wh'iri have al)aiiilone<l the trade and liet.iken themselves
to other occupations, particularly to the working of reil woollen caps for (i recce and Turkey ; immen.se
quantities of which have been exiMirteil from Leghorn since the peace. With the view of counteracting
the ruinous eflfcets which our high duty entailed on their trade, the merchants and dealers in Tuscany,
interested in the straw hat manufacture, petitioiicHl their government, in I8.>0, to remonstrate with ours tin
the subject j but tiiis remonstrance, if ever made, was not likely, from the condition of our own popu-
lation, to be very favourably received
The following prices of difrerent numbers and qualities of Ix>ghorn hats arc considered such as would
encourage the work-iieojile in Tuscany to produce goo»l work : —
No. no.
40.
4.').
Fir.1 Uuiility.
Secoml (Jihility.
Third (i\ialliy.
I'lllolil. l:iif;liill.
.i' s. It.
8 lire = 5 4
18 — =0 12
2! — = 15 4
Tuioiii. /■;*«j/i«A.
£ s It.
11 lire - 7 4
21 _ = 14
2(i — = 17 4
i'liii-un. liiif'tis/t,
.£ s. d.
10 lire = ti 8
20 — = 1,} 4
25 — = Ifi 8
The straw for iilaiting a No. .TO. at 8 lire, costs 2 lire, about \s. 4rf. English ; for bleaching and finishing,
1 lira =: 8r/. ; the estimated loss of rows in a mass, that cither go up into the crown in the process of
finishing ami pressing, or that must be taken from the brim to re«luce it to London measure ('.''.' inchesi,
may l>e calculated at 1 lira more, or 8rf. As it rc(|uires not less than fi days for pl.iiting and knitting the
hat, there therefore remains only 4 lire, or '•'.?. 8rf. English, for a irirk's work > t'heap as subsistence may
be on the Continent, surely this miserable pittance is not calculated to excite the envy of the poorest
labourer in England. But the earnings of the straw plaiters solely depend on their abilities and in-
dustry. The straw is furnisheil to them to be plaited and knitted, and they are paid according to the
number or fineness of the hat. Some of the lirozxi women have earnt d as much ;is 4 lire, or about '-'.<. \'it.
to .'Is. per dav, when hats were at the highest, (calculating the time in which they can plait and knit a hat,
at 8 days for'a No. ;iO., and a fortnight for a No. 40.) ; ami these cho.sen few still earn about U. 0,1. (ht d;iy ;
but taking the whole plaiters, the following, in the opinion of a house largely interested in the traile in
Italy, may be considered as a fair calculation of the average wages which have been paid during the last
15 years : —
Women earned per diem, in the year 1817, l.«. M. ; ]810-?ii, Srf. ; 1S2,']-.';, \.i. M. ; lSCfi-7, firf. ; IS'.'S .!•.')
fill. M'Mi, for ironing the hats, 4*. a day ; ditto, for pressing and washing, Is. (jrf. to 'Js. ; women, for
picking i^trnw. Is. to Is. '2d.
IIAVANNAII.
631
■|1io following htatoniciit shows tlio iiii|)i)rts into Kiiglaiul of Italian straw hat<, itraw plait, anil iiii-
niaiiurac'turc'd aUaw, durinx tlic last l:i years : —
Halt ur Hunneti of Straw.
riaitinnur Straw.
I'nmanufa
Iiii|H>riMl.
ct. Straw
Ve«n.
Iiii|>ort«I.
Kiportcd.
Cfmsuinp-
tluii.
Ntit K»-
TtllUf.
Iiii|K>n«l.
EM.ort«..| ^"--P-
Nrtt H*.
Vi'llUV.
Nett lU
Vi'tiue.
Alt.
JV,..
Ko.
/..
lU.
Lll.
Un.
1..
IMt.
/..
1«W
iii,;tW
•i.li.Vi
71,!IV'J
VO,4(;8
i
■
1
•i
]Hil
111,11-^
'i.iM
l^l,IH,H
,1»,.1(i4
II
•
.V»
VK
un
1 \^xii
IV, .'•«.')
117,liV(l
.11, -..17
.'lis
•
,'.V'i
417
ISM
l-i'l.'MI't
Vl,'.!.'*)
lVI,li.'.l
X';Mii>
4,VJI
•
.1,0.11
V,.'i7!t
IS'^l
I'M.tVi
.'»,07.')
l'.l.'.,il.S
.0'.,771
l,V.1.1
■i.'.nm
1.I7II
IS'^'.
3«,OU)
'■i;4Si
VI7,II7
fi'.l.lll?
11,11.17
.
ll.M.'iO
lll,.);.1
r,m
NV
lH'^«i
W1,MI7
l.i.l.M
vni,v;»
,'.X,1I,'.
S,s.1(i
!),'),'.
i.,iilfi
.'>,HSI
I.Vi
.k;
1HV7
u:>^,H:>^
1V,.X11
V.Vi.lilO
7v,i(;»
.I.IIVH
Wll
.1.!I17
.1,.ViO
7s7
T.>
IS'iS
Ml,i'7'i
K,.17?
V71,!H)(1
77,7SI
.'•,.'.( IV
VN.1
.'i.lOII
4,.1.1i
1 , 1 '.t'l
4VII
IS'iM
llr(l,l|l.l
V7,a".o
V,M,V.',I
(i(l,1!(,1
(,,vsv
■IS7
,1,.1IO
V,S,1I
(;,ii,Mi
rji'i
1S.10
U,i,IM)
,11,1,1V
l(iS,..V,0
47.7(>ll
ti.lS.I
7.1(1
7,HM4
C.lili')
IS.iSfl
I ,h.'.:i
1S.11
SI.IHIIi
VI, '.ISO
!l.1,l)t7
Vh,(i»»
V.1„V.I
V.IIIV
lll.l.'ld
1.1,VS7
VV,.1II
X,V.1V
ISM
K.'.M.T.!
.1i,V71
to,s.lo
I7,Vli()
I'J.IIW
l.Wki
17,'Jll
1^,171
ls.".'.l
Nil
'I'lu- ilittT, from
IS7II III
MV'i, »ai
The duly
int'lL-r was,
on hats of less than VV In
during the alKivc> i«rlwJ
his in ilia.
M.Nj. per
Thi^ rale of duty, duriiiK the «tx)V« period.
VII iH'i rfiit, : fi'i'in
IHV,'i HI IS,1V, 10
ilii/en ; uliu
vv VV inclits,
W. Km.
|K'r fi'iit.
ll I- now
(■/. per rwt.
Wc are iiulvbtcU for this very excellent article on straw hats to Mr. Itobcrt Slater, of Fore Street'
London.
IIAVAXNAH, oil HAVANA, situated on tlic north coast of tlie noble island of
Cuba, of wliieli it is tlie cajiital, the Morro castle beiiij^, according to HiiinlM)ldt, in lat.
'J;5° H' \r>" N., Ion. Kli ii'/ 45" W. Tlie population, exclusive of troops and slranners
(whieli may amount to 'J.'J.CKK)), is probably not far short of ll.l.OtX). In IHl", the
resident population amounted to 8:i,.59H ; viz. •M,HH5 whites, y,()10 free coloured, l'i,;Uil
free blacks, '^..^-l;} coloured slaves, an<l '-'1,799 black slaves. The port of 1 lavaiuiah is
the finest in the West Indies, or, perhaps, in the world. The tntnince is narrow, but
the water is deep, without bar or obstrtiction of any sort, and within it expands into a
magnificent bay, capal)le of accommodating 1,(XX) large ships; ves-sels of the greatist
draught of water coming close to the qtiays. The city lies along the entrance to, and on
the west side of, the bay. The suburb Kegla is on the opposite side. The INIorro and
I'unta castles, the former on the east, and the latter on the west side of the entrance of
the harbour, are strongly fortitied, as is the entire city ; the citadel is also a place of
great strength ; and fortifications have been erected on such of the neighbouring height.s
as command the city or port. The arsenal and dock-yard lie toward the western angle
of the l)ay, to tlie south of the city. In the city the streets are narrow, inconvenic!it»
and filthy; but in the suburbs, now as extensive as the city, they are wider and better
laid out. Latterly, too, the police and cleanliness of all })arts of the tovn have been
materially improved.
Froin its position, which commands both iidets to the Gulf of ^Mexico, its great
strength, and excellent harbour, Ilavannah is, in a political point of view, by far the
most important maritime station in the West Indies. As a cotumercial citj it al.so
ranks in the first class ; being, in this respect, .second to none in the New World, New
York only excepted. For a long period, Ilavannah engrossed almost the whole foreign
trade of Cuba ; but since the relaxation of the old colonial system, various juirts, such,
for instance, as Matanzas*, that were hardly known ;U) years ago, have lujconie places
of great commercial importance. The rapid extension of the commerce of Ilavannah is,
therefore, entirely to be ascribed to the freedom it now enjoys, and to the great increase
of wealth and ]M)pulation in the city, and generally throughout the island.
The advance of Cuba, during the last half ceiitury, has been very great ; though not
more, perhaps, thru might have been expected, from its natural advantages at least
since its ports were freely opened to foreigners, in 1809. It is at once the largest and
the best situfited of the West India islands. It is about (>05 miles in length ; but its
breadth from north to .south no where exceeds 117 miles, and is in many jilaces much
les.s. Its total area, exclusive of that of the numerous keys and islands attached to it,
is aboMt 31,o00 scjuare miles. The climate is, generally .speaking., delightful ; the
refr»'r,iiing sea breezes preventing the heat from ever becoming excessive, and fitting it
for the growth of a vast variety of products. Hurricanes, which are so destructive in
Jamaica and the Caribbee Islands, ai'e here comparatively rare ; and, when they do occur,
far less violent. The soil is of very various (]ualities ; there is a considerable extent of
swampy marshes and rocks unfit for any sort of cultivation ; but there is much soil that
is very superior, and capable of affording the most luxuriant crops of sugar, coffee,
* In IS'27, Mal.inzr.s h.id a population of \n.((H) poiils. I')iiring the samp year, its imports were valued
.It I,.;.s7,.'>(Kltliillars, and its exports at 1.7I7,.'H7 dollars ; ami 'Zil vessels entered, and ill cleared frmn
its pint. \Vc have liwkcd into our latest (iazettccrs, but to no piir)Misi', for any notice of this place.
Those, indeed, who knmv that the best of these publications sets down the population of Uavannah at
25,IHXI, will probably think that this was very unnere.*.>iary labour.
•-' S 4
ll I
' I
I J
I ;
;.Ji
' ^
m \
.V.
' u
I! I
I l; j'l
Hi-:
N
!
632
H A V ANN AH.
mnizc, Ike, The nnciuiit policy, now fortiiiiatoly almiuloni'd, of rostrictiiig the trmle
of the island to '2 or U ports, causi-d ail tlii- population to conf^n-f^atL' in tlieir vici-
nity, ncf^lcctiiifi the rest of the island, and allowiii^r some of liu' fnifst land and best
situations for pluitiii}^ to remain unoccnpied. Hut since a dillerent and more lilieral
policy has been followed, |)opulation has hcf^un to extend itself over all the most fertile
districts, wherever they are to he met with. The first re},'ular cei\sns of Cuba was taken
in 177.V, when the whole resident population amounted to I70,:!7() souls. Since this
period the increase has been as follows:— 17i)l, U7'-',H0; 1H17, 5jl,!>!)8; and 18'J7.
704,8(j7 ; exclusive of strangers. We subjoin a t
Classiricatiuii of the l>oi>ulation of Cuba according to tlio Censuses of 177') ami 18'.'7.
Whitci
Kri'c imilattoed
• Tree blacks
Slaves
Tnt.il .
1775.
1B27.
lO.ll'.'l
ri,'X>>}
i!H,771
Fnniitr,
■U),HM
!I,(KI<)
Tiiliil.
!).">,tl!l
1!).()'J7
11,.V,H
Hill,.
lllS,,IV5
v;,i,!iol
isi,'J:i()
t'rufite,
1 *'.',.i!)S
■Ji'.t.Vi *
'2."),(I7!I
T^^al.
31I,ii".l
!«l,.i()!»
7l,IKil
17i>,.i7ii
•i4i;,'(i,"i
.•;(in,.W2
70t^4S7 _
We readily dincover, from this Table, that, in the term of 5'2 years, from 177.T to 18i;7, the Increase of the
diircrcnt classes of the population has been as follows : — .
'I'lie white male population increased from '>i,'<.'>~> to MS,'!'
'I'ho white fi'uiale
'I'ho free mulatto male —
The free mulatto leinale —
The free black male —
The free black female —
The slave, (black and )
mulatto" male j
The slave, (black and>__
4(),Htlk _ U'.',.;!H, _ VtS
ji),i)'.'i _ 'js.ias, — ]s((
!>,iH)!; _ i.'i',i,">i;, — 'j'j7
r),!!,'.;) — '2;,!Kii., — .Ml
i.i;.'!) — 2."),(i7ii, — ;Jtj
CS,77l — lS.i,'-'!iO, — 5J7
or Co!t |>er cent
nmlatto) female
i,),ji)i — io;,iu2, — n'lCt —
A very larf^e part of the rapid increase of the black population is to be ascribed to
8tc eontiiniance of the slave trade ; which, unfctrluiiately for the veal interests of the
island, has been i)rosi'culed of late years to an extent, and with a viijonr, unknown
at any fonner jicriod. From 1H!1 to I8'J,^ there were imported into Cuba 185,000
African slaves; of which number IKi.OOO are said to have been entered at the
llavaimah Custom-house, between 1811 and IS'JO! Since 18'_';7, the imports of slaves
are understood to have increased; and were believed, indeed, to be about as jjreat in
18;?'J as ever, notwitlistanilinf^ the trade was to have entirely ceased in 18'J(). — ( Ripovt
of \i^\Vl on "cv< Iii'lid Colonics, Mliiutis of Eriilriivi', yi. (A.) It is, besides, si >pposed
that the slaves were under-rated in the census of 18'J7 ; so that, perhaps, the etiiiro po-
pidation of the island is, at present, little, if at all, under 9(K),(XW. The planters of
Cuba derive considerable assistaneo from free labourers, mostly of an Indian mixed
breed, who work for moderate \ui;;es. 'J'liey are not inneh em|)loyed in the fields, but
in other branches of labom" ; and particularly in l)ringing the sugar from the liiterior
to the shijiping ports.
The articles principally exported from Cuba are, sugar of the finest quality, coffl'C, tobacco, bees' wax,
nouey, molasses, \c. Of these, the tir>t Isdci idedly the most nnportant. 'i'lie following stalcmcnts show
the astonishing increase that has taken place in the exportation of this staple article :
Account of the ExiH)rtation of Sugar from Havannah, frrc 'Ti'k^) to ISjJ.
boxes, at HK) lbs. = r,,200,(K)() lbs.
— — i7,i2liO,(KK) —
— — ♦+,(l.>'i,4iK) —
— — 71,I'>!',2nO_
— — 8 ;,IJ7H,4/K) —
— — l(KI,I.V;,l',(K) -_
— — liis,+o:.„',iK) —
— — l()r.,!)Sl,800 _
— — 1(>7,W+,KK) —
— — 1(H,.')4'.',K(KI —
— — 117,(l!»2,S(K) —
— — l()t>,I8H.400 —
— — llI,'.t78,8(K) — •
But H.ivannah havinR ceased to be the only port for the exportation of siiRar, as it was in fornfer times,
we must advert to the trade of the other ports, to obtain a correct account of the whole exports of sugar.
The following arc the Custom-house returns for 1827 : —
From ViTiOto 17lv7
1;!,0<K)
178li-
-17!KI
(i8,l.".0
J7!K)-
IKOO
110,0!ll
18(;(i-
■ IHIO
177,!l"8
1810-
- bseo
207,(i!>t)
1820-
. 1825
2.10,;3S+
III 18'J(i
27i,oi;i|
2f4,!i,-.+i
1827
1828
2ri8,r.86
1829
2liO,8:-,7
1830
2!»2,7.'32
1831
et>."),47i
1832
27;',!)47
Exports of sugar from Havannah P9,.).")t,l:>7 lbs.
— .Santiiigd . f',(l )-2,ti7:! —
— Nufviias . .Msi".^ —
— Mataiizas . 30,.;iU,SH.—
— Trinidad • lU,.'ii>l,'>!7 —
— I.'ol;,Miin . A")l,+j() —
— .lacua . li.V"if10 —
— Manzanilla 12(),snn —
Total - 14;t,<l7j,Uit) lbs.
But as the Custom-house reports
are founded upon the .assumption
that a box of ugar weighs but 15
nrrnhns (:i~.'> '.)s.\ while its true
weight is, afli r dcilurtin); the tare,
at least 111 ai uhas (Kid lbs.'*, they
add to their amount one sixteenth
(it should be one fifteenth', viz. —
9,V3,-,8IS lbs.
Making a total of - 1.06,158,1)2( lbs.
•This List year is t.aken from the circular of Mariatpgui, Knight, Si Co., dated Havannah, lOth ol
December, and may, therefore, not be quite accurate. The other years arc all from otTici.il documents.
IIAVANNAH.
633
This In, however, only the ("usfom-tioiiic report. Much »iiR.ir is lald to lie »Tmit.'KltM out of ihe country,
— hdw nun li, we have no ilala by h hii li to eiilrulate ( we have iceii it eitiinateil at a fourth part m<ire :
liiakiiiK the « hok' exports, in 1^J7, iieail\ .iMl,(Kin,(in() |1)».
In lH.il, the ex|K)rln Ironi Mat.m/as had i urea.sed to ahnut .'iO.OlKi.lKKIlliii. ; nnil there h.u also heen .t
^Trat III! rease in Home of the other ports. \^ h.ive no doubt that the export! t'rotn SantiaKo in IS>.7, ai
Kiien diove, are ininh under their teal ainou t ; lor at that p('ruKl,ati(l tor '.' or .! year.'- alter, the eu^tiuiii
iilMeer-i connived with the planters toiUIVaiid the revenue, uikI earricil their depredatioiiH to mich nn
extent, that the dnties became nominal merely, and the otiieial returns are in no de^'ree to lie depended
iipiiM Ueceiitly, hiiwever, these olliccrH have been dismissed ; .mi there is reason to think that liciice-
(ortli Ihe retiiins will be more accurate. On the whole, we bel v\e we may safely estimate the entire
exports uf tUKar from Culm as auiuuntiiig at presulit tu About 'iii .'HHl,IKKIIbs., or ratiicr more than llli,lHiU
tons!
Next to suMr, coll'ee is the most vahialile prniluetion of Cuba. Its cultivation has increased withuti-
precedenteil rapidity. In IMIO, there were bin ,sn plantations in Ihe island , in IH17, there were TTlij and
in IN'.'T, tliere were no fewer than ,nil7, rff at least l(i,li(;(l trees each I In isnt, the exixirlation from
Ilnvannah was l,'J."iii,lHlO lbs. ; in Isnii, it ainimnted to k,(1iiii,ii(ki lbs, ; from Ihl.'j to iN'.d, it avera;;ed
amiually |H,lSil,'J(Ki lbs. ; mid, in IHj;, it nmounteil to .m,s i7,17."> lbs ! The exports from the other ixirt*
have iiicrea-eil with C(|ual rapidity. They ammnited, in l>.'7, to 14,'J(l.',4(l<p Ihs. ; makiiix the total export-
ation for that ye.ir .">(i,n.ip,.VSl lbs. 'I'his, Imwever, is only Ihe ( iistom-hmise aceiniiit ; and to it, as in the
easeof siiKariidiisiderabh additions must be made, to|;et the trueexiiort In the Custom-house estimates,
coU'ee liaKs are siip|i<iseil iinilormly to weiuli 1 il) lbs , tliiiii(;li it is well known that tliey fieijiiently exceed
that limit. It must, however, be observed, that the low prices that lune been obtaiiieil for colIeediiriiiK
the last lew years Innecaiiseil a diminution ol ,n (-rowlli in Cuba, as well as in nio.t places where it is
extensively cultivated ; ami the exports have in eoiiscciiienie fallen oil' considerab!) .since l.s.7 , but it i.s
not believed that this elii'ck will be permanent.
'i'obaeeo dill'ers much in ipialitv ; but the ii^ars of Cuba arc esteinied the fine>t in Iheworld. — St'c
Toiiviiii.) I'ormerly, the culliire anil s.ile ol this important plant were momipoli>ed by (iovernmeiit ;
hut since IH.'l this monopoly has hecii wholly reliiii)uifthe<l*, there beiiiK' no longer any restriiiii.iis either
on the growth or sale of the article The cultivator pays a iluty, w hich, liowner, is to a nieat extent
evaded, ol I pi r cent i il rnhiifiii upon his crop. In consiijuence of the freeiloni thus \i\\ en to the busi.
ness, the culture and exportation of tobacco are both rapidly imreasiii),'. In IH.'.s, Ihodeclarnl saliie of the
exports amounted toiiiif.non dollars ; and in Ibl'H, toSiifS.unndo. ; but there ib reason to think that flieiv real
value was mie h more considerablo.
Of 7l,n<«i blnU. of molasses exported in 1H27, ;i8,IX)0 were from Havannah, and e.',onO from Malanzas.
\Vax and lioney of excellent ipiality are largely proilueed in Cuba, and furin ruiisideraile articles of
trade.
'I'he principal imports consist of corn and grain of all sorts, ..hielly from Ihe I'nitcd .Slati'S and Spain ;
cotton, hanlware, ami earthenware goods, from Knjjland j linens from Ilamburnh, lirciiien, the Nether,
lands, Ireland, \c. ; gold and silver from Mexico and South America ; indigo and co nnieal from ditto j
wines and spirits from Kranceand Spain ; lumber, dried tish, and salt provisions, from the 1,'nited States,
\c. ; with every article, in nhurt, thai an opulent community, in a tropical climate, vi uhout nianufacliires,
requires.
An Account of the Value of the Trade between Cuba and other Countries in ISCS, as ascertained by the
Customs' Iteturns.
Countries.
I'.ii ports.
KsiKirts.
Countries.
linporls.
DMln.
tl.VAi>'<.
l),.«iii-..
Snriln
(.,.'o(:,s|0
.■^,o.'l^•.'l.•l
Htissa
K.'i.l.l-
I iitlcd SL-iles
(I.Mri.O'Ml
.'\,l7li,!"'l
l'i.riuu'i\l
IVMil
ItanseaUc 'towns •
1.717.T.IS
I,!l'^7..''*d
IK'iim irk •
i-'.i,r--:i
Kni;land
l,770,os,'i
l,ldl.S_'ll
S»iilin
vi,'i;:i
France
l,(,.->'.,s.-,'.
7''l,SVi
hor.ij^iu-cunincrci.' in ships
NeihcrUnds
.•5.1'>,.'in7
SM,7;7
of Cuba
4.-I. "..'5
Ital.»
rj.1,1 10
'^i'l.TW
Kxpnrts.
ZJ..//.ir«.
71'i,".M'i
II, 'lis
V7,(l'i.T
.•5-.,','s.->
7ii.i:!i
The articles of all sorts, and their value, imported into Cuba in 1HJ7, were as follow ; —
I '■^ and wines ......
fi ■•! and lined nie.it
;,p
rn. - - - • - -
(■»ni. grain of all kind* - . - . .
Fatft.u: -^ , K»*ase, &c. . . - - .
Salt (Ml . . . . -
Livestock, i-Rt-tables, tea, dec . . -
Cotton ^oimI-s .... - ■ .
Wonllt-ns .... - . .
I.iiitns ... - - - - •
J'lirs ...-.-
Sik ijoods ..-,..
s.i -.iparilla ..----
I iilwr .......
InihiTt) and rochinea! . . - . .
(ioltl and silver coin, and bullion • • - *
I»\e \, '.'Kis . - - .
Iron, di I iron mamifHctures - - - -
Lini^Ht ■ I , white lea''. *(lasswarp, earthenware, oap, dni(r, pa|ipr,
statione . )>aints, (••^iViinery, gunpowder, ready made ci^-nhmg,
bags, bn(j,„ijigi rope!*, t,^•llat•co, jewellerv, &c. &c, -
Total*
ItniKirteil
Ue-exporietl.
Itenmincd.
Dol.
»/.!.
/),./.
r/<.
/)./. i'«.
l,'^l!l,.'iSII
il.'ISO
J*
l,Ii,l,.'.!l.1 '^J
'.l,'.7,.'^77
1
y''7..^;7 1
<ll,li',ifi
1
ui,r,;t; 1
17I,01S
ITt.oiS
•i,'M\,'M'.>
•i
hl„'530
■i\
!i,sio.i;os ,'ij
1,01-., -^i^ :.(
1,0I.1,'^V.1
■Ml
.11 IS, M 7
1
.
-ON,M7 4
.•il'-'.7IS
1'^
,
.
.■.f.!,7IH 0.J
l,:5.S7,<.Mi
^•\
2.V1,14S
?*
1,1 IS,. -i.-? 7
4ll'i,OMI
II
.Vi,.'i.1ll
1
.IMI.'pl.l 7
2,.')(lS,'.i'i
T>l
4-'0,ls.'>
a.
2,0ss,llll .'<
4.')l,'l|S
h
.1(i,l!ll
4I.'.,I'.I U
6ll«,«l.O
«v
'i\,Mr>
4
67.%'. I.'. -4
I'.l.'^'Jfi
3
11, V>'^
n^
7,'M,I '4
,M.1,'.)1!(
ti
.
£i13,'Jl'J ()
,'i,SH,77S
■i
Mr,,n;r,
7
l.l.'.S,!.'.'^
'i
i,W',m
•i
.'ii!,!l77
4
!l!t,:\ti!l
'^
60,V>-''I
71
,')7,1S6
M7,S48 S
1,007,.';^
,'.
S'^l.OSfi
Si
l,fiS.l,14S IJ
)7,.l.'>!i,«.'i5
.1,.'.i,l,5S7
H
ll,lv:!l,CU7
\'H;Il'
The total value of all sorts of produce imported into Cuba, in 1828, ts stated at lO.SriV^- dollars ; and
that of the exports, 1,;,1 H,./ii:'> do. Of this trade Havannah participated to the extent of 15,81)7 ,yi)j dollars
of imports, and of !l,2(l'i,4«'' do. of eX|H)rts.
In 18'28, 1,HS!» foreign vessels, of the burden of Q",WK tons, entered; and l,68r>, of the burden of
29il,H:>0 tons, cleared from the UiHerciit ports of Cuba. 01 these, 1,100 enti red and <J87 cleared Irom
Havaiuiah.
• Tn the former edition of this work, the tobacco monopoly was inadvertently ■ • presented as still sub-
sisting.
.' *I \
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
V.A
1.0
I.I
1.25
■ttiM 12.:
1^ lllll^
1.8
U IIIIII.6
V
<^
/^
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
»;"Q
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C/j
is
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63t
HAVRE.
V'
iM
\ i ":
An Account of the Number of Vessels that entcrwl from and cloarcil at Havannah for Foreign Counlrici
ill 18j1, specifying the Countries to which sucli Vessels belonged, and their Tonnage.
Flags.
Entered.
Cleared. 1
I'nltea States ....
Simin .....
Mexico .....
Hanseiitic Towns . - • -
Kn^land .....
Cuba .....
France .....
Uther countries • - ■ •
Total
SliiM.
Ml
l.'.t
,01)
3S
.1.0
44
'it
11)4
Ttt'M.
s'^,(i;ii)
V2,7'JH
u,(;ti(i
8,0.57
".ll.Sli
.0..-i42
4,!II0
l.O.'.ISH
A7ili«.
1,33
73
3)
5!)
1.0
■J'J
Turn.
8(1,420
17,13'^
7,l.0fi
6,74(i
'.(,716
'.il,S7»
!)l)()
1.07,1 1() ' i,l)iri
• l.'H),(i79
pieces, contents, quantity, weight, and measure. Alt pnmU
iinportt'd in vessels exreetlmg SO tons burden, except i«'ri-.h.
able provisions, bulky articles, and liquors, may be put in de-
posit for an indetiiiite term, nayinc 1 per rent, inwani and 1
i»er cent, outward duty on the value, each year. When en-
tered for home consumption, tliey are liable to the correspond-
ing duty , Jf kold in deposit, the exporter pay:» the outward
duty.
Tuunafie Duties — Spanish vessels, .'> reals per ton. Other
nations, 20 reals |>crton: in case ot' arrival and departure in
ballast, none; arrivinu in distress, 4 reals per ton, but full du-
j ties If the car^o be lamletl or taken in.
I Wharf Ouitea — Spani.sh ves.sels, fi reals wr day. Other na-
I tions, iU reals i>er day for each 100 Ions of their re;;ister mea-
I surement.
I Monies — One dollar = S reals plate = '20 reals vcllon. One
, doubloon = 17 dnlliirs. The merchants reckon 'HI dollars
; = UK)/,, or 1 dollar = U Gfl. very nearly. There is an export
duty iif I per cent, on gold, and 2 per cent, on silver*
' WViV/i/* rtm/ A/«(«urf». — One quintal = 100 llts., or 4 arro-
, has ot 25lbs.; 10<» lbs. Spanish = 101^ lbs. KiiKlish, or Ifi
kilo^'rammes. 108 varas — 100 yards; 110 varas = KM)
j French ells or aunes ; 81 varas = UNI JBra^ ant ells ; lOH varas
= IfiO Hamburgh ells. 1 fanega = .1 b- vis neirly, or 100
I lbs. Spanish. An arrobaof wineor spir : 4'1 English wine
I gallons nearly.
TheSiianish authorities disfjrared themselves by therounte-
I nance which they gave to piratic.il banditti that infested m;»iy
• of the (torts of ('uba dering the late contest l>etween Spain and
1 her revolted colonies, and, on pretence of cruising against the
' Mexicans and I'otombians, committed all sorts of enormities.
j The commerce of the I'nitwl States sull'ered so much from
i their attacks, that they were ohli^jed to send a considerat>le
' squadron to attack the b>mditti in their stronghotdsf and tu
i olitain that redress they had in vain sought from the govi-rn-
I ment of the island ; but we are not sure that the nuisance is
as yet entirely abated.
in compiling this article, we have consulted ffumboldt's
standard work, the F.tsni i'ltlifiuite sur I'Jsle tie f'i(/«i, I'aris,
18'26 ; and the Supplement {TuNmii Stiitiiiiiine) thereto, Paris,
18.11 ; the excellent abstract of the Cwulro kstujiatiai tie Cnlii,
published at Havannah in IS*-!!*, in ihc American ^uartvrh/
Revierv for June, 1S30 ; the tiiiiletin itet Sciemes (m>^raphiiitieaf
lorn. xxii. p. ,T,3.'5. ; Poiit»eU*s i\'ftte$ »nt JHeriotf pp. '^79— 'i!IS.
(Kng. e<l.]; and private ctnmnunicaliou* from intelligent iiri*
tish merchants established at iiavainiah.
Duties. — A customs duty Is charged on most articles ex-
ported and imported. In 1 8'^8, the duties on imports produced
4,194 ,4<J.') dollars, Iteing diual to an ait valorem duty of iSj per
cent, on the imports of that year. The duties on exports durmg
the same year produced 1, lit, fill dollars, eiiual to an ail va-
lorem duty of 18.^ |>er cent, on their amount. According Co
the tariff, the duties on most imported articles are fixed at
either'^! or tiO per cent, ad valorem, hut alt Spanish products
imported from tne peninsula in Spanish tmttoms (except flour,
which pays 1^ dollar jier Itarrel), pay only 6 |>er cent, duty ; and
when imiiorted in foreign Iwttoms, they pay 12 per cent, less
than the duties on corresponding foreign articles. These pro-
ducts make atwut a third part ofthe imports. Until lately, the
ex|>oTt duty on sugar was much complamed of, tieing so liigh
as '<^J dollars a box ; hut in the course of last year it has l>een
reduced to little more than 1 dollar, ~ a reduction which will
be of material consequence to the planters. Merchandise that
has once paid the duties on importation^ pays nothing on ex-
|)ortalion.
Custorn'house Rct;tilations. — Every master of a vessel is Imund
to have, on his arrival, ready for delivery to the Uiarding offi.
cers ofthe revenue, two manifests, containing a detailed state-
ment of his cargo ; and, in the act of handing them over, is to
write thereon the hour when he so delivers them, taking care
that tliey be countersii^ned by the Iwarding officers. Within 12
hours from that time he may make any alteration he pleases in
the said manifests, or deliver in new ones corrected. After the
expiration of these 12 hours, no alteration will l>e i>ermitted.
(lotxls not manifestetl will be confiscated without remedy ; and,
if their value should not exceed 1,(MK) dollars, masters of ves-
Rt'Is will be Halite to nay a penalty of double the amount of such
non-manifested goous: if they do exceed tliat sum,and Iwlong
to the master, or come consigned to hiin, his ves.sel, freight,
and other emoluments, will be forfeited to the revenue, (iiwds
over-manifested will pa^- duties; as if they wereonlmard. Oootis
not manifested, but claimed in time by a consignee, will l>e de-
livered up to the latter ; bit the master, in this case, will be
(luhject to a tine equal in r.mount to thiit of such goods, (iuld
and silver, not manifested by either captain or consignee, are
liable to a duty of 4 per cent. Goods falling short ofthe quan-
tity manifestecl, when landed, and not being included in any
invoice of a con.signee, will render the master liable to a i»e-
nalty of 200 dollars for each package so falling short. Every
consignee is obliged to present his invoice or note of goods,
within 48 hours after the arrival of a vessel; if not, such
goods are liable to 2 per cent, extra duty. The same is the
case, if liuch note do not contain a statement of the number of
HAVRE, OR HAVRE DE GRACE, a commercial and strongly fortified sca-
'port town of France, on the English channel, near the mouth of the Seine, on its
northern bank, in lat. 49° 29' 14" N., Ion. 0^ 6' 38" E. Population 2.3,000.
Harbour. — The harbour of Havre consists of 2 basins, inclosed within the walls of the town, affording
accommodation for about 450 ships. Cape de la Heve, formine; the northern extremity of the Seine,
lies N.N.W. from Havre, distant about 2^ miles. It is elevated 390 feet above the level of the sea, and
is surmounted by '2 light-houses 50 feet high. These, which are 325 feet apart, exhibit powerful fixed
lights. There is also a brilliant harbour-light at tlie entrance to the port, on the extremity of the
western jetty. Havre has 2 roadsteads. The great or outer road is about a league from the port, and
rather more" than | league W.S. W. from Cape dc la Heve ; the little or inner road is about i league
from the port, and about f of a mile S.S.E. from Cape de la Heve. They are separated by the sand bank
called Leclat ; between which and the bank called Les Hants de la Bade is the west passage to the jKirt.
The Hoc, or southern passage, lie between the last-mentioned bank and that of Amfar. In the great
road there is from 6 to 7| fathoms water at ebb; and in the little, IVom 3 to 3^. Large shins always
lie in the former. The rise of the tide is from 22 to 27 feet ; and by taking advantage of it, tne largest
class of merchantmen enter the port. The water in the harbour does not begin perceptibly to subside
till about 3 hours after high water, — a peculiarity ascribed to the current down the Seine, across the
entrance to the harbour, being sufficiently powerful to dam up for a while the water in the latter. Large
fleets, takmg advantage of this circumstance, are able to leave the port in a single tide, and get to
sea, even though the wind should be unfavourable, — (See Plan of Havre, published by Mr, Laurie j
Annuaire du ComfPierce Maritime for 1833, p. 211, ; Coulter sur les Phares, p. 59. &c.)
Tradcy 8fc, — Havre being, in fact, the principal sea-port of Paris, most ofthe colonial
and other foreign products destined for the consumption of that city are imported into
it. It has also a considerable trade of its own. The principal articles of export are silk
and woollen stuffs, lace, gloves, trinkets, perfimnery. Burgundy, Champagne, and other
wines, brandy, books, &c. Besides colonial products and spices, the imports principally
consist of cotton, indigo, tobacco, hides, dye woods, iron, tin, dried fish, &c. Grain and
flour arc sometimes imported and sometimes exported.
Moniesy Weights, and Measures are the siune as those of the rest of France. — (See
BoRDEAix, and Weights and Mkasukes. )
It is estimated that the entire value of the diflbrent articles imported into Havre, in 182P, amounted to
2.'>0,0(XMKK) francs, or abfjut 10,00(MHK)/. sterling. Of this sum, the cotton imiM)rted was esitimatod at
2(<0,U),UU0 fr. ; the sugars of the French colonies at 44,000,000 fr., and those of foreign countries at
HAVRE.
635
S,000,000 fr. ; coffee 14,003,000 fr. ; indigo 2,000,000 fr. ; tobacco 4,000,000 fr., &e. The customs duties at
>Lavre during the same year amounted to 25,87r),536 fr., being nearly 11 percent upon the estimated value
of the imports. There entered the i>ort, in the same year, 1,481 r>eiich and other sliips, coming from
foreign countries and the colonies of France, and 2,995 coasting vessels, including those navigating tlic
river : 62 ships entered en reldche and in ballast — {Bulletin dcs Sciences GOographiqucs, toni. xvi. p. 390.,
and toni. xxi-i. p. 370.)
In 1831, the customs duties at Havre amounted to 22,410,689 fr. ; but, in 1832, they were considerably
more.
In 1832, there entered the port, 47 ships from Martii>ique, 75 from Ouadaloupc, 19 from Brazil, 17 from
Hayti, 8 from Mexico, 11 from Monte-Video and liuenos Ayres, 1 from Colo.nbia, 4 from the Havannah,
1 from Porto Rico, 3 from Cayenne, 4 from Senegal, 4 from the Isle dc Bourbon and the Mauritius, 5 from
the Kast Indies, 10 from the whale fishery, 61 from New York, 64 from Ni w Orleans, 'M from Charles,
ton, 28 from Savannah, M from Mobile, and 31 from othci' ports of the United States, — {Archives liu
Commerce, torn. i. p. 184.) We subjoin
An Account of the Number and Destination of the French Ships clearing out from Havre in the Six
Years ending with 1829 j and of the Number of the French Ships entering Havre during the same
Period, s|>ccifying the Countries whence they came.
. i;
French Ships despatched from Havre during
following Years*
the
French Shin entered Ilatre during the
tbllowing Years.
Destination.
Years.
Years.
.
s;
^
R
CI
^
?;
g|
^
!;j
s
s
?,
i>
00
on
00
ai
oc
r-t
'"'
r-*
'"'
' '
' ^
Martinique
42
4&
49
48
52
48
Martinique
66
66
53
53
51
55
Guadaloupe -
78
64
55
62
54
65
UuadalouiH!
86
82
78
77
58
82
llourbon
8
6
5
11
5
4
Bourbon
7
5
4
6
6
8
Senegal
7
6
5
7
9
9
Senegal
a
11
9
6
6
9
Cayenne
1
-
1
1
1
1
Cayenne
.
1
1
1
3
2
Hayti
21
18
39
19
34
38
Hayti
22
:)8
43
45
32
52
Ilrazil
31
21
26
19
28
26
Brazil
34
3S
30
32
38
34
United States
4
15
14
19
19
13
United States
183
161
215
27' •
160
191
Mexico
8
5
11
13
12
3
Mexico
5
6
8
4
6
2
Colombia
1
2
3
2
3
2
Colombia
1
3
3
7
7
4
Peru and Chili
2
2
1
2
3
2
Peru and Chili
•
1
2
4
3
1
Havannah & St. Jago
8
7
15
10
13
5
Havannah & St Jjigo
11
11
13
9
18
13
St. Thomas and Fo-
St. Thomas and
Fo-
reign Antilles
5
2
5
4
7
4
reign Antilles
7
10
3
4
8
River de la Plata
7
6
7
12
18
6
River de la IMata
^
14
6
9
11
9
Indian seas
2
4
2
1
1
Indian seas
.
8
5
1
2
1
China
1
2
1
2
China -
_
2
.
Whale fishery
7
5
4
6
5
2
Whale fishery
-
6
5
6
2 I 3 1
233
213
242
238
263
229
456
445
475
534
405
473 1
! I
: ■
*t '
mm
i^:^
Hm
Comparative Table of the Navigation of the Port of Havre during the Years 1829, 1828, 1827, 3826, 1825.
1
Entered.
1
829.
' Tonnage.
1828.
1827
1826,
1825, 1
Ships.
Ships.
Tonnage.
Ships.
Tonnage,
Ships,
Tonnage. Sliips. Ti nnage.
I'oreign iiavi. 'J Foreign
gntimi out off
Europe and in C
Europe - j French
French navi-..
gatioii coast- /
ing tradecom- > French
prisingthatofV
the river --'
Ships en rcluche or in >
ballast - - -J
Total ships -
982
499
186,600
105,200
617
457
120,900
92,800
457
376
t»8,500
82,700
607
404
126,000
82,300
441
599
79,620
79,500
1,481
2,995
291,800
161,200
1,074
2,252
213,700
123,100
833
1,997
181,200
106,900
1,011
2,371
208,300
114,700
840
2,514
159,180
114,820
4,476
602
453,(KX)
3,326
CAO
356,800
2,830
820
288,100
3,832 , 323,000
881 -
3,,'J;J1
866
274,IKXJ
5,078
-
,■3,966
. 1 3,tm
4.263 ! -
4,220
SaUed.
1829. 1 1828.
1827.
1826.
1825.
Ships. Tonnage, j Ships. Tonnage.
Ships,
Tonnage,
Ships,
Tonnage.
Ships.
Tonnage.
Foreign navi-'J Foreign
gation out off
Kuropcandin (
Kurope -J French
French navi. -
gation coast-
ing trade com- >■ French
prisingthatofV
the river •
Ships en reluchc or in "i
ballast . . -i
Total shiiM ■
970 216,600
344 75,500
309
296
60,000
66,000
175
371
26,000
68,000
196
281
32,000
62,300
228
213
33,600
66,300
1,314 292,100
3,217 , 168,900
605
2,146
126,000
104,000
546
1,542
94,000
77,000
577
2,048
94,300
110,700
541
1,982
99,900
99,200
4,531 461,000
503', .
1
2,751
1,020
230,000
2,088
1,320
171,000 2,525
- ' - 1,(383
205,000
2,523
1,634
iw.ioo
5,034 -
3,771
-
.J,-t08
. 4.208
-
4,1.57
VI
If.
• I . i'!
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638
HAVRE.
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IS
HAVRE.
639
\otc. — General eommera; n$ .-ipjilieU to imporU, means all articles inipoitcd by sea or lanrt, without
iiuiiiiruiK wlittlicr they arc iiiteiiiliil to be cuubuinetl, re exportiil, or warehoused. S/ieciiil eumn,eree,an
apphed to imports, uieuiis ^ueh imported article:! as have been admitted for home eoll^umptioll, under
pa)meiit ol the customs duties.
I'lie same distinction obtains in relation to exports. General commerce, in thi« case, means all ex.
ported articles, without regard to their origin ; while special commerce means euch only as arc produced
b> the soil or inanufacturcs of France.
\\. — Account of the Q 'iitities of the difl'ercnt Sorts ot (.'otton, Sugar, and Coffbe, imported into Havre,
in each of the Four Years ending with ltU2, and of the Stocks on Hand on tile 31st of December
each Year.
Countries whence
thfy came.
rii<(cin.
I'.S. of America
Hra/U
Other sorts
Sugar.
Jlarliniiiufi and
(■uailaluupe >
lldurbon -
Huvannuli and
St. .lugo
llra/il -
Do.
Otiier sorts
Do. -
Martinuiue and
(tuadaloupe •
l)u. do.
Do. do.
Ilo. do.
Itourhon •
Hayti, direct
Do.
Various other
sorts -
Do. . .
Do.
Do.
1829.
1830.
1831. I 1832.
Imiwrts.
Stocks,
Dec.31.
Imports.
Slockii,
Dec. SI.
Imports.
.Stocks,
IX'C.31.
Imports.
Slo<ks,
l)ec.31.
i
147,186 bales 16/164 bales
•i3,626 _ 828 —
5,118 — 8 —
1.02,995 lialef
.34,729 _
3,4 6'i _
39,050 bales
5,800 —
150 —
1
121,1 16 bales 1.0.697 bales
11,006 _ 2,216 _
■i,oVJ — 86 —
165,885 bales 16,270 bales
15,926 — 549 —
2.417 — 181 _
175,9.10 - 117,500 _
191,186 _
45,000 -
137,501 _ 18,000 _
181,228 — |17,00(J —
60,560 bhds.
27,769 bags
1,560 l>oxes
1,1-^5 _
25 bags
8,580 -
894 casks
45 hhds.
2,791 Ics.
5,75'^ i .ks.
113 bags
3,674 biTles
53,080 bags
642 casks
.W,192 tiags
1,055 hh^s.
1,587 i cks.
7,000 hhd.
3,0L"J bags
200 bxs.
130 _
5 hhd.
16i Ics.
138 ick.
' 98 bales
1 4,658 liags
6,901 _
180 hhd.
50 tcs.
4IK) \ ck.
49,820 hhds.
47,634 bugs
771 Iwxcs
372 —
388 casks
8,066 bags
167 hhds.
2,290 tcs.
4,410ickf.
IfioTiaus
1,557 l>ules
62,089 bags
4ti9iAs.
33,510 bags
432 hhds.
'l54 J cks.
12,000 hhd.
3,000 bags
l.OO hxs.
75 _
1,300 bags
IS hhd.
95 tcs.
191 ick.
"l26 bales
2,3,414 bags
183 ick.
1,615 bags
I I
58,450 hhds.
26,270 bags
818 boxes
90 —
4'i b.ngs
3,543 _
54 hluls.
1,03'! Ics.
S.WH i Iks.
26 liags
Mi l>alcs
29,734 bags
192 i cks.
ii9,065 bags
136 hhds.
'483 J cks.
14,000 hhd.
1,500 bugs
191 bx,.
17 -
100 bags
16 hhd.
58 tcs.
180 ick.
8,500 bags
5,500 -
90 hhd.
' 34 i'ek.
4fi,fifiO hhds.
29,696 bags
77 Imies
90 —
4,996 bags
827 casks
1.10 hhds.
2,148 tcs.
4,390 i cks.
94 liags
2,261 bales
42,926 liagf
45 k cks.
7.1,161 bags
492 hhds.
"647 4 iks.
4,000 hhd.
1,800 bags
86 hhd.
•iM) tcs.
1,.-91 i ck.
11.076 bags
22,661 bags
1311 hhd.;
80 tcs. ,
509 i ck.
Prices of Commodities Duty paid and in Bond, Tares, Commercial Allowances, IfC. —These important
particulars may be learned by the inspection of the sut)joined Price Current for the last week of De-
cember, 18o3. The duties on the articles mentioned are also given ; but it is most probable that some
of these will be speedily varied. But the other particulars embodied in it will always render it an
important document
Havre Frirc Current, 3Ut of December, 1833.
Duty paid. In Bond.
Fr. ct. fr. ct. Fr. ct. Ir. ct.
Ashes, per SO kil.
I'ot, A mcrican, 1833 ■
do. 1832
Russia
Tustany
Pearl, American, 1833
do. 1832
to
u
.
nominal
.
.
none
.19 to 39 50
O 0-00
40 ■
-
41 50 -
0-00
Duty oil nett weight : by French vessels from Kuropean
piirts, 9 fr. 90 rt. ; from elsewhere, 8 fr. 25 ct. Bv foreign
\e»els, 11 fr. 55 ct. — (See exceptions at Note A.)
tonimercial and Custom-house tare, 12 per cent.
Hark (.lesuit;.'), per i kit.
I.orhsa • . to 1 50 to 3 25
Callvssava, curled - - 3 30 - O
do. Hat - -00-00 2 85 - 2 90
Duty on nett weight : by French vessels from any port what-
ever, "-ZTh ct. Ity foreign vessels, 55 ct. From countries west
ofCape flom, 133 «^••
Cnstom-house tare : on chests, 12 per cent. ; on serons, 2 per
rent.
Commercial tare: on cases, real; on serons of 70 kil. and
upwards, 8 kil. ; of 40 kil. and upwards, 6 kil.; and of 20 kil.
and upwards, 4 kil.
llees' wax, per ) kil.
North American yellow • 1 45 to
New Orleans, do. - - 1 40 -
Russia . • I 60 -
Havannah - - 1 20 -
Senegal - - 1 32 -
Duty on gross weight *. by French vessels from Kuroiiean
port!., 54 ct. ; from elsewheie, 4 2/5 ct. By foreign vessels from
any port whatever, 8^ ct. — (8e« exceptions at Note A.)
t'ommercial t^ire: real.
Cas.sia lignea, per } kil.
in mau . - to n 85 to
inchests ■ -0 0-00 10-00
Duty on nett weight : by French vessels from the East In-
dies, 36 2/3 ct- ; from elsewhere, 1 fr. 10 ct. By foreign vessels
from any port whatever, 1 fr. 55 5j6 ct. — (See exceptions at
Note A.)
Custom-house tore: on chests, IS per cent. ; on mats, S per
cent.
Commercial tare : real.
Cochineal, per ^ kil.
silvery, from ord. to fine none 1 1 50 to 12
foxy, do. do. - • none 10 0-10 75
black, du. do. - - none 10 50 - II 75
Dutj on nett weight: by French vessels from any port what-
ever, 85!* ct. By foreign vessels, do. 88 ct. —(Sec exceptions at
Note A.)
Custom-house tare : on cieks, 12 per cent. ; on serons, 2 per
cent.
Commeicial tare . ml.
1 65
to
1 45
none
1 6.0
-
(1
1 .10
-
1 .15
-
Cocoa, Cararcas, per J kil
tillayaquil
Brazil
Trinidad
Duty on nett weight
Duty paid. In Bond>
Fr. ct. Fr. ct. Fr. d. Fr. cl.
• nominal 1 5 to 115
none -
by a French vessel 36 - 3»
- nominal 50 - 5-'>
Ity French ves.sels from the French
coloiiifs, 'i2ct. : from counines west of Ca|ie horn, .10^ ct..
from Ktirojiean jinrts, 52^ ct.; from eLsewhere, 36 17/20 ct.
By foreign vi'sselsfrom any port whatever, 58 17/'.^0ct. — (See
exceptions at Note A.)
Custum-house tare: on casks, 12 per cent.; on bags, 3 per
cent.
Commercial tare : on ;asl.s>real ; on bags, 2 per cent .
Coflee, per i kil
St. V ■
I to
68 to
72
67 -
82
70 -
7if
67 .
7»
.
»V
5
-
)omiiigo, ftrom ordi-ln |, ,
nary to fine - -j" " '
Caba and Porto Rifo - -
Saguita and I'orto Cuhello 0-0
Brazil - • nominal
Java ... none
Mocha - • 1 42 - 1 4
Duty on nett weight : liy French vessels from the East In-
dies, 4i( 9/10 ct.; from European ports, 55 ct.; from elsewhere,
52J ct. By foreign vessels from any port whatever 57| ct. —
(See exceptions at Note A ).
Customhouse tare: on casks, 12 per cent.; on bags, 3 pe»
cent.
Commercial tare : on casks, real ; on hags, 2 per cent. ; 011
Moch. Qon'ee the tare runs from 4.} to 12^ kil. upon bales af
75 to 2i.9 kil.
Copper, Peruvian, per i kil. . 90 to D.O noBe
Kussian - - 1 18 - 1 19 to »
Duty on gross weight ; by Frinrh vessels from European
poits.'l 1/10 ct.; from elsewhere, ll/!!0 .^t. By foreign ves-
si'ls from any port whatever, 2 1/5 ct. — (See exceptions at
Ncte A.)
Commercial tare: real.
Cotton, per A kil.
Upland - - 95 to
Alobile, Alabiinia, andlg n^ .
Ttnes.scc - -J
New Orleans - - 95 -
Sea Island - - 1 90 -
Femambuco - - 1 'zO -
Bahia • " A *ii '
Maranham - " v V *
St. Domingo - " n '
Caraccas - - -
Martinique and Guada-1 j ^Q
loupe - "■• „ „
Cayenne - - . . „
Duty on nett weight: on long or short staple, by French ves-
sels from French colonies 2J ct. ; from European ports (Turkey
excepted), 164 ct.; from the East Indies, Si ct.; from other
1 16
1 20
1 35
3 20
1 35
I 30
1 10
1 30
n 84 to
81 ■
84 -
1 79
1 9
99
none
94 - 99
none
0-00
5
1 9
1 24
.1 9
I 24
1 19
' ' ]
I
I :
} -l^
;
1 ;
i , i,
'i ; J
\ I il
i! JOl
H 'w
. :»
Wm
GiO
HAVRE.
I' J
■ s
Ut
Dutj p.ilil. In Bond,
Fr. cl. I'V. cl. Fr. il. Fr. d.
cnuritTlWi'tl ct. By forelKn ve^Reis (ex<e|)t from Turkey), l;(^
ct. liv Frt'iich v'sst'lft from Turkey H\ ct. ; liy fon'i>iii vessels
frnin 'i'lnkey, \^i ct. — (See eiceptions at .Vote A.)
('u.itorn -house tare: fipercent. on bulenuf.'*))) kil. ami above;
and S }>er cent, on balej under <'>0 kil.
("omrnercial tare ; on Utiited Static •mtnns, fi per cent.,
cnrds oti'; on Hrazil cottons, 4 jter cent, t on St. DouiiiiKn, in
hales, (J (HT cent, i on Cumana and Caraccas, 7 kil. per scron
above 40 kil. ; and '» kil. per seron of 40 kil. and under.
Draft ; 'i kil. on (Sea Island and Kendal i .1 kil. on all other
descriptions in bales exceeding .JO kil.; and 1^ kil. upon balei
under .jO kil.
Elephants'tccth.pcTjkll. . 2 (10 to fi (.I
Doty on nelt viei((lit: by French vessels from the hast Inihes,
41 ct.; from Kuropean ports, "7 ct. ; from Senegal, 'J7', ct. ;
from elsewhere, .W cl. Hy foreiK't vessels from any port what-
ever, ll.'^i cl. — (See exceptions at Note A.)
Conunerclal and (Justom-honse tire: r al.
tinrn, HencKal, per J kil. - 8,T to S7 78 to H'i
Duty on gross weight : by French vessels from Senegal,
.'lA ct. ; from Kuropean ports, 15^ ct. ; from elsewhere, 1 1 ct.
liy foreign vessels from any port wh.itever, IGi ct. — (See ex-
ceptions at Note A.)
Commwclal tare : on casks, real ; on bags, 'i per cent.
Hops, American, tirst sort . '.i'io to to
Kent, do
Duty on gross woif^ht : \
. O . O O O (( -
>v French vessels from any port what-
ly foreign vessels, 31) fr. 4j ct. — (See
1 5
to
76
-
(I
I
75
.
.
exct'i' lions at Note A.)
ComniLTci.il tare; on b.ilcs, 'i (lur cent,
Hide<;, per ^ kit.
Buenos Ayresi - - 90 to
l'emHnil>uco*an(lIiahia,l |j ^j-
halted ' -J
Kio .Janeiro ■ - 90 -
Citrthaj^enaAml Caraccas 7'^ -
South American horselpj^ q
hides, per 50 -J *
TJuty on gntss weifht : by French vessels from Kuropean
ports, 5^ ct. ; from elsewhere, 'i^ ct. liy foreipi vessels from
anv port whatever, 8^ ct — (See exceptions at Note A.)
i^'ivebull hides are admittetl anions 10(1 hide.s without allow-
ance, and 1 kil. is allowed for every bull hidu above that num-
ber to the extent of 12 ; when more than 1'2, the allowance is
Conditional.
Horns, ox and cow. per 104 . ^.'j to 05 to
Duty on ^ross weight tier 50 kil. ; by French vessels from any
port whatever, '>,i ct. . IJy foreign vessels, 5^ ct — (See exct'p-
tions at Note A.)
Horse hair, per 4 kil.
Buenos Ayres, short . 70 to 75 to
from mixed to long - S5 - 1 .10 - (»
Duty on j^-oss weight ; by French vessels from any port
■whatever, '2| ct. By foreign vessels, 3 ct. — (See exceptions at
Note A .)
Commercial tare{: real,
indigo, per ^ kil.
extra fine blue . to
Bengal , extra fine vio!et 1 i -r n n
and blue - . j l»> " - U
fine vi(jlet and pnr]>le 1'-^
dn. mid. violet and do. 11 O
f[ood and middl. violet 9
do. red do.
fine coppery do.
good copiiery do.
do. to fine copi>er
ordinarv and low
Oude, ordinary to fine
Aladras, do. do.
Manilla, do. do.
Guatemala, flores
sobre saliente
cortes
Caraccag
Vi 50
11 50
10 50
10
10 50
4
,'>!)
S
II
fi
9
'i5
8 50
7
4 75
-no
- 11
- 10
- 9
- 8
■
.
-
- 9
- 9
- 8
- 9
to
-
II
none
none
none
-
-
-
-
Duty on nett weight: by French vessels from the E.ist In-
dies, 414 ct. ; from Eurojwan ports 1 fr. ti.'i ct. ; from else-
where, -V^ ct. Hy foreign vessels from any port whatever,
ii fV. *20 cU — (See exceptions at Note A.)
Custom-house tare: on chests, casks, and serons, real, or at
the option of the importer, 12 per cent, on chests or casks, and
9 per cent, on serons.
Commercial tare : on casks or chests, real ; oti serons of 100
to HO kil., 11 kil.; on do. of 85 to 99 kil., 10 kil.; on do. of
70 to 84 kil., 9 kil. ; on do. of 50 to C9 kil., 7 kU.
Allowance: 1 kil. per chest*
J.ilap, per Jkil. - to 1 90 to 2
Duty on nett weight : hy French vessels from any port what-
erer, 5.5 ct. By foreign vessels, 59 3/25 ct. — (See exceptions
at Note A.)
Custom-house tare • 2 per cent.
Commercial tare: on serons of GO kil. and above, 7 kil.; on
do. of 40 kil. and above, 5 kil. ; on do. of 30 kil. and above,
4 kil.
Lac dye, per } kil. • . 1 .10 to 5 to
Dutv on nett weight : by French vessels from the East In-
dies, 55 ct. ; from elsewhere, 1 fr. 10 cl. By foreign vessels
from any port whatever, 1 fr. 37i ct. — (See exceptions at
IS'ote A.)
Commercial and Custom-house tare : real.
Lead, per .W kil.
German - ' . 20 to none
Spanish - - 20 - SO 12 to
Duty on groM weight : by French vessels from anv port what-
ever, 2 fr. 7S ct. By foreign vessels, 3 fr. 85 ct. — ' (Sec excep-
tioiuat Note A.)
Pepper, light, per i kil. - 75 to SO 35 to 37
Duty on nett weight : by French vessels from the Eist In-
dies, 33 ct. ; from elsewhere, fiG ct. Uy foreign vessels from
any port wliaiever, 821 ct. — (See exceptions at .Note A.)
Custom-hntise tare ; on baps, 3 per cent.
, Conmivrcial tare : on sinxle bags, 2 per cent.
Ga to fi5
,V) - 10
none
1 .'.0 to
to
I 25 .
none
2 o - 1)
Duty paid. In Bond,
_ , ^ Fr- c'. *>. €t. Fr, ct, i-V. ft,
Pimpnto, |>er4 kil,
Jamaica - - to
Tobago - • none
Duly and tares : the same as for pepper.
Quercitron, |H*r 50 kil.
Philadelphia . - Ifi 5i) to Ifi 75 O to O
New York - - l.T 50 -00 - O O
Dutv on grow weight : bv French ve>stf!s from Kuropean
l>ortH,"4 fr. il5ct.; from other countries, .T fr. 30 ct. By fo-
reign vessels from any purt whatever, fi fr. 00 ct. —(See «xce|)-
tions at Niile A.)
Connnercial l:ire . 1'^ per cent.
Uuicksilver, per 4kil. - 2 H'i to rt to
Duty on uross wt-iuht : liy Frencli vessels fiom any port
whatever, 1 1 ct. By foreign vessels, V4 l/lO ct.— (See excep-
tions at Note A.)
Commercial tare: real.
Kice, Carolina, per 50 kil. - UU to 21 25 to ()
Fennanent tluty on gross weight : by Frencli vessels from
places of growth out of Kiirope, 1 fr. ."Ti ct.; bv do. frmn
places of growth in Kurope, '^fr. '4*0 ct.; from Kurnjiean ports,
or from Piedmont by land, .Tfr. 30 ct. By fortngii vesseK from
any port whatever, or bv land from any country whatever, I'ied*
mont exceptetl, 1 fr. !>5 ct. — (See exceptions at Note A.)
('ommercial tare: l'^]>ercent.
Saltpetre, crude, i)er50 kil. 61 nominal "fi O to .57
Duty on nett weight : by French vessels from countries out uf
Europe, 2S fr. 87^ ct.; from elsewhere, 35 fr. 75 ct. Bv foreign
vessels from any port whatever, 4 I fr. ; west of (liipe Horn per
French vessels, ll> fr. 'J5 it.; per foreign vessels, 29 tr. 33 ly3 ct.
Custom-house tare : 2 per cent.
Commercial tare: 6 kil. per double bale of the customary
form.
Sarsapaiilla, per J kil.
Honduras
Mexico • . -
Para
Duty on nett weight : by French vessels from European
port.H, 6S^ rt. ; from elsewhere, 55 ct. By foreign vessels from
anv port whatever, 82^ ct. — (See exceptions at Note A.)
Custom-house tare; on bales, 2 iier cent.
Cominert^ial tiire: on bales, according to broker's estimation ;
on naked bundles, the cords are deducted.
Skins, deer, each - - 2 50 to 4 to
Duly per 50 kil. on grosS weight ; by French vessels from
any port whatever, 55 ct. liy Foreign vessels, tiO^ ct. — (Sue
exceptions at Note A.)
Spelter, per 50 kil. - Ifi 75 to 17 nominal
Duty on tiross weight : 5i ct- per 50 kil-, without dislint tioii
of Hag or derivation.
Sugar, per 50 kil.
Havannah, white
yellow
St. J.igo, white
brown to yellow
Hra/il, white
Itrown to yellow
Benares
iVianilla
Duly on nett weight: raw suijars, not white, by French
vessels from the East Indies, -11 tV. ; from Eui-opean jiorts,
52 fv. 25 ct. ; from elsewhere, 'Hi fr. 75 ct. By foreign vtssels,
55 fr. — (See exceptions at N'oteiV.) Raw sugars, white or
clayed, without distinction of quality or mode of fabrication,
by French vessels from the East Indies, 49 fr. 50 ct. ; from
Eurojiean ports, 57 fr. 75 ct. ; from elsewhere, 52 fr. 25 ct.
By foreign vessels, 66 fr. — (See exceptions at Note A.)
'Custom-hou7,e tare: on chests, 12 per cent.; on single bags,
2 per cent. ; on double do., 4 per cent.
Commercial tare: Havannah and St. Jago, chests, 1." per
cent.; Brazil, 17 per cent. ; on bags under 75 kd., 5 kit. jter
bag; of 75 kil. and upwards, 6 kil.
Tallow, Russia, per 50 kil. - G5 to to
Duty on gross weight : by Frencli vessels from any port
whatever, S fr. 25 ct. By foreign vessels, 'J fr. 90 cl. — (See
exceptions at Note A.)
Commercial tares : 12 per cent.
Teas, per tf kil*
Imperial
Gunpowder
Hyson
Young hyson
Hyson skin
I'ekoc
Souchong
Pouch on g
Duty on nett weight : by French vessels from the East In-
dies, 82ict. ; from elsewhere, 2 fr. 75 ct- By foreign vessels
from any port whatever, 3 fr. 30 ct. — (See exceptions at
Note A.)
Custom house tare : 12 per cent.
(Commercial tare: on imperial, gunpowder, young hvnon,
and pekoe, 10 kil. per chest ; on hyson and hyson skin. 9 kil. ;
on souchong, 13 kil. ; on ^ chests and boxes, conventional.
Tin, Banca, per k kil. - 88 to 89 to
British - - - 85 - 87 none
Peruvian - - 75 - 80 none
Dutv on gross weight : bv French vessels from the Ea«t In-
dies, 11/40 ct. ; from elsewhere, 1 1/10 ct. By foreign vessels
from any port whatever, 2 1)5 ct. per 50 kil. — (See exceptions
at Noie A.)
Commercial tare: on casks, real.
Tortoise-shell, per i kil. - ;5a to 58 to
Duty on nett weight: by l-iench vessels from the East In-
dies, 55 ct. ; from European ports, 1 fr. 10 ct. ; from else-
where,82i ct. Bv foreign vessels, 1 fr. 65 ct. — {See exceptions
at Note A.)
Custom-house tare : on casks or case:*, 12 per cent.
Commercial tare : on casks or cases, real.
Whalebone, i»er ^ kil
northern
bouth .>rn
none
37
to 12
none
"0
- 3^
none
27
- 31
none
21
- .-.0
none
.30
- 32
to C
23
- 2(i
none
27
- 30
none
27
. .30
C 25 to
G 40
4 25 to
4 40
6 25 -
6 50
4 40 -
4 ,'>0
5 15 -
5 80
3 50 -
3 70
■» •
5
2 .
2 10
4 55 -
4 40
1 80 -
1 DO
4 -
7 .';0
3 75 -
4 75
3 .30 .
4 50
1 50 -
1 flO
4 -
4 25
2 .30 -
2 50
I
2 40 to 2 50
■ 1 42 - 1 45
none
to
(0 12
n
- M
. .Tl
. .-.(>
. yi
■ ua
. ,-()
. 3c)
4 .'jO
7, 70
'i lU
1 DO
4 7.'>
I (10
'i .'.0
HAVRE.
64<1
Butj paid.
Fr. e*. Fr. cl.
In Bonil.
Fr.
d. Fr, ct.
Duty on rtms welcht : liv l-'riMich vessiU
from any port
wlalevir, IfiJ ct. Hj h,rei«n vi»ils, I'J^ tl.
(^cMniiiiTi-lal (are: rt-Ml.
Allon.iiiK' : 'i |iur ctnt. on southern lionc.
\\o.)il-, \xx .'.0 kil.
Lo»;»o<h1, Caniiwachy - II ,'jO to 12
to
Hoiulurin . - H jO . U
none
St. IJomintto - H li.i . 8 74
1)
0-00
FuMir, Ciilm - -11 .lO .
U
0-00
C.irlliiiKi-M.i . \) .Ml - III
none
.Saiila .Martha - W {> ■ a
0.00
Hia/ll • - m (1 - !)() II
(1
(. ■
Duty on ^nisH wei^^ht : by French vessels from Kuroijonn
p()rts, '^tV. vn ct. : iuiin elsewhiie, I fr. lilct. Ijy foreign
vessels, ^ I'r. S.I CI. — (.See ekc>|itluiis at Note A.)
AlluwaiKe: 1 tu 'i )>er cent.
Etj liiniiiiiyt/ Ilemarks,
The aliove duties inrlmle the surtax of 10 per cent.: the
Ciistnin-huuse admits the real tare uhcnevtr the in)|)orter !
desires it. I
Note A. — The treaties of reciprocity entered into with the
counlrirt hereaOer mentioned, Introduce the following devl-
atiiiilK from tlie abiive ratis of duty.
L'nUviI >>lii(ri.— lhi< prcdiice uf the I'nitcd Stales, except
that of ihe fisheries, din ct frnm the t.'nittd Stales in Tniled
States vessels, | a>a the same duty as if iniijurttd by Knnch
vessels from the I'liited Slates.
llruzilt null J/f.itn'. — The produce of the Ilrir/lls and
niexiio, in. ported direit in iiatiuii.il viKsels, enjoys aUo tlio
F:iH'IiiiiiI. — The iirotluce of Africa, Asia, or America, im-
ported from Jinv <duiilry wlmlevtr in lltltish vesstis, or from
any port of the Ihitish doniiiiions in Ktirope, eilhtr li\ French
or foreign vessels, can only be admitted in bond lor re-export-
ation.
The same rejinlatinn Is applicable to all Kurope.in produce
(excipt that ot (Jreat Iliitaiii (uul lis possessions in Kurope),
when imiwted bv liriilsh vessels from other ports than those
ot (ireat Jlnlain or Its possessions in Kuro| e.
ThewiiHht of .'ill kil. isci|lial to I lllj lbs. Enslish, or 100 lbs.
KiKlisb are e<iual to 4S .Vj/iWJ kil. ; and the tut- eql al to 50
"0/11)0 kil. '
f'ifi//V._ 4* months, except on coflee, cocoa, pimento, pip.
per, eiuicksifver, and cln\ed sugars, whuh aie sold at Si
months, and wheat at 'i^ montlls.
N.*vioATioN OP France, 1831.
I. Arconnt showing the Sliips, with their Tonnngo and C'rt'w.i, that entered the (liflTerent Ports of France
in 1«.JI, sin'i'ilyiiiK those that entcrt'd each, aiicl diatinguisliing between Frciicli and Foreign Sliips. —
Admiiiislration ties DuuaiicsJ'or \H'j\, p. -lii.)
Ports.
Il.iyonne
Ifi.Vi.euix -
lllhei ports
Hodelle -
N.m es
I Iber ports
I.'driint -
Itrest -
"s mil Malo -
rliiil„,urK -
K( oi'ii
11,11 P..
( iliier ports
.Uli.iil'e .
It' iiloiioe -
1 111. kirk -
'ruiil.iii
.M r-eilles -
I liber pons
■Mooipillier
rirpit;nan -
Uastia
Naviy.iti. n caniwi on jointly with the I'oreigner.
Foreif^n Ships.
French Shins.
Carrying the
FLifj ot the
Countriis
whence they
came.
.s/,i;..<.l
VI:
6sl
'2'>\
11'.'!
•■tw.
l!l.'.j
lli/l
idtI
Kli'i!
lli
l.".7i
7u;
!i.'.7|
Ton II.
Crew.
aiiii-i.
Tonii.
.17!!
m
■17
1,.MS
il ,'iiii
l,7S'.i
!>.S
I'AU.-,
1.1 1
l,-5
-
■")0U
ii
57
Kl.Sfl',
8,S!I!)
fi71
4.
8,.-..)(
\:>\
M
5
."i! 1.
5!,|S1
17!)
2.-.
?,1.1l
1 ,.SS 1
Illl
4(1
ll,'il7
4,1.-7
(i'^
(i.'IC'
fl,(.21
I. (Ill
I'^ll
Vi.n(,
1,1 I.T
.-.-„s
■v.!
,-.,l4'i
.■.",ll'j|l
I, (IIS
r^TA
7(U.-.r,
'.£,.".■.11
1.'.'.;
.'ii;
7,s,-s
l.ll^'.l
111'.'
I'^i;
ii.i;;.-.
l.-.,.S'<:7
■.i,.-,-i'<:
,S()I
.'..•.,7'<17
s.r.'i.s
71.'.
vts
i,-.,iss
S,<!iM
iiyl
"■'i
.•■i,()."ii
8'^,(il'.i
6,(rt.S
1,01!)
117,''77
7ln
70
II
yi'^
,S,,-,'.7
S'i'^
117
ri,(i! 7
V,.-.Ti
.ISli
2i
.'.4S
,'.,;().")
l,7'^li
77
'.i,(IS4
Other ria"
Sliifi.t
Tnilii
•^1:.
4,.'3lll
',1.',
4,411
K.'.d
lllj
"'if'i
l.M 1
CM
l,l;ill
•A,r,.'t:,
.i,l7S
fi7 (.71
l.-.s
l.'^l.'l
.",(1
I'll
Navigation reserved to French Ships.
Colonial Trade.
.V/ll/«.
10.1
1
11!)
IVhii. iCretv
I -
'it.m, 1,4S1
'^■.i,03S
KlO
l,.'5!i4
.■58,03(1: 1,9,"6
2,.1.'i7
ir,
aO,47ri 1,14!)
Fisheryt
.S/ii/i.i.
i;
a- 1
fi'-'7
81.,',
(il7
V.SIM
1
7(i
41
"l7
i(;i
'i^.si;
.•=110
4()(i
4.)
l,Gb4
U
!)
Tonti.
!l,l( .',
Mi
7.(i."vl
7..Vil
lll,l!)7
ll,bl4
7,1'is
4, .-.7.-1
4, no,-,
!»..'.7!)
lS,.'i^l
S,l.-.'<l
7,'4J..
M.'.l
4,b.'l'.;
Coasting Trade.
Ci-i'tv.
11
l,.-.l'2
I'll
.",'.;'()
'.^,8.-,7
I5,ij;ii
1'^
.■^,-''A-
1,1(11
4.->)
.■■■,'l.-.7
7, 'J II
."..l.!)4
:S,'-lh\
.'j7.')
C.O.'illj
'.illl
41
Sliipx.
.■5(.'^
'^,.1 1 1
.1 ,.-)'< 1 1
lll.dlb
'^,'^.'■1
U.lll
S,ll'.')
7,(;.->i
1,8"'^
i,!i(;i:
'i,IO'^;
l,.-)lll
'.i,;'^ii'
i!,;iii'
(i«.->,
.Slill
Tolli'r.X'i'. 1
1!),?/^'^
1(IS„'^70
3IS,.-ilO|
!l.l,li!i,1
MI.Ki.li
l(i!l,4; (i|
l.-.!),-^(,7l
87,'1.'jU
'Jl,li.')4
l(tt,'.^.'51
11>,'^SU
.'.7,1 l(i
Sl,7(i9
l.-.,li8
4 7, V.I.'.
II ((,'111.'
KG.J.'i.T
I I I ,,','16
S,'.,(j!)U
■<!!,( '78
41, .-.7 7
CrtH'
1 ,!I54
10,S,'jO
10,697
.■58,.S'.i'l
8,M7
'.i!), 3(1
.".(1,1 lie
V7,lh'^
IV, (W4
10,S!l8
y,3,',ll
C,(..-..5
7,ii;ii
.'),118
l,-7l4
4,1,18
13,!)4,')
17,1(,4
!),7'ai
.'.,il8
4,V't7
13,304
Totals '^,l).1. 'i ■.^M/i.'iO '^0,777 ,5,.',S'^ 3(i(l,S3.'i ,'i(.(l !H,.~,')!I' 4411 l(l7,S.sri 0,ll3.'i S,'^83 1 111,470 .•i:.,!l't(l 70,7 10 V!,'^Wi,(l(ll|i' ,i78,0&5
Totals.
Port).
IJaynnne
Uoideaux
Other \.o.*ts
Iloclielle
Nantes
Other ports
I.'Orient
Brest
.S7ii;..».
Totynn^c.
4."0
'ii,i.u
2,(138
lS.>,(J3ri
3„".,'ill
SII„').-.8
11, (iO!)
.337,11(10
3,.")8
H(;,'A'.8
(1,737
'.(113.1 1.-,7
11,111
1S.'.,S17
7. 7 (id
l,'.l,17'2
Ptrfs.
Paint Mnlo
< herboxirg
Rcmen
Havre
Other ports -
Ahlfi'ville
ilouio^nc
! S/iii..».
! 3,'<;li
'.^,811
1,800
'ifiM
3,34 1
l,7,-,l
l,8'.i7
Tinninf^r.
lil,'i,l(i'i
110,171
ll'^.bll
70,SS3
8(;,a-ji
94,484
Purls.
Dunkirk
'J'otilon
I'Marseilles
Otlier ports -
Monijie'lier -
reriignan
liaslirt
(Icneral total -
SliifS.
1.3(,(;
.3,01 '.i
.'',731
4,4,-3
1,Z(.3
075
_V,7(i7
h(i,,34U
Tiwtinf^e.
81,ll'^4
131,81.6
4;',i,'^.l(i
117,'<87
71,f3'i
3'A017
4(^317
5,l,'i0,,'s"80"
(For Table )I. see next page.)
Trade between Fnnice and Eiif/land. — Notliiiig can more strikiiifrly illustrate the
miserable effects of couimercial restrictions, than tlie present state of the trade between
Great IJritain and Franrc. Here \vc have two countries of vast wealtli and population,
near neighbours, and each possessing many important articles that the other wants, and
yet the intercourse between them is inconsiderable. At a di.stant period this was not
the case. Previously to the accession of William III., the imjiort of wine only from
France amounted to about 1,3,500 tuns a year, our imports of brandy and otlicr articles
being proportionally large. 15ut Louis XIV. having espoused the cau.se of the exiled
family of Stuart, the British government, not recollecting that the blow they aimed at
the French would al.so smite their own subjects, imposed, in I69(i, a discriminaihit/ duty
of 8/. a tun on French wine, and in 1697 raised it to no less than 33/. a tiui ! It is
probable that tliis excess of duty would have been repealed as soon as the peculiar cir-
cumstances in which it originated had disappeared, had not the stipulations in the famous
commercial treaty with Portugal, negotiated by Mr. Methuen, in 1703, given it per-
manence. But, according to this treaty, we bound ourselves for the future to cliarge
one third higher duties on the wines of FVance imported into England, than on those of
Portugal ; the Portuguese, by way of compensation, binding themselves to admit our
2 T
•I
■ :
1!
s >
i H
;;t
!, 1 1 If
♦i !■ I
im
642
HAVRE.
li. Account fhowlng the total Numl)cr of SIilps, with their To nn ago and Crows, cntcrInK Inwnrrtii tn
the dirt'erent Porta of I'rance in IH.il, spfcilyiiiK tliu t'cuuurii'si whiMico they I'aino, and Uistiin{ui»hiii({
between French ami Foreign Ships. — [Ailminislralitm dcs Douanes for IHJl, p. 'iW.)
CountriM.
Ships entered.
i orelnn.
French.
Carrvitiif the V
ags of
the i'ountrv w
leiico
Other Flags. |
they cim
Crfw.
S.'i/jn.
Tommttp,
Cren<.
Shiva. Tmiiuitre*
.11 'J,.1o3
"r
Totimmt.
Cren'.
Kusii* • ...
VI7
i,m\
•as
477
21,074
I,IK0
Swetleii . ■ " "
•i
1.1.1
li
71 11,31.1
70o
13
2,i)17
1.12
Norway • • •
U
3i.1
32
3SU C4,I20
3,2)11
13
1,7,13
9.1
Denmark • - ■ "
.
.
.
!) 1 ,04 1
74
8
1,240
04
rru^si'i • • ' "
fi
00,1
,11
n .1,1 ,!3
221
27
5,0(i0
210
H.inseatlc Towiu
.IS
4,4)1))
8SI
22 2,4sn
1.10
IS
2,203
143
Holland ...
,17
■^,."■7.1
233
87 S,573
7S2
13
1,1.11
SI)
HelKium - ...
•i^
•l.uTl
M'.i
. 1
.
6
4,10
27
Kniflanil «!lbralur, Malta, ic.)
8S.1
3S,SVI
.1,117
1,2.SS 9(1,7)5S
10,,104
8
1,700
l07
Poriuual (Madeira, Azores)
.IS
i.iHI
3ii7
l(i l,37S
200
3
.131
19
Spain (the Canarl*.)
4U7
3i),.')2S
2,.177
430 12,037
3,3„9
5S
8,.1.10
5S0
Austria • • " •
.0
7(il
40
40 ll,V)i3
.110
U
i,71o
110
Sardinia ■ ...
7f,.',
3S,7.'i.1
4,31 '.1
420 111,(137
2,742
4.1
3,100
4.10
T«o hicllies
HI
lu.lilii
DCS
217 .10,2S1
3,1 U
.17
lo,S^9
714
Tuscany, Koman States, l.ucca
'US
»,-..•. 1
l,.1i)0
!.I2 1,S.12 i
)1.',2
102
7,7SI
SIS
(ireece, <ind Itti Islands in the Archipelaco
■172
3,1
11
1,'JIU
107
1
290
20
Turkey, and iu inlands in the ArclM|jelajiO
,in
ryxi:>
312
.
.
.
24
.1,027
3.11
V.Rmi ...
4-.
N.SIU
,10.1
.
.
.
1
2,10
12
Algiers . . . -
(i.'i
7,2S2
.lfi.1
.
.
.
37
",747
400
Other states of Barliary
14
1,2S.1
113
.
.
.
12
1,077
121
Kn^lish possessio is In Africa
I'l
4,711)
2(i5
3
775
43
Other territories in Africa
•i
.172
30
India, KukIUIi iiosseuiuns
W
C,342
3)iU
_
.
.
1
240
12
Spanisli do. . -
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
172
19
Duiih do. . - • -
1
4t2
IS
French do. - -
,')
1,211
K4
China - ...
1
427
2.1
Cochin China, PliilipplneJ
1
3u9
2t
United Stale* ....
^\
8,3i)5
3S.1
223
07,044
2,987
4
654
38
Havtl - . . .
3.'.
6,S1S
3!I0
Spanish posseuiom in A merica
Daidsh (lo. . •
li'j
(i,32!l
31)7
2
247
31
8
1,871
90
7
y!l7
74
2
318
22
Dutch do. . - •
1
12S
IS
Hrazil ... . .
2.'.
f,,lSS
365
2
390
37
10
2,027
1.10
Mexico . • . .
M
7,09.0
4.-.9
.
.
1
294
14
Colombia • . . .
fi
1,7!I7
S9
1
99
" 8
Chill . . . .
!>
1,.)1S
101
Kio de la Plata, Monte Video, Buenos Ayres -
12
'2,S.1«
IfiS
.
.
.
4
8fi7
49
Martinique - - • -
nfi
3.1,037
l.SOV
Guada:oupe - . . .
Hit
47,772
2,(1 11
Cayenne . - . .
'^^
4,u6ti
2(iS
Senegal - _ . .
•a
2,71")
220
Bourbon . . * .
Total of French ships
d'i
1S,315
1,04 1
\m:<
3.13,2111
2n,SI2
C cod . . . .
.IDf)
3.1,11.13
7,0.12
Fishery < whale • • - -
Vi
4,);S2
4!)1
i small fish
7,!l(l.'j
7;l,7f)l
4fi,1Sf,
^ .. i in the same sea - . -
CoastinR J from one sea to the otiier
trauc 1 interior navigation
'I'odls
.'j.V'llI
l,7(i7,S,1S
22,1„1(it
S'^2
120, 0(1,1
7,312
\<;,-m
.137,237
4.1, IS9
w,:»K
2,)'i7S,G'.l2
3.'jS,So6
3,.1S2
3('.n,8,15
.10,100 .'.(10
9l..7,-,l)
(;,i!ii|
woolien.s into their markets in preference to those of other countries, at a fixed and
invariable rate of duty.
Though very generally regarded, at the time, as the highest effort of diplomatic skill
and address, the Methuen treaty was, undoubtedly, founded on the narrowest and most
contracted views of national interest ; and has, in consequence, proved, in no common
degree, injurious to both parties, but especially to England. 'By binding ourselves to
receive Portuguese wines for two thirds of the duty payable on those of France, we, in
effect, gave the Portuguese growers a monopoly of the British market; at the same
time that we excluded one of the principal equivalents the French had to offer for our
commodities, and provoked them to retfiliate. This, indeed, was no diflicult task. —
Unhappily, they were but too ready to embark in that course of vindictive policy of
which we set them the example ; so that prohibitions on the one side being immediately
followed by counter-prohibitions on the other, the trade between the two countries was
nearly annihilated ! But the indirect were still more injurious than the direct conse-
quences of this wretched policy. It inspired both parties with feelings of jealousy and
di.slike, and kept them in the frowning attitude of mutual defiance. Each envied the
other's prosperity ; and being disposed to take fire at even fancied encroachments, the
most frivolous pretexts were sufficient to engage them in contests that have filled the whole
world with bloodshed and confusion. But had things been left to their natural course, —
had an unfettered commercial intercourse been allowed to grow up between the two
countries, — the one would have formed so near, so vast, and so profitable a market for
the produce of the other, that they could not have remained long at war without oc-
casioning the most extensively ruinous distress, — distress which no government would
be willing to inflict on its subjects, and to which, though the government were willing,
it is most probable no people would be disposed to submit. A free trade between England
and France would give these two great nations one common interest. It would occasion
not only a vast increase of the intiustry, and of the comforts and enjoyments, of the
} ;
Flw
Vlgt.
Vrrrt*,
1-4
l.tSfi
1.17
l.V^
.'1,1
'J.l
!\'l
n\
III)
•Hn
!'l,1
111
..-.1
Ml
11)
•i-
i;ii
107
.11
W
i.'ji)
.')sr,
M
llu
III!
4,'iU
^i\)
711
•SI
S.'iS
itm
'^!)
JV7
3.-.1
■i.'iii
1'^
■47
4fi(i
J77
I'^l
2tl)
12
17'^
19
654
38
90
V>0
14
40
ElAVRE.
61J
'
people of hotli countries, but would be the best nttainublc security Offi^iiist future
liostilities. " V'e Iciiow," said Mr. Villicrs, in ids very able and instruetivi- spt'ecli ( l.^tli
of June, 18;K)), " tiiat IJritisli I'literprise will fi'icli tlie fxtreniust points on cartii in tlio
business of exelian};e ; but here are the shores of l-'ranee nearer to Kufrland than those
of Ireland itself — nay, Horduaux is commercially nearer to London than it is to I'aris;
nnd, but for the lamentable i)crversion of the f^ifts and dispositions of nature, and of
the inj;eiiuity of man — the highways of commerce between these countries — the seas
whicii surround Great liritain and Ireland, and wasli the shores of France, should
literally swarm with vessels, enj^ajied, not only in the iiiterchanffe of material jiroducls,
l)Ut in dilfusiuf^ kiiowledj^e and stimulatin<r improvement; in creatiii}; every wluu- new
neiirlibourlioods ; in consolidating international dependence; in sliort, in drtAwin;^ daily
more dose the bonds of international peace and confidence, and thus n ,\ancin}i, wliilo
they also served to contirin and secure, the peace, the civilisation, aiul tlic happiness of
Europe." *
The commercial treaty which Mr. I'itt negotiated with France in 178fi, wii.s the first
attempt to introduce a better system into the trade between the two countries; and it is
one of the few treaties of this description that have been bottomed on fair and liberal
principles. lUit the Revolution in France, and the lenfrthened and bloody wars by
which if was followed, totally su))presseil that mutually beneficial intercourse which bad
be^run to j;row up under -Mr. I'itt's treaty ; and wlien peace was ajjain restored, in 18l,">,
the French jj;overnmcnt unwisely resolved to continue tlie system of Napoleon, am to
exclude most sorts of foreign ])roducts for which a substitute could lie found at home !
But the wide-s])read distress that has resulted from this absurd policy, and the more
general diffusion of sounder notions as to the real sources of public wealth, will, it may
be confidently predicted, at no distant period, induce tlie government of France to adopt
a less illiberal and irrational system. — (See IJordeacx ) The eciualisayon of the wine
duties in tiiis country will accelerate this desirable result. It shows the French that wo
are no longer influenced by the i)rejudices in which the discriminating system originated ;
and tliat we are ready to deal with them on the same fair and e(iual terms as with any
one else. In this respect the measure is entitled to the highest praise ; and we have no
doubt that it will be tlie harbinger of others of the same kind — of a reduction of the
exorbitant duties on iirandy, for exam|)le — both here and in France. Tlie statesman
who shall succeed in abolishing tiie restraints on the commerce of the two countries, will
render the most essential service to tiicin both ; and not to them only, but to all the
world, the furthest parts of which have been harassed by their wars. It admits of de-
monstration, that, under a free system, the trade with France would be incomparably
more important and valuable than that with Uussia, the United .States, or any other
country. And we trust, should another edition of this work be called for, that we shall
have to congratulate the public on the opening of this '' broad and deep " channel of
employment.
The following Tables, prepared expressly for this work, give a pretty complete view of
the trade with France. Brandy, madder, silk manufactures, flax, wine, gloves, &c. are
the principal articles of import ; for the raw and thrown silk comes, as already mentioned,
almost wholly from Italy. Brass and copper manufactures are by far the most important
of all the articles we send to France, at least through the regular channels. It will, pro-
bably, surprise some of our readers to learn that, in I83'2, the real or declared value of
the silk goods manufactured in this country and exported to France amounted to no less
than 75,187/. ! This is an instructive commentary on the sinister auguries of those
who predicted the ruin of our manufacture by French competition, in consequence of
the subversion of the old monopoly system in 182j. The most important of the other
articles of export are cottons, woollens, sheep's wool, hardware and cutlery, horses,
tin, &c.
A glance at the first of the following Tables will sufficiently explain the real causes of
the depressed state of the French trade. The duty of 22s. Gd. a gallon on brandy is,
probably, about the ne plus ultra of fiscal rapacity. The duties on wine, verdigris, gloves,
&c. are all very much beyond the mark. Till they be adequately reduced, the trade
with France can never be any thing but inconsiderable, compared, at least, with what it
ought to be.
:
!).' «*
I
I If'
k;
l!( i
li t
f- I
n ■'
^i\ mi
m.
<■ {I
? i iifi'',
• We regret to have to add, tfiat tfiis was one of the last public appearances made by Mr. Villiers. Ho
died ill Deceinler, 1832, at the early age of SI. His death was a national loss that will not easily be re-
paired. Few have ever entered upon public life witli better dispositions, more enlarged and comprehentive
views, or a more sincere desire to promote the happiness of tlieir species.
9 T 2
iV'f
1
614
HAVRE.
I. Account of tho Importi Into the Unltml Kingdom IVoin Frnnrc, •perlfying the Qimntttv and Value of
each Anlclo, anil the Anioimt ut' Customit Duty paid thereon, during the Year \iij\i ; witli the Cuatumii
IJuty received on each Article.
I
i
s
H
1
|hu|
•rW
(<perln of Imjiorli.
Annittto - ■
lloott, ith(K'n, nnil Rnlonhct
('linid Aiiil t'drthi-nwdre
lldckn
Ciiilon iimnufwlurei of Europe
KuKi
Kl,i«
FI^)^^'t'r'(,a^li(ic■irtI
ilLiis liuitlvs, cuininon
Mjiiti !»irii^v • "
LiMltier gloves
l.itu'n, I'iiinhrlcs
.M.llllIlT
Miiildvr root
Nfudlfwork and embroidery
<)y^tl■r^
l''runi*i
Silll, rnw
thrown
\v.i>tt»
Sllli maiuirarlurM, tiz. :
Silk or satin
<i.iuze
Crape - -
Vilvit
I, ace, ndlllneryi &e, 9ic.
Skins, unat, undrcsst'll
k id, dri-ssed
lainli, tanntiU or drnscd
Spirits, hraiidy
'i'ovH
\'erdlnri»
Wine, Krenrh
\VotI, uheeii's
U'oollen manufat'tures
AU other artiL-len
Dfnotninatiorii.
Ouaiitltlrn
Iciilic.iled.
llH.
cut.
pairt
Ueclaretl value
niiriilier
cut.
declared value
(ju irti
noinlitr
pii-'es
cwt.
declared value
kushf'li,
cwl.
Ih'i.
declared value
number
proof gallon*
declared value
Ills.
gallons
Ihs.
declared value
v.i;u'.'
11,111
I, -SI
■I'S^I/l
/.. >*,H'U
L. 'M,;,M
I.. t;,.ii;,'i
6.'i,il,M,';i.1
.11,. I'.!
;,. .i.ii.ii
!>,MIII
t,,'.l.'..lllli
.Tl.i.'ll)
^^,7,>\ I
L. l.,iil'l
T7,!l.-pl)
:<,sa
711,117
1 i.'i,.;s,',
l\,va
-is.l;!
i.'i.'.ii)
7,7'iM
L. M,-,m
GGl,lll<l
.'),iiii:)
'J,fil7,.17'.!
L. l,^-i(l
•tl,(lS!l
2!l7,l:)7
1,'I7,1
t. G1,71'J
Total
Om.lal Value
of the
lni)>orts.
Amount of Cut
InlllS Dulleii
fei eUed oti
eai'h .irlu'le
nn|iortvd.
/,.
III!
11,07.1
ll.l.'i'.l
•il\,M7,
t;,.ii;'i
l7,.1!il
i.'i,,'i'.S
'^,11,(1
li,iri7
.-.III
:^7,H'7
■^i,n!i
Hl.l.S,-!
'.Jlli.ll.'i'J
i,'..i;i!i
■.iS,'.!.!!
,-.,11111
■tVl.i.iil)
■^.■■,7111
llS.f.'l
lSI,v,it
,-..-., .1 Hi
6.1,711'.!
I,l.!ll
ii,',i(;i
.'.I
.■iniM'.iS
'111
f.l,71!l
.1.1 1, '.ill
L.
vt
,i,ii.i I
a,o'<H
77')
i'.i,.iii
i.ii
;,n
7,fil'l
i,-.(;i
V!7,l'|-i
l'i,|M.1
»,INIIi
'/,.T^I
•1,1) 7 II
,'i,>s|li
('.,ia
R,llfil
4H,,'iH'J
ll.j
.10,11(1!)
(I.-.,7.17
la,'.!l'l
t*,i;.Vi
M;,yi't
•iW
3,11 'I
i'}
1,79D,!117
■^1.1
!i,4.11
66,'iS7
.1.1
9,111
84,.')7»
!i,'^71,'.ilU
II.
Account of the Exports of British and Irish Produce and manufactures from the United Kingdom
to France, specifying tlie Qua'itity and Value of each Article, during the Year ISiJiJ,
'
(IHIrlal \'ahie
Di'daled \'alu.;
^luantitins
expo.-tcd.
of llnli-.h .tiul
of IlrilUh and
Sjiecies of Exj)orts.
Denominations.
Irish I'rodoi e
and iMamilar-
Irish I'ro.hlee
.'Old .Manut'ic.
tures exiiortetl.
tures exi)orted.
Ajmthec.-vrv wares
cwt.
1,0'>3
2,11 tr.
8,225
.Apparr! ....
v.iluo
-
4,111
4,111
H IT ami .ilo • ...
ttms
.'..-ii
'.:77
975
Itoiik-i, printpil ■ • _ -
cwt.
'21,1
!I7.1
.■j.rAH
Bla^s and copper manufactures
—
7,C,,'M
19I,S',!2
117,193
(Cabinet and upholstery wares
value
-
2,'.! 17
2,'?17
Cliee.^e ....
cwt.
ino
1 92
.'.58
Coals - - ...
tuns
4l,(lO(i
4 0,81 17
11,119
Cotton manufactures • • • -
yards
4,.'i(i7,li(i7
1S(1,.1'J8
61, .12 1
Ditto .....
value
.
.1,'i|2
.1,670
E;irthenware of all sorts
pit ce»
'Jfi,.17G
211
l,7.-.8
(ilass of all sorts
value
-
71
23S
Htrdware and cutlery
cwt.
3,fi7.1
10,101
28,260
Horses . - . . -
number
W.I
5,2!10
25,9'.i5
Iron, p iff - ■ •
bar and bolt • • - -
tons
S,7.-i!t
2,7.-^19
9,.V18
—
l,fi.'ili
ir,,,'iG7
8,119
cast and wrought
_.
l,llli1
32,916
11,831
Lead and sliot - - - -
—
L..',i
(ISfi
801
I.eaihtr and saddlery - -
value
1,156
1,916
Linens - • • - -
yards
•^ni.OGi
14,626
14,7hO
Litharj^e of lead
cwt.
19
9
19
Machmory and mill-work
value
•
1,'28
4,528
I\Iusic;il instruments - - -
_
.
1,712
1,712
Tainters* colours and materials
—
.
2,295
2,295
Plate of silver - - - -
ounces
4,020
1,S12
1,.'.28
Silk K<">ds manufactured in the United Kingdom
value
.
87,S(a
75,187
Spermaceti . . - -
cwt.
1,008
7,562
5,177
Stiitiimery - - - -
value
.
3,016
3,Mfi
Sttel, unwroucht
Tin, unwrouunt
cwt.
1,851
2,61S
3,263
—
8,508
31,0,M
29,172
Tin and pewter wares, and tin plates
value
.
7,199
7, .199
Whalubnne . . - -
cwt.
701
1,5115
5,018
Wool, sheep's - ...
lbs.
736,482
26,10.1
3K,.')4l
AVoi>l!en manufactures . - -
value
.
45,320
41,IS7
All other articles - - - -
"
Total - /,.
106,062
105,KC0
818,270
674,791
It would seem, from the subjoined account, as if the imports into Great Britain from
France very much exceeded the exports, the official value of which amount to only
848,270/. a year. But though the fact were so, it would not, as some appear to suppose,
afford the sliadow of a foundation for the statements of those who contend that the
trade with France is a losing one. A man carries nothing but money to the baker's
shop, or the butcher's; and yet it is not said that he is injured by dealing with them, or
that he should become VnVer or butcher for himself^ We buy certain articles from
France, becaufe we find we can procure them from her on more reasonable terms than
HAWKERS AND MEDLARS.
645
from any other country ; for, were it otherwisf, docs any one suppose we should send a
single ship to her ports? Whetlier we carry on our interct)urse witli tlie French l)y
sendin}^ tliein returns in huljion or ordinury products, is of no conscjucnce whatever.
We may he assnri'd tiiat hullion is not sent to another country, iniless it (le more valualjju
thi're tiian here; that is, unless its exportation he for nnr advanta>;»'. — (See Balance
OF 'I'KAni.) In point of fact, however, we very rarelj send any hullion to I-'raiu-e ;
and the proofof t'is is, that, f.ince tlie peace, the exchaiifrc with Taris lias heen ofleiier in
our favour tliai. ajrainst us. When the hills drawn hy the I'rench on us exceed those
we draw on them, the balance is usually paid hy hills on Holland and llanihurgh,
where there is, at all times, an excess of Ihitish produce. It is idle, therefore, to
attemi)t to revive the ridiculous cry as to the disadvantajreousness of the I'rench trade,
because the imports from France exceed the exports ! The imports into all commercial
countries unilornily exceed the exports; and the fact hronj^ht forward as a j,'nimid of
complaint aj,'ainst the French trade, is the strongest recouimeiulation in its favour.
I'erhaps, Innvever, it may he consolatory to those who are so alarmed at the execs of
imports from Fraiur, to he told that it is to a -freat extent apparent only. As already
ohserved, Iarf,'e quantities of silk and other produce from Italy come to us thronfrli
France, and are reckoned amonjr the imjiorts from that comitry, when they are in reality
imports from Italy. 'I'akinjr this circumstance into accouiU, it will he found that tiie
discrepancy between the exports to aiul imports from France is immaterial.
Account of the Amount in OfUcial niul Real Value of all Britluli Exports to Krance, in raih Year since
IH +; (listin^uisliiiiB those of liritish Iroin fohiiiial I'roiluie ; also, an Alistrait of tliu Animiiit in
tHhiial \ulue ot all Imports Ironi 1-raiicc in eatli Year, as far as the same can Le maile up during that
liiiie.
Onirlil Vahio "f Im-
Oniclal Value
of Kxports from
the
Unileil Kingdom.
Ihrlared S
Itritisti am
Hlne <.t'
1 Irish
Years.
juirts into Ih
<■ i;
wlud
llrliish nnU Iri,h
KitlKUull).
I'rodiu-e and IVfunu*
tactures.
Fnrei)^ nnil roln-
liial Jlercliandlse.
1 utal Exports
•
Iron) thf I niU'd
l^in^duiii.
.r
.1.
rf.
i' s. <i.
e s.
d.
£ .1.
rl.
£
.«. It.
IRU
710,221;
10
mriw \) 7
1,807,913 19
4
e,"45,713 8
11
.082,702
15
181 J
7.".4,.'i7i;
8
11
2 14,8'.' i ir. il
1,'.'2S,8.")0 .-)
3
1,443 080 1
2!'8,',91
III 1
1816
417,78'.>
17
•2
.■;2 1,070 4 11
l,3l;i,l.'il 17
8
l,(i.;4,2-2 2
7
407,09!i
11 4
1H17
527,805
13
fi
.'■)'Mi,7:i3 7
l,O.J4,201 9
9
l,(i.51,014 10
9
1,00: vI80
12 7
1818
i,m;'-',4.',;
1.0
7
3I8,h:o 19 1
877,912 13
1,1!I0,7(!3 12
1
30fl,,0(l3
14 9
1819
(i ('.',() Il
14
2
2lh,07H 9
7.:4,779 9
10
98J,8.'.7 10
7
299,4!i;i
f) 8
182U
77."), 13'.'
5
(>
.I! 1,080 13 2
>>29,8I4 9
<>
I,1()!,1'0I 2
8
;'>vv,.-n
10 3
18'Jl
8l),),lil(i
lii
!)
.'■82,404 2 4
1,0,)7,I00 15
5
1,419,.104 17
9
4.38, viiO
18 5
I8'J2
878,'.'7y
l."<
.34(1,810 1;5 1
8.39,l."-() 11
4
1,185,901 (i
5
4.i7,l()9
2 5
w:s
],I1;">,8U()
7
24l,8;J7 12 11
74.i,574 10
4
985,412 9
.3
: 49,0.30
4 1
lH'2i
l,'):>u,~S:i
17
r,
2(iO,'19S 9 9
804,.100 10
4
1,124,9.19
1
338,ti.'J5
8 11
W>5
1,8 rj,i).s+
I'J
2-, 9,2 12 3 7
892,402 18
1
1,171,015 1
8
;:oo,7(.9
10 I
lh2fi
],V+7,l'.'(i
(1
li
420,819 13 9
050,124 10
9
1,082,944 4
4^8,4. S
7
1S27
y,()-';j,747
11
10
410,720 8
l.).;,5(;3 12
.^50,' 29 13
2
440,951
9
18V8
;i,l7'N82.7
.3
!)
418,94;i 2 7
195,4f(7 9
2
(i44 442 11
9
4!'8,9.'i7
12
18i9
l,',()Kti,!i!W
10 10
509,921 1 3
337,89(i U
(i
8-17,817 12
9
491, .588
3 11
1830
i,3-S,48.J
14
11
480,284 1
181,005 1
r>
Oii7,.:49 1
fi
47.0,^84
3 2
I8;i
3,0.".(),1.")4
12
4
0.'.'},!.27 13 .'5
250,U81 19
7
6!.;2,009 13
G(.2,0.V8
IfJl'
2,«'.',8;i4
818,270
-
-
074,791
H/YWKERS ANu PEDLARS. It is not very easy to distinguish between hawkers
and pedlars. Roth are a sort of itinerant retail dealers, who carry about their wares
froiu place to place ; hut the former are supjiosed to carry on business on a larger scale
than the latter. They are subject to the same regulations.
licgulatiovs as to Ilawlwrs and Pcdhirs. — The legislature has always looked with sus-
picion upon itinerant dealers; and has attempted, by obliging them to take out licences,
and ])lacing them under a sort of surveillance, to lessen their inuTiher.s, and to hinder
them from engaging in dishonest practices. But the resident dealer has so many advan-
tages on his side, that these precautions seem to be in a great measure superfluous. It
should also be recollected, that before shops were generally established in villages and
remote districts, hawkers and pedlars rendered material services to country people ; and
even now the competition which they excite is certainly advantageous.
By the ,00 Gen. 3. c. 41., hawkerw and pcdhir.s are to pay an annual licence liufy of 4/. ; and if they travel
with a hor.se, as.s, or other beast, bearinn or drawing burden, they are subject to an additional duty of 4/.
for each bea.<l so employed. 'I'he granting of licences, and management of the duties, are, by a late act,
placed under the contiol of the eommissioncrs of stamps.
Hawkers and pedlars, unless householders or residents in the place, arc not allowed fo sell by auction
to the highei-t bidder : penalty 50/ — half to the informer, the other half to the king But nolhitig in the
act extends to hinder any iicrsoii from selling, or expo.^ing to sale, any sort of j^oods, in any public market
or fair ; or to hinder a hawker or pedlar from Eclling in a hired room, where he is not a resident, provided
such sale is not by auction.
Every hawker, before he Is licensed, must produce a certifirateof good ehar.icter and reputation, signed
by the clergyunin and two reputable inhabitants of the place where he usually resides.
Every hawker must have inscribed, in Unman capitals, on the most conspicuous part of every pack, box,
trunk, case, cart, or other vehicle, in which he shall carry his wares, and on every room and shop in
which he shall trade, and likewise on every hand-bill which he shall distribute, the words " LicENsiD
Hawker." Penalty, in default, 10/. Unlicensed persons wrongfully using Ui'.^ designation forfeit 10/.
2 T 3
'It
. n
y
\
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lv;
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646
HAY. — HEMP.
■ r'"t
^' ■( II
! ! >• r)\
Hawkers dealing in smuggled goods, or in goods fraudulently or dislionestly procured, arc punishable
l)y t'ort'citute of licence, and incapacity to obtain one in future, besides being liable to ali tlie otl'er penal,
ties, forfeitures, &c. applicable to such illegal dealing,'.
Uy Stat, fi Geo. 4. c. 80. it is enacted, that any (H'r.wn or persons hawliing, selling, or exposing to sale,
any spirits on the streets, liighways, Hcc, or in any boat or other vessel on the water, or in any place
other than those allowed in this act, sliall forfeit such spirits and KM)/, for every such olfoncc. Any |>er.
son may detain a hawker of spirits, and give notice to a peace otticer to carry the oHender before u
justice.
Hawkers trading without licence arc liable to a penalty of 10/. So also, if thoy refuse to show tlicir
licence on the demand of any person to whom they odor goods for .talc, or on the demand of any justice,
mayor, constable, or other peace olHcer, or any oltirer of the customs or excise, liy 5 Geo. 41 c. til,
hawkers trading; without a licence are punishable as vagrants.
To forge or counterfeit a hawker's licence incurs a penalty of CiOOl. To lend or hire a hawker's licence
subjects lender and bor ower to MU. each, and the licence incomes forfeited. But the servant of a
licensed hawker may tr..' ^'1 with the licence of his master.
Hawkers trading without a licence are liable to be seized and detained by any person who may give
notice to a constable, in order to their being carried before a justice of peace. Constables refusing to
assist in the execution of the act are liable to a penalty of 10/.
Nothing in the act extends to prohibit persons from selling fish, fruit, or victuals ; nor to hinder the
maker of any home manufacture from exposing his goods to sale in any market or fair, in every city,
borough, town corporate, and market town : nor any tinker, cooper, glazier, plumber, harness-mender,
or other person, from going about and carrying the materials necessary to their business.
A siiig/c act of selling, as a parcel of handkerchiefs to a particular pi'rson, is not sutiicicnt to constitute
a hawker within the meaning of the statutes. — (/{f.r v. Little, H. tjl.j.)
By the ;VJ Geo. X c. 108., no person, being a trader in any goods, wares, or manufactures of Great Britain,
and'selling the same by lu/iolcsali; sliall bo deemed a hawker; and all such persons, or tlieir agents,
selling by whulcsale only, shall go from house to house, to any of their customers who sell again by whole-
(wile or retail, without being subject to any of the penalties contained in any act touching hawkers, ped-
lars, and petty chapmen.
No person committeil under these acts for non-payment of penalties can be detained in custody for a
longer period than H months.
Hawkers exposing their goods to sale in a market town, must do it in the market- place.
Persons hawking tea williout a licence are liable to a penalty, under 50 Geo. ,3. c. 41. ; and even though
they had a licence, they would be liable to a penalty for selling tea in an unentered place. — [C/iitti/'n eiiit.
o( Jliirn's ifuntici; vol. ii. p. UIj.)
Anv person duly licensed to trade as a hawker and pedlar may set up any lawful trade in any placa
where he is resident, though he have not served any apprenticeship to the same, and, if prosecuieil, he
may plead the general issue, and have double costs. — (Sec Chilly's eilit. ot'ISurn'n Juftict; vol. ii.
pp. 110;!— 1124)
Tlie hawkers' and pedlars' duty produce 1 in 183.',28,")4'2/. gross revenue; the charges o" collection are
very he.ivy, amounting to b.'tween 5,0(H)/. and (),0(iO/. Whatever, therefore, may be the other advantages
of this tax, it cannot, certainly, be said to be very productive.
HAY (Ger. Hew; Du. Hovi ; Fr. Fuiii ; It. Fie no ; Sp. Heno ; Lat. Fienum), .any
kind of grass, cut and dr'wd for the food of cattle. The business of hay-tnakins; is said
to be better inider.stood in Middlesex than in any other part of the kingdom, Tlie great
object is to preserve the groen tiilour of the grass as much as pos.sible, and to have it
juicy, fresh, and free from all sort of niustines.s.
The sale of hay within the bills of mortality, and SO miles of the cities of London and Westminster, Is
regulated by the act 3ii (Jeo. 3. c. 88. It enacts, that all hay shall he sold by the load of 36 trusses, each
trU'S weiHlnng :'iti lbs., except new hay, which is to weigh ilO Ib.s. till the 4th of September, and allerwards
5fi lbs. only; so that till the 4th ot_Si'p"teinber a load of hay weighs exactly a ton, but thereafter only 18cwt.
The clerk of the market is bound to kee|) a regular book for the inspection of the public, s|H'cilying the
names of the seller, the buyer, the sales.nan, and the price of each load. Salesmen and factors are pro-
hibited from de.ding on their own account.
'I'here are three public markets in the metropolis for the sale of hay and straw ; Whitcchapel, Smithfield,
and the Haymarket. .An act (11 (ieo. 4. c. 14.) has been obtained, for the removal of the market from the
Haymarket to the \ icinity of the Regent's I'ark : but the removal has not yet taken place.
Straw is sold by the load of ,;G trusses, of ;;(i lbs. each, making in all 1 1 cwt. (i4 lbs.
It is altirmeil, we know not with w hat foundation, that considerable frauds are perpetrated in the sale
of liay and straw.
HEMP (Ger. Ilaiif; Du. Heniil/>, Kenti'ip ; Da. Ilamp ; Sw. Hampa ; Fr. Chanvre ;
It. Ciinitpe ; Sp. Citnumn ; litis. Koiuipli, Koiiopel ; Pol. Koiiope) a valuable plant (the
QmiKibis siitica of Linnasns), sui)posed to be a native of India, but long since naturalised
and extensively cultivated in Italy, and many countries of Europe, particularly Russia
and Poland, where it forms an article of jirimary commercial iiniwrtance. It is also
cultivated in diirerent parts of America, though not in such quantities as to supersede
its importation. It is stronger and coarser in the fibre than flax ; but its uses, culture,
and management, are pretty much the same. When grown for seed, it is a very ex-
hausting crop ; but when pulled green, it is considered as a cleaner of the ground. In
this country its cultivation is not deemed profitable ; so that, notwithstanding the en-
couragement it has received from govermnent, and the excellent quality of English
hemp, it is but little grown, except in some i'iivf districts of Suifolk and Eincolnshire.
The quantity raised in Ireland is also inconsiderable. — (London's Enri/c. of Atjricidt.)
Exfceilingly goml huckalmck is made from hemp, for towels and common tablecloths. I.ow-priccd
hempen cloths are a general wear for hu.sbandmen, serv.ints, and labouring manufacturers; the better
sorts for working farmers and tradesmen in the country ; and the finer ones, J wide, are ireferred by
some gentlemen for strength and warmth. They possess this advantage over Irish and other linens, that
their colour improves in weariii?, wiiile that of linen deteriorates. But the great consumption of hemp is
in the manul'acture of sailclnth and conlage, for which puiiioses it is peculiarly fitte<l by the strength of
its fibre. Knglisli hemp, when properly ))repared, is said to be stronger than that of every other country,
Russia not excepted ; and would, therefore, make the best cordage. It is, however, but little used in that
way, or in the making of sailclotli ; being principally made into cloth for the uses already stated.
Hemp has been cultivated in Bengal from the remotest aiiti(iuity,but not, as in Europe, for the purpose
of buing manufactured into cloth and cordage. In the Hindoo economy it serves as a substitute for mall ;
HEMP.
647
a favourite Intoxicating liquor, called banga, being produced from It t Thil, alto, is the use to which it li
applied in Enypt. — iM ilbuni's Orient. Cummcrct; Sic.)
The price of hemp fluctuated very much during the war. In consequence of difficultiea in the way of
its im|)ortation, it stood at a very high level from 1808 to 1814. This was the principal circumstance that
originally brought iron calilcs into Ui-e; and the extent to which they are now intro<luccd, has contributed
materially to diminish the consumption and inipurtation of hemp. — (TuoAc on High and Low Piices, 2d
ed. i>. .')4;>.)
Of .■).;o,S-2() cwt. of undressed hemp imported in 1831, 506,803 were brought from Russia, 9,472 from the
Eaitt Indies. 7,4i'.'3 Iriini Itdly, 2,2(i2 from the I'liilippine Islands, 2,248 Iroin the United Males, and some
Eiiuill quantitirs from a few other places. Tlieiiuly on hemp was reduced, in 1832, from 4s. 8rf. to \tl. per
cwt. ; a reduction whiih, coiisinering the importance of cordage, and other articles made of hemp, cannot
fail to be of very groat advantage.
We borrow tiie foilowiiiK |iarticnlars with respect to the hemp trade of Petersburgh, from the work of
Mr. Uorrisow on the commerce of that city : —
Hemp forms a very important article of export from Petersburgh, and deserves particular notice. U
is assorted, according to its quality, into clean hemp, or firsts ; out shot hemp, or seconds ; ha(f-clean hemp,
or thirds ; and hemp eoiliUa.
Ot tlie first 3 sorts, there are annually exported about 2,(MX),f)00 poods, the greatest part in English and
American bottoms. It is brought to Petersburgh, (rom the interior beyond Moscow, by water ; and its
quality depciuis very much on the country in which it is produced. That brought from Kanitshev is the
best ; next to this, that produced in Helev'; hcmii from Gshatsk is considereil inferior to the Intter.
As soon as the hemp is brought down in the spring, or in the course of the summer, it if oclccted and
made up in bundles; both oiicrations being performed by sworn selectors 'Jnackers and binders appointed
by government for this purpose; and it is a well known fact, that this is done with great impartiality and
exactness.
A bundle of clean hemp weighs from .W to fw poods; ditto out-shot, 48 to 5o ditto; ditto half-clean,
40 to ii> ditto. — (1 pood = oti U)s. avoi'dupois.)
Uinding of hemp is paid for ;it the rate of 2 roulilcs .W copecks lor clean, 2 roubles for in.t-shot, and 1 roulle
60 copecks tor halj-elean, per bundle ; one half is paid by the seller, and the other half by the purchaser,
and is charge d accordingly by their agents.
'I'lie exinnse of selecting hemp is BO copecks per bercovitz (or 10 poods', and is the same for every sort.
To every bundle of assorted hemp is attached a ticket with the names of the selector, binder, and owner,
and the (late and year. Kvery bundle has also aftixed to it a piece of lead, stamped on one side with the
name of the selector, and on the other with the sort of hemp and the time when it was selc<:ted. The
external marks of good hemp arc, its being of an equal green colour and free from spills; but its good
quality is ijnived by the strength of the fibre, which shoiild be fine, thin, and long. The first sort should
lie (|Uite clean and free froni spills ; the out-shut is less .so ; and the halj'-elean contains a still greater por.
tioii ofspill.s, and is moreover of mixed qualities and colours.
As a perfect knowledge of the qualities of hemp and flax can only be acquire<l by experience and
attention, agents usually employ men constantly occupied in this business ; by whiih means they are sure
of getting goods of the best quality, and have the be.-.t chance of giving satisfaction to their principals ;
because, although the hemp is selected by sworn selectors, yet, owing to the quantity of business and the
boeed with which it must be executed, &c., there are often great riiflerences in the same soits. The
eliaigcs are in Ih^s way somewhat increased ; but this is trifling in comparison of the advantage gaineii.
The part separated, or picked out in cleaning hemji, is callcnl hemp codil/a ; it is generally made up in
small bundles of 1 i ood, which are again, when shipped, bound together in large bundles, each consisting
of about :',U small ones.
Particular care must be taken to ship hemp and flax in fine dry weather ; if it get wet, it heats and ig
totally spoiled. For this reason every vessel taking in hem]) or flax is furnished with mats to prevent its
getting damp. Hemp, being light and bulky, is, when stowed, forced into the hold by means of winches,
wliicii renders the operation of loading rather slow.
It may be taken as a general rule, that the prices of hemp are highest in the months of Mav, Juno,
July, and the early p irt of August, the demand for this article being then greatest, and the exportation
to Xoilh America being principally efU'Cted at this season. Again, the prices of hemp are lowest in the
month of .'^eptcnilier ; the reason of which is, that the less opulent hemp merchants return at the end of
this month to their own country, in order to make new purcliases for the ensuing year; and rather than
be (let.iined, sell tlie remainder of their stock some roubles below the market price. '1 his causes a general
decline; although an unusual demand for the article happening at the same time, or political events or
rumours, occasionally produce a contrary eilict. Two large warehouses, called amhares, are built in
I'ctcrsburgh for the special purpose of housing hemp, where the greatest order is observed.
Account of the Total Export of Hemp from Petersburgh during the last Eight Years, specifying the
Quantities exported in liritish, American, and other Foreign Ships.
In Britisli Ships. lAmerican.
Other Foreign Ships.
(Jrand
Total.
Wars.
Clean. |Out-sliot.
Half- Toi.il in llri-' ,,.„,„,
clean. ti»l. snips. 1 ^°"''-
1
Clean. Out-sliot.
1
Half-
clean.
'J'otal in
Foreign
Ships.
182.") l,(i9'-,!'.';2
1826 9H,il.;4
1827 l,(ill,!'31
I82S 1 8.59,7.M
1S29 324,7I!»
18 ;0 481 ,(.00
1831 (lH2,97t)
ISi2 617,237
PMHia.
101,133
73,7.00
3(),9.)9
106,(;98
2I.!,4.VJ
282,(ii;4
2(i2,611
1. -7,1 :").".
r„uu.
ir)4,6.37
iii,ii7r.
166,.;()4
103.744
187,'!.0.")
210,919
27.Mi38
Ptml.%. j /'mx/j.
1,3.^0,232 1 ,3;;6,l.'i2
l,127,fi.')9 1 2l(i,963
) ;ir),194 288,700
l,0f;9,(;01 1 292,6;>2
(>.J;),7.>4 i l,;9,;'i67
i'02,04.3 1 74,221
l,0!i6,.0()6 1 277,881
l,ll.".8,0,'>() ,3;:^,482
i'lMP(/.T. PtHuU,
104,144 14(;,!'41
18r),643 186,l(o
l6i-,!'« iH,\r,r,
192,.- ((2 ' j.io.iai
.■;8.947 i 94,937
4,3,481 ' 1.07,6'.'9
21,481 1 81,498
02. ."M) ]2o,';o;i
P,mI:
99,04,';
i2.'i,i,;o
K8,i.99
128,822
1(8,311
1(.49.")0
.17,109
229,961
i'ci,;..,
a"iO,i3o
4!(i,878
4(9,817
471,2.54
242,18;->
;.0ti,l,50
ItiO.OfS
4J.;0H
Pixidt.
2,041,.5H
1,84 !,.':(«
1,9I.;,711
1,833,.5()1
1,01.5,496
1, .323,424
I, ■34,47.5
1 8:'.5..5,56
Sixtv |)()ods of hemp and 40 poods of cedilla make a last at Petersburgh ; 63 poods make an English ton.
— (pp.47 -r.2,)
Riga lion p fetches a higher price that than of Pcter.sburgh. It is divided into 3 sorts : viz. rein, rhino,
or clean, out-shot, and pass hemp. The following are the prices of hemp, duty paid, as quoted in the
London markets, December, 1833 : —
Hemp, East India, tl. p.
Petersburg!!, clean
out-shot
half-clean
Riga rhiiie
C 1' t
£ s.
rf. je s.
rf.
Oto
per ton
25 10
— 26
_
24
0—24 10
—
21
— 21 10
—
29 ()
0-0
-
111-
I '!■
It
i
\! . i
i;i iM
m \
wsm
> r
Si' *
648
HEMP-SEED. — HERRINGS.
We subjoin a statement of the various charges on the exportation of hemp from Peiersburgh, and on
its imi>ortation into this country.
Clean Hemp. — 1 bundle — 63 pottils = 1 ton.
Dutv, 3 rou. GO coji. per bPrcovUz
Adaititmal iluty, lo per i ent.
Quuraniine duty, 1 per cent.
Custom-house charses, 4 per cent.
Htcfivin^', weighing, uiul sliippinR, 3| rou. per
bundle
Bracking, .'iO cop. per ht-rcovUz
Uit'din^, 'KJ cop. per ditto
Lighter.ijje and attendance to Cronstadtt 8 rou. per
Itumilu
Rebindin^, 2\ rou. per hundte, ^ charged
Brokera^fi GU cup. per ton
H
tti.
-op.
.
Ti
(.S
.
■^
27
•
•it
n
•■ta
17
1
1
3
7.'>
.
3
l.'j
-
'i
4li
S
n
.
1
12
-
(jO
n.
4J
32
Brokerage, J per cent.
CoTllmis.^ion and extra charRes, 3 per cent.
Stamjis on ilrafis, ^ i)er cent.l , ,,, ,.
Brokerage, i per Lciit. ^t V'-'^
IT cent.
Cli.irgc's of importation per ton,takinK the price at <)0/. per ton
L.
«•
</.
Insurance, sav 1/., and pol
•■y
.
■
10
6
Kri-i^lil, .'j^v. \nt. per ion
.
- 2
12
b
( iist-ini^ .mil Kub^ia tiucs
-
.
- 4
13
H
L.iiMiing rliar^es
-
.
■
H>
St'uiid ilue.i
■
-
■
a
U
Discount, 3^ per cent.
.
.
- 1
lU
U
Urokerage
•
•
-
4
U
Per ton.
t. 10
6
8
fn the above calculation, no a'lowance is made for damage;
which, if care lie takt^n to select a uood vessel and an early
seasoii, does not amount to nnich. The cstiinales aie nearly
the lowest rates of charge, 'i'he insurance, indeed, is some.
times as low as 12a. fill, per cent., atul policy. That, however,
is oidy in tt]e very earliest part of the season ; it rises to 6/.
per cent, in th(f .autunni.
Oui'iUot tiemii, — 1 bundle => G3 poods •=» 1 tun.
Hon, cop.
Fixed charges - • - • 46 II
Ulher I barges same.
halj-dtun Hemp — 1^ bundle = C3 poods = 1 ton.
Halt. cop.
Fixed charges . - - - 4a 71
' (Jihcr ch.irg'/s same.
Hemp the produce or manufacture of Europe may not bo imported into the Uiiilcd Kim^dom for home
consumption, except in Uritish ships, or in ships of the cDiiiitry of >vliicli it is the produce, or from
which it is iinptirted, under penalty of forfeiting the same and 100/. by tlie niastei- of the ship. —
(3 & 4 fViV. 4. c. :>i. I) 5 2. and '2'2.)
Hi-.MP vMami.la;, cmmuDnly called Manilla white rope. Jlr. Crawfurd gives the followinR account of
this article : — " Of the wild banana, oni? kind uV«,vn ti:r/ilis) grows in vast alniiulance in some of the
most northerly of the .spiie islands. In the great island of Miniiaiiao, in the l'liili|)piiies, it tills exten-sive
forests. From the lihrmis hark or epidermis is manufactured a kind of cloth, in Ireiiiitnt use among the
natives. It also afliirds the material of the most valuable coriliige which the iiidigciious products of the
Archiiielago yield. 'J'his is known lo our traders and navigators under the name of Manilla rope, and is
equally ;ipplicable to cables, and to st.mihng or running rigging." — Ilisf. <>/ Arc/ii/irliifio, vol. i. p. 412.)
HiCMP ilMilw;, or ir.N.v. This consists of the libre ol the C(('/ti/n)/«//,;/ciV(, a totally (lilli'rent plant
from the cainmhis snlica, which, as already stated, is never used by the Hindoos lor cloth orcoiilage.
riunn is grown in various p'aces of Hindostan. The strongest, whitest, and most durable species is iiro-
duced at CoinercoUy. During those periods of the late war when the intercourse with the lialtic was
interrupted, and hemp bureau enormous jirice, large (]uantltii's of sunn were impuvted ; but the libre being
comparatively weak, the article was not f luml toanswer, and the importation has since been discontinued.
— {Mitbiun's Uiicnt. Cuimitricc -, piivutc iiij'orntation.)
HEMP-SEED (I'V. Clienevis, Chvnevi ; Ger. Ilaiifsmii ; It. Cannapiiccia ; Lat. Semen
cannnhiiium ; llus. Koiiopljaiioe Senija), the seed of Iieinj). The best liemp-seed is that
which is briglitest, and will not l)reak when rubbed. It is ii.sed eitlier as .seed, or tor
crur.hing for oil, or as food for fowls. Being loaded with a duty of 21, per quarter, it is
but little imported into this country.
HERRINGS, AND HERRING FISHERY. The herring ( CT";jea harenfjm of
LiniKtus) is a fish too well known to require any description. It is every where in high
esteem, botli when fresh and- wlien salted.
" Herrings arc found from the highest northern latitudes yet known, as low as the
northern coasts of Erance. Tliey are met witli in vast shoals on the coast of America
as low as Carolina. In Chesajieake 13ay is an annual inundation of those fish, wliicli
cover the sliore in such quantities as to become a nuisance. We find them again in the
seas of Kamtschatka ; and probably they reach Japan. The great winter rendezvous of
the herring is within the Arctic circle : there they continue for many months, in order to
recruit themselves at'ter the fatigue of spawning; the seas within that space swarming
with in.sect food in a .'ar greater degree than those of our wTlnner latituties. This mighty
army begins to put itself in motion in spring. They begin to a))])ear oil" the Shetland
Isles in Ay)ril .-md IVIay. These are only the forerunners of the grand shoal, which
comes in June ; and their ap])carance is marked by certain signs, such as the numbers
of birds, like gannets and others, which follow to prey on them : but when the main
body approaches, its l)readtli and de])th is sncli as to alter the ajipearance of tlie very
ocean. It is divided into distinct columns of 5 or G miles in length, and 3 or 4 in
breadth ; and they drive tlie water l)efore them, with a kind of rippling. Sometimes they
sink for the space of 10 or 15 minutes, and then rise again to the surface; and in fine
weather reflect a variety of splendid colours, like a field of the most precious gems.
" The first clieck tliis army meets in its march southward, is from the Shetland Isles,
which divide it into two parts : one wing takes to the east, the otiicr to the western shores
of Great Britain, and fill every bay and creek with their numbers : tlie former proceed
towards Yannouth, the great and ancient mart of herrings ; they then pass through the
British Channel, and after that in a manner disappear. Those which take towards the
west, after offering themselves to the IIel)rides, where the great stationary fishery is,
proceed to the north of Ireland, wliere they meet with a second interruption, and are
obliged to make a second division : the one takes to the western side, and is scarcely
perceived, being soon lost in the immensity of the Atlantic; but the other, that passes
into the Irish Sea, rejoices and feeds the inhabitants of most of the coasts that border on
it. These brigades, m we may call them, which are thus separated from the greater
if;(
M
HERRINGS AND HERRING FISHERY.
64-9
columns, arc often capricious in their motions, and do not show an invariable attachment
to their haunts.
" This instinct of migration was given to the herrings, that thoy might deposit their
spawn in warmer seas, that would matiu'e and vivify it nion- assuredly than those of the
frozen zone. It is not from defect of food that they set themselves in motion ; for they
come to us full of fat, and on their return are almost universally ohserved to l)e lean and
miserable. What their food is near the pole, we are not yet informed ; hut in our seas
they ficd much on the oiiisciis murinits, a crustaceous insect, and sometimes on their own
fry.
" They are full of roe in the end of June, and continue in perfection till the I)eginning
of winter, wlien they deposit their spawn. The young herrings begin to ai)|)roaeh the
shores in July and August, and are then from \ an inch to 2 inches long. 'I'liough ".-c
have no particular authority for it, yet, as very t'i:v,' young lierrings are found in our seas
during winter, it seems, most certain that tliey must return to their jfarental haunts
beneath the ice. Some of the old herrings continue on our coast the whole year." —
(^Peunant'n firitish Zimlmiy.)
The herring was unknown to the ancients, being rarely, if ever, found within the Me-
diterranean. The Dutch are said to have engaged in the fishery in 1 10'4. 'I'lie invention
of pickling or salting herrings is ascribed fo one Ik'ukels, or Heukelson, of liiervliet,
near Sluys, who dii-d in 1:597. The emperor Charles V. visited his grave, and ordered
a magnilicent tomb to be erected to his memory. Since this early ))erio(i, the Dutch
have uniformly maintained their ascendancy in the herring fishery, but, owing to the
Reformation, iuid the relaxed observance of Lent in Catlioiie countries, the demand for
herrings \\\>on the Continent is now far less than in the fourteenth and fifteenth centinies.
Iinpnrfn»cc cf the llci ring I'islieri/. Prngirsn of it in Great flritnni I'licre is, ])(>rhaps, no l)raiuh of
inclii>tiy, tlio iiiiiKitlance of which lias been so iiuich ovcr.iati'd as tliat ol' the herriiif; li>hi'ry. I'lo- iiiino
than 'i ct'iitiirirs, coiripany after toitipaiiy h.is 1)0imi foiincd for its prosi'cutioii, tiOiiiif; villiigc* hnvt' Ijcon
built, picr^ coiistiiicti'd, Hoards and ri'j;iilalioiis rstal.lislipd, i.nd va.-.t sums cxpciidi'd \n liiniiities, ami \vt
the li>lu'ry remains in a very tVelile ;'.ii(i iiidiealijiy state. The false estimates tliat have lieeii lonK eiirn nt
with re>^pi-ct to the extent and value of the Uotih hirriiif; li.-heiy, ci.ntriliMtcd more, perhaps, than any
thnig else, to the formation of exasrijerateil notions of the iiii)ortan<'e of tliisl)iisiiie-s. 'I'hit the Ho! aiiders
proseentcd it to a greater extent, and with far jireater sinetss, than any otlier jienjile, is, im eeil, most
true. Tliere is not, JK/w-ever, the >liailinv of a (.'roohil for liel ei ii'j? li'at ihcy ever eniployed, as has nltiii
been stated, nl)out +j(),(.0l) individuals in the lishery ai:<l the trnploymeits immeiiialelv Md,^elvienl to it.
We question whether they ever en. iiliived so many as ;'JI),I;( l(. At the time wlieri tlie Dutch carrii'd on
the ti>hcry to the greatest extent, tin- entire population of the .Seven United Provinces did not certa nly
exceed 2,i(lh,(rti(); and deciuelini; a half for women, and from a lialf to two thirdsof the remaininj; 1,2 I'.l/O
for boys and old men, it would tollow, aciordinj,' to the statement in (inestiim, tl at every ahU'-bodu'd man
in Holland must have been en^aned in the herring fishery.' It is asfonishint,' how su; h ridiculously
exaggerated accounts ever obtained any circulation ; and still more so, that they sliouUI have been rcfencd
to and (pioted, without, apparently, any doubt being ever entertained of their authenticity, (!own to fjur
own tunes! * Had they been silted evir so little, their falsehi oil would have been obvious ; ami we slimild
have saved many hundreds of thousands of pounds that have been thrown a-,vay in attemj ting to rival
that which never existei .
It would he impossible, within the limits fo which this article must heronfined, to give ,Tny detailed
account of the various attempts that have been made at ditlerent periods to encourage and l)olsf(r n]) the
herring fishery. In 17+'', in pursuance of a recianmendaiion in his AIajesf> 's speech at the (.pening of
parlianu'iit, and of a report ol a eoiumittee of the Honseof Commons, .'iliD.tilKV. was suliscritied Im carrying
on the fisheries, under a corpor.ition cdleH " 'I he Socii ty <pf the Iree lirifi>h Ii>herv." '1 he I'rii.ce of
Wales was chosen governor ol the Society, which was patronised bv men of the lir.-.t r.itik ami lortui e in
the state. Hut this .Society did tiot trust entirely fo its own elhirts for success. 'J he did.es were rt mittcd
upon the Salt used in the tisheiies; and besides tnis reasonable encouragement, a high tonnage lounly
was granted upon every buss lifted out for the dei p sea fishi ry. In cotisetiuence, many vessels were sent
out, as Dr. Sinith has truly stated, not fn eiitch heriings, l)ia to cii/c/i ///<• /ii,iiii/i/ i and to such an extent
was this abuse carried, that in I" '!', when the tottnage bounty was ."( .v., the ainuist ineiedible sum of
l.")i)/. Is. t]il. was paid as bounty ii/kih cvrri/ /nine/ i>f meic/ia)ilahlc lirrriiijiS t/iiil mis prodiicfri ! — i Wcii/t/i
qf Nat inns, vol. iii. p. ,'3S(i. M'Cti/lnc/i's lh\.) I Jut, notwithstanding this em ouragcment, such was the waste
and inistnanagemeut of the Company's aHiiirs, tliat it was speedily destroyed. JDr. Simth says, that in IVy-l
hardly a vestige rcmainul of its having ever been in exi>tenco
I5uf, notwiih>taTiding this iil success, a new eom|ianv w.is formed, for nearly the same ohjectf, in 17S(),
of which licnrge II I. was patron. It has had nearly the same fate. " I"or a season or two, busses were
fittetl out by the society ; but if every herring caught bad carried a ducat in its mouth, the expense of its
capture would scaieely have been repaid. The bubble ended by the society lor tishing in the deep se.i
becoming a kind of building society, tor purchasing ground in situations where eurers and fishermen find
it convenienf to settle, and selling or letting it in sm:'ll lots to them, at such advance of price a- yields
something better than fishing proiifs," — .See an excellent article on the Herring Fis/icri/ in the Uth
Number of the (itiarterlii Jimriinl of Jaricit/line.)
In 181)8, a fresh attempt w.is mad< tor the iin|irovement and extension of the fishery. The act 48 Cien. %
ers for the suiierintendeiice of all matters connected with the
of eonnni
established a distinct set
fishery, and authorised them fo a|ipor.t a sulHcieiit nuinlicr of fishery ofticers, to he stationed at the dif-
ferent ports, whii>e duty is to see that the vaiious regnlal'ons with respect to the gutting, parking, \c of
the herrings, and the branding of the band-, aredidy earned info efli'ct. In IHIP, a bounty of '/.per ton
was granted on all vessels employed in the deep sea herring fishery, of above tiO tons burden, Iiut payable
only on Kit) tons ; and in 18-.'0, a boiinly of L'O.v per tmi, which, under cer'ain .specified eirenmsfances,
might be increased fo .'iO.s'., was granted on all vessels of fVom lu to till tons, fitted out lor flic shore herring
fishery; and, exclusively of these honnties on the tonnage, a bounty of 'J.v. a barrel was allowed on all
herrings cured gutted during the (i years ending the oth of Ai)ril, 181 ">, and a bounty oi '.'.v. Yit. a. bariel
• They socm to have been first set forth in a treatise ascribed to Sir Walter Raleigh ; and, what is very
singular, they were admitted by De Witt info his excellent work, the True Interest of Ho/'aiid. They
have been implicitly adopted by Mr. Harrow, in the article Fisheries in the Supplemrnt to the Encyclo.
ptedia Britannica.
H I
I ,'
\- i'':l;
■ u
>i\
.i .:
;• I
li. n
m ii
4 11
(■; '!
ly
650
HERRINGS AND HERRING FISHERYvi
d\
f^* rJ
? mi
Ml
on their exportation, whether cured gutted or ungutted. During the 11 years ending the 5th of April,
18ii6, the bounty on herrings cured gutted was 4.v. a biirrel.
It is state<l in the article already ri'tVrred to, that the co«t of a barrel of cured herrings is about Ifis. ;
the half going to the tishernian for tlie green Hsli, the other half to thecurer for l>arrel, salt, and labour.
'J'he bounty of 4s. a barrel was, therefore, equal to An// the value of the hi'rrings as sold by the tisherman,
and to uncfimrl/i of their value as sold by the curer! In coii^equunco of this forced system, the fishery
Wis rapidly increased. The following statement, extracted from tlie Hcpurl nf thf Covimissiuncrs of the
Fishery Board, dated 1st of October, IS JO, shows tl)e progress it has made since L'-OQ : —
Abstract of the Total Quantity of White Herrings cured, branded for Bounty, and exported, in so far
as the same have been brought under the Cognisance of the OHIcers of the Fishery, troin the 1st
of June, ISOli, when the System hitherto in force for the Kucouragement of the Hritish Herring
Fishery took place, to the .Oth of April, 18 JO; distinguishing each Year, and the Herrings cured (iutted,
from those cured Ungutted. — {Pari. I'apcr, No. 51. Sess. 18jO; and Papers published by the Board of
Trade, Hart I.)
Total Quantity of Herrings
Tol;il
Quantity of
Total Quantit.v of Herrings
Perioils.
curtd.
Hcrrinj;!'
branded lor
llounly.
liarrtU.
exported.
(llitleil.
IJnL'Ulteil. T.ilal.
. (lUtttd. l'ni;utte<l.
Trial.
liantU.
Itaritls. lian-ds.
Utintls. liurriU.
tiun-tis.
Period extending from
1st of!
i
1
June, 1809, to 5th of April, \
42,548
47,ti371 y0,185»
34,701
n,0ii3i 24,784^
35,848
1810
-J
1
i
1 Year ended 5th of April,
1811 -
c,:>,m)
2ii,;i!)7i 9 1,827 J
55,t;t)2i
18,880 1!),2.;..3
,"58,133
1
1812 -
72„-.ir.4
J9,(ili4 lll,51!)i
fi.i,."i87J l.').J,4S8|
5H,.l,iO
27,5()4 35,25t)
02.820
1813 -
8!.',!MX)J
70,027^
40,looJ t)<l,(i'.'5
109,725i
'
181+ -
.0'-',!).JU
57,'ill ll(),54.i
38,18^
.•;4,!I2!) 83,474}
II8,40;|
181". -
ll!5,;57-'i
54,707 IfiO.Mii^
83,37()
t)8,!) ,8 72,3i)7t
141,,:0-,i
181(i -
l.)5,!l.sl
2(),()70t 1()2,()51J
3fi,5ii7» l!i2,.>4,;i
iio,4;fi
8l,.044J 2(),143i
lo7,(i8S
1817 -
!.'>5,77<)
140,018^
115,48'ii 2.3,148
1,38,1128}
INIS .
21IK'-^70i
2;;,4'Jiij 227,<i!)l
lS:;,(/h9|
I48,147i I4,l!i2
lli2,,i-i'j
181!) -
■■il).;,777i
•n.iliii 310,8! 14
270,022*
212,-.0li 14,8tJ(lJ
227,11)2
18-JO -
.•i47,'-!!(l|
,:5,;jul ,'3s2,4!'lJ
.'iii'i,700.i
24»,0!'t; ' 9,420
2,")3,5ir,
18i>I -
41.v>0K
•-'8,8875 442, 195^
3t);,872
2S!>,445J 1 5,3(iO
2!)4.80.")i
I8-."-' -
2!)l,tiJ(;.i
24,8!l7J ,Sl(),.">42i
a)3,20.).i
212,8!H)i 2,06;")i
214,950"
18il'5 -
'-'2."),0J7
2.i,8,;2 248,8.;:)
2o;,iio
lli!i,459J 985i
170,415
18-'4 -
,').).), l.)0
.'■)(),74i)5 ;>)'.', 1<)02
2!)!),ti.Jl
2.;8,.505i ■ 1,125
23!),(i.;oi
182.1 -
.;i ),;,.■ J!)7
41,2 «i 347,(ilvJi
270,844J
201,8824 134
202,0Ui|
18Jii -
.1411,118
;i!),115J 37!),2.>,)J
2<)4,422i
217,053i 20
217,0731
1^27 -
2.>!i,17H
2<),.-;24 2S8,4:)5i
2J3,(>0(i
l(i5,74l 1 ()i;5
lii(>,4llfi
1828 -
.■j.;!i..;iii)
fiO,418 ;;9!),778
27!',3I7^
210,7fit; ' 8!'3
211,059
182!) -
.!(K),242J
55,737 3.-.5,!)7!l*
2,31,827
202,8 13i 3,(ifi2
205,875j
18;>i) -
28(),<l,!,;i
48,()23l 32<),,5');
2 18,418 J
177,771) 3,878i
181,6541
18 il -
.■>71,()Oti
r)8,274 43<).:;7()
237,085
2(!ii,97fi 3,927 2ri4,<K»3
On looking at this Table, it is seen that the fishery made no progress luider the new system till 181.5,
when the bounty was rai^ed to 4.v. This is a siilticient proof of the factitious and unnatural state of the
business. Its extension, under the circumstances in question, instead of aflording any proof of its being
in a ri'ally flourishing condition, was distinctly the reverse. Individuals without capital, hut who obtained
lo.in,; siifiicii'nt to enable them to acquire boats, barrels, salt, &c. on the credit of the bounty, entered in
v.ist numbers into the trade. The market was most coiniiionly glutted with lisli ; ami yet the temptation
held out by the li'niity caused it to be still further ovcrloadeil. (ireat injury was con.sequently done to
tho<e fish curers v. ho possessed cauital ; .and even t]tL\iishir/i/eii were injured by the system " IMost of
the boats employed in the fishcry-^ever touch the water but during ti weeks, from the middle or end of
July to the middle of September. They are owned and sailed, not by regular fishermen following that
vocation only, but by tradesmen, small farmers, f'arm.servants, and other landsmen, who may have sulfi.
cient skill t,> inaiiage a boat at that season, but who do not follow the sea except for the li weeks of the
herring fishery, w' en they go upon a kind of gambling speculation, of earning a twelvemonth's income
by (i weeks' work." — ■ (inarlcrlii Joiirnal. No. 11. p. Imj)
It has been often .said, in vindication of the bounty system, that by extending the fishery it extended an
important nursery I'orseMiien ; but the preceding statement shows that such has not been its effect. On the
contrary, it has tended to depress the condition of the ger.uine fisherman, by bringing a ho.st of interlopers
into the field ; and it lias also been prejudicial to the little farmers and tradesmen, by withdrawing their
attention from their peculiar business, that they may embark in what has hitherto been little less than a
sort of lottery adventure.
These consequences, and the increasing amount of the sum i)aid for bounties, at length "uiuced the
Bovernment to adopt a ditl'erent system ; and by an act passed in 1825, the bounty of 2,s-. 8rf. on exported
herrings was in.tde to cea.se ni 1820, and l.<. was anmially deduced from the bounty of 44-. a barrel paid on
gutted herrings, till it ceased in lS3i). Time has not yet been artbrded to learn the full effect of this
measure. We. however, have not the slightest doubt that it will be most advantageous. The fore.
goMig Table shows, th.it though the quantity of herrings taken r.nd exported in 1829 and 1830 fell off,
there was a material increase in 1831. This is the mtne encouraging, as there can be little doubt that
the supply will henceforth be proportioned to the real demand ; while the genuine fishermen, and those
curers wlio have capital of their oivn, will no longer be injured by the competition of landsmen, and of
persons trading on capital furnished by government. '
The repeal of the salt laws, and of the duty on salt, which preceded the repeal of the bounty, must be
of signal service to the fishery. It is true that salt used in the fisheries was exempted from the duty ; but,
in order to ]irev<rnt the revenue from being defrauded, so many regulations were enacted, and the diffi-
culties and penalties to which the fishermen were in consequence sidijected were so very great, that .some
of them chose rather to pay the duty upon the salt they made use of, than to undertake compliance with
the regulations.
It is much to be regretted, that when government repealed the bounty, it did not also abolish the
" Fishery Hoard," and the officers and regulations it Imd appointetl and enacted. So long as the bounty
existed, it was quite proper that those who claimed it should be sulijected to such regulations as govern,
ment chose to enforce; hut now that it has been repealed, we .see no reastm whatever why the fishery
should not be made perfectly free, and every one allowed to prepare his herrings as he thinks best. It is
said, indeed, that were there no inspection of the fish, frauds of all sorts would be practised : that the
barrels would 1)6 ill made, ami of a delicient size; that the fish would not bo iiroi)erly packed ; that the
bottom and middle of the barrels would be filled with bad ones, and a few goiKi ones only placed at the
top; that there would not be a sulllcieney of pickle, &c. But it is obvious that the reasons alleged in
vindication of the official inspection kept up in the herring fishery, might be alleged in vindication of a
similar inspection in almost every other branch of industry. It is, in point of fact, utterly useless. It is
•n attempt, on the part of government, todo that for their'subjccts, which they can do far better for thom.
HIDES.
651
;-,!..
selves. Supposing the ofHcl.Hl inspcrtion wore put an end to, the inerchantt and others who buy herrings
of the curers would themselves infpect the barrels : and while any attempt at fraud by the curers would
thus he effectually obviated, they would be left at liberty to prepare their herrings in any way that they
pleased, without being compelled, as at i)re.ient, to follow only one system, or to prepare tish in the same
way for the tables of the poor as for lliiise of the rich. So far, indeed, is it Irom being true that
the inspection system tends to (lut down tri kery, that there is much reason to think that its eHect is
directly the reverse. The survfillaiirc exercised by the othcers is any thing but strict ; and the otiieial
bniiiii is often attixed to barrels wliiib, were it not for the ui.iieserved eontidence that is too lrii)uently
placed ill ii by the unwary, would lie on the curer's hands. It is rather a security against the detection
of tr.iuil, than again>t its existence.
The grand object of the herring tishery " Board ' has been to enforce such a system of curing as would
biiiig liritish herrings to a level with those of the Duich. In this, however, they have completely
failed; Dutch herrings generally fetching double, and sometimes even three times the price ol liritish
lien ings in every market ot Kurope. Neither is this to be wondered at. 'I'he consiiiners ot Dutch her.
ring,', are the inhabitants of tho Netherlands and of the (jerinan towns, who use them rather as a luxury
than as an article of food, and who do not grudge the price that is necessary to have them in the finest
order. The consumers of British herrings, on the other hand, are the negroes of the We.st Indies, and
the poor of Ireland and Scotland. Cheapness is the iirinie requisite in the estimation of such per^ons ;
ami nothing can be more entirely absurd, than that a public Hoard ihoiild eudeavour to foice the fish
curers to adopt such a system in the preiiaration of herrings as must infallibly raise their price beyoiul
the means of those by whom they are bought. Why should not the t.iste of the consumers he consulted
as imich in this a> in any thing else 'f It would not be more ridiculous to attempt to lave all chi'cse made
of the same richness and flavour us Stilton, than it is to attempt to bring up all herrings to the standard
of the Dutch.
We do, therefore, hope that a speedy end maybe put to this system; and that our legislators and
patriots will cease to torment themselves with schemes lor the improvement of the fisheries, 'I'lie very
best thing they can do for tliem is to let them alone. It is not a business that requires any sort of adven.
titious encouragement. Every obstacle to the easy introduction of fish into I.omlon and other places
oii.nht certainly to be removed; but all direct interferences with the fishery are sure to be in the last
degree pernicious.
Of the lSl,ti')+ barrels of herrings exported from Great Britain in tho year cniling the 5tli of April,
lS"3(),8!',tiS() went to Ireland, liV.tiTii to places out of Europe (chiefiy the West Indies}, and i.'-i,oli2 to places
in Europe other than Ireland.
HIDES ((Jer. Huntc; Du. Huhkn ; Fr. Puiitix; It. Ciinjit; Sp. Pellejos, Piehs; Rus.
Kos/ii), .sijj;nit'y, generally, the skitis of beasts; but the tenn is more particularly applied
to those of large cattle, such as bullocks, cows, horses, &c. Hitles are raw or green;
that is, iti the state in which they arc taken off the carcase, or dressed with salt, alum,
and sahpetre, to prevent them from putrefying; or they are cured or tanned. The iiides
of South America are in the highest repute, and v.tst quantities of them are annually im-
ported into Great Britain. Large quantities are also imported from various parts of the
Continent ; and from Morocco, the Cape of Good Hope, &c.
! K
H^
t I
!«il'
An Account of the Weight of the Hides imported into the United Kingdom in each of the Seven Years
ending with lS,i'^ and the Uevcnue annually derived from the same ; specifying the Countries whence
the Hides were imported, with the (Quantities brought from each.
Countrie-i from which
)]ll|'i>)tC(.l>
ISiiG.
1S27.
1S28.
1829.
1 s,-ii.
Cni. iirn.thx
1831.
is.
1S3
2.
Vntaiined Hides.
(til. 11
r ,,.«,!.
C.t. 7
i:i.llw.
Crrt. qrs.Uis.
Vtit' 'ir.i.llis
Or/, ifrs.
Ctrl. 1
IS /lis.
Russia
5,1 '^6
1 7
14,792
3 2
11,481
2 2;
17, IS!) (
22,. 45 1 (
10,262 2
'i'i
8,771
16
Sv.edeii and Norway
.
7
15
3
5
1 (
101 21
3S 1
26
7S
26
Deiim.irk
O.m'i
,l' 3
12,01!)
14
12,.3,3H
3 ».
4,!I04 1 1
2,176 1 6
9,112 1
II
7,2,-,6
(1 il)
IVussiii -
ii.in
9
2,074
3 27
6,T75
3 15
2,015 2 21
3,(l!iS 2 11
635 1
IK
107
21
(Jtrinanv
14,'^l:0
2 23
33,3SG
2 22
3H,,3.35
1 23
23,353 3 2,-
3 ,914 1 11
23 ..^ll 2
il
1S,S0I
-d-
liiiiLil Netherlands •
l',i,717
3 24
21, A IS
27
27,289
3 2
19,10,! 2 21
23,966 1 4
19,468 3
15
11,815
3 11
Friiue
iU'i
8
182
16
'
I'oriutrnI, Madeira,
and the A/iires
USS
1 7
.
-
13
1 19
-
.
,
110
15
Spain and the Canaries
1
2 22
.
-
.
*
.
.
30 2
6
(tiltraltar
2,0(0
2
1 9
2 13
1,259
2 22
1,232
1 7
1,808 1 4
1,.352 27
1,781
17
1,051
IC
(liily • - ■
'liirkev
i,n,-,s
..
.
.
342 fi
2,250 12
4,7St 1
n
4
2 22
Afiira^ viz. ^Morocco
10,SU5
t ti
668
17
3
•i i
61 15
.
60
Sierra I.eoiie and
coast to t'ape of
Ouod Hope
1,228
2 9
3,1 1 1
1 27
2,875
2 17
3,696 2 25
.3,334 2 18
3,502 1
6
3,575
2 27
Cajie uf (itn)d Hope
and KasU'rn ci'ast
7,520
3 27
12,207
1 3
12,963
1 20 15,814 22
19,957 1 21
16,900 I
,j
1.3,193
3 M
East Indies (ij ciiidin^
Ihe .^I.ln^■.tin^)
2,375
8
1,111
1 25
3,322
3 12 3,605 1 19
5,; 04 10
3,3V>
5
10,739
26
New Souih Wales
and Van Diemin's
Land
MS
2 16
1,167
1 7
1,112
3 1 .3,161 1 10
.3,945 13
5,662
11
e,71D
i 1
SoutliSea I>lands and
Southern Fi^lurv -
3
o 18
4
15
3 12 5 2 15
.
. ,
28
2 12
British Nnvih Ameri-
Cim coloines
2,1!)2
1
1,092
2 2n 1,.'J1S
1 22 973 3 24
1,0,'.2 2 6
515 2 25 1
309
3 11
Rrili-h \Ve-,t Indies -
3,77.'-.
2 27
4,23S
1 13 4 ,,'.37
24 2,922 2 25
2,622 3 2
2,408 3
6
1,807
2 16
Foreign do.
17.T
1 11
62
1 15 vol
3 23 13 2 15
S6 2 8
,',0 3
r. S. ot' America
12,162
3 26
11,519
7' 19,627
3 11 20,162 3 7
16,030 26
4,206 1
13
12,316
15
.Mt'XKO
2,174
21 73
26, 67 2 2
3,9,6 2 17
1.53 1
2
1 ,4i'8
1 2
(iuateinaia
.
I
1 ,326
2 4 446
8 49 8
.
2.39
Cnlomhia
651
3 12
1,11.-. 1
1 'JO 1,451
2 21 1,107 2 24 1,242 IS'
250
3
289
1 20
Hrr/i!
16,124
i 22
12,912
2 11 23,517
3 17 3,207 1 11,258 2 19
1.3,'^)-1 1
9
17,767
1 3
stiites of the Rio de
1 1 1
It I'lata
79,027
11
5,59S
3 IS
40,6115
3 9156,049 3 is'l74,422 10
146,008 2
II
65,643
4
Chili
7.!119
1 19
6,366
2 15
11,266
' 3! 3,434 3 15] r>,\\l 3 26
4,0!16 1
1 ..
1 ,253
2 2
I't-ru
2,011
3 13
9l4
3 7
1,726
1 17 2,,332 3 22 3,817 2 8
553 4
8
2,038
1 27
(iiiernsey, Jersey, Al-
deniey', and Man,
foreign
l.V)
1 9
2S4
1 r.
134
2 7 10 1 22
.
504 I
6
452
1 2
Do. do. produce of
36 N
0.
US
2 14
."7
3 27, •
-
8 1
502
Total
ami! IS No.
and 1S2 No. !
121 No.
and 163 N(
>,
2
101,21,1
3 21
152,1,11
1) 15 225,975
3 15 2S6,116 3 13.3,30,773 21
,i7 1,477 3
186,982
3 3
aiul 36 No.
anil 9S .So. and 182 No. . | aiiU 121 No.
ami 163 No. |
*-i
!'
m^ i
I. ,1
Ii
[i,|.i r
[I \'
652
u
i' f : !l
I ■
»
,■;
J
i
1 ;■
1
1;,
HOGSHEAD. — HONEY.
An Account of the Weight of the Hide» imported — cw/Znued.
for
The rijffs of riiiti/ cm the liiiles imported during the above years were the same as those now charged ;
r whicli, see Tauifi.-.
Amount
of Duty received on Foreign and Colonial Hides.
r
Untanned hides
Tanned do.
Total
IS'^6.
/,. J. </.
■.;l,l'il 11 r,
1,717 n 1
1827.
IS'28.
1S29.
18,"iO. 1 18.TI.
1832.
/,. .. ,/.
21,212 2 <J
1,17<I 1.1 2
r.. n. J.
W.7,i» ill .-
■i,'il<J H
Wy'MI 7 ."
/.. .7. ,/.
.-il.SIl 1.0 (J
■^,.01'.; 1 4
.■57,3.),- 16 4
/,. t. <l.
.i7,.-)7n II s
■2,.1S,S 'i 8
L. .1. </. ' L. a. d.
4'>,.'i.1S 18 6 .T^.Slt ;i 8
l,.-i,-)7 I'i G l,(i.-,7 2 3
.T.l,7fi7 It 1 4.1,876 11 S.VSl 11 11 l!.0,41'i 15 11 |
His M.ijcsty is .niitlinrii'e.'i to prohibit, by iirnclamation or order in council piil)lishoil in the London
Gaxrt/t\ the importation of any hides or sl<ins, horns or hoofs, or any other part of any cattle or l)ca»t, in
order to prevent any contagious distemper from being brouglit into the kingdom. _ ^3 & 4 Wii/. +. c. 52
Hides and skins paying duty by weifjl.t, may be delivered from the bonded wareliouses, on the parties
entering an average' weiglit, due caie l.eing taken that tlie lockers actu.dly ret.dly and reweigli the
hides and skins on ilelive'v ; and in tlio case of delivery tor exportation, to express in cait iKitos the
exact number dcHvered fri.m the warchnuse, in order tocnal)le the exp.nl officer on the quay to clicck
the quantity ; and the tnercliant is to indorse on the cocket and l)ili the total number and weigiit sliipped,
before tlie vessel is suH'ered to clear. — {Customs Order, 4tli Dec. 1824.)
HOGSHEAD, a measure of capacity, containing 52^ Imperial gallons. A hogshead
is equal to h a pil'C — (See Wfioiit.s a.nd iMeasuues.)
II OL) D.VYS, are understood to be those days, exclusive of Sundays, on which no
regular public business is tran.sacted at particular public offices. They are either fixed
or varial)le. They are not the same for all public offices. Those kept at the Bank of
England have recently been reduced a full half.
The vurkibk hoUduys are. Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Easter Monday and Tuesday,
Holy Tliursday, Whit Monday and Tuesday.
It is enacted bv stat. fi Oeo. 4. c. lOil. ^ l.'j., that no holid.iys shall bo kept by the customs except Christ-
mis-day and (ioo.l Kritlay, the King's birthday, and such days as may be appointed by proclamation for
the purpose of a general last. ,
The 7 S: H (ieo. 4. c. 'A \ Iti. enacts that no holidays shall be kept at (he Excise, exce])t Chri>tmas-day
and (5o()(l Kridav, the birthdays of his Majesty and the Prince of Wales, tlie anniversaries of the Restor-
ation of Charlc's II., and of his Majesty's coronation, and such days as may he appointed by pioilarnation
for the celebratitm of a general fast, or such days as may be appointed as holidays by any warrant issued
for that purpose by the Lords of the Treasury.
HONEY (Du. Honig, Hotiing ; Fr. Mlcl; Ger. Honict ; It. Mele; Lat. Md; Rus.
Med; Sp. Miti), a vegetable juice collected by bee.s. " Its flavour varies according to
tlie nature of the flowers from which it is collected. Thus, the honeys of iMinorca,
Narbonne, .ind England, are known by their flavours; and the honey prepared in dif-
ferent parts even of the same country differs. It is .separated from the comb by dripping,
and by expression : the first method affords the purest sort ; the second sejiaratcs a less
pure honey ; and a still inferior kind is obtained by lieating the comb before it is pressed.
When obtained from young hives, which have not swarmed, it is denominated viryin
honey. It is sometimes adulterated with flour, which is detected by mixing it with tepid
water: the honey dissolves, while the flour remains nearly unaltered." — {Thomsim's
Dispensatory. )
By stat. 23 Eliz. c. 8. § 4., all vessels of honey are to be marked with the initial
letters of the name of the owner, on pain of forfeiting 6s. 8d. ; and contain, the barrel
32 gallons, the kilderkin 16 gallons, and the firkin 8 gallons, or forfeit 5s. for every gallon
wanting ; and if any honey sold, be corrupted with any deceitful mixture, the seller shall
forfeit the honey, &c.
HOPS. — HORSE.
653
1832.
hies.
HLei.
•
V!IG
.
\^,'A^i\
-
33,7.VJ
-
3.71'li
HOPS (Ger. Hopfm; Du. Hoppe ; Tr. Honhlon ; It. Luppoli, Bruscandoli ; Sp.
Obion; Rus. Chmcl; Lat. Humulus Lupulus). The hop is a perennial rooted jilant,
of wliich there are several varieties. It has an annual twining stem, which wlien sup-
ported on ))oles, or trees, will reach the height of from I'J to liO feet or more. It is a
native of Britain, and most ))arts of Europe. When the hoj) was first used for preserving
and improving beer, or cultivated for that purpose, is not known — (see Ai.k); hut its
culture was introduced into this country from Flanders in the rcJgn of Henry VIII.
Hops are first mentioned in the Statute IJook in 1552, in an act 5 & (> Edward 6". c. 5. ;
and it would appear from an act passed in 1C'0!3 (1 Jac. 1. c. 18.), that hops were at that
time extensively cultivated in England. Walter Blithe, in his Improver Improved, pub-
lished in 16''19 (3d ed. Ifi53, p. 240.), has a chapter upon improvement by i)lanfations
of hops, in which there is this striking passage. He observes that " hops were then
grown to be a national commodity : but that it was not many years since the famous
city of I.,ondon petitioned the parliament of England against two nuisances ; and these
were, Newcastle coals, in regard to their stench, &c., and hojis, in regard they would
spoi/l the taste of driiilt, and endanger the people : and had the parliament been no wiser
than they, we had been in a measure pined, and in a great measure starved ; which is
just answerable to the ])rinciples of th(jse men who cry down all devices, or ingenious
discoveries, iis projects, and thereby stille and clioak improvement."
After the hops liave been picked and dried, the brightest and linost arc put into pockets or fine bnpging,
and llic t)r()wn into coarse or heavy bafryinn. The t'onner are ehiiHy n:>id in tlie lircwing of line ales,
and the latter by the porter brewers. A pocket of hops, if they be ),'<iod in <|U.dity, will cored, and ti((lit
trcidden, will wcigli about 1 } cwt. ; and a haii ol hops will, under the same conditions, weigh about '.'J cwt.
II the wcifiht of either exceidsor falls much short of this medium, there is reason tosusped that the hc^ps
are of an inferior (luality, or liave been badly manufactured. 'I'he hrif;hterthe colour of hops, the(;rcater
is the estimation in which they .ire held. I'arnham hops are reckoned liest. The expense of forming hop
plantations is very great, amounting in some instances to from 70/. to Wil. an acre; and the produce is
very uncertain, the crop lieing lre(|uently insulhcienl to defray ttie expenses of cultivation.
The hup growers are placed under the siirtu i/lnnre of the excise, a duly of Hd. per lb. being laid on all
hops produced in this country. A hop planter is obliged to give notice to the excise, on or before the 1st
of August each year, of the nunilier of acres he has in cultivation ; the situation and number of his oasts
or kilns for drying ; the place or places of bagging, which, with the storerooms or warircx mg in which the
packages are intended to be lodged, are entered by the oHicer. Ko hops can be removed tiom the rooms
thus entered, before they have lieeii weighed and marked by a revenue officer; who marks, or ought to
mark, its weiglit, and the name and residence of ihe grower, upon each bag, pocket, or package. (. ountcr.
feitiiig the ollicer's mark is prohibitcil under a penalty of 100/., and defacing it under a penalty of 2(1/.
A planter or grower knowingly putting hops of ditl'ercnt qualities or values into the same bag or package,
I'orieits '.'()/ And any person mixing with hops any drug, or other thine, to cliaiige or alter the colour or
scent, shall forfeit ;j/. a cwt. on all the ho|iS so changed or altered. 'I'lie malicious cutting or destroying
of hop plantations may be ]>unished by transportation beyond seas for life, or any term not less than 7
years, or by imprisonment and hard labour in a commoi'i gaol, lor any term not exceeding 7 years.—
(Loudon's r.iiei/.of Auriciilliire ; Stevenson's Surrey; liiirti's Justice, Hje.)
The duty on hops of the growth of Great IJritain jiroduccd, in Itij'J, '2H,77I/.; of which sum the Rochester
district paid 7"),H()1/. 10,9. lOrf., the .Sussex 8ti,4()()/. liv. Hrf., and the Canterbury 4'<,(iWi/. lbs. i-'rf. The number
of acres occupied by ho]) plantations in that year were 47,101; of which there were in the Kochcster
district 12,.'i;io, in Sus.<ex S.obf, in Ilcretbrd l],!i..!», and in C'anterbuiy 7,bO-'. IJuring the same year there
were 70;i,laj lbs. of lirilish hops exported. t)f Ibreign hops 11, Hi/ lbs. were imported, and i0,1131bs.
exported. — (/'(()■/. Paper, Nos. '16. lya and 217. Sess. \K)'X)
Hops exported from Great Britain are, on being again imported, to be treated as foreign, whether
originally so or not.
HORN (Du. IToorti; Fr. Come; Ger. Horn; Lat. Cornu), a substance too well
known to require any description. Horns arc of very considerable imjiortance in the
arts, being applied to a great variety of useful purpo.ses. They are very extensively used
in the manufacture of handles for knives, and in tliat of spoons, coiTibs, lanterns, snuff-
horn.s, &c. When divided into thin plates, horns arc tolerably transparent, and were
formerly used instead of glass in windows. Glue is sometimes made out of the refuse of
horn. We annually import considerable quantities. At an average of 18!51 and 1832,
the entries of foreign horn for home consumption amounted to 15,7fj6 cwt.
HORSE (Ger. Pferd ; Uu. l\mrd ; Ua. Hest ; Sw. Iliist ; Fr. C/ieval ; It. Ca-
vallo ; Sp. Cidiallo ; Rus. Loschdd ; Fol. Kon ; Lat. Equus ; Gr. 'Ittttos), a domestic
quadruped of the highest utility, being by far the most valuable acquisition made by man
among the lower animals.
There is a great variety of horses in Britain. The frequent introduction of foreign
breeds, and their judicious mixture, having greatly improved the native stocks. Our
race horses are the fleetest in the world ; our carriage and cavalry horses are amongst the
Iiandsomest and most active of these employed for these purposes ; and our heavy draught
horses are the most powerl'ul, beautiful, and docile of any of the large breeds.
Number and Vtdite of Horses in Great Britain. — The number of horses u.setl in Great
Britain for different purposes is very great, although less so, perhajis, than has been
generally suppo.scd. BIr. Middleton {Survey of Middlesex, tided, p. 6"3!). ) estimated the
total number of horses in England and Wales, employed in husbandry, at 1,200,000,
and tho.se employed for other purposes at 600,000. Dr. Colquhoun, contrary to his usual
practice, reduces this estimate to 1,500,000 for Great Britain; and in this instance we
are inclined to think his guess is pretty near the mark. The subjoined official state-
ments give the numbers of the various descriptions of horses in England and Wales, which
''.■', '
;■' ■
: :Ln i
•?rriri
,1
■t 1
i'. M
:; 1 H-
It V
654
HORSE.
1 ! fc' 1
paid duty in 1814, when those used in husbandry wore taxed; and the numbers, when
summed up, amount to 1,204,307< Hut this account docs not inchidc stage coach,
mall coach, and hackney coach horses, nor docs it inchide tliose used in posting. Poor
persons Iteeping only one horse were also exempted from tiic duty ; as were all horses
employed in the regular regiments of cavalry and artillery, and in the volunteer cavalry.
In Mr. Middleton's estimate, already referred to, he calculated the number of post chaise,
mail, stage, and hackney coach horses, at 100,000 ; and from the inquiries we have made,
we are satisfied that if we estimate the number of such horses in Great Britain, at this
moment, at l'J,5,000, we shall be decidedly beyond the mark.
On the whole, therefore, it may be fairly estimated that there are in Great Britain
from 1,400,000 to 1,500,000 horses employed for various purposes of pleasure and utility.
They may, probably, be worth at an average from 121. to 1.5/., making their total value
from 18,000,000/. to 2'J,500,0(X)/. sterling, exclusive of the young horses.
The duties begin to be charged as soon as horses are used for drawing or riding, and
not previously.
An Account of the Number of Horses chargeU with Duty in the Years ending tiie 5th of April, 1815,
182fi, and 18; J, the Rates ol' Duty, and the Produce of the Duties.
ISIl.
1825.
18.-
i. j
R-iti-^
of
Rate<
of,
R.ites of
No. of
Duiyfor
Amount of
No. of Duty for Amount of
No. of
Duty for
Amount of
Hornes uwd for rlclltiR or
Horses.
each
Uut)
Horses, eac
I 1 Duty.
IHurses.
each
Duty.
drawing cnrriaf?*^, and
chirj^ed at progiessive
rates r
Hurse.
Horse. :
Horse.
E7T.
ll.
I..
ji.
(/.
/,. ».
•1.1 L. 1.
<(.!
I Sanie^
/,. ». ./.
Persons keeplns 1
1G1,123
•i 17
6
•103,228 12
<i
116,529 1 8
9 167,510 8
9
123,608
ll8"ki
177,772 15
— 2
31,S12
1 14
6
150,153
9
27,118 2 7
3 01,775
31,073
do.
73,109 19 3
— 3
12,774:5 4
fi
Cli,7ll
3
10,2H1 'i 12
3 2fi,8.)9 2
3
10,710
do.
28,058 5
_ 4
7,fil2lA 10
•u.sriii
e
5,718:'^ 15
15,807
5,815
do.
lfi,073 15
— 5
3,«7()a U
6
2n,i(io
a
r.,ii)o
2 15
9
8,892 2
.3,^10
do.
8,;<i; 17 fi
_ 6
3,(pr,o,5 Ifi
1T,7IS
2,17^
2 IS
e,298 10
2,1.18
do.
6,200 1
— TiltS ■
3,372i''> 19
fi
20,117
11
2,'i79
2 19
9
fi,80S 10
3
■i,W\
do.
6,5s 1 9 ol
— 9
720 fi 1
6
1,.174
SS5
3
9
1,776 IS
9
532
do.
1,015 19
_ intol'^
2,I)7U6 7
13,201
13
l,18fi
3 3
6
4.718 1
1,351
do.
4,2!I8 19
13 - I(i
7 1« fi 7
C,
4,-M
15
520
3 3
9 1,057 10
719
do.
2,291 16 3
- 17
.'il « 8
3afi
S
31
3 4
108 10
51
do.
li,3 4
_ IS
1 1 I (i 9
u^s
10
51
3 4
6 171 3
126
do.
40'i 7
- 19
3S li 11)
217
1,13
3 5
432 5
76
do.
217
; — VO & upwards
1 Total •
Horses let to hire -
1,.-|S6 12
1
8,S!W
10
1,018
3 6
3,359 8
1,142
do.
3,708 12
2'^'*,J70 ■
~
813,378
Ti
"g
177,117
-
. 309,178 2
""
182,878
. . .
329,8.19 2
1,1512 17
fi
1,1 SO
~
~0
1,702
1 8
9
2,4 t,i 12
6
2,073
do.
2,979 18 9
Hare horses -
.',(i0 2 17
6
l,(ilO
711
1 8
9
1,022 1
3
997
do.
1,1,13 3 9
tltlier horses and nuiles:
1
Not wholly used in hus-
1
liandry
177,025 1 1
C;iS5,876
5
Horses used bpmt JItte in
1
husbandry, 1 3 hands
1
hijih and above -
722,803 17
c
032,505
2
6
Do. for husbandry or other
])ur|)os> s of labour, un-
tiiT 13 han<ls
Horses IjeionKi'u' to small
35,816 3
6,372
8
farmers, under 'iOl.
K
1
rent, l(eeping not more
I
than -i horses
3%oino 3
n
5,701
in
1
Horsi-s used for riding or
1
drawing c.nrriapes, and
!
not e\c-ee<linK ' ^ hands
. .
.
•
-
19,121
1 1
20,077 1
21,639
do.
25,870 19
Horses rode by farininc
hailills
.
.
■
.
.
1,251
1 5
1,503 15
1,418
do.
1,797 10
Do. l)y butchers, where
1
1 only is kept - • -
.
.
.
2,089
1 8
9 4,290 13
9 3,301
do.
4,833 15
Do. wiiere 2 are kept
solely for trade .
.
.
.
•
.
1,085
10
6 5C9 12
6 1,213
do.
636 16 6
Horses not chargeable to
any of the foregoing
fur the 1
1
2d horse
I
duties, and not cx>
1
empted . - -
. -
.
.
.
112,989
10
fi .59,319 4
fi 123,728
do.
04,957 4
Mules ...
Totals -
-
-
410
10
6 215 5
1
318
do.
182 14
1,W 1,307
310,80.-.
3 IO,fi7S
Exemption!! Besides the above account of the horses charged with duty, we have been favoured, by
the Stamp Olfice. witli an account of the numbers exempted from duty in 1832. This account is not, how.
ever, to be relied on ; inasmuch as very many of those whose horses are not liable to the duties never
think of making any returns. By not attending to this circumstance, we inadvertently, in the former
edition of this work, under-rated the nutnber of horses eng.iged in certain departments of industry.
Influence of Railroads on Horses. — The statements now made, show the dependence that ought to be
placed on the estimates occasionally put forth by some of the promoters of railroads and steam carriages.
Thes« gentlemen are pleased to tell us, that, by superseding the employment of horses in public convey,
ances, and in the regular carriage of goods, the adoption of their projects will enable 1,000,000 horses to
be dispensed with ; and that, as e.ich horse consumes as much food as 8 men, it will at once provide sub.
sistence for 8,0(X),flOO human beings ! To dwell upon the absurdity of such a statement would be
worse than useless ; nor should we have thought of noticing it, but that it has found its way into a report
of a committee of the House of Commons. It is suflicientto observe, that though all the st.ige and mail
coaches, and all the public wagons, vans, &c. employed in the empire, were superseded by steam car-
riages, 100,0(K) horses would not certainly be rendered superfluous. The notion that 1 horse consumes
as much as 8 men, at least if we suppose the men to be reasonably well fed, is too ridiculous to deserve
notice.
Tlie rates of duty payable at present (WM) on horses, are the same as those specified in the above
Table for 1825 and 1832. A horse liont'ifidc kept and usually employed for the puriwise of husbandry, on a
farm of less value than 200/. a year, though occasionally used a».,a riding horse, is exempt from the duty.
And husbandry horses, whatever may be the value of the farms on which they are kept, may be rode,
free of duty, to and flrom any place to which a burden shall have been carried or brought back ; to procure
A
Ik
IlOilSl-: DEALERS. — JAMAICA PEPPER.
655
nKHllcal astistancc, and t<> or from markets, (iIucls oI public wuruhiii, ck'ctionn of members of parliament,
courts of Justice, or meptiiiKS of coiiiinii>sioiii'rs of taxes.
Brood mares, while kept lor the sole purpose of breeding, are exempted from all duty.
Horses may be let or lent fur aKricultural purposes, without any increase nl duty.
Mules employid in carryini? ore afid coaJ are exempted Irom any duty. — ^See the Statutes in Cliit1y'$
edition of Hum's •liislicc, vol. v. tit. Assessed Taxes.)
'I'he facility with which horses may be stolen has led to the enactment uf several regulations with re-
spect to their sale, \c. 'I'he propirty oi a hor»e cannot be conveyed away withijut tlie express consent of
the owner. Hence, a bonn Jlile purchaser gains no property in a horse that has lieeii slolen, iinlens it be
bought in afiiir, or an n/k'n market. It is directed that the keeper of every lair or market shall appnint
a certain open place for the sale of horses, and one or more persons to take toll there, and keep the place
from 10 III the Ibrenoon till sunset. 'J'lic owner's property in the horse slolen is not altereil liy sale in a
legal fair, unless it be o])enly ridden, led, walked, or kept standing for <me lioitr at least and has been re.
gislereri, lor which the buyer is to pay Id. Sellers of horses in fairs or markets must be known to the toll-
takers, or to some other creditable person known to them, who declares his knowledge of them, and enters
the same in a book kept by the toll. taker for the jjurpose. Without these (orm.dities, the sale is void. 'J'lio
owner ot a horse stolen may, notwith»tandinK its legal sale, reileem it on payment or tender ol the price
any tim;; within tj months of the time of the thelt. — {liiirn'n Justice oj the I'eace, Chitly's vi.i. vol. iii.
p. iidl.)
Ill order to obviate the facility aflbrded by means of slaughtering houses for the disposal of stolen horses,
it was enacted in 178u y'-M Geo. o. c. 71.;, that all persons keeping places for .•■laughieriiig horses, geldings,
sheep, hogs, or other cattle not killed for butcher's meat, shall olitain a licence from the qu.irter .'.e.'-sioiis,
first producing from the minister and churchwardens, or from the minister and i! substantial liouso
holders, a certificate of their fitness to be intrusted with the management and carrying on of such business.
Persons slaughtering horses or cattle without licence are guilty of felony, and may lie whipped and im-
prisoned, or transported. I'ersons licensed, are bound to attix over the iioor or gate of the place m here
their business is carried on, in legible cliaracteis, the words " Licensed for slav^hler: Horses, pursuant
to an Act passed in the Mlh Year of his Majesty Kinn Cieo. III." The parishioners eiitii . to meet in vestry
are authorised to choose annually, or olU'iier, inspectors, whose duly it is to take an account anddescrip.
tion, \c. of every living lior.^e, \;e. that may be brought to such slaughtering houses to be killed, and of every
dead liorsc that may be brought to be Hayed. I'ersons bringing cattle are to be asked an account of them,
selves, and if it be not deemed satisfactory, they may be c.irried before a justice, i'his act does not extend
to curriers, fellmongers, tanners, or persons killing aged or distempered cattle, for the purpose of using or
curing their hides in their respective businesses ; but these, or any other [H'rsons, who shall knowingly or
wilfully kill any sound or useful horse, dec, shall for every such otience forfeit not more than iiO/., and not
less than m.
The stealing of horses and other cattle is a capital crime, punisliabic by death. The maliciously
wounding, maiming, killing, He. of horses and other cattle, is to bepunished, at thedi.>eretion of the court,
by transportation beyond seas for lite, lor any term not less than 7 years, or by imprisonment for any
term not exceeding 4 years; and if a male, he may be once, twice, or thiice publicly or privately
whipped, should the court so direct. — (7 & 8 Oca. 4. c. 'Jt'. ^ i.'."). ; 7 & 8 (ieu. 4. c. 'M. ^ lii.)
French Trade iti J/urses. — The horses of l-'raiice are not, speaking generally, nearly so handsome, fleet,
or powerful, as those of Kiigland. Latterly, however, the French have been making great etliirts to im-
prove the breed of horses, and have, in this view, been making large importations troni England and
other countries. At an average of the ;) years ending with 1827, the excels of horses imported into
France, above those exported, amounted to about l;J,i)(iO a year. — [liulletiii des Sciences Gt'oi'raphiqnes,
torn. xix. p. 5.) The imports from England have, in some late years, amounted to nearly ii.OuU horses.
HORSE DEALERS, persons whose business it is to buy and sell horses.
Every person carrying on the business of a horse dealer is required to keep a book, in which he shall
enter an account of the number of the horses kept by him for sale and for use, specifying the duties to
which the same are respectively liable; this book is to lie open, at all reasonable time.s to the insixxtion
of the officers ; and a true copy of the same is to be delivered quarterly to the assessor or assessors of tho
parish in which the party resides. Penalty for non-compliance, 50/. — (i3(ieo.3. c. Uil.) Horse dealers
are assessed, if they carry on their business in the metropolis, 'iol. ; and if elsewhere, liil. iOs.
Account specifying the Kumbcr of Horse Dealers in (Jreat Rritain, in 18.11 ; distinguishing between those
in the Metropolis and the Country ; with the Hates of Duty on each Class, and the Produce of tho
Duties. — [Papers published ly the Board of Trade, vol. ii. p. io.)
Wiitilti the Cities of I^omlon and U'est-
ininsiter, .^t. Mar>iebone, St. Puncras, aiid In any other Part of Great Britain.
Weelilj Bills of Mortality. ;
Total Number of Horse
Dealers.
Number
assessed.
Rate of
Cliarue.
Amount of
Uutj.
Number
aj.se>sed.
Rale of
Charge.
Amount of
Uul).
Number
assessed.
A mount of
l)ut>.
74
/.. .. il.
25
t. t. (1.
l,S,iO u
903
/,. t. d.
Vi 10
/-. .. <l.
I!i,0.-i7 11)
1,037
L. 1. il.
13,SS7 10
Il ^'
il
!/
■I IJ'
■I'ji
HUNDRED WEIGHT, a weight of 112 lbs. avoirdupois, generally written cwt.
■':■ I ■
I. AND J.
JALAP, OR JALOP (Ger. Jalapp; Fr. Jalap; It. Sciarappa; Sp. Jalapa), the root
of a sort of convolvulus, so named from Xalapa, in Mexico, whence we chiefly import
it. The root, when brought to this country, is in thin transverse slices, solid, hard,
weighty, of a blackish colour on the outside, and internally of a dark grey, with black
circular striae. The hardest and darkest coloured is the best; that which is light,
spongy, and pale coloured, should be rejected. The odour of jalap, especially when in
powder, is very characteristic. Its taste is exceedingly nauseous, accompanied by a
sweetish bitterness. — {Lewis's Mat. Med.,- Brande's Pliarmacy.) The entries of jalap
for home consumption amounted, at an average of 1831 and 18.S2, to 47,816 lbs. a year.
JAMAICA PEPPER. See Pimento.
\W
i:- \
.i-ii-J
?!
656
JAPANNED WARES. — IMPORTATION.
JAPANNKD WARES (Ger. Jupani.iche ware; Du. Japansch lakwerh; Fr.
MnrtliundinKs (Ic J(tpoii), (irticlos of every duscription, such ns tt'a-trays, clock-diuls, can-
dk'sticks, smilT'-liDxes, iicc. covurt'd with coats ()t'Jii|)an, whctlicr plain, or cniheilisiicd with
paiiitiii<r orgildiiifT. iSiriiiin^liam is the j^raiid stjipleof this inaiiufacliire, wiiicii is tlierc
carried on to a ;j;reat extent. Pontvpool, in .Monnioiitiishire, was formerly famous for
japanning; l)nt it is at present continued there on a very small scale oidy. It is pro-
becuted with spirit and success at liiiston and Wolverhampton.
JASl'F. R (Ger. Jiiyphs ; Du. Jiisjii.i ; Vr. Jaspc ; It. Dinspro ; Sp. Jnape ; Rus.
Jaschmit). This stone is an infjrcdient in the composition of uiaiiy mountains. It oc-
curs usually in lari^e amorphous masses, sometimes in round or aii<;ular pieces; its frac-
ture is conehoidal ; speeilic <rravity from 'J to 'J"7. Its colours are various : when heated
it iocs not decrepitate: it is usually divided into 4 species, denominated Egyptian jasper,
striped j.isi)er, jiorcelain jasper, and common jasper. It is sumetimes employed by
jewellers in the formation of seals.
.lEIlSEV. See Gin;iiNsi;v.
JET, oil PrrCIi COAL ( Du. Git, Zivnrte hnrnsteen ; Fr. Jals,J(tyet; Gct.Gagat;
It. Gugntu, Luslriiin ; I^at. Giiniis, GiKjiitcs), of a black velvet colour, occurs massive,
in ))lates; sometimes in the shape of branches of trees, hut without a rej^ular woody
texture. Internal lustre shining, resinous, soft ; rather brittle ; easily frangible ; specific
gravity 1 •!?. It is used for tnel, and for luaking vessels and siiuil'-boxes. In Prussia it
is called l)lack amijer, and is cut into rosaries and necklaces. It is distinguished by its
brilliancy, and conehoidal fracture. — (^TIioinsDiis Chemistry.')
JETSA:\I. See Flotsam.
lAIPOUrATION AND EXPORTATION, the bringing of commodities from
and sending them to other countries. A very large portion of the reveiuic of Great
Rritain being derived from customs duties, or from duties on commodities imported from
abroad ; and drawbacks being given on many, and bounties on a few articles exported ;
the business of imjiortation and exportation is subjected to various regulations, which
must be carefully observed by those who would avoid incurring penalties, and subjecting
their property to confiscation. The regulations referred to, have been embodied in the
act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 5'J., which is subjoined.
GlNUIIAL RF.crl.ATIOXS.
No Coad.i In f>c latnlcil nor Bulk hrnlicn hcfarc Ilc/inil iinil Enlrij — No goods sliall be unladen from any
sliip arriviii'; Irdiii parts bi'voiiii lliu fCis at any |i(iri i.r pl.icc lii the lliiitnd Kinfjdoin or in the Isle of
Mall, nor shall liiilk he hroken a.'ler thi." aiiival of Mich sliip within 1 Um^'Ui s of the coaststhen'ol, IjClore
due report ol' snch .-hip aiiii due entry ol such poo is shall have liecii made, and warrant granted, in
manlier herein. alter direrteii ; and no Koods >liall he so iinlailen except at such times and places, and in
such manner, and by such persons, and UM<ler the eare of such ollieers, as is and are heveiii-al'ter di-
recti'd ; and all ^ooda not duly reported, or which shall he unlaceii cwnirMry liercU), shall he lorleited ;
ami if hulk he liiokeii eoiur.iry hereto, the ma.-ter (d such .-hip shall torleit the sum of KKI/. ; and if, alter
the arrival of any .-hi]) witliin 4 leagues of the coast id' the United Kingdom or of the Isle of iMan, any
alieratioii be mace in the sto\vaKL-(d the cargo of such -hip, so as to tacditale the unlaiting of any pnt of
piich cargo, or i.'anv p irt he staved, destroyed, or thrown overboard, or any pack.ige be opened, suih ship
shall be deemed to have hroken bulk ; provided always, that the several articles herein-after enumerated
may bj landed in the United Kingdom without report, entry, or warrant ; (.that is to say,' diainon.ls and
bullion, fresh lish uf ISritish taking, and imported in iiritish ships, turbots and lubsli i^ fresh, however
taken or imported. — § ij.
Manifest.
All British Slii/is, and nil Ships tri/li Tobacco, to have Manifests. — No goods shall be imported into the
United Kiiigiiom, or into the l.^le of Man, from parts beyond the sca=, in any British ship, nor any tobacco
ill any ship, nnles- the master shall have on board a maiiife-t of such goods or of such toi.acco, made out,
dated, and si;;iied l>y him at the place or respective places where the same or the dillerdit parts of the
same was or were taken on lioard, and authenticated ill the manner herein-aller provid'd; and every
such i.i.inilest sh.ill set foith the name and the tonnage of the ship, the name of til* iii.i cr and of the
jil.ice to which the ship belongs, and of the place or places where the gnods were taken on lioard re.
spcctively, and of the place or p aces for which they are destined respectively, and shall contain a particular
account and description ol all the packages on hoard, with the marks and numbers thereon, and the sorts
of goods and dilli'ient kinds of each soit contained therein, to the best of the master's knowledge, and of
the particulars of such goods as are stowed loose, and the naiiiesof iherespectiveshippers and consignees,
as far as the same can be knnwii to the master ; and to such particular account sh.dl he subjoined a general
account or recapitulation of the total number of the packages of each sort, describing the same by their
usual names, or by such descriptions as the same can b, st be known by, and the ditl'creiit goods therein,
Hiid also the total quantities of the dillerent goods stowed loose: provided always, that every manifest
for tob.icco shall be a separate manifest distinct Ironi any inanilest for any other goods, and -hail, without
fail, contain the particular weight of tobacco in each hog-head, cask, chest, or case, with the fare of the
same; and if such tohaccc be the produce ot the dominions id' the (jrand .Seignior, then the number of the
parcels or bundles within any such hogshead, cask, chest, or case shall be stated in such manifest. — ^3.
To lie iJio-.iuccd III OJ/icers in Culnniis, ^c — Hefore any ship shall be cleared out or depart from any
place in any of the IJritish possessions abioail, or from any place in ( hiiia, with any goods for the United
Kingilom or for the Isle ol Man, the inaster of suih ship shall produce the manifest to the collector or
comptroller of the customs, or other proper officer, who shall certify upon the same the date of the pro-
duction thereof to him: provided always, that in all places within the territorial possessions of the Ea'''
India Compiny the servant of the saul Company by whom the last dispatches of such ship shall be
delivered shall be the proper olficer to authenticate the manifest as aforesaid ; and in all places in China
the chief supercargo of the said Company shall he the proper olficer for such purpose. — ^ 4.
To be produced to Consuls. — Before the departure of any ship from any place beyond the seas not under
the British dominions, where any tobacco has been taken on hoard such snip for the United Kingdom or
for the Isle of Man, the master of such ship shall produce the manifest of such tobacco to the British
I.MPOUTATION AND EXPOKTATION.
657
(omul ur ulher chief ))ri(i»li oHicur, II there lie Hiiy aiiirh renUUMit at or near surh plarc) and luch coniul
or other oltiuiT Khali ccrtily upon the t.aiiii' tin- ililt- ol'tlii' |iiiKliii'tioii tliuriMil' to lino. — ^ 5.
If Jtinliiig, Masli r lo Jtujiir Wiill. — If any Knods he iinport.'il into tin- U'lnti'd Kingiloin or into th«
Isif of .M.io, in any llriliAh iilii|>, or any t^liuccn ni any sh)), witlioot tnch niaiiilt'Kt, or if any goodi con-
tained in cut'li oiaiiilciit ho not on lio.in'l, Itii' nM.>ti'r of -ucii nliip »liall foricil the »uin of l(j(>/. — ( d
Maniji'iif to /ir iinHlmwil iril/i'ii I l.m-urs. — I he in.i.«tiT of every itliip required to have u iiinnifeiit on
board aliall prmhice mull manifest to any ollicer of the eiiiitomM who shall conie on board his .ship alter her
mrM mI within 4 li'.i(!ii.'> of the coast of the United KiiiKdoin or of the coast of the Isle of iMan, and who
<liall demand tiiL- Baiiic, for his iiisperlinn ; and such master shall also deliver to any snchollieer who shall
be tlie llrst toneinand it, a true copy of sU( h manifest sij^ned by the master ; and shall also deliver another
I o|iy .11 any other iilthxT of the customn who shall he the first to demand the same witliiii the limits of
til. , "It to which such ship is lioumi ; and thereupon such otticers resiiectlvely shall notify on »iich inani-
fi'^t .rill on such copies tlie date of the proiluclioii of .sucii manifest andof t.e receipt of such copies, and
tliall t' aiisnnt such copies to the collector and comptroller ol the port to which «uch vessel is lirst bound,
and siiiii rctiirn mich maiiiiest to the ma.-^ter : and if such master shall not ill any case produce lUch
manilcst, or deliver such copy, he shall forfeit the sum of IIMJA — ^ 7.
Re FORT.
V(r.«/<'r, williin 2-1 Hnum, anii br/ure tirrnkine Hulk, shall report. — I'lie master of every ship arriving
fii I parts beyond the seas at any port in the United KiiiKiloin or in tiie Isle of Man, whether laileti or
ill b .ll.ist, siiali, within i'4 hours after such arrival, and belore bulk be broken, make due repoit of such
I'll p, .'iiid sliall make and subscribe a ded.iration to the truth of the same, belore the collector or coinp-
tiollerot siu'lipuit; and such report shall contain an account of the particular marks, numbers, and
c iiiiL'iits ot all th-? iliH'ereiit packai;i's or paict Is of the Koods on board such ship, and the p.irtii ulars of
Ai.cli Koods as are stowed loose, to the best of his knowleil^'e, and of the place or places where such i^imjiU
Wire ies;ietttivfly taken on board, anil of the burden of siioh ship, and of the country where such tliip
w.is built, or, if british, of the port of registry, and of the country of the people to whom such ship be-
lo.i^'s, and ol the name and country of the person who was master (lurni); the voyage, and of the number
nt tlie peoiile by wlinin such ship »as navigated, slating how many are subjects ol the country to uliicli
Mil li sliji I) 'loiibs, and how many are of some other country ; and in sucli report it shall be further de.
clared, whether and in what cases such ship has broken bulk in the course of her voyage, and what part
of the cargo, if any, is intended for importation at such port, and what part, if any, is intended fur iiii'-
p irtafion at another jiort in the United Kingdom, or at another port in the Isle of Man re.ipectively,
a,.d » li.it p.irt, if any, is prohibiteil to be imported, except to be warehousid for exportation only, and
wliat part, if any, is inteiidetl lor exportation in such ship to paits beyond the seas, and what surplus
stores or stock remain on hoard such snip, and, if a Hritish ship ; what foreign-niade sails oi cordage, not
being st.indiiig or running rigging, are in use on board such ship; and the master of any ship, who shall
tail to make such report, ur who shall make a false report, shall forfeit the sum of li/d/. — \ H.
ibrts/cci ((/■ I'tsscls luiiiiniijtuin Ajrica to report lioir itiniiy Siitivfs llivy have on b.iartl. — The master
of every vessel coining froiil the coast of Africa, anu having taken on board at any place in Africa any
person or persons being or appearing to be natives of Africa, shall, in ailuition to nil utiier matters, state,
in the report of his vessel, how many such persons have been taken on hoard by him in Africa ; and any such
master failing herein sliall forfeit ilie sum of \Wl. : provided also, that the master or owner or owners ot
such vessel, or some or one of them, at the time of making sucli report, be reipiirod to enter into bund to
his Majesty in tlic sum of lllb/., conditioned to keep harmless any parish, or any extra. parochial or other
place maiiitaiiiing its own poor, against any expeii.se which such parish or other place may be put to in
supporting any such person during their .stay In the United Kingdom ; and .my sucli master, owner or
owners refusing or neglciaing to enter into such bond shall forfeit the sum of -iml. — ^ !t.
Packages ri'poitfil " CoHlrnts unknoiuii," iiiai/ be opcmil aii<l examintU. — If the contents of any
package so intended as aforesaid for exportation in the same ship to |iarts beyond the se.is shall be re.
ported by the master as being unknown to him, it shall be lawful for the officers of the customs to open
and examine such package on board, ur to bring the same to the king's warehouse for tin': purpose; and
if there be found in such package any goods which may not be eiiteri'd for home use, such goods sliall be
forfeited ; or if the goods be such as may be entered for home use, the same shall be chargeable with the
duties of importation ; unless in either case the commissioners of his Majesty's customs, in consideration
of the sort or quality of such goods, or the small rate of duty payable thereon, shall see tit to deliver the
tame for exportation \ lu.
Master to deliver Manifest, SfC. —The master of every ship shall, at the time of making such report,
deliver to the collectororcomptrollerthemanifcst of the cargo of such ship, where a manifest is rcquirtil,
and, if required by the collector or comptroller, shall produce to him any bill or bills of lading, or a true
copy thereof, for any and every part of the cargo laden on board ; and shall answer all such questions
relating to the ship and cargo, and crew and voyage, as shall be put to him by such collector or conip.
troller ; and in case of failure or refusal to produce such inanilest, or to answer such questions, or to
answer them truly, or to produce such bill of ladin^r or copy, or if such manifest, or bill of lauing, or copy,
shall be false, or if any bill of lading be uttered by any master, and the goods expressed therein shall not
have been bomijiiie shipped on board such ship, or if any bill of lading uttered or produced by any master
■hall not have been signed by him, or any such copy shall not have been received or made by him pre.
viously to his leaving the pl.ice where the goods expressed in such bill of lading or copy were shipped,
then and in every such case such master .shall forfeit the sum of li ()/. — \ 11.
Fart of Cargo reported for anol/ier I'orl. — If any part of the cargo of any ship for which a manifest
is required be reiiorted tor im|iortation at some other port in the United Kingdom, or at gome other
port in the Isle of Man, tht; collector and comptroller ot the port at which some part of the cargo has
been delivered shall notify such delivery on the manifest, and return the same to the master of such
ship. — tj ly.
Sliip to come quickly to Place of unlading, SfC. — Every ship shall come as quickly up to the proper place
of mooring or unlading us the nature of the port will admit, and without touchnig at any other place;
and in proceeding to such place shall bring to at stations appointed by the commissioners of customs for
the boarding of ships by the otticers of the customs ; and after arrival at such place of mooring or iin.
Iadin'{ such ship shall not remove from such place except directly to some other proper place, and with
the knowledge of the proper olticer of the customs, on penalty of HO/, to be paid by the master of such
ship : provided always, that it shall be lawful for the commissioners of customs to appoint places to bo
the proper places for the mooring or unlading of ships importing toiiacco, and where such shi|)s only shall
be moored or unladen ; and in case the place so appointed for the unlading of such ships iihall not be
within some nock surrounded with walls, if any such ship alter having been discharged shall remain at
such place, or if any ship not im|>orting tobacco shall be moored at such place, the master shall in either
case forfeit and pay the sum of HUl. — ^ 13.
Officers to board S/iips. — It shall be lawful for the proper officerf of the customs to board any ship
arriving at any port iji the United Kingilom or in the Isle of Man, and freely to stay on board until all
the goods laden therein shall have been duly delivered irom the same; and such otticers shall have free
access to every part of the shiji, with power to fasten down hatchways, and to mark any goods before
landing, and to lock up, seal, mark, or otherwise secure any gooils on board such ship; and if any place,
or any bos or chest, be locked, and the keys be withheld, such oftirers, if they be of a degree luperior to
2 U
Ih
.1 *<i
' PU
\ vr:
' I '•
u I
M
0.58
IMHOUTATION AND EXTOKTATION.
tUIcunipn or wntornicn, mny open any luch iilwc, Imx, (ir rhc«t In the bent mnnnrr In tliolr power j and
if tlioy lie tiilctincn or wiitfriiirii, or only ol that (IcKrcc, llii'y nli.ill m-ml for Iholr aiipfridr otflciT, who
may o|i('ii or cuuiti'td lie iiiciu'il aiiynui'h pluci', Ixix, or clii'nt in llir lic^t iiianiu'r in liix pnwrri nnil II' any
KU(i(Ih Iu' t'oiinil I'oiici'ulcd on Uiard any Hncli nliip, thry iiliall Ik- liirliircil ; and it' tlu- otlicum Hhall placu
any liH'k, murk, or hc.il upon any K<<odHon board, and siii-li l^rk, murk, or Hcal he wiU'iillyoprncd, altered,
or broken before due delivery ol itiirli Koodn, or it' any of hik li k"<hI>i be aeerelly conveyed away, or If (liu
hateliwuyii, alter InivlnK been faatencU down by the (itlieer, he opened, the niuKter of audi ithip ahall for-
feit theHiini of 1(11/. _ ^ li.
Niiliiinitl S/iiii.'i, /liitis/t (If f'nrrign, hnvinji (Itmila on iHiiiiit, Person in cliarpc to dilivcr (in .liriilint, or
/or/fit Itxi/ If any »bip .havintt eoinndsMon from hit .M.ij(»ty, or from any furelKii piinee or stale) nr-
rivint; as aforesaid at any port in the United KinK<l<>in or in tiie Isle of iM:in Hliall have on board any
gomU laden in parts beyond the aeas, the captain, master, purser, or other oersoii having the eharxe of
mieh fillip or of sueh K'xmIh l°<>r that voyaKO sltall, before any pait of inch Koods be taken out of such ship,
or when culled upon so to do by any oDicer of the customs, deliver an account in writinx iiniler his hand,
to the best of his knowletlKe, of the i|uality and (piantily of every package or parcel officii kooiIs, and of
the marks and numbers thereon, and ol the names of the respective shippers and consinnei s of the name,
and shall make and suhscrilie a declaration at. the fuot of such aicount, declaring to tlie truth thereof,
and shall also truly answer to the collector or Uoiiiptroller such ipiestions concerning sucli kooiIh ait sliali
be reipiired of him ; and on failure thereof such captain, master, puiser, or other person shall lorfeit the
cum of IIKV. ; and all such ships shall be li/il)le to such searches as merchant ships are liable to ; and the
ullicers of the customs may freely enter and k" <>n board all such ships, and brin){ from thence on shore
into tlio kiiiK'' warehouse any Koods found on boaril any such ship as albresaid; subject nevertheless to
luch regulations in respect of ships of war belonxliiK to his M.ijesty as shall Irom time to time be directed
in that respect by the cumirissiuncmof his Majesty's treasury of the United Kingdom of (jreat liritain
and Ireland, — ^ l.'i.
Miistrr to ticliver List nf Crew oj Ship) from H'fst Inities. — The master of every Uritish ship arriving
at any port in the United Kingdom, on her return from any Kritish possessions in the We.st Indies, shall,
within 10 days of such arrival, deliver to the collector or comptroller a list, containing the names and
descriptions of the crew which was on board at the time of clearing from the United Kingdom, and of
the crew on board at the time of arrival in any of the said possessions, and of every seaman who has de>
tertc'd or died during the voyage, and also the amount of wages due at the time of his death to each sea-
man so dying, and shall make and subscribe a declaration at the foot of such list, declaring to the truth
thereof; and every master omitting so to do shall forfeit the sum of ,'iO/. ; and lUch Ii»t shall be kept by
(he collector for the inspection of all persons interested therein, — ^ 16.
m i
n h'l
E.NTRY.
After 14 Days, Officer ma;/ land Gondii not entered, tfc. — Every importer of any goods shall, within 14
d lys alter the arrival of the ship importing the same, make perfect entry inwards of such goods^ or entry
by bill of sight, in manner hcreiiuafter provided, and shall within such time land the same; and in default
of such entry and landing it shall be lawful for the otHcers of the customs to convey .fiich gixxl.t to the
king's warehouse; and whenever the cargo of any ship shall have been dischargetl, with the exception
only of a small cpiantity of gomls, it shall be lawful for thcolllcers ofthe customs to convey such remaining
goods, and at any time to convey any small jwckages or parcels of goods, to the king's warehouse, although
such 14 days shall not have expired, there to be kept waiting the due entry thereof during the remainder
of such 14 days j and If the duties due u|)on any goods so conveyed to the king's warehouse shall not be
paid within :i months after such 14 days shall have expired, together with all charges of removal and
warehouse rent, the same shall be sold, and the produce thereof sliall be applied, llrst to the payment of
freight and charges, next of duties, and the overplus, if any, shall be paid to the proprietor ot the goods.
-5 17.
Hill if Kntry to he delivered. — The person entering any goods inwards (whether for payment of duty,
or to be warehoused upon the first perfect entry thereof, or for jiayment of duty upon the taking out of
the warehouse, or whether such goods be free of duty,) shall deliver to the collector or complioller a bill
ofthe entry of such goods, fairly written in words at length, expressing the name of the ship, and ofthe
master of the ship in which the goods were importetl, and of the place from whence they were brought,
and the description .md situation of the warehouse, if they are to be warehoused, and the name of the
person in whose name the goods are to be entered, and the quantity and description of the goods, and the
number and denomination or description of the respective packages containing the goods, and in the
margin of such bill shall delineate the respective marks and numbers of such jiackages, and shall pay
down any duties which may be payable upon the goods mentioned in such entry ; and such pe/son shall
also deliver at the same time 2 or more duplicates, as the case may require, of such bill, in which all sums
and numbers may he expres.scd in figures, and the particulars to be contained in such bill shall bo written
.^nd arranged in such form and manner, and the number of s>uch duplicates shall be such as the collector
and comptroller shall ret|Uire ; and such bill being duly signed by the collector and comptroller, and
transmitted to the landing waiter, shall be the warrant to him tor the landing or delivering of such goods,
— ( 18.
I'nauthorised Persons not permitted to make Entries. — Every person who shall m.ike or cause to be
made any such entry inwards of any goods, not being duly authorised thereto by the proprietor or con-
signee of such goods, shall for every such ollence forfeit the sum of Kit)/. : provided always, that no such
penalty shall extend or bo deemed to extend to any person acting under the directions of the several dock
companies or other corporate bodies authorised by law to pass entries. — ^ li).
Not valid unless a^reein^ ivith Manifest, lieport, and otiier /JoCttw/f/iAs'. — No entry nor any warrant
for the landing of any goods, or for the taking of any goods out of any warehouse, shall be deemed valid,
unless the p.irticulars of the goods and packages in such entry shall corres])ond with the particulars of
the goods and packages, purporting to be the same, in the report of the ship, and in tho manifest, wnere
a manifest ia re(|uired, and in iho certiticate or other document, where any is required, by which the im-
portation or entry of such goods is atithori'ied, nor unless the goods shall liave liceii properly described in
such entry by the denominations and with the characters and circumstances according to which such
goods are charged with duty or maybe imported, either to be Used in the United Kingdom, or to be
warehoused for exportation only ; and any goods taken or delivered out of any ship, or out of any ware-
house, or for 1 he delivery of which, or for any order for the delivery of which, from any warehouse,
demand shall have been made, not having beeii'dnly entered, shall be forfeited \ 'JO,
Goods liji Number, Measure, or lf'eii:/it, t<ic.— If the goods in such entry be charged to pay duty ac-
cording to the number, measure, or weight thereof, such number, measure, or weight shall be stated in
the entry ; and if the goods in such entry be charged to pay duty according to the value thereof, suc!<
value shall be stated in the entry, and shall be aflirmed by the deihiration of the importer or his known
agent, written upon the entry, and attested by his signature ; and if the goods in such entry be chargeable
at the option of the oflicers of customs, either according to the number, measure, or weight thereof, or
aerording to the value thereof, then as well such luiniber, measure, or weight, as also such value, shall
be in like manner stated in the entry, and attested ; and if any person make such declaration, not 'oeing
the importer or proprietor of such goods, nor his age nt duly authorise!! by him, such person shall forfeit
the sum of 100/. ; and such declaration shall be made in manner and form following, and shall be binding
upon the person by or in behalf of whom the same uliall he made; (that is to say,)
«»■ I
IMPORTATION AND I- XI'OIITATION.
r>.')3
I slinli
\ A n.<>( [ftlncc n/(ihiiilc} <li> ln<rcl)y clicliiro, Hint 1 ntn [tlip Imimrtcr, or mithoriicil by tin- importer]
ortliogoiHlii contniiii'tl In IIiIm cnfrv, aii.l Hint I inter tlif xami' Inliiting whlih, (f purl unlif'\ at thfuiimof
— . Wltnt'ss my liaiiil tlio — ilny ol -
fiends tinriii I'tiliird, <)/)l(ri\ mill/ firfiiin. — If mioii cxaniin.'itioii it shall appear to tlif (itllccr.t of tlio
ruHtiiiiiH Hint micli xoiiiIh arc not v'alui'it acconlliiK to tlic Iriic value thereof, It thall he lawful for siiili
i)tHcern l<i (lelain atid «eeiire mieh nooil», anil (within .I days IVoin the laniljii^ thereof It It he In the porta
II any other port in the I iMled KiiiKiloni, or If In nnv
of London, Leith, or Didilin, or within 7 davH if i .
liorl ill the Isle ol M;iii.) to take Mieh pxids for the use of the ("'rown ; and if a dlllerent rate of duty (ihall
lie eharjted upon any koimIh aceordinj? a» the viiliie of the *anie nhall he deseiihi'd in the entry to he nliove
or to he helow any narticiilar priee or miin, and mirh hoihIh klinll he valued in the entry no iia to he liahlo
tn the lower rate ol duty, and it hliall aiipear to the olllcers ol the cuntoiiiH that hiuIi hdchU, by reason of
their real value, are properly liable to the liiKher rate of duty, It shall he lawful lor mieh olllcem In like
nmiiner to take aiieh (toodn tor the use of the (rown ; and the enniinii'Siom'rii of his MajeNtv'n (imtoint
shall thereupon in any of nucli eases eniise the amount of mieh valuation, toxelher with an addition of 10/.
per rent, thereon, ntui also the duties paid upon siieh entry, to he palil to Hie importer or propriitor ol"
«U('h Koods in full fulislaclion for the same, and cliall dispose of such Roods for the henetit ol the Crown ;
mid if the produce of such sale shall exceed the sums so paid and all char«es incurred by the Crown, one
moiety of the overplus shall be (jiveii to the otilcer or olllcerswlio haddetniiied and taken the ((oods; ami
the money retained (or the benellt of the Crown shall he paid Into the hands of the collci tor of the cus-
toms, with the knowledKe of the comptroller, and carried to account as duties of cusfonis. — ^ yj.
/.'(/*/ liiilia Ciimpinii/ la scIKukhIs. — I'he value of ((oods Imported by the Kast liidinCompany shall ho
aarertalned by the uross price at which the same shall have been solil by auction at the pidilic sules of the
•aid Coniiiany; and that the said Company shall fairly and 0|ienly expose to sale and cause to he sold all
juch goo<l9 so charged to pay duty according to the value thereof by way of public auction in the city of
London, within ,J years from the importation thereof, and shall give due notice at the Ciistoin-houae in
I/ondoii to the officers appointed to attend such sales of the time and nl-ice thereof. — \ i,Vi.
mil Ql' Siiiht if (loDfts In- mil knoirti. — If the importer of any gnoifs, or his agent alter full conference
with hlin, shall declare before the collector or comptroller that he cannot forwnnt of full information make
a full or perfect entry of such goods, and shall make and subscribe n declaration to the truth thereol, it
shall be lawful for the collector anil comptroller to receive an entry by bill of sight for thejiackages or par-
cels of such giKKis bv the best descriiition which can be given, anil to grant n warrant thereu)ion, in order
that the same may bo provisionally landed, and may be scon and examined by such importer, in presence
of the proper officers; and within',! days after any goods shall have been so landed, the importer shall
make a full or perfect entry thereof, and shall either pay down nil duties which sliall bo due and payable
Upon such gonils, or shall lUily warehouse the snme, according to the purport of the full or perii ct entry
or entries so made for such goods, or for the several parts cr sorts thereof : provided always, that if, when
full or perfect entry bo at any time made for any gootis provisionally landed as aforesaid by bill of sight,
such entry shall not be made in manner hereln-beforc reijulred for the due landing of goods, such good*
shall lie deemed to be goods Inndeil without due entry thereof, and shall he subject to the like forfeiture
accordingly : provided also, that if any sum of money shall have been deposited upon any entry by bill of
sight, on account of the duties which may be found to be payable on the goods intendeif therein, it shall
be lawful for the officers of the customs to deliver, in virtue of the warrant for landing the same, any
quantity of goods the duty on which shall not exceed Uie sum so deposited. — ^ 24.
Goods to be taken to King's H'arelioiise. — In default of perfect entry within such o days, such goods shall
he taken to the king's warehouse by the officers of the ciiEtoms ; and if the importer shall not, within 1
month after such landing, make perfect entry or entries of such goiuls, and pay the duties tl.creon, or on
such parts as can be entered for home use, together with char^'es of removal and of waiehniise rent, such
goods shall be sold for payment of such duties (or for exportation, if they be such as cannot be entered
Ibr home use, or shall not be worth the duties and charge.*,) and for the payment of such charges ; and
the overiilus, if any, shall be paid to the imiiorfer or proprietor thereof. — ^ '.';).
Fast India Company may enter by Hill <lf Sight. — It shall be lawful for the East India Company, with,
out making the proof ncreiii.before'requircd, to enter by bill of sight, to be landed and fccured in such
manner as the commissioners of his Majesty's customs shall require, any goods importeu by them, and
also any gowls imported by any other person from places within the limits of the charter of the sale] Com-
pany^ with the consent of such person, upon condition to cause perfect entry to be made of such goods
within 3 months from the date of the importation thereof, either to warehouse the same or to pay the
duties thereon within the times and in the manner herein-alU'r mentiont.d j (that is to say,) if such goods
l)c chr.rged to nay duty according to the value, then to pay such duty withni 4 months (rom the sale of
the goods ; and if such goods be charged to pay duty according to the number, measure, or weight thereof,
then to pay one moiety of such duties within (i calendar months from the time of the importation of
such goods, and tlie other moiety within 12 calendar months from such time ; and such goods shall be
secured in such places and in such manner as the commissioners of his Majesty's customs shall require,
until the same shall have been duly entered, and the duties thereon shall have been duly paid, or until
the same shall have been duly expoited: provided also, that it shall be lawful for any other person wl.o
shall have imported any goods from places within the said limits into the port of London in like manner
to enter such goo<ls by bill of sight In his own name, upon giving sufficient security by bond, to the satis-
faction of the commissioners of his Majesty's customs, with the like conditions as are required of the said
Company for making perfect entries, and for the securing and the paying of duties, provided such goods be
entered by such bill of sight to be warehoused in some warehouse under the superintendence of the said
Company, and in which goods imported by the said Company may be secured in manner before men>
tioned. — ^ 2(5,
In dejavll of Payment of Duties, Ojods lo be sold — In default of perfect entry within 3 months as afore,
said, or of due entry and payment of duty within the times and In tne manner herein-before respectively
required, it shall be lawful for the commissioners of his Majesty's customs to cause any such goods in
respect of which such default shall have been made t'. be sold for the payment of such duties, (or for
exportation, if they be such as cannot be entered for home use,) ami lor the payment of all charges in-
curred by the Crown in respect of such goods ; and the overplus, if any, shall be paid to the proprietor
thereof. — ^ 27.
Goods Uiiided by Bill of SIphtfravdiilently enyirealed, forfeited— Where any package or parcel shall have
been landed by bill of sight, anil any goods or other things shall be found in such package or parcel coi>"
cealed in any wav, or packed with intent to deceive the officers of his Majesty's customs, as well all such
poods and other things as the package or jiaicel in which they are found, and all other things contained
111 such package or parcel, shall be Ibrfeiti d. — ^ ".S.
F.ast India i'omjmny to pay Duties lo lieeeircy general. — The East India Company shall pay info the
hands of the receivei.;;('nerar of the custi ins eve-y sum of money due from the said Com))any on account
of the duties of custoiiis at the resi^ective times when the same shall become due ; and tlie said receiver-
general shall give to the said Company a receipt for the monies so paid, on the account of the collector
«pf the customs, which receipt, when delivered to such collector, shall be received by him as cash. — \ 29.
Goods daJiiaged on Voyage. — Any goods which arc rated to pay duty according to the number, mea.
sure, or weight thereof ("excejit certain goods herein-after mjcntioncd) shall receive damage during the
voyage, an abatement of such duties shall be allowed in proportion to the damage so receivctl ; provided
2 U ii
, 'M
V H ' 1'^
'IM
mm
tmo
IMPOIl'IA riON AND lAl'OKTA'noN.
Iirocil' III- iiiiiilc to llm nalhliirlliiii i>l llii' i (iiiiiMi'tniiiiiilh <il \i\i IMiiJi'xl v'h riinliiiriii, in' iif tiiiy iiOlri'i'H itf rii%
loiiiN iii'tiiiK llirirlii iiliilri llirii iliii rlKiiin, lli.il Mii li iIiiiii.i;m' wan in iivril iillii llir i (iiiiIh vvi'ir iilii|>!ii'it
Hliiiiail III ilir bIii)! Iiii|iiiiliii|t llir n.iiiir, iiiiil In Imr liiry Wiir l.iiiilril III lur (liiilril I\iIik<I<>im ; iiiiil piii-
viili'il rliiiiii III !iiirli iihilriiiriil iil ilullrx lii' iiiiiilr ,il tlii' liiiir iil llir llinl t'\<iiiillinlliiii iil bin li K"'"!*' —
t .'III.
O.lftii'in III ixiiiinHf Diiiiiiif^r, mill slitir I'ldiuiittnii, or ifi.m.if turn Mm /iiiiil.i — Tlir iillli'i'i'n ol'llii' run.
liilii^ aIiiiII lhrriMi|iiiii riiaiiiliii' nm li ).' h uilli irlrrriur In Mit'li iliiiiiii).'!', auil limy nliili llii' |iiiipi>illiill
III iliiiii.ii'i- U'liuii, III llii'ir ii|iiiiiiiii, niii'li ^iiiiiln liatr mi mrivi'il, miil in. is iii.iKi' a |iiii|iiiilliiii>ilr ali.ilii
nil-Ill III (I III I rn ; I ill I II Itir iillircl'ii nl rlinliMiln In* lii(-iilii|irli'iil In I'ritliii.ilr niirli (liiiil.i^i*, ill ll lllf liii|i>il (nr
III' 'i.il nalinlli'il Willi I III' alialriiiriil iiiailcliN llii'iii, llii i iilli liiii ami iiiiiiiiliiillri nliall rliiiniir I wn liiilillrn til
nil ii'liaiiln rxpri ii'iirril in llir iialiiir iiiiil \ iiliir iit niit'li f{iMii|.«, \\ liii nliall rK.tiiiiiii' 11 it- mi Hit-, Jiiiil nliall
ni.iki' ami niili.irillir a ilrri iialiiiii, nialiiifi in » lial |iiii|Miilliin, airiuiliiiK In Ilini Jiiil|;nii'iil, .iiii'li i^iinils
iillii'
nil- li'iiM'iii'il III linn v.iliir liv krimiii <>l ..iinli il.inia^r, ami llinrn|ii>ii llii
iilialriiii'iil III till' iliilirn ai riiiillnx In llir |iiii|mii linn nl iliiiiia).M' mi iliilinril li> ninli inrii liaiiln
nlniii'- iii.i\ iiiakrail
:il
.{ll.lhllt.lll Ji'l iilllllll (i
>l/.v
Sn alialiiiirnl nl iIiiiiih ^.lnlll
ic Inaili' nil arrniiiil nl .iiiv il.iiii.nii)
III riiril liy any nl till' Miiln nl miuhIh lirirni-allii riiniiirialril , illial in In na),) I'nrn.i, rnllii', niaiiH<'<>
t'|i)iiM', rini'.inli, lalniiin. Ifffs, Inliarrn, Iriiiniin, ami iviiit'.
It. til
i. ,l'.'
./ lii>ni/« — ll nil. I II III' laii Inl In ir.lni|inil liitn Ilif tliiilril KIliKilnni llniii any pliiri', III a nlii|i
ol aii\ rniinliy, .my H.iiiiln ii'\ri'|i| an liiii'in allri rxri'|ilril| wliirli nliall li.ivi' In rii li'^ally r\|iiiili'il liniii
llii' I 'iiiU'.l KniKilniii, ami In inli'i llii' n.inir liy lull nl ninir, irlriiniK li' < In- inli y mil w .ml-., .mil . \|i il-
al Inn IhrirnI, |iinvulr<l tin' |irii|ii'i ly m nm-li ^nniln ri ml mill- In I In* (u'in.i.. Iiy ii limn nl nn wlinnc ai rniml
lilt' niiiin li.ivi' Ill-Ill r\|inilril, .iiiil llial nm li ir lin|inilalliin tal.r |il.ii r u illiin li yi am Imni llir ilali' nl'
lln- i'V|>nilalinn i .iiiil li (In- f^nniln nn irlni in il In- Ini ri^.n i^iiiiiIm, hIiiiIi Ii.uI lirlmr liri'ii li it.illy mi|.nrlril
I It In ttn- lliiilrit KniKilniii. llir nann- ilnltrn nliall l>r ji.is alilc lln-irnii an wnnlil, a I lln- linn- nl' mii Ii ii^iiii.
|Mii talinii. Ill' I lit y at ill- nn lln* liki* ^iiiiiIn ninlri lln* Hainr riiriiintl.mi-t-n nl iiii|inil<ili.iii an llinni- innlrr v\ liii li
ninli Mnniln liaii lii-i-n III i^iii. illy lni|Miilril, III nmli Kniiiln in ly In- is .iii-hnn I an lln- likr |;nnil» nii^^lil liu
ii'.iii-li.i
-I i||inn a lllnl llll|inli.lllnll tlll'll-nl : |iiin l.lril lllv.iy n, lli.il lln- m-m-I.iI -iiill- nl |
I'liinm-iali-il
in ilrnriiliril III llir I'alili- InllmiiiiK nliall mil lir ir ini|inilril iiiln tin- llniliil Kni);iliiiii I'm Innni- iinr niinii
lln- Dinninl llial lln- naiin- liail Inrn Ir^iiily rx|iiiilril li Ilirin-i', liiil lli.il lln- naiiii' nti.ill lir ilri-lm-il In
III' Inii'ii^n ^nnil-., ivlnlln-i ini){inally .--iii-li m mil, ami nli.ill aim) In- ilii-iili'il In In- liii|niili'il Ini tin.' lllnl
(mil' liiln tin- ' Uillril KiniJilniii , filial in In A.iy,)
n;
.-I f'lUi .[/ i/iitn/« ri'i'>*itfil It 'il'i'i "i.M/ it.i/ U ri-- imitx tiil Itn llniiic It*.
('•iliti KMliI, ini-'tl, lliilir, flint liiiill, lii'|i->, I. ill'
tliNitl-) tin t- lilrll ilill ll.
-I I .
Ill iiiiv ill (n\ ill
III' •'ti-lm- li.i.l
nil tin \ilil. h litll III' nliili- I (liniiil lit- l^-itli-il III niillllli-l
III.
M"
, ll.
I.I III, M.I
-,1V ■
inin, iiitil un it-|M
.irtxl illli I linl,.-i>i('|il Mll.lll I. IIIILIilla III llllll-.ll il.iiilU
11 .,1 III. >:,^l ll.-rr, III llln .M l|ll>l>'>
III Ih.n -,.111^1.1. 11. Ill lliill lilt) nniitu uro
lit ,|i,-, l.il ,,.
Itilii^ti, iiiiil I1.1.I ti.il I't-.'ti a.ii.l. hi-i't. .t.l.
liit-iil III' bin ll liinii.lv III fttn-'Jt ,\i<n. I..1. k .
liilt i[l Still i\ fill it'ltoin niiti/ ht- tiiKi'n ottf -Tlii'lu'i-i 1 Iniylinni- iiann- .my t^iniiln nn ii--iini>nrli-il wi-i't?
•-ii't'ii'il till i-\|niil.itiiin nliall ili-llM-i In tin- nt-anln-i at tin- |niil nl' rvpni l.ili.ni an i-\arl iirinlinl, nl)<in-il
! ninli Kinnl--, ii-Irn nil' In till- I'liliy .-ml rlr.ii.inri' niitiv.Miln ami In lilt' I't'linii
liy linn, nl tin- iiaitnnla
inw.ll.ln III tlii-
\\ nil lln* iii.irk.n .mil iiiin
ill till
I"
..l^i-n.
.Ill iiiwaiiln .iinl niitvvarilni anil
llli-ll-ll|nin till' 11- ll In-I, llinlln|4 llial nm ll f^nniln ll.iil lit-i-n li'K.llh t'\|iiilli il, nli.lll (!■-">' >■ '"" nl ntnri' Inl'
lilt- n. mil- , .11 III 1 1 III.- tn-innn III \\ liitM- I mil. I- nm ll ^nii.l-- VI I'll- rnt 1-1 I'll Inl t'\|ini i.tlinn wan mil tl.t- |ii'n-
(ll ii-liir llii'ii-nt, lint llln .1(41-1 ll, ll.- nli.lll ili'i lair ii|inii n.illi nn niiili lull nl nlnif lln- iiaiiit- nl tin- |n -miiii liy
\v liniti In- vs'.in t-iii|ilnyi'il ti-i .sii.-li iii-t-nt ; ami 11 tin- {niMiii In vv Initii nin-li ii-liiiin-.l ^ninln .111- t-.inni^.nrtl
hi la 1 1 I ml 111- nin-li )iiii|ii irtni- ami r\)initt-i'. In- nliall iimki- anil niil>n<-i iln- a tirrliii.ilinli nn nm-|i I ill I nl' nlnii
III lln- nillii' nl till' in-lnnii Inl \vlln>t- n->i- Mirll unniln Inn i- In-rll i-nlinlKia-il In lilni ;
.1 till- M-al |iiii|iiii-lni.
a-,t't-i't.iiin'.l In III- nin-li, nliall iimkt- ami Milmri iln- a ilt-rl.ii.ilinn ii|)nii niirli lull nl' nlm r In tin- nlt-ntity nl'
tl
I-, nn I- \ I nil 1 1 -I I .in. I ml I I't III li.-il, .mil til. 1 1 III- vv.in .u tin- tl
It- nn.i.
III.' |iiii|ii it-lnr III nil. ll ;
nin
ml Hull lln-
> li.iil mil iliniii^ mull Imn-
i-\|iml.itinii .mil III n--nii|imlatliili
iilil 1
ill-|inni-il nl In any
iitln-i |ii-i>iin ; ami nm li tli-i-lai.ilinn yliall In- 111. nln l> -tm.- I In- 1 nlliilnii ni i-niii|ilinlli-ln al llir jnirU nl rx-
|niit itimi .iml nl ini|nntiitinii l^^|n'^l|v i-ly ; .mil llirt.'ii|i.iii Hit' rnllt'i itii' anil rniiililinlli'r nliall aillinl niirll
^.iinln In i-nliy In lull nt nltiii-, and ftriiil 111. -ir vs. 11 1. ml .ii-rm .liiifih.
.S'/( I /i/
Mllihit lis (.'
'I'lli
ik
nllllill
in-n nl rv t ry -liiii .111 iviiiK IViiiii |>artn lii-ynliil tin- ni-an
III tin- I'niti-il Kiii^-.iniii nr 111 tin- UK- nt i\lan, nil. ill In- niilijii I In tin- s.mn- tliillt-n, iiinl tin- n.iiin- |iinliilii.
In nli.lll In- -.lllijt-t'l In Ulll-ll llll|inltl-ll liy vv.iy nt'
.inns, I. -nil nil. .nn, an. I It-^nlaliniin, an tin- liki- M.iln nl
in<-r('li..iiilini- ; tint il it nli.ill a|i|n- ii In lln* rnlli-ilni iiml i'niii|i|inllrr thai thi- tiliaiitity in ilt-ni-ii|ilinii nl niiil
klnn-n 1. iitil i-\rt--,^lvi- nr iiiiniiil.ilil.-, imi|i>i all tin- i-iiriiinnlain-i-n nl tin- viiyaKi-> 11 nliall In- lauliil tin tin in
tn |n-liiill nlli-h nlii)illlnn
> In III
-.1 I.
I tin- (11 IV III
■I tin- iiianl.
iiliini-r, nr tiwin-r
til nllrll
nlilli, nl nl any |i
iif;i'l' nl niii'li nlii|i tn vvlnini any nin-li niiipliin ninit-n may lii-liin^, nn |i.iyniriit nl' t^it-
|>rn|ii'i iliiln'n,iii III In- naii-liniini-il tin tin- liilnii- 11 1- nl .mii li nliiji, altlinil);li ttn- nalin- rnillil lint In- li-|{ally
llli|niilril liy w.iy nl liii'irliamllM'. — )} ; .1.
tiii,iil.\fi,ii)i ."/ii)itiilh''is, .Vr — Nn unniln nli.ill In- i-iili-ii-.l as lii-iii),' nl' nr I'rniii any llrilinli ininni-nnitiii in
Am. rn-a H any lii-in-lil alt.nli In ninli ilislmiliniil iiiili-,n lln- inanli-r nl' tin- nln|i iniinaliii^ lln- naiiii- nliall
liiivt- ili'llvrri'tl tn tin- i-iillt-rtnr nr rnmiitinllrr a i-i-Hilli'alr, iiinlir tin' li.nitl nl lln- |iln|n'r nltli'ir nl lln-
inai't- \v lii-ri- niirli ^tnnl.i wt-ii- taki-11 nil iio.ii'il, nr lilt* iliii-i'li-ai.iiiri- iil umli hlii|> Imni lln-iii'i, ninlaiiiinij .in
a.i'iinnt nl nin-li ^nntl-i — !^ iiti
('i'/-/{/('..i/,- 11/ <i'»ii(r/A oj Siifftii , I'li/flr, Ciiiini, Sftiiils, fiiim I'hittliilioiix — lli-t'nri' any nii(,'ar, rnll'i
nr npiritn nliall In- i-ntiri-il .
iiK nt tin- |iiniliiii- nt' nniiii- llrili-.li |innM>nninii 111 .-Viin-ii
llii
Inlainl III' M ...lilt inn, tin- inanlii nl tin- nIii|i iiii|nirlmK lln- naini- nliall ili-livi-r In tin- inlli'ilnr nr 1 iiiii|ilinlli'r
11 rvrtilli-alr, iimli-r tin- liaml nl lln- |iini.i-r nlliri-r nt' tin- plai-t- wln-ii- mn-li K.nnl-i «i-ii- l.iktii nil linaiil,
t.-ntilyuiK that innnl liail In-i-ii inaili- 111 in.inni-r i.-iiiiin-il liy law Itiat mn-li f^mnln aii-nl tin- nrn.liiri' nl niiiiii'
lliilinh lum.-ii-nninii 111 .Xini'iii-a, nr nt tin- IaI.iihI nl Maiiriliun, niHtiiiK tin- imliii- nl' tilt- |ilai'i- wln-n- ninli
((innU vM-rt- |iiimIiii'i-iI, and lln- i|iiaiitily ami i|iialily nl tin* ({nniN, anil lln- iiiiinbrr ami ili-iiniiimalinn nl'tlir
|iai'kaKi'n I'linlaliiiiiK lln' n. lint-, ami tin- n
tin-
It' tin- nliip ill uhlrli tlii-y .nt- l.nli-n, ami nl tin- in.inli-r
anil niirli iii.inli-i nli.ill ainn in.iki- ami niilmrriln- a ili-rlaralinii In'lini- lln- rnlli-i'tnrnr riiiii|iltnllrr
llial nin-li I'l'itillrali- wan r.-i-i-i\i>il by Iniii it tin- iilai'i- wlii'ri- mirli i-iiihIs ui-ir t.iki-n nn luLinl, anil llial the
inuln Ml ininm
iti-tl i
■ll
n- niiiii- .In .III- nii-Mlinni-i
tln-rt-in. — t; .'17.
I'liiijinil,- .;/ SiifitiiJ'iitin I iiiiit.\ i;A i'lmrtcr. ■— llt-tnii- .my niinar nli.ill In- i-lili-n-il an lirilii; tin- lirniliii'i' iif
HiiY Krilinli |ii>nni-nsinii vv illiiii till- Inmin nl Hii- l-!ant liiili.i ( ninpaiiy'n rliarlt-r. Hit- iii.i-.ti-r nl tin- nIii|i nn-
iniitiii); II n.imi- nli.ill ili-livi-r tn tin- riiHiM'i ir nr i'niii|itiiillt-r .1 I'rrtllii'.itt- iiinli-r Hit- li.iml ami m-al nl lln*
)itnin*r nitii-i-r at lln- ;ilia'i- wlii-n- niii-li mi;;,ii- wan l.ikt-ii nn Iniaiil, ti-nlilyilin llial n.itli liail Inrn inaili-
Ih-liiri- liiiii, l<y till- nlii|i|n-r nl' urli Mi^ar, lliat lln- naini- yv.in ii-ally ami tit'im Ji/r tin- iirmlmr nl niirli
llritinli |iiinni-nniiin , aiiil>in-!i nmnti-r nli.lll alnn niakr ami niilint-iihi- a ili rl.iialinii In Inn- lln- rnll. . Ini nr
(-iiiii|i|rnlli'r, lli.il Mirli ri-iliiii' ili- \> .in rri-ri\i-il liy liiiii at lln- |ilai'i' wln'ri- ntii'li niixiir w.in t.iki-n ini I maul,
niitl tlial tin- Mic.ir nn innniil.il m tin- n.inn- .in in mi-ntinm-il tln-ii-in — (j .is
('.-»-/ ;rf -If/.- 1;/ II III,-, ri.iilii,: ij' Citiii- .,/!.■ MX/ //.i/K- - lli-t'ni'i-any wiiickIiiiII lii-i-nti-n-.l an lii-inn th« priw
•lint- 111 tin- 1 ,ipi- nt' liimil I l.>p>-, tin- inanli-r nl' lln- nliip inninitinn tin- n inn- nliall ililivi-r In lln- i-iilli-rtnr
III i-ninplrnilrr .1 ri-rtilirali' mnli-r tilt- li.nni nl' lilt- prnpi-r nil
Itlll- ( api' nl tinnil llnpi- It-nlltyillK
that
V
nnl' h.iil Ini-ii 111 1.I1-, 111 111 iiinr ri-tpiiu-il hy law, tli.il niii-li wini- m nt' tin- ptinlini- nt tin- ('apt- nl (inntl
l.ipu nr tin- il.-priiiU'
tli.-ii-nl', nt,ilmf< lln- i|iianlily ami .snri ol niiili vviiii*, anil lln- iiiinilii-r ami ili-iii>-
Uiiiialiiiii III tin- pnrknijiit cunlaimnH llii' ^anii- , .mil mull iiianli-r nliall aUii iiniku anil milMt-rilii- n drclar
m-4
IMPOIHATION AND KXroillATlON.
6f>l
ktliill 1)1 full- I III' I'lillirtcir III riiiii|ilriilli'i, Hint mirli riilllli .ilr w.ix iiTi'l\ nl liy liliii lit lliii ('a|ie iit (initil
lllilll*, Hllll llhll llll* Winr nil llll|ililiril in lllr naiili' lln In lililiUiillril llirnill
• kiih/.v iiJ (IllillLiil/, .III \il/, ,S
It nllilll III' liU\ hll III llil|il>rl II llll II ir I 11 1 1 I'll KIllKilillll llliy K"l"l" lit (III'
|il'iiiliiri' III iiiiiuiiliniiilr iil llir inl.iiiili, iil ( iiiiiiiMi y , .li mry, Alilniiri , .Siiik,iir Man, riiiin tlir naiil miaiiila
li'M|ii rllvrh , Hllliiiiil luiyiiH'iil iil any iliily I'Mrjit In lllr ranrn lii'irin allri iiii'iiliiiiii'il > , anil ninli
Kill II In nliall nnl lir ilri'iiii'il In III* i ml mini in any iliai^f urilnlirn iin|Mi-it'il liv any .ii'l liri i-altri tn lii' inailn
III) till' iin|iiiilalliiii lit i^itiiiln ^n'liriallv tinni |iail.-) Iirynnil llir ni'iih ' )iiiiviilrif alw.iyn, llial nmli Knniln may
lirv .1 Irnn III' rlniit^iil w III any |ihi|iiii linn nl an li iliilirn aa nliall laii ly rnnnlri \ all any iliilirn ii( rximi',
or n I riiani iliity, jiayalilr nil llll' III. r ({iiiiiln llll' |>iiiilin r nt llir |i ill nl llir I nlliil KliiKilnin li In wlmli
tiny nllilll Ih' liii|iiiilril : |iiiivnlril almi, llial in li i'\rin|ilniii linin ilnly nliall mil rxlrml In any Inannlai
(lllrH nl till' nalil I <laliiln iniiilr liiiiii inalrii.iln llir iniiiliiri' nl any rinilHIl niliiili y, <'yri'|il in.iniilarliiira
nt lini'ii ami I'nllini iinnlr in ami iiii|miiIi'iI Iiiiiii llir I If nl Man
Miistii !•! itilivii fiil{li,iili nl I',
M.
mil ilii/iin I:: I I 1 1 {lii lllr — lli'liiii' any ((iiniU nliall la' i nlriril
iin liriiiK lllr |irnilm r nl llir unnl inlaniln ill any lirnrlii all.n li i>> ;airli ill-linrlinn r, llir iiianii i nt tlir nliiii
oi vi'nnrl lin|Matin^ llir nanir nlnill ili-lun In llii
illri ll
lli'illi'iiaiil-t(n\i'i 111
in)<l I I'lli'i a ri-itilir.ilr liuiii llir yit'
ninniamlri -III rliirl nl lln- mlanil liniii vilnm'i' ninli {^nmln vvi-ii* llii|iiiilri<, that
|iinnl liail lii'rii nitiilr. In inaniiri irijinii'il liy law, tliat nnrli ^'.iiniln VM-ir nf llir jnnilnrr nl' niii It inlanil,
tilling till' i|iiantlly ami ijnalily nl llir pniuli, .mil tin' iiiiiiiIhi ami ilrnnininatlnii nl tin' |i.irKa|.;rn rnn-
1.111111114 llii'n.tinr^ ami niii-li nninlri' nli.ill ainn in 'kr ami niitr-iri llir a ilrrl.iiallnii Itrlnii' tin- rnllri tni ni-
rniiifitinllrr, tlial niirli rri tilii'atr wan irrri\ nl liy liim at I lir jilarr v\ lirii- niirli ^nii.in vvi-ii' takrn nil ImmiiI,
ami llial till* Kuniln nil ini|Hii'lnl air tin* naim* an ai'r iiirnlinnni llirirlii — ', IJ.
7'/i'(i.v«/(/ 1)1111/ /III I'lit I' mil III I' nl liiliiiiiiil i'niiii i,-.s III III' iiniiiii llll Iiiiiii (iIiiiii.si\I/,,'\i\ — It nliall li' la»-
t'lil I'm till' l.nidn < ninininiinm-rn nl Inn .Majrnl y 'n 'l'ira;aii \ , \\ lirii ami nii Inn}^ an lliry nlnill nrr 111, tn iiri'in it
any unniln tin- iiinilinr nl I lir III It lili iinnsi-niiiinn nl ll In-iirn In Nintli Aniriiia, uliirli nliall liavr Imi-ii
li'^ lily iiii|iniinl mill llir islamin nl lliinnnry in .li i.ry iliiri I linni mnli |ii>-nrnnlnii'i, tn hr lm|iiiitiil into
■ In' ifiillril Kiiiftilnni Ini liniiii' iinr ilirri t riiiiii tlinnr inlamln, iiniln niiili rrf^iiliilinnn a^. tin- miiiI rnininiii-
• Iniirin nliall illirrt, any llilliK ill llir l.iw nl nak ixalinii In lllr innliaiy lint ivitlml. nnl iii^ — , i.'
I'rs.ii'l.H ii'itft .Sliiiir liiiin tiiitiiisi-t/^ Ar. nnl In tn- /nliilril. — Nn I'rnnrl ai rivinj< nii llir rnani nl' Mii|^l.iiiil
t'lniii liini nary, .Irmry, .Miliinry, S.iik, nl' iVI.ili, ulnilly lailrii ivitli ntnlii' tin' |iinilm'tinii tin rnit, nliall lai
llalilr In III- rniiilni'lnl nl |illntril liy lalnta a|i|iniiilnl anil liri linril l>y llir ini nmalinii nl llir i'linily llniii'e
<it Drill mill .Si I mil I, any law, illntnin, nl' liniiKi' In tlir I'nnliaiy mil witlntaiiiiili|(. ', I.I.
I'l.ili, III ili.i/i liiLli/i mill I III iiifi, mill l.iilistiin mnl I'liilmls, Jiir i(/ /'«/// nn liiijitii liiliiiii. — I'lrnli llnli
nti'vi'iy kliiil nt 111 ilinli t.ikliiM, ami liii|inrtr>l III Itnllnli nliipn, ami l.rnli Inlmlrin anil tnilinlH, liimrvi'i'
I iki'ii III in wliati'vrl nlnp ini|ini Ini, anil niinl Hull ntrvrry k i ml, nl' III ll Ini i taking ami in i li:,;, lin|initril in
lliltlnli nliijin, nliall III' iiiinnilril lirr nt all iliilli'H, ami nliall mil hr ilrrinril tn hr ini'lmlnl in an; i'liai>;r nl'
• Inly liii|innril liy any ail lirirallri tnhr iiiaili- nil tlir iiii|initatliiii nl xniKin ifrnrially : |iiinnlril alwaya,
llial lii'Inir any rnrni linli hliall hr riitri'nl Irrr iililnly, an lirinK nlnin li taklii)/ anil riiiin)^, llir inantrr nf
lllr nlnp liiipinlniK tlir nainr nliall iiiakr ami niihnrnlir a ilrrlaialinii hrlnrr llir rnlln tnr nr rniii|iliiilln, lli.il
Hiii'li llnli w.in arliially r.iiiKliI ami lakrn III lliilinli i<hi|in, ami iiilnl hy llii' rirvvn nl mull nlii|iN, in liy liis
Rl.iji'nty'.. nllliji I In ^j 11
I'lilijiiiili' I J' Hliihhii , Iiiiiii Oil, .Si' Ki ilis/i intniiiiil liil.iiin. — llrlnri' any hlnlilirr, Iriiin ml, i<|iriniarrli
nil, lirail ni.itlri', m wlialr Ihm, nliall In* I'litn'ril an hrln^ llir iirnitnir nl linli nr iii-alnirn hi iiiK in tin- ni.a
laki'ii anil r.niKliI tvhnlly hy liln Majmly 'i> niihjri In iinii,i:<\ irniilniff in nninr pall nl Inn Majrnl\ '.-, ilninnnuiin,
ami iinpnil. tl friini nniiir III itinli pimnrnainn, tin- in.intri nl' llir nlnp inipnil in^ Ihr n.inii' nliall ihlivri In tin*
II llll rt III nr I ninptinlli'i a rritilirair nniln thr ha ml nl llii' pinpri nlln 1 1 nl miiIi Itntih pnAnr-ninii » In in
kinli ^nniln vM'ir tali n nn hnaiil, lur It lln niii'li nllii'i I hr irniilin).' llirir, llll n a I I'll llll. Ill' II mil I Ihr li.ii.iU
III tun pi im i|i ll inli.ihilanin al Ihr pl.ar nl nhipinrnt,) lint il> in|{ that nalli li.ul hrrii niailr hrliiir In in in
tlnlii, liy thr nliippn nl niirli );nniln, lli.il Ihr nainr tvrir thr pinilm r nl linh m i ii aim rn hi ni)< in tin- mi
lakrn wlinlly liy Hi itl.-li vrnni'la inviinl anil navlKalnl airniilin)^ In law ; ami mil inanlri nh.ill al-,n inal.n
anil niilmriihi' a iln ' .i.ilinn hrlnri' tlir inlln Ini in rniii|ilriillrr, that mii h in :illi .itr wan in iivi il ly hiin at
till' plair H'lii'li* mil h Kiiiiil.i »• ir takrn nn hnaiil, anil that tlir Knniin mi iinpnilnl air thr anir ak n.rn-
finiii'il thri'i'in , anil thr inipniirr nl' niirh \i, In nh.ill atin iiiakr iiml miIi nilir a ilrilai.ilinn hil'nir tin*
rnllri'lin in rniiipl inllri , .il Ihr I nnr nl riili y, lli.it In thr hint nl Inn knnvi Inlnr ami h' Ini llir nainr wri.'
till' iilnilinr lit 11.^ 1 1 III rii'i,lnii'> li\ iiiff in Ihr nra lakrn wlmlly hy 111 ll mil \rnni In in inainiri almi nanl. -' -l.i.
Itijiiif iiilii/ nl H/iililiii , \i . iiJ III ilisli lisliiii/i, Miisli I' mill 1 111)1111 III III iiiiilu III I lin nllilll III lln .\ninr. —
llrlnir any hliihhi i, li.illi mi, nprini.iirli nil, hrail m . ! -i, ni' whair linn, ini|inilnl ilirnl lioiii lllr linlin v,
nh.ill hr riili ml a- laiiiK Ihr piniliiir nl linli in iir.nnirn liMii)^ in lllr ma lakrn ami lan^'ht win illy hy Ihr
crrwn 111' nliijin rhainl nut liniii ihr Ihiili'il KliiKitnin, nl* liniii inn- nl tin- inlamln nl t iiirinnry, .Itimv,
Alitri iiry, .Sai k, in .\l.iii, Ihr in.inlrr nl thr nlnp iinpni tni){ mii Ii f^nniln nh.ill in.ikr .mil niilmri ihr a ilrrlai-
ntiiin, anil thr iinpni It-r nl niii'h I'nnitn In llir hrnl nl Inn knnw Inlf-n' .mil l.rtirt ; r-h.ill iiiakr ami niihrn rihr a
lln l.iiatinn, tli.it lllr n.niir air thr pinihii'i' nl' linli in i iratili'rn h\'in^ in Ihr nrii t.ikrn anil I'.iiii'hl whnlty
hy lllr nrw nl niirli nlnp, nr li\ Ihr I'lrw nl nniiir nlln r nlnp miiinn^ Ihr nlnp ilraii il mil linin lllr I Uiili il
K Inviinl II, nr lininnm' nl Ihr inlamln nldiirriinry, .Innry, /\lilrriir\, .S.iik, nr .Miin nlatinK w hull — ' ll,.
Illiihhii Iiiiiii liiiiiiliiinl innii In' linliil, iiiiil iiiliiiul n.s (hi iiiiiini liil, mnl lir ri/iinVii/ n.v r,iiili — It fImII
III' l.iwhil iipnii (III' irliirii 111 any nlnp Irniii tlir (irrrnlami man nr l)iivi>'n SIrailn In tlir (Iinli il KliiKilnin
Willi 'iiiv hlnlilirr, hrniK tlir prmliiri' nl' winiirn nr nlhrr rrratiirrn living in Ihr nrii, Inr llir iinpiirlia
llii'irnt III i'.iii>r till' nann' In hr hnilnl iiilii nil al thr pnri nl linpnitalinn, iiinlrr Ihr r.iir iiiiil liinpi i linn nl'
till' piiiprr niliirrs nl tlir runt iniin i ami lln- nil nn prniliirril nliall hr ailiniltnl tn riiti y, ami III.' iliilirn In-
paiil lliriniii, an ll iniiinltnl in lli.il nlalr, ami niirli ml nliall lint altrrwaiiln, il thr n.iiiir ininr tn la- rs..
pnrtnl, hr nnlijril tn iliily nl' rxpnrtatlnii an a iiialilitai'lnii' nl' Ihr I nilril KniKilnin — ', I'l.
Iiii/itiiliilinn •liiiil — \'ii xiiniln nliall la' ilrrninl In In- iinpnrlril Iiiiiii any parlirillar pl.ui' iiiijrnn limy
III' iinpnrli'il ilin it Iriiiii niirli plarr, ami nliall havr hrrii llirri' l.iilrii nn hnalil thr iinpiirtiliK nlnp, litlicr
jin Ihr lirnt nhlpinrnl ntniirli ){nniln, nr allrr lllr nainr nliall havr hrrn art nail y laiiilnl al nmli plarr — <, IK
Siili'iii mm/ nil (u'liil/i snilii nnl liiilijiiiij Snli'iiyi' — ll nliall hr law till Inr Ihr nwiirrnr nalvnr nl any
lii'npiTly liahlr III till' payinrnt nl iliil v navnl linin nra, anil in rmpn t nt whnh any niiin nliall hair lirrii
awanlril iiinlri aii\ law al thr liiiir in Ini'ir, nr in rrnprrt in whiili any niiiii nliall havr hrrn paiil in a^ii nl
In hr (laiil hy llir nwiirr thrirnt nr Ilin mki'IiI, In Ihr nalvnrn, In ilrliav llir nalv.ixr nl' llir nainr, In mil nn
liiiirli nl Ihr prnprrlv
nn navi'll a, I W
ill III
iillirii'lil In ili'I'ray Ihr nahaxr nn awanlril, in niii
h nil
irr niiiii nn
I'. nil nr aK>'i'i'il In lit' paiil ; ami npnii llir prniliirtinii nl an iiwaiil liiailr In rxniiliiin nl any niirli law In
llir
niliiininniniit'in nl' i-iintniiin nr iipnii prnnl' tn till' nalinl'.ii'l Inn i
ll till
<aiil rninminninnrrn that nrrh
hliiii nl' iniMiry lian hrrn p.iiil, nr lian hrrn a^i'rril In hr paiil, lllr naiil rnmniinninnri
ami rripiiiril In allnw. h<
nt'niirli Mini sn au.iiili'il, paii
■ lirirhy rmpiiwriiil
ll nmli pinprrty aliamanl, I'l rr rmiii Ihr pay inriil nt all iliilirn, tn thr
afjirril In hr p. ml, nl tn thr iniKiiinl nl nmh nihil Mini
. In llll
ml
I'niniiiinniniirrn nliall hi'i'Iii pint anil irasniiahlr : pinvlilril alwayn, that il nmli nwiiir nr n.ilvnl nliall hi
ilinnalihilril uilli any ilrlrrniiiialinn nt thr saiil ininniinniininn
I th<
iliily Irrr, it nliall iir liiwl'iil Inr nmli nwinr ni
V nr tn irlir a
iimniiil nlnin'li prnprrl, 'n hr nnlil
IIS hill ll ilrlriii'inatinn nl' the naiil iniii^
ininniniii'rn tn till' jiiilp>iiirnt ami rrv imiiii nl Ihr I li);li ( mil t nt .yilnniall v ; anil in tlmt ranr nmli ,salr nliall
III' niinprmlnl until thr itrrminii nl' niirli rniirt nliall havr hrrn hail Ihrirnli.
ii'ifiii (lunils iliiiini, ,vr lulus.
ilijiil III
Diilii
/'r.v n.s I'll Itn/iiirliilnin.
III.
All Inrrinn [(iiniln, ilrii hit,
Ji'Inaiii, tinlnaiii, ami wrri'k, lirnii|;lil m ininiiiK iiitn Ihr t nilnl KiiiHilnin nr iiiln thr Inlr nl Man, nhall at
nil liiiirn III' NUhji'i't In Ihr nainr iliilirn an gi.nil'- nl' llir liKr kinil Iinpnrlril intn ihr ( iiitiil Kiu^ilnin
ri'Hprrtivi'ly air niili|rrl In : pin\ iilnl alwayn, thai il Inr a>i'ri I ailiili|{ lllr iirnprr ainniilit nl liiity snpayahlu,
niiy illU'Htinn nliall ai mr iin tn thr uiiKiii nt liiiv in h j^nniln, Ihr nainr nliall hr ili'iiiiiil tnhr nl tlii' ({•'•iHlh,
•.' I ■ :l
I : f
S I
li
iJi
i
■11
^W^IB
■HP
P^H»B"
662
IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION.
* »,
iji
iiroducc, or manufacture of such country or place as the commissioners of customs shall upon investigation
by them tletermiiie ; provided also, that if any such goods be of such sorts as are entitlc<l to allowance for
damage, such allowance shall ho made under such regulations and conditions as the said commissioner!,
»hall from time to time direct : provided also, that all such goods as catmot be sold for the amount of duty
due thereon shall be delivered over to the lord of the manor or other person entitled to receive the same,
and shall be deemed to be unenumerated goods, and ifhall be liable to and be charged witli duty ac-
cordingly. — ^ ;■)().
PiTSotis /laving such Gooits in Possession, irilhimt I'oticc, Unfile to a Penalti/ of 100/. — If any person
shall have possession of any such gomls, cither on larut or within any port in the United Kingdom, and
shall not give notice thereof to the proper ollicer of the customs within 'i\ hours alter such iKissession, or
shall not on demand pay the duties due thereon, ordeliver the same into the custody of the proper officer of
the customs, such person shall forfeit the sum of 100/. ; and if any person shall remove or alter in quan.
tity or quality any such goods, or shall oi)en or alter any package containing any such goods, or shall cause
any such act to be done, or assist therein, l)efore such goods shall be deposited in a warehouse in the cus-
tody of the ollicors of the customs, every such pe-son shall forfeit the sum of !()<)/. ; and in default of the
payment of the duties on such goods within W months from the time when the same were so deposited, tlie
same may be sold in like maimer and for the like purjioses as goods imported may in such default be sold :
i)rovided always, that any lord of the manor having by law just claim to such goods, or if there be no such
ord of the manor, then the person having possession of the same, shall be at liberty to retain the same in
his own custody, giving bond, with 2 sufficient sureties, to be approved by the jjroper officer of the cus.
toms, in treble the value of such goods, for the payment of the duties thereon at the end of 1 year and 1
day, or to deliver such goods to the proper officer of the customs in the same state and condition as the
same were in at the lime of taking possession thereof — § .01.
Goods itiiiicr Excise Permit lleaii/atioiis. — No goods which are subject to any regulations of excise
shall be taken or delivered out of the charge of the officers of customs, (although the same may have been
iluly entered with them, and the full duties d'jc thereon may have been paid,) until such gcjods shall also
have been duly entered with the officers of excise, and permit granted by them for delivery of the same,
nor unless such permit shall correspond in all particulars with the warrant of tlieofficers of the customs :
jirovided always, that such entry shall not be received by the officers of the excise, nor such permit granted
by them, until a certificate shall have been produced to them of the particulars of the goods, and of the
warrant for the same, under the hand of the officers of the customs who shall have the charge of the
goods : provided also, that if upon any occasion it shall appear necessary, it shall be lawful for the projier
officers of excise to attend the deliveiy of such goods by the officers of the customs, and to require that
such goods shall be delivered only in their presence; and it shall be lawful for such officers of CAcise to
count, measure, gauge, or weigh any such goods, and fully to examine the same, and to proceed in all
respects relating to such goods in such numner as they shall be authorised or requireil by any act for the
time being in lorce relating to the excise. — \ .02.
Comtnissioners of Customs may direct certain Goods to be stamped. — The commissioners of customs
are hereby authorised, alter any goods have been entered at the Custom-house, and before the same shall
be discharged by the officers, and delivered into the custody of the importer or his agent, to mark or stami"
such goods in such manner and form as they may deem tit and proper ibr the security of the revenue, and
by such officer as they shall direct and appoint for that purpose. — § .03.
Orders for stamping Goods to he pulilislied Every order made by the said commissioners of his Ma-
jesty's customs in resi)ectof marking or stamping any goods shall be published in the London Gaxcttc and
Dublin Gazette. — ^ ,04.
Penalti/ 20(7. on forging suc/i Stamps. — If any person or persons shall at any time forge or coiniterfeit
any mark or stamp to resemble any mark or stamp which shall be provided aiid used for the purjjoses of
this act, or shall forge or counterfeit the impression of any such mark or stamp, or shall sell or eximse to
sale, or have in his, her, or their custody or possession, any goods with a counterfeit mark or stamp,
knowing the same to be counterfeit, or shall use or affix any such mark or stamp to any other goods re-
quired to be stamped as aforesaid other than that to which the same was originally affixed, all and every
such Gif'ender or oH'enders, and his, her, or their aiders, abettors, and assistants, shall for every such oftence
forfeit and pay the sum of 200/. — j 65.
Times and Places for landing Goods. — No goods whatever (except diamonds, bullion, fresh fish of
British taking and imported in Kritish ships, and turbots and lobsters,) shall be unshipped from any ship
arriving from parts beyond the seas, or landed or i)ut on shore, but only on days not being Sundays or
holidays, and in the day-time, (that is to say,1 from the first day of September until the last day of March
between sun-rising and sun-setting, and from the last day of March to the first day of September Ijetween
the hours of 7 o'clock in the morning and 4 o'clock in the atternoon ; nor shall any goods, except as afore-
said, be so unshipped or landed unless in the presence or with the authority of the i)roper officer of the
customs ; and such goods, except as aforesaid, shall be landed at one of the legal quays appointed by his
Majesty for the landing of goods, or at some wharf, quay, or place appointed by the commissioners of the
customs for the landing of goods by sufl'erance; and no goods, except as aforesaid, after having been
unshipped shall be transhijiped, or after having been put uito any boat or craft to bo landed shall be
removed into any other boat or cr; 't previously to their being duly landed, without the permission or
authority of the proper officer of the customs.— ( 56.
Goods to be wis/iippcd, SiC at t/ie Ejpcnse qf Importer. — Tlie unshipping, carrying, and landing of
all goods, and the bringing of the same to the proper place after landing, for examin.ition or lor weighing,
and the putting of the .same into the scales, and the taking of the same out of and from the scales after
weighing, shall be performed by or at the cxpen.s* of the importer.— ^ .07.
Prohibitions and Ilestrietions alisolutc or modified. — 'J'he several sortsof goods enumerated or described
in the Table following, denominated " A Table of Prohibitions and Restrictions inwards," shall either be
absolutely prohibited to be imported into the United Kingdom, or shall be imported only under the
restrictions mentioned in such Table, according as the several sortsof such goods are respectively set lorth
therein i (that is to say,)
A Table op PnoHinrnoNs an» HrsTRicTiovs Inwards.
A List of Goods a/isoltilcti/ prohibited to be imported.
Arms, ammunition, and utensils of war, by M-av of morrlian-
clise, except liv lioenre from his BIiJesty,for furninhinu
Ills Majes'>*!. vulilic storrs o»Iv.
Boef, fresh or corned or sliuhtly saltctl.
JUookh ; vi/. first coniiiosed or written or printefl in the I'nited
K.in^dom, and printed or reprinted in any other conntry,
impo' ted for s.Tle, except ItookNnnt reprinted in tlut'nitrd
Kingdom with Vt( years ; or t-einn pnrts of cotleclions,
Oic itrcalcr parts of which had been coniiJosol or w ritten
abroad,
f attic, f;reat.
i lucks and watches of any metal, nnpres?*d witli any n'ark or
stamp appi-arinp to l)C or to represent any le^'.l Itritish
assay n)ark or stamp, or purporting liy aiiv ni;irk i.r ap-
pearance to be of tlie rnainlf'.ictnieof tlie t'niied Kinj;-
nom, or not havini; the name and placenf abode of seme
foregii maker abroad visible on the tVaiiie aed al-n im
Hip face, or not beinit in a (omplcte slate, with all the
part! \"operly fiseil in the rase.
Loin ; vi/. false money, or counterfeit RterlinR.
silver, of the realm, or any money ptirportinff to be finch,
not being of the ehtablibhed stiiiul.aid in weight or fine-
illM.
Fish of foreign t.ikinR or cnrinp, or in foreign vessels; except
tlirliots and lobsters,
gecn, botaim>, and caviiire.
m :nreien
, live eels.
anchovies, sluT-
(iuni'owd r ; exi ept bv licen<'e from Ids IMa), stv, snch licence
to lie glinted for tlie funii.sli:iig his Atajesty'a stores
onlv.
I.ainli, malt, mutton, pork (freth or orned or sliKhtly salted),
sheep.
Snnlt'-wiTk.
Spirits from tlie Isle of M.'U.
Swine,
'i'oliacio siaRs stripped fiuiii llie leal', whether inanufacttued
nr not.
Tobacco .\titlk IKntr.
■i
IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION.
List of Goods suited to certain Restrictions on Importation.
663
Tobacco and inuff—amtinveil.
iSegars, unless in packages containing lOOIba. weiKlilof
all other tobacco and snuff, unles!! in lioft!>head.s, casks,
ctiL'St<<, or cUHcs, u:irh of uliich bhall contain of n«tt to-
ItacLo or sniitt' at tentt tOOlLs. NMi^ht if from the Kast
Indies, orl.'iU lbs. wt rL;ht if from anv other place, aiKl
not parked in b.i^xR oi- paika^es wiiliin any Mich t>OKs-
head, cask, cht-ht, ori'asf, nor siparatLtl nor divitled in
any manner whattvi-r, exit-pl tobacco of ttit dominions
of the Turkish tmpire, uhich nia,v be packed in inwarr<
bags or packages, or separated or divide<i in any manni..
within the outward nackaye, jirovided such outward
pa> kage be a hoi;>tieati, cask, chest, or case, and contain
4.^0 lbs. nett at ie.i^t.
anduntes.'f the particul;ir wrl^ni ,-'' tobacco or snufT In each
hogshead, c.uk, chest, or case, with the tare of tlie same,
be marked thereon.
and unless into the ports of London, Liverpool, Bristol,
Lancaster^ ('owes, l\iImoutli, W'liitehaven, Hull, I'ort
(ilasgow, (Jre' iKiL-k, I.eitli, Newca-itie-upon-T^ne,
ri\nioutli, iJrlf.ist, Tnrk, Droghida, Dublni, (ialway,
Liinerick, Londonderry, Newry, Sligo, W'aterfortI, and
Wexfoni.
or into some otl'cr port or ports which may hereafter be
appointed for such purimse bv the Lords ( 'un.tnis!iioiier»
oi' his Miijesty's Treii>nry ; suth nppomtments in (iieat
Hritain being published in the Limtti-n (in iclte, iun\ such
appointments in Ireland bting published in \h\j JJultin
ii'l-MtC.
hut an.' ship uhn'ly laden with tobacco nhiy come into
the portsof Ldwe's or Falmouth to wait for "orders, and
there remain 11 days, proviiled due report of sucli sliip
\tti made by the master w ith the collector or comptrollei
of such port.
And all goods from the Isle of ^lan, except such as be of the
growth, produce, or manufacture thereof.
China, coeds from, unless bv the East India Company, and into
the port of London, during the cootinuance oi their ex ■
clu.sive prtvilegett of trade.
East India; goods of places within the limits of the East India
Onmpany's charter, unless into such ports as shall be ap-
proved of by the lx)rds of the Treasur) , and declared by
order in council to be fit and proper for such importation.
iiloveH of leather, unless in shi|)ft of 70 tons or upwards, and in
packages containing 10() dozen pairs of such gloves.
Hides, skins, hums, or houfs, or any other part of i-attle or
beast, his Majesty may by order in council pruhibii, in
order to prevent any contagious distemper.
Parts of articles; viz. any distinct or separate part of any ar-
ticle nut accompanied by the other ]iart or alt the other
P irts of such article, so as to be complete and jierfect, if
Muh article be subject to duty according to the value
thereof
bilk ; manufactures nf silk, beinethe manufactures of Kurope,
unless into the port of J<ondon, or into thejiort of Dublin
direct from Hurdeaux, or into the port of Dover direct
from Calais, and unless in a ship or vessel of 70 tons rr
upwanls, or into the port of Dover in a vessel of the
burden of tiO tons at least, with licence of the com-
niisitioners of the customs.
fipirits,not l)eing pertutned or medicinal spirits ; viz. all spirits,
unless in ships of To ton-, or npuarus.
rum of and from tlu' Hriiish plantations, if in casks, unless
in casks containi:ig not less than '2(1 gallons.
fUl other spirit;., if iii casks, uiiless in casks containing not
less than 10 gallons.
Tea ; unless from the place of its growth, and by the East Int'iia
Company, and mto the ])ort of Lcmdon, during the con-
tinuance of their exclusive privileges of trade.
Tobacco and snuH"; viz. untcbs in a ship of the burden of 120
tons or upwards.
Inb.iceo of and imported from the state of Colombia, ?nd
made up in rolls, unless in packaffcs containing at leiut
320 lbs. wei^jht of such rolls.
Forfeiture. — And if any gootls shall be imported into the United Kingdom contrary to any of the
prohibitions or restrictions mentioned in such Table in respect of such goods, the same shall be forfeited.
— & 58.
lint Goods may be trarehonsed for Exportatmi onlt/y aUfnmgh pro/iibf'/ed, — Any goods, of whatsoever
sort, maybe imported into the United Kingdom to be warehoused under the regulations of any act in force
for the time being for the warehousing of goods, without payment of duty at the time of the first entry
thereof, or notwithstaiuling tliat such goods may be prohibited to be imported into the United Kingdom
to be used therein, except the several sorts of g(K)ds enumerated or described in manner following ; (that
is to say,) gootis prohibited on account of the package in which they are contained, or the tonnageof the
ship in which they are laden ; tea and goods from China in other than British ships, or by other persons
than the East India Company during the continuance of their exclusive privileges of trade; gunpowder,
arms, ammunition, or utensils of war; dried or salted fish, not being stock-fi»h ; infected hides, skins,
horns, hoofs, or any other part of any cattle or beast ; c(»unterfeit coin or tokens ; books first composed
or written or printed and published in the United Kingdom, and reprinted in any other country or place ;
copies of prints first engraved, etched, drawn, or designed in the United Kingdom; copies of casts of
sculptures or models first made in the United Kingdom ; clocks or watches, being sitch as are prohibited
to be imported for home use. — § 59.
Goods to be entered to be warehoused for Exportation onii^. — Tf by reason of the sort of any goods, or
of the place from whence, or the country, or navigation of the ship in which any goods have been im-
|)orted, they be such or be so imported as that they may not be used in the United Kingdom, tliey shall
not be entered except to be warehoused, and it shall be declared upon the entry of such goods that they
are entered to be warehoused for exportation only. — \ CO.
Entry Oittwards.
Goods not to be shipped Oil Entry of Ship and Entry qf Goods^ and Cocket granted ; nor till cleared. —
No gootl? shall be shipped, or waterborne to be shipped, on board any ship in any port or place in the
Uniteti Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, to be carried to parts beyond the seas, before due entry outwards
of such ship and due entry of such goods shall have been made, and cocket granted, nor before such goods
shall have been duly cleared for shipment in manner herein-after directed ; and no stores shall l)e
shipped for the use of any such ship bound to parts beyond the seas, nor shall any goods be deemed or
admitted to be such stores, except such as shall be borne upon the victualling bill duly granted for such
6hip: and no goods shall be so snipped, or waterborne to be so shipped, except at such times and places,
and m such manner, anti by such persons, and under the care of such officers, as is and are herein.after
directed ; and all goods and stores which shall be shipped, or be waterborne to be shii)ped contrary hereto
shall be forfeited.— ^ fil.
Ships to be cleared, or ^faster to forfeit 100/. — No ship on board o^^ nhich any goods or stores shall have
been shipped in any |)ort in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, for parts beyond the seas, shall
depart ft-om such port until such ship shall have been duly cleared outwards for her intended voyage, in
manner herein-after directed, under forfeiture of the sum of KM)/, by the master of such ship. — ^ 62.
Victualling P»itl for Stores. — I'he master of every ship which is to depart from any port in the United
Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, for parts beyond the seas, shall, upon due application made by him, receive
fVom the searcher a victualling bill for the shipment ofsuch stores as he shall require, and as shall be allowed
by the collector and comptroller, for the use of such ship, according to the voyage ui)on which she is about
to depart; and no articles taken on board any ship shall be deemed to be stores except such as shall be
borne upon the victualling bill for the same.— ^ (W.
Master to deliver Certificate of Clearance qf last Voyage, and to make Entry Out wards.— The master
of every ship in which any goods are to be exported from the United Kingdom or from the Isle of Man to
parts beyond the seas shall, before any goods be taken on board, deliver to the collector or comptroller a
cei :iflcate from the projier officer of the clearance inwards or coastwise of such ship of her last voyage,
specifying what goods, if any, have *^oen rei>orted inwards for exportatitm, and shall also deliver to the
collector or comptroller an account, signed by the master or his agent, of the entry outwards of such shin
for her intendetl voyage, setting forth the name and tonnage of the ship, the name of the place to which
she belongs if a ISritish ship, or of the country if a foreign shij), the name of the master, and the name or
names of the place or |)laces for which she is bound, if any gotnls are to be shipped for the same, and the
name of the place in sucli port at which she is to take in lier lading for such voj-age ; and if such ship
shall have commenced her lading at some other port, the master shall state the name of any port at which
any goods have been laden, and shall produce a certificate from the searcher that the cockets for such
goods have Ix^on delivered to him ; and the pailiculars of such account shall be written and arranged in
such form and manner as the collector and comptroller shall require ; and such account shall be theentry
outwards of such &hip, and shall be entered in a bixtk lo lie kept by the collector, tbr the information of
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664
IMPOUTATION AND EXPORTATION.
ii U
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i' i'!
n\
V\ l':
nil parties Interested ; and if any goods be taken on board any tlilp before she sliall have been entered
outwards, the master shall furlcit the iin of liNi/. : provided always, that where it shall become necessary
to lade any heavy goods on board any snip before the whole of tlie inward cargo is dischargeil, it shall ho
lawful for the collector and coinptrollcr to issue a stitlening order lor that purpose, previous to the entry
outwards of the ship.— ^ CA.
Kill nf the Kntri) lo be dclivrreii. — The jwrson entering outwards any goods to be exix)rt«l to parU
beyond the seas, from any port in the l'nite<l Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, shall deliver to the collector
orcoin|itrollcr abillof the entry thereof, fairly written in words at length, expressing the name of the ship
and of the master, and of the place to which the giMxIs are to be exported, and of the person in whose
name tlie goods are to be cntere<l, and the (piantitics and proper denominations or di'seriptions of the
several sorts of gootls, and shall pay down any duties which may be due U|M>n the ex))<irtation of any such
goods; and such person shall also deliver at the same time I or more duplicates of such bill, in which all
sums and immbers may be expressed iTi figures ; and the particulars to be contained in such bill shall be
written and arrange<l in the form and manner, and the number of duplicates shall be such as the col.
lector and comptroller shall retjuire; and thereu|K)n the collector and comptroller shall cause a cocket to
l)e written for such gocxis, maknig it known that such g(M>ds havebeen so entered ; and every cockut shad
be signcii by such collector and comptroller, and bedelivered to the person who shall havemadesuch entry,
and sucli person shall keep and be responsible for the proper use of the same ^ (i;).
(joodsfor Drawback <ir Bounty If any drawback or bounty be allowalile upon the exportati<in of any
tiich goods, or any iluiy be payable thereon, or any exemption from duty claimed, or if any such koo(^ be
exportable only acconiing to some particular rule or regulation, or under some restriction or condition,
or for some particular purpose or destination, such gooils shall he entered and cleared for shipment hy
such denominations or descriptions as are used, mentioned, or referred to in the granting of such draw-
back or bounty, or in the levying of such duty, or gi anting such exemption, or in the directing of such
rules, regulations, restrictions, conditions, purpose, or destination ; and if the goods in such entry are
charged to pay duly according to the value thereof, such value shall be stated in the entry, and shall l>c
aflirmed by the declaration of the exporter or his known agent, to be made u|>on the entry, and attes'ed
by his signature ; and if any person shall make such declaration, not being the exporter of such giHjds,
iior his agent duly authorised by him, such person shall forfeit the sum of 100/. ; and such declaration
shall be made in manner and form following, and shall be bnuling upon the person making the same ;
(that is to say},
" T, A. B. of Iplace of abode'i do hereby declare, that I am the exporter of the goods mentioned in this
entry, {itr, that I am duly authorised by him,] and I do enter the same at the value of .
Witness my hand the day of A. B."~ 5 (i(i.
Goods undervalued detained. — If upon examination it shall appear to the officers of the customs that
»uch goods are not valued according to the true value thereof, the same may he detained, and (within 'i
days) taken and disposed of for the henefit of the Crown, in like maimer «s is herein-before provided in
respect of goods imported, except that no sum in addition to the amount of the valuation ami the dutiei
paid shall be paid to the exporter or proprietor of the goods. — ^ 07.
For Drawback, or from IVare/iouse, or Duties to be fir it paid. — The person intending to enter out.
wards any foreign goods for drawback, at any other port than that at winch the duties inwards on such
goods had been paid, shall first deliver to thecollector or comiitrollcr of the port where the duties on such
goods were paid, 2 or more bills, as the case may require, of the particulars of the importation of such
goods, and of the entry outwards intended to be made ; and thereupuu such collector and comptroller, fiud.
ing such bills to agree with the entry inwards, shall write oft' such goods from the same, and shall i^siie a
rertificatc of such entry, with such particulars thereof as shall be necessary for the computation of the
drawback allowable on such gno<ls, and setting forth in such certihcate the destination of the goods, and
the person in whose name they are to be entered for exportation, and also the name of such other port j
and such certificate, together v.'ith 2 or more bills of the same, as the case may require, in which all
iums and numbers may be expressed in figures, being delivered to the collector or comptroller of the port
from which the poods are to be exported, shall be the entry outwards of such goods; and such collector
and comptroller shall thereupon cause a cocket to be written and delivered fur such goods, in manner
herein-before directed. — ^ 68.
Coals Export Bond to Isle of Man and British Possessions. — No cocket sha" be granted for the ex.
portation of any coals to the Isle of Man, or to any British possession, until the exporter thereof shall have
given setmrity by bond in a penal sum of -Uis. the chaldron, with condition that the same shall he landed
at the place for which they shall be exported, or otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of the com-
missioners of the customs; and also with cundition to produce (within such time as the said commissioners
shall require, to be expressed in such bond,1 a certificate of the landing of such coals at such place, under
the hand of the collector or comptroller or other proper othcer at such place: provided always, that the
bond so to be given in respect of coals shall not be liable to any duty of stamps. — ^ 6i).
Clearanci: of Goods.
Packages to be indorsed on Cocket. — Before any part of the goods for which any cocket shall have been
granted shall be shipped or waterborne to be shipped, the same shall be duly cleared for shipment with
the senrchcr; and before any goods be cleared for shipment, the particulars of the goods for each clear-
ance shall be indorsed on such cocket, together with the number and denomination or description of the
respective packages containing the same ; aiui in the margin of each such indorsement shall be delineated
the respective marks and numbers of such packages ; and to each such indorsement shall be subjoined, in
words at length, an account of the total quantities of each sortof gootis intended in such indorsement, ami
the total number of each sort of package in which such goods are contained, distinguishing such goods, if
any, as are to be cleared f(>r any bounty or drawback of excise or customs, and also such goods, if any, as
are subject to any duty on exportation, or entitled to any exemption from such duty, and also such goods,
if any, as can only be exported by virtue of some particular order or authority, or under some particular
restriction or condition, or for some particular purpose or destination ; and all goods shipped or water-
borr<e to be shipped, not being duly cleared as aforesaiil, shall be forfeited. — \ 70.
Ciickct indorsed, Sjc. — 'l'he |>ers>m clearing such goods for shipment shall upon each occasion produce
the cocket so indorsed to the searcher, and shall also deliver a shipping bill or copy of such indorsonieut,
referring by names and date to the cocket u|ion which such indorsement is made, and shall obtain tiic
order of the searcher for the shipment of such goods ; and the particulars to be contained in such indorse.
ment and in such shipping hill shall he written and arrange<i in such form and manner as the collector
and comptroller shall require ^ 71.
Coals brought coastwise mat/ be exported tntViout landing. — If any coals shall have been brought coast.
wise from one'port of the Uiited Kmgdom to another, and the master shall be minded to proceed with
such coals, or any part of them, to parts beyond the seas, it shall he lawful lor such master to enter such
»hip and such coals outwards for the intcuded voyage, without first landing the coals intended for ex-
portation, provided the officers of the customs shall be satisfied that the quantity of coals left on board
uo"s not exceed the quantity so entered outwards. — ^ 7'2.
Account of Value to be delivered to tlie Searcher. — Upon the clearance for shipment of any goods, the
produce or manufacture of the United King<lom, not liable to any export duty, an ai'count, containi::.? an
accurate specification of the quantity, qualdy, and value of such goods, together with a declaration lo I he
truth of the same, signed by the exporter or his known agent, shall be delivered to the searcher by the
IMFOU TATION AND EXPORTATION.
665
pcraoii cIoariliK sucli goods ; anil if such declaration be false, tlic person signing the same shall forfeit
the sum of lid/. ; and it ish.ill lie law I'ul for the lie.iriher to call for the invoice, bills of parcels, anil
tuch other documents relating to the goods, as he may think necessary for .iscertaining the true value
of the same: provided always, that if such exporter or agent shall make and subscribe a declaration before
the collector or comptroller, that the value of the goods cannot be ascertained in time for the shipment of
the same, and such Ueclaration shall be delivered to the searcher, at the time of clearance, a further time
of 3 months shall be allowed for the delivery of such separate shipping bill, on failure whereof such ex.
porter or agent shall forfeit the sum of iil)/. — I 73.
Goods fur Excise Dravihack. — No drawback of excise shall be allowed upon any goods so cleared,
unless the person intending to claim such drawback shall have given due notice to the oHicer of excise, in
form and manner requircni by any law in force relating to the excise, and shall have obtaineil, and have
produced to the searcher, at the time of clearing such goods, a proper (locnn)ent, under the hand of the
oliicer of excise, containing the neceisa.y descriiition of the goods for which such drawback is to be
claimed ; and if the goods to be cleareil and shipped under the care of the searchers shall, upon examin-
ation, be found to coiies|Kind in all respects with the particulars of the goods containeil in sui h diu'iiinent,
and such goods shall be duly shipped and exported, the searcher shall, if rei|uired, certify such shipment
u|>on such document, and shall transmit the !<aine to the olheer of excise. — \ 74.
Officer of Excise may attend Exiiminution. — It shall he lawful for the oHicer of excise, if he see fit, to
attend and assist at such examination, and to mark or seal the packages, and to keep joint charge of the
same, together with the searcher, until the same shall have been (inall) delivered by him into the sole
charge ol the searcher, to be shippiil and exported under his care. — ^ 7;>.
(ioutis fur Duty, Bounty, or Drairhack, Sfc. l)rouf>/it for S/ii/imeiil. — If any goods which are suhjcct to
any duty or restriction, in respitt of exportation, or if any goons, which are to he shipped for any draw-
back or bounty, shall be brought to any (|uay, wharf, or other place, to be shi)iped for exportation,
and such goints shall not agree with the indorsement on the cockt t, or with the sliipping bill, the same
shall be forfeited ; and if any gomis pmhiliiled to be exiiorted be found in any package brought as ature
said, such package and every thing contained therein shall be forfeited >j 76.
Searcher may open anp Package ; but if correcl,'must repack. — It shuW be lawful for the searcher to
open nli packages, and fully to examine all goods shipped or brought for shipment at any place in the
United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man ; and if the goo<ls so examined shall be found to correspond in all
respects with the cockct and clearance purporting to be for the same, such (loods shall be reiiacked at the
charge of such searcher, who may be allowed such charge by the commissioners of the customs, if they
shall see tit so to do. — ^ 77.
Clearance of Ship.
Content to be delivered to Searcher, S/c. — Before any ship shall be cleared outwards at any port in the
United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, for parts beyond the seas, with any goods shippcil on board the
same in such port, the master shall deliver a content of such ship to the searcher, setting forth the name
and tonnage of such ship, and the place or places of her destination, and the name of the master, and also
an ai'count of the goods shipiied on board, and of the packages containing such goods, and of the marks
and numbers upon .such pickages, and a like account of the goods on board, if any, which had been te>
jiorted inwards for exportation in such ship, so far as any of such particulars can be known by him ; and
also, before the clearance of such ship, the cockets, with the indorsements and clearances thereon for the
goods shipped, shall be finally delivered by the respective shippers of such goods to the scaicher, wlioshall
tile the same together, and shall attach with a seal a label to the tile, showing the number of tuckets con.
tained in the tile, and shall compare the particulars of the goods in the cockets with the particulars of
the goods in such content, and shall attest the correctness thereof by his signature on the labil, and on
the content ; and the master of the ship shall make and sign a dcrlaration before the colletrtor or coin|>>
troller to the truth of such content, and shall also answer to the collector or comptroller such questions
concerning the ship, the cargo, and the intended voyage, as shall be demanded of him ; and tlurei.iion
the collector or comptroller shall dear such ship for her intended voyage, and shall notify such cle.ii..i:t'e,
and the date thereof, upon the content, and upon the label to the hie of cockets, and upon the victualling
bill, and also in the book of ships' entries outwards, for the information of all parties interest »d, and shall
transmit the content, and the cockets, and the victualling bill to the searcher ; and the particulars to be
contained in such content shall be written and arranged in such form and manner as the collector i.nd
comptroller shall require. — ^ 78.
File <if Cockets, S/c. delivered to Master. — The file of cockets and the victualling bill shall thereupon be
delivered tiy the searcher to the master of such ship, at such station within the port and in such n.aniur
as shall be appointed by the commissioners of his Majesty's customs lor that purpose; and such tile of
rockets and victualling bill, so delivered, shall be kept by the master of such ship as the authority for de.
parting from the port with the several parcels and packages of gomis and of stores on board, so far as they
shall agree with the patticulars in the indorsements on such cockets or with such victualling l.ill. — ^ 'it.
In Ballast. — If any ship is to depart in balla.st from the United Kingiiom or from the Isle of Man lor
parts beyond the seas, having no goods on board except the stores of such ship borne upon the victualling
bill, or any goods reporte<l inwards fur exportation in such ship, the master of such ship shall, belore litr
departure, answer to the collector or comptroller such que8tir..o touching her departure and destination
as shall be demanded of him ; and thereupon the collector or comntroller shall clear such ship in balL.st,
and shall notify such clearance and the date thereof on the victualling bill, and also In the book of sh ps'
entries outwarils, for the information of all parties interested; and such victualling bill shall be kept Ly
the master of such ship as the clearance of the same. — k 80.
Part (\f former Cargo reported for Exportation. — If there be on board any ship any goods of the In.
ward cargo wliich were reported for ex|H>rtation in the same, the master shall, before clearance outwards
of such ship from any port in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, deliver to the searcher a copy
of the report inwards of such goods, certified by the collector and comptroller ; and such copy, lieing loiii.d
to correspond with the goods so remaining on board, shall be the authority to the searcher to pass such
ship with such goods on board ; and being signed by the searcher, and iiled with the cockets, shall be the
clearance of the ship for those goods — ^81.
If any Passengers, Master may enter Baggage in his Name. — If any passengers arc to depart in any
ship from the United Kingdom of from the Isle of Man for parts beyond the seas, it shall he lawful for the
master of such ship to pass an entry and to receive a cwket in his name for the necessary pi'rsonal Img.
gage of all such passengers, and duly to clear such baggage for shipniriit in their behalf, stating in such
clearances the particulars of the packages and the names of the respective passengers; and if such ship is
to take no other goods than the necessary personal baggage of passengers actually going the vojage, it
shall be lawful for such master to enter such ship outwards in ballast for passengers only ; and if no other
goods than such baggage duly entered and cleared be taken on lioard such ship, the same shall be deemed
to be a ship in ballast, notwithstanding such baggage, and shall be described in the clearance, on the con.
tent, and on the label to the cocket or cockets, and on the victualling bill, and in the hook of ships' entries,
as a ship cleared in ballast, except as to the necessary personal baggage of passengers going the voyage. —
(82.
Master may enter Goods for private I'se of Self and Creti: — If the master and crew of any foreign ship
which is to depart in ballast from the L'nited Kingdom for parts beyond the seas, shall be desirous to take
on hoard chalk rubbish by way of ballast, or to take with them for their private use any small quantities of
goods of Uritish manufacture, it shall be lawful or such master, without ent«rii>g such snip outwards, to paM
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666
IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION.
^' i
k'i,
an entry In his ' amc. and receive a cocket free of any export duty for all luch goodi, under the general de-
numiration ot'Hritisb manufactures not proliibited to be exported, being for the use and privilege of the
inaktor and crew, and not being of greater value than in the pro|)ortioii of 20/, for the matter, and 10/, for
the mate, and HI. for each of the crew, and stating that the snip is in ballast ; and the master shall duly
clear cuch goods for shipment in behalf of himself and crew, statinK in such clearances the particulars
of the goods and packages, and the names of the crew who shall jointly or severally take any of such goods
under this privilege ; and such ship shall be deemed to be a ship in ballast, and be cleared as such, and
without a content, notwithstanding such goods or such cocket or cockets ; and such clearance shall be
iiotiiicd by the collector or comptroller on the label to the cocket or cockets, and on the victualling bill,
and in the book of ships' entries, as a clearance in ballast, except as to the privilege of the master and
crew ^ 8;J.
Officers may hoard any Ship after Clearance. — It shall be lawful for the officers of the customs to go
on board any ship after clearance outwards, within the limits of any port in the United Kingdom or in the
Isle of Man, or within 4 leagues of the coast thereof, and to demand the tile of cockets and the victual,
ling bill, anil if there be any goods or stores on board not contained in the indorsements on the c<H-kets,
nor in the victualling bill, such goods or stores shall be forfeited ; and if any goods ontaincd in such in-
dorsements bo not oil board, the master shall forfeit the sum of iJO/. for every package or parcel of gomls
roiitdined in such indorsements and not on board ; and if any cocket be at any time falsitiod, the pcrsim
who shall have lalsitied the same, or who shall have wilfully used the same, ■shall forfeit the sum of 100/,
— ^ 8+.
S/iips to bring to at Stations. — Every ship departing from any port in the United Kingdom or in the
Isle of Man shall bring to at such stations within the poit as shall be apjiointed by tlie ccnninissioners of
his Majesty's customs for the landing of oflicers from such ships, or for turtlicr examination previous to
juch departure. — ^ 8a.
DEBENTunE Goons.
Entry in Xante of real Owner. — No drawback or bounty shall be allowed upon the exportation from
the United Kingdom of any goods, unless such goods shall have been entered in the name of the person
wlio was the real owner thereof at the time of entry and shipping, or of the i)erson who had actually pup-
»-liasi'd and shipped tlic same, in his own Uiime and at his own liability and risk, on cnnmission, accord-
ing to the practice of merchants, and who was and shall have continued to bo entitled in his own riglit to
Bucli drawback or bounty, except in the cases hcrcin-after provided for. — ^ 86,
Declaration to Kxportation, and to Property, and to Ili/flit to Draiehack or lioiinty. — Such owner or
commission merchant shall make and subscribe a declaration upon the debenture that the goods men.
tioiied therein have been actually exported, and have not been relaiuled, and are not intended to be re-
landed in any part of the United Kingdom, nor in the Isle of Man (unless entered for tlie Isle of Man),
nor in the islamls of Faro or Ferro, and that he was the real owner thereof at the time of entry and ship-
])iiig, or tliat he had jiurchased and shipped the said goods in his own name and at his own liability and
risk, on commission, as the case may be, and that he was and continued to be entitled to the drawback or
bounty thereon in his own right : (irovided always, that if such owner or merchant shall not have pur-
cliasctl the right to such drawback or bounty, he shall declare under his hand upon the entry and upon the
debenture the person who is entitled thereto, and the name of such person shall be stated in the cocket
and in the debenture ; and the receipt of such person on the debenture shall be the discharge for such
drawback or bounty. — \ 87.
Agent may pass Entry, and receive Drawback, and tnakc the Declaration, Sjc. — If such owner or mcr.
chant shall be resident in some part of the United Kingdom, being more than 20 miles from the custom-
house of the portof shipment, he may appoint any person to be his agent to make and pass his entry, and to
clear and ship his goods, and to receive for him the drawback or bounty payable on his debenture, if pay.
able to him, provided the name of such agent and the residence of such owner or merchant be subjoined
to the name of such owner or merchant in the entry and in the cocket for such goods ; and such agent,
being duly informed, shall make declaration upon the entry, if any be necessary, and also upon the de-
benture, in Ijehalf of such owner or merchant, to the effect before required of such owner or merchant,
and shall answer such questions touching his knowledgeof the exportation of such goods and the property
therein, and of the right to the drawback or bounty, as shall be demanded of him by the collector or
comptroller; and if any such goods be exported by any corporation or company trading by a joint stock,
it shall be lawful for them to appoint any person to be tlieir agent for the like purposes and with the like
powers to act in their behalf — ^83.
Property (if Persons abroad. — If any goods which are to be exported for drawback be the property of
any person residing abroad, having been consigned by the owner thereof to some person as his agent rc-
Biiling in the Unitetl Kingdom, to be exported through the same to parts beyond the seas, by such agent,
upon account of such owner, it shall be lawful for such person (being the consignee by whom and in
whose name the duties inwards on such goods had been paid, or his legal representative), in like manner,
as agent for such owner, to enter, clear, and ship such goods for him, and u|ion like conditions to receive
for him the drawback payable thereon. — ^ 89,
Shipment within 3 Years, und Payment within 2 Years. — iio drawback shall be allowed upon the
exportation of any goods unless such goods be shipped within 3 years after the payment of the duties
inwards thereon, and no debenture for any drawback or bounty allowed upon the exportation of any
goods shall be paid after the expiration of 2 years from the date of the shipment of such goods, and
no drawback shall be allowed upon any goods which by reason of damage or decay shall have become of
less value for home use than the amount of such drawback ; and all goods so damaged which shall be
cleared for any drawback shall be forfeited, and the person who caused such goods to be so cleared shall
forfeit the sum of 200/., or treble the amount of the drawback in such case, at the election of the commis.
«ioners of the customs. — ^90.
Issuing and passing Debenture. — For the purpose of computing and paying any drawback or bounty
payable upon any goods duly entered, shipped, and exported, a debenture shall, in due time after such
entry, be prepared by the collector and comptroller, certifying in the first instance the entry outwards of
such goiHls ; and so soon as the same shall have been duly exported, and a notice containing the paiti-
culars of the goods shall have been delivered by the exporter to the searcher, the shipment and export-
«tion thereof shall be certified to the collector and comptroller, upon such debenture, by the searcher,
and the debenture shall thereupon be computed and passed with all convenient despatch, and be delivered
to the person entitled to receive the same. — ^ 91.
Certificate of landing in Isk of Man No drawback or bounty shall be allowed for any goods exported
from the United Kingiiom to the Isle of Man, until a certificate sh.ill be produced from the collector and
comptroller of the customs of the Isle of Man of the due landing of such gowls, — ^ !)2.
J'ress-pacl:i7ig, and Declaration if Packer. — No drawback or bounty .-hall be allowed for any goods
exported from the United Kingdom in bales cleared as being press packed, unless the quantities and qua-
lities of the goods in each of such bales shall be verified by the master packer thereof, or, in case of un-
avoidable absence, by tlie foreman of such packer, having knowledge of the contents of the bales, by
ile«'laration made and subscribed upon the cocket licl'ore the collector or comptroller ; or if such packer
reside more than 10 miles from the port, then by declaration made and subscribed upon an account of
such goods, before a magistrate or justice of the peace fur t'le county or place wher? such packer shall
reside j and if such bales be not cleared as being press-packed, then the searcher, having opened any such
tale, «nall not be required to repack the same at his thargo. — ^ 93.
IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION.
667
Licensed Lightermen, Sic. — No gowls cleared for drawback or bounty, or from the warehouse, shall be
carried wuterborne, to be put on board any Mp Cor exportation from the United Kingdom, by any per-
goii, unless such iK^suna shall bo authorised tor that pnriKise by licence under the hands of the commis-
sioners of the customs j and before granting such licence, it shall be lawful for the said commissioners to
require such security by bond for the faithful and incorru]>t conduct of such person as they shall deem
necessary; and after granting such licence it shall bo lawful for the said commissioners to revoke
the 8amc,:,4f the persoirto whom the same shall have been granted shall be convicted of any offence
against the laws relating to the customs or excise : provided always, that all such licences which shall be
in force at the time of the commencement of this act shall continue in force as if the same had been
afterwards grante<l under the authority of this act ) iH.
Warcliumc or Dcbcnturf Omda nut exported If any goods which have been taken from the ware.
house to be exported from the same, or any goods which have been cleared to be exported for any draw-
back or bounty, shall not be duly exported to parts beyond the seas, or shall be relanded in any |;art of
the United Kni^dom (such goods not having been duly relanded or discharged as short-shipped under
the care of the proper oHicersi, or shall be landed in the islands of Karo or Ferro, or shall be carried to
any ot the islands of (iuernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Siirk, nr Man (not having been liuly entered, cleared,
and shipped to be exported directly to such i.danil), the same shall be forfeited, together with the shin
from or by wliich the same had been so relandeil, landed, or carried, and any other ship, vessel, loat, or
craft whicli m ly have been used in so relaniling, landing, or carrying such goods; and any person by
whom or by whose orders or means such goods shall have been so taken or cleared, or so relanded.
landed, or carried, shall forfeit a sum ecpial to trelile the value of such Koods ^ itt.
Drnu'liack ()} Duties on nine tilhnrcdjor OJJivirs in the Xaoi/. — Draiibaik of the whole of tlio duties
of customs shall be allowed for wine intended for the consuniplion of oHicers of his IMajesty's navy, on
board such of his Majesty's ships in actual service as they shall serve in, not exceeding the (jnantities of
wine, in any 1 year, for the use of such olHcers, hercin-aiter respectively mentioned; (that i. ..< say,)
'"'"""■'• I (iiillmit.
For every Bdmiral .... ],ui,o For every caiitain of the lliinl, fourth, and fifth rale '"i)
— vite-adiniral - . l/\')0 _ c-aplaiii of an inferior rale - . ilO
— rear-admiral - - . SM _ liuulenanl, and other eominaiulinK oflieer,
— captain ol the first and second rate . (j.! ) \ and for every marine iilllcer - - 10!>
provided always, that such wine be shipped only at one of the ports hcrcin-after mentioned; (that is to
say,) London, llochester, Deal, Dover, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Yarinoutli, Falmouth, Belfast, Dublin,
Cork, Leith, or Glasgow § SJti.
Persons enteri;ig IVincfur Drawback to declare the Name and Rank qf Officer claiming same. —The
person entering such wine, and claiming the drawback for the same, shall state in the entry and declare
on the debenture the name of the ottic-er for whose use such wine is intended, and of the ship in which
he serves; and such wine shall be delivered into the charge of the officers of the customs at the port of
shipment, to be secured in the king's warehouse until the same shall be shipped under their eare ; and
such officers having certitied upon the debenture the receipt of the wine into their charge, the debenture
shall be computed and passed, and be ilelivered to the person entitled to receive the same. — ^ !)7.
(i/flcers leaving the Screicc, ^-c. suc/i Wine pcrmiltcci to be tran^'crrcd to others. — If any such officer
shall leave the service or bo removeil to another ship, it shall be lawful for the officers of the customs of
any of the ports before mentioned to permit the transfer of any such wine from one officer to aiietlicr, as
part of his proportion, whether on board the same ship or another, or the transhipment from one ship to
another tor the same officer, or the relanding and warehousing for future re»hi|iment; and it shall also
be lawful for the officers of customs at any port to receive bacK the duties for any of such wine, aiul de-
liver the same for home use : provided always, that if any of such wine be not laden on board (he ship
for which the same was intended, or be unladen from such ship without permission of the proper ofticer
of the customs, the same shall be forfeited — \ 98.
Pursers of his i\/ajes/i/\i .Ships of War mail ship Tobacco for l\ie of Crew free of Dull/, on giving Bond.
— It shall be lawful for the purser of any of his Majesty's ships of war in actual service to enter and ship
at the ports of llochester, Portsmouth, or Plymouth, in the proiKirtions lierein-aller mentioned, any
tobacco there warehoused in his name or transferred into his name, for the use of the ship in which he
shall serve; provided such purser shall deliver (o the collector or comptroller of such port a certificate
from the capt.iin of such ship, stating the njtme of the purser and the numl>er of men belonging to the
ship, and shall also give bond, with one sufficient surety, in treble the duties payable on the tobacco, that
no part thereof shall be relanded in the United Kingdom without leave of the officers of the customs, or
be landed in either of the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or Man. — \ i)9.
Purser removed from one Ship to another may tranship Toliacco irilh Permission of Collector. — If any
purser shall be removed from one ship to another, it shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller of
the port where such ship shall be to permit the transhipment of the remains of any such tobacco for the
use of such other ship, upon due entry of such tobacco by such purser, setting forth the time when and
the port at which such tobacco was first shipiKxi; and if any such ship shall be paid off, it shall be lawful
for the collector and comptroller of any port where such ship shall bei)aid ott'to peiinit the remains of any
such tobacco to be landed, and to be entered by the purser of such ship, either lor payment of duties, or
to be warehoused for the term of li months, for the supply of some other such ship, in like manner as any
tobacco may be warehoused and sup|ilicd at cither of the ports before mentioned, or for i)aymcnt of all du-
ties within such 6 months : provided always, that all tobacco warehoused for the purpose of so supplying
his Majesty's ships of war shall be subject to the provisions of this act made for the warehousing of tobacco
generally, as far as the same are applicable, and are not expressly altered by any of the provisions herein
particularly made. — ^ 100.
Quantiti/ of Tobacco not to exceed, Sfc. — No greater quantity of such tobacco shall be allowed to any
ship ofwar than 2 lbs. by the lunar month for each of thecrew of such ship, nor shall any greater quantity
be shipped at any one time than sufficient to .serve the crew of such ship lor (> months, after such rate of
allowance ; and the collector and comptroller of the yort at or from which any such tobacco shall be sup-
l)lied to any such ship, or landed from any such ship, or transferred from one such ship to another, shall
transinit a particular account thereof to tile commissioners of his Majesty's customs, in order that ageiuiral
account may be kept of all the quantities supplied to and consumed on board each of such ships under the
allowances before granted. — ^ 101.
Times and Places for shipping Goods. — No goods shall be put off from any wharf, quay, or other place,
or shall be waterborne in order to be exported, but pidy on days luit being Sundays or holidays, and in
the day-time; (that is to say,) Ircmi the first day cf September until the last day of March, betwixt sun.
rising and sun-setting, and i'rom the last day of March until the first day of .September, between the hours
of 7 of the clock m the morning and 4 of the clock in thearternoon ; nor shall any such goods be then put
off or waterborne for exportation unless in the presence or with the authority of the projier officer of the
customs, nor except from a legal quay appointed by his Majesty, or at some wharf, quay, or place
appointed by the commissioners of his Majesty's customs for the shipping of such goods by sufferance.
— U02.
Penalty for cxporti tig prohibited Goods. — If any goods liable to forfeiture for being shipped for ex-
portation shiill be shipped and exported without iliscovery l-.y the olliccrs of the customs, the person or
|)ersnnB who shall have caused sucli jjoods to be exiortcd shall forfeit double the value of such goods. —
\ 103.
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668
IMPORTATION AND EXPOUTATION.
PROIIIBITIUNS 0(:TWARD!4.
Prohihitfont and Rcstrictionx ahsnitttr or 7//m/;/iVr/. — The several sorts of goods enumerated or de-
upribed intheTablc rollowing [iU niniiuited '* A Table oC Prohibitions niul Kestrictions Outwards") shall
be either al)soUaely prohibited to l)f txportcil irmn the United KmKiioni,or hhali he t-xfiortud only um.cr
the restrictions mentioned in such Table, according as the several sorts ot such gootU are respectively set
forth therein ', (that is to say,)
A Taulu op PKoiiiiirTin^s and
Clocks and wntchm ; viz. aiiv outwnnl or inward box, casts or \
dial iilalVf of any iiiftitt, witlmiit llie iiinvi'iiu'iit in m
with everv !iUi'h Ihix, nisv, ur dial iiiatr, madt' U|i lit tor
U!tu, witii the cluL'k ur watchmaker'^ name etiKtavi^n
thereon.
L%ctt vU. any metal hifirior to silver which shall ho nyww, j
mixed, wrought, or set upon nilki or wlddi shall lie f{ilt,
or drawn into wire, or rlaited into plnte, and simn or '
woveiii or wrmiifht iiuu ur u|ion, or nnxcil with lace,
friiiue,cord,emtiroidcr\,tamhfmr work, urti:ttons, made |
In Ine i;oid ur silver late maniit'.unov> , or set upon silk, i
or niride into hullion ^pai'gtes, or pearl or any other nta- I
terials made in the yoUl or silver I.icl* nianut'.ictor>, or I
which shall imitate or he meant to imitate litich hice,
fringe, cord, emlimidei.., tamhonr voile, ur huttorts;
nor i^hatl any pi^r-ion cxporl any copper, hra<-s, or other
metil winch shall Iw silvered or drawn into wire, or
flatted into plaie, or miide into hullion spaniflcH, or pearl
or any other materials used in the p>!d ur silver lace ina-
nufacturt, or in imilaiuHi ofhuch lace, t'rinK*^, cord, em-
hrjidery, tamltour wcirk, or liuttons, ur of any of the
materials useil in making the same, and which tthall
hold more or hear a greater |)ro)H>riion tlian 5 penny.
wei^hta of line silver to the pound avoirdu|Hii!i of such
co)i|>er, brass, or other metals,
any metal hiteriur to silver, whether ^ilt, sitveretl, stftlned,
or colouretl, or otherwise, which shall Ite worked jp or
mixed witti gobl or silver in any manufacture of lace,
fringe, cord, embroidery, tambour work, or buttons.
Tooll and uteiiiiiU ; vi/. any machine, tiiRine, ttml, firess, paper,
uiensil, or instrument used ht or )>roper fur the prepar-
ing, working;, pressing, or hnishinK of the wo*>llen, cot-
ton, linen, or sdk mamifactures ot thi<- kingdom, or anv
other ({(nmIs wherein wool, cotton, linen, or silk is uh< <f,
or any part of such macliines, engines, tools, presses,
paper, utensils, or instruments, or any model or plan
Cherettf, or any part thereof; except wt'io) cards or stock
cardii not worth above U. )>er pair, and spinners' cards
not worth above 1«. Oit. (wr pair, used in (he woollen
manuf ictuvfcs.
blocks, plate.H, engines, tools, or utensils commonly used in
Restrictions Oittwaros.
or proper for the preparinus worklna up, or finishing i
thecalli o, cotton, tnu^in. or linen printoiKnianufactun
CI- any pail of such litucks, plates, eiiKtncs, toi>U, or uit*n
hils.
rollers, cither iilain, groovcil, or of any other fitrm ordenij.
inioalion, of cast Iron, wrought iron, or stet-I, ft>r tl>t>
rolling of iron or an> sort of metals, and frames, UtU,
{tillars, screws, pinions, and each and every implement,
(»ul or utensil th<rcuntu ItelouKinK: rollers, slittirs,
frames, lieds, pillars, and screws tor slitting mills;
press<>s of all sorts, in iron and steel, nr other metaS,
which are used witii a screw exceeilin;^ 1 ^ mch in dia*
meter, or any parts of th"-.i -.everal anicles.or any inodil
ofthe het'ore ntentionc I uiLnsils, ur Hn> part thereof; all
sons ot'utensiK, eoKiu'. , >)r j .achines used inthe caslini{
or horinu of cannon or ■\ \ '"•t* of artillery, or any parit
Ihtreot; or any models <•! tools, ulensil«,t?nuineM, or ma-
chine^ usi-d in such casting or lionnLsur any partH thereof,
hand stamps, doK-headstam|Ki, ptilu'y Htamjts, hainnu is,
and anvils for stamps ; jtresses ut all ^orts i'<dli d cuttiiiL;-
out presses; beds or punchV'* to lieused therewith, either
in parts or pieces, or litted tof{et)ier ; scouring or shading
engines; pre^si'S for linrii buttons; dies for horn but.
tons; rolti-d metal, with silver thereon; parts of but'
tons not hited up into buttons, or in an unlinishetl statu ;
entfini's fur (basing, stocks for casting buckles, buttons,
and rinf^: die-sinJiinK t04ils (if all sort^; engines fur
making button-AhankA; laimof all sorts; tools tor pinch-
ing of ^lass ; enuines forcovering of whiles; barsot metal
covered wiih ^old or silver, and Immishinf; stones, com.
monly called blmKl-stones, either m the rou^h st.ite or
finished for use; wire moulds for making paper ; whiels
of metal, Ktone, or wood, for cutting, roui{lnng, smiMtih*
in^, potishini;, or enipravinK ula&s; purcellas, pincers,
she^'rs, and pipes use(l in blowniK glasH ; potters' whecU
and lathes, Tor plain, round, and engine turning; louls
used by saddlers, harness-makers, and ltri<ile'makers^
vi/.. candle strainers, side strainers, point strainers, creas-
ing irons, screw creasurs, wheel irons, seal irons, |urick*
ing iron-., IxiKtering irons, ctams, and head knives*
frames for making wearing ajiparel.
-II
A List of Oiiods ivhich may be prohibited to be exported by Proclaiimtion or Order in Council.
ArinSi ammunition, and gunpowder. I vertetl into or made useful in increik>ing tlie quuitity of
Axhes, put anil pearl, I military or naval !ft<>res.
Military stores and naval stort's, and any articles (except cnp- I Provisions, or any sort of victual M'hich may lie used as food hy
l>er) which his .M.i}e->ty shalljud^e capaltle of beint; con* I man.
And if any goods shall be exported, or be waterborne to be exported, from the United Kingdom, contrary
to any of the prohihitioiis or restri(;tions ineiitiuiicd in such table in respect of such goods, the same shall
be forfeited. — ^ !()+.
The sections ft-oni 105. to 118., both inclusive, relate to the Coasti.ng Trade, and are given under that
head.
Co.NSTRICTlOX IN GE.NERAL.
Terms vsed in Aets. — Wlioncver the s'-veral terms or expressions following shall occur in this act, or
in any other act rolatins to the customs, or to trade and navigation, the same shall be construeii respect-
ively in the manner herein-atter directed ; (that is to say.i the term " ship" shall be construed to nie.m
ship or vessel generally, unless such term shall be used to distinguish a ship from sloops, brig.-intmrs,
ami other cUisses of vessels ; and the term " master" of any ship shall l>e construed to mean the person
having or taking the charge or command of such ship^ the term " owners " and the term " owner "
of any ship shall be construed alilie to mean 1 owner, if there be only 1, and any or all the owners if
there be more than 1 ; the term " mate " of any ship shall be construed to mean the person next in com.
mand of such ship to the master thereof; the term " seaman " shall be construed to mean alike seaman,
mariner, sailor, or landsman, being one of the crew of any ship ; the term " ISritish possession " shall he
construed to mean colony, plantation, island, territory, or settlement belonging to his Majesty; the
term " his Majesty " shall be construed to mean his Majesty, his heirs, and successors ; the term
" Kast India Company " shall be construed to mean the Unite<i Company of Merchants of England trailing
to the Kast Indies; the term" limits of the East India Company's charter" shall be construed to
mean all places and seas eastward of the Capo of Good Hope to the Straits of Magellan ; the term '• col.
lector and comptroller" shall be construe*! to mean the collector and comjitroller of the customs of tlic
port intended in the sentence ; whenever mention is made of any public ollicer, the otiicer mentioned
shall be deemed to be such oflicer for the time being ; the term " warehouse " shall be construed to
mean any place, whether house, shed, yard, timber imnd, or other place in which goods entered to tie
warehoused upon importation may be lodged, kept, and secured without payment of dutv, or althoiiiih
prohibited to be usetl in the Unitwl Kingdom ; the term " king's warehouse '"' shall be construed to mean
any place providetl by the Crown for ItMlging goods therein for security of the cu-stoms. — ^ 119.
Mal/a in Europe. — The island of Malta and its dependencies shall be deemed to be in Europe. —
4 120.
General Regulatio.ns).
Weightt, Measures, Currency, and Management. — All duties, bounties, and drawbacks of customs
shall be paid and re<'eive<l inevery part of the United Kingdom and of thelsleof Man in British currency,
and according to Imperial weights and measures ; and in all cases where such duties, bounties, and
drawbacks are imi)o.se<t and allowed according to any siiecific quantity, or any specific value, the .same shall
be deemed to apply in the same proportion to any greater or le.ss quantity or value; and all such duties,
bounties, and drawbacks shall be under the management of the commissioners of the customs. —\ I'il.
Collector to take Bonds in respect qf Goods relating to the Customs. — All bonds relating to the ciistoins
required to be given in resjiect of goods or ships shall be taken by the collector and comptroller for the
use of his Majesty ; andMer the expiration of ;; years from the date thereof, or from the time, if any,
limitotl therein for the performance of the condition thereof, every such bond upon which no prosecution
or suit shall have been c<iminenced shall be void, and may be cancelletl and destroyed. \ V'i.
Mode of ascertaining Strength of I'oreign Sf)irits. — The mo<le of ascertaining the strengths and quan-
tities of foreign spirits imported into the United Kingdom should at all times be exactly similar to the
intKle in practice for ascertaining the strengths and quantities of spirits made within the United Kingdom j
be it therefore enacted, that the same instruments, and the same Tables and scales of graduation, and the
IMPOHTATION AND EXPOUTATION.
669
crated or de.
wards") slmll
L'd (inly uiuicr
!>{>(.-ctiVL-ly K't
|i, or finiOilPK I
■K "ii\TiulUituri
■>, toid^, or uti'ii
iL'r fDrin or tlenu.
or htei'l, for ihi:
1(1 triiiiu-^, UhU,
Vfry iniiitenu'iit,
roller,, blitiirs,
^llttinf{ milK;
)r other inetKS,
i inch in (li.i*
i's,nr uiivmoili'l
I'irt thereni ; u||
I'd iilthei'a.sl|n:{
^O', or any \inni
unuiiius, or ma
i.vi'artH I hereof,
injiH, hainnn IN,
■ I'.illid cutting'.
i«rpwlth,eiiher
rin^ or shading
tor horn bui-
paris of liut-
ntinished st'tti.' ;
K'kles, huttoiir.,
t»i engines for
t(K)U tor iiin^'h.
s i bars oi inet,il
i\H stonts, cunu
' roii((h ifcite or
Slinjier ; whiuU
ilhhi),', smoiilh-
'i'ella>, pincen,
polters' wht'L'li
turning; touli
liridle-inaker»,
strainers, creas-
■ai irons, lu-ick-
ad kiiive>.
ouncil.
the (|uaiitity uf
used as food by
om, contrary
le same shall
n under that
I this act, or
rued res|)cct-
uod to mean
hripaiitiiirs,
II the pcrsdii
n " owner "
!ie owners if
lext in coin,
like seaman,
m " hhall 1)0
lajesty; the
; the term
land trailing;
(mstrued to
term '■ col.
toma of the
mentioniil
onstrued to
itered to lie
ir althoiijih
led to mean
).
1 Europe. —
of customs
h currency,
mnties, and
? same shall
iicli duties,
—\ lal.
he customs
)ller for the
me, if any,
prosecution
and quail-
nilar to the
Kingdom ;
on, Hnd the
•amp rutoK and methods, ns the otticers of the rxeii:c shall liy any law in force for the time living l)e
directed to use, adojit, and emiiloy in trying' uiid »iicertainin;{ thcktrin^tlis and qur.nlities ol apints n ade
within the United Kinj^ddin, for the puriioxe of com|>iitinK and collectinK the duties of excise payable
thereon, shall lie used, adopttHl, and eniiiUiyed liy the oftieers of the customs in trying and asccrtjiininK
the streii)4llis ..nd (|UiintitieK uf sjiirlts im|;orti'd into the I nitcd Kingdom, fur the purj one uf (.'onii utiiiK
and collecting the (iuties of customs |iayal:le thereon— ( I'J.i.
(Iffircrs i\J Ciisloiiis In Inkc SiiWhli- (if (liicjits. — It shall be lawtXil for the otHcers of the customs to take
such samjiles of any ^(hhIs as shall be necessary for ascertalniiiK the amount of any duties fayul le on the
same ; and all such samiiles shall he disposed of and accounted for in such manner as the conuiiissiunirs oi
liis .Ma esty's customs shall direct. — ^ l'J4.
Timf oj an Imporlalitm and aj' an Exportation rtifinrd. — If, upon the first levyiiiR or rcpealiiii{ of any
duty, or U|Min the tirst granting or repealing of any drawhaek or bounty, or upon the lirst j eini.ltinn or
111 fiil.itiii).' of any iiiii oitalion or exportation, wiiether inwards, (.utwards, or coastwise, in the l,'i.ite(l
kini.iloiii or ill the Isle of Man, it shall become necess. ry to determine the precise time at which an
iiji| ortation or ex] orlation of any go(Kls mane and coiupK ted shall be deemed to have had ellict, such
tune, in res| ect ol importation, shall be i.eemed to be the time at which the ship importing such f;c(idii
had actually come within the limits of the port at which such ship shall in due course be reiioUed, and
such goods I.e discliarged ; and such time, in respect of exjiortatiin, shall be deenud to be the time at
which the k''(kIs had been shijiped on board the ship in which they had been exported; and if sueli
quesiion shrill arise upon the arrival or departure of any ship, in respect of any charge or allowanct- upon
siich sliiji, ( sdusive of any caruo, the time of such arrival shall be deemed to be the time at which the
re| (irt of such ship shall have been or ought to have been made ; and the time of such departure .'■hall to
ileiined t.i i !■ the time of the last clearance of such ship with the collector and comptroller for the voyage
upon which .-be had departed t IliS.
Uiiinii tij Duly ovnpaitl. — Although any duty of customs shall liavebeen overpaid, or although, after
anyouty ol ( ustoms shall have been charged and paid, it shall appear or be judicially estabhshcd that the
.'aiiie hu 1 been charged under an erroneous cinistruction of the law, it shall not be lawful to return any
6iich ovei cli:iiv,'e atlcr the expiratum of i years from the date of sueli payment. — \ I'.U
Tunmi^^r or Jiuriirn <tf S/ii'ps tlcclan'ri. — '1 he tonnage or burden of every liritish ship within the
1. leaning of this act shall be the tonnage set forth in the certilicate of registry of such ship, and the
liiiina^'c or burden of every other ship shall, for the jiurposes of this act, be asccitained in the san.e n.au-
tier as the toniiage of liritish ships is ascertained. — \ I'.'V.
l{/li((i\t may njuse Muster oJ Jirilis/i S/iip, 7111/cii.s iiidirscd on Ilrei.ifrr. — It shall be lawfUl for the
olUccrs of customs at any port under liritish dominion where there shall be a collector and comptroller of
the customs to refuse to admit any person to do any act at such port as master of any liritish ship, unles«
his name shall be inserted in or have lieen inilorsiHl upon the certilicate of registry of siicli ship <is being
the master thereof, or until his name shall have been so indorsed by such collector and comptroller. — ^ i2».
falsifying Documents. — If any person shall counterfeit or falsify, or wilfully use when counterfeited or
falsihed, any entry, warrant, cocket, or transirt>, or other document for the unlading, lading, entering,
re|)orting, or cle.iring of any ship or vessel, or for the lauding or shipping of any goods, stores, baggage, or
ai tide whatever, or shall by any false statement procure any writing or document to be mi de for any of
such pur|)oses, every person so oHending shall for every such oHeiice forH it the sum of i!t,()/. : provided
always, that this penalty shall not attach to any particiJlar ollence for which any other penalty shall be
cx]iri'ssly imposed by any law in force for the tune being. — ^ I'^y.
Aulliiiriti/ oJ un Aginl may be required. — Whenever any person shall make any application to any
otiicer of tliecustoms to transact any business on beh.ilf of any other persim, it shall be lawful for such
oilicer to ie(iuire of the person so applying to pronuce a written authority from the person on whose behalf
snch application shall be made, and iii default of the production of such authority, to refuse to transact
siu'h business. — \ VM.
Persons Jalsijj/ing Declaration liable to I'enalii/.— If any declaration required to be made by this act
or by any other act relating to the customs except declarations to the value of goods; be untrue in any
jiarticular, or if any person required by this act or by any other act relating to the custtnns to answer
questions put to hiiii by the otlicers of the customs, tourhing certain matters, shall not truly answer such
(juestions, the (lerson making such declaration or answering such questions shall, over and above any
ether jienalty to which he may become subject, forfeit the sum of 1(,(,7. — ^ IJI.
Seizures. — All gtxHls, and all shi|)s, vessels, and boats, which by this act or any act at any time in forrc
relating to the customs shall be ueclared to be forfeited, shall and may be seized by any otticer of the eu.s-
tiims ; at;d such forfeiture of any shi]), vessel, or boat shall be deemed to include the giins, tackle, apparel,
and furniture of the same ; and such forfeiture of any goods shall be deemed to include the proper i'ackai,e
in which the s'une are contained. — ^ l.iS.
liestoration (if seized Uoods, Ships, Sfc. — In case any goods, ships, vessels, or boats shall be seized as
forfeited, or detained as under-valued, by virtue of any act of parliament relating to the customs, it sliall
be lawful for the ctninnissioi.ers of his Majesty's customs tooroer the same to be restored in such manner
and 011 such terms and conditions as th(!y shall think tit to direct ; and if the proprietor of the same shall
accept the terms and conditions prescribed by the said commissioners, he shall not have or maintain any
action for recump<enec or damage on account' of such seizure or detention ; and the person making such
seizure shall not proceed in any manner for condemnation. — ^ lay,
Jtemission iff Forfeitures, Sjc. — If any ship shall have become liable to forfeiture on account of any
gooiis laden therein, or uiilaoen therefrom, or if the master of any ship shall have become hable to any
penalty on account of any gotxis laden in such ship or unladen therefrom, and such goods shall be small in
quantity or uf trifling value, and it shall be made appear to the satisiaction of the commissioners of his
Majesty's customs that such geods had been laden or unladen contrary to the intention of the owners of
such ship, or without the privity of the master thereof, as the case may be, it shall lie law ful for the said
commissioners to remit such forfeiture, and also to remit or mitigate such |ienalty, as they shall see reason
to acquit such master of all blame in respect of such ottence, or more or less to attribute the commission
of such oHi;nce to neglect of duty on his part as master of such ship ; and every forfeiture and every
penalty, or part thereof, so .emitted, shall be null and void, and no suit or action shall bebioughtor
iiiaiiiiaiiied by any peison whatever on account thereof.'—^ 134.
Siiips tiot briugiiih to at Stations, Masters to .lorfeit. — If any ship coming up or departing out of any
port in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, shall not bring to at the proper stations in such port
appointed by the couimissioners of his Majesty's customs for the boarding or hmding of otticers of the
customs, the master of such ship shall for every such ottence forfeit the sum of UMl. — ^ 135.
(ijficers may be statiuneri in Ships in the Limits of any Port. — It si all Le lau ful for the commissioners
of his Majesty's custom^, n ..1 hr the collector and comptroller of any port under their directions, to
station otticers on board .<\-\ ihip while within the limits of any port iii the I'nited Kingoom or in the
Isle of Man ; and the masur oi every ship on board of which any officer is so stationed shall provide every
such otticer sutlicient room under the neck, in some part of the lorcostle or steerage, for his bed or
hammock, and in case of neglect or refusal so to do shall forfeit the sum of lt)(7. — ^ IM.
tovier to cliorge Hent in King's H'areliousc. — Whenever any goods shall be taken to and secured in
any of the king's warehouses in the United Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, lor security of the duties
thereon, or to prevent the same from coining into home use, it shall and may be lawlul for the commift-
sioners of his Majesty's customs to charge and demand and receive warehouse rent for such goods for all
such time as the same shall remain in such warehouse, at the same rate as may be payable for the like
■ I;
il
;i,i'
II' m
f, ii-',
'■H
1 \
'' s(
■k . . ■
vm
!l 1 i:li
!j'
lilt 'I'*
■if.
G70
IMPORTS AND EXPOllTS.
gootig when wnrchousml In any wnrchonsv in wliicli siirli goods may lie warclioiived without pnymciit of
duty: povidcd always, that itithall liv lawful for the I.'irdHConiiniNtionerHiil'hi» MaJestv'.t'rreaHury.or the
commiiiaionrrs of his Majesty's customs, by warrant or order uniler their hands respectively, from time to
,timc to fix theninount of rent which shall be |iajable for any k»u<1s necured in any of the king's ware-
houses as aforesaid ( 1,17.
I'otvrr to sfll llooih nut clcanul frow Kind's iVitrchoum'. — In case surh Roods shall not he duly elearcil
from the kind's \Tarehouse within 3 calendar months, (or sooner, if they he of a perishable nature,) It
■hall he lawful for the commissioners of his Majesty's customs to cause such k'xxI" t<> he publicly sold by
auction, for home use or for exportation, as the case may be ; and the produce of such sale shall be applied
towards the payment of the duties, if sold for home use, and of the wareliou>e rent and all other charges ;
and the overplus (if any) shall be paid to the person authorised to receive the same : provided always, that
It shall be lawful for ihe said commissioners to cause any of such goods to be destroyed as cannot be solil
for a sum sutticient to pay such duties and ( barges, if s<ild for home use, or suilicient to pay such charges,
if >o\A for exportation ; provided also, that if lucli );o<>ds shall have been landed by the otiieers of the
customs, and the freight of the same shall not have been paid, the produce of such sale shall be llrst applied
to the payment of such freight. — ^ IJH.
Pi)tivr/or his Mnlcsty to appoint I'orts and legal (iuays It shall be lawful for his Majesty, by hit
commission out of the {."ourt of lixcheciuer, from time to time to appoint any port, haven, or creek in the
United Kingdom, or in the Isle of Man, and to set out the limits thereof, and to appoint the iiroper places
within the same to be legal quays for the lading and unlading of goinls, and to declare that any place
which had been .set out as a legal quay by such authoritv shall be no longer a legal quoy, and to appoint
any new place within any port to be a legal quay for the lading and unlading of gomls : provided always,
that all ports, liavens, and creeks, and the respective limits thereof, iind all legal quays, appointed and set
out and existing as such at the conimcncemcnt of this act under any law till tlien in force, shall continue
to be such |)orts, havens, creeks, limits, and legal quays respectively as if the same had been appointed
and set out under the authority of this act. — \ IS!).
Averment t]f Offence. — \n any information or other proceeding for any offl-nce against any act made
or to be made relating to the customs, the averment that such uil'encc was committed withiii the limits
of any port shall be sutticient, without proof of such limits, unless the contrary be proved. — ^ I4<).
Commissioners may appoint Sifferancc If'liarJ's. — It shall be lawful, for the commissioners of his Ma-
jesty's customs froni time to time, liy any order under their hands, to appoint places to be sufferance
wharfs, for the lading and unlading of goods by suH'erance, to be duly issued by them, or by the proiier
ollicers under their directions, in such manner and in such cages as they shall see lit, — ^ 141.
No Ships engaged in the Carriage of Letters to import or export Oooils. — No ship or boat appointed
and employed ordinarily for the carriage of letters shall imiHirt or export any goods without permission
of the commissioners of his Majesty's customs, under the penalty of tlie forfeiture of lOUA, to be paid by
the master of such ship or boat.— ^ U'Z
No Person deemed an Apprentice until Indenture enrolled with Collector No person shall be deemed
to be an apprentice for the purposes of an act )iassed in the 4th year of the reign of his late Majesty, in-
tituled " An Act (4 Geo. 4. c, 'J.'i ) for reuulating the Number of Apprentices to be taken on board liritisli
Merchant Vessels, and for preventing l)e«ertiun of Seamen," unless the indenture of such ajiprenticc
snail have been enrolled with the collector and comptroller of ttie ,;iTt from which any such apprentice
shall flrst go to sea alter the date of such indenture, or in default of such enrolment, until the same shall
liave been enrolled at some port from which the ship in which such apprentice shall afterwards go to sea
shall be cleared — ^ 143.
Licensed Agents. — It shall not be lawful for any person to act fis an agent for transacting any business
at the Custom-house in the port of London which shall relate to the entry or clearance of any ship, or of
any gooils, or of any baggage, unless authorised so to do by licence of the commissioners of his Majesty's
customs, who are hereby empowered to require bond to ho given by every person to whom such licence
shall be granted, with 1 suflicient surety, in the sum of l,i;(H)/., for the faithful and incorrupt conduct of
such person and of his clerks acting for him: provided always, that such bond shall not be required of any
person who shall be one of the sworn brokers of the city of London j and if any person shall act as such
agent, not being so licensed, or if any person shall be in partnership in such agency with any person not
so licensed, such person shall, in either case, for every such oHbiice forfeit the sum of 1(X)/. — ^ ^^^^■
Treasury may revoke Licc-nce. — It shall be lawful for the said commissioners of hig Majesty's treasury,
by any order under their hands, to revoke any such licence ; and after a copy of such order shall have
been delivered to such person or to his clerk, or left at his usual place of abode or business, such licence
shall be void, — ^ 11.5.
Not to crtend to Clerks or Servants of Individuals, nor to Clerks in Long Room. — Nothing herein con.
tained shall extend to prevent the ele'ik or servant of any person, or of any jier.sops in co-partnership,
from transacting any business at the Custom-house on account of such person or persons, without such
licence; iirnvided such clerk or servant shall not transact any such business as clerk, servant, or agent
to any other person, — ^ 146,
Agent may n/tjioint Clerks to act for him only. — It shall be lawful for any such agent or agents In en.
partnership to appoint any person without licence to be his or their clerk in transacting such agency :
provided always, that no ])cr.son shall be admitted to he such clerk to more than 1 agent or co-partnership
of agents, nor until his name and residence, and the date of his appointment, shall have been indorsed on
the licence of every such agent, and signed liy him, and witnessed by the signature of the collector and
iiomptroller of the customs, unless such person shall have been apiminted with eun^cnt of the com-
missioners of his Majesty's customs before the commencement of this act, — \ 147.
Treasury may extend Hegulations to other forts It shall be lawful for the said coinmi.ssioners of his
Majesty's treasury, by their warrant, to be published in the London or Dublin Gazelle, to extend the
regulations herein-before made relating to agents in the port of London to agents at any other port in
Great Britain, or at any port in Ireland, — ^ 14S.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, the articles imported into and exported from a country.
We have explained in anotlier article (Bai.anoe of Trade), the mode in wliicli the
value of the imports and exports is officially dcterminetl hy the Custom-house, and have
shown the fallacy of the common notions as to the advantajje of the exports excecdinjjj
the imports. The scale of jirices accordiiicj to which the official value of tlie imports
and exports is determined iiaviiig been iixed so far back as IfiDS, the account is of no
use as showing their true value; but it is of material importance as showin<T; the fluctu-
ations in their quantity. We were anxicuis, had tiie means existed, to have f^'vcii
accomits of the various articles imported and exported at dilferent periods during the last
century, that the comparative increase or diininution of the trade in each might have
been exhibited in one general view. Unluckily, however, no means exist for completing
such an account. The Tables pul lished by Sir Charles Whitworth, Mr. Maci)herson,
and others, specify only the aggregate value of the imports from and exports to jiarticular
countries, without specifying the articles or their value of which such imports and
■h
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
671
exports crnsislod. And on np])lying nt tliu Custotn-lioiiKC, wc found tlint the fire in
18H had destroyed tlie records; so timt tlii-re were no means oi'conipilin;; any complcto
account of the value of tlie articles imported or exported iirevioiisly to tliat period. We,
therefore, have been oi)liged to confine ourselves, except as resi)ccts the period since 1815,
to nn attempt to cxlul)it the amoimt of the trade with each coinitry for such periods aa
seemed best calculated to show its real i)ro;;ress. Those selected for this purpose, in
the first of the following Tables, arc periods of peace ; for, <luring war, the connncrcc
with particular countries is liable to be extended or depreMed so tiir beyond its natural
limits, as to afford no means of judging of its ordinary amount. The averages given in
the Talde (with the exce])tion of IHOvi), are sufficiently extensive to neutralise the iii-
fliienre of such extraordinary circumstances (wlietiicr arising from bad harvests, the
repeal or imposition of duties, or any other cause,) as might maferially allect an average
for '2 or 3 years only; and as they extend from \(>9H to 1 «'."_', liiey a(I{)rd a very
complete view of the progress of the foreign trade of (ireat Britain. This Table was
compiled from ofRcial documents by the indefaligalije Mr. Cesar .Moreau, and may be
safely relied on. The Tables which follow, and which show tiie ;imount and value of the
trade of the emjjire at the present time, are all ofticial, or compiled from oflicial sources.
During the first half of last century, and previously, woollen goods formed the principal
srticle of native produce exported from (ireat IJritain ; and next to it were hardware
and cutlery, leather manufactures, linen, tin and lead, copjier and brass manufactures,
coal, earthenware, provisions, slops, &c. Corn formed a considerable article in the list
of exports down to 1770; since which period the balance of the corn trade has been,
with a few exceptions, very decidedly xm the side of importation, ("otton did not begin
to be of any importance as an article of export till after 1770 ; but since then the exten-
sion and improvement of the cotton manufacture has been so astonishingly great, that the
exports of cotton stuffs and yarn amount, at this moment, to about a /mlf of the entire
exi)()rts of British produce and manufactures! — (Sec ante, it. 445.) The export of
woollen goods has been comparatively stationary.
The principal articles of import during the last half century have consisted of sugar,
tea, corn, timber and naval stores, cotton wool, sheep's wool, woods and drugs for dyeing,
wine and spirits, tobacco, silk, tallow, hides and skins, coffee, spices, bullion, &c. Of
tile colonial and other foreign products imported into England, considerable (quantities
have always been re-exported.
TRAnE OP GREiT Britain.
I. Account of the Qi^(-;'(T/ Value of tlie Import and Kxport Trade of Great nritain with nil Parts of the
World, at an Annual Medium of the undermentioned Periods; specifying the separate Amount of the
Trade with each Country for such I'erioils.
Imports into Great Hritain from
all rarth, of all Sorts
Eiports from Ureal Ilritnin to all I'arta, of all Sorts of
Countries.
of Prmlucts.
Products.
ii.ds.of I'eace, viz.
Annual Metlium of Fife Perio<ls of Peace, viz.
Annual Medium of Fi»c I'ei
iri!IS-17()l.
174II-17.W.
I7S4.I7!»2-
In 1S02.
181(1-1822.
£
I09817OI.
1719-17.'..'.
1784-1792
In 18(12.
1810-1822
Hurniie, IlrilUli
£
£
£
£
£
£
£
£
ami fiiruiun.
Ki>iei(,ni, Norm
l,8SS,l7f>
2,l.1.'),S70' .1,SK.'>,!1!I'J
.'i,!)l,'i,S.'i.1 4,891,88.'
3,114,28.',
4,100,009
4,701,90.'.
l.'.,0;.'.,20!
l7,nlO,S2(
South
i,is)ii,yo4
l,533,H'Jlil 2,Htill,'J14
.1,12,1,007 .1,308,.'jl)2
l,4il,231
,1,129,19;.
3,187,1.19
7,209,291
8,321,987
IreKtiul, (lucro*
sey.Jersey.AJ.
ilerniy, Man,
ami thf Whale
rishery - .
487,010
740,282 2,43.1.S(;i
; .I.SSfl,.'*! .'5,143,22(1
■J29,3.M
I,,1i3,804
2,2.'-l,0Sl
3,003,2.17
4,097,0.11'
Ililir.iltar (from
IHOl, Malta
and Ionian
Manils)
ni,S03 12,^.18
ll'.l,."18 147,'fll
3S8,,')94
011„100 210,8.18
.'.12,401 2,2tfi,.'.0.'.
l-uroiif, Itritiah
1
1
1
and tbreiim -
3,Kr,r,jv.o
4,.')27,111 !Mli-,lil.'.
12,!l!)7,'i7!) I3,4!I1,.'|(;S
,')„183,403
9,291 ,.1,18,10,41 1,023
20,4.10,141 31,080,0(1',
Asia
(i.'.O.d.ll
i.uiM.'is :,,\:u,\-u\
.J,7'J4,1I0II| 7.1l'.l,l.'i2
211,212
71 1,111.'. 1,79.'.,717
2,92!l,8Ui 3,219,410
Africa .
17,l,!l
7A:ivx \vi,'.::,'i^
l(iS,8li3! 2(.7,VI1!I
1,4,043
2M,M: 8()9,.'i40
0,101,1791 .'i31,71V
America *
(irand total -
l,ni;i,7»o
2,.v^!i,ii!is ru'i:> '..?<'.'.>
12,1811,870 14,(iri,'.lll»
737,870
2,(101,090
.'),0O.'.,020
18,021,942
1(1,890,830 17,09.',,3.1.',
41,411,900 . 3,l'.'(;,ll)
.'>,.'>()! I.H.'i'^
S,2ll,.11i; 17,711. ,7-'',!
1l,ll2,.1IS.14,'.l21,.'i.1S
0,449,.')9I
12,22(1,974
hnro) ■, Norlli.
1
I
P.u^sia
ii(),«(;
48«,0,'..-i! l,lil!l,lll!
2,182,1.10
2,2.'i8,fl7.^
00,899
10ll,-.'.4
39.'i,090
1,281,,'.').'. 2,3'^9,72.'.
*\ie<U'n -
2l.1,ii.)7
lS7,l..".'i 2(il,S^1
,1^7,3.'>0
132,303
49,151
19,8.')9
70,017
90,.')1.'> 14,'.,217
llcinnavk and
1
Norway
7 7, ."OS
S4,.'-.(I7; I4n,i.->s
\r^r,,ru'i
I!'(;„'vi7
39,874
S7,'JI0
294,108
427,010 422,810
i'russia
l.Sl.lSli
2Mi,(;.',.")i .'>:).'',.'iii
l,li.-.7,lio.-
(l.is.oSd
l.'i2,2ll!F
171,0'll
117,247
818,209 1,002,.S8I
ti. rniany
(iSl.lWI
(is7,Mi;i
,V,2,2!ll
l,l!l^,l 1,1(1
084,711
7.'i7,021
1„14.-.,2I2
1,. '.00,311
8,111 .'.,237 8,772,871
N'otlierlands -
CV1,41(I
4117,2 !l)
717,0.'.7
i,Mtio,7(;,s
■JC 1,209
2,014,228
2,112,947
2,317,980
4,392,(117 4„137,31«
i;nrn|.(., South.
Frante -
Hr,,m.'t
(;n,"(;2
4.'i9,7.'54
421,431
7.17,300
lOO,!!.'.
437,183
921,492
2,.190,103 1,314,079
I'nrlUKnl
VIU.'MV.)
2S»,.VI!I
(il.'i.l.Sd
U(il,711
492,193
313,143
1,121,,'.V9
07,5,348
1,281, ,144
1,933,1.'.4
Sii.dn
!M\,ryn
4."7,'llll 7VI,.:S7.
,S.:o,!l,-7
877,4,10
.'i8n,422
l,i:i8,.i.-7
709,179
1,421,294
0i3,9'.M
Italy .
.i.')s,.'ir>7
.'i;s,ii.-.' s.-..-,,si;i
72.1,,-.(il
891,8.1.'.
143,249
2.18,470
7.19,243
I,9.'0,I10
3,099,7 li
'I'nrkev • •
!i7li,W)li
liis.ii;], lhl,.')i'i
l.S2,421
3O(i,078
218,002
1.13,074
121,877
103,134
704,110
America, North.
1
I'nited Stales ■
20(5,402
8!ll,l(;!l
98i;,4n!)
1,!1?3,.')(H
3,207,488
.187,.';40
1,238,101
2,839,484
,'j,329,4rO
0,393,050
British colonies
lS,fil7
4S,7.'.()
221,41.1
3(;7,',),Vi
710,.-.72
18,191
72,984
S04,'l8U
1 ,3.JO,«90
l,7iS,a20
Amerira.South.
Urilish West
Indies - .
714,7fil
1,ASS,18.'5
3.8G0,(;-l
S,.'-..11,17.'i
7,920,'!1.'>
331,8,19
004,007
1,SC2„'.22
,1,925,013
.'),030,3C7
Korei({n ditto
(from isns,
ItraziU and
Span.f ;oniiHl
•
1 (SOC.
IW,S.'i.-i
l,n.-.s,".w
-Ill^^t"'!
•
?fi,478
39,131
SSI,S31
4,.'i55,79'2
):'
'M
! '^I!
i:'
•• i
K'n
I
'■'■'{
r\
\l
«72
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
IL Qffldal Ki\A Declared Value of Kxporti of Ilrltith Rnd Irlah Produce anil Manuflirture ; and ((fftrial
Value of Kx|H>rt( of I-'orplKn luul CiiloMlal Meri'liatidinf IVoin (irvat Krlluiii i and (Ifflciii/ Valuo uf lui>
portt Into tlieiame, for the following Yean. — [I'arl. I'apcr, No, U*3. Sett. IHJ*), and Financr Arnmnli.)
Vtinpndinic th«6th
uf January.
Kipont.
Imporu.
Into nnat Driialn.
IlrltUh and Irhh I'mtiui-c >nil Muiuflwlum
rriim (Irval llrlMln.
PnrclKn anil < olnnlal
Mvri'haiMliNi' rroin
(JrtM liriiain.
<j/fliW r.j/u».
I'
qgtcliil y<il„t.
17M
lH,-.-,(i,K!ll
31,252,8.16
8,700,196
25.122,203
18U0
'/.VJSt,p.H
.•i'^i,9o i,a">o
7,2Vl,ti!Xi
24,066,7(M)
1801
22,mi,'t3(i
36,!»29,(K)7
ll,.'H9,«8l
28,2.'>7,781
180S
24,"i01,(i08
39,7.»),65!)
10,3iH,!hi<i
;iO,41.5,2()8
180J
2.'),l!l-.,N!).l
45,10i.',2;iO
12,677,431
28,;)08,373
18<H
sujin-i,r><Hi
.■)(!,127,787
8,032,643
25, KM,.'-**!
18()r>
2y,i.)2,,)ii7
37,l,i.5.74(i
8,!l,3H,741
86,454,281
18(16
2'/,<)07..171
37,23 »,.J«Hi
7,64.3, ISO
27,.t.U,0'J0
1H(»7
Vi.'iin<,'m
39,7+6,581
7,717,.M5
25,5.".*, 478
1808
2VM»,ri'i
36,.i!W,44;J
7,624,312
25,326,84.5
18()9
2+.17!»,H.-4
36,3(16,385
5,776,775
25,tii 10,9.53
1810
.'32,!M(i,H."i8
4ti,049,777
12,7.'50,aw
3(),170,2f)2
1811
a},2!»!»,4()8
47,(K)0,926
9,.J.'->7,435
.■17,61 l.WH
1812
21.7J.J,.';,i2
30,850,618
6,117,720
2.5,2tO,!MH
1813
28,447,912
39,3)4,526
9,.';;33,0G3
24,!»23,!I22
1814
•
•
»
»
1815
32,200,580
43,447,373
19,1,57,818
32.620,771
18l(>
41,7I'.'.()()2
49,653,245
15,708,455
31,822,0.53
1817
34,77<..W1
4<),J28,940
1.3.441,66.5
26,374,921
1818
39,23,J,467
40.349,235
10,269,271
29,910,.5()2
1819
4l,!ttiO,.'>5.'>
45,180,1.50
10,8;W.800
■3.5,1 ;45,.J-»0
1820
3'i,im,t<H9
34,2.-.2.251
9,87'»,236
29,tW 1,6(0
1821
37,«20,2i«
a5,.';ti9,077
10,.ir),026
31,51.5.222
1822
«l,l>H,ri8l
a5.82),l27
10,602,090
2!),769,122
182<
VI.MH.+HS
36,17<),897
9,211,928
29,4.J2,376
1824
4;5,I6<),019
34.589,410
8,.588,<»96
34..59l,264
1825
48,024,952
37,t!(Ht,021
1{),188,.'396
36,056,.551
1826
46,4.".,i,(W2
3H,(l77,.3,i0
9,1.55,.'i05
42,660,954
1827
4(),.-i.i2,8r>4
S0,H47,528
H\(M;,rAt3
36,174,.'J.50
1828
51,479,102
36,394,817
9.806,,343
43,4S<).;H6
1829
52,019,728
36,l.-iO,379
9,928,6,55
4;3,5;36,187
18W
55,4»i;> 723
3;"),2 12,873
10,606,441
42,311,649
1831
6(l,492,fi;r7
37,691,;»)2
8,,5.3.i,786
44,81,5,3<I7
18,')2
m,m\v23
3(i,tu2,ti<)4
10,729,943
4S,161,661
18.W
fi+,-|«'2 0!7
36,()4«),027
11,0,36.7,';9
43.2.37,417
• Records destroyed by fire. — From the ye.ir ending the 5th of .lanuary, 181.5, Inclusive, British produce
and manufactures have licen included in the returns of Irish produce, <(ic. fl-om Ireland, and conse<|uenlly
omitted in the column headed Exports, Foreign, Colonial, and Ilritish, under which they had been pre.
viously returned.
Thade op Grkat Uritaix a.\d Irei.ani>.
I. Value of Imports into Great Britain and Ireland from Foreign Parts, calculated at the Official Ratei o
Valuation; specit^ing those imported into each. — (Finance Accounts far 1832.)
(This and the three followinR Tablet are taken from the Finance Aec.mnli for V^7li.)
Specie! of Import!.
Vean ending the 5th of .January. |
1831.
1832.
1833. 1
Great Bkitain.
£ 1.
rf.
£
s.
rf.
£
s. d.
Almonds of all sorts
20,909
5
34,616
1
1
30,.549
14 7
Annotto . ...
5,666 8
]7.!I45
11
6
8.6k5
6 6
Ashes, pearl and pot
286,122 9
5
27!».8;58
7
7
228.193
3 7
Barilla and .tlkali
107,472 6
3
7o,.377
7
6
27,984
16 10
Bark for tanning and dyeing
206.008 13
4
19"i,<i80
9
11
149,604
14
Borax . . . •
3.5,823 2
.■3.i,(W0
19
6
,32,819
17
Brimstone - - . • .
12.5,5.33 5^
10
138,286
10
9
166.014
7 11
Bristles ....
37.206 2*
6
.38,741
17
4
i;8.l.38
4 3
Butter
149,f;4S 13
10
171,644
7
181.974
18 6
Cimphire . . •
10,2ft3 I
C
4,913
1
10,.34O
17 2
Cassia lignca
62.819 3
f-
29,881
10
78,548
12 10
Cheese ...
157.708 i
J
19-',641
10
7
19;,712
6 5
Cinnamon ...
92,8!4 19
4.5.173
18
7,.352
8 3
Cloves -
39..501 IS
6
32.197
2
6
62,905
11 3
Cochineal and granilln .
2.55,380 19
180,747
7
3l!/>43
13 2
Cocoa, cocoa nut husks, shells,
and chocolate ...
4f3,583 8
1
76,860
7
i
65,8.52
2
Coffee ....
2,543,852 12
1
2,649,008
6
3,116,830
15 3
Copper, unwroiight, in bricks
and pigs - ...
6,0S8 13
V
2.644
3
7
2,727
7 10
Cork ....
29.486 6
11
.39.3.54
14
5
a3.(M)9
5 9
Corn, grain, meal, and flour
3,270.744 13
7
4,671, .353
13
2
898,a55
8 11
Cortex I'eruvianus
69,161 5
28,209
15
44.6'.'4
15
Cotton manufactures of India -
410..576 10
9
318.775
6
6
236,543
6
of Europc,&c.
24.447 14
7
31 ,.549
13
11
18,464
18 7
Currants ....
119..585 19
10
293.5.38
13
7
173,875
10
Dye and hard woods, Aistic
4.5,713 7
56,,389
5
39.013
9 2
logwowi -
201. .544 4
10
16.5.800
6
217,161
4 9
mahogany
147.720 10
11
11.3.973
12
10
149.819
5 7
rosewood -
31,806 9
8
28.296
1
9
25,679
15 5
Elephants' teeth
32,829 11
10
31,603
12
2
17,956
10 6
Flgi
12,4:39 3
10
17,595
4
6
15.130
6 10
Mi
I
'\ '
f. d.
4 7
6 6
3 7
6 10
i
7
7 11
♦ 3
8 6
7 2
2 10
f) 5
i 5
I 3
3 2
2
; 3
7 10
! 9
1 11
•>
) 6
i 7
) 10
) 2
i 9
> 7
> 5
) a
i 10
LMPOUTS AND EXTOUTS.
am
Vian LiiiHiiM ihG Atli uf January.
H|itrli* of ImporU.
Kl»h, c(mI, «(C. of Nt'wCdUiKllarid
niiJ Hrltiili Aiiu'rlca
Max iiikI tow, or coililla o( hemp
mill (lax
I''iir« .....
(iuiii, iiiiiinl mill co]ial -
Aral lit; ...
lac III' all kurti
Hi'iii'gal ...
Iliiiip, iiiiilri'iHiicil
lliilcM, ruwamltuiineU
Jalap ...
Indigo ....
Iriiii, III bam
liiiiiglattii
!,oail, pig ....
I.iMiioiiH anil iiraiigcH
l.liu'nit, liirL-ign ...
I.li|uiirii'i> juicu
Mart'
Mailiirr aiiil inaililcr rixiti
Molaniit'ii ...
Nutnu'g!! ...
Oil, castor ....
of olives ...
palm ...
train, 8|/ermncc'ti nnil blubber
Fi'pper ....
I'lnii'iito ....
Quicksilver ...
Rags for paper
Haisins . . . •
Khulmrb ...
Hico, ami rice in the husk
Salt
Saltpetre ...
Seeds, clo\ er ...
tlax anil linseeil
rape ...
Sliumae . . . .
Silk, raw nnil waste
thrown ...
maiiufuctures of India
of Europe, & I
Skins, not being furs
Smalts ...
Spelter ....
Spirits, brandy
geneva ...
rum . . .
Sugar ...
Tallow
'J'ar . . . .
Tea ....
Timber, battens anil batten ends
deals and deal ends
masts and spars
staves
timber, fir, 8 in. square
oak .
other sort*
balks, haiids)iikes, lu
plank, \e. &e.
Tobacco and siuiff
Turpentine, common
Valonia
Wax, bees*
Wlialeliiis - .
Wines ...
Wool, cotton ...
sheep's
Woollen maiiuf. (includg. carpets)
Yarn, linen, raw
All other articles
I
Total ofticial value of imports
into Great Britain from tuititn
parts - . . .
Irf.land.* i
Value of imjiorts into Ireland at |
the otticial rates of valuation
1831
1839.
jt'
$,
A
£
5\nn
r>
8
88,538
l,89i.',74H
4
8
1,879,043
i:h.,iw
1.5
4
18«i,3(^4
H,,-.IH
■■i
H
Ui.KHJ
17,7'ia
14
a
17,.illi
41,8 ;()
5
3
75,(^1
':ti,im
2
11
2.5,127
■MH...':r,
10
4.'M,;l!>8
'Mi, 1!K)
11
10
7W,li»i.5
III.OHt
17
t)
f.,.)59
l,i2i,0(;i
11
9Ri,.H3
148, 1.H
H
4
170,lti2
13,4!H)
r,
8
24,4o4
!Mtl2
9
10
I8,.JI«.(
rAt.'^iiH
19
10
(i«,18(i
67,'^Si)
12
10
Ii7,837
il,^M
8
9
40,3.5
!t,8li7
19
4
25,t>,4
37.'-., 1.73
2
10
.W'Aaoo
1 IJ8,.)7J
12
1
2IH,4.i9
4y,;is-2
7
1)
41,.0,5H
W,77!)
5
.37,(17.5
1 3ti.".,04,">
12
1
.551, (i92
: 'ii.j,Kw
13
3
l()4,7iiO
1 ;itiM,4()4
12
5
4H(),lli.J
! i>'',H:)r>
8
1
1(I4,.')18
1 iti,.;;;8
2
r>
4,5,171
401,414
02,857
4l,l.'i8
7
.5
.'30,l.'i5
81,:J'.'ii
1
7
I47,(i88
l(X),7i«i
19
1
87,74)i
lji;,fi(il
18
4
l()5,4t9
9,Myi
1
n.HHti
8H,59;i
8
3
107,H(>4
77,745
2
11
»U,194
205,!i<)9
14
2
315,798
(i8,4i;fi
19
11
52,0ia)
;JiVili'-'
9
2
42,021
l,fiJ7,l!)4
1.1
4
1,.557,018
4!K),!|-7
1.5
2
7.57,712
Iii4,.0>i9
7
1
1.59,421
409,724
11
440,402
1«(!,8'J8
7
11
2,J8,I0J
10,WW
1
2
H,3ti:i
221,, 379
16
I9l,n;2
iii.'4,S27
1
19M,5H1
14,192
13
15,189
59,i,l01
9
5
675,,599
(i,Mh2,l2!»
9
6,9;J5,!«5
l,07(>,i'ii7
K
11
i,oi;2,2.;4
I'J'-'.OU
J
8
108,1 80
S,l8|i,774
10
«
3,1(14,892
l.'J,8iU
J
10
19,023
5(i,!)<>7
9
8
fi4,l(il
49,tii.'l
.5
7
84,5;37
1 4»;,'.'77
U
7
47,511
' 320,.-. 1. 'J
19
1
357,'.'!, -5
1 2o,v42
14
1
3.'),'.' 19
2\,3ti3
17
l9,Gti2
43,2fi4
17
6
49,421
278,l,S(i
14
305,247
119,744
18
158,.5.;9
i 29,42!)
2
1
20,449
I 3,'i,(«(i
6
7
34,254
3,-i,H()9
8
2
719,421
8,720,270
881,-J.54
f)H,;589
1011,247
l,975,,5-i5
8
15
1 11
4
llNnr.n Ki\(:noM.
Total olficial value of imports
into the U. K. . - . ^' 4.5,24.5,241
44,81.5,397 11 11
1,429,'- 43 14 7
752,283
9,5lfi,087
929,8.55
89,172
95,04rt
l,937,28(i
t. a.
9 1
7
10
18
7
U
8
II
4
7
fi
9
8
11
7
10
11
13
7
48,161,661
1,. 552,228
14 11
5
6
6
8
11
5
19
10
2
«
10
4
4
15
5 5
17 6
9 3
7 5
7 3
5 7
9 10
9 11
7 1
3
14
17
2
17
6
7
13
18
17
12
12
5
8
12
15
18
12
1
14
10
2
12
10
9
12
9
9
2
4
5
1
4
7
11
(>
9
(i
6
]
1
4
10
9
4
3
1
10
4
3
8
2
4
5
1
2
4
11
1833.
,34,124
2,010,518
li;,J,:1.57
ii;5,(i<lti
19,n28
72,495
4(l,+24
484..579
5-17,20,)
2,81 i(i
8ti4,971
18.5,0<K)
2.',8iH
lii,;i44
52,;i5,l
l(H,ii05
2li,220
45,,i.;t>
f.lO.liJli
y80,.5.5,)
+1,8H5
,'io,l.'.2
l.Vi.51
2-2-.',,i.;5
.57H,UO
7H,1.!4
4;;,,5-o
i5ti,.;.'5
,J0,0I4
127,1+1
77,'.'lti
1H1,45,J
l(i,9-52
1.55,797
4I,2>U
22:J,l.-,5
7.5, 1 9i
4.vn
l,fil7,l,U
221,11,50
1-17,721
464,250
225,HiL'i
8,!t91
171,908
3.58,7(10
I9,(.\5
409,!il2
6,3(i<i,;">8.!
1,191,141
96,986
3,170,570
14,(i75
5(i,'t'6
9j,81ti
4(i,.i7ti
S32,(i.'',j
42,540
30,082
42,742
189,706
l(ij,8.55
o.-?,284
20,648
l,'i(),579
624,110
9,46! 1,857
8o;3,;i71
82,605
74,151
2,09,S,274
8
2
H
t)
2
1,1
16
l!l
4
11
II
16
d
t!)
1
2
8
19
5
5
5
15
12
3
10
15
12
8
18
18
1
2
8
16
9
9
10
7
9
3
6
12 10
5
4
7
16
6
19
17
14
1 111
8
1.; ;i
9
3
5
15
14
4
12
2 10
3 4
12 11
13 9
6
8
3
2
2
11
7
10 11
17 10
1
3
7
10
8
9
10
8
9
43,2,-37,416 17 3
1,.348,824 17 9
-•^ ^.6_^.«."13.S8?_11 6j_44,,586,-?41 15
1
9
4
8
6
6 11
13 8
5 (I
10
2 2
7 4
15 11
milklnKSuronelhn';^^!;;^"^ '"'''*"' ''•'''^""^^ ^"^' ''"^'^ '■"• the largest,
•2 X
i]\
\i\
',.
'f
i
■ '
[§ .
!'
1 ii
i"-
. ^'^ h
m
'I
. I,
■ !i ;,!!:.•
»;!'
Ma
:l\ :
674.
IMPORTS AND KXPOUTS.
II. Valiio of tlio Pro<liiro aiitl Maiuinutiirps of ilu- tlnitcil KiiiK.Iom, rxpoitoj (Vom (!r.>,»t nritniii
l"om"u'h ''"'■'■''''" ''"^'''- '•"''•"'i'twl at thf (U/icial lUU-s of Valuadoii; si>ci:if)inK llii- exports
Hpcclci of lOipiirtH.
(iRKAT KlIII'AIN.
Alum ■ - . • .
Apparel, slnpHaml nr^ro clotliiiit;
Anns and aininuiiitioii
Karon and lianiH
lli't'f and pork lialtcd
lU'er and nlc ...
Hooks, printed - .
Hrnss and eoppor manufactures
llreail and biscuit ■ . .
HuKcr anil cliecsc
('al)iiiet and upholstery wares
Coals and culm . . .
t'ordago - . . .
Corn, Kraiii, meal and flour
Cotton manufacture!)
yarn . - . .
Cows anil oxon . . .
Karthenware of all liorts
Kiali of all sorts - . .
(iias.s of all sorts . . .
I laherilashcry and millinery
Hardwares and cutlery
lints, beaver and felt
of all other sorti
Hops - . . .
Morses . . . .
Iron anil «tcel, wrought and un-
wrought
l,anl - . . .
Lead and shot . . .
Leather, wrought and unwrought -
saddlery ;uiil harness
lancn manufactures - - .
Machinery and mill-work
Mathematical anil optical instrumL-nts
Mules . ., . .
Musical instruments ...
Oil, train, of (ireeidanil (isliery
I'ainlers' colours - . .
riate, plated ware, jewellery and
watches - - .
Potatoes . . . -
Salt ....
Sidtpelre, llritish redncd
Seeds of all sorts - -
Silk manufactures
Soap and caudles ...
Spirits . . ...
Stationery of all sorts
Sugar, relined - - .
Tin, unwrought - - -
and pewter wares, and tin plates
I'nhaceo i^inaniilactiired) anil snull' .
Tongues ...
I'inbrellas and parasols
Whalebone ...
Wool, sheep's . - .
of other :iorts
Woollen manufactures
All other articles ...
Total olllcial value of the produce
and maiuifactures of the I'nited
Kingdom, exported from Oreat
Uritaiii to foreign parts
Ihhi.anh.
Total olBcial value of the produce
and manufactures of the United
Kingdom, exported Irom Ireland
to foreign ]iarts . - -
'..'MTEn KiNIIDOM,
Total olllcial value of the produce
and maniifnctures of the United
Kingdom, exported from the
same to forei|;n parts - . £
l«.'il.
Venrs omliiiK thf .'illi of Jnnunry.
18,J1!.
r,,m)
.■i.Sl,'.'|:i
'2■^r>,v.^^
;u,,ii'-'
(i'2,.i77
l/i.liiK)
!l!l7,;i7!>
(!,!«()
/'(>,!( 17
ri."),rKi7
4.!..,.')<N)
.•i7,(>."ii)
iy,sr,;-,
.■!.'">,.'>iir>,KH)
.'),();).'>,.')( ill
I, MI
!«,IHS
'.'7li,!l,W
I'.'."-.l7f»
4ti,Hit
«()'.',()'.' I
I71,Sli!)
l;i,H7!»
K,!»U
I'.V'IU
i,8(r7,(M;'.>
4,1 1 1-
7»,l'J(i
!'(i,.07O
7.S,071
.■i,ioi,().;i
L'l).S,7,!li
'Jl.tKi
li.lHHI
.01,7.S|.
;!MH
!)'J,!>,Sr»
1 !)»,«) I
7.I!K)
1.1,184
,'-.,,■;( ii
4:;.".,(H.'i
'2;!7,r>i.".'
'.',Vi.">
Iii7,(;7!»
1,1 ;.>.','.' 10
iii,(i.yi
'J17,<il7
'J,;!7.-)
7117
r,'2,rm
11).'.,.! Hi
i;o,tii'.'
.'i,.'i.')l,(i-H
ti.s;i,tili.
f)0,4!t2,tVi7
(I.
II
(>
'2
K
I
n 4
i.'i II
;> II
<i
4
l.->
I.!
hi
4
IS
1
K
I!)
14
<)
I)
IS
14
10
I) i.'
.1 4
IS II
4 1
lii 7
V2 II
l.i 2
17 10
li.' 3
17
IS
li
4
17
I!)
7
I.'i
(i
S
II
11
,'■)
1.'.
!l
n
1
(>
!)
1
10
10
o
n
4
8
S
• >
II
II
(>
f)
o
•■)
!t
.■J
< 10
1'2 II
(V18,C07 8 a
fil,I4(),8(H 1,". 10 (in,rvn,93.1 8 4
l'-2,'2l.l
.';iis,.iis".
4.0!l,;',79
ei.is'j
47,'Jl'J
l7..-i!i.'i
!•.")! I,! 17 1
ti.lilO
4t>,(;.H
41,:il(i
4,M,t)()8
.■i8,llS4
1 2,78(1
.•U,(i8'.',17."<
5,t)74,ti(K)
7iJii
!I7,H)<»
I!)0,(i8,'i
ll(>,7'-'(i
44,487
!iri7,7li:!
l.i.O.'tlO
14,(i4.'i
I7,.1l)l>
i,<j7!vn.';
y,(i.-,;i
71,78-!
I4,iill»
(ill,!i")0
.'Vili'^.iH.'i
ior.,.'".o.'"i
17,lo.J
y.'iiio
*)8,;>7'2
l.">,i.'!«)
10l,!W(i
8,7'J4
;j:'8,ihs
;;'2,+.s8
(i,l!>7
4(>!l,(l7(i
iJ'-'K.lilS
'.',n;8
177,li!l8
1,(»8,(I77
7!",4.'i7
22S,lir,
1,78.-|
817
47,.01'2
4,.'.20
1 '-'4,788
'.'8,! in
(!,187,!I7!I
ir78,r,.-.i.'
s.
.i !l
7 (i
10 i!
I'i 10
I
II
I
J
I
4
7
(i
4
\r,
k;
II
l!»
14
11) II
10
4
14
2
7
III
18
II!
\2
10
ir,
li)
1!)
14
8
18
1.1
7
5
14
V2
4
II
1
2
I.'i
4
;j
14
10
IS
IS
I.'i 11
III
.'>
lU
(i
9
I!
3
8
I)
II
(i
li
1
8
I)
li
8
ti
li
10
o
3
l>
3
it
7
l)0,0!H),iej 11
6U.3,80!) IG 7
18;i,X
.£'
s.
tl.
lO.lUM)
It!
li
37li,0!l)
11!
r,
32!I,'-'!I8
!>
(i
17,004
4
.'i8,>Hi2
13
8
lilV!,Sl
I'J
r>
17.fi27
14
i,V2r,,:n'.>.
18
r,
lO.l.'-.l
14
3
72,073
r>
10
4,i,!KI7
10
a
S:iii,!i>:)
10
.W,7Ih4
lit
u
10,(124
.'i
It
i7,nO(l,7;JO
1!
.1
(),72.'i,.'")0.';
18
I
4M
III
lll.lii!)
17
3
1!I8,K'.7
5
I
ii7,'jr)-4
4
3.),!l!)l
r,
it
877,'.".'S
1)
7
11 4,! Mi. J
!)
4
14,.i7li
17
4
.'i.'i, 11 7
V,
14,'Jl.';
2,40l!,4lll
4,4'.|8
lC8,(i7!»
1(18,178
.'i4,i;2'.)
2,(i4!l,.i43
!I'A7U
l(),4:;i)
!I70
,1(i,(k)l
.■;(i.H!i.">
ll.VHO
177,17V'
l'-',!l'J2
."SIS.i'K)
4.!,8iW
r,,\m
474,.'i0!l
3;JI,ii()7
3,.'i(l3
17ii,4!i7
1,2! I'J, I'.'."")
Il(i,243
241,!I48
1,1 is,!
•Kit'
40,4!)3
l'J,7.'i2
14!l,!i!U
w,.va
(!,r)l!l),7(H)
802,IM)7
2
■ I
18
II
3
10
II
8
1
12
(i
4
10
1
11
8
1
r>
10
5
l!) 3
I) 2
•I 10
1
(i
y
r,
17
14 li
6
7
:,
I)
1
2
2
4
fi
18 II
7 7
tl-l,.';82,037 i) 7
444,fxi.'5 1 5
fi5,(Wfi,702 11
I
I
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
675
IW. V itiic (if tlip Produce and Manuranturcs of the United Kincdom, exported from Oicat liritali: =;;,!
Iii'l.iiul (I) I'oroiijn Parts, aucording «o i i: llciU or Dcclaral Vuhie tliercuf, spcvifying the Amount
brut Irdiii I'lU'li.
I
8|ii'ciui uf Ei|iorti.
OHKAT liKITAIN.
Alum - . . -
Apparel, nlopn nnd negro clothing
Arni« and ainniunilion
ISuc'on and liains ...
|{c<'C and porli, salted
IJct'r and ale - - -
l!(i()k8, printed - . -
Ifrass and ennper 'nanufactures
itrcad and biscuit . - -
liutler and eheese
('al)inet and nplioUtery wares
(^oals and eulm ...
( Ordage ....
Corn, grain, meal and Hour
Cotton mnniiractureii
yarn - . .
Cows and oxen - - .
Karthenware of all sorts
iMsh of all sorts
<; lass of all sorts . - -
Haberdashery and millinery
Hardwares and cutlery
Hats, beaver and felt
of all other sorts
Hops - - - -
Horses - -
Iron and steel, wrought and un-
wrouglit - - - -
r,aril - ...
Lead and shot - - -
Keather, wroUKlit and nnwrought .
saddlery and harness
i.inen manufaet:ires
iMaehinery and iuill-work
Mathematical and optical instruments
Mules - ...
Musical instruments
Oil, train, of (ireenland fishery
Painters' colours - . -
Plate, plated ware, jewellery, and
watches - - - -
Potatoes - ...
Salt - ....
Saltpetre, Ilritish refnied
Seeds of all sorts - - .
Silk manufactures ...
Soap and candles
Spirits ....
Stationery of all sorts
Sugar, relined - . -
Tin, unwrought
and pewter wares, and tui plates
Tobacco (manufactured) and snuti' .
'I'ongues
Umbrellas and parasols
Whalebone . - - -
Wool, sheep's
of other sorts
Woollen manufactures
All other articles ...
Tnta! real or declared value of the
Iiroiiuiie and manufactures of the
Jnited Kingdom, exported from
Great liritain to foreign parts
In I'. I, AND.
Total real or declared value of the
produce ami manufactures of the
United Kingdom, exported from
Ireland to foreign parts
UNiTi:n KiisonoM.
Total real or declared value of the
produce and manufactures of the
United Kingdom, CA|.Qrtcd from
the same to foreign parts - .£
Year* fiidlni; the .'>tli iif Jnnilnry.
1831.
1832.
18.33.
£
i.
d.
.«
«.
rf.
£
s.
rf.
.•i,(K)8
7
(i
.0,8.05
5
11
4,771
15
9
3H*,v;u
1,'{
(l
3(i8,.045
3
9
37ri,0<ll
10
5
a4i,(i.'.J
10
.0(12,729
1
2
274,9,00
17
.•ii,«.'j;j
18
1
20,8;i4
(>
10
17,i)70
1
6
K,,V.M
1.5
9
83,428
3
9
m,im
5
(i
a«i,H7(i
1<>
1
1,07,3,00
4
li«,715
7
!).;,«.'; 1
,)
7
1(M>,770
!)
3
!»2,8(HJ
3
8
8(i,'i,:il3
fi
8
802,879
1
5
91(),2i(i
i
9
!t,(l.04
2
10,072
10
12,877
4
VZi.HU
8
9
130,(iO3
5
2
185,,34(;
17
9
r,:,,.',ia
19
2
41,31(i
11
4
43,!K)7
10
2
IKW.Klii!
10
9
1!)8,242
14
11
22(i,772
15
3
78,441
10
10
7,0.821
14
4
9.0,0, JO
2
8
.'5.0,812
4
11
.■r7,02(i
1(>
9
27,407
9
o
l.'i,20Li,713
7
2
13,207,947
(i
3
12,(i22,880
2
k")
4,loii,'Z08
17
7
3,974,1189
17
4,721,790
3
(i
u,.m
10
l,72fi
510
(i
4.J!),.')(i(i
19
o
4,08,9(W
11
11
48!),9H')
17
7
24.'.,7^^0
11
.3
184,0;il
18
21.i.(i07
10
.'i!Hi,t)ii'2
(i
1
42,i,8J8
19
4
.39(1,407
5
.';s4,7l>l
2
7
4i4,7l(i
17
3
;!;J2,i'-'9
9
(i
l,41(),<(.i(i
4
.0
l,li20,2;i(i
11
(i
1,4.3,3,V97
17
5 1
208,4!)7
19
.0
l(i<l,()7(i
()
5
141,111
3
5 1
1.0,(i7i.'
r>
9
1,0,148
7
8
1;'>,189
14
(i,<il4
4
8
1I,2K4
5
9
71,01.7
19
4!),i!W
10
29,212
.07,88(i
l,()7r),iar>
11
3
l,u<^,'.m
3
1
1,189,2,00
10
2
4,.';i:(>
1.0
3,.iiH)
15
5,529
3
l()(i,7(i8
1.0
.0
9(i,21.0
17
144,,09H
10
10
y.|.i,i4'2
Hi
(i
23t,t<.l
t)
10
2;>5,005
1
78,071
18
10
00,9,00
8
9
.0-l,2J9
(i
11
l,!l'JI),'2">fi
1.0
1
2,;J01,803
7
,3
l,(i.05,478
10
8
Si()8,7.ili
17
2
io,o,,oo.o
15
3
92,714
11
1
i!l,H-(i
12
11
17,103
7
8
l(i,4,i()
18
5
7,'-'48
2,71.0
10
1,050
.11,78+
11
4
38,;i72
5
9
3ti,mi
13
10
■ir>,uii.i
3
8
21,170
11
3
3,3,,3!H
4
1 1
!);l,!)8.')
3
101,!)8(i
12
(i
115,910
8
19(),'.'07
1,0
9
187,9,)0
15
17.3,t;i7
13
1
r>,ir,<
'.V
4
(>,i(it;
8
7,707
10
18l;.(i!)
»
')
1(12,701)
3
9
147,17(i
12
8,(i8-2
9
2(»,(iH;i
10
(i
24,482
10
4, no
13
,0,2.07
18
4
4,9'i(i
5
.Hit,!!!!!
9
4
,078,2iiO
10
,02;i,8„.s
.3
10
i;i;o,.!i.'5
9
2
210,170
8
7
288,(i74
.0,841
13
li
,0,218
18
7,193
11
ti
i(;7,ti7!)
ir,
11
I77,ti!l8
2
17li,t97
!)
7
1,'2h7,887
14
10
1,237,774
*;
fi
I,0.i8,5l9
Hi
lOli.l.'U
7
2
77,718
7
C>
111,797
n
10
iiiVil'.)
12
2
2;i0,004
10
1(1
24,3,191
,0
10
'Ji,7;i4
to
o
ll!,2.08
12
9
1,0,],;3
9
li
i,,!4.'i
11
i,M)
8
(1
1,,0.0()
13
.31-',,'i08
l;i
9
47,012
18
()
40,4; Ml
8
2
41,8l»;i
.0
8,'.'8-'
JO
Ili,975
15
1
144,71'.'
n
3
17.'i,i03
19
(>
219,iiOO
1
:
.■i3,KiO
2
6
()(i,8,'i5
4
21,088
!
4,H47,.J98
9
(i
5,,38,0,811
5
4
5,475,298
12
'2 1
a59,()fi3
19
84.3,542
17
880,255
'-' 1
.37,094,302
nm.'M) 4 11
3(:,(i;02,()iH 17 9
51O,<l,02 Ifi 1
,38,251 ,.002 10 3 I 37,l(».3,r47 13 10
3fi,04(;,027 1 1 5
39,8, l;i7 7
3fi,44.1,.024 18 7
«t*
M.rf t\
;1'
r '
U'
■!.(
i.
'1^
> H
wm U
Ml
llij
m
2 X 'J
I '■;
fi7G
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
U'. Valiif of tlio ForeiKn and Colonial Mercliamiise cxportfl from Great firitain ami Trelniul to
ForeiKM Tarts, calculatoil at the (UJicial Kates of Valuation, a'Ul specifying those sent from each.
iN
Years endinR the
'nh of January.
Siwcies of Exports.
1831.
1832.
1853.
Great Uuitain.
£
s.
rf.
£
S.
rf.
£
1.
rf.
Annotto
l,'.'Ol
10
5
,505
3
4
231
Ashes, jiearl and pot
Darilla and alkali
l(),r,2,i
3
9
38,3)3
1
7
31,615
11
9
2,H'23
7
5,2;)6
14
4,716
6
8
1 Cassia lignoa
Cinnamon - -
79,7ftt
4
71,877
4
76,406
13,1,805
15
126,160
15
131,069
5
i'loves - * -
14,8H
30,717
31,407
' Cochineal and granilla
113,7-kS
4
189,,561
7
6
15.5,553
15
Cot'oa * -
49,.544
8
10
54,687
17
6
64,257
13
5
Coiit'O - - -
1,255,475
6
4
l,4()4,it05
17
3
1,607,113
3
3
Copper, un wrought, in bricks and ]
Corn, grain, meal and flour
)igs
5,t»24
6
10
10,074
3
3,979
5
6
135,774
3
4
17(),61;!
2
2
666,594
12
3
Cor'.cx Peruvianus
55,(i«9
3
20,6,36
14
44,227
7
Cotton manufactures of India
590,377
1
9
549,299
10
6
656,599
8
8
of Europe
13,(H9
1
4
18,029
6
4
8,i«»l
7
8
Currants
10,238
2
7
45,(H)7
3
11
21,703
8
Dye-woods, fustic
logwood
9,U<W
9
8
3,.366
8
7
9,,563
11
2
83,12,5
14
9
83,306
5
4
61,870
3
1
Fish, cod, &c. of Newfoundland
39,314
4
33, ■'63
16
6
16,1.!8
7
6
Flax
7,7'JO
4
9
22,2S6
15
5
32,678
12
5
Hemp
Hides, raw and tanned
11,983
13
10
.3<),1I8
10
26,188
3
2
l(i2,SI;>
17
3
168,519
11
11
1,32,2,34
11
10
Indigo
Iron in bars
898,293
7
4
838,499
5
10
1,024,807
4
6
38,,'5!H)
7
5
.56,182
IS
4
4,5,511
19
3
I-cad, pig
Linens, foreign
12,882
8
7
18,513
12
7
14,.351
18
9
34,914
14
3
40,J44
o
7
a5,,377
16
6
Mare - - -
13,H(iti
4
60,605
5
.57,724
17
Nutmegs
Oil of olives
.52,!W9
12
6
28,714
8
47,703
10
45,784
7
5
139,3(W
1
2
169,752
train • - ■
ll,9.'i9
19
7
6.728
19
8
14,824
19
7
I'ep|)er . - -
I'imento
80,r>12
17
10
370,674
12
8
198,0,3.".
1
9
fii;,(N)2
14
9
59,707
3
3
49,7x2
1
11
Kaisins - - *
24,7!1.-!
1
7
15,,32l
1
8
26,142
1
3
Kice . - _
,00,809
11
88,612
81,88!l
13
9
Saltpetre, rough
Silk, raw, thrown, and waste
33,224
1
1
65,,546
2
10
.54,149
8
9
5I,7'.'H
10
58,,372
12
93,842
14
manufactures of India
153,750
8
11
20,;,295
5
8
17.3, 1>)8
4
f
of Kuro|)e
18,708
9
8
28,097
5
24,870
18
s ■
Skins and furs
(i2,558
16
3
64,218
11
10
68,288
5
Spelter
1.58,9(il
4
7
156,709
3
C
124,;i49
11
5
Spirits, brandy
1,30,110
10
11
144,296
14
194,,!95
2
geneva
5(i,4fi2
14
11
.55,345
16
5
.54,711
5
1
rum
488,015
11
7
733,291
10
3
717,801
16
6
Sugar ...
778,641
18
5
1,0,50,156
10
9
907,296
7
10
Tallow
86,008
fi
8
111,92.5
5
5
45,946
11
Tea
36,443
2
3,5,453
17
39,959
17
t)
[ Tobacco
181,9<)6
15
1
I7(i,,i51
18
10
130,637
8
5
I Wines ■ - _ •
194,,!89
7
181,"10
18
8
229,692
17
3
1 Wool, cotton
7I8,4.55
1
4
1,626,1(75
2
11
l,3i)0,;!58
5
9
! sheep's
4,5,329
9
10
70,805
4
6
38,1.57
4
3
j Woollen manufactures (including
1 carpets) - ...
i All other articles
Total official value of foreign and
3,6,56
1,216,019
17
7
15,115
I,143,8-.l
15
7
11
5,.W6
1,194,336
10
15
10
colonial merchandise exported
from (ireat liritain to foreign parts
8,5J5,7S6
7
11
10,729,942
13
9
11,036.758
19
lUKLANI),
Total official value of foreign and
colonial mcrchaTidiso eximrtcd
from Ireland t'> foreign parts
UNirrn Ki\(inoM.
-
14,a51
7
10
1,5,128
17
6
8,110
18
Total official value of foreign,
&c.
merchandise exported from
the
I'. K. to foreign parts -
- .t
8,550,437
15
p
10,8+5,071
11
3
11,044,8(;9
17
TnAon ov IttEi.ANn.
V. Imports into Ireland. — (From Papers publislwil by Board of Trad,; Part I.)
FllllM AI.I, Pahts.
1801.
Ashes, pearl and pot, barilla i
cwt.
Flaxseed - - bushels i
Timber, deal and deal ends
gt. bund,
staves . —
eight inches square and
ujiwards - loads I
Iron, unwroiight - tons!
wrought, bardw.irc and '
cutlery - value £
Ilaberdiishery - - — £
Woollen n\amifacturcs, entered
by the yard . - y.irds
oi' other descriptions value £
1805.
75,914
,376,9851
lU6ll
31,213,
1,3,1.83,
7,4.54
144,812
57,626,
122,41'.
2;4,101
22,169
41,97!l
21,97.3
15,140
195,3 IS
83,255
1800.
1813.
1817.
1821,
2,095,258 2,489,516
41,141, 8.5,;504,
214,293;
262,748
;!,976|
.56,.J27
18,662
14,149
266,447i
130,939
3,4a;,859
72,032,
87,712
292,313
12,672
20,,5S1
29,473!
23,231
.3,57,7.^5
155,119,
4,498,431
Il8,4<i0
100,976
237,56ii,
4„592
4.3,t)41
i
19,845!
12,4,57:
175,.3,55
77,497
2.31,5,5.58 2
49,218,
1.32„51(i
375,346
4,1.55
24,611
30,928
16,016
231,012
9.),,5,50
.670,77o'
l;H),910;
1825.
I12,8,!ii
.535,331;
I
9,3Si»
43,457:
76,0 lui
17,lH)2j
264,9W:
.337,218,
3,.384,9is'
43,713,
m
I
1
i.
1,
rf.
11
9
6
8
5
15
13
5
3
3
5
6
12
3
7
8
«
7
8
8
11
2
3
1
7
t)
ii;
5
3
2
11
10
4
(i
1<)
3
11
5
Si
5
1
1(>
fi
7
10
11
17
8
5
17
3
r>
••
4
o
10
15
10
li>
18
17
(1
!>,W!t
4:;,4,-.7j
7«i,()4U
17,90'.'
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
Imports into Ireland — cuntinwj.
G77
From all FarU.
1801.
1805.
1809
1813.
1817. ; 1821. I 18-25.
Woollon ami worstwl yarn, lbs.
17,181
48,6.38 t,33,m!}
1,342,9,33
653,248 777,717' .579,051
Cotton mannlacturos, enterc<l
I
'
by the yard - yard
44,314
59,904' SiC.-,;iO
214,783
,541,9(K) 9(i8,>(i9 4,9!Hi,S85
of other descriptions value
€ 152,Ki()
211,782 !ii8,l(ll
254,709
176,072 2.; 1,482 .•i0,9;i.3
Cotton yarn - lbs.
375,;)97
l,4.".9,!i0;"> l,114,87!i
1,()84,82S
813,875 2,.i,36,20(! 2,702,.",23
wool - - —
l,a)0,l!)2
I,874,lJ3li 5,57i>,08H
3,378,144 2,472,5j4 3,9i>7,3li3 4,0t),"),!»;;()|
.Silk, raw and thrown - —
(«),034
88,457
82,415
104,186
tii.',069 58,729
(i2,l28
Colfee - . _
283,780
203,357
589,316
991,144
739,008 243,425
335,921
Spiiits, braiidv and geneva
Imp. Kals.
;!7<t,43S
2l>,093
184,238
34,670
4,1,34 21,749
9,166
rum " —
l,l.';'-',828
1,J8,78J: l,l!ili,044
487,::47
i24,l58 33,005
&!,'2i)5i
Susar, raw . - owt.
2y(),i.'58
2J.),4ilSi. jl!i»,049
318,1.-,.;
245,012 307,9*5
280,fi;4l
re lined - - —
4,'.'0!) ii.-5,:^.JI| 1H,510
20,106
28,204 4'.',l,i9
tl(i,.;9'."
Tea - - - lbs.
3,4!t!i,S01 3,2ii7,71'2 3,,'59l,ti(i3
3,.522,<42
3,141,0;i"> 3,49.i,9(iO ;;,889,li,',S|
'i'obact'o - - - —
6,!)4l,!)4(i! .0,4NO,O'.>'i 8,047,().'>'J
2,5-,'0,5J5 4,lii5,79(» 2,714,.',91 3,904,ii;:4
WiiH's of all sorts Imp. gals.
l,17!.',lti.i' !ii.2,!>84 ;,31(i,l(4
941, -Lil, 38ii,458 .■",4H,27il, 9(>8,;,I40
■l~a' iw - - - cwt.
21,188
.•30,400 5,391
1!),514 13,.iil7 59,242. 186,117
Coals . - - tons
3irj,.'34:,
•.)2,5I.-. 402,040
517,047, 712,9SS li51,!K.!l, 7;;8,4.")3
Other articles ■ value
AgKregate official value of
jej,09y,7(!7
1,1 82,81 i(i !,709,09ii
l,!i0.3,441
1,6IK),072 1,.071,925
2,021,973
imports into Ireland from
al/ parts
£ 4,621,344
5,294,9f>7
6,896,821
7,797,286
5,6t6,,563 6,407,427
8,,596,7S5
AKK'reKate official v.ilue ol
imports into Ireland from
Ji»ri{;n parts
At,'Kregate official value of
£ 1 ,.3.50,994
1,227,250
1,580,264
1,0.50,932
923,797 l,0fi8,.';89
1,. 547,84!).
'
' "
imports into Ireland from
Great Briliiin - • -
£ 3,270,.350 4,067,717
5,316,557
6,746,354' 4,722.766 5,,338,R38
7,(HS,936
VI. Exports ft-om Ireland
Arliclts boiiiK llie Hrwluie or .M.lnu-
faciuresof ilie Uniled Kir,K<loin.
1801.
1805.
1809.
1813.
1817.
1821.
182.5.
Ti) A 1.1, Paris.
Corn and mwil, viz.—
Barley - . - qrs.
17,223
26,588
191,193
39,114
78,228
1.54,822
Oats - - - —
129
22.3,2,31
828,458
808,329
646,0.30
1,1.59,824
1,.5().!,204
Wheat - —
.
82,815
R5,599
201,273
.57,280
4,76,910
283,. 40
Other grain . - —
1
5,;302
3,023
5,9;34
2,011
7,8!l7
23,8, :2
Wheat Hour - - cwt.
20;!
22,774
18,087
267,894
34,^517
295,0.35
.3! 14, ,507
Oatmeal, &c. - - —
2,524
34,297
90,948
108,547
34,86;i
66,06.3
204,617
Cattle and livestock-
Cows and oxen - - No.
51,664
21,941
1S,.3,35
49,592
45,322
26,7.5!)
63,.524
Sheep - - - —
2,891
10.988
7,596
7,690
29,478
£5,354
72,l!l|
Swine ... —
I.OIW
6,383
4,712
14,521
24,418
104,5.56
(k5,919
Horses . - —
8!8
4,186
3,451
4,(01
879
2,50-3
.3,110
liacon aixl hams - cwt.
21,161
95,073
167,122
2,34,606
19I,0J.-,
36ii,209
262,278
Heef and pork - - barrels
l(iO,8«)
222,098
262,744
281,503
262,605
219,165
181,276
Butter . - - cwt.
304,(i6ii
294,415
385,953
461,514
397,!>G.-.
472,1144
474,l(il
I,ard - . . _
2.049
6,.">6i
16,282
20,1. 36
17,181
28,4S!i
35,261
.Soap and candles - —
15,.557
17,713
30,810
4(i,615
25„38)
18,4.54
14,7!'l
I'lax, undressed - —
l,fi3!l
278
6,507
69,191
44,239
68,791
.54,898
.Spirits, Irish . Imp. gals.
178,602
819,970
60,4,37
113,316
37,88-1
l'2ivl9l
629,529
Cotton manufactures,— entered
bv the vard - vards
1,2.56
8,956
.34,998
99,141
.549,261
921,<>71
10,567,458
ofothei di'scription.s - value
£ 4,824
3.281
31,<)23
.58,074
26,2.50
6,564
301
Linen manufactures - yard.s
37,911,602 4.3,()8.J,5.i3
37,106, '.99
.9,02.-,''87
5«;,2.:o,57.5
4!>,-531.1.i!i
55,114,515
varn - - lbs.
2,(i,il,l.i2
792,400
1,5.34,512
2,141,776
1,571,144
l,150,4li4
391,48!)
Other .irfirlcs of the produce or
1
mannt.utures of the United
1
Kingdom - - value
£ 192,2.59
211,184
.302,813
280,!19;)
4.34,125
334,323
4(i<!,3!Mi
Aggregate official v.iluo of the
produce and inaiuifactures of
theUnitedKingdom, export-
ed from Ireland to (i// parts
£ 3,778,145
4,670,647
4.992,840
6,297,264
6,447,421
7,705,070
9,101,956
Aggregate official value of the
produce .ind maniilacture.sof
the UnitedKingdom, export.
ed from Irel.iiid to foreign
parts - - -
£ 426,076
469,.5(i9
62.5, U 5
1,132,581
87 7, 9.5! 1
t;.!7,818
6! 17,667
.'\ggregato official value of the
produce and manufactures of
the United Kingd(]m, export-
ed from Ireland to Great Bri-
t-ain ...
£ 3,.352,069
4,201 ,078
4,367,425
5,164,4,8;>
5,569,-165
1 7,067,25'.
8,-!04,C8!)j
The above Tables shew the inconsiderable amnunt of the trjidc of Ireland with all countries exceiit
Oieat Britain. In 1825, the trade between the two divisions of the empiie w.ns placed on the looting of
a coasting trade, and no account h.is since been kept of the (|uanti(v m value of the commodities pa^'^ing
iK'tween them, with the exception of corn. The amount of the olticial, aiul of the real or <lcclared value
ol the trade between Irelaiiil and foreign countries, during the 3 veais ending with 1832, is eiven in the
prtt'eding lable.?.
'J X ■?.
: 'is,
]\i :
■k >\
n\ ^ H.
1 1
U
'i-
1
•> f
li:
■ \
■■
ii^^HH
1
i 1
■H
^ ;
w
^^^1'
I
(.
678
IMPOir.. AND EXPORTS.
VIL Account of tho Official Value of the Imports into the United Kiii|,'<Iom, and of the ENjjorts of
Britiah and Irish Protluce and Manufiicturo.s, and of Koreian and C'oluni.d Merchaiidi.so, in the Year
1331, specifying the Im|K)rts ft-om and Exjiorts to each Country {I'url. I'li/ici; No. 330. Sess. IS.IJ.)
Countries-
United KiiiBilom. |
Omcial Valuf of Exports. |
Official Value of
Xiiiporu.
British and Irl
I'rodiice
,u
Foreign and
<^otniiiid
Total
and Alaiiufaciures.
Merchandise.
£x|iort9.
.£ s. rf.
£ s.
.*
.;fc' *. d.
£ s. rf.
Europe — Kussia . . -
4,fi<)(i,368 17 11
1,746,972 12
5
856,856 14 8
2,603,829 7 1
Sweden - - -
212,(«y 1.'} 1
94,.587 5
I
67,788 12 8
162,375 17 9
Norway
91,678 to 1
92,599 1
1
58,225 5 6
1,50,824 6 7
Denmark - - -
410,981 7 2
173,280 1
11
83,423 8 3
25(),703 10 2
Prussia - - -
1,200,102 7 5
264,618 2
1
.5f>4,684 12 10
829,302 14 11
Germany - - - -
1,684,165 8 3
7.667,147
3
1,806,480 8 9
9,473,627 9
Netherlands ...
1,276,081 12 3
3,179,298 13
6
3,270,927 11
6,450,225 14 5
France - ...
5,0.56, 1.54 12 4
635,927 13
5
2,56,081 19 7
8<«,(X>9 13
Portugal, Azores and Madeira .
520,616 18 8
2,2;»1,584 3
68,197 17 I
2,319,782 1
Spain and the Canaries
1,29;3,924 4
1,036,623 17
8
318,038 7 8
l,a54,6()2 5 4
Gibraltar ...
19.6<-,8 7
87!>,382 3
7
121,340 18 3
1,0(K),723 1 10
Italy
1,475,304 6 10
4,.528,1,54 10
4
820,651 I
5,348,805 11 4
Malta ....
(i3,.5;K) 2 10
257,.537 8
8
20,485 2 6
278,022 11 2
Ionian Islands ...
187,185 11 4
71, .592 13
2
13,383 S 7
84,tr76 1 9
Turkey and Continental Greece
759,797 19 1
2,113,<K;8 9
2
95,777 3 2
2,2()9,705 12 4
Morea and Greek islands
29,273 6 9
28,563 12
1,743 11 10
30,307 3 1(
Isles Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney
and Man
202,940 14 7
445,410 2
4
126,435 1 2
571,84.5 3 6
34,017,728 4 1
17,180,433 15 11
2.5,467,207 9
8
8.550,520 14 5
Africa — Egypt, ports on the
Mediterranean
275,.547 19 7
236,189 15
3
2,068 9 9
238,258 5
Tripoli, Barbary and Morocco -
4r),9S6 5 9
759 10
4,950 16 11
.5,710 6 11
Western coast of Africa
299,105 5
3.52,182 17
9
1.55,275 19 7
S07,4;58 17 4
Cape of Good Hope
183,481 14 2
351,107 13
3
28,910 6 1
380,047 19 4
Eastern coast of AfVica
2,328 17
Cape Verde Islands
.
123 17
6
75 3 8
199 1 2
St. Helena • -
44,512 3 8
28,439 6
3
3,030 9 10
31,469 16 1
Mauritius
'i4,2S5 8 2
268,963 16
4
11,984 17 9
28(),!>4,S 14 1
Asia — East Indies and China
ii'0,182 3 9
6,521,532 10
7
426,068 7
6,947,600 11 2
New South Wales, \'an Diemen's
Land and Swan River
191,841 3 2
427,378 18
8
149,735 11 9
577,114 10 5
New Zealand and South Sea Is-
lands
6,442 10
4,056 12
6
815 8 3
4,872 9
America— British Northern colo-
nies - - . .
1,532,582 19
2,858,.514 19
9
271,975 9 3
3,l,'i0,490 9
British West Indies
8,448,8-39 8 7
3,729,.521 14
3
258,764 6 4
3,988,286 7
Foreign West Indies
615,594 7 2
2,186,482 5
7
48,762 14 11 i 2,2,'35,i.45 6 I
United States
8,970,;342 8 3
12,()()7,2'I8 8
11
58H,<l(B 9 12,596,173 17 11 1
Mexico - - - .
lf)0,751 12 3
1,112,916 12 11
138,852 4 10
1.251,768 17 9
Guatemala ...
8,()a'5 4 6
Columbia
25,243 14 1
476,768
22,9(i4 17 4
499,732 17 4
States of Rio de la Plata —
476,272 14 10
582,086 6
4
8,224 8 10
.5<)0,31() 15 2
Chili ... -
21,030 16 11
1,057,021 17
2
10,8)2 2 8
1,068,463 19 10
Peru
42,377 9 3
624,6.'39 11
10
2I,;92 9 3
6+6,032 1 1
Brazil ....
2,278,059 18 4
2,.392,662 8
4
39,002 8 7
2,431,664 16 11
The Whale Fisheries
Total . £
273,800 19 9
-
-
1,914
1,914
49,727,108 14 6 60,686,.'!64 12
10
10,74.5,126 9 7
71,431,491 2 5I
VlII. Account of the Quantities of the Principal Articles of Foreign and Colonial Merchandise imported
and retained for Home Consumption, with the (Quantity exported in 1831 j Fractional Quantities
omitted. — (Pa)-/. Paper, No. 550. Sess. 1833.)
Retained
Retained
Articles,
Quantitin
Imported.
for Home
Consump-
tion.
Quantities
exported.
Articles.
Quantities
iinported.
for Home
Consump-
tion,
Quantitiui
exporleii.
Ashes, pearl and uot.cwt.
aiis.T.M
i9'i,(it(;
23,469
Cotton piece goods of
Itarllla - - -
Ig'l,t<49
S5',;,4s.i
India, not printed
value
Dark, oak, and cork tree,
pieces
1,064,416
t.l2,8S9
784,117
cwt.
951,07a
926,0.')ll
Cottons, printed, sq.yds.
149,806
19,636
l,13,0(;s
Ilriinstune, rouuh, —
i!89,l'21
V9li,«7'^
('urranis - - cwt.
212,899
149,018
HrlMles ■ - lbs.
S,n70,,TO6
1,819,798
l)ve and hard woo<ls : —
]lutter - - cwt.
lM,l(i9
1V11,193
Fustic • - tons
6,334
5,776
( 'assia llRnea - lbs.
.79S,4aO
61, KW
718,772
Ixff^wood - —
1 l,8,Vi
10,105
6,911
('lu-ese ■ - cwt.
134,1.W
1,10,019
Mahogany • ~
11,541
12,174
Cinnamon - lbs.
!(V5,S69
21,17!i
.501,643
Klephants' teeth - cwt.
5,267
3,168
riovus - - —
I2«,'ii!.1
83,88.')
81,912
FiBB - - _
28,722
20,578
( Cochineal • - —
■,iS4,371
Ui.'iU'i
•68,.129
Flax and tow, or codllla
Cot-ria nuts • - —
3,48.1,118
502,806
i,,j,n,131
of hemp and flax, cwt.
Furs : - Bear - No.
936,411
918,883
fudee • - —
43,007,8'^8
22,714,81)7
22,485,474
17,602
1,614
6,969
Copper, unwrought, cwt.
Cork, unmanufactured.
()61
6
1,550
Beaver . - —
100,944
65,699
Fitch - . _
243,705
2,18,127
cwt.
46,962
43,274
Marten - • ._
214,107
145,859
7,269
Corn : — Wheat - qrs.
l,8.';8,6<lfi
l,201,,')8.'i
43,155
Mink - . _
103,561
56,066
Il.irley - - —
.576,.'i.18
522,696
642
Musquash . —
Nutria - - —
772,693
271,214
602,662
(lata - - —
619,91.1
354,484
5,57 1
491,067
426,012
Kye - - _
91,M,'.
66,867
36,7.15
Otter - - —
2,1,198
3,481
6,6(;s
reas and l>vans - —
83,90-1
77,226
567
Oinj^er - • cwt.
5,315
4,8-^7
6,1 19''
XN'heat meal and Hour,
<ium: — Arabic • cwt
7,285
9,170
2S0
cwt.
1,636,0,'>9
1,015,142
6S,66I
r.nrdve - II-
782,.199
4,M,77n
141,611
1 Invtci rcruvlanus, or
Shl':l.lC - . -
.ISI.O,^
.'i52,3s9
6h7,2SI
I Jrtuila' bark - Ibb.
■^U'i,G78
112,771
137,57S
llatsorboniielsbtriiWiNo
8|,UGfi
93,917
IiMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
679
lletalneil
1 Hetained
Articles.
Quantities
Iinported.
fur Home
Quantiiies
(.)uanlitle* 1 for Home
(Juanlilies
Consump-
exported.
Articles.
'nnpoited. Consump-
exported.
tiun.
1 tion.
Kciup, uiKlressed, cwu
M»fiW
.504 ,.307
Crape - . lb...
i,.-o7;j s
I SIX
llUU^t ""toiiiied - —
'.(71,4li!l
236,099
Cr.i|ie scarf?, shawls.
\)-%LV),*H.i
^
liulj){<> • • lbs>
7,'i'JU,'iO.J
2,490,134
4,374,211
-•kc. . . No.
27,2.3-,!i>
t 27,81 i(
Iron inbnrs - tuns
I7,H7'i
13,656
4,255
Taireties,d,am.asks,,'<ic.
lA'ntl, iiig - - —
\;iVi
14
1,231
pieces
10,631
5,516
6,383
l.ialhci ({loves - |iairs
l,19(i,1G.-.
1,181,3.38
Skins :-Calf and kiii.
Li'inons and orangt^ ; —
iintannetl - cwt.
42,(13-
40,191
I'ark'i^es not cxceiHlin^
Deer, undressed - No.
125, .-.57
31,079
112,948
.'>,()()() cubic inches -
71,l-iO
59,517
(io.'lt, — . _
.354,, .84
21'M22
97,169'
Ditto above .'i,(K.'l), and
Kid, - . -
,59,5,.573
48i;,,527
1
nut cxceedini! 7,.TiK)
177,308
168,073
dresseil - —
62l,7,';0
621,780
1
Ditto abnvL' 7,.11HI| and
Lamb, undresscHl - —
2,8'iO,(P:)2
2,819,706
1
nut exceiKllnn II.IKIO
74,526
71,649
Seal, — . _
541,692
.528,'.iOfi
Linens, cambrics, iSic.
Smalls • . Il)s.
,391, ,-.23
,348,! 15
pieces
55,092
53,971
Spelter - - cwt.
76,4 li
20,,5'^6
02,681
Ditto, plain atld di.liier :
Spirits;— Uum.prf. gals.
7,892,722
3,62I,.5'J7
2,375,527
Kiitered liy the ell
Ilrandy . _
1,161,897
1,2.3,5,101
,'^11,172
ells
425,82'!
454,431
(ieneva - - —
21.3,926 '2.3,898
207,072
Entered by tlic piece
Sugar, unrefined - cwt.
5,,3(i6,262! .3,781,011
420,721
pieces
17,102
•
18,956
Tallow - - —
1,01 91 918,7.33
Entc by the square
Tar . - lasts
10,,572 10,075
yaiii - sij. yds.
2S,li)0
140
78,760
Tea - . lbs.
31,618,926 29,997,055
236.359
Kntered at value - L,
1I,0,1U
12,8M
915
TimlKT :— Uiittens A bat-
.
I.iijuuricejuice • cwt.
8,87.T
6,002
ten inds, gt. Iiuiids.
14,596
11,637
Mace - • ll>s.
41,287
18,894
63,795
Deals ,V deal ends —
54,915
49,189
Madder - - cwt.
i?,,mr>
48,7.'i6
I.athwoott - - —
11,373
11,269
M.iddcrroot - —
.'.2,.11!(
,53,862
i\lasts. yarils, &c., under
MuUisses - - —
.•?32,875
318,626
12 inches diamet.r.
Nutmegs - - lbs.
210,,1li,T
152,3(iy
88,352
No.
13,1.38
12,027
t)il ; - Castor - —
3',).1,1H1
327,940
Ditto, 12 inches diame-
Olive - - galls.
4,158,917
1,928,892
ter and above, loads
4,703
4, 1-25
1
I'alin - • cwt.
164,7(11)
175,452
Oak lilank, 2 inches
tliick or upwards.
1
lilublwr - - tuns
l,'Jfi9
1,969
Siierniaccti - —
6,816
6,774
loads
2,5'25| '2,279
Not blubber or s|ier-
Staves - gt. hunds.
76.431 1 70„3O7
1 tnaceti - tuns
iK.SSJ
14,283
Teak - - loads
23,'S39| '24,891
1 Opium • • lbs.
fl,9R7
25,937
2.'>,045
Timber 8 Indus suuare
or upwartLs - loads
1
1 I'epper - ■ —
6,273,4811
2,().')0,082
6,814,416
562,1991 516,078
1
1 I'itnento • - —
1,810,616
,301,400
1,8I5,,537
Wainscot logs - —
2,571 2,701
1
i Prunes - - cwt.
9,370
8,044
Tins - - cwt.
S,0'J9 -
12,226,
1 (Juicksilver - lbs.
3M,2S6
192,310
848,108
Tobacco, unmanufac-
1
1
Kaisins - - cwt.
216,282
162,204
tured - lbs.
33,107,079
19,418,940
9,358,35(;
Uhubarb - - lbs.
1 10,395
40,124
104,849
Tobacco, mannfacture<l.
t
Kice - - cwt.
168,744
140,100
88,886
and snuir - Hks.
220,100
114,900
80,ii.';i
II ice in the husks, bush.
225,556
189,388
Turpentine, not worth
1 SalHower . - cwt.
2,772
2 ,,300
more than 12«. per
1
Sano - - —
2,449
3,C.!3
cwt. - . cwt.
317,895
301,199
1
Saltpetre - - —
175,9.38
155,499
20,168
Valonia - . „
134„307
137,193
!
.•^arsapariila - lbs.
176,8.14
107,410
Wax, bees' . - —
7,203
10,095
Seeds:— ('lover - cwt.
1 10,255
114,(163
W'h.ile lins - - _
7,191 6,7'^3
Flax and linseed, bush.
Rajie sued - —
2,75!M03
407,275
2,476,990
396,,'i02
Wool, cotton - lbs.
sheep's . —
288,674,853 273,'249,(i'53
31,652,0'i9; 29,669,908
22,31l8,,5i5
1,025,962
I'ares - - —
88,939
81,480
Wine : — Cape - gals.
4'.i8,1.54 ,539,881
.30,912
Senna - - lbs.
2.')0,296
130,222
Frencli . - _
351,102 2.5I,3(;6
7li,l52
.Slnunac - - cwt.
133,799
127,8i:l
I'ortugal . . _
2,763,211! 2,707,7.34
235,129
.Silk : — Haw and waste,
Sp.anish . -
2,605,3281 2,08i.l,,')32
377,138
lbs.
3,992,,593
3,778,791
2;i,975
l\Iadeiva - -
3,56,514 209,127
l'i8,S28
Thrown - - —
629,281
514,240
25,311
Canary , . _
191,916 94,117
104 ,.-02
Manufactures of Ku-
UhL'ni^h - . _.-
71, .3521 57,888
8,1, ',2
rope - - lbs.
158,831
148,478
9,202
Other sorts . _
3rj,2'J3; 2,59,916
5l,2li2
Indi.i, vii. : —
Of .all sorts . - _
7,116,870: 6,212,'2(il
l,0ll,',i',;5
Bandanas, romali, &c.
Yam, linen, raw, cwt.
17,3.-)2; 17,,3,'.2
pieces
185,117
101,023
100„337 ZaII're - ' . ||,s.
227,512: 22V,9S2
IX. Ou^'itities and
Declared A
feXnc of ni
{Par/.
itish and Irish Produce and Ma
I'ajxr, No. r>;:i). Sess. 1833.)
aufactures exported
tn 1831. —
Articles.
(Juantities.
Decl. Value.
Articles.
j (Quantities.
Decl.Valuc.
Apjiarcl, slops and halier
dashery
.
790,293
Leather, wrought an<l unw
rought, lbs.
1,314,931
'246,410
.\nns and ammunition
«
•
562,7''.5
Saddlery and harness
.
-
61,312
IJacon and hams
- cwt.
7, ,56.!
22,689
Linen manufactures
y.ards
09,233,892
2,41X1,043
ileef anti jiork
- bar.
41,213
117,922
Linen threads, tapes. Sic.
.
.
48,643
HtH'r and ale
- tuns
8,811
161,7(i8
.Machinery and mill work
.
.
105,491
Itooks, printed
- cwt.
4,112
1111,11',;
Painters' colours
.
.
102,065
Ilrassand copper manufa
ctures —
181,951
803,-.21
Plate, plated ware, jew
ellery, and
Hutter and cheese
- —
63,260
254, )24
watches
-
.
188,141
< 'iials, culm, and cinder,-*
- tons
510,S31
199,760
Salt
- busll.
9,9.32,214
165,437
t 'ordafje
- cwt.
36,27li
81,986
Silk manufactures
-
578,874
Cotton manufactures ; —
enteretl bv
Soajt and candles
■ lbs.
9,025,686
•236,499
the yard
- yards
121,385,303
12,163,513
Stationery of all sorts
.
179,216
Cotton hosiery, lace, and
small wares
-
1,118,672
.Sugar, refined
- cwt.
581,836
I,',i38,9l9
Cotton twist and yarn
. lbs.
63,8Vl,440
3,975,019
Tin, uirvrought
27,7ti3
77,718
Kartlienware of all sorts
- pieces
37,02S,S97
461,090
Till and pewter wares an
d tin plates
2.-0,143
Fish
. barrels
96,712
109,6,')6
Wool, sheep's and lambs*
- lbs.
3,494,275
173,105
til.ass, entered by weight
- cwt.
177,915
42' 1,0 14
\\*oollen and worsted yan
1 - —
1,, 592,455
1,58,111
entered at value
.
•
9,580
Woollen manufactures
- pieces
1,997,318
1 4,580,'.I02
Hardwares and cutlery
- cwt.
,3.36,194
1,622,4'«
Do. Do.
- yards
5,797,546
.'.(Kl,,546
Hats, Iieaver and felt
- doz.
62,856
170,188
Woollen, hosiery, and siTl
ill wares -
,'.00,155
Iron and steel, wrougl
t and i.n-
All other articles
.
1,. 362,87 I
wrought
• tons
124,312
1,123,372
1.0 id and shot
—
0,777
96 ,.333
1 Total /.
37,164,372
Cinises of the Maijnitudc of liritlsh Commerce. — The immediate ciiiise of flie nijiid
increase and vtst magnitude of the commt.'ice of Great Britain i.s, doubtle.ss, to lie found
in the extraordinary improvements, and consequent extension, of our inanufacture.s since
1770. The cotton manufacture may he said to have grown up during the intervening
period. It must idso he lioriie in mind, that the eflect of an improvement in the jiro-
duction of any article in considerahle demand is not confined to tliat particular article,
hilt extends itself to others. Those who produce it according to the ohl plan, are uiuler-
siild unless tiiey adopt the same or similar imi)rovemeiits ; and the improved article, hy
coming into competition with others for which it may he substituted, iiifibses new energy
o X '1
. : i
h\
1 l1
■ ,■ I
■ >.f
:r{
ll^
■ \. i
i:', :11:...
fiSO
IMPORTS AND EXPOKI'S.
into their producers, and impels every one to put forth all his powers, tliat lie may either
preserve his old, or acquire new advantages. The cotton manufacture may he said to
he the result of liie stupcM^ous inventions and discoveries of Ilargraves, Arkwright,
Croinpton, and a few others ; hut we should greatly under-rate the importance of their
invention.:, if we supposed that their inHuence was limited to this single department.
They imparted a powerful stimulus to every branch of industry. Their success, and
that of Watt and Wedgwood, gave that confidence to genius so essential in all great
undcrtiikings. After machines had been invented for spinning and weaving cottons,
whose fineness emulate* the web of the gossamer, and steam-engines had been made " to
engrave seals, and to lift a ship like a bauble in the air," every thing seemed possible — nil
urdiuim risHDi est. And the unceasing efl<)rts of new asjjirants to wealth and distinction,
and the intimate connection of the various arts and sciences, have extended and perpetuated
the imimlse given by the invention of the spinning-frame and the steam-engine.
The inuneiise accumulation of ca|)ital that has taken place since the close of the
American war has been at once a cause and a consequence of our increased trade and
manufactures. Those who reflect on the advantages which an increase of capital
confers on its possessors can have no difficulty in perceiving how it operates to extend
trade. It enables them to buy cheaper, because they buy larger quantities of goods, and
pay ready money ; and, on the other hand, it gives them a decided superiority in foreign
markets wliere ta))ital is scarce, and credit an object of primary importance with the
native dealers. To the manufacturer, an increase of capital is of equal importance, by
giving him the means of constructing his works in the best manner, and of carrying on
the business on such a scale as to admit of the most proper distribution of whatever has
to be done amjng different individuals. These efiects have been strikingly evinced in
the commercial history of Great Britain during the last half century ; and thus it is,
tiiat capital, originally accumulated by means of trade, gives, in its turn, nourishment,
vigour, and enlarged growth to it.
The improvement that has taken place in the mode of living dut-ing the last half
century has been partly the effect, and partly the cause, of the improvement of manu-
factures, and the extension of commerce. Mad we been contented with the same accom-
modations as our ancestors, exertion and ingenuity would long since have been at an
end, and routine have usurped the place of invention. Happily, however, the desires of
man vary with the circumstances imder which he is placed, extending with every exten-
sion of the means of gratifying them, till, in highly civilised countries, they appear
almost illimitable. This endless craving of the human mind, its inability to rest satis-
fied willi previous acquisitions, combined with the constant increase of poptilation, renders
the demand for new inventions and discoveries as intense at one period as at another,
and provides for the continued advancement of society. What is a luxury in one age,
tecomos a necessary in the next. The fact of Queen Elizabeth having worn a pair of
silk stockings was reckoned deserving of notice by contemporary historians ; while, at
present, no individual, in the rank of a gentleman, can go to dimier without them. The
lower classes are continually pressing ujjon the middle ; and these, again, upon the
higher; so tliat invention is racked, as well to vary the modes of enjoyment, as to in-
crease the amoinU of wealth. That this competition should he, in all respects, advan-
tageous, is not to besupposeu. Emulation in show, though the most powerful ince.-'i e
to industry, may be carried to excess; and has certainly been ruinous to many indAi-
duals, obliged sometimes, perhaps, by their situation, or seduced by exami)le, to incur
expenses beyond their means. But the iibuse, even when most extended, as it probably
is in England, is, after all, confined within comparatively narrow limits ; while the bene-
ficial influence resulting from the general diffusion of a taste for iinprovcd accommodations
adds to the science, industry, wealth, and enjoyments of the whole community.
We are also inclined to think that the incrciise of taxation, during the late war, con-
trii)uted to the improvement of mamifactures, and the extension of trade. The gradually
increasing pressure of the public burdens stimulated the industrious portion of the com-
niunity to make corresponding efforts to preserve their place in society ; and produced
a spirit of invention and economy that we should have in vain attempted to excite by
any less powerful means. Had taxation been very ojjpressive, it would not have had
this effect ; but it was not so high as to produce either dejection or desjiair, though it
wiis, at the same time, sufhciently heavy to render a considerable increase of exertion
and jinrsiitiony necessary, to prevent it from encroaching on the fortunes of individuals,
or, at all events, from diminishing.the rate at which they were previously accumulating.
To the excitement afforded by the desire of rising in the world, the fear of falling super-
added an additional and powerful stimulus ; and the two together produced results that
could not have been Jiroduced l>y the unassisted operation of either. We do not think
that aiiv evidence has been, or c<ln be, produced to show, that the capital of the ct)untry
w.)i!!d hive been materially greater than it is, had the tran<iuillity of Europe been main-
t liiiel uiiinierniined from 17!»;! lo the )n-esont moment.
IMPRESSMENT.
681
We do not state these circumst.inces in order to extenmite the evils of war, or of op-
pressive taxation ; but merely to sliow the real inHiience of taxation on industry, when
gradually augmented and kept within reasonable bounds. Under such cirfunistances, it
has the same influence 0:1 a nation that an increast* of his family, or of his unavoidable
expenses, has on a private individual.
But after every fair allowance has been made for the influence of the causes above
stated, and of others of a similar description, still it is abundantly certain that a liberal
system of government, aflTording full scope for the expansion and cultivation of every
mental and bodily power, and securing all the advantages of superior talent and address
to their possessors, is the grand sine qua non of commercial and manufacturing prosj)erity.
Where oppression and tyranny jjrevail, the inhabitants, though surrounded by all the
means of civilisation and wealth, are invariably poor and miserable. In respect of soil,
climate, and situation, Spain has a decided advantage over Great Britain : and yet, what
a miserable contrast does the former present, when compared with the latter ! The
desi)otism and intolerance of Iier rulers, and the want of good order and traiupiillity,
have extinguished every germ of improvement in the Peninsula, and sunk the inhabitants
to the level of the Turks and Moors. Had a similar political system been established in
England, we should have been equally depressed. Our superiority in science, arts, and
arms, though promoted by subsidiary means, is, at bottom, the result of fretdum and
security — freedom to engage in every employment, and to i)ursue our own interest in
our own way, coupled with an intimate conviction, derived from the nature of our insti-
tutions, and their opposition to every thing like arbitrary power, that acquisitions, when
made, may be securely enjoyed or disposed of. These form the grand sources of our
wealth and power. There have only been two countries, — Holland and the United
States, — which have, in these respects, been placed under nearly the same circumstiinces
as England ; and, notwithstanding they inhabit a morass, defended only by artificial
mounds from being deluged by the ocean, the Dutch have long been, and still continue
to be, the most prosperous and opulent people of the Continent; while the Americans,
whose situation is more favourable, are advancing in the career of improvement with a
rapidity hitherto unknown. In Great Britain we have been exempted, for a lengthened
period, from foreign aggression and intestine commotion ; the pernicious influence of the
feudal system has long been at an end ; the same equal burdens have been laid on all
classes ; we liave enjoyed the advantage of liberal institutions, without any material alloy
of popular licentiousness or violence ; our intercourse with foreign nations, though sub-
jected to many vexatious restraints, has been comparatively free ; full scope has been
given to the comjietition of the home jiroducers ; the highest offices have been ojien to
deserving individuals ; and, on the whole, the natural order of things has been less dis-
turbed amongst us by artificial restraints than in most other countries. But without
security, no degree of freedom would have been of material importance. Ilaiijiily,
however, every man has felt satisfied, not only of the temporary, but of the permanent
trancjuillity of the country, and of the stability of its institutions. The plans and com-
binations of capitalists have not been affected by misgivings as to what might take
place in future. INIonied fortunes have not been amassed in preference to others, be-
cause they might be more easily sent abroad in periods of confusion and disorder ; but
all individuals have unhesitatingly engaged, whenever an ojiportunity offered, in under-
takings of which a remote i)osterity was alone to reap the benefit. No one can look at
the immense sunis expended upon the permanent improvement of the land, on docks,
warehouses, canals, &c., or reflect for a moment on the settlements of jiroperty in the
funds, and on the extent of our system of life insurance, without being deeply impresst'd
with the vast importance of tliat confldence which the public have placed in the security
of property, and the good faith of government. Had this confidence been imjierfect,
industry and invention would have been paralysed ; and much of that capital which feeds
and clothes the industrious classes would never have existed. The preservation of this
security entire, both in fact tnid in opinion, is essential to the public welfare. If it be
anywise impaired, the colossal fabric of our )):osperity will crumble into dust ; and the
commerce of London, Liverpool, and Glasgow, like that of Tyre, Carthage, and Pal-
myra, will, at no very remote ])eriod, be famous only in history. — (From the Tmitisc
on Commerce, contributed by the author of this work to the Society for the Diffusion of
Useful Knowledge.)
IMPllESSBIENT, the forcible taking away of seamen from their ordinary em-
ployment, and compelling them to serve, against their will, in his Majesty's ships.
1. JRi'guhiiiotin as to Impressment This practice is not expressly sanctioned by any act of parliament ;
t>ut it is so indirectly by the numerous statutes that h.ive been passed, granting exemptiims from it.
According to Lord Manstiold, it is " a power founded upon immemorial usiige," and is understood to
make a part of the conmion law. All sea-faring men are liable to impressment, unless sjiei ially protected
by custom or statute. Seamen executing [larticular services for government, not unfrc(|Uently get pro-
cectioiis from the Achniralty, Navy Hoard, \c. Some are exempted by iucal custom : and 7<'ri-yH/c« arc
every wlifie privilegtil IVom imprcssn.ent. 'I'lie statutory exemptions aic numiiuus.
f'(
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682
INDEMNITY. — INDIGO.
.i;
\\.U
ill
'<i
1. Bvtry ihip in Iht coal trade hiu llio TullawInK iicrions pro.
lei-ted, viz. 'i able ticaiuun (Huch as the mnjitfr tihall lioiiilnati')
foi uvury Nhip of llHI Ions; and 1 Ibr every .MJ tons for every
sl'iii of 1(K) tonii and upvards ; and any otncer who preMiineH
to litipreiM any of the above» shall forfeit, to the inaiiter or
owner of such vtKseli ID/, for every man so Iniprensed ; and such
oHii-er shall be ineapable of holdinK atty place, otllce, or em-
ployinent, in any of his Alajebty'sshipsof war. — 16& 7 Wilt, .'5.
c. tH. sect. I'J.;*
'<t. fio ftirith apprentice shall be cninpellcd or permitted to
c-ntcr Into liis MiO*^*^''* >>ea service till he arrive!) at the a^e of
IHycars. — (a Hi i Aimr,c,ri. s«t. 4.)
^. I'ersons votuiitarily binding; tlienlselvcs apprentices to sea
service, shall not be impretksetl tor ^ years from tlie date of their
initenturei. lint no persons above IS years of a^e shall have
any exemption or protet;tion from his Aliijesly's service, if tliey
have l)eeii at sea before they became apiirentices. — ('2 Ac .T
Aniw, c. 6. sect. 16.; 1 Ainie, c. I'J, sect. 17. i and 13 (i«i. 2.
e. 17. sect. !i.)
1. /l;i(irfH/ic<«. — The act 1 <feo. 1. cili. enacts some new
regulations with respect to the number of apprentices that ships
must have on l>iKird according to tlieir tonnage ; and uraiits
protection to such apprentices till they Itave attained the age
of 'il years. — (For the regulations of this act, see Ap-
PJtKNTICIW.)
.'». I*rravnt vfttpltnjeit in the Fiaheriea, — The act .00 (Jco. .1.
c. I().S. grants tlie falluwlng exemptions from impressment,
vi/. : —
1st, masteraifj\lishinfi iraselaor boats, who, either themselves
or tlteir owners, have, or within (i months before applying for
a protection shall have had, 1 apprentice or more under Ifi
ye irs of age, Imund fur 6 years, aiul employed in the business
of tishinu.
'^dly, -\ll such apptentieca^ not cxcewling right to every tnas-
ter oi- owner of atiy tishing vessel of .'tO tons or upwards ; not
exceeding aerrn to every vessel or boat of ."56 tons atul under 'A) ;
tiot exceeding aix to everv vessel of ."0 tons and uiulcr .V) tons;
and not e\cc*ding J'mr to every vessel or bo.it under 3U tons
btirdeu ; during the *)ine of their apprcnticeHliip, and till the
age of W ye.-irs ; they continuing, tor the lime, \n the bUsinesM
of (ishiiiu tinly.
3<lly, Otie ytutrinrr, !ii«ildes the ma.ster and a))prenlic<.M, to
every lishing vessel of 10 tons or upwards, eni|iiir>i..d on the
sea-co.ut, during bis continuance in such service.
ithly, Ani/ tunilamitn above the age of 18, entering and em-
ployetl on board such vc^s-sel, fur 2 years fToin his first going to
Kea; and to tlu> end of the voy.ige then engaged in, if he so
long contiimc In such servii-e.
Au allldavit sworn before a justice of the peace, containing
the tuiuiage of such fishing vessel or buat, the ]Kirt or place to
which she lielungs, the name and description of tlie master.
the age of every apprentice, the term for which he is boondj
and the date of nis indenture, and the name, age, and <lescrii».
tion of every such marim'r and laiulsman resiHH-tively, and tjfte
time of such landsman's lirstgoing to sea, is to be tr'ansmilteil
to the Admiralty; who, upon ftiuling the tacts rurrectly statu!,
grant a seiiiirate protection to every individual. In case, hun-
ever, *' ij nn uctntil inritaitm t[f' thgar kinndomat ur imminent
dunfrer thrrenf'" such p.-* t'tl (lersons may be impresseil ;
but except upt)n suih an emergency, any oflicer or otlicers
Impressing such protected persons sluUl ri.spei-tivcly forfeit 2(1/.
to the jiarty imprciiscHl, If not an .ipprentice, or to his muster
"■" ■ '■ ■ -,.1, t
persons .'>.'» ycai
upwards, anil under IS years. Kvery person bcinga foreigiu'r.
if he be an apptentice Sects. 'Z^
(I. (ienerul tivemptifiua, — All persons
years of age aitd
wno shall serve in any merchant ship, or other triuhng vi-sscl, or
privateer, belonging to a subject of the ("rown off ire.it Itritain j
and all |tersons,of whatiige soever, who shall u^e the sea; shall
lie protected fur 2 years, to be computed from the time of their
first Using it. — (l.! tn-ii. 2. c. 17.)
7. HitrjHincvra^ line managers, or boat steerers, cngagwl in
the southern whale fishery, are also protected. — (21) </tii. .T.
c. 51).)
S. Mitrinrra nnp'oycd in the Urrinfi Jialtcry are exempted
» hile actually empiuyed. — (Is Geo, 3. c. 1 Iti.)
52. Pulii-i/ qf Impressment. This practice, so subversive of every principle of justice, i.s vindicated on
the alleged (ground of its being absolutely necessary to the manning of the fleet. Hut this position, not.
withstanding the confidence with which is has been taken up, is not quite so tenable as h.is been sup.
posed. The difficulties experienced in procuring sailors for the fleet at the breaking out of a war, are not
natural but artiflcial, and might be got rid of by a verj; simple arrangement. During peace, not more
than a fourth or a fifth part of the seamen are retained in his Majesty's service that are commonly re.
(iiiired during war; and if peace continue for a few years, the total number of sailors in the king's and
the merchant service is limited to that which is merely adetjuate to su|>ply the reduced I'einand of the
former, and the ordinary demand of the latter. When, therefore, war is declared, and o(i,(KK) or 4<),(X)()
additional seamen are wanted for the fleet, they cannot be obtained, unless by withdrawing them from
the merchant service, which has not more than its proper comiilemeiit of hands, liut to do this by oHer-
iiig the seamen higher wages would be next to impossible ; and would, supiHising it were pr.icticable,
impose such a sacrifice upon the public as coukl hardly be borne. And hence, it is said, the necessity of
impressment; a practice which everyone admits can be justified on no other ground than that of its
being absolutely es.sential to the public safety.
It is plain, however, that a necessity of this sort may be easily obviated. AH, in fact, that is necessary
for this purpose, is merely to keep such a nuinlwr of sailors in his Majesty's service during peace as may
sufKce, with the ordinary proportion of landmen and boys, to man the fleet at the breaking out of a war.
Were this done, there would not be the shadow of a pretence for resorting to impressment ; and the
practice, with the cruelty and injustice inseparable from it, might be entirely abolished.
But it is said that, though desirable in many respects, the ejpen,ie of such a plan will always prevent it
from being adopted. It admits, however, of demonstration, that instead of being dearer, this plan would
be actually che.ipcr than that which is now followed. Not more than I ,()t)U,U(HJ/. or 1 ,i.'tlO,0(i()/. a year
would be retiuired to be added to the navy estimates, and that would not be a real, but merely a nominal
advance. The violence and injtistice to which the practice of impressment exjioses sailors, operates at all
times to raise their wages, by creating a disinclination on the part of many young men to enter the sea
service; ami this disinclination is vastly increased during war, when wages usually rise to J'uur or fve
times their previous amount, imposing a burden on the comn:erce of the country, exclusive of other
equally mischievous consequences, many times greater than the tax that would be required to keep up
the peace establishment of the navy to its proper level. It is really, therefore, a vulgar error to suppose
that impressment has the recommendation of cheapness in its favour; and, though it had, no reasonable
man would contend that that is the only, or even tlie principal, circumstance to be attended to. In point
of f.tet, however, it is as costly as it is oppressive and unjust..— (The reader is referred, for a fuller ;'is.
cussion of this interesting question, to the note on Impressment in the 4th volume of the JVealth of
Nations.)
INDEMNITY, is where one person secures anotlier from responsibility against any
particular event ; thus, a policy of insurance is a contract of indeniiiity against any par-
ticular lo.ss. Where one person also becomes bail for anotlier, a boiul of indemnity is
fietpiently executed ; and where a bond or bill of exchange has been lost or mislaid, the
acceptor or obligee would not act prudently in paying it, without being secured by a
boiul of indemnity.
INDIAN RUBBER. See Caoutchouc.
INDIGO (Fr. Indit/o ; (ier. Indiijo ; Sans. A7/; ,• Arab. AW; Malay, Tiironm),
the drug wliicli yields the beautiful l)lue dye known by that name. It i.s obtaino;'.
by the maceration in water of certain tropical plants; but the indigo of commerce is
almost entirely obtained from leguminous jilants of tiic genus Int/it/ofera .- that cultivated
in India being the Inttigofera tinctorki ,- and that in America the Indit/oJ'cra uiril. The
Inilian plant has pinnate leaves and a slender ligneous stem; and when successfully cul-
tivated, rises to the height of 3, li, and even G feet.
It appears pretty certain that the culture of the indigo plant, and the preparation of
• In order that these men shall be thus protected, it is necessary for the master to name l/iem, he/ore
they are impressed : this is to be done by going before the m.iyor or other chief iiragistritte of the place,
who is to give the master a certificate, in which is contained the names of the particular men whom he
thus ii;)iiiiiiates; and this certiiicate will be tlieir protection.
I 'I
INDIGO.
68a
!ir-
r is
tliu
a
'
the ilruf?, have been pnietised in India from a very remote epoih. It has been (jues-
tiuned, indeed, whether tlie indiriiin mentioned by I'liny (Jlist. Nut. lib. xxxv. e. 6.)
was indigo, but, as it wouUl seem, without any good reason. I'liny states that it was
brought from India; that when dihited it produced an admirable mixture of blue and
purple colours (<"« ililiu 'o mistiiram piirpttrw carulti(jue mirahiUm redJil); antl he gives
tests by which the gcrjinc drug might be discriminated with sutKcient precision. It is
true that Pliny is egregiously mistaken as to the mode in which tlie drug was pro-
duced ; l)ut there are many examples in modern as well as ancient times, to prove that
the possession of an article brought from a distance implies no accurate knowledge of
its nature, or of the processes followed in. its manufacture. Beckmann {Hi.it. »f Inven-
tions, vol. iv. art. Iniliyo) and Dr. Uancroil (Permanent Colours, vol. i. pp. 'J41 — -J.")'-'. )
have each investigated this subject with great learning and sagacity ; and agree in the
conclusion that the indicum of I'liny was real indigo, and not, as has been supposed, a
drug prepared from the isatis or woad. At all events, there can be no question that in-
digo wfis imported into modern Europe, l)y way of Alexandria, previously to the discovery
of the route to India by the Cape of Good Hope. When first introduced, it was cus-
tomary to mix a 1 ttle of it with woad to heighten and improve the colour of the latter ;
but, by degri.'PS, he quantity of indigo was increased ; and woad was, at last, entirely
superseded. I* is worth while, however, to remark, that indigo did not make its way
into general use without encountering much opposition. The /yrofrtrs ofwiiud prevailid
on several governments to prohibit the use of indigo! In (iermany, an Imperial edict
was jju ished in 1654, prohibiting the use of indigo, or " dtril's dye," and directing great
care to be taken to prevent its clandestine importation, " because," says the edict, " the
trade in woad is lessened, dyed articles injured, and money carried out of the country ! "
The magistrates of Nuremburg went further, and compelled the dyers of that city to take
an oath once a year not to use indigo; which practice was continued down to a late
period. In 1598, upon an urgent representation of the states of Languedoc, at the solicit-
aticm of the woad growers, the use of indigo was prohibited in that province; and it was
not till 1 7157, that the dyers of France were left at liberty to dye with such articles, and
in such a way, as they pleased. — {Beckmann, vol. iv. p l'\2.) Let not those who may
happen to throw their eyes over this paragraph, smile at the ignorance of our ancestors
— Mutato nomine, de tefahula narratur. How much oppo'jilion is made at this moment
to the importation of many important articles, for no better reasons than were alleged, in
the sixteenth century, against the importation of indigo !
Indigo is at present produced in liengal, and the other provinces sulycct to the presidency of that
name, I'rom the 20th to the 30th degree of north latitude ; in the province ot Tinnevelly, under llie iMiulias
government; in Java; in Luconia, the principal of the Philippine Islands; and in tJuaten ala, and the
Caraccas, in Central America. liengal is, liowever, the great mart for indigo ; and the quantity produii«l
in I he other places is comparatively inconsiderable.
liaynal was of opinion tnat the culture of indigo had Iiecn introduced into America by the Spaniards ;
but this is undoubtedly an error. Several species of hidii^nfira belong to the New World ; and tlie
Spaniards usc<l if as a substitute (or ink very soon alter the conquest. — (.Humbolcll, £siii> J'oMiijuc sur la
NoHifUc Kspaguc, torn. iii. p. .54. 2d ed.1
For the first M years after the English became masters of Bengal, the culture and manufacture of
indigo, now of such importance, was unknown as a branch of IJritish industry ; and the exports were
but trifling. The European markets were, at this jjcriod, principally supplied from America. In \'Ki,
however, the attention of the English began to be directed to this business; and though the [jrocesses
pursued by them be nearly the same with those followed by the natives, their greater skill, intelligince,
and capital, give them immense advantages. In their hands, the growth and preparation of indigo has
become the most important employment, at least in a commercial point of view, carried on in the country.
Tlie indigo made by the natives supplies the internal demand ; so that all that is raised by Europeans is
exported.
In the Delta of the Ganges, where the best and largest quantity of indigo is produced, the plant lasts
only for a single season, being destroyed by the periodical inundation ; Imt in the dry central anil ■■ estern
provinces, one or two rat/oon crops are obtained : and owing to this circumstance, the latter are enabled
to furnish a large supply of seed to the former.
The fixed capital required in the manufacture of indigo consists of a few vats of common masonry for
steeping the plant, and precipitating the colouring matter ; a boiling and drying house ; and a dwelling
house for the planter. These, for a factory of 10 pair of vats, capable of producing, at an average,
l^.-WO lbs. of indigo, worth on the spot about '■2,rM)l., will not cost above I.-IOO/. sterling. The buildings
and machinery necessary to produce an equal value in sugar and rum, would probably cost about l.lil.O/.
This fact, therefore, without any reference to municipal regulations, aflbrds a ready answer to the ijues.
tion which has been frequently put, why the British planter^ in India have never engaged in tlie manu-
facture of sugar.
During the 9 years which rreccded the opening of the trade with India, in 1814, the annual average
produce of indigo in Bengal, for exportation, was nearly 5,f;00,i;00 lbs. ; but the average produce of the
4 last years of this period scarcely equalled that of the preceding 5. But since ''. . ports were opened, the
indigo produced for exportation has increased fully a third ; the exports dui.iig 'le l(i years ending with
l.S'i!)-yo, being above 7,400,00) lbs. a year. The following brief statement shows >\i - rf.te of this increase,
taking the average produce of each 4 years : —
1814
181
ISK)
1817
Lha.
7,040,000
1818
1819
1820
1821
:I8-)
!19f
fiat
21 3
Lhs.
- C,OCO,000
1822-)
I8i 'C
18-'4 ."
1825 3
Lb3.
8,000,000
I isafi
182'
18!
1829
,2fil
;27(
S8f
;293
t'.OOu.COO
and it has continued about the same since.
It deserves to be remarked, that since the opening of the trade, Indian capitalists have betaken them-
selves to the manufacture of indigo on the European method, and that at present about a fifth part of the
whole annual produce i.< prep.ired by them.
The culture of indigo is very precariou.-:, not only in so far as respects the growth of the plant from jear
i v
h
31 1
! I
M
,l!,'l>
I i,iil!
II '
684
INDIGO.
i! t
ii »
'if
to year, but altn as rcgnrda tho (junntity and ((uulity of the drug which the inmc amount of plant will
aflbrd even in the same scaaon. 'I'Iiuk, the produve of IN'<!.'>-v.'ii was M,0()() cheatii, while the prmluce of
the I'ulluwitiK year waa but 'i.~>,(MXI i:heats ; the prixUice of lHW7-'<iH wan about 4-2|0<'O (:hi-.st!4, and that uf
18'J8-2:i only v<),.'>()() cheMti* ! The averane of these years, that U, about !l,(XH),(HN) lbs., may be ronaidered
M the present atnuial produce of ileuKal. 'I'lie price of iiKliuo in India Increased, for a while, in a far
ureatcr ratio than the miantity. In lHl.i-14, the real value of that exported from Calcutta w.'m l,hil,(HXl/. ;
but in IM'J7-'.'H, although the quantity had increased but '.'I) per cent., the value rose to 'J,U'.'l),l)(Xl/,, or wim
about doubled. There was no corresponding rise in the price in Kurope, but, on the contrary, a decline ;
and the circumstaneG is to be accounted for by the restraints placed on the investment of capital in the
production of colonial articles suited to the Kuropean market, the consequent ditliculty of making remit-
tances from India, and an unnatural doW of capital to the only great article of Indian produce uiul export
that is supposed capable of bearing its application.
lUit the ellc'cts of the profuse advances made by the Calcutta capitalists to those engaged in the indigo
culture, coupled with the increasing imports from Madras, and the stationary demanti for the drug in thiji
country, have ac length niaiiifesteii themselves in the most distressing manner. I'riies have been so
Inucli reduceil that a ruinous reaction baa taken place; most of the Calcutta merchants engaged in the
trade having been obliged to stop payment, inviilving in their fall several opulent houses in this country.
It remains to be seen whether this will occasion any diminution in the supplies of indigo, or whether the
supply may not be maintained even at the reduced jiriccs by increased economy. The subjoined Table
sliow.s tliai prices advanced considerably in l«jj; but it is doubtful whether this ailvance will be sus-
tained.
Theconsumptifin of indigo has varied but little in this country during the last dozen years, having been,
at an average of that period, about y,.;(«l,(Kwl lbs. a year. This stationary demand, n()twitbstaiiiliiig the
fall in the price of the drug anil the increase of population, is principally to be ascribed to the decreasing
use of blue cloth, in the dyeing of which it is principally niade use of Its consumpii.in in France is about
us great ii' in Hritain. Hesiiles the exports to (ireat liritain, France, and the Unite<l .States, a good deal
of llenyid iinligo is exported to the ports on the I'ersian (iiilf, whence it linds its way to southern Russia.
It is singular that it is not used by the Chinese, with whom blue is a favourite colour.
The indigo of lieiigal Is divide<l into two clas.ses, e.illed, in conimercial language, llriifrtil and Oiii/i' ; the
ilrst being the produce of the southern provinces of Uengal and Kahar, and the last that of the northern
provinces. The hrst is, in point of quality, much superior to the other. This arose at tine time, in a
considerable degree, from the practice which prevailed in the northern provinces, of the Kuroiiean planter
purchasing the wet fecula from the native manufacturer, and completing the processes of curing and drying
the drug. This is at present in a great measure discontinued j and theOude indigo hiis, in consequence,
considerably improved in quality. Its inferiority is probably more the result of soil ami climate, than of
any diU'ercnce in the skill with which the manufacture is conducted.
In \H'Si-'2H, aiul we are possessed ot no later data, the export of indigo from the port of Madras amounted
to 8,S0,8S0 lbs. weight ; having more than quadrujiled in the course of the preceding 5 years. Ik-si' us tho
export from Madras, there is also a considerable one from the French settlement of I'ondichc • • > f
which, however, we have no detailed statement. In IHii", the export of indigo from Manilla amiyu... .i!
to about Siy(),00n lbs. avoirdupois j but it is understood to have materially increased since. The export
from liatavia, in IM.'y, amounted to 1J2,(HI0 lbs. weight, and the production is rapidly increasing. Accord-
ing fo the statement now given, the annual exports of Asiatic iiuligoareas follow : — liengal, ;•,()"<',"•'<* lbs.;
Malras, ;i(Ki,(H)lllbs. ; Manilla, ,'j(Ml,(MIO lbs. ; liatavia, I jO,(KK) lbs. Hence the annual average produce
for foreign markets, making allowance for a trilling augmentation in the exports from Madras, Java, and
tlie rhilippines, is certainly not less than 10,;)0(),(IO() lbs.
Accoriiing to M. Humboldt, the exportation of indigo from Hiuitcmala, in 182.1, amounted to l,80<),()0()lbs.
Indigo is also produced in some of the West India islands, but iu)t in large quantities.
(iood iiuiigo is known by its lightness or small spccilic gravity, indicating the absence of earthy impuri-
ties; by tlie mass not readily parting with its colouring matter when tested by drawing a streak with it
over a white surface; but, above all, by the purity of the colour itself The first quality, estimated by
tills la>t test, is called, in commercial language, ,/iiif blue ; then follow urdiniirji blue, Jiiic purple, purpb:
1111(1 viiilil, oidiuarii purple ami violcl, dull blur, itifirior purple aint violet, stratin eopper, and oriliutiry
capper. These distinctions refer to the liengal indigo only, the Oude being distinguished only mto Jiiic
ami oriliiwri/. The qualities of Madras and Manilla indigo are nearly the same, and equal to ordinary
liengal indigo. The indigo of Jyva is superior to these.
We are indebted to Mr. Cook for the following Table, which gives a very comprehensive view of the
.state of the crops of indigo in liengal, and the imports, consumption, and prices of liengal indigo, since
lHll-1'2: —
Crops in Hungal.
IVtIM.
1811-1811!
|8l'.'-181;i
IHI.i-lSU
18U-18I.'>
i81."j-lKlli
ISIli-lSn
1817-1818
IS18-I81!)
18l!l l.H'.'O
MautxiU,
70,00()
7S,(K)0
7l-,."><)()
l(hi,.)()0
ll."),()0(l
87,00()
7i!,H(XI :
(W.OIIO
7i;,((KI
CItcsU.
■IDIal
Import
fVoiil
India
iiito
( i l't;,1t
Hritain
I Chisls.
Total
Di'ii-
vurits
lor
Kxport
.and
Home
Con.
, l!VJ0<»jIS12 17,20(1 ll.liOO
22,(K,'0 181.! IVI'O' UVi(«'
21,.-!(«):1814 2V-'<«''2.-5,8(«)
27,IK)0 IM.-, 28,!KKl'2;5,4l«)
2!l,(l(i() ISlti l,'i,,-)(l() 20,200
2.'!,.">00 1817 l:v)00' l.'',700
IIMHK) ,181S lti,(>0<) lii,l(H)
17,00(1 18III ll,;")(Kl l.j,S(H)
Ifi.OOO il820 lli,,100'2I,tilK)
Stmk
in
(irrat
Hritain
.-.Ut of
Dec.
Chisl.i.
2!l,r>(l()
Average Prices in Lonilun.
Yra.
Fine Hi'n((l\l. Onl. Hi'iiKal.
\ivx 111. |u!r 111.
(^ s, it. ! It, ii. s. </.
1812 8 OtolO (i + O.to r> ;5
24,.0O() 181,) 10 0—14 « .J— 8 3
24,<Ki() 1814 10 0—14 (i ! Ii ti— 9
.■i0,40() ,181.') 8 0—11 o; 5 0—7
2.),700 18l(i (i (i — 10 O' 3
2;i,r)00 ;i.si7 7 (5—10 o; o
21,000 1818. 8 0— !) (i ' (i
!)— 5
6- 7
()— 8
3
4
4
01.3
fil 2
6
14,.")(1() ;iH20 7 0— 9 Oj r> (i— (i fi
19,700 ,1819 7 ti— 9 0, .I 0— ()
1820-1,821 107 ,(KIO = iv'iOO 1821 13,000; 17,.'iOO 9,8(10 I,S21 7 (i — 9 (i 5 ti-
1821-1822
1822-182
?2,4IK) - 19,r)(K) 1822 l.'v.(M), 1.5,1(M) i 8,2'I0 1,S22 11 — 12 fi 8 (i
90,0()0 = 24,(K1(1 182.i 21,700, lli,8()0 1,J,1(KI I,S2! 9 (i— 11 ' .5 9— 8 (i
7
■10
per
i/.
:i t
0-
0-
8-
0-
()•
4 —
3 3 —
3 3 —
4 —
4 9 —
f> —
182.)-1S24 113,0110 = 2S,()00 1824 l(i,;(HI 17,200 12,200:1,^2112 0—13 (i ' 8 — 10 (i .0 — fi
821-1.S2
79,(KX) = 22,000 182.-) 2.ViOO 21,100 1(>,4(K» 182.")
IH2.i-182fi 141,000 - 41,000 jl82" 27,800 21,900 22,
I82ii-I82
!K1,000 = 2.),000 11827 19,000, 18,.")(XI 22,
I827-1.S28 : 149,0(K) ■= 42,(KH) ,1828 ;
1,820
,r)00 31
I82,8-18J9 ' 98,000 =: 2fi,.1(Hl il829 23,200 23,l(Ki 31,
1829- 18 iO; 141,000 = 40,(KlO: 1,830 32,120 2.'),7(KI 37^
18.30-1831 ! lltJ.OOO :::: 33,li(XJ :1831 2 ),.3,'30 21,980 ','io,
1S31-18;
is;
122,(HX) - aV'^^ViC 25,470 28,920 ,3-2,
-18,).)' 122,000 = ,3."),0(s, i8,i;! 2.0,000 2.),000*;
.300
I82tii
8(H)
1S27
100
1828:
2(K)
1,829
tiOO
18; JO
970
18,31
,-)20
1832
0(K)*
18.33
3 0—1.') 0, 8 fi— 10 ti 4 3 —
8 0— 9 (i 4 a— 7 0! 2 3 —
11 Ii — 13 fi 7 0— 9 () 3 0-
8 0— 10 o: r, 3— 7 3 2 —
7 fi— 8 Ii' 3 9— fi
fi C — 7 fi 3 3—4 (i I 2 -
fi 0— 6 fi 3 0— 4
7 0— 7 9
—
fi 3; 3 3—4 fil 2 3 —
C, 0'
—
(Itid
L*.
11>.
.».
(/.
■j:i
()
-fi
-r,
(i
-4
fi
-3
3
-1)
-C)
-4
.')
-4
fi
—
9
-Ii
-4
Ci
-fi
.)
-5
9
-3
9
-4
fi
G
— 2
6
_o
I)
_o
9
-1
* riicso numbers are partly (rum estiniali ; but thev cannot be far wm
lilt will
lucf of
tlint of
nidtTfd
ill n far
I.IX^V. J
or wiiD
I'clilll' ;
ill tht?
rcmit-
I'xiiort
INK. — INSOLVENCY.
()85
Of7,2!i!t,riO:i Mm. of indigo lm|>ortP(l into Great Hrlt.iln In 18,iI,(!,<i<i«i,(KI,nii!! Wfrpfrom Iiiilia, lH',.i4!tlliii.
from the HrjtiHli West ImlltK, Nl.lioi IIjh. Inuii (iiiati'iiiiila, lli.liU lb». from Colombiu, txC. Of tlie touil
i|Uantity iiiipiirteil, '2,i\H),(HK) \ltii. were retained lor coiii>uiii|itioii.
The Imports of iiidiKO, in WiU, were (i,,J.).!,(Mi.'i Ihg. ; ol wliieli '.'.airtifi").'! 11m. were retained.
IniliKo ol' KritiHh ponseitiioiKi, not deemed llieir iiriHliice iinlesa imported from tlieiieo. — (7 Oro. 4. c. 48.)
For further informntion an to indiKo, see CulflmH^kc's lliishanitry if Jlnwa/, p. 1,")J. : MiVmni's Ofiriil.
Com. 1 Hill's Hrrifw iif Cimwii-rri- <(/ Baikal i liilnun's llcvi'cw !{/ tlo. ; cviJeiiiv of Gillian Maelaine, Ksq.,
Kast India Committee, 18:)U-31, die.
INK (Du. Ink, Inht ; Fr. Encrv. ; Gcr. Dinte; It. Inchioatro; Lat. At rumen f urn ;
Rus. Tuc/ieinilo; Sp. Tinta ; Sw. lilak.)
" Every liquor or pigment usctl for writing or printing is distinguished liy the name of ink. Common
practiceknowsonly black and red. Of black ink there are three principal kinds: 1. Indian ink j 2. Printer's
ink ; and, .'!. Writing ink. The Indian ink is used in China for writing with a bru.sh, and for painting upon
the soil flexible paper of Chinene manufacture. It is ascertained, as well from experiment as from iiilbrm-
ation, that the cakes of this ink are made of lampblack and size, or animul glue, with the addition of
perfumes or other substances not essential to its (|uality as an ink. The tine soot from the Haine of a lamp
or candle received by holding a plate over it, mixed with clean size from shreds of parchment or glove.
leather not dyed, will make an ink equal to that imported. Good printer's ink is a black paint, smooth,
and uniform in its com|>osition, of a firm blauk colour, and possebses a singular aptitude to adhere to pajier
thoroughly impregnated with moisture.
"Common ink for writing is made by adding an Infusion or decoction of the nut-gall to sulphate of iron,
dissolved in water. A very fine black precipitate is thrown clown, tlie speedy su>>sldence of whieh is pre-
vented by the addition of a proper quantity of gum Arabic. I.am|>black is the common material to give the
black colour, of which 2J ounces are sufficient for 1(1 ounces of the varnish. Vermilion is a good red. 'I'liey
arc ground together on a stone with a muller, in the same manner as oil paints. Among the amu.sing ex.
perimcnts of the art of chemistry, the exhibition of hympathetic inks holds adiKtinguislicd place. \Vith
these the writing is invisible, until some reagent gives it opacity. These inks have been proposed as ihe
instru'i-ents of secret correspondence. Hut tliey are of little use in this respect, because the properties
change by a few days' remaining on li.i via\)eT ; most of them have more or less of a tinge when tnoroughly
dry ; and none of them resist the t' ■ i of heating the paper till it begins to be scorched." — {L'lr's Dic-
tionary.)
INKLE, a sort of broad linen tape, principally manufactured at Manchester and soitiu
other towns in Lancashire.
INSOLVENCY and BANRUPTCY. Insolvency is a term in mercantile law,
applied to designate the condition of all persons unable to pay their debvs accordiiifj to
the ordinary usage of trade. A bankrupt is an insolvent ; but persons may be in a statu
of insolvency without having committed any of the specific acts which render them liable
to a commission of bankruptcy.
We have, under the article BANKRUPxry, explained the most important differences ii\
the law as to insolvency and bankruptcy ; and have also briefly stated in that article, and
in the article Cuedit, some of the alterations which seem to be imperatively required
to make these laws more in harmony, than they are at present, witli the princijiles of
justice, and more conducive to the interests of commerce and the jiublic advantage. In
the present article, therefore, we shall confine ourselves to a summary statement of the
proceedings under the existing laws.
Under the bankrupt law.s, the creditors have a compulsory authority to sequestrate the
entire pos.sessions of their debtor; under the insolvent laws, the debtor himself may
mi-'.e a voluntary surrender of his projjcrty for the otiiefit of all his creditors. From
this diversity in the initiative process results the greatest diversity in the ultimate ojier-
ation of the bankrupt and insolvent acts. The proceedings under a commission of bank-
ruptcy being instituted by the creditors, they lose all future power over the property and
person of the insolvent after he has obtained his certificate ; but the proceedings under
the insolvent act having been commenced by the debtor himself, he only, by the sur-
render of his effects, protects his person in future from arrest — not the property he may
subsequently acquire, from liability to the payment of all his debts in full.
Pr<u-ir(liin^.i tinder thf t'Thlhi^ limih-nit .-lit. — In 1S1.1, ,1 spe-
cial tribunal, railed the ** Court Ibr Helift' of Insolvent Dtht-
ols," w.is H)>iiointiHl tor tlie purpose of reeeivinf; tlie surrender
of property and eflects tor the tienetit of the ereditors of in-
solvents. It consists of a i-hief and two other connnisitioners,
appointed by Ihe Crown, and is a court of record, with powers
similar to those of the superior courts at Westminster: but it
c.T.inot award costs, unless in particular ca.ses. The court sits
twice a week in Portugal -street ; and no fees are taken, except
those L'stablislied by the court. The commissioners also seve-
rally make circuits, and attend at the towns and plactii ap-
pointed for insolvents in the country to appear: their judicial
powers in the provincial towns are the same as those exercised
in the metropolis.
I. The first step in the insolvent's proceetlinR is the Pil'ititm.
Any fiersun in actual custody for any debt, dainaues, costs, or
money due for contempt of any court, m.iy, witliin 1-1 days
from "hia iirst detention, petition the court "for his discharjie;
statin); in such petition the iiarliciilars of his arrest, and the
amount of bis debts, and praying to be liischargetl not only
against the demands of the persons detaining bim, tint aj^ainst
all other cretlitors tiavin^r cKiims at the lime of presentiTif; the
petition. Persons not ucluiillfi in cu-lody within the walls of a
Jirison, and during; the procettlinus thereon, are not entitbd to
the Imiefit of the act. In lase of sickness, however, and after
an order for luvtriiif; tlie petition has teen obtained, this con-
dition is not reipiired.
Notice of the lime appointcKl for hearinp the petition must
he piven to all crtnlilors whose debts amount to 5/., and be ad-
vertises! in the LomU'ii (iii-iitf.
At the time of stibscribint; the petition, the insolvent exe-
cutes an , a:. si^inment to tlu' provisional assipiee of the court,
rriuuiueiiig all title lo his properiv, excipt wearing iippaiel,
working tools, bestdini;, and such necessaries of himself ;nui
family as shall not exceed the value of Wl, During; coiiline-
nient, the court may order an allowance for the support of the
)ietitioner.
The lilinR of a petition is an act of bankruptcy, and, if a
commission be issued within ^A calendar months, vacates the
assif;ninent : but this does not sto|i the proceedings of the court ;
and any property remaining to the iietitioner alter oblainiti);
his certificate continues liable as if no commission had bevn
issued.
The voluntary preference of a creditor, by conveyance of
money, goods, bills, or other jiroperly, after the tiling of Ihe
petition, or within 3 months ])rior to the imi>risonnient of the
jietitioner, being tlien in insolvent circumstances, is fraudulent
and void.
Within 14 days after the filing of his petition, the insolvent
must i>repare a schettule of his debts ; also of his i>roperly and
income from every source whence he derives benefit or emo-
lument, together wifli an account iif all debts owing to him,
the names of the debtors, and their iilaces of abtxle. Lastly,
the schedule must describe the wearing apparel and other ar-
ticles not exceetling 'iVI. which the petitioner is allowed to
retain.
Insolvents Cllilty of omissions in the schedule, with intent to
ilefraud creditors, or excepting in it necessaries to an amcuni
exceeding '^0/., or persons .-issistiiig therein, are guilty of a mis-
demeanour, subjectiiig to an iniprisonmeiit lor not iiiore than
3 ve.ars.
il. The A3sif:itees Any time after the filing of the )>etit ion,
the court npjioints Hssignets from amoeg tlie criditors, to
whom, on tlieii acceptance of the appointment, .an assignment
is made of the ellei Is of the prisoner. In cTse of aiiv rial
estate, the same, w ithin the space of G menths, must be soUl
It'll
I I
-i f\
i. ■ '.I
If -i
r^li
"f
:?,!
!'-.
i
m1
I if
Pi' 1 , '1
'I t
080
INSOLVENCY AND H.WKmiPrCY.
I>y (luMir ntirtlon, In Mirh rnnnurr <int| iilmr ;ih ihi* iim)iir jmrl
Ih V.lllU' III' III!' I ri'<(ltiirn lt|>|lliiM-: Inil \k Ill'M .tll^ )><ul til Oil'
l-t <tiM'ir(-|lin-.l.tnrl*>l tlltl th- lMlittrill.ltc-<.klr nf il WiMllil
.i)H-rr> I
Ih- |tn>)u<lli l:tl totlu* Inlrn-^l'* nt ttu' pri^uiii*r, llii* i iMirt liniv
itlri't t itii* iMiiM.iftrniftit nf niirlt )trii)>i>it> liH it t.ui l>u |>ruiHTl.y
iMilil i urid It' tilt (I titt vnu In> |ijtiit tiY ni>ir(u<M;i.' In tiiu ■>!' ntili'i
(hi> I imrt ni.iy ^'Ivi' ttim tiniis t'nr llt.il |mT)Hi^v.
OiiihU til |iiii!44<>itUtll (IikI fll><|int,tl III the lii^iilvflit, wIliTlHit'
lu* it ii-^»iiA>/ owiii-r, itre tl'fiiii-il hi-* |ir(>|>rrl> ; Ititl (hi-. iltH*s
iidt iiltci t tl)L' '!■>- iKtiitii-iit itl' iinv kI)I|i ur Vi-«M.'ti duly ri'^itUrLtl
(icnirihi)^ ti) till* Tt (hi), \. c \\ii,
Att iirt-i)un( ti|ioit it;i(h Ik fori' itnnllU'i r tirthecimrt, or ju^tlt i*
(if |ir,ii-i>, must III' in.iilt- u)i liy tin- ohsIu"*^*'* wKliln i>VL>rv ^
ini>ritlH ul Itif t'uitlii-><t ; (iikI in i-ii«t* dI' a lifil.iiu-i' ii> liiiiul, u
iliviilnul niiiHl lif r-ir(liwlih iihuU't ofwhlcli iliviiU'nil .'^odasH*
|trt'viinift nuil< t> muHt In* t^tvcn ; anil vvt-rv i rt'dltnr is altuvtiil
t(i Mtiari) In tlu> divlili'ml, units-, tiliiirdsl to hv tlif nrivini-r,
aiiljliUT-t, or mIIht crcdltnrs, In whii li tiw tlu' t.mrt tU'i nlii.
'1 nuas-tiK'ievt nM> fxii utf powrr-' wtiU li tin- in-ttilvi-nt lltl^'l.l
linviursrcud'il, ni tlif fjranliiiK of li'itsfM, taking litiet, trauH-
ffrrliiK inil'lii- stot k or ,inrniltii>> : lint tlu*) i anntjt noinlnatu to
a vai'iuit t-t'i'K'Hla.illr il lu'nclii i>.
Thf a!tst^lU'i•'«, with tht* rtnisi'nt tif oni> cnnimlssiimcr, (ind
Ihuinajttr part nl tluf rredimrH in vaUir, ni.iv i-itiii)><>und Cur
nnv di'dt due to tlu- prlsonfr ; or may hulmiit dlirt'tfmt'i i-oii-
nfitc'l with (ho fHtalif of (hr inootvcnt toarhilrnllon.
IHvliltMuli imyatili' lorrcdilorHi uni-Uiiiniit fur li in(inths,art'
to Ih> naid Inltit-uurt (u tlu'i-n-dll iifllu> cstatt' ut'thi- Insnlvi-ni :
In dt'tauU of pa\nK-ul id' thi' dhitlcnds liy the assixiuHN, ihiir
^imhU niH> be distrnlnetl ; ur, .1' no di^tresH, they may lie iiii-
|(rlMiiietl.
The ntsi^nees, IntMsethe hi-iolvent Is a iH^nelict'd rlcrnynwni
or curate, are not eiultled tu the hK-unie of the tienttui' ur
curacy ; hut they may ohiain a ~.et)uestratiun uf tlie prolits for
the lii'iielit uf ereiUturs. Neithi-rare (he assiKntes entitled tu
ttie pay, hall'-p ty, peiulon, or other emolument, of any )>er.ion
who U or l^u been In the army, nnvy, tir tivll herviee of the
Kiivernnient or Ka>.t India (oinpany ; Iml the I'ourt may order,
suliject to the aiipruval td'ttu- heads of iiutille otllecH, a portion
of rtui't) pay, ha<f-iMy, pen^ion, or enioUinients, to he set aHlde
toA-ai<U tlie iKpddatlon of ttte dehtii of the iuMilvent.
Ttie inurl may iiupilre into ttie it^nduct of the assignees, on
the t-oin)ilain( of (he insolvent or any of hK t*red)(ors i antl, in
COM- of malversation, award rosts aualnst them.
AH%ii{uees wilt) wilfully employ or retain any part of the pro-
r« IN Is of the insolvent's estate, may Im- ehar^ed with tHter»>t,
At H rate not exeet-tllnu ^0/. ner eent. per annum.
HI. hitifuir^ii- tif thr itHiiiii'iif. On the dav appohlted for
hearing lhi> petition, any I'retliter m.iy oppose the disih irj^e of
the prisoner: and, fur that purpose, )mt such tpu-stions and
exanuneHUi-h witnewes, as (lieetmit shall aihiiil, touiliii ^ llie
matters eontalned in the petition atul sthedule; or a i leiliror
may ri-quire, ami the eourt direeti tlmt an oilirer of the euurt
htiail inve'tlnate the aceountH 'of tlu' prisoner, and reptu'l
thereon. In i';tse tlie pristiiiur is nut u])posi>d, and the i-unrl ii
satislietl with Idn Hchedule, it may order his iinnietliate dis-
charge from custody ; 'ir it mtyilirert him to he detained in
rustiKly for any term not evee.-itinn (> months, to he computed
from tile time of lilin^' the iietit'tni.
Hut if the iirisiMM'T hits destroyed his hiM)ks, or faNillotl en.
tries tlierein. or otJierwise actetl frauiUdenily towanh his ere-
<lilors,t)r wilfully omitted any tliinir in his sdudule, he may be
iinprl^uned for any tc'rin nut exceeiUnK three i/earn ■ or where a
prisoner him eontr.irtiil debts rrnndiilcntly.hy mean^ofahrea -h
of ti Ufi ; or put creditors ti> uune< esn.iry evpt'n^e ; or liiiirred
di'lits hv mt>ans tif any liUe pretent-e, or u tih>int pnihihle e«-
peiiatiun, at the (line when roniia. tod, of ever p ly uitf them ;
ur uliall tie Indilited tor tlaiiia^es tor t rtnnnai ronvi>i .ttion vttiti
Ih ■ wilb, or lor Mtdnt in^ the il inf{bter tir serv oit of (he plaai-
Ittl'.- tir for breach of proinisi> uf inaritJiKe ; or for damaues in
any actmn fur nmlltl >Uh iiius4>ititltiiii libel, slander, tir trespaMi ;
the court may hnprlsun f>ir i years.
The dlscharif<> entrntU to sums payable by amuitty ; the an*
nnltantN heiiiK attmttled as i-redltovH tothecHtale of the In-
Aulvent, at a f<ttr valuation i>f their interest.
Hut till' distil. ir^e does n«it extetui to any debts due to the
frown, nor lur any ollence a(,'aiMst the n-M-mie laws ; nor at
MUlt '>! aoy stieriir ur ottu-r pulilti ullliir, uptirt any iMll-liiintl
entered into for any person prosn ntett for sui h olti-ni e ; unleM
the Treasury eertlly »■ aisent to the discliar;,e.
Insolvents under writ of iiifiiii* ur extent, must apply tu thu
Itaroiistd' the K\( luspicr to be disehai'^ed
W'lieii the prisoner is nut (list liarKt^l, the ruurt may, on ap*
))licatlon (ill that pnri ise, ordir the t-reditor at whose Htiit he
IS de'aiiuti to pay any sum not e\cceiliii^ 1*. weekly , tuul In
defa.tit ot' payment, tlie prisoner to Ih- lilier.iied.
1 \'. fntiifv t.iiitiHHirtiif'lhv liit.Jti'iit. IVior ttind|udit-alion
on the |>e(ltion. the Insolvent Is reipilred tu enecule'a warrant
of alturney,empowerlnf(the(i)urt loenter up judgment aKiliiit
hint, In tlie name of tlie a.ssitfiiii>s, fur the amount of the debtd
unpdd : and when thit imolvent h of sullb ient ability to pay
hut h debts, or Is dead, leavinu assetn for the purpose, thi- eourt
may pi-rmlt execution to he taken out ai{ainst the prupertv of
the Instilvent aoptired after hisdisehar^e ; and this jiriKeeifhitt
m.iy be repeated till the n'huU-ojthvtUht, with tm/*, is paid and
satislietl.
Jlut no iKTstnit after ludgment enti-red up, U liable tu lm>
pristaiitieiit for any debt towliiih the iuljudication of the court
C\tendeil.
When an Insolvent Is entitletl to the txMielit of the ni I, no
exi'cutiun, exiem uniler the juil^ment before mentluiii-d, can
tiisue nuaina mm fur debts ciaitracled prior to his tontine-
ment ; but he may he prut e«iled against ftn a delit whii h i outd
nut he enfiiri-edai the perliMl uf bid disrharge.
An hiHulvent, after hisdlscharge, may, un the application of
nn asslgmv tutlu-i-i.urt, be again ixiniiniil tout binn tlo'i-irfets
set forlh in the si tu'dule ; and if he refuse to appear or answer
tpiestlun.s, lie may be recummlttett.
No uncertilicatefl bankrupt, nur any person having Itad the
benelil of the insolvent a<'t| ean havi ii a si-iuiitl time uittiin
Jin- i/<<n\i, unltN-. .T- |t|!s in number and \ahie of the irttlitui-H
cuiisent thereto, or unless It apm-ar tu the euurt that Itie insul-
vent, sinie his bankruptcy ur ilischarge, h.is ilune his utmost
tu pay all jusi tUinamls; anil that the debts subs«-(pu-ntlji in<
curreil hiiv be.-n unasoidalile, frtnii Inability utherwjie lu
aeipiire sub.istfnt e for himself and family.
Married wtimen are entUle<l tuthe bt-nelit of the Instilvrnt
net, and may petitlun the tourt on executing a special assign.
ment.
'I'he Insolvent Act, of which tlie :d>ove i-> a dige-;t, was c^n-
tHnued, In an att t»f ilu' ves->iun of is.l'i, ih,- I Wilt. I. v. ^H.^
thr 2 yeifs, antl " from thence lo the eiul of the next session
uf jiarh.unent." It is imiiurt nw to remark, that the a t of
Wilt I. prohibits, ^^ hile tlie iiisulvt-nt aits are in fun e, any
dt'i)tor from being disehnrged tin his petition under tlie 'ii
(ieu. V. c. 'iH.f euininonly called thu *' LoriU' Act."
Our next ohjoct will bt? to present a brief exposition of tbe IJANKiirrT Laws.
Uankiiuitcy. — IJliickstone delines ;i bankrupt — ** A trailer wlu) seeretes bimself, or
<loes certain other acts tontliu^ to tlclVaud bis ereilitors." Hut an intention todelVaud is
not now held t<» be essential to constitute a l)ankru]>t; who may be either simply an in-
solvent, or a person who is guilty of certain acts tending to defraud bis creditt>rs.
There are, as already observed, some important distinctions between tbe bankrupt and
insolvent laws, not only in their application to different descriptions of individuals, l)ut
also in the powers they exercise over the estates of jjcrsuns subseipiently to their being
brought luuler their adjudication. 'I'he benelits of the Insolvent Act extend witliont
distinction to every class of persons actually in i)rison ior debt; the benefits of the Hank-
rupt Act extend to traders only. Hut persons relieved under a commission of bankruptcy
for the first time are for ever discharged from all tlebts proveable against them, and their
property from any future lial)ility ; whereas, if relieved under the Insolvent Act, their
persons only are protected from arrest, while any property tliey may sul>sequently ac(piire
continues liable to their creditors till the whole amount of their debts is paid in full. It
follows that tbe Insolvent Act uHbrds merely a personal relief; wjjile tlie Bankrupt Act
disch.irges l)oth person and property, and eveii returns the bankrupt a certain allowance
out of the produce of his assets, proportioned to good behaviour, and the amount of bis
dividend.
Having already treated of insolvency, wc shall now proceed to describe the proceedings
under a commission of bankruptcy, us regulated by the act of Lord Hrougham, the I Sc 2
Will. 4. c. B6,', and the 0' Geo. 4. c. I(>., which are tbe last general acts on the subject,
and by which former statutes have been etmsolidated, and several important improvements
introduced ; leaving, however, untouched, many of the radical defects inherent in this
branch of the law. The chief points to be cmisidered, are — 1. The persons who may
become bankrupt; li. Acts constituting bankruptcy; 3. Proceedings of petitioning
creditor; 4. New Court of Bankruptcy; 5. Debts j)roveable under the commission;
6. Official iissignees; 7. Assignees chosen by creditors; 8. Property liable under
bankruptcy; 9. Examination and lia!)ilities of bankrupt ; 10. Payment of a dividend;
11. C'ertificute and allowance to bankrupt.
Ij
INSOLVrXCY AM) HANKUUPTCV.
687
I. Who nut tf hinrnti' /liffiVrM/'/. _ (ifiicr^iHv nil prruitiit tn
(1 III*', r,i|iitMi- nf iiiiiklntc I'liulliiu rontrii t«, u lit ilur ii ilnrii)
Ihirii Mi)i)i-i Is, alU'iH, nr itt'tii/i-ici, iin' within idr inrl'lh timi
• •I' ilu' (xuikniiit IiMi; hut the stiitutc t-ii|irist)< iih liiiU-^
liitlMiTi, haitkirt, l>rnki'rH, pat biTs, i .tri'tnlirs, srriwiit>rsi
hlilp liiHtinrH, wArchnufti-iiivii, whiirliii^t-r<<, shl(>\« rluhis, vl« •
liiiillfri; ln'i-|i(TH i.r tniiH, liiviTii^, holrlt, ami r!ilti<'-lKi»iM'« i
il»*'rN. pTlntiTH, hli'.u hiTN. lullarH, < itU-ndiTiTs, t ■illh- «r shvvy
iiiiU'MiMii. f.H Inn. am-nlH, iinil all iitTMiiit wlmtiM' thr trmlc (if
III' r< h inill-.r hv iuirutliiitiu, li.irli-rlnK, ( ninmlitslnn, roiiti^i.
IMi'itt, iiiil nihi rtvitf, iiihI iiiso iilt iXT-^oiiH wliuMfli thi'ir living
i»y hii>iiit{ itiiil M'llfnu, li-ttliitf liir litrffHr hy \lw iii.titttl.irturltiL(
iti' iftunU iinil rttiniiKMltlit't. I'rrMinii who rdiinnt Ihm (iincliiink-
ruitl, nri*, ura/itrs, fitrniiTH, workint'i) hir hln*, hthnurcr-i, n*-
ci-ivt-r^ ui'iii-r,il iif tn«(M,, itiul suhH-rlUTH to any i uiiirnrrrial or
liaditi^ iDinpiiiiy fHlahlMiiHl h,v rhartcr or act ol'iiarllitnnit.
A rhr^yman, iinU"*), a iraili r, (iuitml hf mm\v a haiiknipt ;
fi(»r an alturni'yi in th«< rninni'fn i (inrso of his |iri)tWsli>i) ; iinr
an Int'.tnt, mir a liniallf , nnr a niarrliul woman, cxrc))! in ihnso
r.iNi'4 wht'ii' sin* tnav Iil* stit'tl nriil taken in t'xi'itiilinn lor her
dil.u.-(S r.li. .'il',.)
A ^UmW Mt of hu\ InK or m Mln« 1* not Milllitpnt to make A
lrnil>T ; a-* n M'hoolinastfr sfllinu I k^ lo his scholari onl.y,or
n k4'i'|iL>rof hountU liuvin^ dvnd iiorM-^nnd nrllinu thv skin and
tNinrit. - Vi Mi>t>rr, /ifi.) Hut tht* <|uantitv ot'ilualinu iKiinnm-
It-rial, whcn> ati inlt-ntion to deal KiMiiTally may Im nitVrred. -
(1 H.»i-,h\.) A liiiyiT or M'lttTof I and, or anv InlprfHt In land,
is not a iiadtr within the net; and on this principle it h.'u
hifii (liiidi'd, that a hrlrk-maker NCllInK hricks niaili> In his
own li. Id, or tht'ownrr ora mint' M'liinK nilni'rals tVinn his own
()iiarr>, )-, not liahti', hriatist' Hurh husinL>HH Is rarrlinl on only
as n mode of enjoNlnK thv |>roli(s of a real «st iti>. — ('2 IVUt.
TiadcrM havin;; )>rlvil(H{<> of parliament, are suhjiTt to the
haiiknipt laws, ami m.iv m> pr<H-ri>ilttl aKaltut as od'ufr traders;
liut Hucli purHoiis I annot l>f an-L^teil or imjirUomnl, extt'pt in
i-aM?H made fLJonv h> the utatuh-.
'4. .h/i coiiatitutitifi tiiiiik'riif>tvi/.— In KonornI, any art whirh
1« hUi'udLHl to dt'hty or defraud rnditorx, Is an att of hank -
ruptey : sucli as a trader (onceahnL; hlmseif from his t reditors,
leaving thn eoutitrv, eausluft hlinscif In lH>nrrt>sted or his ^'oods
Mken lni'iLfculion,i>r making any fraudulent > (inveyanre, ^ift,
or delivery of his properlv. A trader ki'epinu house ronnnits
an ai t of hankrupti y, If lie fjive a general order to he denied.
So ill (liislni; the dtxir, and not ailniittln|{ persons till XHier*
tainnl whd llie> are from uiiuluw, ttiouKh no actual deidal.— .
(I /li/nV <■'■'*. ''!.) Ihit ll Is no act of liankiuplry If the de-
nial he on Sunday, or at an un season ah le hour uf thenlKht* ur
to iifeveiit inteiTuption at dinner time.
Traders held in prison for any really sultsislinu deht for the
perlfKl of '^1 liavs, or who, heiuK arrested, niake their escuite
nut of prison or eusfKly, tM>inmlt aits of t>ankrupl( v. A pe-
nalty due to the Orown Js a NUtlieient dehl, and the time U
roinputeil from the first arriNt, wtiere the narty lien in prison
imrneitiatelv, and the day of arrest ii ii)elu(ied,*and the whole
of the InHt (lay.
Filing a |>etitinn. In order to lake the hcnelit nf the Insolvent
Act, U nnaet of hankruptt y,aiul a tial may he ivsued any time
1>efore the petition i:, heard hy the Insolvent tJourt, or within
U calerular nuinlhH.
A trader may make a declarallnn of his inr.ctlveney, signed
and attested hy an attorney or holuitor, and afterwanN ti) he
filed In the Itanknipt Olttie ; and llie necretary vi^nin^ a me-
morandum tluTt'of, \a autlu)ritj for fulvertisinK It in the (in-
tftte. Vyim this art of haukruplcy no rommi:%Hlon can issue
if not within U calendar months after such advertisement
I
unless such advertisement he within H days alU-r lilhi); de-
claration ; ami no docket can he struck till 'I days after adver-
tisement. If the cumnd.vsion is Ut l>e eKecutet^ in London, and
K if in the couidry. Such declaration of insMilvvncy hein^ con-
eertevl between bankrupt and crLilitur, iloes not invalidate the
cuinnilssitin.
The exei'ution hy a tTa<ler of any copveyanre hy deed, of nil
liis estate and ellects for the heuelit of all his cre<litors, is not
an act of hankruptcy, unless a co!iunisslon he sued out wittun
(i numths after, providtnl the di-ed he attested hy an attorney
or solicitor, and executetl wilhin !'> day- after, and notice
thereof within '^ moikths he ^iven in the (ia:.ettf, and 'Z daily
newspapers ; or, if the trader reside moie than />0 mites from
I/(HK)on, notice may be gi\en in the 6u::f/(t', and nearest
country newspaper.
H. Proocilinfjs of Petitiittiin^ CrfdH'trs. ~ A person luin^ a
trailer, and liavin^ conuiultetl an act of bankruptcy, llie next
step in the proct^nlln^ is lo petition the Lord Cliuncellor to
issue liisiiat. No tiat isissue<l, ittdL-ssthe pelitioi.inj,' crttlilor's
debt, if I person or 1 firm, amoimis to I(hj/. ; if '^ creihtors, to
i-V)/. ; if 3 or more creditors, to 'Atu/. or onwards. The pe-
tilfoninR cretUlor must make an aflidavit before a M;Lster in
('hancLTs, of the truth of his deht, and uive hoiul in 2(>u/. to
fnrove it, aiul tlu' act <if bankruptcy. It the deht prore In-
suHiiieut to support a liat. the Jxird (Chancellor, upon tlie
npiilii-ation of another cretlitor who hEU proved a sulllclent
dent, contracted po-terior to that of the petitioning creditor,
in. IV order the hankrviptcy to be proceeded in.
The oetitioniny creditor procei-tls at his own cost until
the t holce of assi«nei?s, when his expenses are paid out of the
first money received uniler the liiuikrnptcy.
Crwiiturs entUletl to sue out a liat aj^aiiisl all the p.irtners in
a firm, may elect to petition only against I or more of such
partners; and the conmiission may he supersedeti as to I or
more partners, willumt allectitig its valuhiv as to the other
partners.
Crethlors who have sued out a fiat compot'ndinp with the
bankrupt, or receiving more in the pound than other cretlitors,
forfeit ihe whole of their debt, and whatever giatuity they
rtteived, for the benefit of thi- other creditors, and the Lord
Chancellor ma\ either order the commi&slun to be proceetU-d
in or superse<led.
■1. Kfw I't'iitt i<f Ihinknijifi-y. — Formerly the bankrupt
business of the metropolis wit^ transacted by 70 commissioners,
appointed by the Lord Chancellor. '1 hey receiveti no regular
coininission, but derivett their authority "from a letter written
to them bv the Ch.mcellor, informing "them of their ajipoint-
luent. The whole pnicecdings under a town commission,
from its issuing to the winding up of the bankrupt's alfalrs,
were managinl bv these commissioners, who actini by rotation,
in li'-.ts of .'» each. In place of i hoe :m I'litire new'i-ourt has
beer. %\;bslituted, con.isting of a chief judgi*, with 3 puisne
judges, and f> romml'sloneTi. There ^Tr• t\\yO 'i prinrliial r»»-
uisti <r-, and ** ttt-puty registrar,. The kc» rtlary of bankrupl*
ll al o I oiiinined as oni> ol the otflcerH under the iipw itstem.
Thcjodges, or an> 5of them, nil at n Court nf Itevlew, to
ad)iidUale in all matters of hankruptry brougtit liefnre Ihcnit
Hultject to an ap|teal lo tlie Lord Cbtinrellur. 'J'he h com-
missioned nit iHtasomally In U suUllMsion cmirtn of 5 com*
mlsslonern each. The powers of the Hinglff cuinmisftloner an*
nearly Ihe same oh the old connnissdonerN. The eiamlnnlion
of any bankrupt nr other ihtsoii, or of a prtMil of ilehl, nuv lit*
adiourned hy a Htngle t onnnlsnloner to a sulMhvl^ioTi court ; atui
disputed debtN, if all partien cousenl, m.iy Im' trliil by a Jory.
An appeal hen from i single i ommlshioner, or n huhdu'i>inii
court, to the Court of lleview ; and a dci ntf of lliis I ourt i^
linat, unluiM np|H>aled against uithin 1 month.
The London conm)i>Hloner» under the old law h.ut a juris,
diction for lit utiles round l.ondon, which in continued lo'ihcir
iimi'ssors. CommiMilotis In the country lH*\oMd tbisdi.s|jinci>
were directed to barristers, or, If these (ould not he had, lo
KulicltorN, resident near Ihe spot where the < oinmivtioii w.w lo
he executed, t'tuler the lU'W act, the judges of as.si/e i..ime
to Ihe Lord Chancellor such barristers and Nolicltors In the
county as they think lit hir Ihe ntlice ; and If tie approve, they
are to appoint them permanent commiHslun4>rs for tl e exc.
cution of all bankruptcy buslneKs In the rountv ; and liatH, \u.t
diret led to the (ourt uf H:\nkruptcy in lamifun, an* direcutl
to them.
lA't us now pnuecd with the powers and duties of the com-
missioiH-rs.
Commissioners are em|inwered to suinnum persons, examine
thetn on oath, atuI call for any deetU or dncumenU lu'cesvarv
to establish tia* trading and act of bankruptcy ; and upiin lufl
proof thereof, tu adjudge the debtor a bankrupt. .Sol ice of
buch adjudication must he given in the (t'/:tY/i , and .'^ oubtic
tnei'tings ap|Niintiil fnr the bankrupt to surrender ; Ihe last of
which meetings lo l>e the t'^il <lay after. A bankrupt refusing
to attend at the appointed time ma> he apprrhendcd ; and on
refusing to answer any ijtU'sliou touching his bu.->)nesh or pro-
perly, may 1h> ('oinriiitti(l to prison.
Jly warrant of the (otiiinissioners, jhTnous may break open
any hinise, premises, door, chest, or trunk nf any b.uikriipt,
and seize fui hi<> body nr properly ; and if the b tnkr\tpi be m
prison or eusttnly, Ihev may sei/c any property (rucessary
wearing apparel excepted] in Ihe povsession of such bankrupt,
or any other pervm. Aulhori>.ed hy a justice's warrant, pre
niises' may be searcheil not U'longlnu to the bankrupt, on sus-
picion of pro|H.-riy being coni i-aTetl there ; and perinns bus-
jiected to bavcimy of the bankrupt's j'rnpt rty in their possession »
refusing to obcN Ihe suinmons ot commissioners, or refu-ing to
iuiswer Inierrogalorles, or to surrender iliKuments, uiihout
lawful excuse, may be lmprlsone4l. 'J'he wife uf Ihe bankrupt
mav Im* examined, or, on refused, committed.
I'ersons summonul are entitled to their exi»cnsp^; and those
attenillng, whether sumniuned or not, to assist Ihe eoimnis-
sioners in their inquiries, are jirotecti^l from arrest on any
eivil suit.
.'». Drhta ptiivfiUili' ututer Cmttminsiou. — At the ^ mrclingH
appointed by the t nnnnisslouers, and it every other meeting
apjiointeil by them for proof nf debts, ever, cnilitor may prove
his deht bv aflidavit or hy his own oatti ; iiicur]M)rated hiHlie:!
jiy an aKcni authorised for Ihe lairpose ; and one partner may
prove on I half of the linn. 1 ersnns living at a (lislancc may
prove l'\ itlitlavit before a Alasler in Chamery, nr, if risah-nt
abroad, before a magistrate where residing, attested by a publlu
notarv, iir MritUh ndidster or consul.
(^erks and servants, to whom ttie bankrupt is indebted for
wage«i, are entitled to be paid (i montlis' wages in Jult, and fur
the n-sidui" tliev may prove under tlieiommission.
Indentures of a|mrerticeship are discharged by bankruptcy ;
hut in case a premium has been received, the coTmnili^ion. rs
n ay direct a portion of it to Ik.* repaid for the use of the iip-
I)re'nlice, proportioneil to tlie term of .ti'prentiteship unei-
|iire«l.
l>ebts upon hfll, bond, note, or other negotiable security^ or
where credit has been uivm upon valuable consideration,
though not due at the time the act of bankruptcy wat com-
mitted, are proveable under the coimnission. Sureties, i'er-
sons liable for the debts of, or hail for the bankrupt, may jirovu
after having paid f<uch debts, if they have contracted the
liability without notice of any act of bankruptcy. Oblige** In
hi>ti(miVy or respondentia bonds, aiul iissuretl in policy of in-
surance, are admittetl to claim ; and .d'ter loss, to prove as if the
loss or contingency liad happened before cuinnilssion had issueil
against tile obligor or insurer. ^Vnnuitv cretlitor!> may prove
for the value of their annuities, regard being had to the ori-
ginal cost of such annuities. I'laintlHs in any action, having
obtained judgment against the bankrupt, may prove for tikeir
costs.
When there art mutual debts liotween the h.inknipt and a
creditor, they may he set ofl' against each other, and the
balance, if in favour of the creilitor, is proveable against the
bankrvpt's estate.
liitere-.t may be proved on all hills ofexchange and promissory
notes over-due at the time uf issuing cumnii&sion, up to the
date of tlie cnmniission.
Proving a deht under the commi.ision, is an election not to
proceetl against the bankrupt by action; and in case the bank-
rupt be in prison at the suit of a creditor, he cannot prove hi«
debt without first discharging the bankrupt from confinement :
but the creilitor is not liable for tJie costs of the aition so re-
linmd^hed by him.
No debt biirretl hy the statute of limittitions is proveable un-
der the commission.
fi. <tjfirial Aasif^ufca.— An important alteration intriKhiced
hy Lord lirougham's act, particularly to connnercial men, is
the appointment of ollicial assignees. They are.lO in nundter,
mcrcnants and traders, resident in the metropolis or vicinity ;
and are selecte<l by the Lord Chancellor. Tlufy are to act with
the assignees chosen by the creditors. All the real and jiersonal
estates of the bankrupt, all the monies, stock in Ihe public
funds, securities and pvoceeils of sale, are transferred and vested
in the olHcial assignee, subiect to the rules, orders, and di-
rection of the LorcfChancellor, or a member of the Court of
Itankruptcy. The official assignee gives security for the trust
Deposed in him ; and is reiiutred to depo>it all monies, se-
curities, &c. in the Hank of Kngland.
The ollicial assigni-e is neither remunerated h» a perienlage
nor a fixed salary, hut a sum is i)aid to him for Ids trouble, at
J lii^
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688
I>''<OLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY.
tliLMliscrction of llic coiiinii.-tiiuners, and )>ro|i'irtiu">tl tu lliu
fHtatt^ of thi> iiankniiit aiul ilii> dulU's (linchitr^ctt.
7. Avyoiidnunt tj' AsaiLitem Ay Crcr/iVorj. — 'I'he oiHcial as-
tluiii-'L' >^ tinpowuriHl tiiiiv't ■'UtttiL'MiIea-i-iKiU'i-' t>f the ItnnkruplS
istates and fHtrts until (itherA are chospii In creditors, which
nniiit be at the 2i\ meeting. Kvery cnthtor tu the aniuunt ol'
ll)/., who lia.t iiroved liis duht, is ehtfihie to vote ; iiersonti may
be authorised Vy letters of attornev to vote, aiul the choit'e is
nia<le ii,v the major })iirt in value of the ere litorti: hut thecorn-
inissiont'rs niaj rtject any oersuii thej deem unlit ; ujwn which
a new choici nnist he matle.
When only I or more jiartners of a tirm are hankrupt, a
creditor to the whole (irm is entitled to vote, ami to assent to
or dis>«nt from the certificate; but such creditor, unless a
jwtitioninK creditor, cannot receive any dividend out of the
beparate e^tat^-, until all the other creditors are paid in full.
Assipiec:* may, with conaent of crettitors declared at any
meetinf{ duly sununoneil, compound or suhmit disputes to ar-
bitration, and such reference Ite made a rule of the Court of
U.mkruptcy, or thev may commence suits in equity ; but if
l-.'ld in vahieof cretlltoi's do not attend such meeting, thesame
powers are granted to assitn^ees with the consent, m writin^i
of commissioners.
Assignees to keep a book of account* where shall l>e enteretl
a statement of all receipt:* and payments relating to bankruot's
estate, and which may l>e ins|>ecte<i by any creditor who has
jtroved. CominissionerN may summon assignees, with their
books and papers, before them; and if they refuse to attend,
may cause them to be committed till tliey obey the sum*
moiis.
An assitfnee retaining or rin|)loyinK the money of the bank-
rupt, to the amount of 100/, ur upwards, fur his own advantage,
inai. he cliar^ed 201. \h.'T cent, interest.
( Onunissiuner^ at the l.ust ex tmiiiatinn of bankrupt to ap-
point a public incetint,', not sooner than 1 calendar months
af[_i issuing connnission, nor later than ft calvndar months
from last examinalion, of which '^1 days' notice must he K'^t?"
in the liu::(iie, to audit the accounts of the ashii<ni;t ; which
accounts must hu dciivcretl on oath, and the < oinmi>sioners
may exainin. the assi^,'nee louihii'H the truth tliereof
H. l'f>] rrh/ litiUs iiinlfi ll>iukni}t(fi/ — 'Die otiicial assignee
is vested w ith alt tliL* real and personal esta'* ''f the liankiupt,
and wit'^ all such property a.s ma\ be f' *ised to him, or come
itito Ids |i'-.M'i->iiin, till the tnut- in- ul.iain his certiticate. 'I'he
commish oners may ;a*J1 any real pioperty of which the bankrupt
is seiMi', or any estate tail, in possession, reversion, or re-
niaituter ; and 'hesale is^oml a>;an<itthe bankrupt, the is-^ucuf
his hotly, and -.1 ail persons claiming? under him after he
becanu' bankrupt, *,. whom 'i> fine, common recovery, or other
means, he can cut off from ans future interest. All property
which tiie bankrupt has in ri^ht of his wife posses to the as-
signee, exceitt such aa is sellletl for her own sole Itenetit. .Any
property pledged, or securities deposited| may be redeemed for
the ben'etii ot the cre-Utors.
If a bankrupt, bein^ at the time insolvent, convey his land
or 1,'oods to his children or others (exci-pt upon their marriage,
or lor a v^'uab'e consiiierationj, or deliver securities, or trans-
fer lUbtb wito other name?:, suih transactions art void.
A laiKllord after or ovit of bankruptcy cannot distrain for
more than mif tfrur'.i rent ; but he may prove under tlie com-
mission for the residue.
Tae assignee mav accept any le ise to wlncli the bankrupt is
entitled, and his accepumce exonerates the bankrupt from any
future liahilitN for rent ; or if the assioiee decline the lease,
and the bankrupt, within II days after, deliver the lease to the
lessor, he is not liable for rent.
In general, all power which the hanknipt micht lawfully
execute HI thesaleauddispositionof his property for the benefit
of hini-elf, may be executed by tlie .lisignee for the benefit of
crcnlitors. *
All contracts, conveyances, and transactions by or with any
bankrupt, and all executions and attichments levied, without
notice ./fan act of bankruptcy, for more than '^ months before
the issuinp of the comn.;> ion, are valid. All payments what-
ever, either /itf or tu the .)ankrupt, without notice of an act of
bankru.itcN, are protectcHl down to the date of the commission;
and pxifchasers for valuable consideratioijs, trith twiicv, cannot
be molesteti, unless a connnission issue w iljiin VI months after
the act <if bankruptcy.
The ( ircum-«tar<ce of a connnission a|>pearin(j in the (iazctte,
.ind c HUT i)resurni»linn that the perstm to be atltcted thereby
may ]■ ive s.-en ihc same, is deetntnl suflicient legal notice of aJi
ac;\-r iiankruptry ha\iiig Ik en committed.
y. E.tamiiuKioh ami Lhthititivs oj' Itinikriijit — A lianknipt,
not surrendering to tlie eoimnissioners l>etore ." t>'cloek up -n
the ■I'^il day after notice, or not making discovery of his estate
aiui edects, not de ivering up g<H>ds, hooks, papers, On'., or
removing i>r einbe/zliiig t > the value of 111/., is guilty ofji/n/n/,
and liable to a diM-retionarv inmishmcnt, from imprisonment
to transnortati'in tor lite. The period for surreiulering nuiy be
eniargeu by the I.<nd Chancellor; and the con- 'sioneis, or
a^siguees with approval of commiK,si.mers, ir .\ gK. an al-
lowance for support of the l»aiikru()t antl his ' miily till he has
I>asse«.l b'-. last exaniiriation. DurniL- Ir.i attendance on com-
mission r-i. the bankrupt i ]>**otccted from ar.est.
Thv bankrupt is reipiired ai tlelivfr up his In Jis of account
to the assignee** upon oath, and to attend then, -n reasonable
notice; he ma^ ins|X'cl his at connts, asiisted by ether pertonx,
in presence ot assignees. After ceriilieale is allowed, he is
required to attend assignees, in seuiing accounts, at Cis- l»er
(lay; and luuy be cunnnitted fur nun-attendance.
A penalty of 100/. Li Imposed on persni\i ooncoallng hank-
rupts' fllects, aiul double the value of the propt.>rty su con-
cealed J and an allow.nice of .')/. |«t cent, to persons discovering
such concealment, wbii siich further reward as the nn^jor part
of the cretlitors may think lit to grant.
'i'he bankrupt, or .uiy other iK.Tson, wilfully swearing falsely,
ii liable to the jienaltles of pf>r|ury.
If the baukrupt intend to d'ispiite tlie commission, he must
present a petition to the Court of Review within '^ calendar
months; or, if out of the United Kingdom, within 1'^.
At atiy meeting i)f creditors, it^er the last examination, the
bankrupt or his friends may tviuler a nnnjiosifiun ; which, It
accepted by !)-lOths in tmmber and value of the creditors. At
'^i si.parate meelinj,;s, the Lord Chancellor may superaetle the
connnission. In uecidmg on such oiler, creditors under Wt,
are not entitled to vote ; nut their debts arecomputetl in value.
Persons residing out of Kngland may vote by letter of attorney*
properly attested ; and the bankrupt may be reipiired to make
oath that no unfair means have been employed to obtain the
asitent of any creditor to such arrangement.
lu. Pai^meiU i>f a Diviiiciul — Not sooner than 1, nor later
than r<i cidendar months, the sommissioners are to appoint a
public meeting, of which Vl days' jirevious notice mu.it l>e given
m the Uazcttv, to make a dividend ; and at which niet^ting,
cretlitors who have not proved, may prove their debts ; and at
such meeting cummis-sioners may order tlie nett prtMluce of
bankrupt's iiiiate to be snared among thecredifors that have
proved, in proportion t« their debts: but no dividend to be
declared unless the accounts of the a-signees have Iwen tirst
audited and deliveveil in as before dcscril)ed.
If the estate is not wholly divided upon a first dividend, a
second meeting nmst be calleil, not later than IS months from
the date of commissifn; atul tl^e dividend declared at such
secoiui Mici'ting to be final, uidess some suit at law be pending,
or some part of bankrupt's property afterwards accrue to the
assignees ; in which case it must be snared among the cretlitors
wiiiiiit 2 months after it is converted into money.
Assignees having imclaimetldiviilendsto theamtjimt of 50/.,
who do not, within '^ caleiular months frot" *hc expiration of
a Near from the order of payment (»f sue', divide. <ds, either pay
them to the iredilors entitlwi theret* . or cause i certilicate
thereof to be filed in the Uankrupis'OfUce, with the names,
&c. of the parries to whotn due, shall be charg' I with legal
inte.esi from the time the certihcate ought tohj.ve been fikxl,
and such further sum, not exceeding '^0/. percent, per annum,
as the connnissioners think tit. '1 he Lord CI ancellor may
order tin- investment of unclaimed diviilends -n the funds ;
and after 3 years the same may be divmeu among the other
creditors.
No action can he brought against assignees for any divi-
dend ; the remetly being by petition to the Lord Chancellor.
11. Cfitificiitc antl Allitn'ii"Cf to liiinfcruiit — The bankrupt
M'ho luus surrendered, and ;cMformed in all things to the pro-
visions of tlie bankru)it laws, is discharged by the certificate
from all debts and dema ds proveaMe imder the commission ;
but this doe-s not dischari,' his partmr, or on- jointly bound,
or in Jouit contract with h.n, nor does it bar a deui diie to the
Oown.
The certificate must be . igned by 4-.5ths in number and
value of cnslitors w ho have proved deb^s to the amount of 20/,
or upwards; or, alter (J caltrndar months from last examii.-
ation, then either by .1-.')ihs in numl-er and value, or by
!)-lotlis in number. The bankrupt must make oath the cer-
tiiiiate was obtained without fraud; and anv cretlitors may
be hcird before it is finally iUloweil h\ tlie Lord Chancellor.
An> contract or security given to obtaii". signatures to the cer-
tilic, te, is voiil.
A bankrupt, after obtaining his c -rtificate, cannot Iw ar-
re vdfor any tlebt proveableui.der tl.ecommissitm; nor Is he
liable to satisfy any debt from whic'.i he is dischargetl, uptm
any promise, contract, or agreement, unk^ss ni .de m writing.
In case a person has \teim bankrupt lefore, or comptniiuled
with his cretlitors, or taken benefit '^i lnsi-lve.it Act, unlcs:, the
esliiteprothice l'>.t. in the poimtl, the certiJlcate onb itrotecta
the person of bankrupt from arrest ; and any future property
he acijuires may be sej/.td by assignees for benefit cf credit'". s.
If the produce of hankniiit's estate does mA anunnU to 10*.
in ihc pomitl, he is tiuly alio«wl out of the assits so much as
assignees tliink lit, not cxceetling 3 per cent., or .1(M(/. in the
whole ; if it ]irotlnce Itl*., 'i per cent., luit exceetlinu lOll/. ; if
Tis. (i(/. is naiil in the ]iouiitl, 7; ]ier i ent.,not exceetling '>(M)/. ;
ifl-'ijf. in the pt>mul ami nipwards, !l) per cent., and not ex-
ceeding (iuo/. One partntr nuty receive his allowance, if en-
titletl, t'rt)in the joint and his separate estate, though the others
..r;' nol entitleil.
-■■< bankrupt is not cntitlLtl to cerlifn ate or allowance, if he
has lost by gaming or wagir'iu, in : d.i\,'iO/., or within 1
vear next prectding bis iLinkiujitcv , 'ilHI/.'; or 'iOO/. by sttu-k-
jol>hing in the same (H-riod ; '^r, in ct)ntempIation of hank-
rnptcy, has tUstro-id or falsilinl his himks, or ciatcealeil pro-
perty to amount of lit/.; or, if any person having provinj a
false debt under the <iinmiis>.iiin, *ncn bankrupt, being privy
thereto, or afterward-^ know in.; the saint-, has not disclosed it
tt) his as.signees within I moutli afief such knowletlgc.
Lastly, uptm r« qiu-st by ihe hanknipt, the ullicial assignee in
reipiiveil to declare tt> hini how he h.Ls ilispt)setl • *' his pro-
perty, atul aeiount to him for the sun>his, it anv: but before
any surplus can be admittetl, interesi nuist be pafil, first, cm all
debts prtived that carry interest, at the rate nayable thereon ;
and next, u]K>n all other debts, at the rate in U, jier cent., to
be calculated from the date of the cuinrnssion.
I. Account of thu Numl !r of Commissions jf Bankruptcy
issued flrom 17'JO to 1821.
1
Wars.
Comnlis-
Years.
Commis-
.siullS.
Years.
Conimis-
\' .... Cnmniis-
Years.
.siuiis.
Years.
Cornilli!.-
simis.
17i»l
17!ti;
17!W
17!>t
17I),'i
7+7
7ii!)
!)>+
l,!l;".t)
1,(IM
KT!)
I7!l()
17S)7
17'iS
IHOO
l.SUl
1,1 If)
!»U
717
!C)1
I, 111!)
l.SOj
IHOti
I,n<K)
1,'-'I1
1.117
l.l-.'fl
l,'.'(i8
l.S(t7 1 l,;!(ri
IKOS ! 1,4.J;}
1W)!» 1,.W,'
IHIO 'J,.il|.
1811 i.',j()0
181'2
IHIJ
IHM.
IKl".
181li
2,'J2S
1, !».-))
l.lil'J
'.','.'84.
'2,-31
1817
IHIH
181il
1820
18'J1
1,!'27
1,4^1't
l,i81
l.'JJS
INSURANCE.
689
II. Account of the Number of Commieslons of Bankrupt and Fiats issued each Year, fVom 1822 to 18.';2,
both included; distinguishing Town Commissioners and Fiats, and showing how many Country Com-
missions and Fiats were opened in each Year.— {Pari. Paper, No. 542. Scss. 1833.)
Yean.
Commi&sioni
sealed.
Town CuinmU-
slons oiiennl.
Country Cominis-
Hions oi>ene<l.
Years.
Commissions
scaled.
Town Commis-
sions opened.
Country Commis-
sions opened.
fM2
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1,419
1,250
1,240
1,475
3,307
1,688
1,519
2,150
1,720
468
592
574
683
1,229
671
601
80!)
661
534
396
396
4-16
1,220
743
620
910
748
1831
1832:
Corns.
Fiats
1,886
61
1,661
1,772
692
20
623
-- 613
770
37
703
710
19,376
7,563
i/m
Total commissions and flats sealed and signed in the above period - - 19, ""
Total town commissions and fiats opened .... - - 7,,')„„
Total country commissions and fiats opened .----. 7,.')24
III. Total Number of Persons discharged 'Vnm Prison under the Acts for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors
since the Constitution of the present t'uurt iii 1820; and the Number who have been ordered to be
detained in Custody for contravening the Provisions of the Acts for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors.—
(Pari. Paper, No. 141. Sess. 1831, and Papers published by Board qf Trade.)
N.B.
-The Court makes no orders of deientlon ; and the following Table shows all the JuURments Riven to the
30tli of June, 1831.
Years.
Ordered to t>c aischarged fortliwith.
Ordered to be discharged at some future Perioil.
Total.
In London.
On Circuit.
Before
Justices.
Total.
In London.
On Circuit.
Defurc
Justices.
Total.
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
-830
iS31
830
2,317
2,074
1,811
1,745
1,9.M
2,429
1,929
:i,9]3
2,0(i7
2,060
1,553
none.
none.
none.
none.
388
1,342
1,865
1.988
:,150
1,,'')80
1,823
2,031
1,495
2,516
2,499
2,047
1,2.5;>
73
89
89
112
100
11)
13.5
2,325
4,8(i3
4,,573
3,858
3,318
3,.T/0
4,383
4,006
3,475
3,747
3,})<H)
3,719
61
219
161
181
142
126
110
90
127
l.'i8
189
none.
none.
none.
none.
18
161
183
128
131
152
191
178
96
208
221
202
115
8
5
10
6
10
9
8
1.57
4t>7
382
383
275
295
298
228
261
320
389
345
2,4«2
5,290
4,955
4,241
3,rm
3,6r«
4,(i81
4,234
3,739
4,067
4,379
4,064
Totals
22,709
12,397
10,521
45,627
1,723
1,112 1 8!« 1 3,7fi3
49,3!)0
INSURANCE, a contract of indemnity, by wliich one party engages, for a sti-
pulated sum, to insure ai.other against a risk to which he is exposed. The party who
takes upon him the risk, is called the Insurer, Assurer, or Underwriter ; and the party
protected b' the insurance is called the Insured, or Assured; the sum paid is called the
Premium; > .id tiie instrument containing the contract is called the Policy.
I. Insurance (General Pjiinciples of).
II. Insurance (Marine).
III. Insurance (Fire).
Insurance (Life).
IV.
L Insurance (General Principles of).
It is the duty of government to assist, by every mrans in its power, the efforts of
individuals to protect t'-eir property. Losses do not always arise from accidental cir-
cumstances, but are frequently occasioned by the crimes and misconduct of individuals ;
and there are no means so effectual for their prevention, when they arise from this source,
as the establishment of a vigilant system of police, and of such an administration of the
law as may be calculated in afford those who are injured a ready and rheap method of
obtaining every practicable redress ; and, as far as possible, of insuriufr the punishment
of culprits. But in despite of all that may be done by government, and of the utmost
vigilance on the part of individuals, property must always be exposed to a variety of
casualties from fire, shipwreck, and other unforeseen diso-,t<3rs. And hence the importancti
of inquiring how such unavoidable losses, when th^y do occur, may be rendered least
injurious.
The loss of a ship, or the conflagration of a cotton mill, is a calamity that would press
heavily even on the richest individual. But were it distributed among several indivi-
duals, each would feel it proportionally less ; and provided the number of those among
whom it was distributed were very considerable, it would hardly occasion any sensible
inconvenience to any one in particular. Hence the advantage of combining to lessen
the injury arising from the accidental destruction of property ; and it is the diffusion of
the risk of loss over a wide surface, and its valuation, that forms the employment of those
engaged in insurance.
1 "
:' ^
' I
■»l I
. !
m
f.'S '
Hf'i
.'
I 1 .
\-
i !;,
I-:
■
1; ^!
t .
i -. A
1,1
t I
If I-
1' J'
1 '*
I 1
'£
i!i
mm
m
690
INSURANCE (PRINCIPLES OF).
i '
I
\ '-,'- < I
ii'l'^
) ,
!';|l
Though it be impossible to trace the clrcximstances which occasion tliosc events that
are, on that account, fermed accidental, they are, notwithstanding, found to obey certain
laws, Tiie number oi' births, marriages, and deaths ; the proportions of male to female,
and of legitimate to illegitimate births ; the shij)* cast away ; the houses burned ; and a
VJist variety of other apparently accidental events ; arc yet, when our experience embraces
a sufficiently wide field, found to be nearly equal in equal periods of time : and it is easy,
from observations made upon them, to estimate the sum which an individual rhould pay,
either to guarantee his property from risk, or to seciu'e a certain sum for his heirs at
his death.
It must, however, be carefully observed, thot no confidence can be placed in such
estimates, unless tliey arc deduced from a very wide induction. Suppose, for example,
it happens, that during the present year one house is accidentally burned, in a town
containing 1,000 houses; this would afford very little ground for presuming that the
average probability of fire in that town was as 1 to 1,000. For it might be found that
not a single house had been burned during the i)revious 10 years, or that 10 were burned
during each of these years. But supposing it were ascertained, that, at an average oi'
10 years, 1 house had been annually burned, the presumption that 1 tu 1,(XX) was the
real ratio of the probability of fire would be very much strengthened ; and if it were found
to obtain for 20 or ;30 years together, it might be held, for all practical purposes at least,
as indicating the precise degree of probability.
Besides its being necessary, in order to obtain the true measure of the probability of
any event, that the series of events, of which it is one, should be observed for a rather
lengthened period, it is necessary also that the events should be numerous, or of pretty
frequent occurrence. Suppose it were found, by observing the births and deaths of
1 ,000,000 individuals taken indiscriminately from .among the whole population, that the
mean duration of human life was 40 years ; we should have but very slender grounds for
concluding that this ratio would hold in the case of the next 10, 20, or 50 individuals
that are born. Such a number is so small as hardly to admit of the operation of what is
called the law of average. When a large number of lives is taken, those that exceed the
medium term are balanced by those that fall short of it; but when tlie number is small,
there is comparatively little room for the principle of compensation, and the result cannot,
therefore, be depended upo.i.
It is found, l)y the experience of all countries in which censuses of the population have
been taken with considerable accuracy, that the numl;er of male children born is to that
of female children in ilse proportion nearly of 22 to 21. But unless the observations be
made on a very large scale, this result will not be obtained. If we look at particuLar
families, they sometimes consist wholly of boys, and sometimes wholly of girls; and it is
not possible that the boys can be to the girls of a single family in the ratio of 22 to 21.
But when, instead of confining our observations to particular families, or even parishes,
we extend them so as to embrace a population of ,500,000, these discrejianeies disapjjear,
and we find that there is invariably a small excess in the number of males born over ihe
females.
The falst inferences that have been drawn from the doctrine of chances, have uniformly,
almost, proceeded from generalising too rapidly, or from deducin«;; a rate of probability
from such a number of instances as do not give a fair average. But when the instances
on which we found our conclusions are sufficiently numerous, it is seen that the most
anomalous events, such as suicides, deaths by accidents, the number of letters put into
the post-office without any address, &c., form pretty regidar series, and conscijuently
admit of bei"g estimated a priori.
The business of insurance is founded upon the principles thus briefly stated. Suppose
it has been remarked that at forty ships, of the ordinary degree of sea-worthiness,
employed in a given tr.ide, 1 is annually cast away, the prol)abiIity of loss will plainly
be equal to one fortieth. And if an individual wish to insure a ship, or the cargo on
board a ship, engiiged in this trade, he ought to pay a premium equal to the l-40th part
of the sum he insures, exclusive of such an additional sum as may be required to in-
demnify the insurer for his trouble, and to leave him a fair profit. If the premium
exceed this sum, the insurer is overjiiiid ; and if it fall below it, he is underpaid.
Insurances are eflTected sometimes by societies, and sometimes by individuals, the risk
being in either ease dilFiised amongst a number of persons. Companies formed for
carrying on the business have generally a large subscribed capital, or such a numlwr of
proprietors as enables them to raise, without difficulty, whatever sums m;iy at any time
be required to make good losses. Societies of this sort do not limit their risks to small
sums ; that is, they do not often refuse to insure a large sum upon a ship, a house, a life, &c.
The magnitude of their capitals affords them the means of easily defraying a heavy loss •
and their premiums being proportioned to their risks, their profit is, at an average, in-
dependent of such contingencies.
Individuals, it is plain, could nol act in this way, unless they were possessed of very
INSURANCE (PRINCIPLES OF).
691
'
large capitals; and besides, the taking of large risks would render the business so
hazardous, that few would be disposed to engage in it. Instead, therefore, of insuring
a large sum, as 20,000/., upon a single ship, a private underwriter or insurer may not,
probably, in ordinary cases, take a greacer risk than 200/. or 500/. ; so that, though his
engagements may, when added together, amount to 20,000/., they will be difiuscd over
from 40 to 100 ships; and supposing 1 or 2 ships to be lost, tlie loss would not impair
his capital, and would only lessen his profits. Hence it is, that while one transaction
only may be required in getting a ship insured by a company, 10 or 20 separate trans-
actions may be required in getting the same thing done at Lloyd's, or by private
individuals. When conducted in this cautious manner, the business of insurance is as
safe a line of speculation as any in which individuals can engage.
To establish a policy of insurance on a fair foundation, or in such a way that the
premiums paid by the insured sluiU exactly balance the rls' s incurred by the insm-crs,
and the various necessary expenses to which they are put, including, of course, their
profit, it is necessary, as previously remarked, that the experience of the risks should 1"?
pretty extensive. It is not, however, at all necessary, that either party should inquire
into the circumstances that lead to those events that are most commonly made the subject
of insurance. Such a research would, indeed, be entirely fruitless : we arc, and must
necessarily continue to be, wholly ignorant of the causes of their occurrence.
It appears, from the accounts given by Blr. Scoresby, in his valuable work on the
Arctic Regions, that of 586 ships which sailed from the various ports of Great Britain
for the northern whale fishery, during the 4 years ending with 1817, 8 were lost —
(vol. ii. p. 131), — being at the rate of about 1 ship out of every 73 of those employed.
Now, supposing this to be about the average loss, it follows that the premium required
to insure against it should be 1/. 7s. 4d. per cent., exclusive, as already observed, of the
expenses and profits of the insurer. Both the insurer and the insured would gain by
entering into a transaction founded on this fair principle. When the operations of the
insurer are extensive, and his risks spread over a considerable number of ships, his profit
does not depend upon chance, but is as steady, and may be as fairly calculated upon, as
that of a manufacturer or a merchant ; while, on the other hand, the individuals who
have insured their property have exoinjued it from any chance of loss, and placetl it, as
it were, in a state of absolute security.
It is easy, from the brief statement now made, to perceive the immense advantage
resulting to navigation and commerce fi-om the practice of marine insurance. Without
the aid that it affords, comparatively few individuals would be found disposed to expose
their property to the risk of long and hazardous voyages ; but by its means insecurity is
changed for security, and the capital of the merchant whose sliips are dispersed over
every sea, and exposed to all the perils of the ocean, is as secure as that of the agricul-
turist, lie can combine his measures and arrange his plans as if they could no longer
be affected by accident. Tlie chances of s]lip^vTeck, or of loss by unforeseen occurrences,
enter not into his calcidations. lie has purchased an exemption from the effects of such
casualties ; and applies himself to the prosecution of his business witii that confidence and
energy which nothing but a feeling of security can inspire. '• Les chances dv la navigation
entravaient le commerce. Le systeme dcs assui ics n jiaru ; il a consulte les Siu'sons;
il a porte ses regards sur hi mer ; il a interroge t n ible elen-ient ; il en a juge IMncon-
stance ; il en a pressenti les oi'ages : LI a epiu la pi.lii Mue . il a recdiinu les ports et les
cotes dcs deux mondes ; il a tout somnis a des calculs s.ivans, a dis theories approxitna-
tives; et il a dit au commer^aut habile, au navigateur intri jiide: certes, il y a des
desastres sur lesquels I'humanite ne peut que gemir ; mais quiuit a votre fortune, allez,
franchissez les mers, de])loyez votre activite et votre Industrie ; j. me charge le vos
risques. Alors, Messieurs, s'il est permis de le dire, les quatre parlies du monde se sont
rapprochees." — {Code de Commerce, Exposd des Motifs, liv. ii.)
Besides insuring against the perils of the sea, and losses arising from accidents caused
by the operation of natural causes, it is common to insure against enemies, pirates, thieves,
and even the fraud, or, as it is technically termed, barratry, of the mastet The risk
arising from these sources of casualty being extremely fluctuating and various, it is not
easy to estimate it with any considerable degree of accuracy ; and nothing more than a
rough avc;rage can, in most cases, be looked for. In time of war, the fluctuations i the
rates of insurance are particularly great : and the intelligence that an enemy's -"< a on,
or even a single privateer, is cruising in the course which the ships bound tu (.'turn-
ing from any given port usually follow, causes an instantaneous rise in the premium.
The appointment of convoys for the protection of trade during war, necessarily tends, by
lessening the chances of capture, to lessen the premium on insurance. Still, however,
the risk in such periods is, in most cases, very considerable ; and as it is liable to change
very suddeidy, great caution is required on the part of the underwriters.
Provi^^ion may also be made, by means of insurance, against loss by fire, and almost
all the casualties to which property on land is subject.
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lUit, notwitlistatiding wlint lias now beon stilted, it must be admitted, that tlie advaii-
tHgcs deriv(!d froiii the ])i-aetice of insuring against h>sses by sea and hind are not
altogether unmixed witli evih 'i'he security whicli it alliirds lends to relax that vi^riiant
attention to the protection of property which the (ear of its loss is siu'e otherwise to excite.
This, liowever, is not its worst ellect. The records of om- courts, and the experience of
nil who are larj^ely enj^aj^ed in the business of insurance, too clearly pr(»ve that ships
have been repeatedly sunk, and houses burned, in order to defraud the insurers. Jn
despite, however, of the temptation to inattention and fraud wiucli is thus all(>rded, there
can be lu) doubt (hat, on the whole, the practice is, in a public as well as ]irivate point
oi .'iew, decidedly beneficial. The frauds that are occasionally committed raise, in some
depree, the rate of insurance. Still it is exceedingly moderate; and it is most probable,
that the precautions a<lopted by the insurance oflices for the jirevention of (ire, especially
in great towns, where it is most destructive, outweij^h the chances of increased contlagra-
tion arising from the greater tendency to carelessness and crime.
The business of life insurance has been carried to ;\ far greater extent in Gri'Mi ISritniii
than in any other country, and has been |)ro(luctive of the most beneficial elKi is. Life
insurances are of various kinds. Individuals without any very near cimnections, and
possessing only a limited fortmu', are sometimes desirous, or are sometimes, from the
necessity of their situation, obliged, anmially to encroach on their ca|>itals. Hut should
the life of sj'i-b persons l)e extended beyond the ordinary term of existence, they might
bo totally unprovld'-d for in old age; and to secure themselves against this contingency,
they pay to an insnrante com))any the whole or a part of their capital, on condition of
its guaranteeing them, as long as they live, a certain ammity, proportioned partly, of
course, to the amount of the sum paid, and partly to their age when they buy the annuity.
Hut tlKHigli sometimes serviceable to individuals, it may be questioned whether in-
surances of tins sort are, in a ])ul)lic point of view, really advantageous. So far as their
influence extends, its obvious tendency is to weaken the principle of accumulation ; to
stimulate individuals to consume their capitals during their own life, without thinking
or caring about the interest of their successors. Were such a ])ractice to become general,
it would be (jrcductive of the most extensively ruinous conse(]nences. The interest
which most men take in the welfire of their families and friends all'ords, indeed, a pretty
strong security against its becoming injuriously prevalent. There can, however, be little
doubt that this selfish practice maybe strengtiiLr.i'ii !>y adventitious means; such, for
exam)ile, as the opening of govi-rnment loans in the sha])e of life aniiuities, or in the
still more ol)jeclionable form of tontines, lint when no extrinsic stimulus of this sort is
given to it, (here do not seem to be any very good grounds for thinking that the sale of
Hiinuilies by private iiidividnals or associations can materially weaken the princii)le of
accumulaticm.
Luckily, however, the s))ecies of insurance now refvrred to is but inconsiderable com-
pared with that which hits nccumidation for its object. All professional ]iersons, or
tliose living on sfdaries or wages, such as lawyers, ]>hysicians, military and naval oflicers,
derks in public or iirivate oliices, Ike, whose incomes nmst, of course, terminate with
their lives, and a host of others, who are either not possessed of capital, or caimot dispose
of their capital at jileasure, nnist naturally be desirous of jiroviding, so fiir as they may
be able, for the comfortable subsistence of their families in the event of their death.
Take, for example, a |)hysician or lawyer, without fortune, but making, perhaps, 1,(XX)/.
or 2,(XK)/. a year by his l)usiness; and suppose that he marries and has a family, if this
individual attain to the average duration of human life, he may accmnulate such a
fortune as will provide for the ade<piate sup|)ort of his family at bis death. Hut who
can presmne to say that such will be the case? — that he will not bo one of the many
exceptions to the general rule? — And suppose that ho were hurried int(» an untimely
grave, his family would necessarily be destitnii Now, it is against such calamitous
contingencies that life insurance is intcTided chitlly to provide. An individual jiossessed
of an income terminating at bis death, agrees to pay a certain sum anmially to an in-
surance oflice ; and this office binds itself to pay to his family, at his death, a sum
equivalent, under deduction of the expenses of management and the profits of the insurers,
to what these nmnial contributions, accmnulated at compomul interest, would amount
to, supposing the insured to reach the common and average term of human life. Though
he were to die the day after the insurance has been effected, his family would be as
amply provided for as it is likely they would be by his accunudations were his life of
the ordinary duration. In all cases, indeed, in which those insured die before attaining
to an average age, their gain is obvious. IJut even in those cases in which their lives
arc prolonged beyond the ordinary term, they are not losers— tlu-y then merely pay for
a security which they must otherwise have been without. I uring the whole period,
from the time when they effect their insurances, down to the time when they arrive at
the mean duration of human life, they are protected against 'lie risk of dying without
leaving their families sufhcicntly provided for; and the sum wliich they pay after having
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pasned tliis mean term is nothing more tlian a fair compensation for tlio security they
previously enjoyed. Of those who insure houses iiguinst fire, u very small proportion
only hiive occasion to claim nn indemnity for losses actually sustained ; hut the possession
of a security against loss in the event of accident, is a si>*';cieiit motive to induce every
prudent individual to insure his pro])erty. 'J'lie citse of life insurance is in no respect
<lidcrent. When estahiished on a ]>roper footing, the extra sums which those pay whose
lives exceed the estimated duration is hut the value of the previous security.
In order so to adjust the terms of an insurance, that the party insuring may neither
pay too nnich nor too little, it is necessary that the prohahilily of liis life failing in each
suhsequent year should l)e determined with as much accuracy as possil)le.
To ascertain this ])rohal)ilily, various ohservations have heen made in dill'erent countries
and periods, showing, out of a given numher of persons horn in a particular country or
place, how many comj)lete each suhsequent year, and liow many die it) it, till the wliolc
he extinct. The results of such ohservations, when collected and an.iiiged in a tahular
form, are called Tahles of Mortality ; heing entitled, of course, to more or less confidencci
according to the numher and species of lives ohserved ; the ])eriod when, and the caro
witli wliich, the ohservations were made, Sec. Hut, supposing these Tal)les to he formed
with suilicient accuracy, the expectation of life at any age, or its mean duration after
such age, may readily he learned from them ; and hence, also, the value of an amiuity, or
an assurance on a life of any age. 'J'hus, in the Tahle of INIortality for Carlisle, framed
l)y Mr. Milne, of the Sun Life OHice, and wiiicli is helieved to rejjresent the average law
of mortality in lOngland with very considerahle accuracy, out of 10,(XJ0 persons horn
together, '1,(X)0 eomplete their .'jfith year; and it further a]ipears, that the numher of
such ]>erst>ns who die in their 0°(>lh year is I'J'l ; so that the prohahility that u life now
.If) years of age will terminat-j in the lOlli year hence is ilijlo. Hut, reckoning interest
at '1 i)er cent., it ai)i)earK (Tahle II. Intkhest ano Anniutiks), that the present value
of 1(X)/. to he received 10 years hence is (>7-r>r><iL ; coiisecjuently, if its receipt he inado
to depend upon the i)rol)ahility that a life now 5(i years of age will fail in the 6"Gtii
year, its present value will he reduced I)y that contingency to i^^J'7/'«'i.' = 'J-Oy-l/., or
Ml. Is. 10^//. The present value of 100/. receivahle upon the life of a party now . '36
vearsof age terminating in the ."JYth or any suhse(pient year of his life, uj) to its extreme
limit (which, according to the Carlisle Tahle, is the KWth year), heing calculated in this
way, the sum of the whole will he the present value of 1(X)/. receiv !,!•! whenever the
life may fail, that is, of 100/. insured upon it, supposing no additions v/ere made to it for
the profits and expenses of the insurers.
J\I(>re compen<lious ))rocesses are resorted to for calculating Taldes of insurances at all
ages ; hut the ahove statement sutlieiently illustriJtes the principle on which they all de-
pend. In {jractice, a life insurance is seldom made hy the payment of a single sum
when it is ellected, hut almost always hy the payment of an anniud jrrcmium during its
coMliniianee, the first heing paid down at the commencement of the insurance.* If the
Tahle of Mortality adopted l)y the insurers fairly represent the law of mortality prevailing
anu>ng the insured, it follows that when a party insured does not attain to the average
age according to the Tahle, the insurers will either lose hy him, or realise less than their
ordinary ijrofit ; and when, on the other hand, the life of an insured party is prolonged
hevond tin; tahular average, the profits of the insurers are proportionally increased. IJut
if their husiness he so extensive as to ena!>le the law of average fully to apply, what they
lose hy premature death will he halanced hy the payments received from those w) ose
lives are ])n)longed l)eyond the mean duration of life for the ages at which they were
respectively insured; m that the profits of the society will be wholly independent of
chance.
The relief from anxiety afforded hy life insurance very frequently contrihutcs to pro-
long the life of the insured, at the same time that it materially augments the comfort and
well-heing of those dependent on him. It has, also, an ohvious tendency to strengthen
hahits of accumulation. An individual who h.'is insured a sum on his life, would forfeit
all the advantages of the insurance, were he not to continue regularly to make his annual
payments. It is not, therefore, optional with Idm to save a sum from his ordinary ex-
l)endittire adequate for this purpose. He is compelled, under a heavy penalty, to do so ;
and having thus heen leil to contract a hahit of si ving to a certain extent, it is most pro-
hahle that the hahit will acquire additional strength, and that he will either insure an
additional sum, or privately accumulate.
The practice of marine insurance, no doubt from the extraordinary hazard to whfch
property at sea is ex|)()se<l, seems to have long preceded insurances against fire and upon
lives. We are ignorant of the i)recise jjcriod when it began to he introduced ; but it
appears most probable that it dates from the end of the fourteenth or the beginning of tha
• For the method of calculating these annual iiromiums, sec post, iNTBHEirr and Anni'ITIcs.
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fifteenth ccntiiry. It hits, however, been contended by Locccnius (De Jure Maritimo,
lib. ii. c. 1.), L'ufR'ndortr ( Z)>'(n7 de la Nature et de» Gens, lib. v. c. 9.), and others, time
the practice of marine insurances is of much higher antiquity, and that traces of it may
be found in the history of the Punic wars. Livy mentions, that during the sccor.d of
these contests, tlie contractors employed by the Romans to transport ammunition and
provisions to Spain, stipulated that government should indemnify tiicm against such losses
as might be occasioned by the enemy, or by temjiests, in the course of the voy.igc. —
( Impetratum fuit, ut quce navibua imponerentur ad exercitum Hispanienscm deferenda, ub
hostium tempestatisque vi, publico periculo esaent, — Hist. lib. xxiii. c. 49.) Malynes
(Lex Mercatoria, 3d ed. p. 105.), founding on a passage in Suetonius, ascribes the first
introduction of insurance to the emperor Claudius, who, in a period of scarcity at Home,
to encourage the importotion of corn, took upon himself all the loss or damage it might
sustain in the voyage thither by storms and tempests. — {Ncgotintoribus certa lucra pro-
posuit, suscepto in se datniw, si cut quid per tempettates accidisset, et naves mercatttrca
causa, fnbricnntibus, magna commoda constituit. — c. 1 8. ) It is curious to observe that
this stipulation gave occasion to the commission of acts of fraud, similar to those so fre-
quent in modern times. Shipwrecks were pretended to have happened, that never took
plate ; old shattered vessels, freighted with articles of little value, were purposely simk,
and the crew saved in boats : large sums being then demanded as a recompence for the
loss. Some years Jifter, the fraud was discovered, and some of the contractors were pro-
secuted .ind punished. (Lib. xxv. c. 3.) But none of these passages, nor a similar ono
in Cicero's letters — (Ad Fam. lib. ii. c. 17.), warrant the inferences that Loccenius,
Malynes, and others have attempted to draw from them. Insurance is a contract between
two parties; one of whom, on receiving a certain jiremium (prctium pcricuH), agrees to
take upon himself the risk of any loss that may happen to tlie property of the other.
In ancient no less than in modern times, every one musi have been uesirous to be
exonerated from the chance of loss arising from the exposure of property tr, tl i jjcrils
of the sea. But though, in the cases referred to, the carriers were exempted i. n this
chance, they wore not exempted by a contract propter avvrxioJicm perir.uli, or l)y an in-
surance ; but by their employers taking the risk upon themselves. And it is abundantly
obvious that the object of the latter in doing this was not to profit, like an insurer, by
dealing in risks, l)ut to induce individuals tlie more readily to undertake the performance
of an urgent public duty.
Ihit witli the exception of the instances now mentioned, nothing bearing the remotest
resemblance to an insurance is to be met with till a com|)aratively recent period. If we
might rely on a jiassage in one of the Flemish chroniclers, cjuoted by the learned M. \*ax-
dessus, — (see his excellent work, Collection des Loix Marilimes, tome i. p. '356.), we
should be warranted in-concluding that insurances had iv.'en effected at IJriiges so early
as the end of the thirteenth century : for the chronicler states that, in 1311, the Earl of
Flanders consented, on a rcipiisition from the inhabitants, to establish a chamber of
insurance at Bruges. M. Pardessus is not, however, inclined to think that this state-
ment shoidd be regarded as decisive. It is evident, from tlie manner in which the sub-
ject is mentioned, that the chronicler was not a contemporary ; and no trace can bo
found, either in the archives of Bruges, or in any authentic publication, of any thing like
the circumstance alluded to. The earliest extant Flemish law as to insurance is dated in
1537; and none of the early maritime codes of the North so much jis alludes to this
interesting subject.
Beckmann seems to have thought that the practice of insurance originated in Italy,
in the latter part of the fifteenth or the early part of tiie sixteenth century. — (Hist, of
Invent, vol. i. art. Insurance.) But the learned Spanish antiquary, Don Antonio de
Capmany, h.as given, in his very valuable publication on the History and Commerce of
Barcelona ( Memorias Hlstoricas sobre la Marina, 8fc. de liarcelona, tomo ii. p. 383. ),
an ordinance relative to insurance, issued by the mtigistrates of that city in 1 435 ; where.'is
the earliest Italian law on the subject is nearly a century later, being dated in 15*23. It
is, however, exceedingly unlikely, had insurance been as early practised in Italy as in
Catalonia, that the former should have been so much behind the latter in subjecting it
to any fixed rules ; and it is still more unlikely that the practice should have escaped, as
is the ease, all mention by any previous Italian writer. We, therefore, agree entirely
in Capmany's opinion, that, until some authentic evidence to the contrary be produced,
Barcelona should be regarded as the birthplace of this most useful and beautiful ajiplication
of the doctrine of chances. — (Tomo i. p. 237. )
A knowledge of the principles and practice of insurance was early brought into
England. According to Malynes — (Lv.v Mercat. p. 105.), it was first practised amongst
us by the Lombards, who were established in London fro'u a very remote epoch. It is
probable it was introduced some time about the beginning of the sixteenth century; for
it is mentioned in the statute 43 I'-liz. c. 1 '2. — a statute in which its utility is very clearly
set forth — that it had been an imnumorial usage among merchants, both English uud
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INSURANCE (MARINE).
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fureif^n, wlien Uicy made any great adventuiv, to procure insurance to he made on tlic
ships or g(H)(ls advent iired. From this it may reasonahly he supposed that insurance liad
l>een in use in JOngland for at least a century previous. It appears from the same sta-
tute, tluit it had originally heen usual to refer all disputes that arose with respect to
insurances to the decision of " grave and discreet" merchants appointed l)y the Lord
Mayor. IJut ahuses having grown out of this practice, the statute authorised the Lord
Chancellor to a))i)oint a connnission for the trial of insurance cases; and in tlie reign
of Charles IL the (mwers of tlie connnissioners were enlarged. Hut this court soon
after fell into disuse; and, wliat is singular, no trace can now be discovered of any of its
proceedings. — {Marshall on Insuravcv, Prelim. Disc. p. 20'.)
Few (juestions as to insurance seem to have come hefore the courts at Westminster
till after the middle of last century. The decisions of Lord Mansfield may, indeed, he said
to have fixed, and in a considerahle degree formed, tlie law upon this subject. Ills judg-
ments were not bottomed on narrow views, or (m the municipal regulations of England ;
but on those great ])rinciples of public justice and convenience whicli had !)een sanctioned
and approved l)y universal experience. His deep and extensive information was acquired
by consulting the most intelligent merchants, and the works of distinguished foreign
jurists; and by carefully studying the famous French ordinance of Ib'KI, the most ad-
mirably digested body of maritime law of which any country has ever had to Iwast.
Hence the comprehensiveness and excellence of his Lordship's decisions, and the rcsiicct
they have justly commanded in all countries.* In his hands the law of insurance be-
came, in a far greater degree than any other department of English law, a branch of
that national or public law, of which Cicero luis beautifully sjiid, " Nou vrit alia lex
Itnma; alia Athcnis, alia nunc, alia posthac, scd vt oiiincn ycntes et omni tempore una Ivx el
scmpilerna, et immortalis covtinvhit, umisqnv. erit communis quasi inugister ct impcrator
omnium Dens." — (Froym. lib. iii. de UepuMica.^
Insurance iigainst fire and upon lives is of much later origin than insurance iigainst
the jjcrils of the sea. The f( rmcr, however, has been known and carried on amongst
lis, to some extent at least, 1 )r nearly a century and a half. The Amicable Society,
for insurance upon lives, was established by charter of (iueen Anne, in 1706; the
Iloyal Exchange and I-ondo'' Assurance Companies began to make insurances upon
lives in the reign of CJot ige L; and the E<piitable Society was established in 17fi2.
IJut the julvantages of life insurance, and the princii)Ies on which the business should
be conducted, were tlh n very ill understood; and the jjractice can hardly be said to
have obtained any firm footing amongst us, till the Ecjuitable Society, by adopting the
judicious suggestions of Dr. Price, began its career of j)rosiierity about 177.'). Not-
withstanding the example of England, life insurance has made very little ])rogress on
the Continent. It was, indeed, exjiressly forbidden by the French ordinance of 1681
(liv. iii. tit. 6. art. 10.) ; by the regulations as to insurance issued at Amsterdam in 1612
(art. 24.); and it is doubtful whether the i)ractice be not inconsistent with the ;j:54th
art. of the CahIc de Commerce. Put we are inclined to tliink that the want of se-
curity, more than any positive rcgidations, has been the princi])al cause of the little pro-
gress of life insurance on the Continent Of whatever disadvantages our large public
debt may he productive, it is not to be doubted that the facilities it has afforded for
making investments, and the jumcttiality with which the national engagements have !)een
fidfilled, have been the principal causes of the extraordinary extent to which the business
of life and even fire insurance has been carried in this country.
II. Insurance (Marine).
There arc few persons who arc not acquainted, in some degree, with fire and life insurances. The
security which they allbrd to individuals and families is a luxury which nobody, in tolerably comfortaljle
circumstances, is willing to be without Hence the great increase, in our days, of companies professing
to allbrd this security ; and hence the knowledge, on the part of the ))ublic generally, of the nature and
principles of the engagements into which these companies enter, liut marine insurance is a subject
which is of immediate interest only to merchants and ship owners ; unless, indeed, we should refer to
that small portion of the community, who have occasion to transport themselves bejond seas with
capital and etl'ects for purposes of colonisation, or to fill some official situation. Hence the comparative
inditlerence, on the part of the public, as to this subject. The general principles, however, of all
insurance are the same ; and in treating of marine insurance, it will be necessary to notice little beyond
such topics as are peculiar to that branch of the business.
Individual Insurers or Vndcrwrilers. — The first circumstance that cinnot fail to strike the general
inciuirer into the practice of marine insurarice in this country, is that, while all fire and life insurances
are made at the risk of companies, which include within themselves the desirable requisites of security,
wealth, and numbers, the great bulk of marine insurances iire made at the risk of individuals. London
and Liverpool arc the only towus in Kngland in which there are any public companies for this purpose, f
In Ix)ndon there are only 4 : the 2 old companies, the London and the Iloyal Eichanf^c ; and the
two established in 18'i+, the Alliance Marine and the Indemnily Mutual Marine. In Liverpool there is
only 1 company. The individuals engaged in this branch of the insurance business in London, about
whom we shall say more presently, assemble in Lloyd's CotTee-house, over tlic Uoyal Exchange.
* Sec Emcrigon's famous Traill dcs Assurances, tome ii. p. fi7.
f Witbni these few months a company has been formed at Sunderland, and it is said that some ar«i
picjcitcd in other scapurls.
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Prohibition of Companies.— TiU 1824, all flrmi and companies, with the exception of the S chartered
ronii>anlc8, the Royal Exchange and London, wore prohibited by law from taking marine insurances.
Towards the latter end of that year, the |)ruhibition was removed, and the business of marine insurance
was. placed on the same footing as other descriptions of business. While the restriction lasted, the 2
chartered companies did so little business, that marine insurance might, in fact, be said to be wholly in
the hands of individuals. These companies were so much h'ghcr in their premiums, and so much more
exclusive in the risks they were willing to undertake, than their individual competitors, that even those
merchants and ship owners, who would cheerfully have paid some trifling consideration to obtain the
greater sec^urity of a company, were obliged to resort to individuals. And it was only when the repeal of
this absurd restriction was proposed, that the companies showed, by defending it, that they set any value
upon their privilege. The underwriters at Lloyd's joined them in this opposition ; and pamphlets were
written, and speeches made, to demonstrate how much merchants and ship owners would suffl>r, were the
law to allow them the fVce use of their discretion in insuring their property ; and how much more con.
ducive to their interests it was, that they should be forced up to Lloyd's, to pay premiums to individuals
rather than companies. Dut these pamphlets and speeches are forgotten ; and we should be sorry tt;
wound the feelings of their authors, or to trespass on the patience of our readers, by referring to their
more particularly.
Formation of Companies. — During the autumn of 182+ and spring of 182.'5, .'» companies sprang into
existence in London : the twoalready mentioned, and the St. Patrick, the Palriotic,and the Sout/i Devon.
The last 3 have since been given up, having proved ruinous concerns to the proprietors. The 2
former arc composed of some of the most eminent merchants and shipowners of the city of London, who
united for the tlouble purpose of providing a more iierfoct security for their property, and of ascertaining
whether the insurance business might not be made to yield a fair return to the capital employed in it.
The change thus iutroiluced into the business has had the ell'ect of rousing the L' old companies into
activity, and thus maybe said to have atibrded to the public the opiiortunity of transacting their buiiness
vi\th 4 substantial companies, in addition to individual underwriters, whereas they could previously
deal only with individuals.
It maybe computed that these 4 companies draw to themselves l-Zith of the whole business of the
country, leaving the other 4-.')th8 to individual underwriters, and the Liverpool, Scotch, and Irish
companies. It has been inferred by some, that the comparatively limited business of the companies is a
convincing proof that individuals arc much better adapted to engage in this department than societies ;
while it is contended by others that the large share of business, thus speedily attracted to the companies,
ought to satisfy every body, when due allowances are made for the dilticulties to be combated in break,
ing through established modes and habits of doing business, that the tendency in the public is prn''tically
to confirm what antecedent inve.-'tigation would suggest, — that companies, while they must necessarily
hold nut better security, and greater liberality and punctuality in the settlement of claims, arc ca)>able of
transacting a given amount of business with a saving both of labour and expense.
Mode of conducting Husiness. — We shall now give an account of the existing arrangements for con-
ducting the business of marine insurance, as well by individuals as the companies in London.
Lloyd's. — The individual underwriters meet in a subscription room at Lloyd's. The joint afTairs of
the subscribers to these rooms are managed by a committee chosen by the subscribers. Agents (who arc
commonly styled I,loyd's agents) are appointed in ail the principal ports of the world, who forward,
regularly, to Lloyd's, accounts of the departures from and arrivals at their ports, as well as of losses anil
other casualties ; and, in general, all such information as may be supposed of importance towards guiding
the judgments of the underwriters. These accounts are regularly filed, and arc accessible to all the
subscribers. The principal arrivals and losses are, beside.t, posted in 2 books, placed in 2 conspicuous
parts of the room ; and also in another book, which is placed in an adjoining room, for the use of the
public at large. JIany of the merchants of the city of Ix>ndon are subscribers to these rooms; and the
2 old companies contribute each 1(X)/. per annum, in return for which they are furnished with copies of
the daily intelligence. The 2 new companies made similar proposals, which were, and, we believe,
continue to be, rejected; but this feeling of animosity is unworthy of the subscribers, and will, no doubt,
speedily disappear.
The rooms are open from-10 o'clock in the morning till 5 o'clock in the afternoon, but the most con.
Bidcrable part of the business is transacted between 1 and 4. Those merchants and ship owners who
manage their own insurance business, procure blank policies at the government office, or of their sta-
tioners, which they fill up so as to meet the particular object in view, and submit them to those under-
writers with whom they are connectetl ; by whom they are subscribnl or rejected. Each policy is handed
about in this way until the amount required is complete. The form of the iwlicy and of a subscription
is subjoined to this article.
The premium is not paid to the underwriter in ready money, but is passed to account. Nor does the
underwriter debit the account of the pet.son to whom he subscribes a policy, with the whole amount of
the premium, but with thepremium less .'> per cent. Whenever losses occur which more than absorb the
premiums on any one account, the underwriter is called upon to pay the balance. Rut should the under-
writer's account be what is called good, that is, should the premiums exceed the claims, he sends round,
during the spring and summer, to collect from his various debtors either the balance of his last year's
account, or money on account, according to his judgment; but, upon what he receives, he makes an
allowance of 12 per cent An underwriter, if prudent, therefore, before he consents to receive, will not
only look to the goodness of his account, but to the probability of its continuing so.
Insurance Brokers. — Many merchants and ship owners do not transact their own insurance business.
They give their orders for insurance to others, who undertake it for them, and are responsible for its
proper management. These latter persons arc called insurance brokers ; and some of them manage the
business of a number of principals. To them, likewise, are transmitted the orders for insurance from
the outports and manufacturing towns. They charge the whole premium to their principals, and their
profit consists in .'5 per cent, upon the premium, 12 per cent upon the money that they pay to the under,
writers, and J per cent that they dcduc; fVom all the claims which they recover from the underwriters.
It is proper to remark, that this is the established or regular profit; but competition has occasioned
numerous deviations from it by th" brokers, many of whom consent to divide this profit with the princi.
pals who employ them. The insurance brokers are not unfrequently underwriters also; and as somo
insurances are considered far more lucrative tlian others to underwriters, and as the brokers have particu.
Jar facilities, in some respects, of judging of the goodness of their own risks, so likewise have they an
inducement to play into one another's hands, and they do so accordingly (See Brokers.)
It will at once be seen, that the trouble of eftecting insurances at Lloyd's is considerable ; that a good
deal of time must be consumed ; and that merchants and ship owners, therefore, have great inducement
to consign their insurance business to brokers. Rut where the business is transacted with a company, this
inducement, if not destroyed altogether, is, at all events, very much diminished. Any party having pro-
perty to insure, has merely to go to the manager of the company, and state the particulars of the risk to
lie insured ; the premium being agreed upon, the manager writes out a memorandum for the jxilicy,
which the party signs, and he is thus efTectually insured. The companies procure the stamp and write
out the policy, which is ready for delivery in 4 or !i days. The companies, like the underwriters, charge
the premium less 5 per cent In other respects they vary.
The Royal Exchange Assurance Company allow 12 per cent upon the profitable balance of each year's
premiums, with credit till March for the premiums of the i)reccding year, and 5 per cent for prompt
jiaymtnt
INSURANCE (MARINE).
697
of the
il Irish
The Alliance Marino Assurance Company allow 12 per cent, upon the profitable balance of each yeai'i
premiums, with credit till Mnrth ; or 10 per cent, for prom|)t payment.
The Iiiilvmnity Mutual Marine Assurance Company allow \'2 per cent, upon the profitable balance of
each year's premiums, with credit till June; or 10 per cent, for prompt luymcnt
The allowances of the London Assurance Comnany are the same as those of the Indemnity.
Payment uj Losses. — Losses are paid at all the offlces promptly, and without dwiuction. A month's
credit is allowed to the underwriters; and another month, and sometimes S months, are given to the
broker, to collect from the underwriters, and pay over to his principals.
CVmAs. — Hesides the individual underwriters and companies above noticed, there are clubs or associ-
ations formed by ship owners, who agree, each enterinK his ships for a certain amount, to divide among
themselves one another's los«es. These clubs are institutions o» long standing; but, since the alteration
of the law in 1824, appear to he on the decline. '1 heir formation originated in a twofold reason : 1st, that
the underwriters charged premiums more than commensurate witli the risk; and, 2dly, that they did
not allord adequiite protection. To avoid the first of these two evils, instead of paying a fixed premium,
they pay among themselves the a(^tual losses of their several members as they occur ; and to avoid the
second, they lay down certain principles of settlement in accordance with their views of indemnity. Kach
member of one of these clubs gives bis power of attorney to the selected manager ; and this manager
issues a policy for eacli ship, which policy is sui .cribed by him as attorney for all the members, the pre-
mium inserted in the policy being understood to ■ nominal. 'I'hese clubs are open to the leafling objec-
tions that apply to individual underwriters; for tl. • -nibers are not collectively, but only individually,
liable to those of their number who happen to sus.^i.i a loss; and the delay of settlement is such, that
more than IJ months have been known to elapse before the payment of a loss has been obtained from
nil the members.
/title of I'reniiiiin. — But little need be said ujion the circumstances that influence the rate of premium
demanded by the insurers. It must be selfKiviilent that premiums will vary according to the seasons, the
quality of the vessel, the known character of the captain, the nature of the commodity, and the state of
our political relations. All these, of course, are matters upon which each individual must exercise his
own discretion, partly from general experience, and partly from particular information ; exaggeration of
ri.sk, and c<insci|ueiit exorbitancy of premium for any length of time, being out of the question, where so
many individual underwriters, in addition to the companies, are in competition with one another, and
where the merchants have the means at hand of effecting their insurances abroad. We have already
taken notice of the intelligence of which Lloyd's is the focus. In addition to this, there are a sub-
scription register books for shipping maintained by the principal merchants, ship owners, and under-
writers. These books profess to give an account of the tonnage, build, age, repairs, and quality of almost
all the vessels that frequent our ports; and,althou(;h exceedingly defective in many res{)ects, are material
assistants to the insurers, who have no means of ascertaining by their own observation the particulars
of 1 in 1(10 of the ships they are called upon to insure. Jiut active measures are now in progress
for superseding these hvu register books by one, giving a much more accurate and faithful account of the
state of the mercantile shippint;. We doubt, however, whether its real state will ever be revealed, as it
ought to be, for the general beneht, until public otKcers are appointed to perform this duty. This might
be done at a trifling expense ; and the advantage to the owners of good ships, to merchants, and to passcn-
gers, would be immense.
Co.NTBACT OP Insurance.
Having thus given a general outline of the mode of transacting business between the insurers and
insured, and the means used to enable both parties to come, as near as possible, to a due estimate of the
risk to bo insured against, our next step will be to explain the nature of the contract, and the bearing of
its more important clauses.
It is unnecessary to state that the object of tho.ie who are engaged in commerce, or in moving articles of
merchandise from one part of the world to another, is to buy at such a price Ih "cr |>ayiiig all the
expenses of trans|iort, the sale price may leave them a surplus in the shape of proii. ( there were no
such contrivance a.s insurance, merchants would be obliged to calculate upon thi obability of the
occa.sioiial loss of their property, and to regulate their transactions accordingly; but , nist be obvious
that enterprise, under such circumstances, would be very much crippled. Now, insuran , in as far as it
approaches perfection in gu — anteeing the merchant against all loss, except that of the inaiket, substitutes
a fixed charge for uncertain and contingent loss, and enables him to confine his attention exclusively to
Jirice and quality, and to charges of transport; in which latter, of course, the premium of insurance is
uicluded. As, however, in practice, insurance is by no means a perfect protection, either to the merchant
or shin owner, against all loss that may occur in transitu, there is, even after insurance, some contin-
gencies remaining to be taken into consideration ; and we do not know that we can do better, by way of
explaining the contract of insurance, than state, as briefly and succinctly as iwssible, what are the Ksses
against which the merchant and ship owner are not protected by an insurance eflfected in this country.
1. Acts ofmir mvn Government All losses arising from the acts of our own government. Thus, if an
cml)argo were laid on vessels about to sail for a particular quarter, and the merchant obliged to unload
his gO(Kls ; or if his gootis were condemned to be destroyetl in quarantine; or purposely destroyed at sea
by some of our cruisers ; no part of his loss would be made good by the insurer. The insurer in this
country, although liable for the acts of foreign powers, is not liable for such acts directetl against the
property of tlicr own subjects. Thus, if I'rench property, insured in this country, were confiscated by
the FreiK'ii ■ nent, the owner would have no remetly against his insurer.
2. Bn ■ Hevc7iue Laws. — All losses arising fVom a breach of the revenue laws. It may be
observed, iie owner of the shii), by his act, expose the goods of the merchant to loss, the merchant
-so injured, >ugh he cannot recover from his insurers, may claim from him. It may also be observed,
that if the captain of the vessel, by his act, to which neither the owner of the shii) nor the merchant is ?.
jmrty, expose the ship and cargo to loss, the insurers, in such case, are bound to make good the loss ; the
insurers being liable for all damage arising from illegal acts of the captain and crew, supposing the owner
of the ship not to bo accessary. The illegal acts of the captain and crew, contrary to the instructions and
without the con.sent of the owners, are termed " barratry " in the policy. — (See Barratry.)
3. Breaches of the I air of Mations. — All losses arising from a breach of the law of nations. Thus, if
any port is declared by a foreign power to be in a state of blockade, and such blockade is acknowledged
l)y our government; and if a ship, in defiance of that notification, attempt to break the blockade, and is
taken in the attempt ; the insurer is not liable to the loss. It will often happen, when a port is under
blockade, that the profit is so great upon goods introduced in defiance of the blockac!e, as to tempt ad.
venturers to break it, and to enable them to afTord a very high premium to insure against the risk. Jiut
as jjolicies for such an object are not acknowledged in our courts of law, when effected, they are under,
stowl to be policies of honour. The same kind of policy is adopted by the underwriters, to protect foi eign
merchants who prefer insuring in this country against British capture.
1. Consequences of Deviation. — All losses sub.sequent to any deviation from the terms of the policy.
Thus, if a merchant, in a policy on produce from the West Indies to London, warrant the ship to sail on
or before the 1st of August, and the ship sail after that day and be lost, the insurer is exonerated. Or, if
a merchant insure from London to I<isbon, and the ship call at Havre and is afterwards lost, the insurer
is not liable. It will be understood, of course, that the owner of the ship is liable to the merchant for
any breach of contract on his part, as well as that the insurer is liable for the barratry of the master ; a
deviation on the part of the master, not intended for the benefit of the owner, and contrary to his instruo
>-
.• I I
I; 1
li:
.«•
G98
INSURANCE (MARINE).
t D
i J
tioiia, Ixiitis cnnslilcrcil barratry, Should the uwiivr of the g(i<Hla ncgUvt to ilcacrlhc accurately the voyngt
tor which he wiHJira to be insured, the h>»» wuiihl be a conaeiiiieiice ul hia own lU'KliKeiiue.
There is a doctrine coniietHed with biirrutry which it will hi're l)e proper to notice. A captain, owner
or part owner of the ship in which he auilx, cannot commit an wt ol' barratry. In other wordx, the in.
KiiriTii are not, in 8uch a case, lial)le for an act of his which would otherwise bo luirratrous. 'I'hc e<|uity
of this doctrine, as f.ir lu rcKards the interests of the captain himself, cannot Im; called in (|uc8tion ; but
it i.s diitlcult to understand why the merchant who shi|>a goods on tK)ard such a caiitain's vessel should
not be permitted to insure, anions other risks, against the captain's illegal acts. We have heard, (hat a
clause has occasionally been intrmluced into iiollcies to protect merchants against captain-owners, and
we do not suppose that our courts of law would refuse to enforce such a clause. Indeetl, we cannot dis.
cover any reiison why every party, saving the captain, should not have the power of insuring ag..'nst the
consci|nences of illegal acts of the captain. We believe, that among the life olliccs, which |)rotect them,
liclves from loss by suicide and the hands of justice, there arc some which make a distinction in favour of
those who merely hold |N>liciea on the lives uf others as a collateral security. The propriety of such a
distinction must strike every iKxly,
.'i. Unsenworthiiu-ss. — All losses arising from unseaworthiness. Unseaworthiness may be caused in
various ways, such as want of repair, want of stores, want of provisions, want of nautical instruments,
iiisulfii^ieucy of hands to navigate the vessel, or incompetency of the master. It might be supposed, at
first sight, that insurance atlbrdsamuch less perfect security than it really does, seeing on how many
pleas it is possible for the insurer to dispute his liability ; but when it is considered that the proof of un>
■seaworthiness is thrown up<m the defendant, and that the leaning of the courts is almost always in favour
of the insured, it will be cosy to suppose that no respectable insurers would ever plead unseaworthiness,
unless they could make out a case of more than ordinary strength and clearnes.s. The degree of un-
oaslnes! felt by merchants and ship owners at their liability to be involved in loss by cases of unseaworthi'
iifss, may be guessed from the fact, that although the Indemnity Assurance Company at one time pre-
eluded themselves from pleading unseaworthiness by a special clause in their |H)licy, not only did they
obtain no additional premium in consequence thereof, but they did not even obtain a preference over
other companies and individuals at the same premium. At least, this fact must either be admitted as a
proof of the absence uf uneasiness on this head, or of that inveteracy of habit which seems to lead the
great bulk of mankind always, if possible, to continue undeviatingly in those courses to which they arc
accustomeil, even where the bcnelits to be derived from a deviation are undeniable.
(>. I'rutractitm (\f lite Voyagi: — All loss arising from unusual protraction of the voyage. Thus, if a
Khip meet with an accident in the lialtic, and the repairs detain the vessel till the close ot the season, when
the passage home is rendered impracticable by the ice till the opening of the ensuing season, no payment is
luatieto the merchant, in mitigation of his loss from niterest of money, loss of market (if the market fall),
or deterioration in the quality uf his goods (unless arising from actual sea damage) ; nor to the ship owner,
in mitigation of his loss from the extra wages and maintenance of his crew. In most foreign countries
the ship owner is remunerated by the insurers for the wages and maintenance of his crew while liis
ship is detained inconsequence of any loss for the making good of which they are liable.
7. Liability for (iding Damage to othtT I'cssiis. — All loss to which the shipowner is liable when his vessel
does damage to others. According to our laws, the owner of every ship not in charge of a pilot, that docs
damage, by negligence of the master and crew, to any description of crafl or vessel, is liable to make
good the same to the extent of value of his own ship and treight : for beyond this he is not liable.
'J'he connuon policy in use among the underwriters at Lloyd's and the companies does not protect the
shipowner frcmi tliis loss. IJut the cluDs or associations before mentioned almost universally take this
risk. Indeed, this is one of the purposes which gave ri.se to their formation. Ihit even they limit their
liiibility to the amount of the ))olicy ; so that if a ship insured with them were to run down another, and
to sink herself in tlie concussion, the owner would only receive the value of his own vessel from the
club, and still be liable to the owner of the other vessel . The Indenniity Company, by a clause
in tluMr policy, make themselves liable for 3-+ths of the loss which the owner of the vessel insured
Willi them may sustain from damage done by his ves.sel to those of others. If such a case as the one
just supnosed should occur under their policy, the insured would receive the value of his own ves.sel
;uid .'J-ltlis of the loss to be made good by him to the owner of the other vessel. The policies of this
(."onipany ai)proach in this respect the nearest of any to perfect i)rotection to the ship owner. But the
loi-s from running down other vessels, although serious, nay sometimes ruinous, seldom occurs: and
many ship owners trust so confidently that it will never fall upon them, that they are 08 well satisncHl to
be without as with tliis protection.
S. Average Clause. — The next description of loss of which wc shall treat, against which the insured
are not protected, is described in the following clause of the policy :— ." Corn, lish, salt, seed, flour, and
fruit, are warranted free from average, unless general, or the ship be stranded; sugar, tobacco, hemp.
Max, hides, and skins, are warranted free from average under 5 per cent, unless general, or the ship be
stranded ; and all other goods, also the shi|) and freight, arc warranted free from average under 3 per
cent., unless general, or the ship be stranded."
The language employed in this clause, being technical, require* explanation, to render it intelligible
to the general reader. Average is a name applied to certain descriptions of loss, to which the merchant
and ship owner are liable. There are two kinds of average, general and particular.
(ieneral Average comprehends all loss arising out of a voluntary sacriKce of a ])art of cither vessel or
cargo, made by the cai)tain for the benefit of the whole. Thus, if a captain throw part of his cargo
overlKiard, cut from an anchor and cable, or cut away his masts, the loss so sustained, being voluntarily
submitted to for the benefit of the whole, is distributed over the value of the whole ship and cargo, iind
is called " general average."
I'arlieiilar Average comprehends all loss occasioned to ship, freight, and cargo, which is not of so
serious a nature as to debar them fVom reaching their port of destination, and when the damage to the
ship is not so extensive as to render her unworthy of repair. Ix)sses whore the goods are saved, but
in such a state as to be unfit to forward to their port of destination, and where the ship is rendered
initit to repair, are calle<l " partial or salvage loss." The leading distinction between particular
a\erage and salvage loss is, that, in the first, the property insured remains the propery of the assured—
the damage sustained, or part thereof, as the ciise may be, and as will be hereafter explained, being
made goml by the insurer; and in the second, the projierty insured is abandoned to the insurer, and
the value insured claimed from him, ho retaining the property so abandoned, or its value.
Particular Average on Goods — A few cases illustrative of thcmeth(Hi of stating a claim for particular
average will best explain the nature of this desicription of loss, and will at the same time show the
reader what the practical distinction is between particular average anti salvage loss.
The property insured we shall suppose to be a ton (if hemp, the cost of which at Petersburgh is
CM., for which sum it is insured from Petersburgh to London, and that the duty, fVeight, and
charges to which the merchant is subject on .lariding at London are 10/. We shall likewise supp<)se
that the hemp, on its arrival, is so damage<l as not to be worth more than half what it would have
fetche<l had it been sound. The insurer would then bo called upon to make gowl to the insured !.'>/,
or .60 per cent upon the sum insured. Hut it does not follow that this payment of 151. would
indemnify the merchant, or that it would not more than indemnify him, for the loss sustained.
INSURANCE (MAllINE).
G99
L. $.
If the hemp mion nrrlrni In iliU CDUntrjp
wiiuM liavi> (I'trlu-il ill a hoiiiuI »t.'ltu - .M>
JA-Mitutyi tri'it{lil, and clmrKi-s • 10
IJut in iiH (lamnctHl Ktale \\ nnlj worth
' '"ly» Trr' *■• — ' ■ '
Lvw iliityt irelKhl, ami charKCi
The merchant') Ioh hj the ilamnRe b
10
I
Vj
t.V5
Whcrt'nii he onljr riTflvpH from the Iniun-r 1.1/. Upon tliu
|>rini'i|ile of a knIvaKe lou h« wuulU alw reculve 164.
L, I. L. :
If the hemp would have fetched In aiound
fttate ....
I.«w duty, frclKhl, and i'h.irKea
SO
lU
But In ill damosed itale It only worth
I«» duly, freight, and I'harget • 10
10
10
1
The merchanl't lots hy the damage l» ■ i.lO
Whrrea* he recclTc* flrom tiM Iniurer HI. Upon tba prtn-
cJplu oi a Milvagtt low Iw would receive 30/.
L. «. L. I.
If Die hemp would hare fetched III a Mund
iluie ... . ,V) n
J«M duly, freight, and charne* . 10 o
20 U
Dut In Ith dainngtti Ht.ite Is only worth
Lvta duly, fi'elKlx, and cnartte*
Tlui inerchant'ii Iom by lh« damage 1«
And he kocItm from the Iniurcr \f>l. Upon the prlndplf
of a ialvaK« lou ha would recelt* Uii
It will be obscrvcti that the merchant's loss by the ilamnBe of hN gfiodg varies with the state of
the market. It may nlno be observed, that in general the merchant will not receive fri)m the insurer
the whole amount of the loss that he sustains. Whenever his market is a pnititablu unc (and that
it must usually lie so will be obviuus to every IxMly), whenever, iiiUceU, liis market is not a dceidetlly
losing one, his policy does not ail'ord him a complete protection.
The arKument in favour of this mwle of settlioK Claims for particular average — and it should bo
observed that the subject has l)een discussed, and the principlu acknowledKed in the courts of law^
is, that the insurer's liability is to be ko'''<h1 by the aiuount upon which he lias veceivetl a premium
or consideration ; that he is not to be atl'ectcd by the rise or fall of markets ; Imt that the uross market
price of the simml, and the gross market price of the iliimagcd «ooils, are to be the test by which
the rate of damaKC uihiii the amount insured is to be adjusted ; tlie insurer being liable, besides, fur
idl the extra charges arising out of the damage.
In the first case stateil, the merchant's loss by damage is 2;")/. upon 4<)/., or GCi per cent. ; in the
second, 10/. uixm 10/. or 100 per cent. ; in the third, LI/, upcm 20/., or 7;» per cent. It the duty, freiKht,
and charges were diminished in proportion to the diminished value of the goods, the loss in each
ease would be M per cent, upon the iiett price, as it i.* .01) jicr cent, upon the gross prici\ As far as the
duty is concerned, giiveriinieiit, upon many articles, reduces it in propiirlion to the dimimition in the
value of the goods ; and if tlie freight were re<luce<l m a similar manner, tiie iiierchaiit would alwayn, be
iiuleinnilied for his loss by the insurer. Hut the practice with regard to freiglit in this eoimtry admit*
of no such arrangement ; freight being paid jiccording to the quantity delivered.
To make the |>rinciple upon which claims for |>articular average are adjusted, and its bearing, still
clearer, we shall illustrate it by a few more cases. Supinise two packages to be insured at cost, price
— aca^k of rice and a cask of sug.ir — eacli weighing lO.ewt.; the, cost of each at the port of shipment
10/., the freight of each 10«. jier cwt. at the j)ort of 'delivery, both articles free from duty, and to
arrive at a market where no more than the cost price is realised; lussuming that botli p.ickages arc
damaged .00 per cent.— the rice by loss of quality, the sugar by loss of weight — the statement will be as
follows : —
L. I. L.
10 iwt. of ricp, had It .irriTcd sound, would
have produrfd - - - - 15
Ia-ss Irji^liton 10 cwl. at 10*. per cwt. .5
Hut beioK clainamHl, did oniy produce . 7 10
Ja's8 lti'i|{luuu lOcwt. ut lUi. percwt. b u
10
Mcrchant't lou
2 10 I
L.l 10 '
10 cwt. of sugar. If sound, would have -
produced . - . . -
Less rrci(!lit on 10 cwt. at lOj. per cwt.
The harrt-l beind damaged, did only weigh
cwt., and produce ....
I.CS& IrL'iglit on 5 cwt. at IOj. per cwt.
Merchant's loss
L. I.
10
6
fc.5 U
In each case the mcrohant is entitled to recover fyom his insurer ,0/., or .W per cent., upon 10/., the
Sum insured, which, although an indemnity to him for his loss on the sugar, is far from being so
for his loss upim the rice. If the merchant would contrive so to shape his confr.'ict with the ship
owner for freight, as to reduce the freight in proportion to the depreciation in the value of the
damaged commodity, he would be completely protected. The ship owner might on his side protect
himself by Insurance from loss by reduction of quality, as he now does from loss by reduction ot
quantity. But we have already more than once adverted to the ditticulty of breaking in upon esta-
blished practices. The merchants go on from year to year complaining- of the losses to which they
are subject from this awkward contrivance, while no steps ar& taken to improve it. To show that the
principle is e(|uitable as between the merchant anJ his insurer, we subjoin one more statement, where
the damage is taken at 100 per cent. : —
10 cwt. of rice, ifsound, would hare
produced . - - . -l.OO
l/ess freight on 10 cwt. at 10». per cwt. 5
Being totally s]>oile<l, did produce nothing
The merchant being still liable for tbe
freight .... £
Making his loss - ■ - L.Mt
He receives 10/. only fVom the Instucr.
10
S
10 cwt. of sugar. If sound, would have L.
produced ... - 15
Less freight on 10 cwt. at ll>i per cwt. A
The barrel being washed out produces nothing
The merchant ' howeTer, not being liablii
to pay freight
L. <•
10
£.10 0.
His loss Is only
^V^lich he recorers from tlie iniurer.
It will be observed, that In each ca,» the Insurer pays 10/.,
or the full sum upon which he receives the premium.
When whole cargoes, or parcolc of gomis of considerable value, arc insured, the clause in the policy
which protects the insurer from particular average under a certain percentage, is often partially set
aside. Thus, if a cargo of 500 hogsheads of sugar, valuotl at 10,(XX)/., were damaged to the extent of
4<i0/., the merchant, sujijiosing the protecting clause to remain in force, would recover nothing from
the insurer, the loss not amounting to .0 per cent The additional written clause, by which it is tlie
practice to modify the printed clause, is as follows: — "Particular average, payable upon each 10 hhds.
sugar, 10 casks and .00 bags coffee, and 10 bags cotton, following numbers, and upon each package
of manufacturetl goods, chest of indigo, bag of wool or silk, the same as if separately insured." Sucfi
clauses may be, and are, introductnl ad libilum by mutual consent of insurer and insured, the premium
or consideration being arranged accordingly.
The i)r(,tecting clause is considered, on fiic other hand, by the insurers, exceedingly unsatisfactory in
some respects ; and they, as occasion requires, insist uijon additional protection. Thus, saltpetre, hides,
cocoa, and tin plates, are generally warranted free from ]j;irUi:ular average, unless tno ship be
stranded ; and upon tobacco, it is customary for the insurers to make them.'.i'lvos liable only to sucll
part of the i<articul,ir average as exceeils ,0 per cent, throwing .0 [ler cent., upon the merchant.
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INSURANCE (MARINE).
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Particular Average on Freight.— T\\o clauac, a» far oi It aflVcti " freight," callt for no nartlcular
cummi'iiL Particular uvurngu mihiii freight can only arlnv, accoriling tu prevailing practice, fynin
liua of weight ; and whenever the loii of weight ainounta to .') per cent, or upwarttH, the iihip owner l«
entidetl to recover fVoni hiH insurer. 'I'lip xhip owner, u|H>n the arrival of the nhip at it* port ol' des-
tination, iH entitled to hold the go(HlH an neciirlty until the IVeight in paid. IT the owner ot the g(KMU
nhouid prove insolvent, and the ifinnU should he entirely H|M>iletl liy nea dainnge during the voyage, and
(he sihlp owner thu;* Iohc hi* t'reiglit, he hiut no claim U)>on the innurer: lieeauKe, although hlx collateral
Hei'urity 1h dentroyitl liy a peril ol the aea, hU ti^\\t to receive IVeight remains unimpaired, and It \»
agairiht the lo.si or imjiairlng ol' thiit right that the niHurcr orntectH hlin.
Partirtilur /tivrage iin Shi/m I'articnlar average U|K)n sliipit is a ituhject nomcwhat more henet with
diltlcultieH. There is acarcely a ship that makes a voyage ol' any length, that diH's not sustain some
<lain;ige. 'I'he clause In the policy warranting the ship tree fi-om particular average under ;) percent.,
unlo.s stranded, proti-cts the insurer from the constant recurrence of petty claims; hut in adilition to
this, it is the practice to class the damage, that a ship sustains In the prosecution of her voyage, under
two hea<ls : ordinary damage, or wear and tear: and extraordinary damage, or particular average.
'J'he spllltiiig of sail.'', the hreaking of anchors ami cahles, the upsetting of windlasses, are losses that
come luider the llrst head. The carrying away of masts and bulwarks, damage to theeop|ii-r sheathing,
and hull, from striking on rocks, come under the second.
When a ship sustains damage, if she he on her tlrst voyage, the whole exneuse of the repairs U made
good l>y the insurers. Hut if she he not on Iter first voyage, it is the estahlished custom that the insurer
(lays no more than '.'-'ids of the repairs, the owner of the vessel having, as It is thought, an e(|uivalent
for the I- ;d which falls U|«)n him. In the substitution of new work for old. Where the nature of
the damage is such as to requiro that the copper should he stripped oli' the ship's bottom, the hisurer
pays the dill'erem'e between the price of the old and the new copper on the weight of the old copper
strippe<l oil'; the excess in weight of the new over the old copper Ig paid for by the ship owner; and
the labour of stri|i|iiug and replacing the copper is paid for on the princi|>lo already nientione<l. In any
fieneral rule of tnis kind, it must be obvious that the ship owner will sometimes gam and sometimes lose
ty an accident. As soon as the ship owner, or his captain, learns that his vessel has met with an
accident, or as sihiii alter as |>ossible, he summons regular surveyors to examine his vessel and report
all defects, discriminating between those defects that have arisen from |)erils of the sea, and those IVum
wear and tear. The tlrst only are made good by the Insurer, to<<ether with all charges, such as
nurveyors' fees, dcH'k dues, \c., causetl by the necessity of undergoing re^)air. It has been alre,idy
observed, that when a ship is obligxl, in the jirogress of her voyage, to put uito port for the purpose of
repair, although the owner of the :,hip be subjectinl to great expense for the wages and maintenance of
bis crew during the detention, he can recover no part of this expense from the insurer; the dcM'trine
being, that the owner of the ship is bound to navigate his vessel, and that the iiiAUrcr does not
undertake to guarantee that the voyage shall be complcte<l within any sprcilic time. iSuch is the dor.
trine, at least, in this country, and the |>racticc is foundcHl uiion it ; but in all other countries the doctrine
and [iractice are the reverse, i'or in them allowance is made to the ship owner for the wages and
maintenance of the crew during the whole periixl that the ship is under repair. Where a vessel
sustains damage anil undergoes repair u\ the progress of her voyage, and is subsecjuently lost, the insurer
is liable both for the particidar average and a total loss. Or the owner of the ship may, if he ple;ise,
insure the amount eX|M'nded in repair ; and then, in the event of subsequent loss, the insurer is liulile
for the total loss only, but in the event of subsecjuent safe lu-rival, the average is augmented by the
charge of Insiiranec.
The o|)erat ion of the clause warranting the ship free from average undev .3 jier cent., unless general,
or the ship be stranded, may now be clearly seen. If a ship be insured and valued at Id.lKM;/., and the
repairs of the vessel ilo not, alter all the deductions above referred to, amount to ,i per cent., there is no
claim upon the insurer, unless the vessel shall have been stranded ^See Avkiiaue.)
Str(i>ifline:. — ihc term strandnl is not well chosen, admitting of more than one construction : and the
clause of Which it forms a part is imperfectly conceived. And in settlements of accounts.when tliflbrences
arise, the parties who discuss them are more ajit to strive for that interiiretation < f terms and Clausen
wliicli is favourable to their interests, than for that which is best adapted for general purposes. It is
commonly understood thiit merely striking the ground and coming ort" is not a stranding ; it Ix'ing
necessary, in order to fall within that term, that the ship should remain on the ground or rock, as it may
happen, "and that efforts should be made to float her. Striking on an anchor and leaking dangerously is
not a stranding. We shall only adduce two illustrations, for the puq'ose of showing how ill adapted this
clause is as a means to an end. Corn and other such articles are warranteil free from particular average,
unless the ship be stranded, because the insurers, considering these articles to be peculiarly susceptible
of damage, will not consent to take that risk, except on some extraordinary occiision. A ship, laden with
corn, makes a very stormy passage from the Baltic to London, and damages the whole or her cargo.
Upon arrival off our coast she is stranded, but got off without straining or sustaining any damage.
Till! insurer is held to be liable for the damage to the corn, under the clause of the policy. On another
occiision, after a very favourable i)assage to our coast, a ship strikes ujion a shoal, but is not stranded,
sustaining, however, so much damage that she arrives at I.iondon with 6 feet water in her hold, and
her cargo almost wholly siwiled. The insurer is held not to be liable under the clause of the policy.
General Average— 'i\\ti insurer is bound to make gowl all general average without exception, however
trifling the amount. (Seneral average is treated as though altogether unconnected with particular
average ; and damage to the goods not amounting to 3 per cent, is not payable by the insurer, although
there may be also a general average, and the general and particular average together may amount to more
than 3 or".") per cent. General average is a charge which must be paid by the merchant and ship owner,
oven if uninsured ^ although, when insuretl, he transfers, as it were, in virtue of his insurance, the charge
fVom himself to his insurer. All the elements that can by ])ossibility enter into general average may be
classed under four heads :— 1. Sacrifice of jiart of the ship and stores ; 2. Sacrifice of part of the cargo and
freight ; 3. Kemuneration of services requirtnl for general preservation ; 4. Expense of raising money to
replace what has been sacrificed, and to remunerate services.
1. When any part of the ship is sacriflced for the general bencflt, the owner is entitled to receive
(dmlucting, of course, his share of contribution) the amount of his outlay in the replacing of such sacrifice ;
allowance being made, on the principle stated above, where old works and materials are replaced with
new. The deduction of 1-,)<I, however, does not invariably apply: For instance, l-6th only ' . taken
off the price of an iron cable that is slipped from for the general benefit, because iron cau.;.' are
calculated to last for a great number of years ; and no deduction is ever mndc from the price of ancoors.
The charge of replacing the loss may amount to considerably more than the value lost, computing the
value at the place where the ship was originally fitted. Thus, the cost of replacing an anchor and cable
slipped from in the Downs, is frequently double the value of the anchor and cable at London. But
whatever the charge may be, such charge forms the basis of settlement.
i.'. Sacrifice of the cargo and freight takes place in jettison, or where part of the cargo is flung overboard
to lighten the vessel. Upon arrival in port, after such jettison, the owner of the goods jettisoned is
entitled to receive (deducting his share of contribution) what the goods would have produced nett to him,
supposing them to have arrived sound ; and the owner of the ship is entitled lo receive (deducting his
share of contribution) the freight to which he would have been entitled upon the safe delivery of the
gorJs.
3. '<cmuncration of services and other charges. VVh?ii a ship loses her anchors and cables, very large
INSURANCE (MARINE).
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»umi srp IVpqucntIv awarilc<l to bontnipn who venture off to her with new onct at the Imminent hazard
of their livei. A anipdlMhioil at tea li towed Into iiort liy another, and remuneration liir aut'li acrvit'e in
awarded arcordiOK to the value aaved, the detention (x-canionrtl, and the loai lUataineil. 'I he ulilp ron-
derinu the ncrvleo may l)e laden with llah or fruit, that may l>e totally «|)oIUmI liy the detention, or ni.iy ho
In liulia»t. A ahiii cnpturetl hy the enemy may lie re.cn|itur«l hy a mini of war or nrnied merchiiMt n'>i(tl ;
here, agiilri, lalvaRe Is nwurded an iirdliiK to the clrrumslani'ca of the caie. All tlieie fharm'H are Keneriil
avernfte ; that U to aay, iniiat lie distriliutHi over «hl|>, freight, and carKO. When a i>hl|i, with her vtxry.ii,
l« driven on ahorc, the expense of i>ltemiitlnf( to net her otila general average. If she laiinot lie pot oH'
without disrharKlnfr, the expense of dlsrnarKiiiK Is Kt^licriil iiverape ; hut the expense of petting llie >liip
oir alter the caTno has Im-cii taken out falls exclusively upon the ship. The warehouaiiig of the rarn'i,
and other ex|ien»es incurred fur Its preservation, are charxea exclusively upon the cargo. '1 he cxpeiiKu
of reloadhiK la borne liy the frelKht. When a ahip puts Into port In dialress, thcpilnlnKC Inwarda ix
Rcneral avcrafte ; the pIlotiiKe outwards la a charge upon the frelKht. 'JMs distrlliiitinii of cli.irgi.s has
•cttled Into a tolerably well ebtabllnheil practice : and upon this principle claims are settlinl at the ulticei,
•nd at Lloyd's.
4. The money required to meet the above charges is sometimes attainable without expense. If tho
accident happ»n near home, and the ship owner lie respectable, he advances the nioiiev, ami recovers
fVom the various parties concerned so soon as the accounts can be made up ; or if the acciilent happen in
a foreign port, where the owner of the ship Is well known, the captain's bill u|K)n him will soimtinics be
received in payment of the charges ineurrt '. Hut where such laclllties do not exist, the laptain Is em.
IKiwercd to pledge hiii ahiii, freight, and cargo, as security to any one he may prevail iiiion to mpply the
necessary funils. This pledge is termed a bottomry bond. )Jy it the captain admits the receipt of the
money ; consents to the payment of a premium (which varies with the distance of the port of ilestiiiation,
the risk of the voyage, the rcs|icetaliility of the owner, and the necessities of the ca|itain) t and a.«»igns the
ship, IVeight, and cargo, as security for the r' jiayment of the money advanced and the slipul;it(il
(ircmlum. Should the captain consider the b(il(..mry premium demanded of him exorbitant, or slioultl
le deem it preferable in other respects, he may sell a portion of the cargo for the purpose of lalsliig surh
money as he may stand in neitl of towards the prosecution of his voyage. 'Ihe expense of raising the
requisite funds, whether by commission, by bottomry premium, or by loss on the sale of the cargo, in
charged to those partici for whose interest the money is required. Thus, if a ship, having struck upon a
rock, puts into port In distress, and is obliged to unload to repair ; supposing Ihe particular average upon
the ship to amount to .'KH)/. ; the gener.il average, consisting of assistance Into jiort and expense of un-
loading, '■Ml. ; particular charges on freight, consisting of expense of reloading and pilotage outwards,
ItX)/. ; and jiarticular charges on cargo, consisting of warehouse rent and repair of iiackages, 2(iO/. ; and
the expense of raising money should he '.'() per cent. ; — these sums would be severally Increased by this
atldition, and would be raised to (ilKi/,, '.'4<i/., KV/., and '2M)I. — (See BtrnoMHV.)
It still remains to be inquired in what proportion the general average is to be paid by the different
owners of the cargo, and the owner of ship and freight. Almost all general averages are ailjuhtcd at the
•hip's port of destination, and the values of the ship and cargo are taken at what they would produce In
their actual state ujion arrival, and the freight according to what is actually receivable, less the wages of
the captain and crew ; the general average being distributed In pro|iortion to these values. Should the
cargo be altogether worthless, it cannot lie made to contribute ; and should the wages of the crew exceed
the freight, then the freight is not liable to contribute. In case of jettison, the party whose pnipcrty has
been sacriticed for the general benefit receives indemnity on the same principle ; the value to wbl( h hu
is entitled being what his property would have produced nctl, supposing it to have been sold on the
arrival of the vessel — the same value serving for the basis of his proportion of contribution. Some few
cases occur, where the general average is adjusted at the port of departure. 'J'hus, if a shi]!, outward
bound to the Hrilish colonies, cut from an anchor and cable in the Downs, or incur other general averaj^e
on our own coa.st, the Insurances being principally etiected in this country, it is the custom to adjust it on
the sjiot, by which means both delay and expense are avoided. On these occasions, the values at the port
of shipment are taken as the basis of contribution. A total loss, subseijuently to a jtencral averiige, does
not exonerate the insurer from his prior liability ; and although it is customary with the ship ow ner, or
his agent, specilically to Insure the money expended in average, for the purpose of prote<'tliig the Insurer
against any greater liability than 1(X) per cent., he is n<it absolutely obliged to do so. When the average
funds are raised by bottomry, the party advancing them takes the ship, freight, anil caigo, as security,
and charges a premium to cover the risk of the ship's non-arrival at her nort of destination. And thus,
on such an occasion, a subsequent total loss relieves the insurer from all liability to average.
The laws and customs by which averages arc adjusted vary in dltterent countries ; but the insurer in
this country is only liable for the averages adjustc<l according to our laws. The merchant, however, whoiiu
good* arrive at a foreign port. Is obliged to submit to the laws of that port. He may thus be a eoiLsider-
able loser; paying general average according to one law, and receiving from his insurer according to
another. And he never can be a gainer, because, before he is entitled to recover from his insurer, he
must prove that he has paid to the owner of the ship. This is one of the many inconveniences to which
mercantile men arc exposed, which cannot be removed without, what it may be hoped will gradually take
place, an assimilation of the commercial laws of different countries.
Protif (if' Loss. — The policy of insurance is the instrument under which the merchant and ship owner
claim indemnification for all losses that arc not specially excepted. 'J'he proof that the loss has been sus-
tained must also be exhibited ; such as the title to the vessel and cargo, and the evidence of the captain
and crew to establish the circumstances out of which the claim arises. If A. were to insure his vcs.sel for
the space of li! months, and at the expiration of (i months were to sell his ship to H. ; A.'s interest
in the vessel having ceased, so also does his insurer's liability ; and B., If he wish to lie protected, must
make a new insurance. Proof of ownership, therefore, is an essentUil preliminary to the recovery of a
claim. In general practice, no difticulty arises from this, because the fact of ownership is sutticiently
notorious. The bill of lading is, in most cases, satisfactory proof that the cargo was on boaid, as well as
of the amount of freight.
Valued and open Policies. — If an insurance for 2,000/. be eff'ec fed upon lOOhhds. of sugar, valued at
SO/, per hhd., the bill of lading, showing that the vessel had 100 hhds. on board, establishes the interest
at 2,000/, and the policy is termed a valued policy. But if an insurance for S,(i( ! /. be eflected on 100 hhds.
of sugar, and nothing be expressed as to value, the bill of lading only establishes that 10()hh<ls. arc on
board, without establishing the amount of interest. The production of the invoice, showing the cost ot
the goods, is necessary to that end, the policy being termed an open one.
Return of Premium for short Interest. — In a value<l policy, when the w hole of the property insured
does not appear to have been shippeii, the diflbrence between the quantity insured and the quantity
shipped is termed short interest. 'lhu.i, it 2,(i(Hi/. be insured upon 100 hhds. of sugar, valued at 'iO/. per
hhd., and 80 hhds. only be shipped; as the insurer's liability does not extend beyond l,fi(.0/., so he is
obliged to return the premium upon 400t to which no risk attaches. This return of premium is called u
return for short interest.
For Over-lnsitrance In an open policy, where Ihe value shipped is not equal to the value insured,
the diflerence is termed over. insurance. If a merchant. A., make an insurance for ;'),0(K)/. upon goods,
without specifying any value, from Calcutta to London, the premium being HO.- and the stamp duty tis.
Eer cent., the amount of interest that attaches to the policy is so fixed, that he is neither to gain nor lose
Tj the transaction in the event of the vessel's loss, supposing his insurance to be suflicient. To entitle
him to recover a profit, the profit to be insured must be stipulated in the policy. The expense of in-
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INSURANCE (MARINE).
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surance upon 1(XU. being 31. 5*., it is clear that every lOOl. iniuranco covers OCJ. \5s. original cost ; that is
to bay, protects the merchant IVom loss to that extent in case of the loss of the vessel. II, then, we assume
the invoice of the goods shipiietl to l>e 40,000 ruiiccs, or, at the exchange of 2s. por rupee, 4,000/., the
interest attaching to the policy is ascertained as follows : — If i)f}i. I5)i. cost is insure<t by 100/. insurance,
what will 4,(XX)/. cost be insured bv ? Answer, 4,135/. Under such circumstances, although a policy exists
for 5,(XX)/., the insured is not able to prove i>iterc8t for more i.iaii 4,13.0/. ; and consequently, the insurer
being entitled to recover no more than that sum in case of loss, the insurer is called upon to make a
return of premium for cvcr-insurance u|>on 865/.
Alt'iough we have treated separately of returns for short interest and over-insurance, we should observe
that these terms in practice are used indiscriminately ; and, indeed, we cannot say that we |>erceivc
muc>\ advantage in making t>;e distinction, or preserving the distinctive appellations.
' It sometimes happens that the property cx|>ccted in a vessel is not all msured at one time or in one
ixilicy. But this makes no ditTcrence in the principle of settlement according to our law ; although,
according to the laws of most other countries, tne |>olicies take precedence of one another according to
•heir dates, the whole short interest falling upon the policy or policies last etitcted. The foreign law, in
this ii;stancc, tii.pcars to us the more equitable and reasonable of the two; and that our reason for thinking
so may be intelligible, and thus gain assent or meet with refutation, we shall state a case of short interest
u|M)n a number of policies, such as not unfrequcntly appears. A merchant. A., orders his corres|)ondent
at Calcutta to ship for his account a quantity of sugar, not exceeding 1,000 tons, at a price not exceeding
SO/, per ton. In due time he receives a letter from his correspondent acknowledgint; ..„ : receipt of his
order, and expressing confident hopes of being able to purchase the quantify, or the greater part of it, at
the limits prescribed, and promising to advise as he proceeds. A., on receipt of this letter, say on the 1st
of January, makes a ], '-■. r isional insur.-tnce for ,5,(XX)/. upon sugar valued at2(t/. per ton. Continuing with-
out further advices, and fearing lest his corrcsnondent's letter should have miscarried, and that he might
h..ve property afloat uninsure<l, on the 1st of February, 1st of March, and 1st of April, he eit'ucts similar
insurances, tf'us covering the whole I.IXK) tons. He subsequently receives advice that his corrcs|iondent
hud not been able to purchaFC more than half the quantity ordered, at his limi^ and he recovers from his
insurers half the i-remium upon each policy. Now, it was not at all improbable that he might have
received advice from his cc-respondent, as he expected, much sooner. And if he had receivtxl advice in
the middle of February, of the shipment of 5()0 tons, and that the ship which contained them was totally
lost in the river Hooghly, the insurers upon the two tirst policies would have been liable for a total loss.
And it appears to us a defective arrangement, by which a party, who is at one time exposed to a total
loss, should at another be conipelled to return half his premium. It is true that the merchant may, if he
please, insert in his policies a clause by which the policies shall be made to succeed one another; but we
should say that the law, in insurance cases, as in thedisjiosal of the property of deceased (wrsons, ought
to be the best general disposition, leaving to individuals the right of moditication according to particular
circumstances.
Return for Douhlv Insurance. — Besides returns for short interest and ovcr-insur*. :c, there are
returns for double insurnnca They arc, in fact, to all intents and pur|)oses, the same thing. Double
insurance exists where the party, through forgctfulncss, mak 's an insurance upon his property twice
over ; or where the shippers and consignees of goMts, when uncertain of one another's intentions, eiti'ct
each an insurance upon them ; or where the captain of a vessel in foreign parts, fearing lest his advices
should not reach hisowner,c<i°ects an insurance upon it, and the owner at the same t',.ie, acting with equal
caution, eil'ects one also. The observat'ons already made upon returns for short interest, and u^ion the
dirt'crence between our laws and those of other countries, apply with equal force here.
We have now gone over all the principal topics connected with marine assurance. Those who peruse
this article wit!- ordinary attention will, we hope, gain a tolerably clear insight Mito the principles and
practice of the business. But a |)erfectly familiar acquaintance with it can only be acquired by those who
arc daily conversant with its details.
Dutj/ on Policies of Marine Insurance. — Ammir>t and Expediency qf such Duly. — All policies of
marine insurance must be on stamped paper, t'.m duties on which are as follows : —
For every lOU/. insured on a voyage in the coasting trade cf the kingdom, where the premium docs not
exceed 20s. per cent., \sJid.
Where the premium does exceed 20s. per cent., 2s. Ctd.
For every 100/. insured to or from any colonial or f eign port, where the premium docs not exceed 15s,
per cent.. Is. 3d.
Where the premirm does exceed 15s. per cent., but does not exceed 30s. per cent, 2s. Gd.
Where the premiu i exceeds 30s. per cent., 5*.
For every 1(X)/. insu vl for a period cf lime not exceeding S months, 2s. Gd. ; exceeding 3 months (no
ship can be insured on ^nc stamp for a Iriigor periml than 12 months), 5.«.
This duty was reduced in the year \H'S. It is now about two thirds ot what it was before. The reduc
tion, so far as it goes, must of course be beneficial. But the tax is altogether wrong in principle, and
ought to be repealed altogether. Its obvious tendency is to '''.•courage the coasting trade, by imiKising a
duty on goods carried by sea, from whitn those carricl by l»..d and canals are exempted ; and we believe
it will be found that this unjuct preference costs more to the public in the greater carriage of goods sent,
through its means, by the more expensive channel of inland conveyance, than all that portion of the duty
which altbcts coasting vessels produces to the revenue. But the other portion of the tax, or that
which affects vessels engnpi . in the foreign or colonial trade, is still more objectionable. It is
immaterial to a merchant Si .iing .i ship to sea, whether he insure her in London, Amsterdam, or Ham-
burgh ; and as pi,<icies executed in the last two cities arc either wholly exempted (tov.i duties, or subjei-t
;o such only as are merely nominal, the effect of the duty is to transfer to the Continent a considerable
part of the business of marine insurance, that would otherwise be transacted in London. It is plain,
thereforr that this duty oper '". to drive a valuable branch of business from amongst us; and even
though ' nad no such effect, oiill it is sutticiently clear that a tax on providence, or on the endeavour to
guarantee the satiety of property at sea, is not one that ought to exist in any country, and least of all in
so commercial a country as England. Where the latitude given is so great, doubts will arise whether
one stamp be adequate to cover a long voyage. And when difficulties arc made tn the settlement of a
loss on such grounds, they are very prejudicial to the interests of tliu assured, and by no means creditable
to the character of the underwriter.
If the trifling revenue (amounting in 1832 to only 210,000/.) derived from these •♦atnns cannot be spared,
a very small addition to the import duties would more than cover its amount, hw _iense of collcc
tion, and relieve Wic meicantile public from the annoyance and loss above alluded to.* '
Form of a Policy qfltuurance executed at Lloyd's.
S.G. I" THE Name of God, Amen. Charles Brown and Co., as well in their own names p^ for
and in the name and names of all and every other |)crson or jiersons to whom the same doth.
~7~ ";7~" may, or shall apiiertain, iii part or in all, doth make assurance, and cause themselves and
.sk ovX). them and every of' them, to be insured, lost or not lost, at and tVom St Petersburgh to any
- port or ports in the United Kingdom, upon any kind of goods and merchandises, and also
!! '.
• This very valuable article (on Marine Insurance) has been, as the reader will easily perceive, ftir-
nished by a gentleman thotutighly conversant witli the principles and details of the buiiness.
INSURANCE (MARINE).
703
stamp
^2.
upon the body, tackle, apparel, ordnance, munition, artillery, boat, and other Aimlture, of
and in the good ship or vessel called the Swill, whereof is master, umter Ouu, fur this present
voyage, liright, or whoever else shall go fur mitster in the said snip, or by whatsoever other
name ur names the said ship, ur the master thereof, is or shall \ie named or called ; beginning
the ailventurc upon the said goods and merchandises ftrom the loading thereof on board the
said ship
upon the said ship, &c.
and so shall continue and endure during her al>ode there, upon
the said ship, Sic, And further, until the said ship, with all her ordnance, tickle, apparel,
Ike. and goods and merchandises whatsoever, shall l)e arrived at her final port uf discharge (as
above), upon the said ship, ^c, until she hath moored at anchor tweiity-fuur hours in g(X)d
safety ; and u|)nn the goods and merchandises, unti! the same be there disehargetl and safely
landed. And it shall be lawful for the said ship, Sic. in this voyage, to proceed and sail to,
and touch and stay at any ports or places whatsoever, without prejudice to this insurance.
The said ship, &c. gixxls and merchandises, &c for so much as concerns the assured, by
agreement between the assured and assurers in this policy, are and shall be valued at eight
hundred pounds, being on the captain's one fourth share of said ship, said one fuurth share
valued at that sum. Touching the adventures and perils which we the assurers are contented
to bear, and do tak" upon us in this voyage : they are of the seas, men-uf-war, fire, enemies,
pirates, rovers, thieves, jettisons, letters of mart anil countermart, surprisals, takings at sea,
arrests, restraints, and detainments of all kings, princes and people, uf what nation, conili.
tion, or quality soever, barratry of the master and mariners, and of all other perils, losses,
and misfortunes, that have or shall come to the hurt, detriment, or damage of the said floods
and merchandises and ship, &c. or any part thereof; oll'ences against the revenue of the
United Kingdom of Great liritain or Ireland excepted. And, in case of any loss or niisfor.
tune, it shall be lawful fo' the assured, their factor., servants, and assignees, to sue, labour,
and travel for, in, and about the tleleiue, safcguaril, and recovery of the said goods an(t
merchandises and ship, &c. or any part thereof, without prejudice to this insurance ; to the
charges whereof we the assurers will contribute, each one according to the rate and quantity
of his sum herein assured. And it is agreed by us, the insurers, that this writing, or policy
of assurance, shall be of as much force and ettect, as the surest writing or policy of assurance,
her tofore made in Lombard Street, or in the Koyal Exchange, or elsewhere in London.
And so we the assurers are contenteil, and do hereby promise and biiul ourselves, each one
fur his own part, our heirs, executors, and goods, to the assured, their executors, ailminis.
trators, and assigns, for the true performance of the premises, confessing ourselves paid the
consideration due unto us for this assurance by the assured, at and atier the rate of five
guineas per cent., to return one iiound per cent, if the voyage end on the east coast of
England.
Ln VVitnesh whereof, we, the assurers', have subscribed our names and sums assured in
London,
N.U. — Corn, fish, salt, fruit, flour, and seeds, are warranted free from average, unless
general, or the ship be stranded. — Sugar, tobacco, hemp, flax, hides, and skins, are warranted
free from average under five pounds per cent. ; and all other goods, also the ship and freiglil,
are warranted free from average under three pounds per cent., unless general, or the ship be
stranded.
Jt'3W.
Joseph White, Five hundred pounds. 1st of Sept. 1833.
ThomtiS Black by George Green, Three hundred pounds. 1st of Sept, 1833.
Policy by the Indctnnity Mutual Marine Assurance Company.
Established \mi.
^'.5,000.
stamp
Whereas William Grey hath represented to us whoso hands and seals are hereunto .sub.
scribed and attixed, and who are >'wo of the directors of the iNniiMNiTV Miiidai. Mahi.nb
AssiiUANCE CoMi'ANY, that he i? interested in, or duly authorised as owner, agent, or
otherwise, to make the assurance hereinafter mentioned and (lesrril)cd, witli the In-
umiNlTV Mutual Maium; Assiihancf. C'omi-any, and h;ith covenanted or otliirwise
obi gcHi himself to pay forthwith for the use of the said Conipany, at the otlice of the said
Company, the sum of sixty-two pounds ten shillings as a preniiiini or consideration, at and
after the rate of twenty-five shillings per cent, for such assurance. Now inis I'olk v oi'
AssiiHANCH wiTNKssETH, that ill Consideration of the premises and of the said sum of
sixty-two poun<ls ten shillings, Wk do, for ourselves and each of us, covenant anil agree
with the said William tircy, his executors, a(lmini>trators, and assigns, that the capital
stock and funds of the said Company shall, according to the provisions of the deed of settle-
ment of the said Company, and the resolutions entered into at two extraordinary general
courts of the said Company held on the twenty-ninth day of August, and the twentieth
day of September, one thousand eight hundred ond twenty-seven, be subject and liable to
pay and make good, and shall be applied to pay and make good all such losses and damages
hereinafter expressed as may happen to the subject matter of this policy, and may attach
to this policy in respect of the sum of five thousand pounds hereby assured, which as-
surance is hereby declared to be upon
/Nv V^-W. S-TOhhds. of sugar valued at 20/. each, average payable upon each lOlihds.
/ C/ following landing numbers, the same as if scparatelv insured, laden or to be laden
V^' on board the ship or vessel called the Nelly, whereof Turner is at present m.ister, or
whoever shall go for master of the said ship or vessel, lost or not lost, at and from (trenaila
to London, including the risk of craft to and IVom the vessel, warranted to sail on or before
the Ist of August, 1831. Asn Wk. do covenant and agree, that the assurance aforesaid
shall commence upon the said ship, at and from (irenada, and until she hath moored at
airchor twenty-four hours in good safety ; and upon the freight and goods or mercliandi.se
on board thereof, from the Umdmg of the said goods or merchandise on board the sa;d ship
or vessel at London, aud until the said goods or merchandise be discharged anif safely
landed at Ano that it shall be lawful for the said ship
or vessel to procee<t and sail to, and touch, and stay at airy jmrts or jdaces whatsoever, in
the course of her said voyage, for all ner'ess'ry piiriio.ses, without prejudice to this as-
surance. A.M» touching the adventures and perils which the capital stock and funds of
the said Company are in.ide liable unto, or are intended to be made liable unto, by this
assurance, thev are, of the seas, men-of-war, fire, enemies, pirates, rovers, thieves, jetti.
scms, letters of mart and countermart, surprisals, takings at sea, arrests, restraints, and
detainments of all kings, princes, and people, of what nation, condition, or quality soever ;
barratry of the niaster and mariners, and of all other perils, losses, and misfortunes, that
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704
INSURANCE (FIRE).
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i i
have or ihall come to the hurt, detriment, or damage of the aforesaid gubjcct matter of this
assurance, or any part thereof, Ano in case of any loss or misfortune, it shall ))e lawful to
the assured, their factors, servants, and assigns, to sue, labour, and travel for, in, and about
the deVcr.^p, safeguard, and recovery of the aforesaid subject matter of this assurance, or
anv i)art thereof, without prejudice to this assurance, the charges whereof the capital stock
and funds of the said Company shall bear in ])roportion to the sum hereby assured. And
it is declared and agreed, that corn, fish, salt, fruit, flour, and seed, shall be and are war.
ranted free from average unless general, or the ship be stranded ; and that sugar, tobacco,
hemp, flax, hides, and skins, shall be and are warranted free from average under five pounds
per centum ; that all other goods, also the ship and freight, shall be and are warranted
free from average under three pounds per centum, unless general, or the ship be stranded.
PnovinFD NEVERTHELESS, that the capital stock and funds of the said Company shall alone
be liable, according to the provisions of the deed of settlement and the resolutions above-
mentioned/ to answer and make good all claims and demands whatsoever, under or by
virtue of this policy ; and that no proprietor of the said Company, his or her heirs, execu-
tors, or administrators, shall be in anywise subject or liable to any claims or demands, nor
be in anywise charged by reason of this policy beyond the iimount of his or her share or
shares in the capital stock of the said Company, it being one of the original or fundamental
principles of the said Company, that the responsibility of the individual proprietors shall,
in all cases, be limited to their respective shares in the said capital stock.
In Witness whereof, We have hereunto set our hands and seals in London, the tenth
day of January, 1834.
Sealed and delivcred'l A. B. (i.. s.)
in the presence of J C. D. (l. s.)
E. F.
III. Insurance (Fire).
Insurance against fire is a contract of indemnity, by which the insurer, in consideration of a certain
premium received by him, either in a gross sum or by annual payments, undertakes to indemnify the
insured against all loss or damage he nia^ sustain in his houses or other buildings, stock, goods, and
merchandise, by fire, during a specified period.
Insurances against fire are hardly ever made by individuals, but almost always by joint stock com.
panics, of which there are several in all the considerable towns throughout the empire. Of these, tlie
Sun. the Phoenix, the British, &c. insure at their own risk and for their own profit : but there are others,
whim are „.illed contribution societies, in which everypcrson insured becomes a member or proprietor,
and p.irticipatos in the profit or loss of the concern. The Hand in Hand, IVestminster, &c. arc of this
description.
The conditions on which the difTercnt ofHccs insure are contained in their proposals, which arc printed
on the back of every policy ; and it is in most instances expressly conditioned, that they undertake to pay
the !uss, not exceeding the sum insured, " according to the exact tenor qf their printed proposals."
Nothing can be recovered from the insurers, in the event of loss, unless the party insuring had an
interest or property in the thing insured at the time when the insurance was effected, and when the
loss happened. It oflen occurs that no one office will insure to the full amount required by an individual
who has a large property ; and in such a case the party, to cover his whole interest, is obliged to insure
at different offices. But, in order to prevent the frauds that might be practised by insuring the full value
in various offices, there is, in the proposals issued by all the companies, an article which declares, that
persons insuring must give notice of any other insurance made elsewhere upon the same houses or goods,
that the same may be specified and allowed by indorsement on the policy, in order that each office may
bear its rateable proimrtlon of any loss that may happen ; and unless such notice be given of each in.
surance to the office where another insurance is made on the same efTects, the insurance made without
such notice will be void.
Any trustee, mortgagee, reversioner, factor, or agent, has sufficient interest in the goods under his
custody, to effect a )H)licy of insurance, provided the nature of such property be distinctly specified at tlic
time of executing such policy.
Most of the offices except in their proposals against making good any loss occasioned by " invasion,"
" foreign enemy," " civil commotions," .Stc. ; and under this condition the Sun Fire Office was exonerated
from the loss occasioned by the disgraceful proceedings of the mob in 1780.
One of the principal conditions in the proposals has reference to the proof of loss. The Sun Fire Office
— (see post), and most other offices, make it a condition, that the individual claiming shall " jirocure a
certificate, under the hands of the minister and churchwardens, and some other respectable inhabitants
of the parish or place, not concerned or interested in such loss, importing that they are well acquainted
with the character and circumstances of the person or persons insured or claiming ; and do know, or
verily believe, that he, she, or they, really, and by misfortune, without any fraud or evil practice, have
sustained by such fire the loss or damage, as his, her, or their loss, to the value therein mentioned."
This condition has given rise to a great deal of discussion in the courts ; but it has been finally decided,
that the procuring of the ci>rtificatc is a condition precedent to the payment of any loss, and that its being
tvronpfully refused will not excuse the want if it.
The risk commences in general from the signingof the policy, unless there be some other time specified.
Policies of insurance may be annual, or for a term of years at an annual premium ; and it is usual for tlic
office, by way of indulgence, to allow .^/Vivn days alter each year for the payment of the premium for the
next year in succession ; and provided the premium be paid within that time, the insured is considered
as within the protection of the office.
A policy of insurance is .lot in its nature assignable, nor can it be transferred without the crjiress con-
ffn< of the office. When, however, any person dies, his interest remains in his executors or adminis-
trators respectively, who succeed or become entitleil to the property, provided such representatives
respectively procure their right to be indorsed on the policy.
(For further details, see Mar.ihall on Insurance, book iv. j Park on Insurance, c. 23.)
Insurances are generally divided into common, hazardous, and doubly hazardous. The distinguishiMg
characteristics of these may be learned from the subjoined proposals of the Sun Fire Office. The cliarKc
for insuring property of the first description is now usually Is. firf. per cent, the second 2s. («/., and tlie
third +s. (irf. These chaiges are exclusive of the duty payable to government, of Is. on the policy, and .Js.
per cent, on the sum in the policy.
We subjoin a copy of a policy of insurance on a house valued at 1,000/., and furniture, plate, books, ^r.
in the same, valueil also at 1,0(H)/., exe<'utcd by the .Sun Fire Office, and of the proposals indorsc<l on the
(ame. The latter correspond in most particulars with those issued by the other offices.
INSURANCE (FIRE).
" Recelval, for the insurance of
the |iropcrtv undcrinentiuncd,
from Xmas l8^, to Xmiw lim.
£ s. d.
Policy . . .000
Premium - - 1 10
Duty - . - 3
£i 10
SUN FIRE OFFICE.
T(^
To be paid annually at Xmns.
Premium
Duty -
£ s. (f.
- 1 10
- 3
jC^ 10
550.
WiiEHRAS A.B. Es(i. of No. . street, hjis paid the suin of one iKiund ten shillings to the Sr»-iety
of the Sun l-'ire Ottico in London, and has agreed to pay or cause to be paid, to them, at their said oltice,
the sum of one pound ten shillings on the -iJtli of December, 18:j;3, and the like sum of one iMJU.ut ten
shillinjjs yearly on the iijth day of Oerember (hiring the continuance of tliis policy, for insurance from
loss or damage by Hre, on Iiis now dwelling house only, situate as aforesaid, brick, one thousand pounds ;
household g{M)ds, wearing apparel, printed books, and 'plate therein only, one thousand pounds.
" Now, KNOW Yii, Tiiat, from the date of these presents, and so long as the said A.H. shall dr.ly pay,
or cause to be paid, the said sum of one ixmnd ten shillings at the times and jtlace aforesaid; and the
trustees or acting members of the said Society, for the time being, shall agree to aceej)! the ^ame ; the
stock and fund of the said Society shall besubject and liable to pay to the said A. IS., h=s executors,
administrators, and ;issigns, all such his damage and loss which he, the said A. IJ., shall suffer by tire,
not exceeding upon each head of insurance, the sum or sums above-mentioned, amountiig in the whole
to im more tlnm two thousand pounds, according t(» the exact tenor of their printed pro^wsals, endorsed
on thi^ policy, and of an act of parliament, ofthe;Vyth ofCJeorge the'i'hird, for charging a diitv on persons
whose property shall be insured against los:* by tire. In Witnksh whereof, we (three of the' trustees or
acting members for the said Society) have hereunto set our hands and seals, the 24th day of
December, IbJJL
C. D. (L. H.)
E. F. (L. b.)
G. H. Cl. h.)
Signed and sealed (being stamped
according to act of parliament)
in the presence of J.
K.
" N. B.— The interest in this policy may be transferred by indorsement, made and entered at the oflice,
if the trustees or acting members approve thereof, but not otherwise.*'
(iNDORSliMENT ON THIC POLICY.)
SUN FIRE OFFICE.
This ofBce insures acainst lout or dnmafte hy fire, in Great |
Britain and Ireland, all (les<-ri|itions of buililin^s, including i
mills and manufactories, and ^ikkIs, w.ires, anit ineri'l)atuli<-e, :
in the same ; !ihi|>s in harltuiir, or in dock ; cr<ift on iiavi^aMu
rivers and canals, and the kuikIs laden on Ihe same; wagons |
travelling the roads, and their content.N ; and farnitnfr sUtck :
of ulldeM:ription:!i, uiHin theluUuwing terms and cunditLJUa :—
('i>}mnnii l}i3iiriiiiifs>
I. Huildinps covered with slates, tiles, or metals, and Iiuilt
on all ^ides wiUi itvicl^ or stune, or sepavitted liv )i.trt>-ualls of
brick or stone, and wherein no hazardous trade or manufacture
is carried on, or ha/aulous^ootls deposited.
'^< (lotxls in liuiltlin;;s as above described, such as househoM
pHHts, plate, jewels in private use, apparel, and printed books ;
liquors in private use, merchandise, s'ock and \itentiiU in
trade, not hazardous, and farininK stuck.
At 1«. Od. per cent, per annum, with certain exceptions.
Hazariioiis I naii ranees.
1. Buildings of tindier or pi. Liter, or not wholly separntpd by
partitiou'walls of brick or stone, or not coveretl with slates,
tiles, or rrtetals, and tliatehed bams and out -houses having no
rhitnnev, nor adioininu to any Imildtnf^ having a chimnev ;
and buiUUnf(s falling under the' description of common in«u-
rance, but in which some hazardous trade or nianulacture is
rarrii^ on, such ba brewers (without a steam-engine), bread
and biscuit bakers (not sea biscuit bakers^, bottlers and
packers of wine, spirits, or Iteer ; chemists (without a
laboratory), inn-holders, maltsters (who make pale malt only),
oilmen, soap-boilers, stahle-kee))t!rs, and certain others ; or i.i
winch hazardous goods are deposited, as tbe stock and uten-
Kits in the above trades; and, also, tallow, pitch, tar, hemii,
fljix, rosin, and turpentine ; hay, straw, and all manner of
fo4l(ler and com unthrashefl ; apiitht caries' stock, and oil ; and
vrine and spirituous liquors as merchandise.
'i. Shi|>s and craft, with their contents (lime harffesi with
their contents, alone exceptetl).
At 2«. GJ. per cent i>er aimum, with lertaln exceptions.
DouNtf Niizanhtna Inxttriittces.
1. IluildinRs.— All thatched buildings having chhnneys, or
comnmnicating with, or adjoining to, buildings having one,
although no ha/aidoiis traileshall be c.irried on, nor hazardous
yoiKts ueposititl therein : and all hazardous bulldttigs, in which
hazardous goods are deposited, or hazardous trades carried on.
V. iioods. — All haztrdous gocxls deposited in hazardous
buildings, and in Ihatchetl buildings having no chinniey, nor
adjoining to anv building having a chimney.
.1. Trades— atid their stock and utensils, such as maltsters
(who make brown mall), 'aiul certain others; also china,
glass, and earthenware, salt|>etre, and wagons with their
contents.
At 1«. Gf/. per cent, perannutii, with certain exceptions.
Furming slock on any (part of a farm may 1h? insured under
getiera) iwlicie-, without the average clause, at \s. (iif. per
cent., provided it be in>ured to a fair average value. 'Ijiis
otiice will not be subject to any loss on liaj or corn,oi rasioned
by its own natural tieating, biit the loss of any other nroi^rty
in consejuence of such tire will Ih.' made gixxl ; as will losse!> by
fire from lightning.
Insurances may also be made by special agrtemenl on the
following risks, and on others of a similar description, not men-
tioneil under the '^d and 3d IunuU of insurance, viz. on nulls
<'f all kinds, and the st<H-k aiul uten.siJs in tluin ; also on
buililLngs, lontaiiiin^j kitn, btcatu-cngine, stove, or uvcn, usitl
in the ])roces9 of any manufacture, and the otork therein \
sugar refiners, sea biscuit bakers, distillers, varnish makers,
chemist>.' lal oratories, theatres, coach pamters, colour manu-
facturers, vamishers, musical instrument makers, refiners of
saltpetre, s]>ermaceti, wax, and oil, barge and boat builders,
carpenters, cabinet makers, coach makers, ciMiiiers, cork
burners, floor-cloth jiainter.s, japanners, lampblack makers,
letterpress printers, machine makers, melters of tallow and
of rough fat, candle makers, cart-grease makers, rope and sail
makers, ship chandlers, hemp and flax dressiTs, oil leather
dressers, medals, curiosities, pictures, iirints, drawings,
statuary work, spinnets of cotton, flax, lint, and wool,
throughout all the operations attending th« manufacturing
of these inateriais, from the raw state intu thread for the
weaver, and such other risks as, by reason of the nature of the
trade, the narrowness of the situation, or other dangerous
circumstances, may increase the hazard thereof: all which
special hazards must be inserteil In the policy, to render the
same valid and in force.
N. n.--<iunpovviIer, and builiUngs in which It is made,
cannot Ite insured on any terms ; neither does this office insure
writings of any kind, books of accounts, ready money, bonds*
bills, or anv other securities for monev.
N. IJ.- liy an act of the 5,jth of Geo. 3. a duty of .T*. per
annum is to be levied on every lUU/. of property insured
against fire-
N. It I'ersons may insure for more years than one, rjid in
<5uch cases tliere will w a discount alloweil of 6 |ht cent, per
annups compound interest, on the premium and duty lur
every year except the first.
CoNiirriOMS.
Art. I Any i>erson desirous of eiflecting insurances upon
buildings or goods must f'.iniish Iheotht e, or its agents, with
a particular description thereof, artti of the processor manufac-
ture carritnt on therein; and if tbere l>e any otnission or mis-
reiiresentation in describing the buildiT>g or gw^d^, or process
of manufacture, whereby the same may be cbargen at a
different rate of premiunt than they otherwise would be, this
office will not l)e responsible in case of anv loss or damage.
And if any alteration be made in the state of the buildings or
goiHls, or process of manutacture, after suih insurance shall
nave been effected, then the iusuretl shall give due notice
tiiereof, m writing, to the ofHce or its agents, or in default
of such notice, such insurance shall become void, and nu
benelit be derived therefrom.
Art. II All policies shall be signed and sealed by three
or nuire tmstees or acting memliers; ancl no reieints are to
he taken for any premiums of insurance, but sucn as are
printed antl issued from the ofTice, and witnessett by one of
Its clerks or agents.
Art. HI.— Houses, buildings, and goodft in trust, and mer-
chandise on coinmis.sion (e».cept as aforesaid], may lie tnsuretl,
provided the same are declared in the policy to be In trust or on
commission, but not otbtTwise.
An. IV.— On bespeaking policies, all persons shall na\ the
premium to the next quarter day, and from thence tor oim
year more at Ie;uit, or sliall make a deposit for the same, and
shall, as long as the managers agtw to accept the same, niakc
all future payments annuallv at the said ofrice, within lilteeii
d.\vs after the day liinitetl m their res|>ective policies, upon
forfeiture of tht IJentfit thereof.
Art. v. Anv number of houses and out-houses, and liotLse^
hold goods, pvinud books, wearing app.ird, plate, piinls^
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706
INSURANCE (FlliK).
iinM >\ *
towels and trinkets in private use* &tcx:k in trnde, RooU-i In
trust, or «n comml&Hluiit may be insurud in one i)«)lirv.
An. VI.— Personii insured l>y this ollltu shall rfCL-ive no
benefit from their iKiliries, it' the same liouses, or i;oi><ls, Mc arc
Insured In any otlicr otUcc» unless such insurancp, and the
amount thereof, l>e first spet'iftetl and allowed tty iiidorscincnt
on the poliry, in whicli case this ullice will p^iy its rateable pro-
portion on any los-s or danuiKc*
Art. VII When any jier^on dies, the poliiy and interest
therein shall continue to tlie heir, executor, or'administratnr,
rcsi>ectively, to whom the ri^hi of the property insured shall
bfionK, priividetl, hel'oreany new payment he made, sucli heir,
executor, or adniiniHtr.itor, do ijrocure his or lier ri^ht (o lie
indorsed on the poliiv at the said office, or the iiretnitim to be
paid in the name of the said heir, executor, or aaministrator.
Art. Vlll.— I'ersons ch;mf{in-: their hab]tation.s or ware-
houses may preserve ihe t>enelit of their policie.s, if the nalim-
and circumstance of ^uch ytolicy lie not altere<l ; but .such
insurance will be of no force till such removal or alteration
is alloweil at the ofllcc, by indorsement on the policy.
Art. IX i\oIos.snr damai;e will be i^iaid on lire happeninj{
by any mvasion, furei^n enemy, civil cunimotion, or any
military or uxur|ied power whatever.
Art. X. -I'ersona insured suiiaining any loss or damage by
fire are forthwith to give notice thereof at theotfice; aml,a*s
feoon as possible afterwards, deliver in as particular an account
of their losi* or damage as the naturcof tlie case will admit of>
andmakeiirouf of thesame bv their odib or afllrmatioii, accord-
ing to the torm practised in the said olHce, and by tlieir tKKiksuf
accounts, or sutli other proper vouchers its shall be rea.sonably
required, and procure a certificate uniU:r the liands of the
Jmurancc of Mii/s, S(c. — Wc subjoin for the hilbnnation of sucli of our readers as may be interested in
the insurance *uf mills, the following .statements, put forth by the Leetls and Votkshire Assurance Company.
minister and churchwardens, and some other ros|>crtaMe in-
hahliants of (he parish and place, not cnuienuil or lntere7.te<l
in such loss, iniiHirting that they are well acciuainte<l with tlie
ch.iraf'ttr and circumstances of the iterson or persims insureil or
claiming ; and do know, or verily (pelieve, that he, she, ur they,
really, and li« mistVirtuiu', withotit any fraud or evil practice,
li.ive su.tfiined by stub (ire the Uus or' daiuae-, ai his, her, or
their los.s, to the value therein mentioned. A. id, (ill the alii-
davit and certitic;itP of such tite insured'-, loss shall Imj made
and produced, the Nks money shall not be p.nvable. Ami, if
there appear any fraud or false swearing, or that tlie tire sliall
have happenetl by the procurement, or wilful act, ni aiis, or
contrivance of the insured or claimants, he, she, or tliey shall
be exchulfil from all benefit from their policies. And in case
an> dillerence shall ari.se bet wi-en tbe odice aiui the insured,
loiu hing -niv loss or damage, such ililterenre sliall be suhnnttiHl
to till' jndninent and determination of arbitrators indillcrcmly
cbosen, w)io-,e award in writing shall be conclusive and binding
on all pn-lies.
N. U — In every ca.<!e of loss the Company reserves the riglit of
re instatement in preference ti» the payment of claims, if it
should Jud;;e the tornier course to lie "more exi)etlient ; hut
when any loss is seideil and adjusteil, the insuretl will rcicive
Immediate payment for the same, without any deducti.ni or
discount ; and will not be liable to any covenants or calls for
contribution to make (Toutl losses.
*j|t* To encourage the removal of i^ood.*, in cases of fire, this
oiflce will allow the reasonable charges attending the same,
and make t^ood Ihe sutlerer's loss, whether destroyetl, lost, or
damagetl, b.« ^uch removal.
CLASSIFKWTK
Class I — Fire Prni]f. Mills huill entirely of stone or brick:
the floors laid upon stone or brick arches, ri>sting n^ion stone,
brick, or iron pillars, and consisting of stone flags, tiles, cement,
or plaster ; the frame-work of the windows and roof of iron,
the roof covered with slates, tiles, or metal ; the staircase de-
tachtHl, constructed of soliil masonry or brick-work, without
any mixture of wootl or tii.tl>er, and having no conmmnicalion
with the mill but at tbe several landin;:s ; the openings for
upright shafts or machinery (if any) to lie boxed olr'with iron
or s(one.
Class 11. — Firr Pnio/. Infills of which the construction i.s in
all respects the same its ''|;iss I. except that the fUnirs do not
rest up<>n stone or brick arches, but consist of stone tlags laid
upon iron lH>ams and joists.
Class 111 — tMillsconsiruc(ed as Classes I. and II. but having
the stene floors resting upon timber beams and joists, and the
frame<woTk of the windows and roof of wood.
)N OF MILLS.
Class IV. — Mills built of stone or brick, and having one or
more of the U]>|ht tloo-s constructed of stone flags laid upon
iron or woikI bcons, on which floors the dangerous pnn Lssei
are carrittl on ; the staircase of stone, and detachetl.
(Jlass v.— Mills constructed of stone or brick; having the
tl(K>rs, except the ground Moor, of wood, planked and jointed
with iron; the staircase of stone, being detached or on the
outside*
Class VI.— Mills constrncted of stone or brick; having the
floors, except the ground floor, of wood ; the staircase of stone^
being
except
delachi
etl or on the outsider
Class Vll — Mills constructed of stone or brick; having the
stairs and floorsof wood ; the stairs Iwing open to the building,
N.ll —ll) all tbe cl.tsses it is understcMnl that the mill diH<s not
adjoin any other mill or extrahazardous building ; that th£
heating is by steam, and that the hoilersjand firing places are
in a scikirate building, not endangering the mill.
Scale of Premiums.
Flax Mills.
Cotton Mills. Woollen Mills.
Com Mills.
Oil Jlills.
Worsltil and
Silk .-Mills.
Huild-
liK-
Machi-
nery and
.Stocr.
■sr-pS-l's-
Marhi.
ncry and
SU.rk.
Dulld-
InR.
Machi-
ntry and
Slock.
Kuild-
ins.
.■Machi-
nery and
Slock.
'""■ Stock.
Clan I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
L. 1. d.
."i
7
9
\'l
on u
17 «
1
/,. «. rf. L. t. d. I.. ». (/. L. s. d.L. t. .1. ;,. J. </.
10 5 0: <J U .'i Oi H 5
1!< 7 11 7 10 4
U 14 |U 9 VI d 9 1'/ S
IS ;0 11 14 11 1,1 7
17 'O I.T O: l.'i lU U 14 8 U
19 ;0 IS 0, 17 ,0 14 16 ,0 9
1 2 18 U| 1 16 U| 18 10
/.. s. d.
G
7
8
9
10
110
14
/.. ». rf.
4
S
fi
7
8
9
10
I,. I. d.
7
8
9
10
U II u
14
l.T
/.. ». rf. L. 1. rf.
.T 10 ,'>
.t (>{ .S 6
4 1 fi
4 fi, H fi
5 7
fi 7 6
7 0| 8 C
When mills are more than 2 miles ilistant from any of the
company's, or other public engine stations, or havenot eiiKincs
belonitinf^ to them, reported in good order, ami properly served,
there must l>e added to classes
I. and II. fit/, premium. | \'. and VI. \s. firf. premium.
III. and IV. I«. premium. I VII. - . 4t. premium.
In com nulls, the working of every Rtlditional pair of stones
beyond 4, will add fi</. to the al>ove premiums.
A kiln adioiuing and communicating ft>r the drying of oats
or other grain, win add Vj. to the above premiums.
Wiiul corn mills, built of hrirk or stone, and having the roof
of wood, will come under Class VII.
Rfmarks.— The premiums affixed in the above scale .-ire on
the supiMsition that 3.4ihs of the value of the building or stock
.ire given in for insurance. If only half the value is given
In, the premium will be l-.^d more ; if only l-4th, the premium
will be V-.-^ds more ; and so on. Buildings, machinery, and
stock, may however l* insured for any sum or sums, subject
to tbe average clause; or machinery and stock may be insured
by rooms.
The intro<luction of stoves or fires, for htating, in lieu of
•team, v ill add to cl.iMes
I. and II. firf. premium. I V. and VI. Is. firf. premium.
1X1. and IV. U. premium. | VII. - - iij. premium.
Amount of Property insured. — Hut;/. — Iiisur.inco against fire, though jiractised in Franco, Holland,
and some other countrifcs, is not general any where exrcpt in Great Britain. It ha.s been known amongst
us for a century and a halt", and is now very widely extended. It aj)))cars from the oliicial acco mts, that
the ^ross duty received on policies of insurance against fire in the United Kingdom, in is;i'.!, amounted to
8j6,096/. ; which, as the duty is M. per (Xjnt., shows that the projH.'rty insured was valued at the immense
■um of .'),'i7,.'>97,.'>J3/. * Rut notwithstanding the magnitude of this sum, it is still true that most buildings
are not insured up to their full value; even in towns, many are not insured at all ; and in the country
it is far from being customary to insure farm buildings or barn-yards. It is dilncult to imagine that
this can be owing to any thing other than the exorbitance of the duty. On common risks the duty is
no less than 20(( per cent. ii|)on the premium ; or, in other words, if a jiorson pay to an insurance otiice
l.")*. for insuring 1,000/. worth of property, he must at the same time pay a duty of 'Ms. to government !
On hazardous and doubly hazardous risks, the duty varies (Yom about 12(1 to ^C> and HO per cent, uimri
the premium. Such .t duty is in the last degree oppressive and Impolitic. There cainiot, in ftict, be the
tlightcst doubt that, were it rcKtuced, a.s it ought to be, to one third its present amount, the business of
insurance wouUI be very much extendeil ; and as it could not be cjctendixi without an increase of security,
and without lessening the injurious consequences arising from the casualties to which property is exposed,
the retlucf ion of the duty w<iuld be productive of the best Consequences in a pubKc point of view ; while
the increase of business would prevent the revenue from being materially diminished.
During last .session ;18;i,'3', the duty on the insurance of farming stock wa.s repealetl. But the relief
thence arising is innnateriiil ; and the increase is, besides, highly nbjet^tionable in point of principle,
inasmuch as there is no ground whatever for exempting fanning stock from duty in preference to any
other description of stock. A duty on insurance is not, in itself, objectionable. We do not wish to see
it repealed, but to have it efli'ctnally rctliu'tKl. Were it fixetl at \s. per cent., it would hardly be felt ai
u burden ; while the revenue would' suHIt little or nothing from the measure.
i 1
twl and
.Ml
lis
A
in-
li-
nerv ami
Stock.
L.
«.
d.
(1
.'»
(1
(1
ft
(i
i;
(1
(;
H
U
7
U
7
(i
H
(J
■ .
INSURANCE (LIFE).
707
Amount ol' Duty on Kiro Iiiaurnnccs paid by the difU'ront I^ondon OOlccs, during each of the ioa
Vunrs undiMK with lH:]'i.
oin.i-..
l»'«.
IH^l-
IH'i.',.
ISVIi.
18'i7.
ISV8.
isvu.
18.10.
18.11.
183V.
L.
L.
I..
1..
/,.
/,.
1..
L.
/,.
/,.
AMiiuitf -
!l,4t).l
l,'.,nn
lfi„1,V.I
17,7 ir.
19,0fl.'.
19,4fifi
•iii.nn
V0,7I.'>
V0,ll7
Mm ■
!(;,n75
17,.">H.'.
IHA''li
\'j:iii
V0,SII8
l'J,.'>VV
Vn,l!l!»
V0,700
VO,78.1
V 1,0.0
)lriii>h ■
i.'),r/fi
n.iiiiri
1 l,NIII
l.-.,V71
l'),4(:i
Ki.VIM
l.'.,8IV
1,'.,81!>
l.'.,.'.7V
i.'.,till
County -
ii.iyj
4.-.,lll
•i'.t^',m
4>I,I,S0
4.1,.'i'.!V
47,11.1
■u.\ri
44,17V
48,,'>1"
4 8, ,'.07
(llolK! -
ur,,Hi.t
Vti.tt.'^
M.IVH
Vt,117
v(>,iiin
M.riii?
i!,,r,i;t,
V(i,4(;v
Vl.,.'i97
V7,l!)8
ttuartlian -
'ii.iifi
vl,7.'.«
V7,.1«.T
V8,.i;o
vy.oii.i
Vl),l>8 t
30,.'.!l.'i
.11,1177
,11,88,')
.11, .'.V8
Hand in -Hand •
1'^,I>.S7
1I,1.V.»
1V,770
Il,.'i:i.'i
11,701
1 1 ,M7.'.
1 1 ,V.V1
1 1 ,.',SU
1 <,.'.!. I
10,!l(iO
ltn|icri.'il -
M.Z-i-i
.IV, 1 '-'2
,10,9,18
VS,!l(i.'i
VS,V>I
V8,i;i7
VK.'ilO
V7,08l
VS,V.10
V8,V34
Konditn -
K„1.-)S
K.IU
7,MI
7,111
7,077
-.Wi
7,48.'.
8,0 1 9
7,',l,'>.1
S.lV.'i
i'altndiuin -
l,(iti7
.1,.1V.'.
.1,811)
4,7V1
.'>,0V8
.'.,.178
1 ,.177
disrnntin.
IMlllMliX -
fil,97.')J
r.v.iui
01,181
.^!l,lllll
(i",l8V
()'.!,8.-|'J
ll.'.,lil'J
f.8,8;.-,
09,3!P0
7,'>,07(1
I'rotfitiir -
-
1 1 .S'J.I
V1,7.'.V
.1->,V7.1
4(1,4 l(i
.'.I,vs7
i(i,08l
.'.9,789
.'.9, 18V
Hi'Val iCxcltanyu
:iO,()i8
•i7,f)ri'i
■l(i,(;.s.'i
48,l(Ki
.1-1,0.14
411, ik;
4y,7sii
a 1,891
il,.'S(l
.'.I.SVI
Sun
1 IV, 1(1.1
lllll.li.M
108,7111
10T,17'^
11I,'>V1
I14,VII.'>
II8,8.'>6
ivn,(ii9
IVl 1,10
1V1,IV7
I.'nion
l.'i„1n7
li^O.M
U,,l.',-l
i.'.,i ;<;.'.
l.'>,7(W
1(,41V
Iti.W-i
l.'.,7M
1 ■.,8.1.1
i,'.,.iia
Wtrstniin^ttT
1 1.W.i
11,77.'.
1 1 ,.i.-i(;
11, -.,'.1
14, .v.!)
i4/^(;i
lA,4til
14,777
l.'>,ll'i
i:.,iii
Albion
TiX.il
H,7liS
ll,ivs
l.i,.ii'j
i.i,()„i
iv.hi;-.)
di&contin.
Il.'>,l(i7
■l.li'.S.Tl
I.VI.SIO
l7!),(is(;
4',IV,'IIS
.'.i,i,S(;8
.'i.'8,lll
.'..14,1VH
.'.,'iO,.'.(;V
,'i,".4,98S
Amount of Duty on Fire Insurance paid by tlio difleront Country OtJkeii in England, during each of the
Kivc Yuars endiiii; with 18,ii;.
t llliclh.
1 8V8.
18V9.
18.10.
1831.
183V.
/,.
/,.
/,.
/..
/,.
IJath Sini ... . .
1 ,(1V0
1 ,liV8
I,.'.83
l.'.IV
1 ,.'i9V
llerk.s, (tloucestershire, and Provinrial {ituoun,}
V,.19,'.
V,177
V,lllil
(il 1
Itirniiniihani ... . .
ii,iv(;
(i,l8li
t;,.',93
:,oi(;
7,019
llri^i.l . . . ...
.1,8.1ti
3,90.1
3,9.'.3
,1,977
3,7'.l
Bristol (Crown) . . . . .
1,'iti
1 ,88V
1,919
1 ,8(l(i
l,8(iV
Bri.^tol (L'nioni - . ....
V,I90
V,488
V,.';(i()
V,.-,8l
V,.'.(17
Kksex Ki'oni.iniL' - . . .
V,8,'.V
V,9V5
•3,|3G
3,1 (.3
3,0t>l
Ks.st-'.x and .^utli.lk • - ' . . ■
(i,V7<.t
(i,14»
(1,407
(,,190
<i,,'.04
Ht->r(foril, Canil.ritlf^o, and t'onntry ((/ti(''.fi.)
4,1171
l,8lili
.'■.,4V9
333
Hants, SU.S.SCX, and Worst t - . .
v,i;io
V,l.89
V,79V
V,8.13
v,(;87
Kf.it - - - . . .
9,0.1.'.
9.V79
IO,7Vtl
10,tl(IV
10,li,'.O
X.n.>ds and Vorkshire - . ...
<..,177
li,7V8
ti,977
7,8V 1
8,0(.8
Manchester - - - -
IK, 178
1(;,70.1
l(i,7«7
17,.V.O
17,,'.3V
Newcastlo-npnn-Tvno - ....
4,7.'..'.
4,918
6,1 W3
6,VV9
5,lV(i
New iNorwitli Equitable . . - - .
.
.
1,091
1 ,3.10
1,1.11)
Norwich Kquiiable - - ...
.1,448
3,491
V,.1l(i
8,838
3,0V0
Norwich Union . . - ...
CI, 94(1
fil,l8li
CV,,18.'.
C8,1.'.(i
G(«,889
Itoadi.if; - . ...
IIV
108
131
1,'K)
18V
Salamander . . . ...
4,'i40
4,800
4,937
,'.,.107
,'),1V»
Salon - . . . ...
Sbelheld ... ...
V,(il6
V,(.37
V,81I0
«,8II
V,878
l,7lfi
1,801
1,9VV
v,oi;.-.
V,0(i7
Shielils (North and Soul h) - ....
701;
7 1.1
7V7
719
737
Snili.lk (KiM) ... . .
,'.,,'.,11)
.'.,(1,19
•V*?
<;>V77
G,V13
Sulliilk |\\'esl) .....
.'.,9H9
(i,IVO
(i„13V
C,9(il
(i,9.'.(i
We^t of lOngland . • ...
VV,,'.,1l
V3,S,-.8
2,'.,IV3
V,0,(.83
V(>,(;oi
Voikshire .....
■|'o:.-)l
V,917
3,V31
3,93(i
4,734
6,t(il
1S.1,.1»9
lS(i,7ll3
191,019
V01,7(;l
198,V1V
'I'ho Hope, Kaglp, Albion, Bcaron, Uriti.'ih Commercial, I'alladium, Surrey, .Sussex and Southwark,
Rrlghto)), Old Hath, Gloucesteishiri', Canterbury, Heiks, Cilouce,ster iind Provincial, Hertford, Cam.
bri.lge aixl Country, and others, (in all 22 ottiees, chiefly those lately established,) navo discontinued
their tire insurance business.
IV. INSUB4NXE (Life).
That part of the business of life iiLsunnce which consists of prantinR annuities upon lives, is treatetl
of under I\ti;ui.st ano Anniities ; so that we have only to treat, in this place, of the insurance of sums
p.iyable at the death of the insurers or their nominees.
Sui)po(ie an individual of a Kiveii ane wishes to insure 100/. payal)le at his death, the single premium,
or the series of aiuiual premiums, he ought to pay an otfiee for such insiiMnce, must plainly depend on
the expectation of life of sucli individual, ami on the rate of interest or nett profit which the insurcrii
may make liy inv(>sting tlie i.remiums.
\Vith respoi-t to the first of the.se conditions, or the expectation i\f lifi\ it is usual in cstim.iting it to
have recourse to Tables frametl from the mortality observetl to take place in particular cities or districts,
as in Northampton, Carlisle, \c. — ...See Interkst and An.mitids.) Hut though the actual decrement
and expectation of life among an average population, .it every year of their lives, we- e accurately
determined, it is doubted wheflier it would form a fair basis for an insurance ottice to proceed upon. 'I'he
general oi.inion seems to be, that insured lives are tieeideilly above the average; lor insurance ofticos
invariably profess to act on the principle of rejecting bad lives, or of making them pay a proportional
incrc:ise of premium ; .iiid it may, besides, it is said, be fairly presumed that persons insuring their
lives are of a sui.erior class, and are not, generally speaking, engaged in those manual and laborious
occupations that are esteeme<l most injurious to health. But, on the other hand, the friends of parties
whose lives are supposed to l)C bad, and the parties themselves, are most anxious they should be insured.
Tt is also far from being an uncommon practice, for certain individuals to prevail on ptrsons whom they
happen to know, or believe to be bad lives, to insure ; aixl then to get a legal assignment of the policy in
their favour, on their giving the " men of straw" a bonus for their share in the fr,iud. At all events.
there can be no question that large numbers of such lives are perpetually otlerinl for insurance ; aiul
every i)idividiial conversant with the business knows that, in despite of all precautions, poUcies are
very fretimnitly effectetl upon them. Mr. Milne, on whose judgment every reliance may be pfactMl, statei
distinctly that " all the caution and selection which the otiices in gener.il can exercise, is necessary to
keep the lives iiifured up to the aver.age goodness of the bulk of the population." — {Enry. Brit, new ed.
art. Annuities.) Since the competition among the diU'erent oHices became so very keen as it has been of
late years, there are but few lives .so bad that they will not be taken by one olficc or another ; and we
doubt, were the results of their experience made j.ublic, whether it would be found that there is much
foundation for the opinion ius to the superiority of insured lives.
With respect to the second condition in valuing an insurance, or the rate at which the interest of
money may be estimated, it is impossible to arrive at any thing like accur.ite conclusions. At an average,
perhaps, transactions in life insurance may extend over a period of ,'iO years from the time when they are
entered into ; and in such a lengthened term the greatest changes may take place in the rate of profit
and the rate of interest. Mr. Finlaison, of the National Debt Othce, ap|)iMrs to think that 41 per cent,
may be taken as the true average rate in this country ; and that i\ is a rate at which no loss need be
*2 Z 2
1
» >■
il
m
^,
' *\
ill'
, .,
'.!-
'i )1
Mi ,H.
'^
% *:
' y
mmmHmm
ros
INSURANCE (LIFE).
I' If.
m I
npprclicndcd.— (PaW. Paper, No. 284. Scss. 18'29.) But this Is not a point on whlrli (as >fr. Finliiisnn
Huoms to suppose) previMis experience cvin be snrely depended upon in tbrniing cnga^'enicnts I'ur tlie
future ; and were this the proper place for entering iinon such di.scussions, we tliink we could assijjn
pretty solid grounds for concluding that no institution, uitended to last tor the next half century, would
i)C warranted in reckoning upon realising more tlian ;i per cent, upon its investments. We should look
upon this as the tncuimum, and of course could expect nothing but ruin to fall upon any institution
founded upon the hypothesis of realising i\ per cent, of interest. At the same time, we would not be
understnod as laying anv undue stress u^ion this opinion ; and arc ready to admit thiit lliere must always
be more of conjecture than of certainty in such conclusions.
Security being the principal object to be aimed at by every insurance office established on sound prin-
ciples, they would not act wisely, if they did not calculate their premiums considerably higher than may
appear necessary to those who look only at what has taken place during tiie last ,J0 or 4U years. Societies
contracting prospective engagements that may extend for lialf a century or more, are exiH)seil to itnui.
merable unforeseen contingencies; and they would be highly censurable, and altogether unworthy of the
public confidence, were they so to conduct their affiiirs, that they might be liable to serious emtiiirrass.
ments from fluctuations in the rate of interest, or an incrciise of sickness, or any other cau.^e. 'I'he success
that has hitherto attendetl the Kquitahle, and some of the long.establishe<l offices, must not be taken as
any criterion of what may befall them and others during the next KM) years. Mr. Morgan, the late able
actuary of the iMjuitable, in his account of the rise and progress of that institution, published in IK'JS,
has satisfiictorily shown that its peculiar prosperity has been in a very great degree owing to circumstances
which cannot possibly occur again. The premium, for example, chargwl by the Society, so late as 1771,
for insuring 1(H)/. on the life of a person ,nged 3(), was 4/. l,v. ;")J(/., where^is it is now only 'J/. 1,5s. 4</. ;
and there was a corresponding difference in the premiums for the other ages. — (p. .Jti.) Hut the exces.>ii\e
magnitude of the premiums was not the only extraordinary source of profit enjoyed by this .Society in
the earlier part of its career. We learn from the same uncjuestionable authority, that half tin- insiiraiiccs
tnattr dtiring thf first twenty-five years qf t/ic Society's ctisteitce were tibiimloncU by llie insurers, in many
cases, af^or the premiums upon them had been jmid for a considerable number of years, tvilliuut any
vnlmtblc consifteration being given for theni bi/ the Society! — (p. 3H.) So copious a source of i>r()lit was
alone adequate to enrich any society ; but sucli things rarely occur now, — people are become too familiar
with life insurance, and sales of |)()iicies are of too frequent occurrence, to allow any office to realise any
thing considerable in this way. Now, we ask, can any one who takes these facts into view, and couples
them with the frugal and cautious management which has hitherto always distinguished tiie Ivpiitabk;
Society, be suri)rised at its success ? and can anything bo more absurd than to appeal to its experieiu-c
in c.i,sfing the horoscope of the societies that lia\c sprung into existence within the last few years.
Hut, independently of these considerations, there arc other circumstances sufficient to account for the
great success of some of the old offices. Since the close of the American war, a very decidetl diminution
h;is taken place in the rate of mortality ; the public tranquillity has neither been disturbeil by foreifjn
invasion nor intestine commotion ; we have not been once visited by any epidemic disorder; and the
investments in the funds, during the war made at from .00 to 60, may now be realised at from So to i> ).
We do not presume to say that circumstances may not be even more advantageous for the insurance
offices during the next half century ; but we should not, certainly, think very highly of the prudence of
those who proceeded to insure on such an assumption. Security, we take leave again to repeat, is, in life
insurance, the paramount consideration. It is, we believe, admitted on all hands, that the preniiuins
were at one time too liigh ; but we doubt whether the tendency at present be not to sink them too low.
A great relaxation hiis taken place, even in the most respectable offices, as to the selection of lives.
And the advertisements daily appearing in the newspapers, and the practices known to be resorted to in
ditTerent quarters to procure business, ought to make every prudent individual consider well what he is
about before he deci(tes upon the office with which he is to insure. Attractive statements, unless where
they emanate from individuals of unquestionable character and science, ought not to go for much. Lite
insurance is one of the most deceptive of businesses; ai.';t offices may for a long time have all the
api)earance of prosperity, which are, notwithstanding, established on a very insecure foundation. 11
a man insure a house or" a ship with a society, or an individu.d, of whose credit he gets doubtful, he will
forthwith insure somewhere else. But life insurance is quite a different afliiir. The bargain is one that
is not to be finally concluded for, perhaps, 50 years ; and any inability on the i)art of an establishment in
extensive business to make good its engagements, would be productive of a degree of misery not easy to
be imagined.
Life insurance companies are divided into three classes. The first class consists of joint stock com.
panics, who undertake to pay fixed sums u|>on the death of the individuals insuring with them ; the
profits made by such companies being wholly divided among the j)roprietors. t)f this class are the Uoyal
Exchange, the Sun, the Globe, Sc. The second class ure also jiint stock companies, with proprietary
bodies ; but instead of undertaking, like the former, to pay certain specified sums upon the death of the
insured, they allow the latter to participate to a certain extent, along with the proprietors, in the profits
made by the busines.s. The mode in which this sort of niixeii companies allot the profit granted to the
insureil, is not the same in all ; and in some, the principle on which the allotment is made is not disclosed.
The Kock, Alliance, Guardian, Atlas, &c. belong to this mixed class. The third sjiccies of company is
that which is formed on the basis of mutual insurance. In this sort of company there is no proprietary
bo<ly distinct from the insured ; the latter share among themselves the whole profits of the concern, alter
deducting the expenses of management. The Kquitable Society, the Amicable, the Norwich Life, &c,
belong to this class.
The advantage to a person insuring in any one oflfice as compared with another, must plainly depend
on a comparison between the premiums demanded, the conditions of the ix)licy, and, above all, the security
which it holds out. It may appear, on a su|ierficial view, as if the mutual insurance companies would
be ill all respects the most eligible to deal with, inasmuch as they have no proprietors to draw away any
share of the profits from the insured. It is doubtful, however, whether this advantage be not more than
balanced by disadvantages incident to such establishments. Kvery one being a partner in tlie concern,
has not only his own life insured, but is part insurer of the lives of all the other members ; and may, in
this capacity, should the all'airs of the society get into disorder, incur some very serious responsibilities.
The management, too, of such societies, is very apt to get into the hands of :i junto ; and to be conducted
without the greater luimber of those interested knowing any thing of the matter There is, also, < (in-
siderable difficulty, in constituting such societies, in distinguishing clearly between the rights of old and
new members : for, supposing a society to be prosperous, it is but reasonable that those who have belonged
to it while it has accumulateil a large fund, should object to new entrants participating in this advantage.
But the affairs of a society conducted in this way, or niakkig distinctions in the rights of the members
during a long series of years, could hardly fail of becoming at last exceedingly complicated : nor is it,
indeed, at all improbable that theconflicting claims of the parties in some of the societies of this sort now
in existence, may ultimately have to be adjusted in the courts of law, or by an act of the legislature.
Supposing the premiums demanded by the societies which retain the whole profits to themselves, to bo
fairly pioportioned to the values insured, we should be inclined to think that they are, on the whole, the
most advisi'hle to insure in. I'he subscribed capital of such associations jis the Uoyal Kxchange, Sun,
Globe, Scottish Union, &c., and the wealth of the partners (which is all liable, except in the case of the
«iiartcred companies, to the claims of the insured), affbrd unquestionable security, individuals dealing
»ith them know exactly what they are about. They know the precise premiums they will have to jiay,
uid the exact amount uf the sums th.it will be paid to their assignees in the cvuut of tlieir death. They
mt
INSURANCE (LI IE).
roo
incur no responsibility of any kimi whati'vpr. For, unless some very unprocpdcnted and unlooko^J-for
change should take pl.iee in the eoiiilitioa ui' tlie country, they nuiy reckon with eert.iinty on the teuiis
ot'lhi' iH)liey being fullilletl to the letter.
Hut, as alrrady observed, every thing depends, in matters ofthi* sort, on a comparison of (he premium
with the advantages to be realisi-d And where the premiums aie !)elieve<J, either througli eareIe^she^s,
or intentionally, in order to provide tor the safety of the estat)litihment, to be a little loo high, it ma\ l^e
more expedient, perhaps, to deal with a mixed rontpany. 'I'he hub8cril)ed capital and fortunes *if the i)ro-
prietary IxMly aHord a guarantee on which the |)id)hc may depend in dealing with any rcspcctahic eom-
l>aiiy of this sort; while, by receiving a share ot the profits, the insure<l gain by the nourishing condition
o\' the association, and it is of less consequence to them though the premiums should be too high.
It should, however, be borne in mind, that an individual insuring with a mixe<I company, on condition
of his getting a proiwrtioii of the proHts, becomes a partner of such company ; and being so, incurs re-
sponsibilities. Ill dealing with sucli a&i^oeiationsas the Alliance, the Hock, and a few others, this nspon.s'
ibility can hardly be said to amount to any thing. Hut there are companies of this clius in the tiild,aiid
holding out very tempting baits to the unwary, those insured in which may tind, at some future period,
that this responsibility is by no means a tight matter.
A highly resj/ectable company of this mixed cla.ss, with a large subscribed capital, — the Guardian,—
inserts in alhts policies the following condition, vi/. — "That the responsiliility of the iiidiviiiual members
dhall, in all ca.ses, be limitetl to their respective shurcs.*' It may be doubted whether this comlition be
good in law ; but if it be^ it materially ailects the security aflbrded by the Company, which otherwise
wouhl justly claim a ulace ni the very first class of oHlces. As no one attmipts to secure himself against
a (diitingency which tie is satis tieil cannot hapi>en, the existence of a condition of this sort implies a doubt,
on the part of the nroprietary body, of the pcrfict solidity ot the cstiiblishment. Such a doubt may be,
and vvc believe really is, very'ill-founded j but the public wil! most likely, be inclined to think that the
proprii'tors ought to know better th.m any one else. The Albion Fire and Life Insurance Company also
inserts in its policies a condition to the same etlect.
The allotment of profit to the insured made by the mixed companies, is sometimes effected by a dimi-
nution ot the premiums, and sometimes by increasit-.g the sum in the policy; and individuals should, in
dealing with such societies, select, other things being equal, the association with wliich to insure, accord.
ing as they wish to insure a larger sum, or to get the premiums reduced.
\Vesubj(tin, from Mr. Habbage*s wcrk on LiJ'c At!sv ranee*, the Ibllowing statement of the terms of the
various mixed companies, as to the division of |)rotits with the insured. Tiiey are, tor the most part,
exceedingly vague. We also subjoin an account of the conditions, in resj;ect of profits, under which new
entrants arc admitted into the Equitable.
AiVmnce. — Ax the jieriods of particiiKitlnn uf the rom])any
in Ihf profits ut" its coiuerns, everj iiolicy for llie \\li<»Ic* ttTin
uflifL', which >hall tiave i>aiU •') eiuiru annual pruniiuins, ithall,
if iht> allowance he tnatU' in reduction of annual prciiruni, he
entitled to sui h reduction from the original cliar^t; as hl-all
tlien, and from time to time, be declarcil ; Itut if the allowance
|pe in addition to the amount assured, that addition snail ulhu
be continually declared from time to ti?nu.
I'ersons assuring tl-eir own lives have the option of declaring,
al llie time of etfectinij the a-ssurancc, whether they will itar-
ticip.ite in the proiits by an aikiition to tlieir policy, or by a
rtductioii of premium*
Athts I'ersons assurinjj for the whole term of life for IflO/.
and upwards, in Great Britain and Ireland respectively, will
lie eiititle<l, at the end of every 7th year, to participate in the
surplus premiums, to he then ascertained by actual valuation.
Asi/lurn. — The directors have jiower to divide >uch portion
of the protits ((uinquennially as may not imprudently check
the growth of the funds intended for the benefit of Uie
asMirtil.
Crotrti.— 'i'wo tliirds of suih jirofits as .shall periodically Im?
dedaveil divisib'e, will be apportioned amonj;st assurers for the
whole term of life, and may be applied to the retluction of the
future annual premiums, or to the increase of die sum assured,
as mav be desired.
Fjvommiic- At present.^-4ihsof (he savings and profits divided
nmonnsi the as.-urtd entitled toparticipate therein, by additions
to their policies, proportioned to their respective coniributions*
and in order to allbrd them the imnutliate benefit of such
additioMs, interest thereon applied annually in reduction of
their premiums.
£./H(7«Wc. — That in case any prospective athlition shall
hereafter be orckred to be made to the claims upon policies of
assurance in this Society, such order shall not lake effect with
respect toanviiolicv grantetl after the r^lst of December, IKlfi,
until the assurances existing in the Society prior in nundier
and date to such t>olicy, and if of the same date, prior in the
number Ihtreof, shall 1* reduced to ■'i.tHH) ; but as soon as such
reiUiction sliall have been ascertainetl, in manner hereinafter
menlionetl, the said policv shall be within the- eticct and oper-
ali(Hi i)f tiie order for such addition, as to the payments made
tlicreon sidisitpu'iU to such ascertained reduction : so that if
such ortler -hould be made to take eilect generally from the
Isl ofJamiarv.lSVO, for the space of 10 years then next follow-
ing, a policv ellected in the \e:ir 1S17» >naU not be within the
operation of such order, until the assurances existing prior to
the number and date of the policy, as aforesaid, sball have
lieen reduced to .OilKK); but such i)ollcy shall be within the
operation thereof from the time v\ hen the reduction shall have
lut'ii ascertained, in manner linreinafter mentioneil, as to the
payments made tht-reon subsequent to su< h asccitaiiied reduc-
tion. And the like as to other ca>e!.. And tlu-^ by-law t>hall
lie considered as a nart of every such order, an > -hall be vir-
tu;dly incorporated thenin, allhoufih the same may not be
tlieieby expressly ref»rre<l to.
That in c<ise "any retrospective addition shall hereafter lie
ordered to I)e made to claims uj'on jxilicies of assurance hi ibis
Sociftv, such order shall not take eilect with respect to any
poll, ygrai. ted aftt-r the ."Ist of December, ISD., unUl the
assurances existing In the Society prior in number md date,
and if of the snine date, prior in'the number thereof, shall be
reduced tn .'i,0(Hl ; but when the said reduction shall havel)ecn
a>certaine<I in manner here.'>;.ftermenIioncd, such policy shall
le within the elt'c't and opk ration, and eiititletl to the fienetit
of >uch ordrr, with respei I to eviry paunenl macle thereon
subsei)uent to such a.scertaiiieU reduction; bothat if such order
shall be made to take effect generally as to payments made
before till* 1st of ,t;muary IS'^O, a policy effected in the year
IS17 shall not be within the effect and opcra'ion there<if,'iin-
less the life assured shall exist, and the payments continue to
le m.'t(!e, ui:til the assurances existing in the Society prior to
the numlier anil date of the policy, as aforesaid, shall beie-
tiuceti to 'sUiHl ; but as soon as such retluction shail have liein
ascertained, in manner bereinafier mentionid, ^uch policy
shall be withm the eti'ect :ind operation of t>uch tinker for ilu
several payments made theteon as aforesaid. And the lilie an
to other c.'>es. Auti thj by-law shall be con^i^*ered ai a p;>rt
of 1 very su( h order, and lie virtually incorporatetl theuin,
although the same may not be thereby expressly lefened
to.
'J'hat an in<]uiry be made on the bst of Ai'ril in every year,
in i.ider to asctrtain the number of assurances made and ex-
istii'jr it. the Sociity ; and when it shall have been ascerlaired
by such ii.iiuiry that the assurances existing prior to the 1st of
iTuunary, 1M7, were, on the ."^Uttjf December immediately
prtt etlint: such im|uiry, reduced below the num! er of 5,niJii,
the a<tuary do report *tl e same to (he court of directors, w hi>
shall comn'umicate s\ich report to tlie quarterly general coiirt,
to be holden in the June following; i<nd that as many of such
\iolicies as had been knade sub^etiuent to the .list of December,
Si6, and whicli were existim; in the Society on the .list of
December immediately' precetling such inqmry, Iw added,
according to (he prioritv in their dates and numbers, and If
of the same date, according to the priority in their numtiers, (o
those above mentioned, as shall be sudicient to complete t!ie
number to .^,(KK> ; and that the persons lu'lding the iiolicics so
addefl shall be considered thenceforward as entitled to such
additions as shall be thereafter made in respect of ail the |iay-
inents made subse«iuent to such ascertained retluction, and,
under the same restrictions, to tlie s.-'me privileges of attending
at the general courts, and of being eligible to the otlice of
director.
That after the vacant numl)er5 in the assurances existing in
the Society on the 1st of January, 1817, shall have lieen filled
up agreeably to the forejL^oing order, the actuary, on the ls( of
April in every succceti.ng year, do ascertain 'the vacancies
w hich have taken place in the preceding year in the policies
constituting the .'i,0(H> mentioned in the *6th resolution, and
report the same to the court of directors, who shall commu-
nicate such report to the quarterly gi neral court in the month
of Ju ie follow ing ; and that as many policies shall be added,
according to the priority of their dates and numbers, and if of
the siime date, accortlin'g to the prioritv in ,iheir numbers, as
shall be sufficient to compbte the numlwr to '>,000 ; and that
the persons holding those policies shall thenceforward be ctm-
sidered as en U( led to such additions as shall be thereafter made
in re?|>;'ct of all {layments made sul sequent to the .list of the
pTecetling December, and, under the simie resiriclions, to the
same privileges of attending the general courts, and being
eli^:ilile to the office of director.
I'rovidetl that nothing hereby orderetl shall be construed to
authorise an addition (o the sum assuretl by anv policy, ujmn
which policy the number of ])ayments requiVetl in that respect
bv the present by-laws of the Society shall not have lieen
made.
A. /J. — Those by-laws require that fi annual payments at
the least shall have lieen made before any addition to a claim
can take place; and when sui h payments shall have l>een
made, the party will In- qu.difieil to lie received, in his turn,
int" the numlKT of perstms entitUnl to additions as aforesaid.
/■;k(*i;«v/i(. — The profits tlerived by this Company are dis-
l tributetl amongst the several persons connected with theesta*
* 'I'liis work of Mr liabbagc contains a good deal of useful information, intermixei', however, with
not n lew errors and uiiii-^tatements. It WM most ably reviewed in an urtiele in the *JO'.h Number of tho
EdiHbhrgh licvUw.
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710
INSURANCE (LIFE).
iii'-* f
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PiiUiitlUtm. — A Kvnt^rAl Ihvestlaatlon of tlic affairs irf the
Society Ih to take pi. ice every 7tn yt-nr, «hen ■l-.'iths of (hit
Uot-lanil prutit of the lift* deiuirtnieiit will |.e approprtatnl tiy
wuv uf bfinuii ur aildltitm, to Iw plactnt to the cruilit of ihu
IMtllt ie^ then in force for the whule tenn uflife, U|>un the inokt
equiti»lilfpriiiripli?sof liivision.
/{iM-A-. — 'j'h It the »iiiil Ihmuih fthaM hv nhort of the ncliini
surplus proliiH at the thiie of inakhitf the utiiiei by the ttuin uf
.5.0110/. at leiwt.
That the \}ov\\\% ko ileclnrcd shall be divided into 3 equal
parts.
'I'hat one uf the ftald p^trt^ hlmll he added to and consoUdalud
witti the Dulihirhitiou i-apitdi &tock. (ThiA iH the proprieiurs,
fund.)
That the remaining ^-.'^ds be allotted to the policies in the
manner dcscrilud hi tns deetl.
'I'hat the sum to which any person HSHnrcil by the ('otnnnny
may l)ecome entitled under nnv t>\\v\\ distribution, shall be
paid by the Company without interest, at iht- liiiit' when the
»um assuri'd by the policy Hliali becunic payalpk*, and not
before.
t'l'hiii, — Those who assure with this Company will partici-
pate with thu proprit'tors in the proltts of thi* estalilishnient,
which will be addttl every 7 yearn to the respective jHilicies.
I'liifiul /wMj'irt*,— I'ersuns etlectinn iL-Mturances fur li»e who'e
contimi;ince of life will, at the end of the first .'> year^, and uf
every sut)^ei|uent 'i years, lieL'ntitU>d to ii.irticipale in wlmtever
nelt'suvitlus ptulit-i it may bf duclareu by thu direct ts cxp-.'-
dii'Mi to diviile.
Two-fifth-, of the afonsai.l prnfitswill be divided anumi/st
the said iusuvcd, in proportion to *lie jiremiunis they niav rv-
siieciively b.ive piiid, and will, ai ibeir option, be eitrirr addLtl
to the ainount of their pulicich, or applied in reduLtlun of their
fiuure prcniluni.s.
f itinmiti) \s it is intendwi that the cniiltal advanced
shall he repaid to the hharebolder, with a bonus of innl. per
cent-, l-l<Mh of the prolits, wlien ascertained by a \'nluatioii
of all existinj; risks, \siil every '» years be applied to form a
fti'id for ih It purpose,
1 he leinainiuK l»-lllth* of the j)rofiIs to be divided between
the assureil and the stiareholdi r, ni tlie proportion uf 8 parts
to the former and L to the latter.
The in'olit or bonus to the a^sured to Iw K'^en eithir by a
diinintition of ilie rate of inerniutn, or by an iiurcase of the
ainnunt of iH>licy, at the option of the parlv.
iycstminstcr, — My a re^'ulation lakiiuf elVeci from the (Mh of
May, is.T^, this Society mike-, a positive addui. n of 10 per
cent, every lOih year to 'all sums insured on sin^; e lives, for the
whole teruj of life, by policies i>y:>ucd after that date.
ItU^hment, accordiuK to the contingency or certainty uf their
contract.
Lite insurers derive an Immediate Iwnent by the reduction
of I he premiums f^^nerally taken, with the urosjiect of a IIUt i
atldiiion to their )M)licles, or a further reituctLon td' the pre
niium, in 10 year>.
Owinliii$i. — Persons assured for the who'e term of life will
be entitled at the end of every 7 years ti> participate in ttie
profits of the ('oinpany, after a deduction of sui h sum per
annum, for the guiranty of the capital, as the directors may
think reasonal>le; the extent of which is, however, limited by
the deed of setllnnent.
The share of the profits to be so allowed to the insured, may
either l>ti ailded to the amount of ttielr resiH'ctivu policies, or
the value t)u*reof be applied in reduction of the prt>iniums
hereat'ler to he pay tble on such policitfs, provided such option
he declared In wriiiiiK within ."^calendar moot lis next after the
divideiul shall hav.- been declaretl ; but if such option be not
declarcil, such sJiare of profits will be addeil to the amount of
liolichs.'
//ope. — Kverv per-.ou elfectlnij a ]ioIicv of assurance at tliis
otHce, isentitleil to a participation in the profits (quallv with
the proprietors of the (.oinp.uiy, after a moderate deduction for
tiie ^{11 iranty an(l the expense-, of nianattemenl.
IwiH-riii/. — Upoji every policy eifected for the whole term of
life, the assured will pirllripate in the profit* of thet'omp.my,
Ity havint: iteriodical additions made to the sums liisurid to tlie
amount of '^-.Id parts of such dear ^.dns and proiits.
lAirr l.iji\ — At stated periinls. the surplus of the fund arislujf
from the premiums of ahsuraiice, and their acciuiiulation be-
yond what may be (bought neces.snry to ansv*er the expe- ttnl
claims U}ion the Society, will be ast ertaineil ; and as 1 ir^e a
portion of the savings as may be deemed consistent with the
sec.irity of the institution, will he divided between the pro-
prietors aiul the assured in the following; manner:- l-,')ih
will be transferred to the propriL>tors' ^^uaianty fund ; and re-
versionary sums, equivalent ti) the remaining l-.'iths, will be
added to the iwllcies of those who shall have been 5 years
assuretl for the whole term of life.
tAmdow l.'xfe AsHimaUon. — The distiimuishin;; ])rinciple of
thit Society Is, that the iKmefils resultiui; from its trmsactioivt
shall he eiijoved by the members during life, so as to render
life assurance as easy to the assured, as a due re^;ard to security
will ailmit.
lUeitiiiil 'inil r/fnV(//. — Persons as^ureil for the wliole term
of life will t>e entitled to share with the oiiulnal proprietors
theueiieral profits of the business, In proportion to the amount
of iiieir resuective assurances.
Nttrtvirh Viiiim, — The whole of the surplus premiums is
added at stateil jieritMls to th ■ policits of the members, in pro- ,
))ortion to the sums tliey have vespectivtly contributed. i
In order to hiiuler the growth of gambling transactions upon life insurance, it was juiUciously enacted,
by Stat. 14 Geo. 3. c. 48., that
No insurance shall lie inatU' by any person or |>ersons, hotlics
politic or corpor;(te, on tiio life or liVei of any person or jifr-
lonsf or any othcT event or events \vlials<ieviT,' where the |)er-
son or persons, for vsliose use or benetii, or on wliose account,
Ruch policy or |>olicies shall lie m.idf, a/m/// hare lui iH/ciTar/, or
by way of jjainin^ or wajjcrinji ; and thai everv insurance niaile
contrary to the true intent and tne.oiin^ of'this act, sludl lie
nnll and void to all intents and jnirposes whatsoever. —
Se<t. I.
It shall not be lawful to malce any policy or policies on the
life or lives of any person or persons, or other event or events,
tvil/niHt in-iriiinfi in siicfi \nilU-ti iir ;.<'/i((c.v, t/iv ninve or mnnfti
oftUf jtrrsvn or jifrsoitA intt'ftxteit tlicrt hi, orjhr ii'tml K.tf, U'litfit,
or im ii'ltosL- airouni, such jw/irt/ is no miutr ur tiuderrfrote, —
Sect, 'i.
In ail c.nses where the insnre<l has an interest in such life
or lives, event or events, no greater sum shall he recovcreti or
receiveti from the insurer or insurers, than the amount or value
of the interest of the insured in such life or lives, or olhci
event or events — Sect. ."5.
A creditor has an insiir.iblo interest in the life of his debtor ; but it was decided, in a case which arose
out ofu policy on the life of the late Mr. I'itt, that it', alter the death of a debtor whosi- life is insured by
a creditor, and before any action is brought on the polity, the iltbt be paid, no action will lit".
All insurance oHices either insert in their policies or refer in them to a declaration signed by the
insurc^d, setting forth his age, or the age of the party upon whom he is making an insurance ; whitlier he
has or has not had the small-pox, gout, &c. ; " that he is not afflicted with any disnrder that tends to the
shortening of life ;" that this declaration is to be the basis of the contract between him and llie society ;
and th.it, if there be any untrue averment in it, all th? monies paid to the society upon account of the
insurance shall be torfeited to them. — iSee rorni, /w.vA)
The condition as to the party not being afllicted with any disorder that tends to the shortening of life
is vague, and has given rise to a good deal of iliscussion. IJut it is now settled that this condition is sutli-
cienlly complied with, if the in.^ured be in a reasonably good state of health; and though he may be
atllicted with some disease, yet, if it can be shown that this discflse does not tend lo shorten life, aiidwas
not, iii fact, the cause of the' party's death, ihe insurer will not l)e exonerateil : " Such a warranty," said
Lord Mansfield, " can never mean, that a man has not in him the seeds of some distn-der. W'c are all
born with the seeds of mortality in us. The only question is, whether the insured was In a rcasotiabli/
pwHl state qf lu-allli, and such a life as ought to be insured on common terms." — (.See Marshall oh Insur-
ance, book iii. j Park on Inaurance, c. ii2.)
rolicics of Ufe insurance must be on stamiied paper, the duty I M'here it shall amount to .'jOO/. and not to 1,non/. . 'il.
tiehijj as follows ; — vi/. I _ _ 1,i)iki/. _ .l.iKni/. . M.
1 — — .1,000/. _. .'),()00/ - 1/.
Where the sum in the Iiolicy shall not amount to iOO/. - 1/. I _ _ 5,UIK)/. and upnatds . j/.
We subjoin a statement of the terms and conditions on which the Sun Life Assurance and Eiiiiitalile
Societies transact business, and a copy of one of the policies of the former upon the life of a person aged
31), insuring his own life for 1,()(XJ/. Thcconilitions of most of tlieollicr societies are similar, and may lie
learned by any one, on applying either at the head offices in town, or at their agents' in the country.
The premiums demanded by the principal olHccs are exhibited in the annexed Table.
Sum Lifi. — tn assurance for a term of years, or fur the whole
continuance of life, is a contract on the jiart of the office to
continue the assurance during that term, on the payment of a
certain aimual ]>reinlum, hut the assured may (ir<rp it, when-
ever the end is answered for which the assurance was made.
The person whose life is proposetl tor assurance, is re<iuired
to appear either before the managers at the ollice in l.oiulon,
or before an aijent in the country ; in default of which, the
li()n-apiH?ftrance tine must be paid when the assurance is
eircctcil ; which, when the term is I year, is l(l.«. for every
H) t.'. itt(siired. When the term exceeils 1 year, but does no't
I'M-ctsI 7 years, it is I,''m. for every ItlO/. Ai'id wlien the term
exceeds 7*years, the hne is 1 per cent.
lU'firence to be ntade to 2 persons of repute, to ascertain
the identity of the person appearing.
.\ny (iremnnn reniaininn unpaid more than 1.5aay8 after the
time slipulate<l in the policy, such policy becomes \oid i but
the defaulter prmlucing satisfacturv proof to the maiiaKiTs, of
tlie health of tlie person on who^e life Ihe assurance was maile,
aiul payinf; the saiii iiremium within .1 calendar moiulis,
toKelher with the additional sum of 10.1. upon everv UKX.
assureil hv such policy, then such policy is revived, and con-
timies in force.
Comlilions itf Assurance tiinilc /o/ Ihrsons on their own Livtt-
'I'he assurance to he void, if the inrson whose life is assured
shall depart heyoiid the limits of huropei shall die upon Ihe
scis (except in any whole-(lecke<l vessel or steam-boat In pass-
ins between any tine p.art of the I'niled Kingdom of (ireat
Ihilain and Ireland, including the i^huids of Uuernsey, Jer«v,
INSURANCE (LIFE).
AUlempy, ami S.irk, atid nnv other imr! thereof; or in jiaMlng
between anv port of ilie saiu Uintiu Kiiii;(lnin, mu! anv |Mirt
on the t-ontiiit-ntuf Kiiroite tietwei-ii llainmiruhfind Ilurueaus,
both hicluitlve): ur hhall enter into ur engaKe in any military
or naval service whalKOrvert without the previous consent of
the Sot^iHy ; or shall die by suitidt', iluelhiiK, or the hands of
JuHtit-e : or sliall nut lie, at the time the a&burance is made, in
^uoil health.
CimilitivHi nf Aasuritnc^ mitilf hy Penont on the Liivs ofttthera.
Tliepartv On who-.e liehaif tlie assurancx* is made, must be
interested in llie lilu of the oihur to the full amount assured
tlieretin.
The awiurancf to \w void, if the ttetson whose life U assuretl
sliali depart litimidlhe limits of Kuroji*'; shall die upon the
seas (except in .my whole-detketl vi ,,el or steani-imat in iiass-
iuK between anyone pari of tht- liiind Kln:;dom of (ireat
Britain and I»eianil, iiuludin« thv i^lamis of (iuernHev,.ler!*y,
Aldernty, and ^a^k, and anv otlur pari thereof; or in passinu
between any port in the said I'liit^'d Kinpilom, and any port
on the rontinent of Kurope between MambnrKh and Hor.leaux,
both uicUisive); or shall t-nter into or triK-ine in any mibtarv
or naval service whalsocvt-r, witlinut the previous ^on^L•nt of
the Society ; or Khali not be, at the lime the assurance is made,
in Kood heallli'
Assurances on the live", of jiersons enyn^ed in the army or
navy, or Koinu beyond the limltH of Europe, may hf made by
special agreement.
All claims are paid within 3 tnonth'* af^er certificates
(.ucordinK to the reipiireil forms) of the death and burial of
the decea.sed art- apprttvcd by llie mana^urs.
Form iifu I'n'iin/iaf fi,r Axaunntcp.
Name, and rank or profession, of the life to be ai>,nrLHl.
Present residence.
IMai'C of birth.
Date of birth.
Affe next birthday.
Sum.
'I'erin.
lU'ference to a medical practitloniTi to
ascertam the present and ordinal
state of health of the pers<m who:
life is proposed to be assure<l.
Has he ever bad ^ont or asthma, or any fit or fits ?
Has he ever been alllicted with rupture ■*
Has he ever exhibited any symptom of consumption of the
lungs ?
Is he alllicted with ta\y disorder tending to shorten life?
Has he had the smallpox or the cow-fmx ?
Whether the peison who^e life is proposed to be assured, in-
tends to apiKJar at the ollire ?
In whose name or behalf the policy is desired ?
Date of proposal.
Annual notices!
to be sent to J
r, to J
lavy f
lose r
furffi of Decliiration to tie maJi and ci^'iftl Ay or on Uhaffuf'a
Person moAifi^ un Atturaitce mi his or her own LiJe,
I
horn In the parish of
in the eounty of
on the day of
and now resldlmf at
in the county of
Iwing desirous of makinu an assuranre with the manners fbr
the Sim Life Assurance Society, in the sum of ^
upon and for the continuance of iny own life, for the term of
Do hereby declare, that my a^e does
not eiceed years; that I'have bad the*
that I have had the uout, asthma,
rupture, nor any fit or lits, and that I am not alllicteil
with any disorder which tends to the shortening of
life i and this declaration Is to be the XtM-, of the coniract lie-
tween me and the Society; and if anv untrue averment is
containeil in this declaratitni, in setting forth my age, slate of
liealtiij |irofession> <K'cupation, oi cirt vimslanccs, then all mo
nies which shall have been ]iaid to the said Society, ujHin ac-
cotmt of the a^isurance so made by me, shall be forfeititt.
Dated the day of 1» .
Form »(/' Declaratiim tit l>e miutc (intl aifiunt hi/ or on iM-hnl^ i\f a
t'vr/inn who |iruj>ii«('« to make an Assurance on the L{fv t^f
another,
I
now re.ident at
in lli.> <ount> uf being
desirous of" assuring with the Sun F.ife Assurance Society,
the sum of j^ for tlie term of
on ihe life of bom in the parish (}f
in the county of on the
day of in the year
and now residi-nt at in the county of
Do declare, that 1 have an interest in the life or the said
to the full amoiuit of the said sum of
£ ', that to the best of my knowletl^e ami
belief the age uf the said does not exceed
Mars ; that lie has had the* that
he )bid tjie uuut, asthma, rupture,
nor any lit or fits, and that be is not aflHcted with any
disorc^er tending to shorten life; and this declaration is to Iw
the basis of the coniract between me andthe said Society ; and
if there be any untrue averment therein, all monies which
shall have been paid to the Society upon account of the assur-
ance made in lonsequence thereof, shall be forfeited. I)ated
the day of IS .
* Insert small-pox oi cow-pox, as t)ie case may require*
Policy by the Sun Life Assurance Society for 1,000/., oyi tJie Life qf A. J?., aged Thirty^ insuring his own
Life.
No
SUN LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.
This Poi r\ of Assiraxce wixNESSF/m, that, whereas A. B. Esq. of ^_ Square, London, being
desirous of 1. .iking an assvaance upon his own life, for the whole duration thereof, and having subscribeiJ,
or caused to be subscribed, and delivered into this oflicc, a declaration setting forth his ordinary and
present state of health, wherein it is declared that the age of the said A. B. did not then exceed 30 years ;
and having paid to the managers for the Sun Lii'e Assurance Society, at their office in Cornhill, in the
city of Lorulon, the sum of twenty-four pounds eleven shillings and eight-pence sterljn^^ as a consitleration
for the assurance of the sum under-mentioned for one year, from the twentieth day of January, IHS-l.
Now KNOW ALL Men bv TMiisE Presekts, that iu case the said assured shall happen to die at any time
within the term of one year, as above set forth, the stock and funds of this Society shall be subject and
liable to pay and make good to the executors, administrators, or assigns, of the said assured, within three
mouths after the demise of the said assured shall have been duly certilied to the manaj-ers aforesaid, at
their said olHcc, the sum of one thousand pounds sterling, of lawful money of Great Britain.
It is hereby agreed, that tliis policy may continue in force from year to year, u^tW the expiration of the
term Hrst above-mentioned, provided that the said assured shall duly pay, or cause to bo paid, to tlie
nuinagers, at their said otKcc, on or before the nineteenth day of October next ensuing, the sum of
twenty-four pounds eleven .shillings and eight-pence sterling, and the like sum annually, on or l)eibrethe
day aforesaid ; which annual payments shall be acceptetl, at every such period, as a full consideration for
such assurance.
And it is hereby further agreed, that the assurance by this policy shall be extended during peace, to the
risk of the above-named A. B. Esq. dying upon the sea in any whole-decked vessel or steam-boat, in pass,
ing between any one part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, including the islands of
Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, and any other part thereof; or in passing between any port iu
the said United Kingdom, and any port on the continent of Europe, between Hamburgh and Bordeaux,
both inclusive.
Froviueh nevertheless, that should the said assured depart beyond the limits of Europe, die upon
the seas (.except as above stated), or engage in any military or navirt service whatsoever, within tlie term
for which this policy is granted ; or bhould the assurance have been obtained through any misrci)rcsent-
ation of the age, state of health, or description of the assured ; or should the said assured die by duelling,
suicide, or the hands of justice; then this policy, and everything appertaining thereto, shall cease, be
void, and of none effect.
In witness whereof, we, three of the managers for the said Society, have hereunto set our hands and
seals, this twentieth day of January, 1834.
CD. (... s)
Si^^^ned, seated, and delivered, E. F. (l. s.)
being Jir St duly stumped. G, H. (l. s!)
J. K.
iJ Z 4
712
INSURANCE (LIFt:).
TABin OP Prrmiums.
The foUowIng tnbulnr statement shows the premiums (lomaiided by the priiirlpnl Life Instirniivc Socie.
ties Cor insuring 100/. at every rtitfercnt age from l/i to (io, for the whole term of life.
I li
Age.
.\Mi,im:e
V triirft*'!'-
Asylum.
ItritUli
Kco
nomic.
Kiiuitable
KiiKle.
Kurojieiin
. (iuardian.
ami .Sun.
•\iiiira
('uininLT-
cUI.
(>
rown.
.Male.
tVinnlu.
1.. 1. ,1.
(.. 1.
./.
h. t. ./.
L. $. ,1.
77
.1, i/.
L.
.. </.
r- : ,1.
L. 1
ll.
;,. ..
<y.
/.. .. ./.
/,. >. ll.
lA
1 1'^ 8
1 15
(>
1 7 9
1 10
1
15 9
8
1 IS 7
I IS 9
•
•
1 13 7
1 Hi 2
16
1 13 6
1 16
6
1 S 6
1 II
1
Hi 7
11 5
1 19 8
1 l<.
7
-
-
1 II 5
1 17 2
17
1113
1 17
6
1 9 3
1 12
1
17 5
2 3
2 8
2 5
•
.
I 15 4
1 is 2
IK
1 15 1
1 18
6
1 10 1
1 13
1
IS 3
3
2 1 »
2 I
4
•
•
I 16 2
1 19 2
lU
1 Hi II
1 19
I)
1 10 11
1 14
1
I'.l 1
3 10
2 2 S
2 V
3
•
•
1 17 I
2 1
W
1 16 11
2
6
1 II 9
1 15
1
19 11
4 7
2 3 ;
2 3
2
1 12
7
1 18 1
2 1
il
1 17 11
2 1
6
1 12 7
1 16
2
10
5 5
2 4 6
2 4
2
1 13
6
I 19
2 1 III
•dU
1 18 11
2 2
6
1 13 6
1 17
2
1 9
6 3
2 5 4
2 r
3
1 14
4
1 19 11
2 2 8
li.1
'i 1
2 3
6
1 II 5
1 18
2
2 9
7 2
2 6 3
2 r
4
1 15
4
2 h;
2 3 (i
!ft
•i 1 3
2 4
6
1 15 5
1 19
2
3 9
1 18 1
2 7 1
2 7
.*>
1 Hi
5
2 I HI
2 4 5
a.'>
't 't 6
2 5
6
1 16 5
i
2
4 10
9
2 8 I
2 8
7
1 17
6
2 2 9
i 5 1
Vli
•i 3 9
2 6
6
1 17 6
2 1
2
5 10
2
2 9 1
2 9
9
I 18
8
2 3 9
2 6 4
■^7
•i 5 'i
2 7
6
1 18 6
2 2
2
6 II
2
1
2 III 1
2 11
II
1 19
9
2 4 HI
2 7 4
w
•16 1
2 8
1)
1 19 8
2 3
2
8 1
2
2
2 11 I
2 12
3
2
9
2 5 111
2 8 4
•M
•I 7 11
2 9
i;
2 II 10
2 4 U
2
9 2
2
3 I
2 Ti .1
2 1.1
7
2 1
8
2 6 11
2 9 6
3U
i <j ti
2 10
G
2 2
2 5
•^10 4
2
4 3
2 13 5
2 15
2 2
6
2 8 I
2 10 7
31
1 II) 6
2 II
6
2 3 3
2 6
2
11 6
2
6 5
2 14 7
2 16
6
2 3
I
2 9 3
2 11 10
32
'i 11 lu
2 12
6
2 1 6
2 7
2
12 9
2
6 8
2 13 9
2 18
2 3
2 Io 6
2 13
33
'i 13 4
1 14
2 5 10
2 8
2
14
2
8
2 17 1
2 19
9
2 4
4
2 11 lo
2 11 1
34
It II 11
2 15
6
2 7 3
2 9 6
2
15 4
2
9 5
2 18 5
3 1
6
2 4
III
2 13 2
2 15 8
3'.
!i 16 8
2 17
11
2 8 9
2 11
2
Hi 9
2 III II
2 19 ll)
3 3
4
2 5
(i
2 14 7
2 17 II
3(!
•I 18 5
2 IS
6
2 10 3
2 13 6
2
18 2
2 12 6
3 I 4
3 5
6
2 6
2
2 16
2 18 6
37
3 4
3 1)
2 11 lU
2 15
2
19 10
2 11 2
3 2 10
3 7
7
2 7
2 17 6
3 II
3H
3*4
3 1
6
2 13 6
2 16 6
3
1 2
2 1
.-. 1 1
3 4 6
3 9
lo
2 7
lo
2 19 1
3 1 7
39
3 4 6
3 3
2 15 3
2 18
3
2 HI
2 17 9
3 6 2
3 12
4
2 8
3 9
3 3 3
40
3 6 6
3 6
2 17 1
3
3
4 7
2 19 9
3 7 11
3 15
2 9
10
3 2 6
3 6
41
3 8 7
3 7
6
2 19
3 2
3
6 5
3
1 10
3 9 9
3 17
9
2 10 11
3 4 3
3 6 9
it
3 10 9
3 10
3 1
3 4 II
3
8 4
3
4 1
3 11 8
1 1
2 12
3 6 3
3 8 8
43
3 \'i 11
3 12
6
3 3 2
3 6 II
3
10 6
3
6 6
3 13 8
4 4
4
2 13
3
3 8 3
3 10 8
44
3 15 3
3 15
6
3 5 4
3 8
3
12 8
3
9
3 15 9
4 7
11
2 14
7
3 HI A
3 12 8
45
3 17 H
3 18
6
3 7 9
3 10 u
3
15
3 11 9
3 17 11
4 II
8
2 16
3 12 7
3 14 11
46
4 6
4 1
6
3 10 3
3 12
3
17 6
3 14 7
1 2
4 15
9
2 17
6
3 15
3 17 3
47
4 3 3
4 5
3 12 11
3 14 6
4
1
3 17 8
4 2 7
6
2 19
1
3 17 5
3 19 8
4M
4 6 6
4 9
3 15 9
3 17
4
2 11
I
11
4 5 1
6 4
6
3
9
4
4 2 I
4a
4 10 2
4 12
6
3 IH y
3 19 6
4
5 lu
4
4 4
4 7 HI
6 9
6
3 2
6
4 2 8
4 6 I
SU
4 14 ii
4 16
6
4 2
4 6
4
8 11
4
8
4 10 8
5 14
7
3 4
4
4 6 6
4 8
ftl
4 IS 9
S
4 5 5
4 11)
4
12 1
4 11 11
4 13 6
6
3
3 6
3
4 8 6
4 11
6ii
5 3 6
5 4
6
4 9 2
4 13 2
4
15 3
4 16 1
4 16 6
6 6
4
3 8
•» 1
4 11 7
4 14 2
53
5 H 7
5 8
6
4 13 2
4 15 6
1
18 6
6
6
4 19 7
6 12
9
3 lo
8 '
4 15
4 17 5
54
5 14 1
5 13
4 17 7
5 1
A
1 II
5
5 3
5 2 lo
6 19
9
3 13
4 18 7
6 oil
.05
5 19 11
5 18
5 2 3 1 5 5
.'»
5 7
6 lU 3 1
5 6 4
7 7
2
3 15
8 , 5 2 6
5 4 8
56
6 6 4
6 3
u
5 7 1 5 9 6
5
9 6
5 1
5 7
5 10 1
7 15
1
3 IH
6 5 6 8
5 8 7
57
6 13 U
6 8
6
5 12 9 5 13 2
5
13 6
Ii
1 3
5 1 1
8 3
6
4 1
7 5 11 2
5 12 HI
58
7 5
6 14
5 18 5 5 18
5
18
6
7 4
5
8 12
7
6 4
5 15 8
5 17 4
59
7 7 9
7
4 5 6 2 4
6
2 4
6 13 U 1
6
9 2
4
4 8
7 6 U 7 ' 6 2 2
01)
7 14 11
7 6
6
6 10 9 6 7 2
6
7 2
7
7
6 7 t
9 13
4 12
4 6 5 8 6 7 2
v\ge.
I.«ndon»
llirchiii
l^ane.
London,
Life fur
.MfllllHM-S.
Norwicti.
Pt'lic-xn.
rrornoter.
I'nitcd
Kini>ire.
University.
West of
Kn^lund.
Siiiltisli
Widow !>•
I'uiid.
Scottish
Union.
L. f. d.
~l7 :
il.
/.. J. .;.
;,. 1. </.
L. J.
if.
/,. J.
(/.
/,. t. ,1.
/,. J. ,1.
L. a. ,1.
L. ,. ll.
15
1 14 9
1 11 11
1 7
11
I 11
10
1 16 S
1 14 9
1 16 6
Ill 6
16
117 'l
.
1 15 9
1 Ii !l
1 8
8
I 15
9
1 17 9
1 15 9
1 17 6
1 11 5
17
1 18 1
.
1 Hi 9
1 13 6
1 9
,5
1 16
9
1 fS 8
1 16 8
1 18 6
1 13 6
18
1 19
.
1 17 8
1 11 4
1 HI
I
1 17
8
1 19 7
1 17 6
1 19 7
1 11 7
19
1 19 11
.
1 IS 6
1 15 3
1 III
u
1 18
7
2 7
1 18 6
2 7
1 15 8
KiJ
2 9
-
1 19 6
1 16 1
1 11
8
1 19
6
2 1 5
1 19 3
2 1 6
1 16 9
lil
1 1 5
2 4
6
2 6
1 16 10
1 12
6
2
6
2 2 4
2
2 2 5
1 17 9
•i'i
•i 'i
2 6
6
2 1 3
1 17 7
1 15
.5
2 1
3
2 3 1
2 10
2 3 3
1 IS 10
m
!i 'i 7
2 6
6
2 2
1 18 4
1 14
4
2 2
1
2 4
2 1 3
2 4 1
1 19 10
M
'i 3 1
2 7
2 2 9
1 19 2
I 15
5
2 3
2 4 9
2 2 6
2 4 11
2 10
'ib
2 3 8
2 8
2 3 8
2 1
1 16
5
2 3
11
2 5 9
2 3 3
2 5 10
2 1 HI
'i6
2 4 3
2 9
2 4 8 12 1 3
1 17
6
2 4
11
2 6 8
2 4
2 6 10
2 2 10
•i7
2 5 1
2 lu
2 6 8
2 2 7
1 18
8
2 5
11
2 7 7
2 5
2 7 HI
2 3 10
M
2 5 U
2 11
I)
2 (i 8
2 3 11
I 19
11
2 7
2 8 7
2 6
2 8 11
2 4 n
'i\>
2 6 10
2 12
6
2 7 9
2 5 2
2 1
I
2 8
1
2 9 8
2 7
2 10
2 6 1
Mt
2 7 10
2 13
6
2 8 10
2 6 4
2 2
2
2 9
2
2 10 9
2 8
2 11 1
2 7 3
31
2 S 10
2 14
6
2 10
2 7 7
2 3
3
2 10
4
2 11 11
2 9
2 12 3
2 8 A
3'^
2 9 11
2 16
2 11 1
2 8 10
2 4
5
2 n
6
2 13
2 III 3
2 13 6
2 9 9
.13
2 11 1
2 17
2 12 3
2 10 3
2 5
8
2 12
9
2 14 3
2 11 3
2 14 9
2 11 1
34
2 12 4
2 18
6
2 13 6
2 11 9
2 7
1
2 M
1
2 15 6
2 12 9
2 16 1
2 12 5
35
2 13 8
3
2 14 10
2 13 5
2 8
7
2 15
6
2 Hi 11
2 13 lU
2 17 6
2 13 lu
36
2 15 1
3 1
6
2 16 2
2 15 1
2 10
1
2 Hi
11
2 18 4
2 15 3
2 19
2 15 4
37
2 16 8
3 3
2 17 6
2 16 10
2 11
8
2 IS
4
2 19 9
2 16 8
3 6
2 16 11
3S
2 18 2
3 4
6
2 19
2 18 9
2 13
6
2 19
11
3 1 4
2 18
3 2 7
2 18 6
,TJ
2 19 11
3 6
3 6
3 6
2 15
2
3 1
6
3 2 11
2 19 6
3 3 9
3 2
40
3 1 8
3 8
3 2
3 2 8
2 17
3 3
2
3 4 7
3 1 3
3 6 6
3 1 11
41
3 3 6
3 10
3 3 6
3 5 2
2 18
10
3 4
10
3 6 4
3 2 10
3 7 3
3 3 9
4a
3 5 6
3 12
.'5 5 2
3 7 8
3
N
3 6
8
3 8 1
3 4 6
3 9 3
3 5 8
43
3 7 8
3 14
3 7
3 10 4
3 2
6
3 8
S
3 III
3 6 4
3 11 3
3 7 8
44
3 10
3 16
3 9
3 13 1
3 4
6
3 III
8
3 12 II
3 8 3
3 13 4
3 9 8
45
3 12 6
3 18
3 11
3 16 1
3 fi
7
3 12
10
3 111
3 HI 3
3 15 6
3 11 Hi
46
3 15 2
4
3 13 8
3 18 8
3 8
11
3 15
3
3 16 2
3 12 2
3 17 9
3 14 1
47
3 IS 2
4 2
6
3 16 3
4 1 6
3 11
6
3 17
9
3 18 6
3 14 6
4 3
3 16 6
48
4 1 5
4 5
3 19 6
4 4 8
3 14
2
4
7
4 1 4
3 16 9
4 2 9
3 19
49
4 4 lu
4 8
4 2 9
4 8 2
3 17
3
4 3
6
4 4 4
3 19 3
4 6 6
4 1 7
60
4 8 5
4 11
4 6
4 12 2
4
8
4 6
6
4 7 6
4 1 8
4 8 4
4 4 3
51
4 12 3
4 14
4 9 8
4 16 7
4 4
7
4 9
9
4 10 9
4 4 3
4 11 2
4 8 1
SS
4 16 1
4 17
4 13 3
5 1 3
4 8
8
4 13
4 14 1
4 6 9
4 14 2
4 12 2
63
5 1
5
6
4 17
5 6 4
4 13
1
4 16
5
4 17 8
4 9 9
4 17 4
4 16 5
54
5 4 2
5 6
6 10
5 117
4 17
10
5
6
5 1 4
4 12 9
5 8
5 U
55
5 8 4
5 9
6
6 5 3
5 17 4
5 2
9
5 4
6
5 5 4
4 15 9
5 4 2
5 5 9
56
5 12 8
5 14
5 9 6
6 3 7
5 8
4
5 8
6
5 9 7
4 19
5 7 11
6 111 9
57
5 17 2
6 19
6 13 6
6 10 4
5 14
2
5 12
6
5 14
5 2 6
5 11 11
5 16 1
58
6 1 10
6 4
6 17 6
6 17 5
6
4
5 17
5 18 2
5 6 6
5 16 1
6 1 9
Si)
6 6 10
6 9
6
6 2 6
7 4 6
(i 6
7
6 1
9
6 2 8
A 10 6
6 7
6 7 lo
60
6 12 1
6 15
6 7 3
7 11
7
6 12
III
6 7
6 7 4
A 14 9
6 5 4
6 14 3
INSURANCE (LIFK).
7ia
Socio.
aniian.
ll.
•i
V
V
u 1
The rollowlng nfllcoH require the anmc prcmiiims iii the E(|tiltablc : vii. Atlai, Olobc, Imperial, Imw
Lite, I^iiiJoii I.ife Anitociutioii (liir perauiiH not membcrii), ralledium, Pruvlilent, Rock, Hoyal Lxcliaiigi',
Uiiidii, Wfiitmiiihtir,
Tlif fbllDwiii;^ are tlie premiums doniiuided by the Sun Lifo A^surance Society, lor
insurances on joint lives and siuvivorsliips.
Jtiinl /,/iv.«. — A Tiilili' of Annual rreiniiitns pnynblc tliiriiij{ the Joint Continuance u» Two Lix's, for
assuring Une Mujulred Pounds, to be paid as soon ai cither of the I'wo shall drop.
.titenDXt
Mirth.
(Illy.
A(^' nent
llirtlulnv.
AntumI
rrciiiluiil.
.\jt(' ni'«t
rilrth-
(lii).
Agf neit
Ulnh<l.iy.,
Annual
l*refuium*
Asvmtil
Birth-
rt«».
Agrntxt
llirthJay.
AftnusI
rrt'iiuuin.
10
10
15
L'O
ai
30
3.)
40
4.7
rA)
55
(iO
f >. ll.
2 7 5
'.' 11
-' H a
'J 1!) 4
;( 5 3
3 11 11
4 1 1
4 115
5 7 a
la 5
H ti 11
S20
35
40
45
50
55
fiO
£ 1. d.
3 17 3
4 6 1
4 16 1
5 117
6 16 8
8 11 1
35
45
60
.55
(iO
.1' 1. ll.
5 7 5
6 1 11
7 6 5
9 i;
40
40
45
50
.55
fiO
5 5 H
5 I;) 10
6 7 !*
7 11 H
9 5 5
115
25
;50
35
40
45
.50
.55
tiO
3 9 6
3 14 10
4 11
4 !l ti
4 1!) 3
5 14 7
(i 19 7
8 13 11
45
45
50
.W
IK)
6 1
fi !.■! II
7 Hi II
9 9 8
15
15
fil)
2;>
30
i^r,
40
4<
51)
55
r>(i
■.' 14 5
'-' 17 !)
3 i,' 5
3 H 3
3 U !)
4 3 10
4 14
5 !i H
t; U II
8 !' (i
30
■M
•jr>
40
45
50
55
IK)
3 19 10
4 5 6
4 13 10
5 3 2
5 18 3
7 3 1
8 17 5
50
SO
.5.5
60
7 5 ti
8 7 4
9 IS 11
55
55
60
9 8 2
10 18 11 1
20
21)
3 11
3 5 4
3 10 11
CO
60
12 8 10
3',
40
4 1(1 9
4 18 (!
Stirviviirship — A Table of Annual rrcmiums payable during the Joint Continiinncc of Two Lives,
for asmniiiK One Hundred Founds, to be paid at tlie Decease of One Person, A., provided another, B.,
be then living.
AKI'of A.,
the life
to lit' iis-
sureil.
Age of H., ihu
Tif.' :'LMinst
wljicli ihf As-
Kur.MU'c is to
\timi il
I'n-niii.tii.
AKoofA.,
thf I.i'f
to lit* :ii4-
surtnl.
AL.e(.fll.,llie
l.il'c against
Mill. 1. lit .\s-
si.l.iiirt' is t(t
lit' iiuide.
.Annn.ll
I'reiniuin.
AueofA.,
the I, Iff
to Im? (ls-
stiri'd.
.Acetif n.i the
l.it'c ai^.-itnst
wliith ihi.. As-
siiintiti' is to
bt' made.
.Alinii.Tl
rrtinluiii.
.£■ .S-. ll.
.£ .1. ll.
.f S. ll.
10
10
1 3 9
30
10
2 2 5
SO
10
4 7 2
i.'0
1 4 7
'M
2 2 1
20
4 7
30
1 1' 10
;;()
1 1!» 11
30
4 3 3
40
1 1 6
40
1 18 6
40
4 1 7
.51)
1
50
1 15
50
3 12 9
60
IK 5
60
1 12 2
liO
3 1 6
70
ll) 11
70
1 9 10
70
2 114
80
15 7
80
1 7 4
80
2 3 2
'JO
10
1 9 11
40
10
2 19 7
60
10
7 8 6
'.'0
1 10 6
20
2 19 6
20
7 8 5
■•30
1 8 10
30
2 15 4
30
7 5 3
40
1 (i 7
40
2 12 10
40
7 4 1!
.-^O
1 4 7
.50
2 6 2
.'50
6 17 5
60
1 2 8
60
2 6
60
I) 4 5
70
1 9
70
1 Hi 3
70
5 8 8
80
19 3
80
1 13 6
80
4 14 4
Kroin the .^peiimcns of premiums in the two preceding Tables, the reader will easily judge of the pro-
portional premiums for any combination of two ages not inserted in them.
iiisti'.ul of a gros.« sum payable at the ilecease of A. provided H. be I hen living, n reversionary annuity
on llu- remainder of the life of H. after the decease of A. may be insured by the payment of an aiiiii.d
l>remiuin during tlie joint continuance of the two lives ; which annual premimn may be learnt by appli.
caton at the oHice. ,r,. <• ,. . . ■
hUltiitiililc A.1SII inner Sucii-ti/.—Thc following is the
Dn-t.n-nlioit rf'inin'fl ht !»• mtith iinil .vtiiint itt thf ofhcp, l>ii or on I have been paid to the Sot it ty upon acronnt of the assurance
Hti- luhiilf iif ll /•■ i-^dH * n*/iti ]»rc»;»yjfj to make an Assurance o
Ills nr lier own Life.
In'ini; desirous of ticromiiii: a memlipr of the Society for Equi-
lalile .\ssiira"ies on Lives and Survivorships, and intending to
make assur.inte in the sum of ...
upon and for the con-
tinuance of mv own life, and having jierusetl antl consideretl
that * clause tiV Ihedeed of settlement of the said Societv which
retiuires a decliiration in writing of the ai!c, state of health, and
other circumstances altendini; tlie person whose life shall !«
proposed to bt; assured, tlu heruliv tltilare and set fortli, 'I'll. it
niv a-e does not exceed ; that 1 have had the
sni.ill-lKix ; . „, , ami
have hail the trcmt : and that I am not afnicted with
any disorder which tends to tlie shorteninK of life; and I do
hefehv ajiree thril this tieclaration lie the liasis of the contract
i>etwt?en the said Societv .and me, and that if anv uiitnie aver-
ment ii coiitainetl Ul this declaration, all monies which shall
nr im I have been paid to the Sot it tv upon acc<
ice on > made In consetmence thereof, snail lie forfeitttl. TJatetl the
day of in the year of our Lord
* The Clause irhich is rcft-rnil t'* in the Ptvhtration.
That every tierson desirous of making assurance with the So-
cietv, shiii; si(;n or execute a tieclaration in writiiii; (In the pre-
sent'eof one credible witness, who sh.ill attest the same), setlinK
forth I he ace, slate of liealtli, profession, occujiation, antl oilier
circumstances aitcinlin(r the iter-nn or luTsons whose life or
lives shall he tiroposetl to Iv assured ; which (lr( laration fihal!
lie the basis of the contract I 'twin-n the saiil Society and th»
jierson desiring to make assur nice \iith them: in which declar-
ation if anv artful, filse, or IViuduIent reprt.senlation sliall be
ustHl . and the same shall at .my time thereafter he tiiscovtTed,
from thenceforth the .sums which shall have been paid to the
Societv on account of anv assurance so fraudulentiv obtalnetl,
shall lie forfeited to the use of the Society : and all claiml to be
made on that behalf shall cease, detemiinc, and be void, to oU
intents and pKrpiiws whalwcver.
w
■ t
*(*
■ ■*.
!i i
If . ''^
i f
Xi
^SS^^vsammm
71i
iNri:ui:sr and annuities.
t
ji
li!
II'!:
I
'
1
/Vmi 1/ a Pi-iUHiiiii /j /if ^.c/'».<Wi./ /.I (J nv.A/7 (Vwr/ i/ W-
rrttoii,
Nttniv ntui iimfrsHifm nf itiL- life |u bu lUhurid.
riatiMiivl tUiHnt' liirtb.
IMiii-i* ot' luklduiict--.
Ao'. Sum. T«rm.
il> wiiiiin in ulc.
'1 u ^ivv ri>l'urHiicv tn twu t )icr\mu of ^ntMl n*imto, umc, If \tm*
kililft 'if ttic nin1t> •! ttroriftOdn.t loavirtain the pn-senl and
KI'lUTill tl.llr Ol lit .llllt of the lite to Iff .l<^^llrl•ll.
If tmt llir iiiuill-iiDx. If vuniiDiiiil,
If alllliUM with Ui(< Kuiit. It ifviT rti|t(iiri*(l.
f I'jrliHt who lid n»it n|)iM'.ir luTor.'
nrv Tvn\i\r'-i\ !i» ulvi* a rrUTtmu to .T iutmhis for iili iKxtmut of
llu' ('iiiirt i»f DiriTtoM
XIV ■r^|iii*'~^i i<' M>vrr n ii it-i«'i<tv i<i «f I't'lSlMIH
ttte |iri-»i*iit uiid KiMKTul htatu ul' tliulr hvtiUli.
A Tabic uf Aimml I'riMnliimii pny!il)1i> diirliiK the ('(intliiuancs or Two Joint Lives fur aaiiiriiig Oiiu
lliiiKlrcil I'oiiikIii, to bt> paiil wliuli fillii'r of the Liven ahull drop.
AKc..|-t' ».
(I.
Akk.Jakc.
.*• *.
rf.
*(<••
Akb.
J,' 1. it.
\«<'.
Vuf.
£ s.
rf.
.V((i>.
.\Ki..
S a. d.
1(1
2 17
1
15
35
4 3
1
'-■O , 67
9 13 9
31 )
60
7 15
45
45
6 7 4
15
3 1
1
40
4 10
4
25
2i
4 10
67
9 18
1
.00
6 17 9
20
3 5
7
4J
4 19
5
30
4 5
35
3.
4 19
.55
7 11
25
3 9
3
50
5 11
3
3;.
4 10 3
50
5 5
6
liO
8 9 6
30
3 13
9
55
6 6
1
HI
4 17 4
4.
5 18
10
67
10 11 1
;h
3 19
6
60
7 6
45
5 6 2
50
6 5
,50
.50
7 7 8
«)
4 (•
10
67
9 9
5
5')
5 17 10
55
6 19
2
55
8 :j
45
4 15
11
20
20
3 13
11
55
6 12 6
IK)
7 18
()
tH)
8 18 2
50
5 7
lu
&■>
3 17
5
60
7 12 5
67
10 1
^'
(.7
10 18 III
5-.
6 2
8
30
4 1
9
67
9 15 9
40
10
5 11
9
.55
.55
8 12 2
60
7 2
9
3r,
4 7
3
30
.■io
4 8 11
45
5 19
9
Ik)
9 !)
67
9 6
3
40
4 14
6
• K)
4 14 1
.)()
6 10
8
67
II 8 5
15
15
3 5
4.5
5 3
6
40
5 11
55
7 4
5
<>0 , (iO
10 4 9
20
3 9
6
,50
5 15
4
45
5 9 6
60
8 3
4
1 l>7
12 2 1
25
3 n
1
55
6 10
2
60
6 1
67
10 5
1)
67 , ti7
13 15 8
30
3 17
6
60
7 10
2
55
6 15 5
,
An uililition of 22 per cent, cimiputi'd upon ihc premium, U ch,irgcil upon military pcmons ; nml an
atUlition of eleven per eent. on otllci'is on h.ilf-pay, oHii'ers in the militia, fenc ibiea, am! the like Itviei ;
also on persons not having had the small-pox, or having had the i^out.
Tersons preferring the oaynient of a ^ross Boin or ninute preniiiiin upon an assurance for any certain
term, are chargeable in a due proportio;. to the annii.il premium for sueh term.
i;very person unking any :i.ssurane> with the Society, pays ."j.v. in the name of entrance money ; and
if the sum assured exeeeils KH)/., the eul ranee money is charged alter the rate ol .">.v. for every lOd/. |)ut
if the person upon whose lU'e an a>suraiue is propnscd, does not appear before the diteetors, the entr.Uicc
money is charged after the rate of 1/. fur every 100/.
The following are tlic premiums ilem.mded by the Kipiitable Society for insuring 101)/., or An ecpiival. nt
annuity on the rontnigency of one life's surviving the other : —
^
Ites.
rreinlum.
Annuity
mil/, ti
till' IIl';
Hssiiruil,
inaiiuli-i
l,ifi'.
i'(|iiivaleiit til
1 V (i.ii'l I'roiii
ti) (if tliL* l-irt-
iiuvinu thf Uc-
uf ilic utiiir
Atfes.
I'rcuiium.
Annuitv L-qiiivnIt'nt tn
li«i/. to be 11,1(1 f„im
Ihi! lleati) (if the l.ifi,
assurdl.UuriiiL'tln' He-
inaiiiUiT of tliu otliir
I.lff.
Mfe to W-
iiv.uruil.
Life auuiiui
ulilcll llu*
Assurance is
til lie iii:uli>.
Lift, to bo
iismirtil.
tjie luainst
wtiicn t)u*
.V.ssuram-e i-
tu bi- in.utL-,
10
i
10
20
30
40
,50
(iO
70
80
.£• ,v. <i.
1 8 6
1 9 1
1 8 3
4 T 8
16 11
1 6
1 4 11
1 3 4
-i"
5
1)
7
9
11
15
2.3
40
S. d.
14 6
U 10
14 11
5 6
13
13 5
13
10 8
40
50
60
70
80
£ ,v. (/.
2 12 10
2 !) 4
2 5 11
2 1 10
£ s. d.
9 16 6
12 14 3
18 5 6
29 19 10
50
10
20
60
40
50
60
70
80
4 11
4 1 10
4 1
3 17 10
3 13 10
3 7 7
3 1 6
2 15
5 16 9
5 18 1
5 Ki .'3
5 14
5 It) 7
5 2 4
4 9 10
3 17 11
5 1 4
5 16 2
6 12 2
7 16 9
9 12 8
12 6 8
17 11 5
28 12 6
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 16 6
1 17
1 15 9
1 14 8
1 13 6
1 12 1
1 10 6
1 8 3
.5
6
7
8
10
13
18
;io
6 11
4 1
6
4 11
1 9
7
12 8
9 6
60
10
20
30
40
,50
«)
4 19 3
5 12 10
6 7 7
7 10 10
9 8
12 5 6
17 5 8
27 19 10
30
10
20
30
40
.50
60
70
80
2 5 5
2 6
2 4 6
2 2 9
2 11
1 18 10
1 16 7
1 13 9
5
fi
6
8
10
13
18
30
5 8
2 9
19 (i
3 8
6
12 10
9 3
67
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
8 1
8 2 9
8 10
7 18 7
7 15 6
7 8 8
6 10 8
5 8 9
4 17 8
5 10 5
() 4
7 5 5
9 6
12 3
17 1 8
27 5 11
40
10
20
30
41)
2 19 2
2 19 10
2 18 2
2 15 11
5
5
6
8
3 6
19 9
16 8
1
It is ,stated by Mr. Morgan, in his Account of the Equitable Society already referred to, that the number
of insuiances in that in.-,titution for terms of years does not much excecil owe huiutredlli part of those for
the wliole period of life ; and that the business of the olHce at present is almost wholly conttned to the
as.siiraiice of persons on their oirn lives — those on the lives of others, whether for ternm or for contiiiu-
ance, being, in coiisc(iiience of the conunission money allowed to agents and attorneys, engrossed by the
new oiHces. — {Aeeoiint 0/ the Kqiiititblc Society, p. 53.)
IXTEIIEST ANn ANNUITIES. Interest is the sum paid by the borrower of a
sum of money, or of any sort of valuable produce, to the lender, for its use.
Tiic rate of interest, su|)p().*iin}r the security for and facility of re-posses.sing the prin-
cijial, or sum lent, to be equal, must obviously depend on what may be made by the
employment of capital in industrious; undertakings, or on the rate of profit. Where
Wll
I>iridor«
II'IOUDI of
ii« Oiiu
INTKUKST AND ANNriTIKS.
715
pmfit- tiio lii;;li, as in itu- riiifod States, intiTost is also hif{li ; anil wlii'io tlicy art- toin-
punitivi'ly lotv, as ii) Iliillaiid aixl Kn^iaiul, iiituicst is projiortioiwilly low. In fact, the
rati' of iiiti'i'i-st is notliin^ niori' llian tin- iiitl iirolii on ciipital : wiiatovi-r riluriis ari' oh-
taini'd l>y tlic bon'owiT, hcyond tlii- intiTost Jii' lias agrci'd to pay, ri-ally iifcnif to liini
uii account of risk, troulilo, or skill, or of advantages of situation and coiuu'ction.
Hut bcsiik's lliK'tuations in the rate of interest caused l>y the varying productiveness
of industry, the rate of interest on each particular loan must, of course, vary according
to the supposed solvency of the lK)rrowers, or the degree of risk supposed to be incurred
by the lender, of either not recovering |)ayu)ent at all, or not recovering it at the stipu-
lated term. No person of sound mind woidd lend on the jiersonal security of an indi-
vidual of doid)tful character and solvency, and on mortgage over a valuable estate, at the
same rate of interest. Wherever there is risk, it must be compensated to the lender by
a higher premium or interest.
And yet, obvious as this \)rinciple may appear, all governments have interfered with
the adjustment of the terms of loans ; some to prohibit interest altogether, and others to
(ix certain rates which it should be deemed legal to charge, and illegal to exceed. 'I'hc
prejudice against taking interest seems to have principally originale<l in a mistaken view
of some enactments of the Mosaical law — (see Mhlimlis on t/ir l.mvs of .)/,«,.<, vol. ii.
jip. ;i'J7 — li.'i;!. Kng. ed. ), an<l, a statement of Aristolle, to the edect that, as money did
not i)roduce money, no return could be eipiitably claimed by the lender I lUit whatever
may have been the origin of this prejudice, it was formerly universal in Christendom ;
and is still supported by law in all IMohaimnedan countries. The famous ref(»rmer,
t'alvin, was one of the lirst who saw and exposed the absurdity of such notions — (see an
extriict from one of bis epistles in M'Ciillnih'n I'uliiinil Kvimnmii, 2(1 ed. p. ,'10. ); and
the abuses caused by the prohibition, and the growing conviction of its impolicy, soon
after led to its relaxation. In l.j.l'l, a statute was |)assi(l, authorising lenders to charge
10 per cent, interest. In lO'iil, the legal rate was reduced to H per cent. ; and in the
reign of (iueen Aime it was further reiluced to 5 per cent., at which it still continues.
It is enacted, by the statute (I'J Ann. e. Wi.) making tliis reduction, that " all persons
who shall receive, by means of any corrupt bargain, loan, exchange, dievi/ance, or in-
terest of any wares, merchandise, or other thing whatever, or by any deceitful way or
means, or by any covin, engine, or deceitful conveyance for the forbearing or giving day
of payment, for one whole year for their money or other thing, above the sum of fiL for
100/. {\n- a year, shall forfeit for every such oU'ence, the trtble value of the monies, or
other things, so lent, bargained," &c.
It is needless to waste the reader's time by entering into any lengthened arguments to
show the inexiJcdiency and mischievous eU'ect of such interferences. This has been done
over and over again. It is jilainly in no respect more desirable to limit tlie rate of in-
terest, tb;m it woidd be to limit the rate of insm-ance, or the prices of commodities. .And
though it were dvsiiable, it cannot be accom])lished. The real eflect of all legislative
enactments having such an object in view, is to increase, not diminish, the rate of interest.
When the rate lixed by law is less than the market or customary rate, lenders and bor-
rowers are obliged to resort to circuitous devices to evade the law ; and as these devices
are always attended with more or less troid)le and risk, the rate of interest is propor-
tionally eidianced. During the late war it was not tmconnnon for a ])erson to be paying
10 or I'J per cent, for a loan, which, had there been no usury laws, he might have got
for 6 or 7 per cent. Neither is it by any means imcommon, when the rate Hxed by law
is more than the market rate, for borrowers to be obliged to pay more than they really
stipulated for. It is singular that an enactment which contradicts the most obvious
jjrinciples, and has been repe.itedly condenmed by committees of the legislature, should
still be allowed to preserve a i)lace in the statute book.
Distinction of Sinipli' and Componud Interest. — Wlicn .t loan is made, it is usual to stipulate that the
iiitiTcst upon it should be regularly paid at the end of every year, half year, kc. A loan of this ^r)rt is
said to be at simple interest. It is ol the essence of such loan, that i ■) part of the interest aceruiiiK up(in
it should be added to the principal to form a now principal ; and though i)aynuiU of die interest uere
not made when it beoomes due, the lender woidd not be entitled to charge interest upon such unpaid
intert'st. Thus, suppose 1(K7. were lent at simple interest at ;"> per cent., payable at the end of each year;
the lender wouM, at the end of .i or + years, supposing him to have received no previous payments, be
entitled to l.'iA or 'JO/., and no more.
Sometimes, however, money or capital is invested so that the interest is not paid at the periods when
it becomes due, Init is proprc.-sively added to the iirineipal ; so that at every term a luw principal Is
formed, consisting of the original principal, and the sue ces.-ive aciunuilations of interest upon interest.
Money iuvesti d iii this way is said to be pl.aced at coinimunil inln-rst.
It appears not unreasonable, that when a l)orrower does not pay the uiterost he lias contracted for, at the
perioil when it is due, he should pay interest upon such interest. 'Ibis, however, is not allowed by the law
of llngland ; nor is it allowed to make a loan at eomiiound interest. liut this rule is olh'ii evaded, by taking
a new ol)ligatioii tiir the principal with the interest included, when the latter l>eoonies due. Investments at
compound interest are also very frequent. Thus, if an individual IpUV into the funds, and regularly buy
fresh stock with the dividends, the capital will iiierease at compound iiiterest ; and so in any similar case.
Ca/citliition of Intrirst. — Interest is estimated at so much | er c> nt. per annum, or liy dividing the
"if
princijial into )(K) equal parts, and specifying how many of tluse p.irts are paid yearly for it
T) per cent, or .0 parts tint of i(K), means "that 51 are paid for the use of iiVI. for a year, IC/. tor the Uic ot
•iW/., and 21. 10.t. fur the use of 50/. for the same period, and su on.
! ^1
«i
I
I '
I!:.
.' ii'i
/ I
|i.
II U
I i
1 I
'a
716
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
Suppose, now, that it is roqiiirwl to lliul the interest of 210/. IS.*, for 3} years at 4 per cent, simple
interest, in tliin ease we must (irst divide tlie prineipal, iilO/, l.'J*'. into I(K) part.s, 4 of wliieh will be llie
interest for 1 year; and this l)einK multiplied by :>i will give the interest for JJ years. But instead of
first dividuig by 1(K), and then nuilliplyinK I'V 4, the result will be the same, and the process more fXi>cUi-
lious, if we (irat multiply by 4, and ilaii ilivide by KlU. Thus,—
I ^
/t> O
I,. .1.
'ill) 15 I'rimipal.
4 rate per cent.
;.. I. il.
l,nn)N,l'i 12 ( 8 8 M 1 year's interest.
Xi'fi
'i'i .'i (i^ ,T ye.irs' interest.
■1 1 .T ^ a yen's inU-rt'»t.
/.. 'i'.l 'J Uj .li yu.iri' iiilerLM.
-■»\ /
J.
n't-
..A
/■ -
■
It is almost superfliiou.'i to ol).«crve, that the same result would have been obtained by multiplying the
product of the principal and rate ly the number of years, and then ilividing by MM).
Hence, to lind the interest .,i any sum at any rate per cent, lor a year, multiply the sum by the rate
per cent., and diviile the pr<luct by 1(K».
To (ind the interest of .my sum for a number of years, multiply its interest for one vear by the number
of years; or, without calculating its interest for one vear, mul'plv the principal by the rate per cei.t.
and that product by the numher of years, and divide the last ..lodn.-t bv \{M
When the interest of any sum is required for a number of iiavs, they mu ,t be .rcali'<l as fractional
parts of a year ; that is, we must nuiltiply the interest of a vear bv them,' and divide bv ic.i.
Sui>posc that It IS required to tiiiu the interest of iilO/.'for 4yearb 7 montlis ami L':) (iays, at M ler
cent. —
I'rinripal - L.'ilO
Halt per rent. - 4)
"iib
105
Interest for 1 years =: /..."7-SOIHl
f! nxinths i= J nf I ye.Tr =^ 'I'T'^/iO
1 nuintli = 1 uf niunllis = 'TST'i
25 days ° = ■i;\-;-i
liUercst for 1 year - t. 'J- 1,5 x 4 = t. 37-SO do. for 1 years.
The interest fir 'iH days is — .
L.K-'JM7 = t. 1.-5 ll)<. iiil.
I'lMU; that Is, it if cipial to tile interest for a year multiplied by the fiactlDii .'f/'..
I>ivisi<tn by 100 is iM-Tfoniied by cutting olf two lipirtN to *be ri^ht.
Many attempts have been made to contrive more expeditious processes than the above for calculating
interest. The following is the best : —
Suppose it were retjuired to (ind the i'.cerest upon 17'2/. for Id" ilays at .0 per cent.
This forms what is called in arithmetical books a double rule of three (piestiun, and would be stated as
follows : —
£ Diii/t. £ £ nnit.
loo X ,Ji;."i •.:>■.: 17'2 X Hi? : 2/. lO.s-. i^d the interest re(|tiiied.
Hence, to lind the inleieU of any sum for any number of days at any rate per cent., multiply the sum by
the number of days, and the product by the rate, and divide by o(i,;Ju() i,,;i">.") x lOo; ; llie quotient is the
interest reqiiived.
When the rate is ."i per cent , or l-20th of the principal, all that is required is to divide the product of thr
sum multipUi'O by the days by 7, iO<l (iu), the ilays in a year, imilliplied by '.'i.V
Five per cent, inleivst lieiii>! ((iiiiid by this extremely simple process. His usual in practice to calculate
4 per cent, interest by dediiiting l-.7th ; ,j per cent, by dtducting 2-;Jths ; I'i per cent, by dividing by 2 j
2 per cent by taking the h.ilf of 4, and so on.
Ill calculating iiiteiest upon accounts current, it is reciuisite to state the number of davs iK'twecn each
re' eipt, or paymeiil, and the date commonly the Jlst of December* to which the areoiiiit furnnt is made
i:,). Tims, 17-7 paid on the l.jth of Septe'iiber, bearing interest to the ilst of December, lu7 days. 'I'he
amount of such interest may, then, be caleul.ited as now explained, or by the aid of 'J'aliles. 'llie reader
will lind, ill the article Hookki kpinu (p. Inl.) an example of interest on an account current computed as
above, without referring to Tables.
The .ioth of June is, after the ,;ist of ncccmbcr, the most usual date to which accounts current are
made up, and interest calculated. In West Imiia houses, the .ibtli ot April is the common date, because
at that season the old crop of produce is generally sold oil', and 'he new begins to arrive.
It is of great iii.portame, in calculating interest on aicoi its current, to be able readily to tii " the
number of ilays from any day in any one month ttxaiiy -lay in any other month. This may lie done
with the utmost ease by means of the following Tabic : -
Table for ascertaining the Number of Days iVom
any one Day in
llie Year to any oth
er Day,
1 f - •
i
s
i
6£
a
<
J 1 •
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
March.
:..r-.\.
ill
i
I'iii
1 i
I ; 3'^ (iO| ui 1 1'^ii
1,')^
IS',i
■7^
•24 1 '^74 .10.') .1.1,'.: 17 48 7fi )II7
"i37„"lii8
IJii liii 2W) "iiir
.Tili.V.l
'i M (il |1)7 1'^'^
TMJm
'^14
',i4,5 27.'i ,1i'(i ,1,1fi. 18 19 , 77 los| 1.18 KW. l'.iy li.Kl '2lll' ii91
1 --
3'2V ,1,'.2
3^1^ fili : aS" \a
l,')4|'l8»
',il.'i''^lf>|li7(i 107 ,1,17] 19 SO 1 78 ^ 109| 1.1'J
IrOj '2lHI^ 'til 2C2| t'n
' m:< 'iviS
4 1 .V> 6.1 ; 91 l!it; I'l.'i, IX.'i
•,ilO|ii47JS77 .108 .1,18 ao ,51 79 | 110 140
im
'.tOlj 232 •M^ 'i'M
,121 .1,14
.'■> Mi fii ii:. IV.'.' i.'.fi^ is'i
•217 !il8 278 ,1li;. ,1,19 Z,;! M 80 ! Ill HI
in
'200 '2,1,1 2(11 '291
,12.5 ,1,5,5
(i 1 ,'57 ().■) Ufi I'iC l.'ij 1N7 '^bi 'Jlil V7!l .110 .-ilOiiCi 5.'5 hi \Vl IIK
17,1
W3 2,14 2(1,5 29.5i.12(i ,1i'.(i
7 1 ,'58 Ii6 97,l',i7, l.'iNjlSSiSli) WO ^80 .■^ll JIlj'AI ■'>) 8'^ 1 1 1,-? 1 1.1
"iTJ
•i.'4;V.Vi •2(» 'Wlil.V27 .1.57
H "Sir «7 lis I'/s i.'i!f isii i^ 'i'>^ V81 .">i'^ yyii^ ■'>'> m", ii4 im
17.5
'20,5 2,1(i 2(i7 ',<97|,12S ,1'S
9 ^ 40 (i8 !ii) Vi'j Kioj pill KiT '^.v,i vs!i M^ 54^^•a r,r> »i , ui ii5
17ili Xtiitii '«7 '2(i8 '^98
329 369
TcTTT 6'J Ttio Ini'i T(u m m| '.'•w ^85^ .•nl liTtJTrr .^7 85"|Ti(i iv:
11 "47 711 iiif 1.11 ifivj bi'i ^; '.iM iHi ?>ir< y\ri''i- .w sh 117 U7
• iyjui)?!"-") sfi9 VM
3,KI Hill
1"S VIS; 2,19 2-,(l .IIHl
.131 ,1(11
Vi 1.1 71 mi 1,1'^ 1(!.1 l!M '.i'^l 'i.V. '^8.-. .110 .IKIj'^S All 87 118 11,8
179 '20'; Tin 271 .101
3,'ii'362
1,1 1 44 Ti illl 1.1,1 Kit' Kll VW 'if.'ifi use 317 .147! H9
^TiiiTiTi
1,S0,',<I0 'M -iTi .KIV
,1.13 .16S
14 4.5 7,1 1114 1,11 lil.i' l!l.'i 'i'iii ur>7 WT 118 ,118 ,10
89 I'^O l.'iO
181 211 2li '^71 ,10,1
.131 ,1(il
TTT Is" "7r m.V Ti7, i(iii| Hin w u:»i m "siii Iv'j'^
'"9(7' Tfli
'rnVrS ,101
366
Hi 17 7'. loii \M\ 1i;7 1117 'i'iS Mil 'iSII ,-'.'0 ,ViO
1 I
1 1 1 1
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
•17
a.'.
'
By this Table may be readily asrcrtaincil the number of days from any given day in the year to annllirr.
For instance, tioni the 1st of January to the 14th of Aufjust Jirst and last (lay> i'nrliulrd', there arc 'J-iii
days. 'I'o thid the nninl)er, look down the eoluiiin headed January, to Number 14, and hen look ulun<,' in
a j)arallel Mne to the rohimn headed August, you find i.'-2ti, the number re<iuired.
I'o tind the iiuinl)er of days between any other two given days, when they are both after the 1st of
January, the iiuinl)er opposite the 1st day nuist, of eourse, be <ledueted fioin that opposite to the seeoiiil.
Thus, to tind the nunil)er of days between the l.Jth of March and the VMh of August, deduct from iil,
the number in the Table opposite to l!i nn<l under August, 7i, the number oiiposite to 13 and under
March, and the remainder, ly!', is the number re(|uired, last day included.
In leap years, om- uuist be added to the number after the 'JSth of I'tbruary.
V:iT ihe'moile oi caU ulating discount, or of liniling the present values of sums due at sojne future date,
at simple interest, see Uiscoivr.
In counting-houses, Intciest Tables are very frequently made use of. Such publications have, in
conseiiuence, become very inimerous. Most of them have some pecuhar recommendation; and are
fclccled accordin}! to the object in view.
When interest, instead of lieitig simple, is compound, the first year's or term's interest must be found,
and being adileil to the original prinii|ial, nuikes the principal upon v»hich interest i.s to lie caleulateil tor
the second year or term ; and tlie second sear's or term's interest being added to this la.^t principal, makes
that upon vvbici] interest is to be calculated for the third year or term; and so on for any number of years.
ihit when the number of years Is considerable, this process becomes exceedingly i miibersome and
tediiiiis, and to (acilitate it I'ables have In en constructed, which are subjointd to this article.
'J'he first ot these 'J'ables No. 1.^ reproents the anujunt of 1/. ac ?nnudatiiig at compoiuiil interest, at ,'3,
■H. *< •*ii "ud tlve per cunt, every year, from 1 )ear to 70 year.s, in pounds and decimals of a pound. Now,
suppose that we wish to kncjw how much 5i ()/. will anioinit to in 7 years at 4 per cent. In the column
marked 4 per cent, and opposite to 7 years, we liml l:>Ui,'X',vl., which shows that I/, will, if invested at
4 per ;-ent. compound interest, amount to I .n.'j,'!,)'.' in 7 years ; and consequently, o(Kl/. will, in the same
lime and at the same rate, anioinit to ;'j(,Ij x 1jI,'),!»j'.;/. or t>.")7!'tiii/. ; that is, HSi'l. lii.v. 4r/,
Tor the same piupose of lacililatjng calculation, the present value of lA due any innnbcr of years
hence, not exceednig ~o, at .'), ^, 4, 4J.,an(l .") per cent, compoinid interest, is given in the sulijoined Table
No. 11. 'J'he use of tliis Table is precisely similar to the forej;oing. Let it, lor example, be rei|iiircd to
(ind the present worth of ."iliO/. due 7 years hence, reckoning c(mipoinid interest at 4 per cent. Opposite
to 7 years, and under 4 pei cent., we tind ^.'j-iil.'SlA, the jiresent worth ol 1/. ilueattbe end of 7 years; and
multiplying this sum by ;(!()/., thi product, being 379'9.0hW., or 371'/. I'Js. 5W., is the answer required.
Annlities.
1. Ainniitivs crrhiiii. — AVhcn a sum of nioiu-y is to bo paid yearly for a certain
miinber of years, it is called an anitiiity. The aniuiities usually met witli are eiflier for
a <i\\vn luiinlier of years, wliieli are called iniiiiilliis iTrtuin ; or tliey are to be paid so
loiifl as one or more itidividiials shall live, and are thence called inniini/ciit tnnntities.
\\y the amount of a;i annuity at ai\y given time, is meant the siuu to which it will
then amount, snjjposinj; it to have been regularly improved at com)'otmd interest during
the inti'rvening jieriod.
'I'he i)resent value of an annuity for any given period, is the sum of the present values
of all the payments of lliat amuiity.
Nnmbers 111 and IV. of the subjoined Tables represent the amotnit and present value of an ainiuity if
1/., rfikotnng iiimpound interest at '-'.J, .', -J, 4, 4^. "', and (1 per cent., from 1 \e.ir to 7o. They, as well as
Nos. I ami II., are taken from " 'I'abic s of liiti rest, Discount, ami Annuities, by John Smart, (ieiit. 4to.
London, 171.'ii." 'I'lii'V are carried to H ile( imal plai'es, and enjoy the highest character, both here and on
tile Continc'it, for aivuracy ai.d coni|ileli iiess. The original work is now become very .scarce.
Tile Uses of ttiesi I .ibles are nomerous ; and they are easily applied. Suppose, tor example, it were
r((|uired to tell th.> amount of an annuity of ;')il/. a vear for 17 years at 4 jier cent, conipoinid interest.
Opposite in 17 ('J'alile \\\^ in the column of years, and uniier 4 per cent., is i;j(!i7.">l,'i;", being the
amount of .in .ciiuiitv of \l. for the given time at the given rate per cent. ; and this nuiltiiilied by 60 gives
liS4S7;")t)lo.J, or l.lsi/ 17.v. (W., the amount reciuired.
Suiipose now that it Is re(iulred w liat sum one must pay down to receive an annuity of 50/. to continue
fur 17 vears, compound Interest .it I per cent 'i
Opposite to 17 years Table 1\ and under 4 l)ir cent, is 12 lft;7fi<i,fiRo, the present value of an annuity
of 1/. for the given time and at the given rate per cent.; and this multiplied b- 50 gives (iOSi!8o4l3, or
on"/. .'),«. 8rf., the present value reiiuired.
When it is required to liml the Imn which must clause, in older that a given sum imjiroved at a spcci.
tied rate of compound interest may liii n ase to somcotlier given sum, divide the latter sum by the (brmer,
and look for the <|uotienf, or tlii' number nearest to it, in Table No. 1. uiuier the given rate per cent., and
tile years opiiosite to it are the an.-wer — I lius,
ill what time will .")'2 !/. iimonnt to 1,. s7/. .V. Trf. at .'J jjcr cent, rnmiiound interest '/
I)ivide b*', '/IiH, Ike., by .0'2.!, and the (|Uotient will be i 07W', Kc , whict under .5 |)cr cent, in Table I.
is op|iosile to 1.0 vears, the time required.
If It had been' reiiuired to tind the time in which a f;iven wmuity, improved at a certain rate of coin-
pouril interest, would have inc reased to some given sum, the (luestion would have been answered by
duiding, as above, the given sum by the annuity ; and lo(>kliig for tiie quotient (not ip Table No. I , but)
in Table No. Ill,, under the given rate per cent., it would be found on a line with the time required.
Tliiis,
A. oves 1,000/. and resolves to appropriate 1(1/. a year of his income to its discharge: in what lime will
the ticbt lie extinguished, reckoning compound interest at 4 per cent. '/
1, 000 divided bv 11) gives 100, the number in Table No. III. under4per cent., and nearest to this quotient is
!KtS.(j.'), Kv oii|io'sito to 41 years, the required time. Had the rate of interest been .0 per cent., the deb*
wiiuld have beon discharged in somewhat I'.'ss than ,)7 years. This example is given by Dr. Price (An-
hiiiliis, lith td, vol. ii p. vIH'i.n ; and on this principle the whole fabric of the sinking fund was constructed.
Of the abstract truth of the principle there cannot, indeed, be a doubt. But every thing de^iends on the
increasing suiiis iiiiiually iiroduced being Immediately invested on the same terms ; and this, when the
smii is lirge, and the period long, is altogether inipraetlcablc.
I.i't it next lio recjuireil to liiid an annuity v* hit h, being increased at a given rate of compound interest
during a given time, will amonnf to a .specitied sum : in this case we divide the specified sum by the amount
of I/, for the time and rate given, as found in Table 111,, and the (|Uotient is the answer.— 'I nus.
What annuity will jinount (o |,0^7/, :>s. ~il. in 1.0 years at ,0 per cent, comnourd interest ;'
Opiiosite to 1,", ve.irs in Tabic III., and under .0 pei- cent., is 21 ;07l5J, iKc., tlie amount of 1/. for the given
time and rate ; aiid dividing 10»7 Ti^, Kc. by this sum, the quotient 50287, iic, or 50/. 7*. t'(/., is the an-
nuity required.
^
. 1 i»
Wh\
I J
i ;; '
W Ii-'
! li
71S
INTKllEST AND ANNUITIES.
\i I
Deferred Anniii/ir.i arc those wliic!) do not coimnencc till after a certain niiinbcr of yonrs ; and rrvrt
siniiiiri/ annuities, sucli us ilo|i('ml u])oii the occurrciirc of some uncertain event, as tlie dciitl) of un in.
dividual, .Ve.
'I'lie )ireaent value of a deferred annuity is foiuid liy deducting, from the value of an annuity for the
whole period, tlie value of an annuity to the term at which the reversionary annuity is to commence.
— Thus,
What is the present value ot an annuity of .OO/. to continue for 25 years, commencing at 7 years from
tlie present tinn-, interest at 4 per cent. ?
A<cording to Table No. IV., the value of an annuity of 1/. for 25 years at 4 per cent, is 15-6'J207,!1!'.">, and
that of 1/ for 7 yi'ars is f>()02().5,tii7, which lieing deducted from the other, leaves 'Jti'JOOV'-f*, which mul-
tiplied by ;J0 gives 4HI/., the answer required.
Supposing the annuity, instead of being for i'l years, had lieen a pcr|)ctuity, it would have been worth
1,'2.')()/., from which deilucting odO/. L's., tlie value of an annuity for 7 years at 4 per cent, there reiiiaiiis
!t4"/. ls,«., the value of the reversion.
Tor a selectl(>n of iirolilcms that may bo solved by Tables of annuities certain, see Smart's Tables, pp.
9:.'— 100.
2. Life Annuities. — After what lias been st.itcd in the article on Insuk.anck (Cene-
ilAF, I'lUNCiri.Ks of), rcsjiectiii}^ Tallies of mortality, it will he easy to see how the value
of a life annuity is calculated. Supposuifj, — to revert to the example given before
(p. 6'9:i.), — that it were rc([iiireil to lind the jiresent value of 1/., the receipt of which is
dependent on the continj^ency oi"a person, now 56 years of ajfe, being alive 10 years
hence, taking the Carlisle Table of mortality, and interest at -1 jier cent. : Now, accord-
ing to that Table, of 10,000 persons born together, 1,000 attain to 56, and 2,894 to O'd"
years of age. The probability that a person, now 56 years, will be alive 10 years hence,
2,894
is, consequently, ; and the present value of I/., to be received certain 10 years
hence being 0'G~55C>4l., it follows, that if its receipt be made to depend on a life
5(> years of age, attaining to 66, its value will be reduced by that contingency to
2,894 X 0-Cn.')~)(i4l. , , , m , , i ,. i ,
= 0'48877/., or 9s. 9^a. If, then, we had to tmd the present value
of an annuity of 1/. secured on the life of a person now fyG, we should calculate in
this way the ])rescnt value of each of the 48 payments, which, according to the Carlisle
Table, he might receive, and their sum would, of course, be the present value of the
anmiity.
'J'his statement is enough to show the jirinciple on which all calculations of an-
nuities di'iieiid ; aiul this also was, in fact, the method according to which they were
calculated, till .Mr. .Sinijison and 'M. .Euler invented a shorter and easier process, de-
riving from the value of an annuity at any age, that of an annuity at the next younger
age. There is a considerable discrepancy in the smns at which diflerent authors, and
different insurance oflices, estimate the ])resent value of life annuities payable to jiersons
of the same age. 'I'liis docs not arise from any diderence in the mode of calculating
the annuities, liui from (iin'ereiices in the 'laliles of mortality employed. These can only
be accm'ate ulien they are deduced from nniltiplied and carefid observations made, during
a long series of years, on a large body of jiersons ; or when the average numbers of the
whole jiopulation, and of the deaths at every age, for a lengthened perioil, have been de-
termined with the necessary care. It is to be regretted, that governntcnts, who alone
have the iMeans of ascertaining the rate of mortality by oli.scrvalions made on a sufii-
ciently large scale, have been singidarly inattentive to their duty in this rcsjiect. And
until a very few v'ars since, when Mr. rinhiison was employed to calculate Tables of
the value of amuiities from the ages of the noiiiiiiees in pidilic tontines, and of individuals
on who.se lives government had granted annuities, all that had been done in this country
to lay a solid foinulation on which to construct tlie vast fabric of life insurance had been
the work of a fijw jirivate persons, who had, of course, but a limited number of observ-
ations to work upon.
The celebrated uiaflRmatician, Dr. Ilalley, wa.' the first who calcidated a Table of
mortality, wlich he (Kdiieed from observations made at Breslaw, in Silesia. In 17'JI,
M. De Aloivre ptdilished the first edition of iiis tract on Annuiliix on Liven. In order
to facilitate the calcidation of their values, IVI. De 3Ioivre assumed the annual decre-
ments of life to be ecpial ; that is, be sujiiiosed that out of 8() (the utmost limit of life on
his hypothesis) jiersons born t;)gether, one would die every year till the whole were
I'xtinct. This assumjition agreed pretty well with the true values between '.]0 and 70
years of age, as given in Dr. Hallej's Table; but was very remote from the truth in the
earlier and later [leriods. I\Ir. Thomas Sim])son, in his work on Annvities and lievirxiovf!,
originally published in 17*1'J, gave a Table of mortality deduced friim the London bills,
and Tables founded upon it of the values of annuities. 15ut at the period when this 'ialile
was calculated, the morialily in London was so much higher than in the rest of the
country, that the values of the aimuitics given in it were far too small for general use.
In 1710', M. Deparcieux publislicd, in his Fssai sur les Prolidliilifrs ilv In Durce ile In Vie
ilnmiiine — a work distinguished by its perspicuity and neatness — 'J'abU's of morlality
deduced fn... observations made on the mortuary registers of several religious iiouses,
INTEllEST AND ANNCITIES.
719
iind on lists of tlie noiiiiiicus in scvt'ral tontines. In tills- work, RcpfOi'atc Tables were
lirst constructed for males and females, and the greater li)nn;evify of the latter reiuicrcd
apparent. M. Deparcieiix's Tables wi're a very great acquisition to the science ; and are
decidedly superior to some that are still extensively used. Dr. Price's famous work
on Aiiiiuitivs, the first edition of which was ])ublished in 1770, contributed jiowerfully
to direct the j)ul>lic attention to inquiries of this sort ; and was, in this respect, of very
great utility. Of the more recent ^orks, the best arc those of INIr. Haily and Mr.
IMiliie, which, indeed, are both excellent. The latter, besides all that was priviou'~ly
known as to the history, theory, or practice of the science, contains much new and
valuable matter ; and to it we beg to reler such of our readers as wish to enter fully into
the subject.
The Tal)lc on which Dr. Price laid the greatest stress, was calctilatcd from the biiriai
registers kept in the parish of All Saints in Nortliampton, containing little more ;haii
half the population of the town. 'I'I.ere can be no doubt, however, as well from original
tlefects in the construction of the 'i'able, as tVom the improvement that has since taken
place in the healthiness of the public, that the mortality represented in the NortlKiniplon
Tal)le is, and lias long been, decidedly above the average rate of mortality in lOngland.
i\Ir. JMorgan, indeed, the late learned actuary of the E(]uitablc Society, contended that
this is not the case, and that the Society's experience sliows that the Northampton Table
is still remarkably accurate. IJut the facts Mr. Morgan disclosed in liis Fieiv of tint
Jilse and Prn(/ie.ss of i/iu Kquituh'.e Socutif (p. 42. ), published in 1828, are quite at
variance with this opinion : for he there states, that tlie deaths of persons insiu-ed in the
E(juitablc Society, from .'30 to GO years of age, during the 12 years previously to 182H,
were .339; whereas, according to the Northampton Table, they should have been 54.') !
And Mr. IMilne lias endeavoured to show (Art. Annuities, new ed. of Ency. Brit.) that
the discrejjancy is really much greater.
The only other Table used to any extent in England for the caliulation of life anmii-
tiso, is that framed by Mr. Milne from observations made by Dr. lleysham on the rate
of mortality at Carlisle. It gives a decidedly lower rate of mortality than the Norlh-
amjiton Table; and there are good ground:- for thinking that the mortality \\liicli it
represents is not very difl'erent from the actual rate throughout most parts of England ;
though it cannot be siqiposed that a 'J'alile founded on so narrow a ba.sis should give a
perfectly fair view of the average mortality of the entire kingdom.
In life insurance, the first annu"! ^iremium is always jiaid at the commencement of the
assurance, and the others at llu termination of each year so long as the party assured
survives. Hence, at the begiiining of the assurance, the whole of the annual preminnis
payable for it exceed the value of an eijiial annuity on the life by one year's piiich;i^e.
And, therefore, when the value of an assurance in present money is given, to find the
equivalent annual premium during the life, the whole jiresent value must be divided by
the number of years' purchase an annuity on the life is worth, increased by 1. Thus, for
an assurance of 1(X)/. on a life 40 years of age, an ofliee, calculating by the t'jirlisle
Table of mortality, a4ul at 4 per cent, interest, requires 5:! '4407. in i)resent money. Now,
according to that Table and rate of Interest, an annuity on a life just 40 years of age is worth
5.T'44fJ/.
1 5*074 years' purcliase, so that the ecjuivalent annual premium is
= ^•;525/.,
15-074 + 1
or 3/. fis. M. The annual premium may, however, be derived directly from the value
of an annuity on the life, without fiist calculating the total present value of the assurance.
— (See Mr. Milne's Treatise on Annuities, or the art. Annuities in the new edition of
the Envij. Britunniai.)
In order to exhibit the foundations on which Tables of life annuities and insurance
have been t'ounded in this and other countries, we have given, in No. \'. of the fiiUowiiig
'J'ables, the rate of mortality that has lieen observed to take place among 1,000 children
born together, or the numbers alive at the end of each year, till thi' whole become ex-
tinct, in England, France, Sweden, i^c according to the most cekbrated authorities. •
The rate of mortality at Carlisle, represented in this Table, is lessthnn that observed any
where else : the r...es which approach nearest to it are those deduced from the observ.itions
already referred to, of M. Deparcieux, anil those of M. Kersseboom, on the nominees of
life annuities in Holland.
In order io calculate from this Table the chance which a (lerson of any given age has
of attaining to any higher age, we have only to divide the nunilier of persons alive al
such higher age, given in that column of the Table seli'cted to decide the cpiesiion, by the
number of persons alive at the given age, and the fraction rtsulting is the chance
• The greater part of tliis Table was (irigiii.iUy imlitislicd hv Dr. Huttdii in liis Mnl/innati'rnl Diclinnari/,
urt. Life Annuities. Mr. Daily iiifcrteii it with additions in lii.s work on Annnilies ; and it was pulilishnl,
with tne rolumn for Carlisle addiil, in ti.c Hcptirt tij' the Cuintnittce of the House of i'umnwns on Friendly
Societies.
n
' 'I
• ( !
720
INTEllEST AND ANNUITIES.
IM
Wc liave addod, by way of sujjpkMncnt to tliis Tabic, INIr. Finlaison's Table (No. VI.)
of flic rate of mortality amonjj; 1,(KK) children born together, accordinj^ to the decrement
of life observed to take pLacc amonj? the nominees in povernmen': tontines and life annui-
ties in this country, distin<ruishing males from females. The rate of mortality which
this Table exhibits is decidedly less than that friven in the Carlisle Table ; but the lives in
the latter are the averaj^e of the population, while those in the for or are all picked.
The nominees in tontines are uniformly chosen amonji; the bealthiist individuals; and
none but those who consider their li\es as good ever buy an annuity. Still, however,
the Table is very curious; and it sets the superiority of female life in a very striking
point of view.
Tables \TI. and VIII. give the cvpcrtiilUm of lifi; according to the mortality observed
at Northampton and Carlisle; the former l)y Dr. I'rice, and the latter by INIr. Milne.
'l"he next Table, No. I \., extracted from the Second Urjmrt of the Committfc. itf the
Jloiise of (aiiiuiwiis on Friemlli/ Societies, gives !i comparative view of the results of
some of the most celebrated Tables of mortality, in relation to the rate of mortality, the
expectation of life, the value of an annuity, &c. The coincidence between the results
deduced from M. Deparcieux's Table, and that for Carlisle, is very striking. And to
render the information on these subjects laid before tlie reader Jts comi)lete as the nature
of this work will admit, we have given Tables ( Nos. X. — XV.) of the value of an annuity
of 1/. on a single life, at every age, and at .'5, 4, 5, f>, 7, and 8 per cent., according to the
Northampton and Carlisle Tables; we have also given Tables of the value of an annuity
of 1/. on 2 ecpial lives, and on '2 lives dill'ering by .5 years, at '.i, 4, 5, and C> per cent.,
according to the same Tables, It is but seldom, therefore, that our readers will re(|uire
to resort to any other work for the means of solving the ipiestions that usually o.cur in
practice with regard to annuities ; and there are not many works in wliicb they will find
so good a collection of Tables. — We subjoin one or two examples of the mode of using
the Tables of life annuities.
Suppose it were required, what ought a person, aged 45, to give, to secure an annuity
of 50/. a year for life, interest iit 4 jier cent., according to the Carlisle Table?
In Table No. XI., imder 4 per cent., and opposite 4.'), is 14'104, the value of an
annuity of 1/., which being multiplied by 50, gives 705''J, or 705/. 4*'., the viilne re-
quired. According to the Northampton Table, the annuity woidd only have been worth
614/. ;5s.
The value of an annuity on 2 lives of the same age, or on " lives dilFcring by 5 years,
may be found in ))recisely the sanie way.
Some (picstions in rt'riTsioiiiiri/ life annuities admit of an cqn.'illy easy solution. Thus,
«ui)pose it is re(|uired to (ind the iireseiif value of A.'s interest in an estate worth 1(X^/.
a year, falling to liim at the death of 15., aged 40, interest 4 per cent., according to the
Carlisle Table?
The value of the periietuity of 100'. a year, interest 4 per cent., is 2,500/. ; and the
value of an annuity of 1(X)/. on a ))erson agwl 40, interest at 4 ))er cent., is 1,507/. 8a.,
which deducted from 2,5CX)/. leaves f)!)2/. 12s., the present value recpiired,
A person, aged :50, wishes to purchase an annuity of 50/. for bis wife, .aged 25, pro-
vided she survive him ; what ought he to i>ay for it, interest at 4 j)er cent, according to
the Carlisle Table?
The value of an annuity of 1/. on a life aged :?0 is 10 -852; from which subtracting
tlie value of an amiuity of 1/. on 2 joint lives of 25 and JO, 14-:i.'l!), the diU'crence,
2'513 X 50 - 125-0.50, or 125/. l;J.v., the sum recpiired.
For the solution of the more ci)m|)lcx cases of siirvivorshi)), which do not often occur
in practice, recourse may be had to the directions in Mr. Miliu - Trcifne on Ammitics,
and other works of that description. To atfemjjt explaining tbem here would lead us
into details (juite inconsistent with the objects of this work.
I
,,: I
! I
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
■'21
TADLES of I.NTKUF.6T AND ANNUITIUH.
1. Table showiiif; Ihc Ahoint of ^1 iir.provfil at Comnoiiiid Interest, nt 2J, 3, "J, 4, 4{, /;, ami
per Cent., at the ICiid of every Year, from I to lo.
~T
2
3
4
5
(i
7
8
i)
10
11
12
l.J
U
ir,
li!
n
18
1!)
to
21
'22
2J
24
2r.
2(i
27
28
29
SO
31
32
33
3i
ST)
3(i
37
38
3!)
40
41
42
4.3
44
45
4<5
47
48
49
51
52
.W
54
5,5
5ii
57
58
5!)
m
(il
nil
1. 1
VI)
2iperCont. 3 per Cent
1-(I2500,(HH)
l-05()t)2,5UO
l-07li8'J,0(i2
1 10381,289
1-13140,821
M59(i!l,342
l-188liH,575
1-21840,290
l-24K8i;,2!l7
1-28008,454
l-3120S,fii)'(i
1.344K8,H82
1-37851,10+
1-41297,382
1-44829,817
1-48450,5(12
l-521(il,82(i
1'559(>5,872
l-5y8(i5,019
l-tU8() 1,644
l-f)795S,18,'5
172157,140
17(i4(il,0f)8
1 -80872,595
1-85,;94,410
1-90029,270
1-94780,(X)2
l-99ti49,502
2-04040,739
2-09750,758
2-150nO,fi77
220375,(;!)4
2-25885,08(5
2-315,;2,213
2-37320,519
2-43253,532
2-49334,870
2-555(i8,242
2-(ll957,448
2 (i850ri,384
2-75219,04,1
2-82( 99,520
2-891,52,008
2-!>(>;i82,808
3(»-!790,328
3-1 138's08ii
3-191(59.713
3-2714,';,95(:
3-,')5,!27,(i80
3--137 10,872
3-5C,';()3,(;44
3-01 II 1,235
3-701;;9,01()
3-79;)92,49l
3-88877,303
3 -98599,2 ill
4-085(i4,217
4-18778,322
4-29247,780
4-39978,975
150978,419
tl9".'.!,910
..imi)9,'j33
.'■ .ir.l.KU
5li i
.1 i.u, ;,ii.i
/)-((,W10,«H(l
1 -030(X),(KM)
1-O(i0!)0,000
1 -(19272,700
1-12,5,50,881
1-15927,407
1-1!)405,2,J0
1 -22987 ,.i87
1 ■2(l(i77,008
1-;>0477,.;18
l-34391,(i38
1-38423,387
1-42,570,089
1-4(1853,371
1-512,-JS,972
1557911,742
1 (10470,1144
l-(),5284,7(w
l-7024.J,30(i
1 7,5;550,(K)5
180(111,123
1-8(5029,457
1-91(110,341
1 97.-i,")8,(151
2-03279,41 1
2-(i9,'>77,7iW
2-l,'i(i.59,I27
2-22128,901
2-28792,708
2-35(i5(),,55l
2-4272(1,247
2 ■•50000,035
2-,07,'i( 18,27(1
2-(),5233,52t
2-731!Mi..">,-iO
2-813,'<..,245
2-89S--".S33
2-!'S .litfr
3-1 '■»",■. 148
3 l(170'-.()98
3 •20203,779
.)'.i5989,893
.i-4(iO(J9,,">89
3-5()451,t)77
3-07145,227
8-78159,,584
3-89504,. 172
4-0118!V)03
4-l;52isl88
4-2,5(121, !K4
4-38390,(502
4-51:542,3:0
4-a5088,5!K)
4-7!H)41,247
4-93412,485
5-08214,859
5-2;;4(51,30,5
5-39Ui;5,144
5.55340,098
5-720(K),30l
5-891(10,310
(1-0(5835,180
(1V50 111,173
(5 4,5791,379
nivnn- 120
■!
I ■»l.>9L',.si.8
7iii;;ii,(Ki4
i (.8720,574
7'91782,lni
J^perCent.
4 per Cent.
11).!.5(X),(KX;
1-07122,500
1-10871,787
1-14752,,'50()
1187(i.S,(i31
l-22925,,5.-}3
1 -27227,92(1
l-31(180,!i(H
l-.i(i28!>,7.'55
141059,87(5
1-45990,972
1-51100,8(1(1
1 -.5(1,1! (5, (10(1
1-(11.S(1!),I.52
1 -(175.1 1-,S,S,)
1-73,;98,(KH
l-79l(17,,5.';5
1-85748,920
1-922,50,1, '52
1 -98978,>-Gtl
2-0,591.;,147
2-13151,1,58
2 20(111,44«
2-28;i.52,849
2-3(1324,498
2-44595,85(5
2,531(5(1,711
2()2017,tl9'
2-71187,798
280(579,370
290503,148
3-00070,75!)
31 1 lil4,235
3-22080,033
3-3335!i,045
34,5020,(111
3-,57 102,543
3-(19(l(.l,l:J2
3-.S2,5:i7,l71
3-95925,972
4-097S3,,'581
4-24l25,7ii9
4-38!t70,'i02
4-,54,-5;;4,l(10
4-70235,8.55
4-80(l!»4,nO
5-03728,404
5-21;;58,8;i8
5-,-)!i(l( 10,459
5 -,58492,080
5-78039,!a)
5!(8l;71,327
Ol!i210,,S24
0-40883,202
f)-()3314,114
f>-8(5,");iO,l08
7-105,")8,t5(12
7-3,5428,215
7-011(18,203
7 8780!',090
8-l,-.,182,4(]8
8.l.-i!i:o,7it;i
8-734 5S,(K1)
9'0l(|"'i.0.5|
ii:;.'iO, 0,008
9(18418,520
10-02313,108
;ii-37 ;!14,129
10-7.:;702,924
1111282,52(1
l-(H<K)O,00O
1081(iO,(KK)
1 1248(1,400
IKl: 185,850
l-2|(l(i5,29f,-
l-2(i531,!Kl2
1-31,5!),),178
1-308,5(1,905
1-42331,181
1-48024,428
l-5,';i1.1,5,40f)
1-00103,222
1-(1(;,')(;7,,551
1 -7.il (17 ,(H5
l-.'^()0!t4,.J5l
1872!I8,125
1 !H7!KI,0.50
2-(;2581,(«2
2-l(l(i8.J,918
219112,314
2-27870,807
2M(l!i!)l,879
2-4()471,.555
2-.5(i.-5.iO,417
2-(K158.i,(l.i3
2-7724(l,!)79
2 88;i3(;,S58
i;-'.'!'870,332
31180,5,145
3-24339,751
3'.')7313,341
3-,50805,875
3-048,18,110
3-79431,034
3-!)4008,8!J<)
4-l(),-)93,2r),5
4-20808,98(5
4-43881, .■54.5
4-010;56,5!«>
4-80102,003
4-09.300,145
5-l<»278,,-J!tl
5-4<)(H!'„527
5-01051,.5O8
5-841 17,,')68
(1-074,82,271
0-31781,502
(5 -,57052,824
(i-,s3.;,;4,!',;7
7-10(l(i8,,53;')
7-3!10!i5,()08
7-(l,''0;')S,871
7!)940;5,220
8-31;)8!,435
8-04(5.1(1,(192
8 -9! '222,1(50
9-35191,040
9725iiS,(l,88
10 ll.-.02,(;3(l
10-5190-3,741
10 !H(H 1,251
n-37S02,!Kll
|-8.!.1\5,0)7
I2.!0047,lit7
12-79.^7.i,,".22
13--ilO(18,4(Ki
138.1111,201
14..! 1(183,(549
14-97270,995
1,5.57161,835
4^perCent,
5 per Cent.
l-(M,5()(),00O
l-09202,,5()()
1-1411(>,0I!J
1-Iil251,8(ll)
1-24(11.^194
l-,-iO'22(i,012
]-3(l(»8(i,183
1-42210,001
1 48(10!I,5I4
l-552yO,!>12
1-02285,305
1-0! 1,588,143
l-7721!MilO
l-851!H,4if2
i-<t;;528,2.i4
2-022.17,015
2-n.J;J7,tx8i
2-20847,877
2-30780,031
2-41171,402
2-,5202l-,lir)
2-0,'33(5;".,20l
2-7,-"i21(l,(),)5
2-87(101,;583
;!-(K)54:),44<l
3-M(,(17,!Hll
3-28'.00,!t5(;
3-4290!>,!l9'.)
3-.i840.'i,049
3-7l53K8;3
3-91,585,74,5
4-08<i! 18,104
4-27403,018
4-400. 5(1,1,54
4-( 107. 14,78 1
4-,S7737,84(l
5 •09(180,049
5-32(121,!'21
5-,")(k58!I,9()8
5-81(1.-5(1,454
(5 07811 ,0!H
(5-.;51(ll,,54«
fi-(5.-i74.-5,S18
0i),-J(il2,2!)()
7-24824,843
7-,57441,!)(il
7-i»l,520,849
8-27145,.5,57
8-04,!(r7,l()7
!l■^V52(53,t^27
94,')910,490
!)S(l,5K(l,Ki.>
IO-;lii77.'!,.'<."'.!
10771.58,077
ll-25f),!0,8n
11-7(1284,204
12-2il210,!i!l3
12 84.531,758
13-42.'!35,087
1402740,793
14-058(54,12!)
15-31828,014
l(i(H)7(10,275
1072794,487
17 48070,239
18 2(«.5.-5,400
l!)()8!fi(5,403
19-!I18;;8,.-41
'20 84l''(Hi,27l)
21 7H413,.5.58
1-0500<I,(;(M)
M02."iO,000
1-157(12,,5(K)
1-21550,(125
1-27,'".28,I50
l-3-10()!),,5fi4
l-4O710.(H2
l-4774.5,.544
r,551.-i2,.S22
1-028' 9,403
l-7103,-5,93(i
17!l.".85,(l.;,)
l-8H.5iM,!ll4
1-!>7!'9.!,100
2-07Wl-,818
2 18287,459
2-2!)i.'01,8;32
2'k)(101,!)23
2-."i20!»5,020
2(15.529,771
2-78,590,259
2-92520,072
.■i-07152,.-37(l
3-2250!>,!i!>4
3-.3,S(i.!5,4!'4
3-,5,7,")07,2(l!l
3-7.J-M.5, 0.-52
3-92012,914
4-Il(lI.'5,50O
4-321!H,238
4-53803,!Hi)
4-7(5ltW,147
5-(K',-il8,8,54
5-25334,797
5-51001,537
5 79181,014
tl-0RI4O,(19.1
0-.58547,729
0-7)H75,I15
7-03998,871
■•391i)8,815
7-701,58,7,55
S-149(i0,0!)3
8-1,5715,028
8-<«;500,77!)
9-4342.5,818
9-iKi,5!>7,l(.9
I 10-40120,965
10 92l;5;i,313
10-4(57.39,978
12-04(170,977
12-04-2,8O,82t5
l,;-274!>4.8t58
13->K;,Mi!>,(ill
14 (i;3;)O.J,0!i2
15.5(5741,24(1
1(1-1.-;,57H,:!08
10!)42,57 ,224
17-78970,085
18(57918,589
1901314,519
20-5!V580,245
21-(12,->4!l,2,->7
22-7O4(10,72()
23-83!ll.H 1,05(1
'.'5-0.-iI8!t,559
2(l-28.i4il,01.'0
2V-5!)7(iO,4,H8
28ii77">l,813
.•!0-42*542,55.-)
6 per Cent,
i-(i()0(K),(h;()
l-12;iO(i,0(H)
i-1!iioi,(:(K)
1-2(1-. 47 ,(liKi
1-3.1822,558
1-418,51,911
1 -,5().iO.-i,02(i
1-5!I.;.S4,S07
1 (W)47, .'!'(!
1 -7!,I084,77U
i-f.!)S';<),85f;
2-012l!i,047
2-l;;2!i2,82(i
2-2(l(-!KVS»H)
239(i-)5,81!)
2,540.5.5,108
2-09-j77,279
2-85433,915
3-(l2.55!t,!)r)0
5-20713,547
3-399,50,300
3-00, 15.1,742
3-81!l74,|i(lfi
4-04xS!i.;,ltl4
42!i\S7,072
4-549.58,2iiO
4-822.'i4,59-l
5-11108,070
5 41S.38,7!«)
5';4^■5^9,ll7
0-08810,004
(5-4.5.-i;*,0(18
(i-8lO,58,!i88
7-2,51(.2,,".28
7t)80(l8,(i7!»
8-1472,5,yy()
8-030(*,712
!l-15425,2.;5
!»-7(i.->,'50,74!)
10 28571,794
IO-!l()C,oO,101
11 -,55703,207
12-2;.<i45,4(i;3
I2-!i8."48,l!)l
13-7(5101,083
U-,7!H)48,74 :
15-4(5,791,07,,
10 39.187,173
i 17-;i77,50,.«V3
18-42015,127
l<)-52,-'>,'!)5,:W3
2'0(i9(588,5,-!4
21 il. 18(59.84(1
23-2,^.■>02,0,-37
24-0,70.12,1,')!)
20-12!>3-t,O8!)
27-0!i71O,l.-;4
2!)-35892,7-12
31-12(!4(i,,-i07 1
32-<)870!',O8;-|
34-!'!)()9,5,2;5()
;37-0)54ii(;.!il4
;5!)-28880,7(!l
41 (14(11! Vlw
44-H4!i7,10;7
4(i-79.!00,!i!»4
49-(50l2!MiU
5','-577.';(l,755
,55-7.-i2(iO,!iOO
59-07iflti;i,01B
«
i
1 >
■>, >
i ■!
in
'A A
t.^
Hi: ■
722
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
II. Table showing the Presknt Value of £1 receivable at the End of any given Year, from 1 to 70
reckoning Compound interest at ^|, S, 3i, 4, 4|, 5, and (i per Cent.
I' I
v' I
(A
2^ per Cent fJ per Cent
3^ per Cent
4 per Cent
■UperCent.
5 per Cent
G per Cent.
I
0'97.560,976
0-97087,379
0^9661 8,3.57
096I.M,.846
0^95693.780
((■95'238,095
o-9(.3:i9.6^2.3
2
■95181,4(0
•942.59,.591
•9:«5 1,070
•92455,621
■9157'2,995
■90702,'.! (8
■8H9!)9.6((
3
•928.59,!) 11
•91511,166
•90194,'270
•88809,6:16
•876'29,6(»
■86:jH:t.7'60
■8:19II1,',I28
4
•90.5!».5,{Hi4
•888-t8,705
•87I44,2^23
•8.5480,119
•8:18.56,131
•8'2'270.'217
•7!f209.:i66
ft
•88385,420
•862(»,878
■84197,317
•82192,711
•80^21.5,105
•78:i5'2,616
•7172.5,817
6
•8622<»,687
•83748,l'2fi
■8i;i,M),064
•7!M)3I,4.53
•76789,.571
•71621,510
•70(96,054
7
•84126,524
•81.3(H),151
■78.599 096
•7.5<HI 1,781
•73182.816
•7i(M;8,i:t:!
•6ii"i()5,7II
R
•82074,6.57
•78940,923
■7.59(1,1.56
■73069,0'20
•70318,513
•(;76s:i,9,«!
•(i'i7 1 1 ,'i.l7
■ 9
■80072,836
•76641,673
■7.3373,097
■702.-.8,fi74,
•67'2<Ht,113
■6416(),8'J2
•,59IH!I.H(6
10
•78119,840
■74409,391
■70891,881
■675.56,117
•61392,768
■6i:i91,3'25
•.5.58:19,478
11
•76214,478
•72242,126
■6a494,.571
■619.58,093
■61619,871
■58167,929
■52f!78.7.\3
12
•74355,580
■701,:i79«8
■66178,3.30
•621.59,705
•58<MI6,386
•.5.568,3,742
•49696.9:<(i
13
•72.542,038
68095,131
•63940,415
■6(H).57,109
•.564'27,i(;i
•.5:1032 135
•.|(i88;i,9(l2
11
•70772,7'20
•66111,781
■61778,179
•.57747,.508
•.5:«)97,286
•.50.-i06.795
•4 (•2:io,(m6
15
•69046,5.56
■64186,195
■.59689,0()2
■5552(i,1.50
•5I67'2,014
•48101,710
•417'26,.'i06
16
•G7;Ui2,493
■6'2316,694
•57670,.591
•.5.3;«lll,818
•4941f>,932
•4.5811,1,52
•3936(,628
1 17
•G.5719,.506
■60.501,645
•5.5720.378
•5i:n7,.3'25
•17317,6:19
•436^2l!,669
.37136,412
18
•64116,.594
■.58739 161
•.5:18.36,114
•19:162,812
■152SO.(t37
•4l.55'2,IHi5
•3.5031,379
19
•62.552,772
•5702H,(K)3
•.520I.5,.569
■17464,'242
■4.33:10,179
•:i957;i,.396
■:i3051,:i01
20
•61027,094
•5.5367,575
■.502,56,.588
•45638,695
■41461,^286
•37688,948
■31180.173
21
•.59.538,629
•.5.3754,928
■485.57,090
•43883.360
■39678,713
•3.5894,2:16
■2<)11.5,.540
22
•58086,467
•52189,2.50
■4691.5,0a3
•42l9-5,r):t9
■37970,0.89
•3(181,987
■277.M),510
23
•.56669,724
•.50669,175
•4.5328,.5(i3
•40.572,6:13
•36:135,013
•:V2.5.57,131
■'26 l79,V2(i
24
•.55287,.535
•49103,374
•4379.5,713
•.3901 52.1 47
•3(770,3(7
•3I(K)6,791
■2((i97,'<:)5
2r>
•.53939,059
■47760,.5.56
•42314,699
•.37511,680
•.■13'273,(M)0
•'2'.t.5;iO.'277
■■2;i'2;i9.H6:i
26
.52623,472
•4r>;»69,473
■40883,767
•:i6(r,8,9'23
■31810,'218
•2S1-24.073
■2l9fi!.0')3
27
•5i;«9,n73
■4.')018,;M)6
■.39.501,224
•3-1681,6.57
•:10169,137
•'267S1,8:i'2
■'207:16 795
28
•.50087,778
•43707,675
■38165,4.34
•3:«17,747
•291,57,069
■25.5(H.I,3(;i.
■19.5Ck3.011
29
•48866,125
•4'2434,636
■36874.815
•32(M>.5,I41
•27901, .502
■'21^294,i;'12
•181.5.5.671
30
•47674,269
•41198,676
■35627,841
•30831,867
•26700,001
•23137,71.5
•174(1,013
31
•46.511,481
••39998,714
■,31123,035
•29616,026
•255.50,211
•2203.5,917
•164'25,184
32
•4.5;»77,()55
•388:13,703
•.33>2.5H,971
•28.505,791
•2.119.9;tl
•'20986,61/
•1.519.5,710
33
•44270,^298
•37702,625
•321;M,'271
■2710!»,117
■2.1397,121
•19987, '2.51
■1(618,6'22
34
•4319()..5:»4
•36604,190
•31017,605
•2<'hl.5.5,^2(19
■22:189 ,.589
•1 '.103.5,180
■I:i79!, 1.5.3
3.5
•42137,107
•35.5;18,:M0
•2!t997,686
■2r<U\M7
•211'2.5,444
•181'29,0'2<)
■i:i010,.5^22
36
•41109,372
■34.503.243
•28983,272
•21366,872
•20.50-2,817
•17'2<i.5,711
•r2'27(,077
37
•40106,705
•33498.294
•28003,161
■231^.;!<Mi85
•19619,921
'16113,561
•11.579,318
38
•39128,492
•32522,615
•270.56,191
■22528,513
•18775,014
•1.5660,.536
•109'2.3,8S5
39
•.38174,i:W
•31575,3.55
■26111,2.50
■21662,061
•17966,519
•11911,797
•1030.5,.5.52
40
•37243,062 .
•30()55,684
■252.57,'i47
■20828,904
•1719'2,870
■14'204,.56f
•09722,219
41
•36334,695
•29762,800
■24403,137
•20027,792
•161.5'2,.507
■1,3,5'28,I60
•09171,905
42
•3.5448,483
•2as95,9'22
••2:1.577,910
•192.57,493
•1.5711,0-26
•1 '2883,962
■08(i52.710
43
•34.583,886
•28054,294
■22780,.590
•185H;.820
•1.5066,0.51
•r2'27O,140
•08l6'2,'.l(i..!
44
•33740,376
•272:17,178
•2-2010,'231
•1780.1,135
•11117,'276
•11686,i;i3
■077(M),'.»08
45
32917,440
•26143,862
■2126.5,9'24
•17119,841
•13796.1.37
•111 '29,651
■07'265,(K)7
40
•.32I14,.5-6
•2.5r)73,(^52
•20-^16,787
•|64<!l,:i86
•1320'2,:i.32
•10.599,668
•(M")853.781
47
•31331,294
•249'25,877
•19851,9(;8
•1.58'28,'2.56
■1 '26:13,8 10
•10091,921
■(M;16.5.831
48
■30.567,116
•24199,880
•19180,615
•15219,470
■1'20S»,771
•0'.M>I1,211
■06099,810
49
•29821, .576
•2.3495,029
•18.5:12,021
•146:14,112
•11. 5(59,1.58
•091.56,:i91
■057.51„56(i
.50
■29094,221
■22810,708
•1790.5,337
•11071,262
•11070,965
■087^2O,373
■C5C28,8:)6
51
•28384.(ifl6
■22116,318
•17299,813
•13\30.0.59
•10.591,225
•0a3O.5,lI7
■05121,.511
52
■27692,'298
■21501,280
■16711,a24
■1.3009.672
■10i:i8,0!4
■07909,6.35
■01831,615
.5,1
•27016,876
■20875.()'29
•16119..589
•I'2.509.:i00
■09701,449
•07.5:12,986
■0-1558,1.56
M
■'263.57,928
■20'267,019
•1.5603,467
■I20'28,i73
■0it283,683
■r, 71,'272
■(K;t(K).117
,55
•2.571.5,0.52
•19676,717
•1.507.5,814
■11.5<i.5,.551
■08883,907
()683^2,frlO
•010.56,712
.56
•2.5087,8.55
•19I03,60;t
■14.566.004
■111 '20,722 1
■08.501, :i47
•06.507,'276
■0:i8'27,115
.57
•2447.5,957
■'8.517.193
•14073,4;«
■10693,002
•0813.5,'26O
•06197,406
•0:i610.1M(!
.58
■23878,982
•18006,984
•1:1.597,520
•I0'281,7:«
'07784,938
•0.5<M)2,291
•0:M0li,119
.59
■■i3'296..5fi8
■17482,.508
•13137,701
•09886,'282
■07449,701
■05621, '2:10
•03213,3'20
CO
•22VJH,3.59
•16973,;t09
•l'.rt)93,131
•09.5O«i,04O
■07128,901
■0.5353,.5.52
•0.3031, 43 (
fit
•22174,009
•16.78,941
•12264,184
•Of.1 40,123
•06821,91,1
■0.5098,621
•028.59.813
62
•216.%'1,179
•1.5998,972
■Il<; 19,453
■08788,868
■0(;.5'28,148
•0-t855,a3''
•0'2697,9li5
63
•21105,54)
■1.5.5.32.982
•1111.'l.717
•08450,835
■06-247,a32
•O16>24,600
•0'2.51.5.'2.'iO
64
•20.5!>0,7"1
■ir)080,.5(i:i
•1106;..5<il
•081 '2.5,803
•0.5978,021
•01101,.38!
•0'2(OI,179
65
•20088,557
•14641,:<25
•10687,.5'28
■0781.3,'272
•057'2O,.594
•01191,648
•02'265,'26(
66
•19.598,.5i»3
I42M,879
•10;i26,II4
•07512.760
■0.5171.'2.53
•0:»991,W3
•02i:i7,Oll
67
■|9I20,.-i7H
•13SOO,H,53
•Otl976,92''
■072'i;i,809
•05'2:i8.519
•03801,6/0
■0'201 6,077
68
■186.54.223
■!;>;i98,H87
•09tW9.,5.'>8
•m;9(5,97o
•0.5012,9.3V
•0:t623,4'.t5
•01901 ,9.59
69
•I819!),'.>42
■13008,628
■o(t:il.3,.-.6:i
•06r,7M,M18
O1797,0r')
•rei4.50,948
•OI791,:i(il
70
•177.5.5,3.58
■12G'29,73(i
■08998,612
•0<;i21,9IO
■04,590,497
■03'286,617
•0169'2,737
*J .- !
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
723
III. Table showing the Amount ow apt Annwitv of £1 per Annum, Improved at Compound Interest at
2|i y, 3*, *, '♦I, 5, and 6 per Cunt., at the end of each Year, from 1 to 70. '
2 J per Cent,
I
a
3
4
5
6
7
A
10
II
12
13
14
If)
17
18
19
20
i:
22
23
24
2.5
20
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
3,5
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
4.5
40
47
48
49
50
.51
.52
.W
fi4
.55
.5()
.57
.58
.59
CO
fll
(■3
M
(i5
f.fi
w \\m
r,n ii74'
C.) 'IT.)
70 1 1 8.5'
I'OOflOO.mK)
2-02.5<)0,(KK)
3'07.502,.5fl<)
4l,52.51,.5<i2
.5'2.5(i;t2,H52
«'38773,(i73
7-.547l.!,01.->
873(ill,.5y()
9'9.545l,880
I120338,I77
1 2-483 lfi,03l
l3-79.5.5.5,297
1.5-|4044,I79
l(i-5l8y.>,28.«
I7-93l92,<!(;(i
19-38022,483
20-8(^73,045
22-38(;34,H71
23-94G(K),743
25-544G.5,7Gl
27-18327,405
28-8r,285„590
30-.58442,730
'32-3.jy03,798
34- 1.5776,393
36-01170,803
37-91200,073
39-8.5980,075
41-8,5629,.577
:43-90270,3l6
40-00027,074
48-1.5027,751
.50-35403,445
.52-(;i28H,.');il
.54-92820,744
.57-301 41,2(«
69-73394,794
62-2272!»,064
64-78297,906
67-40255,354
70-08761,7.37
72-8;j980,781
75-60080,300
78-.552:j2,308
81-51613,116
84-5.5403,443
87-66788,.-,29
90-8.5958,243
94-13107,199
97-48434,879
100-9214.5,751
!04 44449,395
108-05.500,629
111-7.5699,645
115-.5.5092,136
119-43969,440
123-42.568,676
127-51132,893
131-09911,215
1,3.5-99158,995
3 per Cent,
140
144
149
1.54
1.59
164
39137,970
90116,419
5-2369,.330
2617a,.50:j
-118:«,027
09028,8.53
19869,.571
42866,313
78937,971
'28411,421
rOO(KX),000
;;-03(KK),(KK)
3-{)fM)90,(K)0
4-18.-16-2,700
5-3m)l3,.581
0-46810,988
7-0«;'246 2l8
8-89233,tM)5
10-1.VJI0,613
11-40387,931
12-«0779,.509
14li)'20-2,9.56
15-61779,045
1708032,416
18-.59H9J,389
20-1.5688,130
21-7fil.58,774
23-41443,.577
25- 11686,844
20-87037,449
28-67648,.572
30-.5;i678,0.-W
32-45288,370
34-4-26(7,022
36-4.5926,432
38.5.5301,225
40-70903,352
42 9.30!I2,2.52
45-21885,0-20
47-.575'll,.57!
.50-00207,818
.52-.50'27-5,8.52
.55-07784,128
.57-73017,6.52
00-40208,181
63-27.594,427
06-17422,2.59
09-15944,927
72-23423,275
75-40125,973
78-66329,7.53
82-02319,645
85-48389,234
8904840,91 1
92-71986,I,39
9C-.5014.5,723
100-396.50,095
104-40839,.598
108.54064,785
112-79680,729
117-18077,331
121-69619,651
126-34708,240
131-13749,488
1.36-07161,972
141-1.5.370,831
146-38838,130
151-78003,280
1.57-33*13,379
103-05343,680
168-94.503,991
17-5-01339,110
181-20379,284
187-70170,002
194-33275,782
201-16274,0.55
208-19702,277
215-44,3.5.5,145
222-90685,800
230-59406,374
3A per Cent.
1-00000,000
2-03.500,000
3-|0622,.500
4-2M94.-287
5-3(i246,.588
6.5.501.5,218
7-77940.751
9-05168,0/,
10-3(»49,.581
11-73139,310
13-14199,192
14-60196,164
16-l|;M)3,();in
17-67698,6;»0
19-2<I.5«;m,08H
20-97102,971
22-70.50 1, .575
24-49969,1.30
26-3.5718,0.50
28-27968,181
30-26947,068
32-3-2890,215
.34-46041,373
30-60(!.''>2,82l
38-94985,6<i9
11-31310,168
43-7.5900,024
40-2;M)02,734
48-91079,930
51-02207,728
.54-42947,0i)8
67-334.50,-247
60.34121,005
63 ..J31. 5,240
66-67401.274
70-00760,318
73-4.5780.930
77-02889,472
80-72490,004
84-.5.5027,775
88-.5fl9.53,747
92-00737,128
90-84802,928
101-23833,1.30
105-78107,290
110-48110.3,145
11.5-3.5097,255
1-20-38825,6.59
r25-60184,.5.57
130-99791,016
136-.58283,702
142-36323,631
148-34.594,9.58
1.54-.\3805,782
100-94{W8,984
107 58003,099
174 14.533,207
181-5.5091,869
188-90520,085
196-51688,288
204-.39497,378
212-.54879.786
220-98800,579
229-72258,.599
2:W-76287,6-M)
248-11957,718
257-8037(5,238
2(!7-82(;89.40r
278-20083,.5.j.»
288-9378C,469
4 per Cent.
1-0(XKX),000
1-0|()00,0('K)
3-12160,000
4 -240-l(i,400
5-41(i,32,2.56
6-63297,.540
7-8yH'29.448
0/14'22,626
10-;)8-279,.53l
12-00610,712
13-4803.5,141
lft-0'2.580,.546
16-6-2683,768
18-29191,119
20-0-23.58,764
21-824.53,114
2309751, 2;{9
25-04.541,288
27-(i7 12-2,940
29-77807,868
31-90920,172
34-24790,979
36-01788,8.58
39-08-260,413
41-64.590,830
44-31174,463
47-08421,441
49-96758,299
52-96628,C)31
56-08493,776
.59-32833,627
02-70146,868
0(i-2(«)52,743
09-85790,8.53
73-05222,487
77-.59831,387
81-70224,642
85-97033,628
90-40914,973
95-02561, .572
99-82653,635
104-819.59,780
110-01-23^171
11.5-41287,698
121 02*139,206
120-870.5(i,774
132-94.539,045
139-2(«2O,607
145-8;i373,431
162-06708,308
1.59-77370,703
167 16471,771
174-85130,642
182-84.535,8P8
191-1.5917,302
199-80.5.53,994
208-79776,1.54
218-14967,200
227-87.5(;5,888
237-99068,524
248-51031,265
2.59-4.5072,516
270-8287.5,410
282-06190,433
294-90838,0.50
307-70711, .572
321-07780,035
331-92091.2.30
!349-31774,88(!
i364-29045,881
4^ per Cent.
1-00000,(MK)
2-ftl.5(Ml,(M)0
3-1370'2,.500
4-27819,112
6-47070,973
0-71(i89,l(i0
8-0191.5,179
9-3800 1, 3(!2
10-8(r2I 1.4-2.3
12-28820,937
13-84117,879
!.5-40403,184
17-1.5991,327
18-93210,937
20-7840.5,429
22-719.33,073
24-74170,(i89
26-85.508,370
290()3.5t'>,246
3137142,277
33-78313,680
36-3o;»37,795
38-93702,996
41-68919,631
44-.56.521,014
47.57004,400
60-71132,301
53-993;«,317
57-42303,316
61-00706,966
64-762.38,779
68-66(i-24,524
72-7.5622,628
77-03025,646
8|-49()6I,800
86-1639(i,.581
91-041.34,4-27
96-138-20,476
101-46-142,398
107-03032,306
112-84668,7.59
118-92478,8.54
125-27040,402
131-91,384,-2'20
138-8499(;,510
14()C.9821,3.53
i.53-«72(a,:iu
101-.5.'<790,I(J3
169-8.593.5,720
178-.50302,828
187-.53.568,455
196-07476,946
20683803,408
2i714G37,261
227-9179.5,938
•239-17426,7.56
2.50-93710,9.59
26;V22927,9.53
276-074.59,710
289-49795,397
3a3-52.53G,190
318-18400,319
333.50228,333
.349-60988,608
366-23783,096
3S3•718.^3,335
401-98.586,735
421-07523 138
44 1-0'230 1,679
401-80967,955
5 per Cent. '6 per Cent.
1-00000,000
2-0.5(K)0,000
3-152.50,000
4-3101-2,.500
6-.52.5(a,125
0-80191, -281
8-ll-2(K»,845
9.51910,888
1 1 ■026.M;,432
12-67789,'254
14-2007/i,710
15-91 71 '2,6.52
17-7I'298,'286
19.59863,199
21 -.578.50,3.59
23-0.5749,177
26-840.30,630
28-132,38,467
30.53900,1*91
a3-06.yj.5,410
85-7192.5,181
38.50.521,440
41-43047,512
44 •.'■)0 1 99,887
47-72709,882
51-11:14.5,376
.5-1-60912,645
,58-40-2.58,'277
(;2-32271,191
00-43884,750
70-76078,988
76-29882,936
80-06377,083
85-06696,937
90-32030,734
95-83032,271
101-6281.3,884
107-709.54,.579
114-09.502,308
120-79977,423
1 27-83970,294
135-2:117.5,109
142-99333,804
161-14:«)0,.5.58
1.59-7(K)1.5,,586
I(i8-68516,3G5
178-11942,183
188-0-2.539,292
198-426(i6,2.57
209-34799,570
220-81.539,648
232-8.5616,.526
246-49897,352
2.58-77392,220
272-71261,831
'287-348-24,922
302-71.566,168
318-85144,477
336-79401,700
353-58371,785
372-26290,375
391-87604,893
412-46985,138
434-09334,395
4.56-79801,115
480(i3791,170
.506-00980,7'29
631-9.5:i'29,705
.i59-55096,2.54
.588-5-285 1,006
1 0OO0O,(KK)
2-«i(;O0O,(KN)
3-lK16(MXN)
4-:i7401,0(K)
fi(i3709,296
C-97-53 1,8.54
8-:i938;i,7(l6
9-89740,791
11 -49131, .598
13-18079,494
14-9710-1,204
16-86994,120
18-88-2i;i,707
2101.506,.593
23-27-596,988
25-07--'5-2,808
28-21-287,970
:io-yo.5(;5,255
;i3-7.5999,170
30-785.59,120
.39-99272,008
4;' -392-29,028
40-99582,7(i9
.50-81.5.57,735
.54-8(i451,200
.59-1.5038,'272
03-70.570,.508
68.52811,162
73-6:1979,832
79-0.5818,622
84-80167,739
!M)-88<J77,803
97-.34316,471
104-1837.5,460
1 1 1 -43177,987
Il9-12080,(i0<i
127-2(581 1,866
13.5-904-20,.578
145-0.584.5,813
1,54-76190,502
10.'>-04708,J.56
17.5-9.50.5-1,4.57
187-.507.57,724
199-7.5803,188
212-7-1351,379
2'20-.508 12,402
241 -09861, -209
2.56-.50452,882
272-9.5840,055
290-33590,468
308-7.5605,880
328-28142,239
348,97830,773
370-91700,020
394-17202,0,57
418-82234,816
444-961 68,!K)6
472-04879,0.39
.502-00771,782
533-12818,089
.500-11.587,174
001-08282,404
0:18-14779,349
(!77-430CO,110
719-0828<i,076
7(!3-22783,241
810021.50,-235
8.59(i2279,24*)
9r2'20010,004
96'/-9:i21G,9C4
j-^ '-
^
■ y
I ''I (
,\ '■>.
J<
r24
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
IV. Tabic jhowliiR the Present Vamik op an Anni'itv of jCI jK-r Annum, to rontlnue for any given
Number of Years, IVoin 1 to 70, reckoning Coni]iouiul Intcreat ut i.'l, 3, oj, 4, 41, r>, and (I per Cent.
1
'2
;i
4
r>
r>
7
8
!)
10
11
1'.'
l.-i
14
ir.
Irt
17
IS
lit
i!0
i.'l
2r.
'J7
'J8
•J!)
.■30
.■51
3(
35
3(1
37
38
,3<»
40
41
4'J
43
44
44i
47
4S
49
50
51
r,'2
r,rt
56
m
59
w
fii
'J J per Cent.
0-<r7.5()0,!)7fi
|-!ii.'"4i.',4|5
i;-s.jii(i'j,.i.">i>
3-7lil<i7,4'il
4-tl4,Wi;,«4'l
5;"«|Sli?,.').')ti
(i'.'HIi.ilV'ia)
7170l.!,717
7-!i708(i,;V.3
8-75i.'0»i,3il3
9-51420,871
10-i.'.')77ii,4iiO
10-!i,S.il8,4!l7
ll-(i<l()!tl,V'17
li;-:;81,i7,773
13-0."),'i(K),'.'tiii
ri'71;21!!,772
14'.')5>.>ti,"iit3
14'!t78K<t,l.;4
15-5hUl(),'-.2><
lfi-lS4-.4,857
li)'7fr»l'!,S'J4
17-.»ill,04S
17-SS4iiS,5S3
18-4n.;7,tM'.'
18-!l.".tXil,114
l!l-4,IKil,(lS7
l!l-!l(i4,SX,Hii5
i.'0'4.");i:.4,<>!)l
i'0"J3():!),'iJy
i.'r.'3!l5K),74l
i;i-81!ll-,7!lii
y'i-2!(lH.S,()!li
2'J-7i?.'i78,l>'-'S
23-14;">15,7;;4
23 -5.^^5,1 07
23'!W731,KU
24-348(iO,;J(H
'24-7.'!<l.->4,4k'i
ii5lyJ77,505
Q5'4r;i)l2,2no
25-8201 iO,(l«3
2(i-l(i|-44,.".(i;t
2rr.".().;84,!H5
2(i-8;i302,o8(;
27-I54Ii;.!tii2
27--Ki748,255
27'77.;i5,.^>71
28-07 1.i(i,!l47
2o-3ti'2Jl,I(i8
28-fi4r)l 5,774
2S-!)'2:i()8,()72
29-l!l324,!H8
29-45(i82,877
29-71.307,928
2'I-Slft485,784
30-'ii(!)t'l,740
30-44840,722
,'30'(i,Sl;;7,29O
30-9081)5,1349
.■31-;34(372,8.-3(3
:) per Cent. H^perCent
31-.
778,.-;77
31-7ft3i39,l4S
311l(H.57,70f>
32-l(>(k")ii,298
32-.-3517ii,S7(l
32-5->K.'31,0!lil
32-720.30,341
3-2-89785,ti-ffl
0-97087 ,.37!l
l-913K>,9t>9
2-828(il,l;35
3-71709,840
4.^7970,719
5-41719,144
ii-2. 3028,295
7-019119,219
7-78(il(),8!t2
8-53020,284
9-2.'i2(i2,4IO
9-9.VK)0,.'398
IO-|3S»!)5,.';32
ll-J9ii07,-il2
11-9.379.1,507
12-.1iil 10,201
|.3-llit!ll,845
l.-3-7."i.i51,,-;(l(i
l4-.;2i79,!>09
14-87747,484
15-41.502,412
l5-9;ti9l,liii2
l(;-|4.-3t 10,8.37
l(>-9.-3.'.54,21()
l7-41314,7»i'i
17-87<i8-V.'39
18-.S270.;,145
I8-7l3HO,S20
19-18S4">,4"'ti
19-(io04t,i;;2
20-001)42,817
20-.;,S87i)..-V)()
2(l-7li,-"i79,175
21-1 318;;,(ili5
21 •4872-2,001.
21-8.;22.s247
22-10723,541
22-49240, l.--(i
22-8(1821,510
23- 11477,195
23-41 2S9,995
237ol.-l.'.,917
23 -9,S 191 1,211
24-25427,;3.S!)
24-51871,251
21--77."'41,!K)t
25-()2t70,7HO
25-2lit)70,fii"iO
25-.')()Iti5,(i.S9
25-72!)7(i,397
25-95I22,7Ui
2r.-l(5ii2,'3,!)<«S
2(>-.37499,02.'>
20-5770(1,043
2(3-77442,7(31
2()-9(k")4<I,.370
27-l,109.3,5(>,3
27.33100,54(5
27-5()58;;,0.')5
27-(5755(l,.-3()4
27-S103.'3,.'J04
28 -(10(134,270
28-l.").">(S7,258
28-.-3()(347,S23
':8-4,".28!l,149
28-59.")04,()28
2K-7.-!.301,88l
28-8(3703,7(38
2S-9!t7iy,3<'0
29-12.342,132
0-90(318, ^.O?
l-8!l!Ki9,127
2-8(»l(;.-l,r398
3-(i7,'H)7,92l
4-5l50.-'-,2.37
5-,-32.S.")5,;502
fi-lU'i4,.-S98
(i-87.-i95,5.').-3
7-0O7(iS,(3';i
8-31(;iiO,.";32
n-(K)155,103
9-()(;.i3.3,4.-5;3
]0-.3( 1273,848
10-9'.'052,O-27
10-51741,(»89
12-Oil41 1,(381
12 -(35 1.32,0.58
13-18908,172
13-7(198.3.741
14-2124(),.3.JO
14-(i9797,42<)
15-1(3712,483
15-02041,047
10-O58.;(i,7()O
1()-48I51,45!»
l(i'.S!K);35,22()
17-285-iO,4;)0
17-(>ii701,884
18-0,3.".7(),70()
]8-39204,.541
lS-7.'>027,57(3
19-(ii;,SSu,,-i47
l9-;39( 120,818
19-7ihii;h,42;3
20-(l(lli(;(),l09
20-29()49,.-381
2()-.-.7(l.>2,542
20-S4I(i8,7.'5()
21-10219,987
I 21-3.V)07,2.'34
21-59910,.'371
21-8,-5t8,S,28l
22-0(i2(i8,.S7()
22-2,S279,U:2
22-49,^^^^,o2(5
'.■2-70091,812
22-8!liil.-i,78(t
23-0<ll24,42.'i
23-V7(i."i(>,44!)
-r.-455(il,787
23-(3':S(3l,fi.iO
2;3-79.">7(3,451.
23-9572(3,0+3
24-ll.-S2!i,510
24-2(3K)5,;323
24-40971,327
24-.")50H,7fiO
2408(3*2,281
24-81779,981
24-l>M73,412
25-0(37 37,5!K)
2.'"i-lS587,049
25-.i(X)35,7!)(i
2.5-41097,-388
2.5-51784,910
25-021 11,0;50
720.87,951
I per Cent,
25-81?
,489
25-91011,0.53
2(;-(KI039,(3(i4
0-9(31. 5;i,84(i
l-8,S(i( 19,1(37
2-77.-5(l!i,103
3-(i2(>S9,5.'2
4-45l8.',2;33
5-2421;i,(3><0
f>(«l205,4(i7
(i-7.1'-'7 1,1.88
7-4.3.53.3,101
8-11089,.578
8-70047,071
9-;3,s:i07,.'>7(i
9-98.5(31,785
10-,5(5312,'2!l.l
ll-118.i«,744
11-(15229,.'>(31
12-l(..5(i(i,88(i
12-().59J9,(i98
13-1.5,i9.3,9lO
13 -59032,(3.35
14-029l.5,!><t5
14-45111, .5.34
14-8;Ai84,107
15-24(i90,.-il4
I5-(iJ2li7,995
15-9827(3,918
10-329,58,575
l(i-(3t3:)()(i,.-322
10-98371,4(34
17-29'J03,33()
17-.5,88l!i,.a50
17-873.55,150
18-147(!4,.5()7
18-41119,770
i8-r-(3i(ii,;;23
18-!K)8'.'8,199
19-142,57,880
19-3i378(i,424
19-58148,484
19-7;»2u,;389
19-99.305,181
20-1S.-5(;2,074
2()-,37079,4!t4
20-51884,12.9
20-7200:1,970
20 884ro,.-3.5(3
21-0129.'3,(312
21-1951.3,088
21 -.-34147 ,200
21-48218,4(32
21-fil71S,.52I
21747,58,193
21-872>17,493
21-99295,(3(37
22-108iil,218
22-21981,!l40
22-321)74,943
22-4295(;,(>70
22-52842,9.57
22-02348,!W
2271489,421
4^ per Cent,
9.5fi93,7aO
1-872(10,775
2-748! US, 4.35
3.5S752,570
4 -.38997 ,074
5-1.57s7,-248
5-89270,094
((-.59588,(i()7
7 -21.87! 1,049
7-91271,818
H-52891,(l!)2
91 18.58,078
9-(i8285,242
10-22-.'82,528
10-73951,57:3
11-2.34(M,,5()5
Il-7071!l,l4:3
12-1, '999, 180
12.5!i;32!»,3,5!)
13-00793,(H5
13-10-172,38S
13-78412,470
14-14777,489
14-4! (.547 ,8:37
14-82820,,S9(>
15 !K>(S1,145
15-k51:30,2.S2
15-74287,:S51
1(1-021,88,8,53
1(3-28868,854
lfi-5U39,095
1()-7888!»,(H(3
17()'22.8(i,207
17-2I075,7!»()
17-4(il01,24<)
17-()(;004,058
17-8(>'J2.;,!l79
18-049il!i,()23
18-229(35,572
1840158,442
18-.5(3()10,<H9
18-72.-J;54,!t7fi
18-87421,02!)
19-Ol838,,30(i
l!t-1.5(i 34,742
19-28837,074
l!)-4 1470,884
19-,5;i,5(:o,(5.55
19-();512!t,813
19-7(5200,778
1980795,003
l!)-9(;!»:33,()17
2O-O0il:S4,40O
201,5918,149
£0'24.S02,O57
20-3:5:30;i,4O4
20-414.-38,0(34
20-4!l22:i,(;(l2
20-.5()(;7;3,:3():3
20-(i3802,204
20-70(3';4,119
22-8()27S,2«9 20771.52,2(37
22-88729,124
e2-!Vi8.54,927
23-OKi(38,l!)9
23-12180,95!)
23-l91(M,7(W
23-2C>.S50,7;39
2:i-;3:y»2!<,.55(!
2,3-JJl;5l,497
20-8.3:39!),298
20-89;
jU
319
20-!'.5()<)7,913
21-00572,1(3.5
21 ■0.5810,(585
21-10823,(522
21-l.-3020,(i91
21-20211,187
5 per Cent.
()-!)52:18,()!)5
1-85! 14 1,04a
2 72.5'24,80:l
;3-545!l5,0,50
4-.52!)l7,(i(>7
5-(l7.5( 59,207
578(5: i7,;340
0-4^5:321,27(5
7-1078-J,lt57
7-72173,4!)3
8-:3(H54 1,422
8-8(5.525,101
!)-;3!).3.57,2!»9
!)-8!»^(31,OIl4
1()-;37!H5;5,M)4
10-8.377(5,9.5(3
11-27400,(525
11-0H!I58,(5!I0
12'085:52,08()
12-4lS221,034
12-8211.5,271
13-l(5.-5<)0,2.58
1:3-4^8,57 ,:38S
13-798(54,17!)
14-0!):3!)4,4:57
14-^7518,530
14-(54.3(),3,:3(S2
14-8!I812,720
15-14107,:358
15-67245,103
15,59281,050
15-8()2(37,(5(57
1(S^K)254,!I21
1(5 !!)V90,401
l(5-.3741!),429
1(5-;H(58<5,17I
10-71 1'28,7:)4
1(5-8(578!),271
1701704,007
17-15908,(53(5
17-2(V4:1(5,7<10
17-42320,758
17-54591,198
17 (5(i277,:3.31
17-774O0,!)82
17-881K)(5,(3-50
17'981()1,.571
18-0771:5,7.82
18-1(5872,173
18-255!)2,54()
18-;33S97,(5Ci.3
18-41807,2!)8
18'4<):340,284
18-,5<55I4,55(5
18-(3:!:347,l!'(3
18-(3!).S;54,47:5
18-7(5051,87!)
18-81<).54,170
18-87575,4(X)
18-92928,953
18-98027,-574
1902881^404
l!)-()7.5(J8,{K)3
19-11!)12,:!84
19-10107,0:33
l9-20lOl,!i:5(5
l!)-2:)<i()0,(i0fi
19-27,5:50,101
19:30!i8l,048
19-342(57,(5(55
6 per Cent.
!H3 5!),(S2:5
1-H:i3;!i,2(57
2-(57:;oi,l!i5
3-li5.5lO,.5)51
4-2|2.'5(5,.378
4 id 7.52,4,32
5 58-2:58,1 H
0-2097! ',:J8l
0-8(ll(5!i,'.".7
7-J<KXi8,7o5
7-88(187,k57
8-,;8:384,:3!)3
8-N5-'i)8,2!)5
!)-291!W,:3!)'2
9 71'2'21,S!I8
10-10.5h!i,5'2(5
10-477'25,!)(3.S
10-827(:o,:347
11-1:5811,(318
11-4(5!)!12,121
n-70U)7,(5(Sl
] 12-041.58,171
I 12-:303:37,8!)7
t 12-.5.-'>0.3.5,752
12-7.8.5;i;5,(il5
13-0031(5,018
13-2105:5,413
13-40(51(3,428
13-.59()72,I01
13-7(548:3,115
13112!)()S,.599
l4-()81()4,.-3:38
14-2:302'2,!)i;i
14:3(5814,114
U-49824,(3;()
14-(5'JO<),8,713
14-7.:(S78,()31
14 84(501,<llt5
14 !>4!)07,4(58
15-04(529,087
15-1.3,S01,,5!)1
15-22 l-.54,:i:31
15-,'30(517,2!I4
15-;)«318,202
15-4.-5,5,83,20!)
15-.524;3(5,!ii)(l
15-.58!K)2,821
15(5.5(H)2,(5(5I
15-70757,227
15-7(518(5,0(33
15-81:307,(307
15-8i51:3!),;.'.52
15-!l()(S<)7,407
15!)t!)!)7,,-5,54
]5-!l<)054,'J!'(5
1(3-02881,412
l(5-0(51!)l,8i)S
l(5-Oil8!i8,()17
1(3-131 11,:;: 5(5
10-1(5142,770
10-1!)()02,(S13
1(5-2 17(H),.-)79
1024245,829
10-2(5<547,(,08
10-2.8912,272
1(5-:!1(H!),313
1(5:>:3O(5,5,,-3!)0
1(5-31!)»;7, 4!)
1(5-
7(51,(5.50
l(S-3b-154,387
INTKREST AND ANNUITIES.
125
V. 'I'ablc of MoiiTAi.iTY; showing thi' Niinibor ol' Persons alive at tho Knil of every Year, from 1 lo 1(\'
Years of A^e, out of 1,U()() Ooru tugetlicr, la the ditleront Places, and accordinK to tlie Aulhorities uii.
dernientioued.
Li)g1aiul.
rrancc.
Swfdi'n'.
Vienna.
Dirlin.
8\vit/i.r
l.iiul.
8ik".i».
lloUoiid.
i
c
g
c
i
if
o
Vi
6j^
si
<
■3
il
11
.2 5
M
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1
1
i
^1
jl
._-.
oso
7i:»
HIO
7I.">
731
7)is
'T8(r'
.5-1 '2
0:13
811
70!)
8().t
■2
MH
O:'.'^
Ti-^
7(!l
032
072
730
471
5'28
705
o;i8
7)is
;t
I'.fi
fiso
725
(;s2
.5111
025
0115
430
485
7.15
oil
730
-1
4:.-2
W.,\\
70(1
002
557
.5!i!)
071
400
431
715
58.)
709
r>
■un
wm;
(ISO
017
510
5M3
05(i
377
403
701
5)hl
(i8!)
li
4111
Wl\
OOH
0.'! 1
5'2:i
57:1
014
357
3H7
0X8
510
070
7
;i!i7
.'i(ii)
O.V.I
021
511
.500
031
31 1
370
077
532
004
H
:iNs
4!1'J
051
015
.501
5(i()
0'25
3;t7
307
007
5'2;i
(i52
;ts()
4!I2
o:!»
007
l!ll
550
018
331
301
1 .5!)
515
040
Id
:(7:i
4H7
ok;
(;(.()
|x!l
.551
(;ii
3'27
35ii
n.5:{
.508
o;«)
II
:i(;7
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000
322
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018
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r->
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318
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474
037
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538
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314
317
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492
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470
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470
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344
035
488
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405
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472
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311
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Oil
10
:it:<
401
020
574
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5S0
302
338
020
479
000
17
;t:ts
4.-I7
022
57(1
401
51!)
582
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335
0'22
474
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(;is
505
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511
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332
018
470
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111
:tai
440
013
501
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508
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328
014
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.590
yo
:f2".
■til
0(11)
55(;
4 1!)
.50'2
.570
•28S
324
OKI
401
581
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;f2i
t.lt
tr(l5
5.11
445
4!ll'>
505
'281
3'20
000
450
.577
T>
:<io
4'2S
Olll
,515
438
4! 10
r-,m
'280
315
(i02
451
.571
'£i
:<!()
421
.V.IO
540
432
484
555
270
310
.597
■110
.50()
yl
:i(ir)
415
5!)2
.Ml
430
478
.V.I
273
305
.5!)2
441
5.59
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i'.M
4(H,»
5MH
52!)
41!)
471
510
209
297
587
43()
551
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'Ml
402
5x1
5'2;»
41 :
4(i5
54 1
•205
•2!I3
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431
543
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57!»
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408
4.58
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420
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575
51 '2
41 ^2
152
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421
520
•2'J
•J7S
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570
500
:t*)8
145
.'■25
•2.M
275
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415
517
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•272
:<70
504
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3.>8
4:4«
.'■19
217
2)i!)
.503
409
.508
:ii
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;)7(i
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4!I5
384
132
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243
204
55S
403
499
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4!M)
377
4-25
507
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2.59
553
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418
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254
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391
482
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542
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.•100
411
4!I5
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219
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381
471
:t'i
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530
474
355
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4ms
2'20
243
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377
4(i7
;tii
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:!;ts
531
400
33!)
.•i07
482
'221
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533
370
400
;i7
230
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5'25
401
341
3!i()
477
210
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5-27
303
4.53
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2'2I
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51!)
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334
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471
211
2^23
520
3.50
410
;t'.i
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;iis
514
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.•(30
370
405
•205
210
513
319
439
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312
5(18
44!)
314
3)i!)
■1.'.!)
l!i9
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342
432
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3(15
501
444
310
302
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194
203
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425
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4!l!)
43!)
302
355
445
1.89
197
494
328
419
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1'.14
•2'.I2
4H7
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•2!)7
348
■137
185
I!I2
488
321
413
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341
430
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187
482
314
407
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473
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334
4-22
170
182
47(i
307
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174
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400
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327
414
171
177
409
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3'20
407
105
172
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312
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1.59
107
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25'2
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258
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102
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147
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157
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1.52
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2.59
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133
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330
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217
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205
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318
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240
322
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209
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303
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108
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105
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97
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1.57
195
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170
2,55
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154
327
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150
180
259
82
88
274
103
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01
7H
147
311
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114
170
247
77
84
'202
l.Vi
'235
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74
140
302
207
135
100
'285
72
80
2.50
147
225
00
70
133
2N!)
250
1'20
1-57
221
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140
215
07
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117
147
212
02
70
2'20
132
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01
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100
137
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.'■.7
05
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1'24
195
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no
113
•251
222
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129
187
52
00
184
117
185
70
fi2
100
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211
111)
IIS
175
48
55
108
109
175
71
47
«•
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l!l!l
80
108
102
41
51
1.53
101
105
7'-'
43
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1H7
(•''>
99
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40
47
I-IO
93
1.55
73
;v.i
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175
70
f-9
135
30
43
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85
145
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102
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80
121
33
3!)
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77
1,35
75
32
71
108
MS
52
72
1(«
30
35
109
1 09
yi5 '
\
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' \
I '1
1 1
I" 1 '
|i '
i Wt
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Sh '
S A ^
i! 1' Hi'
726
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
Tabic of Mortality — (coH/iMiiM)
i
<
.* 1
Kiiffluu
.i
5 J
'1
11
■■""
Krant'f.
HwhIdi).
N'lninn.
Ili-rlln.
Swit/rr.
Jiiiiil.
SlUiiia.
iriillaml.
i 3
1
V,
.1
f ft
« 1
■4
s
s
7ti
'.'«
(ir,
IW
m
47
(H
iXi
27
32
<I8
Gl
114
77
i.'5
.IS
lai
I'JO
43
flti
84
24
2i)
Kl
.03
103
7H
i!i!
ss
I'ii
tOti
•Jli
4S
75
21
2(i
71
.05
!I2
7"
l!l
4G
108
!»4
ii\
41
(ir.
18
2.)
.08
38
H2
Ml
17
40
<r.
HI
W
3;)
.iti
Hi
21)
4<i
32
72
HI
U
;«
H4
70
21
yo
47
14
18
;](!
2(i
(i2
H'i
W
;)()
73
C!t
IH
24
;>H
12
l(i
2!l
22
.03
8,1
10
'r>
r>2
4!)
Ij
I'l
31
10
14
21
18
45
H4
«
2()
C3
40
I'J
15
24
8
12
a)
15
38
Hr.
7
i(>
45
3,)
10
IV!
1!)
7
10
17
12
31
H(i
(■
i«
37
2fi
8
1)
14
(i
8
14
U
2.0
K!
T)
9
30
yi
7
7
11
5
7
11
1!
I'J
HH
4
7
ai
Hi
r.
(i
8
4
(i
i)
4
14
8'l
.'i
.';
18
U
4
5
ti
3
r,
7
o
10
<K).
ti
4
14
8
3
4
s
2
4
.0
\
i
'II
1
3
10
5
3
3
3
1
3
4
5
W
3
8
3
a
3
2
2
3
4
'I:)
1
5
1
a
2
1
1
2
2
'H
1
4
1
I
2
1
1
'X>
3
1
1
•Hi
S
1
!•?
2
1
W
1
!»•
1
1(X)
;
VI. T.M)lc of tlic rROOHESSiVB DECBEM7.NT OP LiPE amoiTr 1,000 Infants of each Sox, horn togpthcr,
acninliiig to Mr. l-'iiilaison's Observations on the Mortality of the Nominees in the Ciovvrninciit
Tontines and Life Annuities in Great liritain.
.Mali».
inaU-K*
•Vkc.
.Mali-s.
Fr-
inaU>:).
Age.
.Malcfi.
males.
Arc.
[.Males.
I'e-
nialfs.
Age.
Males.
Ke-
inalfM.
Age.
Males.
Ke-
males.
1,(XK)
1,(KH)
17
HliO
870
,'i4
6!h;
748
51
.052
lilli
68
QtHJ
443
85
.06
117
1
!1H1
•181
18
8;")4
8(i3
X>
687
740
52
.0^2
III IS
69
.305
428
86
44
103
'/.
!Ki;1
!l(i7
19
846
856
3()
679
7-!2
53
.031
(KM
70
288
412
87
34
89
3
<.)4!J
055
20
837
848
'SI
670
724
.04
520
59.3
71
270
.395
88
24
76
4
!l,'i7
!H5
21
827
841
38
mi
716
.05
.008
.085
72
20,!
.377
89
17
(i4
,0
!>'-'7
!».ii
22
816
831
39
ft03
708
.06
495
.076
7.3
2;iiO
:m
•X)
11
.0'.'
(i
1)1<)
(126
23
8(4
827
40
(i4t
7(K)
.07
482
568
74
218
\m
91
7
41
7
012
910
24
791
820
41
(i;>6
693
.08
468
.059
75
202
319
<«
4
;io
8
•xm;
913
2;-,
782
813
42
627
68.0
.09
4.04
.049
76
185
2!'8
9,3
3
21
<)
<K)1
908
26
771
805
43
C19
<i77
(K)
440
.0;39
77
171
277
94
1
14
10
8<Hi
903
27
761
798
41
610
6(!9
61
426
529
78
156
2.05
95
s
11
Hill
8!li)
28
751
791
45
602
(>6l
(i2
413
519
79
141
2,i;j
96
12
886
HilO
29
742
784
46
594
6.04
63
.'i!HJ
508
80
125
210
jr?
13
881
892
;iO
732
777
47
.086
(i4(i
64
.•J85
49(i
81
no
189
98
1
14
876
• 887
31
723
770
48
.078
6i8
ao
370
484
82
95
168
<X)
15
872
88.'i
32
714
763
49
.070
631
66
.3;05
471
83
81
149
X)
Ifi
m;
876
,*3
705
7.05
50
.Otil
623
•67
339
4.07
W
68
1,32
VII. Table showing the Expectation of Life at every Age, according to the Observations made at
Northampton.
Age.
Eii>cct.
Age.
Expect.
Age.
Expect.
Age.
Expert.
Age.
Expect.
Age.
ExjHct.
2;018
17
35-20
33
26-72
49
18-49
6;')
10 -ss
81
441
1
32-74
18
34.08
34
2(i-20
.00
17-!H)
6(i
10-42
82
4-09
2
.•37-79
19
33-!)9
35
2.0-f)8
51
17 -;-)(»
67
9-(Xi
8;J
3-80
3
39-.05
20
33-4.3
36
25- 16
52
17-02
68
9.0O
84
3-58
4
4<)-.08
21
32-90
37
24-61
53
16-.04
()9
9-05
85
3-;!7
5
40-84
S2
32.39
38
2412
.04
16-06
70
8 -(■)()
86
3-19
6
41-07
23
31 -88
39
2.3-tiO
.05
l,0-,08
71
8-17
87
3-01
7
41-03
24
31-36
W
23-08
.06
1510
72
7-74
88
2-86
8
40-79
ao
30-83
41
22 -.06
57
14-6;}
73
7.33
89
2-66
9
4<)-3fi
2()
30-,33
42
22-04
58
14 15
74
6-92
•HI
2-41
10
39-78
27
29-82
43
21 -.04
.09
13-6.8
75
Cr'A
91
2-0!)
11
59-14
28
29','iO
44
2103
60
13-21
76
6-18
92
1-75
12
38-49
29
28-79
40
20 -.02
61
1275
77
5-83
93
1-37
13
37-83
30
28-27
46
20-02
(i2
12-28
78
5-48
94
1-05
U
37-17
31
27-76
47
19.01
ft!
11-81
79
5-11
95
0-75
15
36-51
32
27-24
4S
1900
61
11-35
80
4-75
96
O-.0O
16
35-85
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
727
iillniiil.
114
Vi
(«
4y
:n
n
1(1
Vm. Table iliowlng tlio Expectation oh Lipk at every Agp.acconilng to U.c 01>«-rvationi motlo at
Curlialo.
Akv.
KxiMTt.
Akv.
Ki|ie<'l.
A^e.
K>|N.'l't.
A^e.
Kipvi't.
Age.
Kipwi.
Agw.
Kipvrt.
■.IH-Ti
IH
»ys7
;)ti
3()J2
M
IH-117
70
!)-lU
H7
371
'
t4'l»
1!1
4'^- 17
■ 37
2!t(H
rA
IH-2S
71
8li^
KS
3-.'i9
i!
47 .')••>
CO
41 k;
38
28!((i
55
i7:-«
72
8'l(!
"^'t
3-47
.'i
4;»-sa
•Jl
*i":>
3<l
y.S'**
5<5
lfi«!>
73
77'i
•JO
3-28
4
/iO"!!
'J2
■uitn
40
27 (il
57
1(!2I
74
7.«
91
3-2(i
5
.'ilV.)
2.1
,'i!);il
41
2fi!l7
58
15".j.'>
75
701
!I2
3-37
7
.iin
21
;iN-.-,i)
42
2ti-,i4
5!)
H-iH
7«
6(10
9J
3-18
/lOHO
%')
.17'Hli
43
2571
m
I4.t4
77
fiW
!)4
IVM
«
'.'li
:i714
44
'2r>W
(il
13-82
78
()ia
!i5
3-.W
10
27
.■«)41
4,-.
24-4fi
(i2
1331
79
5 8<J
•Mi
3-46
4S'S2
2S
aOfiit
4<>
23-82
()3
12-81
80
5-51
97
3-28
11
12
1.'!
14
1.-.
4H-(H
2!»
,'r>-()(»
47
2317
04
12-X)
81
5-21
98
3-07
47 •'-'7
*i".l
4.0-7.';
.'iO
,'M.i4
48
22-.'iO
(i5
11-7!)
82
4!).3
9fi
277
.'11
;wi;h
4!)
2181
(Hi
11-27
KT
4-(W
KJO
228
;j,'j-o;i
■W
2111
<i7
l(»-75
^4
4-3!)
101
179
4417
4.ir.7
,'i'l
;w-,i(i
51
20 3!l
(i8
10-23
8;>
4 12
109
130
lo
i7
o4
.'Jl(i8
.'ir(K)
52
luus
fii)
y-70
8<>
3-'J0
103
0-83
J I «
IX. Tabic giving a Compahative Vir.w of the Results of the un.lermcntioncd Tables of Mortality. In
Uelatioii to the following Particular*.
Hy
I)r I'rtce'ii
'I'lililc,
foiin(li.il on
the lU'^ister
Ih.' lUwster ,„V7'h1',":„ on the
of llirlL .1,1,1 I7';''fc' '» Mortalily in
Ilurinls nt '?,',/,„'{.' H'l- 1-n-ni-h
Of ino.nOO persons aRed 1
2."!, there would be alive ^
at the .'ige of (i5 - -J
Of Um,m) persons ascdj
(W, there would be alive >
at the ai?c of 80 - -J
Kxpectation of life at the I
'gc of ii> - years j
K»|>»'rtatlon of life at the 1
a«i" of f)5 - years j
Value of an annuity on
a life aged 25, intere
beinfT at 4 [>er cent
Value of an .inuuity on^
a life aged (i,"^ interest >
being at 4 per cent. -J
Value of a deferreil
ndity commencing
tif). to a life now aged
interest at 4 per ce
on )
est ^
on)
C8t>
I. -J
d an.l
ig atf
ed 25, C
ent.
IN
till. First
Swwilsh
1'atih.fi, M
Ilv
Mr. lie-
imrcieuK's
Tiililc,
fouiiiletl
nil thi*
Nortlininp
tun
34,28G
28,738
30-85
1088
.iM5'438
Jf 7 761
for iK.th
SoXL-S.
43,137
23,70-4
34-.W
10-10
£ 16-839
je7S28
Toiilint.?*,
prior to
17l,'>.
51,.i,i3
!:.<l,837
37-17
11-2.5
£ 17-420
£ 8 039
^0 6584- .£0-85452
By
r. INfi]
Mr. iMiinc'
'I'.il.li.,
fiiundott
on I la*
Mortality
olisirvwi nt
(.'artislv.
51,,W5
Sl.CT
.37'8fi
11-79
£ 17-C45
£ 8-307
jf 0-88823
Hy
Mr. (iriintli
I>avii.!i*«
Tal.le,
foiintleil on
till' Kxm'.
rii'nce of the
Kiiul^il.le
Lift' In.sur-
nine ( Xlicc.
49,330
37,21)7
37-45
1235
£ 17-494
^8-635
£ 0-88723
lly Mr. FInlniaon'a
Talile, founili'd on the
ExptTicnrc of tliettovtim
mcti t Life A nniittlcs.
Arconlinff ArconlinR
to hiH First to lliH Srctmit
InveittiKA' I Investiga
tion, ns men* tion,aH tncit-
tioneil in his tiontHl in
Kvitlence his Kviilmce
In IS-^.'i. In 18^7.
lU'iln of
53,470
38,655
38-3,1
1281
£ 17-.W4
£ 8-896
.£0-99078
JIff'iri ((/•
Mh Srjcei,
53,950
37,355
38-52
12-50
.£ 17-634
.£8751
£0-98334
:' -I
lii -J
' Kotc. — In all the Tables above mentioned, i( is to bo observed that the mortality is deduced from an
equal, or nearly eijual, nunit/cr of each sex ; with the miigic exception of Mr. Uavies's Table, founded on
the experience of the Ktmitable, in which office, frr.un the practical objects of life insurance, it is
evident the male sex must ha' t- composed the vast majority of lives subjected to mortality. But as it is
agreed on all hands that the miration of life among females exceeds that of males, it follows that the
results of Mr. Davies's Table tall materially short of what they wo'^d have been, if the facts on which he
has reasoned had comprehended .in ctpial iiumber of ea<'h sex. i lie Tables have not, in all cases, been
computed at 4| per cent., the rate <illowcd by government.
J A 4
»■' f'
■
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
^
&A
^
/.
1.0
I.I
1.25
•^ 1^ ill 2.2
i ■- IIIIM
lllll 1.8
U III 1.6
V]
Va
/
'/
/A
PhotograpMc
Sciences
Corporatioii
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 873-4503
.728
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
X. Tabic showing the Valul of a.v Annlitv on a Sinulb Life, according to tlie Northampton Table
of iMortality.
;i i
Aj,'C.
3 per Cent.
J iKjr Cent.
5 )itr Cent
AKc.
^ per <Jent.
1 per Cent.
5 jier Cent.
.Age.
.-> per Cent.
1 per Cent.
5 per Cent.
~r
1G021
13465
ir.0(i3
•33
16-343
14-347
12-740
6.5
8-304
7-761
7-276
2
18599
15-633
13-420
34
16-142
14-195
12-623
m
7-99t
7-488
7-0*4
3
19-575
16-462
H-i35
3S
15-938
14-039
12-502
(57
7-682
7-211
6787
4
20"ilO
17-010
14-613
36
15 729
13-8S0
12-377
68
7 -.'567
6-930
6-536
5
20'473
17-248
14-827
37
15-515
13-716
12-249
69
7-051
6-647
6-281
6
20727
17-482
15-041
38
15-298
13-548
12-116
70
6-734 .
6-361
6-023
7
20-853
17-611
15-16t)
39
15-07.5
13-375
11-979
71
6-41S
6075
5-764
8
20-885
nmi
15226
40
14-848
13-197
11-837
72
6-103
5-790
5-504
9
20-812
17-625
15-210
41
14()20
13-018
11-695
73
5-794
5-507
5-245
10
WGC,3
17-523
15139
42
14-391
12-838
11-551
74
5-491
5-230
4-9iX)
11
20-480
17-393
15043
43
14-162
12-657
11-407
75
5-199
4-962
4-744
12
20 283
17-251
14-937
44
13-929
12-472
11-258
76
4-925
4-710
4-511
IJ
20-081
17-103
14-826
45
13-6!)2
12-283
11-105
77
4-652
4-457
4-277
U
1 9-872
16 950
14710
4t)
13-450
12-089
10-947
78
4-372
4-197
4-035 ■
15
19 •6.57
16-791
14-.588
47
13-203
11-S!.'0
10-784
79
4-077
3-921
3776
l(i
19-4-35
16-625
144ii0
48
12-i)51
11-685
10-616
80
3718
3-643
3-515
17
19-2-18
16-462
14-334
49
12-693
11-475
10-443
81
3499
3 -.377
3-263
18
19013
16-309
14-217
50
12-436
11-264
10-269
82
3-229
3-122
3-020
U»
18-820
16-167
14-108
51
12-183
11-057
10-097
83
2-982
2-887
2-797
20
18-f)38
Ui-033
14-007
52
11-930
10-849
9-925
84
2-793
2708
2-627
'21
18-470
15-912
13-917
53
11 674
10-637
9-478
85
2-620
2-543
2-471
22
18-311
15797
13-833
.04
11414
10-421
9-567
8()
2-461
2-,'393
2-328
2'i
18-148
15-680
13-746
.'55
11-1.50
10-201
9-382
87
2-31?
2-'i51
2193
24
n-<m
15-560
13-&)8
56
10-882
9-977
9- 193
88
2-1'' ■
2-131
2-080
i'>
17-814
15-438
13-567
57
10-611
: 9-749
8-999
89
2-
1-967
1-924
2(i
17-fi42
15312
13-473
58
10 337
9-516
8-801
<»
1794
1-758
1723
27
17-467
15-184
13-377
59
10-0.58
9-280
8-599
91
1-501
1-474
1 iW
28
17-289
15-053
13-278
60
9-777
9-039
8-392
92
l-liK)
1-171
1-153
29
17-107
14918
13-177
61
9-493
8-795
8-181
93
0-839
0-827
0-816
30
1 6-922
14-781
13-072
62
9-205
8-.547
7-966
94
0-536
0-5,-50
0-524
;31
16-732
14-639
12-965
G3
8-910
8-291
7-742
95
0-242
240
0-238
32
16540
14-495
12 854
64
8-611
8-030
7-514
96
0000
O-dOO
0-000
XI. Table showing the Value of an Annuity on a Single Life, according to the Carlisle Table of
Mortality.
■1
•^!
I I
Age
3 per Cent.
t per Cent.
5 per Cent.
Age.
3 per Cent.
4 jicr Cent.
5 per Cent.
Age.
3 per Cent.
4 per Cent.
5 per Cent.
1
20-085
16-.5.56
13-995
36
18-183
15-856
13-987
70
7-123
6-709
6-336
o
21 -.501
17-728
14-983'
37
17-928
13-6i;6
13-843
71
6737
6-358
6-015
3
22-683
18717
15-824
38
17-669
15-471
13-695
72
6-373
6-026
5-711
4
23-285
19-233
16-271
39
17-405
16-272
13.542
73
6044
5-725
5-4,35
5
23-693
19-592
16.590
40
17-143
15-074
13-390
74
5-752
5-458
5-190
6
23-846
19-747
16-735
41
16-890
14-883
13-245
75
5-512
5-239
4-989
7
23-867
19-790
16-7!K)
42
16-640
14-694
13-101
76
5-277
C-024
4-792
8
23-801
l»-766
16-786
43
16-389
14-505
12-957
77
5-059
4-825
4-(S09
9
23-677
19-693
16-742
44
l6-l;30
14-S()8
12-806
78-
4-838
4-622
4-422
10
23-512
19-585
l(i-669
45
15-863
14-104
12 -(548
79
4-592
4-394
4-210
11
23-327
19460
16.581
46
15-585
13-889
12-480
80
4-3f),5
4-183
4-015
12
23-143
19-336
16-494
47
15-294
13-G62
12-301
81
4-119
3-fi53
3-799
13
22-957
19-210
16-4()6
48
14-986
13419
12-107
82
3-898
3-746
3-606
14
22-769
19-082
16-316
49
14-654
13-153
11-892
83
3-672
3-5;34
3-406
15
22-582
18-9;6
l(i-227
50
14-303
12-869
11-660
84
3-454
3-329
3-211
16
22-404
18-837
16-144
51
13-932
12-5(56
11-410
85
3-229
3-115
3-(HJ9
17
22-232
18-723
16-0tl6
52
13-5.58
12-2.58
11-154
86
3-033
2-928
2-830
18
22-058
18-C08
15-987
53
13-180
11-945
10-892
87
2-873
2-77(5
2 -(585
19
21-879
18-488
15-!X)4
54
12-798
11 -(527
10-624
88
2776
2-683
2-.597
20
21-694
18-363
15-817
55
12-408
11-300
10-347
89
2-66;5
2-.577
2-495
21
21 -.504
18-233
15-726
56
12-014
10-966
10-063
90
2-499
2-416
2-3 59
22
21-304
18-095
15-628
57
11-614
10-625
9771
91
2-481
2-398
2-321
23
21-098
17-951
15-525
58
11-218
10-286
9-478
92
2-577
2-4112
2-412
24
20-885
17-801
15-417
59
10-841
9-963
9-199
93
2-(587
2 -(500
2-518
2;5
20-665
17-645
15-303
60
10-491
9-G&1
8-940
94
2736
2-650
2-569
26
20-442
17-4K6
15-187
61
10-180
9-398
8-712
95
2-7.57
2(574
2-596
27
20-212
17 -.320
15065
62
9-875
9-1 .-57
8-487
9(5
2-704
■ 2-6-;8
2-.555
28
19-981
17-154
14-912
63
9-5*57
8-872
8-2,58
97
2-.559
2-4'i2
2-428
29
19-7(51
16-997
14-827
CA
9-24(>
8-593
8-016
98
2-,-J88
2 ,-532
2-278
30
l!)-.5.56
16-8.52
14723
<;5
8-917
8 -.507
7 '765
99
2-131
2-087
2-(l45
31
19-348
16705
14-617
66
8 -.578
8-010
7-503
100
1-683
1-6,53
1(524
32
19-134
16-5.52
14-.5(i6
67
8-228
7-700
7-227
101
1-228
1-210
1-192
33
18-910
16-,3!iO
14-387
68
7-8(59
7-380
6-941
102
0-771
0-762
0-753
34
18-675
16-219
14-260
C<\^
7-499
7 049
6-643
103
0-,324
0-321
0-317
35
18-4.-i5
16-()41
14-127
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES.
729
Xll. Table showing the Value of an Annuity on tub joint Continuance ok Two Liyes og EguAi
AuEs, itccordiiig to the Northampton Table of Mortahty.
AiH'*.
?i per
(tilt.
4 p«T .'l ])tT
Cent. Cult.
Arw.
^ per
Cnit.
4 jier
(-tilt.
5 ^K-r
Onl.
iigea.
,-^ per
Cent.
4 per
Cent.
,'» per
Cent.
1& 1
9-490
8-252
7 287
331k 33
12-079
10-!«>2
9t)19
(>,o & ao
5+71
5-201
4-960
2_ 2
l'2-789
11-107
9-793
34 — 34
11-902
10759
9-801
f (> — (J6
5-231
4-982
4"759
3— 3
14-191
12-325
10-S(i2
35 — 35
11-722
10-612
mm
(.7 — 67
4-989
4-760
4-555
4— 4
15-lSl
13185
11-621
36 — 36
11-539
]0-'ki2
9-555
t« — 68
4-747
4-.037
4-;>*s
5— 5
ir>-fi38
13-591
11-984
37 — 37
11-351
10-3<J7
9-427
69 — 69
4-,0O4
4-312
4-140
6— G
l()-0!)9
14-005
12-.-J.58
58 — 38
11-160
10-149
9 294
70 — 70
4-261
4-087
3-930
7- 7
i(i-37r)
14-224
12-59(i
39 — 39
10-964
9-986
91.08
71-71
4-020
3-862
3-719
8— 8
l<i-;")10
14-399
12-731
40 — 40
10-764
9-8;.'0
9-016
72 — 72
3-781
3-639
3-510
9— <)
1G-4H3
14-39ti
12-744
41 — 41
10-5(i5
9-6.51.
8-876
7,3 — 73
3.048
3-+21
3-,-504
10 — 10
l(i-339
14-277
12-66il
42 — 42
10-369
9-491
8-737
74-7+
3-o'ii
3-211
3105
11 — 11
lG-142
14-133
12-516
,J — 43
10-175
9-,>2.i
8-59<.)
75 — 75
3-114
3-015
2-917
12 — 12
lj-92(j
13-966
12-411
44-4-1
9-977
9161
8 -+.07
76 — 76
2-926
2-8,-33
'21 lA)
13—13
ir/702
13-789
12-268
45 — 45
9-776
8-9!H)
8-312
77 — 77
2-741
2-6,0(3
2-,0K3
14 — 14
l")-470
13-604
12118
46 — 46
9-571
8-81.0
8-162
78 — 78
2-550
2-470
2-410
15 — ir,
15-229
13-411
11-900
47—47
9-362
8 '6, 37
8-008
79 — 79
2-338
2-271
2-217
Ifi— 16
14-979
13-212
11-793
48 — 48
9-149
8-4.03
7-849
80 — SO
2-122
g-0(W
2-018
17- 17
14-737
13-019
11-6,*
49 — 49
8-9.0
8-2(i((
7-.i86
81—81
1-917
1-8(39
1 -827
18 — 18
14-516
12-841
11-483
.50 — 50
8-714
8-080
7-522
82 — 82
1-719
1(381
l-(3+2
1!)- 1!)
14-316
12-679
11-351
51—51
8-507
7-9(X)
7-;366
83 — 83
1 -538
1-510
1-472
20 — 20
14-133
12-535
11-232
52 — 52
8-30+
7-723
7-213
84 — 84
1+16
1-387
l-;357
21 — 21'
13974
12-409
11-131
r>3 — 53
8-(;98
7-.044
7-O.06
85 — 85
1-309
1-339
l-2.-)6
QO 1)0
13-830
12-293
ir{H2
54 — 54
7-8:a
7-,J(!2
6-H97
86 — 86
1-218
1195
1-171
23 — 23
13-683
12179
10-951
55 — .05
7-681
7-179
6-7;;5
87 — 87
1141
1124
1 -(,><«
24 — 24
13-534
12-062
10-858
56 — 56
7-470
6-9! 13
(i-571
88 — 88
1-103
1030
1-063
2;) — aj
13-383
11-944
107(i4
.07 - 57
7-256
6-805
(i-40+
89 — 89
i-o,^
1-015
1-(K)1
2(i — 2<i
13-230
11-822
10-667
58 — 58
7-l'41
6-614
6-231
90 — !K)
0-938
0-il22
0-909
21 — '■SI
13074
11-699
10-5()7
59 — 59
6-826
6-421
t)-(i62
91 — 91
0-769
O-7,0<i
0-748
28 — 28
12-915
11,573
l()-4<)t)
60 — «)
6-(i06
6-226
5-8,^8
92 — 92
O-.091
0-583
0-576
'29 — 29
12-754
11-445
10-362
61 — 61
(i-386
6-o;;o
5-712
\V3 — 93
o-;369
O-,16.0
0-3(31
;iO — 30
12 -589
11-313
10-255
62 — fi2
6-166
5-831
5-,03i
94 — 94
0-203
0-201
0-199
31 — 31
12-422
11-179
lOUfi
63 — G3
5-938
5-626
5"J.t7
95 — 95
0-060
0-(«)
O-O.09
32-32
12-252
11042
10-034
64 — 64
5-709
5-417
5-158
96 — 9t>
0-(K)0
OWK)
00(iO
Kin. Table showing the Value op an Annuity on the joint Continuance of Two Lives of equal
AoES, according to the Carlisle Table of Mortality.
A^es.
3 per
Cent.
4 per
Cent.
5 per
Cent.
Afies.
3 per
Cent.
4 per
Crait.
.') per
Cent.
Ages.
3 per
Cent.
4 per
Cent.
^ per
Cent.
1& 1
14-079
11-924
10-299
36 & 36
14-477
12-919
11-627
70 & 70
4-55(3
4-3(37
4-19;
2- 2
16-1.05
13-(S71
11793
37-37
14-231
12-724
11-470
71— 71
4-217
4-05()
3-893
3— 3
18-0.30
15-260
13-162
38 — 38
13-981
12-525
11-309
72— 72
3-!H)4
3-7.05
3(315
4- 4
19-0(55
16147
13 932
39 — 39
13-727
12-322
11-14+
73— 73
3(3,31
3-497
,-3-371
5— 5
19-815
16-801
14-.507
40 — 40
13-481
12-125
10-98+
74— 74
3 400
3279
3-1(3,0
6— 6
2O-1.06
17-112
14-789
41—41
13-254
11-945
10-839
75 — 75
3-231
3-119
3-015
7— 7
20-280
17-242
14-917
42 — 42
13 036
11-772
10-701
76— 76
3-0(38
2-9(Si3
2-870
8— 8
20-2(31
17-251
14-942
43 — 43
12-822
11-602
10-56(5
77— 77
2-927
2-83.3
2-744
9— 9
20-14(3
17-179
14-898
44 — 4+
12-6(H)
11-426
10+25
78— 78
2-781
2-698
2(5)7
10 — 10
19963
17-049
14-803
45 — 45
12-371
11-243
10-278
79— 79
2-610
2-5,-S3
2-+<;o
ll-U
19-7+«
16-891
14-684
46 — 46'
12-128
11-047
10-119
80— 80
2 459
2-3SH)
2 -.324
12 — 12
19-538
1(5-737
14-5(58
47 — 47
11-870
10-837
9-9*7
81— 81
2-283
2-222
2-1(33
13 — 13
19-327
1(5-582
14-450
48 — 48
11-591
10-«)7
9-756
82— 82
2-1, -iO
2-079
2-027
14-14
19-115
1(5-425
14-331
49 — 49
11-279
10-345
9-5ao
83— 83
1-978
1-929
1-8S2
15 — 15
18-908
16-272
14-215
.50 — 50
10-942
10-059
9-291
84—84
1-825
1782
1-741
16 — 16
18-719
16-134
14-112
51-51
10-579
9-748
9-023
85— 85
l-(3;07
1-619
1.083
17-17
18-.542
16-(K)7
14018
.02 — 52
10-215
9-43+
8-751
86— 86
1 -.009
1-476
1-4+4
18 — 18
18-3(3,0
15-880
13-925
53 — 53
9-8+9
9-117
8+7+
87— 87
1-389
1-;J,09
1-;3,31
19 — 19
18-182
15-718
13-827
54 — 54
9-480
8-7<K3
8-192
88— 88
1-328
r,301
1-275
20 — 20
17-993
1.0-610
13-724
55 — 55
9-103
8-4(5.0
7 WO
89— 89
1-248
1-223
1-199
21 — 21
17-797
15-+(56
13-616
56 — 56
8-721
8-128
7-60f)
!M)— 90
1-088
1-0(3(5
1-(W5
i^o 22
17-.088 1 15-310
13-497
.07 - 57
8-334
7-783
7-293
91— 91
1-050
1-028
1-007
2r3 — 2.3
17-;i72
15-1+S
13-,372
58 — 58
7-954
7-++4
6-988
92— 92
1-120
1-096
1-073
24 — 24
17-148
1+-978
13-240
59 — 59
7-605
7-131
6-705
93— !X'J
1-221)
1-199
1-173
25 — 25
16-916
14-800
13-101
60 — 60
7-295
6-8.0+
(5 +.06
94— !H
1-302
1-273
1-245
2(3 — 2(3
16(381
14-620
12-960
61 — 61
7 044
6-6;3()
(5-2,07
Vn — 95
1-383
l-.'353
1-32.3
27 — 27
16-4,37
14-4.31
12-811
62 — 62
6-804
6+17
6-067
96— 96
1-424
l-;3<4
l-3<>4
' 28 — 28
16-1!I6
14-244
12 663
63 — 63
6-5(33
6-202
5-875
97 — 97
1-.395
1-366
1-339
29 — 29
15-97(3
14-075
12-5;3()
64—64
6-308
5!r74
5-6(39
98— !»S
1-375
1-349
l-;323
30 — 30
15-784
13-9,'X)
12-419
(3.0 — 65
6-047
5-738
5-+.06
(11) t*!)
1-2.94
1-272
1-251
31 — 31
15.091
13-784 ' 12-,30S
6(3 — (36
5-774
5-+90
5 2.30
1(K) _ loo
0-991
0-<)7(3
0-!162
32 — 32
15-392 1 13-632
12-191
(37 — ('7
5-W6
5-y28
4-990
101 — 101
687
0-679
0670
33 — 3,3
15-180 ! 13-4(39
12-064
(58 — 68
5-186
4-95+
4-7;37
102 — 102
0-387
0-383
0-379
34 — 3+
14-954 13-2!)4
11-92(5
69 — (j9
i-^'l
4-(5t)f
+-471
103 — lOG 1 0-1(18
0-107
0-lOti
35-;i5
14-720 ,13-111
11-780
1 1
r «
«f
i i;
it. I
I iik^
• 1 {'
i
\
i
A 1 !
M\
1
'■ll
■pyii
i
:
C
7:k)
INTEHEST AND ANNUITIES.
XIV. Tabli- .slmwiii.? the Vai.111-: dkan Anni rrvoii llu>.liiliil Ciiiillmiiiiuo of '!'»■(» I,ivc»,wlifiitlM! Uikvub*
i:n(.u ok A<iH IS I'lvu YiiAiin, arcunliiiK to tlm Nortliiiinplon Table ol Murtulity,
I, I'
Akch.
.1 IHT
(VlU.
l|«>r
« inl.
Cfiit.
Akc«.
^ por
(int.
1 per
Cint.
,'. p.T
Ci'iil.
A((i-».
^ |H'r
Ci'iil.
Cfiil.
.1 |»T
( 'fill .
I til (i { i'Jvi-Ki 1(1-741 1 <n-i)
,J'2 \- -.il
11-77.1
1 lO'O.I!)
!»71ti
02* (.7
.l-.io;i
;V2S.1
4-<IS(i
■2- 7
14Hil
l'2-.'.Sl 11100
Xi — :1H
ll-.lDl
lo-.ios
.'l-.lol
(i;i — OS
.1-'2(i,1
.1-017
4-7H(i
.■1— H
I/.-.!(H»
l.i-.il!)! 117.0;>
r>i — ,i!)
11404
lo;i,i»
•)4(>]
(IV — (i!)
.1 ■012.-7
■1.7! W
4-.1S.1
4— !)
I.OSOO
l.)77.';
laili.'i
;).'; — M)
II -21,)
lOiOli
ii.J.il
().1 — 70
•l--7Sii
•i-.i7;J
4-,-i78
r.— 10
1.1 1)74
l;l!i.i;j
I'i.ll.'i
•M — 41
l|-0'21
I()().i7
!» liW
(i(i-71
4-.1-M)
4-;U!)
41(i!)
(i— 11
llillO
I4()(W
12H7
.'J7 — 4'2
10H2S
0-S77
!l-()(i2
(i7 — 7'2
4-2! IS
4-l'24
.•J-!l(i()
7— 1'2
Iiil.i7
14 111
r2-4!W
.'« — 4,1
10(i.tt
!)71(i
SO'27
(iS — 7,-i
4-0.-")0
.•1-!KI1
.•i-7.1'2
S — I;J
Ki-OSil
14()S!)
l'2-4;i'2
39 — 44
IO-4.'i7
!)\1.10
H7S7
(i!) — 74
;iS2.l
;i-(i,s:)
;i-.147
!»— 14
l.'i«t..7
l.i !I0'2
l'24'2l
•«) — iT)
I0'2J.1
O'.'iSl
K-(i4i
70 — 7.1
;i-,i!i;i
.■i--i7l
.-i-.i47
10— 15
ir,7M
I.'iS41
r2;i0'2
41 — 4<i
10-o;j;3
!li!IO
S-4I»7
71 — 7(i
.•J-,-iS(i
;j-'27o
■il.l!)
II — ill
\r>r>:>H
l.'l'(>(>4
ii;i.0H
42 — 47
!)S'2!)
!)■(), )7
H-:i,K)
7'2 — 77
y-17.1
.'1-070
2!)71
I'J- 17
l.'.JJOS
1,'J'iSO
1'2-(K)!I
4;l — 4S
!C(i'2;i
S-S(i2
S-2(M)
7.1 — 7S
'2-!i(i;j
2-S(i!)
'2-7KO
],!- IS
l.OOSli
lJ:i(W
ll'S(H
U — 4!)
0414
K(iS;i
H-OKi
74 — 7!)
'2-7-1.1
'2-(i,1!)
2-.1S()
14— 1!»
14S70
13i,iO
ir7'2.i
4.0 — .10
!l-'204
«-.lo;l
7S01
7.1 — HO
2-.1'2(i
2-4W
'2-;isl
1")— 'A)
I4'l>li0
l!2!Nil
urM
Ki — .11
«!)!)7
S-,i2(i
77;i7
7(i — Kl
2-,-i'2;1
!2-'2.'"iS
2-10.1
|(i— '2\
n-ira
l'27!l!»
11-4;V2
47 — .1'2
S700
S147
7-.1«'2
77 — K2
'2-l,il
!2-077
'2-01,1
17— «'2
14 '2io
liti-Hi
1 1 ■.i'27
IS — .13
S-.170
7iKi.1
7-124
7H — S.i
1-047
1-S!I!(
1-S,-J8
IS— '2;)
mm
l'2\'->00
11-20!)
4!) — .H
«-,i(i(i
7 7SO
7-2ii2
7!) — H4
1-7! 12
17.11
1-7.K)
l!l— '2+
l,J!K)S
l'2;j(ii
irOiKi
.10 — .1.1
Hif)l
7-.l!).'3
7-0! IS
SO — S.1
r(i4.1
1 (iOS
l-.17;i
'20— '2.)
1.J-7U
l'2'2'2!»
i():is!)
.11 —.Hi
70I0
7-40!)
(i!),')!)
SI — S(i
1.110
1-47S
1--M7
'21 — '2(i
l;!-.';s4
1'210,'i
lOSiH)
.1'2 — .17
77.i0
7-2'2J
<i-774
S2 — H7
1 -.'iS.I
l-;i.i(i
l-.i'2<l
'2'2— 127
i;!-4.i;l
11^7
107!)ii
.1,J _ .IS
7M1S
7-O.io
(i(iO!)
s;i — «S
1-2S4
1-12.1!)
l-2.'i.1
ill — L'S
i:;'2so
USlKi
lOdil!)
.14 — .1!)
7;i04
fiH;".0
(i442
S4 — S!)
ris7
l-l(i-(
1 14.1
'J4_ •!<)
1,!1'24
117Ki
lOlKX)
.1.1 _ (iO
7 -OSS
(i-(i,l!)
(i '272
S.1 — !H)
1-074
1 -0.1-t
1-0^
'2.">— .'W
l'2!)li<)
ll'lilS
l()-4!)!)
.1(i — (il
(iS70
fi-K).1
li I(K)
H(i — !)1
0-!l2l
0-!)02
o-S!^2
•2(i— .'il
lliSO.'i
U 4S!»
lO'.'i'Ki
.17 — (i2
(i(i.1I
(> 270
.1-il'2.1
87 — !»2
0-7.1.1
07;i«
o-7;h
'27 — .■>'2
l'2frfl
ir.tto
10'2.S!I
.IS _ (i;j
(i-4'27
(i-(l70
.1-744
SH — !l;j
O-.llil
0-;>.14
0-.1-J7
'2S— ;u
1'2'474
i\'2'>r>
lOlSl
.1!) _ (it
(i '201
.1-Sii7
.1-.1(il
S!) — Ol-
0-.i77
o-;i7.'i
0-.i(i!)
'20— .'M.
12;i04
11 -OSS
lO'Oli!)
((0 — 01
.1-070
.1-(i:-)S
.1-.-i7-'
!I0 — !),1
0-17!)
0-177
0-17.1
.io— :ir,
l'2 i;il
lOSHS
!)!».'".4
(il — (i(i
.17J7
5-417
.1-ISO
!ll— !H>
0000
0-000
0000
;ji — ;i(ii iivr>rt !
losor.
0S.17
1
XV. Tabic .sliowiiig \.\\o Vai.hr op an Anniiitv on the Joint Continuance of Two I,lvc», when the Dip-
■'■-.[(KNuK OK A(ii-; IS V\sv. Yi'.AUs, according to the Carlisle Table of Mortality.
i
vm
%
.\Ki-s.
3 ptT
Cent.
■1 (UT
Ci-nt.
A^cs.
Cfilt.
•1 per
(-fill.
A Kit.
7> piT
'-(.111.
•( JUT
Cl-llt.
(rill.
1 .V (i
lii-S'2S
14-'2(i!)
l'2-;!;!l
;i4 .•;■ ;;!)
Vl-'JIK)
I'277;i
ir;10S
07 \-
72
4-,-->,S0
-l-,-iS(i
■l-'207
2-7
IS -087
l;V.-iH
i;i-'i->H
,'i.1 — -10
I4-0-1S
I2-.18I
ll-,>,11
(iS_
7.)
■1.2117
4-1 '23
3!liil
;)— S
111-100
l(i-'214
14(11!)
,i(i — 41
l.-i -81 '2
l2-,il)-|.
11 -'204
(i!) —
7-1
■Kl.i'i*
4-87S
3-7.-il
4— !•
111.184
Ki-ii-H
14-402
,-i7 — -1'2
l,'J-,>7!)
l'2-2()!)
ll-0,1(i
70 —
7,1
.■i^soj"
3(iiil
.•)-528
.1 — 10
11I,S74
I(i-!II.-i
l4-(i4!l
;i8 — v.>
I,i-.-i-Ki
l'2-0'24
I0!I07
71 —
7(i
3,-1(iS
3--|.;;o
3-,-il!)
(i— 11
l!i-!i:!1
KillS'l
14-7,-il
,i9 — -14
I,JI07
1 1 -8;J3
10-7,1,i
7'2 —
77
3^,i.1;i
3-'2;i7
3-1 '27
7- l'2
llfSS!)
I(i-!I7.1
14-7.-ili
40 — 4.1
12S(i8
ll-(i-ll
I0-,11IS
7,-5 —
78
31;>2
,-1-047
2-O^W
8 — l.-i
I!f77l
KilKK)
14-(>.S!)
41 — 4(i
1'2(i.i()
11-4,10
lo-m
74 —
7!)
'2-11,12
2-8.17
27li7
!l — 14
l!l-(iO(i
Ki'TSI
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1
The Northampton Table (Na VII. \ by underrating the duration of life, was a very advantageous
guide for the insurance olhre.s to go by in insuring lives ; but to whatever extent it might be beneficial
(o tiiem in this resp(H't, it became equally injurious when they adopteil it as n guide in selling annuities.
Ami yet, inngular as it may seem, some of tli'" insurance ollices granted annuities on the same terms that
they insured lives ; not perceiving that, if they gained by the latter transaction, they must obviously lose
by the former, (loveniment aUo continued for a lengthened period to sell annuities according to the
Northampton Tables, and without making any distinction between male and female lives! A glance at
the Tables of M. Deiuircieux ought to have satisfied them that they were oroceetling on entirely false
priiu'iple.s. Hut, in despite even of the admonitions of some of the most skilful iniithematiciaus, this
system was persevered in till within these few .years ! We luu'.erstand that the loss thence arining to the
public mav be moderately estimated at '2,(Hm,(l(Kl/. sterling. Nor will this appear a large sum to those who
rivollect that, supposing intercut to be 4 per cent., thei-e i.s a iliU'creiice of no less than lU/. l.v. in the value
el all annuity of 50/. for life, to a person aged 4.1, Utwcen the Nurlhanipton and Carlible Tables.
INVOICE. — IONIAN ISLANDS.
731
I>il''irua<
:i-:
('rill.
4-!W(i
47H()
•»-.i7.S
•tlti<»
:)vm
■i7.0a
H7
;Ji.'i!»
aw I
i!7H()
'JviM
alii,'-,
iJOl.J
•8;w
■.'>7:i
447
.iVil
'iTi
Hr,
V3H
l-H'.hi
i(i't
I- 17-,
)0(HJ
INVOICE, an account of goods or nicrclmndiso sunt by inorcliants to llioir cor-
re.s|ion(U-iits at lioinu or abroad, in wliich tbe pc'ciiliar inarkK ot'cacb package, witli other
particulars, are set f'ortli. — (See exaini)le, anti; p. II!).)
IONIAN ISLANDS, tlie name given to the islands of Corfu, Paxo, Santa IVfaiura,
Ithaca, Cepliah)nia, Zante, Cerigo, and their dejjendent islets. With the exception of
Cerigo, whicli lies o])posite to the south-eastern extremity of the Morea, the rest lie |)retty
contiguous, along the western coasts of Kpirus and Greece; the most northerly point of
Corfu being in hit. ;!9'^ W 15" N., and the most southerly jmint of Zante ((^ape Kieri,
on which there in a light-house) being in lat. 37° 38' 35" N. Kapsoli, the port of
Cerigo, is in lat. .'?C° 7' :i()" N., Ion. '2'.i'' E.
'I'lie ju-ea and present population of the diffc-cnt islands may be estimated as
follows : —
Islamlii,
Area in Sciuiirc Mill's,
16 to II DcKriv.
ru|iulntion.
(■(irl'u - -
('f|ili.iloiiia . . . . .
Zante ... . .
Santa M.iiira - . . . .
Itliaca and Calamoii ...
CcriKo and CiTigdtto - • - -
I'axo and Antipaxo - - . .
'J'otaU
io-7(;
Ifi-ZO
4-50
l!K)
fi!(,Hyy
S(i,.OH<)
IH.IOH
!l,.'!87
H,r,M
4,!)W
47-12*
l<)i>,H4»
Soil and Climate. — These arc very vnrinus — Zante is the moat (Vuitful. It consists princl|).-Uly of an
extensive plain, occnpied by plantations of rurrants, and havinj; an air of luxuriant rurtifity and richness.
Its diiniitc is comparatively eniril and tine, but it is very subject to earth(|uakes. Corfu and Cephalonia
are more rn^Ked and less I'ruitliil than Zante ; and the Ibrnier from its vieinily to the snowy mountains ot
KpiruK, and the latter from the lilack Mountain (the Mount A'.i\m of antiijuity) in its interior, arc exposed
in winter to Rreatand sudden variations of temperature. In Januitry, lKi:l,lhe cold was more rigorous than
usual, the frost damaging to u great extent the oranges and vines of these islands and those of Santa
Maura. The latter is. in the hot season, exceedingly unhealthy, — a consequence of the vapours arising
from the marshes, and the shallow seas to the N.K. Cerigo is roekyand sterile; it is subject tu continued
gales, and the currents seldom permit its waters to remain unrullled.
Ilisltiry, lfin<crnm<-iU, tifc. —These islands have undergone many vicissitudes. Corfu, the ancient Cor-
cyra, was famous in antiijuity for its naval power, and lor tlic contest t>ctween it and its mother state Corinth,
which eventually terminated in the I'eloiionnesian war. Ithaca, the kingdom of Ulysses; Cephalonia,
sometimes culled Duliehiuni, from the name of one of its cities ; Zante, or Zacynthus ; Santa Maura,
known to the iuieients by the names of I.eueas or I.eueadia, celebrated for its promontory, surmounted
by a temple of Ai)ollo, whence Sappho precipitated herself into the ocean : and Cerigo, or Cytherii, the
birth-place of Helen, and sacred to Venus ; — have all acouired an immortality of renown, llut, on com.
paring their present witli their former state, we may well exclaim,—
7/cM quantum htcc Niobr, Niolic distahat oh Hid I —
Alter innumerable revolutions, they fell, about JiTO years ago, under the dominion of Venice. .Since the
downfall of that republic, they have had several protectors, or rather masters, being successively under
the dominion of the Hiissians, the French, and the English. IJy the treaty of Paris, in IHl,'), they were
formed into a sort of semi.indepcndcnt state. They enjoy an internal government of their own, under
the protection of (Jreat Hritain ; a Lord High Conmiissioner, :i|ipointed by the king of England, having
charge of the foreign relations, and of the internal, maritime, and sanitary police. His Majesty's com-
mander-in-chief has the cust(Mly of the fortresses, and the disposal of the forces. It is stipulatinl in tho
treaty of Paris, that the islands may be called upon fo' the pay and subsistence. of 3,()()0 men, ;us well as for
the repair of their fortresses occupied by the Kritish troops. The executive government is vested in a
i)residcnt nominated by the commissioner, and a senate of 5 members (1 for each of the larger islands of
Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, <ind Santa Maura, and 1 representing collectively the smaller ones of Ithaca,
Cerigo, and I'axo, by each of which he is elected in rotation). The senators are elected at the com-
mencement of every ((uinciuemiial parliament (subject to a negative IVom the commissioner) from a
legislative chamber of 40 members, themselves elected by the constituencies of the difl'eri;nt islands,
for ,'■> yc.irs. The scn.ite and legislative assembly, together with the commissioner, are thus the supremo
autiiority : they arc, when united, termed the Parliament, and, as such, pass, amend, and repeal laws, in
the mmle prescribed by the constitution of 1817. Besides the general government, there is in each island
a local administration, composed of a regent, named by the senate, and from 2 to 5 municipal otflccrs elected
by their fellow citizens. , > . .
The State t\f Socfeti/, in these islands, is far from bemg good, and was formerly the most depraved ima.
gin.nble. The people, when they were placwl under the ajgis of England, were iit once lazy, ignorant,
superstitious, cowardly, and bloodthirsty. Their vices may, we believe, be, in a great degree, ascribed to
the government and religion est.ihlished .-imnngst them. 'J he latter consisted of little more than a series
of fasts and puerile observances; while the former w.ns both weak and corrupt. The Venetians appointed
to situations of power anil emolument belonged mostly to noble but dcca)[cd families, and looked upon
their ofHces merely as means by which they might repair their shattered fortunes. Hence the grossest
corruption jiervadcd every department. 'J'here was no crime for which impunity might not be purchased,
.lustice, in fact, w.is openly bought and sold ; and suits were decided, not according to the principles of
law or equity, but by the irresistible influence of faction or of gold. In consequence, the ielands became
a prey to all the vices that atflict and degrade a corrupt and semi-barbarous society. .Sandys, one of the
best English travellers who ever visited the I.evant, having touched at Zunte in KilO, expresses hims. if
with respect to the inhabitants as follows : — " In habite they imitate tlie Italians, but transcend them in
their revenges, and intinitely less civil. They will threaten to kill a merchant that will not buy their
commodities; and make more conscience to brcake a fast than commit amurthcr. He is weary of his life
that hath adiHerencc with :my of them, and will waike abroad alter daylight Hut cowardice is joined
with their crueltic, who dare doe notlunj! but soilainly upon adv.-vnt.ige ; and arc ever privately armed.
They are encouragetl to villainies by the rcmissnesse of their laws. The labourers do go into the fields with
liwords and partizans, as if in an enemie'scountrey ; bringing home their oils and wines in hogskins, the
inside turnetl out."— (p. 7. ed. 1(>37.)
* Tliis is equal to JUOl'3 Eiiglirh equarc miles of (iU'15 to the degree.
i !'
!^
Mi
f I (•
- f:>' }
I i
.*. I
M
.\i
ii •■
732
IONIAN ISLANDS.
I!
t a !J
I i
If tlic Zatitiotes diil not dftoriorato (luriii« tlio next '2 wnturios, which, Ijxk'od, wa« himUy pos-
sible, they curtaiiily ilid not improve. Dr. Holland, by whom they wiTe visited in IHIi!, tella u.s that
he heard, " on sure authority, that the number of assassination.s in Zante has been more than 1 for
r.icli day of the year, though' the population was only W.IKXJ! "—[TtaucU in t/ic Juuian Jsks, Sjc. 4to oil.
I'- -i-)
Matters were, if not (juite so Iwd, very little better in the other islands. In Cephalonia, the inhabitants
were dividc<l into factious, entertainiiiK the most implacablcauimosities,andwaf,'inK a war of extermination
UKainst each other. A little vigour on the jiart of their rulers would h'vc served to suppress their mur-
«lerous contests, lint thi,< was not an object tluy wLshed to attain: on the contrary, their sellish ami
crooked policy made them .seek to strengthen their own pow<'r by fomenting the dissensions that prevailed
amongst their subjects.— {Ilcllhi, l)cscii]ilitm dii UiilJ\' <U' I'cnist', p. lii'i.) Considering the state of so.
ciety at home, we need not wonder that the (.'ephalonians, who were distinguished among the islanders for
activity and enterprise, were nuii'h addicted to emigration. 'I'he Venetians attcmiited to check its pre-
valence; but, as they neglected the only means by which it could be prevented, — the establishment of
security aiul good order at home, — their ellbrts were wholly unsuccessful.
'J'he islanders did not, however, satisfy themselves -viHi attempting to stab and prey upon each other.
'J'liey were much addicted to i)ir.u'y, particularly the innabitants of .Santa Maura and t'erigoj and it has
been alleged that the Venetian govermnent i)articipated in the prolits of this public robbery, wliich, at all
events, tliey look little pains to suppress.
A long series of years will be required to eradicate vices so deejily rooted, and to clTert that thorough
change in the habits and morals of the jieople that is so indis|)ensahle. 'J'he power and influence of the
liritisb government has already, however, had a very decided elPect: assassination has become com.
jiaralively unknown ; piracy hiis been suppressed; and a spirit of industry, sincerity, luid fair deeding ia
l)L';,'iiiMing to manifest itself. The i)resent generation of nobles pos.sess a superior degree of information,
mill a knowledge (/f the true interests of their country, which, if not .ill that could be wished, was, at
le;ist, unknown to their fatliers. It is not easy to exaggerate the dilliculties wdh which Sir Thomas
.Maitland had to struggle during the lirst years of the British government. Mc was opposed by every
means that feudal rancour, corruption, and duplicity could throw in his way. Those accustomed to the
treachery, shuflling, and jobbing of the Venetian and Uusso-Turkish governments, and the intrigues of
the Kreiich, could neither appreciate nor understand the plain, straiglitforward course natural to liritish
olHcers. Those dicHculties have, however, materially diminished ; .ind it is to bu hoped that the influence
of our example, and of that education now jiretty generally dillUsed, will gradually accomplish there-
generation of the islanders.
Maiaifiictiirfs, .Sr.— These islands possess few manufactures properly so termed. The wives of the villani,
or peasants, spin and weave a coarse kind of woollen cloth, sulKcient in great part for the use of their fa-
milies. A little so.ap is made at Corfu and Zante. The latter manufactures a considerable (juantity of
.silk gro,s.de-Na|)les and handkerchiefs; the art of dyeing is, however, too little studied, and the esfa-
blishments are on too small a scale. The peasantry, in general, are lazy, vain, delighting in display, and
very .superstitious. Those of Zante .and Cephalonia arc more industrious than the Corliotes ; in the first,
particularly, their superior condition is probably to be ascribed, in part at least, to the nobles residing
more on their estates in the country, and contributing, by their example, to stimulate industry. In I'orfu,
the taste for the city life, which prevailed in the time of the Venetian government, still operates to a great
degree. The Corfiote proprietor resides but little in his villa; his land is neglected, while he continues
in the practice of his forefathers, who preferred w.atching opportunities at the seat of a corrui)t govern-
ment, to improving their fortunes by the more legitimate means of honourable exertion and attention to
their patrimony. In this respect, however, a material change for the better has taken place during the
l.ist iO years.
I/>i/)i>r/.i qf Orni'n, SjC. — Great part of the land is held under short tenures, on the mclai/cr si/stcm, the
tenant p.aying half the produce to the landlord. Owing to.the nature of the soil, and the sujjerior attention
Kiven to the culture ol olives and eurranfo, the staple products of the islands, most part of the grain
and cattle required for their consumption is imimrtcd. Tlie hard wheat of Odessa is preferred, and about
>i()(;,()(M) dollars may be annually sent to the Black Sea in payment. The imports of wheat in 18ai were
17H,'.'S,S moggi, or about 8!U,44() bushels. The parliament, in March, 18;3;>, repealed the duties on the in-
troduction of corn ; and the grain monoi)oly of Corfu, which had been established in favour of govern-
ment, in order to provide against the possibility of a general or partial scarcity, was then also suflered to
cxi)ire. These 2 sources of revenue, wliile tliey existed, did not probably produce less than 20,0(X}/.
nnnually.
Ciiltle. — They are similarly dependent upon Greece and Turkey for supplies of butcher's meat ; a small
inunber oidy of sheep and goats being bred in the islands. Oxen, whether for agriculture or the slaughter-
house, are brought from Turkey, to the annual amount of more than 9(),0(H) dollars. The beef eaten by
the troops is (i weeks or 2 niontiis walking down fnmi the Danube, and the provinces that skirt it, to the
shores of Epirus, where they rem nn in pasture until lit for the table.
K.riMrtg. — The staple exiHirts from these islands are oil, currants, valnnia, wine, soap, and salt. The
first is produced in great abundance in Corfu and I'axo, and in a less quantity in Zante, Santa Maura, ami
Cephalonia. Corfu has, in fact, the appearance of a contimious olive wood ; a consequence, partly, of
the extraordinary encouragement formerly given to the culture of the plant by the Venetian.s. Alth<>ugh
there is a harvest every year, the great crop i.s properly biennial ; the tree generally reposing for a year after
its eflbrt. (In France and Piedmont the period of inactivity is of 2 and ;i years.) During 5 or (i months,
from October till April, the country, particidarly in Corfu, presents an anim.ited appearance, persons of
all ages being busily emp'oyed in picking up the fruit. It is calculated that the islands produce, one year
with another, about !>.j,()()() barrels, of 18 gallons each, and that of this (piantity 8(),(M)0 are exi)orte<l, prin-
cipally to Trieste. The average price may be about M. ll.v. per barrel. Under the old Venetian system,
the oil could only be carried to Trieste. An ad valoirm duty of H)i per rent., payable on the export, i)io-
duces up(m an average 28,(K)(1/. annually. The (juality might be nuich improved by a little more care in
the manufacture, the trees being gener.'dly finer than in any other country.
Ciiira>t/.i, originally introduced from the Morea, are grown in the isles of Zante, Ccphaloiua, and Ithaca,
but (irincipally in the first. The plant is a vine of small size and delicate nature, the cullivatioii of which
requires much'carc. Six or 7 years elapse after a plantation has been nwide, before it yields a crop. In the
begiiniiiig of October, the earth about the roots of the plant is loosened, and gathered u\) in small heaps,
away from the vine, which is pruned in March ; after which the ground is again laid down smooth around
the plant, which grows low, and is supjiorted by sticks. 'I'he crops are liable to injury in .spring Prom the
blight called the " brina," and rainy weather at the harvest season produces great mischief. The cur-
rants are gathered towards September, and, atter being carefully picked, are thrown singly upon a stone
floor, exposed to the sun in the open air. The drying process nujy occupy a fortnight or longer, if the
weather l)e iu)t fovourable. A heavy shower or thunderstorm (no unfreciuent occurrence at that season)
not only interrupts it, but sometimes causes fermentation. The fruit is then only fit to be given to animals.
Should it escape these risks, it is dei)ositcd in magazines called " sn-iiiiU,;" until a purchaser casts up. The
" si^iaj^/ioiir," or warehouse keeiwr, delivers to the depositor a paper acknowledging the receipt of the
iiuantity delivered, which p.isaes currently in exchange from hand to hand till the time of export. Under
the old Venetian government, the liberty of tratHc in this produce was excecnlingly restricted. In Zante, 5
persons chosen out of the council of nobles assembled in iirescnce of the pruvrdHorr, regulateil what should
be the price; and those who wished to purohase were under the necessity of declaring to the govern-
linroiiKli
or the
nu com.
oliii^ is
niialioii,
"■.IS, at
i'lioinsia
l)y every
il to the
^Ciii's of
liritisli
Huonco
the re-
IONIAN ISLANDS.
mcnt the qiiniitity they dosirciU This tystem was calknl the "cullegctlo."* The export iUitlc« consiste*!
(>r an oriRiiial duty of!) per cent, nit valorem ; a rinxiu Jissti, or lixcil iliity of alimit In. lit. per cwt. ; ami
afterwards of a/iuvism'mo, or most receiit duty, of '.'.?. i(/. per rwt. 'J'his latter was reiiiiltrd in l'av(jur (^f
vessels lirinniiiK salt fish, tin: from llie iiortliern ports (eliiefly iMinlisli, Danes, and Dutcli) : it was altd-
wards relaxed in favour of Hussian vessels from Ode.-sa, and ahanclcjued allonether as vexations and nn-
i>roductiv('. The priivi-tU/orc received in addition 2 percent., and each of hi.', 2 Venetian councillr.rs 1 pi r
cent; s(i that the I i,t, tiie original cost of which was about P.v. the cwt., stood the exporter in little less than
18,v. or l!l.«. Even under IfrifisTi protection, the fruit, which some years before hail letched as much as.ll.v.
and .;'J,v. the cwt., but had declined in IS.W toK.v. the cwt., was burdened with the dtiz/n Jis.so of 4,«. !</., and
n duty oft; per cent, ad voluroii, being eijuivaleiit tojiether, iil that price, to an ail ra/nrt/ii duty of nearly
fill per cent. ! In the mean time the UritLih parliament had, in l«i?!l, raised the import duties payalle iii
Kngland to the enormous amount of U.v. Ad. the cwt., which, at the same low price, made an ad vii/or<iit
duty of .")()(lpercent. ! 'l'hei:onseiiuence was r.ipidly visible ; a decline took place in the culture of the plant,
,ns Well as in the circumsfances and in the ajfiitions of the proprietors, whose staple ex|iort and means if
existence were almost aimiliilated. As the prices fell, and tlie distiess l)eiame greater, the necessitons
grower was obliged to borrow money at ruinous interest from foreign merchants, or from the Jews, who
were, conse(|uently, able to dictate the price at which they would take his produce. A ligi.-lative enact-
ment, on a scale connnensurate with the ilitticulties which it had to grapple with, was, aller much de-
liberation, matured ami adopted liy Ihe 1th parliament in its session of IK ;.>, liy it the whole of tluilulie^
upon currants were commuted fcr an ail valnrciii tax of l!'.', per cent., being the same as that laid upon
oil. The same act increased, in a small degree, the duties previously paid on the iniporfation of ((idee,
tia, and sugar, and upon loreigii wines, silks, and gliives, — articles w'hiili, being cbielly consnnied 1)\ ihe
atlluent, were more appropriately subjected to an increase of duty, to supply in p:irt'the serious defalc-
ation of reveiuie naturally const (|uent to the reiliiction of the currant duty. 'I'lie duties thus incrcaseil
upon objects ol luxury may now amount to Ironi Ji to ','."> per cent., whicli is far from exorbitant. 'J be
good efli'cts of this enactment wer<' manilesti d by an almost instantaneous rise in the |irice ol the fruit
whicli bad remained on hand of the crop of 1S,;2. It is calculated that Ihe average iiuantity of cnrraiifs
)iroduced during tin- 4 years ending with l.'^.JJ, has been l!l,i;Hii,S(i(i llis. a year; the export has been
J7,SK,"),.';f)l)lbs. It appears from the accounts l.iid before the finance committee, that, in IXii, there were
exported from Ihe islands 17ii,!i7Hlis. of valonia ; .■I'j.dij.; casks of wine; and 7'J ;,imilbs. of soap.
'I'liiiiiaiiC Duly. — 'i'he late act ol parliament aliolislied the tonnage duty of 1,«, !</. per ton payable by
every ship sailing under Ionian colouis, which, together with the heavy lees <leman(led by the Hntisli
consuls in the Levant, had driven most of tlie Cephalonite vessels to seek for jirotection uiider the flag
of Russia.
I.oati Haiihs. — Another act, intended to alleviatethedistress experienced by the growers who had been
the victims of usury in conseciuence of their pecuniary dillicnlties, provided for the establishment of loan
banks with capitals ;in the larger isles of 'Jli,l;l,l'/. each, and in the smaller ones in pi'oportion , fur leiuling
money at (i per cent, to the agricultural inti'rest, on agricultural security, and thus employing the surplus
which might otherwise lie idle in the treasury. 'I nese measures, it is ))resinned, will go far towards
bettering the condition of the islands; and the anticipated reduelioir of the oppressive import duty upon
currants in this country will do more. — {S(e CriiHAVTs.)
Sail may be obtained inconsiderable quantities in Corfu, Zaiito, and Santa ^Maura, for exportation :
the latter island alone i)roduceil it until the late act of parliament, wliich provided tliat government should
let the salt pans iir all the islands to those bidders who should ofler, by sealed tenders, to supjily it at the
lowest rate to the consumer, paying at the same time the highest price to government. No export duty
is charged upon it. .
It is ap|iarent from f ho-sc statements, that heavy duiies are levied upon the exportation of the staple pro.
ducts of tlie islands, — an objectionable system, and one which, if it is to be excused at all, can only lie so by
the iieeuliar ciicumstances inider whicli thr'y are placed. Tliereis no land tax or impost on pidperty in the
Ionian Islands, such as exists in many other rude countries ; and, supposing it wereiicsirable to introduce
such a tax, the complicated state of jiroperty in them, the feudal tenures umler which it is held, aiid the
variety of u.sages with respect to it, ojipose all liut invincible ob.stacles to its imposition on fair and ei|ual
principles. At the same time, too, a large amount ef revenue is reouiied to meet the expenses of the
general and local governments, to maintaiir an etHcieiit police, and to prevent smnggliiig and piracy,
tlowever, we cannot hel|i thinking that some very material retrenclimeiits might be made from the e.\-
jieiKiitiire; and it is to this source, more, perhaps, than to any other, that the inhabitants must look
for any real or efl'eetual relief from their burdens.
Itcvaiiif mid Kximiditurc. — In ISJfi, the revenue and exiicnditiire were as follows : —
U even lie.
Kxiioniliiure.
/,. .1.
./.
/..
.T.
,/.
Customs - - - -
,->(l,ii.-.7 11
"■1
(ieneral and local governments, salaries
.'.r,,s.-,i
•->
-i
SI.') !l
7
I'ulilic quarters (liire)
lii.ii'.i
i:<
■'i
KM'ort { ;.;,'„„„,3 • . ■ . :
.Vi.lUS 7
'H
Kihication
ti,i>iiii
II
"\
v;s.lii7 111
111
(ieneral and local contingencies, hos-
Wines and siiiril.s
.'.,71.7 1.)
■'■)
pital, &:c.
8,.ir,!i
1
ri,{Mi\ Hi
Collection ol revenue
ll.li:'.)
(.
•S',
2,11.1!) 1)
!)'.
l''lotiila - - - -
.S.Ii'l.S
'/!
s'.
Com, in ronimulation of tithes
l,^,,-.-.s 10
H
Public worlis, fortresses
.-..'), IS 1
1.'.
li
Salhus (salt rmnsi
.1,71)7
'\\
Stall j.av and contingencies
11,11.11
1
.T.
Pnl)lic lands and houses
7,.'.S7 11
r.
Inspectors ol Ionian militia
l!,l.'.i!)
f '
I.,i
Tonnage duties - -
si:ii 11
II.
i\Ittunteil i.rilerlies
1111
■1
1.
Port duties
■i,\:<'i \i
7
Ilall-pav (Ionian oflicers)
'J,">."j
V>
s'.
Sanitii, \w^t ofTire, police, judicial tariff.
Itarvack Ntore?,, papers ul olficers, cou-
surfilus rereiveit
8,1 r.u 19
y
riers, Ate.
2, .'.111
r<i
■U
Valonia anil gunpowder nion.ipolies, aiul
Kngineer tlepartnient
'.^.ir.s
i.'i
1.'.
niunicit>al balances
11,1 1.'. 7
('•1
. — . —
—
Total expenditure -
l.'.7,:).-il
Total inromc
l.W.lllS .-j
(U
The Itriiian republic alliirds, perhaps, tlic only cxamidc of a state cxiiending nearly i\ J'lmrth jiart of its
revenue on imblic works and fortresses. Without, however, questioning the importance of the objects for
which so heavy an expense has been incurred, we are inclined to think that the industry and pi-osperity
of the islands would be far more likely to be advanced by the eflectual reduction of the duties on the ex-
portation of oil and currants tliau by any, even the most judicious outlay of the revenue derived from
them.
Pints. —The principal ports in the loniatr rc]iublic arc Corfu
and Zante in tne islands ol" the saiiie name, and -\r);i.ston in
Cephalonia. The city and port of Corfu lie on the cast side
of the island, on the canal or channel I.e. ween it and the op-
jiosite continent, which is here al.iml .'. miles wide. The cita-
del, whicli proiects intiitlicsea,isfiniiis}icil with a iicht-hoiise,
Hill feet high i'lhe lattei being in lat. Z\)" :',' N., Ion. 1 '>" 'ib' K.
The town is but indillcrentlv built. Population about 17,000,
exclusive of the niilitavv. 'file fortilications are very strong,
both towards the sea and the land. The canal has dei-p water
throii;;hout ; its navigation, which is a little ditlicult, has been
much ficilitaled by the en ctimi of a lii^ht -house on tile rock
of Tignoso in the northern entrance, where the channel is less
than a mile in widtli ; and by the iiiuoringuf a Moating light off
* A hill for reviving this institution, brouglit in by a Zantiote meinber, passed the legislative as.iemhly
m May, hS,".,! ; but the senate threw it out, tnisling tlnit the enaelments mentioned in this article Would
bultice to relieve the (jrower from the usurious oiipression of the currant speculator,
I I
•* '
I .
.1 i I
■: t ill
I f
(3'1-
IPECACUANHA. ~ IKON.
\hi
l*olnt Lmohlmo, in tim tonthcrn entrntu'c. KhlpR nntJMir Ih<-
twit'ti ttu> HMinll hut wi'll fortUk'il i^hmdut'VUlo und tliu rily,
In from \U to 17 fitihonis wnt^r.
'I'hf port* ur r.ithi'r kiiU', of Argostnli hi Cephnlnnin \U*h on Ihu
ftouth-wvMl sUU' of thv l»himt. <'niH' Aii, forniin^ its Kiuitli-
we«tcmi*]iirt.niily, Is in lai-.^h^ S' 4t»" N., Ion. vn- v.V ;MK' K.
dajM.' San Nii-nlo, forming; the other extr«Mnity, is nltoutl.^ initi'!*
tmn ('apu Ajl ; and tx'twctni tiiein, within alKiut l\ tnile of
' "■' " " ■ which f» H
<hL> latter, is tlitr small islvt of fiunnUani,
UlKht-
ftouKc'. troni this islnml the i;"lf f*tTetrhc'H N.
to H miles inland. The town of Araostoli lien im
of n haven on the cast sideof the »,nilf formed hv I'olnt Statura
. A W. from 7
1 tne wi^tt Hide
;lie jiwM
to H miles inland. The town of Ar^ostoli lien on
.. ' ' '"7 "
The situation is h)w and rather unhealthy- When visited t»y
I>r. Holland, its population did not exeewl l,0(M). Its apiH-ar-
nnrr and police, particularly the latter, have lieen nnich hn-
ftroved since Its occupation hy the KnKli-'>h. 'J'here is deen
*alcr and ^ood anchoraKe ground in most parts of llu? uulf.
The iwst entrance is between ('ape San Nicolo and (iuardiani,
keeping rather more than a mile to the eastward of the latter,
on account of o reef that extends N.K. and S.W. from it nearly
Chat distance.
The port and vlty of Zante nro situated on the ea-stern Kld«
of the island, in lat. .V" 17' N'., Ion. '40" M' 1'4'' K. The city,
the laruest in the Ionian Islands, extends alouf? the shore for
nearly li mile, hut it is no where ahove M)i) yards in lireadth,
except where it ascends the hill on which the citadel is erected.
The style of building is chlell.v Italian ; aiul the interior of tlie
city displays everywhere ^^oat neatniws, and even a certain
decree of mnuniliience. I'oi'ulation estimated l>v Dr. lloUatut
at from t(;,iHM>to IH.OIH). It hasamoleor Jetty of considerable
utility, at the extremity of which a li^ht-house is erecteil : and
n la/aretto, situated a little to the houlh-wcsl. The harbour
is capacious. Ships anchor opposite the town at from .'>()(*
to iJtHH) yards* distance, in from 1'2 to I.*} fathnmx, availing
themselves of the urotection of the mole when the wind is
fron> the N.K. Wncn our troops took tiosscssion of /ante, in
IKIO, the fortifirations were found to l>e in very bad repair ;
Imt immense sums have since lieen expended. U|iun tiieir ini-
|irovement and extension.
Tratlttrifh Kni^liiiuL —ThU Is but of very limited extent;
n consequence, i>>incii>ally, of the enormous tluty on eurrantn.
J)urinu the >ear \hM, wu impor(e<l from the Ionian Islands
l(i'4„l63 cwt. currants, '^'^i tons fustic, ':^r»l rwt. Ilax, Uh>,'2I2
millons olive oil, 7,1(il cwt. valonla, and KilK (gallons wine.
The real or declared value of the articles of Itritisti pnHluce
and manufacture exported to them during the same year,
aniounteti to only .'»(i,SH.1/.
The total valtie of the imuorts from all countries in IS.Tl is
cstinuitwl at ,'>10,7.'^»3/., and that of the exports at 21H,0.'iH/.
IJut a considerable part of the imports is not destined for the
consumption of the islands, hut is sent thither merely an to a
convenient nitrryflt, beinn intended liir tlu; supply of the ron-
ti^uous provinces of (Jreet-e an<l 'I'urkey. Tlu* amount of ex-
I torts de|>ends materially on the circumstance whether the year
M one in which there is, or is not, a crop of olivis.
Shimrttie, — The entries (in tons) forlS2fi, the la»it year for
which we nave seen any detailed statement, were as follows : —
FIuks. 1 Tons.
Flap..
Tons.
loninn
Kriilsh - -
Austrian
Uussiaji •
Krtnch
Ntiapolitan
l«),.17i
«,tl(i
S'^,.'.ll
13,17U
rai>al
Sardinian
'I'lirkish
(irwk -
All other - -
Total -
ll.SM
U,7.W
.1I7,I1'^7
ftfiHwi/. — Accounts are kept in stcrlin){ money. Spanish
<loublo6ns pass at .15. (kt.t Spanish dullani at is. ^tl., and \*e-
lU'Uan dollars M l«. Hxdianfrc with l-'nt;l.n.d nt <t. \Ht
dollar.
The pouutl, jteio ^rotiOt or ureal wotjiht of 12 o/. = 7,.1S|
f [rains Trov ; IirHlbs.z:^ KlO lbs. avoirdupois.
le pounil,' 111*1. «.'//i/c, or nmall weiwht, U'A'il for prcclnu*
melals anddruK«» i>* I'-^il liK^iler than the fore^oinK ; 1'^ o/.
peso Koliilc ciirrespondiitK to S u/. peso wrosso.
Tne oke, used In the Kouthern islands, weiuhs about lS,<)i)0
ffrains Troy, or ■^7/1" Ihs- avoirdupois. The Levant cautar^
or ipiintid, sboulil contain 11 okes.
The miKliajo (I.IHMI lbs.), for c urrantSj hi Zanle« is 1 percent,
liuhter tl'ian for other articles.
Hfrit.tiirt'ii of Lrufiifi —
The Venetian fool of 1'^ onu*1 = I.liJ Indies Kn^llsh*
Tjuisu = .'» W'nelian feet.
llrnccio, for cloths, &c. = 11 "MM'i inches English.
Do. for silks = y.'i 5/8
l.nml is me.i^uuil hv the miaurn or 1/S of a inoir(,'io, or b.icile j
Un) souare un^ai hein^ I misurai or Imcile, about .'S/IO of an
acre Kn^;li>li.
\''iiu'yarils are measured by tin- znpi»uUt ; .1 yajipade (a coin-
puiiHi day's work) beiiiK 1 inisura.
Kire-wtiotl is measuretl Ity tlu' square passo, usually, howi ver,
only 'i feet thick, this dcpendiiiK on the quality of the wootl.
Stone is measured by the p,i:io cubo.
Mffisunji t\l'Vat»tttt}i. —
Com. Corfu ami I'axo : iMo^glu of K misure, about ft \^'in•
Chester bushels.
Oeplmlonia : Itacile should contain 80 lbs. peso ^tosso, best
quality wheat.
Zante: Haclle sliouUl contain 7'<^lhH. i>cro xrosso, best qua-
lity wheat.
Santa Maura: Cado, of 8 crivelli, i = .Tme^. ; 1 cado^ 5 J
i>ushelH KuKlish.
Ithaca: .^ Hacile = 1 moggio.
Ceri^o : ('hih^, ttu.' measure of ronstmUinople, = 1 bushel
Kn^lish.
H'nie. —Corfu and I'axo : ,T2 quartncci = 1 Jar, and 1 .iais =
1 barrel = \H Knf;lish wine gallons.
Cephalonia and Ithaca: '^ quartucri = i ho<-cale; 1'i bor-
c.ili = I set'chio ; (J seccliiu = I barrel = IS Kn^li.sh
wine f^allons.
Zante: 13 1/3 quartucd = 1 lire; 1t> quartncci = 1 jar ;
n jars = I barrel =■ 17 '>/H Kn^lish witu? gallons.
Santa Maura: '2'^ quartticci =^ 1 stamno ; (> stanmi = 1
barrel = IS KnjzH.sh wine gallons.
Cerigo : V auosien = 1 boccia; 31) buccie = I barrel = 18
Knulish wineuallons.
Oil — Corfu and V'axo : 1 qunrturci = 1 niiltro ; fi miltrl =
1 iar ; l.jars = 1 barrel = IH Kn^lish wine gallons,
rep^uiloniii : Dpaglia/./l = I barrel = IH Kng. wine tjalls.
Zante : 9 lire, or .3 jars of -Hi iiu. each = I barrel =: 17 '>/8
English winegaltons.
Santa Alaura: 7 stamni = 1 barrel = 18 Kng. wine galls*
Ithaca: I.Tpagliazzi =1 — = IH
(Vrigo: yi bo/ze = I _ =11 K/.'i
Satt. — Centiuajo, almut 1,000 ibs. Venetian |H'so grosso.
Lime, — Corfu, measure of I Englisit culiic feet.
In compiling this article, we have consulfd, l)esidps the
works referred to ahove, tlie Voyage Histiu-ii.uct Pittiitriniiii;
iVc, by Saint Sauvcur, — a ditluse but valuable work. The
account of Zante, in the last volume (tomelii. pp. I0|_V78.),
is particularly giHKl. We have also looketl into the Vtn/dfit' fu
iiy\v of Scrofani, .3 tomes, I'aris, iSOl j the AtrhivvitiluCitnt'
mtrtf ; the Pttpvrs laid lH\f\*rf ihc Fimime ('oumiUdi; \c. Hut
hy far the most important part of the information wehavelnren
able to lay Iwforc iJie reader has been derivtil from manuscript
notes obliuingly comnninicated bv Lord King, late secretary to
the iSritish government hi these Islands.
IPECACUANHA (Fr. Tpecacvanha ; Ger. Amerikanische hreclnviirzcl ; It. Tpe^
coacanna ; Port. Cipo de camnras, Ipecacunnha ; Sp. Ipecacuann, Raiz de oro)^ the root
of a perennial plant {CephavHs ipecacuaufia) growing in Brazil and other parts of South
America. It is, from its colour, usually denominated white^ 5"'''//> or ash-coloured, and
brown. Little of the first variety Is found in the shops. The grey and hrown varieties
nrc brought to this country In bales from llio Janeiro. Hoth are in short, wrinkled,
variously bent and contorted pieces, which break with a resinous fracture. The grey is
about the thickness of a small quill, full of knots and deep circular fissures, that nearly
reach down to a white, woody, vascular cord that runs through the heart of each piece ;
the external part is compact, brittle, and looks smooth : tlie brown is smaller, more
wrinkled, of a blackish brown colour on the outside, and whitish within : the white is
woody, and h<Ts no wrinkles. The entire root is inodorous; but the powder has a faint,
disagreeable odour. The taste is bitter, sub-acrid, and extremely nauseous. In choosing
ipecacuanha, the larger roots, whicli are compact and break with a resinous fracture,
having a whitish grey, somewhat semi-transparent, appearance in tlie outside of the cor-
tical part, with a pale straw-coloured medullary fibre, are to be preferred. When pounded,
ipecacuanha forms the mildest and safest emetic in the whole materia mcdica. Though
probably employed in America from time immemorial, it was not introduced into Europe
till the time of Louis XIV., when one Grenier, a French merchant, brought 150 lbs.
of it from Spain, with which trials were made at the Hotel Dieu. Helvetius first made
known its use in dysentery, for which Louis XIV. munificently rewarded him by a
douceur of 1,000/. sterling. •—( Thomson's Dispensatory ; Thomson's Chemistry.)
IRON (Dan. Jern; Du. Fzer; Fr. Fer ; Ger. Eisen ; It. Ferro ; Lat. Ferrunu
Mars ; Pol. Zelazo ; Por. Ferro ; Rus. Scheleso ; Sp. Hierro ; Sw. Jern ; Gr. StSTjpoy ;
Sans. Loha; Arab. Hedeed ; Pers. Ahun)y the most abundant and most useful of all
th0 metals. It is of a bluish white colour ; and, when polished, has a great deal of
* I percent.
1 j.ir ;
r,IH
IRON.
73.5
\ urietics, from its colour
brilliancy. It luis a styptic taste, and emits a smell when rubbed. Its Imrdness exceeds
that of most otiier metids; and it may be rendered liarder thnn most liodics by beinff
converted into steel. Its speeilic gravity varies from 7"f> to 7"H. It is attraeti-d by llie
magnet or loadstone, and is itself t!ie sid)st:iiiee wliieli constitutes the loiidstoiie. Ibil
when iron is perfectly pure, it retiiins the niaj^netic virtue for a very short time. It is
malleable in every tetnperature, .'uid its malleability increases in prop(irti<in as tlie tem-
perature augments; but it cannot he hanunered out nearly as thin as gold or silver, or
even as cop))er. It.'-, ductility is, however, more perfect ; for it may be drawn out into
wire as fine at least as a human hair. Its tenacity is such, that an iron wire()"()7H of an
inch in diameter, is cipableof sup,;orting .^)'J<)'25 lbs. avoirdupois without breaking.
Historical Notice Iron, tliough the most coniinon, is the most ililTlcult of all tlir iiiotals to olilaiii in
a state lit lor use ; and tlu' discovery of Ilic nu'thoii of workiiix it seems (o have been posterior to llie use
of gold, silver, and eopper. We are wholly iniiorniit of the steps Iiy whieh men were led to practise the
jiroceHses re(|iiired to fuse it an<l render it niallealile. It is certain, however, that it was jirepared in
ancient K(;ypt, and some other countries, at a very remote epocli ; hut it was very little used in <ire<((!
till alter the Trojan war. — (See the udmirahle work of MAumnct on the Origin of Laws, Arts, ffc-,
vol. i. p. 140.)
Species (if Iron. — There are m.iny varieties of iron, which artists distinguish hy particular names ; hut
all of them may be reduced under one or other of the 3 fullowiiig clasaes : cast or piff iron, uhtnit^ht or soft
iron, and steel.
1. Cast or pig iron is the name given to this metal when tirst extracted from its ores. The ores from
which iron is usually obtained are composed of oxide of iron and cl.iy. The object of the mainifacturer
is to reduce the oxide to the metallic state, and to 8ei)arate all the clay with which it is combined. 'I'his
is cfl'ectcd by a pece.liar process; and the iron, being exposed to a strong heat in IXirnaces, and melted,
runs out into moulds prepared for its reception, and obtains the name of cast or jiig iron.
The cast iron thus obtauicd is distinguished by manufacturers into ditlerent varieties,
and other (jualities. Of these the following are the most renuirkable : -
a. White cast iron, which is extrenu'ly hard and l)rittle, and appears to lie composed of a congeries of
small crystals. It can neither be lilcd, bored, nor bent, and is very a|)t to break when suddenly heated or
cooled.
b. Orey or mottled cjist iron, so called from tlio inequality of its colour. Its texture is granulated. It
is much softer and less lirittle than the lust variety^ and may be cut, bored, and turned on the lathe.
Cannons are made of it.
c. Black cast iron is the most unequal in its texture, the most fusible, and least cohesive, of the
three.
2. Wrought or soft iron is prepared from cast Iron by a process termed a refinement or finery. The
wrought iron manufactured in Sweden is reckoned the finest in the world.
S. Steel consists of pieces of wrought iron hardened by a peculiar process. The Swedish iron imported
into this country is mostly used in the manufacture of steel. — (.See Sri'.m..) — ITIionison's Cliemislri/.)
Uses of Iron. — To enumerate the various uses of iron would require a lengthened dissertation. No one,
who reflects for a moment on the subject, can doubt that its discovery and employmiiit in the shape of
tools and engines has been of the utmost importance to man ; and has done more, i>erhaps, than any thing
else, to accelerate his advance in the career of improvement Mr. Ixicke has the following striking ob.
scrvations on this subject : — " Of what conse<iuence the discovery of one natural Imdy, and its proper-
ties, may be to human life, the whole great continent of America is a ccmvincing instniice; whose igno-
rance in useful <irts, and want of the greatest part of the conveniences of life, in a country that abounded
with all sorts of natural plenty, I think may be attributed to their ignorance of what was to be found
in a very ordinary, despicalile stone — I mean the mineral of iron. And whatever we think of our parts
or improvements in this part of the world, where knowledge and plenty seem to vie with each other;
yet, to any one that will seriously reflect upon it, i suppose it will appear past doubt, that, were the u.se
of iron lost among us, we slnndd in a few ages be unavoidably reduced to the wants and ignorance of the
ancient sav.igc Americans, whose natural endownients and provisions came no way short of those of the
most flourishing and |)olite nations : so that he who first made use of that one contemptible mineral, may
be truly styled the father of arts and author of plenty." — (A'.v.svi// on the Uniierstandiiifi, book iv. c. 12.)
Manufacture of Iron in Great liritain. — Iron mines have been wrought in this country from a very
early period. Those of the I'orest of Dean, in (iloucestershire, are known to have existed in the year
lOW). In consequence of the great consumption of timber which they oi'casioned,they were restrained l>y
act of ^arliitment in l.OKl. Soon alter this, Kdward Lord Dudley invented the process of smelting iron ore
with pit-coal instead of wood fuel ; and it is im|)03sible, perhaps, to point out an instance of another in-
vention that has proved more advantageous. The patent which his Lordship had obtained in IfilH, was
"xemptcd from the operation of the act of Ki'J.'J ii.'l Jac. 1. c. 5!.'3.), setting aside monopolies : but though in
its consequences it has proved of imnense value to the country, the works of the inventor were destroyed
by an ignorant rabble, and he was well nigh ruined by his effijrts to introduce and perfect his process ; nor
was it til! ..Dcut a century after, that it was brought into general use. In the early part of last century,
well-founded complaints were repeatedly made of the waste and destruction of woods caused liy the
smelting of iron ; and the dearth and scarcity of fuel that was thus occasioned, led, about 174(), to the
general adoption of Lord Dudley's process for using pit-coal, which was found to be in every respect
superior to that previously in use. — {Report of Committee of the House <\f Omimons on Patents, p. IfiS.
&e,) From this period, the progress of the manufacture has exceeded the most sanguine expectations.
In 1740, the quantity of pig iron manufactured in Knglan(l and Wales amounted to about 17,(MK) tons,
uroduced by .W furnaces.
Iiave been as follows : —
"g - . .
The quantities manufactured at the undermentioned epochs, in Great liritain,
17.W - 22,000 tons. I 180G
1788 . - 08,000 — produced by BSfUrnaccs. 1820
1796 - 125,000 — — 121 — I
250,000 tons, produced by 169 furnaces.
400,000 — unknown.
(See next page.)
The extraordinary increase that has taken place in the production of iron since 182.'J, is principally to bo
ascribed to the high prices of 1824, 182.'>, and* ;826, when pig iron met with a reaily sale at from !W. to I'.'A
and 1,'J/. a ton. But, in consequence partly of the failure or postiMinement of most of the projects as to
rail-roads, &c., that were then on foot, and partly of the vast additional supplies which the extension of
the manufacture threw on the market, the jwice fell in 1828 to from .5/. to 11. a ton : and continued gra-
dually to decline, till in 1832 it was (mly worth 4/. \tis. .So heavy a fall had the cHect of introducing the
severest economy into every department of the manufacture. In despite, liowevcr, of all the saving
that could be etfected in this way, many of the manufacturers were involved in much distress, and the
production of iron is believed to have been considcr.ibly diminished. This, coupknl with the increasing
(lemand for iron, naturally led to a reaction. Prices began to rise early in 18'i3 ; and the advance has
been such, that at preaent (Jaiuiary, 1834), pig iron t'ctches G/. a ton, and the inaiuiract!-rc is in a state of
great activity.
^^■^^■^^■I
'|"1
W :-
fji
i ! !
'::
::' ,.
I ,. . 'I
It ' '
1/^
'36
IRON.
.1'.
?
H
(If
■IT
The (bllonrliiH ttntcmcnts as to the number of IXirnaccs and the qiiitntlty of iron proUucoil In thcdtflbrmt
districts whLTL' the nianiiractiiri' is carrie<l on, ia 1S'.':J, IMii'i, ISiJM, and IHiH), apiioared originally in the
Birmiughavt Jouniul. — Wo liavo been assured ttiat thuir accuracy may be detHindwl upon.
NunilitT of Funiaccs.
Tons of Iron produced.
DistricU.
1S23.
1X2.-..
1828.
18.10.
Total.
Total.
In lllast.
811
0' .
27
Total.
In Ulust.
81(
l)ul.|Tot,il.
182.1. 1825. 1 1828.
18.10.
27 7, (ill
Simth Walts
72
IIMI
1(J(I
11 11.1
18V,125 MO, 412 li7'J,5l'^
SiaiHirilsliire
81
los
80
2;
vm
'.15
25 1V.1
1.1.1,.')!I0 18'^, 15(1 '^IM,|!U
212,(i01
S!»ro|iHhirL' - • •
,1S
411
SG
1.1
48
.11
17 48
7.1,118
8ll,5'J(i 81,221
73,418
2f(
.11
22
12
M
17
17j 27
27„111
.111, 101 ,12,!inH
27,'.I2(1
22
2.'.
17
8
25
18
8 27
2 1,51 Ml
3.1,510 37,700
37,500
IkTltNshiro
15
1!1
It
!i
18
M
4' 18
11,018
22,'i"2 '.^'^,3liO
17, 'J!)!)
.SDrili W'ali'^
»
I 14
n
U
M
12
:'H
12,000
17,75(i 'i5,7(i8
25,000
Fortslof l)can
\*arious .. • • •
20
]■;
■• ■
I"
[ i
1
1
2,.17'J
• • 2,0011
- • l,5(iO
5,.127
Irclaiiil . . •
Total
3
I 2
2
-
-
~7i~
• ■
3,000
277
••57 L
_ 2.VJ
103
J5fi7
_90_.1711_
4(l'J,5i;i 018,2,1fi 701,181
(178,117
About 3-l()ths of thn total quantity of iron produced are used aa cast iron, beiiiK consumed prin.
ripally in (ireat nritain and Ireland; the exports, not exceeding li;,(){X) ton.-), go cinetly to the United
States and liiitish N'orth America. 'I'he other 7-lOtlisare converted into wrouglit iron, being forinetl
into bars, bolts, rod.-;, &c. The exports of the didorent sorts of iron amount at present to about ll'V^'O
tons, which, at ,S/. lOi. a ton, would Ite worth 1 ,ii.J.',.-)Ol)/.
The increase of the iron manufacture lias not only led to its exportation in very large quantities, but
has reduced our imports of foreign iron for home consumption from about ;3t,0U() tons, which they
amounted to at an average of the .0 years ending with ISO."), to about 18,0(JO or !.'li,(M)C tons, consisting
principally of .Swedish iron, which is subseciuently marmfacturcd into steel. The following is
An Account of the British Iron (including unwrought Steel) exi>orted from Groat Hritain in the Year 1S;)2.—
*•* Quarters of a Hundred Weight and I'ounds arc omitted in the printing of this Table, but they are
taken into account in the summing up.
1
Iron
Wire.
AV
rouRht, viz.
Of all
OthtT
Snrt» (ex.
I'n.
wrought
jiorttil.
Har Iron.
Holt and
Pij? Iron.
Cast Iron.
Anchors
and
Hoops, j
Nails. '
cept Ord-
.Steel.
'iraimels.
1
nance.)
Tu.ij. cri'l.
Ti'iig. rti't.
TiJHJ. cwt.
Tuns.cii'l.
Toiit.cirl.'Tiii.cl.
Tons. Ctrl,
Tous. cwt.
Tiin.nif,
Uuwia
153 1
2
57
2 0| 13 11
- -
10
.
15 1
40 15
Swi'den
11 11
2
.
41 13 - -
4 10
6
.
69 10
Norway - ■ -
3'J 4
26 12
.
15 10
1
12 8
10
38 8
6 5
625 5
125 14
ssn 11
87 8 3 16
51 9
27S 7
1 2
195 2
15
I'russia •• • -
117 17
137 6
75
7 6..
-
120 10
11 15
12 3
3 8
4,252 S
816 U
477
198 17
150 12
55 12
912 11
77 2
1,803 11:
311 13
The Nitherlands - -
r,,Ml 111
338 17
1,1 K6 15
1116 3
86 12
197 12
1,397 9
13 11
2,10i 17
51 18
France
1,556 14
U'J 1!)
2,759
316 10
3 3
81 11
331 15
-
381 2
92 11
Fortui;aI, Azores, and
Madeira
1,518 12
1,1 m in
20 c
63 12
3 17
29 9
276 1
67 6
195 7
4 18
ami", and llie Canaries
tiiliraltar
31 I 15
(12 5
91 15
ISO 111
16 7
5 9
811 17
9 6
175 1
(i 1
5113 n
27 (1
-
33 8
4 10
77 19
411 5
19 2
96 11
1
It.tlv
U,U4 11
1, 651) 8
420 ir
91 18
3 5
1.15 15
824 16
lU 11
550 !1
7 11
IM.ilta
477 1(1
.
126 (
85 12
.
20 12
65
•
40 4
The Ionian Islands
113 C
.
-
19 8
. .
16 16
-
4 8
33 16
6
'I'urltey rtnd Continental
4,153 17
331 10
48 IC
145 13
13
94 13
110 5
85 1
666 Ifl
Morea and Ureelc islands
.51 k; 12
7
5
■ -
4
•
2 1
Asia . - -
IS,15'J 1(]
1,167 m
322
,5!H il
4 18
169 10
928 9
401 IS
2,082 1ft
452 I'j
62 17
Africa
2,4(»2 11
6 10
1,6'Jl 5
.'lOG 6
18 8
125 11
172 7
109 10
6 17
Uriiish colonies in North
Aiiierira
4,601 17
3.10 15
1,167 f
2,009 12
19 12
111 1
694 6
i,4oa 10
1,485 .•'
75 111
liritish \\'est Indies
414 17
5.5 4
55 (1
807 6
5 18
.17 12
'JS6 10
878 HI
1,3!I7 il
8
658 11
10 15
40 C
373 9
1 2
37 12
62 2
195 9
.131 17
7
United States of -Vnierica
14,871 1
403 9
8,ly5 «
5,837 8
320 5
134 15
485 19
212 12
5,S14 11
686 17
Hrazil
012 3
88 11
.
424 3
.
183 g
51 13
316 I'J
22s 1
5 6
Mexico, and theSt.ites of
South America
1,16D 5
10 13
-
248 16
9
1 19
426 13
116 14
170 11
4 17
Guernsey, .lersey, AI-
deniey, and Man
Total - -
t
503 17
85 10
6,938 1
2.53 4
.198 5
1 17
29 4
1,606 is
44 13
65 6
223 15
5 !)
74,021 5
17,566 1
12,495 1
666 7
9,417 14
4 ,,147 18
18,595
1,112
Prices (\f Hardivarr. — We noticed, under the article HARnwARE (which see), the extraordinary fall
which has taken place in the price of that description of goods since the peace. Since that article was
printed, we have obtained from Mr. William Weston, accountant, Birmingham, the following Table of
the prices of hardware articles, on which, we believe, every reliance may be placid.
Comparative Prices of Hardware in and near Bi rmingham , in 1818, 1824, 1832 ; and in January, 1831.
Articles.
1818.
1S24
1828.
1832.
1S3,. 1
Per
L.
*.
d.
L.
«.
</.
I..
».
rf.
/,.
It.
./.
ll.
Anvils
cwt.
1
r>
1
16
12
9
11
Awls, polished
. gross
2
fi
2
1
6
1
1
.1
jled screws, 6 inch .
18
15
6
4
9
6
Holts for doors, do.
. do7.en
«
A
2
3
1
fi
1
6
Hracesfor carjHmters, 12 bits
set
9
«
3
4
2
2
10
3
2
Hits, tiinu'd, tor bridles
• dozen
.5
a
3
3
2
3
2
3
Buttons for coats
gross
4
(i
4
(i
3
2
2
for waistcoats
• ^
2
2
I
'2
7
7
Currvcombs, 6 barred
. dozen
0.
2
9
2
6
1
.5
11
1
Candlesticks, brass, 6 inch
. pair
2
11
2
1
7
1
2
1
Commode Icnobs, brass, 2 inch
. dozen
4
u
3
6
fi
1
2
1
4
Frvinspans
cwt.
1
5
1
1
18
18
16
fi
Hinges, cast butts, 6 inch
- dozen
10
(1
7+
H
:1*
4
Shoe hammers
—
li
9
3
9
3
n'
9
2
,5
Latches for doors, briiiht thumbs -
_
2
3
2
2
1
9
8
Locks for doors, iron rims, 6 inch
1
18
1
12
15
13
fi
9
(1
for f{uns, single rollers
each
6
5
2
I
10
1
fi
1
8
Plated stirrups
pair
4
6
3
9
1
6
I
H
Sad irons and other c.istings
. cwt.
1
2
6
1
(1
14
11
10
II
Shcve! and tonus, tire-irons -
l)au'
1
(1
1
9
■'•^
n
7
Tinue<l table spoons
gross
17
15
,0
10
•6
9
fi
Trace chains - - .
cwt.
I
8
1
5
19
li
1.5
6
18
fi
Vices for blacksmitlis
• —
1
10
1
S
I
2
17
18
6
.lapanned tea iravs, .10 inch
c.'ch
4
6
6
2
I
C>
n
1
4
Iron wire. No. 6.
16
(1
II
13
II
!»
fi
(1
.'.
fi
Hrass wire
lb.
1
I'l
;1
1
4
1)
1
Ci
(>
c|
H
'^ I '^,1111 1
7.1,.|lN
,17,.'i(N)
17, UK!/
5,K7
I'n-
X.
wrou:;!U
1-
t.
SttTl.
'i'lt^.cnl.
1
•10 1.'.
s
fi .'.
u
I.-,
7,
.T S
11
.T,l 1.1
.'>1 IH
'2
U^ 11
7
4 IH
1
1
'1
7 11
4
C
8
f!
C'^ 17
« 17
.1
7.') Ill
!l
S u
7
7
1)
C80 17
1
3 (i
1
4 17
S
r, !)
1,1 lli u
is.-
.
«.
,1.
It
(1
1
.-
fi
(1
1
(i
,T
■i
Si
,"5
2
II
(1
7
1
II
1
(1
1
4
Ifl
fi
(1
4
2
.0
(1
8
i)
II
1
S
H
K)
n
7
f!
IH
(i
1«
fi
1
4
,',
fi
yi
IllON-WOOl). — IVORY.
7;i7
111 1767, tile iron o\|i(irtcil rnmi Urcat llritaiii aiiKuiiitcd tn mily ll,lK;(i toiii. Al an av rage of the i
jrciirn unUliiK with IWni, tliu t'X|ii)rts ainuuiiti'it tu l^'S.DOd tons ; lifiiig Ivm than n/i'/M /mil <>i ihoit amuiint
in IWi.
SuiiiKising till! tot.il miaiitity of piK iri'ii proiliici'd In Great liritain in IHi., to have amomitoil to li70,ll(H)
tons, anil to linvL'hoi'n worth at an avt'raKC 7/. a ton, its total value will Invo licon 4,ii!Hi,iKKi/. ; and Hit-
uilditioiial lalionr cxiiciulcil in roriiiioK the pig iron into liar iron, that is, into liars, l.olts, rods, &c., may
probably have added about l/ini.iKHi/. more to its value ; making it wortii in all about !>,',^i{l,iAXU.
lllON-M'OOl) (Gcr. Eiseii/wlz ,■ Dii. Vmrfioiit ; Fr. Unisilifr; It. Legno iJi ferro ;
Sp. Pali) hkrro ; \a\1, SuUvoxijIdii, I.iyniim firrvum), n species of wooil of n reddisli ciist,
so ciilk'd on account of its corrodin^r as tliat metal does, and its being rcniarkalily liani
and ponderous, — even more so than ebony. The tree which produces it growv prin-
cipally in the West India islands, and is likewise very common in South Amciica, and
ill some parts of Asia, esjiecially aliout Siain.
ISlNCiLASS ((ier. Ifuusciihluiir., Jliiiishlusc ; I'r. (Julie (h poissoii, <\.ilock ; It. Coin
di pexce 1 Uus. Klvi riiliiii, Kurhik), one of the purest and finest of thv animal glues. It
is a product, tlic preparation of\t'liich is almost peculiar to Hussi,,. It is made of the
air-bladders and sounds of difl'iMent kinds of iish whicii are found in the large rivers that
fall into the North Sea and the ("aspian. That prepared tVoin the sturgeon is generally
esteemed the best ; next to that the iieluf;a; lint isniglass is also prepared from sterlets,
shad, and barbel, though not so good. The best is usually mlled in little ringlets ; the
second sort is laid together like the leaves of a book ; and the common sort is drieil
without any care. When line, it is of a white colour, semi transparent, and dry. It
<lissolves readily in boiling water, and is used extensively in cookery. It is alto usei for
Miil'ening silk, making sticking jilasfer, &c. The imports, in 18:51 and 1832, amounted,
at an average, to \,W4\ cwt. a year. The price varies at |)rfesent (January, 18:54)
from 5.V. to 1 4s. Gd. jier lb. — (See Tliommii's ('liimh:>-!/ ; and Tookc's ykw of Russia,
•_'d ed. vol. iii. j), 34:1.)
ISLK OF ftlAN. See Man-, Isi.k of.
JUICE or LEMONS, LIMES, <m OllAXGES. The 0th section of the act
0" Geo. 4. e. 111. is as follows: — " I'or ascertaining the degrees of specific gravity or
strength, according to which the duty on the juice of lemons, limes, and oranges shall
lie paid, it is enacted, that the <legrees of such specific gravity or slrengtli shall be ascer-
tained by a glass citrometer, wiiich shall be gradiiateil in degrees in such manner, that
<iistilied water being assumed as unity at the temiierature of (;()° by Eahrenheit's ther-
iiiometer, every degree of the scale of such citiometer shall be denoted by ii variation
of fjjjj parts of the sjiecific gravity of such water."
JUNIPER BERRIES. See Bdiuufs.
I\'ORY, the name given to the teeth or tusks of the elephant, and of the walrus or
sea-horse- Each male elephant come to maturity has 2 tusks. These are hollow at the
root, tapering, and of various sizes, depending principally on the age of the animal.
Colour externally yellowish, brownisli, and sometimes dark, internally white. The best
are large, straight, and light-coloured, without flaws ; not very hollow in the stump, but
solid and thick. The most esteemed come from Africa, being of a closer texture, and
less liable to turn yellow, than those from the East Indies.
The trade in Ixindon thus divide thorn ; —
l'"irst sort, weigh ing7'l lbs. or upwards; second sort, weighing ofi lbs to W) lbs. ; third fort, weighing SS lbs.
to ;Vi lbs. ; fourth sort, weighing '.'8 lbs. to 37 lbs. ; fifth sort, weighing IS lbs. to '27 lbs.
All under 18 lbs. are calknl scrifi//ors, and arc of the least value. In jmrchasin^' elephants' tcefli, those
tbat are very crooked, hollow, and broken at the ends, orer.-ieked and decaywl in the inside, should be
rejected; and earc taken that lead or any other substance has not been poured into the tiollow. The
freight is rated at 16 cwt. to the ton. — {Mil/iuni's Uiieiit. Covi.)
Supply of Ifory. — The imports of elephants' teeth, in 18:31 and 18.32, were, at an
average, 4,1,30 cwt., of whicli 2,9.^0 cwt. were retiiincd for consumption. The medium
weight of a tusk may be taken at about «0 lbs. ; so that the yearly imports of 1831 and
1832 may be taken at 7,709 tusks; a fact whicli supposes the destruction of at lepst
.3,854 male elephants ! But, snpjiosing the tusks could only be obtained by killing the
animal, the destruction would really be a good deal greater, and would most probably,
indeed, amount to 4,500 or 5,000 elepiiants. Occasionally, however, tusks are acci-
dentally broken, one lost in this way being replaced by a new one ; and a good many
are, also, obtained from elephants that have died in the natural wsiy. Still it is sufficiently
obvious, that the supply from the sources now alluded to cannot be very large; and if to
the quantity of ivory required for Great Britain, we add that required for the other
countries of Europe, America, and Asia, the slaughter of elephants must, after every
reasonable deduction is made, appear immense ; and it may well excite surprise, that
the breed of this noble animal has not been more diminished. The western and eastern
coasts of Africa, the Cajie of Good Hope, Ceylon, India, and the countries to the east-
ward of the Straits of IVIalacca, are the great marts whence sujiplies of ivory are de-
rived. The imports from Western Africa into Great Biitain, in lfi31, amounted to
2,575 cwt. ; the Cape only furnished 1 98 cwt. The imjiorts during the same year from
India, Ccvlon and other Eastern countric«i, were 2,173 cwt. — (Pari. Paper. No, 550.
3 B
*n
1 1'
^ : 'I
.;» (
lit
•i'l ii
'?(
■,■&>.'
738
Ki:r.i'.
Si'ss. 18:1:1.) 'F'lii' C'liiiii'so inniki't is |)iiiui|ially supplied witli ivory from IVfiilncca, Siani,
iiikI Siiinntr.'i.
'I'lif clilcf coMsiiinplioii oi' iviii'v in I'lrif^latul is iti llii' inainifiiL'turi' of lianilli'.s lor
kiiivi's; l)iit it is also ^'xlciisivi'ly iisi'il in ilio inaiuiracliirf of musical ami matlu'iiialical
instnimi-iits, clicss-iiu'ii, i)illiai'(l-lialls, plates lor miiiialiiri's, toys, Sic. Ivory articles
an' said to lie maiinrai'liinii to a greater cxli'iit, and willi hi'lter siicri'ss, at Dieppe, than
in any otiii r plaee in I'jirope. lint the pri'paralicin of this heantil'id material is nmcli
hetter imderstood liy tlii' Chinese than liy any other people. No iMn'opean artist has
hitherto sneeeeck'd in enllin;^ eoneeiilrie halls after the manner of the Chinese: and their
hoxes, chess-men, imd other ivory articles, are all far superior to imy that are to lie met
with ;my where else.
Ilistiiili-iil \iitiic. — It is a curious fact, that the jieople of all .Asiatic countries in
which the elephimt is fonu<l, have idways had the art of tamin;.; the animal and a|iplyui';
it to useful purposes, liut th.it no sneli art has ever heen possi'ssed liy any native .M'rican
nation. Istliisowiim to any dill'ereuee lii'tween the Asiatic and African I'lephimts, or
to till' inferior saf^.icity of the .M'rican people? \Ve incline to think that the latti'r is
the true hypothesis. .Mexander the (ireat is lielii'ved to have been the lirst iMiropean
who employed ele)ihants in war. It appears pretty certain, that the elephants m:ule use
»if by the Cavtlianini.-ms were mostly, if luit wholly, bron^rbt from India; and fh;it they
were managed by Indian leaders. Some of the latter wire captured by the Unmans, in
the f^reat victory gained by IMetellus over ;\sdrubal. — (See, on this ciu'ious subject, two
very learned and valuable notes in the .liiciriit llnhirsiil llialiui/, Hvo ed. vol. xvii. p. .'i'i!).
and p. r>\'J. Jiiijf'iin's .Irlirlr on l/ir Klviihiiiil is ii splendid piece of composition.)
The (irice percwl., iliity (I/, per cwt.) iiicluilcd, iirclciiliuntii' tectli in the I.omloii iiiiirket, in Dccciiilier,
If-:; :, \\M —
li.t, 7!l '.(rKillis,
'Jil, ;'ili — 111) —
.■;<i, M — .V) —
W\,m — ;;? —
£ .1. </. .f ,v. (/.
- '2n I) to :il (I
. '-'.'i — '-':>
. 'Ji — 'Jli
- '.'U — iil
Ml, IS Id 27 llw.
.Scvivelldcs
iiea horse tcetli
i' f. (/. £ .1. il
. IS tti'JI (I
. 11 o_;rj (I
. 0—500
K.
vi
KI'"<Iil*. A substance conijiosed of dillerent materials, of which the fossil or miiier.-d
idkidi, or, as il is commonly termed, soda, is the chief. 'I'his ins^redii'iit renders it iisel'id
in the composition of soaji, in the inaimfaclure of .•dum, ;md in the form.'ilion of crown
.-md bottle itlass. It is formed of marine plants; wliieb, being cut from the rocks wild
;i hook, are collected and dried on the beach to ;i certain eMeiit ; lliey ;n-e afterwards
put into kilns prep;u'ed for the inupiise, the heat of whicli is sullicient to bring the
plants into a si;ite of semifusioii. 'i'liey are then strongly stirred with iron rakes ; and
when cool, condense into a dark blue or whitish mass, very h;ird and solid. I'l.-mls
alioul :1 ye:us old yield the largest (pi:iiilily of kelp. 'J'he best kelp lias ;m acrid caustic
taste, a sul|)liurous oilour, is com|)acl, and of a dark blue greenish colour. It yields
about Fi percent, of its weight of soda. — (lidiry's Oi/iiiti/'s /x/cuii/.i, p. ;577. ; T/ioiiinoii's
IJisptiixnionj. )
The mamir.iiliire of kelii is, or ratlier was, principally r.irried on in the Western Islaiiils, ,iml on llu<
western sliores of Scotlaml, where it was introdneed t'nim Irel.ind, alioiit llie iiiid<ll<' ol' last ceiitiiiv.
'i'owards the nd of the late vv;ir, the kelp shores of the island of North I'ist let for 7,0110/. a year. It has
lieeii caleulated that the (|uaiitity of kelp aiimially niaimfaftured in the Ilelirides only, exclusive of Ihc
mainland, and of the Orkney anil Shetland isles, aiuountcd, .it the period referred to, to ahont (i,(Hll) tons
a ye.ir ; and that the total <|nantify made in Siotlanil and its adjacent isles anumnted to about 'JO,0(io Ions.
At some periods durini,' the war, it sold for '.'0/. a toll ; but at an average of the 2o ye.irs ending with IS'.".',
tlie price was 10/ il.v. "iil. — (Art. Siolland, Ktlhihiu-fih F.ncj/cldiuviliii.)
Unlmkily, however, the foundations on whii'h this inaiuifaeture rested were altogether factitious. Its
existence liependcd on the maintenaiiee of the high duties on barilla and salt. In.isiiiuch, however, as
kelp could not he substituted, without undergoing a very expensive process, for barilla, in a great many
departments of industry in which the use of mineral alkali is indispensable, it became necessary inatcrially
to reduce the high duty laid on barilla during the war. The ruin of the kelp manufacture has been
ascribed to this reduction ; but though barilla had liecn altogether excluded from our markets, which
couM not have lieen done without great injury to many most important manufactures, the result would
have been perfectly the same, in so far as kelp is concerned, unless the high duty on salt had also been
maintained. It was the repeal of the latter that gave the kelp manufacture Ihc rimp <lc /jrnci: 'J'he
purification of kelp so as to render it fit for soaiMiiaking, is a much more troublesome and expensive
process than the dccompositii n of salt ; and the greatest quantity of alkali uswl, is now obtained by the
latter method. Had the duty on s.-ilt not been repealed, kelp might still have been manufactured, iiotwith.
standing the reduction of duty on IkiTilhi.
The manufacture is now almost extinct. Shores that formerly yieldod the jirojirietors a rent of 200/. to
500/, a year, are now worth nothing. The price of kelp since 1822 has not been, at an average, above 4/.
a ton ; and the article will, most probably, soon cease to be produced.
This result, though injurious to the proprietors of kelp snores, and productive of temporary distress to
the labourers employeil in the manufacture, is not to lie regretted. It could not h.ive been obviated, with-
out keeping up the price of some of the most important necessaries of life at a forceil and unnatural
elevation. The high price of kelp was occasioned by the exigencies of the late w.ir, whicli, hesidis
obstructing the supply of liarilla, forced government to lav high duties on it and on salt. The proprietors
had not the vestige oiT a gromiit tor euiisidcring that such a st.itc of things would be permanent ; they
II, Sinn I,
(Ill's for
'rii.'ilical
iirliclcs
|K', lli;iii
is iniich
rlist hiis
iiiil tlicii'
lif iiii't
Al'iic.in
liaiits, or
llir is
aii'(i|)i':in
iiadi- iiso
liat they
mans, in
Jl'l'l, two
p. .T ■_'!».
■)
f H. ,1
(I 'Jl II II
- ;;.". (I
- 5
ki:ntlI':u(jk. — k()NI(;siu:k(;.
r.'iiy
iliil riKlit ill iinililliiK liy i| while It l.inlcd ; hut thry coiiM not iX|KTt tli;it K.ivcniniciit «M to lultjcf ( the
icMiiitry, iliiniu |>i':iri', to » c ol llii- sfViTiit privatioiiit ot rasliiuctl l>y thf war, liiiTcly tilut llicy iiishl
(Ulitjiiiic to t'lijiiy an ari'iilciitai ailvaiilaKiv
K V, N'I'M; l)Ci K, (III- nimiL' sDnu'tiint's f^ivon to tliu iron pigs cast in a particuliir form
for liiilliistiiifr ^||i|)s, and i-niployi'il lor that |Mirponi'.
K I', It. Mils ((ii'r. Siliiirliiilihn nil , |)ii. (,'iiiii, Si'hiirliihfiitwiixvii , It. (iriiiui, Chfrnwi,
Cniiii'si; I'linlti ,• Sp. (,'riiiiii A'l /v/k v, (/iiiiki iIi In riisrjii), iin insi'Cl ( ('m'liin iliiin I,in. )
of tlif sanii- spc'iii's as tjii' triii- Alfxican I'lU'liint'al, IouikI upon llic ijiiirriis ilr.v, a spi^rifs
of oak growing in Spain, I'raiiio, the Livaiit, ^c. IIiIoil- the discoviry of Aini'riia,
ki'rnu's was tlu' most isti'i-nud drnfj for dyiinj^ siark'f, and had Ihimi usi'd for that ptir-
poso from a very riiiiolL- period. IJeekinann inclini's to think that it was iniploytd Ity
till" I'ho'iiii'ians, and that it exiillid cvin Iho faiiKius Tyriaii inirple. — (Hist, of /nniit.
vol. ii. p. i;)7. I'ln;». i>d.) I-Voin the name of cnrrnm or ntirtts, elolh dyed with kermes
was ealled riiiriiiiiiii, and persons wearin;^ this cloth were said liy the Konians to lie
rocihiiifl (Miirt. nil. i. epi(^. !)7. Iin. (i. ) It is singular, however, notwithstanding
ils extensive use in anliipiity, that the aiieieiils had the most incorrect notions with
res)iect to the nature of kermes ; many of them sujiposing that it was the grains (,/niiiii)
or fruit of the i/cv. This was I'liny's opinion ; others after him considered it in the
same light, or as an excrescence formed hy the pnncttire of n particular kind of (ly, like
the gall nut. It was not till the early part of last centiuy that it was finally and
satisfactorily estalilished that the kermes is really nothing hut iin insect, nssuming the
.appearance of a lierry in the process of drying. 'The term kermes is of Persian origin.
'I he .\rahians had lieen acipiaiiited wilh this jirodnclion from the earliest jierioils in
Africa; and having fouiul it in Sp.ain, lliiy cultivated it extensively lis an article of
commeree, as well as a dye drug for their own use. Hut since the introduction of
cochineal, it has liecome an oliject of coin]iaialively trifling imjiortance. It is still,
however, prepared in some jiarts of Spain. Cloths (I; d with kermes are of a deep red
colour; and though nnich inferior in brilliancy to ti' scarlet cloths dyed with real
IMexican cochineal, they retain the colour better, and aie less liable to stain. The old
tapestries of IJrussels, and other places in Miniders, wl'icli have scarcely lost any thing
of their original vivacity, though 'iOO years old, were all dyed with kermes. The history
of this )iro(lnction has been treated with great learning by lieikmann (///.s^ of Iiirint.
vol. i. jip. 171 — 191. 1st ed. trans.); and by Dr. ISancroft {I'crmaneiit Colours, vol. i.
pji. 3i).'i— 40!).)
KINO ( Fr. Gomme <lv Kino ; Ge. Kiiiohnrz ; It. C/iino), n gum, the produce of trees
that grow in the East and West Indies, Africa, liotany Hay, ^c. The kino now fouiul
in the shojis is said by Dr. A. 'I'. Tlionison to come from India, and to be the producu
of the tuiucli'it (/iimlili: The branches and twigs are bruised and boiled in water, 'i'lie
decoction is then evaporated until it acijuires the consistence of an extract, which is kino.
It is imported' in chests containing from I to 2 ewt. ; and on tlie inside of the lid of each
chest is a pajier, inscribed wilh the name of John lirown, the month and year of its im-
portation, and staling that it is the produce of Amlioyna. It is inodorous, very rough,
and slightly bitter whi'H first taken into the mouth : but it afterwards impresses a degree
of sweetness on the palate. It is in small, uniform, deep brown, shining, brittle frag-
ments, wUich appear like portions of a dried extract broken down ; lieing perfectly uni-
form in their ajipearaiice. It is easily pulverised, aflbrdmg a powder of a lighter brown
colour than the i'ragmeiits. Hut it may be doubted whether the inspiss.ited juice of the
niiiicha tjitmhir ought to be considered as kino. Dr. Ainsliu says that Hotany 15ay kino
is the only kind be had seen in an Indian ba/aar. The tree which yields it grows to a
great height : it flows from incisions made into the wood of the trunk. — ( Thomson's
Dispensdlonj ; Aiiislivs Miittiin IiitHtn, )
KNIVES (Ger. jVixwr; \)\\, Messcn ; Fr. Coutcinix ; It. CoUeUi ; Sp, Cncfiiltos •
llus. \os/ii) well known utensils made of iron and steel, and employed to cut with :
they are principally manufactured in London aiul Sheffield. Knives are made for a
variety of purposes, as their diflcrent denominations imply ; such as table knives, pen-
knives, oyster knives, iiruning knives, Ike. Although England at present excels eve y
part of the world in the manufacture of knives, as in most branclies of cutlery, tiie
finer kiiuls were imported until the reign of Elizabeth. It is stated by Mr. Maciiherson
(Annals of Com. Anno 15Gii), that knives were not made for use in England till 15o;j ;
but there can be no doubt that this is an error. They had been made, though probably
of a Mide and clumsy pattern, for centuries before, in the district called Ilallamshire, of
which Sheffield is the centre; and the cutlers of London were formed into a corporation
in 1417. — (Manufactures in Metal, vol. ii. c. i. in Lindner's Cydopcediu.)
KONIGSBERG,thecapitalof East Prussia, inlat.54' 42" 11' N., Ion. 20° 29' 15" E.
Population 68,000.
Port, ,^r.— Konigsherg is siliiatrd on tlio Prrgol, which flows into the Frischc HafT, or Fresh Bay, — a
large lake having from 10 to It IVet water. 'I'lio l)ar at tho mouth of the Prcgel has only from 5 to fi feet
wilier, 60 that none but Hat-holtomcd boats can nscciul to tlie city, "illau, in lat. 54° 33' 39" N., Ion.
3 IJ 2
'I I'!
I
I
f I ■ "I
i(i (
i> I I
i A
;l;
i¥J
K()NICJSBEKG.
i I
19° i32' 3d" E., on the nortli side of the entrance from the Raltic to the FrUche HafT, ia properly the port
of KoiiiKslierg, Within these few years, u hght-liouse lias been erccteil on a rising ground, a little to the
south of rillau, the lantern of which is elevated lOi f.et above the level of the sea. The light is fixed
and brilliant The entrance to the harbour is marked by buoys ; those on the larboard side being
surmounted by small Hags. A Gothic building, 120 foot above the level of the sea, has been erected to
serve tor a land-mark ; at a distancj it looks like a three masted ship under sail. There is usually from
l.'i to iC feet water between the buoys on entering the harbour; but particular winds occasion material
ditlercnccs in this respect.
Trade of Kiinifjshnri/, — Buinj^ situated on a navigable river of con.siticrable im-
portance, Konigslwr;; has a lar^e eominanil of internal navigation, and is the principal
emporium of a large extent of country. Wheat, rye, and other species of grain, are the
chief articles of export. The wheat is somewhat similar to that of Dantzic, hut of
inferior quality, oeing larger in the oerry, and thicker skiimed. The rye is thin, and
also the barley, with t\'w exceptions, and light. Peas are of a remarkal)ly large quality.
Oats are common feed, with a slight admixture of tares ; but as these last answer in
some degree the purpose of beans, the value of the oats is rather eidianced than other-
wise by the circumstance. IMore tiires are shipped here than from any other port in the
Baltic. The i)rices of all .sorts of grain are usually lower <it Konigsberg than at the
neighbouring Prussian ports. Ileuq), flax, linseed, yarn, and bristles, are largely ex-
ported ; witii smaller quantities of wool, a.shes, feathers, wax, hides and skins, iStc. The
bristles are the best in the Baltic. Timber, deals, and staves, are as good as at Memel,
but arc rather scarce. The imjiorts are coflfee, sugar, cotton stuff's and yarn, hardware,
dye woods, spices, tobacco, coals, rum, ^e. Salt is a government monopoly ; any person
being allowed to import it, but he must either .sell it to government at a price fixed by
them, or export it again.
Money, Weitjhts, and Measures, same as at Dantzic ; which sec.
Account of the Exports of the different Species of Grain from Koiiigsbcrg during each of the Fourteen
Years ending with isyl.
Wheat ■ ■
llyc
Knrley
Oats -
Pras - -
Beans
Tarc^ -
Linseed, h.'m]>,
antl vapi'SLXKl
.Malt
ISIS.
ISli). i 1S20.
IS'il. ISi'i.
ISM.
1S21.] ISM.
\H>r,.
Ltl.sts.
1,1S3
(i!)2
2(11
.'5,321
81.3
1S27.
Lusts.
3,7."il
7,22S
2,32 i
»,ISti
1,S28. 1 IS".y.
is.-.o.
Lusts.
7, .')».".
2.'i,l2d
I, (is;
8,3 Id
2,,1(i(l
{ i^i
,1,.121
.|S,SI3
IS31.
I^tsts.
s,r-!ii
i,nr,
.■5,S.'>I)
a.'J.i.T
.,S.,
I.UslS.
1,'.',12
7..1lill
■i,'X<i
1,.M.1
l,l)!ll
\M
4.T.)
•i.iy?
vs
Lusts,
2,S(il
«,7(;!l
818
.'i,r,(i.*i
1,.!UI
Lusts. Lusts,
l.V.II .V.ll
1,I'>0 IlKI
'ur, Wi
sill l^dl)
'i3i '20S
Lusts.
1'JS
1,(1.1(J
Ut
lie
'.^15
t.usts.' Lasts.
l.dii'ii sii;
3!I3 0.57
•JUS 1,.>31
!,.'iri(»i r/.K}
.112; 712
Lusts.
U„'>I3
I2,'J2()
i,.ii(;
1,.1(1S
!.l!)
} cor
.1,718
Lusls.
7,(I!IS
S.l.'.l
•i.'rri
3,(i(;d
122
3S(J
.1,S7.3
hi.\ls.
7,.'i(i.'>
l(i,!ldd
'.ISS
4,11! 12
l,.5di;
1.14
521 i
1 ,RS 1
48S
l.Sfil
■lit
78! • -
.1,1731 .120
3(1 - -
1,2.'.7
i;2«| 7iri
i,ni(;l2,'27i
- - 1"
'J2'.lj 31 S
2,72S 2,SS1
Total
■n.cTi is,Ms ' lu.iiwi
7,(11'.! 1,711 ,1,(191' .'i.fill! 7,.1(WI 12,31.5 !!,■•>,.'> I,',! jii.Vnl '-'li,l.V)
33,3!l.')
Exclusive of corn, the quantities of the principal articles exported from Kiinigsbcrg in ISoOandlSJl
were —
Artiiks.
.Ashes
Uristlos
Feathers
Fla\ anil flax roililla
1 1 emp and hi inp lotl i^la^
1S3().
82,170
1(17,U'.I7
I3,8(;()
7.'i,23d
(in,27(;
1831.
AnieL'i
18.1(1.
is.-l.
! Hides
I.insec
I..,. I. , Wax
and skin.s
ceii caiics
l.'i.lldl) ; Wool
',1,173 ' Yarn, I.ith. and Krml.
- Ills. I 6.1,707 j 17,'i23
- ttuiio I . - SI.K.Id
- U.S. ; SI,!).')'! 23,7(i()
- I . . IIS.I.OS
hundles 1 8,(1(10 I ^y.dui)
Arrivals in 1S.'31. — In 1831, there entered the port of Koiiigsberg (I'illau) 701 ships, of the burden of
43,928 tons. In 183'.', 43 British ships, of the burden of S.-WS tons, cleared out.
il
Pr/ces free on board of the principal Arliclcs
of Export from Koiiigsberg, 1st of June, 1S32.
I'lime Cost
Prime Cost
1
Articles.
in Prussian
Currene.v.
Free on board
in Sterling; .Money
•
Articles.
in I'ru.ssi.m
Currency.
Sil.fii:
Free on hoard
In Sterling .Monev.
Sit.L-r.
Per Uisl.
/-. J. rf. /,. ».
(1.
/,. «. •!. L.
.. ,/.
I'cr qwirii'r.
I'rist.iil5Mli.
Per tun.
Wheat, old, mixed .ind
IleinV, clean
">
39 5 (I
liiSh nd\ed . ■ l.')0 to .inn
2 3 S to 2 8
4
cut
Id! to 11
IS 18 to 37
in n
old, inferior kind - 400 — 430
1 18 10 — 2 1
3
Lancn
Ui - 10
32 11 0-31
(i
new, hest mixed and
Max, Druana, crown.
hi^h mlMd - - 450 _ 5 10
2 3 8—28
4
.No. 1. - . .
^()\ _ 11'.
3r. 2 - 311
(1 n
new inferior rud, mixtdi
Podolia, crown. No. 1.
uii _ Hi
,1(i 2 0—39
II (1
and liest red - - ISO _ 430
I Ifi in _ 2 I
3
Rve, old and new .210 —2(10
12 0-1.'-,
8
rfr,130«n.
Per cnl.
Hailev, Inrue - -llllO - '2(K)
small - - - 17(i - IS.'-,
III _ 111
(;
.Aslies, calcined crown
70
1 5 4
17 2 — (1 IS
(i
Oat, . . . lid _ 1,1(1
11 (1 _ (1 13
4
Per ll>.
Teas, white, new -21(1 _ 270
1 3 8 - 1 H
7
Ilristli's, best white
n-.Br.-72Kr.
12 13 _ 13
8 11
grey - - . 21d — 27d
1 3 8 _ 1 (i
7
crow n
12
8
He.ans - - 210 _ 2,1(1
1 1(1 _ 1 2
')
Tares - - - l.'iO _ 170
l.-i ,3 — 17
2
/'IT InituHe,
Per !uinittc.
1 l'rrt,un;l.
/'it t,unrl.
Yarn, I.ith. 12- '« lbs. •
^
n ."•, 8
Linseed, crusliing - 1.1^ _ 11
Ill (! — I 12
in
'2d- 10 Ills.
r,-H
(. 3
•owinn - .' li) _ 21
10 0-12
d
1()_(i(lllis.
(i
(i ij —
r, id;
The above price.s in sterling money, free on board, are calculated at ilie exchange of 205 s. gr., and at
the proportion of lOJ Inij). ijis. per last.
!.SS
lytttli
1.14
I, SSI
LAC. 741
L.
LAC, oil GUM LAC (Gor. Lack, Gummiluch ; Fr. I.iuque, Gomme lucque ; It.
Lacca, Gommalacca ; Sp. Goma luca ; llus. Ldka, Gitminiluli ; Arab. Lua/t ; Iliiul.
Lak'h ; Sans. Lukn/id), a substance, which has boun improperly called a gum, produce*!
in Uengal, Assam, IVgu, Siam, &c. on the leaves and branches of certain trees, by an
invect (^chtrmcs htcat). The trees selected by the insect on which to deposit its eggs
aie known by the names of the hihar tree (Crolon lace iff in in Lin.), the pepel {liutea
J'rondosn)-, bott, and coosim trees, i\:e. After being deposited, the egg is covered by the
insect with a quantity of this peculiar substance, or lac, evidently intended to serve, in
tlie economy of nature, as a nidus and jjrotection to the ovum and insect in its first stage,
and as food for the maggot in its more advanced stage. It is formed into cells, linished
with as much art as a honeycomb, but diilerently arranged. I^ac yields a fine red dye,
which, though not so bright as the true Mexican cochineal, is said to be more permanent;
and the resinous part is ex'ensively used in the manufacture of sealing wax and hats,
and as a varnish.
Lac, when in its natural state, encrusting leaves and twigs, is called stick lac ; it is collected twice a
year; and the only trouble in procuring it is in breaking down the leaves and branches, and carrying
them to market. When the twigs or sticks are large, or only partially covered, the lac is frequently
separated from them, as it always ought to be when shipped lor Europe, to lessen the expense of freight.
The best stick lac is of a deep red colour. When held against the light, it should look bright, and when
broken should appear in diamond-like points. If it be not gathered till the insects have left their cells,
it becomes pale, and i)ierced at the top; and is of little use as a dye, though probably better for a
varinsh.
Lac dye, lac lake, or cake lac, consists of the colouring matter extracted from the stick lac. Various
processes have been adopted for this purpose. It is formed into small square cakes or pieces, like those of
indigo. It should, when broken, look dark.coloured, shining, smooth, and comiuct ; when scraped or pow-
dered, it shoulil be of a bright red colour, approaching to that of carmine. That which is sandy, light-
coloured and spongy, and which, when scraped, is of a dull brickdust colour, should be rejected.
Notwithstanding the continued fall in the price ol cochineal, the use of lac dye has betn extending in
this country. The annual consumption may at present amount to about (il)(),UU(/lbs., having treblc<l since
1818. The finest qualities of lac dye are seldom met with for sale in Calcutta, being generally manufac-
tured under contract for the European inaiket.
When stick lac has been separated from the twigs to which it naturally adheres, and coarsely pounded,
the native silk and cotton dyers extract tlie colour as far as it conveniently can be done by water. The
yellowish, hard, resinous powder which remains, having somewhat of the appearance of mustard seed, is
called seed lac. When liquified by fire, it is formed into cakes, and denominated lump Inc. Tlic natives
use the latter in making bangles, or ornaments in the form of rings, for the arms of the lower class of fe-
males ; tlie best slicllac being used in manufacturing these ornaments for the superior classes.
Sliellac is produced from seed lac, by putting the latter into bags of cotton cloth, and holding it over a
charcoal fire, when the lac melts, and being strained through the bag, the resinous part, which is the most
liquefiable, is obtained in a considerable degree of purity ; it is formed into thin sheets or plates, 'thin,
transparent, or amber-coloured shellac is best ; avoid that which is thick, dark, or speckled ; it should al-
ways, when broken, be amber-coloured on the edge ; that which has a dark brown fracture, however thin,
should be rejected. When laid on a hot iron, shellac, if pure, will instantly catch fire, and burn wit!; a
stroiig but not disagreeable smell. It used to be principally employed in this country in the manufacture
of scaling wax, ami as a varnish ; but within these lew years it has begun to be very extensively used in
the manufacture of hats. Shellac has advanced rapidly in price during the last three or fuur'years ; u
circumstance which has had a considerable cfl'ect in accelerating the fall in the price of lac dye ; the quan-
tity of the latter being necessarily increased in consequence of the greater demand for the tormer.
In liengal, lac is chieHy produced in the forests of Sylet and liurdwan. 'i'lie finest dye is -said to be
obtained Irom the stick lac of Siani and IVgii ; but the shellac or resinous part obtained from the latter,
is inferior to that produced from Sylet stick lac. It may be obtained in almost any quantity.
Account of the Ouantitic.? of Lac Dye or Lac Lake, Shell.ic and Seed Lac, and Stick Lac, imported into
Cireat~iiritaiii, from the tountries eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, since 1814.
Years.
J.ac live or
I.ac f.akc
Slicllac an'l
Stt'd I.ac
Stick I.ac.
Years.
J.ac Dye or
I.ai- I.akc.
Shellac and
Sceil Lac.
Slick r.ac.
/,/«.
l.U.
/.(..,.
Lbs.
LU.
Lb,.
1814
278,829
1 10,1)70
44,4,;9
1824
,592,197
.571,084
427
isir,
5i)8,")!"i
57;">,(i2y
32,ti77
1825
5o5,5()5
7(8,(i87
13,521
ISlti
2(iil,(W0
587,1;>,'J
4,2(K)
I82(i
7(iO,729
44;3,589
90,;;!i()
1!I17
ys4,:m9
(i.'i.J/.'jO
2.">4,()(V)
l;-i27
729,242
499,813
8,8J5
i;.;s
2 12,. '387
8:;fi,!i77
5(i2,(i5l
1828
(189,205
(181,271
rsisi
178,(188
.'■).;i,.H9
40,478
1829
590,721
725,780
IS'.'O
4;3H.4;!!)
845,5(19
SI2,J4()
i8.;o
485,2(i9
iH9,(i,:(i
57,.';95
IS.'l
(il(l,Hi4
718,0(;'3
5!-,H>-0
18,-31
7.5;),252
I,l4ii,l28
119,H4
IS-.w
872,111,7
282,1121
18,429
lS,i2
459,379
1,070,2(11
319,373*
l^-';i
42.'>,2.-n
;;(;ii,.;2i
15,517
• In addition to the above,
hand from other countries.
an inconsiderable quantity of lac dye, &c. is sometimes imported at second
74.a
LACE.
Tlie finest Iac dye Is dUtinguiiiheil by the mark D. T' ; the
secuml» by J, Mc. 11. ; the third, hy c'. E., tVc. In Janimrvi
I S3 1, the pricL's ut' the ditlbrt-nt spucieb of lac in bond in the
liUndun market were aa tullows : —
:i ;
Ljc li'ke . • per lb.
il«e, D.T. —
— .». Mc. R. -
— C. E. -
— low and mid. —
Sectl lac • per cwt.
Stick lac . . —
MticUaC) liver —
L. I. <i. t. I. a.
U
4 to
U 1
1)
2
3 •
V.
(i
1
H -
1
1)
1
4 -
U 1
fl
.
1
1
i
-
4
fi 10
•
■i Ifl
«
.
(i lU
r.. >. (I. L. I. ,1.
Sliullao, liver, D. T., per cw!. (i o to ii u u
— oraiine — 7 <» . 7 10 »
— UloLk — 6 - (i 10
In ISii.l, I). T. lac dye was as hif^h as Hs, 3J. and Ht. litf. per
lb. The duties used to be .0 per cent, on lac dye, seed lac, and
stick lac; and 20 i>er cent, on stiellnc; but it was obviously
absurd to charge shellac, which, as already seen, is prepared
from the refuse of lac dye, with four limes the duty laid upon
the latter. This ridiculous distinction is now, however, put
an end tn ; the present duties beinf; Cit. a cwt. on lac dye and
shellaCf and 1*. a cwt. on stick lac. — {llincrnji on PtrmuitpiU
Colmrl, vol. ii. up. 1—60.; Aiiulie't Mat. SUd.; Milburn'i
Orient. Com.; ana private irifirrmation.)
LACE (Du. Kanten ; Fr. DenteUe ; Gcr. Spitzen ; It. Merletti, Pizzi ; Rus. Kru-
shewo ; Sp. Encajes), a plain or ornamented net-work, tastefully composed of many fine
thrcad.s of gold, silver, silk, flax, or cotton, interwoven, from Lacinia (Lat.), the guard
hem or fringe of a garment.
The origin of this delicate and beautiful fhbric is involved in considerable obscurity,
but there is no doubt it lays claim to high antiquity. In Mr. Hope's Costumes of the
Ancients, many beautiful lace patterns are portrayed on the borders of the dresses ot
Grecian females ; and from the derivation of the word " lace" it is probable it was
not unknown to the Romans. It is supposed that Mary de' Medici was the first who
brought lace into France, from Venice, where, and in the neighbouring states of Italy, it
is understood to have been long previously worn ; but we find that in England, so uiiily
as MS."}, " laces of thread, and laces of gold, and silk and gold," were enumerated among
the articles prohibited to be imported. — (1 Rich. 3. c. 10.) It is, therefore, fair to
presume that this manufacture Itad begun in England prior to that period, as this and
many subsequent acts were passed — (19 Hen. 7. c. 21. ; 5 Eliz. c. 7. ; l.'J & 14 Car. 2.
c. 13. ; 4 & 5 W. & M. c. 10., &c.) — for the encouragement and protection of our
home manufacture ; but it may ccjually be concluded, that as pins (which are indis-
pensable in the process of lace making) were not used in England till 1543, the manu-
facture of lace must have been vulgar in fabric, and circumscribed in its extent. Tradi-
tion says that the lace manufacture was introduced into this country by some refugees
from Flanders, who settled at or near Cranfield, now a scattered village on the west side
of liedfordshire, and adjoining Bucks ; but there is no certain evidence that we are in-
debted to the Flemings for the original introduction of this beautiful art, although from
them we have undoubtedly derived almost all the different manufactures relating to dress.
We have, however, imitated many of their lace fabrics, and greatly improved our manu-
facture at various periods, from the superior taste displayed in the production of this article
in the Low Countries. In 1626, Sir Henry Borlase founded and endowed the free school
at Great Marlow, for 21 boys, to read, write, and cast accounts; and for 24 girls, to
knit, spin, and make hniie lace — (Lewis's Topograph;/) ; .so that there is reason to sup-
jiosc that at this time, the manufacture had commenced in Buckinghamshire, which by
degrees e.vtended to the adjoining counties of Bedford and Nortliampton. In 1640, the
lace trade was a flourishing interest in Buckinghamshire — (Fuller's Worthies, and difll-rent
Itineraries) ; and so greatly had it advanced in England, that by a royal ordinance in
France, passed in 1660, a mark was established upon the thread lace imported from this
country/ and from Flanders, and upon the point lace from Genoa, Venice, and other
foreign countries, in order to secure payment of the customs duties. — ( Universal Dic-
tionary. )
Pillow Lace, — the original manufacture, —is worked upon a hard stuffed pillow, with
silk, flax, or cotton threads, according to a parchment pattern placed upon it, by means of
pins, bobbins, and spindles, which are placed and displaced, twisting, and interweaving
the threads, so as to imitate the pattern designed. This manufacture has been long jmr-
sued in almost every town and village in the midland counties, particularly in Buckiiig-
hanishirc, Bedfordshire, and Nortliaiiiptenshire, besides at Iloniton, in Devon, and vari-
ous other places in the west of England. The principal places where it is made in tlie
Netherlands are Antwerp, Brussels, Mechlin, Ljuva'iie, Ghent, Valenciennes, and Lisle.
It is also made at Chantillynear Paris (celebrated for veils), Charleville, Sedan, Le Compte
de Hourgoync, Liege, Dieppe, Havre de Grace, Harfleur, Pont I'Evestiuc, Gosors,
Fescamp, Caen, Arras, Bapaume, &c. in France; and at various places in Spain, Portugal,
and Italy. We can form no estimate of the number of jiersons employed on the Continent;
but in Brussels alone not less than 10,000 are said to be engaged in this manufacture. —
(Ency. Metrop.) In England and Ireland, besides the laws passed at difFerent times to
encourage and protect the manufacture, associations were formed in various jjlaces, with
the view of exciting a spirit of emulation and improvement, by holding out premiums
for the production of the best pieces of bone lace ; and although smuggling of foreign
lace was carried on to a great extent, (in 1772, 72,000 ells of French lace were .seized in
the port of Leigh, and lodged in the king's warehouse there, besides numerous other
wi/.uros,) the British manufacture advanced in au unparalleled degree. — {(ientlemiin's
Mag. 1751, vol. xxi. p. 520. ; vol. xlii. p. 431.) It is imagined that the fir.it lace ever
I
LACE.
743
in<-tdc in tliis country was of tlic sort called Brussels point, tlie net work made by hone
bobl)ins on the pillow, and the pattern and sprigs worked with tlie needle. Such aj)-
pears to have been ilic kind worn by the nobility and people of Jiigli rank, as is evident
l)y the (iittercnt portraits now in existence, painted by Vandyke, in the time of Charles I.,
and afterwards by Sir Peter Leiy and Sir Godfrey Kneller, in the succeeding reigns of
Charles II., Queen Anne, and George I. Alwut a century since, the grounds in «ise were
the old Mechlin, and what the trade termed the wire ground, which was very similar, if not
idcnticfil, with the modem Mechlin, the principal article in the present French manufac-
ture. The laces made in these grounds were singularly rich and durable ; the designs
of the old Mechlin resembled the figures commonly introduced in ornamental carving.
Uetwecn 70 and 80 years ago, a great deterioration was occasioned by the introduction
of the l\olly ground, which was exceedingly coarse and vulgar, the figures angular, and
altogether in the worst taste conceivable. An improvement, however, took place about
the year 1770, when the ground, which is probably the most ancient known, war re-
introduced ; this was no other than the one still in partial use, and denominated the old
French ground. About 1 777 or 1778, quite a neu' ground was attempted by the inhabitants
of Buckingham and its neighbourhood, which quickly superseded all the others ; this was
the point ground, which had (as is supposed) been imported from the Netherlands. From
the first appearance of this ground may be dated the origin of the modern pillow lace trade ;
but it was not until the beginning of the present century that the most striking improve-
ments were made ; for durirg the last quarter of the eighteenth century, the article,
though certainly much more light and elegant from the construction of the ground, was
miserably poor and spiritless in the design. Soon after the year 1800, a freer and bolder
style was adopted; and fiom that time to 1812, the improvement and consequent success
were astonishing and unprecedented. At Moniton, in Devon, the manufacture had ar-
rived at that perfection, was so tasteful in the design, and so delicate and beautiful in the
workmanship, as not to be excelled even by the best specimens of Brussels lace. Diu'ing
the late war, veils of this lace were sold in London at from 20 to 100 guineas ; they 'ue
now sold from 8 to 15 guineas. The eflects of the competition of machinery, however,
were about this time felt; and in 1815, the broad laces began to be sujierseded by the
new manufacture. The pillow lace trade has since been gradually dwindling into insig-
nificance, and has at length sunk into a state which, compared with its condition
20 years back, is truly deploral)le. It is difficult to form an estimate of the number
of jjcrsons employed in jjiliow lace making during its prosperity; but in a petition from
the makers in Buckingham and the neighbourhood, presented to her present Majesty in
1830, it was stated that 120,0tX) persons were dependent on this trade; but this mmiber
has since been materially diminished.
NottiiKjhati Lace. — A frame-work knitter of Nottingham, named Hammond, about the
year 1 768, was tiie first who made lace by machinery. Dissi])ated in hijbits, and destitute of
money, employment, or credit, the idea struck him, while looking at the broad lace on
his wife's cap, that he coidd fabricate a similar article by means of his stocking frame. —
(G'rareiwr Ihnsnn on Hosiery, Lace, ^r. ]). 295.) lie tried, and succeeded. 1'he first
niacliine ostensibly for lace (introduced at Nottingham about the same period, by A. Else
and Harvey of London) was calleci a ])in machine, for making single press jioiut vH in
imitation of the Brussels ground. This machine, although lost here, is still used in France
to a great extent in manufacturing the net called fiiUe. Tiiis was the age of experiments ;
and workmen at their leisure hours emjjloyed themselves in forming new meshes on the
hand, in the hope of perfecting a comjilete hexagon, \vhic<li had hitherto eluded all their
ell'orts to discover. In 1782, the warp frame was introduced, which is still in use for
making v)urp lace ; and in 1799, it was first attempted to make bobbin nut by machinery ;
but this was not found to answer. During the succeeding 10 years many alterations
were made in the construction of the machines, with no better success, until at length, in
1809, 3Ir. Ileathcoat o" Tiverton succeeded in discovering the correct principle of the
boiihin net frame, and obtained a patent for 14 years for his invention.* Steam power was
first introduced by Mr. John Lindley, in 18' 5-1 6 ; but did not come into active ojjeration
till 1820. It became general in 1822-2:5 ; i.nd a great stimulus was at this period given
to the trade, owing to tlie expiration of Mr. Ileathcoat's patent, the increased applicaticm
of ])«wcr, atid the perfection to which the ditilerent hand frames had by this time been
brought. A temporary prosperity shone on the trade; and numerous individuals —
clergymen, lawyers, doctors, and others — readily embarked capital in so tempting a spe-
* Since this article was printed in our first edition, Mr. Heatlirnat was pointed out to us as the original
inventor of the liobbiii net machine, and that, prior to his patent Ijcing olitained, bobl)iii net by machinery
w.is unknown, although numerous attempts had been made to produce it by its means. Mr. Brunei,
engineer, who was examined, as a witncs.s, in tlie action liuvillc v. Moon; tried before Sir Vicary Gibbs,
in March, IHIG, stated, in rcl'erpiice to this machine, that when Mr. Hcathcoat had separated one half of
the threads, and placed them on a beam a.s warp threads, and made the liobhin which carried the other
half of the threads act between those warp threads, so as to produce liuckinghamshire or pillow lace, the
larc mac/lint' wis invented. Uclyiiig upon the authvnticity of this statement, we feci it due to Mr. Heath*
coat to give this explanation.
15 B 4
df
W I I
un
n
74t
LACE.
I
i .
Mi
culiitiun. I'rices fell in proportion as procUictiun incrcusud; but the ilemand was ini-
inenso ; and the Nottingham lace Iraine became the organ of general supply, — rivalling
and supplanting, in plain nets, the most finished productions of France and the Netherlands.
Mr. William Felkin, of Nottingham, the author of a very able statement relative to
this manufacture, considers that the amount of ca])ital and the number of hands eni-
])loycd in the bobbin net trade may be thus estimated. — (Published /Xugnst, 183:3.)
ClpUat cm]ih}if(l in titiumitf* and thulilinf* thti Vnrn.
Fixed c ipital ill 3.') spinning and U\ L. L.
(luulilini; I'actnrivs — li\,imi ..pinniiiK,
■^Uii,7ou doubling siiimllos • -715,'iUU
Flu.itinif ciinitul m spinuLTs' nild doubler:*'
......1. r>n<l ..u^.o^^nru .^IIMilrtl'.^ . . 2UUt00l)
»io(k, and inH:i!ih.ir)r siindrlus
U 1 S,iiou
55,0)0
Dcdui't l-fiili Piiiplojeil for forcisn
bobbin nut tradL*
'J'oiat capit.ll ill Huinning and doubling
fur Kngliili bobbin nut trade
Cujiitfil ciniihiffti hi lh)bbin Sd making.
Fi»cd capital in 'i[> factories, principally for
power machines ... S5,000
1 ,1 iiu power inachinea, averag*
ing ll-ltlis wide ■ - I70,UUU
3,yoo hand machines, averag-
ing U-Uhs wide • - )iC7,U0U
Floatine capital in stock on hand :
I'owcr owners - l.'iO,000
Hand owners • VjU,uuo
. 400,000
rnpital in embroidering, prciiaring, and
ktuck - - - -
"fiO,l)00
'J25>,000
VSll.OOO
Total capital employed in the trade
L. 1,'J.T2,OUO
Ntntibcr of llnnils ciM/'/iti/i't/.
Insiiliming: adults, -I, Sun; children, .'iiAuo
In doubling: adults, 1,3JU; cliiidren, 'i,tiutt
Deduct I -6th, omplojeil for foreign demand
In |>ower net making: adults, 1,500; youths,
1,U0U; children, 6j0 ; women and girls, niending,
'^,000 . - . .
In hand machine working ; small machine owners,
1,000; .joumeympii and apprt'iiticcii, -1,000; wind-
crs, 4,000^ menders, 1,000
Mcniling, iiearling, drawing, linishing, fee.
In cnihroldering : at present very uncertain; pro-
bably about - . . .
I, .1011
3,3oii
V,.1 10
1I,3ju
5,0011
Total of hands employed
13,001)
30,00U
100,000
*15'j,3uu
* W'e expres.scd our conviction, in the former edition of thi»
work, that Mr. Felkin haii exaggerated the number of person*
employed ; and we ob>etvc, thai in this estimate the number
Is inalerially diminished ; but it must be remarked, that during
the last 'i years an extraordinary depression has taken place in
the embroidery branch, and many have abandoned the trade.
In 18;U {vide former edition of this work), the annual produce was estimated
at 2;j,40O,00O square yards, worth 1,891,875/. It is now estimated at 30,771,000 square
yards, worth 1,850,650/. It would therefore appear that 7,000,000 square yards more
per annum are now produced for about the same amount of wages and profits. Tiiis
increase in quantity is understood to liave arisen from the new and improved machinery
which in the mean time has been introduced. At this moment, there arc, perhaps, 20
new applications of known princijjles, all tending to promote variety and increased pro-
duction ; but it is doubtful if any new principle has been brought into operation. A con-
siderable increase has also taken place in bobbin net machinery on the Continent,
particularly at Calais, where, in 1823, there were not 35 machines, and, perhaps, not 100
on the Continent altogether. Mr. Felkin states the number of frames now employed
tlicre, as under : —
I'alaiu
Wo.
Do.
. no
. 43
lloulogne
- 30
St.Omcrs
Douay
- .1!)
- 145
l.isla - -
- liiO
<ihent
St. Uucmin
. 35
110
- yo
8 4ths 1 1 point hAnil circular <|Uill-
ings. loo of llle^e built this year
and last.
7-4tlis 1 1 point hand levers,
various widths ; old niachlnes,
fiusher, traverse, &c.
hand circular; cllielly S-lths f|uill-
ings.
hand machines ; plain nets,
part power, part hand machines ;
plain net.
chielly S-4ths, IO-4ths, and l^-'lths,
power : plain net.
pow'T, 12-lths.
chiefly hand ; plain nets,
b-lihs, lo-lths,aiid 12-4lhs, power j
pl.iin nets chiefly.
Caen
I'aris
l.vons
V ill.igei in the"^
north of France J
Switzerland
Saxony
Austria
llitssia and Prussia
35
111
50
340
50
70
CO
w
hand; quillings chiefly.
h.ind machines chiefly.
do. do.
do.
do.
nearly all hand iiiachinefl.
do. do.
power and hand do.
probably ; and both hand and power.
Total 1,850 niachlnes.
A'. II. — 'J'lie last mentioned countries, if we may Judge
from their etlbrts to obtain model machines, are preparing to
inanufacuire very extensively.
The produce of these machines is estimated at 9,824,000 square yards of net, of the
value in English money it' 570,250/. In France alone, it was stated in an address
presented to the Chamber of Deputies in March. 1833, that bobbin net to the value of
1 ,000,(XX)/. sterling was annually used in that country, formed of equal moieties of French
and English manufacture. Hut in other parts of Europe, wliere the manufacture was pre-
viously unknown, it is now also beginning to be established. Besides Austria, Russia,
and Prussia, it is stated that orders have been sent to this country for bobbin net fiames
from Barcelona and Astorga in Spain, and even from some places in Persia. The attention
of government has been called to the circumstance, and measures taken to prevent the
illi?gal exportation of machinery. At a public meeting, held in Nottingham in August
last, a committee was formed for the same purpose.
The population of Nottingham and the surrounding villages in 1811, when the bobbin
net manufacture commenced, was 47,000 ; the present number is 79,000. As the hosiery
and the point net trade arc understood to have declined in the mean time, and no other
branch materially advanced or sprung up, this large increase may fairly be attributed to
the bobbin net manufacture.
Bycomparing the value of 1,270,000 lbs. of Sea Island cotton, worth 148,000/., and about
10,000/. worth of thrown silk, which appears to be annually used in this manufacture, with
the maimfactuied value of the same, worked into 30,771,000 square yards or bobbin net,
the estimated value of which is l,R50jf),')0/., the great national utility of this trade becomes
1,3(1(1
l."i,('Ml>
11,3jo
5,0U<>
13,00(1
3U,Wlt
loo.uuo
*16'J,3UU
LACK.
745
at once evitlont. A clear surplus of more than a pound sterling is realised upon every
))oiind avoirdupois of the raw material, wliich is distributed over the trade in rent, profit,
and wages, and this is altogether independent of the profits arising from embroidering, iu
itself a most extensive and important branch. About lialf, or jjerhaps three fourths, of
this production is supposed to be exported in a i)lain state, chiefly to Ilambiu-gh, the
I^eipsicand Frankfort fairs, Antwerp and the rest of Belgium, to France (contraband),
Italy, Sicily, and North and South America. Of the remainder, tiiree fourths are sold
unembroidered, and the remaining fourth embroidered, in this country.
The English manufacture from mjn-hinery is now confined to jinirit net, warp mi, and
bithhin net, so called froui the peculiar construction of the miwiiines by which they are
])roduced. There were various other descrijitions made ; viz. two-jtluin net, nqvarc or
tuck knutU'd iwt, the Jisft mrnh net, and the phitlcfl or Vrlinys net ; but they are now dis-
continued. — f Gnircnor Jlviison.) Nottingham is the (/(•/;(<< of the lace tratle ; and the
supplies, collected from all the surrounding villages, and even from the more distant
counties where it is manufactured, are thence distributed to the four quarters of the
world.
Present Condition of the Lace Trade, IFaf/es, Sj-c. — We arc grieved to fay that the
manufacture, not only of pillow but also of Nottingham l.-ice, is at this moment in a state
of great depression. The growth of tlie latter lias been the means of destroying the
former ; but as the new manufacture is by far the most valuable, the change, though
severely felt by many thousands of poor persons iu Bucks, Bedford, and other counties, is,
in a national point of view, decidedly advantageous, 'i'he depression in the Nottingham
lace trade seems to be the; result of its previous prosperity ; which, besides contributing
to the extraordinary increase in the powers of production, attracted too much capital
and too many hands to the trade. So long as the demand kept pace with the supply,
workmen were kc])! in full employment, wages and profits were good, and the stocks
on hand small. But of late years the supply has been a question of qnaniity rather
than of quaUlij, and prices have consequently suffered a great depression. I>ace, having
become a common ornament, easily accessible to .ill classes, has lost its attractions in
the fashionable circles, by which it was formerly patronisctl, so that very rich lace is no
longer in demand. And many articles of dress, which, in our drawing-rooms and
ball-rooms, lately consisted of the most costly and tasteful patterns in lace, are now
cither superseded, or made of a difTerent manufacture.
The wages of the power loom workmen have fallen, within the last 4 years, fiom
1/. 4s, to 18s. per week — (Felkin, p. 2.); and, in 18;50 and 18,'51, machines had in-
creased one eighth in nuinber, and one sixth in capacity of production. But wider or
speedier machines than heretofore have since come into more general use, worked by 3
men in 6 hour shifts, or 18 hours per day, and calculated to produce about a foinih
viore net for the same wages ; the effect of which is to supersede the single-handed machines,
(nowmuch depreciated in value), and reduce manyof the small owners to journeymen. The
tendency of the increase in power machinery is still further to depreciate the wages of the
hand machine workmen (already below the standard of the power loom weaver) ; ami the
incn?ased and iiccuinulating production, beyond a proportionate demand, renders it hope-
less to expect any immediate amelioration in their condition. A favourable reaction is now
taking place in the embroidering branch ; but many of the embroiderers in Nottingham
were recently unemployed, and had to leave the trade ; and even for the most splendid
an<l beautiful specimens of embroidery (some of which have occupied 6 weeks, working
fi days a week and 14 hours a day,) the young women did not earn more than Is.
a day. The de])ressed condition of the embroiderers is believed to be owing in no in-
considerable degree to the competition of the Belgians, who have acquired a superiority
in this department which it is not easy to account for. The condition of the pi I loic lace
workers is still more deplorable. ]\Iany have now abandoned that pursuit for straw
plaiting, which offers a more certain, though not a much more profitable emi)loyment ;
l)ut those who still linger on in the fabrication of thread lace, working from 12 to
1 4 hours a day, cannot obtain more, on the avereige, than two shillings and sixpence a week
for their anxious and imremitting labour. Ten years ago they could, with greater
ease, earn 10s. a week, working only 8 hours a day.
The health of the power machine workman is, on the whole, understood to be good ;
-he factories arc neither hot nor confined ; and the hands have only to superintend, not
' 'ork the machines. Hand machine labour is much heavier; but as it is the custom to
work by " shifts," the men arc seldom more than 6 hours a day at tlic frame. It is,
however, believed, that the gradual depression of wages, recjuiring increased exertion,
will tend to deteriorate the general health of this class, particularly of those employed
in wide machines. The embroidery frame is, perhaps, the most destructive. The
•workers, in general, connnonce at a tender age ; and, from constantly leaning over tho
frame, while their bodies remain in a state of inactivity, they are frc(|uently distorted
in their persons, and become the victims of |>uhnonary disease. Notwithstanding the
I ■
■; 1
' : W li
i !!;
Mmmi
!•'•
1^
I W If '
m
7t6
LACK— LA GUAYRA.
I'ill
I
^f
The French nets made by machinery, are —
I. SifinU PreMj'iHnt, calletl, when not omainenti'd, tntlf,
and when ornamented, tlriittUe; made uf silk ; iii an inlerinr
net, but is attractive from the Iwautitul manner in which it is
titittened.
*2. Tricn Uerlin ', so calliHt from lieinu invented at Herlin,
and tllf stitch lieinn retnovetl 3 needlen from its piai'e 4»f I(m»;i-
In); i is fanciful mid ornamented in apiiearanie, but not in
demand in Kn^land.
3. Flfiir lie 7'fi//t>, made from the warp lace mactnne j mesh
of 'i duiicriptiunu, which ^ive» a sltaiied ajipcarunce to tim
net.
4. Tulle Anf^loit is double pressed point lace.
0. iUilttrin n^/, ] principally made by KiiKlitili emigrants, wIk/
6. Warji tut, } have settled in France.
*»* We are indebted for this learned and very e.\ccllent
(trtiule to Mr. Itobcrt Slater, of Fore tjtreet, London.
sedentary habits of the pillow locc workers, their general liealth is understood to be
better than that of tlie lace embroiderers ; but, in both these employments, the hours of
labour arc too long for children. They are, however, purely domestic employinent.s,
under the superintendence of parents ; but as the existence of the latter depends on tiic
(|(iantity of labour they can bring into operation, their necessities place filial consider-
ations beyond the reach of legislative, or even social, interference.
The most celebrated foreign laces are —
I . ItruaH'U, the most vahiablc. I'here are i kinds ; Brut-
»<ls tiitmmlf liavinK a hexafjon mesh, formetl by platting and
twMitii; 'I (hrcaiis of flax lo a iieq,endlcular line of mesh ;
linuifU n'hr L'rtmiut, made of silk — meshes jiartly straight
and partly arched, i'lie pjtiern is worked separately, and set
on liy the necille.
U. ilrchtiii : a iieiiiBon mesh formed of 3 llax threads twi.sted
iind platted to a {icrpendicular line or pillar. The pattern is
workcil in the net.
3. Vulcncicnnfs ; an irrei;ular hexagonal fornu'dof '2 threads,
parllv twistad and plaltedat the top iiftlie mesh. The pattern
is workwl in the net similar to .Mechlin la< e.
4. Lislv ; a diamond mesh, formed of 'i threads platted to a
pillar.
.'i. Alenctm (called blond) j hexagon of '2 threads, twisted
similar to Huckini'hani lace ; consulered the most inferior of
any made on the custdon.
0. Atenain Puiitt ; formed of 'i threads to a pillar, with octa-
gon and s4|uare meshes alternately.
LACK, a word used in the East Indies to denote the sum of 100,000 rupees,
which, supposing them standards, or sicca;?, at 2s. 6d., amounts to 12,500/. sterling.
LADING, BILL OF. See Bill of Lading.
LAGAN, See Flotsam.
LA GUAYRA, the principal sea-port of the republic of Venezuela, in the province of
Caraccas, on the Caribbean Sea, in hit. 10° r>6' 19" N., Ion. 67° C 45" W. Population
G,000. In 1810, the population is believed to have amounted to 1;5,()00 ; the reduction,
being a consequence of the loss of life caused by the tremendous oarfliquake of IHl'J,
and the massacres and proscriptions incident to the revolutionary war. Tlie popula-
tion of the city of Caraccas, of which La Guayra may be considered as the port, fell oil",
from the .same causes, from 43,000 in 1810, to 23,000 in 1830; but they are now both
increasing.
Port. — There is neither quay nor mole at La Ouayra. Ships moor E.N.E. and \V..S.W., witli their head
to the north, at from ^ to J of a mile from the land, in from !) to 18 fathoms. The holding ground is g()(Hl ;
and notwithstanding the openness of the road, vessels properly found in anchors and cables run very little
risk of l)eing driven from their moorings.
Trade. — 'I'he principal articles of export are coffee, cacao, indigo, hides, sarsaparilla, &c. The quantities
and values of these articles exported in 1821), 1830, and 1831, arc exhibited in the following Table : —
Years.
CoflTec.
Cacao.
Indigo.
Hides.
Sarsaparilla. | Sugar. |
Weight.
Value
in
Sterl.
Jloney.
Weight.
Value
in
Sterl.
i\Iont7.
Weight.
Value
in
Sicrl.
Money.
Number.
Value
in
Sterl.
i\Ioncy.
M'eight.
Value
in
Sterl.
Money.
Weight.
Value
in
Sierl.
Money.
IS.IO
1S31
IM.
l,(iS2,'2'21
l,S7(l,fill'J
ll,'2liS,fil(i
L.
,'i3,7.''>3
.'.l.SDl
(lll,S.-l)
•2,1'21,1.')3
1.7'J1,S1I
4,'),(W9
57,1113
42,741
UiH.
.-)»3,'.I74
217,lt.V2
1!»'2,(1.3,'-.
si,n(i9
3S,'237
ni.ioii
8,!»33
(i,!l!ll)
l'2,.')ns
I..
<2,'2'.l.'.
'2,3,->l)
4,l«l
4, '2(11
.T2,17'2
14,S2()
I..
■JO
7S'2
3(i.'>
Llis.
3, '2 11
73,110
'2.T2,(i7'2
r>n
WIfi
■2,'2S!I
The principal articles of import arc cotton, linen, and woollen goods, principally from England; with
provisions, hats, machinery and utensils, hardware, wine, &c. The entire value of the imports, in 1831,
was suppo.se<l to amount to l(i2,503/. ; of which ()'i,4'2.)/. was furnishetl by England ; 2(),08!2/. by Germany ;
3^,7.')!)/. by the United States ; 'ii),344/. at .second hand by St. Thomas ; and the residue by France, Spain, \c.
The duties arc moderate. Cottons and linens pay i' per cent, ari valorem. Smuggling has been very
l)re\ alent; but etlbrts have recently been made, by establishing a sort of coast-guard, to eH'ect its suppres.
Arrivals in 1831.
Countries.
Vessels.
Tons.
Coimtries.
Vessels. | Tons. |
l-]iigland - • -
Trance - - •
(terniany
Holland
llenm.irk
9
3
4
13
17
1,111
-130
744
(My
1,32'2
Unitctl States
Colombia - - -
Total
29
le
91
3,«4
US'2
8,79'2
Port Charges payable by a Sbip of 300 Tons, discbarging and loading at the Port of La Guayra.
Tonnairoiluty
Kntraiice tue
.^n(•llnra^.'e - - •
('.i)it:iin of port's fee
Inttrpretet's tie and tran.s-
r*;rmittoiU>c)jart;t'iiml stamp
Ik-altli officrS fe •
IMunicipal chnriie for wnter
National.
Dottiirs.
Ci'UtH.'
37
so
4
II
1'2
3
1)
2
n
I
1'2^
4
40
Foreign (not
]irivilei;ed).
d'lhtrs, i-cttts.
lAll
fi
l(i
r, I)
4
1 Vih
4 O
4(1 II
Municipal bill of health
Permit to load, and stamp .
Certificate of sea-worthiness
from c.iptain of port, prior
to loading, and st.-unp
National.
DvUdrs. cents.
2
1 12i
108 ir.
Foreign (not
privilege<l).
Dultttrs. cents
2 I)
I Vii
232 2.')
N.H. — .\ ship introducing a cargo, and sailing in
the exception of the Inst (wo.
The chargi> lor w;itcr is li'vied willmut regard to
brigs :>(), and sliii>s 10.
Value in sterling money . J /,. 17 15 10 L.^H_H 2
ballast, would be liable to all tlic above charges, with
tonnayo ; viz. sloops and schooners, 20 dollars each,
LAMB.SKINS. — LAMP-BLACK.
7i:
to be
lours of
yments
on tlie
nsidcr-
C.1<:cIloilt
riipucs,
L.
r,r,
•icr,
Port Regulations. — On casting anchor, a visit \s paid by th c collector of customa, or h is .igent, accom.
panicd by otht-r oftlcers;, who take from the maiitcr hia register, manifest, and muster-roll, and an ottlcer
18 Icll on board until thccnrgo is discharged. The master must swear to his manifest within !i!4 hours
after his arrival, when tlie permit to discharge is granted, and within 3 days nil invoice* must be pre-
scnte<l. The discharge completed, the same officers repair on board to examine tlie vessel, and all being
found in order, the onicer is withdrawn. The clearing of a vessel outwards (that has entered with cargo)
in ballast is then comptCtcd by paying the port charges i proof whereof lieing produceil, the iicrniissioii
to sail is signed by the governor and harbour master. If the vessel take cargo on board, then the same
formality, as to visiting, is pursued, as on the entry of a vessel.
Credit, — Goods imported arc almost invariably sold upon credit ; those exported are, on the other hand
always sold for ready money. The terms uf credit vary from 2 to 6 months, or more, bankruptcy is
very rare.
Commission, Brokerage, SfC. — Any one who pleases may undertake the f\inctions of broker, factor, or
merchant in Venezuela. The only obligation is the paying the patent or licence, that must be Uiken
out by every one exercising such trades. This varies, according to the business, from about 1/. los. M., to
GGi, \os. 4rf. n year, and falls on natives as well as foreigners. The rates of commission are as follows : —
On .iaies of Booils imported - -
liuarantetMiig the same wttliout ref;ard to time
On sules of {iroduce • -
On > hipping produce, as rctumK for Roods im-
ported, or uuon orders here cash is provided
for tlie purcli.ise
litit upon orders where '.he amount has to be
drawn foriO' when pro . ision i^i made in bills of
evflinnKe - - - -
Coliectin^ monies, and rimltting the same
S percent.
But when monies are collecled, and remittance
Is ordered in lulls of ezchanKe, iiicludin){
guarantee of the same - - - ''4 )*er cent.
Negotiating aTul iiulorsing bills • ■ v^ —
On money remitted as return for goods sold • 1 —
On bills riMnitte<l as return lor goods sold, includ-
ing guarantee thereof, as may be .'igreed - 1 to 2^ —
Advancing money upon letters of credit, and
drawing for the same - - 2^ _
Collecting or procuring freight for vessels - .'> —
Insurance. — There are no establishments for conducting the business of insurance in Venezuela.
Muncf/, Weights, ind Measures. — 'l"he currency of the country consists of silver money, known by the
name of macw/ueria, divided into dollars of 8 reals, } do. of 4 reals, besides reals, ^ reals, and quartillas
or i reals. This money is of very unequal weight and purity, the coins issued since the commence,
nieiit of the revolutionary war having been often a good deal defaced. The real should be worth Od.
sterling.
Weights and measures same as those of Spain, but it is intended to introduce the British Imperial
gallon.
Tares Ileal tare is taken both at the Custom-house and by the merchant.
Cummcrciul I'ro.speets.— The commerce and industry of Venezuela suffered severely from the revolution.
ary struggle of which she has been the theatre. Hut the country is now comparatively tranquil, and there
.seem to De good reasons for thiniiing that she is about to enter on a career of prosperity. As the riches
of Venezuela (wisist entirely of the products of her agriculture, tlie legislature has wisely exerted itself to
pivc it all tlie encouragement pos.sible. In this view tithes have been abolished, and their collection was
(iiially to cease on the 1st of January, 1S;!4. The tobacco monopoly has al.«o been abolslied, and invit-
atirns have been held out to foreigners to settle in tlie country ; but there is little prospect of their being
mucli attended to, at least for some considerable time. The final recognition by Spain of the independ-
dice of this and the other new states would materially promote their iiitcre>ts; and it is to be hoped
that it may not be much longer deferred.
We have derived tlicso details principally from the carefully drawn up Answers made by Sir Uobcrt
Ker Porter, the Hritish consul at Caraccas, to the Circular Queries.
LAiNIH-SKINS (Ger. LammsfeUc ; Fr. Peuu.v iraff}ieuu.r ; It- PeUi ar/nellrnv j Sp.
Piclles de corilcro.i). The value of lamb-skins varies according to tlia fineness, brilliancy,
and colour of the wool. Black lamb-skins are more generally esteemed than tiiose of
any other colour. English lamb-skins are seldom to be met with perfectly black ; but
since the introduction of Merino sheep into tliis country, many of the white fleeces have,
ill jioiiit of (juality, arrived at a pitch of perfection which justly entitles them to be
'.diked with some of the best fleeces in Sjiain. The importation of lamb-skins is im-
mense, having amounted, on an average of 1831 and 18;?^, to '2,363,633. Eight tenths of
the whole quantity arc supplied by Italy. They arc mostly used in the glove manu-
facture.
EAMP (Ger. Lampe ; Fr. Lampc ; It. Lucerna ; Sp. Lampara ; Rus. Lam-
intdu), an instrument used for the combustion of litjuid infliimmable bodies, for the pur-
pose of producing artificial light.
It is unnecessary to give any description of instruments that are so well known. We may, however,
remark that the discovery of Sir H. Davy, who, by covering the flame with wire gauze, succeeded in
IToducing a lamp that may be securely used in coal mines charged with inflammable gas, is one of the
inoi-t ingenious and valuable that has ever been made. The following extracts from a communication
of Mr. Huddle, one of the ablest and best-informed coal engineers in the kingdom, evince the great
iiniiortaiiceof Sir Iluinpliry Davy's invention.
" liesidcs the facilities aHbrdcd bv this invention to the working of coal mines abounding in fire damp,
it has enabled the directors and superintendents to ascertain, with the utmost precision and expedition,
both the nrcseiue, the (luantity, anil correct situation of the gas. Instead of creeping inch by inch with
a candle as is usual, along the galleries of a mine suspected to contain fire damp, in order to ascertain
its presence, we walk firmly on with the safe lamps, and, with the utmost confidence, prove the actual
.state of tlie mine. liy observing attentively the several appearances upon the flame of the lamp, in an
examination of this kind, the cause of accidents which happened to the most experienced and cautious
miners is completely developed; and this has hitherto been in a great measure matter of mere con.
" It is not necessary that I should enlarge upon the national advantages which must necessarily result
from an invention calculated to prolong our supply of mineral coal, because I think them obvious to
eery reflecting mind ; but I cannot conclude without expressing my highest sentiments of admiration
fur those talents which have developed the properties, and controlled the power, of one of the most
d::ngerous elements which human enterprise has hitherto had to encounter."
LAMP-BLACK (Ger. Kienruss ; Fr. Noir de fumve ; It. Nero di funio, Negro-
fumo ; Sp. Negro de humo). " The finest lamp-black is produced by collecting the smoke
'from a lamp with a long wick, which supplies more oil than can lie perfectly consumed,
or by siifl'ering the flame to \)lay against a metalline cover, which impedes the coomus*
tio!'; not only by conducting off part of the heat, but by obstructing the current of air.
%
mmf
V ih
4 I .' 'n
K >
I > I .;,!'
ii
7't8
LAND-W AITKH. — LEAD.
hm§i
■ m
• Offlfl^
fm T
^'ffi 1
iFiHi - 1
''Ifl
twilflft Jl
i .
iKBi^BV ft .
' j
mBt
III i
1 t:
m
.< <i I
Iiam])-bluck, Iiowovlt, is pivpni'ed in a iniii-li clieapur way fur tliu deinands uC trade.
The dregs whicli remain atlter the uliquatiun of pitch, or else small pieces of fir wood, are
burned in furnaces of a peculiar construction, the smoke of wliich is made| to pass
through a long horizontal flue, terminating in a close boarded chamber. The roof of
this cliamber is made of coarse cloth, through wliich the current of air escapes, while the
soot remains." — ( Ure'n Dictionary,)
LAND-WAITEll, an olficer of the Custom-liouse, whose duty it is, upon landing
any merchandise, to taste, weigh, measure, or otherwise examine the various articles, &c.,
and to take an account of the same. They are likewise styled searchers, and are to
attend, and join with, the patent searcliers, in execution of all cockets for the shipping of
goods to !)e exported to foreign parts,- and, in cases where drawbacks or bounties are to
be i)aid to the merchant on the exportation of any goods, they, as well as the patent
searchers, are to certify the shipping thereof on the debentures.
LAPIS I-AZULI. See Ui.tra.mauine.
LAST, .in uncertain quantity, varying in diHercnt countries, and with respect to dif-
ferent articles. Generally, however, a last is estimated at '1,000 lbs. ; but there are great
discrepancies.
The following qunntitics of difr-rcnt articles make a last, viz 1+ barrels of pitch, tar, crashes;
1-.' dozen of hides or skins ; 12 barrels of cod-flsh, potash, or meal ; '20 cades, each of 1,000 herrings, every
1 ,000 ten hundred, and every 100 five score ; lOJ cpiarters of eolo-secd j 10 c|iiartcrs of corn or rape-seed ;
ill some [urts of Kngland, ii\ quarters of corn go to a last ; '12 sacks of wool ; iJO dickers (every dicker
I'i skins) ol leather ; 18 barrels of unpacked herrings ; 10,(X)0 pilchards ; 24 barrels (each barrel contain,
ing 100 lbs.) of gunpowder ; 1,700 lbs. of feathers or flax.
I.asl is sometimes used to signify the burden or lade of a ship.
LATH, LATHS (Du. Latten ; Fr. Lattes ; Gcr. Latten ; It. Corrcnti ; Rus. Skgii),
long, thin, and narrow slips of wood, nailed to the rafters of a roof or ceiling, in order
to sustain the covering. Laths are distinguished into various sorts, according to the
different kinds of wood of which they are made, and the diflercnt purposes to wliich
they arc to be applied. They arc also distinguished, according to their length, into 5, 4,
and 3 feet laths. Their ordinary breadth is about an inch, and their thickness ^ of an
inch. Laths are sold by the bundle, which is generally called a hundred : but 7
score, or 1 40, arc computed in the hundred for f5 feet laths; 6 score or 120, in such
as are 4 feet ; and for those which arc denominated 5 feet, the common hundred, or 5
score.
LATTEN, a name sometimes given to tin plates; that is, to thin plates of iron
tinned over. — (See Tin.)
LAWN (Ger. and Fr. Linoti; It. Linone, liensa ; Sp. Camhrny clarin), a sort of
clear or oi)en worked cambric, which, till of late years, was exclusively manufactured in
France aid Flanders. At present, the lawn manufacture is established in Scotland,
and in the north of Ireland, where articles of this kind arc brought to such a degree
of iierfection, as nearly to rival the productions of the French and Flemish manufactories.
In the manufacture of lawns, finer fiaxen thread is used than in that of cambric.
LAZARETTO. See Quarantine.
LEAD (CJcr. Bley, Blei ; Du. Land, Loot; Fr. Plomb ; It. Piomho ; Sp. Plomo ;
Rus. Swinetz ; Pol. Oloic ; Lat. Plumbum ; Arab. Anuk ; Hind. Sisa ; Pers, Surb),
one of the most useful metals. It is of a bluish white colour, and when newly melted
is very bright, but it soon becomes tarnished by exposure to the air. It has scarcely
any taste, but emits, on friction, a peculiar smell. It stains paper or the fingers of a
bluish colour. When taken internally, it acts as a poison. It is one of the softest of the
metals: its specific gravity is II '35. It is very malleable, and may be reduced to thin
plates by the hammer ; it may also be drawn out into wire, but its ductility is not very
great. Its tenacity is so small, that a lead wire j^'r J"*^'' diameter is capable of support-
jing only 18*4 lbs. without breaking. It melts at 612°. — ( Thomson's Chemistry.)
Lead is a metal of much importance, as, from its durability, it is extensively used
in the construction of water-pi i)es and cisterns, as a covering for flat surfaces or tops of
buildings, &c. &c. Its salts, which are poisonous, are used in medicine to form
sedative external applications ; and frecpiently not a little, by the disreputable wine
merchant, to stop the progress of acetous fermentation. Wine thus poisoned, may,
however, be readily distinguished ; a small quantity of the bicarbonate of potassa pro-
ducing a white precipitate, and sul[)huieted hydrogen a black one. Pure wine will not
be efl'ected by cither of these tests. " The oxide of lead enters into the composition
of white glass, which it renders clearer and more fusible : it is also used in glazing
common earthen vessels ; hence the reason that pickles kept in common red pans become
poisonous. Lead, with tin, and ,i small quantity of .some of the other metals, forms
pewter ; with antimony, it forms the alloy of which printing types are made." — {Joyce's
CfiFtn. Minrrulogy.)
The lead mines of Great Britain have been wrought from a very remote era. Pre-
viously to 1280, however, it would seem that those of Derbvshirc onlv had been ex-
LEAD.
7+9
plorcd. But ill tlie year now mentioned, lead mints were discovered in Wales ; and
the fact being ascertained, that tlie ore of the.se mines jiroduced some silver, increased
attention was paid to tiieir working. 'I'lie produce of tlie lead mines at present
wrought in Great liritain cannot l)e accurately a.scertained. Mr. Stevenson supjioses
(art. England, Edin. Unci/.) that the lead mines of Derbyshire annually produce 5,0(W
or K.OOO tons ; but they seem to be on the decline. Those on the borders of Cuinber-
luiid and Northumberland are sujiposed to yield, at an average, fnnn 11, (XX) to l'_',(K)0
tons. The total produce of the Scotch lead mines is estimated at 0'.'5,(XXJ bars ; which
as each bar is 1 ewt. 1 yr. 2 lbs., is equal to 4,1 'JO tons. — (G'enrral Report of Scotland,
vol. iii. Addenda, p. 7.) Some of the most productive of the Welch lead mines have
either been wrought out, or have been rendered unserviceable from inundations. Sub-
jctined is
An Account ol'llio Exports and Imports of Lcailand Load Orc,&c. for Thirteen Years, ending thcSlli of
January, 183,3.
Ve.iri.
Kxports.
Tini'iirta. |
I'ii! mill
Itollc'd
J.t.ld .'ilul
ISllot.
l.Uli.ir^c.
Wl.iic
Liad.
, , ,?'"'.■'! Korcinn
l.i'ad llriii»h ■ ^..i
Uru. I.ead ami J,'*,?/',
I-Lud Ore. ■' ■''•
Forulun
"re.
Lead.
I-nd
Ore.
1821
1822
1823
1824
1S2.0
182li
18. '7
I8i;8
1829
18.30
1831
1832
183;}
Tim.
18,.i(i0
15,(i4fi
13,784
ll,04t
10,8.33
8,(iifi
10,222
1,3,275
10,001
(i,832
7.442
(>,777
12,181
■/■..|M.
395
.073
.07fi
81fi
.081)
831
iiol
1,140
1,,045
4(>.i
4<)0
33,0
433
riiii.1.
2:9
242
441
2W)
3:8
3J8
408
.0,34
382
382
520
281
3>i(i
Ttmt .
(103
ao2
574
.049
885
(illi
029
1,012
1,133
750
6(i2
4.35
()52
T'>iia,
252
287
455
220
tm
1.39
249
25fi
195
220
105
233
rm.i.
19,779
17,400
15,830
12,914
12,991
10,.0(i()
12,409
10,217
13,250
8,tH7
9,308
7,933
1.3,898
Twu.
4
09
298
749
3,0.05
1,847
2,282
1.785
1.700
8.")9
1,2.34
957
"12'
9
4
" 72
3(i9
712
0,103
913
2,104
2,450
1,5,33
i:(>2
I,2;32
1,090
275
811
177
191
1,(K)3
1.1 iO
1,070
6,01(i
175
341
321
209
An Account of British Lead and Lead Ore exported from the United Kingdom from the 1st of .January,
1832, to the 1st of January, 1833 ; distinguishing the Countries to which it was sent — (Quarters and
Pounds omitted in the Columns, but allowed for in tlie summing up.)
Countries (o wliich exported.
Dritisli Le,id and Lead Ore.
Fureixn
Lea<
I.e.id anil
Ore.
Pi^ and
Kolled
Litharge.
Red Lead.
White
Lead.
Lead Ore.
TotFil of
llritish
Lead and
Pi^ Lead.
Wliile
Lend.
Shot.
Lead Ore.
1
Tom. cn-t.
Toil'- Ctrl.
To,n. cut.
7\mt. rri'/.
Tung. civt.
Tom. cut.
Tons. art. Tom. cn-t.
Riissi!« - ...
\,yi\ y
141 r,
n itt
lu n
I,4S3 (i
49S 10
Swedt'll . ...
4'j ^
9 11
n 9
44 15
115 (1
Xoruav • •
ra 7
IB
1
18 4
70 9
Dumnark - - - •
l^N u
IS 4
9 17
125 11
2H2 5
Pnistiia
m 8
'i'J 11
7 1
49 19
1.5G 1
<it'iinany . ■ - -
17.1 1,1
ViG I'J
12.1 .1
54 ()
477 17
1 7
Tile .Netlierland^
ist; (I
'i'J 10
89 (1
2 10
149
45n I
371 IS
Frame - - - -
(i.^ 7
1!)
4 .^
.
70 11
82 14
Portugal, A/ores, and Madeira
101 2
.0
7 10
38 11
155 3
Sp.iiii and tlie Canaries
'ii (1
1 4
2
.1 1
33 5
(iilirallar - ...
IS i;,
.
4
-
18 19
Italy ....
in 11
I,-)
17 11
3 7
45 r>
151 17
Malta - ...
1 (1
.
.
3 5
7 5
Ionian Islands ...
1 (1
.
1 4
2 4
Turkey and llie Levant
6.0 1'.!
10
4 15
4
C4 17
.
S2 IS
Isles ni" tiuenisev, .Iirsev, Aidernev,
and Alan
'iW .1
15
n 1
10 7
259 7
fi 4
E.Tst Iiulies and Clnna
a.'jds 12
M 14
15 10
2,979 It;
18 14
New Somli Walts, Win Diemen's
L<lnd, and Swan Uiver
WB IS
.
9
15 15
.
223 3
15
<'.v e of Good Hdjie
S.^ 7
.
4 It!
« 17
1 lU
98 11
ner parts of .Africa
isi \r>
11 10
4U
.13r. .'1
I.rili.sh North American colonies
Wi It;
.
(i 2
91 12
480 11
Hiiti»h West Indies
411 7
1.1
25 14
439 15
Foreign West Indies
i>'\ r,
.
.
4
7.1 5
laiited States of America
•l.Sll H
.
-
51 2
4,893 17
llrazil ....
•im .1
22 f.
42 ir,
5S 15
526 1
Mexico
.
5
12
18
('o:o[nbia . . . -
U If.
7
.
.
3 3
t;iiili . . . -
11 7
.
.
11 7
I'eru - ...
7
7
.
7 7
9 6
States of La Plata . . .
Total
U 7
.0
6 4
2 10
17 (i
12,ISI .1
4.12 14
.19G 5
052 5
2.15 15
13,898 .1
9.'i6 15 22 18 1
Fall of Prices. Spanisli Lead Mines. — The falling off in the exports of British lead, the increased
amount of the imports, and the extraordinary fall that has taken place in the price of lead since 1825,
seem to be prinoi])ally owing to tlie vast supplies of that metal that have recently be"n furnished by the
mines of Adra, in Granada, in Spain. These have been wrought to a vastly greater extent within the
last few years than previously ; and therichnessof the ore, and the facility with which it is obtained, enable
the .Spaniards, who are but inriiflerently skilled in the art of mining, to undersell every other people, and
to supply most markets to which they have ready access. So much is this the case, that several of the
least productive of the lead mines of Germany, and other countries, have been already abandoned ; and
it is even doubtful whether the duties on foreign lead will be sufficient to hinder some of our mines from
sharing the same fate. Inasmuch, however, as lead is of primary importance in the arts, the rfductiiin
of its price, though injurious to those engaged in its production, is, undoubtedly, a great pulilic
bcneflt. We therefore trust that nothing may be done, cither by raising the duties on foreign lead, or
n ■■:{!
' •■■)
tli!
II
'.iv
' lii't*.
^. . 1i" iilfiii''
750
LEAD, IJLACK. - LEATIIlill.
otherwise, nrtUU^ially to liinrcatc Its price. The comiiptltlon of tho Spniilnrdii has hlromly led, Imth here
and in Saxony, to th(.> adoption ol' various procvmii-.s calcuiiiti-d to Icskcii the expi'iise of Irad-m.ikiiig ; and
to the introduction of a decree ofccoiioinv into every dcpartincnt of the husinciiH th.it wa< not previously
thought of, 'i'hig ia the only way in which the natural advantages on the side of the .Spaniards can lie
met with any pro.4|)ect of success. Wu understand too, that there are goiMl grounds for thinking that It
will answer the olyect in view; but though it were to fail, it would be ridiculous to suppose that the
miners could be bcneflclally assisted by Custom-hounc regulutions. Neither is there any tiling so pecu-
liarly valuable about the mere inaiiufactiirc of lead as to in.tkc us prefer a high-price<l indigenous metal
to a chrajKir article brought ttom abroad.
Price of Lead per Ton In Orcat Britain since 1800.
Prii't' jK-r
A vt'r.-XKL' for
I'rke iKT
Avprauu for
Prire |H.T
A veratft. for
Ton
'I'en \ uars.
Ton.
Ten \ ears.
Ton.
Ti'n \ fars.
.*• ».
rf.
j: s. d.
.€ .1. </.
jC s. rf.
.£ S.
rf.
.£ s: rf.
1800
1!) Ki
ISll
24 (i
18 J2
22 7
1)
ISOl
Si H
1)
IHI'.'
23 3 (i
1823
22 r,
iHOi
Hi 10
6
1H13
2.0 14
1824
21
ISO, J
S7 ir>
6
ISU
S(; 11
182,5
2,j fi
1H()+
M
isi.-.
20 111
1821)
1!)
IWi;")
U7 U
IHlfi
i(i .';
1827
18 7
I, SI If)
3.i 12
6
1817
is r,
1828
17
1807
m 3
fi
181H
27 r, «
182!)
14 r,
20 7
IhOcS
uO 1
1S19
22 11 0#
23 6 r.
18,iO
14
18(I<J
31 3
27 14 6
18'.")
21 10 6
18,;i
14
ISIO
','.S l(i
ISSil
22 10
1832
13 10
i
The consumption of load in France is rapidly iiu'rcasing. It is nearly all imported; and the iiiiport-
iitidiis have increased from fi,2ll,.V)() kiloKrammcs, at an average of the 4 years ending with ISU'J, to
I.i,7l2,l!l2 kilDKrammos, at an avemge of tlie 2 years ending with IHJO. The imports ;iro almost entirely
friiin Spain ; and their increase i«, no dniilit, principally a consequence of the f-Ul of prices {Jtiiirnal
ill's Mines, Tioisiiiiic Si'rh; torn, iil, p. 517.)
I.cml Mines <if tlic UnHal States. — These have recently become of considerable importance. We
subjoin an
Account of the Lead manufactured in the United States, during each of the Ten Years, ending the 30th
of September, 1832.
Yfars.
Fyvcr Ilivur.
Missouri.
Tot.-U,
Ye.irs.
Tevcr River.
Missouri.
Tot.il.
IS.'.T
IS(I
is;.-.
IS.ifi
IS. '7
ISM
ri.v,, 1.111
l7.->,',ia>
(;i:i,.'>.i(i
«ws,sr>,
.'.,1S'^,1S(I
II,10.-|,S11»
Lb,.
,isf;,.'>n(i
!1II1,.1S0
rim.
l-.-i.'i'iO
l,(P.'il,li!0
'.^,.->.v.,s(;i
r^,1! 1,7.10
isra
18.10
ISIl
1S.1^
'J'otnl
I.hx.
i.^sis.i.in
S,.1'A1,!l!IS
ri,.is 1,(10(1
1,VSl,S7(i
1,108,110
S.IIK)
fi7,IS0
Urn.
ii,,'.ii,riio
S,.1.T^,0.'iS
(1,1 1!),OSO
4,'.i8l,S7ll
M-iM.mei
.'>,I.M,'.'.'i'^
.'i.'i,!(ll.1,8SS
The decrease has been explained, partly, at lea.^t, by the fact of no leases having been pranted in
Missouri, since the act of 182!t, aiitlioiisiiig tlio sale of all the miner.' ' lands in that State, and by the
iiiteniiption of the works on the Upper Mississippi in consemiencc of the Indian war,
LEAD, BLACK, oil PLUMBAGO. See Bi.ack Lead.
LEAD, RED, oa MINIUM. See Minium.
LE AG UE, a nicasui-c of length, containiiifij inorc or fewer geometrical paces, according
to tlie customs of dift'erent countries. — (See Wkigiits and Measimh s. )
LEAKAGE, in commerce, an allowance in the customs, granted lo iinportois of wine,
for the w.istc and damage the goods arc supposed to receive by keeping. — (See Ware-
/loiising Act, in art. Wakehousino Svstf.ji.)
LEATHER (Ger. Z,e(/tT; Du. Lerkr, Leer ; Via. Ltvrhr ; Sw. lAidvr ; Vr. Ciiir;
It. Ciinjo ; Sp. Ciu-ro ; Rus. Kasha; Lat. Co;/«h)), the skins of various quadrujietV?,
dressed in a particular manner for the use of manufacturers, whose hiLsin'ss it is to make
liiem up, according to tlieir difTerent employments.
The leather manufacture of Great Britain is of very great importance, and ranks either
third or fourth on the list; being inferior only in jjoiiit of value and extent to those of
cotton, wool, and iron, if it be not superior to the latter. Sir V. JM. Eden, in hi.-; work
on Insurance, estimated the value of tlie dilK;roiit articles manufactured of leather, in
1 80,'?, at 1 2,000,000/. ; and there is reason to think tliat this statement was not very wide
of the mark. The total quantitj of all sorts of leather tanned, tawed, dressed, and
curried in Great Britain, may at present be estimated at al)out 50,000,000 lbs. ; which,
at Is. 8f/. per lb., gives 4,166,000/. as the value of the leather only. Now, supposing,
as is sometimes done, the value of the leather to amount to one third of the value of tlie
finished articles produced from it, that would show the value of the manufacture to be
about 12,.500,000/. : but if, as others contend, the value of the leather docs not exceed
one fourth part of the value of the finished articles, then the value of the manufacture
must exceed 16,000,000/. We, however, are inclined to think that we shall be i.i..^.et
the truth, if we take the smaller sum, and estimate the value of the manufacture at
1 2,.500,000/. To get the number of persons employed, we have first to deduct from this
sum, 4,000,000/. for the material, which leaves 8,500,000/. as the aggregate amount of
profits, wages, &c. And setting aside 20 per cent, as profit, rent of worksliops, com-
pensation for capital wasted, &c., we have a sum of 6,800,000/. remaining as wages :
Ll-DGEll.— LEECH FISHERY.
751
(I.
We
nnd Mipposinrr those i-mploycd as filioomakors, siuldleri, f^fluvcrs, ^c. to mnku at nn avcrngc
:5()/. u year cai'li, llio entire miniher oi'siieli i)ersoiis will iiinoiiiit to '_'26",(KX).
'J'liis, however, does not give the total number of persons employed in tlic leather
trade, inasinueh as it excludes the tanners, carriers, &c. emi)loye(l in dressin;; and i)re-
parinj; tiie leatlier. IJut if, from tlie value of the preimred leather, 4,(X)(),(K)()/., wo
deduct I ,()00,fXX)/. for the value of tlie hides, and '_',(K)0,(HX)/. for tanners' and curriers'
profits, ineludin{» the expense of lime, bark, pits, &c., we shall have 1,0(H),()(K)/. left as
wages. Now, as the wfij^es of tanners, curriers, leather dressers, ivc. may, we l)elieve,
be taken at [\')l. a year at an average, we shall have 'JH.tiOO as the numlK'r employed in
these dei)artments. And adding these to the persons emi)loyed in manufacturing the
leatlier, we have a grand total of 254,3(X) persons employed in the various dei)artments
of tlie business.
Tliose who may l)e inclined to suspect these estimates of exaggeration, would do well
to reflect on the value of the shoes annually manufacture(L It is generally sui)posed
that the expenditure upon shoes may be taken, at an average of the whole population, at
lO.-f. each individual, young and old; which, sui)i)0sing the population to amount to
1 «,{X)0,0()0, would give KKiiir millions for tiie value of shoes oidy ; l)ut taking the value
of the shoes at only 8,«. Gd. each individual, it gives fi,80(),000/. for the amount. iMr.
Stevenson (art. England, Ed'm. Ency.) sui)poses that the value of the saddlery, harness,
gloves, &c. may 1)0 assumed to be at least eijual to that of the shoes ; but we believe this
is too high, and have taken it at 1,1()0,(X)0/. below the value of the shoes. In estimating
the value of the entire manufacture at \'2,r>00,i.)O0l., we incline to think that we are as
near the mark as it is easy to come in such investigations.
In speaking of the leather manufacture. Dr. Campbell has the fivllowing striking ob-
servations : — " If we look abroad on the instruments of husbandry, on the implements
used in most mechanic trades, on the structure of a multitude of engines and machines;
or if we contemjilate at home the nvcessary parts of our clothing — breeches, shoes, boots,
gloves — or the furniture of our houses, the books on our shelves, the harness of our
horses, and even the substance of our carriages ; what do we sec but instances of human
industry exerted upon leather ? What an a|>titude has this single material in a variety
of circumstances for the relief of our necessities, and supplying conveniences in every
stale and stage of life? Without it, or even without it in the plenty we have it, to what
dilliculties should we be exposed? — (^Pulitiad Slate of Great Britain, vol. ii. p. 170".)
I.o.itlicr was InnR siilijeit to a duly ; tlio manufacture being, in cnnscquencr, necessarily conducti cl
under the siiivrt/tcnirr uf the excise. In 1H12, the duty, which had previously amounted to l^il per Hi, wa»
doiihled ; nnd continued atorf. per Ih till July, 18i2^',wlien it was again retlucc d to IJf/. per lli. 'J'ne:ri (lured
duly produee.l a nett reveniu- olnbout .')(i(),()(K)/. It is clear, liowever, that either the duty ouKht not to have
bum reduced in l.S'.'S, or that it ou^ht to have been totally repealed. 'I'he continuance of any part of the
di;ly rendered It necnssary to continue all the vexatious regulations retiuirtd to insure the colUrtion of
the revenue, while the nihiction of l^rf. in the cost of preparing a pound of leather was .so trilling nn
hardly to be sjcnsible. It is, however, unnecessary to enter into any discussion to show the extreme inex-
pediency of laying any duty on an article so indisiiensable to the labouring class, and to the prosecution of
iiiiiny branches of industry, as leather ; and still less to show the inexpedie'icy of subjecting so very im-
portant and valuable a manufacture to a vexatious system of rcveiuie laws, for the .sake of only ';ti(),(i(;(V.
a year. Luckily, however, these have become matters of history. The leather duties were totally abolished
ill IH !() ; and .is the manufacture is now relieved from every sort of trammel and restraint, its rapid incrc.iso
may be confidently ex|iectcd. It is to be hoped that no future necessity may arise to oceaaion the re-
imposition of the leather duty.
Account of the Number of Pounds' Weight of Leather charged with Duties of Excise In England,
in 182-t— 18'J!).
1S'2+ . .'53,42!l,.')39 | 1826 - 44,!>27,216 I 1S28 . 50,23.-3,089
182.'; - 52,274,y!J7 | 1827 - 47,f)U),3IG | 1S29 - 4n,2l)0,8i3
The quantity annually charged with duty in Scotland during the 8.imc period was, at an average, about
(5,()(«),()(H) lbs.
The (luantity of wrought and unwrought leather exported in 1829, amounted to 1,338,937 lbs., of the
ileclared value of 2(i8,3S0/. 'I'he value of the saddlery and h.-irness exported during the same year wag
8i,.;o )/ Nearly two thirds of the leather exported, is sent, principally in the shape of shoes, to the I3ri.
tish VVest Indian and North American colonies.
LEDGER, the principal book of accounts kept by merchants and tradesmen, wherein
every jierson's account is placed by itself, after being extracted from the Journal. • - ( Sec
Book-Keei'ing.)
LEECH FISHERY. The demand for the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) is
so great as to afford employment to a considerable number of persons in catching and
selling the animal. It is common throughout Europe, America, and India, inhabiting
lakes and pools. Norfolk supplies the greater part of the leeches brought to the London
market ; but some are taken in Kent, Suffolk, Essex, and Wales ; and large quantities
are imported from Bordeaux and Lisbon. They are caught in spring and autumn, by
people who wade into the pools and allow them to fasten on their limbs ; or more gene-
rally the catchers beat, as they wade in, the surface of the water with poles, which sets
the leeches in motion, and brings them to the surface ; when they are taken with the
liand and put into bags. As they come to the surface just before a thunder storm, this
is regarded a good time for collecting them. — ( Thomson's Dispensatory, )
!■ .'
' ■l \
%\
mm
fe; 1
eielM»
MXJIIOKN.
''P
(!f
\UI'
We extract iVom tlie linxetle tle» lloiiitaut, I he /oilnwlnx iiitiTi-atliiK acauuiit uf tliu tUliery of leediM
At I.a lirt'iiiif, III I'lirlH : —
" Tilt' country alxnit l-;i llrciiiii' Is, iicrliiiin, tliu iiidst unintorrsfliiK In I'rniicf. The |icii|ilu are minor-
able loiikliiK. tlio cattle wreti'licil, the lisli jU'>t an bail — but the leedien fll'c ailiiiirable,
" Ilvver viiu paitt throu^^li La Itreiiiie, >im will nee u mail, pale uiiil straight liairiKl, with n wnnlleii cai)
nil hit head, uiitl his U-fn and arms naked : ho walk» aloiiK the liorderH of a marsh, anions tlio H|iots lell
ilry by the nurrounding waters, but partieuiaily wherever the vegetation seeiiiK to preserve the mibjaceiit
Koil iiiidisturbvd ; this man is a leech lishvr. To hee him from u Uistanee, — his wov.bei^one aspect - bin
hollow eyes — his livid li|is — his siiiKulur Ke^tiires,^ you would lake him for a patiuiit who li.id left his
aiek bed in a lit of delirium. If you observe liim every now and then raisiiiK lii^ leH>*> <'<■<' exaniiniiiK
them one after the other, you mlKlit luppose him a fool j but he is an intelligent leech llsiier. The leeches
attach themselves to his legs and feet us he moves amuiiK their haunts ; he feels their presence from their
liite, and itathers them as they cluster about the roots of the buliruslies aiul sua weeds, or licnealh the
htones covered with xrecii and K'uey moss. Some repose on the mud, while others swim about ; but so
slowly, that they are easily gathered wiili the hand. In a favourable season, it in possible, in the course
of ;i or 4 hours, to stow 1(1 or 18 dozen of them in the little biiK wliich the gatherer carries on bis shuuliler.
Sometimes you will see the leeeli tislier armed with a kind of spear or harpoon : with this he deposits
pieces of decayed animal matter in pl.ices frequented by the leeches; they soon gather round the prev,
and are presently theiiiselvw jjathcred into a little vessel half full of vvater. Such is the leech fishery in
sjiriiiK'
'• In summer, the leech retires Into deep water ; and the fishers have then to strip themselves naked,
and walk iminen>ed up to the chin. Some of them have little rafts to ko upon ; tlieve raffs are made of
twigs and rushes, and it is no easy matter to propel them anions the weeds and aquatic plaiils. At tliis
Reason, too, the sujiply in the pools is scanty \ the fisher can only take the few that swim within his reach,
or those that Ret entangled in tlie ft.ucture of his rait.
" It is a horrid trade, in whatever way it is carried on. The leech (jatherer is ennstantly more or less in
the water, breathing foj,' and mist and fetid odours from the marsh; he is olloii attacked With ague,
catarrhs, and rheuiiiatism. Some iiuiulue in stniii); liiiuor.s to keep off' tlie noxious influence, Imt they
p.iy for it- in tlie eiid by ili.sorders of otlier kinds. JJut, with all its fbrliiddiiiK peculiaritioi, the leech
fishery gives emiiloyment to many hands ; if it be pernicious, it is also lucrative. liesides siippfying all
the iieighl)OurinK/)A<ir>nrtr;r;i,«, greiit (luantities are exported, and there are regular traders engaged for
the iiurpose. Meiiri Cliaitier is one of tliose persons ; and an important personage he is when he comes
to Meobeci), or its vicinity ; liis arrival makes (|uitc a fete — all are eager to greet him.
" Among the interesting particulars wbieb I gafliered in La Hreiine relative »othc leech trade, I may
mention the following ; — <Jne of the traders — wliit with his own fishing and that of his children, and
what with his aciiiiisitioiis from tlie curriers, who sell quantities sevontt-lmnd — WM enabled to hoard up
17,.J(H) leeches in tlie course of a few montlis; he kept them deposited in a place where, in one niglif, they
all became frozen en iiiiism; Hut the frost does not immediately kill tlicm ; they may generally be f hawed
into life again. 'J'hey easily, indeed, bear very hard usage. 1 am told by one of the carriers, "that he can
pack them as closely as he pleases in the moist sack which he ties behind his saddle ; and sometimes he
stows his cloak and boots on top of the sack. The trader buys his leeches pile niilf, big and little, green
and black — all the same; but he afterwards sorts them for the market. Those are generally accounted
the best which aie of a green ground, with yellow stripes along the body."
LEGHORN, a city and sea-port of Italy, in Tuscany, in lat. 43'^ 3;)' 5" N., Ion.
10' \(i\' E. Population, in I8;50, accoriling to consul's report, 72,924.
llnrh.iH); Jioiid, J^-c. — Leghorn hxs an outer harbour protected by a lino mole, running in a N.N. \\.
direction ujiwards of} a mile into the sea, and a small inner harbour or basin. The water in the liarboiir
is rather shallow, varying from 8 feet in the inner basin to 18 or I'l feet at the end of the mole. The rise
of the tides is about 1+ inches. Ships lie within the mole with their sterns made fa>t to it by a cable, and
an anchor out ahead. The light-house is built on a rock a little to the S. \V. of the mole. It is a con.
spicuous objectj being about 170 feet above the level of the sea The roadstead lies \V. N. W. of the har-
bour, between it and the Melura bank, 'J'lie latter is a sand, lying N. and S., i miles in length by 'J in
breadth, the side nearest the shore being about 4 miles from it. It consists, for the most part, of sand and
mud, and has from ;> fathoms to J do. water over it; but towards its southern cxtremily it is rocky; anil
there, on some of the points whicii project above the water, the Melora tower has been coiiatructed to
serve as a sea-mark; it bears from the lixht-liouse W. * :v, distant about i miles. The best course for
entering the roads is to keep to the northward of the Melura l)ank at about a mile from it, and then
having doubled it, to stand on for the bght-house about 2J miles, anchoring in from 7 to 9 fathoms, the
light-house bearing S. S. K. i E. 4 miles off'. The entrance by the channel to the south of the Melora bank
is also quite safe; l)ut it is not so suitable for large ships as that by the north. During southerly winds
there is sometimes a heavy sea in the roads, but the holding ground is good ; and with suflici^'iit anchors
and cables, and ordinary precaution, there is no danger. The lazaretto lies to the south, about I mile fruin
the tower, and is said to be one of tlic best in Europe,
Trade, Sfc. — The comparative security and freedom which foreigners have long enjoyed
in Tuscany, still more than its advantageous situation, render Leghorn the greatest com-
mercial city of Italy. Its exports are similar to those from the other Italian jiorts ;
consisting principally of raw and manufactured silks, olive oil, fruits, shiimac, valonia,
wines, rags, brimstone, cheese, marble, argol, anchovies, manna, juniper berries, hemp,
skins, cork, &c. Leghorn platting for straw hats is the finest in the world ; and large
quantities are iitiported into Britain. — (See Hats, Straw.) Besides the above, all
sorts of articles the produce of the Levant may be had at Leghorn. Ilecently,- however,
this trade has fallen off; the P^nglish and other nations wlio used to import Levant
produce at second hand from Italy, preferring now, at least for the most jjart, to bring
it direct from Smyrna, .Vlexandria, &c. The imports are exceedingly numerous an(l
valuable, comprising all sorts of commodities, with the exception of those produced !)y
Italy. Sugar, coH'ee, and all sorts of colonial produce ; cotton stuffs, yarn, and m'ooI ;
corn, woollen stuffs, spices, dried fish, indigo, dye woods, rice, iron, tin, hides, &:c. ; are
among the most prominent articles. Ships with corn on board may unload within the
limits of the lazaretto, without being detained to perform quarantine; a circumstance
which has contributed to make Leghorn one of the principal depots for the wheat of the
Black Sea. Hard wheat, particularly from Taganrog, is in high estimation here and
in ihe other Italian ports. It is particularly well fitted for making vermicelli, maca-
roni, &c.
The go\ eminent do not pubiish any official cccount of the imports and
LEGIIOUN.
7r)[)
fxi)()rts of lA-Kliorn ; nnd no niorennlile liiculars tlmt wu liavo bi-oii fortuimtf enoufjii in
tiill ill widi, atli)i'(l tliL- iiK'niis oi' su|)|>l)'iiif^ tlic dcliiiL'ncy.
Hh'iti-if. — Art 'WmU arc |irhu'ip.)llv kfii( In vfzv ifn Uto rmti
(nr iliilhiM of H rivill', (111' |i<'/»ll I rliiK illvlilnl liitii '/ll mi ill ur
211) ilfMnrl. 'J'ht'//>.i U anothvriiHitieY itt'nrcount, rhl('ll> ua«1
In hilirliir trHnuii lluiis : ll iiImi Ih ilivldwl iiilii 2(1 Milill nnil
2lilil,Marl ; 1 piz/.i - ,'i^ lliu.
'I'h** niotiin of l.t'utinrrt \\n\v twn Viiliii-n; thi> nnff rnlJMl
miifti'/d tmimiit i\w ctVuT mimtiti luiitfil. 't'\w fiirnuT In tltu
I'lli'i'llvu niiini'ji 'if llir |ilnri>. Alunvln liuiinil U innvirltnl liilo
mnni'ln lunKii. Iiv mlillnx l/i3, iind llio lultcr l» riillK wl In llii'
(uniHT lij KUliinmliiK ly^l, Ihi' lira uf lurminl = H l/H./,
MirllMK Vfly iiiT.irly ) lienie Ihu \xtit r= M. KlJ./. very
iii'irlv.
Till' |irincl|iiil silver roln« arc, the Franrc-iriinc, or Liiniinlilo,
•if III imiJI, or fi U|^ lire = l«. I„l. Klcrllnu vcr> nciirly. The
|iicie iif .'> lire = .It. f I,;., anil ihi' lira = 7' l,W. sti.rlliii(.
IVntihfM iitul ^U^lMurt■». ^'l'hi> |iounil by whii'li KnUT and
silver and all Kortti of iiier< liandlse are weiKiied, in diviiled ililo
12 uuncen, !)(» draitimNf 2HM denarl, and (i,!ll2 (tranl. It In
= M'J:'il'i Krencli Kr«mnie». cir .'>,2 III Knidlnh nr.diin. llcni e
inilllw. of LeKliiini = 7IH(.I IIm. >viilrirupni^ { Imt In iner.
canlile naleuUlliina it in uniial tu r«eli<>n linilln. of I.culiorn
r=77llH. nvolrdu|ioin : thin, perliaim, han iirinii tViini lakinii
tlie taren and other allowances, iu lo wliii-li (ticrc in u^oihI ileitl
of tliM-ei-talnty, Into account. 'I'hun It U found that the
Kn^linh cwt. Keldoin rendcrn more timn 111) or I121lin. at
U'lthorn, Ihoiiuh it In =l.'il)lli«. j in llie Instances of ioi/<Miod,
toli.ici'o, and a lew othcrn, it does nut render mure th.ni l.l.'i IIm.
The i|uintul, or eentin^u = IIX) ll«. The cantaro in k'-'iic-
rally I'llill*.; hut a rnntnm of iiiR.ir sr l.t||hi.| that of oil
ssHXIl*,; of hriindy = 120 Ibn. ; of •torklii.h, and Mini*
other atticlen = II.DIIin. itie rolliiio i: .1 IIm.
« nin in Mild liy ihe .anoor nni li,= 2l)7.1!i W liuli. Iiuthdt;
hefue i i.iclin =.: 1 Initiciial r|uarU'r very nearl).
The lli|uld inca^iiren are ~
2 .Me//ette = I llocrale.
2 Ihniall = I Klanco.
VII Kiandil = 1 llarilc — 12 KuHllali wlurRnllon*.
The liailleiif oil l» Hi li.uchl, oftwo hmi ,iii einh, =a HH.I
ulne tallonng ll uelvhn nlioui ti(> Ihn. aviilrdu|uil>. A iariiP Inr
of oil lunialnn.'VlKHlluniii a mnail one 1.1 j >nd a bo> Klih'^i
iMittlen =: i Kidlonn.
'1 he lonn inennure la the liraccln, which i> divided Into 20
■nidi, (ill iiuailrlni, or 211) denarii It lonialnn 22".I.S Knulinh
Inrhen. I7ii hracci = KM) Kiijillnh jardn. The eanna of I
Inacci = !I2 Kn^iihh liu'heH.
i'rt'ittt, t'lmr^rif Ac. — OimmU in fjeniTal are houKht and nohl
for Htlvur inone> { lietween wlllih, and the i v in which
lilltn of i-ichan^e are luiuuhl, there in a illlfi-rrn. c of 7 tier
cent. (ukIoI HK>*ln>>t nilver i 7. r. Ill'doilam In silver .ir«i<|ual lo
lIHilnKolil.
On (tiiiHln houKhl nr nnid (unless It he in ellVciive inoncv,
where there in nodincinint) there In, Kenerallv s|ieiikinK, « din-
count of .1 |ier rent. ; on all (ottoii in.inufiu tiiren, 'I per cent.
<'haruc«on salen, IncludioK coniniinsion, are Kt^nerally troiii
fi to n |ier cent. ; on lUi, X or 10 per cent.
Prices of Corn. — Tlic suhjoiiiod nccount of the prices of the tlifrorciit sorts of g\%in
LU on board at Leghorn in Jiuuiary, 18:i;i, is intcrt'stiiig, as iK'f(ativinj< the notions .so
irrent in this coun
from tlic liluck Sua.
frtu on ooara at iA'f(iiorn in January, iKiiii, is iiitcrt'stiiig, as negativing
current in this country as to the extraordinary cheapness at which corn may be brought
I I
Prices of Corn free on board at Leghorn, January, 1&33.
Species of Com.
Price in I alian Trice In Sterling
Money perSai k. (ht Imp. <Jr
Wheal, Tuncan «hllc .
red, I si quality
Vd iiuality
Chli-ssa, 1st quality • !
2d quiility . 1
hard T.iKamuk, lit >
2d-;
Odessa . . I
1,/r.
I.ir.
m to 174
l.'l — lli
It _ ).■>
I.T - I.1J
in- 12
11 - 111
111- I'i
12 — 1.1
.. .. ll.
2 1
'2 i III
2 2 1
I IH .1
1 13 11
2 1 1
1,1 II
1 in 9
Species of t!om.
Price in Italian
AlotU'y per hack.
Whsat, MesrhlKlie ■
lU>maKna, 1st qu.dity
2d i|uutiiy
He.ins, Alexandria, new
llarley, ( idessa
Inilian corn
Linnevd, KMptian ■
I.ir. /-ll.
11 -12
si _
Il'-lll
I'rice
nSterllnfd
per
inp
',£>••
/..
f.
it.
1
1.1
11
•2
.•>
1 1
2
2
.'i
o
IS
7
It
1
1
1
I
IH
II
S/ii/>ping. — Arrivals in 1820, 1H30, ami 183).
nrlUsh
• • \
Voars. 1 Ships.
Crews.
Tons.
28,1.'il
S.I ,!)!)( 1
2!),l(iS
1S2!)
IS.1l I
IS.1I
IS!)
21!)
I'l.l
1,7.12
2,072
1 .7!)2
The crews and tonnage of tlic foreign ships entering the port are not given,
numbers in 1831 were as follows: —
Their
Flans.
1 Ships.
FlaK«.
1 Shipii.
Flaws.
P Ships. ] Flafts.
Ships,'
French
Hnssinn -
Swetlish
Danish
isn
17
- 1 20
10
Dutch
Austrian
Spanish
American •
•1 '••'
lllfi
11
2'J
Neaoolilan
Sartlinian -
Tuscan -
. : 2Mi
. 1 (,so
"i 1.2.'>7
I.ucrtiese •
Homan •
Gnek - -' -
HI
.12
.12
The greater portion of the Neapolitan, Sardinian, Tuscan, Roman, and laicchcse
vessels consists of small coasting craft of from 15 to 20 tons burden.
Port Charges are the same on native and foreign ships. The ancliorage dues on a
vessel of 300 tons amount to 112 current lire, or to 3/. 14s. sterling; besides which she
must have a bill of health, which costs Is. 2d. sterling. These, if she clear out in balliist,
are the only charges to which she is subject ; but if she clear out loaded, the bill of
health will cost about 9s. sterling, and there is besides a charge of about 3d. sterling for
each bill of lading. There are no other port charges whatever. Good water may be
liad at about lid. sterling per tun ; and beef, bread, and fuel are all reasonably cheap.
Iliere are companies for the insurance of ships, but not of lives or houses. — (\Ve have
gleaned these particulars from the Annuaire du Commerce for 1833, p. 303. ; Kelly's
Cambist; Nelkenhrecher, Manuel Univcrsel ; Circular Statement of Grant and Co.,
Leghorn, 2d of January, 1 833 ; Consul's Answer to Circular Queries, Sfc. A plan of the
road of Leghorn is given in Captain Smyth's General Chart of the Mediten-anean.)
Tradr qf Italy and the Italian Islands tvilh England. — It is not generally known that with the single
exception of Germany, Italy is the largest Kuropean imjiortcr of Knglish goods. During the year 1831,
the real or declared value of the different articles of British and Irish produce shipped from the United
Kingdom direct for Italy, amounted to 2,490,37()/. Cotton stuH's and twist formed about §ds of this im-
mense sum (see anti, p. 446.). The articles next in importance were refined sugar, value 504,145/. ;
woollen.'!, value 204,186/. ; iron and steel, value .'50,269/. ; with hardware, linens, fish, earthenware, &c. U is
right, however, to add, that a part of these articles was not intended for the consumption of Italy ; but
was sent to Genoa and Trieste, for the purpose of being subsequently forwarded to .Switzerland, Austria,
Hungarv, &c. There are no means of accurately e.'^tiniatiiig the v.iluc of the products destined for such
3 C
M ■
vii--^' li
754.
LEMONS. — LICENCES.
uUcrior oansumptton, but tlicrc arc good grounds for thinking that they do not amount to Mth part of
■■ total vahio of the exports ; leaving above !?,()(J(),(J(K)/. lor the consumption of Italy.
During the same year (18J1), we imported from Italy 'i3,867 cwt. barilla; yS.Ki;! do. oak and covk
I] ■'
Uio tot.d value of tlie exports ; leaving above '2,0^)0,^W/. for the consumption of Italy.
During the same year (18J1), we imported from Italy 'i3,867 cwt. barilla j y.i.Ki;
bark j 2t)4,!l-W do. sulphur j 2;)3,()J9 quarters of wheat (a good deal at second liand from the JJlack Sea);
■v
ii ii;
7fi,.>17 straw bonnets ; (i+,8i8 packages of oranges and lemons ; 2,;)57,y83 gallons olive oil ; 1(>,^,44» busliels
linseed ; iy7,3.il cwt. shumac ; .Wii/'K' lbs. raw silk ; ;j1(),4.")7 kid skins; 'i.ll.J.O'M lamb skins; 17,644 cwt.
valonia ; 287,4<J8 gallons wine ; exclusive of various other articles of inferior importance.
LEMONS (Gor. Z,jmo«e« ; Du. Limoenen ; Fr. Liinons, Citrons; It. Limoni ; Sp.
Limones ; Port. LitMes ; Rus. Limon'd ; Arab. Ldmun), the fruit of tlic lemon tree
( Citrus mcdica, var. 0. C. ). It is a native of Assyria and I'ersiii, whence it was hrouglit
into Piurope ; first to Greece and afterwards to Italy. It is now cultivated in S|)ain,
Portugal, and France, and is not uncommon in our greenhouses. Lemons are brought
to England from Spain, Portugal and the Azores, packed in chests, each lemon being
separately rolled in paper. The Spanish lemons are most esteemed. — (For an account
of the imports, see Oiianoes. )
LEMON JUICE, OR CITRIC ACID (Gcr. Zitroncnsaft ; Fr. Jusdelimon; It.
Agro o Sur/o de' limone ; Sp. Jiigo de Union), the iiipior contained in the lemon. It may
be preserved in bottles for a considerable time by covering it with a thin stratum of oil ;
ihua secured, great quantities of the juice are exported from Italy to different jiarts of
the world ; from Turkey, also, where abundance of lemons are grown, it is a consider-
able article of export, particularly to Odes.sa. Tlic discovery of the antiscorbutic
iafluencc of lemon juice is one of the most valuable that has ever been made. The
scurvy, formerly so fatal in ships making long voyages, is r.'^w almost wholly unknown ;
a result that is entirely to be ascribed to the regular allowance of'emon juice served out
to the men. The juice is also frequently administered as a medicine, and is extensively
used in the manufacture of puncli.
LEMON PEEL (Gcr. Zitronenshuhn, Limonschellen ; Fr, Lames iFt'corce de citron ;
It. Scorze de' limone; Sp. Cortezas d- citni). The outward rind of lemons is wiuni,
aromatic, and slightly bitter, — qualities depending on the essential oil it contains. It
is turned to many uses ; and when well candied, constitutes a very good preserve. In
Barbadoes, a liqueur, known under the name of Euu de lidrbade, is manufactured from
lemon peel, which the inhabitants have the art of preserving in a manner peculiar to
themselves. Both the licjucur and the conserve used to be in high repute, especially in
France.
LETTER. (See Post Office.)
LETTER OF CREDIT, a letter written by one merchant or correspondent to
another, requesting him to credit the bearer with a certain sur>- of money. Advice
by post should always follow the granting of a letter of credit ; a duplicate of it
accompanying such advice. It is prudent, also, in giving advice, to describe the
bearer of the letter, with as many particulars as possible, lest it fall improperly into
other hands.
LETTERS OF MARQUE AND REPRISAL, «< are grantable by the law of
nations, whenever the subjects of one state are oppressed and injured by those of another,
and justice is denied by that .state to which the oppressor belongs." — (Cliitti/'s Com. Lata,
vol. iii. p. 604.) Before granting letters of marque, government is directed by the 5
Hen. 5. c. 7., to require that satisfaction be made to the party aggrieved ; and in the
event of such satisfaction not being made within a reasonable period, letters of marque
and reprisal may be issued, authorising the aggrieved party to attack and seize the pro-
perty of the aggresso.* nation, without hazard of being condemned as a robber or pirate.
Such letters are now only issued to the owners or captains of privateers during war, or
when war has been determined upon. They may be revoked at the pleasure of the
sovereign ; and when hostilities terminate, they cease to have any effect.
LICENCES, in commercial navigation. The rules and regulations to be observed
in the granting of licences to ships are embodied in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 53., and
are as follow : —
Vessels nf certain Proportions, not being sguare-ri'gprd, S(c., to be licensed. — All vessels belongingin the
whole or in part to his Majesty's subjects, not being square-rigged, or propelled by steam, and all vessel;)
belonging as aforesaid, whether propelled by steam or otherwise, being of less burden than 2(10 ton."', of
which the length is to the breadth in a greater proportion than !i feet 6 inches to 1 foot, and all such
last-mentioned vessels carrying arms for resistance, and all vessels of more than 200 tons burden, belong.
Ing as aforesaid, armed with more than 2 carriage guns of a calibre exceeding 4 pounds, and with mure
than 2 muskets for every 10 men, and all boats belonging as aforesaid, which shall be found within KH)
leagues of the coast of the United Kingdom, shall bo forfeited, unle.<3 the owners thereof shall have
obtained a licence ft-om the commissioners of his Majesty's customs in the manner herein-after directed.—
British Vessels and Boats, or those whereof Half tlie Persons on board are British Sulijects, not to he
navigated with more than a specked Number of Persons, nnlrss licensed. — Every vessel or boat belong-
ing in the whole or In part to hi? Majesty's subjects, or whereof half the persons on board shall be sub-
jects of his Majesty, (not being a lugger, and at the time fitted and rigged as such,) which shall be
navigated by a greater number of men (officers and boys includctlt than in the following proportions;
(that is to say,) if of 30 tons or under, and above.') tons, 4 men ; if of 60 tons or under, and above , 'JO tons,
5 men; if of 80 tons or under, and above (X) tons, (i men ; if of 100 tons or und^T, and above 80 tons, 7
men ; and above that tonnage, 1 man for every \!) tons of such additional tonnage ; or if a lugger, than
LIGHT-HOUSE.
lijo
in the following proportions; (that is to say,) if of 30 tons or under, 8 men; if of 50 tons or iimler, and
above 3() tons, i) men ; if of (W tons or under, and aliove M tons, 10 men : if of 80 tons or under, and aliove
fiO tons, 1 1 men ; if of 100 tons or under, and above 80 tons, \'2 men ; and if above KXJ tons, 1 man for every
]() tons of such ailditional tonnaije, which shall l)e found within i(K) loa(,'ues of the eoiist of the United
KiiiRdom, shall be forfeited, indess such vessel, boat, or lugger, shall he especially licensed for that pur-
T . by the commissioners of customs. — M7.
Crrtain Particulnis to he iiiscrtcU in Licences for Vessels and BoaU Every licence Rriinted by the
commissioners of customs under this act shall contain the iiro[)cr description of the vessel or boat, the
name or names of the owner or owners, with his or their place or places of alxide, and the manner and
the limits in which the same is to be employed, and, if armed, the numbers and description of arms, and
the quantity of ammunition, together with any other particulars which the said commissioners may re-
c(uire and direct ; and it shall l)o lawtXil for the commi«iioners of customs to restrict the granting of a
licence for any vessel or boat in any way that they may deem expedient for the security of the revenue.
— US.
T/ie Owners to give Securi/i/ hy litmd, xvitit the Condition licrc^'n^ncntioned. — Before any such licence
shall be issued or delivered, or shall have effect for the use of such vessel or boat, the owner or owners of
the same shall give security by bond in the single value of such vessel or boat, with condition as follows ;
(that is to say,) that the vessel or boat sliall not he employed in the importation, landing, or renio-. ing of
any prohibited or uncustomed goods, contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act or any other a( t
relating to the revenues of customs or excise, nor in the exportation of any goods which are or may be
iirohibitcd to be exported, nor in the relanding of any goixls contrary to law, nor shall receive or take on
loardor be found at sea or in port with any goods sul)ject to forfeiture, nor shall do any act contrary to
this act, or any act hereafter to be made relating to the revenues of customs or excise, or for the protec-
tion of the trade and commerce of the United Kingdom, nor shall be employed otherwise than mentioned
in the licence, and within the limits therein mentioned ; and in ease of loss, breaking \\\>, or disposal of
the vessel or boat, that the licence shall be delivered, within ti months from the date of such loss, break-
ing up, or disposal of such vessel or boat, to the collector or principal officer of customs at the port to
which such vessel or boat shall belong ; and that no such bond given in respect of any boat shall be liable
to any stamp duty ^ 19.
Penalty not to exceed 1,000/., or single Value of the Vessel, — Nothing herein contained shall authorise
the recpiiring any bond in any higher sum than 1,000/., although the single value of the vessel or boat for
which sucn licence is to be issued may be more than l,0(X)l. — \ SJO.
Licence Bonds given hy Minors to he valid. — All Ixmds given by persons under the ago of 21 years, in
Diirsuancc of the directions herein contained, shall be valid and effectual to all intents and purposes, any
thing in any act, or any law or custom, to the contrary in anywise notwithstanding. — ^ ^1.
Vessels not to he used in any Marnier not mentioned in tlie Licence When any vessel or boat shall ho
found or discovered to have been used or employed in any manner or in any limits other than such as shall
be specified in the licence, or if such licence shall not be on board such vessel or boat, or shall not at any
time be produced and delivered for examination to any oificcr or officers of the army, navy, or marines
duly employed for the prevention of smuggling, and on full pay, or any officer of customs or excise, lic.
manding the same, then and in every such case such vessel or boat, and all the goods laden on board, shall
be forfeited. -- <j '22.
Certain Vessels, Boats, and Lvggers not required to be licensed. — Nothing heroin contained shidl ex-
tend or he deemed or taken to extend to any vessel, boat, or lugger belonging to any of the royal limiily,
or lieing in the service of the navy, victualling, ordnance, customs, excise, or post-office, nor to any whale
boat, or boat solely employed in the fisheries, nor to any boat belongiiij; to any square-rigged vessel in
the merchant service, nor to any life boat, or tow boat used in towing v.-sels belonging to licensed jiilots,
nor to any boat 'sed solely in rivers or inland navigation, nor to any b ats colely used in fishing on the
coasts of the North and West Highlands of Scotland, nor to any boats so used on the coast of Ireland.
— ^ua
Penally for cotmlcrfeiting or fahifi/ing Licences, or making Use thereof. — If any person or persons
shall counterfeit, erase, alter, or falsity, or cause to uo counterfeited, erased, altered, or falsified, any
licence so to be granted as aforesaid, or shall knowingly make use of any licence so counterfeited, erased,
altered, or faUilied, such person or persons shall for every such ofibnce forfeit the sum of iMl. —
\ 21..
lloiv long Bonds are to be in Force. — No bond given on account of the licence of any vessel or boat
under the said act for the prevention of smuggling shall bo cancelled until the space of 12 months after
the licence (or which such bond had been entered into shall have been dcliveic<l up to the proper officer
of the customs, and sucl: bond snail remain in full force and efii;ct for 12 months after the delivering up of
the licence as aforesaid. — ^ 25.
Licences and Bonds granted previous to this Act to conlinve valid. — ^ 2(i.
Provisions as to Licences to extend to Guernsey, Jersey, Alderncy, Sark, and Man. — { 27.
Licences, in the excise, are required in order that individuals may engage in certain
businesses. — ( See Tabic in next page. )
Licences, in the stamps, are required by those engaged in the professions and businesses mcntiontHl
below !
Ptr Antnnf.
Per Anntim.
L. I. <(.
PawTilirokers, in London and Westininetcr, or
within twopenny [xjbt limits - - - 1.^
In any other place - - - - -7100
Appraisers (not Ijeiiiu' auctioneers) - - - 10
Danlieis -.WOO
riiysie, to exercise the faoully of - - - 1.5
All pLr»^ont> tr.'tdinf; in Kold of silver plate, in T\-hich
any quantity of goltl exceeding 2 pcnnywei^lit.s,
and under 2 ounres, or any quantity of siWer ex
reeding 5 pennyweights iind under 30 otinces, in
1 piece - . - - -
Do. of greater weiglit, and every nawnliroker taking
in or delivering out pawns oi such plate, and
every rt finer of gold or silver
Gold or ..ilver lace is not deemed plate-
<. u.
-260
5 15
LIGHT-HOUSE, a tower situated on a promontory, or headland on the sea coast*
or on rocks in the sea, tor the reception of a light for the guidance of ships at night.*
There are also floating lights, or lights placed on board vessel.s moored in certain sta-
tions, and intended for the same purposes as those on shore.
Historical Notice. — The lighting of fires for the direction of ships at nigl.i, i.s of such
obvious utility, that we need not wonder at the practice having originated at a very
reiTiote era. The early history of light-houses is, however, involved in much obscurity ;
but it is reasonable to suppose that no long period would elapse after fires were
lighted for the premonition and guidance of mariners, till towers would begin to be con-
!J
< • !
\v-
;i
* Vsus ejus, noclurno naviiini cnrsu ignes oslenderc, ad precnuntianda vada, yoriusquc introituin.
[Plin. Hist. Sat. lib. xxxvi. cap, 1,;.)
;! C" 2
7.5G
LiCillT-IIOUSE.
(i-
All Awmiiit of tlu' niisincssos that caiiiiot 1«- oarrli-a on in drrat Britain without Kxclsc Llwnm ; ol
the Sums charKwl lor hu.'I. Luouwh ; ol the Nunilu'r ol' I,iaMUf« Kraiitc tor .arryuiK <.n oa.: i llusln.-M
1 the Year enfliHl the 5th of January, l«;J,J, and of the Total Amount of Kovenue ilenvtHl M.erclroin.
Ili«crlpUun ul' Licence.
Aiictlom.
Aiirtioni'iT*
Hint.
llrvwcm nt stroiiR tiwr,
not vxceciUng 211 lirls.
E«i-mliiiK'20 — .'ii> —
_ ,MI — ll«' —
_ IIKI — 1,00(1 —
_ l,(l()(t — V.IKNt _
_ '^.INKI — .'i.OOO —
_ ,'. I — 7,.MKI —
_ 7,.'.()0 — l(l,(KM» _
_- 111,000 — VO.OOO —
_ VO,(KKI — ."lO.IHIO _
— ,10,000 — lO.IHIO _
l"\CC«lln(J 111,1)00 _
Ilrcwcrs of talile IwiT,
not cxcMHiing VII hrls,
Kxic«tiii« 'il' — .'pO —
_ M) — IIM) —
cxctHtlinK I(M> —
Retnil lin'ttpri of sironn Ihit only,
uinliT lliu not .'> tilHl. I. c. .'i|.
Si'lliTs of »tronK bttr only, not bcliiif
lirewers , - .
Ili'lailirs of \<tvr, cyiliT, or |iiTry,
wluHC' nri'inlKt's tire ralcil at a rent
unilet VO/. per annum
at '^0/. per atunnn or upttanls
lleiailer^of iKvr.eviler, iir pirry, nn-
(lerllle \>rovlHions ot'llieai'l 1 Will.
4. e. fit., *• Kn({lanil (atly " -
Ketailers i)f e>iler ami perry «nily,
mulcr saiil ael, " ICiiKlaml only "
('i>nec'.
De.ilerii in coHe,', eorn.t nuts, clio-
I'olate, lea, or pepper
lilnsN.
tilass makers, for every nl.^ss liouu!
Malt.
Maltsters, or maVers of mall,
not exeeetUn^ .'tO qis.
Kxeeeilinit .'lO
KHI
l.',(l
!i00
V.'ilt
.IIKI
XM
UK)
•l.'iO
UK)
lUle of Niimlar
I.Uenee of .\nuual
per l.icenceH
Annum. ' uranleil.
L. I. it.
.'i
10
_ l.'ill _
— iOII _
— -iM) —
— MM _
— ,T,0 _
— -100 _
— 4.-.0 _
_ .'i(M) _
_ .'i.MI —
oxeeetlinit .ViO —
not exeeiHling .% —
u to
H,.'i!l.1
t (1
l>,SI't
t 10
•i,l(H
V
lli,NVS
.1
i;i!i
7 to
■ISS
It .'.
t?l
l.'i
71
.10 It
H!»
1,'.
W
110
U
7.'.
Hi
n 10
51
1
■1
t to
t.i
•/
V7
3 ^
1 I
I
U It
•io
7
l.-i
1 '/
I to
t 17
■i r,
V Vi
^
^ 7
^ i.'i
■• •^
I 10
2
3,.W2
.'..1,.'.9'i
1.1,117
1.0.11
1,11'^t
1,1 HIS
XVi
-l-i
.'•77
.l.S.')
.1S1
.1I.'>
.Km
t.SGi
I, .MO
Description of Licence.
llHic of
Licence
per
Annum.
l'«J"'r.
M akers of pajicr, pnsletionril, or Bcalo-
tH>anl
t'rlnlem, palnlem, or stalnen of pa|ier
So.-i|i.
Snap makers ■ - '
Spirits.
IHsllllers
Iteittlticni ■ - •
llealiTs In splrlls, nol lieirg relailem
llet alters ol' splrlls wliose premises are
raleil uniler 10/. per aiuiuin
at 10/. anil under '^0 —
•^o — 'i.'i —
V.'i _ .10 —
,10 _ 10 —
.10 _ M
fit) per annum or upwiirit«
makers of stills, " Sinllanil only "
I'ei'sons not iMMng itisllllers or rccli-
liers, using stills, " Scuttaiul only"
Sl.inli.
Siareti makers - - -
Sweets and mead.
Makers of s«re«'ls or made wincii,
mead or metheglin
Ilel.lllers of ditto
Titliaec.i.
ALinufacturcTK ctf tobacco and smilf,
not exceeding VO,0(KI Ills.
Exceeding V!0,(HKI _ .lO.oiH) _
■lo,oiKI — (;ii,irnM _
I10,(KI0 ..- SO,0(K) —
HO.OIK) — IIKI.IMIII _
excwillng 100,000 _
Dealers In tobacco and bimiti*
\"iueg.ir.
M akers of vinegar or acetous add -
Wine.
Dealers In foreign Mrine, not having a
licence for relailing spirits atid a
lit ence for relailing beer
Itelailers of foreign wine, having; a
lic«'nce to retail beer, but not having
a licence to retail spirits
Itetailers having a licence to retail
beer and spirits
fassat'e.
Vessels on board wlilcti liquors and
tulmcco ore sold . . .
L. s. il.
4 II
•i -i
4 I
li II
7 7
,S .S
!l !)
Ill III
O 10
111
.*
Nlllnber
:>f Annn.tl
Lli'enet.s
grantnl.
Ill
l.'>
w
•i:>
.10
6
.'.
10
I)
4
4
!i
'i
I)
1
.'l.l.'l
111!
'e-,H
'iU\
tlu
.1,11.'.
V'^,7.11
1,VI.'i
t,S7.'.
.1,-.'^7
'^,'^!l.1
■l,.1.1.S
IS
.1'^
IS
K.'.y
7S
V.'i
'^1
u
41
i.j.i,.i;ii
4!)
411
'iy>
Total amount of rereiniederlriHl from licences, I^'t'^ifi'i'i 19*. M.
Exci«c> onice, London, .'>th of August, ts.1.1. (i. A. COTTIIKLL, First (Jeneral Accounianl.
striictcd for tlioir reception. The most celebrated of till tite ancient lifrht-liotises was
that erecteil by Ptolemy Soter, on the small island of Pharos, o]>])osite to Alexandria,
— nocturnis ij/iiihiis ciirsiim navium rvtjviis. — (^I'/iii. lib, v. cap. ,'U.) It was of great
lieight, anil is said to have cost 800 talents.* Its celebrity was .such, that I'haros ra-
pidly became, and still continues to be in many countries, a generic term equivalent
to light- house. In the ancient world, there were light-houses at Ostia, Uavenii.i,
Pitteoli, Caprea, Ilhode.s, on the Thracian liosphonis, &c. — (Sec Siictoiiii Ofiera, vd.
PUisci, torn. i. !>. TS!). ; and the .Ancient Universal History, vol. ix. p. 360'. 8vo ed. )
The Tour de Cordoiian, at the entrance of the Gironde, the Kddystonu light-house,
opposite to Plymouth Sound, and that more recently constructed on the Hell Uoek,
ojtposite to the Trith of Tay, arc the most celebrated modern light-houses. The Tour
de Cordouan was begun in l.'j84, by order of Henry IV., and was completed in 1611.
It was at first 169 feet (Fr. ) high ; but in 17'27 it was enlarged, by the addition of an
iron lantern, to the height of 17,5 French, or 186" J English feet. It used to be lighted
by a coal fire, but it is now lighted by reflecting lamps of great power and brilliancy.
It is altogether a splendid structure ; imd is, besides, remarkable for being the first light-
house on which a revolving light was exhibited. — (Sec Bordeaux.)
The first light-house erected on the Kddystone rocks only st<K)d about 7 years, having
been blown down in the dreadful storm of the 27th of November, 170.T ; a second,
erected in 1708, was biunt down in 17.55. The present light-house, constructed by
the celebrated engineer Smeaton, was completed in 17.5!). It is regarded as a inaster-
piecc of its kind ; and bids fair to be little less lasting than the rocks on which it stands.
• Dr. Oillios tells us Ul'sf- nf Alfrander'i Succfsson, vol, ii. p. 1.38. Svo ed.) that the tower was ♦.'iO feet
in liriRhl ; that e.tch siiie of its square base moa.«ureil liOl) lot>t, and tliat its " lieaminx summit" was seen
nt the distanre of 1(X) miles! It is almost needless to add, tli.it there U no authority for such statements,
whifh, imieed, carry .tbsurdity on their face.
,'1.15
1111
v;k
IIU
Ml,')
V.'i,HI'2
ri,7.i.i
I,S7'.
^.■<^^^
•i,.\is
IS
sv
3.1
IS
ll.i
V.'.'J
"S
!il
'J
■15
103,5;!)
w
ijt.r.
L'GIIT-IIOUSE.
757
Tlic Bull Ilotk lij;ht-liousf was built by Mr. Stevenson on the moikl of the Eddysfone.
Nninerous lif^ht-houses, marking the nioKt dungeroiis ])oints, and the entrances to tliu
prineipal harbours, are now erected in most civilised maritime countries. 'I'hey are
|)articularly abnndant in the Haltic and in the Sound, and have contributed, in no ordi-
nary «le(^ree, to reinler their navigation comparatively wife. Within these few years
several new ones have been erected on the Uritish coasts, and on those of France, the
United States, &e.
Precautions as to Lii/ht-houses. — Many fatal accidents have ai isen from ships mis-
taVing one light for another ; and hence the importance of those on the same coast being
made to difl'er distinctly from each other, and of their position and appearance being
accurately laid down and described. The modern inventions of revolving, intermitting,
and coloured lights, afford facilities for varying the appearance of each light unknown
to our ancestors, and have been, in that respect, of the greatest importance.
Chart of Li^hl-hoiism, ffc. — A good descriptive work on li(;lit-lioiise8, bracoiis, &c. is .1 dcsiileratum.
That of t.'diiluT, (luidr ili:i .Vrt>iH.v prnihint In Nai'ii^nlitm nmlurnc, I'aris, IHiJ!), is perhaps the hest. It
must not be jiiil«ed by its pref'aee, whicli is as bad as possilde; eoiisistiiig of scraps from the most
faiitastir.il parts of ISryaiit's Mythology, and of iittacks on the Kriglish for our conduct in relation to
I'arga, and the alleged ill-treatment of the crew of a vessel wrecked on the island of Alderney! 'J'lic
iKiok is really pretty good, which could not certainly be anticipated fTom such a commencement. The
reader will lind the positions and lending particulars <if the existing Knglish and Irish light. houses, and
of the greater numlier of those belonging to Scotland, laid down in the chart attached to the article
Canals in this work. The accuracy of the details may be depended upon ; as they have been copie<l
from the beautiful ch.irt of the light-houses on the liritish and contiguous coasts recently published by
the Trinity Mouse ; the corporation having readily and obligingly granted permission to that effect.
Lnw as to liritish lAyht-houscs, — The 8 Eliz. c. 1.'5. emiiowcrs the cor])oration of ilic
'J'rinity House to erect beacons, &c. to jirevent accidents to ships; and though the act
does not expressly mention light-houses, it has been held to extend to them ; but the
corpor.ation have generally acted under authority of letters patent from the Crown.
Light-houses have also been erected, though not recently, by jirivate individuals, in
virtue of letters patent. The first light-house erected by the Trinity Corporation was
in 1680; but several bad been jireviously erected by private parties. 'J'he duties
for the support of light-houses are jiayable by stat. 4 h 5 Anne, c. '20., and 8 Anne,
c. 17. ; which prohibit the customs' officers from making out any cocket or other
discharge, or taking any report outwards for any ship, until the light duties are ])ald,
and the master shall have produced a light-bill testifying the receipt thereof. Jt is
lawful for every person authorised by the Trinity House to go on board any foreign
ship to receive the duties, and for non-])ayment to distrain the tackle of the shi]) ; and
in case of delay of payment for .T days after distress, the receivers of the said duties may
cause the same to be appraised by two jiersons, and jiroceed to sell the distress.
All the light-houses, floating lights, &.C., exclusive of harbour lights, from the Fern
Islands, on the coast of Northumberland, round by IJeachy Head and the I-and's End,
to the extremity of North Wales, belong to the Trinity House, with the exce])lion of
about a dozen lights, viz. Tynemouth, Spurn (shore), Winterton and Orford, Harwich,
Dungeness, Longships, Smalls, Skerries, &c. These lights are partly public and partly
private property. The duties on their account are, for the most part, payable to the
Trinity collectors.
Trinity Lights The rules and regulations as to lights may be altered by the Trinity House, with con-
sent of the privy council. W'c subjoin a copy of the existing instructions issued by the Corporation to
their collectors.
TIIINITY HOUSK, LONDON.
for the collection of the duties payable to the Corporation of
Instructions to
Trinity House, at the port of
Ist. Yoii nrc to dcm.iiul nml receive from the master or
nKPtit of every ship or vess*'l whifli tiath passetl, or is ahout to
|MS5, in any cllreilion.llu' several liifhls lielciiuiiiK lo tliis Cor-
lioratioii, the res)iertive tolls ami ihllies as |iartii'ularly set forth
in the Tnhle herennto annexed: ohservinp, nevertheless, the ru-
Kitlalion eontaineil In the .Td article, and also that llriiish ves-
sels, and such fori l)!n vessels as are or shall lie i)rivilef;ed in
n-spect to charges as liritish vessels, are exempt from p.iy-
ment of duties to this Corporation, when naviuatcd nholljj in
ballttst.
lA. You arc lo take care to rale all liritish vessels, of every
riasj or description, to the full ammint of their rcRister ton-
naije, eiccpt for those particular liphts, for the duties to which
colliers and coasters are charKcahle ptr vessel only. ForeiKH
vessels are to l« charKiil to the full amount of their toimage,
as ascertalnetl liy the oHlcer of his M.ijesty's customs.
M\. Voii are to ohserve that neither Hri'tish nor foreign ves-
sels are to he charmd with the duties on account of a passage
w-hich may have taken place, or may lie thereafter contnn-
pl.itcil, heinij from one foreipi port to another foreign port,
unless in the prosecution of such vovages thev shall actually
arrive or touch at a port or roaUsteadln (ireat Uritain.
Itli. The duties are to lie collected from all Rritish shiiis at
(he ports in t Jreat Uritain wherethey load or deliver their lar-
Koes. No collection is therefore lo fie made from any liritish
ship which may liaiipen to touch at your |iort on her passngo
III another port in Great Itritaln ; btit you are to ohserve that
this rule is not to lie applied in respect of vi*sels touching at
your port in their passages to ports not in (ireat Itritaln.
.'itli. You are to charge ali vessels belonging to the following
states with the same duties in every rt^pect as liritish ves-
sels : — The vessels of those states are in fact to l.c considered,
so far as respects charges niadeou .iccount of this Corjioration,
as liritish ships, until further orders ; "i?. PortugRl, Itrazit,
I'nited States of America, the kingdom of the Netherl.ind^,
Hanover, Sweden, Norway, Kussia, Hamburgh, Hremen,
l.ubeck, Denmark, and Vrtissia ; to which are to be addtsi
vessi'ls lielonging to the duchi<>s of Oldenlinrgb and Alcckien-
liurgh, as well as those belonging to the kingdom of Kr.ince,
which have been also admitted to the privilege of reciprocity
in res]iect of charges ; but asthat privilege isgrantetl to vessels
of those stall's tmder some limitations, it is necessary you
should panicniarly olwerve the directions contained in the re-
citals of the orders in council and treaty hereunder given *,
* Olileuhurgh IV.iWj.-Kxtract of his IMaiestv's order in coun-
cil, dated the I'.ith of OcIhImt, 18!it :— " llis Maiestv, bv virtue
ol ibe |io\vcrs vested in him bv the acts alwve recited,' and by
mill with the advice of bis privy council, is plrased to order,
and it is hereby orjeveil, that from niid after the date of this
order, Oldenburgb vessels entering the purls of the I'nitcd
Kingdon of (ireal Hrilain and Ireland, m ballast or l;idcn,
dlicii IVoni any uf the ports of t.)ldi>nbur(;h, or ilcpai 'iiig I'rnm
:3 C
the ports of the said I'nitcd Kingdom, togetlier with the car-
goi>s on board the same, such cargoes consisting nf nrticlea
wliiiii may be legally imported or exiiorted, shall not lie snb-
icct to any other or higher duties or cnarjtes whatever than are
or shall be levied on liritish vessels enternig or departing from
such ports.'*
HcikUnlmrf^h Vrxiili. — 'Che I urpnrt of itio order in council
granting the privilege of reciprocity to Muktenburgh vessils^
;i
l
h
I
f, •
¥i
Pi I '
f;
I I
I'.' J.i-A
■ I
,!.i
r
Ml
758
LIGHT-HOUSE.
whcraby you will perceive that vcs^t '^ of tho-^e gtatcs are still
tlablu, in certiiin ca->es, to (he fo ekii rait; oftUiiy.
fith. All vessels helonjilnwr to the Tnlted iCitiKdom, and
trading lietween (ire.it iiritain and lri>landf are to tiu ilecMued
and clinr^ed as rnastdiK vessuh, in respect of all li^lu and
other duties jmyiditu to this OirpDraliun.
7th. Vou are to tjive your rt-c^iiit on a liKht'billi to the mas-
ter of every ship or vessel who shall pay you any of the hnrein*
after mentioned tolls or duties, expressliii? (plvinly and fully)
his name, ttic n^inie of the ve:tsel» and the place to which she
4>elongs, her voyage and tonnaps the money paid, and time of
payment. Vou are tn insert all those sever.d particulars in t!»e
c-oanterpartoftachlinht-biil, which counterjiart istobesiRned
hy the master or his a^ent, :uid the iHHiks returned, contaiiiinK
the samt , to this houses at the end of every . Vou
are to take care that none of the blank liKht-Mlls which shall
he lodged with yen fall into improper hands, or be wasted.
S*oii are in all cases to re<piire the prmlui tion of the Ii«ht-hill
for the duties last p.iid ; and you are n»t to admit or allow that
the ma.iter of anv vessel hath paid elsewhere without seeinK
the li(fbt-l)ill, duf> si^ed by the collector for tite port at which
it may l« allegetl the duties have been paid ; and whenever
you shall bo satisfied that the duties for any ship or ves«;el have
been paid at any other port or jilace, you are to not- the saniu
l:i your iMKik, and also in >our accounts in the column pre*
paretl for that purinwe, exi»ressln^ tlie several particulars as In
your liKht-hilts, with the time and place of payment. Hooks,
containing each a number of blanlt liuht-iiilU, will be fur-
nished you from this house, on your application, whenever re-
quired. Vou are to keep an exact account of all monies which
you shall from time to time collect; and, t>efore vou fill up
your li^ht-bitls, to enter the same distinctly in a book to bu
iirnvide<l by yourself for that puri'ose, wherem all the particu-
lars which are herein-before directetl to be expressed in your
liKht bills, are to lie entered ; —of all which you are, tvithin II
(Jui/.i after the 1st of January, the 1st of April, the Ist of July,
and the 1st of October (to which periods you are to make up
voiir accounts), to sen(l a copy on the printed form furnishetl
ham this house, together with the balance of your collectiont
after a deduction ol in the pound for your
care, troulile, and ordinary expenses therein, to the secretary
of the (.;orj>oralion at this house.
By command of the Corporation,
(Signed) J. HEKBERT, Secretary.
; I
i'i.
I :i
K-w on Account qf Liglit-houscs. — A wish to kccj) the charges on native ships as low as possible, and
to i.isure them a preference, seems to have given rise to tlie practice that has long existed, of exacting
comparatively high duties from the foreign shipping passing near our light.houses. But whatever may
have been the motives for making this distinction, its policy seems more than questionable. It is quite right
that the foreign shijis coming to our ports for commercial purposes should be made to pay the same light
duties as British vessels; but the imposition of comparatively high duties on them is decidedly injurious,
inasmuch as it provokes retaliatory measures on the part of other stiites, obstructs the resort of foreigners
to our markets, and, consequently, checks the growth of commerce. We object, also, to the charging ot
light duties on foreign ships driven into our ports or roads by stress of weather, or coming within sight
of our light-houses in the prosecution of their voyage to some foreign place. In the erection of light-
houses, we had no object in view other than the safety and accommodation of British shipping, and of the
foreign ships entering our harbours for mercantile purposes. It is not, at all events, very hospitable to
force a foreign vessel, compelled by the violence of the tempest to seek an asylum in our harbours, to
contribute to the maintenance of lights kept up only for our own advantage; and it appears to be both
unjust and oppressive to stop and levy a duty on a foreign vessel, that, in the prosecution of her voyage,
may have accidentally, perhaps, passed near one of our light-houses.
This system was very properly condemned in a report by a committee of the House of Commons, in
18'i2. There is, in the evidence annexed to that report, some well-authenticated instances of foreign
ships having been totally lost, from the disinclination of the captains to enter a British port, while it was
in their power, on account of the heavy cliarges to which they would have been exjjosed for lights, &c. !
Such a system was alike disgraceful to tlic humanity, and injurious to the trade of the cniuitry. Hap.
pily, however, it is now materially improved. The discriminating duties are still, no doubt, kept up;
but, in c(msequence of the general establishment of reciprocity treaties, the grievance has become rather
nominal tlian real, and affects comp.irativcly few of the ships using our seas.
We are glad, also, to have to announce, th.it very large deductions have been, in most instances, made
from the light-house duties. It is, indeed, quite essential to their utility, that these should be moderate.
They have tlie same influence u))on the intercourse carried on by sea, that tolls have upon that carried
on by land ; and it is needless to add, that oppressive tolls are amongst the most eflbctual of all the en-
gines by which rapacious ignorance has contrived to injure a country. *
Charges un Account qf Culleclion, SfC. — Thecharges under this hcadan.ounted, in 1831, to fi,lf)4/, Is. 7|rf.
the crpniscs <if mnintrnnncc for the same year benig i;!),23'-'/. Ifis. 1|(/., leaving a balance of 43,ri4.S/. y*-. 'id.
7ictt sxrj'liis. It Is plain, therefore, that the light-liouse revenue is, at this moment, more than twice
as great as is necessary for keeping the establishment in the most perfect state of etficicncy. The surplus
revenue is, wo believe, very juiliciously expended in maintaining decayetl seamen, and other useful pur-
poses. But considering the vast importance of low shipping charges, we agree with the committee of
18'2J, in thinking that such jiersons might be provided for in some less onerous way, and that the light
duties ought to be still further reduced. Perhaps, the best plan would be to abolish the charge alto,
gether on account of some of the most generally useful lights, as by this means the expense of colleo
tion would be wholly avoided, and business very materially facilitated
vessels only .is may nut into any port, plafCi of roadstead, Ikj-
tweun the Wovni's Ile.id and St (iowun's Head.
Lunihf /-/^/l^— Duties iiavable onl v hy vesseLs on their vovapo
to or from i>orts in the Itristol Channel, or to orfroni any ports
to the eastward of a lino drawn IVom tlart!and Point to St.
(iowcn's Head.
lliii-il.t'y Liffhl, — rutics for foreiRn vessels and Prilish over-
sea traders are p.tyable once only for thewliole voyaj^e out and
home : lor coasters and colliers coastwise, eaell time of passing,
if laden, but not otherwise.
South s/tick Lifiht, — llritish or Irish shijis and vessels to or
from Liverpool, Chester, and iiorts to the northward thereof,
to any other ports to the northw.-trd of the Calf of Man (at tho
south part of the Isle of ]\fan),or to the eastward of llolv head,
with all other vessels bound to or from Liverpool and ports ad-
jacent, to any other ports whatsoever, sailing in or out of tho
N'orlh ( 'hannel, viz. " hy Fairhead on the coast of Ireland, ami
tiie ;\Iu!l of tlantire, on'the coast of Scotland,*' are not subject
to pay the duties to the said light. Tliis exemption, however,
is coniinetl and restricted to .ships and vcs.sels of the United
Kingdom, navigating within the limits above described.
A', /t — Ity the term ** each time of l)a.ssing " is to !« under-
stood once for Uie outward, and once for the inward passage.
Rrf^rcnccs.
Tho duties on account of the light-houses on the east co,ist
(witji the exception of those for the Spurn lloating light) are
payalile by all vessels once only for the whole voyage out and
fiome; but a single passage subjects them to the p.ayment of
tlie lull duties.
S;)ioii /••^M^'rt^,'/,l^'/l^ — The duties for this light are to lie
coil'H'twl only from such foreign and ilrilish oversea traders as
nctuallN enter the river Huniber, and are pnyable in those cases
for eacli time <tf passing. Coasters and colliers are subject
thereto for each time of passing coastwise, if laden ; but not
otherwise.
The duties for the Channel lights are payaiile for each time
of passing.
The duties for tlie lights in the llristol and St. Oetirge's
Channels are payable for each time of passing, with the ex-
ception of the Uiird&i'y light, as luretmder stated ; but the fol-
lowing dirLH:tions must be attendi'd to, viz. —
h'liithvtin Li^ht, — Coasters between the Land's End and St.
David's Head (market boats and lislung vessels excepted) are
to pay 1*. per vessel.
Caltit/ Light. — The duties for this light arc jiayable by such
■
Is precisely the same as the foregoiniy order in respect of OUlen-
ImrKh vesseU, and is dated the 1 1th or.lune, IS'i't,
French Vessels. — Kxtract fro'n a convention of commerce
ftnd navigation between liis Mai ■^t;^■ anil the Kioiz oi' Frani-e,
date<l'26in of January, 18'2fi: — *'* I'liat tVnm and af or the .^th
day of April, IS'iH, French vessels coming from or departinf?
for the ports of France, or, if in ballast, coining frnin or de-
parting; for any place, shall not be subject, in the ports of the
United KinKtfom, either on cnti'ring into or depariini; from
the same, to any hig;her duties of tonnaf.<;e, harbour, li,i{ht-house
pilotage, quarantine, or other similar or corresponding dutiM,
of whati^ver nature or under whatever denomination, than
those to which llritish vessels, in res)iect of the same voyages,
are or niay be subject on entering into or departing from such
ports."
Colliers arc to ho charg- -d hy the number of tons expresswl
in thiir registers, and not hy the chaldron ; and colliers bound
to or from fnreijrn parts are to pay the same as other Brilish
ships bound forei^^n.
* There is nothiriR new in this statcmont :— *' Avara jnanus pn-htx cJandH ; ct mm digitos contrahtt^
navinm simul vela concludit ; mrri/o cnim Ufa mvrcntorcs ciuicti rcjugiuni qncc sibi dispaidia esse cog*
noscunt " — (Ctw/ot/uH/A', lib. vii. clip, varia, '.).)
LIGHT-HOUSE.
759
Account sj)€clf>liig the various Liglit-liouses and Floating Lights under tho Management of the Cor.
poration of the Trinity House of Deptford Strond ; the Rales of Charge on the ISritish and Foreign
Sliins passing such Lights; with the Amount of Duties collected on Account of each Light, during each
of the Three Years ending with \832. — {Part. Paper, No. 315. Sess. 1833.)
Names of Lights.
Rates of Charge.
Amounts collected.
Coasters.
Ilritish and
Foreign privi-
lege<l S'essels
Oversea,
Foreign Vessels
not privileged
Oversea,
1830.
1831.
1832.
per Ton.
per Ton.
L.
f. rf.
/,. .. ,1.
L. :
(f.
Scilly - • 1 liKlit-liouso . ' 1 shillini; |icr Tcsscl |
1 farthing - - 1 halfpenny - -
2,119
1 4^
2,11)0 l(i 9 J
2,262 1
H
Kddvstone • 1 li^lit-lnmse -
'^ slnllMig^
1 halfpenny - • 1 peiuiy -
.Vl'^8
10 8
3,(i58 6 2
3,522 5
■•l
Milt'iird - . ii Ii|;lil-li(iiisc3 -
1 shilling
1 halfpenny - I penny - -
4,11'J
17 \0i
15 9
4,564 4 'ik
,3,2i;3 4 35
4,293 2
54
I'orll-nul - V l;Kl)t-b()iKL'6 -
1 shilling . - I 1 hairiwnnv . - 1 penny .
(Vessels entering the harbours of Whitehaven,
3,015
3,105 8
Ij
hi. Ik'Ci - - 1 liKlit-lioUse .
468
13
427 13 10
452 9 10" 1
I'arton, and Workington, and none other, '^ pence
per ton, yearly.)
1
FnutneM - 1 IiHht. house •
1 farthing jier ton '-
1 farlhing - -
1 farthing -
3,401
4 II
3,623 1 1 4i
3,474 2 lOJ 1
C.isVits - - 3 liKlit-lioiises -
6 pent-e per ves^.el -
1 halfpenny
1 shilLing per
1 penny -
2,8SS
19
.•5,099 7 Hi
2,928 4
9
.Nore - - 1 tluatinj; liKlit -
1 shilling pet lUO
2 shillings per
2,535
14
2,615 9 6
2,553 13
tons;
1 110 tons:
1(H) tons:
but not chargeable on any excess of tonnage above 500. |
WvU • - I flo.itlnn liRht -
1 f irthjng per ton -
1S2I, 1 sliilling |>er
1 farthing - -
1 halfpenny - .
3,568
18 2i
3,691 11 OJ
.-.,546 19
>i
FKithoUii - 1 liMht-lioiuu -
1 |>eiiny -
2 jieuce - . .
vessel within the
IMstol Channel.
Other coasters, 1
*
2,457
6 OJ
2,401 4 lOj
1,620 10
H
halfiKnny per ton
1831, 1 shilling per
3 farthings - -
3 halfpence • ■'
vessel, 1 farthing
I>er ton
2 shillings per vessel
I.l7:>rd • - 2 HKlit-housps .
1 halfpenny
1 penny -
3,347
10 2i
19 Hi
3,617 18 S
.3,511 17
2
Nci'dlesand 3 liKht-liouses -
Ilimt
Owcrs - - 1 f1o;\tinR liKllt -
1 shilling
1 halfpenny - -
1 penny - -
3,079
.3,305 17 6i
3,157 1
1 shilling per vessel
I halfpenny
1 penny -
1 halfpenny - •
2,992
14 5^
2 4i
3,202 16 91
3,651 5 6J
3,040 6
'A
lliiisblo' • i! liKht-houftfs &
1 tloatiiiH liKht
1 farthing per ton -
1 farthing - .
3,521
3,496 12
Goodwin - 1 HoatiiiB lifciit -
1 shilling per vessel ;
colliers, 1 farthing
per ton
1 farthing per ton •
1 halfpenny
1 penny -
3,490
1 Ci
3,729 9 4
3,577 15
7
Sunk - - 1 floating liRht -
1 halfpenny - -
1 penny - .
1 nalfticnny
1 halnienny - •
3 halfpence
4,S36
8 3
5,OI3 2 61
4,721 2
"i
Klaniliro' - 1 linlit-liouse -
1 farthing per ton -
I farthing • -
3,719
5 71
12 C^
3.S75 3 3
3,660 12
7
Snutli Stiicic 1 lii-lithousc -
1 farthing jter ton -
1 farthing - -
2,500
2,654 14 61
2,865 17 71
649 13
2,620 12
K
I'crii - - '2 liulit-lioliscs -
3 farthings per ton -
3 farthings
27 3
5 43
2,6,',2 16
'i
lluniliain • 1 Ij^iit-liouse
at Hridgewater, 3
at Hridgewater,
5 shillings per
at Hridgewater,
627
6
578 15
liiilil l.S.T2,thfn
shillings per vessel
10 shillings per
2 light-bouses
at Bristol, pence
vessel
at Itristol, under
vessel
at liristol, dou-
per vessel
llin tons, 3 shil-
ble the amount
'
to and from Ireland,
lings per vessel;
chargeable on
1 shilling (>er vessel
100 .and under
2.')ll Ions, 5 shil-
lings per vessel;
250 tons and
upwards, 7 shil-
lings and
I'ence per ves-
British vessels.
Lowestoft . Z llKht-hmiros &
1 farthing per ton .
1 farthing - -
1 fhrthing - -
3,595 13 4i
3,714 19 6S
3,561 7
0:T
\ lloaliiic liKlit -
Air - - 1 liHlit-liimse &
2 pence per ton - •
4 pence • - -
8 pence
784
12
715 15 8J
864 19
1 i
Imovs in tlie
Dee
I.undy - - 1 liuht-holiso -
(On vessels entering the port of Chester.)
1
1
1 farthing per ton •
1 farthing - .
1 halfjienny . -
1 I halfjienny
1 ,JS9
15 1
1,634 10 6i
1,7S6 2
5^
Sjmrn • - 1 (loatinf; li^bt -
1 farthing Jier ton •
1 farthing - -
4,1117
8 2
4,194 18 9
4,197 6
llideforil Uar !i li(,'lu-hou>es -
1 shilling pnr voyage
3 halfpence • -
1 3 pence
356
5
3S5 3 5;
414 16
OJ
on limestone vessels
Rardsey - - 1 lidlit-houfe •
1 farthing per ton -
1 farthing - -
1 farlhing - .
1,491
R lOJ
8 3j
1,507 14 9
1,567 2
6i
I'alt • - 1 lifjlit-liouse -
1 farthing jier ton -
1 farthing • -
1 1 farthing -
604
559 1
583 4
(Pay.ihle at Newport on
yO
I.vnn Well • 1 floatinf; li);ht -
1 ])enny per ton - - 1 penny - -
1 shilling jicr vessel 1 farthing - -
2 pence
1 halfpenny
I ,.155
4 10
1,279 12
1,455 7
6
HeaihjHead 1 liRht-lmuse -
1 ,7 1 5
15 7
1,S32 16 .3i
659 5 10
1,774 2
)/
Caldy - - I li/;ht-house -
1 penny per ton - - 1 i>enny
2 pence • -
719
19 4
800 19
(Vcfsels In the limestone trade |iay cither U. per voyaRe or an anniial
commutation of liO*. I5». or His> each, according to their respective
tonn.Tties.)
X.T-^h - - 2 li«lit-houses • 1 farthiiiR per ton ■
I halfpenn-. - - f 1 penny *
1 farthing ' - - ! 1 halliJenny
551 6
111
H.'iisbro', 1 floating light - 1 farUiing per ton -
North'Cnd
•
- •
-■ I r
3,489 19 li|
Smith Sand I floating light - ' 1 eighth of a penny
1 farthing - .1 halfpenny - .
.
^
.
1,676 6
4 1
Head 1 per ton
Forelands - 3 light-houses* I farthing i>er ton
1
1 fiurthirg - - 1 1 halfpenny
.
- -
.
1,4.37 9
3i
'
Tot,als - -L.
75,295
4 li
78,915 6 lIi|R2,969 18 II
•«• All British vessels, and .ill foreign vessels privileged as British in respect of charges, are exempted
from all rates and dutici; payable to the Trinity Corporation when navigated wholly in ballast.
Private Light -tiouses. — Private individuals erecting light-houses have generally obtained a lease of
the same from the Crown for a definite number of years, with authority to charge certain fees on ship.
l>ing. Owing to the great increase of navigation, some of these light.houscs have become very valuable
properties. — We extract from the Pari, Paper, No. 170. Scss. 1833, tlie following
,u
n'M^^
! Ill
r »'
t' ^M
'If
U I
1 1.
\i
. it'.'i
* Tl)esc lights were, on the cspirat.-m of tlie Crown lease of tlie same to Greenwich Hospital, on the
SOth of June, \HS'2, transferred to the Trinity House, that Corporation paying to the commissioners of
the Hospital the sum of H,Smi. Ito. for the purcha.sc of the buildings, the ground on which they are
erected, stores, &c. On this transfer being mailc, the tolls were reduced from Irf. to i<t. per ton.
:! C 4
■ it'.
Hi
760
LIMA.
U !
.■ I
I':,;:
I f'
Awniiiit of .. 7 Gross .iiid Nclt Kovcnue of tlio private Liglit-lumscs of Harwich, DiiiiKcni't.'i, Wliiforlnn-
liens aiitl ' '.t'unlncss, uiid lluiiiitaiituii (Jliii; (luriiij{ ttic i'oiir Yearn eiuliii); with ISJI, ttatiiig huw the
name wag iliviileil : —
A|i|iru|iriation ul'tliv Null
U«veiiue.
Namn of LlKht-houMi.
(irort R«cvl|iU.
Kx|u-iiRe of
CllllLt tiuii uiul
Nftt ProcucHli.
MaliiltinuiiL-e.
Amnuiit jiaiil
to Ihu i;ruwn.
Amount paid
to till! l.l'll»u;s.
L. 1. <l.
L. 1. ,1.
1.. : <».
/.. ». ./.
t. 1. if.
Harwich liKlit-liouses •
IHVH
«,.11.') IS .'•
1,717 17 8
fi,(i'^S !)
4,0.17 18 7
2,.'il)ll -i 'i
IS'^I)
!I,«II7 1 .'i
I.SlKi 17 1
7,710 7 i
■\,(<W ■! ,'j
.1,081 U II
IS.Id
<j,:.i)l Ki !»
1,70.1 11) 7
7,SS7 17 -i
■1,7.1'2 II 4
.1,1. M « 10
1S.1I
!),S'JS 7 .'>
l.S.K) 17 .1
K,0II7 10 2
4, SKI 10 (1
^:^^^ o li
Dungeneu UKlit-houset •
1HV8
!I,!M1 li 8
'.^.OKi li 8
7,s:il II
V, 0.1.1 8 1
.'>,8lil .', 11
ISW
7,r(KI Hi (i
l.iilO 1 1 1)
(1,1 Jill 1 -i 1}
.1,0.10 1 .1
.1,0.10 1 .1
1S.1I)
M71 7 .'>
l,.1l'> 8 11
:\,htr> IS (i
l,l)l'.< 1!) .1
l,l(l'.i 19 .1
IS.11
.'>,.''!•> '> '>
l,1(i7 1 7
1,1 IV i.') Ill
H,071 7 11
V,071 7 11
.'i.ll.'jli 18 10
Wlntertonm-M and OrfordiicM)
IH'^S
11 /lis 7 .1
V.lill 1) 7
11,111.1 17 8
.'..U.'.fi 18 10
\HM
11,1111 (1 11
•i.im t; ,1
7,1. Mi II (i
3,.'.78 7 3
.1,.''7S 7 .1
IS. 10
•l.t.'il 111 1(1
I.DIIIi 7 11
7,ISS 11 11
.1,.')<)l (!
.i,.'.i)i r, 11
1S.11
U,.'>ll II 10
2,1117 IV! 8
7, .'.'27 2 i
.1,70.1 U 1
3,7<i,1 11 1
Hunitonton Cliir
ISW
(i.'il t 11
l.'i.^ .1 .'>
■I'M 1 fi
•
4111) 1 6
IS-^I)
.'.Ul .1 8
1.11 IS 5
I.>1) .') .1
.
4.'.ll .'. 3
18.TII
.'iSl 1) I
ISIill 2
.11)1 17 11
.
31)4 17 11
IS.1I
an 11) .'-.
l.'.7 ID li
lit 111 11
-
414 11) II
Harwich Lights, held liy General Iteliow, iiiuler lease from the Crown, for 2'2 years (Vom the 5th of
January, 1 HUT, paying to the Crown ;i..')ths of the nett tliity collei'ti'il.
Dtmni'iu'sn l.i'ehl.i, held iiiidcr lea.se from the Crown, by 'rhonias William Coke, K.m). for 20 yc.irs from
Midsummer^ 1S'2<). Nett pnHlnce of tlie duties e<)iially divided between ilie Crown and the lesnee. The
duties were reducetl at the renewal of the lease from Irf. to Jrf. per ton ; and it is provided, that at its
termination, the light-houses and buildings connected therewith, and the ground on which they are
erected, shall betiome the property of the Crown.
lyinlcrlotinrss ami Orfortlncss Lights, held by Lord Hrayhrooke tinder a lease from the Crown, which
expires on the'iilth of July, 18W. Nett prwliice of the duties npiaily divideil between the Crown and his
Lordnhip. The duties were reduced, at the last renewal of the U',ase in IH'.'S, from Irf. to Jrf. per ton. At
the expiration of tlie lease, the right-hou.ies, grounds, Ike. become the property of the Crown.
Hunstanton Cliff Liaht, held by S. I,ane, l'.>(\., under a lease from the Crown, whidi expires in IKli).
From the Kith i f October, 1S,)7, 4-l.Jth parts of the nett produce are to go to the Crown; and the light-
houses, Ike. become, at the expiration of the lease, the property of the Crown, as in the case of the Uuiigo-
iiess and Winterton lights. The duties are to be reduced a half in 1.S.'>7.
There are several other private lights, such as the Loiigships, ofl' the Land's End ; the Mumbles near
Swansea ; the Skerries, in St. George's Channel ; the Smalls, in ditto, &c. ; of the revenue of which wc
have seen no late account.
The charges for the undermentioned lights arc as follow : — .
Forc'iKu llrllish
llnr\vii;h - - -
Iliimtaiilim ...
l.iiiiKslillis (ofrr<and's Kiul)
IMiiint)le.s (near Swan.st'a)
Skerrkii (St. Geornt's Channel)
DuiiKcness ...
Ships. ShipH.
lii, per ton. OAi/. per (on.
1,/. _ ()},/. _
1,/. _ oV. _
OV'- — OV'. —
'ill.
U.
\il.
u:.i. _
W'inlertnn and Orflird
' Smalls (SI. (iL'orite'.'s Channel)
I Ditlo (ililtii) (cin:<tiiit;)
Spurn (sliori) moutli (if llumlicr
'I ^vnenioiith
I Ditto (.ulUitionnl)
Poreiioi
Ships.
I'f. tier Ion.
•ill. -
•ill. —
III. —
3j. per ves.
Oid-IicTton.
Ilrillbh
Ships.
OV'. per ton.
Ill —
OU. —
oV. _
1-'. per ves.
1'/. pcT Ion,
The nfll revenue of the Smalls light-house amounted, at an aver.igc of the .'3 years ending with 182?,
to G,7-Ki/. 17.». a year. The lease hail then 54 years to run ; and the Trinity Corporation having proposed
to purchase the reversion, the lessees demanded for it US,'|..;(i/. Tiiis fact afi'ords a striking illustration
of the extreme inexpetliency of the pr.ictiee of leasing light.houses to |irivate |iarties. Wherever they
are necessary, they ought to be raised at the public expense, and the fees kept as low as possible. Tliero
cannot, in fact, be any greater improvidence or abu.se, than to make over to a private individual or .-i.sso.
eiation a power to levy, for a long series of years, a certain amount of toll on the ships passing partitul.ir
lights. The renewals mentioned above are, wc hope, the last transactions of tliu sort that will ever be
attempted.
Sculeh iir Knrthtrn Liglili, are under the management of a set
of iiarliamentarj cominluioners. — The charges are,—
^'ess(■U sailing on the coa.st of Soot-
land, within a tine drawn from
Duiioltar <^lstIe on the north to
SI. Alili's I(e.id on the south
Without the above limits
IsleofiM. in Unlit
Forci|;n
Ajlillis.
.'i(/. per ton,
4r/. per Ion.
OJiJ. —
Ilritish
Ships.
2Ji/. per Ion.
'ill. JUT ton.
Oiif. —
Irhh IJf^hls. ~ It a]tpcarfi from the Viirlhtmcnlnrti Piqur,
.\o. 1 70. Sess. l.S.II, p. .'lO., that llieuross sum collcrlcil C.ir li;;ht
duties ill lretanil,tluriiiK IS3I, aniuuntetl to 43,1)70/. IS*, iit/.
The rales ofrhar^e are its follow ; —
roreii:n vissels, .Ji/. pi-r ton for each li^ht passeil ; oxi-ept
h.irlioiir li);hts, which are only char);enlile to vessels entering
the porl.s wUhin which they are situated.
Ilritish and Irish, Ifil. per ton (1</. if in ballast) (breach liKht,
excejit as above. **
\\ 1th a duty of •it. on every entry, cocket, or warrant, when
from forciisn iiorts, but not olhenvi.se.
Cownrnirt/mn /o i'Wi'fr/c /•«)•//«. — The authority acquired by certain individuals and public bodies,
under letters patent, acts of parliament, and otherwise, of levying certain duties on accimnt of lights, bea-
cons, pilotage, harbour dues, &e. entitles thein, for the most part, to dem.iiul higher fees from foreign than
from Itritish shipping. When, therefore, we entered into reciprocity treaties with foreign powers,
government had to coraiicnsate the parties in ((uestion for the diminution that coiiseqtiontly took place in
their charges on foreign ships. The total sum paid on this account, in 18.;2, amounted to ;>5,lKi.7. ortliis
sum, l,5(jt)/. was paid to the lessees of the SmaJIs light-house already alluded to, and 2,U85/. to the pro-
prietors of the Spurn and Skerries lights. 'I'he Trinity Corporation have reliiiqui.shetl their claim to
compensation. — (For some .iccouiit of the Trinity Corporation, the reader is reterred to that article;
and for accounts of the charges on account of Beaconage, Kallastage, Pilotagi>, He. see these titles.)
LIMA, tlie capital of Peru, on the west coast of South America, in lat. 12° '2' 4.5" S.,
Ion. 77° 7' 15" W. Population variously estimated; but may probably amount to from
50,000 to G0,000.
Callao, the port of Lima, is about 6 miles W. from the latter. The harbour lies
to the north of a projecting point of land, in the angle formed by the small uninhabited
island of San Lorenzo. Previously to the emancipation of Peru, and the otiier ci-dcmnt
Spanish provinces in the New World, I^ima was the grand entrejuU for the trade of all
llie west coast of South America"; but aconsideral/le portion of the foreign trade of I'eni
is now carried on through Buenos Ayres, and the former is also in the habit of import-
LIME. — LINEN.
(61
ciKM, Wliifcrtnn-
vtatiiig huw the
tlcpii olihe Suit
eveiiue.
i
Amount paid
1. 1 to lliv la.'«»vei.
L. 1. ,1.
«„'>;)(» -i -i
.1.1 INI U 11
.1,1. M !i 10
.1,'^i7 ■/
.'-.Hlil i 11
.i.o.Tfi 1 ^
i,'.H'i 19 ^
•f,»7l 7 11
.'>,'.(.■)() I.S III
.•','■78 7 ^
.ii.'''Ji .'. 11
3.7(i.1 11 1
■»!!!» I «
4'.!) .'i 3
3UI 17 11
111 lU II
from the 5th of
or 20 je.irs from
the U'ssi'o. 'I'hc
idc'd, ihnt at its
which tlicy arc
c Crown, which
Crown .-ind his
i<l. per ton. At
nvn.
expires in IKHt.
1 and tlic hKht.
if of the Dungc»
Mutiil)lo.s near
le of wliich we
tr> Hriilhh
ps. Ships,
rlon. <)W. pirtun,
— Mil. 'Z
— t)\,l. ._
• vi'S. 1j. pir VI'.!.
.rum. J./, pcrlun.
ding with 182?,
.ivinK piojmsod
ing illustration
Wherever they
iissible. Tlieru
ividual or nsso-
sing p.irti<,til;ir
It will ever be
Utimcnliirif Pti]„r
I'lillci'Kilf.irliKlit'
J ■l.1,'.)7l)/. 1S». -ill.
It passixl ; pjiept
i) VCMl'ls I'lllcrillf;
wtjforeadiliKlif,
or warrant, wl^.n
public bodies,
of lights, bra-
il foreign than
reign powers,
took place in
Am. oiiiiis
')l. to the pro-
heir claim to
that article;
e titles.)
° '>' 'i n" .«!
Lint to (io:n
arliour lies
minliahitud
LT ci-dcriint
ratio of all
dc of J'eni
of import-
ing European goods at second hand from Valparaiso and other ports in C'liili. The
exports from Lima consist principally of copper and tin, silver, cordovan leather, and
soap, vicunna wool, quiniiuina, &c. The imports consist ])riiieipally of woollen ami
cotton stuffs, and hardware, from England ; silks, brandy, and wine, from Spnin and
France; stock-fish from the United States, indigo from Mexico, I'aragiiay herb from
Paraguay, .s])ices, quicksilver, &c. Timber for the construction of .ships and houses is
brought from Guayaquil. The official value of the ditfercnt articles of British produce
and manufacture exported to Peru in 1831, amounted to 624,639/., besides 21,39'-'/. of
foreign and colonial merchandise. The official value of the imports into Great Britain
from Peru during the same year was 42,377/.
Monies, Weights, and Measures, .same as those of Spain ; for which, see Cadiz.
LIME(Ger. Kalh; Fr. C/iitux; It. Cakina, Cake; Sp. Cal ; Uus. /s«»es<), an earthy
.substance of a white colour, moderately hard, but which is easily reduced to powder,
citlier by sprinkling it with water or by trituration. It has a hot burning taste, and in
some measure corrodes and destroys the texture of those animal bodies to which it is
applied. Specific gravity, 2-3. Calcium, the metallic basis of lime, was discovered by
Sir II. Davy.
There are few parts of the world in which lime docs not exist. It is found purest in limestone, marble,
and chalk. None of these substances is, however, strictly speaking, lime ; bu' !<cy arc all easily con.
verted into it by a well-known process ; tliat i«, by placing them in kilns or furnaces constructed for tho
purpose, and keeping them for some time in a white heat, — a process called the burning "f lime.— (2'/iwi«
suit.'i Chnnislry.)
The use of lime, as mort.ir in building, has prevailed from the cnrliest antiquity, and is nearly
universal. It is also very extensively used in this country, and in an inferior degree in some parts of tho
Continent and of North America, as a manure to fertilise land. But it is a curious fact that the use of
lime as a manure is entirely a Kuropean practice; and that its employment in that way has never been
so much as dreamed of in any jiart of Asia or Africa. Lime is of much importance in the arts, as a dux
in 'ho smelting of metals, in the shajie of chlorate in bleaching, in tanning, &c. I/ime and liinestonea
may be carried and landed coastwise without any customs document whatever. Its consumption in thia
country is very great.
lilME (Fr. Citrnnier ; Ger. Citrone; Hind. Neemhoo), a species of lemon {Citrus
medial, var. 5 C), which grows in abundance in most of the West India island.s, and i«
also to be met with in some parts of France, in Spain, Portugal, and throughout
India, &c. The lime is smaller than the lemon, its rind is usually thinner, and '\l^
colour, when the fruit arrives at a perfect state of maturity, is a fine bright yellow. It
is uncommonly juicy, and its flavour is esteemed superior to that of the lemon ; it is,
besides, more acid than the latter, and to a certain degree ficrid.
LINEN (Ger. Linnen, Leinwand; Du. Lynwaat; Fr. Tuik; It. Tela, Panno lino ;
Sj). Lienza, Tela du lino; Rus. Pulotno), a species of cloth made of thread of flax or
hemp. The linen manufacture has been prosecuted in England for a very long period;
but though its progress has been considerable, particularly of late years, it has not been
so great as might have been antici])ated. This is partly, perhaps, to be ascribed to the
efforts that have been made to bolster up and cncoumge the manufacture in Ireland and
Scotland, and partly to the rapid growth of the cotton manufacture — fabrics of cotton
having to a considerable extent supplanted those of linen.
In 1698, both houses of parliament addressed his Majesty (William III.), represent-
ing that the progress of the woollen manufacture of Ireland was such as to prejudice
that of this country ; and that it M'ould be for the public iidvantage, were the former dis-
couraged, and the linen manufacture established in its stead. His INIajesty replied, — " I
shall do all that in me lies to discouraye the woollen manufacture in Ireland, and encourage
the linen manufacture, and to promote the trade of England ! " We may remark, by
the way, that nothing can be inore strikingly characteristic of the illiberal and erroneous
notions that were tlien entertained with respect to the plainest principles of public
economy, than this address and the answer to it. But whatever the peojjle of Ireland
might think of their sovereign deliberately avowing his determination to exert him.selftu
crusli a manufacture in which they had begun to make some progress, government had
no difficulty in prevailing upon the legislature of that country to second their view.s, by
prohibiting the exportation of all woollen goods from Ireland, excejjt to England, where
prohibitory duties were already laid on their importation ! It is but justice, however,
to the parliament and government of England, to state that they have never discovered
any backwardness to jiromote the linen trade of Ireland ; which, from the reign of Wil-
liam III. downwards, has been the object of regulation and encouragement. It may,
indeed, be doubted whether the regulations have been always the most judicious that
might have been devised, and whether Ireland has really gained any thing by the forced
exten.sion of the manufacture. Mr. Young and Mr. Wakefield, two of the highest
authorities as to all matters connected with Ireland, contend that the spread of the linen
manufacture has not really been advantageous. And it seems to be sufficiently esta-
blisbe»!, that though the manufacture might not have been so widely diffiised, it would
have been in a sounder and healthier state had it been less interfered with.
Bounties. — Besides prciuiunis and encouragements of various kinds, botinties were
ti 1^1'
,) I
■ li
is
\'A
1 «
7(52
LINKN.
'i\
h' :'(
I in
f?rnnli'<l on tlu* oxportaluin of liiioii for n vf-y Umfr, period down to 1H:K). In IH'29, for
(■xtiinplc, notwillistaii(liii<{ if had tlu-ii Iicimi very inticli ri-diii-i'd, tlio bounty unionnti'd to
al)ont ;l(X),(KH)/., or to iumiIn o/n si-rtnt/i jiart of (lu- iMiliro rt-al or di-cliirt'd valno of llio
linen exporli'd llial year! 1 1 is not easy to imagine a ^realer al)nse. A liotnity of tins
Nort, instead of proniotin<r the niaiuifaetnre, rendered those en^^aged in it comparatively
iinliflerent to iniproveiiieniN ; and thou;^h it had been otherwise, what is t(» be thon;{hl
of the policy of persistin;.'; for more than a century in supplying; the foreigner with linens
for less tiiaii tlu-y cost l* We have not the least doubt, that were the various smns ex-
|)ended in well-meant but useless attempts to force this nianufaeturo, added tofrether,
witli their accunudations at simple interest, they would be found sufticient to yi«'ld an
annual revenue, little, if at all, inferior to tiie entire value of the linens we now .send
abroad. And alter all, the business never began to do any real goixl, or to take lirni
root, till the mamifaeture ceased to be a domestic one, and was carrie<l on principally in
mills, and by the aid of machinery, — a change which the old forcing Kystem tended to
counteract. The only red and ellectual legislative encouragement the manufacture has
ever met with, has been the reduction of tiie duties on flax and licinp, and the relin-
ipushing of tile absurd attempts to force their growth at home.
/','.i7«(/7,« iif l.iiini friim /irltiinl, S,-r, — 'I'he following Table, which wc regret the par-
liamentary accounts do not furnish the means of continuing to the present day, gives
An Acccnnit of the Uuniitlty anil VuUic of the T/uiciin exported Troin Irclniid, from 18(X) to W2'.), both
iiichmive.
AiniHlnl of llnnitty |)A(il In
YMri.
ToOriMt llrltiilii.
r,ii-.(.,.
To Fnri'iKii l*nrtn.
Tot.U.
lrrlatiil,tnt l.inrn i>x)iiirlvil
to l*'oTri|{lt I'artH.
Y,ir,h.
Y'lriln.
£ s. tl.
1S(K)
.">l,livs,(l:i!l
'j,r>s.j,s;'!(
.■!i.,r.ii.i,siis
iMii'.;
;!;i,JHi,'it.l
'J,.'!(iS,|IIl
;i.-..(ii.\sr.4
I.S(^^
.•i!i,S.iV,l(ll
;i,.;',i.),.vjs
4;i,il(i,iiJii
i(),r>ir. 2 2
ISIIIi
;!;■>,'.' 1/>,'JS()
.■i,HS(),!llil
;i;i,VJ(i,'JH
i"),(ii;s 4 ••
I.SdS
4l,!l.".S,7l!l
'2,ll.!.i,:!l!7
4,'i,!l!li,0Si;
(1,710 !('>
IHIO
;w,.Wi,>tr.
4,.!i:f,7'3
;ili,S!IS,'J7l)
llvltS 1!) <l
IS I'.'
.■U,.iJ(l,7i;7
i;,;VJI,(iS(i
.'l.'i,St.".,4'''')
ll,,VtS .1 4
ISII.
jii.i.ri.m.tk)
;>, Hi !,7S.)
4!,(HI,!,'J'.'ii
17,'-' 11 U 11
IHlTi
:)l,'M;,:i.v)
rvUKWDi;
4 .',4S'.',.'ii;.';
i7,4.;() 17 ;i
ISIli
4'J,:l.i(),llS
.■i,.i!l!l,.'ill
•t.>,7'J!i,li'J<)
l'2,(ISi! <; 4
1SI7
r)i>,':sH,HV2
.Mi41,7:l.i
.'.(i.y.io.wr.
21,W4 15 4i
1H1«
4t,7Mi,.i,Vl.
ti,l7S,!IU
.oo.fcjr^.ids
'JS.StS (i 2
IHIlt
:a,<X,t,:w
'.',tW:;,S."o
.■!7.liH, '.'">!
1(1,177 H .'i*
isai
■KI,.ilS,'J70
;i,'J!it,<its
•».i,(i|.i,21.'<
I1,!CJS !) 11
ISJI
■t,">,r.i!V>(ii»
4,(11 !,(;!()
4|i,,0.il,l:;<l
IS,'.' IS l!t 'J J
IS'J'J
4.!,'."Jii,7IO
.■i,.i7t,!l!i;l
•Ki.tWI 1,7(1.1
17,1 1'2 !» 2
ISJ.J
4M,(i(;(i,riiii
.■i,ii;!i,(i()(i
.'.I,'i.i:>,.".!i7
J7,7ii,5 r> 10
IS .'J
4(i,liiil,!P.i()
.■i,(l'Jil,l'.'7
•l!i,Hi.i,:;77
17,111, 1.1 104
I'-VH.'i !» (ij
isir,
.^'j„-..")<i,(;7H
'J,.Vi:i,,'-|S7
,V>,il;i,'.'(H
iS'Jii r
Till' o\|inrt,uitm^ ti> (iriMt I'-vi-
■) 2,7-:il,.!'l7
•
l(l,',.'Hl 17 !t
1S'J7 )
IS'JS 1
t lin (Muiiol hr ,l-sti'll.litH'il tiir
tin's,' vfjiiH, ttu' noss-ftt.iniU'l
Iratli* iru'iiif; hccn assiinilati'd
f 4,'JSK^(i(i
f ,i,'-'ll,!tll
- - -
12,114 8
! 1,4! It 7 ,'".
IS'Jll t
liv l.iw til a riiastiiii,' Ivallir.
3 L',;iS(VA';)
■ - -
(i,S,St! a 1 1
Ortlio.se exports, iimrc tli;m I'J-l.'Iths have lii-oit to (Jrcat UrilMiii. TliPlDtal avcr.iKO export, iIiiriiiK t ho
3 yoars cmlitiK with 1S'J.">, was .01/11.7,41:; yards, of which 4!>,(' >l.'i7.i caine to Ihi.s country ; the export.'i to
/!// other parts lii>iiin; only 2,PI(i,.;Kl. Siiirc IS'jri, the trailc lictwci'ii Ireland and (ircat liritaiii liaH lu'oii
plnt'i'd on the footing of a oDastiin; trade, so that liiiensi are exporteil and inijiortod without any specilic
entry at tlio fustoni-lionsic.
Siotvli Linen Mitnufncturc. — Tn 1727, a Hoard of Trustees wjis established in Scot-
land for the siii)erintendence and improvement of the linen manufacture. It is not easy
to suppose that the institution of this Hoard could of itself have been of any material
.service; but considerable bounties and jjremiunis being at tlie same time given on the
liroduclion and exportation of linen, the manufacture went on increasing. Still, liow-
over, it did not increase so fast as cotton and .some others, which have not received any
adventitious s<ipport, tmtil maeliinery l)egan to be extensively em])l()yed in tlio manufac-
ture ; so that it is very doubtful whether the influence of tlie bounty lias been so great
as it would at first sight appear to have been. The regulations as to the inamifacluie,
after having been long objected to by those concerned, were abolished in 1822 ; and tliu
boimties have now ceased. We subjoin
An Acconnt of the Oii.mtity and Value of the I.liicii Clotli maiuifncturod and stamped for .Sale in Scot-
land during the I'en Years endiiiK with 1,S'.".', lieiiii- the latest I'eriod to which it can he made up.
Avir.iKi-
__
A vera(?o
Yi'.irs.
Y.iri's.
\ aluc.
l*rifi'
|icr Yaril.
^ I'.nrs.
\ .iriLs.
\'aIiio.
I'ri.i!
jicr Yard.
t.. t. il-
il.
1.. 1. ,1.
rf.
isn
1«.;ii'>,ll(^
:)77,.1S'i 1 7
I,'i'i:i,.'i7i Hi 10
lis
ISIS
,11,'«.1,lllOi
\,v<^,r>'» s oi
!l(i
istl
•j(;,i'^ii,(ivii
1 1 .'>
isin
•i!l,.1.TI,t'iS
l,I.'i7,^l« 1 11
il't
ISI.',
,Ti,o,'>(;,oi.'i
l,lo,i,7(;(; 1,'. 'i
lo-.'.
IS. '11
'^ii,'^'.:i,iill
1,0.1s, 70S IS .'I
fl-l
isii;
•^(i.ll'^.Ol.'i
l,ii'iii,(i7l 1 11 ^
!!•«
1S,!1
,io,r,.i,i(ii
l.w^.o.is 1.'. 4;
!l'7
isu
W,7SI,<Mi7
l.o'.i'i.dSi) 'i n\
•tl
IS'^'^
.1li,'^(iS,.'i,1l)
l,3l)(i,'^ij.'> l!l 11
!)-2
This aoeounf is not, however, of much use. The stamp w.-!S only affixed to linen on which a Imntily
w,-«9 paid, that is, on linen intended lo"r expoit.ilion. I.inen iiKiinifai'lnred lor home use, or intended for
private sale, was noi stamped, — {lUialnik's Siai'ri/ ,if I'oifny, \\ .XNi.)
LINEN.
7G.3
l)iiii(li-i' is tlic ri'iiikI si'ikt of llic Scotch liiicMi
(liiritifj; tliL' lust Ti'w years has Iiul'M su L-xtrmirdiimry,
it iii.'iy not hv iinacvi'|italilc.
iDuiiufMCturv ; and its |>ro^ri>N« there
tliat the I'olluwhig details in rvii|H.'Ct tci
Til
(Is thu
ic nianutaci ore appears to huvc bc«n nitroduced nilo Dundee sonic tiino towards
l)e|;iiHn'iiK of last century ; but, for a lenfrthened ])erio(l, its progreM was comparatively
slow. In 17i.'j, only 74 tons of flax were imported, without uny hemp; the shipments
of linen cloth during the mmie year heiiig estimated at uliant 1,()()(),(KX> yards, no men-
tion being made either of sail-cloth or baj^giiig. In 17!) I, the imports of flax amounted
to '2,4'I4 tuns, and those of liemji to 'Ji)!) tons; the exports that year being 7iH'1'J,(XX)
yards linen, 'JH(),(XK) yards sail-cloth, and fi.'i.tKX) do. bagging. l-'rom this period the
trade began to extend itself gradually, though not rapidly. Previously to the peace of
IKI.'i, no great (piaiitity of muchitii'ry was employed in s])inMing; but about this period,
in conseipience, partly and jiriucipally of the im|)r()vement of machinery, and its exti'n-
sive introduction into the manufacture, and jiartly of the gre.'iter ri'gularity with which
supplies of the raw material were obtained from the Northern powers, the trade began
rapidly to increase. Its progress has, indeed, beencpiite astonishing; the imports of (lax
having increased from about :S,(XK) tons in I KM, to l.'i.tXK) Ions in IK:!()! 'I'he exports
of manufactured goods have increased in a corresponding )n'oportion. During the year
ended the iJlsl of iNIay, IKlJl, there were imported into Dundee l.'ijOlO tons of flax, and
:5,()H'J do. heini) ; and there were shipped ofr:!(;f;,.S17 pieces, being about ."JO.tXKMXX) yards,
«if linen ; Hr>,r,'J'J pieces, or about .'(.^(XJ.CXX) yards, of sail-cloth ; and about -l.tXH^CKK)
yards of bagging — in idl, about .')7,.';(X),0(X) yards ! — (See an excellent article on this
subject in the Diinilvn (Vironirit; I (;th of October, I8;i'j.) In the year ending the lilst
of Alay, lH:t;t, the im])orts of flax amounted to 18,777 tons, besides .'J,liH() tons of
hemp. The sliipments of linen, sail-cloth, &c. have increased in a corresponding ratio;
and were valued, in the year now mentioned, at about I,f)'(X),(X)()/. !
It a])pears, therefore, that the shipments of linen from this single port are rpiite as
great as those from all Ireland; and whil',- the manufacture has been very slowly pro-
gressive in the latter, it has incre.'ised at Dundee even more rapidly tli:m the cotton
manufacture has increased at INIanehesler. It is not easy to give any satisf.ictory ex-
planation of this wonderful progress. Something must be ascribed to the convenient
situation of the port for obtaining supplies of the raw material; and more, i)erhaj)s, to
llie manufacture having been long established in the towns and villages of Stratlunore,
the ('arse of Ciowrie, and the northern parts of l''ife, of which Dundee is the emporium.
Hut these cireiunstances do not seem ade(|iiate to explain the superiority to which she
has recently attained in this department ; and, however unpliil()soi)liical it may seem, wo
<l() not really know that we can ascribe it to any thing else than a concurrence of fortu-
nate accidents. Nothing, in fact, is so dillicult to ex]>lain as the su|)eri()rity to which
cert.-iin towns freipienlly attain in ])articular departments of industry, without apparently
jiossessing any peculiar facilities for carrying them on. Hut from whatever causes their
pre-eminence may arise in the first instance, it is very dillicult, when once they have
attained it, for others to come into competition with them. They have, on their side,
established connections, workmen of superior skill and dexterity in manipulation, im-
l)roved machinery, iStc. Recently, indeed, the advantages in favour of old establish-
ments have been, to a considerable extent, neutralised i)y the jirevalence of c()nd>inati()ns
amongst their workmen ; but it is to be hoped that means may sjjccdily be devised for
obviating this formidable evil.
ruliic. of I hi; Maiiufiicluri'.. Niimhcr of Persons eni])loi/erl. — There are no mciins by
which to jbrm an accurate estimate of the entire value of the linen maimlhcture of Great
Ilritain and Ireland. Dr. ("olipdioun estimated it at 1 .';,(XX),(KX)/. ; Ixit there caimot
be the shadow of a doubt that this is an absurd exaggeration. In the former edition of
this work we expressed our convict ion that it could not be valued at more than 1 (),(X)0,(X)0/. ;
but further investigation has satisfied ns that even this estimate is very decidedly beyond
the mark, and that the entire produce of the manufactiu'e in the United Kingdom does
not exceed 7,.'J0(),(XXW. * Some very intelligent in(livi(kials, largely engaged in the tnule, do
not estimate it at so much ; and we feel fully confident that this sum, if not nuich beyond,
is at all events not within the mark. Now, if we set aside a third part of this sum for
the value of the raw material, and 'J.> per cent, for jirofits, wages of superintendence, wear
and tear of cai)ital, coal, &c., we shall have 3, 1 'i,'5,(X)()/. to l)e divided as wages among
those employed in the mamdacture. And supposing each individual to earn, at an aver-
age, 18/. a year, the total number cmi)loyed would be about 172,(X){). It may l)e
thought, jierhaps, that 18/. is too low an estimate for wiiges ; and such, no doubt, would
be the case, were not Ireland taken into the average. I5ut as a great many jiersons arc
there emjjloyed in the manufacture at very low wages, we believe that 18/. is not very
far from the mean rate.t
* .Sir K. M. ICdon cstimafcd tlic entire value of tlic linen m.-inuCnOllUO of Great Britain, in 1800, at
2,(H«),(l(KI/._(JV,'n//,sr,w I)isiiianri;\\ '('<.)
i A vast tiiimluT of ix-rsoiis in Ireland arc only partly rmplovcd m the manufacture; Ijiit tlic al)ovc
CBtiniale siiiiiioses that the 17-,<K)0 individual? .>ri- wljully cmiileyid in it.
I 'II
mm
] i
f ■:
i|:;ii..,
I'M
il,
I ■: Miy
761'
LINEN.
Linen Trade of the United Kingihm, — The following ofliciul statomi'iits sliow, in
detail, the HtiUe of the import and export trade of tiie country in this department, in
18;J0, with the results for the subsequent years.
Account of the Quantitips of Hemp and Flax, drcssoil and uinlrosscd, Ilomi) Tow, Flax Tow, and T.incn
Yarns, imiiortfd into (iroiit lli Itain and irulaud, from I'on-iRn I'arts, in the Year ended the flth of
January, \S'll ; distinKuiiihiiiK tlio Forts of lin|>ortati()n, and the Couutrics whence imported, together
with the Ileal and Official Valueti thereof. — (Pfir/. Paper, No. .'i.'H. Se»s. 183'i, ifc.)
.:« .i
Fort* of ImporUUon.
ImiKirts into (Jreat llritaln and Ireland from Foreign Parts, In the Ye.ir ended .1th of January, IK.1t.
Hemp
Flax, and Tow or
Ciidllbi (if lieni|>
Linen
Countrlefl from whleh
Hemp,
Flax, and Tow or
Codiltaof Hemp
Linen
undrnsed.
and Klax, droucd
or unUresiiul,
Yarn.
imported.
undressed.
aiul Flax, drenxed
or undressed.
Yarn.
EnaiiANU*
Cwt,
Vwl.
Cm*.
. (iniiAr Uritai.!.
I'wI.
I'nt.
<ri(.
l.rfindon
1S1,.11S
1I!<,5S0
671
Ilussia
441,219
696,693
6,(il2
live - • "
Chichester
3
Denmark
.
77
1110
I'russia
s,4oy
81,891
6,102
rorUinouth
iermany
«
32(i
6,211
Southampton
Foule • • •
' \,m
281
riie Nvihcrlandi
Prince
32
I13,U(KI
3U,17A
68
Lyme
.'1,387
21,419
Italy
'22,132
291
Kxeter - ■ •
.'i,'l.'i7
.Malta
5
Plymouth
I'i,3»i9
I,B35
Sierra I*one and Rl»er
Falmouth •
2,70.'»
(tnmbla
16
i'ruro
I'enzance
7U0
4'il
'apeofOoodllope
Ka«t India Company •
614
UriUuuwdter
territories . ' -
14,080
Hri»tol
12,0.3 1
GBI
Phillpnine Islands
60
(iluuiester
yiVi
41
.\ew South W,»le»
6,246
Newport
Chester • - -
471
123
United States of America
hill
695
U
866
Liver]KK)I
53,3!)'^
28,714
639
(Juemsoy and Jersey
l:rfinca)iter
703
4,SUi
24,fi'»l
(forei(fn)
448
SO
Wliitfhaven
121
llc'rwick
car.
22!»
Total . .
484,.'>09
932,I,)C
17,31.-1
NewcfuUe -
13,11'^
13,3'J3
IW)
Siiiiderluiul
l-^,.')87
21
Ikklam).
Stockton
Vi7,5.')0
11,4.'iO
Ilussia
19,880
7,989
Hull
ll.S,l!IH
11,199
Prussia - - -
1,218
70(i
1,81(1
lioole
' 1,3().-.
I,.'il0
101
7,U8i
I.'),662
2
iermanv
,
(IS
tiriinsby
The Neihcrl.iinU
,
2,913"
11
Lynn
Italy . . .
1,161
Blai-kncy and Clsy
Vdriiiuutli ■ "
Ilajll -
13
Hccn.A.fn.
U'ith
ilorrnwstont'ss
1!1„377
18,fi.32
2,0(1!)
4,083
Total
Agnregatc of the Import-
ations into the IJnitfd
22,2(12
ll,(ilO
~,S!IS
(jraii^einouth
Ktrkalily
Dundee ...
Montrose
Aberdeen - - •
Uanir -
Inverness
Thurso
l.OM
.■^Ki
4i,n>i
1,071
7,01<J
' C,H!l'l
7.-8
i;n
nifi
■1,.'.I17
8,710
4'J7
US
43.737
,3«S,!)II2
!l2,.'i.S8
03,(i.')7
«54
401
800
KinKdom from the
various coun tries
Odirial v.ilne thereof, vii.
(ire.1t Hritain
Ireland
Total
.')Ofi,771
944,096
19,211
411,832
1 ,'i,U2(i
1,923,428
18,803
i.
10l,.'..'i9
19,62.1
427,7.'.8
1,912,231
124,182
Stornoway
(ireenock - - -
l*ort (ilasyoflf
2(10
2,.378
OfTlrlal v.ihu? of exports -
Total iiiriiial value of
hemp and llax left for
11,798
7,72U
tilas^ow
Irvine
Campbeltowit
laxi.AND.
383
consumption in the
United Kingdom, in
1830 . . -
415,960
1,934,611
J24,18i!
Dublin
3, Sir,
e,2.'ia
- .
-
Waterford
3,.S.'il
llCfi
Cork
4,77fi
I7i
Limerick
7S(i
(talway
nio
Londuuilerry
,'.02
Coleraine
tl7
Belfast -
7,303
4,1(10
1,S98
Newry
4.1 1
fiO
Dundalk
20
20
atioiis from foreipi
countries into the vari-
ous ports of the United
Kingdom
Exports from the II. K.
.'rf)'".,77l
U44,09G
19,2 11
during the same year
Left for home comump-
n,.'>87
3,f,.33
tion
Retained for home con-
497,184
n 10,463
19,211
sumption in IH.Tl
Ditto in \^yi
Ditto in 18.';3
,'>0 1,308
918,883
17,.3,M
708,fi4fi
S37,8BO
!(84,S(;9
1,127,7.36
13,594
Account of the Quantity of Foreign Linens retained for Home Consumption in Great Britain, in the Year
ended Sth of January, 1831.
Speclet of Linen.
Quantity retained
for Home ("Con-
sumption in
Great Britain.
Species of Linen.
Quantley retained
for Home Con-
sumption in
Great Britain-
I.awns, not French - - square yardj
Plain linens and diaper unenumerated —
Lawns, not French, plain linens and
dialler, unenumerated, and manu-
factures of linen, entered at value
decl irwl v.-\lue-<
Damask and d;imask diaper . square yards
203i Drillinus, ticks, and twilled linens —
jSail-clblh - . . _
.Cambrics and French lawns, pl.iin pieces
1 ditto hord. handkerchiefs —
I1,1S7/.17». If. Sails . . - . d.<-larcd Tiihie
8,2861
. 236
21.3-4
27,9794
26,807j
460/. 16j. 1(W.
LIQUORICE.— LIQUOllICE JUICK.
7G5
Arrount cxIilhitliiK tlio Qiiniitlty of nrliUh »nd Irinh Mnoti Cloth of all Sorts, ippnrntply exported from
Knglaiid, Scotliiiul, and Irt-jund, during \K'A> ; H|iti'il'viiiK th'' Uuniitltli'ii ri'iit from Ciicli to tlu- dilltrciit
ForelKK Coiiiitrlcj importing the same, with tlieir It'oal or Doclurcd Valuu-, and the liouiily puid on
Exportation.
Countrin to which eiported.
KunuFB.
nunlii . . . .
Swwien
Norwny • ■ . -
Dcniiiurk
(iertniiiiy
The NethuilaiKln
Kr.uiLe - - • .
I'ortuKul, A/orcHand MaiUdra •
Spall) Mid the Oanorhw
(ilhraltcr .
Itnly . . . .
Malta
Ionian Islands
Turkey - -
Isles liuenuey, Jersey, AlUemey,
and .Man
A«I*.
Akhica.
AUKKICA.
IlTllisli Northern rciloiiiei
llritUh West Indies
I'nreiun West Indies
Ifnited Stttes
llrazil ...
.Metii'O
t'uloinbia - * ■ -
Peru . . . .
I hill
Slates of the Klo de la I'Inta
Total
Number of yards of linen upon
which liounty was iiald In the
year etidniff 6th of Jan. 1S31 •
Amount of hnuiity paid thereon ■
KnffUnd.
I
Scotland.
BrilUh
Un«n.
2.U,9!),-
47I,7UI
GM.IIU
Ml.TS.t
r.,o(is,7n
!i,7ll,7li)
4,llill,l).'i'^
l,.',ii7,7.M
N43,l)-)!(
!iM,«47
K.'.,74l
■lll7,3fil
Irish
Linen.
Yard:
IfiO I
7H
r.iM
1(»,B4.')
111, 'it'.)
lA.UJU
14,014
OHO
r>,i\'i
11,994
'iO.Hlll
7,liiO
n.'i„ir.;j
8i.'>,y.'i.T
(131,7 1 r.
4,4(i.1,(iS,'>
l,(I.VJ,Klti
i,uti;,iui
•i,'i7M
4fi7,!l98
7S,(I.').'J
233, 1 1 M)
llritlsh
Linen.
H(J«
0,408
N,123
3,37»
37,!t77
102,049
sSoo
2,716
2.S,liU,(l.'>l
25,133,749
L. : d.
10,248,997
.199,618
121,713
2,4.30
I,.3fifi,l.33
3,296,3'^7
2,(i32,S'^6
10,(i(iN,221
1,221,41",
61'; ,209
276,659
20,506,366
7,849,987
L.
20,392,010
L. M. </.
Irish
Linen ■
Yardi.
13,.«>0
654
13,864
239
43,216
1811,8611
6(i,31l)
2.S,lllli
11,128
2,031
57,C20
393,092
316,992
/.. I. d.
Ireland.*
Unltiil KlnKdom.
Irish
Linen.
Yurdt,
402
30,687
1,6(H)
3,.322
36/Mi
960
I.V,,ni3
l,07(i,038
l',314,4'09
79,340
Total ,
'•-"P""' - I Total Derliired
llritlsh and Value of Kipi.rts
Irish Linen, i
0,462'
140
17,S33
2,314
78,466
76,214
102,993
I,140,.'><lli
4,979,(198
1,371,9(16
2ll6,.3i3!
97,6V9
16,608
45,(it,!i
263,02 1 1
8,482,04f,"
fi2l,.6ll(il
(j(i2,970
2,216,099
111,4.30,909
0,(I32,(;(19
20,034,770
0,094,312
3,473,8(i3
1,300,622
701,246
lfi4,.397
97.3,010
/.. .
>/.
3,30 4
3
8 16
(1
813 16
1
1.19 (1
3,928 12
1
4,004 2
3
11,1.18 14
30,003 11
10
14.1,111 "J
10
42,181 (i
6
24,211
10
4,2S9 19
2
1,021 !(
9
2,868 (i
I4,(;t"i3 12
289,097 17
29,210 8
1
21, ,6,14 11
3
81,969 11
1
.122,8.17 9
7
I6'^,9.10 H
III
098,787 18
6
178,317 11
8
134,814 2
.13,61i6 6
10
3l,S0.'i
1 7,970 4
(i
31,S'»3
1
2,012,2(i7j «l,919,9«3a,ol7,77,', n Tilf
1,921,870' 56,013,008
/.. J. i/.i /,. J. rf.
9,878 1 5^23,140 7 lli63,,W3 18 8 962 M 3 6,028 19 2 16 3 ,110 1 5^
♦ No British linen sent from Ireland.
f The declared value of the linens exported in 1831 was 2,4C1,704/.
Consumption of Foreign Linens. — It appears from the second of the foregoing acconnt.s
that the consumption of foreign linens in this country is quite inconsiderable; the real or
declared value of those entered for liome consumption, in 1 830, could hardly amount
to 20,000/.
negulalions as to the Linen Manufacture. — Any person, native or foreigner, may, without paying .nny
thing, set up in any place, privileged or not, cor|)ornte or not, nny hranch of the linen inanufuctiirc ; and
foreignerH practising the same .«hall, on taking the oath of allegiance, &c., bo entitled to all the privileges
ol natural born subjects. — (1,0 C/ia. 2. c. I.'i.)
Persons aHixiiig stamps to foreign linens in imitation of the stamps affixed to those of Scotland or
Ireland, sh.iU forfeit r>l. for each offence ; and persons exposing to sale or imcking up any foreign linens
as the manufacture of Great Britain or Ireland, shall forfeit the same, and 51. for each piece of linen so
cx|)oscd to sale or packed up. — (17 Oa>. 2. c. ^O.)
Any person stealing to the value of 10/. any linen, woollen, silk, or cotton gotxfs, whilst exposed during
any stage of the manufacture in any building, field, or other jilace, shall, ujion conviction, be liable at the
discretion of the court to be transporteil beyond seas for life, or for any term not less than 7 years, or to be
imprisoned for any term not exceeding 4 years, and, if a male, to be once, twice, or thrice publicly or pri-
vately whipped, as the court shall think fit. ^(; & 8 Geo. 4. c, 29. ^ 14.)
LIQUORICE (Ger. Snssfwlz ; Fr. licgUsse, liacine douce; It. Itegolizia, Logorizia,
Liquirizia ; Sp. Jiegaliz Orozuz), a perennial plant ( Ghjcirrhiza glabra), a native of tlie
south of Europe, but cultivated to some extent in England, particularly at Mitcliam in
Surrey. Its root, which is its only valuable part, is long, slender, fibrous, of a yellow
colour, and when fresh very juicy. The liquorice grown in England is fit for use at
the end of 3 years ; the roots, when taken up, are either immediately sold to the brewers
druggists, or to common druggists, by whom they are applied to different purposes, or
they are packed in sand, like carrots or potatoes, till wanted.
LIQUORICE JUICE {Succus Liquoritice), popularly black sugar, the inspissated
juice of the roots just mentioned. Very little of this extract is prepared in Britain, by
far the larger part of our supply being imported from Spain and Sicily. The juice
obtained by crushing the roots in a mill, and .subjecting them to the prcs.s is slowly boiled
till it becomes of a proper consistency, when it is formed into rolls of a consideraY)lc
thickness, which are usually covered with bay leaves. This is the state in which we
import it. Most part of it is afterwards redissolved, purified, and cast into small cylin-
drical rolls of about the thickness of a goose quill, when it is called refined liquorice. It
is then of a glossy black colour, brittle, having a sweet mucilaginous taste. It is used
in the materia medica, particularly in coughs, colds, &c. — ( Thomson' s Chemistry ; Tfwmson's
Dispensatorij. )
a*.
!l
• f ■;. ■ ,i
;i| i':
t':!'i|
76G
LISBON.
The imports in 1S:51 nml IHii'J niiiouiitcd, nt nil avorngo, to 7,!J21 cwt. a year. It is
loaded with tlicoppa-ssive duty of iil. I5s. a cwt., prtMlucing rather iiioru tUmi 'U'2,(X)Ol. a
year of revenue.
LISBON, tlie c:>i)ital of Portugal, situated on the north bank of the river Tagus
the oljservatory of the fort l)eing in lat. ;}8' 42' 24" N., Ion. 9^ 5' 50" \V. Population
about 2()0,()(M), but formerly greater.
Port. — The Icirliotiror ratlicr road of LlHlmn Id one of Die (lno«t In the world, niul the quays nro nt niico
coMvuniciit and beaiitil'id. l''oi't SI. Julian niarkit the nortliern outraiire of tlit- TaKU*. It U built on a
Mt('r|i prdjcL'tluK rock. 'I'liere ia a liKht-lunisc in the centre, I'.'il IVct above the level of the Rett At the
mouth of the 'lagus are two larKi' banks, calleil the North add South ('(/fAo/i.i. 'I'here are two rhanni-ls for
cnteriuK the river; the north or little, and the aouth or xreat clwuuiel, exiiibiteil in the subjoined plan.
On the middle of the. Soulh Caehop, about 1} mile from Fort St. Julian, U the MukIo fort anil liKht house,
the latter heiuK lit] feet in heiKht. The leant dejitli of wuter In the north ehannel on the liar iiiK'atlioun,
and in the south li. The only danKer in enterniK the port ariaes from the atrenKth of the tide; the el)l)
running down at the rate of 7 uiilu* an hour ; and alter heavy raiiiH, when there is a great deal of fre.^h
water in the river, the dilHeulty of entering i* eonsUlerably augnu'iitod. When, at auiTi periods, there Is
u strong wind from the sea, there is a complete break all over the bar ; vessels moor up aiui down the river
with open haw.se to the southward. In some parts they may eome within '.'00 yards of the shore, being
guided by the depth of water, which, from nearly 'JU fathoms in mid-channel, shoals gradually to the edge.
Mutuy.
nre iciMrai
Us. ^.1^*' :
The cm:
rees j ami
The golil
gold, - li'i
iiilver CI
nrrat
el ; '^^
iff:
'i!
'■ 1
m
\ *
! I
J ■
)!►
■y- ''■'Ot''^ ^ .u, J- T I i ' "' ^- '^ i.~ii!t VtVv'* 5JS« ^m.*^
6 .1 I
1\
I7l\ (,,
21 7
W-
11 r«L \-^y .!
j,ir''",../*,,.''">>' ■ y^- /■■.■
\ ''aV.,..,.^.k'/",V'" i
Ilrfi'rrncr.i to P/an, — A, Fort St. Julian and light-house. H, Biigio fort and liRht-housp. C, Harrn.
rena" look-out house. 1), lielem Castle. E, Point Cassilhas. f G, Bugio fort and Sugar Loaf Ilill in
one, mark the north channel.
Trade, ^r. — Lisbon is one of the best situated commercial cities of Europe. Rut,
notwithstanding this circumstance, the excellence of the port, and the command of the
navigation of the Tagus, her commerce is comparatively trifling. The despotism, in-
tolerance, and imbecility of the government have weighed down all the energies of the
nation. The law and the jioliee being alike bad, there is no adequate security. Assassin-
ation is very frequent. Industry of all sorts is, in consequence, paraly.sed ; and since
the emancipation of Brazil, commerce has rapidly declined. Formerly Lisbon liad
about 400 ships, of from 300 to COO totis brirden, employed in the trade with South
America. But at present there are not above 50 ships belonging to the port engaged
in foreign trade; and, of these, the aver^.ge burden does not exceed 150 tons! The
produce of Portugal sent to foreign countries, is almost entirely conveyed to its
destination in foreign ships. The trade between Lisbon and Cork is, we believe, the
only exception to this ; it being principally carried on in Portuguese vessels, which take
salt from St. Ubes, and bring back butter in return. About 200 small craft belong to
the city, which are exclusively employed in the coasting trade.
There arp neither price currents, shipping lists, nor official returns of any kind,
published in Lisbon. The principal exports are lemons and oranges — which, however,
are very inferior to those of Spain ; wine, particularly Lisbon and Calcavella ; wool, oil,
tanned hides, woollen caps, vinegar, salt, cork, &c. Besides colonial produce, the prin-
cipal imports consist of cotton, woollen, and linen goods ; hardware, earthenware, dried
fish, butter, corn, cheese, timber and deals, hemp, &c. The declared or real value of
all articles exported from Great Britain to Portugal in IS.^l amounted to 975,991/., of
wliich cotton stuffs and yarn made nearly a half; but of these exports a large proportion
went to Oporto.
liisbon
Oporto
I'aro
LITEIIAUY rUOPKUTY. — LlTIIAIUiE.
767
Mutuy.— Account* arc kept In rocn, l,i«)0 ol' which ^ I mllrrc In (lie niitntlnii ofnTcminti the nillri>c«
nrc leiiarntcil Inun ihc rccs by a ciiwscil cypher i,J,,>, unil tho mllrccii (loin the iiiillii<ii« liy a colon ! thu*,
U». S:(H() iji .'^iO<» - 'J,7liO inilri'cit mil* ,')(H) rccj.
The crimnilo of cxchiinKi", or old crtiit.ulo, - -KK) rrc« i the new rriiioilo = 4fl0 rcci ; the tcitoon = 100
rcPH i nnil the vintcn or vliitcm ~ Co rccn.
The golil piece of li,K)(l rees ^ :\'i.v, !!(/. sterling ; the Hold (riimido =. Sx "rf ; niul tho inilrrc, viilueil In
KoUl) = 1)71'/. jtterliriK. It tippeiirs, however, from aiisays ni.iile nt the I.diiilon mint, In INl-^, on modern
Dilver criiiudii!!, that the avera|{C value of the mllree In iilivr may lie ertiiiiated at lidi/. or iM. uterlinK
H'fia/iln anil Mca.iiiici. — 'lliu commercial weitthls are, H ouikch- I m/irr ; 'J marc* I pound nr
nrratel ) ti |)oundi - 1 nrrolia : 4 arrohaa r. 1 quintal ; KKi U». or arrntelH of I'ortUKAl - lol lU iLni. avoir,
diinoln -. irjU'Xi kilo({, = y47HI lb«. of Handiurgli ^ !i'J "ilH llw, of Amntcrdam.
I'he principal meanure for corn, salt, Ac. is the nioyo, divided into \.'i lauegaa, GO ali|ult''rcii, 240 quartoi.
4H0 nelemls, \c. The moyo = ii,Jl),i WinchcBtir I
novo, (I
UnlU'la.
The principal li(|uld measure ia the ahnudc, divided into C poten, 1'^canadas, or 4N uiiartelloii i
niidci - 1 harll; 'ifi nimudcs - I pipcj u'i aliniideH - 1 toiielada. The ulniiide — i\j~ hngliiih wii
Ions ; and the tonelnda - 'J'JT^ ditto.
IHnl.
inc Kal-
A pine of Llilion la eatimnte<l hy the ('untonuhonae 'Britlihi at 14') );allnna ; and thia pipe la auppoacd to
be ^1 almudca. A pipe of port ia lli.S Kallonn, divided into '.'I almiiileH ot Oporto
Of mcaanrea of leoKih, 'J pea = y palmoa — 1 cov.ido, or cubit ; Ijj covadoa — 1 vara j 2 vnrna - 1 bran, a.
The pe or foot - l'JiH4 Kngliah nicliea; 11)0 feet of Portugal 1 li)7« lliiulisli feet; the vara - 43'^
Kngllah Inches.
For iVelKht n last la reckoned at 4 pipca of oil or wine, 4 cheats of augnr, 4,0U0 lbs. of tobacco, 3,(MH) lbs.
of shiimac.
Uiit from one place In Portugal to another, a tonclada is reckoned at ti'2 almudcs of liquids, or .04 almudcs
of dry gomla,
Cotll'c Is sold per arroha j cotton. Indigo, and pepper, per lb. ; oil, per almudc ; wine, per pipe ; corn, per
aliiuii^re; Halt, per nioyo.
Grain, aec d, tisli, wool, and timber, arc >old on board.
Weighta ond Iouk mcaaurea are the same tlirdiiKliout I'ortUK.d ; hut there i.i a great discrepancy In
the measures of cajiacity. The alinude and aliiiiii're, at the principal places, are in Kngliali mcaiuiea as
follows; —
Lisbon . Almtido = ."I'ST gall. Eng. wine moas.
— . AlciuiCre - .'i(i7 — Winch, meas.
Oporto - Almiidu = (ij — wine niejw.
. Alipiii'Te — .')} — \Vimrh. meas.
Faro . Almude — i\ — wine meas.
Faro . Al(|uii're = ."<5 gall. Winch, mrus.
I'iKUiera . Aliiunle = .'ij — wine mean.
— - Alqiiic're = ;J| — Wincli. meas.
Vianna - AInmde = (IJ — wine niea.s.
— - Aiiiuiere = .'JJ — Winch, meaa.
{Kctli/'s Cambist, vol. i. art. I.hhoii.)
Bank qf I.Mmn.—'lhis cstabli-shmont was founded in 1822. Its capital consisted, in 18),'5, of about
raM.KKV. sterliriK, divided Into ti,!ill shares of about Idd/. each. The shareholilers are not liable beyoml
the amount of their shares, 'i he bank discminis bills not havi.ii; more than 3 months to run, at .'i per
cent. Its dividends, at an average of the ;i years ending with lfi;;i, were about (i per cent. It enjoys the
singular hut valuable privilege of having its claims tm all estates paid oH' in full, providisl the estate
amounts to so much ; other creditors being obliged to content themselves with a division of the residue,
if there be any.
Duliet, — Tliesc are moiUrate. Ilrlti<h Roods p.iy .1 diitv of
l,') per lent, on a viUuntinti lixed in ilh'i ; l>nt tlli^ on •.oinu
nrtii-Ieti is a ^ooil lie.il mure, nntl on otticrs Itss. 'I'lie tni]iort>
ntioii of lolmccu, snuti', and Mi\\. is iiroliiliitcd, i-]iiei>t tur tliu
lisL- of tbe cuntrai-tcir^ lowtioin tlie nianutai-tliri! aiul sale of
tliese articles is assiioicd. All eiported artiili'S pay a d\ily
(ciiriXTf/'/i/") of 1 tier cent, mt vattn-vm. The duties rollcrted at
(he dillVTellt i'Uhtoin-honses in I.i^tlO^, — for of tliese then-are
no fewer tlian acrt'n, — amounted, in 1831, to about ^I.^i.liOU/.
Anivals.
WB. 1 1830.
1S3I.
Vii,.'. 7 .n».
Wl. •■., I'J
1.11
.3n.s
nritlsh
I'oruixutHe
Foreiun
Shipn. TniiJi. Shijii.
Xi'i 3i,uM u'.n
.'.(ill . 1 Wi
3U,.")31
Tlicro ift no roi;ulnr warehousing aivl lionditiK systfiii at
T.iHiiori. .All iinpiirli (1 dry ftouds art- allowt'd to ri'iiiain in the
('iistoMi-luMisf htori's 2 years, and h(iiiUN (I nionthsi without
liiiiiK rh,iTKt'd warthousi' rt'iit, providi-d iht'V are MitfiuUd for
conMirri|iti<in, and piiy the dutie- accordhiuly* itut it', after
that |ien(Ml, they are taken nut to heex|>orled,'they are charged
'2 jxT i-etit. ihily.
I'ort i'hiirfjes — on a foreJKn ship of IWXt tons enttring the
)iort of l.lslion^ with a t^eiiual ur iniied cai^o, and ctearlntf
out with the same ; —
It, ex,
Hoval ]>aHsiiort • - • 7,'^(i()
I'etty e\|)cnses on entcrhig at the") -(jq
Custoni-hoiue, alout • j" '
AnrhoraKU
Kalla.tt flei'.ranro
'I'onnajte, 100 rees per ton
rights, 'ill rees per ton
Contriltuiion to lioaid of Trade
Petty charges
Uill of health
There U no return of the tonnage of the I'ortiijfiieMi and
foreign Kldps.
Port He/; ttlatumji, — AW vessels entering the Tagu.s are ob-
liged to come to anchor ofV lielem ('a>tle, where there is an
omce at which they must he entirtd, their cargoes declared,
froin whence thev come, and whether the caruo l»e inleniled
to he landed In f^i-ihon or not ; if not, the master applii-s for
'* franquiuy" that i-^, for leave to remain S days in the jiort for
the purpose of UisiioMiig of the cargo or of dt parting with it.
Two ('u-itom-hoiise otJlcers are then sent on hoard, and if the
cargo is to he discharged at Lisbon, the visstl procewls to the
Tustom-house, when ihe mister makes entrv, delivering the
manifest and I. Ills of lading attacbi-d to the certificate of
the rortuguesc consul, at the \iort of lading, in order to iden-
tify the cargo. The officers put on l)oard at llelein are then
relievwl by 2 others, who remain until the vessel be discharged
and visiteil by the ("ustom-house searcher. The port dues
have to be paid in difVerent ollices ; but the vessel is not sub-
ject to any other charges.
All goods sent on board for oxjiortation must be accom-
panLeirby a permit from theCu5tom-hou>e. ^\'hen the clear-
ances are obtained, t!ie i)apers are presented hy the master, or
tlie shin's agent, to the authorities at Belem, who deliver the
signal the vessel is to hoist when going to sea.
LITERARY PROPERTY. See Books.
LITHARGE (Gcr. Gl'Me, GlUfte ; Du. GclH; Fr. Llthnrpe ; It. Litargirin ; Sp.
Almartaga, Litarjirio ; lliis. Ght ; Lat. Litharpi/rinm), an oxide of lead in an imperfect
state of vitrification. Most of the lead met with in eoininerce contains silver, from a
few grains to 20 ounces or more in tlic fodder : when the quantity is sufficient to pay
the expense of separation, it is refined; that is, the metal is exposed to a high heat,
passing at the same time a current of air over the surface : the lead is thus oxifl:<:ed and
converted into Utharye., while the silver, remaining unchanged, is collected at the end of
the process. — ( Tliomson's Chemislri/, S^t.) Litharge is used for various purposes in the
arts, by potters, glass makers, paii.lcrs, &c.
fl..')li,2C(l = li;. C». Oi7.itcrl.
Vessels romlnR with B carRo, or in ballast, and departing in
liallast, pay WOO reis per ton lights, or 4 times as niuih as if
they sailed with carf^oe.s. X'tssels coininu with a carKo, anil
sailing with the same car^o, }mv no tonnage duty.
Cvntitiistinn,— 'i'he ordinary rates of coinniissiun are, on the
sale of u:oods, U^ tier cent. ; 'del eretlere, 'i\ per cent.; on tjio
value of floods l.indeti from a vessel putting; in to eliect repairs,
1 ])er cent. ; on sliips* distiursemt-nts, .'» per cent.
Iinurauces are eftected to a tritlinn amount. There is 1 na-
tional company for eflecting hisurances; but it enjoys little
credit.
Tares are not rcRiilatcd lij any certain rule. Those allowed
are penerally those invoice<l or liiarlted on the packaKe ( See
.4uitti/iire (/ii Cmiwierct MnrHime, p. VitO.; KeUtf't Cambitt ; Con-
sul's Aii*n'er§ to Circutar f^iterkB, lS'c.)
< I il
m
Ir :i
■f
! I
:■■ A.,1
7G8
LOADSTONE. — LOGWOOD.
I! 'i:
fill
F ill!,''
LOADSTONE (Ger. Mnrjntt ; Dii. Mngiuet ; Vr. Aiinant ; It. Cnlimitu ; Sp. Iman:
Rus. Maynit ; Lat. Mitgnes). M. Haiiy observes, tliat the ores in wliicli the iron contains
the least oxygen without being engaged in other coinl)inati()ns, form natural magnets;
and be calls the loadstones of commerce, which are found in considerable masses in
Germany, Sweden, Norway, Spain, Italy, China, Siam, the Philippine Isles, Corsic:i,
and Ethiopia, oxiduhited iron. The loadstone is cht'.racterised by the following pro-
perties; — Avery strong action on the magnetic needle. Specific gravity 4 •2457. Not
ductile. Of a dark grey colour, with a metallic lustre. — I'rimitive form, the regular
octahedron. Insoluble in nitric acid. This singular substance was known to the
ancients ; and they had remarked its peculiar property of attracting iron ; but it does not
appear that they were acquainted with the wonderful property which it also has, of
turning to the pole when suspended, and left at liberty to move freely. Upon this
remarkable circumstance the mariner's compass depends, — iin instrument which gives
us such infinite advantages over the ancients. It is *'iis which enables the mariner to
conduct his vessel through vast oceans out of the sight of land, in any given direction ;
and this directive property also guides the mine- in subterranean excavations, and the
traveller through deserts otherwise impassable. The natural loadstone has also the
quality of communicating its properties to iron and steel ; and when pieces of steel
properly prepared are touched, as it is called, by the loadstone, they are denominated
artificial magnets. — ( See Compass. )
LOBSTEIl (Fr. Ecrevisse ; Lat. Cancer), a fish of the crab species, of which vast
quantities are consumed in London.
The minimum size of lobster? offered for s!ile is fixed by 10& It Will. 3. c.24., ttciff/U inches from the
tip of the nose to the end of the middle fin of the tail. Nulnbstersare tube taken on the coasts of Scotland
between the 1st of June and the 1st of September, under a penalty of 5/. TheScilly Islands .ind the Land's
End abound in lobsters, as well as several places on the Scotch shores, particularly about Montrose.
Hut the principal lobster fishery is on the coast of Norway ; ivhence it is believed apwards of i,-20<),(KX)
lobsters are annually imported into London. Those of Heligoland are, however, esteemed the best ; thoy
iire of a deeper black colour, and their flesh is firmer than those brouRht from Norway. Foreign caught
turbots and lobsters may be imported either in British or foreign vessels free of duty.
LOCK, LOCKS (Ger. Schlosser ; Du. Stolen ; Fr. Serrures ; It. Serrature ; Sp.
Cerraduras, Cerrajos ; Ilus. Sainki), a well known instrument, of which there are
infinite varieties. A great deal of art and delicacy is sometimes displayed in contriving
and varying the wards, springs, bolts, &c., and adjusting them to the places where
they are to be used, .ind to the occasions ri" using them. From the various structure
of lucks, accommodated to their different intentions, they acquire various names, as
stock locks, sjjring locks, padlocks, &c. Wolverhampton was, at a very early period,
famous for the superior skill and ingenuity of its locksmitlis ; but the best locks
are now made in London and Birmingham. The grand diflliculty to be overcome in
making a lock is to construct it so that it may not be opened by any key except its own,
nor admit of being picked ; it should also be possessed of sufficient strength and dura-
bility, and not be too complex. Many ingenious contrivances have been proposed for
the attainment of the desired security, — several of which are possessed of considerable
merit. We believe, however, that there is none that combines all the principal requisites
of a lock in so eminent a degree as " Chubb's Detector Lock," so called from the inventor,
Mr. Chubb, of Portsea. Common door-locks are now usually inserted in the wood,
instead of being, as formerly, screwed to it ; and when so placed are called mortise locks.
LOG wool) (Vr. Bois de Gimpeche ; Ger. KampcschoJz ; Du. Cnmpecheout ; Sp.
Palo de Campeche), the wood of a tree (Htcmatori/lon Campechianmn Lin.), a native of
America, and which attains the greatest perfection at Campeachy, and in the West Indies.
It thrives best in a wet soil, with a large jjroportion of clay. The logwood tree is like
the whitethorn, but a great deal larger. The wood is hard, compact, heavy, and of a
deep red colour internally, which it gives out both to water and alcohol. It is an article
of great commercial importance, being extensively used as a dye wood. It is imported
in logs, that are afterwards chipped. — (The logwood tree, and the adventures of those
that were formerly engaged in cutting it, are described by Dampier ; see bis Voyages,
vol. ii. part 2. p. 56. ed. 1729.)
The entries for home consumption, at an average of the 3 years ending with 1832, amounted to
10,97.'5 tons a year. The duty of is. firf. a ton on foreii;n logwood, and of Ss. on th.it from a British
plantation, prmUiced, during the same 3 years, an annual revenue of 2,210/. Of 14,8;)3 tons ot logwood
imported in 1831, Sifilifi were from tlie British West Indies, 4,885 fror; Mexico, aiid the rpuiainder princi-
pally from Hayti and Cuba. Its price i.i the London mark "t in December, 18,'?,'3, was j — Jamaica, 5/. 155.
per ton ; Honduras, at. 10s. to 5/. 15,v. ; St. Domingo, li/. to W. (i-i. ; t'j.mpe.'icliy, 11. 15s. to 8/. 8s.
We borrow from the learned and able work of Dr. Bancroft, the following curious
details with respect to the use of logwood in this country : — " Logwood seems to have
been first brought to England soon after the accession of Queen Elizabeth : but the
various and beautiful colours dyed from it proved so fugacious, that a general outcry
against its use was soon raised ; and an act of parliament war, passed in the 2,ld year of
her reign, which prohibited it.i use us a dye ur'U-r severe }'cnalties, and not only an-
M
Ly
LOUIS DOR— MACAO.
(()9
tlioriscd but directed tlif> > ■ .•niiu/ of it, in wliatever hands it migiit be found witliin llio
I calm; and tliough this wood was afterwards sometimes clandestinely used (under the
feigned name of black wood), it continued subject to this prohibition for nearly ICO
years, or until the passing of the act 13 & 14 Cliius. 2. ; the preamble of which de-
clares, that the ingenious industry of modern times hath taught tlie dyers of England
the art of fixing colours made of logwood, alias blackwood, so as tliat, by experience,
they are found as lasting as the colours made with any other sort of dijcing icuod whatever ;
and on this ground it repeals so much of the statute o\ Elizabeth as related to logwood,
and gives permission to import and use it for dyeing. Probably the solicitude of the
dyers to obtain tliis permission, induced them to pretend that their industry had done
much more than it really had, in fixing the colours of logwood ; most of which, even at
this time, are notoriously deficient in regard to their durability." — (On Permanent
Colours, vol. ii. p. 340.)
LOUIS D'Olt, a French gold coin, first struck in 1640. It was subsequently made
by the French mint regulations equal to 24 livres, or 1/. sterling. 'I'his, however, was
under-rating it in respect of silver ; and hence, as eery one preferred paying his debts
in the over-valued coin, silver became the principal currency of France, the gold coins
being either sent to the melting-pot or exported. In Britain, the process was rc\ersed.
Gold having been, for a lengthened period, over-valued by our mint in respect to silver,
it became liio principal currency of the country. — (See atite, p. 315.)
"i - •}
M.
Sp.
are
lunou^;
have
ut the
outcry
fcar of
ly au-
MACAO, a sea-port and settlement belonging to the Portuguese, on the island of the
same name, at the mouth of the Canton river in Llnna, in hit. 2ii° l'i'45" N., Ion. 113"
35' E. The situation of Macao strikingly resembles that of Cadiz. It is built near the
extremity of a peninsula projecting from the south-west corner of tlie island of Macao, to
which it is joined by a long narrow neck. Across this isthmus, which is not more than
100 yards wide, a wall is erected, with a gate and guard-l'iuse in the middle for Ihe
Chinese soldiers. The greatest length of the peninsula belonging to the Portuguese,
from N.E. to S.W., is under 3 miles, and its breadth under -^ mile. The broadest jxirt, to
the north of the town, is flat, and of a light sandy soil; but is well cultivated, jirincipally
by Chinese, and produces all so^ ts of Asiatic and Eurojjean culinary vegetables. Pro-
visions are obtained from the Chinese part of the island or from the main land ; and when-
ever the Portuguese do any thing to offend the Chinese authorities, the provisions are
cut off till they are obliged quietly to submit. They are seldom ."Jlowed to jjass beyond
the narrow precincts of the territory assigned to them. The p(>])idation of the peninsula
may amount to from 1 2,00O to 13,000, of whom considerably more than half are Chinese.
The functionarier belonging to the East India Company's factory at Canton resided here
during the whole of the dead season.
The Portuguese obtained possession of Macao in 1586. It was for a considerable
period the seat of a great trade, carried on not only with China, but with Japan, Siam,
Cochin-China, the Philippine Islands, &c. ; but fo.' these many years past it has been of
comparatively little importance, though it is jjrohahle, that if it belonged to a more enter-
prising and active people, it might still iccovev nuir^i of its former jjrosperity. The i)\d)]ie
administration is vested in a senate composed of the bishop, the judge, and a few of the
principal inhabitants ; but all real authority is in the hands oi' the Chuiese mandarin
resident in the town.
Till' Harhour is on tlic west side of the town, between it nnd Priest's Island ; lut the water in it not
being sulliciently deep to .idmit large sliips, lliey generally anchor in the roads on the other side ol the
peninsula, from ri to 10 miles K.S.K. from the town. All vessels coming into the roads tend their boats to
the Portuguese Cn.-.toni-house on the south side of the town.
When a ship arrives among the islands, she is generally boarded by a pilot, who carries her into
Macao roads. As soon as she is anchored, the pilot proceeds to Macao to inform the mandarin of the
nation she l)elongs to. If there be any women on board, application must be made to the bishop and
senate, for leave to send them on shore, as thcv will not he permitted to jiroceed to Whainpoa in the ship.
As soon as the mandarin has made the necessarj enquiries, he onlers off a river pilot, who brings with
him a chop or licence to pass the liocca Tigris, or rioulh of the Canton river, and carries the ship to
\Vhanii)oa.
Trade ef Macao. —The Chinese regulations do not permit anj vessels, except such as belong to Torlu-
gucse or Spaniards, of which there art very few, to trade at Macao. Hut the roitiigucse inhabitiints leid
their names, tor a tritliiig consideration, to such foreigners at wish to be associated w'th them for the
purpose of trading I'rom the port. Independently, however, t( this, vessels of other nations usually ex-
perience no diUlculty in obtaining the coiniivance of the Chinese otiiccrs to the landing or riceivinr^ of
goods in the roac's, by means ot I'ortugiiesc boat.». At inti rvals, indeed, the prohibitory regulation is
strictly enforced ; but we believe that there has been no instance of this lor the lasto years.
Vessels of other nations, if in distress, and not engaged in the contraband trade, are .idmitted into the
harbour for repairs, on application to the senate.
3 I)
11 H
».;i
\.\
tt-
i! r
1. f
if
if
770
MACE.
s }'
Port Charget. — The mf^asuremont duty p.iid liv Spanish and
PortuRuese vesseU in ...udt-ratu. When a vtsitM has unct; paid
the full amount) and is admitted on the list nf registered sniiM
helonKiniT to the port (hmtted bv the ChirusL' tu ':^'>S ^Itc is
lialile only to a third of the orlKlnal charges, on evjry suh-
Kt'quent occasion of her enlcrinu, so lunj; as she continues on
ihe reKister. I'oituKuese vessels from Kuro|-.e do not jhisspss
this privitegc, unless they bu regi^teretl as belonging to a
morodor of Alacito.
The rates of measurement (hity, which vary, as at Canton,
(which see), on three classes of v.'aseU, are the following : —
Taeh.
1st. On vessels of lot covids ..nd upwards, fi*'^"^,T per covid.
*2d. - from 1'^Q to I'll covids 5.7'i —
3d. — from !)lMo I'iO covids i —
These rates are nearly the ^iime as those levied on <\intou
iunkt, trading with foreign countries, and ou:zht, in fact, to
"be entirety so. The dimensions are taken and calculated in the
same manner as at Canton'see unlf, p. Wl.) ; but the Chinese,
at botii placest speak not of the covid, but of the chang of 10
covids. ICowever, as thi-^ is only a decimal increase, it makes
no ditli-rence in the method of calculation.
The following additional charges, to be calculated on the
amount of measurement duty, are the same on every class of
vesAels, vi/.
U per cent, for inM»ectors.
S — for difurcnc^' in weight by the treasury scales.
10 — fur loss ill mi'ltin;;.
17 — for making s\cee.
Also the sum of 70 tads for the '* public purse,'* or hoppo's
treasury.
In addition to these, the following are the charges levied by
the hoppo (collei'tor of cvistnms\ or his deputy : —
On a 1st class vessel from Europe, 2o0 taels ; if belonging
to Macao or Manilla, .W taels.
On a ad class vessel from Kurope, 'i 10 taels ; if belonging to
Macao or Manilla, 10 taels.
On a .3d class ve-.sel from Europe, 170 tacis; if belonging to
Macao or Manilla, .10 taels.
Ships importing rice are exempt from the measurement
duty, and pay »)nly M dollars, as fees to the procurador of
Macao and ttie oniccr-. of his (lepartm.'nt.
I'ortuguese vessels from Kurope, in addition to the measure-
ment duty, have to pay to theCanton hong merchant-^ a charge,
termed by the I'ortuguese, H.lni^t.lgem, or Consoo charge,
which is usually a matter of sp cific lurgain, varying from
about *^00 dollars on a vessel of '^00 tons, to ^..^W) dollars and
upwards on "hose of 'jOO tons, and of larger sizes.
The charges on g.Hnls carried by the inner passage, between
Canton and Macao, being generally less than tho>e paid on
giK)ds to and from U'hampoa; and the duties levied by the
Portuguese, on articles of nierchandi-.e imported by vev>el?. Ite-
longing to Macao, being very moderate ; the Chinese are ot'ien
ietl to euga.;e in i-iteculatio,iM)n lioard the Macao vessels, the
risk l>eing so much less than in native junl s. If the sliip
owners could man;igc their cxpctises sci as to be satisHeil with
only the same freight as is charged by English vessels, it would
probably induce liiany more (.'hhiese to make remittance.s in
this way.
O/jt't/rit. — The irade in opium is iirohibited at Macao In the
Chinese government, as well ts thnnighout tl e rest of Ihe
empire. It was, nevertheless, formerly carrietl on to a great
extent bv thL' Portuguese moradores, or citi/ens, to the exclu-
sion of ail others, even Portugui.'se who were not c.ti/ens. ihit
this restriction liavnig occasioned the decline of the trade, it
was abolished in 1S!^.1, when the senate passed a reijulation
throwing tyiten the trade to all, without distinction, uhciher
Portuguese or foreigners; securing to the latter "hospitality
and the utmost freedom in their ypeculatiuns." .\t present,
however, very little opium is imported, in consequence, it is
said, (.f the heavy brit>es demanded by the Chinese offlcers, to
insure ibelr connivance. The irade, as already observed {aiit^,
p. UMi.)j is now principally carrietl on at Lintiii, about ."id miles
from ,\iiu'a*».
/i«;Mir/i.— (loods imported pay at the Portuguese Custom-
house a tlutv of li per cent, on a fixed valuation, besides some
fees, and (oolie hire. The following are a few articles ex-
tractetl from the tarid*: —
\'ahialinn
Dutv.
ruth.
TmU.
Cotton ....
per pirul
4
Il'210
Broail cloth, niuUlliin;
I'ovid
l.WH)
()-l)!l(i
better tlian ordinary
—
(I'SIKI
Dins
ordinary ur ruarse
—
IIIHI)
IMJ'^H
ranilet.s ....
—
l''wn
IHIlll
Hitel nut ....
picul
l-^KI
()M172
Tin . . . .
8
((•|>iO
ilirds' nc4ls, Ut sort
laltv
■^•i-llH)
I 111
Kalians ...
pieul
l-'^IXI
II-II7'J
Saltpetre, BenRal
,
I
2'/ll)
coasi of Uoa
_
i-mo
0-(WU
Peniier
—
4
i)-aio
Opmm imported in Portugu:»so ships, pays per chest, drs. 10^.
Jlo. foreign do. — 1 .'»,).
(told and silver, whether in coii», in bullion, or m...iufacturtd,
pay on importation, '2 per cent.; except in Spanish vessels
from .Manilla, whni the charge is 1^ per cent.
E.r\Mftx. — No duly is levied hy the Portuguese on goods ex-
ported from !Macao; nor dues the Custom-house take any
cognizance of them
Duties ami Charf^ta on GoihIs hmiled at Macao. — Macao is a
place without any manufactures or conmierce of its own.
Prices are, in consequence, generally dependent on those of
Canton. Aloney is u-ually paid nl 72 tae!s per 100 dollars.
It is a point of some interest to ascertain the internal duties
and expenses to which goods tande<l at Macao are liable, before
coming into the (Unnese imrchaser's hands at Canton. Ihit the
subject is so involved in mystery and uncertainty, the charges
varying; according to the tpiantity of go(Kls laden in one iKiat,
iStc., that it is scarcely twissible to arrive at any accurate inform-
ation respecting it. We believe, however, that the following
may be considered as a pretty do^e approximation to the real
amount rift-bargcs incurred on cotton landetl at .Macao; —
Porluguesi? duty, fees, iS:c. - - mace, 2 — G per picul.
Duties and charges on conveyance to
Catiton ..... G._3 ^
Canton charges, iliirerence of weight,
brokerage on sale, Sic • • 8—0 —
ToUl, about taels, '^— fJ-O —
Tl»c duties and charges on conveyance from Macac to rni-
ton are, for pepper, per picul - . - niac ''
Rattans — - -
Uetel nut _..---
The lioppo's examiner charges 90 taels per ; oi i ,' ^.vi
nicids, the largest quantit\ allowetl to be conveyeil liy a -single
boat ; but the s<ame charge of !I0 taels is levie<l, although the
Iwat should only contain 100 piruls.
The duty on ex(M)rting giMHls from Cantmi to Macao is in
some cases' less, in other cases greater, llian the W'hampoa
tluty. 'J'hus, nankeens to Alacao pav '^dollars per I'lO le>s than
to \Vhampoa. INIost descriptions of silk jiicce goods aKo pay
ievs duty. On the oilier hand, tea, naper, China ware, tS:c. pay
a liigheVduly to M:icaothan to \Vhampoa.
Por d.tails as to the U'ei^htSf Maisiins, S,-c. used at I\racao,
SCI' Can ,in.
For fuithcr i)arttculars, see HnniUton's Eitsf Imiiii Ga^jiteery
art. Miiciio ; Mi/liuni's (hiiiit. Com.; antl the Anqli-'Chhiciie
Kulfuiiur and Cotnpani m to thf Ahtuimic, Macao, lS32.
MACE (Ger. Macis, MtishatenhUithe ; Du. Foelie, Foehj^ Mnscaathloom ; Fr. Macis,
Ficur de muscade ; It. Mace ; Sp. Macio ; Port. Maxcis, Flor de 7wz moscada ; Lat.
Macis)^ a thin, flat, membranous substance, enveloping the nutmeg ; of a lively, reddish
yellow colour, a pleasant aromatic smell, and a warm, bitterish, pungent taste. iMace
should be chosen fresh, tough, oleaginous, of an extremely fragrant smell, and a bright
colour — the brighter the better. The smaller pieces are esteemed tlic best. The
preferable mode of packing is in bales, pressed down close and Arm, which p2*eserves its
fragrance and consistence.
Account of the Quantity of Mace retained for Home Consumption, the Rates of Duty on it, and the
total Ucveniie derivetl therefrom, since 1810.
Quantities
On.inlilies
retained for
tt'lainu) for
Vears.
Home Con-
sumption in
th3 United
NettAmount of
Duty received
thereon.
Rates of Puty iliarRed
thereon.
Years.
ilnnu' *"on-
sinnptii)i\ in
tlu' Vnited
tfiereon. men on.
Kingdom.
or the East IiHlics.
Kin^itoui.
Lbs.
£ S. rf.
Um.
^ s. tl. Of the Ea.st Indies.
1810
5,136
2,707 4
f 7.V. Hil. per U). ami
< '-'/. I34-.4rf. ix'iivii-
1S19
i,-.,';.i2j
3.520 14 5 [ ^1;)'""V' •'"'>■'
i 3.1. b(l. per 11).
C turn ad valoicm.
18i!0
12,193
2,174 7 ditto.
1811
7,949
4,0r.7 1 10
ditto.
1.S21
11, .5721
1.805 5 ditto.
1812
11,907
5.433 2 2
ditto.
18'^2
1,!,4!»8
2,J(il I) 10 (iiito
C (From 15 A|iril)
18-'3
14,318|
lli,^78J
14,S5l|
15,(M(i|
2,484 10 4 ; ditto.
1813
Records destroyed -
) its. l^rf. per U). and
1 .!/. 3s. M. per ceii-
1824
1825
2,907 3 1 I ditto.
2,ti0I 15 1 1 ditto.
C fuin ad valoroiii.
18'J(;
2,719 17 ditto.
1814
5,490
3,259 14 11
r (From 10 Aprd)
I 9.V. 2rA per 11).
1827
18^S
lti,7iiu|
It>,('!>tjJ
2,!>i>2 18 n ditto.
2,8'.'!) 10 4 , ditto.
1815
7,834
3,592 14 7
ditto.
182!)
14,2.-.4}
2.,'i48 15 4 i ditto.
laif?
fi,4!)9
2,984 4 5
ditto.
IH.'jO
12,li(/0
2,20.'3' ditto.
1SI7
8,(H2
3,!«)0 15 9
ditto.
1831
1S,M»4
3,20(i ditto.
1818
]0,H3ti
4,'«i in 3
ditto.
183-'
15,!t.!S
2.7i;2 ditto.
tion. Diitv.
ts. Titett.
n'210
10 O'dilti
10 IVI8
10 OIWS
<() 0(110
10 0'072
0-180
M 1-.T44
IXI O'OTa
00 O'O'JU
O-'ilO
it.drs. 10^.
1 .'».>.
..lufactiiml,
inish vcsfla
uliit Gaailctr,
Miicis,
da ; Lat.
reddish
jVIaee
a bright
est. The
serves its
'^
%
MADDER.
771
A protluction ia met with on the coast of Maiabar, su like mace, that at first it is not easy to be distin.
guished; but it has not the least flavour of spicincss, and when chewed has a kind of resin y taste.
Kight cwt of mace arc aUowed to a ton. — {Mi/bum's Orient, Com.)
MADDER (Ger. FdvherMe ; Du. Mee ; ¥r. Aiizari, Garance ; It. Rohhin ; Sp.
Grnnza, Rnhin ; Uus. Mariana, Krap ; Hind. Munjith), the roots of a plant (liuhia
tinctorum)^ of which there aje .several varieties. They are long and slender, varying troni
the thickness of a goose-qulU to that of tlie little fmger. They are semi-transparent, of a
reddish colour, have a strong smell, and a .smooth hark. Madder is very extensively
used hi dyeing red; and thongli the coh)ur which it im})arts he less bright and beauti-
ful than that of cochineal, it has the advantage of being cheaper and more durable. It
is a native of the south of Europe, Asia INIinor, and Indfa; but has been long since
introduced into and successfully cultivated in Holland, Alsace, Provence, &c. Its culti-
vation has been attempted in England, but without any beneficial result. Our supplies
of madder were, for a lengthened period, almost entirely derived from Holland (Zealand);
but large quantities are now imporud fivm France and Turkey.
Dutch or Zealand madder is never exportx'd except in a i)repjned or manufactured
state. It is divided by commercial men into four qualities, distinguishd l)y the terms
viulU gameney ombro, and crops. The roots being dried in stoves, the first species, or
mull, consists of a powder formed by pounding the very small roots, and tlie husk or
bark of the larger ones. It is comparatively low priced, and is em])Ioyed for dyeing
cheap dark colours, A second pounding separates about a third part of the larger
roots; and this, being sifted and packed separately, is sold here under the name of
gaiTiene, or gemeens. The third and last pounding comjjrehends the interior, pure, and
bright part of the roots, and is sold in Holland under the name of Aor krapti, hut is here
simply denominated crops. Sometimes, however, after the mull has been sei)arated,
the entire residue is ground, sifted, and packed together imder the name ot\)nbe roof de, or
ombro. It consists of about one third of gamene, and two thirds of crops. Prepared mad-
der should be kept dry. It attracts the moisture of the atmosphere, and is injinx'd by it.
The Smyrna or Levant madder (liulna pcrer/ri/ia), the alizari or Hzary of the modern
Greeks, is cultivated in IJoeotia, along the border of lake Copais, and in the plain of
Thebes. It also grows in large quantities at Kurdar near Smyrna, and in Cyprus,
The madder of I'rovence has been raised from seeds carried from the latter in 17G1,
'J'urkey madder affords, when properly i)repared, a brighter colour than that of Zealand.
It is, Iiowever, imported in its natural state, or as roots: the natives, by whom it is
chiefly produced, not having industry or skill suflficient to prepare it like the Zealanders,
by pounding and separating the skins and inferior roots; so that the finer colouring
matter of the larger roots being degraded by the i)resence of that derived from the
former, a peculiar process is required to evolve that heautifid Turkey red which is so
highly and deservedly esteemed. — (Thoniso/t\s Clumhtry ; Bancroft on Colours, vol. ii.
pp. 'Jtil — 278. : see also Jhrlnna/in, Ili-it, of Invent, vol. iii. art. Madder* )
In Prance, madder is prepared nearly in the same manner as in Zealand. The fol-
lowing instructive details as to its cultivation, price, ^e. in Provence, were obligingly
fiu'nished to us by an English gentleman intimately acquainted with such subjects, who
visited Avijrnon in the autunni of 1829 : —
** This town (Avignon) is llierentre of tJu' niailder touiitry,
the cultivation nt'whii'h was intrntUii'L'cl hiTt' about the niitUI'c
of the ISth <'entur>-, and, with ihe i?xtei»t ion of AUace, is htil!
ronhneil [in France) to thi^ (let>artniunt (Vallch^^t')• '^ lit* soil
appeirs to be hi'tttr atlniitt'd for its cjltivation here than any
wh' re else, and it h.is lonj? been tlie source of yn-at wc.iUb to
the cultivators. Of late ye.irs, however, the iiriie> have lluc-
tuatetl so much, that many nvoprieturs Iiave abandniicd, or
only occ.isionally cultivated" this root, so that the croi>, wliich
was fornierlv estimated to avera^' .'■»(HI,(HI0 ijuiniaU, is now
suiiposed not to exceet\ from .1!H),nn() tu lOO/Hin.
** 'J'he root is called alizuri, and the uorttler made from it}
garance. The plant is raised from seed, aiul retjuircs 3 years
to come to maturity. It is, however, often pulled in 18 months
without injury to the ciualiiy ; the quantity only \^ smaller. A
rich sol is necessary tor its successful eultiv.ition ; anil wtien
the soil is impregnated with alkaline matter, the root ac<)uires
a red colour — in otlter cases it is yellow. T\.o lal'er i> jire-
ferretl in Knul(md,from tbelonuliahit (.fusiM« 1 hitch ni.nliUr,
whieh is of this colour ; hut in France the red m ils at 2 fr. per
qtnntal higher, heinu used fov the 'l'urkt-> re-d d>e.
" It is calctdated that when wheat sel s at '^(") fr. per hrcltv
litre, atizari should hrinjj .15 fr. per qviinta! (poids de tal)le), to
pive the same remuneration to the cuhivator. 'lliat is, wheat
ti^i. per Kn^. ciuarter, and ulizttri T^\s. jier Km;, rwt. Tl.e
price ha-?, however, been frequently as low as 'i'l fr. per quintal.
** I'rices undergo a revolution evi-ry 7 or H \ears, tourhing
the mininmni o\''-l'i., and risinu as hi^'h as Inn fr. As in every
similar case, the hijrh ]»riie induct s exten>-ive cultivation, and
this generally |)roduces it;i full elleei 1 i>r 5 years af er. The
iirodure of Alsace, which is inlevior Imth in quantity and uua-
litv to that of \'aueluse. U mMierall\ sold in StriKburgh market.
'' Kngtand cuqiloys both tlu' root and tlu- powdt-r, accordmi;
to the pur^mse for whicli they arc inlemiul. The IhKeh
madder ismoreemployi d by theuoillen d\t.-r-, and the Freneh
by the cotton dyer-, an'd pniiter-,
" In ni.ikin(f (lurchasts of A'crwurr, it i-. essential to employ a
h"use of contitlencf, l)ecause the quality dijieiuls rntiiely upon
t!»e care and honesty of the ayent. 'I'be./i//t,»/ is produced i'^nxw
the roots after Iwinc cleaned an<i stripped of iheir hark. 'I'he
leromt by grindinK the roots without rhaninp. A tfijrtt by nnx-
ing the bark of the ^fir si while grinding; aiui so on to any
degree of adulteration.
" The price nfalizftri in the country, which ^Vas only 2.5fr.
in .Fuly, is tiow (Novemlier, \S'^\)\ at '*ifr., ar<i ih expected to
he at 4(1 fr. very slioitlv. 'i'he crop bt-lMg delieie-nt both here
and in Hollaiul, and the certainty itf its being also (IiTicliiit
next year, ailded to the sm^ll quant ty existing in Kngland,
give reison to believe that the prieewill leacli M) fr. before
many months, and will continue to advance for a year or two
niori".
" The <iiiiiil(ils above mentlonetl are o{ 100 lbs. iH>itla Jc itilJn
— tlie \veit;lu in gtU'ral use over the souib of Franc', and
even in MurxnUis. 'J his weight i> dillerent in the dilltreiit
pvovinru-', varynig from 'i2 to yO per (ent. tighter than the
imiilr vu'tr'hiuv' .\t Avigtuin, 121 lbs. p. de table = .'jO kilog.,
ci)nsefiuenliy Vii\ lis. Pre eqtial lo 1 cwt. Kng- At the exdfinge
of .i'l-.'id, the CM t. co-^<s {including 1 l-r-fbr frei;^! t, duly, and all
char'-estill dt liver il in London or laverpoo )bl«. »-r (it'«.
*• It i> cuisidered that only one hixth or one seViTiih of the
pn ■^' ni rro]) letnains for sale.
*■ didder does not deteriorate by keeping, provided it be
kepi dry.
*' i'om\ir nimiili'. — /•>.
Cost of I (luiiiial uf roots in the country - - ."55
Kxpenses in do. - - - - 2
Tlie root given S.'i per cent, jiowdcr, con efi\ient)\ 1
qiiintiil povMlt r - • -
firuiding and ca>k
TransjHirt
The Kng'i^li cwt. cn^l^ therefore
All expeii < s till i;n board ut Marseilb
B'^ikles commission
Fr.
3
For an a. cbunt
I\tt N-rriKT.
U 2
(»f Fast In<lian niadi'er, or mnn/et, vee
•
'■ }
\i i
If'
U«! Mr'
t-
.^5
.'i
"J'Jf
I 1 2
MADEIRA. — MADRAS.
Account of tlip Quantity of Madder and Madder Roots rosiicctively entered for Home Consumption each
Year since !«;.'(); with the Kates of Duty, and the I'roiluce of the Duty on each. —(From /'n/ic;-*
fmblishid by Board iif Trmte.)
Years.
MiifUler.
Madder Itoota. |
t>u.lnti(v
enteral fitr
Consumption.
Hale iif Dutj,
Mull
iniinufacturetl.
N'.'tt Revenue.
(Quantity
entered (or
Con.sum|>tlon.
Kale of Duty,
all Sorts.
Nelt Revenue.
IS2()
IHill
1822
1S23
IS it
1»25
Win
1827
1828
1829
18,30
1831
18.12
Cwl.
fi(l,37.'>
48,1(11)
84,232
7r.,45fi
(;0,OKt
73,2.').->
49,l.'i7
8(1,739
9'i,(i'.2
(l!),(l,'i8
49,2().'i
48,7.'.(i
(iO,.-VI(i
Per civt.
'is. to 14».
All sorts.
12<.
C:
•
/,.
3.'>,9n9
27,.328
4(i,479
3S,.'i77
3.';,9.')t
29,7'.(l
14,988
«(i,137
28,979
21,223
14,903
14,(il.'>
18,113
Cnt.
19,737
41, .309
48,,')84
40,.'.ilO
ri9,2S,'>
.3(i,8.3()
40,370
49,777
f,7,213
39,80.5
3.'),88(i
53,S(i2
.'.1,7(17
Ptr cntt.
5:
' li. 6rf. '
/,.
4,909
10,9(J0
12,U9
10,102
17,20')
0,1120
3,0(M)
3,080
5,019
2,982
",710
4,014
3,SS2
Of the imports of prepared m.idder in 1831, amouniinf; to
43,93.') cwt., 22,037 were lirouuht from France, .anil 18,720
from Holland. i>f the madder riKtt imported the same year,
amounlliiKto.')2,449 iwl., 23,027 were from France, 2.1,8.33
from Turkey, 2,.'»70 from the Kast Indies (munject), and 2,377
from ItJdy.
The duly on madder is now reduced to 2*. a cwt., and on
roots toOr/. a cwt.; and their price, duty included, in the London
market, in December, 1833, w.ts as follows : —
L. I. ,1. L. (. lU
Madder, Dutch mull - . OIC Otol 5 O pet cwt.
Kaineno . 1 10 0—2 a —
Madder, Dutch ombro
crop
iFi
L. t. d. L. I. d.
2 18 Oto3 8 0i)ercwt.
3 10 — 3 18 _
SFF —
2 8 0-2 10 —
2 1.') 0-2 1(1
1 14 0- 1 10 bond.
French Sl'FF • 0». 0»
Spanish
roots, Turkey
East India, or inunjeet
Madder, the produce of Kurone, is not to be importe<l for
home consumption except in liritish shli)s, or in 8hi|M of the
country of which it is the produce, or from which it is im-
ported, under forfeiture of the same, and 100/. by the mailer
of the vessel. — (3 A 1 Will. 4. c. 52. sect. 58.)
MADEIRA. See Wine.
M ADRAi^ tl^e principal emporium on the coast of Coromandel, or western shore of
the Bay of li y' '• lat. \^° 5' N., Ion. 80° 21' E. It is the seat of government of
the second presK* ■ ' the British possessions in India, having under it a territory of
154,000 square m. tvith a population, according to a recent census, of 1 5,000,0(X),
paying a gross annum revenue of above 5,000,000/. sterling. The town is situated in
the Carnatic province — a low, sandy, and rather sterile country. It is without port or
harbour, lying close upon the margin of an open roadstead, the shores of which are con-
stantly beat by a Iieavy surf. Besides these disadvantages, a rapid current runs along
the coast; and it is within the sphere of the hurricanes or typlioons, by which it is
occasionally visited. In every respect, indeed, it is a very inconvenient place for trade,
and its commerce is consequently greatly inferior to tliat of either Calcutta or Bombay.
It has been in possession of the English 19'i years, being founded by them in 1(;39. In
1823, the number of houses was ascertained to be '20,780; which, allowing 6 inhabitants
to each, makes the total population about 160,000. Fort Saint George is a strong and
handsome fortification, lying close to the shore. The Black Town of Madras, as it is
called, stands to the north and eastward of the fort, from which it is separated liy a
spacious esplanade. Here reside the native, Armenian, and Portuguese mcicliants, with
many Europeans unconnected with the government. Like most other Indian towns, it
is irregular and confused, being a mixture of brick and baml)oo houses. INIadras, like
Calcutta and Bombay, is subject to English law ; having a Supreme Court of Judicature,
the judges of which are named by the Crown, and arc altogether independent of the local
government, and the East India Company.
In Madras roads, large ships moor in from? to !) fatlioins, with the flagstaff of the fort bearing W.N. W.,
2 miles from <hore. From October to January is generally considered the most unsafe season of the year,
in consequence of the prevalence, during th.it interv.tl, of storms and typhoons. On the 15th of October
the H.igstaff is struck, and not erected again until the l.Oth of December ; during which period, a ship
coming into the roads, or, indeed, any where within soundings on the coast of Coromandcl (reckoned
from Point Palmyras to Ceylon), vitiates her insurance, according to the conditions of the policies of all
the insurance offices in India. In the fort there is a light-house, !H) (Vet ab')ve the level of the sea, and
which may be seen from the deck of a large ship, at 17 miles' distance, or from the mast-head at a distaiuo
of 28 miles. The cargo boats used for crossing the surf, called Massula boats, are large and light ; matie
of very thin planks sewed together, with straw in the scams, instead of caulking, which it is supposed
might render them too stifT. When within the influence of the surf, the coxswain stands up, and brats
time in great agitation with his voice and feet, while the rowers work their oars backwards, until over-
taken by a strong surf curling up, which sweeps the boiit along with frightful violence. Kvery oar is then
plied forward with the utmost v.^our to prevent the wave from taking the boat back as it recedes; until
at length, by a few successive surfs, the boat is thrown high and dry upon the beach. 'I'he boats belonging
to ships in the roads sometimes proceed to the back of the surf, aiid wait for the country boats from the
l)cach to conic to them. When it is dangerous to have communication with the shore, a flag is displayed
at the beach-house, which stands near the landing-place, as a caution.
'I'he fishermen and lower classes employed on the water, use a species of floating machine of a very
simple construction, named a catamaran. It Is formed of 2 or ;! logs of light wood, 8 or 10 feet in length,
lashed together, with a small piece of wood inserted lictween them to serve as a stem-piece. When ready
for the water, they hold generally 2 men, who with their paddles impel themselves through the surf, to
tarry letters, or refreshments in small (juantities, to ships, w'lnn no boat can venture out. They wear a
pointed c.ii) made of matting, where they st>cure the letters, "'ch take no damage. The men .ire often
washrd ofl the catamaran, which they regain by swimming, 'ss interrupted by a shark, Medals are
given to such catamaran men as distinguish themselves by sa . ^ persons in danger.
MADRAS.
The following are the established rates of [ml chirgos nt Madras : —
112
All IJritish niul forelj^n hlii|is -
('(Hintry ships . - ...
Sn(»w, liri^', ki'tch, ami schooner
Sloop mill < uttLT - . . .
l.iix^v iUi(*niis - ...
Small (iliun'c!! . - . .
Ani;horage Dues,
S. Uoadj,.
lis. a, li.
iiriiish ships, and ships under fortiKn,
Kiiropean, or vVnieriran colours • .IS O
Country ships, t'runi tMil) to 5i)(» ions - .V> (»
_ .'1(10 — 30(1 _ . ys
— 3(H):— 200 _ • i\ {) I)
— 'iOO— 100 ._ . 17 O U
— 100 _ .10 _ . U
— ,'.0— 10 _ . 10
Native craft, from 400 — 300 — . o O o
_ TOO— *^oo _ .
— SilMt - 100 — - O
— IO(t_ 50 — -
— 50 — VO _ .
— ao — 10 — -
Boat Hire.
Ordinary trips - - -13
J)o. do. for an accommodation lioat .'i
Transhipments - . • O Vi. d
llHurn trips - . . . 10 ()
IVIonsoon trips • - - '2 3
Do. do. tor an accommodation lioat 10 o o
Do. transhipments - - - 1 8
Do. return trip* . . -13
Deejt wattr trips - . - *-i 3
i^xtra hire on Sundays - . - O !>
A lioflt load of water - - .300
S:nid liatlast, exclusive of boat hire • 5
Tarpaulin hire - . - 4
/(». «. /).
^i<> n
11 II
7 (1
'">
/> II (1
12 I)
N. Uoails.
Hs. a. p.
I)
U II
ai
17
It U II
11) I)
3
too
Culumirdii Wire.
12 6
O II
Vi
ii S
1 8 I)
III II II
1 X
12
1
n
u s
o 4
4
II
I)
S II
!l II
II
«J.
a.
I'-
!
II
ll
II
]■?
II
1)
Ill
II
S
1)
II
I
I)
'
U.'t
.IS
fl
^^:t
II
1)
38
Small catamarans, lo nil sliliis on anchnrinit -
Miuw, liri^', ami kfkh, do.
hlii'l' ami culli r, ilo.
— ilhunifi :imllarf,'i' boats, do.
— lairvinK li-IUr> In ^hi|l3
-- >urr>iiiK iirovisiiiiiMir iiarcc'ls -
J.ar(;e ciitamarims, fur iandini,' or slii|i|iiii|; a Kuro-
pKin lalili- of 1.1 lo IC inches -
f<»r do. do. 17 lo 'i'i —.
for do. an anchor of Ifi in 29 c» i .
for do. _ 3u to 50 —
Port Ilrgvlalioiu. — A notificalioii shall lie sent liv the col-
li clor of the customs, throuL'h the master attendant, to the
c(.mnianders of all ships connnijlnto theroads, rccmirinBthem
to transmit a true and full nianil'est of all Roods and mcrclian-
dises laden on board, ac<-onlinf; to a printed form; which
manifest licinn Uiliveretl to the collector, he shall, if he so
tlinks 111, leipiire it to he verilied hy im alBdavit on oath:
which forms lieinK oliscrred, |iiTmit>. are KranteU for the laiid-
inK ot the Koods, under an ollii iai signature.
No articles are to be shipped or landed without apemiii, or
after fi o'clock p. m. Any inerchanilisc atlcni|iteil to be landed
without the prescribed forms, or that were not inserted in the
manifest, are liable to double duty ; and, where a fVaudulent
inleiitiun shall appe.ir, to confiscation. All L'oods (esc ept on
account of the Ka.st India rompanv) shall be sTiipped or landed
at the Bhaut opposite to the l'u^loril-house, or pay ilouMedutv.
All piods (except belonuiiiK toihe Comiiaiiy), on hein(>landeil,
sluill be hrouKht to the I'usloin. house ; and wiien required to
lieiiassed, a wrilleii ap|ilication, in the followinR form, must
be iiliule to thecolleclor. No other form « ill be attended to
** To thcrollector of the Customs, riease to permit the under-
nientioiicil piods to pass Ihel'ustom-hoUie, on account of. Sir,
your obedient servant, ."
Date.
No. ami
Nature of
racka;;es.
Name
of Ship.
L'ntlerwiiat
Colours.
Whence
imp.>rte(l.
Sort
of (iooUs.
Quantity
of (ioods.
Rates.
Total \'alue.
A". U. — These are to lie left blank, and filled up from
the tariff, by which the duties are rCBUlated.
' "!
fioods exporlcd m Kritish vessels, or in those helonpinR to
the native iiih:iliitaiit^ of India, are exempt from dutv, but
must nevertheless pass ihrouyh the customs' hooks, and llieir
value be computed a( the tariH'prices.
Jf any floods are s)iij)pedt or attempted to he idupped, without
permission ubt<ijned troiii the Customs, which niu^t be applied
for ncrordin/j to the following form, they are lialile to a duty
of fi per cent, or S per cent., nrtoTdini( to the country of the
ship — ** To tbeCollector of the < ustoms. I'lease to permit
the undtrmentioned jjoods to pa.ss the (.'ustom-house, on ac-
count of, Sir, your obetUent bervant^ . ."
Date.
No. and
Naliueof
IVnckaKis.
Name
of Ship.
Under what
Colours.
Whither
bound.
Sorts
of (ioods.
Kates of
IVIanufactures
and Troduce.
(luantity
of < ioods.
Kales. 1
i
These are to
1
i
jc fillwl up from the tarifT. |
fl
The collector of customs is allowul a comii.I: sion of 5 per
ce?»t. on the amount of the duty collected on ^oods imported
orexitorted, and upon the amount of tlie duty ton puted on
RooiU imported or exported frei- of dutv ; and where .,'oods be-
come liable to be charged with the aduitional du'v, 5 per cent,
is also due to the collector on such duty.
I'ort clearances cannot he^rantetltoships clcz ring outwards,
(Mitil true aiul coiuplete manifests of the cargoes have been
lodfieil Willi the collector of customs, an' n certificate produced
from the bojit paymaster (the chief oihur over the boats regii-
larlv kept for hire) that he has no demand.
The port charges fur cli'aranre on every vessel, except paddy
lioats, is 1 i)af.'oda '^l fanams. For every paddy boat, 1^0
fanams. For every bale impoi"ted or exported in forcif;n vessels
(except Americans), 1 pagoda.
Vou cannot employ your own boat to unload vour ves-sel
without the jiermission of the tnastir attendant ; aiid vou can,
in no case, let out your Iwat for hire to another vessel, under
ain pretence wbatCver. The rates of boat lure are accordinj*
to your distance from the sliore; double charge Iwing macU>,
if imployed on a Suntlav. A loatl of ballast consi.^ts of iVt)
ba>keis tif .sand, according to a fixed size, at the average price
of ^\ fanams. A boat load of water is 1 butts; the price .OS
fanams 10 cash.
t'iislimt The export and import duties at Madras are tlie
same as at Calcutta; which sec.
Monirs. — There is a considerable variety of coins in circulation in Madras and its vicinity. Of the gold
coins, the princii)al are star or current pagodas =: 7*. r)|(/. ; commonly, however, valued at 8^. The gold
rupee, new coinajje, is worth, according to the mint price of gold in Kngland, 1/. J'.v. '.i'4i.V/. The Arcot
rupee (silver) an<! t!^c new silver rupee are very nearly of the same value, being respectively worth }s. ll^rf.
and l.v. 11 J//. The East India Company and the European merchants keep their accounts at 12 fanams
the rupee; 8 ) ca?'t =; 1 fanam, and 42 fanams = 1 pagoda. Copper pieces of 20 cash, called pice, and of
10 and .0 cash, called dodees and half dodees, are also current ; these are coined in England, and the value
is marked or each,
Commcrci.il IVefghts, — Goods are weighetl by the candy of £0 maunds : the maund is divided into
8 vis, SiCO pollams, or .V^Wt pagodas ; the vis is divided into .5 seers. The candy of Madras is 500 lbs. avoir-
dupois. Hence the pagoda weighs 2 oz. ?J gr.s. ; and the other weights are in proportion. These weights
have been adopted by the English ; but those used in the Jaghire ,the territory round Madras belonging
to the Company), as also in most other parts of the Coromandcl coast, are called the Malabar weights, and
are as follows : — nie gursay (called by the English garce) contains 20 haruays or candies ; the baruay,
20 manungus or maunds; the maund, 8 visay or vis, 320 pollams, or 3,2(K) varahuus- The varahun
weighs r>2^ English grains : therefore, the visay is 3 lbs. 3 dr. ; the maund, 24 lbs. 2 oz.; thi? baruay, 482^
lbs. ; and the gursay, J»,(>4."i^ lbs. avoirdupois, or 4 tons cwt. neatly.
Measures of Vamcity, — The garce, corn measure, contains 80 parahs, or 400 marcals ; ard the marcal,
8 |)uddies, or CA ollucks. The marcal shoidd measure 7.iO cubic inclies, and weigh 27 lbs. 2'>z. 2 dr. avoir-
dupois of fresh spring water: hence, 4o marcals — I.'j Winch, bushels ; and therefore the garce = 174
English quarters nearly. When grain is sold by weight, 9,25Cilb8. are reckoned for 1 garce, being i3
candies 12'8 maunds.
3 D a
I \
n I
; I? VV
w
mmmmmmmmm
wmmm
m
MADRAS.
1813
1830
Bengal
Banking. ^ ''^hexe is but a single l)anking csUWishment at Madras, which is entirely a government
concern, aj *\.q directors vonaist of the superior otticcrs of government ; ami the ministerial officers are
on iixeil salaries. Th oaiik issues notes, receivable as cash at the public treasuries, within the town
of Madras ; it receives deposits and grants discouTits. The accuniulated profits of the bank, from its Hrst
i: stitution in 1H(K>, amounted to tWOjii^JiV., being at the rate of about :)1,(MK)/. a year; but as the Indian
money is here rcckonetl at the rate of 8s the p;igoda, which is much above l)oth the mint price and the
value in exchange, the real profits are considerably Mualler.
Mirnmti/e Kstahlishmcnts.— At Madras there are but :l iirincipal Kuroi>ean mercantile establishments,
or houses of agency, with 7 of an inferior class. There are 'Z American houses, and 1 considerable native
house of business. " The liaubashes, or native brokers of Madras, are expert, intelligent, and sometimes
Hnavish. Among the native merchants there are few men of wealth ; and the contrast, in this respect,
with Calcutta and Hombay, is striking. The degree of liberality exercised by the respective governments,
and the prospuritv of the didbrent portions of the liritisli territory in India, may safely be implied by the
proi>ortion of Hriiish settlers to be found in them. Tried by this test, the Madras provuices will be :'ound
eminently wanting, as will be seen by the Ibllowing brief Table : —
1,'J2") I Madras - 1H7 I Bombay - 469
1,7U7 I — - I3i I — - '6m
Insurance. — There is but one insurance company, called the India Insurance Society ; but there are
agents of the Calcutta companies, who ellect insurance on shipping.
Jffcncy arni Cummission. — The general rates of agency, commission, and warehouse rent, arc as
follow : —
1. On die total sum of a tleliit or credit side of an account, at
tlie option of the jifjent, ('xceptinK ilcms on which a coni-
niission of l'i per cent, is chatjjcalih', I jut cent.
2. On ctlWtinK remittances, or purchasing', selling, or ncgo-
tiatin<; bills of exchange, 1 per cent.
.1. On sutiscri|>(ions to government loans, purcli.ving, ^^elling,
transferrint;, or exciianning ^Kihlic secuviiie>, ^ per cent.
4. On delivL-rinff up iiutilic securUies, or lodging them in any
of the pniilic ollices, ^ per cent,
ft. On rcceiviTig and delivering private romniibsions of wines,
cattle, and mevch;indise, li^ per cent,
fi. On colk'ctinii rents, *^A per cent.
7. On pun hase of lottery lii kei> and anunmt of prizes, I per
cent.
8. (hi the sale of lottery tickets from the olhtr settleuiunts,
"■iK per cent.
•-». On letieih of creilit granted, 'V. per cent.
tU. On theinaniigeinent ofe-.tntes, as executors, adininist rat oin,
or attorneys, .') pi r cent.
11. (hi debts, uhcn a process at law or arbitration isnecessary,
'^i jier cent.
And if recovered by such means, .I per cent.
12. tin bilN of exchanjre, notes, tVc. disnonuurcd, 1 per cent.
n. (hi overdue debts collected for alisontees, 'Vj per cent.
W. On l)ei'uminK security for individuals to government, 1 per
cent.
IJ. On all sales or purchases of gonds, b per cent.
^\'\^h theJ'iiUmvin^ f.rvvptionH : —
On liouse>, lantls, and ship.-*, V!A per cent.
Exports a7id Imports. — Madras trades with Great Britain and other Kuroi>can countries, the United
States, the South American States, China, the l^astern islands, the 15urnian empirr, Calcutta, and Cey-
lon. In speaking of the trade of Madras, it is to be observed that it comprehends, for the most part, the
trade of I'he wliole coast of Coromandel. The principal articles of import are rice and other grain, chieHy
froniHengal; cotton piece goods, iron, copper, spelter, and other liritish manutactures ; raw silk Irom
Ik'n^al and Ciiina, with betel or areca nut, gold tlust, tin, and i)epper, from the Malay countries ; and
rice and pepper from the coast of Malabar, with trak timber from IVgvi. The exports consist of plain
and printed c(»ttons, cotton wool, indigo, salt, pearls of Ceylon, chanU shells, tobacco, soap, natron, some
dyeing drugs, and a little cottee produced on the table land of INIysore, and of which the (piantity is in-
creasing. The great staples of sugar, rice, opium, saltpetre, and lac dye, of such importance in lient^al,
are unknown as ex|)orts at Madras.
The following is a statement of the value of the trade of Madras, and its subordinate ports, with i^urope
and America, in the years 1813-Mand 18L'S-'J9.
(hi diamonds, pcarN, and Jewellery, VJ per cent.
On treasure and liullion, I per cent.
On all piods and nlercbandi^e withdrawn, shippcti, or de-
livered to oriler, ij conniii.ssion.
On all other descriptions of p.operty for sale, if with-
drawn or otherwise tiisposed of by the owners, i com-
mission,
(hi fioiuls transferred to auction or commission salesmen,
^ fotnniission.
Ifi. On rit'il salts, 10 per cent.
17< (hi t;uar.intetinK sales, bills, bonds, contracts for ^ood.s, or
olher en;,'anenunts, y|, per rent.
IS. Oil hbi]is' disbutvenunt.s, 'V. per cent.
I'J. On acivcrti^in(i as the agents of on ners or commanders of
sMps ffT frtij,'ht or pasxngers ; un ihe amount cf irei^ht
and p issa^c money, whelhi-r the same shall jiass through
the ageni's hai.tK or not, b ptr cvnt.
20. On etieciing insurance, or writing orders for insurance,
i per lent.
21. (hi seltling losses, ])artial or general, and returns of pre-
niimn, 1 per cent.
M'i. On procnring money on respondentia, wherever payable,
'i per cent,
(hi niakingnp goods to order, and taking risk of advances,
ntper cent.
(hi giving orders fur the nrovision f>f goiuls, where a com-
mission is not chargeable on sale or shipniiiit, U\ per
c< nt.
'26. On attending the delivery of contract goods, 2 jier cent.
21.
Countties.
Itlj-lSll.
l.sa.S-lSK). 1
Imports.
Exi)orts.
Imports.
Esiiorts. 1
Merchan- IJui-
dihi', liiin.
Total.
!Mercb.'\n-
diSL'.
Hullion.
Tot^vl.
;\Ierchan.
ili>,e.
Uulliun.
Total.
.Mcrc'lKin-
(li'.e.
Bullion.! Total.
1
fJreat Britain
riiit«l States
of AunTica-
I*()rtiif;al
France
Hrazils
Smith Ame-
rican States
Total -
AM. rs.
•i,lil,V.)'i
-I.l'iS
•2,717,192
7^7.'.3
i,22,S
M,i. IS.
1,'2US,UI(I
ys,4fi2
Ma. r.s.
15(i,lS7
Mu. IS.
4,,-,(l.j,133
!l's,4C2
M,l. ri.
.V1JI,S2.'>
3SH,593
Mil. m.
'23,15(1
7,055
1,000
Mil. rs.
3,37y,!)Sl
10,S74
389,193
Mil. r-n.
."V.(I7,741
20,953
lliS.OOC
(12,900
Mil. m.
732,(i()3
Ma. m. 1
4,2 l(J, 1(11
20,953,
12S,00Cj
62,HHfi|
■2,7S!),SI8''2,flW '2,702,17.5 ■l,.1O7,108 l.lfi.lS? 4,»fi.-5,5i).')' .1,747,137
.3-2,21 1 3,7S0,.348 3,71!),fiOC 732,fie3 4,152,2ii'J
Taking the Madras rupee at its Briti-sh mint value of 1,?. Urf. nearly, the joint exports and imports of
181.'j-!-t weie 6!).5,37.'3/. ; and those of LSiiS-ai, 7S8,<),')i)/. j showing an increase, in 1.5 year.-i, of no more than
!l3,.")8ti7., or aliout 13 jjer cent. — a striking contrast with the great augmentation "which has taken p'ace
in the same period in the trade of Calcutta and Boinhay. The e.tports, it will be seen by the Table, have
even fallen off! The causes which have led to this state of things deserve some explanation. The raw
silks, nankeens, camjihor, and cassia of China, which, on account of the monopoly, couhl not be directly
sent from Canton to Europe, were formerly brought by the country ships to JIadras, and there rc.fhipi)ed.
They are new more conveniently, and in much larger quantity, brought for the same purpose to Singa-
pore. But the chief causes whli h contribute to retard the external commerce of Madras, are the
vexatious restraints on industry, and the taxation so much heavier in that presidency than in Bengal
or Boml)ay. The land tax, in.steail of being fixed in perpetuity, as in the fonner, is temporary and
fluctuating ; and hence, neither British nor native industry is applied with any vigour in the improve-
ment of the productions of Hie soil. Inland duties prevail every where, and fresh ones are not only
exacted when goods pass from one province to another, but often when passing from town to town,
or even from village to village. These imposts are, at the same time, farmed to a very corrupt class
of persons. Of the value of the trade between Madras and China we have no statement; but the
tonnage employed in the export trailc, at an average of the ;> years ending witli 1817-18, was ;i,()77 tons ;
MAGNESIA. — MAHOGANY.
775
I i'.iirope
20,9i3i
128,OO0j
ami at an average of the ."> years ciuling with 18'J(i-27, 3,(»78 tons. The import tonnage in ihc sameperimU
amounted respectively to ti83 tons and 2,UW) tons ; the disparity in this case being accoinited for, from
its having lately become usual for country ships returning in ballast from China, to touch at Madras for
cargoes of salt to be conveyed to licngal on behalf of the monopoly. I'or many ages, a commercial inter-
course of considerable extent appears to have prevailed between Madras and other ports of tlieCoromandel
coast, and tlie Malay countries, chiefly those situated within the straits of Malacca, with the west coast
of Sumatra and the island of Java. 'I'his is still carried on in native vessels, to the extent ol M or (iO an.
nuiilly, mostly brigs or ketches, clumsily constructed, but equipped and navigated on the Kuropean model.
A fiw IJritish-owned vessels also occasionally engage in it. In tins trade, the exports from Madras and
its subordinate ports consist chielly of piece goods and salt. iJritish fabrics have of late years interfered
with the former, and the salt ot Siam witli tile latter, so that the trade is on the decline. The principal
foreign trade of I'egu, at one time, was carried on witli Madras ; but within the last .'iO years it has been,
in a great measure, transferred to Calcutta. 'I'here is still, liowevcr, a trade of some amount carried on
in vessels owned both by J-.uropeiins and natives. 'J'he exports from Madras to I'egu consist chietly of
piece goods, tobacco, and cocoa nuts ; the returns being made in teak timber, horses, orpiment, stick lae,
bullion, sapphires, nn<l rubies. The largest branch of the trade of Madras is with Calcutta. In 181L'-U,
the imports fr(mi Madras, and other parts of the Coromandel coa.st, into Calcutta, amounted to sicca
rupees |K,7+,!4I, and the exjjorts to sicca rupees 'J'i,77, !'.)+, or jointly to about 4'2o,'M'l. sterling. In ISi'l-Sii,
the inijiorts amounted to sicca rupees S,K7,"i.'l, and the exports to sicca rupees l'-',;t;j,01.'i, or jointly to about
i.'iy,iiJ.i/. ; showing a f.illing oil' to the extent of half the whole amount. The disproportion, in this
ease, between the imports and exjiorts, is to be accounted for by the omission, in the public accounts,
of all salt imported on account of the monopoly, and which has amounted yearly to about 10,0tK) tons.
The great inipediiuenl to the intercourse between the IJengal and M<idras provinces is tlie salt
monopoly, the (|ua]itity of salt taken annually being restricted by the government of Uengal. '1 his
limits the consumption of salt in liengal, where it is naturally dear, and, by coinijclling the inhabitanta
of Ma<lras to grow coin on poor lands, iiredudes the exi)ort of the cheap rice of licngal. 'J he Indian
governments, instead of haviii},' improved of late years in liberality, have really drawn tighter the
cords of monopoly. The elk'( t of this upon the export of corn from liengal to Madras has been re-
markable. In IWKw, when the salt of Madras was admitted into Calcutta with some liberality, the
export of grain to tlie Coromandel coast amounted to '.',t>.'J:),ii;J8 maunds, or about 47I1,(KI0 ijuarters ;
whereas, in 1H.!j-'-'4, a year of scarcity in the Madras provinces, it amounted to only l,.0;»I,,'>2li maunds,
or about 2H4,000 <|uarti'rs. The trade between Calcutta and the Coromandel coast is carried on both in
Kuropean and native vessels, llie latter are of the same description, but not so well equipped, as those
that trade between the Coromandel coast and the Malay islands. In ISIO, the number which cleared out
from Calcutta for Madias and its subordinate ports, was no less than ;Ji)7, their burden being estimated
at Ki.O?.) tons. Since then, their numbcis have declined ; being, in IS'.'I, only lO.'J vessels, of the burden
of ll,Ri)l tons. The Kuropean tonnage employnl in this trade is extremely lluctuating. In 1M)7, a jear
of extraoidinavy scarcity in the Madras provinces, the registered tonnage which cleared out from Calcutta
for the Coromandel coast amounted to '..'i.iiJti tons, which conveyed t),lH)0,(K)0 quarters of rice. Next year
the tonnage amounted to only ii,'.til tons. In ISliJ, another year of scarcity, it was 1 j,()()8 tons ; and in
lhi.'l, a year of plenty, it was but L',04'.; tons. These striking facts show the vast importance of a free trade
in corn to the countries in (juestion. — i,In compiling this article, we have made use of Untnil/un's Df-
sri'iii/ian (if lliiiildstnn; HiiMi/ton's luist Iiii/ia Oaxiltfo; 2d ed. 18i.'8 ; I'hipp's Gituh' to t/ic Commerce
of Bengal ; I'oftris relative to Ihc Trade with Iiiilia and China, printed by order of the House of Com-
liions, and I'.eidenee taken hejore the I'arlianienlari/ Committee, in 18'i!l, 18.30, and 1831 ; Madras
A/manncI; for 18^1 ; Ke/li/'s Camliist, "A cd. ; and Ihrshiirjih's Directory, — an accurate and useful work.)
MAGNESIA ( Fr. Mdffncsiv ; Ger. Gcbruunte Magnesia ; It. Magnesia), one of
the primitive eaitiis, having a metallic basis. It is not found native in a state of purity,
but is easily preiiaretl. It is inodorous and insipid, in the form of a very light, white,
soft powder, liavinjj; a sj)eeitic gravity of 2';}. It turns to green the more delicate
vegetable blues, is inrusi!)le, and reciuii'es for its solution 2,000 parts of water at 60°.
^lAIlOGAN'Y, the wooil of a tree (Sirictcjiia Mahogani) growing in tlie West
Indies and Central America. Thero are two other species of Swietenia found in the
East Indies, but they are not much known in this country.
IMahogany is one of the most majestic and beautiful of trees : its trunk is often 40 feet in length, and
(i feet in diameter; and it divides into so many massy arms, and throws the shade of its shining green
leaves over so vast an extent of surface, tliat few more magnilicent objects are to be met with in the
vet;etal)le world. It is abniulant in Cuba and Hayti, and it used to be plentiful in Jamaica; but in the
latter isl.uid, most of the larger trees, at least in accessible situations, have been cut down. The principal
imiiortations into (ireat IJritaiii are made Irom Honduras and Campeachy. That which is imported from
the islands is called Spanish mabo.gany ; it is not so large as that from Honduras, being generally in logs
from '.'II to i.'ii inches s(]uare and l(i feet long, while the latter is usually from 2 to 4 feet square and 12 or
14 feet long, but some logs are much larger. Mahogany is a very beautiful and valuable species of wood:
its colour is a red brown, of dillerent shades, and various degrees of briglitness ; sometimes yellowish
brown; ollen veiy iniuli veined and mottled, with darker .shades of the same colour. The texture is
uniform, and the animal rings not very distinct. It has no larger sejita ; but the smaller septa arc often
verv visible, witli iiores between them, which in the Honduras wood arc generally empty, but in the
Spanish »( od are mostly tilled with a whitish substance It has neither taste nor smell, shrinks very
little, and warps or twist's less than any other species of timber. Is is very durable when kept dry, but
doi'^ not last long when exposed to the weather. It is not altaiked by worms. Like the pine tribe, the
timber is best on dry lockv soils, or in exposwl situations. That which is most accessible at Honduras
grows upon moist low land, and is, generally speaking, decidedly inferior to that brought from Cuba and
Hayti ; being solt, coarse, and s])ongy ; while the other is close-grained and hard, of a darker colour, and
smiietiines strongly lignred, Honduras mahogany has, however, the advantage of holding glue admirably
well ; and is, for ibis reason, frequently used as a ground on which to lay veneers of the liner sorts.
'J'he best (|ualities of mahogany bring a very high price. Not long since, Messrs. Broadwood, the dis-
tinguisiied pianoforte manufacturers, gave the enormous sum of 3,0(10/. for three logs of mahogany!
These logs, the produce of a single tree, were each about 15 feet long and 38 inches square : they were
cut ihto veneers of 8 to an inch. The wood was particularly beautiful, capable of receiving the highest
polish ; ;ind when polislied. reflecting the light in the mo.st v'ariul manner, like the surface of a crystal ;
and, from the wavy form of the jiores, ollii'ring a ditterent ligure in whatever direction it was viewed.
Dealers ill mahogany generally introduce i'.n auger before buying a log ; but, notwithstanding, they are
seldom able to deci<ie with much privision as to the (|iiality of the wood, so that there is a good deal of
lotterv in the trade. The logs for v. Inch Messr.s. liroadwood gave so high a price were brought to this
couiitVv with a full knowledge of their superior worth. Mahogany was used in repairing some of Sir
Walter llaleigh's ships at Trinidad, in l.')ii7 ; but it was not introduced into use in Kngland tUl 1724.
The cutting of mahogany at Honduras takes place at twodillerent seasons; after Christmas, and towards
midsummer. The negroes' employed in felling the trees arc divided into groups of from 10 to 50. The
trees are cut about 12 feel from the ground, and are floated down the rivers.
;! 1) 4
' iL
( V
.1 '■■'
til
.*«, Ij
Ij M I
•v.
1 .
k.,
','.■>
'■ \
i '
■mi!
'' It
776
MAIZC — MALAGA.
Of U.^-W tons of niiihogiuiy imported In )H3l, 8,21» caino from the nritisli \Vc8t Indies (includinff
Ilonduriw , aiul i.Vi23 from Hiiyti. The duty on fiireJKM mahoKany is 7/. l(l.v. ii ton, wlicrejis Honduras
mahonany payii only 1/. !()4„ and Jamaica nijdioKany U. 'J'lic ellect of such a dntv must obviously be to
force the consumption of tin- inferior in preference to the superior article. In IH.iJ, the duty prcxluced
ir),*)."./.— (See Tiriliiiilil's I'linrip/m i\f CariH-ittn/, ji. '2i)t.; l.ihnn-i/ a/ EiilcrliimiHif Knuwletlgr, volume on
Timhcr 'IWcs ami Fiuils ; and lUlimnls's U\:il Imlii.i, vol. iv. p,''J.")S. ed. IMlii, ^v)
Mahogany from Honduras, imported into any free warehousing jiort in the iiritish posscHsioiu in the
West Indies or America, in a ship cleared out from Kahze, and then warehouscil ius having been so im.
jiorted and cleared, may be exportwl from the warehouse aiwl imported into the United KinKdom, as if it
had been imported direct in a Hritish ship, provided it he statinl in the ship's clearance that the mahogany
had been so warehouscHl and exported. — (|i (.Ico. 4. c. 7ti. ^ l.i.)
Mahogany not to be entered as beiriK the produce of any Hritish possession, unless the master of the
ship importniK the same deliver to the collector or comptroller a cfr/{ficali; and declare that the goods are
the pr(xluce of such place. — (Sec anli, p. ti(iO.)
MAIZE, OK INDIAN C01lN(I'r. Bled Je Tiirqiiie ; Gor. Tdrkisch horn. Mays;
It. Grano Titrco o Siciliano ; Sp. Trlgo dit Indius, Triijo de Turquiu), one of the ceruiil
grasses {Zea Mays), supposed to be indigenous to South America, being the only
species of corn ciiUivated in the New World previously to its discovery. It was intro-
duced into the Continent about tiie l)eginning, and into England a little after the middle,
of the 1 6th century. Its culture has spread with astonishing rapidity; being now
extensively grown in most Asiatic countries, and in all the southern parts of Europe.
It has the widest geographical range of all the ccralii^ growing luxuriantly at the
c<|uator, and as far as the 50th degree of north, and the 40th of south latitude. It lias
l)een raised in England, in nursery gardens near the metropolis, for more than a cen-
tury ; and recently it has been attempted to raise it in the fields, but with indifferent
success. Like other plants that have been long in cultivation, it has an immense
number of varieties. The ear consists of about COO grains, set close together in rows,
to the number of 8, 10, or I'i. The grains are usually yellow ; but they are sometimes
red, bluish, greenish, or olive-coloured, and sometimes striped and variegated. The
maize of Virginia is tall and robust, growing 7 or 8 feet high ; that of New England
is shorter and lower ; and the Indians further up the country have a still smaller sort in
common use. The stalk is jointed like the sugar cane. The straw makes excellent
fodder ; and the grain, as a bread corn, is liked by some ; but though it abounds in
nuicilage, it contains little or no gluten, and is not likely to i)e much used by those who
can ijrocure wheaten or even rye bread. — ( Loudon's Encyclopedia of AyricuHurc, 8fc. )
For the imports of maize, duties, &c., see Coun Laws and TuAnE.
INI A LAG A, a city and sea-port of Spain, in the kingdom of Granada, in lat.
36" 43^' N., Ion. 4° 'J5' 7" W. I'oiJidation, perhaps, 55,000.*
//rrrJoM>'.— Malaga has an excellent harbour. It is ])rotected on its eastern side by a fine mole, full
TOO yards in leUKth. At its extremity a light-house has been constructe<l, furnished with a powerful
light, revolving once every minute. At a distance it appears obscured for 4;') seconds, when a brilliant,
tijush succeeds for the other 1;') seconds. A shoal has grown up round the mole head, and the depth of
water throughout the harbour is said to be diminishing. Latterly, however, a dredging machine has
been employed to deepen it, by clearing out the nuul and accunuilating sand. The depth of water, at
the entrance to the harbour and within the mole, is from 'ili to ,i{) feet ; and close to the city, from S to 10
feet. The harbour could easily accommodate more than 450 merchant ships : it may be entered with all
winds, and afl'ords iierfect shelter.
Trade, Sfc. — Owing to the want of official returns, and to the prevalence of smugglinfc,
which may be said to have annihilated all fair trade, it is not possible to obtain any
acciu'ate accounts of the trade of 3Ialaga, or, indeed, of any Spanish port. The great
articles of export are wine and fruits, particularly raisins and almonds, grapes, figs, and
lemons ; there is also a considerable exportation of olive oil, with quantities of brandy,
anchovies, cummin seed, aniseed, barilla, soap, &c. The lead exported from Malaga is
brought from Adra (See I>i:An.) The imports are .salt fish, iron hoops, bar iron, and
nails; cotton stuffs, hides, earthenware, &c., with dye stUiTs, all sorts of colonial produce,
butter and cheese from Holland and Ireland, linens from Germany, &c. Tlie trade
with England seems to be diminishing, and that with tue United States to be increasing.
This is a consequence, no doubt, of Malaga wine being very little in demand in the
former, while it is pretty largely consumed in the latter. The Americans are a', .o the
largest consumers of Malaga fruit.
The following details, abstracted from IVIr. Ingliss's valuable work, cntitku " Spain
in 1830," contain the fullest and by far the best account that we have met with of the
trade of Blalaga. Their authenticity may, we believe, be depended upon.
" Wine. — The wines of Malaga are of two sorts, sweet and dry ; and of the former of these there arc
four kinds : first, the common " Malaga," known and exported under that name. In this there is a
certain ]>roportion of boiled wine, which is allowed to burn, and which communicates a slightly burnt
tiiste to the "Malaga." The grape from which this wine is made is a white grape, and every pipe of
" .Malaga " contains no less than c/cwra gallons of brandy. Secondly, " Mountain." This wine is made
from the same grape .is the other, and like it contains colouring matter and brandy ; the oidy diflerenco
is that, for " Mountain," the grape is allowed to become riper. Thirdly, " Lagrimas," the richest and
* The consul says 7;^00() ; but we have little doubt that this is very much beyond the mark.
IViimar Almanad; the population is set down at 5i.',37(>.
In the
MALMSEY. — MALT.
in lut.
•jO the
III the
I
finest of the sweet whirs of Malaga j the name of which ahiiost cxplahis the inaiiiier In which it is iiiatlc.
It is the ilropiiings of tli ■ ripe grap. hung ii)), and is olitaiiieil without the application of pressure.
'• The dry wine of iMa •" is jiroduced from the same grape as the sweet wine, hut pressed when greener;
in this wine there is a' jiglith part more of brandy than in the sweet wine ; no less than 1-1'Jlh part of the
dry Malaga heing hr.inuy.
•' The whole prrx'.iKe of the Malaga vineyards is estiinafeil at from ."rj.orO to 40,000 iiipes ; but owing to
the increasing stock of old wine in the cellars, it is imiHissible to bo precise in this calculation. 'I'he
export of all sorts of Malaga wine may he stated at about i;7,(MKl ))ipes. 'I'he principal market is tiic
United States and South America; and to these the export is upon the iiicreiise. Tlie average price of
the wines shipped from Malaga does not exceed .'i") dollars per pipe; but wines are (XTiisioiialiy exported
at the price of 170 dollars. Many attempts have been made at Malaga to produce sherry, but not with
lerfect success. The sherry grape has been reared at Malaga ujion a soil very similar to that of Xeres ;
ut the merchants of Malaga have not ventured to enter the wine for export. One reason of tlie very
low i)rice of the wines of Malaga is to he found in the cheapness of labour; field labour is only '.'J reals a
day (4Jr/.). In the fruit and vintage time it is about double.
" Fruit. — Next to its wines, the chief export of Malaga is fruit, consisting of raisins, almond?, grapes,
figs, and lemons ; but of these, raisins are principally exportcil. I have before me a note of the eX|M>rts
of Malaga for the months of .September and October, WM — the chief, though not tlie sole, exporting
months — and I ('.id that during that time the export of raisins amounted to i;r)8,H4;) boxes, ami ;JI,!lHi
smaller packages Of this quantity, I'ij, i.'H boxes were entere<l for the Tnited States ; 4.">,.'j|.'3 for Kiig.
land ; the roma': ling quantity being for France, the West Indies, the Spanish ports. South America, and
Holland.
" The raisiiij exported from Malaga are of three kinds, niuscatcl, hloom, or sun rnisin, and frj-ias.
The muscatel is the finest raisin in the world. In its jireparation no art is used; tlie grape is merely
placed ill the sun, and frequently turiuil. The bloom, or sun raisin, is a diHirent grape from the muscatel;
but . preparation is the same. The lexias ac(|uire this name from the li(|Uor, or ley, in which they are
dipp i, and which is composed of water, ashes, and (jil ; these, al^er being dipped, are also dried in the
sun. All muscatel raisins are exported in boxes, and also a part of the bloom raisins. In l.S'2!i, the exports
of muscatel and bloom raisins were li'.Ti.OOO boxes of a'j lbs. each ; in all, H,l'J,"»,00O lbs. This quantitv is
independent of the export of lilooin raisins in casks, and of lexias ; the latter amounting to idxiut .'iOiOtH)
arrobas. The export of raisins to Kilgland has falle.i oil', while tb.nt to America has considerably
increased. In IS'24, "'> ships cleared from Malaga, for Kngland, with fruit : in 18J0, down to the Ut of
November, 34 vessels had cleared out.
" Of the other fruits raised near Malaga, grapes, almonds, and lemons are the mo.st extensively
exported. In the iiiontlis of September and October, l.S.Ji), ll.tlli; jars of gr-ipes were sliip|)ed for
Kngland ; (i,42'J for America; and l,tr)l) for Hu.sRia. During the same months, .t,:i:r> arrobas of almonds
(l;).J,;)7.')lbs.) were shipped f<pr Kngland, this being nearly the whole exjiort ; there were also exported,
during the same period, 3,74'J boxes of lemons for Kngland ; 4,'J()1 ditto for G"rinany ; and H40 ditto
for lUi.ssia.
" ()i/. — There is also a large export of oil fnmv M.il.iga ; but the exportation, during the latter part of
1S.;(), would be no criterion of the average ; because, the Gree.'d.\:ia wliaYe tishery having failed, extensive
orders had been received from Kngland.
" S/ii'/ipi'iif;. — The trade between Hiiglaud and Malaga is on the decline : that uitli both the Ameiicas
is incieasing, especially in wines. The nuinber of Itritish vessels entered ,it the port of Malaga, in 18.7,
1 (ind from an official note fiirnislied by the Itritish consul to have been lilt; in I8'JH, I'JCi; in IK'Jil, Ktt;
and in IM), to the 1st of November, S.j, exclusive of small Gibraltar vosels. The number of American
vessels entering in 18'-'!', was .').") ; but the average burden of the .Vmciicans being 17;') tons, and that of
the Knglish vessels not exceeding 1(10, the whole American is nearly ciiual to the whole Knglish trade."
— (Vol', .i. pp. lini — lfKi.)
Mdiiij/. — Accounts are kejit in reals of .34 inaravodis velloii. — (,1'or the cuius, and their value, used at
Malaga, see Cadiz.)
U'cij^lits (iiul Mritmirrs The weight.s arc the same as those of Cadiz. The arnjlia, or cantara = 4l!)
Kngli.sh wine gallons ; the regular (lipe of Malaga wine contains ;>;■■) arrobas, but is reckoned only at .!4 ;
a bota of I'edid Ximenes wine :^ .OJi arrobas; a bota of oil is 4.!, and a plfie .i.) airobas ; the l.ittcr
weighs about 8ii()lbs. avoirdupois : a carga of raisins is 'J baskets, or 7 arrobas ; a ca.-k cimtaiiis as niucli,
though only called 4 arrobas: as a last for freight are reckoned — 4 botas or .O pipes of wine or nil;
4 bales of orange peel ; .j pipes of Pedro Ximenes wine or oil ; 1() casks of almonils each about ;JSO lbs.
Knglish) ; '20 cliests of lemons and oranges ; i."2 casks of almonds (of 8 arrobas each) ; 44 casks of rai.«iiis
(of 4 arrobas each ; 88 half casks of raisins ; .OO Imskets or liiO jars of raisins.
/'orf C/icirffcs. — The port and harbour dues amount, on an Knglish vessel of jOO tons, to about '21/. ;
on a Spanish vessel, of the same burden, they would be about 11/. Ids.
H'tirc/iimsiiif;. — Cioods may be warehoused for 12 months, paying 2 per cent. /i</ rii/umii in lieu of all
charges; but, at the end of the year, they must be either entered for consumption or reshipiied. The
'2 lier cent, is charginl, whether they lie a day or the whole year.
There is an excellent account of Malaga in Taiiusi'nd's Tiarc/.i in Sj'iiin, vol. iii. pp. 10 — i'2. The
Answirs by the consul at Malaga to the Circular (iiicrics contain little or no information.
MALMSEY. See Wink.
MALT (Ger. Mali/; Dii. Moiif ; Fr. Mai, lilahjermc ; It. Malta ; Sp. Cdiada
retonada 6 entallecida ; Uus. Solod ; Lat. Multum). The term malt is apiilied to
tlesignate grain which, being steeped in water, is made to germinate to a certain extent,
after wliich the process is checked by tlie application of heat. This evolves the saccliarine
principle of the gr.ui, which is the essence of malt. The process followed in the
manufacture is very simple. Few changes have been made ■'•^ it ; aiid it is carried on
at this moment very nnich in the same manner that it was cai led on by our ancestors
centiu'ies ago. Rice, and almost every .species of grain h-is beoi' used in malting; but
in Europe, and especially in England, malt is prepared almost wholly from barley. It
is the j)riiicipal ingredient in the maniifact re of beer, and is not used for any other
purpose.
Duties on, and Consumption /, Malt. Influence of the Reduction of the Duty and the
Opfuiiiff of the Trade. — Owing to malt li({uor having early become the favoin'ite beverage
of tl'.e people of England, the manufacture of malt has been carried on amongst us, for
a lengthened period, on a very large scale. Instead, however, of incrciising with the
increasing wealth uul population of the country, it has been nearly stationary for the
last hundred years. This apparently anomalous result is probably in some measure to
be accounted for by the increased consumption of tea and cofl'ee, which are now in
(
^<
,j.t-
m
'i S I
vn
m^
778
MALT.
ii !
almost univcrsnl use ; but there cannot be a question tliat it is mainly owin^ to the
cxorl)itant duties witii which malt, and the ale or beer manut'actured from iti have been
loaded, and to the o])|)ressive regulations imposed on the maiuit'actiire of malt and the
sale of beer. The etl'eet of these duties and regulations was to impose a tax of about 7s.
on the malt and beer made from a busiiel of barley ; which, taking the average jjrice of
barley at (rom 'Is. to .'js. a bushel, was equivalent to an ml riilornn duty of from I'lO to
17.') per cent ! The exorbitancy of the duty was not, however, its most objectionable
feature. It was about e(pially divided — one half being assessed directly on malt, and the
other on beer : but the beer duly atl'ected only beer brewed by public l)rewers, or for sale,
and did not aUect that which was brewed for private use ; and as rich families brewed
all tlie beer they made use of, the eonse(juence of this distinction was, that the beer duty
fell wholly on the lower and middle classes, who did not brew any beer ; or, in otuer
words, the ])oor man was compelled to pay twice the duty on the malt he made use of
tliat was paid by the rich man ! That such a distinction nIiouUI ever have l)ecn made,
or submitted to for any considerable period, is certainly not a little astonishing. Origin-
ally, however, the distinction was not so great as it afterwards became ; and being
increased by slow degrees, the force of habit reconciled the jiarliament and the coimtry
to the gross inequality and oi)i)ressiveiiess of the tax. Hut the ])ublie attention being at
length forcibly attracted to the subject, and the ettect of the exorbitant duties on malt
and beer in increasing the consumjition of ardent spirits having beai clearly ]>ointed out
— (see Edliibiiriih Jicvivw, No. fiS. art. 4.), the beer duty was rejiealed in 1H;50. This
measure of substantial justice and sound policy reflects the greatest credit on the admi-
nistration of the Duke of Wellington ; which is also entitled to the public gratitude for
having put an end to the licensing system, and established, for the first time, a really
free trade in beer.
The rejjeal of the duty has materially increased the consumption i ^ "^n't; and
the anticipations of those who contended that its abolition, if combined wui. a free
trade in beer, woidd l)e no great loss to the revenue, are in a fair way of being realised.
'I'he clamour that has been raised against the measure, on account of its supposed
influence in increasing drunkenness, is, we firmly believe, wholly without foundation.
If the measure has increased, as it certaiidy has done, the consumption of beer, it has at
the same time ecpially diminisl-ed the consuniiition of gin ; and it is surely supc'fiuous
to add, that this is a most beneficial change. It is true that a number of new public
houses have been opened for the sale of beer ; but it has not hitherto beer, proved that
this circumstance, though it seems to have occasioned no connnon alarm among the
clergy and magistrates in dirtcrent parts of the country, has been productive of any
public inconvenience. Like all newly opened lines of business, the trade of beer selling
lias been overdone ; and a considerable number of beer shops have been shut up. " It
is not," as Dr. Smith sagaciously remarked, " the multi])lication of alehouses that
occasions a general disposition to drunkenness .■nnong the common people ; but that
disposition, arising from other causes, necessarily gives employment to a multitude of
alehouses." — ( Wcdlth of Xiitioiis, vol. ii. p. I-IG. ) The way to eradicate this dis|)osition
is by giving a better education to the poor, and inspiring them with a taste for less gro-
velling enjoyments. All that the fiscal regulations and police enactments intended to
promote sobriety have ever done, is to make bad worse, to irritate and disgust, to make
the lower classes more enamoured of that \.hich they conceive is unjustly withheld from
them, and to stimulate them to elude and defeat the law. — (See antr, p. 1-i.)
The following Tables show the consumption of malt in England and Wales from 1787
down to 1H;3;5, and in the whole kingdom from 1821. They show that th . consumption
of malt had been about stationary for nearly half a century, notwithstanumg the popu-
lation had been more than doidiled in that jieriod, and that the wealth of all classes had
been materially increased. In point of fact, however, the consumption had been
stationary for a nuicli longer period — fov niore i/i(tn an entire rentiiri/ f For it appears
from tlie accounts given by the very well-informed IMr. Charles Smith, in his tracts on
the Corn Trade (2(1 ed. p. 199.), that the (juantity of malt that paid duty in England and
Wales, at an average of the 10 years ending with 172f5, was fi, 542,000 quarters a year;
and that the annual average during the next 10 years was .'5,;558,071 (juarters. The
beer duties being, in effect, as much a part of the malt duty as if they had been laid
directly on malt, it is indispensable that they should always be taken into .account, before
drawing any conclusions as to the influence of the duty. Ample information with
res])ect to them will be found in the article Ai.e and I>ekk ; but, to save the trouble of
reference, the whole is brought, as far as respects the 10 years jirevious to their repeal,
into one point c*' view in the subjoined Table, No. I.
1 {
MALT.
779
I. An Account of the Number of Qiinrtcrg of Mult chiirKc<l with Duty, the Amount of tlu' nnid Duly,
the Rate |M.>r Quarter in each Year ; also, the Number of Uiiartem of Malt uxed liy Kicwcrs aiiil
Vlftuallerii ; the Number of llarrels of StroiiR, Intermediate, and Table lleer, se|iarat('ly ; the Aninuiit
of Duty on lleer, and the Kate of Duty |>er ISarrel for each sort of beer, in eaeh Year, IVom the ;'ith of
January, lij2l, to the Mt of January, IHJi ; in Imperial Measure.
!
If'
K
iKland.
Malt.
. .
llnr.
1
1
"'
i""
(Jimrtfrn 1
Quarters
StrotlK,
Talilc, at ' Inler-
1
Uilll
Rate per QuarUT.
Amniint of
Dm J.
nstHl liy
llruwiTH antl
at Ui. nil).
PIT
l.t. II ^1/. 1 iiH'diiiti',
ptT at 1«. \\d.\
Amount of 1
Uutv.
Duly.
V'ii'tuailvr:..
llurri'l.* 1
llaml.* pcrHarril.i
28s. 101 .Pr./. '4,3ll,.t46 2 6
.^ .\o ;u-(-nuiit
lUtrrcls,
llumlM. \ UuneU. 1 J,' a. rf.l
IH'.'l
2,!)8.';,.'".,)0
i liiwlitfii ki|it
;5,i.6 1,817 l,.518,(i<l.); - - |2,8,38,I4!) 1 1
l«."J
;.2li7..'104
'4,7i8,;;(Ki 10
flltll'H lIM'll
■),!i(>!i,8!<l l,.28,.07.5| - - ,2,!).'<7,,3(iti 8 (1
IHiJ ■l.i.IistimiFromSj Feb. 1822, 2(W.8rf. .'i,(!'.'4,'-'4-.' H (i|
IV.06,!'81 1,;")70,01.')| . - |3,l;),!,(iiil .'» 7
IS.'4
i,10;"),tHi - - - 3,20;i,.-,02 17 li
vt'ars. ,
6,.-;!l.".,8,;.)l,48.;,04V 7,0|8 |3,1!^I,!K)8 12 }
1H2.">
i,45i,y2'j . - . ',';,5(;o,i;!i;i o o
2,7(I4,.5I4
(i,6(;(),!lil8 1,;5+1,048 l.j,(i60 ;),.;2(i,277 14 i.
IH2li
),(i!)(i,,")<l2 . . - i;i,81.'i,072 7 (>
2,820,! 146
7,014,;;!!.". l,(i()(>,8!l!l ii,li;o ;j,4!t.5,.'>!'7 9 1
1S27
i,41(i,y!t(i - - - ,'3„'i8ti,l)84 1!) 8
2,(;2!),(i2(i
(i,6!'7, 1:;,! 1,60.3,6.53 7,707 .■S2(>8,6."i,". 9 «'
1H2H
■i,li7,042 . . - i.i,24l,iilO ti t)
2,;-,71,87!)
6,4().3,.302 1,;5;;2,.308 17,1.58 .3,l;il,66'2 6
IK'.'H
1,814.727 ■ - ■ J,!lH,884 VJ 1
2,(;Hi,(i21
6,.570,310l,;"i;iO,4l!)' ()2,617 3,222,807 2 11
IH.;()'.',!"2S,;"j()!) . . . |;i,0'.'(i,li;ii H !'
2,M)li,"!ll
".,!I6I,048 l,.';80,4(i!)' .5;),4!i8 2,!)23,U8 1 .5
IH,!l].'i,'ilW,(il.'J ■ - ■ k3,4"4,t;!li) 1(> l(t
2,,36-l,!l.)il
3,.570,332 l,0()6,2ti2 41.8,i4+,
l«:W4,l2(),4;i4' - - - 4,'.'.'i7,7Hl 10 10
2,28Kl»l!»
. - , . . - i -
IS.;,v,i,<J.'^7i;il - - - 4,0|io,(i7« !l 11
;),'j;;.-,,.51!l
. . 1
Scotland.
From llarley.
c
From lluar ur
lliCK- 1
28,v. 101 .'i!v'. )
1821
147,776
^JuK:V8a), (212.282 G
From ■)
f Nonccmmt'l
t as above. J
123,114
207,983
* •
80,972 6 (,
1
1S22
163,207
■ i
.-iJuly, 1S2I, C231,G0.-) <) 3
22s.8J;iV/. J
78,406
128,!)3y
219,-546
- -
85,060 4 C
■
1823
17.5,396
c From 2;j
I 20«. 8(/.
Feb. 1822, 7, „,,.,., IP -
78,607
128,107
227,478
■ -
8;5,117 12 C
^1
From
^1
5 July, 1822,
s
iM. 'Ji {\d.
T
1824
20.'i,073
«
lOS.fiP.'j I;j 10
v."), 100
11!),2!12
226,332
..
80,-5.32 8 (
>
182;")
348,.'-)76
.
■
,3;J.".,0O.5 8 1
74,!)79
118,813
2;!»,!);56
-
81,8!)4 10 (
[S
182t)
4' 0,7."0
,
^
4(12,114 6
8.-.,4,J0
l;i;i,!K);!
26t,();i)
.
91,731 2 i
',
IS-J7
.340,81 it
.
16i.
;5;!!1,104 8 1(
72,!l;5(:
122,l.-,8
27 1 ,.'!;i;5
.
7!i,!t40 1
1828
3:;<',2."i!)
.
,3:;.-.,488 18 11
7! ',481
112.067
241,2''3
_
72.877 10
I82!i
48-i,;;!14
»
.
478,;-,07 I;5 2
82,.577
11.8,!>43
217.44;5
.
7(i.!'84 16 8
.
18.-J0
464.120
,
.
4;'i7,.'".87 12 4
7;).;o.5
111,071
22ii,;;84
_
71,786 19 J
1
I8;;i
.502,74;J
.
•
.'".0.".,fi.",l 4 6
•12,4 "■•
7;5,2i;2
178,011 +
-
.
1
18,;2
ri .,.36!)
.
-
r)l;".,,078 8 1
118,0;i3
-
- -
.
.
1
IS:;;;
4 8,('0|)
-
.
4.5S,0!l|i .1 7
12;i.s(10
1
.
-
1
Ire
land.
1821
224,208
28s. lOrl i\(l.
3l!>,fi83 14
lii;),l;;0
1S22
24!,()64
From 5 April, 1822, 20.v. 8rf.
347,4'4 (
l."jO,tHO
182;!
21!),,-i48
- -
27.5,612 14 (
174,466
1824
213,;;64
. .
2I(;,72.> 2 t
187,2()S
I82;">
271,24!)
.
268,;;. :o (
170,<i!l;5
y:i)t,\ — Ko return ran bo made
lS2li
.34!',6."»6
.
344,(i(;0 10 (
167,12^
of the (|uniitity of beer brewed In
1827
3(10,821
* ,
315,02!) 1.5 2
176,;4!»
Ireland, the same not being subject
1828
22.5,84!)
. -
2.;2,8!l!» 12 1(
1M),076
to excise duty.
I82!l
301,l!t2
. -
3I1,1!)1 1!) (
17;5.331
18;;()
2.71/.7i)
. .
2;5!l,86<( 17 2
I(i7,17.5
18;Ji: 24t;9;Jl
. .
2.51,(iKi 1 11
141,101
I8,;2 2(i2.7;i0
• -
2fti,307 8 7
I86,(i74
18;J;)
2;50,7!)4
-
2;V),277 !) 8
l!)2,867
■V
'!«!
'i
II. Prices of Malt, per Winchester Quarter, at Greenwich Hospital, from 17.;0 to 1832.
yen
Years.
17:0
1710
17.50
ITiiO
1770
1780
17!K)
1800
Prices.
iiOs. (V/.
27.'. Sill.
2l-«.
24.V. iW.
28.S-. 3(/.
31.V. If/.
yfl.«. <W.
SI.?.
l*ticcs.
180,5
8;).v. 7rf.
1810
84.?. .5,/.
IM,",
6! '.v. l\d.
1820
684-. Hid.
1821
61-v. Urf.
1822
.524'. 8|rf.
1823
.5!>.9. 11(/.
1824
62.V. Irf.
Years.
182;5
182t)
l.'-27
1n28
1.S29
18:0
18;;i
ls;;2
I'l
71s. lOJrf.
(i.5.v. Irf.
64s. lOrf.
61,?.
61,?.
.5(i.v.
70.?
.58,?.
7f/
in-
M.
'! i '
» From the year 1827. the rate of duty per barrel for strong beer was — common brewers. 9s ; victuallers,
!'s. lOrf. ; t.ible beer, common brewers. Is. 9jf/. ; victuallers, Is. llji/. ; the same also for Scotland.
+ Beer duty cea.sed the lOth of October, 1830.
; "3 ■•
hi
n
'f
780
MALT.
III. All Aci'ouiit (pf thcTiitiil yiiniitity of Mult made in Kiiuland ami Wales In raoli War, from 1787
t(i Ih2l), liutli inclnsivc, tlui UatcH ol' Duty, anil the Anionnt i>( the Duly.
Yrnrjt
Hal«
VearH
Knie
rndfd
.Mil July.
.Mult.
(jii.
of
Dutv.
Aniuunlof Duly.
fiulftl
.'.111 .luly.
Alnlt.
lit'
Duly.
Amount of Duty.
hh. «. </.
£ $.
tl.
Qri.
N:
s. d.
£ f. It.
17H7
.I.UIfl.lOl
7
10 (1
l,7«l>,780 1
'2
1H(H
2,ii(i'.'.7S.'4
7
['A 8
.';,77'-',412 !»
17HH
.3, ;;iH,:";S()
I
-
!,7ill,'.'lil 11
:i
1M).»
2,7!"'-!,!l'/)
1
4.8U,0IH 1.-,
17H>t
.•i,i);i,;i4
'i
.
l,."i!il,l '.!» Ill
7
iNINi
.■),4.),'"<,!iiH)
.'),'X):>,'Ui
17!K)
'J,H;i.i,(i!i7
.'{
■ •
l,ln7,t;i'l '.'
r,
lso7
■'i.lll.O'JO
;!
.'i,.;!P7,(i.).5 (i 4
17!a
3,4H!i,h7t>
ii
1'.' (i
iJ.IJS.iKW 14
1
isos
'.',800,787
L>
4,8.".4,i;!« 2 4
17!>ii
.•i,.JH-2,li: 1
li
m\
2,14'2,!);J0 12
10
IHOU
1810
i!,8,-)l,.0!W
;i,0.«,K)l
7
4
4,!.4'.',771 7 8
.';,2til,.Ji;2 12
17!W
;>,o."i(i,iii)|.
r>
I,till4,7l7 H
ii
1811
,'i,;H!l,7liO
r,
,'i,8(Hi,2.">l l.'i
17114
.•5,lf>»,7i.H
1
-
l,ii77,iiVi U
'2
1812
2,;J.!2,:;.>l!
.1
4,04v',7l(i Ki 4
17!"5
;!,(iHli,(i!l;(
7
-
l.tiiiV.I.'i (i
H
181.1
2,71'7,741
7
4,8)|i,4l;i ;■)
1711:!
.■»,.") 17, 7. '">H
4
.
l,H4(i,Hi;,1 4
:i
1814
:i,i.'i>.i,78.0
.'.
.'i,lu7,'."^8 8 4
17117
.■J,M>.>,4'.'7
.'1
.
S;,<)'J!I,.'!4!» 7
r>
181.-1
;i,.'i84,(H)4
.'»,8H.'),(i(Mi 18 8
1798
;!,:i7(»,4,il
<i
-
l,7(i!l,47(i l.'i
4
181(i
,'i,281,!l2!)
;i
.■■.,()H8,li77 11 8
nicj
;),(i!IH,il,».i
;»
.
!.',(lHo,7()l 14
1817
2,14J,(K)2
4
18 8
1,!". 10,202 (i 8
IKIK)
l,K|{),(lS<)
;J
.
!i.^l),i.'|l(i 18
.'■)
1818
y,a)7,8r(ii
.f.
.•i,0K7,.;42 .•} 8
IKDI
i.',::2ll,.SiiS
o
.
1,218,4.05 K)
V
181H
2,7!>;i,282
y
2,li(i7,0().l 11
1S(«
.•i."!l2,'2!'7
(i
18 8
y,(H2,()4() (i
11
1820
y,0()l),8!H
u
is
4,(i7.'>,;")0(i 8 10
1H()3
;J,80!I,!KH)
o
- -
a,r>^,\n) is
IV. An Acrount of the Nuinlier of Dushcls of Malt niailc, and the Amount of I)iitle.4 thereon, in caeli
Collection of Exeise in the United Kingdom, in the Year ended .'ith of January, 18;);t.
,
.NmnlpiT of
Niirnltt*r of
Collections.
llu-h.U
Amount of Duty.
Colleclioni.
JIushi'N
.\niounl of Duty.
F.nBland.
of .Mall.
£ '~ s. it
of .Mull.
Scotland.
£ s. li.
narnstapio
3I0,4;'")!l
40,100 19 1
Aberdeen
19<i,.302
19,885 4 1
Hath
7;">4,Ii)5
97,412 19 7
Ayr
177,8.53
22,088 4
Hcdiord
l,4."..-i,PK4
lS8,0ii4 12
Argyle, North
31,776
.3,4!U 19 4
Ilristol - - -
4<).'>,012
(i.i,9;9 1
.South
309,052
31,233 14 9
Caniliridtje
1,2!K),4.'J7
160,081 8 11
Caithness
()7,3.J0
6,.S(il 1 1
Caiiteibiiry . -
41.J,!.iH
5,3,470 7
Dumfries
tH,802
8,287 11 5
riiester
;)0ti,874
(o,471 4 6
Elgin
1.58,511;
18,,334 18 9
Cornwall
2ii;i,2.;;i
.37,875 18 7
I'iftr
201,989
2(),0!K) 4 11
Coventry
78r),(ii 1
101,474 15 1
(ila^gow
4!4,821
6.3,545 10
Cuuiheriand
.•i.-);j,427
45,050 19 9
Haddington
20.3,252
2(i,25;i 7 8
D.Thv
740,070
90,8.;2 7 6
Inverness
99,724
12,747 1.3 4
Dorset • -
,')4*i,Kil
44,751 4 ;J
Linlithgow
186,.387
2.3,67,3 6 8
Durham
E07,-i82
20,786 10 10
Montrose
115,524
14,810 19 9
Kssex - - -
i,o;o,2i;8
1,3;>,076 5 8
Perth
22li,478
29,ll('' '7 3
Kxeter
;ii 1,040
40,2.VJ 10
Stirling
.561,.'i()9
72,26' 10
(ilourester - -
4lil,0M.
.'■.9,547 12 10
Edinburgh
(i 15,599
79,- 9
(;r:intli'iiii
1,1 l!l,7l)2
1.>5,5IM- 5 2
Ilalifa.\
41>i,l!IO
.58,021 10 9
Total - -
3,7I4,.'i34
458,1
Harts
1 IcRlbrd
;)7ll,!i!»7
.';24,.")'J2
47,920 8 li
41,917 8 4
Ilertl'ord
i,ir>i>,2:ir)
149,.;49 12 1
Hull - - -
2,>.!,lil<i
.■!2,0-29 !9 1
Isle of \Vit!ht
.')7!t,".!>7
49,005 8 11
I.aiieastcr
'JO:>,llii.-i
37,931 9 5
I.ecd-i - - -
i,,'4;,i ).;.">
19<Vi08 13 9
Ireland.
l.ifhiicid
8,"i0,8,!8
109,MI<» 18 2
Armagh
70,()85
7,103 2 5
Lincoln
l,02i,li7»
132,2iJ 4 1
Athlone
,33,397
4,292 19 1
Liverpool
:i8,.-,J7
4,! 177 13 11
Clonmel
7H,9!'7
10,132 3 (i
I.viin - - -
r)70,(i70
7.3,0.14 10
Colcraine
4li,547
4,691 3 9
^Lincliester
0,.i40
1,206 8 4
Cork
372,981
48,176 14 3
Marllioroufeh
208,!)S8
e6,9!14 5 8
Drogheda
66,522
8,471 16 5
Xeweastle
;i2:!,4l7
41,774 13 11
Dundalk
111,800
14,440 16 8
Northampton
5H4,!187
75,.';60 16 5
Eoxford
34,111
3,834 18 .■>
Xorlhuiiilierland
.O.J,179
7,127 5 9
(ialway
37,.38.5
4,828 8 7
Nortlnvieh
y!M,'J7
12,805 3 11
Kilkenny
2()8,.503
26,<i31 12 9
Xonvieh
1,0H!,(I85
ia5,ll9 6 3
Limerick
49,876
0,142 6 4
Oxford
48l!,8ii!>
62,887 4 11
Lisburn
101, .301
11,184 9 6
riymouth
421,71!»
.54,472 9
Londonderry -
49,209
4,920 18
lUviding
721,040
93,211 16 10
Mallow
87,298
11,275 19 10
Korhister
.■H2,ai9
44,209 14 11
Maryborough
87,005
11,215 17 3
Sarinii
(i,'38,'103
82,4(iO 7 9
Naas - - -
63,,i39
7,940 7 6
.Saloi) - - -
.'•)7:;,2(il
74,046 4 3
Sligo -
30,797
3,2(i() 10 8
Shellield
(i2;;,0;J4
80,475 4 6
Tralee
14,.393
1,8.59 I 11
Sdiiicr.set
l.!7,2(ir)
17,7.30 3 10
Waterford
](.6,18()
1,3,714 18 4
.Stallbrd -
470,010
Ii0,709 12 6
Wexford
28ii,983
37,168 12 9
."tourhridge
6o8,()l4
82,487 12 10
Dublin - - -
fi8,987
8,490 11 9
.Siiflblk
l,'';)4,!y)8
]<l8,2t>6 14
13t>,533 10
Surrey
i,or)7j);io
Total -
2,()D(),350
250,277 9 8
Si'ssex ...
Jxhridgc
474,:;8.-.
490,4»
61,274 14 7
63,.347 17 1
Wales, East
38;5,7.'!3
49,823 16 11
Middle
208,841
34,725 5 11
North
242,.'589
31, .334 8 3
West -
19f),120
25.3.32 3 4
Wellington -
349,51.5
45,145 13 9
Totals.
Whitby - - -
170,872
22,070 19 4
Wigan
95,!>41
12,392 7 7
Worcester
380, 1.W
49,103 9 8
England -
31,669,769
4,090,678 9 n
York - - -
528,44;5
(W,257 9 7
Scotland -
3 714..334
458,096 5 9
Country collections -
31,623,422
4,084,692 2
hw'V'W ^'^4 I A V«
t_/j ( 1T|"./'V«
London
Total - -
4ti,;347
.31,&)9,7fi9
5,986 9 9
4,090,678 9 11
Ireland
United Kingdom
2,006,350
2.50,277 9 8
37,.390,453
4,799,052 5 4
M.U/rA.
781
9 8
Hcgulationn nn fi> tin' Manvfiiitiire i;/' Mall — 'I'lu'tii' arc omlKiiliiMl in Iho act.-. 7 \ H fJoo. t. c, C>'l, niiil
II (iio. ■> c. 17. The IbrmiT ml Is cxii'cdiiiKJy tnmplcx ; it has iin liwiT (hnii liff/il/i-t/niy ilaiHcii ; alitl
thi' rc'KUlaliDiia ciiilMHlicd in it, tlmuKh lri'i|Ui'iitly ri'|iu)(iiaiit to counnoii hciisi', nrr ciiliiri'i'd liy Kxi lu'iiaU
tic:;, aiiioiiiitiiiK >» I'H to llic (<lioi'iiioii)i siilii of l.!,.'i(lli/. ! I'lulcr siiih a ntnliito, It was hardly iiossihlc lor
till' most honest ami t-autions maltster to avoid incurrinf^ penalties. .Such, indeed, is the naltirc of tliia
art, that one is almost tem|itc(l to liclieve, in lookinK into it, that if its trainers had any object more than
another at heart, it wns to eoiideii^e into it whatever was most contradictory nn<l ahsiird In the yiir///
Htatutei that had previously been passed for the collection of the malt duty and the oppression of thu
tr.idc! Hut it was not In the nature of things that such a law could he allowed to exist lor any consider-
able |)eri(Ml. It was tiot only loudly and universally condennied by the maltsters, hut by all the more
intelligent olllcers of exeiiic. In conse(|Ucnee, the II (leo. 4. c. 17. was paascd. 'I'his latter statute Is en-
titled to very considerable praise ; it repeals a good many of the penalties, and some of the most vexatious
null useless regulations, in the former ; so that the business may now be carried on with eijual security to
the revenue, and with intlnitely less risk and annoyance on the jinrt of the tnanulacturer. The existing
regulations principally refer to the gaui^ing of the cisterns, the wetting of the malt, the emptying of the
cisterns, the gauging of the malt when in the couch frames, the payment of the duties, \'C. Hut an no one
would tiiink of undertaking the business of a maltster without having a copy of both acts in his (inssession,
It would bo <iuite unnecessary for us, oven if our linuts permitted, to give any abstract of these acts. The
licence duty on maltsters, and the number of maltsters w no took out licences in IH'.'il, distributed into elassei
according to the extent of their business, will be found speciHed in the article Lickncios (IIxcisk).
Malt may not be imported into the United Kingdcmi for honie use under pain of forfeiture ; but it may
Im' warehoused for exportation. — i,l) (leu. i. c. lt/7. 5 ^*)
MALTA, nn island in the Mediterranean, nearly opposite to the sotitlicrn extremity
of Sicily, from which it is about .'j-l miles distant. Vuli'tta, the capital, is situated on
the north coast of the island, the lif^ht-lioiise in the castle of St. Elmo heinj; in lat. 'A.'i'^
rrl' a" N., Ion. M :5l' lo" E. Malta is about L'O miles lonjr. "ml 10 <>r i'-i broad. 'I'he
island of (iozo, about a fourth part of the size of Malta, lies to the north.\vcst of the
latter, at about 4 miles' distance ; and in the strait between them is the small island of
Cumiiio. In IH'25, the resident po])ulation of INIalta amoimted to <)f),f;'J.'l ; and includii'g
troops and strangers, the total population amoimtetlto 102,H,'j:!. 'J'lie population of (Jozo, at
the same jieriod, was 1(>,8H;5. In IHlil, the total popidation of both islands ninounted
to lii(),8;!i». The entire revenue collected in Malta amounts to about 1(X),0(X)/. a year;
and the ex))enditiire, exclusive of that incurred in England on account of the island,
amounts t(» about H8,()()()/.
After the cai)ture of Ithodcs by the Turks, the Kinperor Charles V. made a present of Malta to the
Knights of .St. .lohn of .lerusalem, in whose pos.sesf.ioii it remained till I79K, when it was taken by the
French. It was taken from the latter by the Knglish in IHIM) ; and was delinitely ceded to us in IKlV
The island consists mostly of a rock, very thinly covered with soil, a good deal of which has been
brought, at an iniinen.se expense, from Sicily'; but being cultivated with the utmost care, it produces ex-
cellent fruits, particularly the celebrated Maltese oranges, corn, cotton, viitli small <iiiantitics of indigo,
sailWui, and inigar. The principal dependence of the inliabitants ison their cotton, which they manufacture
into a great variety of sf iifis, some of which ore hi ly esteemed. 'I'ho corn raised in the island is not
.suHicient to feed the inhabitants for more than .'i or i. months. The trade in corn used to be monopolised
by government ; but though the monopoly has been abandoned, duties on importation, varying, like thoco
in tills country, indirectly as the price, have U'en uiiposod, jiartly for the sake of revenue, and partly fjr
the protection of agriculture ! — iSec pout.) 'nicre are some good springs of fresh water. Valetta is p.'irtly
.supplied by water brought by an aqueduct a distance of about ti milts, and partly by the rain water col-
lected in cisterns.
Valetta, the capital of the island, is defended by almost impregnable fortifications. " These," says
Mr. Hrydone, " are, indeeil, most stupendous works. All the boasted catacombs of Koine and Naples are
a tritio to the immense excavations tliat have been made In this little island. The ditches of a vast size
are all cut out of the solid rock : these extoiid for a great many miles ; and raise our astonishment to
think that so small a state has ever been able to make them." — {T<mr throtiph Sicily iiiiii Malta,
Letter 1,5.) Since the island came into our possession, the fortilications have been considerably improved ;
so that at present it is a place of very great .strength.
llarlioiir. — The harbour of \'aletta is double, and is one of the finest in the world. The city is built
on a narrow tongue of land, having the castle and light of St. Elmo .it its extremity, and an ailmirablu
nort on each side. That on the south-ea.stern side, denominated the grand port, is the most frequented.
The entrance to it, about '2M fathoms wide, has the formidable batteries of St. lOlino on the one hand, and
those of Fort Kicasoli on the other. In entering, it is necessary not to come within oO or fiO fathoms of
the Conner, on account of a spit which jirojects from it ; but in the rest of the channel there is from 10 to
1'2 fathoms water. The i>ort, which runs about 1 J mile inwards, has deep water and excellent anchorage
throughout ; the largest men-of-war coming close to the quays. Port Marsamusceit, on the north-wesLern
side of the city, is also a noble harbour. 'I'ho entrance to it, which is about the same breadth as that of
the grand port, is between St. KImo and Fort Tique. In the centre of the basin is an island, on which are
built a castle and a lazaretto, for the convenience of the ships performing quarantine, by which the port
is jirincipally used. Uwiiig to the narrownos of the entrance, and the usual variableness of tho wind, it
is customary for most vessels bound for Valetta to take a pilot on board before entering the harbour.
Tonnage Dues on Ships ctearhiff Outwards.
Dues
l)a>-nt)Ie.
L. 8. il.
When under the British fine: —
\'esM Is not eNcet'dinf; ■10 t(iii<i, for e.lili vessel - C
W tvis .iliove '10 Ions, fur every ton or anv part
lliereof - - . - ' . ■»
AVhen under a foreign flae t —
Vessels not exeeedin^ 10 tons, for eiuil vessel -10
W'ssels above '111 tons: —
For every ton, or anv [tart thtreof, a.s far a.s '^10
tons - " - . . - fi
For every additional ton, or any i>art thereof -004
Exceptions.
1. Vessels entering either liarliour may remain in port any
length of time, and l.ind or take on tioard passengers and their
personal b;im;;t/;e, without lieconiing subject to the toiHiai;e
dues; providetl they neither distliurge nor take on lioard any
^oods ottierwise tlian by reeeiving on hoard articles the produce
or manufacture of these islands, provisions for the voy.i(jo, or
ships' stores retpiired for the safety or navigation of the vessel.
'2. \'essels lialile to tlie dues, having t.iken on hoard ft.r ex-
portation a (juaiuity of Malta wiou^^ht stone, not le^s than 10
jier cent, on their resiiective rcjristered tonnajje, are allowed an
abatement of 1^/. per ton from the dues of llieir full toimage.
3. \'essels built in Malta are exempted from the }>.iynient of
the tonnage dues for ^i years from the day of their s.iiling on
their tirst voyage.
L' )
M
I j
* : ■
I I
ill
■^'*
'82
MALTA.
l*OBT ClIARnRR.
llli
u
11
■sse
Nunderttie
rilish 1
ukI
IF
ireien'
:
iiiian 1 Flai(.
Anrlinr.T^p i\nil Ut^lit-hnuse — For pvcry
/,.
s*
■/. ;,
t. J.
'i t(in>, i)r any i>;irl IhertHif, as far as
ri(ii) tuiH .....
1
oil
1 G
l-\ir I'vur^' iultliiiuiiiil 'i liHis, or any part
tlit'retit ....
1
(iO
9
Water. — Forevrly pa.sst'n;;t'r ami inilivi-
(liial iif llif I rew
a'o
4
Pili)ta:;t'. - Fur rvcry vesM-l *'xi-tf(ling (»(>
1
tolls liimU'n ...
2
1(1
•i 1
llosiiital. — Fur each indiviiliial coniposiiiK
thcircw . - - - '0
4
'i
Hall isl. — Fur evc-ry •') ton-, or any part
tluTuof - - ■ -
40
1
Itill of he.illh. — Fur the ntaster of a spe- 1
1
Tonara - - - - - ,t)
»()
S
Fi>r fv.-ry oilier person of the crew of|
1
<lilt» - - - - l>
.'i
.'.
For the master of any other vessel -
1(10
1(1
For every other persuii of the crew oft
i
.littu ()
7
7
l*ou(ler inaKa/.ine. - On powder lit'lonRin^
1
tt) (lie vessel, fur each harrel for n |
1
iiionth - - - .
ino
10
On ilillo imported or lodf;etl on transit,
j
fur eaeh of the first 5 months iiit vu- I
1
Aiivm per 1(111/ ,1
01
For every sueceetlhiK month - - ()
fl
,'.
VtTceptions.
1. Mi'Ti'bant vessc'U ontcriiij; uittier of the harbours may ro-
ni:iin tliert'ip 'i il.ivs, wiOiout lieiiiff siibjfft to thi- ]i.\vt"t'Mt nf
an» port i-liarKts, water (if rt'quirfd) t'xi'i'ptetl ; providitl tin v
nr itncr iliscliar^io nor takr >m bc>.-\ril fifuwU, |ia.s-.L'ngcr.s or thuir
b iirgaKi', liurinjj sm-h period of tlicir ^tay.
U. Vessels clearniL; o.U, bavii:^ takeii on beard fur export-
ation a quantity of Alalia '..rnUKht stone, not les-^ than in per
cent, on tbeir respei 'ive registered tonnaj;e, are exenipled from
the pa\m''nt of ballast .lues.
.T. I'ilota^e not to be paid oflener than onre in d weeks, nor
hospital dues more frtiiuenlly than oiu-e in (> months, in eases
wh(?re vessels make more tluin I voyai^e thirinp bueh spaces of
thne re-]"eitively.
•1. Maltese ..nd Ionian vessels are not subject to tlie hospital
dues.
( tmniniine Chiirgf.i. — \'essels entered upon a cinarantine to
J) ',.', fur each d.ty ot tbeir continuance in port, aa loUows : —
*. il.
1. Vessels not exc.H'dinK Tl tons
— from 11 tons tt) 50 tons
from .^l
KM)
from lOl
_
i;.()
trom I'll
_
'^n *
from '^)ll
*^.'.i
from y.'il
."'(ID
from ."III
_-
.i.'jt)
'2
.T
t
/»
i;
7
S
•)
10
hnv
IHR
— of Xtl tuns and upwards
(Fractions of a ton not to he noticed.
2. \'es';eU, of whatever si/e, sailing in quarantine,
entered upon the perliirmance thereof, to pay for th
remainder of the term of quaraiUine only '^t. (i</. a day.
,T. \"esseK li ilile ti- »iuaratiline, not having entered upon tlie
performance thereof, to pay .^s. for each day of their eon-
timianco in port.
4.
\'issels compelled by sviiss of weather to enter the p-eat
harbour, to he sidijeVf, while ihey remain there, to the ad-
ditional charge of '>«. a day for every Kuard boat which the
superiiitendtnt of quarantine may deem it nercssary to
place over them.
*»* Any vessel in quarantine cnterinR the Rreat harbour
without ajustkliabte cauie, incurs the |»eimlty of *^00 dollnni
imposed by the second article of the proclamation, dateil I'^th
ofOitober, \H'U).
5. Ws .els bavinR any eontaijious disease on hoard to pay an ex-
tra rate in proportion to the expense that may be incurred J
hot in no cahe t» exceed Wi. a day, in addition to the
usual rate.
DUTIM ON ToHPf.
Duties on Corn for Consumption.
When the avcraue price per salm
of ail foreign wheat shall be as
follows ; vi/. —
At or nntliT - - '^'^f-
Above 'i^'S. and not exceeding .^Ot.
Mts, — .Vm.
3.^j. — 40j.
4(|j. — 4.'»J.
■ir,s. — M)a.
i'Ks.
(ill.*.
Additional Ritt' ton Inipotiationa
liij I'orvi 'ji n*jff/jr.
When the averam price of all fo-
reit,'n wheat shall le .is follows;—
ITiidiT l-'t*. per salm
■\')s. .uul not exceeding 'jO*. per
•salm - . .
- '-Hpf3
T3 u re - ;j
£ Si £ H
6=8 .£-5 3
'^ B *■'■'• S •
12
n
7
11
II
li
li
1(1
li
<l
a
(i
(1
K
b
II
7
4
(i
II
(i
4
(1
1,
.5
II
.T
^
I)
1
(>
(i
On Wheat, Indian
Cirn, Ilarley, Kye,
or other Inferior
(irain, pi-r Salma, or,
It niaiuifactured, I'cr
Canlaro, when im-
portetl from
without
the ."Metli-
lerraueaii-
O
1 .1
iVif/c. — The avernpe iirice is to he struck on the ISth ofe ery
nionih, at noon, upon the broker s notes of sales of all foreign
wheat without il stiMctit>n ; tlu .lecbired avcr.iK*' prices of the
y iimnediately preceding n^.inti.s are to be added iheritit; the
total is iheti tobudividul by .'., and the nuoti..ii!, or ai;uregite
.iverari price re-ultiu)' iherdrom, is the average price to be
pubh^btd on th'.' Istb, as ihri M'bich is to irovern the iluties of
con^ampiion from the y'>th of the c. Tent to the '^llh of the
next eM-<uiiiti montli.both (i.t>.i -nchisive.
\t) sfc<ind .sale of the same p.tri ••! ol wheat is tob.' introduced
into tie average ri-iurns fi>r one anl the satnc month.
SaUs to 1 or more buyer , imdii '^0 saliiis, sales i; :iartcr
and sales by contract, of vCheat, not in t!''? island, arj o 1h' ex-
1 luded fioin the average returns, — [i*n'C'aiii''.iHm of Hth ii/"
DenmU'r, l-S.VJ.)
m
The rpiifral jjosition, oxi;ellent port, tind groat strcnpth of Malta, inuko it an admirable ii.ival station fur
the repair and aiTommndation of the iiieii-of-war and niciiliaiit ships fret|iieiiting the Mediterranean,
and render its ixissession of material importance to the liritish emiiire. It is also ofeonsidcrable eoii-
seqnenee, piirtieularly during war, as a co'nmercial drpiy, where goods may be safely warehoiisiHl, and
from which they may ho sent, when opportunity ("dors, to aoy of the |ioits of tiie surroiiiuling countries.
Its facilities arc greater in this respect tliaii those enjoyed by (iibialt.ir. The duties on impoitatioii are
very moiicrate ; with the exception of those on corn, they amoiuit to 1 per cent. «</ vulnri-mtm liritish
manufactured giHHls ; and 'J per cent, on those imp irted by forei^juers, Oii raw sugar iinport(>d in IJritish
ships direct from liritain, they e only lif/. Ihecantaro, and so in proportion on other things, (ioods
warehousi'd pay no duty ; Imta ,to)i tit lixed hv the tariff issued in \i^:>i, is charged on all goods for the
first .; months ; half as much 1. ing paid for each succeeding o months. 'J'he real value of the liritish pro.
duco and m;uiufactures exported to Malta in ISil was l.)4..01!l/, ; the olticial value of llie exports of foreign
and colonial jiroc'-iice to it dm iir.- the same year heiiig '.'il,4SJ/. 'I'he imports amounted to u ),:i"i(l/.
Miiuci/. — In Ivif), liritish sii.T mtiney was introduced into Malta; the Spanish dollar being made
legal teiidei at the rate of +.v. Id. ; the Sicilian dollar at +,v. 'Jrf. ; and the sciido of Miilta at l.v. Hit.
Il'rilj/ils anil jlAvwHr ,t. — 'I'ho ixiuiid or rotlolo, commercial weight -. .',0 oiicie .- l'J,'2Ui Iliiglish grains.
HciKX- 1(K) rottoli (the cantaro) _ 171-Jlbs. avoirdupois, or TIMt kilog. Merchants usually reckon the
cantaro at 17") lbs.
The sahna of corn, stricken noasnrc = fiCi.'! Winc'-.ester bushels: heaped measure is re' -uhI liipcr
cent. more. The calliso, oi me.isiiro lor oil, ciMtains .'.j Ijiglish gallons : SirHI.S litres. 'I ,e barrel is
double the calfiso. 'J'he Maltese foot : 11,* Knglish inches-. -'JKiii metres. The canna .; 8 pahni =
81'!l Knglish inches i: UdVil niitres. Mercliiii cs usually convert Midta irea.-ure into linglish in the pro-
portion of 3^ pahni to a yard, or i.'2 yards to 1 canna.
Hills on London are usually drawn at :>0 and (iO days' sight. The deputy eommissarv general is obligi^l
to grant, at all times, bills on tho treasury here for liritish silver tendered to him, at tlie rate of 1(10/. hill
for every 10 ■/ silver, receiving at the same time Sjiaii: ;li dollars at a fluctuating rate of exchange.
His Siajesty is authorised, by the act li (ieo. +. c. 114. \» T')., to ti'tike such regulations tonchii.g the
trade and commerce to and from any of the Hi isli posse.isions within the Mediterranean .Sea, as may seem
most expedient ; .nd any goods imported or exported contrary lo such regulations shall he forfeiteil, to-
gether with the ship iiiiporling or exporting the same. — ;See IIi-i/iIduc's 'J'liiir in Sicihj ami Mallii, I'lipi'is
laid bi'J'oii: the I'inancc Committee, Kelly's Ciimbifl, Oueenitiient I'ioe/iimiilii»i.<!, Sfe.)
MAN (ISLE OF).
783
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.■5
MAN (ISLE OF) is, as every one knows, situated in the Irish sea, at about an equal
distance from England, Scotland, and Ireland. It is about 30 miles long, and 10 or I '2
broad. The interior is mountainous, and the soil no where very |)roductive. l'()|)ulatiou,
in 18!n, 40,9H5. This island used to be t)ne of the principal stations of the hc.ing
fishery ; but for a considerable period it has been comparatively deserted by the herring
shoals, — a circumsUmce which is not to be regretted ; for the fishery, by withdrawing
the attention of the inhabitants from agriculture and manufactures, and leading them to
engage in what hfus usuiilly been a gambling and unproductive business, has been, on the
whole, injurious to thu island. The steam jjacket.s from Gla^„-ow to Eiverjjool touch at the
Isle of jVIan ; which nas, in conse<iuence, begun to be largely frequented by visiters from
these cities, and other parts of the emi)ire, whose influx has materially cort-ibuted to the
improvement of Douglas aiul other tovns.
The feudal sovereignty of ]Man was formerly vested in the Earls of Derby, and more re-
cently in the Dukes of Athol, — a circumstance which accounts for the fact of the duties
on most commodities consiuned in the island having been, for a lengthened periiul, much
lower than those on the same commodities when consiuned in (ireat Hritain. This dis-
tinction, which still subsists, has jiroduced a great deal of smuggling, and been in no ordi-
nary degree injurious to the levenue and trade of theempire. During the i)resent century,
indeed, the clandestine trade of INIaii has been confined williin coini)aratively narrow
limits; but to accomjilish tliis, a considerable extra force of Custom-house ofHcers and
revenue cruisers is reijuirel, and the intercoin'se with the island has to be subjected to
various restraints. Nothing, as it ajipears to us, can be more im})olitic than the c(m-
tinuance of such a system. The jniblic has, at a very heavy expense, jjurchased all the
feudal rights of the Athol family ; and having done so, it is certainly high time that an
end were put to the anomalous absurdity of having a considerable island, lying, .is it
were, in the very centre of the empire, and in the direct line between some of the i)rin-
cipal trading towns, with different duties on many imi)ort;int articles ! It might he
necessary, perhaps, to make some compensation to the inhabitants for such a change ;
and this migh' be done, with advantage to them and without expense to the jiulilic, by
modifying and improving the internal regulations and jjolicy of the island, which are
very much in need of amendment. V>'q do not, indeed, imagine that the island would
lose any thing by the proposed alteration; for the ti'mplation which the present system
holds out to engage in snuiggling enterprises diverts the jjopulation from the regular
pursuits of industry, and, along with the herring lottery, is the principal cause of that
idleness for which the Manx are so notorious. We subjoin an
/ BSTRACT oi.- 3 & 4 Will. IV., c. GO., for nKOiXATiNo the Tiiade op the Isi.e ok Man.
Col le.-'ccwrnf. — To commcnco the 1st of September, IH;!,!. — 5 1.
/)?. espitjahlc on the Imjiort.iliim of Goods into the Isle of Man. — There sliali he r.iiscd, levied, col-
lected, and (laid unto his Majesty, liis'heirs and successors, the several duties of cn.>.toiiiS respectively set
forth ill the table herein-after contained, denominated " Table of Duties," upon importation into the Isle
of Man of the several goods, wares, and merchandise, according to the (|uantily or value thereoi specified
in such table, and so in proportion for any greater or less quantity or value of the same ; tthat is to say,)
Tabic of liutics.
A Tabln of the Pulios of rustoms payalile on (lomU, W'art'^
ami Mfrchandise, linportdl into tlie Isk- of Man.
/-. «. d
Coals, from the United Kinpdorn
Collet', the dutii-s of t-onsuinption in thi? t'nittd
KinKdum not liavinf; l>een then paid thereon,
the lb. - - - -
Ueini", thecwi. - - - -
Hoyis, firom the ITnitetl Kingdom, the Ih.
Iron, from foTeign par's, tor every 100/. of Ihe
value thereof . - -
Spirltsi ; vi/..
Free.
n
»
1
II
1.1
10
n
1
1
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II
10
10
L' I. d.
Foreign siilrifi, the ^ii'lnn - - 1 C
Hum (if the liriti>li |)linitiitinns, tmt excordini;
tht! streiiKtli of piouf hy Sikt'sV hydnnm-trr,
ami si»in|irni>oitiun foranv gri'att'V Mrt'ii^ili,
thuniilloii - . - .030
Sugar, inubtovailo, the cwt. • - - (t 1
Teu ; vi/.. —
Kohea, the \\u • - . . () (i
(ireun, the jh.
Tohaico. the lb. - • • -
WiiU'! viz.—
I'lemh, the tun of y.'i'^ palloii<i
an_> niher sort, th»' tnn ot"v.')2 callous
WcKKl'from toreiun iifiris; vi/..
Deal hiiiinlstfor everv KHi/.of the vnUie thereof
'rimlwr, for every ItHi/. of ilie value tliert of .
Gomis, wares, ami inert liaiulise iiii|>orteil trmii tlie
United Kingdom, and cntitlt-d to ;in.v tiountv or
draw haek of excise o» I'xportation from iluint',
nnil not heroin-liefore emuneraleil or cliiniit'd
uith 4luty, for every \WI. of itie value thereof - .'»
(io<i<ls, wares, and imrtliamiise imported from the
I'niti d KiMjtdoin, nnd not tieieinlH-fore iliaryid
wiih duty, tor every KMI/. of tlie value thereof - 'i 10
Jitit's/i Goods from L'nitcd Ktn}X(ioin to appear upon ihe Corkr/s. — No j^mnU shall lu' oiitcrril in the
Isli? of Mat! :\s hiMiiR tht* jxniwth, priMinro, or niamilactiire nt' the I'nitoii KinK*i'"»^ <»*" "f* hoiiij; iniportotl
(roiu theiu'o, oxccpt suih goods as shall iipju-ar upon Ihi' ooi kct or lorkrts ol the sliip or vessel importing
tlie same lo have been duly cleared at some port in the United Kingdom, to be exported to the said
Isle. — \ 3.
(Jriods, wares, or merchandi.-^e imported from any
place from wluiue such ^ikkIs may l»e lawfully
imported into the Isle of Man, ami not herein-
bifore ( hartjed with duiv, lor everv 1(M>/, of the
value thereof - " - " - - 1.^
Kxcept the several good-:, wares, and merchandise followinji,
ai;.' i.hich are lo he importe<l into the Isle of Man duty frte ;
(tlial is to sav J
ria\, llax seeil, raw or brown linen yarn, wood aslu-s, weed
a>hes, llesh of all sorts ; aUo lorn, ^rain, or niei.I . fall -orts,
uben imptirtahle ; any of which ptotis, waus, or merchan-
dise ?iiny be impurUd' into the Mid isle fiuni any place in
any sh;p or ves-el.
Any sort i)f while or lirown linen <-1otli, hemp, hemp seed,
horses, Ilia, k cattle, sheep ; all utensils and in.^trunierts (it
and necessary to be eniidoyetl in manufactures, in tivheries,
or in apicultine ; luicV , tiles, all soris cf ynuim tries, tea
sbell-i, lime, soapcrs* waste, packthread, small conla);e for
nets, s;ilt, hoards, timber, wood Iuk.iij,, bein^r the growth,
nriKluction, or manufacture of il.c Vnited Kmf;dom, ana
• oorted front theme in Hritish slpiis.
In>i .n .-ods or bars, cotton, indigo, n.ival stores, avd any sort
t»( worn! commonly calleillumb' r, (vi/. dials of .ill M>rts,
timbir, lialks of all sizes, barrel bo nt.., dap boarils, pipe
hoard>, or pi])e hold, while boards lor shoemakers, 'no.,in
and cant sy.iVs, bow staves, c.ipravan, dan liolt, el nny wood,
headings tttr pipes and for honslu-atls, and for biim N, hoops
tor coo|ur^, oars, pipe and b.i^shead staves, liairti stavis,
firkin staves, trunnds, sm-ekhd wood, sweet wood, small
s|)ars,o.ik plank, and waniscot,) beinu of the growth, pro-
duction, or m.mufactnreof anv Hriiisb <olnny or i»lftntatioii
in America or the \\is| Inilies, anil impornd from the
t/nittil Kingdom in Itrilish shifts. -- Sect. V.
! ,.
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T84.
MAN (ISLE OF).
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I »
Goods cnwnerntctl in l/w f<il/otring Sr/inlu/e iiiiportahlr oiiti/ nmh-r Licence. — The several sorts of
jjoods eiiuinoratL'il or dcscrilH-il in the .scliedulo lierdn-artur coiitaiiiea, (Iciioiniiiatt'd " Sclicdulu tit I.iciMicc
fioods," shall not be imported into the Isle of Man, nor exporteil from any place to he carried to the Isle
of Man, withont the licence of the commissioners of customs lirst ohtained, nor in greater i|uantities in
the whole, in any one year, than the resi)ective quantities of such goods specilied in the said schedule;
and such goods shall not be so exported nor s'- ii iiorted, except (rom the rcspi'ctive places set forth in
the said schedule, and according to the rules subjoined thereto ; (that is to say,)
Schedule of Licence Goods.
Wine, 110 tuns.
Spirits : viz
Knreinii lirandy, 10,)«)l) ^a]lun«;.
Fon-iiiii pt'nfvji, lo,(Kio gallons.
I-Voin tliir rnitt'd Kiiiirdun), or from any i)Iaop frrm
vliii-h the same nii:;!^ l.v iin|)iirtL'(l into the UnitvU
Kini;tU»n. fur consuinptiun thcu'iii.
Kuni, III' till' l<rili^ll plantatiuns, 0O,IKJ(l (.gallons.
From (jrt'.it Hritain.
Iliilifali-a,70,.ini>ll.s.
(irti-n t.a, .'..IKliillki.
('(ilf'ei' (iinUss tin- (lutii's of consiiniptinn In tiip TTnited King-
iloni stiall liavt> liivii thun paid tlieluun), 8,<I0011>»*
Tiiiiaiiii, liD.OIiilllis.
Musftivaiio su^ar, of the Hritish jtosscssiuns, 10/M)0cwt.
riayiMK iar<ls, I.IHio pac ks.
1-roin Kn^l.tntl.
lU-fiutHl MiK'ir, SDOi-wt.
From tlio port of I^iveqwol.
And sucli ailditional quantities of ani,- of siioli several sorts of
^omls iis the couiniivsioners of his .Majesty's treasury sli.all from
time to time, uniler any special t ivetn.ist.nu'es of neeessity,
tlireet, from sucli ports respeelively ; sultjert to tlie rules i'ol-
Jowin^ ; (tli.'it is to s.iy,)
1. All sueli jijoiKls to lie importwl into the port of Douglas,
ami hy his Ala/H'sty's subjeets, and in llritish ships or vessel, of
the lnirfleii of .'ill tons or upwards ; ,
*^. Siii-h tohaceo to he shipped only in itorts in Knyland,
where totiaceo is allowed to le imported ami warehoused
without payment of iiui> :
.'^. Sueh wine to he so iniportetl only in easks or iiaekaRes
'.-ontaiiiin^ not less than a ho^stiead eaeli, or in casi-s eontain-
inK not less than .T doren reputed quart bottles, or d dozen
reputed pint Ixittles »'aeh ;
1. ^ucli brandy and geneva to lie imported only in ct\sk» con*
tnining 100 gallons each, at least :
't. Siifli brandy and h. neva not to be of greater or higher
degree of strength than thai :'f 1 to It over hydrometer pnnif :
ti. Jsuch gmiils, when e>iport«i from tJre.it Ilritain, may lie
so exported from the warehouse in whicii iliey may have been
sieure<l without payment of duty ;
7. Jf the duties of im|iortal ion havelieen paid in the United
Kin!;dom on such goods, a full drawback of liuch duties shall
he allowed on the ex^tortation :
8. Upon the exportation from I.iveriiool of sueh refined
sugar, the same bounty shall be allowetl as would be allowable
on exportation to foreign parts ;
i». mion exportation from the United Kingdom of any sueh
gomls trom the warehouse, or for drawback, or for bounty, so
niueb of the form of the bonil, or of the declaration, or orany
other document, requireil in the ease of exiwrtation of such
giMids generally to foreign parts, as is intendcxl to jirevenl the
landing of the same in the Isle of IVIan, shall he omitted :
I 10. No drawback or bounty to lie allowed, nor export bond
; rancelled, until a certificate o'f the due l.uuling of the goods at
I the port of Douitlas lie prtxluced from the collector ana comp-
troller of the customs of that port.
I 11. If any goods be laden at any foreign port or place, the
species and quantity of such goiHls', with the marks, numbers,
and denominations of the casks or packages containing the
I same, shall he indorsed on the licence, and signi.<l by the
I liritish consul at the port of lading, or, if there be no Itritish
{ consul, by 'i known liritish merchants:
1'^. Upon importation into the port of ])ougl<^s of any such
j' uoods, the licence for the same shall be dclivere<l np "to the
I collector or comptroller of that port — >iect. -1.
Applicnlion for Licence to he delivered to (\fficcrs helwecn Mny and July. — Kvery ajiplication for
licence to import any of the gooils aforesaiil into the Isle of Min shall be niaile in writing, and tlelivered,
between the ."dli day of May anil the .jtli day of July in each year, to the collector or comittroller of the
port of Douglas in the .said isle ; and such application shall specify the date thereof, and the tiamc, resid.
encc, and occupation of the person applying, and the description and iiuantity of each article for which
such licence is reipiired j and all such applications, with such particulars, shall be entered in a t)ook to be
kept at the Ctistom-hotis ■ at the port of Douglas, and to be there f)])eii for public iiis|)ection tluring the
hour.s of business ; atiil on the ."ith day of .Inly in each yi ir such book shall be closed ; and within \\ liays
thereafter the collector and comptroller shall make out and sign a true copy of such entries, .specifying the
applicants resitl'-nt, and the applu.tiits not resident in tiie said isle, and deliver or transmit such copy tt>
the governor or lieutenaiit-governor of the said isle for the time being. — \ .'5.
iwi'crnor la itlliit liiKitililies. — Within 1 1 ilays alter the receipt of sucli copy, the governor or lieu-
tenant-governor of the saiil isle shall allot llie whole i]uantity of each article, in the first place, among tlie
applit ants resident in the s.iiil islanil, in case the whole <iuaiitity of any article shall tiot have been applied
for by residents; then shall alhit the ijiiaiitity not so applied for among the non-resident applicants, in
such proportions in all cases as he shall jutige most fair and equitable; and shall cause a report thereon
to be ilrawn up in writing, and sign and transmit the same to the I/ords Cmiimi-ssioners of his Maje.sly'.s
'I'reastiry of the United Kingdom of (jreat liritain and Ireland, and shall cause u duplicate of such report
so signed, to be transmitted to the commi.ssioiiers of custom.s. — ^ fi.
ConiniissiiDier.i vf Ciisloiin, to urnnl l.icoices. — I pon receipt of such duplicate report the coi.imisiiioners
ot customs shall grant licences, tocontinue in force for any period utitil the .Oth of July then next ensuing,
for the im)iortation into the Isle of .Man of the (|iianiities of such goods as arc allowed by law to be so im.
ported, with their licence, according to the allotments in such report, and dividing the whole |)ortion
allotted to any one applicant into several licences, as they shall be ilesired and see fit; and such liccn;'es
shall be transmitted withotit delay to the collector and comptroller of Douglas, to be l)y them delivered to
the diH'erent applicant.*, after taking bonti for the same under the provisions of this act. — ^7.
Jiefore Delireii/ of f./eence.s, Jliind to he given. — I'revious to the delivery of any such licences to the
lier.sons to whomtliey arc granted, the colleclor and comptroller of Douglas shall take the homi of such
(lersonsto his Majesty, his heirs and successors, with sulKcient security, for the importation of the articles
for wliich the said licences are respectively granted, on or before the .'ith day of July succeeding the de-
livery of such licences, with such conditions, and for the forfeiture of such sums, not exceeding the whole
amount of duties payable in Great ISritain on articles similar to those specilied in such licences, as the
commissioners of customs shall think (it : provided always, that if any person to whom such licence shall
be granted shall not have given such bond prior to the .Oth day of January next after the granting such
liceitce, it sh.ill be lawful for the governor or lieutenatit-govertior of the said isle, if he shall see (it, to
transfer any such licence to any other person who sh.tll be ilesirous to take U|) the same, anti willing and
able to give such bond ; and such transfer shall be notilied by indorsement on the licence, signed by such
governor or lieutenant-governor ^8.
Cdunteifeiling orfalsifi/ing Licence, Penalh/ M)l. — If any person or persons shall counterfeit or falsify
any licence or other document rcquireil for the importation into the Isle of Man of any goods wlilch woulil
otherwise be prohibited to be imported into the said isle, or shall knowingly or wilfully make use of any
such licence, or other docui'ient so counterfeited or falsiticd, such person or persons shall, for every such
odence, forfeit the sum of .0(Xl/. — ^ !).
Licence Goods not to he le-cv/iurted, i\c. — It shall not be lawful to re-export from the Isle of Man any
goods which have been iniiiortcd into the saitl isle with licence of the commissioners of customs as al'ore-
said ; and it shall not be lawful to carry any such goods coastwise from one part of the said isle to another,
except in vessels of ."iO tons burden at the least, atid in the same ))ackages in which such goods were im-
ported into the saitl isle ; antl it shall not be lawful to remove any wine from one part of the said isle to
another, by and except in such packages or in bottles. — !: 1(1.
Foicign Goods Jiot to he c.rjiorled to I'niled Kiiinilom. — It shall not be lawful to export from the Inlc of
Man to any part of the United Kingdom any goods which are t)f the growth, produce, or manufacture of
any foreign country.— ^11.
Goods imported or exported, SfC. conlrari/ to Law forfeited, S(C. — If any gooils shall be importetl into or
exported from the isle of Man, or carried coastwir-e from one part of the saitl isle to another part if the
same, or shall be walerbonie, or brought to any wharf or other |>l.icc with intent to be waterborne, 'o be
fo exported or carrietl, or shall be removed by land within the said isle, contrary to any of the riirectiins
MANGANESE.— MANNA.
r95
cxifiit spirits the nrotlure of the British possesaiont In
Aiiwrica, or of tlie CaiH.* of Gotxl Hope:
ilritish (listiilt'd spirits:
Ail Kootls prohiliiti'tl to be imporleil into the U'.iteil Kinfjdom
to lie used or cunsuined tlierein, on accou'it of the sort or
dcsuriptiun of tlie same. — Sect. Id.
or provisions of this act, the same, and the packages containing the same, shall be forfcltetl, together with
all ships, vessels, or boats, anil all cattle and oarriagos used or employt'd therein ; and every person uflend.
ing therein shall forfeit, for every such oti'eiice, the sum of )()()/., or the lull amount of all duties which
would be payable in respect of such or similar gootls, for liome consumption of the same, in the United
Kingdom, at the election of the commissioners of customs. ^ I'J.
Ouuils pro/iihi/rd to he mijwrtrd into the hlf i\f Man. — 'J'he several sorts of goods enumerated or
described in the schedule herein.alltei contained, denominated " Schedule of Prohibitions," shall not be
importetl into the Isle of Man ; (that is to say,)
Schedule of Prohibitions.
ftonds, the produce or manufacture of places within the limits
of tlie United Kast India Cotnpan>'s charter ; except from
the United KinKtloin :
Cotton yam, cotton cioth, linen cloth, class manufactures,
woollen manuf:ictures, unU>ss Uuut Jije iiulen in and im-
ported directly from tlie United Kingdom :
Splrlu of ({teater strength tlian 1 to i» over hydrometer jiroof,
Limiting the Quantity of Spirits, Tea, and Tobacco for U.ses of Seamen. — If any decked vessel, bound
from the Isle of Man to any port of Great liritain or Ireland, shall have on board for the use of •■'c sea-
men, any spirits exceeding the quantity of i gallon for each seaman, or any tobacco exceeding i lb.
weight for each seaman, or any tea cxcceiling 2 lbs. weight for the whole of the seamen on board such
vessel, or if any open boat, bound from the Isle of Man toany port of (treat Uritain or Ireland, shall have
on board, for the use of the seamen, any spirits exceeding 1 quart for each seaman, or any tobacco ex-
ceeding I lb. weight for each seaman, or any tea exceetling 1 lb. weight for the whole of the seamen
on board such boat, all such foreign spirits, toliacco, anil tea respectively, together with the casks or pack-
ages containing the same, and also every such vessel or boat, together with all the guns, furniture, am-
munition, tackle, and apparel thereof, shall be forfeited. — ^ M.
Certificate for Goods the Produce of tlie hie of Man. — Hefore any goods shall be shipjicd in the Isle of
Man for exportation to the United Kingdom, as being the prmluce or manufacture of that island, proof
shall be made by the written declaration of some competent person, to the satisfaction of the collector
and comptroller of the customs at the port of shipment, that such gomls, describing and identii>ing the
same, are the produce or the manufacture, as the case may be, of the said island, and in such declaration
shall be stated the name of the person by whom such goods are intended to be entered and shipped ; and
such person, at the time of entry (not being more than 1 month after the date of such declaration) shall
make and subscril)e a declaration before such collector or comptroller, that the goods to be shii)ped in
virtue of the entry are the same as are mentioned in such declaration ; and thereupon the collector and
comptroller shall, on demand, give to the master of the ship in which the goods are to be exportetl a cer-
titicate of such proof of produce, or of manufacture, having been made in respect of such goods, ilescril>-
ing the same, and setting forth the name of the ex|)<)rtir, and of the exi)orting ship, and of the master
thereof, and the destination of the goods ; and sucli certiticate shall be rtceived at the jxirt of importation
in the United Kingdom, instead of the certificate of the governor, lieutenant-governor, or commander-
in-chief of the said island, heretofore rr.(uired. — ^ \'>.
Management of Duties tjcction 1(J. relates to the api)ropriation of the duties, and is of no commercial
importance.
MANGANESE (Ger. Braunstcin, Glasseise ; Du. Jindnsteen ; Fr. Manganese,
Magalese, Savon du rerre. ; It. Munganenia ; Sp. Maiigancsia ; Lat. Magnesia nigra,
Manganesiurn), a metal wliicli, when pure, is of a greyish white colour, like ca.st iron,
and has a good deal of brilliancy. Its texture is granular; it has neither taste nor
smell ; it is softer than cast iron, and may he filed ; its specific gravity is 8. It is very
brittle, and can neither be hammered nor drawn out into wire. Its tenacity is unknown.
When exposed to the air, it attracts oxygen with considerable rapidity. It .soon lo.ses its
lustre, and becomes grey, violet, brown, and at last black. These changes take place
still more rapidly if the metal be heated in an open vessel. Ores of mangane-se are
common in Devonshire, Somersetshire, &e. The mo of nianganesi', known in Derby-
shire by the naine o{ black wudd, is reniark!il)k' for its sjiontaneons inflammation with oil.
Oxide of manganese is of consideral)lo iisi ! is employed in making oxymuriatic acid,
for forming bleaching liquor. It is also ' 'ii glazing black earthenware, for giving
colours to enamels, and in the manufacture ui I'orcolain. If is the substance geiK-rally
used by chemists for obtaining oxygen gas. — ( Thomsoti s ('/irmisln/, §r.)
MANGEL WUllZEL, on FIELD BEE'l' dr. IMieraves ; Ger. Mangold
Wurzel ; It. Bicttola), a mongrel between the red and white beet. It ha' been a good
deal cidtivated in France, Germany, and Switzerland, partis as food fo cattle, and
partly to be used in distillation, and in the extraction of .sugar. Its ciilturi' in Great
Britain is very recent ; and Mr. Loudon questions whether it has any advantag ^ over
the turnip for general agricultural purposes. The preparation of the ^oil is exactly the
same as for turnips, and immense crops are raised on strong clays. The produce
per acre is about the same as that of the Swedish turnip : it is applii I almost entirely
to the fattening of stock, and the feeding of milch cows. — (/.oudon'.s- Ency. of
Agriculture. )
MANNA (Fr. Manne ; Ger. Mannaesche ; It. Manna), the concrete y .e of the
Fraxi/ius ornws, a species of ash growing in the south of Europe. Tin' iice exudes
spontaneously in warm dry wciither, and concretes into whitish tears a the greater
part of the manna of commerce is obtained by making incisions in the tree, and gather-
ing the juice in baskets, where it forms irregular nia.sscs of a reddish or browni.sh colour,
often full of impurities. Manna is imported in chests, principally from Sicily and
Calabria. The best is in oblong pieces or flakes, moderately dry, friable, light, of a
whitish or pale yellow colour, and in some degree transparent: the inferior kinds ar«
moist, unctuous, and brown. It has a slight peculiar odour, and a sweet taste, with some,
degree of bitterness not very pleasant, arul leaving a nauseous impression on the tongue.
— ( Thomson's Dispensatory. )
.TE
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i il
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I'Vl''''
78'i
MANIFEST. — MANILLA.
MANIFEST, in commerciHl navigation, is a document signed by the master, con-
taining the name or names uf the places where the goods on lioard have been laden, and
the place or places for which they are respectively destined ; the name and tonnage of
the vessel, the name of the maUcr, and the name of tlie place to which the vessel
belongs ; a particular account and description of all the packages on board, with the
marks and numbers thereon, the goods contained in such packages, the names of the
respective shippers and consignees, as far as such particulars are known to the master,
&c. A separate manifest is required for tobacco. The manifest must be made out, dated,
and signed by the captain, at the place or places where the goods, or any part of the goods,
are taken on board. — (See I^»"^iitation and Exportation.)
MANILLA, the capital of Luconici, the largest of the Philippine Islands, and the
principal settlement of tlie Spaniards in the East, in lat. 14'^36'8" N., Ion. 120° .53V E.
Population about 40,000, of whom from 1,200 to 1,500 may be Europeans. Manilla is
built on the shore of a spacious bay of the same name, at the mouth of a river navigable
for small vessels a considerable way into the interior. The smaller 1 1 >s of ships anchor
in Manilla roads, in 5 fathoms, the north bastion Iwaring N. 37 ' E., the fishery stakes
at the river's mouth N. IS'^ E., distant about a mile; but large ships anchor at Cavita,
about 3 It-agues to the southward, where there is a good harbour, well sheltered from
the W. and S. \V. winds. The arsenal is at Cavita, which is defended by Fort St. Philip,
the strongest fortress on the islands. The city is surrounded by a wall and towers, and
some of the bastions are well furnished with artillery.
Though situated within the tropics, the climate of the Philippines is sufficiently
temperate ; the only considerable disadvantage under which they labour in this respect
being that the principal part of the group comes within the range of the typhoons.
The soil is of very different qualities ; but for the most part singularly fertile. They
are rich in mineral, vegetable, and animal productions. It is stated in a statistical
account of the Philippines, published at Manilla in 1818 and 1819, that the entire
population of the islands amounted to 2,249,852, of which 1,376,222 belonged to
Luconia. There were, at the period referred to, only 2,837 Europeans in the islands,
and little more than 6,000 Chinese. The natives are said to be the most active, bold,
and energetic, of any belonging to the Eastern Archipelago. " These people," says a
most intelligent navigator, " appear in no respect inferior to those of Europe. They
cultivate the earth like men of understanui.ig; are carpenters, joiners, smiths, goldsmiths,
weavers, masons, &c. I have walked through their villages, and found them kind, hos-
pitable, and comnumicative ; and though the Spaniards speak of and treat them with
contempt, I perceived that the vices they attributed to the Indians, ought^ rather to be
imputed to the government they have themselves established." — (^Voyage de M, De la
Perouse, c. 15.)
The principal articles of export consist of indigo, sugar, rice, sapan wood, birds' nests,
tripang or biche de mer, dried beef, hides, ebony, gold dust, &c. The principal articles of
import are stuffs for clothing, iron, hardware, furniture, fire-arms and ammunition, &c.
Account of the Trade of Manilla for the Year 1831, from the Official Report.
Shipping. — Arrivals and Departures in 1831.
Amniran
ChinMe Junks
Dnnhh -
Dutch
M arrived, S9 sailed.
■ 5 — 5 —
7 - 6 -
■ 4 - 4 -
Eniillsh
French
Hamburgh
FortUKuese
- 19 arrived, 19 sailed.
. I — 2 _
. 2 — 2 —
. 5 - 4 _
Prussian
Spanish
' I anrlTcd, 1 tailed.
43 - 4* -
115
116
Statoment of the principal Articles of Export from Manilla in 1831.
Indigo, 1st
Sd
Sd
liquid
KuKar
Rice
Hi'mp
on, rnroa nut
Tortolst thell, 1st
'id
.<M
falio
.4rrnM*.
3,1112
31 9\
Arrobat. Arrobat.
6,14,3)
«4,i)75J
33
SIS
60
31,11'
617,7.^:4
1,074,170
lS4,9i7
6.964
Arrobat.
3'i
964
Arrobat.
I4,6V4
60)
l,3.J
CoflVe, clean
>\'ux, raw
manufactured
Hides
Horns
Mother-o'-peatl shells
Rum
Sapan wood
Tobacco
Exclusive of birds' pests, pepper, mats, sharks' fins, bicha
de mer, Aco.
Rallons 8,716
9()«
an,i)'.H
.■i03
I ,!il>«
,'>o,(;7i
•l.'i'')
35S 1
Total value of Imports in 1831, including specie
— of exports
Amount of duties . •
- l.r.n.VTf) dollars.
- 1,, 301,691 —
- £«,0fi6 _
In 18.32, 1,36 ships arrived at Manilla, of which .3.'! were American, .34 English, and 53 .Spanish. The
Imports during the same year were, goods l,i;n4,K>H doll-irs, anil treasure 4fi4,.'300 do., l)ping focethi-r
1 6fii,int dollars. The exports were, goods I,531,,')4« dollars, tr^ urc 317,990 do., together l,H4S»..i
doll.irs
It was believed that the crop of sugar in Luconia in 1833, would amount to about 98,000,000 lbs.
At this moment, the imports of British goods into the Philipi"iios are estimatetl to amount to rr..m
80,0(K)/. lo 10f),0()0/ a vi-ar; but we have no doubt that the opoi rig the trade to China will verv nia-
tcrUlly iiicrrase our intercourse with Manilla.
116
Arrttbut.
14,6.24
.-115
.vi.r.ri
4,V7't
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II verv iia-
MARBLE. —MARITIME LAW.
787
Considering th« great fertility and varied productions of the Philinpines, and their
peculiarly favourable situation for carrying on cnrr.merce, the limited extent of their
trade, even with its late increase, may excite surprise. This, however, is entirely a con-
si'quence of the wretched policy of the Spanish government, which persevered until very
recently in excluding all foreign ships from the ports of the Philippines — confining the
trade between them and Mexico and South America to a single ship ! Even ships and
settlers from China were excluded. " Provisions," says I^a Perouse, " of all kinds are
in the greatest abundance here, and extremely cheap ; but clothing, European hardware,
and furniture, beiir an excessively high price. The want of competition, together with
prohibitions and restraints of every kind laid on commerce, render the productions and
merchandise of India and China at least as dear as in Enrojie .'" Happily, however, this
miseral)le policy, the effects of which have been admirably depi ud by M. Dela Perouse,
has been materially modifiwl during the last few years. The events of the late war
destroyed for ever the old colonial system of .Sjiain ; ^nd the ships of all nations are
now freely admitted into IManiila and the other ports in the Pliilippines. An iv-
precedenteil stimuhis has, in conseejuence, been given to all sorts of industry ; and its
progress will no doubt become more rapid, according as a wider experience and
acquaintance with fi)reigners msikes the natives l)etter aware of the advantiigcs of
commerce and industry, and disabuses tliem of the prejudices of wliicli they have been
so long the slaves.
Tiie Monies, Weights, and Measures, used at IVIanilla, are nearly the same as in Spain.
— (See Cahiz.) They have, however, this difference, — that tliey estimate weight by
piastres: Ifj i)iastres are sui)posed to = 1 lb. Spanish weight, though they are not quite
so much ; 1 1 ounces or piastres — 1 tale of silk ; 22 ounces — 1 catty ; 8 ounces =
1 marc of silver; and 10 ounces = 1 tale of gold. 16i)iastres or ounces =154^ ounces
avoirdupois; 100 catties = 1 ))icul = IS^Jlbs. avoirdupois.
MARBLE (Ger. llus. and Lat. Martnor ; Du. Mariner; Fr. Marhre ; It. Marmo ,
Rp. Marmol), a genus of fossils, composed chiefly of lime ; being a bright and beautiful
stone, motlerately hard, not giving fire with steel, fermenting with and soluble in acid
menstrua, and calcining in a slight fire.
The colours by which marbles are distinguished are almost innumerable. Some arc quite black ; others,
agiin, are of a snowy white ; some are greenish ; others greyish, reddish, t'ai.-h, yellowish, &c. ; while
some are v.iriegated and spotted with many difU'rent colours and shades of cilour. The finest solid
modern marbles are those of Italy, Blankenburg, France, and Flanders. G -oa» quantities of very beau-
tiful marble have been lately discovered at Portsoy in Banffshire, and at Tiree and other places in the
Western Isles. Kilkenny, in Ireland, has abundance of beautiful black marble intermixed with white
S|)ots, called Kilkenny marhU: Derbyshire abounds in this mineral. Near Kemlyn-bay, in Anglesea,
there is a quarry of beautiful marble, called verde rii Corsica, from its also being found in Corsica Its
colours are green, black, white, and dull purple, irregularly disposed. Italy produces the most valuable
marble, and its exportation makes a considerable branch of her foreign commerce. The black and the
niiik-whitc marble of Carara, in the duchy of Massa, are particularly esteemed.
The marbles of Germany, Norway, and Sweden are very inferior, being mixed with a sort of scaly
limestone.
Marble is of so hard, compact, and fine a texture, as readily to take a beautiful polish. That most
usteeinud by statuaries is brought from the island of Pares, in the Archipelago : it was employed by
Praxiteles and Phidias, both of whom were natives of that island ; whence also the famous Arundelian
marbles were brought. The marble of Carara is likewise in high repute among sculptors.
The specitic gravity of marble is from 'J.TUU to S.SW. Black marble owes its colour to 9, slight mixture
of iron.
MARITIME LAW. By maritime law is meant the law relating to ' irbours,
ships, and seamen. It forms an important branch of the connnercial law of all maritime
nations. It is divided into a variety of difTorent dejiarfnionts; such as those with respect
to harbours, to the property of .ships, the duties and rigiits of masters and seamen, con-
tracts of affreightment, average, sjdvagc, kc. The reader will find those subjects treated
of under their respective heads.
Sketch of the Profjress of Maritime Law. — The earliest system of maritime law was
compiled by the Uhodians, several centuries before the Christian era. The most
celebrated authors of anticjuity have spoken in high terms of the wisdom of the llhodian
laws; luckily, however, we are not wholly left, in forming our opinion upon them, to
the vague though commendatory statements of Cicero and Straho {Cicero pro Lege
Manilin ; Strub. lib. xiv. ) The laws of Rhodes were adopted by Augustus into the
legislation of Rome; and such was the esti\nation in which they were held, that the
Emperor Antoninus, being solicited to decide a contested point with respect to shipping,
is reported to have answered, that it ought to be decided by the Rhodian laws, which
were of paramoimt authority in such cases, unless they happened to be directly at variance
with some regulation of the Roman law. — (" Ego quidem mundi do,ninus, lex autem maris
legis id Rhodia, qua de rebus nauticis pra'scripta est, judicctvr, quutetius nulla nostrarhtn
legum adversatur. Hoc idem Divusqnoque Augustus judicavit") The rule of the Rhodian
law with resjjcct to average contributi(ms in the event of a sacrifice being made at sea
for the safety of the ship and cargo, is exprcs.sly laid down in the Digest (lib. xiv. tit. V. ) ;
and the most probable conclusion seems to be, that most of the regulations as to niariiiiue
aflhirs embodied in the -ompilations of .Tustinian have bet'ii derived ficini the same s(Hirce,
s r. 2
'1 I
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788
MARITIME LAW.
II !
i 'i
(■]
The regulations as to average adopted by all modern nations, are borrowed, witli '.lardly
any alteration, from tlie Roman, or rather, as we liave seen, from the iliiodian law ! —
a conclusive proof of the sagacity of those by whom tliey had been originally framed.
The only authentic fragments of the llhodian laws are those in the Digest. The col-
lection entitled </us Navule lihodiorum, published at Biile in 1561, is now admitted by all
critics to be spurious.
The first modern code of maritime law is said to have been compiled at Amalphi, in Italy,
^— a city at present in ruins ; but which, besides being early distinguished for its commerce,
will be for ever famous for the discovery of the Pandects, and the supposed invention of
the mariner's comjiass. The Amalphitan code is said to have been denominated Tabula
AmaJphitana. But if such a body of law really existed, it is singular that it should
never have been published, nor even any extracts from it. M. Pardessus has shown
that all the authors who have referred to the Amalphitan code and asserted its existence,
have copied the statement of Freccia, in his book De Suhfeudis. — ( Collection den Loix
Maritimes, tome i. p. 145.) And as Freccia assures us that the Almalphitan code
continued to be followed in Naples at the time wlien he wrote (1570), it is difficult to
suppose that it could have entirely disappeared ; and it seems most probable, as nothing
peculiar to it has ever transpired, that it consisted principally of the regulations laid
down in the Roman law, which, it is known, preserved their ascendancy for a longer
period in the south of Italy than any where else.
But, besides Amalphi, Venice, Marseilles, Pisa, Genoa, Barcelona, Valencia, and
other towns of the Mediterranean, were early distinguished for the extent to which they
carried commerce and navigation. In the absence of any positive information on the
subject, it seems reasonable to suppose that their maritime laws would be princijially
borrowed from those of Rome, but with such akc-raticiis and ir.oJifications as might be
deemed requisite to accommodate them to the particular views of each • . te. But whe-
ther in this or in some other way, it is certain that various conflicting ■ Tulations were
established, which led to much confusion and uncertainty; and the exi;;il"nce of the
inconveniences thence arising, doubtless contributed to the universjil adojjtion of the
Consolato del Mare as a code of maritime law. Nothing certain is known as to the origin
of this code. Azuni {Droit Maritime de V Europe, tome i. pp. 414 — 439., or rather
Jorio, Codice Ferdinando, from whose work a large proportion of Azuni's is literally
translated) contends, in a very able dissertation, that the Pisans are entitled to the glory
of having compiled the whole, or at least the greater part, of the Consolato del Mare. On
the other hand, Don Antonio de Capmany, in his learned and excellent work on tlie
commerce of Barcelona — {Antigua Comercio de Barcelona, tomo i. pp. 170 — 183.), has
endeavoured to show that the Consulato was compiled at Barcelona ; and that it contains
the rules according to which the consuls, which the Barcelonese had estiiblished in foreign
places so early as 12G8, were to render their decisions. It is certain that the Consolato
was printed tor the first time at Barcelona, in 1502; and that the early Italian anil
French editions are translations from the Catalan. Azuni has, indeed, snfiiciontly
proved, that the Pisans had a code of maritime laws at a very early period, and that
several of the regulations in it are substantially the same as those in the Consolato,
But it does not ajjpear that the Barcelonese were aware of the regulations of the Pisans,
or that the resemblance between them and those in the Consolato is more than accidental ;
or may not fairly be ascribed to the concurrence that can hjirdly fail to obtain among
well-informed persons legislating upon the saiae topics, and influenced by principles and
practices derived from the civil law.
M.- Pardessus, in the second volume of his excellent work already referred to, appears
to have been sufficiently disposed, had there been any grounds to go upon, to set up a
claim in favour of Marseilles to the honour of being the birthplace of the Consolato ,
but he candidly admits that such a pretension could not be supported, and unwillingly
adheres to Capmany's opinion. — " Quoique Francois," says he, " quoique portee jiiu-
des sentimens de reconnoissancc, qu'aucun evenement ne sauroit aifoiblir, a faire valoir
tout cp qui est en faveur de INIarseilles, je dois reconnoitre franchement que les proba-
bilitcs I'emportent en faveur de Barcelone." — (Tomeii. p. 24.)
But to whichever city the honour of compiling the Consolato may be due, there can
be no doubt that its antiquity has been greatly exaggerated. It is affirmed, in a pre-
face to the different editions, that it was solemnly accepted, subscribed and promulgated,
as a body of maritime law, by the Holy See in 1075, and by the Kings of France and
other potentates at different periods between 1075 and 1270. But Capmany, Azuni, and
Pardessus, have shown in the clearest and most satisfactory manner that the circumstances
alluded to in this preface could not possiUy have taken place, and that it is wholly mi-
worthy of the least attention. The most probabL- opinion seems to be, that it was com-
piled, and began to be introduced, about the end of the 13th or the beginning of tlie
l-lth century. And notwithstanding its prolixity, and the want of precision and clear-
ness, the correspondence of the greater number of its rules with the ascertained principles
N 1 "A-.
.'; t'
MARITIME LAW.
789
of justice and public utility, giadually led, without the intervention of any agreement,
to its adoption as a system of maritime jurisprudence by all the nations contiguous to
the IVIediterranean. It is still of high authority. Casaregis says of it, though, perhaps,
too strongly, " Consulatus maris, in materiis maritimis, tanquam universalis cutisuetudo
habens vim legis inviolabiliter attenda est apud omnes provinciaa et naliones." — (Disc. 1213.
n. 12.)
The collection of sea laws next in celebrity, but anterior, perhaps, in point of time, is
that denominated the Itoole des Jugements d' Olvron. There is as much diversity of
opinion as to the origin of these laws, as there is with respect to the origin of the Con-
solato. The prevailing opinion in Great Britain has been, that they were compiled by
direction of Queen Eleanor, the wife of Henry 1 1., in her quality of Duchess of Guiennc ;
and that they were afterwards enlarged and improved by her son Richard I., at his
return from the Holy Land : but this statement is now admitted to rest on no good
foundation. The most probable theory seems to be, that they are a collection of the
rules or practices followed at the principal French ports on the Atlantic, as Uordenux,
llochelle, St. Malo, &c. They contain, indeed, rules that are essential to all mari inie
transiictions, wherever they may be carried on ; but the references in the code sulhcieu Jy
prove that it is of French origin. The circumstance of our monarch's iiaving largo
|X)ssessions in France at the period when the Rules of Oleron were collected, naturally
facilitated their introduction into England; and they have long enjoyed a very high
degree of authority in this country. " I call them the Laws of Oleron," said a great
civilian — (iVr Lvoline Jenkins, Charge to the Cinque Ports), " not but that they are pe-
culiarly enough English, being long since incorporated into the customs and statutes of
our admiralties ; but the equity of them is so great, and the use and reason of them so
general, that they are known and received all the world over by that rather than by any
other name." MoUoy, however, has more correctly, perhaps, said of the laws of Oleron,
that " they never obtai.ied any other or greater force than those of Rhodes formerly did ;
that is, they were esteemed for the reason and equity found in them, and applied to the
case emergent." — (DeJure Muritinio et Navali, Introd.)
A code of maritime 'uw issued at Wisby, in the island of Gothland, in the Baltic, has
long enjoyed a hig!- reputation in the North. The date of its compilation is uncertain;
but it is comjjaratively modern. It is true that some of the northern jurists contend tli.it
the Laws of Wi by are older than the Rules of Oleron, and that the latter are chielly
copied from the former! But it has been repeatedly shown that there is not so much as
the shadow of a formdatiou for this statement. — (See Pardessus, Collection, §'c. tome i.
pp. 425 — 40'2. ; Foreign Qnarterli/ Review, No. 13. art. llunseatic League.) The I^aws
of Wisby are not certainly older than the latter part of the 14th or beginning of the
15th century; and have obviously been compiled from the Consoluto del Mare, the
Rules of Oleron, and other codes that were then in use. Grotius Iuls spoken of these
laws in the most laudiitory manner: — " Qua de maritimis negotiis," snys ha, " insultc
Guthlandiw liuhitaturihus jilucuerunt, tantum in se habent, tiim equitaiis, tum prudentio; lit
omnes oceatii aecoUv vo, non tanquam propria, sed velut gentium jure, utantur," — {^Prole-
gomena ad Procopium, p. 64. )
Besides the codes now mentioned, the ordinances of the Hanse towns, issued in 1597
and 1614, contain a system of laws relating to navigation that is of great authority.
The judgments of Dannne, the customs of Amsterdam, &c. are also often quoted. *
But by far the most loninlete and well digested system of maritime jurisprudence that
has ever appeared, is that comprised in the famous Ordonnance de la Marine issued by
Louis XIV. in 1()81. This excellent code was compiled under the direction of M.
Colbert, by individuals of great tident and learning, after a careful revision of all the
ancient sea laws of France and other coimtries, and upon consultation with the different
parliaments, the courts of admiralty, and the chambers of commerce, of the different
towns. It combines whatever experience and the wisdom of ages had shown to be best
in the Roman laws, and in the institutions of the modern maritime states of Europe.
In the preface to his treatise on the Law of Shipping, Lord Tenterden says, — " If the
reader should be offended at the frequent references to this ordinance, I must request
liim to recollect that those references are made to the maritime code of a great commer-
cial nation, which has attributed nuich of its national prosperity to that code : a code
composed in the reign of a politic prince; under the auspices of a wise and enlightened
minister ; by laborious and learned persons, who selected the most valuable principles of
all the maritime laws then existing ; and which, in matter, method, and style, is one of
the most finished acts of legislation t'lat ever was promulgated."
The ordinance of 1(>81 was published in 1760, with a detailed and most elaborate
commentary by M. Valin, in 'J volumes, 4 to. It is impossible which to admire most
• A translation of tlic Laws of Oleron, Wisliv, .and the Hansc towns, ia given in the 3d edition of
Malyne's l.rx Mcrcaloriu ; lint the edition of tlieni in tlio work of M. J'ariU'ssus, referred to in the t»\.\
if infinitely sujierior to cv civ otlicv.
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790
MAIlITLNrE LAW.
ill this cummentury, tlie learning or the smuiuI guoil Meiisu of the writer. Lord .MaiiHfield
WHS indebted for no incoiisiderul>le porti<in of his .su]K'rior knowledge of the principles of
iiiiiritiine jurisprudence to a careful study of M. Valin's work.
Timt part of the Code ik Commerce which ticats of inariuinc alFiirs, insurance, &,c. is
copied, with very little alteration, from the ordinance of KiJU. Tiie few changes that
liave been made are not always iniproveincnts.
No system or code of maritime law has ever been issued by authority in Great Britain.
The laws and practices tnat now obtain amongst us in reference to inaritiine affairs, have
been founded principally on the practices of merchants, the ]>rinciples laid down in the
civil law, the Laws of Oleron and Wisby, the works of distinguished jurisconsulis, the
judicial decisions of our own and foreign countries, &c. A law so constructed has
necessarily been in a progressive state of improvement ; and, though still susceptible of
inatei'ial amendment, it corresponds, at this moment, more nearly, pcrha)>s, tlian any
other system of maritime law, with those universally recognised principles of justice and
general convenience by which the transiictions of merchants and navigators ought to bo
regulated.
The decisions of Lord Mansfield did much to fix the principles, and to improve and
perfect the maritime law of Knglaiul. It is also under great obligations to Lord Stowell.
Till.' decisions of the latter chiefly, indeed, respect questions of nentnilify, growing out
of the conflicting pretensions of belligerents and neutrals during the late war ; but the
principles and doctrines which he unfolds in treating those (juestions, throw a strong and
steady light on most branches of maritime law. It has occasionally, indeed, been alleged,
— and the allegation is probably, in some degree, well founded, — that his Lordship has
conceded too iniicli to the claims ->f belligerents. Still, however, his judgmepts must be
regarded, allowing for this excusable bias, as among the noblest monuments of judieial
wisdom of which any country can boast. " They will be contemplated," says Mr. Ser-
jeant Marshall, " with applause and veneration, as long as depth of learning, soundness
of argument, enlightened wisdom, and the chaste beauties of eloquence, hold any place
in the estimation of mankind." — (On Insurance, I'relim. Disc.)
The " Treatise of the Law relative to IMerchant Ships and Se.imen," by the late
('liief Justice oi the C,'(uirt of King's Bench, does credit to the talents, erudition, and
liberality of its nol)le and learned author. It gives, within a brief compass, a clear and
admirable exposition of the most important branches of our maritime law; and may be
ciMisulted with e(|ual facility and advantage by the merchant or general scholar, as by
tile lawyer. Mr. Serjeant Marshall has entered very fully into some, and has tnuched
upon most points of maritime law, in bis work on Innurunce ,- and has discussed them
with great learning and sjigacity. The works of IMr. Justice Park, Mr. Holt, and a
few others, are also valuable. ()f the earlier treatises, the Lcjc Mercatoria of Malynes
is by far the best; and, considering the period of its publication (1622), is a very extras
ordinary porfonnanco.
Sfitfufes with rexfect to Tmportalion anil Exportntion, Nitvir)ation, ijc. — The preceding.'
remarks refer merely to the principles, or leading doctrines, of our maritime law.
These, however, have often been very much modified by statutory enactments ; and the
excessive multi])lication of acts of parliament suspending, repealing, or altering parts of
other acts, has often involved our coimneicial and maritime law in almost inextricable
confiision ; and been most injurious to the ]niblic interests. No one, indeed, who is not
pretty conversant with the subject, would readily imagine to what an extent this abuse
lias sometimes been carried. From the Revolution down to 178(5, some hundreds of
nets were passed, each enacting some addition, diminution, or change, in the duties,
drawbacks, bounties, and regulations previously existing in the customs. In consequence,
the customs laws became so intricate and unintelligible, that hardly one merchant in
iif'ty could tell the exact anount of duty affecting any article ; «)r the course to be
followed either in entering or clearing out vessels ; being obliged to leave it entirely to
the clerks of the Custom-house to calculate the amount of duties, and to direct him
how to proceed so .-i': to <i,oiJ forfeiting the goods and the ship! and yet, so powerful is
the influence of habit in procuring tolertition for the most pernicious absurdities, that
this monstrous abuse was allowed to go on increasing for 50 years after it had been
denounced as intolerable. Mr. Pitt has tlie merit of having introduced something
like order into this chaos. Under his auspices, all the separate customs duties existing
in 1787 were repealed, and new ones substituted in their stead; consisting, in most in-
stances, of the equivalents, so far at least as they could be ascertained, of the old duties.
Ill crirryiiig this measure into etfeul, the House of Commons passed no fewer than 3,000
resolutions. The regulatio;is as to entries and clearances were also simplified.
The advantages resulting from tliis measure were very great; but during the war, so
many new duties and regubtions were ))assed, that the necessity for a fresh consolidation
became again very urgent, and was etFeeted in 181 [). It was not, however, in the customs
departinciit only, or in the mere article of duties, that the merchant and ship owners
''<&.
MARITIME LAW.
791
were biiwildured by the multiplicity of statutory regulations. There was not a single
branch of the law regulating their transactions that escaped the rage fur legislation.
Previously to 1822, no fewer than 1 13 statutes hud been passed relating to the fisheries;
and the makers and buyers of sails and cordage were supposed to be fiiniiiiur with the
various obscure and contradictory regulations embodied in tlie twciitif-three acts of
parliament relating to these articles! Hut the enormity of the abuse will be rendered
more apparent, by laying before the reader the following extract from the litport of h»
lords' Committee on Foreign Trades in 1 820.
" Ik'fore," say their Lordships, " your conmiittec proceed to advert to the point*
which have been the principal objects of their in(|uiry, they are anxious to call the at-
tention of the House to the excessive accinnulation and complexity of the laws under
which the commerce of the count.-" is regulated, with which they were forcibly impressed
in the very earliest stage of their pj ■ ■•'■■(lings. These laws, passed at dirterent periods,
and many of them arising out of temi^orary circumstances, amount, as stated in a recent
computation of them, to upwards of two t/inusand, of which no less than l.KXJ were in
force in 1815; and many additions have been since made. After such a statement, it
will not appear extraordinary that it should be matter of complaint by the British mer-
chant, that, so far from the course in which he is to guide his transactions being plain
and simple — so far from being able to undertake his operations, and to avail himself of
favourable openings, as they arise, with ])romptitude and confidence — he is frequently
reduced to the necessity of resorting to the services of professional advisers, to ascertain
what he may venture to do, and what he nuist avoid, before he is able to embark in his
commercial adventures with the assurance of being secin-e from the C(>nse(]uences of an
infringement of the law. If this be the case (as is stated to your conmiittee) with tliu
most experienced among the merchants, even in England, in how much greater a degree
must the same perplexity and apprehension of danger o|)erate in foreign countries and
on foreign merchants, whose acquaintance with oiir statute liook must be supposed to
be comparatively limited, and who are destitute of the professional authority which the
merchant at home may at all times consult for his direction ? When it is recollcctedi
besides, that a trivial unintentional deviation from the strict letter of the acts of parlia-
ment may expose a ship and cargo to the inconvenience of seizure, which (whether
sustained or alumdoned) is attended always with delay and expense, and frequently
followed by litigation, it cannot be doubted that such a state of the law must have the
most prejudicial influence both upon commercial enterprise m tlic country, and upon
our mercantile relations and intercourse with foreign nations , I perhaps no service
more valuable could be rendered to the trade of the empire, any measure more
effectually contribute to promote the objects contemplated by the J use, in the appoint-
ment of this committee, than an accurate revision of this vast and confused mass of
legislation ; and the establishment of some certain, simple, and consistent principles, to
which all the regulations of commerce might be referred, and under which the transactions
of merchants engaged in the trade of the United Kingdom might be conducted with
facility, safety, and confidence." — (p. 4.)
Since this Report was printed, a very considerable progress has been made in simplify-
ing and clearing up the statute law, on the principles laid down in it. The law ac to
shipping and navigation has been particularly improved. The principles laid dovn in
the famous navigation acts of 1650 and 1660 were, indeed, sufficiently distinct and
obvious ; but when these acts were passed, there were above 200 statutes in existence,
many of them antiquated and contradictory, which they did not repeal, except in sc far
js tl gulations in them might be inconsistent with those in the new acts. Uut
bi liiese, a number of statutes were passed almost in every session since 1660,
exp....iiing, limiting, extending, or modifying in one way or other, some of the pro-.isions
of the navigation acts; so that ultimately there were questions perpetually arising, as to
which it was very difficult to discover the precise law. On such occasions, recourse was
often had to the courts; and the good sense and equity which generally characterised
their decisions mitigated the mischievous consequences resxdting from the uncertainty of
the statute law, and even gave it the appearance of consistency. Latterly, however, this
uncertainty has been well nigh removed. One of the bills introduced by Mr. Wallace
for the improvement of the navigation laws repealed above two hundred statutes ! and the
new acts substitutec' in the place of those that were repealed, were drawn up with laud-
able brevity and clearness. But various alterations having been subsequently made in
these acts, new statutes embodying the changes were passed last session. The principal
are — the 3& 4 Will. 4. c. 54., for the encouragement of British ship|>ing and navigation,
which may be called the present navigation law — (see Navigation Laws); the 3 & 4
Will. 4. c. 55., for the registry of British vessels — (see Rkgistkv); the 3 & 4 \M11. 4.
c. 52., containing the regulations with respect to importation and exportation — (see
Importation and Expohtation) ; and the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 59., for regulating the
trade with the British possessions abroad — (see Coi,ONir:s anp Coioky Trade). Mr.
.S E 4
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MARK. — MARSEILLi: S.
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Livres.
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Ilumc, formerly of the custonvs, now of the Hoard of Trade, liad the principal share in
llie compilation of these acts, which do honour to his sagacity, industry, ai»d talents for
arrangement.
It may be worth while observing, that hardly a session passes without giving birth to
more or fewer acts, making certain changes or modlHcations in those referred to above.
Wliere these changes apply only to some purticuliir emergency, without f'Vecting the
general principles or rules laid down in the statutes, there can be no dowl)t that they
should be embodied in separate acts ; but where any modification or alteration is to be
made in the principles of the law, the better way, as it ajjjH^ars to us, would be to
introduce it directly into the leading act on the subject — re-enacting it in an amended
or altered form. In no other way is it possible to ))reserve that unity and clearness which
are so very desirable. The multiplication of statutes is a very great evil, not only from
the difficulty of ascertaining the exact degree in which one niodilies another, but from
its invariably leading to the enactment of contradictory clauses. The property and
transactions of merchants ought not to depend upon the subtleties and niceties of forced
constructions, but upon plain and obvious rules, about which there can be no mistake.
It would, however, be idle to expect that such rules can ever be deduced from the
conflicting provisions of a number of statutes : those in the same statute are not always
in harmony with each other.
^lARK, OR MARC, a weight used in several parts of Europe, for various commodi-
ties, especially gold and silver. In France, the mark was divided into 8 oz. = ()4
drachms = 19i.' deniers or pennyweights = 4,608 grains. In Holland, the mark weight
was also called Troy weight, anil was equal to that of France. When gold and silver
are sold by the mark, it is divided into '24 carats.
The pound, or livrr, pui'cls tie ?narc, the weight most commonly used in retail dealings throuKhout
France previously to the Uevolutlon, was equal to 2 marcs, ami consequently contained Hi oz. = liH drs.
— 3S4 den. = 9,'Jlti grs. One kilogramme is nearly equal to 2 livres Sulyoincd is a Table of livrci, puitls
itc marc, from 1 to 10, converted into kilogrammes. Any greater number ni.iy be learned by a simple
multiplication and addition.
Livns, h'iliiL'. I.ivrca. Kitii^. 1 hivretm Kitop,
lil/iso I 7 •= .^'I'^d/i
21 IT.') I 8 = 3'yi(iU
'^•9370 I
MARK, a term sometimes used among us for a money of account, and in some other
countries for a coin. The English mark is i|ds of a pound sterling, or His. 4d. ; ami
the Scotch mark is §ds of a pound Scotch. Tiic mark Lubs, or Lubeck mark, used at
llamburgl), is a money of account, equal to 14!^^/. sterling.
MARKIOT, a public place in a city or town, where provisions are sold. No market
is to be kept within 7 miles of the city of London ; but all butchers, victuallers, &c.
may hire stalls and standings in the flesh-markets there, and sell meat and other pro-
visions. Every jjcrson who has a market is entitled to receive toll for the things sold
in it ; and, by ancient custom, tor things standing in the market, though not sold ; but
those who keep a market in any other manner than it is granted, or extort tolls or fees
where none are due, forfeit the same. — (See Faiks. )
3IARSEILLES, a liirge commercial city and sea-port of France, on the Mediter-
ranean, in lat. 4:J" 17' 49" N., Ion. 5° 22j' E. Population 125,000.
Hiirboiir.—Thc harbour, the access to which is defended by several strong fortifications, is in the
centre of the city, forming a basin .525 fathoms in length, by about ]M do. in breadth. The tide is hardly
sensible ; but the depth of water at the entrance to the harbour varies from Ifi to 18 feet, being lowest
when the wind is N.W., and highest when it is S.W. Within the basin the depth of water varies ft-oin
lii to i!i feet, being shallowest on the north, and deepest on the south side. Dredging machines are con.
•tantly at work to clear out the mud, and to prevent the harbour from filling up. Though not accessible
to the largest class of ships, Marseilles is one of the best and safest ports in the world for moderate-sized
merchantmen, of which it will accommodate above 1,000. Ships in the basin lie close alongside the quays ;
and there is every facility for getting them speedily loaded and unloaded. The Isle de Rattoneau,
Pomegues, and the strongly fortified islet or rock of K, lie W.S.W. from the port; the latter, which is the
nearest to it.ljeing only IJ mile distant, and not more than J of a mile from the projecting pointof land to
the south of the city. 'iTiere is good anchorage ground for men-of-war and other large ships between the
Isles de Rattoneau and Pomegues, to the west of the Isle d'lf WhenVoming from the south, it is usual to
mal.eth>> Iile de Planier, in lat. 43° 11' 54" N., Ion. 5" 13' 59'' K A light.house erected on this island is
13i fcrt hi n ; the flashes of the light, which is alrevolving one, succeed'each other every i minute, and in
»;iear wetlner it may !)e seen 7 leagues off. Ships that have made the Isle de Planier, or that of Le Maire,
lying east from il about 4^ miles, steer northerly for the Isle d'lf, distant about 7 miles from each, and
having got within i or i mile of it, heave to for a pilot, who carries them into harbour : it is not, how-
ever, obligatory on ships to take a pilot on board j but being obliged to pay for one whether they avail
themselves of his services or not, they seldom dispense with them. The charge is 4 sous per ton in, and
2 sous per do. out, for French vessels, and the vessels of countries having reciprocity treaties with France.
There is a light-house in the fort St. Jean, on the north side of the entrance to the port. The laxaretto,
which is one of the best in Europe, lies a little to the north of the city ; and there is an hospital on
Rattoneau Island, for individuals whose health is dubious. With the exception of the above charge for
pilotage, and the charges for such vessels as i>erform quarantine, there are no port charges on ships en.
tering at, or clearing out from, Marseilles.
Trade, 8fc, — Marseilles is a city of great antiquity, and has long eJijnyeu a very ex-
tensive commerce. Havre, partly, no doubt, from its being, as it were, the port of
Paris, used to enjoy a greater share of the trade of France ; but, notwithstanding the
increaved iniporlanee of the former, it has recently been siupasscd by INlarseilles. Flic
MASTER.
793
I ranri.
2.">,Ni.;,()i;3
.■i(),()7H,S84
ciisfoms' duties colli-ctud at Ilovre, in 1831, wito 'J2,41(),68!» fr., wht-mw those col-
Icctod lit IVfaiscillos during the same year, anuninti'd to '25,H].i,m'.i fr. ; and, in lfi3'J,
tlie dirterence was still more det'ided in favour of the latter. The following is a state-
ment of the enstoms' duties collected at Marseilles during cacii of the 5 years ending
with lH;)'i: —
Frntict,
1828 . . . <n,:nr,,\r.o i isai
IH'-'i) - - - i!.!,(ll4.'247 1832
18*) . . . 2,-,,8H<),,>W I
This statement sliows conclusively, that the trade of Marseilles is not only increasing
rapidly, hut that it is already very extensive. She is the graiul emi)orium of the c<nu-
inerce between I'rance and the countries bordering on tlie Mediterranean. To the
Levant she exptnts colonial products, light woollens, silks, Sec. To Italy, the exports
consist of all kinds of colonial produce, woollens, linens, licpieurs, oil, hardware, and
lead. 'l"hu exports to England consist of silks, brandy, madder, wines, verdigris, brim-
stone, soap, oil, jjreserved fruits, gloves, ribands, shawls, capers, anchovies, syru])S,
essences, perfmnery, Ac. The jnincipal imjiorts are, wheat from the Hlack Sea and
the coast of Africa, sugar and collee, cotton, indigo, fish, i)ej)per, iron, lead, dye woods,
hides, Sic. Ilegulations as to warehousing similar to those of Uurdeaux ; which see.
Arrivals. — In 18:31 tlicro arrived at Marseilles : —
Arrivals.
SllllM.
Tons.
Frencli Khips from Tdrcign countries
^— from Frciicli culunius
— — roasters
— from the fishery
Foreign vessels
• ■ B
Totals
8(i(i
8<>
3,;ji>i)
4,5
1,407
i!0,4(i!)
nf>,.!.').5
1,8.-, I
18<),!>U
.'">,7;ii
472,i.'.>(i
The arrival.s in 1832 were considerably greater, and among them were 77 British ships, of the burden of
I'J.H.Jl tons. — (For further particulars see Annuairc du Cummcrcf Maritime for lS.i.J, p. i.'47. ; Archives
ilii Comi'irrrr, torn. i. p. 18 i. ; Aihiiiiiistratitm riis Doiiiines for 18;il, p. ,'A'J. \c. '1 ho answers sent by the
consul to the Cirni/iir diivrifs did not alf'ord us any information of any sort whatever.)
'I'he Monies, ll'eig/ils, and Measures of Marseilles are the same as.t"liosc of the rest of France. — (See
bOHDHAtX.)
M ASTER, in commercial navigation, the person intrusted with the care and navi-
gation of the shi|).
'I'lie .situation of master of a ship is so very important, that in some countries no one
can be ap))ointed to it, who has not submitted to an examination by competent persons,
to ascertain his fitness for properly discharging its duties. — (See the fatnous French
Ordonnance of 1681, tit. ii. art. 1. ; and the Ordonnance of the 7th of August, 1825.
The latter specifies the various subjects on wliicli candidates shall be examine<l, and the
mode of conducting the examination. ) But in this country the owners are left to their
own discretion ixs to the skill and honesty of the master ; and although he is bound to
make good any damage that may hap])eu to the ship and cargo by his negligence or
unskil fulness, he cannot be punished fus a criminal for mere incompetence.
No one is qualified to be the master of a IJritish ship, unless he be a natural-born
IJritish subject, or naturalised by act of parliament, or a deni/en by letters of deniza-
tion ; or ha\e become a subject of his IMajesty by con([uest, cession, &c., and have taken
the oatlis of allegiance ; or a foreign seaman who has served 3 years, in time of war, on
board of his Majesty's ships.
" The master is the confidential servant or agent of the owners ; and in conformity
to the rules and maxims of the law of England, the owners (ire hoiuiil to the performance
of every laufiil contruet made hi/ him reliiti'-.: to tliS usual employment of the ship." ^
(Aliboft (late Lord Tenterden) on the Laiv of Shippiiiij, part ii. c. 2.)
From this rule of law, it foll&"»vs that the owners are bound to answer for a breach of
contract, though committed by the master or mariners against their will, and without
their fault. — (-W. ) Nor can the exi)edienty of this rule be doubted. The owners,
by selecting a person as master, hold him f(>''th to the public as worthv of trust a!id
confidence. And in order that this wlcctioa may be made with due can, and tha'i all
opportunities of fraud and collusion mfiy be obviated, it is indispensable that they sIk uld
be made responsible for his acts.
The master has power to hypothecate, or pledge, both ship and cargo for « c'f .ary
repairs executed in foreign ports during the course of the voyage ; but neither "IjC oiiip
nor cargo can be hypothecated for repairs executed at home.
The master has no lien upon the ship for hfs wages, nor for money advanced by him
for stores or repairs. In delivering judgment upon a case of this sort, Lord ?Iansfield
said — " As to wages, there is no particular contract that the ship should be a p'.edge ;
there is no usage in trade to that purpose ; nor any implication from the natur' of the
dealing. On the contrary, the law has always considered the captain as contraciing per-
sonally with the owner ; and the cjtse of the cai t;:',n has, in that respect, been distinguished
'I '%
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79*
MASTER.
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from that of all other perHons belonging to the ship. Thin rule of law may have its
foundntion in policy, for the beiieKt of navigation ; for, as ships may be making profit
and earning every clay, it might he attended with great inconvenience, if, on the change
of a captain for nn'sheliaviour, or any other reason, he should he entitled to keep the ship
till he is paid. Work done for a ship in F-n};laii<l is snpiiosi'd to he done on the per-
stMial credit of the eniployer : in foreign jmrts the captain may hypothecate the ship.
The defendant might have told the tradesman, that he only acted as an agent, and that
they must look to the owner for payment."
The master is hound to employ his whole time and attention in the service of !iis
employers, and is not at liberty to enter into any engagement for his own benefit that
may occupy any portion of his time in other concerns ; and therefore, if he do so, and
the price of such engagement ha]>pen to he paid into the hands of his owners, they may
retain the money, and he cannot recover from them. — (.Ihhott, part ii. c. 4.)
During war, a master should he particularly attentive to the regulations as to sailing
under convoy; for, besides his responsibility to his owners or freighters, he may he pro-
secuted by the ('ourt of Admiralty, .'md fined in any sum not exceeding ,'»(xy., and
imprisoned for any term not exceeding 1 year, if he wilfully disobey the signals, instruc-
tions, or lawfid commands of the commander of the convoy ; or desert it without leave.
— (lU Ci'o.ii. c. 100.)
Wilfully destroying or casting away the ship, or procuring the same to be done by
the master or mariners, to the jjrejudice of the owners, freighters, or insurers ; running
away with the cargo ; and turning pirates ; are capital offences punishable by death. —
(7& 8 Geo. 4. c. '29., and antecedent statutes.)
After the voyage has been commenced, the master must proceed direct to the place
of his destination, without unnecessarily stopping at any intermediate port, or deviating
from the shortest course. No such deviation will be siuictioned, unless it has been occa-
sioned by stress of weather, the want of necessary repair, avoiding enemies or pirates,
succouring of sliijjs in distress, sickness of the master or mariners, or the nnitiny of the
crew. — {Marshall on fnsiirance, hook i. c. 6. § U.) To justify a deviation, the neces-
sity must be real, inevitable, and imperious ; and it must not be ])rolonged one moment
after the necessity has ceased. A deviation without such necessity vitiates all insurances
upon the ship and cargo, and ex|H)ses the owners to an action on the part of the freighters.
If a ship be captured in consequence of deviation, the merchant is entitled to recover
from the owners the prime cost of the goods, with shipping charges ; but he is not en-
titled to more, unless he can show that the goods were enlianced in value beyond the
sum above mentioned.
If a merchant ship has the misfortune to be attacked by pirates or enemies, the master
is bound to do his duty as a man of counige and capacity, and to make the best resistance
that the comparative strength of his ship and crew will allow.
By the common law, the master has authority over all the mariners on board the ship, —
it being their duty to obey his commands in all lawfid matters relating to the navigation
of the ship, and the preservation of good order. But the master should, in all cases,
use his authority with moderation, so as to be the father, not the tyrant, of his crew.
On his return home he may be called upon, by action at law, to answer to a mariner he
has either beat or imprisoned during the course of the voy.ige ; and unless he show
sufficient cause for chastising the mariner, and also that the chastisement wiis reasonable
and moderate, he will be found liable in damages. Should the master strike a mariner
without cause, or use a deadly weapon as an instrument of correction, and death ensue, he
will be found guilty, according to the circumstances of the case, either of manslaughter
or murder. — {Abbott, ))art ii. c. 4.)
The master may by force restrain the commission of great crimes ; but he has no
jurisdiction over the criminal. His business is to secure his person, and to deliver him
over to the proper tribunals on his coming to his own country. — (Sec art. Seamen.)
If by shipwreck, capture, or other unavoidable accident, seamen, subjects of Great
Britain, be found in foreign parts, his Majesty's governors, ministers, consuls, or two or
more British merchants, residing in such parts, may send such seamen honv; in ships of
T7ar, or in merchant ships homeward bound in want of men ; and if such ;-,.i."ps cannot
be found, they may send them home in merchant ships that are fully manned, but no
such merchant ship shall be obliged to take on board more than four such persons for
every 100 tons burthen : and the master, upon arrival, and producing to the Navy
Board a certificate from the governor, minister, consul, &c. where he shipped the men,
and his own affklavit of the time he maintained them, shall receive l.s. 6d. per diem for
all such seamen above his own cotnplement of men. — (5ii Geo. ;i. c. 8.5.) A subsequent
statute (58 Geo . 3. c. 38.) inflicts a penalty of 100/. on any master of a merchant vessel
who shall refuse to take on hoard or bring home any seafaring man, a subject of Gre.tt
Britain, left behind in any foreign country, nj;ion being required to do so by the com-
petent authorities.
MASTIill.
795
I'he niasicr of n sliip turcing any man on shore wlien ubroaili or rcAiHing to bring
hack nuch of tliv men lie carrii-d out with iiim as uro in a condition to return, shall, upon
conviction of such ottl-ncc, be impriijoncd for such tvrni us thu court shall award. —
(9 f'fo. 4. c. III.)
A penalty of Wl. is imposed on every master of a vessel, who, having, on account of
sickness, left any seafaring man at any foreign port or place, shall neglect or refuse to
deliver an account of the wages due, and to pay the same. — (.58 (Jro. M. c. 58.)
The law makes no distinction between carriers l»y land and carriers by water. The
master of a merchant ship is, in the eye of the law, a carrier ; and is, as such, bound to
take reasonable and proper care of the goods committed to his charge, and to convey
them to the place of their destination, burring only the nets of Goil and tint hiii<i'» tnemies.
Every act which may be jirovided iigainst by ordinary care, renders the master respon«
sible. lie would not, for exani|'le, be liable for damage done to goods on board in
consequence of a leak in the ship iK'casioned by the violence of the tem|)est, or other
accident ; but if the leak wen occisioiied by rats, he would be liable, for these might
have been exterminated by ordinary care, as by juitting cats on board, &c. On the
s;nne principle, if the master run tlie ship in fair weather against a rock or shallow
known to exjjcrt mariners, he is respvjiisible. If any injury be done to the cargo by im-
proper or careless stowage, the master will bo liable.
The master must not take on board any contral)and goods, liy which the ship and
other parts of the cargo may be rendered liable to forfeiture or seizure. Neither must
he take on board any false or colourable (lapers, as these might subject the ship to the
risk of capture or detention. IJut it is his duty to procure and keej) on board all the
papers and documents re(|uired for the manifestation of the ship and cargo, by the law
of the countries from and to which the ship is bound, as well as by the law of nations in
general, or by treaties lietween particular states. These papers and documents cannot
be disi)ensed with at any time, and are (|uite essential to the safe navigation of neutral
ships during war. — (See .Siiii-s' I'ai-eus. )
It is customary in bills of lading to insert a clause limiting the responsibility of the
master and owners, as follows;—" Tlw itvt of (,'oil, l/ir kinij'.i eininics, Jirc, iinil tvvry
other danijers and iirciilents of the seas, rirers, and nai'i(/ation, of wluitivvr nature and kind
soever, save risk of boats, us far as sliips are linhh thereto, e.vce])ted." ^\'hen no bill of
lading is signed, the master and owners are bound according to the connnon law.
The most difficult part of the master's duty is when, through the perils of the sea,
the attacks of enemies or pirates, or other imforescen accidents, he is prevented from
completing his voyage. If his own ship have suffered from storms, and cannot be re-
paired within a reasonable time, and if the cargo be of a perishable nature, he is at liliertif
to employ another ship to convey it to the place of destination. He may do the same
if the ship have been wrecked and the cargo saved, or if his own ship be in danger of
sinking, and he can get the cargo transferred to another* ; and in extreme cases be is at
liberty to dispose of the cargo for the benefit of its owners. Hut, to use the words of
Lord Chief Justice Tenterden, " the disposal of the cargo by the master is a matter that
requires the utmost caution on his part. He should always bear in nn'nd that it is his
duty to convey it to the place of destination. This is the purpose for which he has been
intrusted with it, and this purpose he is l)ound to accomplish by every reasonable and
practical method. What, then, is the master to do, if, by any disaster happening in the
course of his voyage, he is unable to cariy the goods to the place of destination, or to
deliver them 'here? To this, as a general cpiestion, I apprehend no answer can be given.
Every case r.. .st depend upon its own peculiar circumstances. The conduct i)roper to
be adopted with respect to perishable goods, will be improper with resjject to a cargo
not perishable : one thing may be fit to be done with fish or fruit, and another with
timber or iron : one method may be proper in distant regions, another in the vicinity of
the merchant ; one in a frequented navigation, anotiier on unfrequented shores. The
wreck of the ship is not necessarily followed by an impossibility of sending forward the
goods, and does not of itself make their sale a measure of necessity or expedience ; much
• The most celcbratwl maritime codes, and the opinions of the ablest writers, have differed considerably
as to these points. According to the Rhndlan law (I'and. 1. 10. ^ 1.) the cajjtain is released from all his en-
gagements, if the ship, by the perils nf the sea, and without any fault on Ins part, b€'Come inciipable of pro-
ceeding on her voyage. The laws of Oleron art. 4.\ and those of Wisby varts. Ifi. ,J7. .'J.O. , say that the
captain may hin- another ship ; harmonising in this respect with the present law of England. 'J'he famous
French ordinance of l(i81 ,tit. Du Frit, art. 1 1.), and the Curie rin Commerce (art. iSWi^, order the captain to
hire another ship ; and if he cannot procure one, freight is to be due only for that jKirt of the voyage
which has been performcnl . pro rata itineris prraeti). Valin has objected to this article, and statj-s that
practically it meant only that the captain must hire another .ship if he woidd earn the whole freight.
Emorigon (torn. i. p \'2X.) holds that the captain, being the agent not only of the owners of the ship, but
also of the shippers of the poo<ls on boiirU, is bound, in the absence ot both, to use his best endeavours to
preserve the goods, and to do whatever, in the circurn-tances, he thinks will mo.^t conduce to the interest
of all concernc<l ; or what it may be presumed the shippers would do. were they present. This, which
seems to be the best and wisest'rule, hiis been laid down by I.ord8 Manstielu and IVnterden, as stated
above, and may be regarded aa the law ol Kngland on this point.
;a
rr;'
u
t'
t .
'I . It
!■
•
1
':r
i 1
it*
ill
•I
Am
796
MASTICH. — xMATE.
!l fi
1 I
less can tliu loss of the season, or of the proper course of the voyage, have this cfl'ecti
An unexpected interdiction of commerce, or a sudden war, may defeat the adventure,
and oblige the ship to stop in her course ; hut neither of these events doth of itself alone
make it necessary to sell the cargo at the place to wliich it may he proper for the ship
to resort. In these and many other cases, tlie master may be discharged of his obliga-
tion to deliver the cargo at the place of destination ; but it does not therefore follow that
he is autliorised to sell it, or ought to do so. Wliat, then, is he to do? In general, it
may be said, he is to do that which a wise and prudent man will think most conducive to the
benefit of all concerned. In so doing, he may expect to be safe, because the merchant
vV\ not have reason to be dissatisfied ; but what this thing will be, no general rules can
teach. Some regard may be allowed to the interest of the ship, and of its owners; but
tlie interest of the cargo must not be sacrificed to it. Trans-shipment for the place of
destination, if it be practicable, is the first object, because that is in furtherance of the
original purpose : if that be impracticable, re»'irn, or a safe uejjjsit, may be expedient.
A disadvantageous sale (and almost every sale by thu master will be disadvantageous) is
the last ihnig he should think of, because it can only be justified by that necessity which
supersedes all human laws." — (Law of Shipping, partiii. c. 3.)
The miLster of a ship is liable for goods of which she is robbed in part ; and the reason,
ns Lord Mansfield stated, is, lest room should be given for collusion, and the master
should get h'mself robI)ed on purpose, in order that he might share in the spoil. The
niiuster is, however, entitled to indemnify himself out of the seamen's wages for losses
occasioned by their neglect.
If any passenger die on board, the master is obliged to take an inventory of his effects ;
and if no claim be made for them within a year, the master becomes proprietor of the
goods, but answerable for them to the deceased's legal representatives. ISedding and
furniture become the property of the master and mate ; but the cl(>*hing must be brought
to tlie mast head, and there appraised and distributed among the jrew.
If a master die, leaving money on board, and the mate, becoming master, improve the
money, he shall, on allowance being made to him for his trouble, account both for interest
and profits.
No master is to proceed on any voyage for parts beyond the seas without previously
coming to an agreement, in writing, with his mariners, for their wages. If he do so, he
sli ,11 forfeit, for every mariner so taken without a written agreement, 5/. — (2 Geo, 2.
f. fJG. §1.)
The master of every vessel is required by the 2 Geo. 2. c. 3(5. to keep a regular account
of the penalties and forfeitures due to Greenwich Hospital in consequence of thy
mariners' disobedience, to deduct the same from their wages, and to pay the amount
thereof to the collector of the Greenwich Hospital duty, within 3 months after such de-
duction, upon pain of forfeiting t' .'hie the value thereof to the use of the said hospital.
Masters of vessels laden with coals are directed by 6" Geo. 4. c. 107. § liiO. to produce
to any officer of customs demanding its production, a copy of the certificate originally
<lolivered to them by the fitters or vendors, and to deliver the certificate to the collector
or comptroller of the ].ort to which the coals are "arried.
For the duty of the master, as respects Custom-house regulations, see the articles Im-
rouTATioN AND Exi'OH rATios, QuAUA' .iNE, SMUGGLING, &c. ; and for a further dis-
cussion of this importu.it subject, see the excellent work of Lord Tenterden on the Law
of Sliipfiing, part iii. c. 3. &.C. ; Chitty on Commercial Law, vol. iii. c. 8. &c. ; and the
tirticles CuAiiTEitPAUTV, Fkeigmt, &c. in this Dictionary.
MASTI'^I, on MASTIC (Ger. Mastix ; Du. Mastik ; Fr. Mastic; It. Mastice ;
S|). Almastica, Almaciga ; Arab. Ardh), This resinous subsiance is the produce of the
Pistncia lentiscits, a native <.r the Levant, and particularly abundant in the island of
Chios. It is "'.tainod by making transverse incisions in the trunks and branches of the
trees, whence the mastic slowly exudes. About 1,500 cwt. are ammally exported from
Ciiios, part of which is brought to this country, packed in chests. The best is in the
form of dry, brittle, yellowish, transparent tears ; it is nearly inodorous, except when
heated, and then it has an agreeable odour ; chewed, it is almost insipid, feeling at first
gritty, and ultimately soft ; its virtues are trifling. — (Ainslie's Materia Indica ; Thomson's
Uisprnsatori/, )
MATE, in a merchant ship, the deputy of the master, taking in his absence the com-
mand. There are sometimes only 1, and sometimes 2, 3, or 4 mates in a merchantman,
according to her size; denominated 1st, 2d, 3d, &c. males. The law, however, recog-
nises only 2 descriptions of persons in a merchantman — the master and mariners; the
mates being included in the latter, and the cajitain being responsible for their pro-
ceedings.
In men-of-war, the officers iiiiineiliately subordinate to the captain are called lieu-
tenants. Hut the muster, or officer whose peculiar duty it is to take charge of the
navigalictn of tlio ship, has lerliiiii mates under him, selected from the midshipmen. The
MATS. — MEDITERRANEAN PASS.
797
this cflect.
adventure,
itself alone
[>r the ship
his obliga-
foUow that
general, it
liicioe to the
e merchant
al rules can
wners; but
lie place of
ance of the
expedient.
[tageous) is
issity wliich
the reason,
the master
poil. The
s for losses
his effects ;
etor of the
cdding and
be brought
mprove the
for interest
pjcviously
le do so. he
(2 Geo. 2.
lar account
nee of th;;
:he amount
:er such de-
hospital,
to produce
i originally
he collector
irticlcs Im-
urthcr dis-
on the Law
. ; and the
t. Mastice ;
[luce of the
e island of
dies of tlic
orted from
?st is in file
xcL'pt wliL-n
ling at first
ce the coin-
rchantiniin,
ver, recog-
riners; the
their pro-
:a11ed lieu,
irgc of the
men. The
boatswain, gunner, carpenter, &c. have each their mates or deputies, taken from the
crew.
The officers subordinate to the commander in the ships belonging to the East India
Company, were called 1st, 2d, 3d, &c. officers. East Indiamen had no sailing masters,
the commanders performing that duty. — ( Falconer's Marine Dictionar;/, Sfc. )
MATS (Du. Matfen; ¥r. Nattes ; Ger. Matten j It. Stuoje, Sfoje ,' Vort. Estelras ;
Rus. Progoshhi ; Sp. Esteras), textures composed, for the most i)art, of flags, reeds,
the bark of trees, rushes, grass, rattans, old ropes, &c. In this coimtry mats are used
for a great variety of purposes. The coarser sort are very largely employed in the
packing of furniture and goods ; in the stowage of corn and various other articles on
board shij) ; in horticultural operations ; in covering the floors of churches and other
public buildings, &c. ; the finer sorts are principally employed in covering the floors of
private houses.
In Europe mats are principally manufactured for sale in Russia, where they are pro-
duced in immense quantities, forming an article of very considerable value and im-
portance. They are partly formed of flags ; but principally of the inner bark of tlio
lime or linden tree, the latter being known in this country by the name of liant mats.
The Russian peasants manufacture this sort of mfiterial into shoes; and in consequence
of the vast quantity of matting mside use of in this way, and in shipments abroad, the
destruction of the linden tree is immense ; though, as it grows rajjidly, there is ])ro-
bably less risk of its exhaustion than Mr. Tooke seems to have supposed. — ( Vii'w of
Russir, vol. iii. p. 262.) In 18;?2 above 840,000 pieces of mat were exported from
Archangel only ; and in addition to this there is a very considerable exportation from
Petersburgh, Riga, and other ports. Russian mats fetch at present (.Taniiary, 1834), in
the London market, 41. 10s. per 100, duty ( 1 /. 3((. Oil. the 100) included. Mats not
otherwise enmncrated or described are subject to a duty of 20 per cent, ad i-alorem.
Various descriptions of reed mats are extensively manufactured in Spain and Portugal ;
some of them being very beautifully varied. In Spain large quantities of matting are
made of the esparto rush. — (Sec Esparto.)
Rush floor mats, and rattan table mats of a very superior description are brought
from (?hina. Tliey should be chosen clean, of a bright clear colour, and should, wlien
packed; be thori'iighly dry.
The mats of the Japanese arc soft and elastic, serving them both for carpets and beds ;
they .ire made of a peculiar species of rush cultivated for the pur])ose.
The bags in which sugar is imported from the Mauritius consist of matting formed of
the leaves of a tree growing in the island, interwoven in broad strips. They are very
strong and durable, and may be washed and cleaned without sustaining any injury.
Being imported in large quantities, they are sold very cheap. — (Besides Tooke's Hiissia,
already referred to, see Mill)urii''s Oriental Commerce, and the valuable little work en-
titled reyetable Substances, Materials of Maniifacturcs, published by the Society for the
DiflTusion of Useful Knowledge, pp. 11 G — 123.)
It is j)robablc that mats formed the first sort of wove fabrics produced by man ; and
it is worthy of remark that but few savage tribes have been discovered tliat have not
attained to considerable eminence in their manufacture. On tlie coast of Guinea and
other places on the west of Africa, pieces of fine mat, about a yard long, and of a pretty
imiform texture, were denominated makkttte.s, and formed a sort of money ; tlie value of
commodities being rated and estimated in them ! — (Morellet, Prospectus il'iin Dictiannairc
de Commerce, p. 122.) They enjoyed this distinction, no doubt, from their utility, and
the great care and labour bestowed on their i)reparation. There is hardly an island in
the South Seas in which the natives have not acquired great skill and dexteiity in the
making of mats. The finer sorts consist, generally, of dyed reeds or grass ; and have
a very brilliant appearance.
MAURITIUS. See Port Louis.
MEAD, OR METHEGLIN (Ger. Meht, Meth ; Du. Meede, Meedrnnh ; Fr. Hy-
iromel ; It. Idromek ; Rus. Lipez), the ancient, and for a long time, the favourite drink
of the northern nations. It is a preparation of honey and water. Manufacturers of
mead for sale must take out an annual licence.
MEAL (Ger. Mehl ; Du. Meel ; Fr. and It. Farine ; Sp. Farina i Rus. Miilia ;
Lat. Farina), the edible part of wheat, oats, rye, barley, and pulse of difl'erent kinds,
groimd into a species of coarse flour.
MEDALS, arc pieces of metal, generally in the form of a coin, and impressed with
some peculiar stamp, intended to commemorate some individual or action. Medals arc
of very different prices — varying according to their rarity and preservation, the fineness
of the metal, the beauty of the workmanship, &c.
MEDITERRANEAN PASS. The nature of this sort of instrument has been
described by Mr. Reeves, in his Treatise on the Law of Shippinij, as follows : —
" In the treaties that have !)cen made with the Barlmry states, it has been agreed, that
'I
I m
Ph
Uw
i t;
I,
•l'T»t-
1 1.
1.-..,
798
MEMEL.
I'fl
P>4
I I
;?:
the subjects of the King of Great Drituin should pass the seas unmolested by the cruisers
of those states; and for better aseertaininjr what ships and vessels belong to British
subjects, it is provided that they shall |)rodiice n pass, under the hand and seal of the
Lord High Admiral, or the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. In pursuance of
these treaties, passes are made out at the Admiralty, coiitnining a very few words, written
on parchment, with ornaments at the top, through wIulIi a scolloped indenture is made ■
the tcollopeii tops are sent to IJarhary ; and being put in possession of their cruisers, the
commanders are instructed to suffer all persons to pass who have passes that will fit these
scolloped tops. Tlie protection atfurded by these passes is such, that no shijis, which
traverse the seas frequented by these rovers, ever fail to furnish themselves with them,
whether in the trade to the East Indies, the lA>vant, Spain, Italy, or any part of the
Mediterranean; and from the more particular need of them in tli'j latter, they, no doubt,
obtained the name of Mi'ditcrranciin pasuvs. For the acconnnodation of merchants in
distant parts, blank passes, signed by the Lords of the Admiralty, are lodged with tlie
governors abroad, and with tiie Hritish consids, to be granted t<» those who comply with
the reijuisites necessary for obtaining them. As this piece of security is tierived wholly
from tile stipulations made by the crown with a foreign power, the entire regulation and
management of it has been under the direction of his Alajesty, who, with tlie advice of
his privy council, has prescribed the terms and conditions on which these passes shall be
granted. Among others are the following: — They are to be granted for none but
liritish-built sliii)s, or ships made free, navigated with a master and ^tlis of the ma-
riners Hritish subjects, or foreign jjrotestants made denizens. IJond is to be given in the
sum of ;J()0/. if tlie vessel is under l(K) tons, and in .'JOO/. if it is of that or more, for
delivering up the pass within 12 months, unless in the case of ships trading from one
foreign port to another ; and such jiasses need not be returned in less than ;j years.
*' It has been found expedient, at the conclusion of a war, and sometimes during a
peace, to recal and cancel all passes that have been issued, and to issue others in a new
form. This has been done for 2 reasons. 1st, That these useful instruments, by various
means, either accJtiental or fraudulent, came into the hands of foreigners, who, under
cover of them, carried on in security a trade which otherwise would belong to British
subjects, and wliieb had been purchased by the crown, at the expense of keeping u)) tiiis
sort of alliance. 'Jdly, That the IJarbary states complained, that, adhering to the rule
of fitting the other part of the indenture to the passes, they were obliged to sufler ships
to pass that did not belong to British subjects,"
The act 'i'^ (ieo.3. c. 1 13. m:»kcs tlit' fitr^inH of a I\lt><li(er-
ranean |t.iss tt-lunv withmit luMu-lii of flrr^v. 'i'lif '.* (itti. *!.
€• ?(>• enat-ls, thai nn MLxliti'rritncaii li.iv-. sivill he IshiukI fur
tlt« benefit of An> ihtkoii as living an innahitant of .Malta or of
Ciihriltar. hur not l«inK a iK>r.ioii entitlei! •ul.van owner of a
British re^isleretl Khi)i. inues.'i such person shall liave resided
at Malta or (iihrall.tr, rirs|ii'Ctivelv, upward:, of l.^> >ean> pre-
Tiousl; to the lUlh of Octulier, IS'^r.
Mediterranean iwissos are either ffranteil for 1 voyage, or ar
attached to the ship's certllii ate of reKistry, and are in forces
are
^ _ , _ so
lone as the said cerlilicate. A stamp ilulv lif it. is charj-iil on
I each p iss s<i IviUed. When issued in the' colonies, Ihev con-
j tiuuf in (tirce for Vl nioidhs to colonial ship., and for 1 vo.aiie
to Itrilish ships sunilietl with them. The duly on such passei
is bt. — We suhjoin
An Account of the Amount paid by .Ships for the Mediterranean Pass ; .<itatiMR the Number of Pa-iscs
granted, the aKtire^ate Amount ret-oivixl in the Years 18'.'8-<), and to what I'lu-po.se the same was
applied. — {Pari, fu/fr. No. loii. Sess. 18.J().)
No. of Passes.
3U
son
no
For what Time in Force.
Stamp Duty
on each.
ARifrenatc
CharKc oil
each.
IKiS.
One voyai(e - - - . ,
Auach'ed to the ship's certiflcate of registry, and In force no
liinK as the said certificate
Issued in th" colonies, and in force for 1'^ months to colonial
sliips, and fjr 1 voyage to Hritish ships supplied with them
1S2!I.
One voyage - ...
Attaclied to the ship's certificate of ref(istry, and In force so '
lonv as the said certiticale
Issued in the colonies, and in force for IS months lo colon. al
■hitw, and for 1 voyage to Urillih ships supplied with them
•i U
■i O
:. f)
/.. ». rf.
2 10 (I
.') i (I
'i ()
Deduct stamp duties
S n
•i (I
(I ,'i (I
S 10
5 ,')
4
Total.
/.. «.
550
l,7il5 10
400
d.
•i.'i', 10
1.17 1
I)
1,.')71 10
1
510
1,7.'52 10
son
Deduct stamp ilutles
/,.
•i,'\-i 10 I)
i,ot:'^ 10
l.liN'l O O
The forepoiuR fees for Mcliti^rranean passi-.s, nftor dethirtiiiR the sums paid for stamps have licen
•pplied, as all other lees are, in aid of the sum voted on the navy estimate for the continRent exnensfs of
the Admir<ilty Office. '
MEMEL, a commercial town of East Pru.ssia, in lat. 55° 41' 42^ N., Ion. 21° 8' 14"
E. Population 8,.';00. INIemel is situated on the north-east sitle of the greatbav, de-
nominated the Cnrrhche Haf, near its junction with the Baltic. It is, eonsequentiv, the
principal entrepot of the country traversed by the Nicinen, and as such enjovs a lirefty
extensive commerce.
Total.
/.. t.
5.'K)
7!tt 10
401)
U
71'. 1(1
171
(1
1)
'.71 1(1
<1|
.10
U
.14 10
.00
IV 10
li'i 10
1)
MERCUHY.
799
Harbour. — Tlic harbour of Mcnicl It large and safcj but the bar at the mouth of the Currischr Haf
has aeldom more than 17 feet water, and Kometimea not more than I.') or 14 I'eet ; so th«t ships druwiiig
more than l(i feet water are iVctjuently obliged to load and unload a part of their cargoes in the roails,
where the anchorage is l)Ut inditierent, particularly when the wind is N. or N.W. A li^'ht-liousc, ori-
ginally Tri, but now KH) feet in height, has been erectcil on the N.K. side of the entrance to tlie harbour.
i'he hght, which is fixed and powerful, luay be dJKtinguished in clear weather at more th<in iH) miles dit.
tance. The outer buoy lies in l\ fathoms water, about a mile without the light-house, which bears from
it 8.K. bv K I K. Tile channel tlience to the harbour is marked by white buoys on tlie nortli, ami red oit
the aoiith side Three beacons to the north of the town, when brought into aline, lead directly into the
harbour. Inasmuch, however, as the channel is subject to frequent changes, both in dejith and diriK-tion,
it is always prudent, on arriving at the outer buoy, to heuve to lor a pilot ; but this is not obligatory ; and
the Prussian authorities have issuetl directions for 8lii))s entering without a pilot, which may be found
In Mr. Norie's Sailing Dirrcliuns /or the Cutlrgnt and Hiiltic, p. Sii.
TVat/c. — 1 iiiiber terms the principal articie of export; for though that of Dantzic be considered
better, it is generally cheaper, and almost always uiore abundant, at Alemel. It comes principally Iroin
the estates of t'rince Kadzivil, and is Moated down the river in rafts. Mere, a* at Dantzic, the best qua-
lity of all sorts of wood articles is called krohn, or crown, the 'M brack, and the Sd bracks //rack. I.aige
quantities of hemp and flax are also cx|K)rted, us are bristles. Hides, linseed Uhe finest for crushing brought
to England), wax, jiitch and tar, &c. i he exports of grain arc sometimes Very considerable, i he wlitat
of Lithuania is reckoned the best. All flax and hemp shippetl from Memel must be bracked, or assoited
by sworn selectors. — tSk-e Flax, and Hemc.) 'I'he import* consi.it principally of coflce, sugar, spices, (,y»
woods, tob.-icco, rum, cotton stuH.'i and yarn, cutlery, wine, &c. Mtitliantsat Memel generally semi thiir
bills to K<>nit;sberg to be sold, charging their correspondents u ith 1 per cent, for bank commis.sion, ).os'aj.;f.s,
&c. 'i'he navigation generally closes about tlie latter end of Uecember, and ojiens about the middle of
March.
Notwithstanding the difl^icuUies which our corn laws and timber duties throw in the way of our com-
merce with Prussia, we have a very extensive intercourse with Memel. Our imports con.<i>t priiicij'ally
of fir timber, and the sliips that go out are mostly only partially loaded, or in ballast. \Ve subjoin an
Account of the Ships entering and clearing out from Memel in ISW, distinguishing those belonging to
each Country, and those that entered and cleared out in liallast.
Flagi.
Ships.
LasU.
Load'jd. 1 In IlalU-t.
Shi|H.
Last.',. 1 Ships.
Lasts.
Danish . . - inward
outw-ard
MerklenliurKh - . . inward
outward
Russian .... inward
outward
Swedish - • • - inward
outward
Norwegian - • • inward
outwanl
Britisll . ... inward
outward
Hanoverian • - - inward
outward
Oldrnburgh - - - inward
outward
Netherlands - - • uiward
outward
FruMinn • - • inward
outward
Total • .
it
'i\
^
3
.•>
.',
5
.',!!
,V,ll
3.1.1
3.')
3:>
II
II
3'i
yi
«I3
1,744
.331
3.-1
i;k
172
.'ill
.'.14
l.'.l'.ll
1,'.l!»l
43,2112
43,2.3(i
2,il4
2,314
617
.'.17
2,28(i
a,2Sf.
2K,2.'i4
2S,2(i4
21
2
3
4
.'i
2
3
21
.Tfl
2H
3.33
10
3,'.
3
14
,')
32
.VJ
212
.'.11
1,722
21.'.
3'.M
l.Olli
l,!l!ll
3.HI1
4.-.,2r,«
4 Hi
2,31 1
lliO
■'.17
2.'il
2,2Mi
-,'.l!l
2S,227
I'»
1 !
I
3
2
1.'.
3U2
a.'j
11
27
1.'.3
1
1,203
in;
41
S'M
1.0
'jV'
.39,4.'.l
l.s'js
417
S,li3'i
20.71'.'.
37
1,3U7
162,K22
841
U.'j.KH)
,'.,'.«
(.7. 4 '22
The Monies, H'eiehfs, and Measures of Memel are the same as those of Dantzic ; which see.
For further particulars see Oririy's European Comtnercc, pp. 2'.'0— i^2't ; Coulicr sur les Phares i
Ferber's New C ntribvtions to a Kruivledi!,e oj the Commercial State (if the Prtissian Monarchy [Uetm.],
Berlin, 1832 ; Jacob's I'trst Report un the Agriculture <{/" the North ({f' Europe, Sjc.
MERCURY, OR QUICKSILVER (Fr. Vif argent ; Ger. Qutcksilber ; It. Ar-
gento rivo ; Sp. Azni/vc ; Riis. litut ; l^at. Hydrargyrum ; Arab. Zihuk/i ; Hind. P«r«A ,-
Sans. Puraiia). This metal was known in the remotest nges, and seems to have been
employed hy the ancients in gilding, and separating gold from other bodies, just as it is
by the moderns. Its colour is whif>, and similar to tliat of silver ; hence the names of
hydrargyrum, argentum vivum, qniclisilrer, by which it has been known in all ages. It
has no taste or smell. It poK.sesses a good deal of brilliancy ; and when its surface is
not tarnished, it makes a very good mirror. Its specific gravity is \n-56H. It differs
from all other metals in being always fluid, unless when subjected to a degree of cold
equal to — .S9", when it becomes solid. The congelation of mercury was first observed
in 1 T59. — ( Thomson's Chemistry. )
Mercury is found in various parts of the world. Among the principal mines are those of Almaden,
near Cordova, in Spain ; Idria, in Carnolia ; Wolfstein and Morsfleld, in the Palatinate; fiuaiicavelica,
in Peru, &c. " Most of the ores of mercury are readily distinguishtMl from those of any other metal ; in
the 1st variety, globules of the metal are seen attachinl to or just starting on the surface, which is at once
a sufficient criterion, mercury being unlike every other metal ; in the 2d, by the tine white colour, and
the action of the blow.pii>e, which sublimes the mercury and leaves the silver behind : the .Sd, by its leau-
tif\il deep red tint, varving from ciK-hineal to scariet red, excepting in those ternuHl hepatic cinnabar;,
which are general'.y ol'^a lead grey; the 4th, by its grey colour, its |)artial solubility in water, and its
complete volatilisation by heat, emitting at the same time an arsenical (ulour. Before the hlow-pipe, these
varieties burn with a blue flame and sulphurous otiour, leaving more or less residue behind them, and
which may consist of earthy matter, as silux and alumina, together with the oxides of iron and copper."—
(Joyce's Chevi. Min.)
Mercury is often adulterated by the admixture of lead, bismuth, zinc, and tin. When the met.tl quickly
loses its lustre, is covered with a film, or is li>8s fluid and mobile than usual, or does not readily divide into
round globules, there is reason to susiiect its purity.
It is stated by Or. A. T. Thomson, in his Dispensatory — n work generally distinguished for its accuracy
^that most of the mercury used in this country is brought ft-om Germany. But whatever may have
been the cm* formerly, this is not certainly true at prcaent. On thecontrary, of ol4,S8(; lb*, of quicktilvei
u
V:
■K
K
ill
if"
d ■
f
a * *. (j
t. »'!
■ \' n
1 '
J
!•
I hi
.1
l'r'>'
' ! 1
d ■
¥\
i
I'llil!
FU nj ^^XBOt
800
MILE. — MILL. STONES.
H
<^ '
.(
imnortcti in IS.'Jl, none was bronglit fVom Germany j 2r)!t,558 lbs. were brouglit direct from Spain, and
13,714 lbs. from Gibraltar; of the latter, a jiart was derived from Carniola, and a part from Spain :
31,014 lbs. were brought from Italy. Only iyiJ,;310 lbs. were retained for home eonsuniption in 1831.—
(Pari. Paper, No. 5,50. Sess. 18.J.3.)
Quicksilver is producctl in several of the provinces of China. During the war, when the intercourse be-
tween Europe and America was interrupte<t, the price of quicksilver rose to such a height in the latter,
that it answered to import it from China, hut since the iicacc it has been regularly exported to the latter.
At an average of the 14 years ending with I8'28, the imports of ipiicksilver by the Kiiglish and Americans
into Canton amounted to r>48,085 lbs. a year, worth 34(),2ti'2 jlollars. — (l.urils' Hcport of IH-Jl, p. (if)?.)
There are 2 sul)>hurets of mercury ; the black or it/tiapn minrral, and the red or cinnahar. When
mercury and sulphur are triturated together in a mortar, tlie former gradually disappears, and the whole
assumes the form of a black jwwder, denominated ethiops mineral. If this |)owdcr l)e lieato<l re<l-hot, it
Aublimes ; and on a proper vessel being placeil to receive it, a cake is obtained, of a fine retl colour, wiiicli
is called cinnabar. This cake, when reduced to powder, is well known in commerce by the name of vcr~
mi/ion. Cinnabar may be prepared in various other ways.
Calomel, or protochloride of mercury (mrrrurius (lulcis), is the most useful of all the prejiarations
bbtaine<i from it It is in the form of a dull white, semi-transjiarent mass, having a S))ccific gravity of
7-17(>. It is more generally employed, and with better efl'ect, than almost any other remetly in the whole
range of the materia medica.
Besides its uses in medicine, mercury is extensively employed in the amalgamation of the noble metals,
in watcr.gilding, the making of vermilion, the silvering of looking-glasses, the making of barometers and
thermometers, &c.
MILE, the usual measure of roads in England, being 8 furlongs, or 1,7G0 yard.s.
MIIiK (Fr. Lait ; It. Latte ; Lat. Lac), a fluid secreted by the female of all those
finimals denominated mammalia, and evidently intended for the nourishment of her oil-
spring. The milk of every animal has certain peculiarities which distinguish it from all
other milk. liut the animal whose milk is most used by man, and with which, con-
secjuently, we are best acquainted, is the cow. The external character of all milk is that
of a white opacjue fluid, having a sweetish tJiste, and a s])ecific gravity somewhat greater
than that of water. When allowed to remain at rest, it sejjarates into 2 parts ; a thick
whitish fluid called cream, collecting in a thin stratmn over its surface, and a more dense
watery body, remaining below. Milk which has stood for some time after the .separation
of the cream, becomes acescent, and then coagulates. When tlie coagulum is pre.s.sed
gently, n serous fluid is forced out, and there rcmciins the caseous part of the milk, or
pure cheese.
IJutter, one of the most valuable animal products, is solidified cream, and is obtained
artificially by churning. — (See Uuttkr. )
Milk has always been a favourite food of most European nations, and especially of tlic
British. Lacte ct curiie invunt, says Ca;.sar of our ancestors; and the same articles still
continue to form a large part of our subsistence. Mr. Middleton estimates (Atjriciiltiinil
Sitrrei/ of Midi/lcsrj.; 'Jd ed. p. 'Hi).), that, in 1806, no fewer than 8,500 niilch cows
were kept for the supply of London and its environs with milk and cream ; and he
estimates the averayv quantity of milk obtained from each cow at nine quarts a day, or
3,^85 quarts a year, leaving, every deduction being taken into account, 3,'JOO quarts of
marketable produce.
If Mr. Middleton be well founded in these cstimiitos, we may reasonably calculate the
number of cows that are at present kept in London and its environs at 9,000, and their
annual produce at '28,8(X),Ot)0 quarts of milk. Now, as milk is sold by the retailers at
4rf. a quart after the cream is separated from it, and as the cream is usually sold at ;?.v.
a quart, and there is reascm to suspect that a good deal of water is intermixed with the
milk, we believe we should not be warranted in estimating that the milk, as obtained
from the cow, is sold at less than 6d. a quart, which gives 720,000/. as the total price
of the milk cimsumed in the city and its immediate vicinity. If to this sum were
added the further sums paid for cheese and butter, the magnitude of the entire sum
paid in the metropolis for milk, and the various products derived from it, woidd appear
astonishing.
INIILLET (Ger. Hirsc ; Fr. Millet, Mil; It. Mitjlio, Panimstrclln ; Sp. Mijo ; Lat.
Milium, Paiiicmn miliuceum). There are 3 distinct species of millet ; the Polish millet,
the common or Germiin millet, and the Indian millet. It is cultivated as a sjjecies of
grain ; and is sometimes employed to feed poultry, and as a substitute for rice. The
Indian millet grows to a large size ; but the autumns in England are seldom dry and
warm enough to allow of its being cultivated here. — (I.oinlou's Eticij. of Agriculture.)
MILL-STONES (Ger. MUhlsteiiie ; Fr. Pierres mculicres ; It. Mole macine ; S|).
Mucins de molino ; litis. Schernowoi kntncn), the large circular stones, which, when jxit
in motion by machinery, grind corn and other articles. The diameter of common mill-
stones is from 5 to 7 feet, and their thickness varies from 12 to 18 inches. These stones
have been principally imported ft-om Iloucn and other parts of France ; the burr-stones
of that country being supposed more durable than our own. Mill-stones are, however,
found at Conway, in North Wales, and in some i)arts of Scotland, which are said to equal
any imported from foreign countries. Giwd mill-stones usually last fj.'j or 40 years.
" Milo," says Mr. Urquh.irt, " abounds in admirable mill-stones, which I believe answer Iwtter than the
French burr for the hard wheat of the HIack Sea, so much preferred in the I.*vant to the sort, thouKh
not to In England, for want of proper stones. These stones, of full dimensions, might be shipped at Milo
•r than the
though
MINING COMPANIES.
801
Cor '/. or (i/. tlic pair. Hut were tlioy broii; lit hero, they woii'il be i!iet with a duty of 11/. 8,v. the pair,
wherea.-; I'reiirh liurrs, a pairol' whieh eo-t .V., pay hut Id.v. the Kill." — CJ'iirAri/ unit i/s /{ifinirccs, p. IKi.)
'I'his e\tra()r.linary tlilU'reiici' hi llie (Uily ilcpeiwls on the slimes lieiUK under or over + feet diameter.
.Surely, however, if a duty nuii-t he l.iid on .sueh an aitiele as niilkslones, eommou sense would suggest
tli.il it should he eharged aeeonliiij; to their wei;;lit or euhieal eontents. Were it not for the absurd way
ill which it is imposed, it is proliable tliat stones from Milo might he brought home as ballast in some of
the 'J'urkey ships, all of which, except those loadeil with eiirraiits and grain, are light.
MINING COMl'.VNIES. IJy this designation is commonly meant the a.ssoci-
ations formed in Lundun, a few years ago, for working mines in iMexico and Soutli
America.
Tlie mniiiit for mining concerns, wliicli raged in London and tlie emi)ire generally in
ISli'l and IH'J,), after tlie opening of ^Mexico and other jiarts of S])anish America to our
intercourse, forms a remarkable, and, we are sorry to add, disgraceful era in our
connnereial history. Now that the madness is past, we have difficulty in conceiving
how men in the liahit of sober calci'lation coidd be led to entertain such romantic
expectations, and to pay such high premiums for shares in dislant and uncertain imder-
fakings. We may, therefore, be excused for approjiriating a page or two to the history
of an infatuation hardly second to that which led to the South Sea and Mississippi
schemes.
The mining coinpanies formed at the outset had some sort of ba.sis for favourable
exi)ectations, their ilirectors having made contracts for a nmnber of mines in Mexico,
described by Humboldt as having enriched many hmidred families. This particidarly
ap]tlies to the Ileal del Monte C'ompany, whose mines are situated in the mountainous
district of tliat name; to the Anglo-3Iexican Comi)any, wliose mines are at Guanaxuato,
the principal mining quarter in Mexico; and to the L'nited Mexican Company, whose
contracts, though far too widely spread, comprise several valuable mines at Zacateca.s,
Sombrerete, Guanaxuato, and other parts.
These associations were formed in I>ondon early in IS'Jl, and during the spring and
summer of that year their stock or shares bore oidy a small preniiiun ; but towards the
winter it began jirogressively to ri.se, to the surprise of several of the directors; seeing
that it arose less from any favourable intelligence of the mines (for the accounts from
Mexico merely reported the arrival of the I'^iiglish agents) tlian from a blind ardour and
spirit of speculation in the jjublic, — a sjiirit which, scing nothing tempting in our own
funds, or in those of continental Europe, directed itself lo dislant objects, and particidarly
to Spanish America. It appeared as if our coimtrymcn were about to reap an immediate
harvest; to lay their hands on a treasiu-e hid for age.^. America, it was said, hatl been
discovered, in one sense, above ;3 centiuies; but tlis was the true discovery, — the
eHeetual access to its resources. Every new contract for a IMexican mine produced a
rise in the shares of the companies, as if this fresh mulcrtaking must necessarily be a
source of profit to the others! And the residt was, that in January, 18'i5, the premium
on the shares of each of the eomjjanies mentioned above exceeded cent, per cent.,
although no substantial reason could be given for any advance whatever. It nuist not,
however, l)e imagined that this rise of jirice was occasioned solely by the coin])etition of
individuals who intended to continue to hold stock, and to trust to the dividends made
by the companies for a return. That this wiLs the case in the first instance, is, speaking
generally, true. IJut others, actuated by very dilT'erent views, speedily entered the field.
A peculiar combination of circumstances, at the head of which must be placed an almost
incredible degree of ignorance and folly on the part of a considerable portion of the
public, spread a spirit of gambling ainong all classes. jMany who were most eager in
the pursuit of shares, intended only to hold them for a few days or weeks, to profit by
the rise which they anticijjated woidd take place, by selling them to others more
credidous or bold than themselves. The confidence of one set of specidators confirmed
that of others. Meanwhile the public gidlibility, or rather its indiscriminating rapacity,
was liberally administered to. Company after company was formed without any previous
contract ; in other words, without any finindation whatever ! The plan was to fix on a
district in America understood to contain mines; to form a company bearing the name
of such district; to obtain a first payment from the shareholders, and to send out agents,
or commissioners, as they were termed, to survey the district and engage mines. Such
was the case of most of those having Vhe names of districts in South America, sidijoiiied
to the present statetiient : it was the case also of the llispaniola or St. Domingo Com-
pany, formed on the basis of accounts given by Ur. Robertson of mines wrought in
that island some 3 ccntin'ies ago ! And yet lawyers, clergymen, and even the nobles of
the land, were candidates for shares in these miserable bubliles, in the hope of finding
(in which, luckily, most of them were disappointed) some dupe to buy their shares at a
premium.*
•
• Those who may be desirous of seeing the extent to which the public credulity was practised upon in
1824 and 1H2.';, may consult a pamphlet published by H. Kiiglish, broker, in IS'J", which eontains an
account of all the joint stock companies formed and projected in these memorable years. It presents a
:» I'
V
i
I
i, *
•; !
\ llj:
Ifm
III
I !
jili
•f
> i
II !
I ;
u
W
If
]l '
i
802
MINING COM I'ANI ES.
As the year 1825 procuudud, the minui}^ inaiiia frradiially dt'clincd, not from any
falling off' in the prospects of the companies, but in tlie supply of money in London.
Speculative merchants liad made immense importations of cotton, silk, wool, timl)er, and
other articles; money was, of course, wanted to pay for tliese; tlie banks were drained;
discounts became dilHcult; mining sliares and South American stock were brought to
sale ; and the holders found, to their cost, that the jmblic had recovered its senses. Tlie
panic in December, \S'J5, took place; the shares of the ;} princii)al companies, some of
which had been at a premium of .'jOO per cent., fell to par : that is, 100/. in money, and
no more, could be got for 100/. of the company's stock ! This price they maintained a
considerable time, because most of the parties interestetl continued to have a favourable
impression of the issue of their undertakings. Demands, however, were made for
additional sums to meet the expenditure abroad : the shareholders felt all the pressure of
tliese demands, fifter their incomes at home had been reduced by the change of times;
and in 18^6 and 1827 mining shares i)rogressively dec! i tied, so tliat 100/. stock fetched
only 'Ml. or '251. in money. The bubljle companies were entirely destroyed, and the few
only remained who had some foundation to stand upon.
Even these would have been relinipiished, or have shrunk into very small dimensions,
had not the directors been able to enforce further payments, by forfeiting, in default of
such, whatever had been previously paid by the subscribers. The usage was, that on
becoming a shareholder each jjcrson subscribed the deed of the company, er.gaging to
pay, vjien called on, such instalments or sums to account (generally 10/. on each share)
as should be required by the directors, until he had completed payment of the 100/.
Now, a shareholder who had advanced 50/. or fiO/. naturally consented to pay 10/. from
time to time, rather than incur the forfeiture of all that he had paid. Those who held
only a few shares felt this in a less degree ; but to the holders of a number of shares, the
grievance was most serious. They raised the money with great ditHculty ; often selling
at a heavy loss their family proi)erty, or prevailing on relations to make them advances,
to their great inconvenience, and, as far as can yet be seen, with very little prospect of a
return from the mines ; — a memorable lesson of the caution that should be exercised
before signing any engagement in the nature of a company deed. Resentment would
be excited against the directors, had they not been, in general, the heaviest sufferers :
their regulations required them to hold a certain number of shares (perhaps 20 or 30);
but in their blind confidence they frequently held 200 or ,'500, and drew on themselves
a proportionate sacrifice ; in several cases, the loss of their whole property.
The managers of the companies formed in tlie outset are chargeable with ignorance
only : they trespassed not knowingly, but from want of information. There had till
then been little communication between this country and Spanish America; the mono-
poly enforced by Old Spain having jjrevented it. Of the Spaniards settled in Mexico,
and driven from it by the civil wars and consequent emancipation of the country, none,
or almost none, found their way to this country; they repaired to Cuba, to the south of
J'rance, or to Spain. Nor were the published accounts of the country entitled to much
confidence: Humboldt's Travels formed the chief authority ; but their illustrious author,
though generally cautious, seems, in this instance, to have placed too much confidence in
vague exaggerated statements. Our merchants knew generaily that silver mines formed
a main branch of the productive industry of Mexico, and had enriched very many
families originally in humble circumstances; but they had no idea of the extent of
injury sustained by the mines during the civil war, nor of the amount of expenditure
required to bring them into a working state : nor were they aware how little useful in-
formation could be expected from the natives ; the working of the mines, like every
operation recjuiring skill and intelligence, having been superintended by natives of Old
Spain, who had either fallen in the civil war, or been expelled after the Mexicans
succeeded in the contest. Hence, the agents of our companies found on the spot only
native Mexicans, — men without education or experience in business, and, it must be
added, without any due sense of the importance of candour or probity. They urged our
countrymen to drain the mines, not by machinery, of which they had no idea, but by
animal power, the use of which was of advantage to the Mexican landholders, by employ-
ing their horses, and creating a great consumjition of maize, the ])rincipal grain of the
country. Then, as to the last and most important stage in the business of mining, —
the mode of extracting the silver from the ore, — the Mexicans, wholly unacquainted
with the improvements made in Germany during the last half century, recommended
amalgamation, — a process conducted by them in a very rude manner, and which, in
most qualities of silver ore, fails to extract the whole, or any thing like the whole, of the
most extraordinary picture. There were in all "4 ininingroinpanlcs fbrmcd and projected ! The numticr
and quality of the other schemes were similar. It is due to ]\Ir. Baring to say that he denounced the evil
when in progress ; and warned the unthinking mu1titu(!e of the ruin they were bringing upon themselves ;
but to no purpose.
from any
1 London.
inl)c'r, and
L' drained;
Ijrought to
isc's. The
■s, some of
lonuy, and
lintaint'd a
favourable
made for
pressure of
! of times ;
ck fetelied
nd the few
liinensions,
default of
as, tiiat on
'••gaging to
!aeh share)
f the 100/.
^ 10/. from
e who held
shares, the
ften selling
n advances,
•ospect of a
e exercised
iient would
t sufl'erers :
'20 or :50) ;
themselves
1 ignoriince
re had till
the mono-
in Mexico,
ntry, none,
lie south of
L-d to much
ous author,
nfidence in
nes formed
very many
; extent of
■xpenditure
.' useful in-
like every
ves of Old
]Mexicans
spot only
it must be
urged our
ea, but by
by employ-
rain of the
milling, —
ai'(]uaiiited
(immended
wliicli, in
liole, of the
The number
iiiccd the evil
I themselves;
MINING COMPANIES.
303
metal. The object of the Mexicans, in short, was merely to cause English capital to be
circulated among them ; tlius giving employment to their people for a time, and briiigin"
the mines into an improved state, — in which state they (tiie Mexicans) migiit hope to
resume them after our countrymen had exhausted their resources, or had become weary
of their contracts.
Actuated by these views, the Mexicans pressed one mulerfaking after another on the
agents of tiie companies, who were but too eager to enter on them without sucii incite-
ment. All tlie comjianies fell into errors of the same kind, viz. engaging too many
mines, and conducting them, for a time, as if their funds were unlimited, 'i'hey reckoned
on fin<ling, as they proceeded, supjilies in the iiroduce of tlie mines; hut that produce,
thougii considerable in (juantity, seldom yielded the expected result, owing to the very
imperfect method of extracting the silver from the ore, as well as to the various dis-
advantages attendant on the vast distance of the undertakings from this conntiy. These
disadvantages were ill supplied by the agents of the companies. Mining in England is
not conducted on a scale sufhcient toalliird any great choice of superintendents for mines
abroad: it was necessary, in such appointments, to waive the (jualification of inining
knowledge, and to be satisfieil with men of I'lir character and reputed ability in their
respective professions, however diHerent from mining. Hence the apjxiintment, as
agents, of several officers, tnivul aiiil mUitari/, on the hiilf-piii/ Iht ; whose hal)its, what-
ever might be their personal merits, were very dillereiit iVoin those re(piired for such
concerns. Mercantile men might have been more suitable; but a mercliant I'ully em-
ployed in business was not likely to relinquish or suspend it ; and those who in middle
age are not fully employed, frequently are indebted lor their leisure to vacillation, want
of exertion, or deticieiit judgment. I'liis sullices to account for the tlisappointnients of
the companies in a very material point — the conduct of tlieir commissioners or agents
abroad; for, of the whole number, it would be dliKcnlt to point out more ti.an 'i or
!5 entitled to the jiraise of judicious management. 'I'lie same applied to most of the inferiin-
tmphi/cs, — to the practical miners, clerks, and mechanics.
The expense of conveying the reiiuisite machinery from the co.-ist of IMexieo to the
mining districts, generally at a great distance in the interior, absorbed much capital.
The country has \'v\v practicable roads, draught carriages are almost unknown, and
burdens are carried on the backs of mules and horses : add to this, that INIexico
being under-peopled, labour is nearly as high in it as in the United States of North
America; and the mechanical arts being in a manner unknown, all skilled workmen,
such as carpenters, blacksmiths, and working engineers, had to be sent from England
at a heavy expense.
.Such were the chief causes of the failure of the INIexican mining coiniianies ; and several
of these may be referred to one radical disadvantage — the non-existence of silver-mines
in England. We have, in Cornwall and in North Wales, considerable mines of tin and
copper, while in tlie northern counties we have mines of lead ; but of silver we have
none that deserve the name. How much better had it been had our countryinen set
out with a consciousness that Germany is the only country in Europe, or, indeed, in the
world, in which the treatment of silver ore is conducted on scientific principles ! The
Saxons at Ereyberg succeed in extracting a profit from ore of very inferior quality,
often worth only a fourth or fifth ])art of the ore raised in abundance by the ^Mexicans
on iiccouiit of our comjianies, but which, wrought by their crude, inetlicient, and ex-
pensive process, fails to afford any thing like a Siitisfactory return. There seems no
reason to doubt that the German jirocess may be apjilicd to silver ore in ^Mexico as in
Eurojie : the difficulties arise, not from difference in the qualify of the ore, liut from
the w.-mt of experienced snielters, and the general backwardness of the JMexicans in
mechanics. A German mining company established in ^Mexico has not iis yet suc-
ceeded ; but they have had to contend with the same dilliculties as the English com-
panies, with the additional disadvantage of insufficient capital ; so that their methods have
not bad a fair trial.
But though the companies were in all other respects successful, they have a serious
drawback to contend with in ilie unsettled state of the country. No government has
as yet been established in Mexico, or in any other of the newly constituted American
states, with jiovver sufficient to put down distuihances, or to enforce the observance of
contracts. So long as the companies were struggling to put their mines into order, they
seem to have sustained little inconvenience from the circumstances now mentioned ; but
the moment they had succeeded in bringing them once more into a protluctive state, and
were beginning to have a reasonable prospect of obtaining some return for their enor-
mous outlays, they were annoyed by questions as to title, and by the setting up of
claims on the mines, of which they had never heard before. Recently, we understand,
the claimants have occasionally had recourse to violence, and, in some instances, the
companies' servants have been forcibly ejected from their works ! We hope, though we
can hardly sav we believe, that these outrages mav be repressed and punished. If they
;i F 2 '
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804
MINIUM.— MOCIIA.
I)f pi-nnitti'd to continiu-, il is ilillii-iill to si'i- liow tlii' c()in|iani(.'s, liou- wi'll siK'ver tlicy
limy he olIiiTwiso i-stahlislii'd, can I'scapi.' ruin.
Withnuf, liowcvcr, pri'tcniliiiK to aiitiri|)ati' llu- result of those rcniiitc spiTiilntionK, wc nlmll cnni-liidc
with a l)riol' notice i>l the eoii.HuU'ratiiuis n Ixith sidi'H iif the i|iiestiiiii. 'I'he circiiiiiHtaiice^i adverse to tliu
Hurceiis of iiiiiiiii){ ('oiii|ianie!i in Aiiienc.i, i-oiiihicleil lor aceouiit of parties in lOiiKlaiitl ur in any part of
KuriMie, are —
I. 'I'hi! various ilisadvantaKC'* <>'' distant nianaKemcnt, These are sn many and sn serious, as to aihnit
ol' only one eorreetive, — sc JliiiK the ore as soon as raisi^d, and transl'erririK to nidividnals, lor their own
aei'ninit, the extraction of the nutal, as is done in Cornwall, and, in a somewhat dilli-rent manner, in
Saxony. The ores also ciiiiht to l)e raised liy paying the workmen, not lixed wiif^es, hut a tribute or
portion of the proceeds.
'Z. The halt-civilised state of the inlialiilants, their unsettled political condition, anil the want of power
or disposition on the part of the parties in power to make contiacts he observed ; and to hinder the
former proprietors of the mines, or those eonnected with them, from settiUK np iiutitioiis claims, and
enforcing them by violence.
;J. The IiIkIi price of labour; the iKiiorance of the natives as to mei'hanics, and still more ns to
science. Hence the necessity of having artisans and conlidential superintendents from Kurope at a
heavy expense.
On the other hand, the circumstances in favour of such undertakings are —
I. The abundance of silver ore, which Is far greater than in any part of I'airopo.
y. The former success of niimng in Mexico, under a .system eMreinely lude and expensive, compared
to that which Is now followed In <>erinany.
:J. 'i'he probability of continued peace in Kurope, and of an abundance of numicd capital ; so that the
failure of the present companies would not involve a reliiiipiishmeiit of their enterprises, any more than
the failure of the lir.st New Klver Company, abmit two centuries ago, liiiplieil an abandonment of their
project. Succeeiling adventurers nughl come forward, and pursue the .same object on a more judieions
plan, and with more ample funds.
4. The prolmblllty of Old Spain recognising the independence of Mexico and the other new States ; and
of the govermnents becoming more powerful and disposed to do justice.
Iinf;lhti Miilitifi Comjuintei rimiirrtrtt ivith Amcfiali irhUh ilTf
still iiirriiit nn.
I^iiti'il ;\[r\ii'nn. I .^Ii'xii'.in.
KimI itfl .Montf. bra/ili.m (two companies.)
1{(>I Mills. Aii^lO'^Ioxii-an. ' CuNiiiiliiaii.
'riii; .'iinniinl (ifiMiiUal iiivcstcil liy tlicst.' cruniKiiiit'-. is iilioiil
.'i.OIKI.IHMi;. stiTiillg.
Viiiin/; ('»t)ti>iiiiits connectrtl wi'M Amrviol, Jhrmtil in lS'.i.'i, tint
/iiiiyi,' siiur (li.ifolr.ll,
Aiml.i-Cliilian. ti.ilil CiMst (.M'rirn).
Anyi.i-l'i'i-nvian. If.ivii.in. I'asm riTiMJ.in.
Ittiiivar. I'liilian. t'riiivi.in. riilnsl l.a I ar.
<:iiillaii anil I'lTiivian. Hidiir la I'l.ita.
I'asl.ll.i. I'".iiii.ilin.i. 'I'laliMiMlui.i.
(ii'iii'lMl Smilli .\iiii'riiMn. t'liilisl I'.ii tlir.
Tilt' sums r.iisi'il hy tlii'sc ri)inpanii><i wi-re not larj;e ; In jji'-
m-ral nnty '< pri- ii'ill. mi llii-ir propoMil ra|iital.
'I'lilTi' WITC also vartiiils rump mit's t'lniiiiil 111 IS'^'i, t'lir
iiiiiiiiiK in KiiKlanil : tliuv wini' in Ihf iimnlii'r of .'^11 ami up-
wards ; hut llu'v priiviil in ^cnrr.il aliorlinii.s, \iilli llii' i-\ri-|i.
tioii lit' till! Hrtlislt Irnn t'liiiipany (witli works liijctlv m
Sl.ill)irilsllirf)i wlurli liiu ilrawii a"l;iii:f slim IVuiii its sliarr-
holili'is.
'I'liL' toIlowiiiK rxtrai't from tin* Stutn- l.itt for tlit* I'^th oi
tliioliir, IS.".", piiiilislii'il liv .Mr. Kilmcinils, hrokir, nivrs an
,u-ioiiiil of till' i-visliuK iiitiiiu|r nimpanirs ; llii- niimhi'i- of
sliaii-s ill iMili : till' sums paiil on at'i-ount tif siu-li sliaiis ; .iiid
tlicii sflliiii; prill', iVf. it is an initiriutivi' cuiiiiiiL'iitary on
till' pvusprcuisca anil prii-i'S of i.S'.;,>.
\o. of
iMi'.iini; Coinjunii's.
.Ainoiint
Prirr pi'V
Iliviiltnil
Iliviili'iiil
.sh.iri's.
lit sliar^-.
Avi'ri(;c'l I
l-t.
Sliart'.
pi-r Annum.
/.. J. il.
p.i>al>l,-.
/.. t.
(/.
1 l.niii)
Aiii-lo-Mi'xiran
Inn
IIM
p .ill
\> II II
'^,111 III
llol.iiios
I.MI
l.'tit
1.-,^ Ill
II o
(Ii:l. .I.Ul.
lll.IIIIO
lloliiar - . - -
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II
1.1 II II
Oltoll.T.
10,1100
llra/.ilian (issui-il at .V. pri'iuiiiin)
.•5'p
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II
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7 in II
."May, Nov.
7,ll.'.S
Do. - - - -
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(,,11110
Do. (N.ilional)
•/:•
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(1
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211,1)1111
Hrltish Iron
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.Ml II
II
—
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lO.IHIII
Colomliian (is.siu>d at 'ft. pri'inilllii)
.''1 10
t! 1,'.
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tii'iu'ral .Mining
w
11
II
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i.l.'illl
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lU'al ili'l .'Monti' mines, IVfi'xii-an
l.l
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thiitril Mi'xirun
Do. Scrip
UnlttHl iVIenii-anilo. (Ni'w)
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April, Oit.
(;,i'i.'i
Mcxiran t'limpany
llN)
IS II
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—
1'^ II
MINIUM, oil RED OXIDE OF LEAD, a ta.stt>Iess imwdur of an intense rel
colour, often ineliniii}; to orange, and very lieavy ; its specidc gravity being 8-9 I. It
is extensively used in the arts,
MOC'HA, tlie priiuijjal i)ort in tlie Red Sea fretiuented hy Eiirojieans, in that jiart
of Arabia called Yemen, about '10 miles to the north of the iStrait of Rab-el-maiideii,
lat. 1:5 19' fK)" N., Ion. 4'.i" tiO' E. Population variously estimated ; but may, jjerhajis,
amount to from 5,000 to 7,0t)O. It is encircled with walls, and indillerently forliiied.
Its a])pearancc from the sea is imi)()sing.
MiK-ha is situated on the margin of a dry sandy jjlain. It is built close to the shore,
between 12 points of land which project and form a bay. Vessels drawing from 10 to
1"J feet water may anchor within this bay at fibout a mile from the town; but large
ships anchor without the bay in the roads, in r> or 7 fathoms water — the grand mo.s(]iie
bearing E.S. E., and the fort to the south of the town S. by E., distant about two miles
from the shore. The great article of export from 3Iocha is cofFee, which is universally
ndinitted to be of the linest (juality. It is not possible to foriti any very accurate esti-
mate of the quantity exported ; but wo believe it may betaken at 10,0(X) tons, or jier-
haps more. The greater ])ortion is sent to Djidda aiul Suez ; but there is a pretty large
export to Rombay, and other |)arts of India, whence some is sent to Europe : occa.sionally,
however, the exports from INIoeha and Ilodeida, direct for Europe, are very consider-
able. Resides coH'ee, the )irinci]):il articles of export are, dates, adjouc, or paste made
of dates, myrrh, gum Arabic, oiilianiim, senna (rassiu nuina), sharks' tins, tragacanth,
hey
M(XiADo:ti:. — MOl.ASSHS.
ami
horns nnd liidt-s of tlio ili
iTros, hiilin of (Jilciul, i
vory. g(
)l(l (lust,
tX
I'lvi't, aloi's, siigji-
penuin, ^e. 'I'lie iiriiaipiil arliiKs oC iiiipoil i\rv, riit-, |ii;f goods, iron and liarduuiv,
&f. 'I'lii- ivory, gold dust, and tivol, nut with at Mocha, arohrought from the oiiposiiL'
coast of Ahyssinia ; wliincc arc also brought slaves, ghw, ^c.
'1 no Kri'iitiT part (if tlic liircli-ii tr:i(l(' of Mocliii is tranxaclccl hy the IS.iiiians ; ami It is miicli sal'cr tci
doal with tlu'iii than willi citlicr 'I'liiku or Aralw. lairoiHiiiiK pay a diitv nt :i per cent ail valnicm im all
K(M«ls inipiiitcil by tliciii Iriiiii Kiiroi'C, liiilia, or ( liina; tlic iliily'hciiiK li\icil on the aimmiit of the ^al(•s.
'I'lic buyer pays brokcram', ciioley ami bciat hire. All kimis ot liireiKii giniils are sold iiii credit, and tlie
)>|iyincnt is made in .! instalments, or at a certain day, accordirif; as may have been agreed on. Cntlee is
always paid lor in ready money. On the .sale ot other koikIs, the produceof the coiinlrv.a credit is Kivru;
or ii ready money lie paid, a discount is allowed at the rate of !l per cent. When noods are discharnini-,
the master nnist furnish the Cusloin-house odicer with a manifest, or account of the marks, numbers, and
contents of each packaKc. lie then (ppeus two or Ihrei' bales, taken at random ; and if they correspond
with the accoiMit delivered, no further examination is made; but if Ihey do not correspond, the whole
bales are opciU'd, and double duly is char;.;eil upon the excess. 'I'he (|nanlilies beint; thus ascertained,
their value is leariu'd from the account of sales ren<lered by the seller, and the duty cliar|,'ed accordint,'ly.
In Ibis rcsjicct there is nothing to objict to at Mocha ; but a kooiI deal of extortion is practised in the
exaction (d port charges, preseids, itc, w hicli may, however, be deli aled by proper lirnuiess. The port
cliar(,'es on ships, ot llirii-iniisl vessels, may amount to about 101) Mocha dollars, and those on bri^s to
nbout half as nuicli. Provisions are plentiful and cheap; but water is dear: that in the vu-inity lieint,'
brackish and unwholesome, whatever is used for drinkiiiK, by all but the poorest persons, is broUKbt fiom
Mosa, about i.'() miles oil: I'isli are abundant and cheap, but not very kooiI.
Money. — The current coins of the countrvare <'arats aial cominassees : 7 carats=I comniassce; (10 toni-
nias.sees I Spanish dollar ; 100 Spanish dollars = I'.'i Mocha dollars.
H'li^hls iinil Midsiiirs The commercial w eights are —
V) Vakia.s _ 1 Kottolo = I lb. L'oz. avoird. I 10 Maumis - 1 I'razel - .;o lbs. avoird.
40 VakiiLS = 1 Maund -. ;i lbs. uvoird. | Ij Trazels :_ 1 liahar -- 4.'iO lbs. avoird.
riicrc is alfio a small maund id' only :iO vakias : I Mcjclia baliar 1(1^ liomlmy mannds ; 1 Mocha baliar =
l;i Surat mannds - [Fil'Z.i seers, (irain is measured by the kellah, 10 of which :: 1 toniand, about 170 lbs.
avoirdupois. The li(piiil measures are 1(1 vakias = 1 luisseah ; H luis.seahs ::; 1 cuda, about 'J Knglish wine
Kidlons. The long meiusures are the guz _ i.'j Kngliali inches ; the hand covid :- IS inches, and the long
iron covid 'I' inches.
In (•oinpiling this article, we made use of Mi/hiin/'s Orioiftil Cdmnicirf, and Flniorc's Dimlnfi/.
Niebuhr lias given a plan of the port of Mocha in his I'lipnfic I'u //»iift/c, tome i. p. 'MIS. ed. Amst. 177(i.
lie has also given some details as to its trade in his DcsrihilKin ili- I'Anihir, p. l!il. Itut the best accoinit
we have seen of Mocha is in llamillon's Acciiinit of llir l.iisl hiili<s (vid, i. jip. Ki — it'i.), an accurate and
valuable work. Hurckhardt did not visit Mocha; 'which is nnich to be regretted.
MOGADOllK, a sea-port town on the west eoast of IVIoroeeo, lat. :H° .W N.,
Ion. 9" 'JO' W. Population about 1(),(K)(). It is indifferently fortified; the eountry in
the imtnediate vieinity is low, flat, sandy, and improdnetive. Wali'r is sejiree and rather
dear; being either rain water eolleeted and preserved in cisterns, or brought from a river
about \^ mile distant. The port is formed by a small island lying to tiie southward of
the town; but as there is not more than 10 or 12 feet water in it at ebb tide, large sliips
anchor without, the long battery bearing 10. distant 1^, mile. The city of Morocco
derives its most eoiisiderable supplies of European articles from Mogadore, from which
it is distant about A days' journey (caravan travelling). The prineijial inijiorls are,
Knglish woollen and cotton stuffs and hardware, (Jerman linens, tin, eoi)])er, earthen-
ware, mirrors, glass, sugar, i)ep|)er, pai)er, an(^ a variety of other articles, 'i'he exports
prinei))ally consist of sweet and bitter almonds, gum Arabic, and other gums, bees' wax,
cow and calfskins, ivory, ostrich feathers, gold dust, olive oil, dates, &c.
Moiif)/. — Accounts are ki>pt in nutkeels of 111 ounces; the ounce being dividid iido -1 blankeels, and
the blaiikeel into 'Zi tluce. l-'rom their proportion to the Spanish dollar, the blanked may be valued at
hi., the ounce at ■Ul., and the luitkeel or ducat at .m. b/.
ll'iilf/it.i and Mciisuns. — 'l'\w commercial pound is generally regulated by the weight of ai Spanish
dollars; and, therefore, 100 lbs. Mogadore weight, or the (|uintal, -- llillbs. avoirdupois. The market
[Miniul for provisions is ,00 per cent, heavier, or 1 lb. I'.'i oz. avoirdupois.
The corn measures arc for the most part similar to those of Siiain, but there are coiiskleruble discrc.
jiancies.
The cubit, (.r canna, = 21 Knglish inches, is the principal long measure.
'I'he most ample details with respect to the trade of Mogadore, and the trade and jiroduction.s of Morocco
in general, may be found in ,/<i(:k.si)n'.s Account of Morocco, c. li, 7. and I'j. ; see also Kelly's Canibisl.
iVIOIIAIR (Ger. Mohv ; V\\ Moire; If. Moerro ; Sj). Miie, Miier), the hair of a
variety of the eonnnon goat, famous for being soft .-md line as silk, and of a silvery white-
ness. It is not ])ro(Iuce(l any where but in the vieinily of Angora, in Asia AJinor. 'i'he
exiwrtation of this valuable and beautiful article, imless ' i the shape of yarn, was forn)erly
prohibited; but it may n<»w be exjiorted unspiui. 'i'he production, jireparation, and sale
of mohair have long engrossed the principal attentimi of the inhabitants of Angora ; and
it \ised to form an important article of \'enetian connneree. It is manulaet(ned ima
candets and other expensive stuffs. Hitherto but little has been imported into I'',iigland.
— (See, for further particulars, Tournejhrt, Voi/dj/e tin Levant, tome ii. p. MV,\., where there
is a figure of the goat; and Unjiihitrt on Turkei/ antl il.s lie.sourees, \). IHI.)
RIOLASSKS, OR IMELASSKS ( Fr. Sirop ile Sucre, Mehi.fses ; Ger. Syrnp ; It.
Mielozzo (Ii ::iiee/iero ; Sp. Miel tie tuiieiir, C/itniearn ; Port. Me/asno, Assnair lii/iiulo ;
Ilus. Piiiokii Kite/iiirnajn), the tmcrystallisable part of the Juice of the sugar cane, sepa-
rated from the sugar during its manufacture. It is of a In-own or black colour, thick,
and viscid; has a i)ee\iliar odour, and a sweet einpyreumatic taste. Molasses imported
from the West India colonies and the Mauritius is charged, on being entered for home
consumption, with a diitv of !».-■. a cv.l. Il is n«»t, however, used in its original stale,
:l 1' J
! ii
liiit
1 I,
'!■: ''
:i ;H,
ti !
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806
MONEY.
I I'
but is |>urc-linsu(] by the suRar-lmlvcrs, wlio, wlicii it is of an ordinary degree of strength,
extract from it u coarse, soft species of su^ar called bastards, and treacle, liut it is
obvious, inasmuch ns the duty on piolasses is fixed, that the duty on the sugar extracted
from it will vary indirectly according to the (|uantity of saccharine matter which it
contains; and we understand that, in conse({uence, molasses is frequently imported su
rich as to yield excellent crystallised sugar. We do not know whether the practice
has l)een carried to such an extent as materially to injure the revenue; but it seems
pretty clear that the duty ought to be made to (ii pend, in part at least, on the (piality of
the molasses, ov on the (juantily of saccharine matlei- which it contains, as well as on
the weight. It is dilHcnlt, — unless advantage has been taken of the way in which the
duty is assessed, to elude the sugar duties, — to account for the increased importation
of molasses.
About H gallons of proof spirit may, it is said, be obtained frinn a cwt. of molasses
such as has recently been imported; but this depends, of course, wln)lly on the riclmess
of the molasses.
Part of the refuse that remains after refming muscovado sugar, is a sweet syrup,
which, as well as the syrup that remains after boiling molasses to uhtain bitstards, is
called treacle. 15ut the treacle obtained from the former is always preferred to that ob-
tained from the latter, and fetches 'J.v. jier cwt. more.
IMolasses is sometimes used in jjreparing the coarser sort of preserves; and on tliu
Continent it is extensively used in the manufacture of tobacca
Account ol' the (Juantitios of Molasses importetl, exported, uml entercil I'or Home Consumption since 18-2(1,
witli tile Uati'S of Duty tliereun, uml the Produce of the Duty {I'upcrs puhlij/icil hy liuiirii nf
Tin'lf.;
Qii;ilitilv
iiiili\irtL'(l.
(»u;lntitv
L'xiiurluil.
niity on, friiiti
tur <:uiiniiin|>tiuti.
KoruiKU I'arts.
llrilMi l',is»u».
hions.
Nett Ueveilue.
fill.
(»■(.
Cut.
Per Cicl.
I.. ». ./.
1 3 y
l',r cm.
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In ISjg, the consuniptioii was, we undcriitand, considerably larger. The imports of foreign molasses
are quite iiiconsideralile.
MONEY. When the division of labour was first introduced, commodities were
directly bartered for each other. Those, for cxami)le, who had a sm-plus of corn, and
were in want of wine, endeavoured to find out those who were in the opjiosite circum-
.stances, or who had a sur])lus of wine and wanted corn, and then exchanged the one for
the other. It is olivious, however, that the power of changing, and, conseiiuently, of
dividing employments, must have been subjecteil to perpetual interruptions, so hnig as it
was restricted to mere barter. A. carries produce to market, and U. is desirous to pur-
cliase it; but the produce belonging to 1$. is not suitable for A. C, again, would like
to buy H.'s ])roduce, but IJ. is already fully supplied with the equivalent C". has to otter.
In such cases — and they must be of constant occurrence wherever money is not intro-
duced — no direct exchange could take place between the parties; and it might be very
difficult to bring it about indirectly.*
The extreme inconvenience attending such situations must early have forced tiiemselves
on the attention of every one. lOtlbrts would, in conse<iueiice, be made to avoid them;
and it would speedily appear that the best or rather the only way in which this could be
effected, was to exchange either the whole or a part of one's surplus produce for some
commodity of known value, and in general demand; and whicli, conse<]uently, f{;\v
persons would be inclined to refuse to accept as an e(|uivalenl for whatever they had to
tlisi)ose of. After this commodity had begun to be employed as a means of exchanging
other commodities, individuals would become willing to jjurchase a greater (piantity of it
than might be reijiiired to pay for the products they were desirous of immediately obtain-
ing; knowing that shoulil they, at any future period, want a further supply either of
these or other articles, they wonltl be alile readily to procure them in exchange for this
universally desired commodity. Though at first circulating slowly and with difficulty, it
woiUd, as the advantages arising from its use were better appreciated, begin to pass freely
I
• The difficulties that would arise on such occasions, and the devices that would be adopted to over-
come them, have been verv well illustrated by Colonel Torrens, in bis work on the " Production of
Wealth," p. Citl,
MONKY.
807
from hand to liand. Its value, us cuniparud with utiier tilings, would thu« come to be
univcTsiilly known; and it woidd iit last hu iisi'd, luit only as tlie common mcdiiini of
cxchaiifTc, l)iit as a stimdjinl Uy whicli to measure tlic value of other things.
Now this commodity, whatever it may he, is motif//.
An infinite variety of coinnuxlities have been used as money in different countries
and periods. Hut none can lie advantafreously used as sueli, indess it |)()ssess several
very peeuliar (|ualilies. 'I'lie sh';rlitest refleclioii on the pmjjoses to uliieii it is appliid,
must, indeed, he sufficient to convince e\ery one that it is iiidispciisithle, or, at least,
exceedinfjiy dcsirahle, fiiat the connnodily 'elected to serve as niuiuy sliould, (I) he
divisible into the smallest portions; ('_') that ii .I'x^uld admit of heinu kept for an inde-
finite period without deterioratinjj ; (;i)that it should, by possessiufj f;reat value in small
hulk, be capihle of beiiifj easily transported from j)lace to i)lace ; (•!) that one piece of
money, of a certain denomination, should always be e<pial, in map;nitude and (piality, to
every otiier jjiece of money of the same deiioiniiiatioii ; and (,)) tliat its value sluiuld l)t'
comparatively steai' , or as little subject to variation as ])ossible. Without the Jir.\t of
these tpialilies, or the cajiacity of beinfi divided into ])()rtions of every different magni-
tude and value, money, it is evident, would be of almost no use, and could oidy be
e.\chanj;ed for the few commodities that mifiht happen to be of the same value as its
indivisible portions, or as whole nudti])les of them; without the srcoiifl, or the cajiacity
of beinj; kept or hoarded without deterioralinfj, no one would choose to exchaiif^e com-
modities for money, except oidy when he expected to be able speedily to re-exchanf;e
that money for something!; else: witiiout the l/iin/, or facility of transportation, money
could not l)e conveniently u>ed in transjictions between places at any considerable dis-
tance; without tlw foil rfli, or perfect sameness, it woidd he extremely difficult to ajipre-
ciato the value of diilerent jiieces of money : and without the Jifl/i (piality, or comjiaralive
steadiness of value, money coidd not serve as a standard by which to measiue the value
of other commodities; and no one would he disposed to exchaufre the ))ro(lii,e of his
industry for an article that mij;lit sliortly decline consideriibly in its ]iower of puichasiiiff.
The miion of the diilerent (pialities of com])arative steadiness of value, divisibility,
durability, facility of trans])ortation, and perfeci siuneness, in the jireeious metals,
doubtless, formed the irresistible reason tliat has induced every civilised connnimity to
emjiloy them as money. The value of gold and silver is ccrtaiidy not imariable, but,
fjenerally sjieakinf,', it changes oidy by slow dcfrrees ; they are divisible into any number
of ])arts, and have the sinjiiilar ]iroi)erty of beiiifi easily reunited, by means of fusion,
without loss; they do not deteriorate by beinp; kept; and, from their firm and com-
pact texture, they are very difficult to wear. Their cost of production, es|)eeially that
of fTold, is so considerable, that they possess great value in small hulk, and can, of course,
be transported with comparative facility ; and an ounce of p'lre f^old or silver, taken from
the mines in any quarter of the world, is jirccisely ecjual, in point of (piaiity, to an ounce
of jmrc gold or silver dug from the mines in any other quarter. Ny wonder, therefore,
when all the qualities necessary to constitute money are jiossessed in so eminent a degree
l)y file i)recious metals, that they have been used as such, in livilised sociiiies, from a
very remote era. " They became universal money," as M. Tiirgot has observed, " not
in conse(]uerce of any arl)itrary agreement among men, or of the intervention of any
law, but by the natiu'e and force of things."
AVhen first used as money, the ])recious metals were in an unfashioned state, in l)ars
or ingots. The parties luiving agreed about the (piantity of metal to lie given for a
commodity, that cpiantity was then weighed off. 15ut this, it is plain, must have been a
tedious and troublesome jirocess. Undoubtedly, however, the greatest ol>stacle that
■would be ex])erienced in early ages to the use of gold and silver as money, would lie
found to consist in the difiiculty of determining the degree of their ]iurity with suffi-
cient jirecision ; and the discovery of some means liy which their weight and fineness
might be readily and correctly ascertained, would be felt to be indis|)ensable to their ex--
tensive use as money. Fortunately, these means were not long in l)eing discovered. 1 he
fabrication of coins, or the practice of impressing pieces of the precious metals with a
stamp indicating their weight and purity, belongs to the remotest antiquity. — {Go/iint,
Dv P Orli/ine lies I.nix, §•<• tome i. p. 26'!).) And it may safely be affirmed, that there
have been very \'{;\\' inventions of greater utility, or that have done more to accelerate
the progress of imiirovement.
It is material, however, to oljserve, that the introduction and use of coined money
make no change whatever in the princ'qih on which exeliang< s were previously con-
ducted. The coinage saves the trouble of weighing and assaying gold and silver, but it
does nothing more. It declares the weight and jnirity of the metal in a coin ; Init the
value of that metal or coin is in all cases delerniined by jirecisely the same )ninciples
which determine the value of other commodities, and would he as little iiffectcd by
being recoined with a new denomination, as the burden of a ship by a change of her
name.
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Iniiccurato notiuns witli ri'spuct to tliu influeiicu ot'coiiiafxc sciiii to liiive givtii riso l>i
tliu opinion, so lonf^ fnti-rtiiincd, tliiit I'oins wuri' nicri-ly tlii' .s>;/ri.s of saluis! lint it is
clear tlii'y liavt' no uioit' claim lo this (k'signation lli.in hiirs of iron or coppur, sacks of
wlu!ut, or any oilier connnodity. 'I'licy exchange fur other things, hi-cansc they arc
desirable articles, and are possessed of real intrinsic value. A draft, check, or hill, may
not improperly, perhaps be regarded as the si^rn oC the money to he ^iven for it. liiil
tliitt money is nothing hut n connnodity ; il is not a sign — it is the thing signified.
Money, however, is not merely the universal ei|uivalenl, or miin/iiiinlisi: lifi/mli:, used
by society: it is also the stmiildril used to compare the values of all sorts of )iroducts;
and the stipulations in the great l)ulk uf contracts and deeds, as to the delivery and dis-
posal of property, have all reference to, and are connuonly expressed in, (piantilies of
money. It is plainly, therefore, of the utmost importance that its value should he pre-
served as invariable as possible. Owing, however, to imiirovements in the arts, the ex-
haustion of old mines and the discovery of new ones, the value of the precious metals is
necessarily inconstant; though, if we uxceiit the ell'ects produced in the Kith century
by the discovery of the American mines, it does not a|)pear to have varied so nuich at
other times as might have been antici|)ated. Great mischief has, however, been repeatedly
CK'casioned by the changes that have been made in most countries in the weight, and
sometimes also in the purity, of coins ; and since the impolicy of these changes has
been recognised, similar, and perhaps still more extensive, disorders have sprung from
the improper use of su!)stitutes for coins. It is, indeed, (juite obvious, that no change
can take i)lacc in the value of money, without ])ro])orti(>nally alleeting the jiecuniary
conditions in all contracts and agreements. Much, however, of the influence of a
change depends on its direction. An increase in the value of money is uniformly more
prejudicial in a public point of view than its diminution : the latter, though injurious
to individuals, may sometimes la; productive of national advantage; but such can
never be the case with the former. — ( Sec my Principles uf J'oliticul Economi/, '_'d ed.
pp. 500— /JOl.)
No certain estimate can ever be formed of the quantity of money required to conduct
the business of any country ; this quantity being, in all cases, iletermined by the value
of money itself, the services it has to perform, and the devices used foi economising its
employment. Generally, however, it is very considerable ; and when it consists wholly
of gold and silver, it occasions a very heavy expense. There can, indeed, he no doubt
that the wish to lessen this expense has been one of the chief causes that have led all
civilised and commercial nations to fabricate a ])ortion of their money of some less
valuable material. Of the various substitutes resorted to for this j)urpose, pajier is, in
all respects, the most eligible. Its employment seems to havi' grown naturally out of
the circumstances incident to an advancing society. When government becomes suffi-
ciently powerful and intelligent to enforce the observance of contracts, individuals
possessed of written jjromises from others that they will pay certain sums at certain
specified periods, begin to assign them to those to whom they are indebted ; and wla-n
the subscribers are persons of fortune, and of whose solvency no doubt can be entertained,
their obligations are readily accepted in payment of debts. But when the circulation of
promises, or bills, in this way, has continued for a while, individuals begin to ])erceive
that they may derive a profit by issuing them in such a form as to fit them for being
i-cadily used as a substitute for money in the ordinary transactions of life. IJence the
origin of bank notes. An individual in whose wealth and discretion the i)uhlic have con-
fidence, being ajjplied to for a loan, say of 5,000/., grants the ajjplicant his bill or note,
payable on demand, for that sum. Now, as this note passes, in consequence of the con-
fidence ])laced in the Issuer, currently from hand to hand as cash, it is (juite as useful to
the borrower as if it had been gold; and supposing that the rate of interest is 5 ])er cent.,
it will yield, so long as it continues to circulate, a revenue of ti5()/. a year to the issuer.
A banker who issues notes, coins, as it were, his credit. lie derives the same revenue
from the loan of his written promise to i)ay a certain sum, that he could derive from the
loan of the sum itself, or of an equivalent amount of jjroduce ! And while he thus
increases his own income, he, at the same time, contributes to increase the wealth of the
pul)lic. The cheapest species of currency being substituted in the place of that which is
most expensive, the superfluous coins are either used in tlie arts, or are exjwrtcd in
exchange for raw materials or manufactured goods, by the use of which both wealth and
enjoyments are increased. Ever since the introduction of bills, almost all great
commercial transactions have been carried on l)y means of pa])er only. Notes are also
used to a very great extent in the ordinary business of society ; and while they are
readily exchangeable at the jjleasure of the holder for coins or for the precise (piantitics
of gold or silver they profess to represent, their value is maintained on a par with the
value of these metals; and all injurious fluctuations in the value of money are as clRctu-
ally avoided as if it consisted wholly of the precious metals.
In common mercantile language, the parly who exchanges money for a connnodity
MONOrOLV. — iMl\SCAT
bOi)
in Naiil to l>tiy ; tlio parly who cxclmn^i's a ciiininnility for tiioiii'y iH'in^ siiid to m'II.
IVici', imli'SN wliiTi' till' i'()iili;iiy is (lisiiiK ily iiuiiiii(iiril, iilwiiys inriins tile \aliii- of a
cuiiiiiu)(lity I'sfimati'd or riili'd in moiu'v. — ( I'lir a t'lirlliir ai'iniiiit of nutallic iiioiu-y, see
llif artii'li' Coin ; and for an account of |ia|)cr money, sec tlic article ISanks. )
]M()N'()1'()I-Y. IJy tliis term is usually nie.int a ^rant from the Crow n, or oilier
i'oni|ieteiit authority, conveying; to some one individual, or niimlier of individuals, the
sole right of huyiiig, selling, making, imiiorting, cxiiorting, \c. someone coiniiiodity, or
set of coininodities. Such grants were very coiiunon previously to the accession of the
House of Stuart, and were carried to a very oi)pressive and injurious extent during the
reign of Queen Mli/aliclh. The grievance liecame at length so insupporlahle, ihat
notwithstanding the ojiposition of governnu'iil, which looked upon the powi r of granting
monopolies as a very valuahle jiart of the prerogative, they weri' aholislnd hy the famous
act of lf)L!-i, the '21 Juc. 1. u. :!. This act declares that all monopolies, grants, letters
patent for the solo Inlying, selling, and making of goods and manufactures, shall he null
and void. It excejits |iatents Jor Jhiirtmii years for tlii' sole working or making of any
new maiuifuctures within the realm, to the true and (irst inventors of such manufactiiies,
provided they he not contrary to law, nor mischievous to the slate. It also excipls
grants hy act of parliament to any corporation, company, or society, for the eiiiaigemeiii
of trade, and letters patent concerning the making of gunpowder, I've. This act ellic-
tually secured the freedom of industry in (ireat Hrilain ; and has done more, perhaps,
to excite the spirit of invention and industry, and to accelerate the prcjgress u{ wealth,
than any other in the statute hook,
MOROCCO, oil M.VlKXiCIN (Ger. S,ijfln»i ; I'l. M„r<'ii>un; It. M^trroa-hhio ;
S]). Marroqui ; Uus. Sajidii), a line kind of leather prepared of the skins of goals, im-
ported from the Levant, Harhary, Spain, I'landcrs, \e. It is red, hiack, green, yellow,
ivc. It is extensively used in the hinding of.hooks.
ISRJN'JEKT, a species of /^(^/« tinitoriiin, or madder, produced in N'lpaid and in
various districts of India. That which is lirought to Mngland is im|i(n'ted from Calcutta,
and is cultivated in the high lands about Nat))ore in I'urneali. The roots are long !iiul
slender, and when broken appear of a red colour. It is used in dyeing ; the red which
it ])roduces being, though somewhat ))eculiar, nearly the same as that ))rodnced hy l^n-
ropean madder. Dr. Haneroft says, that the colour which it imjiarts to cotton and linen
is not so durable as that of madder; but that upon wool or woollen cloth its colour is
brighter and livelier ; and, when jjroper mordants are used, nearly, perhaps (piiie, as per-
manent. .^ ( /-"crw/He/i^ Colours, vol. ii. p. '_'"!).) The best munjeet is in jiieci's about
the bigness of a small quill, clean and lirm, breaking short, and not pipy or clially. Its
smell somewhat resembles li(piorice root.
Hcing a very bulky article, as compared with its value, the frei(;lit adds greatly to its cost. 'I'i)is s{em8
to be the principal reason of its being so very little use<l in (fieat liiitain, that the entire inip<jrts, iluriiiK
the . 'J years eiulinK with l.S.)'.', amounted to oidy J.MiT ewt. In IK'it, 1,02 '. ewt. were imported ; lliis in.
creased importation l)eint,' accounted for by the thru comparatively low rate of IVeiKht, — (I'arl. I'li/im,
No. 'J2. Sess. 1K.;0, and No 42J. Sess. IH '■;>.) 'I'he broKers estimate Ihat 1/. per Ion of I'reiglit is eijual lo
ll.«. 1(/. IK-T cwt. on the value of the article; .')/. per ton beiiif; iMpial to l.;.v. \i'it. ; (i/. to Ki.v. ~i/. ; anil '/. to
lil.v. 4(/. ; and as the price of munjeet in bond varies from '2i).v. to 'J.'vv. a cut., it is plain it cannot be im-
ported in any considerable (|uaiitity, except when freights are very much depressed. It is mostly imported
111 small packets or buiidles of tiUU or HM to the ton ; but sometimes it is packeil in l)ales like cotton.
MUSCAT, a city and sea-jiort situated on the east coast of Arabia, about i)('> miles
N. \V. of Capo llasselgate ( Kas-el-had), in lat. 'J.'V ;!«' N., Ion. 5H ',i~\' K. Popu-
lation uncertain; but estimated by Mr. Fraser at from 1(),()()0 to 1L',00(); of these 1,(K)0
may be Hindoos from Sinde, Cutcli, and Gn/.erat, the rest being Arabs and negro slaves.
The latter aro nuinerous, and are generally stout, well made, and active.
The harbour, which is the best on this part of the Arabic coast, opens to the north, and is shaped like a
liorse.shoe. It is bounded on the W. and S. by the loHy projeetin;,' shores of the maiidand, and on
the R liy Muscat Island, a ridge of rocks from L'iiO to >iii0 feet high. The town ,-tands on a sandy beach
at the south end or bottom of the cove or harbour, .iliont 1^ mile from its month. 'I'he depth of water
near the town varies from .'1 to 1- and ,0 fathoms. Ships at anchor are exposed to the north and north. west
winds ; but as the anehor.ige is every where gocHl, accidents are of very rare occurrence. 'J'hc harbour is
]irotected by some pretty strong forts. Vessels are not allowed to enter alter dusk, nor to leave before
sunrise. If the usual signal be made for a pilot, one will come oil', but not otherwise. It is best to make
them attend till the vessel be secured, as they have excellent boats for carrying out warp anchors.
Muscat is a place of considerable importance, being at once the key to, and commanding the traite of,
the Persian Gulf. The dominions of the imaum, or prince, are extensive, and his government is more"
liberal and intelligent than any other in .\rabia or Persia, The town, situated at the bottom of a high
hill, is ill.buiit and tilthv; and, during the months of .luly and August, is one of the hottest inhabited
places in the world. The country in the immediate viciiiity of the town is extremely barren ; but it
improves as it rectnles from the shore. Dates and wheat, particularly the lir-t. are the principal articles
of produce. The dates of this part of Arabia .ire held in high estimation, and are largely exported, those
nf Kushirc and Kussurah lieiug imported in their stead. A date tree is valued at from 7 to l(i dollars, and
its annual produce at from 1 to 1 J dolUur. An estate is said to be worth i.',(K)(l, ,';,OtJ(l, or 4,H(l() date trees,
according to the number it possesses.
But the place derives its whole importance rrom the commerce and navigation of which it is the centre.
Tlie imaum has some large ships of war, .lud his subjects possess some of the finest tr.iding vessels to be
met with in the Indian seas. I'he part ,)f Arabia adjoining to Muscat is too poor to have any very consi-
derable direct trade j but owing to its favourable situation, the l)aekward state of the country roiind the
I'ersian Gulf, anil the superiority of its ships and seamen, Muscat has become an important intnjiol, and
1 !
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MUSK. -MUSTARD.
has an extensive transit and carryinnfrailL'. Most Kuro|Maii sliifis bduiiil iLr Iiiissi>rali and Btltllire touch
at it; and mure tnan hall tlie trjcUol' the Persian Gulf U carried on in tl)ipsboli>nKinK tn its merrhantii. —
(See Hisniiii;.) Hut, oxi-lu-ivc (if the ports on the k""'. and tlie south ami west coiists of Arabia, sliips under
the IhiKof the iinauin trade to all tlie ports of liritish India, to Singapore, Java, the Mauritius, the east coast
of Africa, fee. The pearl trade of tln' Tcrsiin <»ulf is now, also, wholly centered at Muscat. All nier-
cliandise passing up the t;nlf on Arab l)oltoins, pays a duty of } per <-ent to the iniauin. He also rents the
islands of Orniuz and Kishniee, the port of (ionibroon, and some sulphur mines from the Persian gjvern-
ment.
In the magazines of Mu-cat may be foinid every species of produce imported into, )r cxporte<l from the
Persian (julf. Various articles are also imported for the use of the surrounding country, and for the
internal consumption of Arabia. Among these, the principal are rici", sugar, collee from .Mocha, cotton
and cotton cloth, cocoa rmts, wood for building, slaves from ZangiU'bar, dates from liushire and Uussorah,
8ii: Payment for these is eliieHy made iii specie and pearls ; but ihey also export drugs of varinus desi rip.
tions, ivory, gums, hides, ostrich feathers, horses, a sort of eartlu'U jars, calleil martuban, to Tranquehar,
dried li.Oi, an esteemeil sweetmeat called hiilirtih, and a few other articles.
The markets of Muscat ai-e abundantly supplied with all sorts of provision. Heef. mutton, and vege.
tables of good i|Ua!ity m'> he hail at all times, and reasonably cheap. The bay literally swarms with ihc
greatest variety of mo i excellent lish. Wati r is ixeellent, and is conveyed to the beach in sui ha manner
that the casks of ■; vessel may be tilled in her boats while afloat. I'ire-wood is also abundant, and it
cheaper (ban at Hombay.
Mohammedans pay a duty of '2J per cent, on imports and exports ; anil all other nations pay it per cent.
M nil//, ll'iin/ils, anil Mi'iisuri:s. — .Accounts here ? -t kept in goz and mamuodies : W goz = 1 mamoody ;
and 'JO mamoodies _ I dollar. All I'ersian, Turkish, and Indian coins, r well as I'rench and (ieriiian
crowns, and Spanish dollars, are met vith ; their value fluctuating with the demand; and they arc
gener.dlv sold by weight.
'I'he wei^'lits are, the ci.rha and maund ; 21 cuchas = 1 maund = H lbs. 12 oz. avoirdupois.
Nu'bulir thinks, that Muscat occupies the site of the .Mosca of Arrian and other (ireek writers — [I'nyai^c
rii .lni')ii\ vol. ii. p. "I. ed Anist. ITSO " ; a conjecture which seems to be conlirmed, luit merely by tlie
resemblance of the name, but also by the terms applied by Arrian to Mosea being sutticieiitly descriptive
of Muscat ; and as the port is bounded on all si les l)y rocks, it must now present almost the same appear,
ance as in antii|Uity. Dr. Vincent, however, though he speaks doubtfully on the subject, is inclineil to
pl.ice M'lsca to the west of (ape llas-elgate, — C.<iiniiircc unit }\(iri.:aliim n/ Ihc .Inc/cntx, vol. ii. pji. .■;44 — :',^^
l'"or fuither particulars, liesiiles the ailtliorilies above referred to, see llainiKon's Xfin Account nf llic Kiist
IiDlics, vol. i, p. t).). ; Fiaxcr'sJiiiniifii 1 1 Alioriisdii, pp "> — l:'. ; Mitlmru's Orient. Com., ijc. The longitude
given alxtve is that of Arroirs/iiil/i'.i ('.'kiiI ijthc Persian l!ti(f.)
MUSK (Fr. Musr ; G^r. IHnnm ; Dii. Mu.'iliHS ; It. ^[HSchil> ; Sp. A/miiele ,- Ilii.s.
Muse II s ; Aral), and IV's. Mis/i/j) is o1)tained from a species of deer (.\fi).sc/n'x inniie/ti-
f'erus) iiiliaiiitiiii; the .\l|)iiic iiK.Mintaiiis of the east of Asia. Tlie nuisk is foiiiul in a
small ha;r under the belly. Musk is in {grains concreted tojjether, dry, yet sli^litly inic-
tiioiis, and free from !.;rittiiiess when nihhed Iietween the tlnjfers or eliewed. It has a
peculiar, .aromatio. and extremely powerful and (lural)le odour ; the taste is bitterish and
lieavv ; and the colour drep drown, with a shade of red. It is imported into Knjjjhnul from
China, in caddies ci>nt:.lnintf from fiO to 100 oz. each; but an inferior kind is Iironsiht
from Hernial, and a still liaser sort from Russia. 'rhet)est is that which is in the natural
follicle or pod. IJeinj:^ !• very hi;rli-prieed article, it is oflen adulterated. That which
is mixed with the .animars blood may be discovered by the larfjeiiess of the lumps or
clots. It is siimelimes mixed vvith a dark, hi.jrhly coloured, friable earth; but this ap-
pears to the touch to be of a more ermnblinfi; texture, and is harder as well as heavier
than sienuine musk. '-'() cwt. of mtisk are allowed to a ton. It is not jiermitted to be
l)rouy;ht home in the ("liina shii)s belonirinj? to t!ie I'last India Company, but may lie im-
j)orted in others. — ( T/ionisoii'ii Diapeiixiiti.ri/ ; Milhiirii\i Orient. Com.) At an averaj."
of the ;* years endin,;^ with 1 H;J2, the imports of musk, from all places eastward of die
Cape of (looil Ilojje, with the exceiition of China, ainoimted to 4,965 m. a ye-.r. —
(P./;/. P,t/,er, Xo. I'J.). Se^s. 18:J;!.)
MUSLIN ((jer. \fii.sseliii, Ne^tu'lliiefi ; Tin. Sei,.liieh; l-"r. MonxseUiie. ; It. AIousso-
liiia 1 Sp. Mdse/uKi ; Uus. Kissed), is derived from the word inuiisule or itMiiselii. a name
given to it in Indi.t, where large ipiantities are made. It is a fine tliin sort of cotton
flotli, with a downy naj) on the surface. Foi inerly all muslins were imported from the
East ; but now they are manufactured in imme ise quantitii'S at .Manchester, Glasgow, &c.,
of a iineiiess and durability which rival those of India, at the same time that they are
very con/iderably cheaper. — (See Cin'TOK. )
MUS'lW K I)" (Ger. Mnsfert, Senf; I'v. Moiitiinle ; It, Miistiirihi ; Sp. Moxfnzu ,-
Uus. Coitsehizii ; Lat. Siiiiipis ; Aral). Klilrilal ; Hind. Rdi), a plant ( Simifiis) of
which there are sever?! vpeeies, some of tliein indigenous to Cireat Britain. It was
formerly extensively I'.'bivated in Durhani, but it is now seldoin seen in that county.
At present it is principally raised in the neighbourhood of York, and throughout other
parts of the North Hiding; and being manufactured in the city of York, is afterwards
sold under the name of Durham mustard. 'rwo cpiarters an acre are reckoned ,i g(x<d
crop. Miist.inl is of considerable importance in the materia inedica, and is extensively
used as a condiment. It was not, however, known, ii' its present form, at our tables,
till I7'J(). The seed, had i)reviously been merely pound "d in a nu)rtar, and in that ruile
state separated from the integuments and prepared for u .e. IJut, at the [le ion referred
to, it occurred ti) a woman of the n.ime of Clements, residing in Durham, to grind the
seed in a mill, and to treat the meal in the s.nne way that tlour is treated. Her nmstard
was, in eonswiuenco, very su|)eri<)r ; and, being apjiroved by George I., speedily came
into general use. Mrs. Cleim.'nts kept he'- secret for a (';)iisideral)lc time, and itcijulred
MYKOIJALANS. — NANGASACKI.
811
a competent fortune. In 15en}!;al, and otlier Eastern tountrius, mustard is extensively
cultivated, as rape is in Eurojje, for the purpose of yielding oil. — (Bailvi/'ti Suri-ei/ of
Durham, p. 147. ; I.owJdu's Enci/. of Ai/rir.)
MYROHALANS, are dried fruits of the |)luni kind, occasionally bron;;lit from
Bengal and other jjarts of India. There are sjiid to be ,) different species. I'liey vary
from the size of olives to that of gall nuts; have ;ni uniileasant, bitterish, austere taste;
produce, with iron, a strong, durable, black dye and ink ; and with alum, a very full,
though dark, brownish yellow. They are used in calico jjrinting and medicine by the
Hindoos. They have also been employed, though to a com|)arativeIy trifling extent, in
the arts, and in pharmacy, in Europe; but they are now discarded from our riiarma-
oopocias. — (Lf iris's Mat. Med.; litincrnff on Pirmiiiient Colours, vol. i. )). ;i."l.)
MYRRH (Ger. Mi/rr/ien ,- Uu. Mirrbe ; Vr. Mi/rrht ; Ital. and Sp. Mirrii ; Eat.
Mi/rrha ; Aral). Murr), a resinous substance, the ))roduce of an unknown tree growing
in Arabia and Abyssinia. It is imported in chests, each containing from 1 to \> cwt.
Abyssinian myrrh comes to us through the East Indies, while that produced in Arabia
is brought by the way of Turkey. It has a peculia.-, rather fragrant, odour, and a bitter
aromatic taste. It is in small irregularly shai)ed pieces, which can liardly he called tears.
Good myrrh is translucent, of a reddish yellow colour, brittle, breaking with a resinous
fracture, and easily pulverised. Its s|)ecific gravity is 1 -Sf). When it is ()|)a(|iie, mixed
with impiu'ities, and either white, or of a dark colour aijjjroaching nearly to black, with
a disagreeable odour, it should be rejected. — (^Thomson's Disjjensaturi/.)
rit^f -1
'ir
N.
NAILS (G'jr. A%e/, Spiker ; Du. Spi/kers ; F.-. Onus; It. Chloili, Chioi-i, /irjuti ;
Sp. Ctiivns ; Rus. Givosrli), are small s])ikes of iron, brass, &c., which, l)eing driven
into wood, serve to bind several pieces together, or to fjtsten something upon them.
There is scarcely a town or village in (o-eat Mritain in which nails are not forged ; but
the principal seats of this uset'id branch of the iron manufactiu-e are at I>irmingh;un,
Bilston, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Sheffield, and a small district in Derbyshire. The
consinnption of nails is immense ; and the aggregate value of those amuially produced is
very large.
N AN(i ASACKI, a sca-jjcnl town on the south-west coast of the inland of Nimo,
one of the Japanese islands, being, according to Krusensteni, in lat. IJ'J*^ '1:5' My' N.,
Ion. 130° 11' 47'' 1'^. The harbour extends N, E. and S. W. about L'i leagues, lieiiig, in
most places, less than a mile in width. Ships lie in ,'> or 6 fathoms water, within a gim-
shot of the tcm-n, near the nuddle of the bay, where they are ))rotected from all winds.
The Jaiiai'L'SO islaii'ls are situatinl within the tcinporatc zone. 'I'hcy arc helleveil to contain .■;li,(iiio,( (iO
of peoiile, .'.ipiriiiv in inilustry anil Civili>atioii to every other I'lastern natioTi, with the exn iifion ol ihe
Chinese, lint, iiotvviili(.t.in<hnt! Japan has some thousand miles of sea coast, all foreigners are rigidly
exihuleil from it, with the cxeepiion of the Dutch and Chinese; and they are oidy allowed to visit
Naniiasacki, the former with 'J ships, ami the latter with In junlcs.
The Japanese themselves are prohibited by the laws of the empire from quitting their own shores ;
and, notwithstanding they formerly enii^'rated freelv, and traded extensively with the ni ifjhhonring
nations, Ihey ha\e resolutely adhered to this anti. social regulation since l(>,i7, or for nearly 'JjO years.
Biith Dutch and Chinese are snhjrc cd to a rigorous siDr'-iZ/iiiirc linring their resi<icnce in Japan.
" I'he ships," ( Dutch' says Mr ( r.iwlnrd, " no sooner arrive, than their rudders are unshippid, their
guns dismounted, their arms ami aiiimuniticn removed, a military guard put on hoard, and low boats
appointed to watch theui. 'I'heir cargoes are landed by, and plaicd in charge of, Ihe (.lliceis ol tlie
Japanese government, and the Dutch have neither control over, nor access to them, except throu>;h
so/iri/tili'm. The island of Desima, to which they are confined, is an artilic al strurinre of -lone r.ii-cd
ipnn the rocks of the luirliour, measuring in its greatest length - i! pace-, by a breadlh of S'.'. it loni.
inunicates with the town of N'angasacki l)y a bridge and gate, and is palisailoed all round, as well as
•iirrounded Ity a guard. I'lom this impn.sonment the Dutch are r.lloued to peep twice or thrice a year,
.ather to be exhibited to the great as a curiosity, than out of indulgence. .\ corjis of con.-.:ables and
interpreteis are ai)pointed to watch over their minutest aciions ; and Ihe most degrading ser\ ilities are
pxarted from the highest among them, by the meanest olticers .if the Japanese government,"
The Chinese trade with .lapan is understood to be condneted from the port of Niiigpo, in the province
of v'hekiang, winch is so conveniently situated, that J vovages may be performe<l in the year, evi^ii by
the clumsy junks of China. The coiiinu)dities with which Ihe Chinese furnish the Japanese, consist of
raw sugar, cow and hufl'alo hides, wrought silks, consi>ting chiefly of satins and ihniiasks, eagle (1
.sandal wood, ginseng, tutenague or zinc, tin, lead, hue teas, and, (or more than Kill years h.ick. smne
Eiiroiiean broad cloths and camlets. The ex|K)rts consist of copper, limitvil to U),(lii() picnl-, or about
90() tons ; camphor, satire blades, pearls, some descriptions of paficr and iiorrelain, and some Jajian ware,
which i.f either curious or handsome, but not so substaiuial as that of China.
Japan, could a trade be freely carrieiv on with it, would uiuiuestion.ibly, from its extent, popiil.-ition,
and civiliaatlou, atfiird a great opening for the cnminerce of Kiirope. All attempts hitherto ii.ade have
been baffled liy the watrhful jealousy of the Japanese government. The only lair prosiiect of success is
to leave the matter entirely to the enterprise and ingenuity of the liritish merchants, to whom the trade
of the neighbouring Chinc.-e empire is now thrown open. Alter eoii.-.id( ring J.ip.iii, among Kastern
nations, as second only in population, extent, and livilisation, to China, and tluit the whole empire is
situated beyond the tropics, and in the s line region as Turkey, Italy, Spain, and a part ot the south of
France, wo may easily discover the sort of cihimoditics whit h I'.urope or Knropean colonies could
liirnish in a tratle with it. They would consist of Inoad cloths and other woollens, cotton fabrics, iron.
'?i ■
I i
« I
,'■ (
y'^',
HI 2
nanki:i;n.
Kpcllcr, till, loa>l, y,\n'.s warr, miK'tr, iIhikh, ;iii<I hjiU'criiH. TIicm' wdulil In' |i.iicl liir in ca'.iiplior, raw silk,
iiiiwtiiiiKlit r(i|i|i('i', xol.l, aiiil mIm'i. ()I tlii' .i iiiil.ils imw iiiiiitiiiiiril, IIk rr c.in Ix' no (|iu'>ti(iii lli.it
.lapaii coMlaiiiH \rry nrli iniiics. Dnwii Id 17 |i', wliiii llir (|ii.iiilily nl i(i|i|i(r ipcriiiilli'il to he rxiiorliil
wan liiiiiliil, III!' ix|iiiils liy till' I Hilcli ami ( hiiir.M' aiiiiniiilcii in t,,i(ili tcmi. Willi rrs|i(rl to mIvi r,
iKliiri- lis ixjiDrtal 11)11 was pniliibilnl, tlir I'lirluniirsc Iikhi^'IiI it a«ay in laiK'r ipiaiililirM, liaviiiK, in
1(12(1. rxpiirlrd iii) Ir^s lliaii -,:jI) rl.i's|», ciinivali'iit In '.', ; (),()(y(t lads, or [til ii.v. Ilir tail) 7:i/<,li(<'/.
Klrrliiif;. Ah to noM, il lias liccii .ilways hiip|jiiM'il, limii lis rilalivc abllluiuiiCL' ill Japan, to licar a
Hiiialirr proporlliiiiaU' value In silver llian in any nllirr nuintry.
Till' lojliiwiii)' arc Ihc i|iiaiilili('s ami valiii' nl' k""<I^ cxpiirli'il ami iiii|inrl<'il liy tlir Diilcli in llicir
trailc Willi .lapaii In IH.'.i ; llic ships I'liiployril lirini; oni' ol IKMI, (mil nni' ol liH) Utixa liurdcn. 1 lit' trailu
in C'Xcliiiiivfly eurricil iiii willi liiu port ol' Uatavia.
K>|Hirlk III NiiiiKnsiu ki.
VnliK'.
liii|iori» t'liiiii NiiiiKiiii<ii^lii<
Artlcln.
Aitirli!s.
ValiiB.
/■7.'l iU3.
ii'litrint.
Siii.i.ii »ii..a, iiiii|.i(ui»
I'iiiiililii.r. 7'2il lilciilii
(.'.1,1'ill
^iii'iii wii.ki, I, Hi; (I...
r.Iij.ir*, liijl.'iilii.
i,n,M,-i
Illlll.ll.i lllal^, MI'I in iiiiimInt
1 r.i|.i', r^l. |.jl'(:|-.s . . -
17,7 IH
i:ii-i.ii.iiii.' h'.iii, I.I.3S iijs.
^;>.n
1 nl|..ii 1 lolll . - - -
i.i,');h
M.il.iY t.iiii|,li..r, I.I 11.-..
:^,iii
Ali'.ii. Ml.- ...
•iM7«
.(.IV.I lli:il>, 'J'i ' III liUllllll-r
I'l.lM.MIllH - - • .
.1..1K7
I'm iia mil nil, '21 liiillU -
S.ikklr .mil M'V . - -
11,. •I.T.J
llnvis, 1 l.Til... . - - ■
IS.M','11
u iii'iii, '^o; imkj - . - -
x.i.w
Suii.ir. i..'1'll clu.
llll.'lhS
MlkH . . . .
;m,i;<)ii
Tin. ,-. .s ,|n. . . .
is.ir.i;
Slliiiliitii • ...
UU.ON'J
Iti-iiu'il 1 ■!■ i: Is
'^II.SNIi
ll.inlwarf .mil )>nii'i-l.iin
U.'iMI
.Ii'Wi-lliTV . . . -
I.IIHI
1 iltlSt Willi'
.1,7 IH
\. Ilii'iliiniU Imm.iiI . L.tlis
7. '..'21 1^1
l,.ii.l. 1 l; 1.1. uU
Ni'ttii'il.iii.U 1 ..ll(.ii i;<hhU
'^,l'>^
i,[,Mi
.Mttlit Mil' illl.l Mlllillir.
T.il.il v.riii' nl" i'X|*i.rt I .iiKiii's - /■'.
^:^,s■•^
■I'.'i.ii v.iiiii'.if iHi|..iii I'.ii'K.K's . . t:
HIIH,4s«
(ir, .11 r^ ;••. iiiT ;.. ;..
ll.l.M S 1
111, ,il 1'.! /■'. |i.r (.. - - /.. '
l•^,:^7^ i() (i
W'v may take tins npiMHtiniity nC .staling that Hit' la>l aiilhintir acroutil wo have of any Mritisli
vessel att(Mt|itin^; to rai'ytm an iitlrn'onr.M' with Japan, was that nl a .sliip connnanthil liy ( .i|itawi
(iiii'thin, whnh ttinchril at the i-ntiancc nl' thr liay of .lt\hl(>, in I^IM, m a vnya^c tioiii Calrutla to
(>l-h^t^tv. Captain <Mirt'on it-nianu'il at anilinr S days, waiting' the icrript nt instrnrtlon^ tiotn thr
(Mpital, Ji-tUt(», at thi' Ik ad nl the hay, ili'^tant ahotlt lo" miles. I |e reipie^ted le.ive to retuiii next ye.ir
liM the piiipose ol i'arr> ni]{ on ti adf, whicli in «-ivil hut pereinplniy teniiH was reru^cd. Dniini; the
ffhip*s .slay, she w.is elo-.-ly w.dehed hv an nnineii?>e pnlice loit'e, hnt hlteial oilers were luaile ol supphe.s.
The ollicers woiild permit no sjieries ot" Iride t<» he earned on, lor wliirli, however, the people evmeed the
Kr*'ate>t pi».sdil<' deNire, admiring the hroai! einlhs, ealn oi", and (tther I^nropean artii!Uvi whieli were
.^liown them. The ship wa^ viMted hy -^ouie tlioii>and natives, rhieliy from enrioMty. Captain toti'doii
thinks th.d aeoiilrahand tiade, Minilar to that eondnriid hy the lMirop<an nations off (he month ol'
tlie Canton river, may he Mieei'-slnlly earned on with Japan. — ( A./ ////yrrVv ///.v/cr// <;/ .////n///, vol. i.
p. .;|() — .;;ii; ; Krusrnsiif/i s I ttifn^r mtimf tin' l\ m/if^ vol. i. p. JiJI. KiiKhsh traii>l.(tion ; CmirJuuVs
Itiitfau tithifuht^o, vol. iii. p. 'J!'7. ; I'.i'ndtni' itj John /)< */;/,v, A'.w/., I'ltsf fii-funt nf Ihc St/n / ('off//t.t/fif on
thi- .{ffiins (f/7//r fuist /u(fi,i (o/tt/him/, lS,;i), p Jti. ; /'nsomt/ Ciuntuiiiiiculiotis Jnim Cup/. /'. iionlon.)
M.w'i,. .\(inunl> .irt' kt'i'l in (.it K. ni.o r, .mil .■.iiularinrs ;
lO I .inil.iritK'N iiiiiki- I in.i.r. .ni.l lo in.t. .' 1 t.ii-l. t hf Huh ti
If. k.<ii I Ik- .\.imim..i. ki I.M I M ^', ll.*liii^,(-<|ii.il )<• .it'oiil i-1. ■'->(.
TtM* uuUI t.-inst uilTii! .in- Iltr iirv\ .inil .till il.|<l' ■'"«* inlMlltis,
<>r t ii|>,<ii(^-< , ttit' •'lUi'l t riiiis -ire, till- ti.ii'tlin|;iii, ir ii;.t''Mf, ;inil
k'ta.KiM. 'i'lii'V .in- in cfiurjl \vi\ -iiiiplr, ^tllu k |>l.iiii .iritl
iiti.uloriMHl, ihr uit-.ili-i |Mil ol' lUi'iii uilliMiit jiiviini loinul
tin- Ml tiuiii, .iiiii lll..^t I't thrm «t'li-"ut .iii\ -let" niiipiiil v.iliir.
I'm' llii-. Il' iNon \\u-\ .til' .list .i\s ts I'll; t lit 1 l>v 1 1n- iiicirli.uil'., w ini
)iiil titt ir I lii>|> >>i i.iin|t u|»>n lliciii, t<> Nifjiiil'v tli.il (In- toiri i^
hl.iiHl.na ^\ri(^lit .mil nil, ittiith'i .Hill.
I 111' 111 w » itliiuiu- .ir ' oiiii'iiu. i.tiittili'il ,it till' iMul-,, iinil ll.it,
iil>t>iil V in* In ^ hrn.ul. s.ii'i'K Ihn k<'r itt.ni .in l■:n^ll^ll
l.irihin^'. "!' .» i'aU- \rlli»
• .In
III.- <|h
nnt'M.lr
nilMM-
ot si-vt i.il • ln^^ Inn N sl.unpttl, .tntl ,it lintli i*ii<l-< ilnrci-i ii
nil.ini;ul.»r liL'iirt-, with rJl'-^iil Irlli'is on i(, iinl, li 'miU's,
A Minniiliki' lit;ni>'. wilti .i HitutT nii it in r< lift'. ( )|) lln- other
Mill* IH .1 fill iil.ii 'sl.iin]!, M nil r.iiMil |fni'r<< mi it; .nul vmiIihi
tlif iii.iruin, l"H .iv.li mn finl, two ^nl.tlll■v sunk ^l.nllp^wlth
r.iuftl Iflii'i", vvtmli .111- ililtfifiil on fiU'h <- oh.in^ ; llii'v .no
v.ihifd .il tM m.ii-f . Thf If aif old . tih nins oi i .i^ioii ili> ni< I
ulih, vvinrli iirf nl' liiif K<*''h Minn-wh.il hto.uli'r ih.in lltt*
lirw.
Thf otil (t.U.mKM wri^'h .^71 Untili iisfii, »ir VT* KiikIMi
ff1.lin^, .mil Dm- pild ts s.iii) to l>f '.;-> i-,ii-.i(-< linr, \\ hif h m mild
t;ivf II*. Vi/- lor till' v.iluf of Ihf olil inlMim. Itnl III.' J.l
ii.uifM- minx .itf ii'i'kmiftl ;it M.ulr i-^ only ^7 lonrli, which is
XO V,V^ ' i-.iralN; lhl^ if.luffs thi oUI i ..Imhu l.i H^. IH-/. 'I'lu-
\\i'x\ loli.nii;-. «fi^;ll IsO ur-ini-^ ; thf j-nlil i-. aliont liifiir.ils
hnc, ,111(1 Iht' v.ilin' 'Jlji.'V/. 'I'lu' iiliaii i-> ittrli i' \hv valut'ot'
thf .oh-me.
riii'itjiti i-i imIIisI I>\ till' Mnli-h^nlit n l)i',in. :uiil U inailf
tit' |>. ill- '^olil, of .1 iMi.iMflo^i.iiiiii .Il ln;nrf .in<l tl.il. r.illu-r
ihu kir til. Ill .1 f.trtlinii4. \i ah ni.nu raiM d lf1tfr^ on omi' --tili',
.nut tv\o liiiurfN or llowi-r-i m n Iii I on tin- oihi-r ; lIu* v.ilur
i.r thi-. i-. \ of il inhiint;. 'I'lifif .ne oM itjili> .il-o to In- nift
with : lhfv«' arf thukir (ti.in lln- luw tiru'>, ami in v.iltif '.^'2
in.n !■ '• I .iiHi.imii's.
.N'aniiiocin is .'i ));irattf|of;i. tniif.it tl,it silvfi' coin, of luiri'
tlif ihickii>-s-< of a iLillpi'tinv, I nifh lon^ ami .^ inch
itro.ul, mil li.i initl ol" tim- silver. Thf film* is stain|nil widi
st.iis, anil «ithin dif fa^iN .irc r.iisfil ^^Ml^. t hu- snlf is
ill iiWfil .ill '»■ 1 1 Willi i-.iunl IfltiTs , ami the other, on its lov\i r
mill laru' i iiMielv, is hi hit \utll vaisi d h- Iti vk, anil al I lie sailie
tjnif r\liil>its a lUiutile tiKHMilikf tiK>ire. Iti \aliK' it* 7 ni.iof
.'► c.iml iiiiH's*
Il ii;,ii>nf .iml k 'il.tni t .-lie ilfiioniin.iliuiis hy vvhiih \arioti.i
himiis ol* ,ilv' r, v\iilioii( loini or l.isliitiii, .tie known, whirl)
.111- milh-r ot lh.' >.tiiif si/.', • li.ii""-, rior valiif. I'lii- I'.irni.-r
.>r Ihfsf, li.MM'v. r, arf ojiloiif;, .nul ihe t.iller inimilish, tor
Ihf ini)st I'liit nil k, hill ^o1|)f|jnu->, llioin.h sililmn, ll.ii.
Tlifsf ii.isH in ir.ulf, hill an- alw.i>, wtinjmt in o. anient
litMii mif iiiiti\iilu,il (o .uiutlu'i'i anil liavr a dull Uailni
appi .irance.
^cni is a dfiioniiiiiilioii n|i|.licd In jiicccs of i-.i])|i(>r, hrass,
.\iu\ iioii c.tiii, whi'h Itf. If a iii-ar ii-.sfinhlan< ■- lo our oM
t'.irlhiii({s. 'I'liev dillir in ■^\/^•, v. dm-, .mil enh-rnal .i|i|ii'.ir
an.f, Iml aie .tlw,i>s t.ist, an. I liavi- a s.|i).iif hole in ilii-
nn.ldlf. !■> niiiii'. ol whitli ihi-v in.i\ U' sli uiij; lo^^ilhf r ; ami
likewise li.nf .dw.i\s hm.id nJtifs. Uf ihisi- are . nrr.iir
s|i >n ->.'iii, .if the \.dni ol I connnon s«>ni, in.tiie nl' hras-
.mil ahnovi as hr.t.iil as .i li.ill|i( nn% , hiil linn, 'flu . nimnnn
sfiii .in- thf si/f .if a farihirif;, and iiiadf .if rt-d conjur ,
fiO of Ihf in I inicf. I>.po>a -ani i^ .i c.i-.| irmi i-<iin, ni
.i|>|M-arani c like the 1 isl. of the saiiif si/f ami valtif, hul is mi
hiiille III. It It isf.i-ih lir.-kfii liy (he hand, or hifaks in (lirn-s
when Ifl l.^ll on tli<- t^ioiin.l.
Thf sfM) .Uf st I niiLC liio ,ti a linif , or, as is most roniiiionlv
thf I a>e, 'Ii. on .i rush. 'Ihi- i nais m one of thcsf |i.ir>'eU arf
Sfldnni all ol inn- Mnl,hn1 jiem-rallv consist of y, ."i, or note
diller.nt kimis; m ihis c.is)-, ihe l-iri-er ..ni-s .us striin^ on
liisi,.imt ih.'.i follow Ihf smaller; ilif niimhfr diininishn ^
in )iio|i.aiion t.i ihf nuniln r of l.ti^f iiiecis in Ihf p.ir.tl,
winch ..H- of uif.ii. t v.iliie th.in ilit- analler.
'I'hf •ilmil is ,1 s.lvfr iiiecf, of 1 o/. tHtlwts. Ki /(rs. Trttv,
and is I 1 o/. (iiic, w hit h uivc^ itn v.iliie I/. ."..». 3*/. 'fhe ii.iint'
is Oiiich, leffiriii; , (irohahly, (.. its slia|ie, lilkt? a lnwi.
n.i/,'/i/.<. I h. sf aif ihi' candariiif, mavt', Uvl, lallv.an.l
|"icul, tllll- divided ■--
to c.iiularini'H ) (i mace,
lonia.e - -(_ ) I i id.
Ki liwU - -( -'] I .aitv.
UtOc.illii-s . ) ^1 |.i(-|||.
The |iicul - I'^i Itulrli nonnds, r l,Vi lf^ tim. avolrdtiiMiiit.
Il Is, howfMT, sa d to wei^ll only 150 II.s.
Mvaxiinx. - Tlif ri'veiiiu*N of Jap.m are fstimatcil hv two
mi-asiiris nf nci-, ilif man and ko'f; (he fnrincr cnnlain.s
lo.niHikoirs, lacli.l.nnn h..les or li.ius ..f li.f.
I'hf L.iif: nir.isiiiv is (lie inc.v hli li isahoni 1 1 liineseciil.its,
or tii tiei Kiiiilisli nearly ; and 'iS Japanese leamifs an- coin-
piilfil to \,v alKiul 1 Diilcli Irai^nc. {ytiUmrn'x OrinU, d-ui.)
NANKKKW OK NANKING ((ier. Nankinff ; Dii. .s'mJi'niiis /Inmn ; Fr. 7o//*;
ttr XtnikiH ; It. Xiiiufnim); Span. XnnffNuni), a sjU'cios of cotton clotli in t'xtiMisivo iim'
ill Ihis L'ouiUry. It tak(.'s its nana' iVom Nanking, in China, ;i iMinipcan t'orrn[)tiun of
• The iiiu>oit> uf copper, in iS:i\ amouiitwl lo U,t'K;i piiid.s, worth i>88,tiJ5 lloriiiti.
NANTES.
813
Ky.'iiif^-iiiiif^, lilt' cnpil.'il of tin' i\tcii'.ivi' |pi(i\iiicf (if Kyan;^-iinn, wIutc it is |)riiK'i|ially
jiriHliK'cd, and wliicli also I'lirnislu's llic jriialir part of llic {(rirn teas. In lliu Mast, tlio
niaiuirai'turi' is wholly I'oiiliiii'd to {'liiiia. ' 'J'lii' cloth is usually ol" a yellowish, tlioii<r|i
occasionally it is of a hlne colour, and oC did'criiit di-:;!'!^! s ol' liiu iiiss ; the hroart pieces,
called " the Company's nankeens," are ^^eni'rally of a Itetter (juality than the narrow
ones, and are most esteemed. \Vi' produce imitation luinkciiis at .Manclii'sler and other
places, liut it must he admitted that they are inferior to the Chinese; neither lasting; so
loim, nor holding their colour so well. 'I'he colour, whether yellow or lilue, is ;;iven to
the cloth hydyeiiif^; for, though yellow cotton wool he raisi'd in the Ivist, the cloth
made from it is loofjlarinj^. The nankeens hrou^ht to Iviif^land conu' nnde-r the ^^encral
denomination of jiiece floods. 'I'liey are mostly made into Irowsi^rs and waistcoats for
gentlemen's wear during suminer, ladies' pelisses, 8cv. In some of the inore southi'rn
parts of iMirope, the wanner parts of Asia and America, and the Hiitish settlements in
Africa, nankeen is worn hy hoth sexes all the year round, and constitutes the priiu'ip.'il
article of altire. It is worthy of remark, that wliile the Indian cotton fabrics have ceased
to he imported, the imports of nankeen liavef^one on incrwisiiif^. 'i'he (juantities imported
into (Jreat IJritain in the nndermenlioiied vears have heeii —
Vuant.
t'ieccs. 1 Vi'urs.
riifwi.
Vi-ars. ,
rirccH.
I7!l.i
17'il.
I7!ir,
77,.S!W
.;7i,;;'is
1 Hv)i;r.
IMM.
iKir.
iHlli
7H.i,V'7,i
Kilii,7ll7
1H:;(I
iH.;i
1KJ2
.'i!ii,:;.;ii
K."-7,I71
l!l."',7iH
— ( Ui 1)11)1 ml Allkiis III Ihr I'.nst liiilia Cdtnpatii/, "i/ l''iiuiiici; Cumnicrcinl /l/iprittlu; part iii. p. 7(ifi., and
I'di/. I'ti/irr, Nil. I'.T.. Sess. lH:i.i.)
Ilxcliisive ol'tlic niiiikcciis exported from ('anion l)y the Kii(,'li»li, ainnimtinK in IHKl-.Tl to !122,700
pii'Ci'S, iuid HI IH.il-.i'J to .';i7,:')7il ilo, the Americans exported, in Is.ll-.j'J, UV/iMS piccis; ('onsid<'ial)le
ipiantitii's liciin; also taken liy tlic Spaniards, Dulili, \('. It iH proliablethat, under tlic new arraiigeincntii
HiUi ropect to llie Cliincse trade, the exports of nankeen from tantori will he materially initease<l. —
(See iin/i, pp. 'J.iH. and HP.'.)
NAN'l'KS, a large commircial city and sea-jiort of France, on the lioire, about :M
miles from its iiioulh, in lal. -17" l;i' (i" N., Ion. 1' :'..'.' '\ 4" W. l»oi>ulalion 7H OOO.
Vessels of 'JOO Ions burden come u]) to the city ; but those of a larfj;er size load and un-
load in the roads of I'aimlxi'uf, about 'J'l miles lower down the river.
iliilriiiirc Id llif I.diif — There are ;i entrances to the Loire. The (Irst and most (■enciallv frripicntc d
is liitween the hank called l.r luiir and Tonit Cioisir : there is a second hctween I.e I'onr and the hank
called 1.(1 lldiiilii- ; and the third, which in sonlhc riy wimis is nunli resorted to, hctwi en tlii' latter .uid
the rocks called I. a Cdiirdiirn: Ihe naviKation, nhilh is naturally rather dillicnlt, has lieen moeli laei-
lilated h\ the erection of liKht-honses and liencon .. Of the former, one has been reeenlly coiistriieleil on
the north part of l,e I'onr, aliont a leaKUe Ifoiii Croisic, in lal +7' 17' .'>.; ' N., l"n. li'.iH :; ' \V. It is :,('i
feel hiKh. Tlie linht is a revolving one ; the lla>h. v. 1,1. h continnes for 7 seconds, lieiliK siicrceded by a
dark interval of ;"),; "conds. Twn lijjht-hoiises, c .died the Ainnillon lights, stand on the north side of
the river, near its mouth ; Ihe lower light, adjoinin),' /'o;;i/ ilf l.i ri, lieini,' in hit. 47'-' If :;.)" N., Ion. 'Z°
I.VtIi" W. The light is lixed, and is 111 teet above the level (,f the sea. The upjier Aiguillon light,
sitnaleil about a mile N. :;|^' I . troiii the lower, is l'J7 feet high ; it also is a lixed light, v.iricd, however,
by a llnsh every .; miiinles. A beaeoii tower, i .illed the Turk, is erccti'd on the soiithernmst exin inily of
I.allanche; the course lor vessels enti ring between it .ind l.n Cdiiiniiiic, is to bring the Aiguillon lights
in one. 'I lie depth of water on the bar at the mouth of Ihe river varies from ii to 'JJ tathonis. At
springs the rise is 14, and at ni'aps 7 or H led. High water al full and change .;; hours.
I'nidr, S-r. — llcr situation renders Nantes the emporium of all the rich and exten-
sive coui'try traversed by the Loire, so that she has a pretty coiisiderable import and
export trade, particularly with the \Vi'st Indies. The I'xports consist of all sorts of
I'ri'neli |)roduce, but principally of brandy, wine and vinefjar, silk, woollen and linen
goods, refined suj^ar, wheal, rye, biscuits, i"^c. 'I'he ))riiici]ial imports are siijrar, coll'ee,
and olhi-r eoioiii.d products, cotton, indifio, timber, hemi), iS:e. Nantes is ;t considerable
iiilnjii'it for the commerce of salt, tlu- duty on that article in 1K;!1 haviiiji; ;imoniili(l to
l,(i.T7, lOS fr. During; the timi'that the slave trade was carried on, Nantes was more
extensively enpfaged in it than any other I'reiu b port.
The customs duties of NanUs produced, iiielnsive of those on salt, in 1H:J!,
1.7,I(H),;}7'I fr. ; and in 1832, l.'i,<)()7,4(X) fr. The fallinf,>ofi' in the latter year is atlri-
biited to the drou^^ht baviiiff, for a considerable period, rendered the ujipcr jjarls of the
Loire Mnuaviffahle ; and to the imcerlaiiiiy c.iused by the agitation of the ([ucstioii as to
the sugar duties.
Arrirals. — lii Ift.'U there entered the jiort of Nantes : —
rrench ships from foreign countries
— from colonies
— from lishcry
— coasting trade
I'oreign ships
Totals
'I'llllS.
H,HP!)
i!y,b.i.'i
7,Hi.'l
!H,i;p;i
I'J.Hll)
,'i,.13H I 14(i,a.5H
♦ It was stated in the former edition of this work, on authority that shonld not have been trnsteil
lo, t'.iat the manufacture ol nanke 'ii was eaniid to great perfection in the Kast Indies : but, in point of
lad, the inanufadurc is wholly unknown every where in the Mast except China.
■ 'V;
;;l
i'
ji ;'
:'f'(
III
n
I
I
■
I >
fe
i-
W
il
; 1.1
i '
I,
1
,
ii
• ii I
ii;.' '.
M
'■ 4
1
I
, ?
^
I
.•I
!!•
814.
NAPLES.
In IHoi, there entered Nantes 17 British vesKt-ls, iif the burden of !,"'>;.' tons.
i^timii's. Weights, and Mvnsmvs same as in tht' rest (if I'rance. — .See Hdiidi-.ai x.)
Tares. — 21 |>er eent. on collee in bags; real on dittii in lihds., casks, .Ve. ; (i per cent, on cottons; real
on indigo; 17 per cent, on Brazil muscovado sugar, l|i per cent, on Martiniciue and (Juadeloupe ditto,
1,3 per cent, on ditto clayed.
NAl'LKS, ii very larf^e city and sea-port in tiie south of Italy, the capital of the
kin<?(loniof the siim'e name, tii'e lijrht-hoiise heiuf,' in lat. 10° .'JO' I'J" N., Ion. 14° 14' \5"
K. I'opulation, on the 1st of January, 1H;>(), ;!,■3>S„^5(). - { .liiiinf. ili Sititistieu, I «;«).)
Naples is well situated for commerce; but the pervers, jioiicy of the };overnment has
l)een most imfavourable to its growth, and has conlined it within comparatively narrow
limits.
Iliir/iiiiii: 'I'lie bay of Naples i.s spacious, and i.s celebrated for its pictures(|ue view.s. The harbour is
fornicil l)y a mole, built nearly in tiic foini of the letter I,, li.iviiig a liHlit-hoiiscon its elbow. Within the
niiile tlieie is trom .! to + latboins ivater, the ground being soil, i'lie water in tlie bay is deep, and there
is III! bar: it is, him ever, a good deal exposed to the soiilli-westerly winds; and to guard against their
ert'cits, ve.-sels lying in the bay moor with o()cn hawse in that direct ion. I'licre is no obhgation to take a
pilot on bii.ii'd, liut it is usual to tike one the lirst time that a ship anchors within the mole.
Mi.iiei/. — Accounts are kept at Naples in ducati di regno of 101) graiii. A( coriliiig to the new monc-
tar\ sy.stem introduced in 1818, the unit of cuius is the silver ducat ^ .'i,v. .")'.W. sterling. The ducat -
10 cariiin ; and there are coins of 1, 'J, i>, and li carbni in proporlioii. Coins of a less value than 1 carlino
are in cniiper. I be smailest golil piece is the oncetta = |()«. j(/. sterling.
lyeijihis and Measures. — I lie commercial weights are the cantaro and rotlolo. The cantaro giosso ~
1(K) rottoli — l!ilii Ihv avoirdupois _ «!liO,) kilog. =. 184 lbs. of llanihurgh - 18(V4 lbs. of Amsterdam.
The I aiitaro piccolo - IDii ll).s. avoirdiipuis - 48 kilog.
In dry measure, the carro of corn eontains .'j(i toinoli. The toinolo ■.= \'\'> Winch, hush.
In wine measure, the carro is divided into '2 botti, or '.'!■ barili, or 1,+Ki c.iralle. The carro = 2G4
English wine giillons. The regular pipe of wine or brandy = l.JJ Knglish galloim.
Ill oil measure, the salnia is divided into Ili staje, 'J.jii ipiarti, or l,.").jii miMirette. The salnia at Naples
= 4-5 I'jiglish wine gallons ; at (iallipoli it is Iroin .; to 4 per cent, less ; at Han it is a little larger.
In long me.'isure, the caniia Is iilviMed into 8 p.ilmi, or !lii onzie, and is = li feet 11 inches Knglish.
Hence the p.dnio ~ 1(1 ;i8 Knglish inches.
Kleveii saline are allowed to a ship's last. — {Xe/kenbree/ier ; Dr. Kelly.)
E.vporls and Iiiiport.i, — The exports principally consist of the ])roducts of the adjacent
country. Of these olive oil is by far the most im|)()rtant. It is commonly called Galli-
poli oil, from Gallipoli, a town in tlie Terra d' Oiranto, whence it is largely exported.
The entire exports of oil from the kingdom of Ka|)les have been estimated at about
200,000 salme, or 3(),S;5:} tuns a year ; which, taking its mean value, when exjiorted, at
21/. per tun, is equivalent to the annual sum of 7C2,;)i)lJ. — (Sec Oi.ive Oil.) The
other articles of export arc silk, wine, brandy, dried fruits, brimstone, red and white
argol, litjuorice, oak and chesnut staves, rajjS, .saffron, &c. There is a great variety in
the Neapolitan wines. The most esteemed is the lacrima Cliri.sli, a red luscious wine,
Itettcr known in England l)y name than in reality, the first growth being confined to a
small quantity oidy, which is chiefly reserved for the royal cellars. 'J'liere are, hcnvever,
large (juantities of secoiul-rate wines produced in llie vicinity of Naples, such as those
of Po/.zuoli, Ischia, Xo!a, 8n.\, which arc sold under the name of /uvrimu Christi, and are
largely exported. Several jiarts of Calabria i)roduce sweet wines of sui)erior quality.
— (IIei((lerson's Annent tuid Modern fi'iiie.s, p. i.';J!). ) The price of wine at Najiles depends
entirely on the abmulanee of tb'- vintage ; oidy a small qtiaiitity comes to England. The
iinports consist priticipally of English cottons and cotton twist, hardware, iron and tin,
ivoollens, sugar, coflce, indigo, spicery, iS:c. Naples is one of the best markets for pil-
chards, and it re(|tiires a large sujiply of dried and liarrellcil cod.
The imports from, and exports to, Najdes are not given separately in our trade accounts,
but are mixed u\> with those of tlie rest of Italy; and the accoutits of the Neajjolifan
Custom-house are not made iiublic. \Ve are, consetjuently, without the means of form-
ing any act.-urate statement of tlie amoinit of our trade with Naples, but there is reason
to think that the following estimate is not very wide of the mark.
.Statement of the Quantity and Value of the principal .\rticles annually imjiorted info Naples, in Hrlt!<h
liottoms, from (^iieat Dritain and herColunies , and ul the ^u.ii tay and V«lue of the principal .Articles
exported in such liottums, tVuni the former to the latter.
Imports into NaiU-s from Britain ami her Colonies.
Artiflus.
Qllaiuity.
Valm.'.
(od.fish . - quintals
fiO.bOO
;>i,(i()0
Pilchards . - hhds.
y.ooo
l.S.tKK)
ToUee - - cwt.
Stv3
i;,(HK)
Sugar - - - —
\6,j'i}
30,01 1()
.Alanufactured cottons, yds.
.'5,478,480
SOO.tKK)
Twist - - lbs.
'A.}4'.',4!I4
17."),oiiO
H.irdware
•
l.),i'()f)
Iron and tin - tons
,'!,ll<HI
:.'-),(K)0
Woollens . . yds.
111,111
rAl.tHM
Worsteds . ■ —
4;i7 ,+.'<• i
40,000
Total value
_
i'j75.0«)
Kxporb frum Napla w Urluir
ami ht'f rotoiiit^. 1
Artk-lai.
Ouaniity.
Value.
.\rgnl . . cwt.
I.i(|iiorice paste - —
.SilJv organzineU . —
Hrandy . - pipes
Oil - . - tout
4,000
5,nO|)
1,000
I.OIK)
4,;»0()
."),0(K)
10,11111)
(ill. 000
il.OOO
mVNMi
Total value
-
.* 174,000
We have no means of forming any estim.^te of the amount of th« (rNile between Nap(M nid other
uountrles ; but it It (riHing compared to w hat it might and ought to he.
NAri-i:s.
£
.5, (KM)
H),(HJ(>
(Ji).(MH)
}),(H)0
Snifipiittt* /*•"■' i'finr^f't i^t. In IS,* I, tlure cntt n <) tlic
(Wirt ui' Nf'iiles '^il-i inn-iKii vfsM-K. Ofihfte, lol wi re llrititli,
•11 Frunrh, .Vj S.irilinian, d S|>;tiii<>l), '> Tusinti, *Nii', Toimam-
not slatfd.
'I hi" iharfii-s of a mililic nniure nii a iiiitii'nul .%liin of "(t(t intis
Imrdt'ii ( uti-rini; .inil ( liMnn^ uut tVuin the purt <>t Napli ■^, are
fls uticiiT : i)^ ^,,.^
(;h fn/tri»/,'. — For f\pc(Utinij - - - 1 (,i*
(K.|ual to A.». S(/. stcrliiiK.)
itu ttei^rhi^ t'lU.— h\\tviU\i}iii • . - 1 TtO
]tilli>nii>alili . .1 vo
'1 onnaKi'duty at 1 K'nins pet ton - \\i i)
(Ei)ual to about Ul. 'Js, Ul. sterling.) D. 1 1 h(l
CharjiOT on t\f"»i'i^ii ■■^'lii' of niH) toit!» hunUii : —
KvpiftitiiiK
Stamp
(Kqiia) tualNJUt I/. U. hi. stiTlinf;.)
Oil (lenrin^ mit, - P.is-ipnrt
Kxpt'iiitirii;
M.ii.p
llill ol luallh
I'oli.f
I'lirt (illiffr^
K•■^,Mst^■^i^^ paprrs
'i oniia^x' duty at 10 ^rainh ptT ton I'^O I)
(Equal to alunit '21/. 17*. A/, .-.ttrlin^.) It. l."il 1 1
Cuntiitn-fiitiisf Itrnuliitiini.s. — Mastf TH of niiTcliantinen are
houiiil. wilhiii VI hours of ih« ii arnval, inturni^li the rii>iM;ii-
liDUst' v,\\\\ a ^fner<il inanit'i-st o) llii ir r;irf4<i,*., priivksioiis,
niui sioi I -^ ; ai^il the master, « In n consiLiiu'e, r»r the i imM;;ni*i •.,
ari' houtui, within is Inn, r^ ..tti-r ilie aiiiv,.! nt the -hip. I0-.1 ml
in Aii c'l •ration or nianifrst in tlitail, nt' all ^dikUoii lio.trd
ShouUl the c-oii*«ii;tires timit to r« inlir (he m.mitest in dei.iil
withhi IS h"ur^, tl'»\ are MihjeLteil to .1 line of TiO pereint.
upnn the nnii -^pt-rihiil iirtu U-s.
This lietlaraiiini ur niaruhst catinot lie forreiled afler the
'IS hoUft are flapseil ; ami \\u- ina-t' rtir roiisinnee is Ii ihle In a
Imenf ,")<» ducat-, fur every pael[.i>iefrr<-Heiiusl> di c lartd. Ihis,
huwever, is usual y reinitteil, miles, tht-ie he sUspumu of
friUid, upon appiiialion tn the direct nrm-m i.d nf the ru>Ii'Mis.
Masters shuidd he particularly car t'ul m mandtstin^ tlnir
Kiilt and tohatco, as tlte shulue.si error uith rcsput tti them
hUhjei ts the vi'sM'l tn st-i/nre. <V!1 ji'hhIs, pinxisums, iVc. n.il
maiiifesteil, are Ii ilile tn sei/ure.
i^iiiinniliiiv lUfiiiliitions, are riL'nrousIy and arhitrarily en-
f.jrcL-d. 'i he fiei- athnis^iun, cunditinurd re> ep'inn, i\x ah-nluie
refusal of a vessel arnvniK .tt the pnrt is deternnn-d hy the
wholesnTue or unwholes<nni- diaracter nf tin* pla* e fiom which
she cuti.fs. 'I'he place ncty he, 1. Itdeit'^l. 'I. >iisjii» inn-..
.". Kiidanji' red. Or, I. Seiuiv. Inlhc 1 i .a-e, the \fs-el 1..
v'/umU ,iU,>i:itlitr : in the 'Al, she is admittid on a Inn^ ipia-
raiitiiie: m the "tl, she isticeived nn a -hnrt *|uarantiiie ■ in
the Itli, shi- is :dln«ed free /.i./f<./'n. If the w-s'l In- a slii,. nf
Mar, hei nuaranime i-. p rfnrined m tlu' ll.iv nf .N.ip.e- ; tin- tla\s
of her pii,ss,ij;e hf.nt;alIoui-d in Ihf < .ik ulaimn : it a niert h.ml-
llian, ijuaianliiie is pi rfor:iie<iat Nisila, an island almut (i nii'cs
from .Naples. Ii cnnmienies fmin the day uf her .^riival, it m
halU'.st, or loade^l with uusUs. ^ ptiliU> nieuhandisc : it Other-
tt ise, from the da> of the tl- - Iiarye <if her car^o. I'nr vessfK
from eMthtriu" red ]ior|s, ttie . arantine is not li ss than I t, nnr
mnie than i'n tla>s. I'm iv— els frc'in silspicinus plat e-, nul
less than ',; 1, nnr nmre ih »' ' il.n - F r ve-sels ri4>ni evceputl
places, nnt less th.in 7, n.-i n .>re th.m '^1 days. .No fuul l.i/ar-
t'lto i\isls a' Naples; hut at Nisita there is* a la/.ii cim .,f e\-
pur^.itinii fur vesstvs fmm su.-pi» inus ov t-inianLeieil di tiicis nr
Icrnt-a t-s. \ »-ss,ls iVum inht tetl phices iisuall> Ko to l.i|,'hnrn
rr <ii-u..a. where thiv m i\ m>>n.ul in a t.i^iinW' xf^'io' 'lU*.'
f' i- t hilled nn -hips pci Invn 1111; cpiaraiitine are hea\}. .No
distinct uin is ni^'th t et v^een niliiinal and tnri it.'n linttom-s. The
cnnduci of the liii.irtl of liealth, m frupicn'lv dei tarniy places
inftttcd or su-oici..us nn nierr ntdi-mutttl re| nrts, is haidK
ohected to h\ liie nieii hants ; the nniri- espt-naily smie,\vlnn
su' h declaialJnn is made, it is tmt rtvnked till the report he
tillici.i 1> enniradictid hy the ^;i)Ve)nment ol' tlte c>»imtr> in
IplCstl.'U.
llniLvrs, f'l'tntttis.siiiti, S:c. — \o person <'an leijallv act aha
liruker unless authnri-ed hv yovennnent. All patented hrokers
arenhllmd, h\ wa\ nf 'erniitv, to hold fiin.'.e*i propeit\ pro-
riuiiiX ■'*(!'> ducats nl " rnte," ov a dividend nf s,")/. i..*. S*/.
fcteriinn. .Many persons, how. \er, at t as broker- wiihtiut heiny
("(/.»/(■(/, hut iitjetniiract made hy tlu in is adndtted in a court
iif liw. .\n> nerstm may set ii]> .is a nierehant) hy giving liue
notice to the ( ntntru ili '( nuitiitrcin.
The rates of lomniission generally established at Naples are
s\s under: —
Htttcs oj CommixsioH ami Chnr-^fs vjtliiUishfl hy the Merchant*
at A'./-/c.v.
t'ommisslon on sales of lish - - - .T per cent.
l>o. oti maniifat tores of all kimU - - ,1 —
l)r». nn all other litMnls - • -2 —
i)o. on ^oods purchase(\ - - - '2 —
pn. t>n receiving and forwarding • • 4 ~
I»o. on attempting sales - • . I —
Do. on re sale of uoods for the %W}\e arroiuU
on which a imn nasinii lonnnisslbti Ims beet*
iltarued . . - . - 14 -
hu on ihiiterim; \flssels, or procuring
VlMUHt« . . . - 3 -
»'». o» foltecihiu freights on cliartend -hHu i
Uy on fJiip* h'.;n inwards apd outwards 1
h' -•■-■il . ■■ '-. . Itiedil - I -
T'lr
allowcil liv the ( iislo
leading arti* ti s of tin}H>rttition
Stu^ar, in ht));;shead
llo.
r b,'
81.3
louiie M Naplet on the
\'4 per tent.
11
- is In'jlt _
- Ii rotnh
- r. ;d tare
- .'> pt r cent.
- red t.ire
- I'^ n.Knli
- Id pti .ent.
- •/ tn .") pel cent.
- I pel tent.
- re.d tare
- .1 roitoli
- ^ dc. '^.ul. '( percent.
• (nr ihist, real tare
- IS 11,. . of NaiJes
- ','.'. U.S. —
■ real tare.
irrels
l>n. in Itra/i! t hi sts
l»0. ill h.^S
I.oavi's, in i .isks
I *it. extra h>r pajwr and strings
Indi^'o
'I'm, in harrejs, eat h
.\Uim, in casks
Wax, re d tare anil eitra
Cod and stn' k-tish
Ctdlif, in casks
Do. in hags, each
Tipper — — . .
I'nnento — —
(Woa _ — .
' CfH'oa, in cask*
( uinanion, in sinule ha'e
Vu. in d.iuhle halo
(ssia ligina, tot hineal, and hark
In.miniim . ~ 'I'hi-rr are I or .^ companies fnr tie insurance
of ships, and I tnr Ice-.. Their (erii.s are ::eiieiallv hiylicf
than Ihnse nf similar t st dlishinents in I.nndnn. lluus's.ire
never injured at Naples, tl.e.r t mistnictinn rendering: lircs xt-ry
rare, i'he mnpaiues an- eslahlished h\ rnvd aiil 1 .oiit* , the
shareh.ilders hi inn .,nl\ li.dile Un th.- ain.'unit cf rtu ir -hares.
Haiiki,,::. Tl v pr ncinal meit hants .,f N..ple- . re .ill. mnrp
or less, 1. iii),i rs, luiisiiiiK li .!s tln\ advance m.Mic\ nn t inrs nf
iTedit, and d< .tl in t\>lei::n e\cl'iiiiu< s, ami nlhei linau lal opi r-
■'itioiis. Itui the Old <. h.nd iiig •s'lihli-iitni III ai |ir< sent :n e\ist-
en.e, Is the It.nik nf the Tx^n Sici ies, foniMl-cl h> t;n\ emmenl,
and u'uar.mtifd li\ the pn-sessinn oi 1. aided pr»ipiri\. Ii is mit a
hank fnr (he is^m id" n.^it-s nn i n-c it , ike the ll.mk nf Kn^land,
hill tnr till ir issue nil dfpfi- Is, .,Mint-u hit oiith-' princijili.' of
I the Hank of llaml>iirgh. (iuverum* nt m kes all its p.iMiu-nls
I hy ii;e,ms nf iMtes nr nrders nii lla h.tiik ; ..ml ll«ey .'.re" ivsuetl
i t.i nuhvidiials (hr whatever suiiis iJu-n disiic, nn ll.iir j'lNing
\ .m Mpiiv.ilent -u.n of itinney tn tin- tank. '1 hesi- 1 nit-'s or
nrthrs In in a ^ niisiiler.dile part nt' the «. ni ulaiing miitmmof
Naiiifs : the.« ate paid in I ash nn tlemaiid.
(mvertimeiit Iiis aKu tst.d.lished a discnunt office, where
hills, irulorsed hy '4 per > iis i-t unnd tiidit,and m-t at nmre
than .1 months' ifale, aie ilisin\inted at -I per cent.
Prias !{*' I*rtiii.\iiiii)i. — .Naples i-. .. lavnur.dle ])!ace for ob-
taining supplies ili Jtix/if hut not i.i' suit prnvisunis. The iirices
of the printipal articles nf eonaumpiiuii in ls.~l wire us
follows ; —
M <r tl L. toii pavmg or remitting
I id) H'oti sales - - - • '/
nn pimhase of oil, not exceeding .1
hioidhi . . . < 1
I'll. (lo. (jo., not erceeding 'i do. 'i
»" I'ft iiiimiwHift^ - ■ ■ J
i
'ri
•e per
Ih. A vMi.'dupuis.
In
N
■apolitan In Knglish
\
Ii
runs.
rciui'.
Hread.
;,
1 '^
Finn.
■'»
1 2
' i;eef
-
10
1 *
.Muttoii
7
"S
i I'mk
-
s
' .1
( het-e
.
1'^
i ,0
llutler
.
10
ir,
, Ni-L'^tahl
'S
.',
( nllrc
.")•'>
i >>
>ll:.ai
I.S
7
W'ari'Uttusitifr St/nlruu— The w hole policy, if we may ^.o term
it, <*f the Neajin ii.m «nverntnont, with rt.pect lo conwiieice,
is such as wnuld disyrai e a naii.pii of ||.>(ieiJtols. \\ *■ helieve
thit It is entitled m the nnt vt ry ernialJe tli linclinn ..f heing
the .nd> -nveriiineiit that h.is -uppn sst d, .it i» r h.iv nu i-tab-
! lishid, llie warehnii ing s\steii, or siulu Jntmii. 'J h s w h*
' <ione in Is M. \t pn-senl all gn-ids iminn led mttj .N'apie-. may
hedepi>si til, pa.Miig rent, rn warehnlises umler ihe jnmt
hit ks ..( thf kni^ .md the impnrler, lur '£ years. At 'In eiid of
the 1st \ear, haltth< impi-ri dui\ must Ih- paid, amt at ih« en.l
t.f the '.id >eaT. iheoihci half, \\l.etl t r soltl tir n.-i. the gnnd*
must then he rt-ninxetl from the wiiiehouses ; aim m paving
Ihe duties no dtdutti.iii is made t)n ui count of daimige In'tltt;
warehouse, unless < eit.un lnim> he ttimplittl with, tlu ol^-
servanie of wlijch is inv;iiiahl\ letkomd nmie huuUiisoine
■ than the pa>n(ent nt the tluiii>. An ilrtmhttK 1;/ the imjxoit
I f/H/l/ is altoirni nil //.. . t fotfntu-.n'f ilin/ M>rt .'././iTi'i^'K fnoilnce :
on Ihe enntiar>, slmidd II h ipi.en tn he > f the s.m.e species as
native pintlucc subject toaiiui\ .'ii i\pnri, it istharii,d, in
additinn tnthe duty it had p.iid on impt»italiun, w ilh .m « \p<»rt
tlnty I ipial to that l.iitl on tlu.- cnrusptiiuhnij nati\i pi induct !
'1 Ik* mMud.ctuf this -;.sit-in is nu'st tli-a-tinis. So large rt
city .i- Naples, ami sn jul\.iniagtonst\ s luaiid for the con am ice
j with tht Itlat k Sei, the Levant, tiviV' e.Sp.ijn, .Nnrtlutu Ua!y,
NorthernAfiica.tSic.wou'd.h id it been .dinwi d to avail ilsilfcf
[ its natural advant.ii es, h >\e hecttmeainost in pi>i'ant vi'tirjt^tt,
Ihit, in const ipieme of the ve;;ulatio!i» now .s| ei dit tl, 10 unotls
I are tir. it'll tn it except tl nse destint d for hmne ctmsmnption,
I and these are alwa\s supphetl bpatmulN ; for.liowtver nnicti
. the pro e of .111 article mas he depvcsseil at Naples, it is iinpo.s>
i sihie, owing to the npprt-ssive iluties (h.-^rgeil en ts iinnori-
atiun not being drawn h^u-k on evptirtatinn, for the nariliant
to send it to Leuliont, ( jenoa, 'I'ritste, or any other plai e where
tt is more in ueinaiut. It w^ild really sier'n as if ihe govern-
ment hatl hien exertmi: its i.igetiuily to iind out tit.- ine.nisuf
driving comnu-rce, ami w Hh It enternrise and iiinu ^trv, frnni
Iti stiores ; anil It is nnt to be denied tnat it luu bet n. in t.o far,
(•mint lUK succes-ful.
I »-n/((, Ac. — tJtMKis arc universally sold at Iook credits,
ttlostly from 1 to S innnth> ; ;uul for manufactiiretl g<Mi<K some-
times hinder. On sal*;s olindiiio, frnm 1'^ to IS nionths' cretlit
is given. Disinimt for ready money is at the rate of (i p<r cent,
per aniumi. ."Vlirchan's .ire airanged hy the (bamherof
('ommerte into ,") tlidercnt class*-. ; .mtl a fi months' rvet'it is
given at the Custom-house inr itntiis, to ihc extent of f.(),t)(X),
■IH.iKHi, ."ii.tiint, '.^(l.tHH), and r.,iHK) ducats, to intlividuaU
nrcovding lo \\\i c'as-; invvhi.li 1 hey happen li) leenr<tlled-
Hul lliis IS nf Utile impnrlance. Ciiless the trniisactions of
a mircliiLiit be very limited indeed, tie duties he has to pay
amount lo miicli im le than the cretlit hv is altuwed.
I I
I
n
\i.
§
I I
' t
.:i
1 <
m\
f',1.
')
w
OP
n^^B^^^
8ir,
NAPLES
( '
, :l
Tariff — Tlio duties on exports aiul Imports are siirli as nilslit be cNprcted from n Roveniment that
has suppressed the warehousing systoiri, and allowed no drawh.icks. 'I'he tollowing are theduties cliarged
on the principal articles ot export Iroin Naples : —
Tarin'of thoprincipal Articles of Export in force at Xaiilcs in 1S,;3.
• Nia|iiilitaii
KiiKli
h
Article!.
U'elKlits. Jlonoy.
UViKhis.
.Money.
U. gr.
-fc" S. it. 1
Cocoons (prohibited)
1
Cotton - •
per cantaro 1 1
per cwt.
1 10
Horse hair - -
.
_ r,
-^
9 8
Wool
— M
—
II Oil
Oil in native vessels
»
per salina ! .3 ."8
per tun
3
in lort'igM v^■^scU
4 !»'.'
—
4 10
I'itch, white
-
per cantaro
'J *)
— )
4 ()
black
_^
1 KU
■^
3 4
I/icjuoriee root
.
_
1 2U
—
2 3
Soda seed viirohibited)
Sponges
per cantaro
3 SO
—
li 8
Hags, white •
. .
^
8
..-
1,5 2
coloured
^
3
.'5 8
Cork
. . .
..
.%
11
MM
.
..
3
5 8
Salll-on
•
per lb.
(&
per lb.
2J
Wheat, and all other sorts of grain.
when exiKjrtcd
in native vessels, pan no duly.
exported in li)rei(?n vessels
-
per cantaro 1 30
per cwt.
f.J
Of these duties, that on oil is by far the most objectionable. Kven though Naples enjoyed a mono-
poly of this valuable product, the imposition of such a duty would be wholly indefensible on any
sound priiu'iple. lint when, instead of having a monopoly of the oil trade, the Neapolitans are exposed
to the keen competition of the Tuscans, (icnoesc, .Spaniards, &c., the imposition of a heavy export duty
is in the list degree destructive. It depresses that branch of industry which is most suitable for the
country, and gives a corres|ioudinR encouragement to its extension amongst foreigners. The increased
duly oi' ')ll.«. a tun on oil exported in foreign ships, is, of course, intended to force the employment of
native sliip.- : but if has not had, and could not rationally be expected to have, any such conse()uencc ;
its only cllt'ct being to tempt foreigners to make :, corresponding addition to the duties on oil, when im.
ported in Neapolitan sliips. .Sucli regulations are never, in fact, productive of any thing except injury
to those by whom they are cn.tcted.
The duties on most sorts of imported articles are extremely oppressive, being seldom nnder 1>X), and
often above l.Jd per cent, mi valorem ! On coffee, the duty is no less than 4ti.s-. Htl. per cwt. ; on sugar it
varies fnmi 41». HW. to tVls. (W. per do. ; on tea it is SO.v. per do. ; on cotton wool it varies from l<)s. H<l. to
3T,v. 4rf. per do. The duty on cotton and woollen manufactures is imposed by the piece, and is, in common
with all the other duties, most exorl)itant. Kven the indispensable article, iron, is charged with Hs. 4rf.
per cwt. ! These duties have been imposed partly for ihe sake of revenue, and partly in the view of en.
couraging domestic manufactures ; but they have not accoinplislied cither ol/ject. The inordinate extent
to wliich they have been <arried lias made them advantageous only to tlie smuggler, and ruinous to every
one else. How, indeed, could it be otherwise? The coast of Naples, exclusive oi Sicily, stretches from
K(K) to 1,0011 miles ; in many places it is uninhahitfed, while, in a gre.it number of t thers, the people are
not more than h.ilf civilised. The facilities for smuggling are, therefore, incalculably great; and, com.
bined with the iiiadeouate remuneration of the customs' otiicers, and the ease with which Ihcy are cor-
rupted, our only woiuier is, not that smuggling is in a thriving state, but that there should be any legiti.
mate tralHe. The latter, iiuleed, is princiiially confined to Naples, where a stricter police is establisheil ;
for it is not uncommon to Hnd the same articles, in country towns at no great disftxncc from thj capital,
selling for j or j of tlicir cost in it. In a country subjected to such a comn. .cial code as Naples,
the snniggler is a great public benefactor. He is, in fact, the natural enemy of oppressive duties and
prohiliitioiis. 'i'lieso bring him into the field, and make him p>it forth all his enterprise and energy : and
it is fortunate for the best interests of .society that he is uniformly victorious over penalties, confiscations,
r.acks, ami gibbets ; and cannot Vie defeated otherwise than by the adoption of enlarged and libct-al prin.
ciples of commercial policy.
Of the direct tiixe.s, the most productive is the fondiaria, or tax on rent, producing about 1,240,000/.
a year. It was imposed during the Trench occupation, when it was fixed at 2;j per cent, of the sum re-
ceived by the landlord. It hiis not been altered since ; and as agricultural produce has materially de.
elineil ill price, while the rents of houses in towns, and particularly in the capital, have very much
increased, its unei|Ual pressure is much complained of.
'I'he perverse policy we have thus endeavoured to devclopc, cannot surely be permitted to exist much
longer. The reasonings of Filangieri, and other able native economists, might have forewarned the
government of the real nature of that system of prohibition and restriction wliich it has laboure.l, c er
since its restoration, to protect and defend. Hut facts have now taken the place of theory ; and the results
of the system are too obvious and too mischievous, not to arrest the attentionofevcry one, and to imi-rcss
the necessity of some radical alterations. Considering the great natural fertility, varied productions, ,ind
advantageous situation (>f N.iplcs and Sicily, it is plain that nothing more than freedom and security are
rcipiired to render them among the richest, most industrious, and flourishing countries of Kurope. I'.nt,
instead of this, the fetters laid upon commerce, by depriving the inhabitants of a market for their pio.
ductions, and, consequently, of the most powerful stimulus to industry and invention, have paralysed all
their energies, and immersed them in poverty, sloth, and barbarism. It is surely high time that a differ-
eiit line of policy were adopted. At Naples, a reform may be undertaken without (which is not always
the case elsewhere) endangering any thing either useful or valuctble. Its political economy is such that no
change, be it what it may, can make matters materially worse than they are at this moment. But itwould
be the easiest thing in the world to lay the foundations of a great and rapid improvement. To efTect this,
government has only to abolish all duties anil restrictions on exportation, to establish the warehousing
system, and to reduce the duties on imponation to| or \ part of their present amount. If it do this, it
will adil prodieiously to its own revenue; at the same time that it will do 10 times more to rouse the
dormant eneigies, and to augment the wealth of its sulijects, than it is possible to do by any other
means.
In luinirlhiBihiN. Article, wo liave l)cen much iiulclitod totlie
c;uctnllv iliiiwn mi, and Ectit'r.illv (ticiicinu-i .■ititwfrs of the
itniKIl consul (Mr. (iooihvliO tci tlic Ciiriil'lr ViicrliM, to
Atitttiift, CiiM^i */*(K*/ -iiir li Iti'i/iiiime de A'^j'/cf, .ind lo some
valualile iirintte ct<nwiiinicttttini)i. W'e liavi' .ilso looked into
the works of a good ni.iny Kn^lisli and foreign traTeller', hut
behUini Willi much adv:intanc. Thev are tilled with accounts,
a thousand times rcjtoattil, of aiiliqiiities, \'esuvins, Ihe
churches, Uie.itres, Ia//aroni, vVc. ; hut few amonf; thcjn coui-
niunicate any information fVom which any jnst idea.s can lie
fornuHi of Ihe state of industry and commerce, the financial
system of the country, &c. 'I'lie statistical works of the Nta-
jiolitans arc equath defective. They are overlaid with lasi^.
niticmt details, wlule they neglect aitof;ether, or pass sliuhtly
oviT, tlie more imiiortant Jlepartments. This may arise Troni
the .jealousy of tfivcnuuent ; hut ilie English travellers can
nuike no bueli apt. logy lor tlieir defect:^.
f>i
ll^giti.
islioit ;
apital,
Naples,
utic'S ami
aiul
ations,
tal prin-
,040,00(J/-
iuin re-
ally do-
miicli
ist TTiiirli
rneil tiic
si, e< er
ri-si:ltj
imj.icss
oils, and
irity are
I'.iit,
heir pio-
ilysiHl all
a (iillor-
>t alwpys
that no
it would
liTt this,
•housing
o this, it
oiiso the
iiy other
•Hi ran Iw
i fiMancial
• the Ni a-
»'Hh iivsi^-
, sliKlitlj
jrisc rrom
I'lltTs cin
NAVIGATION LAWS.
817
N A VI GAT I ON' LAWS. These laws form an Important hrnnch of Maritime Law.
Ill tliis country tliuy are understood to comprise the various acts tliat have been pitsseii,
defining Hritisli ships, the way in wliich such ships are to lie manned, the peculiar pri-
vilc}i;es enjoyed by them, and the conditions under which forei(,'n ships shall be allowed
to engage in the trade of the country, either as importers or exporters of commodities,'
or as carriers of commodities from one part of the country to another.
Sketch of the History and Principles of the !\'avi(/ntioti Laws. — The origin of the
Navigation Laws of England may be traced to the reign of ilichard IL, or jierhaps to
a still more remote period. But, as no intelligible account o( the varying and con-
tradictory enactments framed at so distant an epoch could be compressed within any
reasonable space, it is sufficient to observe, that, in the reign of Henry VIL, two of the
leading principles of the late navigation law were distinctly recognised, in the prohibition
of the imi)ortation of certain commodities, unless imported in shijjs belonging to Engiisji
owners, and manned by English seamen. In the early part of the reign of Elizabeth
(J Eliz. c. 5.), foreign ships were excluded from our fisheries and coasting trade. The
republican parliament gave a great extension to the navigation laws, by the act of Ki.lO.
which prohibited all tihips, of all foreign nations whatever, from tradmg with the plant-
ations in America, without having previously obtained a licence. These acts were, lunv-
ever, rather intended to regulate the trade between the dillerent ports and dependeneles
of the empire, than to regulate oin- intercourse with foreigners. Hut in the I'ollowing
year (9th of October, 1G,51) the Jepid)lican parliament p.assed the famous Ait of Kurl-
{/atioti. This act had a double object. It was intended not only to promote our own
navigation, but also to strike a decisive blow at the naval power of the Dutch, who then
engrossed almost the whole rurri/iny fnnle of the world, and against whom various cir-
cumstances had cons])ired to incense the English. The act in (piestion declared, that
no goods or commodities whatever, of the growth, production, or manufacture of Asia,
Africa, or America, should be imported either into England or Ireland, or any of the
plantations, except in sliijis belonging to English subjects, and of which the master and
the greater numl)er of the crew were also English. Having thus secured the import
trade of Asia, Africa, and America, to the English ship owners, the act went on to
secure to them, as far as that was possible, the import trade of Europe. For this pur-
pose, it further enacted, that no goods of the growth, production, or manufacture of any
country in Europe, should be imjjorted into Great Britain, except in British ships, or
ill such ships as were 'ue real property of the people of the country or place in which the
goods were produced, or from which they could only be, or most usually were, cxporttil.
The latter part of the clause was entirely levelled against the Dutch, who had but little
native produce to export, and whose ships were principally employed in carrying the
produce of other coimtries to foreign markets. Such were the leading provisions of this
fa'i ous act. They were adopted by the regal government which succeeded Oomwell,
and form the basis of the act of the 12th Car. 2. c. 18., which continued, to a very recent
period, to be the rule by which our naval intercourse with other countries was mainly
regulated ; and has been pompously designated the Churfa Maritima of England !
In the statute 12 Car. 2. c. 18., the clause aj.5;iinst importing foreign commodities,
except in British ships, or in ships belonging to the country or place where the goods
were produced, or from which they were exported, was so far modified, that the prohi-
bition was made to apply only to the goods of Russia and Turkey, and to certain articles,
since well knowti in commerce by the name of emimernted articles, leave being at the
same time given to import all other articles in ships of any description. But this modi-
fication was of very little importance; inasmuch as the enumerated articles comprised all
those that were of inost importance in commerce, as timber, grain, tar, hemp and flax,
potashes, wines, spirits, sugar, &c. Parliament seems, however, to have very speedily
come round to the opinion that too much had been done in the way of relaxation ; and
in the llth of Charles II. a supplemental statute was passed, avowedly with the inten-
tion of obviating some evasions of the statute of the preceding year, which, it was affirmed,
had been practised by the Hollanders and Germans. This, however, seems to have been
a mere pretence, to excuse the desire to follow up the blow aimed, by the former statute,
at the carrying trade of Holland. And such was our jealousy of the naval and com-
mercial greatness of the Dutch, that, in order to cripple it, we did not hesitate totally to
proscribe all trade with them; and, to prevent the possibility of fraud, or of clandestine
or indirect intercourse with Holland, we went so far as to include the commerce with
the Netherlands and Germany in the same proscription. The statute of the 14th Car. 2.
prohibited all importation from these countries of along list of enumerated commodities,
under any circumst<mces, or in any vessels, whether British or foreign, under the iienaity
of seizure and confiscation of the ships and goods. So far as it depended on us, Holland,
the Netherlands, and Ciermany were virtually placed without the jjale of the commercial
world! /Ind though the extreme rigoui of this statute was subsequently modified, its
principal piovisions remained in full force until the late alterations.
3 G
; f
t
M!l!
Vj1
818
NAVIGATION LAWS.
Ji I
f ^
The policy, if not tliu motives wliicli dictiited these statutes, has met witli very genei-.il
cul(>;ry. It has been said, ami hy no less an itutiiority than Dr. Smith, that national
animosity did, in tliis instance, tliat wliich tlie most delil>erate wisdom would have re-
commended. " When the aet of navigation was made," says lie, " though England and
Ilollimd were not actually at war, the most violent animosity subsisted between the two
nations. It had begun during the government of the long parliament, which first framed
this act, and it broke out soon after in the Dutch wars during that of the Protector and
of Charles 1 1. It is not im))ossible, therefore, that some of the regidations of this famous
act may have proceeded from national animosity. They are as wise, however, as if they
had all been dictated by the most deliberate wisdom. National animosity at that par-
ticular time aimed at the very siitne object which the most deliberate wisdom would have
recommended, — the diminution of the naval power of Holland, the only naval power
which could endanger the security of England. The act of navigation is not favnurahk
to foreitjn cominvire, or to the growth of that opulence which ciiii riri.ie from n. The interest
of a nation in its connnercial relations to foreign nations is, like that of a merchant with
regard to the dill'erent jjcople with \vliom he deals, to buy as ehea]) and to sell as dear as
possible. Hut the act of navigation, by diminishing the number of sellers, must nece^;-
sarily diminish that of buyers ; and we are thus likely not only to buy foreign goods
dearer, but to sell our own chea|)er, than if there was a more perfect freedom of traiK'.
As defence, however, is of much more importance than o|)ulenee, the act of navigafi .vi
is, perhaps, the wisest of all the commercial regulations of England." — (Smith's Wcoli'i
of Nations, vol. ii. )>. 293.)
It may, however, be very fairly doubted, whether, in point of fact, the navigation law
had the eftects here ascribed to it, of weakening the naval ])ower of the Dutch, and of
increasing that of this kingdom. The Dutch were very ])owerful at sea for a long
period after the passing of this act; and it seems natural to conclude, that tlie d'.'cline of
their maritime ])reponderance was owing rather to the gradual increase of connnerce and
navigation in other countries, find to the disasters and burdens occasioned by the ruinous
contests the Republic had to sustain with Cromwell, Charles II. and Louis \IV., than
to the mere exclusion of their merchant vessels from the ])orts of longland. It is not
meant to say, that tliis exclusion was altogether without eflect. The elfortsof the Dutch
to ])rocure a repeal of the English navigation law show that, in their ai)i)reliension, it
operated injuriously on their commerce.* It is certain, however, that its influence in
this respect has been greatly over-rated in this country. Exccssii-e ta.ralion, and not our
navigation law, was the princi])al cause of the fall of profits, and of the decline ofmaiui-
factures, commerce, and navigation, in Holland. " Les guerres," says the well-informed
author of the Conimirce <h hi Ilol/ande, " terminees ])ar les traites <Ie N'iinegue, de Hys-
wick, d'Utreeht, et enfin la derniere par le traite d'Aix-la-Clia])elle, ont successivenient
oblige la Uepublicjue de fairc usage d'un grand credit, et de faire des cmprunts enormes
pour en soutenir les fraix. Les dettes ont surcharge I'etat d'une soiiune iimnense
d'interets, qui ne pouvoient etre jinyes que par line auyinentatloH excessice f/VmyjiV.v, dont
il a fallu faire porter la plus l\)rte jiartie par les consonnnations dans mi pays (pii n'a
qn'un territoire extremement borne, et jjar consequent jiar I'industrie. 11 a done fallu
faire enelierir infiniment la main-d'a-uvre. (-ette cherte dc la main-d'ncuvre a non seule-
ment restreint pres(jue toiite sorte de fabriqueet d'industrie a la consonnnation interieure,
mais elle a encore porte un coup bien sensible au commerce de fret, partie accessoire ei
la plus precieuse du commerce d'economie : car cette eherte a rendu la construction |)lus
ehere, et augmente le prix de tous les ouvrages qui tiennent a la navigation, meme de
tons les ouvrages des ports et des magasins. II n etoit pas possiI)le (jue raugmentation
du prix de la main-d'oeuvre ne donnat, malgre tous les efforts de reconomie Hollaiidoise,
»m avantage sensible aux autrcs nations (jui voudroient se livrer au commerce d'eeononiie
ct a eelnide fret."— (Tome ii. p. 211.)
This extract, which might, were it necessary, be corroborated by others to the same
effect from all the best Dutch writers, show that it is not to our navigation law, nor to
the restrictive regidations of other foreign powers, but to the abuse of the funding
system, and the excess of taxation, that the decline of the commercial greatness and
maritime power of Holland was really owing. Neither does it appear that the opiiiii)n
maintained by Dr. Smith and others, that the navigation law had a powerful influence
in augmenting the naval power of this country, rests on any better foundation, 'i'he
taste of the nation for naval enterprise had been awakened, the navy had become
exceedingly formidable, and Blake had achieved his victories, before the enactment of
this famous law. So far, indeed, is it from being certain that the navigation act had. in
this respect, the efTect commonly ascribed to it, that there .ire good grounds for thinking
• In the treaty of Rroda, agreed upon in l(iG7, between tfie States Ooncral and Charles II., the latter
undertook to procure the repeal of the navigation law. But the subject was never agitated in citlu-i
hou jc of parliament.
NAVKJATION LAWS.
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it hiul n jJi'fcisL'ly ojipo^ito ffU'ct, and that it operati-d ratiior to diminish than to int-rcaso
our iiiorcantili' navy. It is stated in Uoner (."oku's Tnutine on Trade, ])ublislK'd in
WiTl (11. .'Ui'.), that this net, hy k'ssoninj; the resort of straiifjers to our jjorts, liad a
most injurious ell'ect on our eoninierce ; and he furtlier stales that we had lost, within
ii years of the jiassing of tlie aet of Ui,)(), the greater jiart of the Haltie and Green-
land trades. — (p. 48.) Sir Josiah Child, whose treatise was published in 1()<»1,
corrol)orates ("oke's statement: for while he decidedly a|)proves of the navigation law,
he admits that the English shipping employed in the Kastlaud and Haltie trades had
decreased at lefist tn-n thirds since its enactment, and tliat tlie foreign shipjiing em-
ployed in tliese trades had jjroportionally increased. — ( I'niitisi' on Traili; p. 8!>.
(iliisg. edit.) Kxv'lusive of these contemporary authorities, it may he worth while to
mention, tliat Sir Mattliew Decker, an extensive and extremely well-informed merchant,
condennis the whole jjrinciple of tlie navigation act ; and contends that, instead of increas-
ing our shipping and seamen, it had diminished them both ; and that, by rendering the
freight of ships higher than it windd otherwise have been, it had entailed a heavy burden
on the public, and been one of the main causes that bad prevented our carrying on the
fishery so successfully as the Dutch. — {^Essaij on the C'liiises of the JJtcline nf Jurtii;n
Triide, p, ()•(). ed. 1756".)
There does not seem to be any very good grounds on \\ liich to question these stale-
nients ; ai\d they are at all events sufficient to show, that the assertions of those who
contend that the navigation laws had a prodigious effect in increasing the ninnber of our
sliips and sailors, must be received with very great modilication. iJut, Mip))ose that all
that ha.; l)een Kiiid U\ tlie a)>ologists of tliese laws were true to the letter; su]i]iose it
weie conceded, t'i;'.t, when first tVameil, the Act of Navigation w;is extremely jiolitic and
projier; — liiat would liilord but a very slender iiresuniplioii in favciir of the jioliey of
sui)p()rting it in the ini'sent day. Ilunriii institutions are not inadi lor ininiortaliiy :
tliiy must be aeeoinmoihited to the varying ciremnstanees and exigences of society, lint
the situation of Cheat IJiitaiu and the other countries of Kiirope has totally changed
since 1650. The emieil wealth and commercial greatness of Holland have ):assed
away; we have no longer any thing to fear from her hostility; and "he nuist lie, indeed,
strangely iniluenced by anti(|nated iirejudicis and l.y-gone ap|)reliensions, who can enter-
tain any ot' that jealousy from which the severity of this law pi iiici|)al,ly originated."
London has become, what Amsterdam formerly was, the grand en.porium of the com--
mercial world — iiniri'rsi <»l)is iirrnriim iiiijiiirli(iii : and the real (jnestion which now
presents itself for our consideration is, not what are the best means by which we may rise
to naval greatness? but — what are the best means of preserving that uiidisi:uttd j.-re-
cminence in maritime afliiiis to which we have attained?
Now, it does not really seem that there ciin he nuich difilcidty in deciding this
question. Navigation ami naval power are the children, not the parents — the efleet,
not the cause — of commerce. If the latter be increased, the increase of the former
■will follow as a matter of co\irse. ]More ships and more sailors become neces.sary,
according as the commerce between dillerent and distant countries is extended. A
country, circumstanced like (ireat IJritain in the reign of ('l;arles 11., when her shi])i)ing
was comparatively limited, might jjcrhaps be warranted in endeavouring to increase its
amount, by excluding foreign ships from lier harbours. Ihit it is almost superfluous to
add, that it is not by any such regulations, but solely by the aid of a flourishing and
widely extended conimerce, that the immense mercantile navy we have now accumulated
can be sujijiorted.
But it is extremely easy to show, that to have continued to enforce the jirovisions of
the old navigation law, in the jire.sent state of the world, would have been among the
most efficient means that could have been tievised for the destruction of our conimerce.
The wealth and power to which Britain has attained, has inspired other nations with the
same envious feelings that the wealth of Holland formerly generated in our minds.
Instead of a.scribing our commercial and manufacturing superiority to its true causes —
to the comparative freedom of our constitution, the absence of all oiipressive feudal pri-
vileges, the security of property, and the fairness of our system of taxation, — our foreign
rivals contend that it has been entirely owing to our exclusive system ; and ai)i)eal to our
example to stimulate their respective governments to adopt retaliatory measures, and to
protect them against British competition. These representations have had the ino.st
injurious operation. In 1787, the American legislature passed an act, cojiied to the
very letter from our navigation law, with the avowed intention of its ojierating as a re-
taliatory measure against this country. The Northern ]towers threatened to act on the
same principle ; and would have earried their threats into effect, but for timely conces-
sions on our part. The same engines by which we laboured to destroy the trade of
Holland were thus about to be brought, by what we could not have calletl an unjust
retribution, to operate against ourselves. Nor can there be a doubt that, h;id we con-
tinued to maintain our illiberal and exclusive svsier.i, ;nul refused to set a bet er example
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NAVIGATION LAWS.
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to otliL'M, and to tcacli thorn the advantage of rccnrrhig to sounder printiples, we sliould
Imve run a very great risk of falling a victim to the vindictive .spirit wliieli such sliort-
sighted and selfisli jioiicy would have generated.
For these reasons, it seems difficult to <|uestion the policy of the changes that have
recently hecn eUeeted in the navigation laws, partly hyf lie bills introduced by Mr. (now
Lord) Wallace in 18'J1, and Mr. Iluskisson in lH'2r>, and partly by the adoption of what
has been called the Reviprocity Si/stim. Under the existing law (6 Geo. 4. c. 109., see
post) the intercourse with all European countries in amity with Great Uritain is placed
on the same footing. The memorials of our former animosity, and of our jealousy of
the prosperity of certain of our neighbours, have thus been abolished ; and the same law
is lienceforth to regulate our commerce with the Continent. This uniformity, besides
giving greater scope to mercantile operations, and extending our traffic with some of our
most opulent neighbours, removes a great source of embarrassment and litigation ; at
the same time that it detracts considerably from that selfish character whieli had been
believed on the (-ontinent, and not without considerable reason, to be the animating
principle of our commercial system.
The distinction between enumerated and non-enumerated goods is still kept up under
the new regulations ; but, instead of confining the importation of the former into the
United Kingdom, either to British ships, or ships belonging to the country or |)lace
where the goods were produced, or from which they originally were exported, the new
regulations permit that they may be imported either in Hritish shijjs, in ships of tli«'
country of which the goods are the produce, or in ships of the country or place from
which they are imjwrted into England. This is a very important alteration. Under
the old law, when a number of articles, the products of dillerent countries, l)ut all of
them suitable for importation into England, were found in a foreign |)ort, they could not
lye imported except in a British ship, or separate'"- in ships belonging to the diHerent
countries whose produce they were. This was obviously a very great hardship on the
foreigner, without being of any real advantage to our own ship owners. When the
foreign merchant had vessels of his own, it was not very probable he would permit tliem
to remain unoceu])ied, and freight a British vessel ; and there were very few jiorts of any
importance in which foreign bottoms might not l)e found, in which the articles could be
legally imported. The real effect of the old law was not, therefore, to cause the employ-
ment of British ships, but to oblige foreigners to assort their cargoes less advantageously
than they might otherwise have done, and thus to lessen their intercourse with our mar-
kets. The new law obviates this inconvenience; while, by restricting the importation
of European goods to ships of the built of the country of which the goods are the
growth, or to those of the built of the country or port from which the goods arc shipped,
and which are wholli/ owned by the inhabitants of such country or port, it is rendered very
difficult for the people of a particular country to become the carriers of the produce of
other countries to our markets.
Another new regulation is of such obvious and unquestionable utility, that it is sur-
prising it was not long ago adopted. By the old law, all articles, the produce of Asia,
Africa, or America, could only be imported directly in a British ship from i' pKice of
their production. This law had already been repealed in so far as respected ti United
States, whose ships were allowed to import their produce directly into this country ; but
it was maintained with respect to Asia, Africa, and South America. And hence,
although a British ship happened to find, in South American, African, or Asiatic jHirts,
articles, the produce of one or more of the other quarters of the globe, suitable for t)nr
markets, and with which it might have been extremely advantageous for her to complete
her cargo, she was prohibited from taking them on board, under penalty of forfeiture and
confiscation, not only of the goods, but also of the ship. This regulation has been r(.>-
pealed j nnd it is now lawful for British ships to take on board all articles, the importation
of which is not prohibited, on meeting with them in any Asiatic, African, or American
port. Lord W.'dlace originally intended to extend this principle to European ports, or
to make it lawful for British ships to import all non-prohibited articles from w/ieirrcr
they might /ind them. But it was supposed by some, that foreign shij)s might be more
cheaply navigated than ours ; and that foreigners, taking advantage of this circumstance,
would import the Asiatic, African, and American products required for our consumption
into the contiguous continental ports, and would consequently restrict the employment of
British ships to their carriage thence. We believe that these apprehensions were, in a
great measure, visionary. But the law is so contrived as to avoid even the possibility ot'
danger on this head ; such of the products of Asia, Africa, and America, as are reqiured
for home consumption, being, with a fbw trifling exceptions, inadmissible from Europe;
and only admissible when they are imported in British ships, or in ships of the country
or place of which the goods are the produce, and from which they are brought. The
only exceptions to this nde are articles from Asiatic and African Turkey imported from
the Levant, and bullion.
na\I(;ati()N laws.
b'^i
Hi'sildos tlic iL'st ill' live ic^'iihitioiis iiliL'.'uly alludi-ii t'>, it IkiiI Iiwu .1 pnrt of" our policy
voeiifoiiriij^u the omploynu-iit nfoiir siiijipin^r, by iin|ii ,iig liijj;liir dutii^ mi roinnKidilics
iiiipoitcd into our litirlioiirs in lorci^n vl'ssoIs, tliaii wore iin|i(iM'(l on tiii'ili wlii'n im-
ported in Hritisli vessels; and it had also heeii customary to charge f(iieifj;n vessels wiili
hifjhei- port and li^^ht-honse dulies, &e. This sysiein was always loni"\ eoniplained ot'
by foreigners; but wv had little dillieiilty in maintaining it, .so long a the state of our
mnnufactures enabled us to disregard the retaliatory measures of other junvers. Hut the
extraordinary increase that took place, since the coinmi ncement of the late war, in our
manufactures for foreign coiisum|)tion, and the necessity under which we were, in con-
sequence, jilaced, of conciliating our customers abroad, led to the adoption of the mi-
firoci/i/ si/slfni. This sysfetn was first introduced into the trade with the I'liited States.
After the Nortli American colonies had succeeded in estuiilishing tiieir independence,
they set about fniming ;i code of navigation laws on the uiodel of those of this country.
Among other regidalions of a restrictive character, it was iiucted, that all foreign vessels
trading to the LJnited .States should jiay J ft dollar, which was afterwurds raised to ,1
dollar, per ton tluty, beyond what was paid by American ships ; and further, that goods
imported in foreign vessels should pay a duty of 10 per cent, over and above what w;i.s
p.'iy.-ible on the same description of goods imported in American vessels.
This law was avowedly directed against the navigation of Cireat lirilain ; though, as it
was bottomed on the very sanii principles as our navigation laws, we couM not openly
complain of its ojieration. Under these circumstances, it would have been 'ound jioiiey
to have at once (iroposed an accommodation ; anil instead of atteinpting to meet retali-
ation by retaliation, to h.ive oHered to modify our navigation law, in so far as .Amerieau
shipping was concerned, on condition of the Americans making reciprocal moditications
in our favour. A diderent course w;is, however, followed. N'arious devices were fallen
upon to counteract the navigation system of the Americans, without in any degree re-
laxing our own ■ but they all failed of their object ; and at length it became obvious to
every one that we had engaged in an imecpial struggle, and that the real elVect of our
policy was to give a bounty on the importation of the manufactured goods of other
countries into the I'nited Stales, and thus gradually to exclude both our manufuctures
.■nid ships from the ports of the Republic. In conseipieiice, the conviction of the ncce.v-
■-ity of inaking concessions gained ground )>«ogressively ; and it was ultimately fixed, by
the commercial treaty agreed upon betwcin (jreat liriliiiii ;ind the I'nited St. ids in 1815,
that in future crjuul c/uin/cs should be imposed on the sliips of either cotmlry in thejiorl.s
of the other, and that ci/uiil ilutli's should be laid upon all articles, the produce of the one
country, imported into the other, whether such importation were ett'ected in the shijjs of
the one or the other.
The new .States of South America were naturally anxious to establish a conmicrcial
marine; and, to forward their views in this respect^ they conteinpiated enacling naviga-
tion laws. But this intention was frustrated by the interference of the Hrilish govern-
ment, who, without stipulating f r any ))ecnliar .'idvanfjige, wisely ntUred to admit their
ships into our i>orts on a fair fooling of reciprocity, or on their paying the same charges
as our own shijjs, on < "iidition that they admitted JSritish ships into their jjorfs on a
similar fiMiting. Con^ rcial treati'- framed on this sound and liberal princiiile have
•ince been entered into 'h most of liese States.
The principle of the rei .j>nK'ity system having been thus conceded in the case of the
intercourse with the United .States, whoso conunercial m.irine is second only to that of
(ireat IJritain, it was not possible to refus*' acting on the s.'ime ))riiiciple in the case of
such I'.uropean countries as might choose to admitour ships into theii ports on a footing
of eipiality.* The ti- t demand of this sf.rt was made on the ])art of the I'russiau
government, !)y whoii m order in council was issued on the 'JOth of .Tunc, 181."-', which
made large additiims to the port dues charged on .1 ships belonging to those nations
^^■llich did not admit Prussian ships on a footing of rt iprocity. The real object of this
order was to injure the navi;_'atioii of this country ; and it was speedily found that it had
the desired effect, and that its operation on British shipping was mi.st pernicious.
I'nder these circumstances, the ISritish merchants and ship owners applied to our
government for lelief. "We were assailed," said Mr. lluskisson, "with representations
from all quarters connected willi the shijiping and tr;>.de of the country, against the
heavy cli;;rges imposed upon British ships in the ports of Prussia. In such circum-
stance what c.iurse did his ]\Fajesty's government take? We felt it to be our duty, in
lie llr.sv inslaix-e, to communicate with the Prussian minister in this country ; and ur
minister .il W Am w.xs, I believe, also directed to confer with the Prussian govcrnmi
on the sul.'j'.'ci. I myself had a conference with the Prussian minister at this cou't, aii
» Bv the fourth soctioii of the act 6 Oco. 4. c. 1. it is cnartcd, that hi.s M.ijrsfy nay, l)y an <>r<Icr ni
< .iimil, admit the ships of foreign states into our i)orti<, on payniei.t ol tlic like diilies tJiat arc chiirKcd
.■■r liritish vcssoLs, pnividcd that ltriti»li ships arc admitted into the ports ol .Mich forotn states, on pa\-
mini of the Uke duties thiit .irc charKcd on theii vr-v-rl.-i
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I well rt'collect the substance of his reply tome; — 'You have,' he said, 'set us the
example, by your port and light charges, and your discriiniiialing duties on I'russiati
shii)s ; and we have not gone beyond the limits of that example. Ilithert;), we have
confined the increase of our port and tonnage charges to ships only ; Imt it ist/ic intentioti
of mi/ fiiwi'rnmcnt next i/enr,' (and of this lie sliowed me the written proof,) ' to imitate
you still more closcli/, hi/ imposin;/ discriminatiii;/ dntics on the r/oods imported in i/our ships.
Our object is a just protection of our own navigation ; and so long as the measure of our
protection does not exceed that which is afforded in your ports to British ships, we can-
not see with what reason you can complain.'
" Against such a reply what remonstrance could we in fairness make to the Prussian
government? We might have adch'cssed ourselves, it may be said by some, to the
friendly feelings of that government ; we might have ])leaded long usage in support of
our discriminating duties : we might have urged the advantages which Prussia derived
from her trade with England. Apjjcals like these were not forgotten in the <liscussion;
but they were of little avail against the fact stated by the consul at Dantzic, — that ' the
Prussian ship owners were all going to ruin.'
" By others it may be said, ' Your duty was to retaliate, by increasing your own port
charges, and discriminating duties on Prussian sliipping.' I have already stated gone-
rally my reasons against the policy of this latter course. We were not prepared to begin
a system of commercial hostility, which, if followed up on both sides to its legitimate
consequences, could only tend to reciprocal prohibition. In this state of things, more
prudently, as I contend, we entered upon an amicable negotiation with the Pru'--ian
government, upon the principle of our treaty with the United States, — that of a' -ish-
ing, on both sides, all discriminating duties on the ships and goods of the respective
countries in the ports of the other.
" Having concluded an arrangement M'ith Prussia upon this basis, we soon found it
necessary to do the same with some other of the Northern states. Similar conventions
were accordingly entered into with Denmark and Sweden. lleci])rocity is the found-
ation of all those conventions : but it is only fair to add, that they contain otlier stijui-
lations for giving facility to trade, and from which the commerce of this country, I am
confident, will, in the result, derive considerable advantage." — {Mr. Ilits/iisson'n Speech,
I'Jth of ;May, 182G, on the State of the Shi/ipinr/ [utere^it.)
This statement shows- conclusively, tliat the establishment of the reciprocity system,
with respect to which so violent a clamour was raised, was not a measure of choice, but
of necessity. In tlie state in which our inanufactiiic\s are now jjlaced, we could not
afford to liazard tlieir exclusion from a country into which they are annually imported
to a very large extent. So long as the I'russians, Swedes, Danes, I've, chose to submit
to our system of discriminating duties on foreign ships, and on the goods imported in
them, without retaliating, it was no business of ours to tell them that that system was
illiberal and opp'-"ssive. Hut wlien they found this out without our telling tliem ; and
when they declared, that unless we modilied our restrictions they woidd retaliate on our
commerce, and either entirely exclude our commodities from their maikcts, or load those
that were imported in British ships with jjrohibitory duties ; sluMdtl we have been
justified, had we refused to come to an accommodation with them? Were we to sacrifice
the substance to the shadow? — to turn away some of our very best customers, because
they chose to stipulate that the intercourse between them and us sliould be conducted
either in their shiiis or in ours, as the merchants miLrht think l>est? Our government
bad only a choice of difficulties ; and they wisely ])referre(l adojiling a system whicli has
preserved free access for the Knglish manufacturer to ilie markets of Prussia, and to the
English ship owners an e(]ual chance with those of Prussia of being employed in the
trafHc between tlie two countries, to a system that woidd eventually, and at no distant
period, have put an end to all intercoiu'se between the two coiuitries, ami which had
already subjected it to great difficulties.
It was said by the ship owners, and others opposed to the late alterations, that the
Prussians can build, man, and victual ships at a cheaiier rate than we can do ; and that
the ultimate efl'ect of the reciprocity system would, conse(|iiently, be to give them a de-
cided superiority in the trade. But, admiiting this stateineut to be true, still, for the
reasons already given, it is jiretty evident that the |)olicy we have pursued was, luider
tlie circumstances of the case, the best. Had we refused to establish the reciprocity
system, we must have submitted to be entirely excluded from the markets of the United
States, Prussia, &c. In grasping at what was beyond our reach, we should thus have
lost what we were already in possession of. We should not only have injured our ship
owners, by getting them forcibly excluded from the jioits of many great commercial
States, but we should have done an irreparable injury to our manufacturers, — a class
which, without undervaluing the ship owners, is of incomparably more importance than
tliey. Although, therefore, no doubt could be entertained with respect to the state-
ments of the ship owners as to the comparative cheapness of foreign shipping, that would
NAVIGATION LAWS.
S23
I'ould
be no good objection to thu nu'asiii-(.'!j tliat luivc bcun adopted. IJiit llase statements,
tliougli probably in some respects true, were certaiidy much exaggerated, la com])ar
ing the cost of British and foreign shipi)iiig, it is usual to estimate it by the tonnage;
but tliis is a very false criterion ; for, wiiile ♦breign ships are ntcurately measured, our
ships are measured so that a, vessel of 150 tons register generally carries 'JL'O tons of a
mixed cargo, and a vessel registered at 400 tons seldom carries less th:Mi O'OO. If tliis
ditlerence be taken into account, it will be found that the Tiussians, and other Xorthern
nations, from whom the greatest danger was ap])rehended, have no consideralile advantage
in the cheai)ness of their sliijjs; and it is generally admitted tliat ships built in the porta
on the Baltic will not last the time, nor bear the wear and tear, that siiips built in this
country or France will do. The wages of American seamen are higher than ours ; and
it is stated by those engaged in the sliipiiinf trade, that the wages paid by tne Xorthern
ship owners are about as high as in England, and tliat their crews are larger in jjrojKir-
tion to the burden of the ship. The diH'erenee in the cost of victualling must be im-
material, for, in all distant voyages, our ships procure (irovisions and stores of all sorts
at the same rate as the ibreigner.* On the whole, therefore, it would appear that the
alarm with respect to tiie apprehended decay of our shipping was in a great djgree, if
not entirely, imaginary. And while the late modifications in tlie navigation laws were
imperiously required liy a just regard to our manufacturing and cominercial interests,
there are no good grounds for thinking that they will be injurious to our shi|)])iiig.
Abstract op ax Act ENTrrLiio Foii the ExcoinACKMUNT ov Bkitisii Siiipi>ino ami Navigation.
3 & I WiLU i. c. r>i.
This act shall come into ami be ami continue in full force and operation, from aiul aflcr the Ut day of
Keptt'iiiber, \KJ3. — ^ 1.
S/ii/i.'i in irliirli oiili/niiinii'ratfil (iixirls of Eiiropr maij he inijwrti'd. — The several sorts of goods heroin,
after enumerated, licuig the i>roiluce of Kuropc, viz. masts, tiuilior, hoards, tar, tallow, hoinp, Max, cur-
rants, raisins, figs, prunes, olive oil, corn or grain, •vnic, l)raiidy, tobacco, wool, shuniac, niaddtis, niadiicr
roots, barilla, brimstone, bark of oak, cork, oranges, lemons, linsec<l, rape seeil, and clover seed, shall not
bo imported into the Unite<l Kingdom to be used therein, except in British ships, or in ships i>( tlieeountiy
of which the goods are the ))rodnce, or in ships of the country from wliieli the goods are iinpiii ted. — ^ V,
Plitccs front u'liirh uii/i/ (umds if .hid, Ajricii, or Aiiuricii miii/ be hniuirlnl. — (Joods, the produce of
Asia, Africa, or America, shall not bv- iniponed from Knrope into the United Kingdom, to be Uted therein,
except the goods herein-after mentionrd ; (that is to say,)
Gootls, ilie prrxiucp r.f plarus within tl'.e limits of the Ivist Irdia
CeMnjiaii^'a cl .-irtn-, wliicli (h.iv'iii; Itt'il itiiinirtid fluiii
tlio^e ^^K■ll■t'.^ inlfp (iiliv.ilt.u ur Maltii iu llriti>,ti bhi[ib) iii.iy
be irni'ortt'd frniit ( iilir.iltar i>r .Malta:
(ii)otls taki-n l)y wa> o|■ll.■l)ri^al !•} Jiriti>li sliijis:
Uul!ii>n,iliaiiioiul.i,' I'urK, ruliif,, tinerald.-., aiid other Jewili
or jirccious btunua — beet. 3.
Gooilr., tho produce of the dominions of the l-anperor of Mo-
rocco, whirli ma> he itiip^-ru'd from plat-es in Kurope
within tlie Straits of (iihra'tar ;
Goods, liif priHlnce of Asia or ^\frifa, which (havin;^ heon
liroufiht into places in Kurope within the Str.aits of tiih-
raltar, from or through iilai-' s in .\si.i (»r Africa within
those Straits, and not hy wavof tlie .VU;mIic Ocean) may
he imported from places iit ICurope within the Jitrait-s of
(iihraltar : I
Ships in which only (Innih nf Asi,i, Africii, or Anwririi nini/ he iinp'rlei/. — fincnls, tho prtiluceof Asia,
Afriea, or America, shall not be imported into the I'liited Kingdom, to bo used therein, in foreign ships,
unless they be the ships of the country in Asia, .\friea, or America, of whieli the gocds are the produce,
and from which they are ir.iported, except the goods herein-after mentioned ; (that is to s.iy,)
(ioods, the \nodilco of the dominions of tlietitand Seignior, in imported from the dominions of tlu: (ir.nid bci^nior in
A^ia or .\ trie. I, whicli ni.a> lie imported from his ilonii- the Levant seas, in ship^ of his iloininionti ;
nions in l-inroiic, in shijis of hi> tlominii'ns ; llullion. — Sect. 1. *
Haw stik and moh.'iir yarn, the i»rotluce of A.-.i >, which may he
Manufiulnre ilecnicil I'roilnee. — ;\ll manufactured goods shall he deemed to bo the produce of tlie
coiuitry of which they are tlie manufactiiro. — ^ !>.
h'roiii (.iiienisri/, tfc. — No goods shall be imported into tho \ 'nitetl Kingdom from the islands of Guern.
sey, Jersey, Ahlerney, .Sark, or Man, except in llritish shiiis. — !; (i.
F.JiiHirts to Ayiii, iS'c. iinil to (iiienisei/, ^-e. — No goods shall be exiiortcd from the t'nitcd Kin.':tlom to
any lirit,.li possession in Asia, Africa, or America, nor to the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Aldcriiey,
Nirk.or Man, except in llritish ships. — 5 "•
('eif;,s7//v'.v.-. — No gomls shall be carried coastwise from one part of the United Kin.ijdoni to another,
ex( cpt in liritish ships. .— 5. 8.
lietiiYcn CInernse;/, Jersei/, iSc — No goods shall be carried from any of the i.-laiids of (iuernsey, Jersey,
.Mderney. S.irk, or 'Man, to" any other of such islands, nor from one pait of any of such islands to aaotlier
jKut of tiie same i>land, excejit in liritish ships. — ^ <».
Jletireen llritish /'ossessions in Asiii, ^r. — No goods shall be carrii'd from any llritish possession in Asia,
y\frica, or America, to any other of sin;h possessions, nor from one part of any of such possessions to
aiiotlier part of the s.iine, except in British sliii>s. — ^ II).
Imports into lirithh Possessions in Asia, SjC — No goods sliall be imported into any British possession
* Sec on this subject an able p.amplilet, cnfilled " ObsiTvatinns on the Warehousing System and Navi.
(nation Laws," by Sir .Inlin Hall, Secretary to the St. Katharine's Dock Company. 'J'he following extract
from the evidence of iMr, l.dward Solly, before the Lords' (dminittee of l.S'^u, seems to be cunclusive as
to the accuracy of the .statements in the te.\t : — " I," said ho, "was forme ly a cimsidcralile owner of
Prussian ships, and therefore I had a gtKid deal of experience in I'mssian .■.hipping, and I can safely say
th.at I'mssian ships cannot coiiipele with English ships in time of peace : the Knglish ships are iiavi-
gated cheaper than Prussian ships ; the Prussian vessels arc more heavily masted and rigged, and re(|Uite
a greater com]ilemei.t of men, whilst the Knglish ship is manned nmstly by aiiprenticcs ; the Knglish
.ships retiuire less ballast ; the economy of shiiiping is better understooil and practised in them ; there is
preator activity of the captain and crew ; they are insuriHl in dubs at the a\ crane rate of 5 per cent ,
while the Prussian ships cannot get the same insurance done for I'J ; and as lo the outlit, the iirovisions,
ami other necessaries for the ship, Imtli (lartics have their choice where they will lay in their stoi k,
whether in a Prussian fir an Knglish port: if iirovisions are cheap in the l'ru^sian port, the Knglish
captain lav.i in his stock of provisions there. (Jcnerally, I am ot opinion that llritish ships can sail
najifa
chcai'cr tlian thofc of any nlher nation,
■ {Efirie
p. 11.1
(i 1
,!/
\ W
821.
NAVIGATION LAWS.
i k
in Ada, Afrioa, or America, In any foreign ihlps, unlcM they be ships of the country of whicli the good*
are the produce, and from which tnc gooils are iinporteU ( 11.
No S/ii/) British, unless rcj<ishrc<t and naviaatcrl as such. — No sliip shill be admitted to he a British
aliip, unless duly registered and navigated as such ; and every ISritish register ship (so long as the registry
of such ship shall be in force, or the certificate of such registry retained for the use of such ship) shall be
navigated during the whole of every voyage (whether with a cargo or in ballast), in every part of the
world, by a master who is a British subject, and by a crew, whereof 3.+th3 at least are British seamen ;
and if such ship be employed in a coasting voyage from one part of the United Kingdom to another, or in
n voyage between the United Kingdom and the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or Man, or
from one of the said islands to another of them, or from one partof either of them to another of the same,
or be employed in tishing on the coasts of the United Kingdom or of any of the said islands, then the
whole of the crew shall be British seamen ^ 12.
Exccptwn in favour of Vessels under 1;5 Tons Burden, i^r.— All British.built boats or vessels under 15 tons
burden, wholly owned and navigated by British subjects, although not registered as British ships, shall
be admitted to be British vessels, in all navigation in the rivers and upon tlie coasts of the United King-
dom, or of the British possessions abroad, and not proceeding over sea, except within the limits of the
respective colonia'. governments within which the managing owners of such vessels respectively reside;
and all British-built boats or vessels wholly owned and navigated by British sulijccts, not exceeding
the burden of 3() tons, and not having a whole or a fixed deck, and being employed solely in fishing on
the banks and shores of Newfoundland and of the parts adjacent, or on the banks and shores of the pro-
vinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick, adjacent to the Gulf of 9;iint Lawrence, or on the
north of Cape Canso or of the islands within the same, or in trading coastwise within the said limits,
shall be admitted to be British boats or vessels, although not registered, so long as such boats or vessels
shall be solely so employed. — ^ 13.
Ifondnras Ships to he as British, in Trade xvith United Kingdom and Colonies in America.— All ships
built in the British settlements at Honduras, and owned and navigated as British ships, shall be entitled
to the privileges of British registered ships in all direct trade between the United Kingdom or the British
possessions in America and the said settlements; provided the master shall produce a certificate »mder
the hand of the superintendent of those settlements, that satisfactory proof has been made before him
that such ship (describing the same) was built in the said settlements, and is whoHy owned by British sul>-
jects ; provided also, that the time of the clearance of such ship from the said settlements for every voyage
shall be endorsed upon such certificate by such superintendent. — ( 14.
Ship nfnny Foreign Country to be qf the Built of, or Prize to such Country; or British-built, and owned
atifl navigated by Subjects <if the Country. — No ship shall be admitted to be a ship of any particular
country, unless she be of the built of such country ; or have been made prize of war to such country; or
have been forfeited to such country under any law of the same, made for the prevention of the slave
trade, and condemned as such prize or forfeiture by a competent court of such country ; or be British-
built (not having been a prize of war from British subjects to any other foreign country) ; nor unless she
be navigated by a master who is a subject of such foreign country, and by a crew of whom 3-4ths at least
are subjects of such country ; nor unless she be wholly owned by subjects of such country usually residing
therein, or under the dominion thereof: provided always, that the country of every ship shall be deemed
to include all places which arc under the same dominion as the place to which such ship belongs. — ^ l;j.
Master and Seamen not British, unless natnrnl-bitm, or naturalised, SfC—'So person shall be qualified to
be a master of a British ship, or to be a Brit.sh seaman within the meaning of this act, except the natural-
born subjects of his Majesty, or persons naturalised by any act of parliament, or made denizens by letters
of denization j or except persons who have become British subjects by virtue of conquest or cession of
.some newly acquircKl country, and who shall have taken the oath of allegiance to his Majesty, or the oath
of fidelity required by the treaty or capitulation by which such newly acquired country came into his
Majesty's possession ; or persons who shall have served on board any of his Majesty's shins of war in
time of war for the space of 3 years : provided always, that the natives of places within the limits of the
East India Company's charter, although under British dominion, shall not, upon the ground of being
such natives, be deemed to be British seamen : provided always, that every ship (except shii)S required to
be wholly navigated by British seamen) which shall be navigated by 1 British seaman, if a British ship, or
1 seaman of the Country of such ship, if a foreign ship, for every 2() tons of the burden of such ship, shall
be <leemed to lie duly navigated, although the number of other seamen shall exceed l-4th of the whole
crew : provided always, that nothing herein contained shall extend to repeal or alter the provisions of an
act passed in the 4th year of the reign of his lateM.ijcsty King George IV. for consolidating and amending
the taws then in force with respect to trade from and to places within the limits of the East India Com.
l)any'3 charter. — \ 16.
•
British Ship not to depart British Port unless duly navigated, f[C. — No British registeretl ship shall be
suffered to depart any port in the United Kingdom, or any British possession in any part of the world
(whether with a cargo or in ballast), unless duly navigated: provided always, that any British ships
trading between places in America may be navigated by British negroes; and that ships trading eastward
of the Cape of Good Hope, within the limits of ilie Kast India Company's charter, may be navigated by
Lascars, or other natives of countries within those limits. — 4 18.
ff Excess <tf Foreign Seamen, Penalty 10/ for each, ffc. — If any British registered ship shall at any time
have, as part of the crew, in any part of the world, any foreign seaman not allowed by law, the ma.s'ter or
owners of such ship shall for every such foreign seaman forfeit the sum of 10/. : provided always, that if a
due proportion of British seamen cannot be procured in any foreign ()ort, or in any place within the limits
of the East India Company's charter, for the navigation of any British ship; or if such proportion l>c
destroyed during the voyage by any unavoidable circumstance, and the master of such ship shall pnxluce
a certificate of such facts under the hand of any British consul, or of a kno\,n British merchants, if there
be no consul at the place where such facts can be ascertained, or fVom the British governor of any place
within the limits of the East India Company's charter ; or, in the want of such certificate, shall make
Jiroof of the truth of such facts to the satisfaction of the collector and comptroller of the customs of any
Jritish port, or of any person authorised in any other part of the world to inquire into the navigation ot
such ship ; the same shall be deemed to be duly navigateil.— J 19.
Proportion of Seamen may be altered In/ Proclamation. — If his Majesty shall, at any time, by his royal
proclamation, declare that the proportion of British seamen necessarv to the due|navigation of British
ships shall tie less than the proportion required by this act, every Britishshipnavigated with the proportion
of British seamen re()uire<i by such proclamation shall be deemed to be duly navigated, so long as such
proclamation shall remain in force. — ^ 20.
Goods prohibited only by Navigation Law may be imported for E.rportation. — Goods of any sort or the
R reduce of anyplace, not otherwise prohibited than by the law of navigation herein-before containe<l, may
e importetl into the United Kingdom from any place in a British ship, and from any place not being a
British possession in a foreign ship of any country, and however navigated, to be warehoused for export-
ation only, under the provision of any law in force for the time being, made lor the warehousing of goods
without payment of duty upon the first entry thereof — ^ 21.
Fotfeiturcs how incurred. — Any goo<ls imported, exported, or carried coastwise, contrary to the law o'
navigation, shall be forfeited, and the masters of shiia carrying the same shall forfeit each the sum a.'
M)l «2S.
I,
NEW ORLEANS.
825
IW ()t"
in o.'
Ilrcovfru of For/ri/ures. — All penalties and forfeitures Incurretl umlcr tills act nlujll l>c nie<l for,
liriisi'iutcil, recovered, and dUpused of, or (hull be mitigated or restore<l, in like manner as any |K'nalty or
li:i leitiire can be sued fur, prosecuted, recovered, and dispo8e<l of, or may be mitigated or restored, under
an iict passed in tlie present session of parliament for the prevention of smuggling ^ <23.
NEW ORLEANS, the capital of Louisiana, one of the United States, situated on tlic
eastern bank of the Mississippi, about 105 miles from its mouth, in lat. 29' 57' 45" N.,
Ion. 90'^ y' W. Population, in 1830, 46,309. The new-built streets are broad, intersecting
each other at right angles ; and the houses are mostly of brick. It is the grand emporium
of all the vast tracts traversed by the Mississippi, the Missouri, and their tributary streams,
enjoying a greater command of internal navigation than any other city either of the Old
or New World. Civilisation has hitherto struck its roots, and begun to flourish, only in
some comparatively small portions of the immense territories of which New Orleans is
the sea-port ; and yet it appears, from the official accounts printed by order of Congress,
that during the year ending the 30th of September, 1832, the value of the native
American produce exported from this city amounted to 14,105,118 dollars, while the
vahie of that exported from New York only amounted to 15,057,250. With respect to
imports, the case is materially different; the value of those of New Orleans, in the year
just mentioned, being only 8,871,()53 dollars, or not more than a i>ij:th part of those of
Now York. It is believed by many, seeing how rapidly settlements are forming in the
" West," that New Orleans must, at no very distant period, exceed every other city of
America, as well in the magnitude of its imports as of its exports; and, considering the
boundless extent and extraordinary fertility of the tmcultivated and unoccupied basins of
the Mississippi and Missouri, the anticipations of those who contend that New Orleans
is destined to become the greatest emporium, not of America only, but of the world, will
not appear very unreasonable. Steam navigation has been of incaLiilablc service to this
port, and, indeed, to the whole of centra) America. The voyage up the Mississippi, that
used formerly to be so difficult and tedious, is now performed in commodious steam
packets with ease, celerity, and comfort. " There have been coimted," says Mr. Flint,
" in the harbour, 1,500 flat bojits at a time. Steam boats arc arriving and departing
every hour ; and it is not uncommon to see 50 lying together in the harbour. A forest
of masts is constantly seen along the lei'cc, except in the sultry months. There are often
5,000 or 6,000 boatmen from the upper coinitry here Jit a time ; and we have known
l/(irfi/ vessels advertised together for Liverpool and Havre. The intercourse with the
Ilavannah and Vera Cruz is great, and constantly increasing." — ( Gvography and Histtynj
iift/ie Western States, vol. i. p. 557.) From 1811, when the first steam boat was launched
in the INIississippi, down to the beginning of 1830, no Ivwer than 336 steam boats had
been built for the navigation of this river, the Missouri, Ohio, &c., of which 213 were
employed at the latter period. In December, 1831, the aggregate burden of the steam
vessels belonging to this port amounted to 36,676 tons ! Vessels of the largest burden
may navigate the river several hundreds of miles above New Orleans. A large propor-
tion of the foreign trade of New Orleans is carried on in foreign bottoms ; and as a
sliipping port, she ranks far below several of the other ports of the Union, 'i'he total of
the registered, enrolled, and licensed toimage belonging to New Orleans on the 31st of
December, 1831, amounted to 55,407 ton.,; of which 37,84"' tons were employed in the
coasting trade. The depth of water in the river opposite to New Orleans is, at a medium,
about 70 feet ; and it maintains soundings of 30 feet till within a mile of its confluence
with the sea. Besides 3 or 4 of inferior consequence, the INIississippi has 4 jirincipal
])asses or outlets. In the south-east, or main pass, at Balizc, the water <m the bar at
ordinary tides does not exceed 12 feet; and as the rise of tides in the Gulf of INIexico is
not more than 2 or 2^ feet, vessels drawing nmch water camiot make their way from the
ocean to New Orleans. — ( Z)ari/s View of the United Stifles, p. 467.)
The unhealthiness of the climate is tiie great drawback on New Orleans. This
probably arises from the low and marshy situation of the city and surrotmding coinitry,
which is under the level of the Mississippi, being protected from inundation only by an
artificial levee or mound, varying from 5 to .30 feet in height, and extending along the
hank of the river a distance of 100 miles. The unhealthy season includes July, August,
and September ; during which period the yellow fever often makes dre.idftd havoc, par-
ticularly among the poorer classes of immigrants from the North and from Europe.
Latterly, great eflforts have been made to improve the health of the city, by supplying it
abundantly with water, paving the streets, removing wooden sewers, and replacing them
with others of stone, &e. Many place.s, where water used to stagnate, have been filled
lip ; and large tracts of swampy ground contiguous to the town have been drained. And
as such works will no doubt be prosecuted on a still larger scale, according to the increase
of commerce and population, it is to be hoped that the ravages of fever may be materially
abated, though the situation of the city excludes any very strong expectation of Its ever
being rendered quite free from this dreadful scourge.
The following Tables give a very complete view of the trade of this great and growing
emporium : —
■V '
i ,!•
1
■Mm
' i- ( , (! •
J, ' »
, , ■ 1
■ ! i
H26
NKW OR LEANS.
I. Account ol' the yu iiitity of (In- variou* Artirlos inniDrlcil Irnni tin.' liiloiiDr to N 'w Orlcuiis duiiii^'
the Nino Years enilliig with the- JUtli ul' Septcnibor, !>(,>.'. riiu»t", ol' coiirst', forai ;il»o lliu Articles oi
Kxix>rtatiun.
}iJ
Arllrlci.
IS.-i'i.
' 1S31.
1S.10.
I 1H2'I.
lS2-i.
1827.
1 1S2I1.
1S2-..
' 1821.
Applc-s
• lil.l-.
l^,^IH
'I,.'>II0
S,7i..
7,779
U>,-it
7,317
4,1)1;
Il,8'2
■1 6,8'^-,
.V|i|ili- liranily
.'■1
2
Kill!
7S
'V
.10 1491 15
It.tcun, a^sorU'tl
. hhds.
■1„-?1 1
■i,sri')
.10,211
2,s.;s
3,017
1,533
171
1,2101 319
casks
.'..17
.'i.'iS
477
711I
1,051
,'ili 1
'202
bnxe*
:i7()
1,207
312
752
1,191
'271
11.1
38,'
U»con lianii
■ hhds.
i,'n
2,0'.)(;
322
2,902
1,123
1,011
4(1S
3117
boxes
li.'i
,10
17li! 1,157
451
11!
los
71
Uacon ill Imlk
■ Ills.
yo7,.isi) i,^s'2,.-.,ii
.109,017
•29 1,0 J 1
2'29,75(
327,2il:i
369,437
211,25!
4.50,877
It'iKtfingt I^untucicY
- pieces
'^.-.,1.1.01)
2-.,!i3(l
I2,.10(i
13,172
5,'I72
2,795
5,29!
(l.I'd
I,,'. :v
Il.tlvruiw
coils
V^,'.I7.T
43,.'ii;0
20,2SS
iti.irii
17,0.1S
11,719
(i,ll54
4,S5.-,
7,7.)l
Itfiins
- bb's.
■2,s,n
l.lilS
2,9S9
1,920
773
75 J
311
537
l.sc?
liutter
kegs
•i.'.i.-i'.)
•l,l«(i
5,4S9
3,;i9,-i
3,siio
4,5(11
•2,9'2(1
2,1.11
l,8(.v
j.irs
3li,1
2l),"i
95
US
lis
111)
427
fill
j(i
hliils.
1.1
,'l
1
1
1
14
3
'20
S2
(ilkiMS
7r,
113
357
115
1S7
los
110
102
4i
bills.
Ifij
ilG
S3
lbs.
.
.
3,301
3,'i5';
•2 7, .105
'J,lllO
S,.10ll
7,!:.1il
Uecs-wHX
- bills.
M'i
332
811
795
7711
(i03
5(10
51 13
'iX, .
boxes
.171
1S3
73
40
fi9
1S5
17
■,!'l
31 i
lb..
-
.')(I0
411
5,400
r,,i8i
S,03ll
10,075
12.''20
/Iccf
. bbls.
■l,.5.'in
10,«)il
7,5(iil
,'),105
5,(i'22
1,7'J'2
1,203
l,.il2
7.-.2 ;
lilitU.
.1
Kll
22
133
33
12
3
7 1
JriiHl
- lbs.
172..11II
40,11(11)
200
?,100
17,'^72
4,5(11)
19,0IM
4.'ili 1
S'l 1
Itutl'alo robes
• pack!)
i,'j'n
2,.'j,-,l
3,0(il
15,210
19,'J»7
1,1, U 2
7,710
ls,lll
12,1,09
Cotiuii, Louisiana and Miss.
1
bales
lUS.filO
•242,1^7
171,191
160,570
191,17(1
170,295
143,121
121,(1.10
74,')70l
Mobile
. —
I7,liii.1
3(i7
(1,0113
(1,350
,1,484
2,1113
2,(ls5
7,M .
1.-..N11):
Lalie
.
7..1.-I1
10„1.1S
9,.10i
S,753
8,017
'1,1127
7,512
4,!I1IS
•2,275 1
N. Alabama ami '
,'cniu —
lll,'J3l
171,(,l(i
iiis,s(m
99,355
92,018
152,1(1K
9ti,57l
.■■S,SJ5
51,181
Missouri aiul Illinois - —
.
7
'20
109
3
10
•211
31 1
Arkansas
. _
1,1H7
' 1,7W
1,525
1„132
l,'20l
1,7,19
1,00'2
4' 13
•285 ;
I''!orida
.
'.1,1 IW
2,021
3,521
2,907
1,,')43
1,4S1
1,07(1
2211
11 1
Texas
■
,'•1(1
33:1
193
'2S4
Corn meal
. hhU.
1,U;|(1
2,313
2,113
fi,S19
49S
1,S27
729
3,120
4,72V ,
in ears
.
71,1117
42,l!ll
42,,197
91,SS2
89,S7C
79,937
113,373
72,5(13
37,.151 j
shelled
. sacks
7,1U
2yO,7.'i 1
21,190
Cheese
- ca-iks
.Till
120
179
81
117
fi
3
17
3
(^andles
- boxe-i
l'^7
103
Wi
31 S
731
121
121
71IS
,11 r, 1
I'ider
. bbls.
7SII
'2311
(135
455
(ik;
320
237
1,0^3
l,2il 1
(^oal , western
-
M),IIIMI
-
4il,soo
Dried peachei
•17
.'lO
loll
33(1
338
201
'I.I
31
6i)|
apnies
Feathers
2.-.I)
fiA
231
12(1
110
3i;''-
215
105
119'
- Ii.ws
11,1
43S
9S
373
2s5
•ii.i
2:11
513
191'
Flax-seed
- bl.U.
.SS7
100
721
511
21:0
37 s
50,
IMI
Flour
- -
210,SS7
.IfiOj.'iSO
1,13,7011
157,323
l,'i2,5!)3
i3i,oii(;
129,091
14 1,51(1
100,929
Furs
- hhds.
U'l
103
SO
(17
8(1
1:1
21-
^01
5U
liriXl-s
r>
17
12
21
H
13
2;
12
bundles
r,71
31S
."Si
431
271
lv.1
1(,4
419
Gin
- hills.
■Ills
.
10
113
2S5
ll.i
33
-
12
(jinseng - - bags
and cases
270
1(12
1.13
47
.5(1
181)
28
•
5
lbs.
,
.
.
3-.0
G2
4(1
150
48
Hemp
liundlt's
107
27S
fi,l'i9
' 2,117
721
•
19
l,Mi
910
Itcmpen yarn
- reii's
.1.-,,1
ISS
3:is
379
'25(i
42
99
,137
'2(i9
I'ackinKJarn
li;
-
ss
Hides -
.
12,'i;!l
2-2,7 Hi
15,S23
IS.I.Ill
12,931
29,1211
15,'J5tl
11,199
6,610
Horng
.
.lo,'.ii;7
32,(;S(1
2:1,192
17,327
'23,-298
12,'i2l
12,. 505
1 1,85'^
10,5.15
Hay
. bundles
l,l-'l.'l
217
1,025
777
1(17
U15
(iSli
558
UU
Iron, pig
- ten.
,10
411
32S
I ron
Ills.
■1!),2S1
-
'2,51,!
922,31s
l,17(i,0'i',!
680,5Sr)
I-ard
- llh(l>.
10
11
19
11
13
S
1
2
Illi's.
1,211
l,-.-is
117
53 1
1,082
855
,141
48(1
1.10
kegs
1,^)1,120
131,111
7n,27(i
Uo,wii;
115,(135
S5,S(15
51,053
34,373
18,210
lbs.
.
.)0,'i
.
12,000
74,073
14(1,911
(i (1,77(1
47,9(10
131,335
r^cather
- buntUus
32.)
4.SH
211
51!l
312
594
553
410
114
sidt-s
.
-
•210
13i
3S5
SI9
1,3(13
73
1,.593
I^ad, pig
- piijs
122,1)13
151,2.51
254,S05
14n,20.i
183,712
10(1,105
80,'242
58,179
45,154
bar - koK*
and boxes
3.15
2,022
2,U31
792
471
1,'299
473
30(1
412
lbs.
ai.ii.'ioo
-
_
109.1111
.
.
190,292
■ 198,211
592,8.53 1
Oats
- bbls.
2,lli!l
1,S52
4,110
5,210
1,7(13
2,1(12
3,!)57
1,2117
1(13 !
Onions
-
5M
)sO:i
1,12-1
5 is
,157
.5(1(1
227
278
101
Oil, linseed -
.
.'y-i
l,ii(;ii
l.SIO
2,0 10
2,(137
1,723
70s
(122
191
lie »r -
.
■IS
151
nil
25 1
(13
91
•29
127
castor
.
317
57'?
7211
Hill
!)1
(IS
Piarh I.ranily
. _
2.'i
;,
•iW,
217
192
31
52
82
!)
t'ei-atis
-
(i
•i
23 1
212
717
1(15
357
Ids
1
Pickles
.
.17
11)
lOS
15li
88
'200
39
5
511
ket^
?-o
!)S3
1,0110
•2IS
780
'250
91
1,50
111!
Potatoes
- Mils.
7,812
2,72i
5,1 IS
5,SS3
l,S5',i
4,'2(;s
2,199
2,7.50
2,!I27
Pork
(i7,e72
(i2,l5'J
35,107
49,110
.15,817
'25,167
33,(132
15,352
10,181
hhds.
,10
117
33
(101
3(12
37(1
793
321
511
in bulk
- lbs.
t,iii,nw(i
953,2011
311,12s
9 11, I'll)
8(13,(190
291,500
999,853
14(1,7.50
85,(1(13
Porter and ale
- bbls.
1,511;
20(:
U31
421
,5.111
1'20
29(1
212
4I1S
Peas
1.-.
71
5S
157
12
53
113
2
57
Hum
.
3117
fist
S7
4l(i
28(1
3(12
'2'I8
110
.151
Skins, deer
- packs
3,S0;|
3,S05
4,0S!I
(i,2l5
3,1(10
t,lll9
ll,(i'J3
4,820
3,S(13
iK'ar
,
1117
140
128
159
155
253
Kil
.191:
ii;s
Ship bread
bbls.
.
-
3,07(1
95
320
5'^0
253
1|(1|
Shot
• kegs
lbs.
i,rn(i
3,nu(!
. '":''
2,113
1,1 '27
2,881
1,472
1,081
9,.100
33
.10,8(10 1
bags
•
-
I
I'lfi
213
,551
78
1.5
.109
Soap
• boxes
7(i
40S
1,310
4,175
«,'J0ll
4,118
'2/.3!_l
2,3(17
■J31
Shingles
- iinlle
'2-.1
.
-
33 1
.
17
7
5
Id
Slaves
700
990
913
S5(i
827
Cfil
77(i
615
nsl
Segars
- bbls.
2
•
22
11
14
(i
fi
12
boxes
.023
•
•
l,'.(i
152
,50
6
94
IMoss, Spanish
. lia'cs
720
192
779
T.'.liow
- bbls.
l,.'iS7
fill
1,337
3,909
(112
,197
747
441
635
Tobacco, leaf
hhds.
■lO.OI.'i
32,70S
33,7s 1
'29,132
.10,345
31,701
19,3S5
1S,0I9
25,7.13
chewing kegs and boxes
ll.lCS
1 ,S75
i,i;iis
4, '171
4.978
2,fi77
1,028
2,.121
2,321
carrots
1,117
1,02S
(131
2,137
2,S21
2,55(1
1,711
41
2,112
«
bales
2,272
.
Tow linen
yards
.
.
-
4, inn
450
.500
3,rino
11,-
1,SOO
bales
.
4
51 i
.13
10
2
13
.
5
Twine
liundles
1 21
202
2'11
415
1.83
IS
41
lbs.
.
.
-
2
1-29
SOU
501
,
3,920
boxes
11
21
(17
1.11
'234
41
47
1'
Venison liami
'J70
4,fi'iS
1,1.13
2S,152
(1,(171
.■?,10S
11,(103
191
4,6-6
Vinegar
bills.
(14
121
(13
7!
1,-'2.-
171
79
51
21
Whisky
.
37.012
30,579
21,591
2(1,149
41,507
35,9S«
in,52r
.12,701
1«,S07
Window glass
• boxes
I.IM
2,115
4,711
912
159
1,181
1 l,89f
2,.V)
721*
KIP I
3lil'
■I,.', 'v
7,7.(1 I
I.sc; I
■It
.11 I
"."..; ;
I
71,'iro I
51,1S|
11
.17A'>1 j
11!)
i;/i ;
12
5
■IS
fllo
2
I. -II
IS.'^lli
•M
45,1 jl
■''U2,H,M i
■Ki.l I
nil
191 I
if.'!
2,:IJ7 I
lU.I.Sl I
.'.It
8.j,i;i;.-
•Ills '
.?;!
3(),Mllli
.-iiiri '
in
n.s
12
2.5,7.n
2,.'i21
2,1 12
i,son
4,r,-i;
21
1S,S'I7
72S
NEWSPAPERS. j^'27
l.xn(,in of Cotton uiid Tubacoo lioiii New Orleans tluriiia I'ai li ol the Nine Years ending llie JlHli ol
September, iaJ2.
Whither ciporteit.
llnles of (Cotton.
lS.1t-.12. 1S.1I)-.11. IS2I).1(P. INiS.V'l. IS27.2H.'l,S2(;-27. lS2.'i.2fi.
I ilie.it Hritaiu
I 1 riiiicu
I \,.rlh cif Kuropo
I "^.lUlh of Kiliupu
I t OJ»l -v l-iU
! Total
Cri.al Britain
.\(.rili "f Kurope
>,.ulli III' Iv. rope
j lu.ibtW'Se
I 2ll,1„1(i.', ,22.1,.17l
I 7«,1.1H| (Jl),;il,1
•1,12.1 2.1)1
Total
J5,7.'>2
) il,72 S
.■>,')(;, II «;
2,1011
l9(;,Si)2 l.">",.'ill 1 12,.'iltl! 1II.1,.'mi.I ll(l,!ilS
l).1,11ll, 7S,.-,7II (HI, 12.), Ull.llll ti.T.TCI)
•1,21.1, I2,:).'>.1 N,2..''i! !P,J7!) •I,.'.IIIP
l,22.ll
l.l.'iillM.i idillli
i,0!)
41,1117
7,'Jlll
i;,i7!)
SC.K.S.I,
I.''.
fii;,7n,i fin.iiii!)
.'illl.SIH ,T.i!llih2 2.'i I ,' 12 1
lW4-2.'>.
lnl,!lll|
32,s,-,l
77.1
nii,i)i (i
2111. -.j?"
S'2.1.21.1
oi,i'^'i!
I'll,!
y.iol
4f>,Ml)i
1.1,(1 Ml
llo^shead^ ol'Toliact
l.SS'J
.12,1)71
1S,4SU
3,(ins
7(1
1,102
2,.V.il)
10,07,1
2,7S2
1 ••»
4,217
M.t ilS
lU.M'J 25,aTo
111 — Arrivals of Ships, Brigs, Schooners, Sloops, and Steam Boats, for Four Years, ending the 30th of
September, lHo'2.
.Months.
1
7.
1
.a'
1S,12,
1.S31.
1
1S.10.
. 1
1
11
1S2(I.
■S 1 J
iili
i
7.
3)
i
■A
1
3
" • !
II'
i
5
•c
i
c
u
i
f
t
J.
i.
lll'lili
■A 1 y. 1 H ,-/.«
)ilolllT -
V.'i
.12
.17' 1
!).')! .'ill
Ill
22
21
.1
(1,0
27
12
22
IS
3
.1'c
IS
10
7, 2 !~4o! 41
N'l.iiiilifr
.IS
11
4S 2
Ml' K-.
4.0
111
32
142
4(1
40
•IS
31
2
121
.0(1
40
,03
l2i ,0 lli;' .0,0
i'crenihcr
•11
4.1
.1!) 10
1.-1] HI
17
3,0
40
3
11.0
(10
ill
43
30
l.M
(IS,
.17
03
IS' 12|i SI
J.iiui.iry -
,15
4!1
(it 6
102 102
23
3(i
3S
1
ys
S.0
20
(Jl
31
2
111
yii
27
.02
2S 2.0 132, (.17
;'f Tnary -
2'l
41
M .1
Ml' 111
2(1
411
.01
2
122
7!
21
',3
,03
1.03
0(1
14
311
27 1 ! 7Sl 77
March
.Ifi
r>7
.',7 4
1.041 107
.1.,
.01
(i,S
,
1(11 114
IS
37
31
(1
(1,0
(!('•
■Id
17
21
' lOlj KH
i\iri!
W
,10
CO 4
11(1,101)
37
a\
4(1
(i
1.0.0 10(1'
42
13
3S
4
127
(Ill
V7
3(1
21
3 1 SM 93
11 .IV . •
4.1
.11
61 2
1211 lOfS
71
S7
lis
11
2.1.0 1(11)
31
3(1
2(1
4
1(13
K3
21
4 7
31
7 100 SO
11
20
.111 1
82 (,1
21
.0(1
43
2
120, 71)
2.0
37
2-0
2
SO
Sli
24
21
Id
4 (is! 73
Inlv - -
It
21
2,-) -
fiOl .10
2(1
.1(1
3.0
2
1112 41
1,0
1<)
2S
2
<il
."'. ■ 1
1(1
2
1.0
1 j .OS .14
.Vu;,'ust -
1,1
24
21 -
CO,' 21
11
v.o
.1(1
(17 20
2
1.0
21
1
42
12
10
111
1.0
1 1 30, 21
^eptenibt'V
Hi
(i
2(1 -
37j 31
12
23
20
.0.5 22
4
11
20
1
20
17
10
S| 1 ■ 2.0 j 1.0
Tutals -
3.-;8
.1UU
,011) .13
1,2S0, ,S.S7
3«U
.044
4U2
37
1,4 12 S13
2S(1
410
300
33
I.V^U
77S
2S2
421)
22(5
02 1 U80; 770
We are indebted frr the alinvo valii.ible information to the Ctrailar Statement of Messrs. John llcig,an
and Co., New Orle.iiis, the 1st of October, IHj'l'.
There were in this city, in 18:30, 4 banks, witli a capital of 9,000,000 dollars, rx-
chisive of a branch of the Bank of the United States, having a cajiitid of 1,000,000
dollars. The aggregate amount of dividends on bank stock during that year amounted
to 54'2,'100 dollars. Ihit one of the banks, having a capital of 2„700,OC(), had only com-
menced ; and as the whole c;ipital of another bank had not been paid up, tiie dividend
was really the produce of a capita! oi G,1 50,000 dollars; being at the rate of 8 -OS? per
cent, thereon. There were, during the same year, 6 insurance comi)ani:'s in tJe city,
having an aggregate cajiifal of 2,400,000 dollars (StaterncJit hi/ J. 11. Goddurd, Exq.,
Ntiv York Daily Advurthvr, 29th of January, 1831.)
I'or Mollies, Weights, and Measures, sec Nic* YoitK.
NEWSPAPERS. Pulilications in numr.crs, consisting commonly of single sheets,
and published at .short and stated intervals, conveying intelligence of passing events.
Iiiiportdiice (uid Value of XciespKjici-s in a Cumimrciid Point of View. — It is foreign
to the purpo.ses of this work to consider the inontl and political clfects produced by
news[)a))ers : of the extent of their influence there is no doubt, even among those who
diiftr widely as to its efl'ect. 'J'lieir utility to commerce is, however, untiuestionable.
The advertisements they circulate, though these announcements are limited in Great
Jhitiiin by a heavy duty, tlie variety of facts and ir.tbrmation they contain as to the
siipjily and demand of commodities in all quarters of li. • world, their prices, and the
regulations by which they are affected, render newspapers indispensable to commercial
men, supersede a great mass of epistolary correspondence, raise merchants in remote
places towards an equality, in jioint of information, with those in the great marts, and
wonderfully quicken all the movements of commerce. lUit newspapers themselves liavc
become a considerable commercial article in Cireat Britain. In the year 1S;X), the pro
duec of the stamp duty, deducting the di(^couiit, levied on newspajiers, was 4 10,980/. 6'.s-. (id.
The gross produce of the sale must have been more than double this sum, without allcw-
ing for the papers sold at a higher price than "id. ; so that the consumption of newspajiers
must have amounted, in that year, to nearly 1 ,000,000/. sterling.
Newspapers, in London, are sold by the publishers to newsmen or newsvenders, by
whom they are distributed to the purchasers in town and country. The nev^smen, who
are the retailers, receive, for their Iiusincss of distribution, a regulated allowance. The
papers which are sold to the public at 7d-, which form the great mass of I>ondon news-
papers, arc sold to the newsmen in what are technically called (juires. Each <|uire con-
sists of 27 papers, and is sold to the newsmen for 1 V>s. ; so that the newsman's gross
profit 011 27 papers is 2.'. 9d. In some instances, where newspapers are sent by the post,
f^'
r (
; t U i' t
■: !
M
'
1 ]
' ■''
' f
-'■m
, 1
1,-
11
''' W:
■3 )l'f'8.|S.
-.■C: I
lii m
f ^
■! B 1
N\
w
l^\
i^i'h h
•V
■■
i I ' ' '
k
i
m
... "PiAil^ Iffj/
m
j^_g;ji^j}g§iti
m
828
NEWSPAPEIIS.
j; >
ii \
})il. additional on oaeli pajjcr is cliargcd by the ncwsincn to liiuii' country cuslonicTs.
Some of the cli'rks at the post-oHice, called clerks of the roads, are considerable news-
a<rents. The stamp duty on a newspaper is, at present, nominally 'hi. ; but a discount is
allowed on those i)apers which are sold at a price not exceeding 7i/., of 20 per cent,
which reduces the stamp duty actually paid to ;3|rf. Each paper being sold to the
newsman at a little less than ri'^'L, the sum which is received by the ncwspajjer proprietors
for paper, printing, and the cxi)enscs of their establishments, is a small fraction more tli.iii
'2\il. for each copy. Advertisements form a considerable source of profit to newspapers;
and without this source, some of the most widely circulated of them could not support
their great expenditure. Eacli advertisement is now charged, without distinction of
length, with a government duty of Is. Gd. ; but until last year (18,1;!), tiie duly wiis
,'is. 6d. In IS',V2, the advertisements produced ] 5.'5,4(X)/. Ids. in Great Hritain, iuid
\5,'-21H!. 17".'. 4(1, in Ireland, We have no means of ascertaining exactly the portion ot'
this sum derived from newsi)apers, as distinguished from other i)nblications, but \w
believe we shotdd under-estiniate it by taking it at ;3-4ths of the whole. The charges o|
newspapers for advertisements arc proportioned to their length, and to the character of
the newsi)aper itself. The sum received for them may now bo taken, inclusive of the
duty, at 200,000/.
Newspajier stamps are obtained at the Slamj) Office, where the jjaper is sent by the
stationers to be stamped. The stamps are ])aid for before the paper is returned. The
duty on idvcrtisements, which is also under the management of the commissioners of
stamps, is paid monthly ; and, for securing these payments, the printer and 2 sureties
become l)ound in moderate sums.
The London newspajiers have become remarkable for the great mass and variety of
matter which they contain, the rapidity with which they are printed and circulated, and
the accuracy and copiousness of their reports of debates. Tliese residts are obtained by
a large expenditure and considerable division of labour. The reports of jiarliamentary
proceedings arc obtained by a succession of able and intelligent rejiorters, who relieve
each other at intervals of J of an hour, or occasionally less. A newspaper cannot aim
at copious and correct reports with less than 10 reporters for the House of t'onunons;
and the expense of that particular part of a morning news|)aper's establishment exceeds
•SitXX)/. per annum.
Rt'pulations as to Newspapers. — Tlic 38 Geo. ,3. c. 78. en.ncfs, that no por.snii shall iniiit or jjiililish a
newspaper, until an aHidavit has been delivered at the Stamp Office, .stating the naiiie ami places ot'ahodo
of the printer, publisher, and proprietor ; specifying the amount of the share.<, the title of the paper, and
a description of the building in which it is intended to be printed. A copy of every newspaper is to he
delivered within fi days, to the eommi.ssioncrs of stamps, under a iienalty of KKIA
The act J9 Geo. 3. c. 79. requires that the name of every printer, tyi)c founder, and maker of printing-
presses, shall be entered with the clerk of the peace, luuler a penalty of 'iv./. ; and every person selling
types or |>resses must, if required by a justice of the peace, state to whom they are sold.
A printer is bound to print, upon the front of every iiage printed on 1 side only, and upon the (iist
and last sheet of every publication containing more than 1 leaf, his name and place of abode. He is aUo
required to keep a copy of every work he prints, on which shall bo written or printed the name of his
employer ; ai-d shall produce the same to any justice, if required, within (i months.
I'ersons publishing papers without the n.ime and abode of the printer may be apprehended, and carriod
before a magistrate; and a peace officer, by warrant of a justice of peace, may enter any place to .search
for piintiTig presses or types suspe 'ted to be kept without the notice required by the act, and may earry
them off", together with all printet papers found in the place.
The 1 Geo, 4. c. 9. enacts, that all periodical pamphlets or pajiers, published at intervals not exceeding '1
days, containing public news, intelligence, or occurrences, or any remarks thereon, and not containing
more than 2 sheets, or published for less price than Gd., shall be deemed newspapers, and shall be subject
U) the same regulations and stamp duties.
Influence of the Tax on Newspapers. — At present it is impos.sibIe, without a violation
of the stamp laws, to sell newspapers under Id. or Vif/. ; so that tliose poorer persons,
who cannot afford so large a sum, or who have no means of getting a newsi)aper in com-
pany with others, are obliged either to be without one, or to resort to those low priced
journals that are circulated in defiance of the law. It has been proposed to reduce tlic
duty to 2'/. ; but it may be doubted whether this would beany improvement, and whetltcr
the duty be not at present sufficiently low on a paper sold at Id. or upwards. All
Hxed duties on newspapers seem, however, to be essentially objectionable, inasmuch
as, by efFectually hindering the free and open circulation of the cheaper sort, they throw
their supply into the hands of the least reputable portion of the community, who circulate
I hem surreptitiously, and not unfrequently make them vehicles for diffiising doctrines of
the mt)st dangerous tendency. The better way, therefore, would be to assess the duty
on newspapers on an ad vahrrem principle, making it, in all case.s, 50 per cent., that is,
Gd. on a newspaper sold at Is., Id. on one sold at 2d., ^d. on one sold at Id., and so on,
proportionally to the price. Several advantages would result from such a plan. It
woidd remove the unjust stigma that now attaches to low-priced papers ; and men of
talent and principle would find it equally advantageous to write in them as in those of
a higher price. Were such an alteration made, it seems probable that the present two-
jienny papers, than which nothing can be conceived more utterly worthles.s, would, very
soon, be superseded l)y others of a very different character; and if so, the change would
NEWSPAPERS.
82iJ
be in lliu liiglicst dogree IjiMU'flcial. It would also, wu apprdieiul, introduce Into nows-
jKiptT coinijiliiig, tliut division of liibour, or ratlur of subjects, which is found in every
thing else. Instead of having all sorts of matters crammed into tlie same journal, every
different topic of considerable interest would be sc])arately treated in a low-priced ])ai)er,
appropriated to it only, and conducted by persons fully conversant with its principles and
details. Under the present omnivorous system, individuals who care nothing for the
theatre are, notwithstanding, unable to proiiure a paper in which it does not occupy a
prominent place ; and tliose who cannot distinguish one tunc from another have ilaily
served up to them long dissertations on concerts, operas, orctorios, and so forth. The
proposed system would give the power of selecting. Those who j)referred an alia fadiitln
to any thing else, would be sure of finding an abundant supjjjy ; while tliose who wi;,hed
for a more select regimen — who preferred one or two separate dishes to a multitude hud-
dled together — would be able, — which at present they are not, — to gratify their taste.
Neither can there be much doubt that an ad viuorem duty would be more productive than
the present duty ; inasmuch as, by legitimatising the circulation of low-])riced papers, their
number would be prodigiously augmented. It also would have the advantage of being-
easy of collection; for, being a certain portion of the price, no question coulii arise with
respect to it.
Instead, however, of imposing an ad valorem duty on newspapc's, it has been pro-
posed to repeal the duty entirely, and to substitute in its stead a post-ollice duty, similar
to that charged in the United States. A scheme of this sort would entirely exempt all
newspapers printed and sold in large towns from the duty ; a result which, we confess, we
do not think is in any respect desirable, but the reverse. In our view of the matter, the
object ought not to be to relieve newspapers from the tax, or to create difl'erenees in their
price by charging a duty only on those carried by post, but to assess the duty so that
it should fall equally on them all.
I^^otices of Newspapers. — The history of newspapers, and of periodical literature in
general, remains to be written ; and were the task executed by an individual of conqic-
tcnt ability, and with due care, it would be a most interesting and important work. It
appears, from the researches of Mr. Chalmers, that the first newspaper published in
modern Europe made its appearance at Venice, in 1536; but the jealousy of the go-
vernment would not allow of its being printed ; so that, for many years, it was circulated
in manuscript ! It would seem that newspapers were first issued in England by authority,
in 1588, during the alarm occasioned by the approach of the Armada to our shores; in
order, as was stated, by giving real information, to allay the general anxiety, and to
hinder the dissemination of false and exaggerated statements. From this era, news-
])apcrs, of one sort or other, have, with a few intermissions, generally ajjpeared in
London ; sometimes at regular, and sometimes at irregular intervals. During the civil
wars, both parties had their newspapers. The earliest newsjjaper publisiied in Scotland
made its appearance under the auspices of Cromwell, in 1652. The Caledonian Mer-
cury was, however, the first of the Scotch newspapers of native manufacture ; it made
its appearance at Edinburgh, under tlie title of Mireurius Culedonius, in 1660; but its
publication was soon afterwards interrupted. In 1715, a newspaper was, for the first
time, attempted in Glasgow.
The Daily Coiirant, the first of the daily newspapers published in Great Britain, made
its ajipoarance at London in the early part of the reign of Queen Anne. — (See the Life
of liinUliman, pp. 10'2— 121.)
From the Stamj) Office accounts, it appears th.it the number of newspapers sold an-
luially in England, during the 3 years ending with 175.3, was 7,411,757; in 1760,
9,46-1,1 90; in 1790, 14,0^5,639; in 1792, 15,005,760.
I. Account of the Aggregate Number of Stamps issued for Newspapers in each of the undermentioned
Years ; distinguishing the Numbers in England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Years.
Knglatul.
Scotland.
Great Britain.
16,085,08.5
Years.
1817
Kiiglaml.
Scollanil.
Great Britain.
Ireland.*
IRIll
i.';,opn,RO.'5
!t94,280
20,94fi,2.'>2
8.50,816
21,797,068
2,480,401
1»I2
14,'2fi4,'JK9
967,750
15,232,039
1818
21,015,4-29
1,048,5X10
22,0ti4,329
2,654,212
ISlW
l."),SS8,!«l
1,060,210
16,!Mit,131
1819
21,<J04,834
1,14.3,615
23,048,449
2,782,903
1804
1f>,!fil,7ti8
M.W,.^.?
18,078,293
1820
2.5,177,127
1,236,.560
26,41 3.(;87
2,974,l.-.6
m)r>
i7,Bi().('f;;)
1,172,200
18,782,269
1821
23,699,752
1,162,4;54
24,8()2,1S6
2,93 l,0.-J7
IWIfi
l!',218,<«4
1,313,709
20,.532,793
1822
22,709,1.59
1,223,244
23,932,403
3,08,S,472
1SI)7
20,{)<l7,(i(i2
I,.'3,'i7,2.'i9
21,434,861
1823
23,422,5i;6
1,247,7.39
24,670,265
3,.-!,';9,492
isns
a),7i4,.-.(;6
1,;J43,92;1
22,058,491
1824
24,556,860
1,017,(H9
25,573,<K)9
,3,364,<i<«l
IWIII
'■>'2,r>m,s;n
l,47(),.5r)2
24,006,883
1825
25,485,.5(i3
l,4ft5,191
26,950,094
3,5(K»,4S2
I.SIO
2L',.51 9,786
1,4;';9,77.'5
23,979,561
1826
25,684,003
1,296,549
26,980,.552
3,47,-;,()l4
ISII
2C,!r77,!r>.'i
],44,3,7r)0
24,421,713
1827
25,8().-i,499
1,795,771
27,a59,270
3,545,846
IHl'J
23,71iV)<K)
1,. '-.7.3,600
2;'>,292,(!(K)
1828
26,r).-32,5(i()
2,162,114,3
28,795,209
3,790,272
ISI.'i
24,S3!),,">!t7
l,.'i03,221
26,,342,6I8
1829
26,,-?;i7,{«)6
2,6Hil,328
29,036,3;>4
3,95,-5,5,50
1SI4
24,".]1,!11()
1,376,0!)3
26,,308,(M13
18.30
27,370,092
3,133,<)88
;iO,504,O80
4,0,35,314
\Hir>
'£i,mr,,9Hry
1,,3()9,523
24,385,508
1831
3(M70.()!i3
3,280,072
33,150,165
4..36 1,430
ms
21.0;-)3,(;27
996,727
22,050,354
1S.32
29,427,580
3,2r>4,851
32,6!e,431
4,518.2(i()
18,33
27,690,9'.'9
3,033,'292
30,724,221
.3,7iil,0(K)
' ; ^
' 1^
,: I
I I
.■ s
hV' >■
%■
Until 1817, no di.*tin(-t account was kept of the stamp.i issued I'or n nvspapers in Ireland.
1 1
'■'. '
.
i
iL
i
i
830
NEWSPAriilfS.
II. All Accduiit ulidwiLig llic S'uiiilii'idl' StamiK isauoil tu <.';icli <jl' tne I'roviiu'iul No\Vii|in|ii>r» in i;ii(^|aii,|
In lliu Vi'iir C'hilinn tin- l»t olApril, l\iJ, w III 'lie Diil/oii Ailv.rtiMini'iits puicllty tliu Siunt'dunni' ilm
Year ending! tlio "itli ol' January, IHii J'orl. I'ii/h'i\>; \(i». rui'.l. and .V.'k Sis*. 1N3J.)
I'l I
i ■>
.Nuinhe
All
v,r-
Title of NowsimpOT.
of
li-ei
lent
Slanjiis.
Dut...
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Uath HiT.iUI
r>r.,wti
Ill
IV
Chroiilrle
47,niPii
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1.",
Jouniiil
.'i.'i.dlHI
lliil
III
and ('l)t>lteliliain Ofl/ettu
,')^,dlld
IS7
7 li
llee, SliiiiiliKil
l.'i.ipdip
l.-.ii
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IttTk^hire I'lirnnirle
.11 f,( i.'ii 1
V.1S
1 1 li
Ilcrwick .A(lvcrli>ur
'^7,di)d
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ii; d
Ulniiiiiuliuiu (iiiwiie (.\rnS)
1'^ 1,1 II in
l,S'll
11 1.
.rotirnal
IDS.dllll
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V
Hlackburn AltV.il
",.1111
V,
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l.-,o
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Halton ('lirunicJL*
ld,d(lll
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Hi>stnn (i;i/i'n«
Id.dlid
17s
1.1 (1
Urigluoii Ilir.ilil
*i^li,llllll
IS.!
II (1
(iazL'tie
'11,111111
161
Hi
(fuariUaii
41,111111
.11 li
17 i;
Bristol (in/.fite
W.IMll
■ll'i
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Jourttat
Hli,dilii
7'M
11 i;
Mirror
1117, l.Vi
SOI
U li
Mercury
4,')„1S7
VSl
1
Tline-i
7,.>dlJ
47
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nucka (ia/i'tte
VIM IX
VOi
1;
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l.J,,',iM
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7.1,111111
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<l ,111 III
.11
III
and Kultblk Ht'iald
lll.llllll
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1 i:
Cambrian
lidjihl
■ISI
1.-,
Caiiitirid^u (.'hroiiicle
.'i.'>,ii;,(l
17.1
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C.irliale .Tourn^il
l,U,'>lld
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I'atriut
.Id.ll'IM
VS 'i
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('arinarrht'ii .Tuurnal
'.i.'i,:Mi(i
Vl:i
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t'arn.irvon lliT.ild
lU.dOU
lilO
4 (J
♦('iRliii^foril Chronicle, and Essex
Herald
!IS,l)ll(1
r,.''U
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Clielteiituni ('hronide
.Ili.-MId
.'.17
> li
.lonrnal
1.-,, Ill 111
VI I
li li
('hestcr t'hronicle
l>],MIIII
.'>,-'. 1
10 li
<'i>nrant
l-.,lllld
4110
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Cllestcrfielit (ia/elte
'.iS,l 11)11
CnlchestLT (ia/ette
Is, (It to
VI!
11 r,
Oonuiliian (Kaliiiontli)
I'^,lllld
hi.
IV r,
('urnwall IJa/etlt'
VI, mill
ViS
7 li
WiM liriton
MMiii'l
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11. r,
Coventry Herald and Observer
.-li,l)/.,
Vsl
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County Vrt'ss, Hertford
■ili,1d'l
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Cuniherlaiid I'ackot
V'.INI'I
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Derby Mercurv
4H,IIIIII
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KeiiorCi'r
Hevi/e, (la/ette
■lll,'ilp()
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V.sii
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Uevonport Telegraph
.1S,«II
37.5
U li
Jnde)iei-(lent
5,()Uil
*Pevonshire(;hr<«i^'l.', Xoriti Devon
ilonrnal, atid Kx' ler News
V.l.'i'.i)
VIS
li li
Dimcaiter O.n/etle
76,iliKI
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IV li
Dorchester .Tournal
(111,11111
.1.:l
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Dorset County Chronicle
47,7.')n
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IV d
Durham A(lvirti>er
.1U,dild
.11!)
4
Chronicle
.V7,l)00
.1.1.-.
.1 r,
Eisex Standard
.1.),!)l)0
V.'il
V 11
Ind.'pcndt'nt
VG,.17.'.
111
11 d
Exeter I'lyin^ I'ost
48,.50n
4SI) 11 fl
and rivinouth Gazette
7r,,'i'i:,
,'>V.'.
7
Fahnoutli I'ackel
Vfi,Sil
1BI.1
11 fl
<Tlonrester .ronriial
11 12 ,.100
8 111
1
Halifax Expris^
VI, .11)0
200 11
(luardian
S,.')OI)
Hampshire Ailvertiscr, or South-
ampton Herald
.')0,ono
son
12 C
Telegraph
100,0110
SOI
10
Chronicle
67,V.>0
4S.'>
IV (1
Hereford .To'.irnal
7V,4M
.171
IS
Times
,'i'l,V.'iO
1^0
11 fi
Herts Mercury
VV.fi.-iO
VIS
IS (i
Hull Packet -
2!I,0II0
v7i;
1.1 (1
.Advertiser
5li,.S'^.>
,') 1 1
12
llockinjham
.1.j,dlin
2S1
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HuntinKdon (la/ijtte
!l.'i,dll(l
r,i7
in
Ipswich Journal
Kentish Chronicle
100,0110
filV
S fi
IV.OIIO
iiin
(ia/.etle
7.S,ll(lll
(iV7
(i
Observer
V7,dOO
.11
17
Kent Herald
fifi,000
4.1S
7 fi
Ijancaster Herald
V2,1PI
IW
11 fi
ti.t/etie
VV.dllO
l!)l
IV
Leamington Spa Courier
♦Ijeeils Intelligt.'ncer, and Newcastle
ii'J,IIO()
30.1
9
Journal
lfiS,7.'J0
1,027
AIJ*
Title of Nt'wiip,i|wr.
LcelsTimei •
AUt. my
I'dirint
J.eiceiU-T (liniTiiiiij
Itt-nitd
•fourii.it • * •
I.inrohi Ilfr.iiit -
l.iiicohishir.' riivonU'to
l.iuhtiuhl .■\Ifrtury
Livbriioul tNmritT . . .
Alhiun
Mi'rramili' Aclveninr
<i»mtTiil Atlve.li.'.L'i
Mercury
Sauinlny-i Ailvertuer
Clinmicle
Jcturn.tl
Si.iiulard
TiniUH
!\IarclL'sni'l(l Courier - • •
.■\Iai(UtuiU' ita/t'tte
.'oiirtial
.Mam lie^tLT Turn's
Chroniclo
(lUtrilian
and Salfiird Advertiser
* CouriL-rtaiid .Manchd-
tiT !lcrald
"MiTlIivr (iuardian
.■\I.nmi.HithxhiiL' MiTlin
.Ni'wr v.niIl") lii'ijiiifli!
\L'\V(M,*U'-ni)ou-T>nL' !\K'i'cury
•V" Wi a il.' rtmr,.!>t
.Viirloik ihri.Miile
IlrraUl and Kast An«li m •
Nn.'wicli MiTcury
.\ortJiaiii|iton !\U'i'< ury
Vrve I'ft'vs
IK-rald
\(>iili"inliu'rl ind A(lve^li^er
Nortii iJ.v. n Adi'tTii-i-r
WalLs ChrniKcit'
Noltin^h iin J.uriial
Ut'vii-w
and Newark .Mercury -
O.ifurd Ik-rald
Jdurnal
Plymouth MwaUl
and iJevDnport Journal -
rortsnmuth Herald
I'r.iiton ("hronicle
Pilot
Kcidin^ Afcrcury
liii hf7,ter (iazoite
Sali-sluiry J'mvnal . . .
>alojiian Journal
SheiticM IniluiiLMidc'iu
CouriuU . . .
IMtiLurv
Iris -
SherI)onie .Mi'rcury
Shr..'wslmry i;hronicIe
Stallbrd^hire .Mercury
Advurtiktr ■
Stamford Xuw-i
iMcri-ury
tncVport Advoitiser
■iiflnlk Clirnniile
Sundfrland Herald . - .
Sussc'\ Adveitiser
Taunton t'ouricr
W'akelidd and Halif.ix Jrairnal
W'arw i( k (lem ral Advertiser
Wt'lslnnau, 'Ihe
W'e.iiern laitnin try (Kxeter)
Tinn's Kveter)
West mortlai id . V d viTt iser • -
Oazt-lte
\Vhitt;liavon Herald
Wiltshire Standard
\Vindsor Kxpn ss
Wolverhaiujitt.'ii Clironifle -
\V'or(re->ler Jriurnal
Herald
Vurk riironicle
* Herald, and Vork Courant ■
Vorkshire (iazeite
Uacing Calendar -
Nuiiilii'.'
Art
»er-
of
tisetnent
Stamps,
Hutj.
/,.
4.
rf.
2,0(K)
31l,IIIHI
'•'!'■?
17
(,
!l,lldO
177
4.1,1011
2li4
i.i
4,117 '>
Ml
.1
,,'
SI),.'jlH)
,lso
11 !
ll,li«
IIV
Hi
I) \
Vd,Olld
(l,7.')d
21
11
n '
fi.'i,.'iOd
717
1
8. ,,000
1
V7,7.')d
l,vr,i
1
1
4ii,,'>no
l,7.iO
1,1
1
i;v,.)Oii
1,270
II
(
ln,,'iiii)
Isv
11
V.J,ddO
.101
11
ol
77,ddo
3J.1
1,1
I.I
.17,000
1
4V,II00
.11.1
87,000
V.i.1
1,1
(I
4V..MI0
■IM)
11
I. 1
.OV,|I.)0
41S
11
li
is.'i,.-.oo
.",1s
11
47,v.'iO
oil
7
ISV,IHIO
1.071
1
1.'>'J,'.I33
ids
11
i.iv„i(in
SOS
-
II
lll,.'iOO
.1S,!III0
VS.I
1')
ivi.ooo
OVV
II
.1.1,,'j(KI
.10,1
IV
II
l.Ml,47.')
1,V17
13
II
.UIi,IIOO
lllll)
10
V!l,.'illO
VIM
11
(•li.OOO
yiv
10
S 1 ,111 M 1
■ Sis
Hi
V.I, .',(111
2111
1,1
.111,000
.1111
11
11,;)II0
121
Hi
fi
11, .100
SI
1
17,.'iOO
200
2
11
4, -1,000
441
13
70,SII0
.17.1
IS
41,000
274
11
4(i,OIIO
101
17
117,.100
S77
10
.!li,.'lllO
2S2
V
is,,-,on
210 17
.1.'>,.500
.110
vy.ooo
22.1
11
o!
VI, IK 10
170
IS
111,700
S07
.•5,0110
IS
l.'')0,0(IO
1,070
10
li ,
.111,01 10
01 'J
3
II
3.1,.1llll
217
s
fi
21,500
211
1,1
.17,2.10
3.11
2.1,000
VIII
IS
47,000
371
11
11
9.1,700
OSV
1.1,,1()0
1,11
10
'
1.1.1,000
71!)
IV
•' 1
.1V,.100
1,S3
1
V72,5(IO
1,5(1!)
7
e
.11,7.10
1117
11
Sl.OSO
001
111,000
3.10
7
.is.son
.177
fi
22,000
207
4
<"' i
Vfi.lOO
10.1
11
II '
.10,000
40'l
11
ol
VI),!M 10
1 !S
2
II
.11,1110
V'!0
1
i
4li,dii 1
2S7
7
ol
12,(100
101
.1
1
1.1,000
Dll
4
1
V -',01 Id
2(10
fi 1
2,100
,1I,.1|10
270
in
n
41,100
4llS
(i
.1 :
00,000
OHO
1
71,01.0
.1!W
c
11
111,000
111
1
1' 1
120,011(1
!).1.1
11
.
72,100
513
•
•l.l.llt
19
n
II !
— I
Note. — 'I'liis return is fdiiiideil iii)oii periodical accoiiiiU rendered by statioiior.«, who procure tlie stamps
at this office for omintry newspapers. The papers marked thus • being the property of 1 person, in wliote
name the stamps are taken out, the number used for each j)aper cannot be distinguished.
*«* We extract the following important paragraph from a note by Mr. Wood, the present very intelli-
gent chairman of the Roard of Staini)S, subjoined to the Pari. Paper, No. 7.58. Sess. 1833. It shows that
the returns given above, as to the ciroul.ition of country newspapers, cannot be much depended upon. Of
course, there are no such inaccuracies in the accounts of advertisements : —
" Supposing, however, that the returns had been correct transcripts of the books in this office, it is
worthy of remark, that they would not have attorded accurate information as to the circulation of news,
papers. The circumstances hereafter detailed will show that such returns must be always incomplete unil
fallacious.
" In the instance of the London newspapers, the account may approach to tolerable correctness, as tho
stamps are usually obtained by the parties directly from tliis oftice ; but it may be observed, that these
Capem borrow from each other, and we have also reason to hp'ieie that agents of country papers have
een induced by London printers to take nut stamps in the name of the latter which were intended fur
euuntry use ; so that, even with regard to the T.oiulon papers, pcrfict accuracy cannot be attained.
Ni:\vsi'A!'i:iis.
831
t ill KiiKlaiKi
iL'duriiiK llic
Advi'r-
ttiftllVUt
Duty.
/..
I. d.
I
1,1113 17 (, '
177 li C. '
■^1.4 l.'i li I
Ml ^ u '
'■sii i; II 1
11'^ Hi II I
v. U II '
717 ,•■ » I
l.OTl \ I, I
1,7 .'.11 l.'i II 1
l.'^T'i 'I II I
.'S'i li II
.'jlil 11 II I
3J3 1.1 I, I
.'il.'i n \
i.V, 1,') (I I
•t.VI 1.1 li I
4.1S M li I
a.'is 11 li I
li.Tl 7
i,ii;i 1 li
6l)M 11 I) \
8i;s 7 II
iS.'i 10 i
(p'^'^ 11 II i
.'ill-') \i II I
1,V17 1.1 III
!lli!l Hi li I
'^!lt II li
Ul'i Hi (I
■ SIS Hi II
»ll 1.0 II I
3111 1.1 li
121 Hi 11
SI 4 II
Will 'i II
411 13 11 !
37.'> IS II I
<.i74 11 II I
.llil 17 r. ,
S77 Hi II I
VS'i 'i II 1
'2111 17 li
3rii; (I
Vi.-i n fi
17fi IS fi
Sli7 5 6
.',7 IS fi
1,07(1 Ifi II
(llil 3 II
'ir>7 H f,
an 15 II
334 1 (1
U:)! IS
371 11 II
liS'^ 3 II
l.'i I 10 (1
711) I'i II
1S3 1
l.Sll'.l 7 6
l;i7 13 II
riii3 1 li
.I.Hi 7 (I
.'■77 (1 li
lili? 4 fi i
Hi.-| 11 II
41111 1.1 fi I
I'iS i II ,
'^'111 3 II I
1!S7 7
1113 fl II I
yj 4 fi I
200 6
nil
ill
ISI)
KID
II)
11)0
(III
ilKI
Hill
mil
mo
nun
INIII
'iiiii
l.'ii)
2711 in n 1
4iis il .1 !
fillO 1
rm fi I
(13 .'> c I
9.1,'. 11 fii
513 II ;
lU S II '
icure the stamps
person, in whose
sent very inti'Hi-
J. It sllllttS tli.it
undod upon. 0(
this office, it i^i
mlatinn of news-
s incomiiletc ami
)rrectnpss, as tho
rveil, that these
itry papers have
ere intcnilert for
e attaincil.
" Hut in the Ciiac of country papers ttill less reliance can he placet! on these nccounta. The supply ol
M imps to ruuiitry papers Isellirted tliroUKh lioniloii stiitloiiers und paper-inukers, unil soinetinies ul.iii
tliriiiittli I'liiintry statliiners. 'I'liesie per.tiiiis lake out lart;e i|Uantities of stniniis, nnd lurni.sh them, frniii
time to time, In the respective newspapers as reiiiiiriil. It is only from the returin made liy tho(.e sta-
tioners tliat the iiumliers of staiii|is oiitained by each country paper are known at this otHce. '1 he sta-
linners are liniind to niuke these returns, liut in general they furnish Iheni with much reluctance and
irregularity, and frci|uently omit them altogether. It is well known that the Hoard have no nieiuis ot
detecting or ounishing any luis-stutement, and it is therefore believed, that, even when furnished, little
regard is paid to accuracy.
" The trouble occasioned at this olBcc ought not to he a consideration, If the returns were really o source
of useful and authentic information. Hut the preceding observations show that no useful results arise ;
on the contrary, such returns occanion endless complaints from persons whose circulation is under-rated,
and on whom positive injury is thus inflicted.
" It i», therefore, worthy of consideration whether similar returns should in future be allowed.
".1 SV"
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CO = '■; o to to ':i ■-« o 50 c^o to to to c o s o c
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etc to =
c o. X 1^
octootocctoostooctoo
10 1- 10 'f 1-0 X r; to X to CO X •*■ n lo
to it^ "f — •+ c^ ^ 01 1- 10 — 1.0 01 r~ to
to ^ — 30 -f CO ■/; CO •+ •+ tM " -- Oi --
CO — 1.0 1.0 CO O 1-1 1-0 4 X O. 1.0
or—— —
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ei X
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1.0 1- 5 — 5, 5,10 01,10,01,-01 i-o c^i-o^or^i-x,
— c'cTx-r-'e'-^x";: £ '5 =ri-^x'o''fi' ■::'*''•'> '^
X I— •t c f?t CI 3. 5 to o, CO to 1^ '-^ Ci i-i
CI — OltO CO 01 •*•— — ,-,01 CO 1-1
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! I
:.i n
! I
1 k
V, (
i'l'
i'ii?(iih;ri
HJ2
N i:\vs i'ai'l; US.
IV. A ItetiirniihowliiKtlia Numt)ci; orsiamii^iimui-il for I.uiidoii Nowtimpcrt during; Elglit Ycari, vmlin;;
with im;.'.
r>
ISW.
1H2(I.
IH'J7.
IH.'.S.
IH'.'!».
IH.KI.
IS)1.
l.v.'.
l(i,<JIU,(l«tl)
lt>,(WI,()<J9
17,'.24'.',(.U7
ii,'n;<,tm
l7,!Wi,i!7i»
l!l,7l>ii,!t'JI
iU,{HH,rW
8i,+.ja,wi'j
S'iiti' As a fi'W of tlic Ignition iiL'WMimprrH nro Kiipiplicd with »tniii|ui tlircmtili htatioiiers (wlwi aU.i
procure atanips I'lir the priivimial ni'WNimjiura), thu total iiuiiiUl'I' ol btainpa ifieucU tut the wliuk' ul tlic
Luiuluii iiL'WsiiaptTM caiiiiut be t'uriiishvU.
V. All Acroutit of the Number of Stamps innucd to vach of the Ncwupapers and AilvcrtisiiiK I'apiTs in
.SrotUiiul, ill the Year IK;il ; aUo, an Account of the Aiiiuuiit of AUvcrtiaeineiit Uuty puid in the name
Year l)y eacli I'aper— (/'<;(/. I'aprr, No. Hi5. Sc»». 183'.'.)
Names of Ntirtpa)iurs.
^
uiiilirt orsunipi, lit
AdvcrtlHeiiient Duly,
lit 3<. U.
Two
I'encei
Kuur Pi'iK-u.
£ >■ </.
Kdliiburgh KveiiiiiK Courant ...
.
SfiOiflX)
l.ittJ U
I'aledoiiiaii Mercury - •
.
ILi/iOO
Kl;J i i;
Advertiser - . . -
.
■ir,,{m
441 ;i
(Jazottc - . . -
.
7,(H»0
2!lii III
Weekly Journal
.
114,(KK)
4iili li
Chronicle . . .
.
TI.T.W
Kit VI r>
New Weekly C'liroiiiclu (discontinued).
.
\,im
4 7 li
Scotmnaii , . . -
.
KhM';"'"
74!' Ill
Ob.terver - ....
.
sii,rm
3.Jt) 7
North lirltlsh Advertiser
3l)6,(XX)
.
1,!I.V2 HI (i
Kvening I'o.^t . ...
(H,r>r>o
31.-, ,! li
New North Uriton ■ -
li,^t)
317 1!' li
Aberdeen Journal - - - -
110,000
l,2.'-2 li
Chronicle • ■
.
!<I4 H n
Observer . - ...
21,000
177 5 (i
Ayr Advertiser ....
67,(.HK)
3()i; 1 li
Dumfries Journal . . • -
2,i,(KM)
2.ili 1<I
Courier ....
7"',MH)
41,1 14
Dund Advertiser . • . .
(iO,.0(X)
♦IH 12
Courier - . .
IJ.tKH)
170 2
Elgin Courier . . - .
ll,2i.'5
1«7 1 li
Journal (discontinued) - - .
.
2 1)
Fife Herald ....
2o,.')()0
lit!) 1.) (i
Glasgow Courier - - .
r)!),yOO
1,(X)7 hi (i
Journal
.
57 18 (!
Chronicle . - ...
M!»,00()
74.) l.i fi
Herald - . - - -
lt)H,(HK)
1,424 13 (i
Kree Press . . • .
7.5,7.")0
m> 11)
Scnts Time.i - . . -
ti.OOO
403 7 li
Saturday KveninR Post
.
'1-4 11) a
Trades' Advocate . - .
.'■),7.oo
Greenock Advertiser . - . -
31,0(H)
£79 2 fi
Inverness Journal . . - -
30,425
327 5
Courier - - ...
32,(HH)
305 IS
Kelso Mail .....
3(i,000
4iiS l(i (i
Montrose Review . . . -
•H),,'500
327 5
I'aislev Advertiser . - . -
23,(K)0
154 10 li
I'erth Courier ....
20,(KX)
277 (i
Advertiser . - - -
3I,(K)0
237 2 li
Stirling Journal . . -
2.">,000
vv> Hi
Adverti.wr . - . .
iH.riOO
124 5
Kihnarnuck Clironicle ...
Totals
13,250
55 9 (>
30ti,
(HX)
2,i87,750
18,418 4 G
1
Stamp OtFice, Edinburgh, April, 2(i. 1832.
VI. An Account of the Gross Produce of the Duties on Newspapers and Advertisements during each
of the under.nientionetl Y'ears, in England, Scotland, and Ireland,
Yefirs
Newspapers.
Advertisements.
ending
."ilhof Jan.
£nKl''in^-
Scotland,
Ireland.
England.
Scotland.
Ireland.
/,.
». J.
L. t.
if.
L. ,. J.
L. ». il.
/.. «. <(.
r..
i. ,1.
IRII
.-2S,11.T 10 11
21,288 7
8
r In those years
I13,51fi 1!) 1
1.1,011 8 II
1.1,723
11 7
1S12
3.V),lli),'i
fi n
u\,m\ 13
9
there was no
II4,I<J.'> 11 r,
11,397 9
■20,479
.1 3
ISI.T
34.SIIII2
1 8
22,'J18 fi
8
separate ac-
n.'>,S7.'i 18 3
14,448 fi
20,91.1
.1 111
1SI4
.•5r.<i,2»l
4 4
21,921 19
7
■j count kept of
114,111 12 10
14,6!J3 7
21,2.13
3 lU
1.SI.5
.lO.I/iCO
20,1.'.8 7
7
stamps issued
l(lfi,.'J7.5 9 8
13,110 .3
19,719
17 «
isin
.lfi.1,li4
.T 5
2(P,'2S1 12
Idi
for newspapers
110,941 6 fi
14,017 7
20,471
Ifi li
1SI7
.I.IO.SII.T
l.'i S
Ifi.fiia 2
4
Lin Ireland.
118,2112 3 4
1.1,313 8 B
18,498
7 .1
ISIS
.11!),I0I
1
14,180 !>
1
'S>2?;; ' ^*
llfi„3.'>2 4 11
Ifi.fififi 13
18,lfll
12 7
IRll)
.V)II,2.'J7
.1
17,181 13
4
<!0,210 Ifi fi
119,788 19 4
17,'^40 fi
18 .13.1
12 fi
1820
.-fl.'i.OSO
U 4
19,0fiO 5
II
21,187 1 llif
122,227 .3 3
16,911 9 fi
lfi,72l
1 8^
lS'.il
llU.lilS
1,'. 8
20,fill9 6
8
22,«93 10 10
l!i3,772 15 6
Ifi.llfi 1,5 n
1,1,491
18'^ J
.TJljlW/i
17 4
19,373 IS
(»
22,34fi 9j 7
12,1,9fi.'> 17 f>
Ifi,(l9.'j 2
1,5,102
,1
I89n
.I-S.-IK.S
in 8
20,387 8
II
!i3,.V.fi 1 01
131,288 12
17,030 IB fi
13,708
7 3
3 H
1824
.IW),.!?.')
8 8
W,19r> 13
2.1,418 2 r,
r«,47S .5 7
1B,(I20 1 1
14,124
1S'»
■11)' 1,28 1
n
22,387 9
4
2.'J,fi.33 13 fii
131,fi.33 19 .3.i
I7,8!i,1 17
lfi,42fi
10 9
I8W
*'i.',,\r,4
in 8
21,419 17
2«,0.'>9 9 31
i44,7.'ii 2 r,i
18,708 18
1,1,907
1.1
1827
■12!l,(;r,2
1.^ s
S2,ni3 fi
4
2.^,187 II 94
l3.',,fiS7 7 2
17,779 13
1.1 , 7 '^0
ISSS
42S,li'i!)
8
29,929 10
4
2'*,.'>fil .1 Ui
133,978 Ifi II
18,400 14 6
11,379
17 fi
ISM
4.W,7n8
8
33,.'i.'ifi 2
8
27,3.in Ifi 8
13fi,3fi8 17 ID
18,939 12 a
1,1„1.32
1.1 n
ISW
4W,i;Cu
in 8
42,.301 fi
II
2S..178 Ifi 7-
29,,TOI IS .3-
13fi,n.',2 18 1(1
17,,192 ,1 7
M,'1S1
fi
IS.'M
'l,').'>,n72
in fi
4»,4nfi in
I37,'.II.'S 19 4
19..1fifi 8
lfi,.337
14
18.1?
M'tfi'Jy
19 4
r<i,mn i.^
2
31, SKI Ifi 3
I37.S3S 12 3
19,OfiO
1.1,fi72
10 2
18.13
4;»o.i.M
fi 8
.'.Llfi". 14
8 3'r.'>;3 '1 4'. 1 l:"iT.l'f^ in o
IS,'i78 fi n
1.1 .'21 8
17 4
i.
NEWSPAPKIIS.
8SS
1.1- j'.'.
MMIUMl
Duly,
t 31. ll,J
(.
d.
■3 12
J i
i;
^ :i
(1
Hi III
1)
.li
li
•A Vi
li
i 7
li
'.< l!l
(1
.li 7
7 l!'
•i ti
4 K
7 r.
fi
li 1
li
li 1!)
.1 14
1)
H i'2
"0 '.'
(7 1
li
a !)
«» ];;
li
)7 l(i
li
7 IS
1!
5 l.i
<i
4 l;i
li
•1 11)
.J 7
li
4 19
I)
9 2
fi
7 5
r> 18
(1
S l(i
(i
7 5
4 10
li
7
i<
7 2
li
5 Hi
4 S
5 !)
li
J 1
,
VII. — Ilcturn of the Nunil)rr of Stampa luuni to cnch Ncwipnper In Irolnnil, ^nm (he Sth of January,
JH.)i^, to thu Sth of April, IH.l.). — (/»<(>■/. I'li/iir, No. rm. Sihi. IH.i.J.)
Till* or Nkwipaper.
Dulilin tfcti'ipaperi.
Christinii Journal . >
('lllllC't - " - -
l)ulilui Dvc'iiinn Mull . . .
KVL'IIIIIK I'oHt . • .
(ia/c'tti! . . . .
IMcrcaiitilp Advrrtlicr -
MorniiiK I'lut - . .'! montlni
'i'iini'S . . . .
EvrninK I'at ki't
Kvi'iiiiiH I'ri'iinaii
Kspri'HH - - 4 mnntlis
Kmpire - - - 4 niontlis
Frcnnan'H Journal
Mornintt Iti'Kistcr - . - -
MiKiiK'y'ti t'irc'ulnr 4month9
(lliscrvL'r - . .
I'l'oiilu - - . !• 2 inontl'is
Pilot . • . .
I'lain Dealer - .4 months
I'ri'.'is ■ . .2 months
liaciii); (\ileiular . . . .
lli'pi'alcr - . .10 months
Saiinili'is'8 News Letter . . .
.Sti'narl's l)o.spat(;h - 5 months
Warilcr
Weekly I'reenian . -
iU-gistur . . . .
Country Newspapers.
.Antrim :
lieilast (iuarilian
News Letter
Connneveial Chronicle
Nnrtlieni Whig
Atlilone ami Ui-tiirath :
Westmcutli Journal
Cl.ire :
( l.irc Journ^il
Cork :
Cork I'/ynmereial Chroiiielo
.'<(iiillierii Iteporter
Con.slitiitiiin
l)ono(;al :
liallyAliaiinon Herulil
Down : '
Newry Examiner
TeleKrajili
nrotiheda:
l)ro(,'lie(la Jnnrnal
Fermanagh and (avail :
Impartial Heporler
Knni.'ikillener
Knniskillen Chronielo
NumbiT
of
Main|)i.
5,.';(K)
1!W,7IS
44.'i,,)7.".
2;)1,(k;<)
;it),!KH)
<il,M)
12, 1 KM)
K4,0<I0
.■J.).j,.")IK)
11(I,.")IK)
■.n,:m
2.i,.")IM)
;Xi! 1,(11 n)
207,.'".()()
4,.'i(M)
174,.5(K)
2(),7(H)
«,;»ii
I, '.'():»
2!l,,''i71
,U,(HM)
142,7.")()
l!i;i,7.W
I14,(KK)
rule of .N>WK)iappr.
3,.J78,2():j
l(»8,!Wj
l.i<l,.'il)()
l.'i4,22.'i
88,.'X)0
12,100
ly,3i70
fi.7,79!)
2iil,.i7.')
I!i2,l80
10,023
7P,4R"
!JJ,J7S
33,000
9,2(X)
(),8;J0
IH.OJO
Galway :
Wi'stcni Argus . - .
(lalway .Advertiser
Independent
Ciinnauglit Journal
Free I'ress . - . .
Kerr^ :
Kerry Evening I'ost
Western Herald
Tralee Mercury . . .
Kilkenny and Carlow :
Kilkenny Jinirual
.Miiilcrator
Carlnw Morning I'o.st
•Sejitinei . . .
.standard - ■ -
King's and Ijueen's County :
I.eiiD^ter Express . . .
Limenek ;
Limerick Chronicle
livening I'o.st
Heralil
Munster Journal . -
Londonderry :
Londonderry Journal
' Sentinel
Mayo :
Itallina Impartial . • .
Mayo CiiiiKtUutioij . - .
Telegraiih
Itoseoinmon :
Koseommon Gazette
Journal
Sligo :
.SI igo Journal . .
'I'ipperary :
Clonmel Advertiser
Herald
Tiiiperary Free I'rws
Tyrone :
Straliane Morning Post - •■ .
Wuterford :
Waterf'ord Chronicle and Weekly
Chronicle . > .
Mail
Mirror
Wexford :
Wexford Herald . . .
Independent
Freeman
Conservative
Nutiilivr
(if
Ktninjii.
18,7.^0
.'i,4o.O
K,.'".(IO
l.i.liiX)
P,.'"iOO
12,!I7.'5
21,1175
.^1,!1H4
2!',37;i
2v;,4.".l)
2l,a'>0
'.M,175
2(I4,«2,')
i.~.,47,';
!i7,7(K)
1,M.")U
fi8,.-J7.'>
(i,R(i.''.
30,!l(>.'>
aj,'>(H)
.'■,,0<K)
5,1 IK)
10,2(K)
28,840
10,.'i(H)
«,2;"H)
5,450
70,4S5
38,325
£8,li08
12,!H)fl
32,!«)1
l!»,0'-'5
12,.'ir.O
Dublin Newspapers, brought forward - 3,."78,203
Total - - . '.';,718,t>00
I
TliL' increase of new.sjiapers in Great Britain, though it is .shown by these documents
to have l)een i>retty considerable, has been materially rejjre-ssed by the mode in which thu
.stamp dnty has been assessed. The circulation of the Parisian daily papers much ex-
ceeds that of the London journals ; a result which can pnly be ascribed to their greater
cheapness.
American Newspapers. — Tlie increase of newspapers in the United States has also
been a good deal more rapid than in England ; a con.sequence, partly, no doubt, of the
greater increase of population in the Union, Out more, probably, of their freedom
from taxation, and of the violence of party contests. The total number of new.spapers
annually issued in the Union has been estimated at from 55,000,000 to 60,000,000,
wliile the total nimiber issued in Great Britain and Ireland, in 1833 (see No. I.) >vas
only 34,515,221 ; so that, making allowance for the difference of population, every in-
dividual in America ha.s, at an average, more than twice the sup])ly of newsi)ai)ers
enjoyed by individufils in England. " From this exuberant supjjly of dajly and weekly
papers, and the low price charged as compared with the Englis}i and Erench news-
papers, they are liberally patroni.scd by all classes, and are found in almost every
dwelling and counting house, and in all hotels, taverns, and shops ; and attract a large
share of the public attention. As the paths of honour and promotion are alike open
to every one, it follows that public discussion forms the jirincipal staple of the news-
papers. There is no country where the press has a more powerful influ?nce over
public opinion." — {Picture of New Fork, p. 3<)1.)
•3 II
mill
\m
(' I'
834.
NEW YORK.
Wu are not, liowovcr, to estimate the itiflucnec of newspaper literature by its quantity
only, hut must have regard also to its i/iiulit!/. The latter is, indeed, the principnl
thin}^ to be attended to; and in whatever degree the Americans may exceed us in tlio
number, they certainly are immeasurably below us in the qu.ality, of their news-
Piipers. Sjieaking generally, we do not hesitate to say that the newspaper press is a
disgrace to tlie Unioiw The journals indulge, with few exceptions, in the most offen-
sive personalities. Instead of examining the principles of the measures brought for-
wanl, they assail the character and misrepresent the motives of those by whom they are
introduced. It is impos 'ble, we believe, to name an individual, who lias attained to
any high office in flic I'nited States, or to consideration in Congress, who has not been
libelled, traduced, and calumniated by a large portion of the press, to a degree that can
hardly be imagined. The magnitude of the evil will, probably, lead to its cure. An
intelligent and well instructed people cannot, surely, continue to patronise a press
whose principal features are misrepresentation, exaggeration, and abuse.
The following Table contains a Statement of the Number of Newspapers publishetl in the United States ;it
the Commencement of the I'.evolutionary War, and tlie Number of Newspapers and otiicr Ptriodiial
Works published in the same in 1810 and 18i.'8,
States.
177r..
JHIO.
1828.
States.
1775.
1818.
182S.
Maine - - -
«
^
29
OeorKia . . -
1
13
18
Massachusetts
7
32
7S
l''lori<la
1
o
New Hampshire
1
12
17
Aliibama
10
Vermont ...
-
14
2i
Mississippi ...
1
(i
Rhode Island
2
7
li
Louisiana*
10
9
Conntclicut
4
11
33
rciinessou . - .
6
8
New York
i
()l>
Kil
Kentucky
17
2J
New Jersey
8
Ohio
U
fifi
Pennsylvania
9
71
ls,->
Indiana
.
17
Delaware
.
2
1
Afichigan
^
2
Maryland . - -
2
21
37
Illinois ...
,
4
District of Colombia
.
(i
!'
Missouri ...
.
5
Virginia
2
23
oi
Arkansas
1
North Carolina
2
10
20
Cherokee nation
1
3
10
11)
Total
37
,3,-)8
802
NEW YOIIK, the capital of the state of that name, and the coinmcrcial metropolis
of the United States, in lat. 40° 4'2' N., Ion. 74° 8' W. It is situated on the southern
extremity of Manhattan Island, at the jjoint of confluence of the Hudson river, which
separates 3Ianhattan from New Jersey, with East River, which separates it from Long
Island. New York bay, or inner harbour, is one of the most capacious and finest in the
world ; it is completely land-locked, and alfords the best anchorage. The entrance to
the bay through the Narrows is extremely beautiful. On each side, the shore, thouch
wooded down to the water's edge, is thickly studded with farms, villages, and country
seats. At the upper end are seen the spires of the city ; and in the distance the bold
precipitous banks of the Hudson. From New York to the bar between Sandy Hook
I'oint and Schryer's Island (the division between the outer bay or harbour and the
Atlantic) is about 17 miles. Fortifications have been erected at the Narrows, Governor's
Island, and other places, for the defence of the city and ship])ing. The wood-cut on tlie
opposite I'age represents the city and bay of New York, and the surrounding country.
The Hudson river was first explored in 1609, by the famous English navigator whose
name it bears, then in the service of the West India Company of Holland. In 1012, New
Amsterdam, now New York, was founded by the Dutch, as a convenient station for the
fur trade. In 1(>64, it was taken by the English. The Dutch again recovered possession
of it in 1(57:3 ; but it was retaken by the English in the following year, and continued
in their occupation till the termination of the revolutionary war.
New York has increased faster thfin any other city of the United States. In 1(399,
it contained 6,000 inhabitants. In 1774, previously to the commencement of the war of
independence, the population amounted to 22,750. During the war, the population con-
tinued stationary; but since 178;J, its increase has been quite extraordinary. In 1790,
the population amounted to 33,1.11 ; in 1800, to 60,489; in 1810, to 96,373; in 1820,
to 123,706; and in 18.30, to above 213,CXX)! Originally the houses were mostly of
wood, and the streets narrow and confined. In these particulars, however, a great im-
provement has taken place during the last half century ; most of the ok! houses having
been pulled down, and rebuilt with brick. The new streets, which are broad, and intersect
each other at right angles, are well paved and lighted. Broadway, the principal street,
is one of the largest and finest in the world. Many of the public bcildings are commo-
dious and elegant. The pools, that were formerly abundant in tlic city and its vicinity,
• Kijr some curious details with respect to newsp.tijcrs in Ixiuisiana, sec Mr. Stuart's T/ircr Years m
i^wrr/'c^.vol. ii, p. 210. — the m(i>t instructive and trnstwoithy of nil the recent works on the United
Slates.
1
its quantity
c principal
1 us in tliu
heir nows-
r press is a
most otTen-
rouplit for-
jin they arc
attained to
las not been
•ee tliat can
i cure. An
lise a press
Fnitcil States ;it
tlicr PcriiKliiMl
1818.
182S.
13
18
1
2
.
1(1
1
fi
10
9
6
8
17
23
U
fill
4 I
5
1
1
I 3;)cS I Htn
ial metropolis
the southern
river, which
t from Long
I finest in the
; entrance to
ihore, though
and country
ancc the l>old
Sandy Hook
jour and the
7S, Governor's
od-cut on tlie
ng country,
igator whose
n 1612, New
tation for tlio
red possession
uid continued
cs. In 1G99,
of the war of
jpulation coii-
■y. In 1790,
J73; in 1820.
ere mostly of
ir, a great im-
houses having
, and intersect
rincipal street,
;s are coinmiv
nd its vicinity,
8 T/ircr Years i<i
IS on the Uiiitw
NEW YORK.
835
have been completely filled up; a measure that has done much to improve the health of
the population. In respect of cleanliness, however, New York is not to be compared
with an English town. Tliere is hardly such a thing as a sink or common sewer in the
whole city : the night-soil and filth are collected in pits, of which there is one in every
house, and, being conveyed to the nearest quay, are thrown into the water ; but as these
quays are made of timber, with many projections, a great deal of filth is retained about
them, producing, in hot weather, an abominable stench. The yellow fever, by which
New York is sometimes visited, uniformly br«-aks out in the lower and dirtiest part of
the town ; and seldom, indeed, extends to the new and more elevated streets. It is now
much less prevalent than formerly ; and the general opinion seems to be, that if stones
were substituted for timber in the quays, sewers constructed, and proper regulations
enforced as to elear'iness, the scourge would entirely disappear.
New York is ind(jbted, for her wonderful increase, to her admirable situation, which
has rendered her the greatest emporium of the New World. The rise of the tide is
about 6 feet ; and even at ebb, there is 21 feet water on the bar ; and the water in the
outer and inner bays, and in the river, is so deep, that ships of the largest burden lie
close to the quays, and may proceed to a great distance up the river. The navigation
of the bay is but rart.'Iy impeded by ice. The great strength of the tide, and the vicinity
of the ocean, keep it generally open, even when the Chesapeake and Delaware bays are
frozen over. The influence of the tides is felt in the Hudson as far as Troy, IGO miles
Jihove New York, aflbrding very peculiar facilities for its navigation. These natural
advaiitajvs have l)eeii vastly extended by a system of canalisation, which has already
connected the Hudson with Lake Ontario and Lake Erie; anil which, when completed,
:i H 2
I
, 1
, '^ii].
,
. 1
I."' .
1' ,
*
1
1
\ _
\
j 1 '
r- : '
lii''
■',l»
1 i
. « !•
:*
.
836
NEW YORK.
will connect it with the Ohio river, and consequently with the Mississippi and the Gulf
of Mexico ! So prodigious a command of internal navigation is not enjoyed by any
other city, with the excejition of New Orleans ; but the readier access to the port of
New York, the greater salubrity of the climate, and her situation in the most industrious
part of the Union, where slavery is abolished, give her advantages over her southern
rival, which, it is most probable, will secure her continued preponderance.
Entrance to Harbour, Light-houses, Sfc. — The course in entering the harbour of New York is nearly
due W. from the outermost wliite buoy on the bar, till the buoy on the S. W. point of the east bank be
passed, and then nearly due N. The navigation is extremely easy. Pilots generally board vessels with.
out the bar ; for, otherwise, they are only entitled to half fees. Were it not for fear of vitiating in-
surances, their services would seldom be required. — (See Rates of Pilotaee, post.) The light.liuiise
near the extremity of the long, low, narrow tongue of land, projecting from the New Jersey shore, called
Sandy Hook, is in lat. Vfi iS' N., Ion. 74° W W. It is htted up with a very powerful fixed \\g\\x,
which, in >'lear weather, may be seen by vessels coming from the westward 10 leagues oB! But, from its
position, it is not readily discovered by ships coming from the S. till too near. To obviate this in.
convenience, a floating light was moored about? miles E. from Sandy Hook Point. In 18S.'8, however,
2 light-houses were erected on Neversink hills, nearly 4 miles S, by E. from Sandy Hook. They are
3()ll feet apart; the most northerly being furnished with a fixed, and the other with a revolving light,
both of great power. The lights are elevated 250 feet above the level of the sea ; and may be seen. In
clear weather, in all directions, from 40 to 50 miles. Since they were fitted up, the floating light has been
discontinued. Vessels load and unload at the wharfs on both sides the city.
Trade, S^c. < — The commerce of New York is very extensive. The value of the mer-
chandise annually loaded and unloaded in the port is estimated at from 100,000,000
to 120,000,000 dollars. The number of vessels in the port in the busy season varies
from 500 to 750, exclusive of about 50 steam packets. The number of arrivals from
foreign ports amounted in 1832 to 1,808; and the coasting arrivals are between 4,000
and 5,000. The total value of the imports into the United States in the year ending the
30th of September, 1832, was 101,029,266 dollars; of which no less than 53,214,402,
or more than the half, were imported into New York ! The customs revenue on
the goods paying duties, imported into this city, amounts to about 13,000,000 dollars,
while the total customs reveime of the United States seldom exceeds 22,000,000 dol-
lars. The imports comprise an infinite variety of articles. The principal arc cottons
woollens, linens, hardware, and cutlery ; earthenware, brass and copper manufactures,
&c. from Great Britain ; silk, wine, brandy, &c. from France and Spain ; sugar and,
coffee from the Havannah and Brazil ; with tea, spices, cochineal, indigo, dye
woods, &c. The valu^j of the exports from New York in the year ending the 30th of Sep-
tember, 1832, amounted to 26,000,945 dollars, being between ^ and ^ part of the total
exports from the United States. The exports principally consist of wheat flour, corn,
rice, and cotton ; beef, pork, butter, dried fish, and all sorts of provisions ; furs, tobacco,
coarse manufactured goods, lumber, &c. The great excess of the imports into New York
over the exports is accounted for by the fact, that, while mostly all articles of export from
the Western States are shipped at New Orleans, the greater part of the more valuable
articles brought from abroad, and destined for the consumption of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
and, in some degree, even Kentucky, are principally imported into New York.
The tonnage of New York is greater than that of Liverpool, or any other city, with
the single exception of London. The registered tonnage belonging to the port on the
last day of December, 1831, amounted to 122,458 tons, and the enrolled and licensed
tonnage to 163,980 tons ; making a grand total of 286,438 tons, being between ^ and
^ of the whole tonna/jc cf the United States.
Account of the Quantities of some of the principal Articles of Native American Produce exported ftom
New xork during each of the Three Years ending with the 1st of January, 1833.
ArUclea.
Ashes, pot
pearl
Beef
Pork
Lard
Butter
Cotton
Cotton goods
Flour (wheat)
Corn
Hice
Tar
Turpentine
Hides
Whale oil
Soap
TotNicco
barrels
kegs
bales
packages
barrels
. bushels
• tierces
barrets
number
. gallons
boxes
hogsheads
1830.
19,613
4,1.52
15,05(2
13,085
14,136
6,7fil
104,940
5,,'J06
304,352
174,182
13,373
19,397
102,441
8,088
1831.
19,3U3
5,fi94
17,913
20,147
24,88.5
12,282
lie,5(«
3,0,30
437,104
245,.;fi8
15,205
18,879
121,762
7,815
1832.
18,241
2,a56
17,223
29,418
11,101
9,286
108,741
7,545
195,614
93,716
16,678
18,537
144,878
169,493
1,392,600
76,981
7,783
NEW YORK.
837
Shipping. — Arrivals from and Departures for Foreign Ports !n 1831.
exported ftom
Flagi.
ArrlTed.
Departed.
riajp.
Airlred.
Departed.
v'Siel Tonnage.
v'^h.' Tonnage.
No. of
Veuel*.
Tonnage.
No. of
Vessels.
Tonnage.
1
British
United States -
France
Spain
Netherlands
(Jermaliy - .
Holland .
Haiise Towns
Sweden
278
1,294
25
8
1
10
2
1
14
41,7.-)8
306,.529
6,710
1,762
260
2,798
315
260
3.339
273
1,275
22
7
1
7
2
1
12
31,716
26.5,205
3,228
1,076
170
2,042
315
260
2,473
Haytl
Brazil
Genoa . - -
Russia
Mexico »
Denmark
Totals -
2
S
1
1
1
18
330
134
260
2(iO
261)
5,709
2 r>i>() 1
2 134
Still in port.
1 2t»
1 2ti0
16 S,()03
1,658
368,684
1,622
316,472
The arrivals in 1832 from foreign ports, were, ships, 444 ; barques, 75 ; brigs, 885 ; schooners, 386 ;
galliots, 2 i sloops, 6 j being, in all, 1808. Of these there were, American, 1,290 ; British, ,'i69 ; French, 42 ;
Uiitch, Hamburgh, and Bremen, 32; Swedish, 25; Spanish, 19; Danish, 11, &c. By far the greater
part of the British ships are from our colonies in North America and the West Indies.
Itcgulaiions as to Passengers arriving at New York On the arrival of passengers, an entry must be
made at the Custom-house of their names, clothes, or implements of trade or profession (all of which
are exempt from duty\ and an oath taken respecting them ; the form of which, and the entry, may be had
at tlie ottice gratis. Cabin passengers make this entry themselves, and ])ay 20 cents each for a permit;
on exhibiting which to the otlicer on board, they are allowed to remove their baggage after it has been
inspected. Only 1 entry and |>ermit is necessary for si family, and only 20 cents demanded, whatever
may be the numl>er of the family. Remains of sea stores, such as tea, sugar, foreign spirits and wines,
are liable to pay duties ; but unless these are of great bulk or quantity, they are generally alloweit tu
pass free.
An entry is usually made by the master of the vessel of steerage passengers and their baggage : they
pay each 20 cents for a permit. When entry is made by any person not the owner, he gives bond for
payment of the duties, if any ; and if, after entry is made at the Custom-house, and the oath taken, any
article is found belonging to a passenger, liable to pay duty, nut specified in the entry, it is forfeited, and
the person in whose baggage the article is found, subjected in treble tne value.
Besides making entry at the Custom-house, it is provided by a law of the State, that every master of a
vessel arriving from a foreign country, or from any other port of the United States, " shall, within 24
hours after entering his vessel at the Cuatoiruhouse, make a report in writing, on oath, to the mayor, and
in case of his sickness or absence, to the recorder of the said city, of the name, age, and occupation of every
person who shall have been brought as passenger in such ship or vessel on her last voyage, upon pain of
forfeiting, for every neglect or omission to make ^uch report, the sum of 75 dollars lor every alien, and
the sum of ,50 dollars for every other person neglected to be so reported as aforesaid."
Masters of ships bringing jjassengers to New York must also pay a dollar on account of each passenger
to the corporation, as commutation money, or give bond that none of them shall become chargeable on
the city poor rates for the space of 2 years, 'i'hey almost uniformly prefer paying the commutation.
The number of immigrants arriving at New York from the British islands during the 5 years ending
with 1832, was as follows : —
Yeai3.
From England.
From Ireland.
From Stot'md.
Total.
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
Totals -
6,631
8,110
16,35f
13,808
18,947
6,1<17
2.443
£,»97
6,721
6,050
2,717
948
1,584
2,078
3,286
15,547
11, ,501
21,433
22,607
28,283
63,848
24,908
10,613
99,371
In addition to which there were great numbers of immigrants from Germany, the Netherlands, &c.
Lines of Packets. — The establishment of regular lines of packets from New York to foreign ports,
and also to every principal port in the United States, has produced a new era in the commerce of the
city, and redounded equally to the benefit of the enterprising individuals by whom they were projected,
and the public. The principal intercourse is carried on with Liverpool. There are above 20 packet ships
employed between these cities, distributed in 4 lines.
Statement of the Passages made by the different Ships and Masters employed in the Old Line, ftom 1818
to 1827, inclusive, embracing a Period of 10 Years, and comprising lk8 complete Voyages.
The passages fVom New York to Liverpool, during the said period, have averaged . 24 days each.
Tliose from Liverpool to New York, during the said time, have averaged - .38
The shortest passage from New York to Liverpool was made by the ship New York,
Captain Maxwell, in December, 1823, being . . - - 16 days.
The longest passage from New York to Liverpool was made by the ship Nestor, Captain
S. Ci. Macy, in December, 1820, and January, 1j21, being - . . 37 _
The shortest passages from Liverpool to New York were made by the ship Amity,
Captain George Maxwell, in April, 1819, and by the ship Colombia, Captain Rogers,
In February, 1824, being . - . . . .22 —
The longest passage from Liverpool to New York was made by ihe ship Pacific, Captain
Crocker, in December, 1827, and January and February, 1828, being - -71
The passages are not reckoned from land to land, as is sometimes the case ; but from one city to the
other.
Packet ships for Nciv York sail from Liverpool on the Ist, 8th, 16th, and 24th of each month throughout
the year. And they sail on the same days in each month /com New York for Liverpool.
The cabin passage to New York, 35 guineas ; from New York, 30 guineas ; which includes provisions,
wines, beds, i;c., so that the passengers have no occasion to provide any thing except personal an'arel.
Sixteen ships in tne whole, varying in size from .500 to 580 tons burden each, are employed as regular
packets betwen New York and Liverpool : they are all American property, and built chiefly in New York,
of beautiful workmanship, and fitted up with every convenience for pa.<seiigers, and in a most expensive
and splendid style. Eacli ship has a separate cabin for ladies ; each state-room, in the respective cabins,
will accommodate two passengers ; but a whole state-room may be secured for 1 individual by paying at
the rate of l| passage, that is, 52J guineas.
Packets for Philadelphia sail from Liverimol on the 8th and 20th of every month throughout the year :
and 4 of these ships sail from Philadelphia for Liverpool on the 20th of each month ; the others do not
always return direct from Liverpool, but go to Charleston, Savannah, &c., to bring cargoes of protluce to
Liverpool,
.T II .1
\ '\
t- t I:
sj, ,
iki
' Is . J
^^i o'\y
■(.. i;'
!ii
■A\'
! ■ il
111, m
I,!-
1./
838
NEW YORK.
Cabin passage same as that to and from New York.
These shijw, 9 in number, are all American built and owned, and arc from 300 to 500 tons burden ;
gome of them are as si>lendid as the New York packets, and all arc fitted up with every rcsard to
comfort.
Packet ships for Boston sail at specified periods in January, February, and March, and again in June-
July, and August, in each year ; but they seldom return direct from Boston to Liverpool. I'he rate (if
passage the same as that by the packets for New York.
The rate of steerage passage varies, in the course of the year, considerablv ; depending on the number
of ships and the number of passengers going at the time. By the packet ships, it fluctuates from ,5 to (j
guineas for each full-grown person ; and children under 14 years are taken at half-price. By other ships,
the rate of steerage passage varies from U. IOj. to 5/. ; being sometimes reduced, by competition, so low as
30,v. ; but t\ic average rate may be taken at 4/. is. l"or these rates, the ship provides nothing but berths,
fire, and water ; the passengers provide their own provisions, bedding, &c. The expense of provisionn
for a poor |)erson, who might wish to bo as economical as possible, for the voyage out to the United States,
would not be more than from 40s. to HOs.
The cabin passage by the common traders (end many of them are quite equal to the packets in equji)-
mcnt and sj'foty) varies from 15/. to 2.0/. ; no wines being provided by the ships at these rates, but provi-
sions, bed ling, mt><t liquor, and spirits.
The rates of freigfit to New Y'ork, are —
By Packcu. By other Ships.
L. t. d. L. - ■• . - J . »•
- !i to
. I 10 O -
1
- 10
Fine Roods, per ton measurement of 40 cubic feel
Hardware - - . .
<^oarse low-priced fzoods
Iron, per ton of !iO cwt.
Ooald, do. do.
Crates of earthenware, per ton of 40 cubic feet
Halt, per ton of 10 bustiels
1
10
17
1 5
Vi
1 .')
12
1 5
L.
1 5
17
U 12
9
l!i
8
12
d. L.
to 1 10
6-12
6 . 17
- 12
6 - 15
- 12
6 - 15
New York and London Packets. — Nine ships are engaged in this trade. They are fitted out in the
same way as the Liverpool packets. They touch at Cowes.
New York and Havre Packets. — Twehe ships are engaged in this trade, all fitted up with the greatest
splendour and attention to comfort. Cabin passage, 140 dollars, including bed, bedding, wines, and stores
of every description.
Banks, Insurance Companies, etc. — We borrow from a detailed and authentic statement by Thomas
H. Uoddard, Esq., published in the New York Daily Advertiser for the 2f)th of January, 1831, the follow,
iiig particulars in relation to the banks, insurance companies, &c. of New Y'ork, in IMO, with a view of
their progress from 1819 to 1830.
When
Length of
No. of
Amount
Amount of
Time and Rate
Amount of
Banks.
chartereil.
Charter.
Shares.
of Share.
Capital.
of Dividend.
Dividt'iid.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
United States Branch -
,
.
2.'>,(in()
100
2,5I)(1,0()0
.Tan. .-iJ-.TuIy
,1-
175,(100
America
1822
20 years
2(1,000
lUO
2,()00,(K)0
.Ian. 24 — July
2,
100,(K)0
Mechanics'
1810
22 do.
8(1,000
25
2,(HK),I)0I)
Jan. ^% ~- July
.3,
1 10,000
i\lanliattan Company •
Delaware and Hudson
nao
perpetual
41,000
50
2,050,000
Jan. .'Sj — July
.•5i
143,500
Canal Company
1825
do.
15,000
100
1,500,000
.Tunc — Dec.
(1
IMurchanta'
1805
27 years
28,0(10
50
1,40(1,0110
June 3 — Dec.
?,
81,000
City
1812
20 do.
2;'i,OIIO
50
l,25(),(l()l)
May ?, -Nov.
7,
75,000
New York -
IS—
1,11110
SOU
a50,000
May 4 — Nov.
4
7«,1XX)
I'lKunix
1S12
20 do.
20,I)(K)
25'
5(111,1)00
Jan. ?i^ — July
■•5+
,V),000
North Iliver
1821
21 do.
10,1)110
50
500,000
Jan. 4 —.July
4
40,1100
Tradesmen's
1S22
10 do.
12,(100
40
4S(),()()0
Jan. .T —July
?,s
31,000
Chemical
1821
21 do.
20,0(10
25
.MIII.OOO
Jan. ,■^1 - .luly
22,500
Union
1811
21) do.
20,(100
M
6,(M1I),0()0
.May 5 — Nov.
.T
00,0(10
Fulton
1821
20 do.
211,(100
.TO
6(10,1100
May .IJ-Nov.
;i,i
42,000
DryDoik
-
penietual
11,1 KHI
.')!)
7I)U,(K)0
itan. 2 — .)uly
14,000
Ureenwich
1830
new
S,U()()
25
200,000
18,1,10,000
luot determined
.-iri'j.ijoo
1,057,700
Recapilulatim. — There wer in IS.TO, 16 banks
in this city, whose aggregate capital was
And tiiese made dividends for
Of tliese, the Hudson and Delaware made no di-
vidend, in consequence of appropriating their
means to the great work ot completing the
canal between the 2 rivers, which promises a
Kreat advantage to the city. Tlie Greenwich
had just connnenced; so'that the dividend
accrued upon a capital of 17,9.30,000 dollars —
making an interest of 5*7875 per cent., as the
pai>er discounted would average CO days' notes,
and 6 per cent, discount deducted, tlijre must
have been discounted during the year pa[)er to
tlie amount of - - -
Marine liuarance. — During 1830, there were in
this city 8 marine insurance compaiues, with
an aggregate capital of -
And tiiese made dividends for
But 2 comp.inies, whose capital amounted to
450,0^)0 dollars, divided nothing, so that the
dividend really arose out of a capital of
2,1)1", 1,000 dollars, making an interest of 15'572
per cent. The AmericanCompany commenced
Dollars.
18,130,000
1,037,700
10.3,7fi'J,952
3,050,000
403,000
in 1S15, and ils dividends to 1S30 inclusive
were .312 jier cent., ammuiiing to
The Oc e.in, with a capital of 3,iO,()IPi), has, from
1823 to 1830 inclusive, made dividends for 12f>
per cent. ...
lire tns-.rance. — Durini; 1830, there were in this
city 20 fire companies', whose aggrigate capital
was - , . - .
And these made dividends for
But 2 companies, whose capital amounted to
750,000 dollars, divided notlung, so tliat
the dividend really arose out of a caiiital
of 7,050,(100 dollars, making an interest of
(i'805 per cent. The Washington commenced
in 1814, and has m.ide a uniform semi-annual
dividend of 4i percent., making in all 144 jier
cent., amounting to - - -
From 1823 to tlie year 1830 inclusive —
The dividends of the Eagle were 69i per
cent. - ...
(ilobc - - 52 per cfflit.
Franklin - - 44^ — -
North Kiver - 64 — -
New York - 70 — -
DMirs.
1, 500,000
411,000
7,800,(1(10
47'J,70O
720,000
317/10(1
5211.11111)
1.33,1 UN I
22 1, OIK)
3S0,UIK)
Progress of Stocks in
the City of >
'ew York,
from 1819 to 1830, both inclusive.
1
Banks in New York City.
Jliuinu Insurance Companies.
Fire Insurance Companies,
y«ars.
Amount of
Amt.ofDiv.
Kate
Amount of Pa-
Amount of
Amount of
Kate pet
Alnotmt of
Amt.ofPiv.
Kale
Capital.
declared.
per Ct,
l)er lUscountcd,
Capit.d.
Div. declar.
Cent.
Capit.d.
declared.
per Ct.
Dtilltlrs.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
Dollars.
lii'llurs.
Dollars,
1819
15,900,000
782,000
4*918
78,199,992
3,850,000
412,250
10-707
4,600,(100
237,500
5*277
1820
15,900,O(K)
921,500
5*795
92,119,980
3,850,000
250,750
6-513
4,500,1)00
365,000
1821
15,900,000
92(),.')00
5*789
92,649,984
3,850,0(10
250,650
6-510
4,.'i(K),()00
304,5(K)
1822
16,nOO,0(K)
921,200
5*757
92,119,976
,3,850,(HK)
.320,1,50
8-310
4,.500,()O0
305,500
1823
15,5I)(),0(M)
992,,'HK)
6*403
99,2.')O,()60
3,l5l),(KK)
276,.'i00
8*777
7,4(KI,(MI0
485,000
1824
15,600,000
617,050
.3*917
61,705,020
1,65(),()()0
317,000
6*817
7,400,000
552,500
(i-459
1.S25
n,w>n,imi)
93(>,5(H)
5*360
93,619,972
5,.3()(),00()
221,000
4-169
1,1 90,1 KK)
767,500
1 826
17,.'i(H),00()
1,031 „'iO()
5*891
103,I19,8.')6
5,.300,(H)0
260,000
4*905
12,1.'.(),(H)0
717,7.')0
1827
17,88(),(HH) ; 1,025,4(H)
.V751
102 ,,5,39,996
1,350,000
228,000
6*211
12,450,0(M)
6()2,()(HI
IS'^8
lS,.-.30,000 1 l,03'l,20O
5-669
103,919,972
4,l(HI,0(IO
31 11,. 100
7*,3.53
10,100,000
467,000 1 •••■<>
1 82!)
17,8.30,000 977.000
5-479
97,69'J,992
3,000,0110
4 I2,0(K)
1 1-733
7,S(«),000
1830 1 18,1. -0,0(K) , 1,037,700 , .'.-723
103,709,952
3,050,)JIH)
103,011(1
13*213
7,800,000
479,7.')0
O-IO"
1 2 year . •
ll.2il2,l)'i(l
i.lj!,2*n,--':
5,B6H,.'H)0
}ns burdiMi :
ry rcganl to
ain in Jiiiic,
The rate ul'
the nunilior
s from /) to li
other shi|is,
311, so low as
! but berths,
)f provisioiiii
iiitcd States,
cts in equj|i-
I, but provi-
' Ships.
L. g.
Dl 10
1 2
17
. U 12
■ 15
■ 12
• 15
id out in the
the greatest
s, and stores
t by Thomas
I, tifie follow,
ith a view of
Amount of
IJividcJul.
17.^>,(i(KI
100,000
11U,(I(K)
113,500
81,000
75,000
7(i,IKJ0
.-5,000
■10,000
51,000
M,5(K)
(",0,000
4'^,000
11, OU)
1,057 ,700
Dulliiri.
1,5CO,000
•III.OW)
7,Knn,nno
•l"y,750
720,000
3i7/>no
520,1 mo
1,15 ,01 in
221, III '0
3S0,Uii()
NEW YORK.
839
In the previous estimates, the rate i)cr cent, on the actually productive capital was given. Here the
nitercst is determined by coiii|>aring the whole capital with the whole dividend.
Uemarks on Banking at New Yark The remler will find in the article Ka.mks, Forehjn {ant!; \t, lO!).),
some details as to the banking system of the United States. It seems to be quite as defective in New
York as in any other part of the Union. Several banks in that State have failed, and some of those that still
exist, obtainwi their charters by resorting to the most disgraceful practices. In the summer of ISi'li, the
grand jury of the city entered upon an investigation of certain circumstances connected with the form-
ation of some of these establishments, which ended in the conviction, as conspirators to defraud the public,
of not a few citizens, and even of some members of the legislature, who had previously been deemed hit^hly
respectable! The Court of Errors afterwards decided, by a small majority, that these convictions were
illegal ; but the fact of the most scandalous abuses having prevailed was established beyond all (|uestioii.
We may mention, by way of example, that the United States Lombard Association, incorporated in
IH'2!), was sworn to as having a ])aid up capital of o(l(l,(X)0 dollars ; but the association having failed in
isai, it was ascertained that not moie than yO,0(X) dollars had ever been i)aid up! There were, we aie
sorry to say, several other cases quite as bad, or, if po.ssible, even worse than this. — (/^7)or< anii Obsciv-
ations on the Hanks, ifC. of the State iff New York, p. 10.)
With the exception of the branch of the United States'Bank, all the other New York banks issue notes
of .so low a value as 1 dollar. They all discount bills : generally at 6 jier cent
In order to protect the public from the mischief resulting from the failure of banks, the legislature of
the State of New York enacted a law, in 1829, compelling all banks chartered in future, or getting their
charters renewed, to pay from i to 1 per cent, of their capital stock to the treasurer of the State, by whom
it is invested and accumulated as a guarantee fuml. \Vhen a bank fails, its debts, under certain restric.
tioiis, are to be paid from this ftind. Commissioners have also been .ippointed, having authority to
examine upon oath, and to inquire into any particulars as to the management of the diflcrent banks sub.
jecleil to this regulation.
This system has not been established for a sufficient length of time to enable a conclusive opinion to I c
formed as to its practical operation. We believe, however, that it will be found quite in.i<tequute to
eradicate the evils complained of. Even were it otherwise successful, what can be more unjust than to
tax the capital of solid and welUmanagcd concerns, to create a fund to pay the debts of those set on font
for the purpose of swindling ? The interference of the commissioners, by losscning the responsibility of
the directors, must be a good deal worse than useless j and can have no effect other than the multiplica.
tion of abuses. We have not, indeed, the least doubt, that it will be found in America, as in Ent^liiiid,
that banking can acquire no real solidity till a stop be put to the issue of all notes for payment of which
security has not previously been given. Nathing short of this can be of any material service. It is mere
error and delusion to suppose that it is possible to prevent fraud or mismanagement by any system of
ollicial superintendence.
Forgery is extremely prevalent in the State of New Y'ork, and, indeed, throughout the Union ; a con.
sequence of the low value at which notes are issued, and of their employment even in the smallest Irans-
ai'tions. It is not, in truth, easy to imagine that the paper currency of any country can be in a le.«s
satisfactory condition than that of the United States. And it will not, certainly, be improved, but much
ilctcriorated, should the president succeed in his eHbrts to destroy the Hank of the United .States.
Sai.hs hy Auction. — The practice of selling goods, particularly those imported from abroad, by auction,
is of long standing in New York, and is carried to a very great extent. Auctioneers arc appointed by the
senate, on the nomination oi the governor.
Statement of Sales at Auction in the State of New York, from 1810 to 1830 inclusive, from Returns made
by the Auctioneers to the Comptroller.
Years.
Amount of Dutic-s.
Amount of Sales dulialile.
.Vinount of Sales not
duti.ilile.
Total.
liiMilrl.
CtlUt*
Diitlilrs. vents.
Dvlhir.1.
ct'»/*.
IMI.irs. a Ills.
1810
12(i,40t
62
5,(«)2,(iii2 59
51(l,7(iO
ii8
6,11.;,4'J2 87
1811
110,220
76
4,393,'.«7 51
342,l.'i5
24
4,736,142 75
1812
124,236
92
5,'J03,566 67
4i.'5,151
m
5,6'J!),017 !)7
1813
15<i,481
05
6,001,162 40
l,0.">l,(il6
40
7,I)5S!,8()8 80
*1HU
8(),067
76
,V27,1.05 88
387,i>.'j1
12
■ 3,'.»14,787 IK)
1815
182,936
57
12,124,(«4 76
l,l).';7,6!'5
01
13,l(il,749 77
1816
171,907
40
11,34»,8S!6 07
765,8h9
70
12,1I,-,,715 83
1817
199,123
38
12,472,416 92
72(),lt)5
73
l.;,198,61i.' 65
1818
176,032
24
ll,H73,(w8 42
1,614,418
S3
l;;,48,S,(/77 25
1819
141,570
96
9,538,202 51
1,727,356
31
11,2(«,5.08 82
1820
153,999
86
10,182,967 00
1,S.>3,229
75
12,016,196 75
1821
l.'-.4,543
92
10,i"'2.-.,791 05
1,81 9,4. J4
72
12,;>1.5,i.'75 77
1822
180,761
68
12,340,127 54
1,798,SS0
88
14,1,']9,()08 42
1823
208,2.54
01
13,7;'4,821 .07
3,117,128
86
1",871,9:.0 43
1824
226,218
13
15,716,432 88
3,587,58(1
48
l9,;J(i4,OI9 .36
1825
285,037
62
19,713,686 67
4,."),;{(,6(I0
69
24,'J44,-'87 Sii
]82fi
242,810
06
16,328,198 52
4,722,154
/t>
21,(l.'-)(l,3;J3 25
1827
247,808
24
16,401,613 ri8
,'),063,576
64
19,4(«,lii.O 32
1828
2.57,180
40
17,449,.'>44 14
8,5iK),I16
29
2(i,((,)9,li(a) 93
tl8'i9
242,552
54
16,53(i,906 m
8,(i85,802
29
25,ii'2y,7(l8 89
1830
218,513
66
15,465,405 99
10,300,705
79
2;),766,111 78
.307,140,686 <I7
3,892,661
78
246,502,249 87
<;0,638,437
10
Alslmci nf the jirindiuU Proatwia (if Iht Law concerning Auc-
tiuiUt
Theilaticsare —
1. (In wines aiiU aident sjiirits, foreign or domestic, 2 iier
cent.
2. (Ill (.'oods imported from lieyond (lie ("laiie of Good Hope,
anil sold ill jiaikaKcs, liales, *ie., as imported, 1 per cent.
.". ( 111 all other articles, subjci t to duties, l.J per cent.
Tlio foUowliitj articles are not subject lo duties : —
1 . ships and vessels.
2. I'ten.sils of luisbaiulrv, horses, neat rattle, hogs, niul sheep.
1. .\rtiiles urowii, prixiuted, or manufactured in this state,
excejit distilled spirits.
4. All fabrics of cotton, wool, hpinp, ami fl,n, manufactured
within the jurlMli< tion of the l.'nitcd States.
(itiocU are exempted from auction duties,
1. When ihev LeInnK to the I'niled States or this State.
2. When sold liy the authority of a court, or when seized hv .i
jiublic odicer on account of any forfeiture or penalty, "or
under a distress f,.r rent.
5. The elll'Ctsof a deceased person sold by executors or ad-
ininist'^r .irs, or by a )ierson .lutboi iseil bya siirroKate.
4. The efli'cts of a bankrupt or insolvent sold l,y his a.s.\ij>nec..;,
appoiiiiHl pursuant to law, or bya general iLssi^nntent for
the benelit of all his creditors.
5. iiiMids damaged at sea and .sold within 20 da>s after beiue
landeil, fur the owners or insurers.
* The returns of sales for 1814, having been mislaid at the comptroller's oHicc, the amounts are staliil
by estimating the average of the 4 preceding years in proportion to the duties paid, which are c u'lly
coi icct as stated.
t 'I'he amount of real estate solil in 1829 (included in tlic above not dutiable) was 2,131,5110 duUais and
ii2 tents.
:5 II 1
If i ^1 Hi
i
W
I
'<■'
^ m
urn
y i
1' liK
! ! ♦: ,
! ' r
< It
i
W '
t\
,
I
;
n
if'
I It
Mm
I,
ill
i.f-
'J*
84<)
NEW YORK.
AiW rlllien of thlt Stntc majr sell at auction (except tn tM
city ut New Vurk) all tucli Kcxxlt ni are not luhject lo ilutln.
Hut 'n the city of Ni'w Vurk, or whtre the ((oods (inj dutin,
the sale iiiu&t bo by an autborlsetl uuclloiitier, his iiurtner, or
clerk. Anil any iierson sellhiK uonirarj to the said provijlom
Is Kuilty of a inisaenu-annur.
When an auctioneer cannot attend an auction \iy tickntit, by
dull/ at ajirnniin, by tnililanj oriltrM, or nriruury allriulinicc in
a cimrt tiljiaike, or when he is /emjiDniri/r/ alisent from the
place for which he is apiiointed, he may emiiluy a partner to
aucnd in his behalf-
He must Kive bond to the people iif this Slate, with 2 free-
hold sureties, conUltioniHl in the penalty of .'),ll(K)iloliars, fur
the payment of the duties Imposiil li.v law and accruinu on the
•ales. The penally of selling without the bond, is 12J duliars
for each article ottered for sale.
No auctioneer in any city shall at the same time have more
than 1 house or store for holiliuK his auctions, and shall, belore
eiiterinu on his ollice, ilesinnale in a writinu, to be tiled with
the clerk of the cily, such house or store, and his p.irtner or
parlners. Uut kochIs sold in the packaRCs in Which they were
Imported, furnilure, and such bulky articles as haie usu.illv
lieen sold in warehouses, in the streets, or on the wharfs, need
not lie sold in the house or store tlesiKiiated in such writing, if
such sales be adtertisi.'d at least 2 d lys previously in I or more
neuspapers.
Auctioneers are to receive 'ii per cent, on the amount of all
sales, unless by previous a);rc>enient in writing ; and for ik-
tnamliiti; or receiving an unlawful coinmis-.ion, shall torleit
2.VI dollars, and refund the monies sn receiveil.
No auctioneer, on the same day and at the same place where
his public auction shall lie held, nor any other person at the
same time and place, shall sell at private sale any (joods liable
to auction duties, under iHinaltv of forfeiting their price.
Kvery auctioneer shall make out in wrilliiK a ipiarterly
account, dated on the Isl days of April, July, October, and
January in the year for whicli he Is appointed, statiiiK mi-
nutely —
1. The sum for which any goods shall have lieen sold at every
auction held by or for him, from the time of his siviiiK bond,
or from the date of his last i|uarterly lucouiit.
a. The davs on which sales were so made, and the amount of
each day's sale, desiRnatinR the sales made by himselt, or in
his presence, and those made in his absence by his partner
or clerk, and the causes of his absence. ,- , ,
a. The amount of all private sales made by himself or his
partners-, and the times thereof.
4. The amount of duties charijeablc on all sales niadei
Every such accoimt shall, within 20 days after its date, be
exhibited, by auctioneers for a city, to the mayor or recorder;
and if by an auctioneer for a county, to a county juilKe, and
be verified by oath. Every partner of an auctioneer, and
every clerk who has made any sales, shall also swear to Ins
belief in the truth and jusUce of every particular of such
"^ThTstate duties (tocether with the aUlition of 2\ I'er cent,
tin the whole amount of them) are to ..e paid within 10 days
after exhibitinK such account. r •>, i. .
Anv deceit or fraud in violatinfi .iny provision of the law
resiie^tiiiK auctioneers, is made a misdemeanor, and subjects
the oHendinK parly to the payment of trMt damages to the
p.irtj injured.
Coins.
A Table of tariow Foreign Colni, Sic. nilh iheir Value in FcJeral
Monet). " '- -- ~
Sixteenth of a dollar
Haifa pist,ireen - • *
Keal plate of Spain
An English sixpence
Kiahth of adollar
I.ivre Tournois of France
Franc of France • " "
A pistflreen - - "
An English shilling
Onarterof ailollar
Slarc banco of llamburfth .• , . ," ,
The florin or guilder of the United Netherlanda
Halldollar
Kuii V of Bengal
llixdollar of Ilenmark
Rix-dollar of Sweden
Spanish dollar
Rouble of Russia • *
Crowns of Etiiiland and FiajiCe
IMilree of PortU(»al
Tale of China
I'agoda of India - *
French pistole - • •
Spanish pistole
round of Ireland •„, , '
Found sterling of Great BritiUn
French guinea - •
English guinea . - -
A moidore • " "
Hilf Johannas
A (loubloon •
.A Johannas , - ■ •
Keal vellon of Spain
Real of Gibraltar •
Hi x-<lollar of Bremen
Pezia of I/Cghcm
Ducat of Naples
Ounce of bicily
CirfiM of the United Statu.
Gold Coins. I: »• rf.
ETule. value 10 dol., wt. 270 grs. sUnd. gold 2 .T S sterl.
llSf eagle, .'.do. I.V.do. - 5 ' ' '" "
Quarter, 24 do. MJdo. - _ I) in II -
Hiandard gold is II parts pure and I alloy.
Doh.
els.
m.
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fi
2i
9
10
11
1
12
5
II
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7
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80
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61lv0rColni. «. d,
Dollnrj val. 10 dimes, wt. 41(> gn. »tand. stiver =: 4 375 star
Half dollar 5 do. *2US do. — = y 4'H7 —
Huarter, tij do. HM d -. — = I 0'!)3 _
iine, 10 cents 41 S-^Jths — =0 5'IU _
Half dime, 5 do. '^0 l-Jthi —
Standard stlvtT i* l.-IS/i parM pure, and 179 alloy.
A pound of pure noUi is vatuud at 1.') lUsi. of jmre silver.
Coiiifoftlte Vniicti States decimaUtf iHvUleil, — 10 mills makg
1 cent> 10 i-uuts 1 dime, 10 dimes 1 dollar, 10 dollars 1 eai;k-.
Rules for reducina ifie Cumndes oj'the dUferettl Sttiie§ itttu cuch
vtfitfr.
To reduce the currencies of New Hainnshire, Ma^sachu>ctts,
Rhode Island, Cunnei^ticut, and V'irffinla, Into thoxu i New
York and North ('arolina, — to the Kiven sum add I -.Id part
llureof. Of l*t>nns>lvania, \cw Jersey, Delaware, and M.trv-
land,— to the given tiinn add l-lth thereof. Of South Carolii'm
and (ieoruia, — from the ^iven Hum subtract '^-'Jths tliereof.
To reduce New York and North ('arolina into New Hamp-
shire, iMassachusetts, Hliode Isl.md, t'onnecticut, and Virgi-
nia,— from theaiven sum deduct 1-kh iht^rL'of. Into Penn-
sylvania, New Jersfv, Delaware^ and Maryl-md,— from the
^iveii sum deduct K(>tli thereot. Into Soutli (Carolina, — to
the sum ^Iven add l-l(>th,then take ^ of the whole.
To reduce retmsvlvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Mary,
land, into New Hampshire, MassachUhetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, and Viruiiiia,— from the sum uiven deduct I-,')th
thereof. Into New York and North t'arolina, — to the sum
given add l-^ith thereof. Into South (laroUna and (Teorj;ia,—
multiply by 3 and 1-Uih^ and divide the product by 6; or inul-
tiplv by *i8, and divide by 4.'i.
'lo reduce Soul^*L'aruIin,i and (ieorgia into New Hamp-
shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Z'>Und, Connecticut, and V'ir^i-
nia,— to the Kiven sum add *2-7th-. thereof. Into Pennsylvania,
New Jersev, Delaware, and Maryland, — multiply the ^iveu
sum by 43, and divide by i^H. Into New York and North
Carolina, 'from .the given sum tiubtract l-7th, and double
the remainder.
Ci'aroM-HoisF Rpnui.ATiONS. — Vessels must l>e reported
to the collector by the master *21 hours after arrival; mu^t
come to a full entry 4S hours after arrival, at which time the
cummander swears to a detailed account of his cargo, store^i,
and pa.ssengers, and that he li 'il -posited all letters in the
jioit-oince, except such as are foi \'-i ship's husband, at which
time he must also deposit the register, clearance, and cockots in
the Custom-house.
tV(irchoiisiiiti> — There is no warehousing system, but goods
are received into the public stores, where they are allowed to
remain 9 months at ine ri.^k and expense for fees of cartage,
lab lurage and storage, as iixed by the Chand)er of (Commerce,
see jHiat) of the owner, without any duties being demandable.
Woollens are the only exception to thi^ rule : since iK.").", in-
terest is charged upon the amount of duty payable on their
account from the lime of their importation.
Piift Char ;iea.~~ Vox .American ve.^sel^, or thoie of States
having reciprocity treaties : —
Hon. cts. L. 8. f^
Fees on entering - - A 70 or 1 .0 74
Fees on clearing • • 2 70 — o 12 Ij
Cu8TOM-HoisB Ksits.— 1. I'ees paijuhlo to Col I eiior.— Entry
of a^e.ssel of lUO tons or upwards, 2 dollars and /JO cents ;
clearance of a vessel of 100 tons or upwards, 2 dollars and 'A)
cents ; entry of a vessel under 100 tons, 1 dollar and ,^tO cents ;
clearance of a vessel under KH^ tons, I dollar ,ind .'ilt cents ;
every post entry, 2 dollars; permtt to land goods, 20 cents:
every bond tiken otlicially, 10 cents ; permit to load go«)ds, for
the exportation, for drawback, .'0 cei^ts; delienture or other
oOicial certificate, 20 cents ; oiTlcial document (register ex-
cepted), required by any jwrson, 20 cents.
2. Fees jhit^uUe lo the Surveyor. — Admeasuring and certify-
ing the same, of every ship or vessel of 100 tons iffid under,
per ton, I cent ; admeasurement of every shti* or vessel above
100 tons, and not exceeding 200 tons, I'd 'liar and .'JO cents ;
above 200 tons, 2 dollars ; for all otlier servit.^- on hojird -my
ship or vessel of 100 ions and upwards, having on board gocwis,
waresi or merchandise subject to duty, 3 dollars ; for like
services on board any ship "or vessel ofle^s than 100 tuns, I
dollar and 50 cents ; on all vessels not having on board goods,
wares, or merchandise subject to duty, (iO 2-.^d cents, t'er-
lilitMleofregi -.try of vessels, 2 dollars. Kndorsement on re;iislry
or record, I dollar. Kvery bond required bv this act, 2'i cents ;
every bond for a .Mediterranean passjiort, 40 cents; every sea-
man's protection, 2.'> cents.
Vwlerthe Citiiathifr Avt> — Admeasuring every vessel in order
to the registering, enrolnlent, licensing, or recording tlie
same, of 3 tons or upwards, and lessth;m 20, 30 cents; 2J
and not exceeding '0, 73 cei^ts ; 70, 1 dollar ; above 1(K), I'm
cents. For every certificate of enrolment, 30 cents; every
endorsement of ditto, 20 cents; every licence, including the
bond, not exceeding 20 tons, 23 cents ; above 20 tons, and not
more than 100, 5(» cents ; more than 100, 1 dollar. Recording
certificate, manifest, and granting permit, of less than 20 ton-.,
23 cents; above 30 tons, 30 cents. For certifsing a manifest,
and granting permit for registered vessels, 130 cents. For re-
ceiving certified mainfest and tjrantiug permit for registered
vessels, 130 cents, (iranting permit for a vessel not belonging
to a citizen, on arrival, to proceetl from district to district, and
receiving a manifest, 2 dollars ; receiving manifest and grant-
ing permit to unload, as above, 2 dollars. Granting permit
for a vessel to carry on fisherv in a foreign port, "Hi cents. For
report and entry of atiy foreigii goods imported in such last-
mentioned vessel, 23 cents.
DoiU, L. s. d.
Expense of luadinff a vessel of ."MX) tons. In
tne port of New York, with the usual
cargo exported from thence
Ditto of discharging
For tlischarging —
Co.ils, per chaldron - » "
For loading —
Tobacco, |M»r hhd.
C.)tton, per bale - - - -
Flour, per hi. • - ' •
Flax se.d,do.
IfiO
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so
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NEW YORK.
841
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= 'I 4-S7 —
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liaXt% oT Wharji%^9, — Veswls under SO toni, AO cents i»er daj
= *^i. 3(i>i ami fur every 50 tunt> more, 1*^^ ceiita aUditiunul
~~iV. B. — Wharfs are all private property.
Ratr9 of Cohmimion, — r^fomm^m/ff/ ftrr ffenerat AdoptioHt
atul alUtwed Uy the Sew York Cfutmber tif' CommtrcCf tvnen no
AgretnuiU tubtuU to t/u contrary.
On ForeifiH Uutiness.—On the sale of nicrchciiidliie, 5 [lercent.
^»n\ii or purchase of stocks, 1 per cunt.— Specif, ^ per cent.
_ Purchase and khipnient of inerchandisie, with fund in hand>
oil tftf aggregate atmmnt of cuais atul chitrfiet, tdj jiur cent. —
DrawhiK or indorsinK liilUi in all caws, 2^ per cent.— V'e!l^elIi,
Kellint; or purchasiiy;, 'i*^ per cent. — I'roturing freiylit, '» per
t'eut. — Collecting frt•i^ht on uenerjil uvt-rnKe, 2i pur cent.—
Oiitfito or disViUt>^mentH, with funds in hand, V^ percent.—
KtiectinK marine insurance, in all ca\ps, when the premiui.i
dot!* not exceed It) per cent., cm the aunmni intureif, .^ per ci-nt.
_When the premium exceeds 10 per cent., vii the uinutiiit i>J'
premium, H per cent. — Collecting lUvidc-nds on stock, ^ pur
cunt. — CoUeciinK dul lyeu or litigated uccounts. .') jier cent. —
Adjusting and collecting insurame losses, '2^ per cunt. — He-
ceiving and paying monies, from \shich no other commission
is derived, 1 (>er cent.— Kemittinice-.in Inlls, in all ca&es, iper
lunt Landing and reshipping ^ooils from vessels in distress,
vitthevalHe,U\ver cent.— Uecuiving and forwarding goods
entered at the Custom-house, im the nuui; 1 percent. ~ and
'i^ t>er cent* on responsihiliiius incurred.
0/1 Inliiml tiutintaa — On the sale of merchandise, 21 percent.
— Purchase and shipment of merchaiulise, or accepting fur
purchase, without funds or property in hand, iii per cent. —
Sale or purchase of stocks, 1 pur tuiit. — Sale or purchase of
s|iui-ie, i per cunt. — Sale of bills uf exchange with indorsu-
meut,i (ler cent. — Sale of hank notes or drafts not ct-rrunt,
^ |)ur cent. — ticlling or indorsing hills of exchange, 2; piT
cent — helling or purchasing vu-.suls, 2i per cent- — Charter-
ing to proceeil to other ports to load, 'i\ percent. — Vrocining
or collecting freight, 8^ per cunt — Outfits or dishursumuuts,
2; pur cent. - ("ollei:ting general averagu, ^iperctnt.— Ktiuct-
iiiginarine insurances, in all cases when the premium does nut
uxcecd 10 per cent., on the amount inanred, \ per cent. AVlien
the premium exceeds 10 per cent., on the amount i^' ynmium, 5
per cent. — Adjusting and collecting insurance losses, ^i\ pur
cfnt.— (-'ollectiag dividends on stocks, .^ pur cent. — Collectmg
hills, and pavin;; over the amount, or recuiving and pa>ing nio-
nius from whicii no othur commis>ion is derived, 1 percent.
— Kerciving nnd forwarding goods, on thv raluvt h per cunt. —
The same when entered for duty or dehenture, 1 percent. —
Kuniittances in hills, in all cases, 4 per cent.
The almve commissions to he exclusive of the guarantee of
dehts for sales on credit, storage, hrokerage, and every other
charge actually incurred. — The risk of loss liv lire, unlus.-, in-
surance bu' ordered, and of rohhery, theft, aiul other unavoid*
able occurrences, if the usual care he taken to surtitu thu pro-
perty, is in all cjiscs to he borne by the proprietor of the goods.
U hen bills are remitted for collection, and are rutmncd un-
der protest for non-acceptance or non-payment, the same
commission to be charged as though they werfc duly honoured.
On consignmenls of merchandise withdrawn or re^hipped,
full comnussion to he charged to the extent of advances or re-
sponsibilities incurred, and half cuniniission on the residue of
the value.
Rates OF Stobach,— chargcahle jcr vwnth, as cstaUiahcd by
the AVw York C/uimber q/t'u»ij«erce.
Cents,
Almonds, in frails or packages, cwt. - • fi
Ahini, in cajks or hags, per toil . - . <l(f
Ashes, put :ind iiearl, bhi. - - - 8
Rii'f, bhl. - - . . . 6
Rottles, quart, in mats, cr. or hmp. gr. - - 8
liark, queicitron, in cask*, ton • • -60
R:igging, vOlton, loose or in bides, jic. - . - .T
Ruttur, in firkins of GO lbs., pur fir. - ~ ^
Rrandy. Sec Li()uors.
Candles, m boxes of 60 or fiOlbs., box • - -
Chocolat ;, in boxes of 50 lbs., box
Cucoa, it bags, per cwt> . . . .
\i\ casks, ditto
Coffee, n casks, ditto • -
in bags, ditto - - . .
Copper IS, in casks, per ton
Copjwr, in pigs, ditto - - -
in sheets or bolts, ton ...
bra/ierV bottoms, ton • • - .
Corda/je, per ton - ...
Cassia, in mats or boxes, per cwt. ...
CuUoii, American, in square hales, 300 lbs.
ditto in round bales, ditto
West Indian, in proportion to round.
East Indian, in bales, per 500 lbs.
Chfc te, casks, boxes, or loose, cwt. - *
Duel , heavy, per bolt ....
Ravens or Russia sheeting, piece
D^y goods, in boxes or bales, -10 cubic feet
F:sli, picktud, per bhl.
dry, in casks or boxes, cwt. • - ' -
in hulk, per cwt. - - * -
Fii s, In frails, boxes, or drums, cwt. • - -
H X, per ton
FI ix-suud, or other dry articles, in tierces of 7 bushels per
tierce - - - - _
F t;nr, or other dry articles, in bbls.
Earthenware, in crates of 25 to M) feet
in hhds. of 40 to 50 fuet
*'rain,inbulk, i»er bushul ...
OiuKur, in bags, per cwt. - ...
'ilass, window, in boxes of 50 feet
'iin. See Liquors.
Hemp, per Ion • -
Jjitlts, dried or salted, per hide
Hardware, in casks of 40 cubic feet
Indigo, in serons or boxes, per cwt.
lion, in bars or Iwlts, per ton
in hoops, sheets, or nailrods, ton - • •
2
2
2i
2
40
40
30
yr,
50
10
It)
9
3
.'4
-10
c
4
n
60
10
4
15
30
I
2
n
40
4
20
.-0
Uqvors, in puncheon* of 1X0 galloni, per puncheon - 30
In ji casks - . - 64
in jiipus or casks, 120 gallons • . . 30
bottled, in cabks or boxes, doz. bottlvt - U
Leather, per side - - . . »
Lard, in firkins of 60 lbs. - . . %
Lead, pig or sheet, pir Ion - - - SO
(try or gr. In oil, ditto . . • W
Molasses, per tdid. of 110 gallons (other casks in pro*
portion) - - . . .30
Nails, in casks, per cwt. - - .2
Oil, in hhds. or casks, 110 gallons . > • 30
in chests of 50 flasks, per chest - • 4
bottletl, in hoxeit or baskets, do<u - ' * ^1
Paints, in casks or kegs, per ton • • - 40
Fork, pur bhl. - . - - 6
Portur. Sve Liquors.
Pepper, in hags, per cwt. - • 'Si
Pimento, in casks ur hags, cnt. . • - 2|
Rice, in tierces, pur tierce • . -12
in h dltt(», pur <^ ditto • . . H
Rags, in lialus. \ivt cwt. • • -6
Raisins, Mahiga, in c:i!iks - - • 3
ditto, in boxes - . . . 1
in other packages, per cwt- - • 2
Rum. See Liquors.
>iallpetre, in baus, per cwt. • . 2
in casks, ditto - ■ - S^
Salt, in hags or hulk, per bushel - . , f
Shot, in casks, per ton - - - 37
Soap, in boxes) f 50 to (JO lbs. - - - 2
Steel, in barn or bundles, per ton - - .10
in boxes or tubs, ditto < • - 40
Sugar, raw, in bags or t>oxes, per cwt. - • 2
ditto, in casks, ditto - - - 2^
refined, in casks or packages - . 3
Tallow, in casks or serons, cwt. • • - 2
Tea, bohea, in \\ hole chests - - - 15
ditto, in ^ < he?its - - - S
(freen or black, in ^ chests - • . 4^
m boxes, in proportion to ^ chests.
Tin, block, per ton • - • iiO
in boxen of usual size, per box - . \k
Tobacco, in hhds., per hhd. - . 37J
in bales or serons, per cwt. • - 4
manufactured, in begs of 100 lbs. • - 2
Wines. See Liquors.
Woods, for dyeing, under cover, per ton - - fO
ditto, m yards - ■ - 25
Whiting, in hhds., per ton - - . 37^
On articles on which the rate Is fixetl by weight, it Is un-
derstoofl to be on the gross weight ; and on litpuirs, oil, ike, on
which tlie rate refers to gallons, it is undersiiood to he on the
whole capacity of the casks, whether full or not. The pro-
prietor of goods to be at the expense of putting thwu in store,
stowing away, and turning out of store. — All goods taken on
storoge to he subject to 1 month's storage ; if taken out within
1 5 days after the expiration of thu month, to pay ^ u month's
storage; if after 15 days, a whole month's storage.
Ratbs or Cartagb.
Ale or beer, per hhd.
hhd. from Co to HO gallons
Alum or copperas, from 12 to 15 cwt., per hhd.
from 15 to 20 cwt.
over 1 ton - -
Bar iron, per load
lloatds and plank, per load
Rrandy, pipe over^lUO gallons
Rread, <{ tierces ' - - -
Rritks, per load • •
handled and piled
Ruilding or pavinu sioiu?s, load
Calves, sheep, aiMl lambs
('ider, chee>e, and curoa
Clay and sand, 12 liu.hels
Coa'l, half chaldron, per load
t'ncoa, per load - • -
Coffee, in bags or l)bls.
above 10 cwt., per hhd.
Cordage, small, per load
Cotton, jier load of 3 bales
Cut stone, per load
Dried fish, loose, load
Dye wood, per load • -
Karthenware, loose, per load
KuroiK-tin gooda, per load
Flax, in bales and bundles, load
Flax-seed, 3 tierces
Fire-wowl, per load
Flour, in bags, 12 per load
7 !)hls. i)er load
Gammons or hams, ]tur load
(iin, pipe over 100 gallons
Hay, in trusses, bundles, bales, per load
loose - -
Heading or staves, per load
Hides, Ko per load ...
Hemp, in (mies or bundles, yev load
loose, not over 12 cwt.
Hoops, in bundles - -
Hou})-polcs, per load - -
Hollow ware, per load
Household fiimiture - -
Blolasses, from CO to 00 gallons
from <J0 to 1 10 gallons
Oil, per load of .T bbls.
Oysters, ditto shells, ^c, load
Potasiies, per load of 3 bbls.
Paints, common, loatl
per hhd., from 12 to 15 cwt.
from 15 to 'JO cwt.
above 20 cwt.
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NEW YORK.
li f
rantlles, i>er load
I'lafiter o* Paris, ton
Fork , U-vf', tar. piuhi and turiH'nthiLs ft bbls.
Hunitiwr hlul.
Malt. 2(M>u.HhuU
HhtnKleni lon^ cedar, pine, in bundles
Cyirni!*, li,(KH) {Ti ineh)
Stone, i)avbif(or buttdiiiK
tiugor, llavannah, 3 boxtM
from 1> to I') rwt.
from I.JtoiiOcwt.
above VU rwt.
ScantUnKi or timber, \ivt load
Tea, per load
Tilen ur slate, per load
Tobacco, In hhds., from <> to 15 cwt. i>er hhd.
fron» I'l to '^Ocwt.
above W <'Wt.
Wheat, or other ^rain, per load
Wtiie, pl|ie,over IIX) gallons
In 4 quart er-i-iL<tkii
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Whiting, common load
per hhd., VI to l.*! cwt*
fVom IT) to 2U cwt.
above 20 cwt.
GjMm.
For every cable, whole shot of 5 Inches In drcumftr-
ence to 7 inches - - - - fi
Do. half shot of like dimensions • • - 2 fi
Du. whole shot of 7 to 10 inches • • - 12 U
Do.half shot of like dimensions - - -GO
Do. whole shot of 10, and not exceeding IS Inches In
circumference • - - - li
Do. whole shot of 12, and not exceeding H Inches In
circumference - - - - 20
Do. halfHhot of the dimensions of the two last men-
tioned . - ■ - - 10
Do. whole shot of It and not exceeding 16 inches - 21
Do. half shot of like dimensions - - - 12
Do. whole shot of I'l inches ... 32
Do. half shot of like dimensions - - • 16
*)f,'ft CiXMltf wiires, vierc/iiiiulitet or other arthict not
herein enumeruteil t jter load - • - 2
In nil cases where the distance exceeds ^ a mile, and not 2
miles, ^ in addition to be allowed.
Rates <if Por/trd^T. — For any distance not exceeding 4 a
mile, 12J cents; over i a mile, and not exceetUng <i mile, 26
cents; and in that proiwrtion for any greater distiincu. For
carrying a load upon a hand-barrow, for any distance not
exceeding A a mile, 2.> cents; over 4 ^ '"*le, and not ex-
ceeding a mde, 11 cents ; and in that proportion for any greater
distance. ,. ,
//«n(/-crtr^men. — For any distance not exceeding h a mile,
1S4 cents; over 4 a mile and not exceetling a mile,3l^c<.nts ;
and ill that proportion for any greater lUstauce.
Harbour Master.
The office of harbour master was createtl In IROft, by legis-
lative enactment, with power to regulate and station all vessels
In the harbour, or at the wharfs, to aciommodate vessels wish-
ing to discharge their irgoes, and to deoide promptly alt dis-
putes connected with the foregoing subjects. Kesistiiig his
authority subjects to a line of ,')0 dollars and costs, for the
licfiefitof the'New York hospital.
tees. — ( »n vessels unloading, 1 J cent \^r ton. Vessels i)av-
ing foreign duties and lonnaue, tlotiUe ; whifh must be paid
within IS hours after arrival. Srhooners and sloops in the
coiuting trade, 2 dt)ltars. For adjusting any diiVerence re-
siiecting situation, 2 dollars.
Pilots must register their vessels, names and places of abode,
in his oifice ; and are obliged to put to sea whenever ordered
bv him. The penalty for refusing is 5 dollars and loss of
licence.
Pilotage.
There are 9 branch and 1) deputy pilots, and as many re-
gistered boats.
Rates of iHloUi^e. — Every pilot who shall take charge of any
vessel to the eastward or southward of the White Buoy on the
eastern ridge near the bar, and conducts and moors safely
such vessel to a proi>er wharf, or from tlie city to the southward
or eastward of said buoy, is entitled liv law to the following
rates, to wit :— For vessels of the United States, and those who
are entitled by treaty to enter u^mn the same terms as Ameri-
can vessels, the sums which follow ;— Kvery vessel drawing less
than M feet, 1 dol. .V) cts. per foot ; do. drawing 1 1 feet, and
less than 1 S, 1 dol. 75 cts. |»er foot ; do. drawing IS feet or up-
wards, 2 dcils. 26 cts. |>er foot. The same rates of pilotage to be
allowed for any vessel that may be pilotetl any where within the
Hook, whose master or owner dm^ not wish the same to be
brought to the city wharft. Half pilotage only to be allowed to
anv pilot who shall take charge ()f a vessel to the west ward of the
\V>iite Huoy. No pilotage whatsoever to I)e given to anv pilot,
unless he sllall take chargeof a vessel to the southward of the
upper Middle (iround, nor unless such vessel shall be of 70
tons burden, nrovidtd the usual signal he not given, in
which rase hall pilotage is to be allowed. Hetween the 1st of
Novemlwr and the 1st of April, inclusive, i dots, additional
to be allowed for vessels of 10 feet water and u|)war<ls; if less
than 10 feet, 2 dols. One fourth additional to he given to the
pilots who shall take charge of vessels out of sight of the light-
For every day any pilot shall bo require<l to remain on
Iward, 3 dols. per day. Foreign vessels iiot entitletl by treaty
house.
to enter on the saiiie terms as those of the United States, to
pay l-'lth additional to the pilots, and also 5 dols. over and
above the foregoing rates of pilotage.
Wardens of the Port.
Vessels and goods arriving in a damaged state, and reqtiired
to be sold by auction for the benefit of underwriters out of iIm-
citjr of New York^ must be under the insiiectiun of tlie waid-
ens. who may lie required (o certify the cause of the dams :e
and amount of side and charge!** ^ '
Fees. — l\ jwr cent, on gross amount of sales ; and for eai !i
survey on tioard of any vessel, at any store, or along the dutlti
or wharfs, 3 dols. on damagetl goods; each survey un bill,
spars, rigging, iStc, 6 dols. : each certiilcate, 1 dol. 25 cts. ;
uitto of ihstress of said vessel, 2 dols. 60 cts. ; snme service for
vessels paying foreign duties and tonnage, duubU*
Quantity or Goons to composb a Ton.
Extract from the By-Laws qf the New York Chamber iff Com'
merce.
Rpjio/ir*/,— That when vessels are freighted by the ton, ami
no special agreement is made between the owner of thu vcsul
and freighttTof the gooils,res|iecting the proportion of tonnage
which each particular article shall be computed at, the folio a -
ing ri'gulatlon shall he the standard of computation : —
That the articles, the bulk of which shall compose a ton, to
equal a ton of heavy materials, shall be In weigh! as fiillr>ws:
I,5(iHlbs. of cotUv in casks, I.S30 dUto in b^igs; 1,120 Itii.ul
cocoa in casks, 1,307 ditto in bags.
962 lbs. of pimento in casks, 1,1 10 ditto in bags.
H barrels ot tlour of I'Jfi lbs. each.
fi barrels of beef, pork, tallow, pickled fish, pitch, tar, and
tur))entine.
20 cwt. of pig and bar iron, potashes, sugar, togwoo<1, fiistir,
Nicaragua wood, and all heavy dye wooils, rice, honey, c<>p|H:r
ore, and all other heavy goods.
Ifi cwt. of colfee, cocoa, and drietl codfish, in bulk, and 12
cwt. of drietl codfish in casks of any si/e.
fi cwt. of ship bread In casks, 7 cwt. in bags, and H cwt. in
bulk.
2(M)galI(ms <wine measure) reckoning the full contend of
the casks, of oil, wine, brandy, or any kind of liquors.
22 hiisheU of gram, peas, or beans in casks.
3fi bii.theUof dittoin bulk.
3fi bushels of Kuro|>ean salt.
31 bushels of salt from the West Indies.
2!) bushels of sea conl.
•10 feet (cubic measure) of niahognnv, Sfpiaro tindicr, mti
plank, pine and other Iwards, l>eaver, furs, peltry, bees' wa\,
cotton, wool, and bate gooils of all kinds.
I hogshead of tobacco, and 10 cwt. of dry bides.
H cwt. of China raw silk, 10 cut. nett bohea, and 8 cwt.
green tea.
Tares allowed I'lj t'u.\fotn.
Alum, In bags - - . .'i Ih*:.
in casks - - - Ul pur ti Mt.
Almonds, in cases - - . s —
in hates - - - S ll.s.
dtiuhte bales • • -IS
in hags ■ • . • 1 pt-r c. nt-
Cheese, In Cittlis or tuba - .!.'>_
Cocoa, in ^eruns - - - H —
t'opperas, in casks - - , . lo —
Cassia, in boxes - - - actual
in mats • • - ■ fi|icrcenl.
Cinnamon, in boxes • • -at tn.il
in b;des - - . . (i per cent.
Cloves, in casks - - - » 12 —
in bags • - • 1 —
Currants, in casks - ■ - 12 —
in iKixes ■ • - - l() —
Figs, in iHJxes - - - - Ul _
in mats or frails • ■ - -4 _-
in drums - - . - S —
in casks - . 12 —
Glue, in casks - - - . 2(1 .-
in boxes - • . 15 _
Hemp, in bales - - .-.'"> —
Imliuii, in cases • - • 15 —
JLead (white, in oil), in kngs • . 8 —
do. if the kegs are parked ii» hogsheads, ex-
tra allowed for the hog>head is • - 100 Ihs.
(white, dry), in casks - - (J per c.nl.
(red, dry), do- - - - . ,5 _
(red, in oil), do. ■ - 10 —
in casks - - . - 3 —
Nails, hi bags - • ■ - 3 —
Nutmegs, in casks - - - - 12 —
in bags ■ • - I —
Ochre (in oil), in casks - • . 12 —
(dry), do. - - .10-
Fowder, gun, in \ casks - . . 6 Ihs.
in i do. - - - y _
whole do. - • 23 —
riums, in lK)xes . . - Hprrcc'it.
I'runis, in do. - • . . s >_
I'aris.iwhite, in casks - - .10 —
Uaisins, injars - - - - Is Itis.
in hoxcs - - - 15 per cent.
in c.isks - - . - 12 —
in frails ■ - . -1 _.
in drums - - . . 10 —
Rice - ■ - - 10 -
SnufV, in boxes • - . - 15 «
Sugar-candy, in tubs - - - l.» _
Sugar in h»aves - - * " M ""*'
Steel, per hundle - - . 3 —
Shunrai-, no tare: sometimes 1 lb. per bag is allowed
Sheet iron, in caiks
Sti-el, in cases jind Ciisks
Spikes, in casks
in b;u;s - . -
Tallow, in bales
in casks
in serons
in tubs - • • " 'f'
Twine in boxes . - - !.»
in casks - - " " ,
ill bales - - - v
Tobacco, in boxes - - . - 16
15 piM- tent-
8 —
8 -
3 —
8 -
2 —
8 -
ii
NEW YORK.
843
>e of the ilama,;'c,
lies J ami for fm Ii
ur alnnu thu clmkH
1 Hlirvvy ull lill I,
lie, 1 Uol. •i.'i lis. I
; ».ime service* f^,-
A Ton.
Chamlxr ijf t'uwr
»1 liy tlu' t(in, ami
wiicT of ihu vi-(»e|
(ortiiiii ot'((inna;;e
leil at, ilie follow,
litation ;~
uoniposv a toil, to
IkIiI aslnlliiw.s:
ags; l,IWI|u, ul
bafiS.
h, rltcli, tar, anil
■, 1i>kw<xk1, fustic-,
te, honey, cv'|iiK.r
I, in liulk, and 12
pi, and H cwt. in
e full rontLiit:, uf
if liquors.
iiarc tinilicr, cuk
iL-ltry, bees' wa\,
lUlOK.
>oliea, and N cwt.
.'. Iln.
hi }ILT Lint.
s _
s U.S.
I:;
1 ix-l' i'. ill.
I.') _
H _
111 —
actu.il
*> iiev eeiit.
ai tiMl
'i lier L'eiil.
\i. —
Vi Z
10 _
III _
1 -
H _
1'^ -
S!ll ...
» —
intiiiw.
(i per c. lit
h —
10 -
5 -
.T —
n -
■I —
1'^ -
10 -
.'i 11m.
!• —
M -
S IHTil'Ml.
S _
10 _
Is llw.
\h per I cut.
VI -
•1 -
10 _.
10 -
1 .'» —
LI -
\\ Ills.
iwcd.
1.5 nor tent.
S —
8 -
3 —
H _
\'l —
8 -
1.') -
I I'i —
12 -
.■5 —
16 —
Wir>, In cvltii
WliitiiiK, In do.
Actual tare la allowed on frull, If required.
Tarn ullotvtil fry Latv,
(hi candlei, In boiet
(. :iiee»e, In fiain|ier> or basket!
Ill boxen - ■
CliiK'olate, in tioxea - •
Collee, In liaus - .
In bales - • ■
in t'aski
Cocoa, in Immi • • .
in e.-i.sk!t
Ciittun, ill bales ...
in seruns
IndiKOi In do.
Nails, In casks
riinenio, in bags ...
H iier cent.
10 _
8
10
M
II)
S
3
li
1
4
6
10
8
3
Fepiier, In liaui ....
KUKar, utiier than b'aftURar, In casks
ill iKjxes ....
ill mats or ba^ . • . .
Halls, <flaulier ....
NuKarcandy, In lioxes - - . .
Soap, in bones ....
Shut, in casks ■ . . . .
Kvery whole chest of boliea tea
A do. do. . . . .
) do. do. .
Every chest of hyson or other K't^cn tea of 70 Ibi.
or upwards - - - •
Every box of other tea K-tween ttO and 70 Hit. .
do. do. if 80 llis.
do. do. from 80 lbs. and upwards
!i per (Mil.
1% —
IS _
3 —
8 —
10 —
10 —
3 —
70lbfc
,10 —
itU —
SO —
18 —
iiO —
S2 —
The aliove to include ro^ies, canvau, and other covcrlnt^a.
()n all other Uixeii of teas, according to the Invoices or actual
weight thereof.
Wc have derivctl these statements from the \eui York Annual Register for 1831 ;
Neui York ,• the Consul'* Answers to the Circular Queries, anil private cummunicatiotis.
The Picture <if
Trade and Navioation op the U.nited States.
Trade and Navigation qfthe United States, for the Year ending the SOth of September, 1832. — j'rom the
Official Accounts, printed by order c\f' Congress.)
1. Statistical View of the Commerce of the Uiiiteil Stato.i, exhibiting the Vahic of every Description of
imports from, and the Value of every Description of Kxporls to, cacli Foreign Country j also the Ton.
nage of American and Foreign Vessels arriving from, and departing to, each Foreign Couiiiiy, during
the Year ending on the 2llth of September, Itjj'i.
Coinir
erce.
Navigation. 1
American
Foreign 1
Countrlea.
Value of
Imports.
Value ot f.xptiris.
Tonnage.
Tuni
.ige.
lloincs!ic
Foreign
Kntered Depart-
Total. into the "1 from
Entered
into the
Depart,
ed from
Produce.
Produce.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
Dottara.
Ualliiri.
Dulhira.
Dtllilra. TiiiM.
Tom.
Tunj.
Tom,
Russia • . . -
3,M1,8.'.2
121,114
461,.168
582,(i82 21,824
3,146
1,832
.191
I'mssia
•il,'.m
11,11(1
.
11,116 268
179
Sweilen and Norw.iy
1,097,.'5:M
214,1148
152,.165
.166,113 12,401
1,868
7,478
3,078
SwtKlish West Indies
53,410
141,219
7,478
118,727 2,0.58
4,651
427
614
Denmark - . . .
r,\^Vi
isi,(;o5
,1.50,115
531,720 779
4,268
149
723
Danish West Indies
i,ii!i„i(ie
1,3!I3,1;)0
282,341
1,675,831 21,5(iO
.19,762
1,870
3,803
Netlierlands - ■ - •
i,3(io,(:(is
2,232,792
,2,870,490
5,103,282 29,912
38,770
5,630
8,372
Dutch W. Indies and American colonics
.T^8,83«
357,520
46,644
404,164i 10,176
9.511
.
80
Kast Indies
«(1S,!)7 1
2I,51(.
503,501
528,0201 5,084
7,4.56
.
680
Knfiland - ...
,Tl,84S,.'i(l2
26,C.12,0(;s
2,875,137
29,.507,205 179,679
187,579
110,788
«6,615
Scotland ....
I,,'j80,8l2
1,125,898
20,864
1,146,762
4,565
3,932
19,1 Ml
9,410
Ireland - •
4Ul,8yi
152,91.1
4,115
157,028
2,581
1,791
11,117
(iuenisey, Jersey, Ac.
.M4
3,7011
.
3,700
-
.
102
(iiliraltar - . . .
279,S.'i8
428,8.-3
185,074
613,907
5,666
14,989
3.53
431
Uritish ICa-st Indies
!i,.'i38,'J3S
189,218
339,235
528,153
7,219
5,916
West Indies
l,4'.ii>,li37
1,655,448
33,828
1,689,276
61,408
60,7(i9
27,328
19,357
Newfoundland, &c.
,
.
.
.
470
,428
1,.135
219
Uritish A meriran colonics
1,229,5'ir,
3,569,302
45,083
3,614,385
74,001
0.5,056
108,0, 1
146,292
Other llrilish colonies
2,5.',1
7,84n
.
7,840
167
240
llan.se Towns - - •
2,8fi.'.,09fi
2,4.15,512
1,652,670
4,088,212
20,711
18,4.52
21,287
25,778
Kranee on the Atlantic
10,931,!)83
9,028,18.'.
l,,5.1(i,771
10,565,256
71,(iS0
79,3.-0
11,9.14
12,769
fin the IVlediterranean
1,21.1,775
91 1,091
1,140,376
2,054,167
1.1,207
16,486
2,313
3,(i38
French W . Indies and Ainer. colonies
578,857
605,793
19,182
621,975
20,578
26,077
8,282
4,418
( itlicr French African ports
.
-
.
.
.
31(,
llavti ...
2,n.'i3,.-iS(i
1,243,510
425,193
1,669,003
.10„187
29,990
1,067
1,279
S(iain on the Atlantic
677,18.1
.102,584
44,631
317,265
9,.171
6,033
819
2,093
on the Mediterranean
710,701
186,864
1,0.54
187,918
9,813
3,280
896
1,S0S
Tenerille and the other Can.iries
151,837
14,567
7,851
22,418
2,971
925
IMaiiilla and Philippine Islands
3.12,230
2II,90(;
113,411
131, .120
2,.145
1,289
Cuba - - • -
7,nKS,857
3,681, .197
1,630,754
5,312,151
111,805
123,588
28,1,15
25,032
< llher Siianish West Indies
Portugal - - -
1,889,182
322,.W9
72,552
395,111
20,741
9,313
1,657
717
123,S1G
28,262
.100
28,562
8,087
1,177
1,166
60.
.Madeira . . .
228,318
1 15,ti(i:
929
140,596
1,958
4,023
121
12!
Faval and the other A -ores
21,i;82
23,402
ll,.1(i3
34,7(!5
828
812
I9l
Caite de Verd Island'
< itficr Portuguese Airican ports
87,70e
06,858
19,707
80,li95
2,4.10
2,003
150
162
22,742
.
-
.
193
Italy ." . ' -
l,fil9,795
178,5»7
509,056
087,563
11,672
6,012
213
7.12
Sicily
15fi,617
3,088
.
3,088
3,191
.
60.1
43V
Trieste and other Austr. Adriatic ports
3fi2,027
199,911
036,775
1,1.16,686
3,1 0,'.
6,497
1,0-^0
1,521
Turkey, Levant, and Egypt
923,(129
64,722
681,SSfi
746,608
7,356
4,805
217
Mexico
4,293,954
845,777
2,621,764
3,467,511
25,459
24,111
9,157
0,.161
Central Republic of America
288,31f.
139,206
196,101
335,307
5,28(;
4 ,,189
111
Colombia . . - -
1,4.19,182
40r,,8.57
710,167
1,117,024
9,258
9,413
2,507
26!
Honduras, Campeachy, &c.
31,lfi2
6.'i,45!l
17,.197
82,8.50
l,7,1(i
2,677
825
97
Ilrazil . ' .
3,890,845
1,222,077
822,717
2,051,794
31,222
.10.439
.1,311
361.
Argentine Rerublic
1.560,171
464,632
458,408
923,040
11,821
0,987
Cisiilatine Republic
.
3,.-,25
.
3,325
103
378
ChiU ...
.')04,fi23
579,.170
641,719
1,221,119
4,194
8,105
Penr - ...
725,098
7,126
10,884
17,961)
241
72
South America, generally -
Cape of Uood Hope
12,o"l5
41,302
:
41,302
214
322
1,.561
1.55
China
5,344,907
' 336,102
924,360
1,260,522
11,119
7,232
Ar.ibia - . . .
24,025
.\sia,generally
Kast Indies, generally
West Indies, generally
111,180
42,838
469,4,S9
512,.127
2,1.53
6,520
•
.
.
.
297
1,.142
12,740
.556,4 16
6,.50S
562,954
1 ,950
12,879
4,291
Furojie, generally ...
•
174,182
7,111
1M,.';93
1,897
1,951
62'.
.M'rica, generally
22 1, .'1.12
257,422
106,519
363,971
4,896
4,997
•
21.
.South Seas
15,175
30,096
12,838
42,934
38,183
52,573
Sandwich Islands
920
North'wcst coast of America
.
46,078
50,526
96,604
.
782
L'liccrtain ports
To'al
5,02S
1
nil, 1129,21 r
63, 137,171
21,039,473
87,176,913 919,622
97l,8(i5
393 8
387,- 0.''
V. : '■;
■ty
.'
■/<i
1 ^.
Mm
.■! M.
li ii
^.1
'
ii^^
w
.1
I:
.'
>,
844
NEW YORK.
II. Value of the Exports and Imports of the United States, fur the following Yean, cndinR reflectively on
the 3()(h of September, toKOther with a Column showing the Population, as ascertained at llie difll-reiit
Periods wlicn a Census was taken.
ArtidvH, the (irowth.
Ardi'li-H, tlieOrowlli,
Total Value of
EiportA from the
ifnlted Sutei.
Total Value of Im-
Population of the
I'nlted Hiaten,
Yean.
Hrndiice, or Mnniifnc-
I'riMluii-, or Manufao
turt', of Fori-iitn Ooun-
porn Into the United
lureiif Ihe DnIlMl
Htaten ftom Foreign
aet-ordlnK In the
SlatvH, ciportHl.
trieH, rr^fxpurttid.
Dotliir:
Countries.
Official Cennus.
UMarl.
noltan.
Dollar:
1790
20,205, l.'jfl
.
3,9tl,43G
1791
1792
1793
1794
[Pre»l..!Slt to 1796, tlierctum« ilo
19,012,011
20,753,098
26,109,472
33,026,233
not (llMTlii limtu
between doineitla
anil foreign pi-oduLtioni.J
1795
47,989,472
1796
40,761,097
26,300,000
67,064,097
1797
29,8.'iO,206
27,000,000
56,850,206
1798
28,,'i27,097
,'3,()( 10,(810
61, .'(27 ,097
1799
33,142,522
45,-.23,(MH)
78,665,522
18(10
31,810,903
39,1.^1,877
70,971,780
■
8,,319,78J
18(11
47,173,201
46,(142,-21
94,115,925
1802
3(1,708,189
35,771,9/1
72,183,160
1803
42,205,9(il
13,591,07V
65,800,0.33
ISIK
4I,I(17,'77
.36,231,5(17
77,699,074
1805
42,387,002
,53, 179,01 9
95,566,021
1S(|6
41,2i3,727
60,283,236
lOl,. '.36,963
1807
4S,(l99,'i92
,59,(113,558
108,343, 1.''0
1808
1809
9, l."3,5l(i
31, 10 1,702
12,997,114
20,797,531
22.1.''0,9(10
52,203,233
^ Period emtiraring
1810
42,.3(16,(175
24 , 3' II, 29 'i
66,757,970
the enibarKo,
7,230,901
1811
45,291,013
16,0.i2,7!l0
61,316,8.33
nnn.lmpnrtation.
1812
nO,032,llll»
8,195,127
38,.',27,2.16
and nun ■ inter-
1813
25,(HI8,1.V2
2,817,845
27,8.55,997
course laws, and
1814
6,782,272
145,169
6,927,441
tlic war.
1815
45,971,103
6,583,350
52,557,753
1816
64,781,896
17,138,556
81,920,452
irreTloud to Oct.
1. 1820, the return!
1817
1818
68,313,5(10
73,851,137
19,358,069
19,126,696
87,671,569
93,281,133
1819
18V()
50,976,838
51 ,683,6 10
19,165,683
18,0OS,O2!l
70,112,521
69,691,669
do not show the
Talue of IniporU.l
62,585,724
9,687,999
1821
43,(171,894
21, .302, 188
6I,974,.382
18':2
49,874,079
22,286.202
72,160,281
83,2 11, .541
1823
47,155,109
27,513,622
74,699.0.10
77,579,267
80,519,007
1824
50,619,500
25,.337,157
75,986,(157
1825
6(i,!l4 1,745
32,.V.I0,(1I3
99,535,388
96,34(),07A
1826
1827
53,055,710
58,921,(191
2l,53'l,612
23,103,136
77,.'>95,322
82,321,827
84,971,177
79,484,068
1828
50,6(19,669
21,. 595 ,01 7
72,261,686
88,509,824
1829
1830
1831
1832
55,700,193
59,462,029
63',137,470
16,658,478
14,.337,l;9
21,0.39,473
72,358,671
73,S!(9,508
81,310,.'i83
87,17(1,913
74,492,527
70,876,920
103,191,124
101,029,266
12,788,142
III. Summary Statement of the Value of the Exports of the Growth, i;'^"^"^^^' f^jj.^?^^^^^^
United States, during the Year commencing on the Ut of October, 1831, and ending on the oUth ot
Sejitcmber, 18:32. .
The Sea.
Fisheries —
Dried fish, or cml fisheries
Pickled fish, or river fisheries,
herring, shad, salmon,
mackarel
Whale and oilier fish oil -
Spermaceti oil
\V'halel)one
Spermaceti candles
The Forest.
Skins and furs - , .
(linsenR - • -
Protiuct of wotmI —
Stiive.s, shin^Ieii, boards,
niul hewn timber
Other lunilier
iMasts and spars
Oak hark and other Aye -
All manufactures of wood
Naval stores, tar, pitch,
resin, and turpentine -
Ashes, pot and pearl
Affrinittiire,
Product of animals —
lieef, tallow, hides, homed
cattle
Butter and cheese ■
Pork (nickled), bacon, lard,
livenofiH
Horses and mules -
Sheep
\'ei;otable food —
Wheat
Flour - - -
Jnilian corn
Indian meal
R>e men'
Rye, oat.s, and other small
Kfain, and pulse
Hisciiit or bhip bread
I'otatoes
Applfs
Uice - • -
Tobacco •
TottOii
All other aRrlc. products —
Flax-seed
IIoi>s - .
Brown sugar
Manufactures.
Soap and tallow canrile.s
Leather, boots and .shoes
Household furniture -
Coaches and other carriages
Hats - - ** -
Snddlery
Dollaft.
UMiiri.
Dollarr,
■
749,909
^ ,
.306,812
1,009,728
38,161
186,595
267,3.-,3
2,558,538
- -
691,909
99,515
1,522,053
188,608
73,.368
62,944
312.f.?/
476,291
930,398
3,556,340
4,347,794
774,087
290,820
1,928,196
164,034
22,385
3,179,322
93,500
4,880,623
278,740
480,035
75,392
78,447
2.55,7.35
42,077
15.314
2,152,631
8,352,494
^
11,532,016
5,999,769
31,724,682
.
, ,
123,0,36
25,448
11. '/32
159,716
- -
701,184
277,388
169,038
45,277
310,912
25,572
W.ix
Spirits from grain, beer, ale,
;tn(i porter
Sniill" and tobacco -
I,e;id - - , ■
I.inswd oil and spirits of tur-
pentine
Cordiipe - - "
Iron, iii^, hnr, and nails
castinir.s
manufactures of
.'Spirits from molasses
Sugar, I efined
I 'hocolatc •
(lunpnwder
Copper and brass •
lMe<ticinal drugs
Cotton piece goods —
I'rinted or coloured
White
Nankeens
Twist, >am, and thread -
All other manufactures of
Flax and hemp —
Cloih and thread
nags, and all manufac. of
Wearing apparel
(Mmbs and buttons
Brushes - -
Hilliard tables - -
I 'inlirellas and parasols
I.e.-ittier and Hloroi-co skins
not sold iier pound
Trinting presses and type -
Musical instruments -
Hooks and maps
Paper and other stationerj -
Paints and varnish
\'iiieu'ar • -
Karthen and stone ware
Fire engines and apparatus
.3Ianufactures of glass
tin
pewter and lead
marble and stone
gold and silver,
and ftold leaf •
Oold and silver com
Artificial flowers & jewellery
Molasses
'I'nmkB
Itrick and lime
Domestic sail
Articles not enumerated—
Manufactured
Other
Dollari.
104,870
1,052,891
,341
12,618
58,864
Dollar s.
62,444
127,583
295,771
4,483
33,301
13,863
65,979
26,629
120,222
ri'^ ■_'21
. 1.1.73
2,2.»
96,023
105,774
130,238
Dalian.
2,730,833
1,229,671
l,.'i70
2,685
80,803
124,305
4,754
1,310
20,361
42,565
22,558
4,952
29,892
64,847
24,611
4,677
6,3.33
7,7.'J8
106,S65
.3,157
983
3,455
653
1,410,941
14,852
2,493
5,314
3,.'i02
27,914
477,267
.353,181
3,253,674
8.30,448
63,137.470
NEW YORK.
845
IV. statement of the Commerce of cnc-h State anil Territory, commencing on the lit Day of October,
is.il, and ending on tho amh Day of Ht|itember, ls:}8.
Statn iin<l Tanrl-
lorlM.
Maine
New Knmpahlre
N'rriniMit .
.M.lssu'hllaults ■
Hhmle iHlaiitt
I'oiuH-clicut
New \'ork
\fw J.TWy -
lVnn«jl»«ril»
lii'l.iwaru •
Af.-)T>lHn(l
INil.ul'Colombla
Virtfliila •
North Carolbi;) •
Soiiili (^aiolliia •
(Jrnixla -
Alalianin -
,'M1v.Km|>|>I
Louisiana •
Ohiu
Fliirlda territory .
M ii'liii!<i<i territurjr
Total
Valuu of Import*.
In
Amerlran
Veuelt.
IM/art,
«HH,(M3
ll.'i.fPAl
iill,ii7I
17,liro,lH4
•l.T/,fi(lt
48,7'^s,ii1U
<j,9i;(),ii4
I7,IIU
17 VI 7
4W,<tt!i
i!i.'i,.'i!in
,'i(l7,l).').1
l,1H,(i!l7
«I^40H
5,4 Ifl.SV.')
7,7'J^
8^,6411
In
Forelon
VetMiii*
DMitr:
IW
"448,7'lfi
.1411
.'i.lWl
4,4H,5,7,'>.1
V4,7ii,1
71K,«I4
(l,,'i.14
4gi,(Hll
1.5,,',.1()
l.Tl,.'iH7
fii.'i,77a
114,7W
01,437
.'!,4a.'i,48S
l.lliH
2S,yU(i
Total.
Valutt uf Ki|Hirta.
Domettic Produce.
Foreign I'roduce.
In
American
VeMelji.
Dollar:
l,lM,,''«li
114,171
»il,l-7'i
18,11H,!)<HI
(W7,'.MiU
4.17,7 !.'>
M,S14,4tlV
7ll,4(ill
10,f.7H,.Vi8
w,ri.'..ii
4,rii!i„T(i.i
1HH,()47
,'>6.1,(i.T.»
V1.'>,1K4
I,'.il.1,7'.i.'.
Diillarl.
71.1,1174
1 Ib/MU
.141l,»»)
4,«H1,1.H)
.177,(i.'>fi
41fi,7'W
l«,3!l!l,liUV
,'>l,!l!)l
l,77.'.,li.'>4
Ui.'iVi
a„177,Si)3
l,(il.1,(i'^l
3,774,'^1!»
'^Mi,.101
4,.1'il,lll
W.I, 117
30(i,» 1.')
8,871,aM
liP;.7S7
liV,u48
3,8.')3,.'i.').0
1,37«,.1IJJ
l'.i,-.7(i
3S,4.'.7
'J,W1
In
Foreiffn
VeiMMMIb
Total,
I Atnericnn
I Veueia.
Di'llilrl.
3T5,r>Ui
' 1.1,7371
V,«A7,.MK
H,(KIOl
2.13,737
132,446
71U,(i(17
41,'J4.'i
l,li(>l,iVli
l,3lil,18U
Unlliim. I
!I()7,2H(!
ll.i,.'iH2
.ilU,N20
4,(i.')li,n.V,
377,«.'iti
t.KI,4llli
li,(J',,'i')0
•3,U!)1
? ')tl8,'JUl
1M)2
3,(I1S,H73
l,14K,(li;ii|
4,4'j.i,yi«l
.13N,24(i
7,fi8.'i,833
.'),.'il4,llHl
2,733,4S4
Dulliiri.
73,A31
7",lfi2,.1ll
16li,8()3
8,115,17,-1
7,Nll3
l,lG2,li.'iU
In
Kort'lon
VeMeU.
1,181,127
8,1.')H
l(i,7V2
3,i
13,.1.1I)
7ll.'i
«,H33
IMIart
6W
174,822
2,828,220
"344,4'i'
lU2,ril8
2.'>ll
12
' 53,5'(18
407
4,Sir,,r,ni) 14,105,118 1,106,237 1,319,575
45,S18 5S,.1!)l| . . I .
21,17!), e2,(i3G, 3,000 80
U,234 - - -
Total.
, Ti.tiil
Vfllue nl'
iPoinisric
and I <>.
reiijii Tri)
tluce.
UtMiir:
74,157
7,337,133
l.i(.,S03
10,UI3,CU5
7,803
1,507,075;
1,184,015
8,40,S|
l'v31
3,7!I5
fili.N'JSi
1,202
2,833
2,425,812
3,080
IMItin.
'.IS i, 1 13
ll,'','S'i
3i:i,s'iii
1 1 ,M(i3,;i,,i
5,14, l,V.
I.1II, Oil,
20,I«JO,!II5
(;i,;!ii
3,5ifi,(ii;i;
lii,2l'^
4,1M!),!I1S
l,l.'.4,i;i
4,5io,i;,'iii
.142,011
7,752,7.11
5,515,SS.1
2,7.1il,1>>7
ie,5.io,:i.iii
5N,3!I4
C5,7lti
'J ,231
90,21)8,22!) 10,731,037 101,02U,2lili Hi.l)25,S90 li;,211,, ''80 113,137,470 19,21 1,870 4,SVl,(i03 21,0.19,473 87,17(1,943
V. A Comparative View of the regiatercd, enrolled, and licensed Tonnage of the United States, from
1815 to 1832 inclusive.
Years.
ItcKistored
TonnaHf.
Enrolled and
liceiiiied
Tonnage.
Total Tonnage.
Years.
Henistcred
Tonnage.
Enrolietl and
I.itenscd
Tonnage.
Total Tonnage.
Tom. 9.')(Aj.
Tont. 95W».
r.iiu. 9.')//n.
Tona. \):,lh$.
Tom. 9r>lln.
Tom. 'MIHi.
1815
854,294 74
513,8.13 4
l,.1(iH,127 78
1824
0(ill,972 00
719,I!I0 87
1,389,163 2
ISIG
80(),7.'i9 fi3
571,4.« 85
1,372,218 .53
1825
700,787 8
722,323 69
1,123,111 77
1817
809,721 70
590,186 66
1,. 199,911 41
1826
737,978 15
7116,212 (i»
I,.'l3+,1U1I S.T
1818
606,(188 64
609,095 51
1,225,184 20
1827
717,170 44
873,137 34
1.620,607 78
1819
612,9.10 44
647,821 17
1,^60,751 61
1828
812,619 37
928,772 .',0
1,7 11, .191 87
1.S20
619,017 .M
661,118 66
1,280,166 24
1829
0.50,142 88
1.10,654 88
1.2(10,977 81*
1821
619,096 40
679.062 .'50
1,298,958 70
18.10
576.475 33
015,301 10
1,191,770 43
1822
628,l.'iO 41
096,548 71
l,.12l,699 17
1831
1S23
639,920 76
69(i,6l4 37
l„1.1ii,.'.(15 68
1832
020,451 92
fi47,.194 .32
1,207,840 29
Prices at Netv York.— The following atatcinenta of
of exportation at New York, arc taken from the Sew
D/«. dt, HI*, ctt* ,
Cotton — Imjinrt dutut ^ cents per lb*
New Orleinis, |ierlb> • • -
Alalmma, do. . . -
Upland} do.
Tennis-see, do. -
Cotton ba^iftnK -^ Import duty, .3^ cents, pe
j^Iemp, per yard - - -
Flax, do. - , - -
American, do.
Flour and meal —
New York, superfine, per barrel
Troy, do. - - -
WestiTn Tanal, do. • - •
Philadelphia, do.
lialttmure, Howd Street, do.
Hichmond Country mills, do.
(ieornetown, do. - - -
Alexandria, do, - - .
Frederic ksburuh, do.
Petersburch, tlo. - - •
Seratcheaand fine, do.
MiddtinKs, fine, do.
Rve flour, do. - • • -
Indian meal, do. - - -
i»er hofphead
Furs — Import rfu^i^, — dressed, 12iperceri
dressed, free.
Beaver, parchment, per lb.
North, do.
South, do. - - -
West, do.
Otter, per skin
Kaccoon, S. \V., do. - - ■
Detroit, &c-, do.
Musk rat, S, and N.,do.
Martin, Canada, do.
N. W.,(lo. -
lied fox, do. - -
Minx, S. and N., do. - . -
Nutria skins, do. - -
Hare skins, Russia, do.
Grain —
Wheat, Virginia, per bushel
North Carolina, do.
Kye, Northern, do.
Corn, yellow. Northern, do.
white, Lone Island and Jersey,do.
Southern, do.
Barlev, North Kiver. do.
Oats, Southern and Northern, do.
12 to
13.^
12 .
13
10 .
12
10.\ -
11
Kounre yard.
20 to
21
17 -
18
20 •
U
,5
25 -
5
.17*
,5
37JI-
5
50
ft
50 -
5
75
-
ft
.'.()
.5
02J -
5
75
-
ft
.50
n
-
ft
75
5
.17^-
5
50
.•>
85 .
5
37Ji
6
37.i -
5
SO
.1
-
()
4
75 .
3
62.i -
3
75
a
50 -
3
62.V
5
-
. ad valortm ,
un-
n
75 to
6
4
-
4
75
-
3
(1
.1
25 -
5
,50
.'?
50 -
7
()
12 -
20
n
30 ■
5I»
15 -
23
I)
85 -
1
1
12\-
1
SO
90 -
1
()
25 -
50
,0 -
!i!0 -
2.5
1
5 .
1
10
-
(»
67 •
70
65 -
70
65 -
70
58 -
63
-
(1
36 to
42
the wholesale prices of some of the
York Price Current for the 15th of
Iteans, per tierce of 7 bushels
Peas, wiiitc, dry, do.
LunibtT — Yard atUing jiricet.
Boards, North River, per niille feet
Eastern pine, do.
Albany do., per jiiere -
Plank, Georgian do., pt r millu fleet
HeadinKi \\ . O., per niilto
Staves, \V. O., iiipe, do.
nd^shead, do. ■
barrel, do.
R. O., hogshead, do.
Hoops, do.
Scantlin^% pine, do. - . -
oak, do.
Timber, oak, per square foot
(ieor^an yellow pine, do.
Shingles, Cypress, per mille
Naval stores —
Tar, Iter barrel . . -
Pitch, do. - • . -
Rosin, do. - - .
Turpentine, WilminRton. soft, do.
North Co., do. do.
Spirits of turpentine, per gallon
Oils— Import dutt/, — Linseed* 25 cents ;
cents per gallon ; Salad, 15 j>er cent,
free.
Florence, 50 flasks, per box
French, VZ lH>ttIes, )>er basket
Olive, per Kallon . > .
Palm, per lb. •■ . . -
Linseetl, American, per gallon
English and Dutch, do.
Whale, do. •
Sperm, summer, do. - • -
winter, do. - ■
Liver, Straits, per barrel
Shore and hank, do. -
Tobacco— Impitrt dut,y, I*af, 15 per cent.
Richmond and Petersburgh, per lb. -
North (Carolina, do.
Kentucky, do. - - .
Cuba (in parcels}, do.
St. l>ominpo, do. - - -
Manufactured, No. 1., do.
No. 2., do.
No. 3., do.
Ladies' twist, do.
Cavendish, do. - - -
principal articles
January,
1834.
Dll
di.
Dl:
cU.
9
.
11
7
•
8
Ifi
.
17
n
17
-
18
17 -
IK
25
.
3ft
■
.M
n
68
.
-
45
3(i
.
40
27
.
28
(1
25
.
.10
15
.
16
20
.
25
20 .
2.*
28 .
.10
4
.
10
1
62)i .
1
7ft
-
1
7ft
1
311, .
2
-
3
(i2.\
-
3
V5
S3 -
5A
Olive, in casks
. 20
ad vatitrem
; Palm,
to
a
3
25 -
4
1
4 -
6 -
1
%
92 -
94 -
25 -
2fi
88 .
90
I
6 -
1
12Jk
-
14
n'
12
-
13
ad valorem.
5 to
f^
-
rt
6 .
H\
8 •
10
9 -
(1
1ft
11 -
13
8 ■
9
7 -
H
1ft -
IK
12 -
37
• The decrease of shipping in 1829 is apparent only. From 1790 down to that year, the returns were
made up trom the registries, without making any allowance for the vessels worn out, lost, sold, or captured I
This glaring defect was, if noticed at all, not obviated till 1829. No dependence can, therefore, be pl.tced
on any previous statement as to the amount of American tonnage. We hope that measures have been
tflkeii to prevent the future publication of any such scandalously inaccurate otticial accounts.
f ]i
Hi
;^1-
r 'i
■ h i
ifi i
/irH J
m- I
m
iiii'
^.: i
f.iG
NEW YOUK.
I
5 i>)S 8 •-loSi-
8 22 S Hn
9 »
2bS2
H
3 'C*lu6«f to
(5 -"-
l«VXtC<MI^
. r rt « -f 7* >'* >; l*! '" * 7) ''' "* ^- • - <* 5 I • ■/: '' *" "^ '^ 5^ •• '1 r jl — K5 .0 »«
■ ^tnuijc J> r ^i-.(£^
r.T^^tc J*ioi»
^•S
i::33S?
»OI- VI--
rt rt iH X r
^ .y. ^ a? -x © t- . 1^ -* . tc ff) -i< . . — , . 1^ 'Q I*! « .»*■-• t .2*
I rioi CO «« V •-< i-i
lo I- "*■ »o **" a
fW M'O ^t W V ITS X) !J* O O
p4 04i^r-<74<-f
^00 ^^ IN V OiOi-t«
I". 'f OO »-i 30 li'
o
S'tfit-OH-ta
X I*: I - o rt
^H-rtiNl^X
SI"*
:.S
«n «» wx^
5 (Nt» ■<*'•-" 04
§6 §S
■Ml,
SO)
eg*
£x5lss
(5/5
S? a."
' E -I
.■So g..; a.
as
illilllllll
'^ t: d
9 5 S
o o S
as .2
J< u B S S tot^
fe c 5 Is 8,!f3
NEW YOUK.
847
»
848
NEW YOIIK.
f!^
^i
I <!
Ntn York Oinith, 1A53. — 111 ntltlltinn tu (he Itiformntlon
laid liefiirv lhi> reiulvr at p;i^4> •iHi.t wv liitvi' now tt> stuUs tluit
the total aiiKiiiiit of tolh i-olh'ritil on all ItiL' rnimN of the
Stale, for Ih.' juar vit<t!iiK theSOlh uf Sqilfiiiber, IMS, waa us
folluwN, vl/. —
Krlo anil f;hnni lain llaiialn
IKwi-u" tlanal
Ca^ii^a and .Seiiucu (^l^al.1
■-!(i,'i.'i() ■i^
ii.rs.i ,v.i
D. l,3H,'>,!)5i U
1,13.'>,1C1 33
The ilehl utanrtlntf BKalnit the Stale, on tho 30lh of Sep.
leinber, IH33, fur the several caiiaU, was u^ fultuwH, to wit ; —
Tlie rxpenw* of rolli-rtion are ilcducttHi
fVnjn tlie tolU rereivrd hy tliu culkx*
turti, wliicli Bdd> ti-.iy
'J'ntal amount of tolLi -
The nett n'Tonuc of lh« Krii- and rjiniii-
plaii) Canal fund, after jiajjii^ All t-t-
1>ensu!i, atnouiits to -
Krie and Chnmplaln Canal delit
ttswe^odo.
Cayuua and Seneca do.
Cheniutiu do.
(!rookcd Ijake
Clieiuuigo du.
do.
Total
IMIi. cit.
ri,r>Ti,iiM VII
r.!7,.TI7
V.17,(KKI (I
.-^III.IHHI II
l'.!(l,(HMI II
.Ml.limi
D. (;,(i73,i)0ii m
V L ■ '^ ':"'^"'"- - "> » "■'l-,e<l law of the Stah, „f x,.„
tl, . ^t.ite, and proLMnl for .Hm.,,aj„,>.ni, are all,„re, , "
lllllH drawn on Ihu Stair, of .\laini., .New liann„lnn. 0,.;
mom, JVIaHsarlni»,.tts, Itl.o.le Mnnll. (\,nii.' |, i v
. .•rH..v IV„n,vlvm,in, Ohio. Delaware, Maryland, Vlr«i„i:i,V:J
di'.rrii I nl t oloirdda, .^ per (-I'lit. ^ .ii-ii ih-
.North l-,irolnia, Sonth i;,irolina, iieorirla, Kentucky „r
1 einn-ssef, .^ per r«'nt. ^ 'iui«\, or
.\ nj other St.jte or territory of the United St,ate«, or any otiiir
plaie on or adjaient to this eumimiit, and ilorti ,,('
W.St ln(lie«, or elsewhere on the We»U!rn Atlantic lid' Mr
anj p,>rl or place In Kuroiie, II) i«!r<ent. "'lan, or
.Sue h <larna«i'H shall Iw In |i,.u „f interwt, charei-i of protect
|"."| all "tlicr i:hai((e» incurred previ.ins to an.l at tin' li"
cnunl ol Ihel'inttHl Stale , the amount due therion iiii.l ,,f ,1?,',
ilainaues herein allowed l..r tlie non-p.ijment theriKif, ,l,all I'o
asceiLiineil anddeleriiiined »lihout anv rel'erenie t<i the ni,.
ol exchange existinu hetween this Stale iind the iil u |. nn which
such hill shall h.ive hmi drawTi, at the time of the ilemiuid of
pavnu-nt or of notice of non.paynumt Sect. Vli.
If the contents of such h'll he ex|iress«l in the money of ac.
count or currincy of any foreinn country, then the amount
due, exclusive of the ilamwes payahle therwif, shall lie asc er.
lained anil delennined liy tlie r.ite of exihanKC or the value of
such foreien currency, at the time of the demand of unyme
— Sci-t. '^1.
Tauipf oir THE Unitf.i) St,\tks. — Notwitlistiiniliiifr tlic iinprccodcntwl progress of tlie
rnituti States in woaltli and jiopiilation, their roreigii trade was nearly stationary for flio
10 years ending witli ISliO! And yet, considering I lie spirit of eoiinnercial enterprise
hy whieli the people, particularly in the New Hngland f^tates and New York, are anim-
ated, and their .skill in navigation, it might have heen fairly presuined that the growth
of their foreign trade would, at least, have kept jiace with the develoinnent of tiie inter-
nal resources of the country. That it did not do so, is wholly owing to the policy of
government. Not satisfied with the extraordinary advances their constituents had made
in mimhers and wealth, Congress seems to have believed that their career might he acce-
lerated by means of Custom-house regulations! — by giving an artilicial direction to a
portion of the public cajiital and industry, and turning it into channels into which it
would not naturally flow !
No one who has the slightest .acquaintance with the condition of America — who
knows that she is possessed of boundless tracts of fertile and unapprojiriated land — that
lier population is comparatively thin, and wages higli — can doubt for a moment that
agriculture must, for a long series of years, be the most profltable .species of i inployment
in wliicli her citizens can engage. There can be no tpiestion, indeed, that such brandies
of manufacture as are naturally ada])ted to her peculiar situation, will gradually grow
U]i and flourish in America, without any artificial encouragement, according as her
p(>|iulation become.^ denser, and as the advantage which now exists on the side of agri-
culture becomes less decided. Hut to force, by means of duties and prohibitions, the
premature growth of manufactures, is pl:iinly to force a portion of the industry and
capital of the country into businesses in which it will be least jiroductive.
Such, however, has been, for a lengthened period, the policy of the American legisla-
ture. The exjiloded sophisms of the mercantile system, thougii renounced by every
statesman in Europe, acquired a noxious influence in congres.s, and were put forth with
as much confidence, as if their stmndness neither had been, nor could be, (jiiestioiied !
From 1816 down to 18:52, the object of the American legislature was to bolster up a
manufacturing interest, by imposing oppressive duties on most manufactured articles im-
ported from abroad. Now, it is obvious, even had the articles produced in America
through the agency of this plan been m cheap as those they superseded, that nothing
would have been gained by it ; for, to whatever extent the iin])ortation of foreign articles
may be diminished, there must be a corresponding diminution in the exportation of
native American products; so that the only result would have been the raising up of
one species of industry at the expense of some other species, entitled to an etjuality of
protection. But the " American system" was not so innocuous. Instcfid of the goods
manufactured in the States being as cheap as similar ones manufactured in Europe, they
were admitted to be, at an avei-age, from ;K) to 100 i)er cent, dearer ! The extent of
the pecuniary sacrilice that was thus imposed on the Union has been variously estimated
by American writers; but we have been assured by those who have the best nie;:Ms of
knowing, that it may be moderately estimated at from 50,0(X),000 to 60,000,000 dollars,
or from al)out 1 1 ,000,(XX)/. to 1 3,000,'.X)0A ! And this immen.se burden — a burden nearly
three times as great as the wliole public expenditure of the republic — was incurred for
no purpose of public utility, and was productive of nothing but mischief. The whole
elFect of the scheme was to divert a certain amount of the national capital from the pro-
duction of cotton, wheat, rice, tobacco, &c., the equivalents sent to foreigners in payment
of manufactured goods, to the direct [irodiiction of these goods themselves ! And as tliB
NEW YORK.
HID
r»h* of New
■K«<ti 'tut in
wed, vi/. —
[i^lilrt', V'tT-
linil, Suit
V'irKinia. itr
I'litucks, or
iiT anv iitluT
(irth lit' till'
isiniis in t)>i>
Ic ( l( fall, tir
;es nf jtrotesf,
I till' I III r
mil lull sll III
<'^t u|iiin the
1 in Mill) tiill,
lirli Holii-t' I'f
il iinviiii'iit of
Si'ii. 111.
mimi?y of ar-
iin ivnd iif tlio
^rciiV, -.liall liu
■(• 111 till' r.iti?
Viri' on wliii-h
lui (U>in;ui(l ut'
I.
.• niiiney nf .'ir-
u the iiniiiunt
shall lie asrer-^
iir the value of
III of jiayinent.
i-ess of the
iry tor tlio
enterprise
iireaiiiin-
he ti;rowth
" tlie iittLT-
; policy of
s li:i(l made
lit be acee-
eclion to :i
to which it
rica — who
laml — that
onient that
iiiploynient
di hraiiehes
ally grow
mg as her
ide oi' agri-
)itioiis, the
dustry and
ican legisla-
;d by every
t forth with
(juestioned !
holster up a
articles iin-
in Amerii'ii
Bhat nolliiiij;
reiji^n ariieles
iportation of
aisin}? up "f
equality of
of the goods
Europe, they
le extent of
ily estimated
)ust mei.iis of
i,a)0 dollars,
lurden nearly
incurred for
The whole
rem the pro-
in payment
And as the
latter species of industry is nowise suitalde for Aniericu, a tax of 1:I,0(X),(K)0/. a year wa»
iinjiosed on tlie Union, that tlie inanufiieturers might be ena!)le(l to continue a losinj;
business. We have it to others to determine whetiier tin ahstinlily of the system, or its
costliness, be its more prominent feature. That its intliieiice was not more injurious, is
solely owing to i.;( smuggling it occasioned. With a frontier like that of America, and
«itli a half or more of the ijopuhilion hostile to the tarill", it would have i)eeii worse tliaii
absurd to suppose that it could be carried into full ellect. Dut it had enough of inllii-
ence to render it in the last degree prejudicial — to occasion a great rise in the price of
many important articles — to cripiile the trade and navigation of the country — and to
;!irow a considerable part of it into the hands of foreigners, who carried it on in deliance
of the law.
It is difHcult, however, to say liow long this perverse system miglit have been main-
tained, but for its political ellects. It was j)! inciiially p.itroiiised by the Northern .States.
We believe, indeed, that it is <|iiite impossible to show that they either did or could de-
live any l)ene(it from it ; but, at all events, it is (juite certain that it was liigiily injurions
to the Southern States. Their staple |)ro(iucts are cotton, tol)acco, and rice, of which by
f;ir the largest jjortion is exported to foreign countries; and the planters speedily lound
tliat every restriction on importation from abroad occasioned a corresponding difliculty of
exportation. This led to a disunion of intercts, and to strong remonstrances against the
tariir by the Soutliern States. 'I'hese, however, were disreg.-irded. Provoked by this
treatment. South Carolina took the decisive step of refusing to I'liforce the customs acts;
mid tlireatened if coercion were attempted, to rejjcl force by force, and to recede from
tlie Inion ! This was a death-blow to the fr.riH'. Congress now saw, what all sensible
men had seen long l)efore, that it was necessary to recede ; that, in fact, either the tarill*
must be modilied, or the integrity of the Cnion be brought into jeo[);irdy. A law
was accordingly jiassed on the Mlh of July, I.SIJ'J, which directed a considerable deduc-
tion 10 l)e made from the duties on various articles after the .".d of March, 183.T; and
a subse(|uent act, conuuonly called " I\Ir. Clay's New TariU" IJill," was passed oti tlie '_'d
of March, 1 SlJfi, providing for the future gradual reduction of the duties. These judi-
cious acts restored tran(]uillity ; and, thei'C can be no doubt, will be, in every point of
view, highly beneficial to the reinihlic.
Wo sutijoiii tlic .let of the '.".'il of March, 18.;3, and the explanatory letter of Mr. M'Laiie, .Sccrct.iry to
the Treasury.
Mr. Clay's Nf.w Tarikk Hu.i,,
To iiimlif!/ the Act of the Wth of July, 1H:J'J, ami all other Acts iiiiposinp Duties on T»i;'orts.
r,c it on.'U'fcd by the .Senate and House of Ueprcscntatives oftheUiiiled .Statesof America, in congress
nssonihltd, that, from and alter tlu' .Jlst of Deciiiiber, lUii.;, in all casts where (hilies are ini|i()si'd on
(■<ii('if,'n imports liy the act of July 14. lK,i-2, entitled " An Art to alter and nnieiid the several Aet.s im-
piisini,' Duties on Imports," or liy any other act, shall exceed •ii) per cent, on the value thereof, one tenth
|i;irt of such excels shall be deducled; from and alter the 'Jlst of Uecemhcr, IHi.O, aiiotl.er tenth part
thereof shall be detliu'ted ; from and after the .'ilst <if December, lH,i7, another tenth part thereof .-■hall bu
(U'llui'ted ; from and alter the .'Jlst ot Deeemlier, IH.'JO, another tenth part thereof shall lie <ledu('ted ; and
Irniii and after the .'ilst of December, IHH, one half of the resiilue of such exeebs shall be deducted; and
fiom and alter the .'idth of June, IH W, the other half thereof ^hall be deducted.
Set't. II. — And be it further enacted, that so much of the second seitioii of the act of the Mth of July
afiiresaid, as fixes the rate of duty ou all milled and fulled cloth, known by the name of plains, kerseys,
or Kemlal cottons, of which wool is the only material, the valut! v, hereof does not exceed .'.."i cents a square
vard, at 5 jier cent, ad valorem, shall be aiid the same is hereby rejic aled. And the said articles shall he
.stiliject to the same duty of M per cent, as is provided hy the .said iJd section for other manufactiirea of
wool, which dutv shall be liable to the siime reductions as are pre.scrilied by the Ut section of this act.
Sect. MI. — And bo it further enacted, that until the ,'il)tli of .Seiittnnber, IHl'i, the duties imposed by ex-
istiiiK laws, as modilied by Ihi.s act, shall remain and continue to be collecled. And from and alter (he day
last aforesaid, all duties on iii'ports shall lie collected in ready money, and all credits now allowed l)y law,
til the payment of diil'.es, shall he and are hereby abolished, and such duties shall be laid for the purpose
of raising such revenues as may be neccssaty to an economical administration of the govcrninciit ; and
frmii and after the day last aforoaid, the duties retjuired to be paid by law on (-oods, wares, and merchan-
dise, shall be assessed u;ion the value thereof at the poit where the same sliall be entered, under such
remilations as may be prescribetl by l.iw.
.Sect. IV. — And lie it further enacleil, that, in atldilion to the articles now exempted by the .act of the
Mill of July, iH.'ri, and the existiiiK hu'.'s, from the payment nf duties, the following articles imported from
and after the ,'Ust of December, IK :.;, ind until the .'iOth of June, 1S4'2, shall also be admitted to entry free
from duty ; to wit, ble.ichcd and inible.iched linens, table linens, linen napkins, and linen t;ambrics, and
worsted stutF goods, shawls, and olhir manufactures of silk and worsted, manufactures of silk, or of which
silk shall he the component material of chief value, coming from this side of the Cape of Good Hope, ex-
cept Ecwing silk.
Sect, v. — And be it further eii.icttxl, that fr(.,.i and after the said SOtli of June, ISlC, the folloving
aitii'lcs shall be admi'.ted to entry free from duty ; to wit, indigo, quicki-ilver, sulphur, crude saltpetre,
grindstones, refined borax, emery, (.i>iiini, tin in plates or sheets, gum Arabic, gum Senegal, lacdye, m.id-
dcr, madder root, nuts <ind berries used in dyeing, saffron, turmeric, woati or pastel, .iloes, ambergris,
liurgimdy pitch, cochineal, camomile flowers, coriander seed, catsup, chalk, cocculus Indicii.ii, horn plates
for lanterns, ox horns, other horns and tips, India rublier, uiimaiiufacturcd ivory, juniper berries, musk,
nuts of Jill kinds, oil of juniper, uiimanufactuved rattans and reeds, tortoise>liell, tin foil, shellac, all vege-
faliles used principally in dyiVmgaiid composing dyes, weld, and all articles employed chiefly for dyeing,
except .ilum, copperas, bichromate of potash, prussiate of iiota di, clir>>i>iate of pot.ish, and nitr.ite of Iciiri,
iiqual'ortis and tartaric acid. And all iuiports on which the 1st section of this act may operate, and all
articles now admitted to entry, free from duty or paying a less rate of duty than '20 per cent, ad valorem
heforc the said 3()th of June, 1841', from and after that day may he admitted to entry, subject to such duty,
not exceeding 20 (icr cent, ad vnlureni, as sli.dl be provided for by law.
. Sect. VI. — And lie it further enacted, th.it so much of the act of July 14. 1R,'W, or of any other act, at
'J" Inconsistent with tills .net, shall be and the .sime ir, hercbv reiiealcd : providc<l that nothing herein
r; I
^:'
H'i \
: K
i 'i
'■ A
M
a: I
' 1
Ai
i)i >
i' i
850
NEW YORK.
contained Bhalt be so construed as to prevent the passage, prlur or subsequent to the said SOtli of June
iSii, of any act or acts from time o time, that may be necessary to detect, prevent, or punish evasion of
the duties on imports imposed by law j nor to prevent tlic passanc of any act prior to the 3()th of .lune
1842, in contingency either of excess or deficiency of revenue, altering the rate of duties on artirlcs which'
by the aforesaid act of the 14th of July, 1832, are subject to a less rate of duty than 20 per cent, aiivalmrn'
in such manner as not to exceed that rate, and so as to adjust tlie revenue to either of the said contin-
gencies.
Cirailar to Officers /the Customs.
'iYeasury Department, April 20. 183,9.
The 7th section of the act of the 14th of July, 1832, entitled " An Act to alter and amend the several
Acts imposing the Duties on Imports," provides, that in all cases where the duty which now is or here-
after may be imposed on any goods, wares, or merchandise imported into the United States, shall, by law
be regulated, or be directed to be estimated or levied upon the value of the square yard, or any other
quantity or parcel thereof, and in all cases where there is or shall be imposed any art valorem rateof (luly
on any goods, wares, or merchandise imported into the United States, it shall bethedutyof thecollei'tor
within whose district the same shall be imported or entered, to cause the actual value thereof, at the
time purchased, and place from which the same shall have been imported into the United States, to he
appraised, estimated, and ascertained, and the number of such yards, parcels, or quantities, and such
actual value of every of them as the case may require ; and it shall, in every case, be the duty of the ai>-
{)raisers of the United States, and every of them, and every other person who shall act as such appraiser
)y all the reasonable ways or means in his or their power, to ascertain, estimate, and appraise the true
and actual value, any invoice or attidavit thereto to the contrary notwithstanding, of the said goods,
wares, and merchandise, at the time purchased, and pl.ice from whence the same shall have been im.
ported into the United States, and the number of such yards, parcels, or quantities, and such actual value
of every of them as the case may require, &c. &c.
The yth section of the same act provides, " that it shall be the duty of the secretary of the treasury,
under the direction of the President of the United States, from time to time to establish such rules aiid
regulations, not inconsistent with the laws of the Unit:'d States, as the President of the United States
shall think proper, to secure a just, faithful, and inqiartial appraisal of all gootls, wares, and merchandise
as aforesaid, imported into the United States, and just and proper entries of such actual value thereof,
and of the square yards, parcels, or other quantities, as the case may require, and of such actual value of
every of them j and it shall be the duty of the secretary of the treasury to report all such rules and regu-
lations, with the reasons therefor, to the next session of Congress."
The ht section of the act of the -id of March, 183.3, entitled " An Act to modify the Act of the 14th
of Jidy, 1832, and all other Acts impiwing Duties on Imports," declares, " that from and after the 31st of
December, \H33, in all cases where duties are imposed on foreign imports by the act of the 14th of July,
1832, entitled • An Act to alter and amend the several Acts imposing Duties on Imports,' or by any other
act, shall exceeil 20 per cent, on the value thereof, one tenth part of such excess shall be deducted," ixc.
It is believed that by this provision, and as necessary to the execution of the law, all duties imposed by
any act of Congress upon foreign imports are substantially regulated by, and are directed to be estimated
and levied upon, the value of the square yard, where that is the Ibrm, and upon some other quantity or
parcel in cases where the duty is not Imposed by the square yard ; and that consequently the authority
conferred by the 9th section aforesaid must necessarily be exercised, for the more etlectual execution of
the said act of the 2d of March, 1833.
The following rules and regulations are therefore established, under the direction of the President of
the United States, for the purpose of seciring a just, faithful, and impartial anpraisal of all goods, wares,
and merchandise imported into the United States from and alter the 31st of December next, and for the
just and proper entries of the actual value thereof, and of the square yard, parcels or other quantities, as
the case may require.
In all cases of ad va/orcm duties under the act of the 14th of July, 1832, or any other act, the regulations
at present authorised by law, lor ascertaining the actual value, will remain unaltered. With respect to
those articles liable to a specific duty, or other duty than that of act valorem, the actu.il value thereof at
the time purchased, and place from which the Siime shall have been imported into the United States or in
the country wherein the same may have been originally manufactured, or protluced, as the case may be,
will be appraised, estimated, and ascertained, and the number of yards, or square yard.*, tons, pounds, gal-
lons, bushels, or other parcels or quantities, and such actual viilue of .iny of them as the case may require,
and just and proper entries thereof be made, in the same manner and according to the same regulations,
as are required by the said act of the 14tli of July, 1832, and other acts now in force in regard to articles
paying ad valorem duty ; and in all such cases the same veiilicatinn of invoices and other proofs will be
required and pro<luced as are at present authorised in respect to iirticles liable by previous acts to an ad
valorem duty. The value of all such articles being thus ascertained, the proportion which the duly now
paid by such articles bears to the said value will be calculated, and from the excess thereof beyond -JO per
cent, there will be detlucted, from and after the 31st of December next, 10 per cent. ; that is to'say, where
such proportion shall be equal to 50 per cent, there shall he deducted 10 per cent, upon 30 per cent.; or 3
dollars; and from and after the 31st of December, 18,35, the like deduction shall be made from the same
excess, or 10 per cent, upon 30 per cent., being 3 dollars more ; and in the same manner, at the several
periods specified in the said act of the 2d of March, 1833, until the 31st of December, 1841 ; from and after
which, one half of the residue of such excess will be deductc<), and the other half thereof from and after
the30thof June, 1842.
From the proportion of the duty thus ascertained upon the wines of France, in addition to the said 10
per cent., there will also be deducted such further per cent, as will be necessary to preserve the discrimi-
nation in favour of such wines, stipulated in the convention between the United States and his Majesty
the King of the French, concluded at Paris on the 4th of July, 1831, and authorised by law.
It may be proper to observe, that all manufactures of cotton, or of which cotton shall be a component
part, will be appraised, estimated, and ascertanied, and the number of yards, square yards, or otherwise,
parcel or quantities, and of such actual value thereof as the case may require, will be ascertained, and just
and proper entries thereof made, according to the foregoing regulations.
It is believed that the value of foreign imports referred to in the act of the 2d of March, 1833, is not the
assumed value on which the duty upon all manufactures of cotton, or of which cotton shall be a component
part, is directed to be estimated under the act of the 14th of July, 1832 ; viz. of l/iirti/ cents, if not dyed,
coloured, painted, or stained, though valued at less than 3(/ cents ; and of thirty-five cents, if dyed, coloured,
painted, or stained, though valued at less than 35 cents the square yard, '^his valut.- is merely artiticial,
and assumed by previous laws as a means of augmenting the ad valorem rate of duty, imposed for the pur-
pose of protection, upon such articles ; and the amount of the duty, although ascertained by the adoption
of the minimum pnnciple, is the proportion which the sum collected by the government be.-irs to the
actual value of the article; and, therefore, aquantity of such cottons, costing in fact 80 dollars, but value<I
for the purpose of the act of the 14th of July, 1832, at 240 dollars, really pays a duty of 75 per cent, upon
the true value thereof.
The act of the 2d. of March, 1833, however, proceeds upon a different principle, and aims at a different
purpose. It obviously intends to make an equal deduction from the duty on all foreign imports, and ulti-
mately to reduce it to a rate not exceeding 20 ))er cent, upon the real, and not an assumed, value of the
articles. imported, This last purpose is explicitly stated in the last clause of the 5th section, which pro-
NICARAGUA WuOD.
851
viiles " that all imports on which the 1st section of this act may operate, and all articles now admitted to
entry free of duty, or paying a loss rate of duty than 20 per cent, ad valorem, before the said SOfh of June,
1842, Irom and after that day may be iidmittid to entry, subject to such duty, not exceeding £0 per cent
ad valorem, as shall be provided for by law." And the Ist section, which has been already referred to,
expressly provides for the deduction, after theSUth of June, 1842, of all excess of foreign imports above
20 per cent, on the value thereof, which shall have been imposed by previous laws, and to which they may
then be subject.
The object of thus establishing a general ad valorem duty on foreign imports, and of equalising the rate,
can only be attained by calculating the duty on the real instead of the assumed value. This purpose ig
more particularly manifest from the last clause of the 3d section, which provides, that firom and after the
aoth of June, 184i.', " the duties required to be paid by law on goods, wares, and merchandise, shall be as-
sessed upon the value thereof at the port where the same shiill be entered, under such regulations as may
be prescribed by law." Each of these clauses relates to the actual value of the foreign import, and they
differ only in estimating that value ; previously to the aoth of June, 1H42, the value in the foreign port
being taken, and after that time, the value at the port of entry. The object of neither can be accomplished
at any period, by adhering either to the nominal value assumed by previous acts, or to the rate of ad valorem
founded upon such assumption.
In all importations of manufactures of cotton, therefore, or of which cotton shall be a component part,
after the 31st of December, 1832, the value thereof will bo ascertained in the manner aforesaid ; and from
the amount which the rate of duty under the act of the 14th of July, 1832, or any other act, shall exceed
20 per cent, on such value, the deduction required by the act of the 2d of March, 1833, will be made ac-
cording to the foregoing ruUs.
Though these rules and regulations will not go into eflTect until the 1st of January next, they have been
thus early adopted and made public, for the purpose of giving timely notice to the manufacturers and
merchants, and all others concerned ; and especially as to the verification, by the consuls abroad of the
invoices of importations tu be made after that time.
Lens M'Lane, Secretary of the Treasury.
The following Table exhibits the progressive reductions that will take place in the duties on some of the
principal articles imported into the United States, under Mr. Clay's Bill.
1842.
ArUcles.
Per Cent.
ad
Valorem.
18.1.3.
Dec. 31.
l-IOth
per Cent.
18.15.
Dec. 31.
1-lOth
per Cent.
18.17.
Dec. 31.
1-loth
per Cent.
18,19.
Dec. 31.
1-lOlh
per Cent.
1841.
Dec. 31.
Half of
Excess
per Cent.
June 3U.
Remdr.
of Excess
per Cent.
ad
Valorem.
Wool mnnufiictiire<i, the value at the place of ex-
portation less than S cents |ter lb.
free
free
free
free
free
free
20
W ool, exceeding 8 cent.s per lb. at the pliice of ex-
portation, 4 cents per lb. specific, ant! 4U per
cent., enual to aver.ige
Woollen cloths, milled, fulle<l ; known by the name
51
50-RO
47-20
43-80
40-40
30-20
20
of plains, kerseys, or Kend.il cottons, of which
wool is the onl/material, the value exceeding; ^'t
cints a square yard, .') per cent., raised hy
H. (Uay's liill to - - - -
.lO
47
44
41
38
2!)
20
All other woollen cloths - - -
,')()
47
44
41
3S
2U
20
Flannels, Hocking, baizes, Ifi cents the square yard.
e<iua' to average - - - ' -
50
47
44
41
38
29
SO
Cottons, white, costing under .10 cents a square
yard, valued at 30 cent.s, and pay 'li per cent..
equal to avemce . . - . .
42i
40'25
38
35.75
33-50
2C-75
20
Cottons, colourtd, valued at ^.'> cents a square yard,
p.iy 2') per cent., equal to average
421
40-2.5
38
.15-75
.13-.50
2fi-75
20
Nailft, 5 cents per lb., tipial to average -
7H
72-20
(;(;-40
fiO-CO
54-80
37 40
20
Spikes, 4 cents per lb., equal to average
'JO
S8-40
8U-80
73-20
(i5-(J0
42-80
20
Brazier's rod, spike rod, sheet, ' -»p, slit, or rolled
iron, 3 cents |ier lb., equal to a.tmge
113
10370
04-40
8510
75-80
47-90
20
Pig iron, .')ll cents per cwt., eoual to
43
40-70
38-40
.1(1-10
.13-SO
26-UO
20
Bar iron, rolled, 1 dol. ')0 cents per cwt., equal to
B.'>
87-.5I)
80
72-.50
C5
42-50
20
hammered, DO cents per cwt., etjual to
3.->
31-70
.10-40
29-10
27-08
23-90
20
DrrtH'/jflfA*. — All artU'les subject to duly imported into the
t'nited States* not havinfj been landed more than 3 >eaTSt are
ftlloM-ed a drawback of the duties, on exportation of tlie same
(t'xri'pt foreiRn dried and pickled fish, and other salt pro-
ifisioiis, and chain cabli-s).
Cndits. — When the duty on an article of which wool is not
a component part ttoes not exceed 2(10 dollars, it must be jiaid
in cash without discount ; when it exceeds iiOi( dollars, a cretlit
of .1 montlw is allowed for the A, and of fi months for ihe oilier
i, retkonin^ from the date of the vessel's entry. Duties on
woo!, and all manufactures of wool, to be paid in cash without
discount.
Discitunt. — When the duties on any article, except wool and
woollen manufactures, exceed WO dollars, and Ihev are paid
in cash at the time of entry, the importer is entitled to a dis-
count of 4 per cent.
Leakage and lireakafie. — On spirits, 2 per cent. ; ale, beer,
and porter, in bottles, 10 per cent. ; all other liquors, in bot-
tles, 5 per cent.
Rettrictmts No goods to he imported in vessels less than
30 tons burden. No beer, ale, anti porter, in casks of less
rapacity titan 40 gallons, beer measure ; or, if in bottles, in
packages less than 6 dozen. No distilled spirits in casks ot less
capacity than 90 gallons, wine measure, except brandy, which
may be imported in casks of any capacity, not less than 15
gallons.
Tonnage Dtiti/.— On American vessels, and the vessels of
Denmark, Central America, Netherlands, Hamburgh, Bre-
men, Lubeck, Prussia, Sweden, Norway, Oldenburgh, Russia,
NICARAGUA or PEACH WOOD (Ger. Nicaragaholzy Blutholtz ; Du. Bloed^
haut ; Fr. Bois de sang^ Bois de Nicarague ; It. Legno sanguigno ; Sp. Palo de sangre ;
Port. Pao sanguinho)y a tree of the same genus ( Cfcsalpinia) as the Brazil and sapan
wood; hut the species has not been exactly ascertained. It grows principally in the
vicinity of the lake of Nicaragua, whence its name. It is said by Dr. Bancroft to be
almost ns red and heavy as the true Brazil wood, but it does not commonly afford more
S I 2
Aufttria, Brazil, Hanover, Papal Dominions, Portugal, and
Sardinia, from whatever jrort or place, and on French vessels
coming from Martinique and Guadeloupe, free. On French
vessels trom other ports, and on all other foreign vessels (except
as above enumerated) coming from ports where Americans
are permitted to trade, 1 dollar per ton ; and from ports where
Americans are not permitted to trade, 2 dollars and 60 cents
per ton.
On Spanish vessels, coming direct from Spain, 5 cents pet
ton.
Free Guods.~-The following, among other articles, are ad-
mitted free of duties:— Antimony, almonds, aloes, annotto^
aml>er, ambereris, argols, arrowroot, arsenic, assafoetida. •
Balsams, barilla, bees wax, bleaching powder, brimstone*
borax. — Cantharides ; camphor, crude; capers, chalk, cin-
namon, cloves, cocoa, cochineal, coHee; coi)per, in pigs and
bars, and sheathing; cream of tartar, currants. — Dye woods
of all kinds. —Fruits of all kinds, flax; furs of all kinds, not
dressed. — Ginger, gums of all kinds, gunny bags — Hemp,
Manilla and Sisal, hides, horns, honey.-— .Ipecacuanha, juni-
per berries, ivory, jalap. — Lac dye, liquorice paste. .— Mace,
madder, manna,* marble, munjeet — Nuts of all kinds, nut-
megs, nutgalls.— Oils — of almonds, aniseed, cassia, cinna-
mon, cloves, palm, Junimr, lavender, bersamot, lemons*
roses, opium, olives. — Pepper, Peruvian bark, pimento,
plaster of Paris. — Quicksilver. — Ra^s, rhubarb.— Sarsapa-
rilla, sulphur, shellac. — Teas, froni|China ; tin, in bars, plates*
or sheets; tartar, tortoise-shell.— Verdigris. — Wood; wool>
not costing over 8 cents per lb.
nn'
i iK
I ' I
ii*,
!;•:•
M
I*
!-:^
.
'i
f !
'i:\t
i
li I
852
NICrrEL. — NUTMEG.
than a third part, in quantity, of the colour of the latter ; and even this is rather los?
durable and less beautiful, thou<rh dyed with the same mordants. Nicaragua or peatii
woods differ greatly in their quality as well as price ; one sort being so deficient in colour-
ing matter, that 6 pounds of it will only dye as much wool or cloth as 1 pound of IJrazil
wood ; while another variety of it will produce nearly half the effect of an equal quantity
of Brazil wood, and will sell projwrtionally dear. — (^Bancroft on Coloiin, vol. ii. p. 33'_'. )
The London dealers distinguish Nicaragua wood into '.i sorts, viz. large, middlin;/,
and small; the price of the 1st sort (duty included) being from 14/. to '20/. per ton; of
the 2d, from 8/. to 10/. i)er do.; and of the Sd, from 7/. to 8/. per do. The entries
of Nicaragua wood for home consumjition amounted, in IS.'Jl, to 1,'18,> tons: in 1832,
they amounted to 1,880 tons; an increase that was, no doubt, in part at lesist, occasioned
by the duty having been reduced in 1831 from 15s. to 5s. a ton.
NICKEL, a scarce metal, which occurs always in combination witii other metals,
from which it is exceedingly dilKcuIt to separate it. When pure, it is of a fine white
colour resembling silver. It is rather softer tlian iron : its specific gravity, when cast, is
8*279 ; when hammered, 8-932. It is malleable, and may without dilTicuUy be ham-
mered into plates not exceeding ^J^th part of an inch in thickness. It is attracted by the
magnet ; and is not altered by exposure to the air, nor I)y being kept under water. It
is employed in potteries, and in the manufacture of porcelain. — {7'/tomson's Chemistrif.)
NITRE. Sec Saltpetre.
NOTE, PROMISSORY. See Banking, and Banks.
NUT, OR HAZEL NUT (Ger. ILmlniisse ; Fr. Noisettes, Avdines ; It. Naccimle,
Avelane ; Sp. Avdlanas ; Port. Acdldas ; Lat. Avellanw), the fruit of dillerent species
of Coryli, or hazels. The kernels have a mild, farinaceous, oily taste, agreeable to most
palates. A kind of chocolate has been prepared from them ; and they have son.etimes
been made into bread. The expressed oil of hazel nuts is little inferior to that of almonds.
Besides those raised at home, we import nuts from dilFerent parts of France, I'ortugal,
and Spain, but principally from the latter. The Spanish nuts in the highest estimation,
though sold under the name of Barcelona nuts, are not really shipped at that city, but
at Tarragona, a little more to the south. Blr. Ingliss says that the annual average ex-
port of nuts from Tarragona is from 25,000 to 30,000 bags, of 4 to tlie ton. They cost,
free on board, in autumn, 1830, 17s. 6d. per bag. — (Spain in 1830, vol. ii. p. 362.)
The entries of nuts for home consumption amount to from 100,000 to 125,{X)0 bushels a
year ; the duty of 2s. a bushel producing from 10,000/. to 12,500/. nett.
NUTMEiG (Ger. Musliatenniisse ; Y)u. Muskaiit ; Fr. Muscades, Noix muscades ; It.
Noce muscada ; Sp. Moscada ; Arab. Jowzalteib ; San<i. Jut ip/iuln ; INIalay, liiinh-prda),
the fruit of the genuine nutmeg tree (Myristica Moscliata), a native of the Moluccas, but
which has been transplanted to Sinnatra, Penang, &c. An inferior and long-shaped
nutmeg is common in Borneo; but the fruit nowhere attains to the same perfection as
in the Moluccas. Of the several varieties of the tree, that denominated the Queen Nut-
meg, which bears a small round fruit, is the best. The kernel, or proper nutmeg, is of
a roundish oval form, marked on the outside with many vermicular furrows, within of a
fleshy farinaceous substance, variegated whitish and bay. Nutmegs are frequently
punctured and boiled, in order to obtain the essential oil ; the orifice being afterwards
closed ; but the fraud is easily detected by the lightness of the nutmeg. — ( Thomson's
Dispensatory ; Ainslic's Materia Indica.)
Nutmegs shouW be chosen large, round, heavy, and firm, of a lightish grey colour on the outside, and
the inside beautifully marbled, of a strong fragrant smell, warm aromatic taste, and a fat oily boily. Tlu-y
are very subject to be worm-eaten. Tlie best maimer of packing them is in dry chunani. The oblong
kind, and the smaller ones, should be rejected. l;Jcwt. are allowed to a ton. — {Mi/!)iiin\i Orient. Cum.)
The dried produce of a nutmeg tree consists of nutmeg, mace (which see\ and shell. Supposing the
whole produce to be divided ijito 100 parts, there are Iri^ of inaoe, 33J of shell, and Tj.ii of nutmeg. In
the ancient commerce, and down to the establishment of the Dutch monopoly, nutmegs were always
sold and exported in the shell. The natives, whenever the commerce is left to their management, con-
tinue the practice, which is strongly recommended by Mr. Crawfiird. — {East Indian Arctiipelago, voL iii.
p. 3:K).)
The jealous and miserable policy of the Dutch has reduced the trade in nutmegs to a mere trifle, com-
pared to what it would otherwise have been. They have, in so far at least as it was possible, exerted
themseives to exterminate the nutmeg plants every where except in Bamla. They bribe the native
princes of the surrounding islands to root out the trees ; and annually gend a fleet to sec that the work of
destruction has been eflected, and that the bribes have not been bestowed in vain. To engage in an illicit
trade in spices is death to an inferior person, and t/anis/i.nent to a noble ; and yet, notwithstanding these
tremendous penalties, it is supposed that about 6(),(:00 lbs. of nutmegs, and l;j,0(K) lbs. of mace, arc
clandestinely exported each year! In Handa, the aboriginal inhabitants have been expatriated, and the
island parcelled among settlers from Holland, under the name of park licepers. These persons, who may
be turned out of their farms on the most trifling pretext, have about 2,(M)0 slaves, who cultivate and pre.
pare the nutmegs. The prices paid to the cultivator are all fixed by government j and it deserves to be
mentioned, as aflbrding one of the most striking illustrations of the ruinous effects of monopoly, that the
tixwl price which the government is now obliged to pay for nutmegs is fivr times greater than the price
tit which tlici/ boug/it them when the trade was free! Such ia a rough outline of that monstrous system,
which has reduced what used to be one of the most important brnnches of Kastern commerce so low, that
it is unable to afford employment for the capital of a single wealthy merchant. We cannot conceive how
so cnliglitened ancl liberal a government as that of Holl md should continue to tolerate such scandaloiis
jibuses abuses dcslructivc alike of the riglit.s of those subjecttd to iti autlmrity in the Kast, and the
NUTRIA.— NUX VOMICA.
853
'■U
•other Ic's^
or pcacli
in coloiir-
1 of Urazil
il quantity
i. p. 33L>. )
middliii'i,
LT ton ; of
lie entries
: in 183'J,
occasioned
ler metals,
fine white
lien cast, is
;y he liam-
rted by the
water. It
yiemistri^.y
Naccifiole,
ent species
l)le to most
soiT.etimes
)f ahnonds.
, Portugal,
estimation,
It city, hut
,vcrage ex-
Tliey cost,
ii. p. 362.)
hushcls a
icades ; It.
lunh-pnlit),
)liiccas, hut
jiig-shaped
jrfection as
f.ueen Nut-
tnieg, is of
kvithin of a
frequently
afterwards
Thomson's
outside, and
body. Thoy
'I'he oblong
>n'i'Hf. Com.)
lupposiiig the
iiutmcp. In
were always
gement, coii-
•liigo, voL iii.
e trifle, eom-
ible, exerted
le the native
t the work of
e in an illicit
auding these
)f inace, arc
atcd, and the
ins, who may
vate and pre.
Reserves to he
■mly, that the
an the price
trolls system,
; so low, that
•onceive how
■h seandaloiis
•:ast, and the
commerce and wealth of it« subjects at home. — {Modern Universal History, vol x. p. 467—167. 8to cd ;
and Crauifurd's Eastern Archipelago, vol. iii. p. 3M— 413.)
Mr. Crawfurd estimates the produce of the lianda Inlands at about 600,000 lbs. of nutmegs, and
15(),(M)0 lbs. of mace.
During the period that the English had possession of the Spice islands, nutmeg plants were carried to
Pcnang, Bencoolen, and some of the West hidia islands. In the latter they bave altogether failed, at
least as far as respects any useful purpo.sc; but very good nutmegs, and in considerable quantities, are
now raised at Pcnang and Bencoolen. Mr Crawfurd, however, alleges that the cost of bringing them to
market is there so high, that the restoration of a free culture in the native country of the nutmeg would
instantly destroy this unstable and factitious branch of industry. — (Eastern Archipelago, vol iii. p. 409.)
The duty on nutmegs was reduced, in 1819, from 5s. .'Jrf. to is. Gd. per lb. ; and the quantities entered
for home consumption have since rapidly increased. We subjoin
An Account of the Quantities of Nutmegs retained for Home Consumption in the United Kingdom, in
each Year since 1810, the Nett Amount of Duty received thereon, and the Rates of Duty.
Years.
1810
LSI!
181'.^
1813
1814
181,5
ISlfi
1817
1818
1819
^unntitk'S
retalnefl
for Home
Consump-
tion.
3U,l'i7
50,SfiO
47,186
Nett Amount
of Duty re'
c»!ivwl
thtir(»n.
n.inu 11
11,16'i 14
11,20.5 'I
Rates of Dutj charged
thereon.
Recorc'.j> destroyed.
43,1(;0
.'i 1,(177
(»,717.J
fifi,2.V5J
107,.'j7.5
14,710 8
i(i,2on 11
1 1,8(18 'i
17,8(18 1
17,'J14 S
17,S0."> is
f4«, S((. per lb. «nd
< 2/. I."^*. \d. jier cent, ad
( valorem.
ditto
ditto
i (From IS April) 5». O'.rf-
Iier 11). and 3/. .3*. 4i/.
per cent, ad vnlorein.
(From 10^\pril) 5». bd.
p'.r lb.
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
(From 5.1«ly)2j.6if. per lb
1 Quantities ' . ,. ,
ret lined "*" '>™0"nt
Years, for Home 1 "^ Duly re-
I Consump- ; ceived
tion. thereon.
Uatn of Duty charged
thereon.
1.S20
1821
1822
1823
1821
1825
1S2G
1S27
1S2S
1S2U
18.30
1831
1832
90,77 1 i
!(1,'>8I)J
112,0'.I(>
117,7(i7J
I2'.l,70!i
U9,21IJ
101,117.1
12.),.'i2'.)'
1IO,(102\
ll.-.,27.3i
121,2(iO
l.-|2„3(10
117,105
/.. n. ,1.
11,212 8 y
2«. 6,;. per lb
11,721 2 .5
di'tu
11,(K)0 10 B
ditto
11,723 7 !)
ditto
lfi,17(i 19 7
ditto
12,IOIi 13 2
ditto
12,li23 13 10
ditto
15,707 2 8
ditto
17,511 4
ditto
11,111 (i 2
ditto
15,l,'i8
ditto
19,025
ditto
M,()7S
ditto
NUTRIA, OR NEUTIIIA, the commercial name for the skins of Myopotamus
Ponariensis ( Commerson ), the Coi/nou of Alolina, and the Qiwii/a of D'Azara. In
France, the skins were, and perhaps still are, sold under the name of racoonda ,- but in
England they are imported as mitria skins — deriving their appellation, most prohahly,
from some supposed similarity of the animal which produces them, in appearance and
habits, to the otter, the Spanish name for which is nutria. Indeed, Molina speaks of
the cot/pou as a species of water rat, of the size and colour of the otter.
Nutria fur is largely used in the hat manufacture ; and has become, within the last 15 or 20 years, nn
article of very consider.ible commercial importance. The imports fluctuate considerably. In 182.!, they
amounted to 1,570,103 skins ; but they have not in any other year been much more than half that nuinlur.
Ill 182(), they were only 60,871. In 1831 and 1832, the imports were, at an average, 358,280 skins a year.
Those entered for home consumption pay a duty of IJtf. a skin. They are principally brought from the
Rio de la Plata. Nutria skins arc very extensively used on the Continent. GeoffVoy mentions*, that
ill certain years, a single French furrier (M. Bechem), has received from 15,000 to 20,0t;0 skins. — iSce l"lR
Traoe.)
The coijpou or quoiya is a native of South America, very common in the provinces of Chili, Buenos
Ayres, and Tucuman, but more rare in Paraguay. In size it is less than the beaver, which it resembles
in many points. The head is large and depressed, the ears small and rounded, the neck stout and short,
the muzzle sharper than that of the beaver, and the whiskers very long and stiff. There arc, as in the
beaver, 2 incisor teeth, and 8 molar, above and below — 20 teeth in all. The limbs are short. The fore
feet have each 5 fingers not webbed, the thumb being very small : the hind feet have the same number of
toes ; the great toe and 3 next toes being joined by a web which extends to their ends, and the little too
being free, but edged with a membrane on its inner side. The nails are compressed, long, crooked, and
sharp. The tail, unlike that of the beaver, is long, round, and hairy; but the hairs are not numtrou-s
and permit the scaly texture of the skin in this part to be seen. The back is of a brownish red, whit h
becomes redder on the flanks : the belly is of a dirty red. The edges of the lips and extremity of the
muzzle are white.
Like the beaver, the coypou is furnished with 2 kinds of fur; viz. the long ruddy hair which gives
the tone of colour, and the brownish ash-coloured fur at its base, wh' .., like the down of the beaver, is
of much importance in hat making, and the cause of the animal's commercial value.
The habits of the coyjiou are much Uke those of most of the other aquatic rodent animals. Its prin.
cipal food, in a state of nature, is vegetable. It affects the neighbourhood of water, swims perfectly well,
and burrows in the ground. The female brings forth from 5 to 7 at a time ; and the young always ac-
company her.
The coypou is easilv domesticated, and its manners in captivity are very mild.
*»• We are indebtwl for this account of nutria — the first, we believe, that appeared in any English
work, to W. J. Broderip, Esti F.U.S., &c.
NUX VOMICA (Fr. Noix Vomique ; Hind. Kaachla), the fruit of a species of
Strychnos, growing in various places in the East Indies. The fruit is about the .size of an
orange, covered with a smooth crustaceous yellow bark, and filled with a fleshy pulp, in
which are imbedded several orbicular flatted seeds, alwut ^ of an inch in diameter. Nux
vomica is inodorous, and has a very bitter, acrid taste, which remains long on the palate.
It is known as a very virulent poison. A suspicion has, however, been entertained, that
it has been used in porter breweries ; but its introduction into them is prohibited under
heavy penalties. — ( Thomson's Dispensatory, §t. )
* Annalei du Museum, vol. vi. p. 82,
hairy, and contradicts the description.
The figure given is, generally speaking, good ; but the tail is too
31 ^
i
V !.( .
■*; .
J.
m
^
%*
r
i'i
854 OAK.
O.
OAK (Ger. Eiche ,- Du. Eik ; Da. Eep ; Sw. Ek; Fr, CAe/ic; It. Quercia ; Sp.
Roble, CarbaUo ; Port. liable, Carbalho ; llus. Z)«6; Pol. /)a6 ; Lat. Quercus ; Arab.
Baalut). There are several varieties of tliis valuable tree ; but the common Englisli
oak ( Quercus robur) claims precedence of every other. The oak timber importer! from
America is very inferior to that of this country : the oak from the central parts of Europe
is also inferior, especially in compactness and resistance of cleavage. The knotty oak of
England, the " unwedgeable and gnarled oak," as Shakspeare called it, when cut down
at a proper age (from 50 to 70 years), is the best timber known. Some timber is harder,
some more difficult to rend, and some less capable of being broken across ; but none con-
tains all the three qualities in so great and equal projiortions ; and thus, for at once
{Supporting a weight, resisting a strain, and not splintering by a cannon shot, the timber
of the oak is superior to every other.
A fine oak is one of the most picturesque of trees : it conveys to the mind associations
of strength and duration, which are very impressive. The oak stands up against the
blast, and does not take, like other trees, a twisted form from the action of the winds.
Except the cedar of Lebanon, no tree is so remarkable for the stoutness of its limbs ;
they do not exactly spring from tlie trunk, but divide from it ; and thus it is sometimes
difficult to know which is stem and which is branch. The twisted branches of the oak,
too, add greatly to its beauty ; and the horizontal direction of its boughs, spreading over
a large surface, completes the idea of its sovereignty over all the trees of the forest. Even
a decayed oak.
" _^.^^— ^_ dry and dead.
Still clad with rcliqucs of ita trophies old.
Lifting to heaven its aged, hoary head,
Whose loot on earth has got but feeble hold,"
— even such a tree as Spenser has thus described, is strikingly beautiful ; decay in this
case looks pleasing. To such an oak Lucan compared Pompcy in his decline : —
" Qualis frugifero quercus sublimis in agro
lixuvias vetercs populi, sacrataque gestans
Dona ducum ; nee jam validis radicibus barrens,
Ponderc fixa suo est ; nudosque per aera ramos
EftUndens, trunco, non frondibus, efficit umbram.
At quamvis primo nutot casura sub Kuro,
Tot circum silvce lirmo se robore toUant,
Sola tamen colitur." — (Lib. i. lin. 136.)
The oak is raised from acorns, sown either where the oak is to stand, or in a nursery
whence the young trees are transplanted.
The colour of oak wood is a fine brown, and is familiar to every one : it is of different
shades ; that inclined to red is the most inferior kind of wood. The larger transverse
septa are in general very distinct, producing beautiful flowers when cut obliquely.
Where the septa are small, and not very distinct, the wood is much the strongest. The
texture is alternately compact and porous ; the compact part of the annual ring being of
the darkest colour, and in irregular dots, surrounded by open pores, producing beautiful
dark veins in some kinds, particularly pollard oaks. Oak timber has a particular smell, and
the taste is slightly astringen.. It contains gallic acid, and is bl.ackened by contact with
iron when it is damp. The young wood of English oak is very tough, often cross-grained,
and difficult to work. Foreign wood, and that of old trees, is more brittle and workable.
Oak warps and twists much in drying ; and, in seasoning, shrinks about ^d of its width.
Oak of a good quality is more durable than any other wood that attains a like size.
Vitruvius says it is of eternal duration when driven into the earth : it is extremely
durable in water; and in a dry state it has been known to last nearly 1,000 years. The
more compact it is, and the smaller the pores are, the longer it will last ; but the open,
porous, and foxy coloured oak, which grows in Lincolnshire and some other places, is not
near so durable.
Besides the common British oak ( Quercus robur), the sessile-fruited bay oak ( Quercus
sessiliflora) is pretty abimdant in several parts of England, particularly in the north.
The wood of this species is said by Tredgold to be darker, heavier, harder, and more
elastic than the common oak ; tough, and difficult, to work ; and very subject to warp
and split in seasoning. Mr. Tredgold seems disposed to regard this species as superior
to the common oak for ship building. But other, and also very high authorities, are
opposed to him on this point ; and, on the whole, we should think that it is suflliciently
well established, that for all the great practical purposes to which oak timber is applied,
and especially for ship building, the wood of the comir":!; oak deserves to be preferred
to every other species. A well-informed writer in the Quarterly Review has the following
remarks on the point in question ; —
OATS.
855
n a nursery
" We may here notice a fact long known to botanists, but of which our plantera and purveyors of
timber appear to have had no suspicion, — that there are two distinct species of oak in Englanti — the
duercus rohiir, ami the (Incroiis srssilijinra ; the former of which affords a close-grained, tirm, solid
timber, rarely subject to rot ; thn other more loose and sappy, very liable to rot, and not half so durable.
This dilT'crenco was noted so early ius the time of Ray ; and Marfyn in his Flora /ttisti'ca, and Sir James
Smith in his F/nra lirilannicn, have added their testimonies to the fact. The second species is supimsed
to have been introduced some 2 or 3 ages ago, fTom the Continent, where the oaks are chiefly of this
latter species, especially in the German forests, the timber of which is known to he very wortiile.«s. But
what is of more importance to us is, that ric facto the im^)Osture abounds, and is propagated vigorously, in
the New Forest and other parts of Hampshire; in Norfolk, and the northern counties, and almut Lon-
don ; and there is but too much reason to believe that the numerous complaints that were heard about
our ships being infected with what was called, improperly enough, )tr;/ rot, were owing to the introiluc
tion of this species of oak into the naval dock-yards, where, we understand, the distinction was not even
suspected. It may thus be discriminated from the true old English oak : ^Thc acorn stalks of the rubvr
are long, and its leaves short ; whereas the si'ssilijiurn has the acorn stalks short, and the leaves long :
the acorns ol'the former grow singly, or seldom two on the same footstalk ; those of the latter, in clusters
of 2 or 3 close to the stem of the branch. We believe the Rus«ian ships of the Baltic, that are not of
larch or (ir, are built of this species of oak ; but if this were not the case, their exposure on the stocks,
without cover, to the heat of summer, which, though short, is excessive, and the rifts and chinks which
fill up with ice and snow in the long winter, are enough to destroy the stoutest oak, and quite sufficient
to account for their short-livetl duration."
A great deal of inquiry and discussion has taken place at different periods as to the supply and con-
sumption of oak timber; but the results have not been very satisfactory. In a Report (\fthe Commis-
sioners (f Land Revenue, printed in 1812, it is stated that, taking the tonnage of the navy in 1806 at
7'fi,(i87 tons, it would require, at IJ load to a ton, 1,1(54,08.') loads to build such a navy ; and supposingthe
average duration of a shij) to he 14 years, the annual quantity of timber required would be 8.'>,H' 'nads,
exclusive of repairs, which they calculate would be about 27,(KX) loads ; making the whole about 110,0(X)
loads : of which, however, the commissioners reckon may be furnished 21,.'S41 loads as the annual average
of the prizes; and of the remaining 88,659 loads, they think it not unreasonable to calculate on 28,65!)
from other sources than British oak. " This," they observe, " leaves 60,()0(J loads of such oak, as the
quantity which would be sufficient annually to support, at its present unexampled magnitude, the whole
British navy, including ships of war of all sorts; but which may be taken as equivalent together to 20
74-gun ships, each of which, one with another, contains about 2,000 tons, or would require, at the rate of
1} load to the ton, 3,000 loads ; making just f50,(H)0 loads for 20 such ships."
Now, it has been supposed that not more than 40 oak trees can stand on an acre of ground, so as to
grow to a full size fit for ships of the line, or to contain each IJ load of timber : 50 acres, therefore, would
be required to proiluce a sufficient quantity of timber to build a 74-gun ship, and 1,000 acres for 20 such
shi))S ; and as the oak requires at least 100 years to arrive at m.iturity, l(X),liOO acres would be required to
keep up a successive supply, for maintaining a navy of 700,000 or 80(),(i(K) tons. The commissioners fur-
ther observe, that as there are i:0,(KlO,00() acres of waste lands in the kingdom, a 200th part set aside for
planting would at once fiirni.sh the whole quantity wanted for the use of the navy.
According to Mr. Barrow, this calculation is over-ratwl by about a half. " In the first place," says he,
" it supposed a state of perpetual war, during which the tonnage of the whole navy is considered as more
than double of what it now actually is : and, in the second |)lace, it reckons the average duration of the
navy at 14 years only ; which, from the improvements that have taken place in the construction and pre-
servation of ships of war, with the resources of teak ships built in India, we should not hesitate in as-
suming at an average of twice that number of years ; and if so, the quantity of oak required for the navy
will be nothing like that which the commissioners have stated.
" The fact, however, is certain, that long before the conclusion of the late war, a scarcity began to be
felt, especially of the larger kind of timber fit for shi|iB of the line ; and so great was this scarcity, that if
Sir R oert Seppings had not contrived the means of substituting straight timber for that of different forms
and dimensions, before considered to be indispensable, the builiting of new ships must entirely have ce.ised.
" \f, however, the growth of oak for ship timber was greatly diminished during the war, so as to
threaten an alarming scarcity, there is little doubt that, from the increa.sed attention paid by individuals
to their young plantations, and their great extension, as well as from the measure of allotting off portions
of the royal forests to those who had claims on them, and inclosing the remainder for the use of the
public, this country will, in future times, be fully adequate to the production of oak timlier equal to the
demand for the naval and mercantile marine." — {Siipp. Ency. Brit. art. Naru.)
The bark of the oak tree is very valuable. It is preferred' to all other substances for the purpose of
tanning, and brings a high price. — (See Bark.)
The foreign oak timber imported into Great Britain is principally derived from Canada and Prussia.
The latter is the most valuable — its price being to the former in the proportion of about 9 to 6 ; that is,
if a load of Prussian oak timber brought 9A, a load of Canada ditto would not bring more than about 6/.
The quantity imported varies ; but may, at an average, amount to about 10,0(X) loads, of !>0 cubic feet
each ; the greater part from Quebec. Oak plank is almost wholly imported from Prussia. The quantities
imiiorted during the 6 years ending the 5th of January, 1833, were —
iYean.
Ixiads.
Years.
lA>ads.
Years.
Loads.
1827
1828
5,470
2,449
1829
18J0
1,434
1,542
1831
1832
2,.';25
1,789
For further details with respect to the importation of oak, its price, duty on, &c., see Woon. — See,
also, Trerigold's Principles of Carpentry ; art. Navy, Supplement to Ency. Brit. ; the very interesting
work on Timber Trees and Fruits, in the Library nf Entertaining Knowledge ; Rees's Cyclopadia, SfC.
OATS (Ger. Hafer; Du. Haver; Da. Havre ; Sw. Hafre ; Fr. Avoine ; It. Vena,
Avena ; Sp. Avena ; Port. Ai-ea ; Russ. Owes ; Pol. Owies), a species of grain, the
Avena saliva of botanists. There are innumerable varieties of this grain, some of which
are said to be indigenous to Britain. It is the hardiest of all the cereal grasses, grow-
ing luxuriantly in cold northern climates, and in coarse mountainous districts, where
neither wheat nor barley can be advantageously cultivated. It thrives best, and is, in-
deed, chiefly raised, in latitudes north of Paris ; being but little known in the south of
France, Spain, or Portugal. It is, however, cultivated in Bengal, so low as the 25th
degree of latitude, and, it is said, with considerable .success. In Scotland, where it
has long formed a principal part of the food of the people, it is far more generally cul-
tivated than any other ':;)ecies of grain. It is also very extensively cultivated in Ireland.
In England It is gro yn principally in the northern counties, and in the fens of Lincoln,
Huntingdon, Cambridge, and Norfolk ; but the oats of Northumberland and Scotland
are reckoned superior to those raised fartlier south.
,T 1 '1
I
,,>
1 *i
( :
M-
t !»,■
L.;
'U
i. I
iV
\'
. I ' *
; -^ 'I
8.5G
ODESSA.
There arc 4 leading varieties of this grain cultivated in England, viz. white, blnc-k,
p\ey, and brown or red oats. Tlic sul)-varieties of the white are numerous. That
denominated the potato oat is at [irescnt almost the only one raised on land in a good
state of cultivation in the nortli of England and the south of Scotland, and usually
brings a higher price in the London market than any oth"' variety. It was accidentally
discovered growing in a field of potatoes in Cumberland in 1788 ; and from the produce
of that single stalk has been produced the stock now in general cultivation. lilack and
grey o.its are little cultivated, except in some j)laces in the north of Scotland. The red
oat is chiefly confined to Cheshire, Derbyshire, and Staffordshire. A species of n.nkcd
Ocits, proviiicially called /»7/«r, is raised in t'ornwall. — (Louduii's Encijc. (yf Aijrkttltnn ;
Brown's Rural Economy, vol. ii. pp. 47 — 52.)
In 170,), IMr. Charles Smitli estimafd the number of consumers of oats in England
and Wales at (j2,'3,000. — ( Tracts on the Corn Trade, 2d edit. p. 140.) , but at present we
believe they are very considerably fewer. The feeding of horses 1ms at all times oc-
casioned the greatest eonsuni])tion of oats in this part of the kingdom ; and as the num-
ber of horses kept for business and pleasure has been vastly increased within the last ;50
or 40 years, the culture of oals has been considerably extended, notwithstanding the
increasing imports from Ireland. Perhaps the produce of no specie:, of grain varies more
than that of oats. Wiiere the ground is foul and exhausted, not more than ao bushels
an .acre are obtained ; but on rich soils, well managed, G4, 72, and sometimes 80 bushels
and upwards have been reaped. Oats yield, at an iiverage, 8 lbs. meal for 14 lbs. corn.
For information as to the laws regulating the importation and exportation of oats, their
prices, the quantities imported and exported, &c., see Cohn Laws akd Corn Tradk.
ODESSA, a flomishing sea-port of Southern Russia, on the north-west coast of the
Black Sea, between the rivers Dniester and IJug, in lat. 4fi 28' .54" N., Ion. 30 4;}' 2;2"
E. Population ,said to amount to 40,000. Tlie foundations of Odessa were laid so lately
as 1792, by order of the Empress Catharine, after the peace of Jassy. It was intended
to serve as an entrepot for the commerce of the Russian dominions on the Black Sea and
the Sea of Azoff", and has In a great measure an.swered the expectations of its founders.
By an Imperial ukase, dated the 7th of February, 1817, it was declared a free port, and
the inhabitants exempted from taxation for !50 years; since which period its increase has
been extremely rapid. Tlie bay or roadstead of Odessa Is extensive, the water deep, and
the anchorage good, the bottom being fine sand and gravel ; it is, however, exposed to
the south-easterly wind, which renders it less safe in winter. The port, which is arti-
licial, being formed by 2 moles, one of which projects to a considerable distance Into
the sea, is calculated to contain about .300 ships. It has also the advantage of deep
water. There is a convenient lazaretto, on the model of that of 3Iarseilles. The want
of fresh water used to be the greatest disadvantage under which the inhabitants laboured ;
but this has been obviated by the construction of a canal which conveys an abundant
supn'-' of water into the town. There are no trees in the vicinity, which has, in conse-
quence, a bleak and arid appearance.
JJght-houses. — A light-house has been crcctetl on C.ipe Fontan, about fi§ nautical miles S. o(
Odessa. Tlie light, wliicli Ibruierly revolved, is now Jixed, ami is about 203 (Russian) feet above the level
of the sea. At the distance of 11 leagues KS.E. J S. from Odessa, on the north end of the long, narrmv,
low island of Tendra, a light- iiouse has been erected, of great use to ships approaching Odessa from the S.
or \V. The lantern, elevated D2A flUissiaii) feet above the level of the sea, was lighte.1, for the first time,
on the 15th of September, 18J7. It consists of 3 reflecting liglits, suspended in the form of a triangle,
revolving in the space of 4 minutes, so that each lamp arrives at its maximum of brilliancy after .in in.
terval of 1 niin. 20 sec. Being also of a red colour, this light is readily distinguished from t'ontan light,
.ind the other lights in the Black Sea. In foggy weather, a bell is kept ringing. — [CuiUicr sur ics I'/unrs,
2d ed. ; Norric's Sailing Dirccliuiis/or the Mediterranean and litack Seas, lie.)
For several years after Odessa was founded, wheat formed almost the only, as it still
forms the principal, article of export.— (For details with respect to the corn trade of
Odessa, see artti', j). 432.) But large quantities of tallow, wool, iron, hides, copper,
wax, caviare, potash, salt beef, furs, cordage, .sail-cloth, tar, butter, isinglass, &c. are now
exported. The tallow of Odessa Is of a bright yellow straw colour, and is said to bo
superior to that of Petersburg!]. The following account of the (juantlty (since 1824)
and value of the tallow exported from Odessa from 1814, sets the rapid increase in the
trade in this article, and its importance, in a very striking point of view : —
Years.
^'alue of T.illow
exported.
Vears.
Value of Tallow
exiiortetl.
RovUu.
I,l.i7,4.il
1,,591,,54')
991,32.3
2,l!'4,7ii2
l,f>74,5tifi
2,fiS7,3)4
Ou.nntity.
Years.
Valno of Tallow
exiiorted.
Quantity.
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
Uoiihks.
84,,554
7^,175
103,.397
90,318
185,110
3fi8,79'2
1820
1S21
1822
1823
1824
1825
2.1;»,118
31i;,157
18211
1827
1H28
1S29
18;;0
1831
Houhlcs.
2,800,000
Pnidi.
331,878
l!'5,425
I3,ti8li
lti0,024
245,038
2S7,240
This Table, says the Journal tP Odessa (1827, No. IG.), serves to give some idea of the
means which the soulh of Ru.wia pos.sc.sse.s for rarrying on commerce. The exports of
ODESSA.
857
as it still
trade of
copper,
are now
said to be
nee 1824)
jase in the
Quar.til).
Pmds.
331,878
l!'.'j,42,'i
lfi(),()'.'t
24r),(«8
2S7,240_
dca of tlie
export': of
tallow liavc increased twenty-fold in 10 years; materially augmenting the value of tha
herds, and enriching vast countries, which must have remained compariUively poor, had
not this outlet been found for their produce.
The increase in the exportation of wool is also very considerable. Within the last 20
years, the Merino breed of slieep has been extensively introduced into the governments of
Taurida, Chorson, and Ekaterinoslov ; so that there has been not only a great increase,
in the quantity, but also a very decided improvement in the quality, of the wool
exported.
The iron shipped at Odessa is principally l)ronght from Siberia, partly by the ^'oIga,
and partly by the Don to Tagainog, whence it is conveyed to Odessa. A good deal of
it is in a manufactured state, from the fouiuleries at Tula. Timber for ship l)uil(ling,
and pitch ami tar, are also brougiit from Taganrog. In fact, from its not being at the
mouth of any great river, nor having any consideralilo mamifaetures, Odessa is not a jiort
for the exportation of what may be termed articles of native growth ; but in consequi.-nce
of its convenient situation, and tiie privileges which it enjoys, it is, as already remarked,
the emporium wliere most of the ))ro(iiiee of Southern Russia destined for foreign coun-
tries is collected previously to its being exjiorted, and where most of the foreign articles
required for home constunptiim are i)rimarily imported. The shallowness of the water
at Taganrog, and the short j)eriod during wliich the Sea of Azof!" is navigable, binder
foreign vessels of considerable burden from visiting her port, and occasion the shii)nient
of a considerable part of the produce brought down the \'olga and flie Don in lighters
to Caff'a and Odessa, particularly tlie latter. A good deal is, hoivever, exported direct
from Taganrog to the Mediterranean. All the jn-oducts brougiit down the Dniester, the
Ihig, and the Dnieper, are exported from Odessa; Ijut owing to the difhcult navigation
of the first and last mentioned rivers, most part of the corn brought to Odessa from
I'odolia, the Ukraine, &c. is conveyed in v.-agons drawn by oxen. — (See diiti; p. 4:3'_'.)
The principal trado of Odessa is with Constantiiuiplo, Smyrna, and otlier towns in the Levant, Kaplcg,
Leghorn, Genoa, Marseilles, Kc. " It is generally stated," says Mr. .laeob I Memoir oh the Timtf if the
lliack Sea, \n the A/tpcndix to the 8vn edition of 'i'liict.i tin the Cum Tinde^, " that the supply of
t'unstantinoplc requiies annually l(:(),(/(iO quarters of Ulaek Sea wheat. The (Jreek islands scarcely,
on the average of years, produce suHicient wheat for tiieir own consumption ; and, in some year,",
require a large supply, which is furnished partlv from the neighhouring continent, and partiv Ironi
the Black Sea.
" The Asiatic coasts of the Turkish empire, especially in Anatolia, are nearly in the same predica-
ment. At times, the market of Smyrna is very favouraiile for the sale of the corn of Southern Russia.
The islands of Malta and Goio produce only about half as much corn as the li.'0,<)00 inhabitants
rci|uire.
" Sicily, though it has greatly declined from its ancient productiveness, has still a quantity of grain
to spare for the less fruitful parts of Italy in most years ; ar.d its wheat enters into competition with
that of the niack Sea, iji the ports of Naples, (ieiioa, and Leghorn.
" There are few years in which Tuscany grows a sufficiency of wheat ; and its chief port, Leghorn,
ticing one of those in which thips can unload their cargoes of corn, without being detained to perform
quarantine, has been at all times a place of de|)osit for the wheat of the HIack Sea. A market at some
price may always be- found there, as the capitalists are disposed to purchase ; relying on the uncertain
productiveness of some adjacent country, in which they may realise a jirotit at r.o great distance.
" Genoa, like Leghorn, is a port where wheat can be unloaded within the bounds of the lazaretto.
The country around it yields but little wheat; iind at some periods, it enjoys a trade in that article even
as far as Switzerland. This internal demand, and the chance of advantageous re-exportation, induces
much trade in corn. There is said to be seldom less than 1()(),0(X) quarters in store at the two ports of
ticnoa and Leghorn ; and at some periods, a far greater quantity.
" Nice, though not having the same advantageous quarantine regulations, and, consequently, not
ht'ing a rie-/)dl for corn beyond its own demand, from the sterile soil that surroinids it, requires every year
a large importation of wheat. That of Sicily and Odessa create a competition in its port ; and the
government draws a revenue, by imposing a heavy duty on both.
" Though the corn laws of France have kept the jiorts closed against the introduction of foreign
corn for domestic use, yet it is allowed to be bonded for re-exportation. I'"rom the frequent local and
partial scarcities which cccur on the eastern coast of Sixain, at which periods wheat is allowed to be
lawfully imported, and, it is said, from the facility of its introduction by contraband, when not legally
allowed, Marseilles has been a great {Ic/xV for the wheat of the Black Sea.
" From thence, as also from (iibraltar, where there is generally some in store, it can easily be trans-
ported to Spain, to Sardinia, to Corsica, to Tunis, to Tripoli, or wherever scarcity has created a
Ijeneficial market.
" The coasts of Harhary, though often having a surjilus of wheat, much of which occasionally assists
to feed Portugal, in some seasons have been ailicled with most deficient harvests. This was recently
the case in a remarkable degree. Triiic li and Tunis cxpeiienced, in the year 18'20, a harvest most
miserably short, and ttcre siippl'-ii uom other ccuntiies."
But exclusive of wheat, the other articles mentioned as being exported from Odessa,
find their way to the dillbrent markets in the Mediterranean. Those shipped for Turkey
are iron, tallow, sail-cloth, cordage, anchors for ships of war, butter, &c. The exports
to Italy and other European countries are .similar.
The importation of all foreign articles into the Russian dominions on the Black Sea
and the Sea of AzofF is confined to Odessa, Tlicodosia or Kaft'a, and Taganrog. The
import trade is, however, of inl'erior imiiorlancc when comjjared with the export trade.
The principal articles are sugar and colF.e, dye woods, wine and brandy, cotton stuffs,
spices, cutlery, oranges and le.iions, lemon juice, oil, tin and tin jilatcs, dried fruits,
paper, silk, specie, &c.
t ' >i»t
■ .5; (1
,1* I!
I ;i
)l
if'i
■w; in 1 ■ I
. \k
J-^
w
858
ODESSA.
Principal Artldca imported into Odcaia in the rolluwing Ycari ; —
Artlcln. :
Collfee -
(iugar, raw .
rcHnnl
Ollte oil
Cotton, raw •
twl>t •
Rilk
Tea -
I'lpper -
Tin platea
Ini-enne
(IliVM • •
TobatTO
Wine ■
poodA
Frulti for
Cottr<n mnnu-
lai-turtis - —
Woolltn (In. - —
rlutti —
Sillc manufactures —
l>ye wu(h1.^ and
'coUmr.i - —
IK'H.
V.IN.T
li.lKI
717
oihofts
bottleA
Kou, 1
2, IS .'>
«,.1II
,175,01^
or,, 1(10
4'i,(il7
aG7,ii.'ii
'i7S,r,iio
V.lll'i
'i,' Hi
S7,'il'l
.I.MIl
2,I!IS
K, 1,-11
I,217,U:<1
lls.Oll
131,U.1(i
' 337,2(17
lfil,70r.
mm.
,1.'.!l,llfi
132,0U3
M,S17
l»li7.
2,717
ft.O'^l
r.,(;ni
HAS
(i,7ll
•l,'J(i2
.
12,2.'.3
12,2tn
2.'.,7(I7
in.Til
7,(1.1(1
li,t7H
3,l3fi
1,110
r>,ii.o<i
8,0(1^
2,.1S()
2,'J.'.3
3,7H.'.
1 ,0311
■
34A
.'.^2
.
.
4,(;.K)
.
,
1,1.11
.
H,Mir,
•
.
12,S7»
.
,
13, '.Mil
2,l(l'>
13,421
12, .24
\\,'yj:>
31,1).'..'.
12,I.!P1
3H,iJ(l.'i
9l(i,102
6711,143
fil 1,41(1
32(1,!)73
32(i,lll'.l
4UI,I2S
102,SM
1828.
3'l'),877
2SI1,71U
l.'.2,ili:
321,202
Mr.7
1829.
8,1142
' ,7 >3
1 1 ,2.14
IH„10S
1,4S3
310
107
(i(l(i
2,2(17
1,'>73
«,027
4,'. 14
,'1,801
8,0.31
24,010
IflGT.li'i
432,321
2l<i,l(iS
307,070
218,'J.')3
68,641
18.10.
8,(N).'>
8,.3(i2
22,12,')
»(),!)', 7
(l.VSU
.' .' 7 .'•
'.,',' lii
,;20
/,(il3
l,l(iO
7,7.'iO
18,77!)
13,022
21,823
,'.3,418
1,180,364
741,384
,3St,l7(i
311,7!)'J I
26(i,830 I
1831.
.'1,011
10,3.'i7
21,188
68,(136
6,181
3,121
1 ,'i.'i»
(101)
,'i,!(7I
2,(182
14,1113
1(1 ,.'.(12
12,826
M,SI1I
27,.1'.i3
1,865,.^,'.8
1,536,306
_mj23ll81,,',r.l
' 4
Pr
incipal Articles exported from Odessa in tlie following Years : -
-
Articles.
Itii.
1826.
1826.
1827.
1828.
18S9.
18,30.
1831,
Wheat . . chetwerts
661,466
712,378
801,7(13
1,200,.S26
28,860
317,683
1,216,189
487„382
Bye .
— .
-
2,220
8,(180
3U,!)10
2,().'iO
.
3,276
14,219
Harley ■ -
—
32
6,306
!),0.'.6
6,862
377
8,.507
62,613
16,020
Oats -
—
-
1,,')06
1,710
6
707
3,030
20,244
3.3,600
Wheat flour -
_
-
-
-
-
10,282
22,155
16,3.'i»
40
Linseed
—
.
68
SO
931
.
6,3'^7
1S,3,'i6
Tallow -
poo<ls
20!), 118
316,l.-.7
331,S.-.2
1!)6,426
1.3,6S6
160,024
246,038
887,210
Hides, raw -
—
31,00.)
44,(1.16
40,M)<J
3(),!)!)ll
3,!I32
16,216
23,706
42,080
tanned
.—
.
6,080
6,01)0
60,430
6,045
.39,914
3,462
voufts
—
4,37S
1,!).38
10!)
Potashes
—
7,.'. It
<J,3!)0
l,(ill
3,118
.
3,0-.0
.
3,347
CordaKe
—
41,218
4!), 132
60, 18 1
71 ,,320
11.317
12,826
63,901
94,390
Flax .
—
m
82
>
1,188
•
,
.
7
Wax ■ ■
^
5,466
8,101
8,178
4,132
49
698
4,370
8,761
Hemp •
—
.
3
•
13,010
.
761
14,806
622
t'opper •
—
7,sni)
8,fl!)(i
10,011
2,805
104
.
19,IHW
Iron •
—
40,06!)
86,380
78,30 1
73,616
3,1 '.2
2,624
17„3K4
Salt butter -
.-
.
-
.
1 ,2IX)
i„- 1
10,2.'i7
6,911
6,037
raviare
—
.
-
.
2,S(I0
2,I)SI)
4,912
3„1!)3
1,(.20
Wool - •
Total value of
*""
-
-
■
30,000
6,116
3,10^
21,361
36,068
inijiorts
Rou.
6,916,714
5,801,012
6,879,501
10,185,367
5,735,225
7,810,806
15,357,464
12,322,056
Uitlu of e».
ports by sea
—
13,030,573
20,020,370
14,711,831
18,179,662
1,248,543
7,210,326
27,031,960
20,063,953
Movement of Shipping at tlie Port of Odessa in the following Years : -
Vessels.
1826.
1827.
1828.
1829.
18.30.
1831.
Arrived. { Saile<1.
Arrived.
Sailed.
Arrived.
Hailed.
Arrived.
Sailed.
Arrived.
Sailed.
Arrived.
Sailed.
136
164
111
107
IWi
.')(>
SH
24
30
172
191
1.15
,\ustri,an
189
186
202
27H
6S
4t
81
80
219
267
111
107
Sardinian
112
116
236
^3.5
U
11
46
33
221
231
46
48
101
106
1,66
11.1
r 4
65
43
117
160
• 81
83
French -
- .
1
1
• •
- -
4
2
9
1
2
2
Swedish -
. .
> ■
2
8
- -
- •
• -
• .
8
8
1
Dutch -
- -
- -
- -
• •
1
• -
- -
1
2
2
Spanish •
Neapolitan
Turkish -
- -
• -
- -
• •
•
- •
1
1
.5
6
2
4
• -
■ -
• •
• •
s
• >
2
2
16
14
5
5
10
9
7
1
1
- .
11
11
3
4
American
> *
• •
- -
- •
• -
• -
- •
2
2
(Jreek
« >
- -
• -
- -
- "
- •
• -
- -
64
54
27
:24
Tuscan -
Total -
■ -
- •
" "
" -
" ■
" -
■ •
■ "
3
3
,687 1 629
862
7S8
1.10
99
224
102
872
960
436
411
The previous statements, for wliich we are indebted to Messrs. Moberly and Simpson,
shiow the effect of the war between Russia and Turkey on the trade of Odessa ; but it
has again resumed its former activity ; and will, doubtless, continue progressively to
increase with the improvement of the vast countriofi of which it is the principal entrepot.
Several American merchantmen appeared, for the first time, in the Black Sea, in 18;iO.
A Tribunal of Coitiniorce wa.s cstabli-shed at Odessa in 182+, the jurisdiction of which extends over all
disputes connected with trade. There is no appeal from its decision, except to the senate. Its institution
g said to have hern productive of consideralilc advantage.
There are 12 sworn brokers, approved and licensed by tlie Tribunal of Commerce, who have deputies
appointee! by tl-.emselves. Tliiy receive J per cent, from each party as commission. They are bound to
register the various transactions in which they are employed.
A discount or loan bank has been established at Odc.«.«a, which discounts bills, not having more than
9 months to run, at the rate of per cent, interest ; and makes advances upon the security of goods.
Two institutions for marine insurance, and 1 for fire insurance, li.ive been established within the last
4 or a years.
Most articles of provision are very cheap. Beef may be bought for Jrf. or Irf. per lb. ; a quarter of
Jamb for 5d. ; and poultry at projiortionally low prices. Fish costs almost nothing, and is excellont
Water is an expensive article; and lire-wood is for the most part scarce and dear. Latterly, however,
he inhaliitants have begun to supply themselves witi) coal from Kakhmoute, in the government of
Ekaterinoslov. A good deal of Knglish coal has been taken to Odessa as ballast, and sold at a fair price
— {Morton's Travcl.s in Russia, p. 2ii2. &c.)
Monks, Weights, and Measures, same as at Petersburgh ; which see.
"* Maltese and lonians included.
ir'i V
0.
,INI.'>
,3(i'V
I.IW
i,i)'.7
.VS9
,IV()
,im
,7.'H)
i,77!)
i.ltS
l,3il
,381
.17«
,;»'J
i,H30
t,l'^3
1831. !
.'>,() 11
10,.1,->7
VI.ISH
CH,li.1ti
6,lNt
3,l»l
l.'i.'.H
5,971
»,'iH'< I
14,1(13
lfi,.'.(i'^
l,i,s(;i
87,.V.(3
1,865,5.-1)1
1,336,306
181,5fil
iO.
1831.
5,1 H9
4H7,.3S'i
i,'^7fi
11,1419
1,513
15,(1'^!)
,•^H
33,600
),35H
10
S,3'^7
1S,.156
'i,()38
287, 'J 10
1,705
4 '4,080
3,162
.
3,.347
?,0Ol
91,390
8,751
4, 379
l,S05
522
■
19,000
7,3E4
5,911
.5,037
3.,393
1,».29
l,3fil
.35,(158
7,161
12,.122,056
1,960
20,063,953
18,11.
Arrived.
Sailed.
-155"
111
46
.81
2
1
136
1(17
18
83
2
2
5
3
I
4
27
:24
435
111
and Simpson,
)clossa ; l)ut it
igrcssivcly to
cipal eiitreput.
iea, in 18;iO.
extends over all
Its institution
10 have deputies
ey are bound to
iving more than
L'urity of goods.
1 within the last
„. ; a qu.irter of
nd is exeellpnt.
tterly, however,
government of
d at a f^ir price
ODESSA.
859
Oik'ssa lins a considi-rable and increasin({ trade with Ik-dout-kali-, nt tlie moutli of tlio
Piiasis, and wit.i 'rrebisoiid and several ports on the south coast ofthe lilaek Si'a. Georgian
and Armenian inercliants are already considerable purchasers at the Leipsic and other
German fairs ; and civilisation is beginning to strike its roots throughout all the extensive
countries between the Black Sea and the C'asjjian. It is jirobable tliat, at no very remote
period, the I'hasis will be frequented liy British ships; and that our merchants, without
any enchantress to aid them, and depending only on the superior cheapness and excellence
of their goods, will be hosjiitably received in the ancient Colchis, and bear away a richer
prize than fell to the lot of Ja.son and his Argonauts.
Account of Imports at Redout, kale from Odusiia, from 1825 to
1830, both Includvo
1828". 1 1829.
Artlcln.
1825. . 1 1826. 1 1S27.
18,30.
Holdilrt. , lt'<til,lr.i, 1 HniilJ,,. lloMel.
RmitiUt.
Rimb ft.
Wine . . . -
1,600 1 UO,(i|l.-| 1 10,; 00
ll,.'i<.i(l
20,675
2, COO
Suxnr, refined ....
91,0<«) , 1'.I6,S(I()
lIHMXir)
28,5(10
129,610
71,0S0
('o((im koihIs
70,'^S5
1.'i5,(i)i5
.TV'., 775
1,131,51,0
711,915
2I,IW0
Silkdu.
10,130
'^(I.H.IO
32,13.5
6(M.V.
109,270
4,725
(I.ith
111,750
.32N,1'^5
I3'.',500
1.38,7(10
,533,980
WiKpllen KooiU
.•J.'i,785
15l,i.15
11(1,(1(111
290/. 15
337,1(10
1,015
'lea - - , .
1,900
.10,(i(HI
II.OtMl
7,1(10
13,100
1,600
Hardware, eaithenwue, gla«a, tobacco, 5ic. 4c.
71,875
55,'^61 j 103,5,17
29,660
103,185
19,583
121,683 1
Total - - «.
.3U7,3'«
l,'iia,'ii\
918,917
2,001^90 1,988,86.0
For some further details as to the trade of the Ulaek Sea, sec the article Si.nupe.
Epochs in the Trade of the Jilach Sen. Depth of Water. Difficult;/ of Navigation, §•<?.
— The trade of the Black or Euxine Sea was of great importance in antitjuity. The shores
of the Crimea, or Taurica Chersonesus, were .settled by Milesian adventurers, who founded
Panticapa;um and Theodosia. The exports thence to Athens were nearly the same as those
which are now sent from Odessa and Taganrog to Constantinople, Leghorn, &c. ; viz.
corn, timber, and naval stores, leather, wax, honey, salt fish, caviare, &c., with great num-
bers of slaves, the best and most serviceable that were anywhere to be met with. The
Athenians set a very high value upon this trade, 3vliich su])]>lied them annually with
about 400,000 mediinni of corn ; and to preserve it, they carefully cultivated the alli-
ance of the Thracian princes, and kept a garrison at Sestus, on the Hellespont. — (See
the authorities in Anacharsisn Travels, c. 55. ; and in Clarke's Connexion of the Saxon
and English Coins, pp. 54 — 64.) During the middle ages, the Genoese acquired an
ascendancy on this sea, and laboured with pretty considerable success to monopolise its
trade. Their principal establishment was at Carta, which was the centre of a consider-
able commerce. But the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks, in 1453, was soon
after followed by the conquest of Cafta, and the total exclusion of European vessels from
the Black Sea, which became in a great measure unknown. This exclusion was main-
tained for about .SOO years, or till it was opened to the ships of Russia by the treaty of
Kainardgi in 1774. The Austrians obtained a similar equality of privileges in 1784;
and British, French, &e. ships were admitted by the treaty of Amiens. There were,
however, some restraints still kept up ; but these have been abolished by the late treaty
between the Turks and Russians in 1829; and, for commercial purposes at least, the
Black Sea is now as free as the Mediterranean.
Notwithstanding the number of Englisli and other European ships that have visited
this sea within the last 20 years, its geography is still very imiierfectly known. A
notion seems to have been long prevalent, that it was not only stormy, but also infested
with numerous shoals. Polybius, indeed, contends, that, owing to the vast quantities of
alluvial deposit brought down by the Danube and other large rivers that fall into the
Black Sea, it was gradually filling up, and would become, at no very remote period, an
immense morass ! Dr. Clarke seems to have espoused the same theory. But, how
probable soever it may appear, extremely little progress has hitherto been made towards
the consummation described by Polybius. Instead of being shallow, the water is for
the most part remarkably deep ; with a bottom, where soundings have been obtained, of
gravel, sand, and shells. A strong current sets from the Black Sea, through the
Bosphorus, or Canal of Constantinople, into the Sea of Marmara, and from the latter
through the Dardanelles, which it requires a fresh breeze to stem. This current is
said to be sensibly felt in the Black Sea, 10 or 12 miles from the Bosphorus; and it
may probably carry oft' some of the mud brought down by the rivers. — ( See Tournefort's
Voyage du Levant, Lett. 15, 16.; Art. 9. in No. I. of the Journal of the Geographical
Society ; MacgiWs Travels iri Turkey, vol. i. p. 245., tj'c-)
The navigation of the Black Sea has been represented, by most modern and all ancient
writers, as exceedingly dangerous. We believe, however, that there is a good deal of
exaggeration in the greater number of the statements on this subject. It is said to be
particularly subject to dense fogs, and to currents ; but the former are prevalent only at
particular seasons, and the influence of the latter is not greater than in many other seas
which are not reputed dangerous. Tournefort, one of the best and most accurate of
n:|
.!<>
\ I
i
I'
1- ;' '
IH
!t A
I't
\: ^ .
, :
f
!
!
4
!
I
^
1 !'
i
!ii|
i
li. ,1! Ill I
»
mm
8G0
OIL.
I ;
t?f
lil',1
' I
trnvfllcrn, considors flic nnvi;?ati(in of tlif IJIiick Sea ns safo ns that <if tliu IMidilcrrnnpnti :
— " // n'<t ricH ill' iiiiir, /tnur uiusi itirc, i/iie Ik /nun ; /c.v ri'itts ni/ soiijlliiit /mis tiric ji/us ,/,;
fiirii; I't Irs nriii/i'H iif .iDiit i/iiiri's /itits fn't/iniif t/iie Mur les iiiitrcs tiirm. — (Toino ii. p, 1(,|,
'Itoi'd.) Dr. ("larkf ( Vnu'iAv, \it\. ii. p. ;!K7. Svood.) alRc-ts to doubt tliis; Imt In.
tissi;r|is IK) ^niiinds liir his opinion ; and who would tliink of |)Uttin){ his authority in
couipctitiiin u-itli that of 'roiirnufort ? 'I'liu truth i.s, that any ^.a would hu dan^i'rons to
thu Cii'i't'k and 'I'urkish pilots, i>y wiioni tin- Hlack .Si'a is principally navigated. If the
j)ro;.;ress of navigation were to he estimated by its state amongst them, we sliould have to
fonelude that it had heen stationary IVoni the era of the .Argonauts. They seldom ven-
tiuv to get out of sight of the eoasts; they have neither charts nor (|uadnu\ts; anil
hardly even know that one of tlie points of the needle turns towards tlie North!
{'t'liui-int'iiH, ill In: lit.) 'i'liere is not, certainly, nuieh room for wonder at shipwrecks
lii'ing fre(|uent among vessels so navigated. On leaving the HIaek .Sea, the greatest dit-
ficulty is in making the IJospiiorus. " The luonntains," says Mr, Maegill, <' are all m»
inucli alike, that it is ditlienit to determine which of them is at tiie entrance, until von
are within a very i'vw nules of the eo.'isf ; then, with a fair wind, you are on a lee shore
with a lee current ; and if you make a mistake, destruction is almost inevitid)le. 'J'he
Tilrks have two lighl-hoiisis at the entrance; hut imless you see them before stniscf,
they are of little use ; in the forests, on its borders, great quantities uf charcoal are made,
and the lights from it bewilder, and often mislead, the uidiappy mariner." — t\'ol. i.
J). 'J-1,';.)
l'"rom the vast (piantity of fresh water poured into the Black .Sea, the saline Jiartidus
are so nnich diluted, that, with a slight frost, the surface becomes covered with ice;
lience, during a great \)Mt of the year, hardly any navigation is attempted. The vessels
that resort to Odessa seldom arrive at that i)ort l)efore the latter end of Miiy ; and lluise
whosiA carijot's are not eomjileted before the end of October, more frecpiently wait tlie
rt'tiirn of spring, than adventure to eiieomUtr the dangers of an autumnal or winter
voyage.
At Taganrog the frost commences earlier, and eontimies longer, than at Odessa; so
that there are scarcely more than 4 or 5 months in the year, dm'ing which the Sea
of .A/oH'can be safely navigated.
OIL (Fr. Iliiile; Ger. Del ; It. 0//V ,• T>at. Oleum; Ihis. Maulo ; Sp. Jnite).
The term nil is applied to designate a number of unctuous liquors, which, when (lrop|itd
upon jiaper, sink into it and make it seem semi-transparent, or give it what is called
a greasy stain. These bodies are very innnerous, and have been in common use lioni
time immemorial, riiemists have divided them into two classes ; namely, luilatilc and
Jixiil oil^ We borrow from Dr. Thomas Thomson the following statement with
respect to these bodies : —
I. A'ot.ATiLK Oils, called also e.t.irn/inliiils, .ire distinpfuUhcd by (lie Aillowins properties : — 1. Li(|ui(|,
often alindst as liijuid ;is w.iter, soinetiiiies visciil ; 'i \'ery C(iml)ii>tilile ; ;!. An acrid taste niul a struiih'
fragrant (uldur i 4. V()latili^ed at a feiiipivatiire not higher tluiii i.M-'^; X .Soluble in alcohol, and impcr-
ft'Ctly in watiT; Ii. Kvaporatc without kaving any stain on \y.i]K'r.
15v this last test it is easy to discover whether they have been adultir.ited with any nC the lixed oils.
Let a drop of the volatile oil tall upon a sheet of writiiiK pai)er, and then apply .-i gentle heat to it : if it
eviiporiites without leaving any stain uiioii the paper, the oil is pure; but if it leaves a stain upon the
paper, it has ticen contaminated with some (i.\ed oil or other.
volatile oils are almost all obtained from vegetables, and they exist in cverv part of plants, — the root,
the bark, the wood, the leaves, the Hower, and even the fruit"; though they 'are never found in the sul).
stancc of the cotyledons ; whereas the fixed oils, on the contrary, are almost always contained in these
bodies.
When the volatile oils are containc<i in great abundance in plantfi, they are sometimes obtained by
simple expression. This is the case with oil of oranges, of lemons, and borgamotte ; hut in general Ihcy
can only lie obtained l)y distillation. The part of the plant containing the oil is put into a still with a
quantity of water, which is distilled off by the application of a inoder.iti- heat. The oil comes over along
with the water, and swims upon its surface in the receiver. Uy this process are obtained the oil ol
poppeimint, thyme, lavender, nuil a great many o'hers, which are prepared and employed by the per.
fumer : others are jiroeurcd by the distillation of r, rinous bodies. This is the case in particular with nil
of turpentine, which is obtained iiy distilling a kiiii' of resinous juice, called turpentine, that exudes from
the juniper.
Volatile oils arc exceedingly numerous. They h;. .o been long known ; hut .is their use in cheniistrv is
but limited, they have not, hitherto, been subjei'tui to an accurate chemical investigation. Theydiiler
greatly hi tiieir pro|ierties from e.ich other; but it is impossible at present to give a detailed account of
each,
1. The greater number ol volatile oils mc liquid ; many, indeed, are as limpid an water, and have
none of that appearance which we usually consider oily. 'I'his is the case with the following; naiiH'lv,
oil of turpentine, oranges, lemons, bergamolte, roses. — Others have the oily viscidity. It varies in tliein
in all degrees. This is the case with the ods of mace, c.irdamoip, sas.safras, cloves, cinnamon. — Others
liave the property of becoming solid. This is the ease with the oils of parsley, fennel, aniseed, b.ilin. —
Others crystallise by slow evaporation. This is the case with oil of thyme, peppermint, marjoram, —The
oil of nutinegs has usually the consistence of butter. This is the case also with the oils of hops and of
pepper.
i The colour of the volatile oils is as various as their other jiropcrtieii. A great number are limpid aiul
colourless; as oil of turpentine, lavender, rosemary, saviiie, aniseed: some are yellow; .is spike, l)cr.i,'a.
motte: some are brown; as thyme, savory, wormwood : others blue; as camoniile, motherwort : others
green ; as milfoil, pepper, hops, jiarsley, wormwood, c.ijeput, juniper, s.ige, valerian : others, though sX
tirst colourless, liecome yellow or brown by age; as cloves, cinnamon, aius.safras.
3. The odours are so various as to defy all description. It is suHicicnt to say, th.it all the fragrance of
the vegetable kingdom resides in volatile oils. Their taste is acrid, hot, and exceedingly uniileasant.
SBH
ailcil account of
OLIBANUM— OLIVE.
S(>|
4. fhcW (poclflc KravU;r Varico very ciiiisldcrahly, imt uiily in tlifll'toiit oIIh, Ixit ctcn in lliv namv oil in
dilli'rcnt t'ircuinitiUM'CM. Tiiu |iilluwin({ utv tliu ujurilic Kr»vitir:t of (ovfrul uf tliu volulili' iiilx, lui u»ccr-
teined i>y I'r. I.cwia: —
oil of Smwfru
riniminun
Ffiinel
Dili
I'lnnjfrnyal
<'uti)iiiin
Mint
NulmtK*
lll.l'i
I 11.1 1
•!l'i7
•Wi
•'J7H
•»7')
•!)1H
(Ml of Tnimy
Orlii.tnuiii
ItiiM-tiiary .
i?uiii|>iT lirrriM
OriiiiK**'
'I'luiK'nline
•010
MMII
■'.MO
•!l.W
■IP.II
■ill I
•;u»
^VIll'n the volatile imIh aro hcntcil in tliu open air, they evaporate readily, and without alteration dil1\iie
(heir peculiar odours all aioiiiul ; liiil there is a eoiisiderilile dillereiice hvtween the (lil)'ereiit oIIh In ihia
rcipect. When dintilled in close ve>.sel«, they do not so readily aKsunie the I'orni c'f vapour. Hence they
lose their odour, beeiine darker in colour, and are partly deeoiiipo.-.ed. Oils do not seem very hUsceptihlo
of aasiiniiiiK the ko-'^couh t'orin, unless some other siulistanee, as water, he |ireseiit.
II. I'lM n Oils are di^tinKni.-h^d hy the IoIIowIiik characters : — 1. I,i<|uid, or easily heconie so when
exposed to a Keiille heat ; 'J. An uiictu'ous feel j ,i. Very combustible ; 4. A mild taste j !'>. lioiliuK point
not under lil)(l ; li. Insoluble in water, anil nearly so in alcohol; 7. Leave a urcasy stain upon paper.
ilie.'-e oils, which are callid lat or expressed oils, are numerous, and are olitaiiiid partly Ironi aniniHln
and iiartly from vepetahles, by simple expression. As instances, may be iiientioned wiiale oil or train oil,
olitiiiiied IVom the blubber of the whale and from cod ; olive oil, oiitained from the Unit of the olive:
linseed oil und almond oil, oiitained from linseiKl and almond kernels, lixeil oils may also be extiacted
from poppy seeds, hemp seeils, beech mast, and many other ve;.;etable substances.
All these oils diller from each other in several particulars, but have also many particulars in eomnion.
i, I'ixed oil is usually u liiinid with a certain decree ol vl.-cidity, adheriiiKlo the sides of the jilast
vessels in which it is contained, and forming streaks It is never perfectly transparent , has alwavii ii
certain degree of colour, most ii.-.ually yellowish or greenish ; its taste is sweet, or nearly insipid. NVlieii
fresh, it has little or no smell.
There exist also in the vegetable kingdom a eonsiilirable number of lodles which, at llie ordinary
temperature of the atmosphere, are solid, and have hitherto been considered as lixed oils. I'alm oil may
lie incntioiietl as an example. 'I'he various substances used in India and Africa as substitutes for butter,
.111(1 as unguents, may likewise be mentioned.
'J. All the tixeil oils hitherto examined are lighter than water : but they diller greatly from one another
in apecitie gravity. The same dillerenco is observable in dillereiit samples of tlie same oil. 'J he following
Tabic contains the Hpeeilic gravity of liuch oils us have been examined : —
Uil of Palm
ILi/i'l nuts
1'ii|iliius
IJilscfd
Aliiiontlfl
AValiiuU
•IlliS
Oil
of Hircll nut
•:iil
ll.il
•!l.1!)
Olivt'S
•II.T^
Uii|tf-KeC(l
■'M'i
t'ULUU
l)«.t lu
•'J 17
•ilW
•'J I 7
•iM3
•h'J'i
Fixed oil, when in the state of vapour, take* fire on the nppro.-icli of an ignited body, niul burns with
a yellowisli white flame. It is n|>on this principle that candles and lamps burn. The tallow or oil iit
lifst converted into a state of vapour in the wick ; it then takes lire, and supplies a sidlieient (piantity of
lioat to convert more oil into vapour; and this process goes on while any oil remains. '1 he wick ii
necessary, to present a sulticiently .small quantity of oil at once for the heat to act upon. If the heat were
(jrcat enough to keep the whole oil at a temperature of (ilili'^, no wick would be necessary, as is obviou*
from oil catching lire sjuintaneously when it has been raised to that temperature. When oil is used iu
this manner, either in the open air or in contact with oxygen gas, the only new products obtained are
viiter and rarlnmic acid.
The drying oils are used as the vcliicle of paints and varnishes. I.inseed, nnt, popjiy, and hemp seed
nils, belong to this class. These oils in their natural state possess the property of drying oils, but imper.
IV'Ctly. To prejiare them for the use of the painter and varnish maker, they are boiled for some time in
an iron pot, and sometimes burnt till they become viscid \^ lien they burn for some time, their unctuous
(|nality is much more completely destroyed than by any nietlKid (hat iias been imieti.sed. Hence it is
lollowed frequently in preparing the drying "i's fof varnishes. ..'id .-.Iways for printers' ink, wh.eh requires
to he as free as iio.ssible from all unctuosity.
Nut oil h.^s been found preferable to all other oils for i ni.ters' ink ; though tlie dark c.ilour which
it .icquires during boiling renders it not so proper for red ink as fur black. I.inseed oil is considered us
next after nut oil in this respect. Other oils cannot be employed, because they cannot be sutliciently
freed from their unctuosity. Ink made with them would be apt to come oil' and smear the paper while
in the hands of the bookbinder, or even to spread beyond the mark of the types and stuiii the paper
yellow.
For the regulations with respect to the importation and exportation of train oil, sec p. l.';4.
OLIHANUINI (Fr. Encens ; Ger. Wiiranch ; It. OHIxino ,- Arab. Lnubuii), a gum-
rosin, tlie i)roiluce of a lafge tree (Lilmiiiis l/iurifcia) <;rovvin'r in .\riibi:i iiiul India. It
is imported ill chests, containing each about 1 ewt., from the Levant and India; the
liest comes from the former, and is the i)rodiiee of Arabiii. Cjood olibaiiiim is in
semi-transparent tears, of a pink colour, brittle, and adliosive when warm; when burnt,
the odoiu- is very agreeable = its taste is bitterish, and somewhat jjungeiit and aromatie ;
it flames for a long time with a steady clear light, which is not easily extinguished,
k'.tving behind a Wae/i (not, as has been said, a wliilisb) ash. Olibanum is the frank-
incense (thus) of the ancients; and was extensively used I)y them in sacrifices. — (I'/iii.
Hist, Nut. lib. xii. c. 14.) It has also been used in the ceremonies of the Creek and
Uoinan ehurelics. — (Ainslic's Mat. Indtcn ; T/ioksuii's C/n'miin ri/ ; Kijtjiiiajii Auiiq. Pom,
lib. i. c. 11.)
OLIVE, OLIVES(Gcr. OUvin ; Vr. Oil res ; It. U/irc, Olive ; Sp. Aceitunas ; Port.
Azdtoniis ; Lat. Oliccv), a fruit yielding a large ijuantity of oil, the jiroduce of the Oka,
or olive tree. The wild olive is indigenous to Syria, Cireece, and Africa, on the lower
slopes of Moimt Atlas. The cultivated species grows siiontaneously in Syria, and is
easily reared in Spain, Italy, and the sotith of France. It has even been raised
in the open air in England, but its fniit is said not to have ripened. The fruit is a
smooth oval j)lum, about J of an inch in length, and ^ an inch in diameter ; of a deep
violet colour when ripe, whitish and fleshy within, bitter and nauseous, but replete with
wt
,t '
!h
I '
I ,' '
V
\
' 'I
Ir
I A
t I
(:l
IVI!
Ulfi'
•11
; i|'
f"
>^
'
|!
»
t
s
»
'. 1(
i:
:
1
862
OLIVE OIL.
n bl.ard oil ; covering an oMong, pointed, rough nut. Olives intended for preservation
are gathered before they are rijje. In i)iekling, the object is lo remove their bitterness,
hnd to preserve them green, by impregnating them with a brine of aromatised sea salt ;
for this purpose various methods are employed. The wood of the olive tree is beauti.
fully veined, and has an agreeable smell. It is in great esteem with cabinet-makers,
on account of the (Ine polish of which it is susceptible.
OLIVE OIL (Ger. Bauinlil ; Fr. Hiitle iPolives ; It. OJIo (V vllra ; Sp. Aceite de
nccitiuma ; Lat. Oleum oHvurum). The olive tree is ])rincipally cultivated for the sake
of its oil. This is an insipid, inodorous, pale greenish yellow coloured, viscid fluid,
unctuous to the feel, inflammable, incai)able of combining with water, and nearly inso-
luble in alcohol. It is tlie lightest of all the fixed oils; and is largely used, particularly
in Greece, Italy, Spain, and France, as an article of food, and in medicine, and the arts.
It is also very extensively used in tiiis country, particularly in the woollen manufacture.
The ripe fruit is gathered in November, and immediately bruised in a mill, the stones
of which are set so wide as not to crush the kernel. The pulp is then subjected to the
press in bags made of rushes ; and by means of a gentle pressure, the best, or vir(nii
oil, flows first ; a second, and afterwards a third, quality of oil is obtained by moist-
ening the residuum, breaking the kernels, &c., and increasing the pressure. When the
fiait is not sufficiently ripe, the recent oil has a bitterish taste; and when too ripe, it is
fatty. After the oil has been drawn, it deposits a white, fibrous, and albuminous matter ;
but wlien this deposition has taken place, if it be i)ut into clean glass flar.ks, it undergoes
no further alteration ; the common oil cannot, however, bi:- preserved in casks above
li or 'J years. It is sometimes adulterated by the admixture of poppy oil. — ( Thom-
son'!, Disjieiisdtori/.^
The best olive oil is said to be made in the vicinity of Aix, in France. Tliat which is brought from
LeKliorii, in chests containing ^ Irattlcs, or 4 Knglish gallons, is also very superior; it is I.iown in our
markets by the name of Klorence oil, and is used mostly for culinary purposes. Olive oil is the f/riniipal
article of export from the kingdom of Naples. — {See Naplks.) Apnlia and Calabria are the provinces
most celebrated for its production. The Apulian is the *)e8t, and is preferred by the woollen manu-
facturers, by whom it is extensively used. IJy far the largest portion of the olive oil brought to England
is imported from Italy ; principally from Gallipoli, on the east coast of the Gulf of Taranto, in lat. 40° .J'
N., Ion. IS^^ 'ij' ."ij'' E., whence it is commonly known by the name of Gallipoli oil. But, besides Italy,
Spain sends us a large quantity ; and we derive smaller supplies from Malta, Turkey, the Ionian
Islands, &c. Thus, of SJ,/!!!,!);")? gallons of olive oi' importe<i in 18.)(), 2,(i3+,237 were from Italy ; (iJ'J,4ii8
do. from Spain ; .')l?,l)l)4 do. from Malta, partly at st::;ond hand ; 2l,4(i7 do. from Turkey ; U.'idO do. trom
the Ionian Islands ; and about ol),0(X) do., at .second hand, fro>'. the Netherlands and Germany.
The price of olive oil, duty-paid, in London, in January, ;do4, was as follows : —
O.iUipoli
Sp,ini-,h Calabria
Caluia, (leiioa, and Provence,
tun (252 sals.]
L. 4. L. I.
v.) to CO
.'i5 (t - I)
7.) - SO II
Ilarbary
I.urca, in j.-u-s
Florence
/.. : I.. ,.
tun (252 gals.) 53 Oto'il
• (I 11- (I I)
J chest - 1 1 _ u U
TliC duty of HA 8.?. a tun (2.')2 wine gallons) amounts to about 10 i)or cent., or l-.'jth of the price. But
as olive oil is an article much used in household economy, and of essential importance in the arts, par.
ticulurly the woc.llen manufacMire, such a duty seems to be quite opiiressive. Were it reduced to i.V. 'Jj.
a tun, we believe it would be very little, if at all, less productive than at present, while the fall of iirice
consequent ujion such a reduet.on would have many beneficial consequences. Nothing can be more
absurd than vo elevate duties till they become less jiroductive than they would be were they lower; but
when the articles .so overtaxed are of t;reat utility, the mischicvousness of the |)ractice exceeds its
irr.itionality. (ilivc oil is necessary to the preparation of the best species of soap ; but the high duty
prevents it from being so employed in this country, and, consequently, obliges us to make use of an
inferior article.
An Account of the Quantity of Olive Oil entered for Home Consumption in each Year .since 1S£0;
distinguishing the Kate of IJuty, and stating the Amount of Duty received in each Year.
Ouantities
Oinntities
entered for
enti're<I for
En llouie (^on.
Amount of
■c
llotne Con-
Amount of
Pi sunnitinn
i in llie
'^ United
Duty reccivcft
thereon.
Rates of nul) charged.
sumption
ill llie
I'lnli-d
l)ut> received
thereon.
Rates of Duty charged.
Kingdom.
Kinplom.
Per Imp. Tun,
Per imp. Tun,
Iwp. Thus.
/,. 1. </.
r. s. <l.
ImiK Tunt.
L. «.
rf.
L. ». d.
1S21 2,37.1
44,70(1 17 7
1 18 1,5 7 In Hritlsh sldps.
L 19 19 7 ii lor. bhips.
(9 U in khips of N»-
|)les *: Sicily,
1S2S
f.,959
58,580 5
1
1S22 .1,1(;2
59,ir,4 10 5
—
8 8 in other sliips.
1S2.1 2,lilll)
,'iO,S.->2 12 '0
_
10 10 in ships ol .Na-
1S21 ,1,521)
0ti,2'J.'J 2 i;
_
1829
.■!,299
:45,250 12
i pies & Sicily.
1S25 n.mci
4I,2SS 4 !)
r S 8 Oinanvshi.i.from
I 5th July.
IS.W
8,.52l
7l,fi7S U
n
is 8 in other ships.
is2n ,i,.iT(;
2s.,inr. n
—
is.-ii
7,575
tl 1,2 1.1
()
_
IS27 4,2 lU
.-..'i,S77 IS 10
8 S _
1SJ2
5,()!I5
11,,150
—
Olive oil, the produce of Europe, may not be inr.ported into the U litcd Kingdom for home consumption,
except in Ilritisli ships, or in ships of the country of which it is the produce, or fiom which it i: imported,
on forfeiture of the same and 100/. by the master of the ihip. — (;J Sc 4 IVili. 4. c. 54. <j <> 2. 22.)
It is ordered by a Customs Minute of the 2 id of July, 182.S, that when the actual tare is not taken, l-,3d
for tare on each "jar, and 1 7tli for foot, may be allowed.
Oil Trade of Naples. — Tne oils of the kingdom of Naples are protluccd in Apulia, from Bari to its
southern extremity, the Capo di Leuci ; a district comprising the territories which export from Gallipoli
and Taranto; ami in Calabria, from Kossano, on the gtilf of Taranto, .ncross to Giojci, The whole coast
from (iioja as far as Gaeta is covered with olive trees, They are also al)undant in the Abruzzi ind the
Terra di I.avoro ; but Aptilia and Calabria fi.rnish by far the prealest quantity of oil.
'J"he principal majjazincs, or cniied/iu.-, for oil, are at Gallipoli '.d (rioj;».
OLIVE OIL.
863
of Duty charged.
Gallipoli supplies Kngland, Holland, the north ot Europe, and, in short, all those rnuntrics that require
the most perfectly puriticd oil. It is clarilied to tlic hinhe.st degree, by merely keeping it in eistems
hollowed out of the rock on which the town is built. 'I'he voyages it has to perform being long, it is
put into casks so well constructed, that it frequently arrives at Heter-sburgh, in the heat of summer, with-
out the least waste or leakage, — an advantage attributed to the seasoning of the staves, which, before they
are put together, are well soaked in sea water.
We borrow the following details with respect to the preparation of oil at Gallipoli, from a very intere.'-t.
ing papt;', communicated by an English gentleman who had resided in the town, in the volume entitled
f'cgctab^ Substances Material of Manufactures, published by the Society for the Difl'iisien of useful
Knowleuge.
" The rock on which the town is built is easily excavated ; and in caverns thus constructed oil clarifies
sooner, and keeps without rancidity much longer, than in any other place. Hence numerous oil-houses
are established atGallipoli, and a very consideral)le portion of the rock is cut into cisterns. A Gallipolilari
oil warehouse generally occupies the ground floor of a dwelling-house, and has a low arched roof. Hoine
are more extensive, but on an average they are about oO feet square. In the stone floor you sec 4, 0, or
more holes, which arc circular, about 2 feet in diameter, and like the mouths of wells. Each of these
holes gives access to a separate cistern beneath your feet ; and when the oil is poured into them, care is
t:iken not to mix ditierent qualities, or oils at dilfirent stages, in the same reservoir. One cistern is set
apart for Of^lio rnosto, or oil that is not clarified, aniillier for pure od of the season, another for old oil, &c.
I have seen oil tliat had thus been preserved for 7 years in a perfect state, or, as the Gallipoli merchants
have HfChiaro, giallo, c lampante, — 'KOT(ls -whieh, during some months, 1 have heard at least KIO times
a day. I also many times verified the fact : the niosto, or oil in its turbid state, which arrived alnH)st as
lilacf; and thick as pitch, soon became bright and yellow in these excellent reservoirs, without any lielp
from man.
" All the oil, whatever may be its quality, is brought to the magazine in sheep or goat skins, which are
generally carried on mules — thnre being but few strnrte rutabile, or roads lit fur wheeled carriages, in these
parti In a good year, and at the rroper season, I have counted, in the course of an afternoiMi's ride, as
many as 100 mules returning from Gal'ipoli, where they had been to deposit their inictiious buidens, to
diflerent towns and villages in the Tern d'Otranto, or the mpre distant province of Hari. 'i'lie quantity
of oil required may be conceived, when 1 state, that at one time , in the year lylfi) I saw !) English, ,'i
American, 2 French, and 6 Genoese vessels, (not to mention some small craft from the Adriatic,) all
Wilding in the port of Galliiioli for entire or partial cargoes of it. When the oil is to be shipped, it is
drawn ofl'the cistern into uteri, or skins, and so carried on men's shoulders down to a small house on the
sea shore. In that house there is a large open basin, capable of containing a given quantity, and of
measuring the oil ; and into that the porters empty their skins as they arrive. A tube communicates from
the basin to a large cock at the outside of the house. When the basin is full, well-inade casks, of variou.'i
sizes for the convenience of stowage, are placed under the cock, which is then turiu d, and the casks are
filled. As the casks are closed up by the cooper, the porters roll them down to the lirink of the sea, where
the sailors secure several of them together with a rope, and taking the end of the cord into the boat, they
row off'to the vessel, towing the oil casks through the water alter them.
" I first became acquainted with the Gallipolitaiis sliorti;- after the fall of Napoleon, whose system,
whatever good parts of it may have done in the rest of Italy, was certainly most ruinous to the provinces
of Lecce and Bari. Unable to export, or find any market for their produce, the proprietors in many
parts of those provinces let the olives lie and rot upon the ground. For some years, indee ., the price
of oil scarcely paid the cost of its preparation, to say nothing of transport and other necessary expenses.
During tlie Continental system, the best cA«/ro, gia/lo, c lavipantc oil was sold at Gallijioli for h Nea.
politan ducats the sa;ma; in ISIG and Ibl", it found a ready marke'. at from fiO to "0 ducats per salma !
" Those who, during the evil time, had penetration enoUL'h to foresee better days, and that a system
opposed to the general commercial prosperity of F.urope c uld not last ; and who had, at the same time,
money enough for such objects ; by annually making their oil as usual, and buying up the oil of others at
the low current prices of the dav, realised enormous profits tvhen peace threw open the pert of Gallipoli,
and ships of all nations flocked thither as bclore.
" The olives of which the Gallipoli oil is made, are never gathered, but .illowed to drop in their ma.
turity from the tree on the ground, where they are picked up chiefly by women and children, and carried
to the mill.
" The machinery employed in expressing the oil is of the rudest kind, and, no doubt, numerous im.
provements might be introduced, not only into this branch, but into that of cultivating the olive tree.
The peasantry, however, and, in the kingdom of Naples, those who stand higher in the scale of fortune
and rank, are too often but boors in intellect, are obstinate in their attachment to old practices, and are
apt, when any of these are reprehended, to stop discussion by saying — Faccio come fac.-va la buim' aninia
di mio padre, e cio basta. (I do as my father of blessed meun.ry did before me, and that 's enough.)
" The poor people of the country make culinary uses of the same oil that is cnorted, and which in
England is only used in manufactures, or burnt in lamps ; but in the houses of the gentry I have olten
tasted oil prepared with more care, which was truly delicious, being equal to that of Sorrento, Vico, and
Massa, or even to the best oils of Tuscany oi Provence." — (J ;i 200 — 2(4.)
The caricaturi of Bari and Monopoli furnish oils for the consumption of Upper Italy and Germany
through the medium of Venice and Trieste, 'i'hey also draw supplies from Brindisi and'otranto.
The caricatori of Taranto, of Eastern Calabria or Httromariiia, and of Western Calabria, the i rincipal
of which is Gioja, t\irnish supplies for Marseilles, &c. Hut the carieatori now mentioned, having no con.
vcnicnces for clarification, produce only the thick oils used for soap-making.
The oils of Sicily, like those of Tunis, are too thin to be used singly in the making of soap ; and being
used only for mixing, are less valuable than most others.
The oil trade in the provinces is in the hands of respectable houses, which purchase by retail of the
several planters. The oil thus collected is sold in Naples at a profit equal to the difference between the
size of the measures by which it is bought and those by which it is sold. To facilitate transactions,
orders or cedules are circulated, representing quantities of oil d?positcd in the provincial carieatori.
These orders are negotiable, like bills of exchange, and are indcrsed by the intermediate holder, who
receives their value in cash, without, however, becoming liable for their due satisfaction. The only re-
sponsible parties are the drawer and drawee. The latter is obliged Xa deliver the oil at sight of the order,
or to hold it, at the bearer's disposal, till the 10th of November for the caricatori of Apulia, and till the
31st of December for those of Calabria. If the contract be for time, th at is, from one year to another,
the oil is usually placed at the purchaser's command on the 1st ol Warch. Purchase? for lime are eftected
by means of a contract, wherein the vendor undertakes to deliver the oil by the end of January, on re.
ceiving payment of the money ; but the oil, as observed above, is not really at the purchaser s disposal
before the beginning of March. Hence, in time bargains, the payment of the iiionvw precedes the delivery
of the oil more than a month : scarce an instance is on record of an engagenitnt of this sort having been
broken, and the order is as readily negotiable as any other security.
In purchases of oil at command, p..ynient likewise precedes the delivery of the article ; but in this case
the advance is confined to the 5 days necessary to transmit the order to the ciricatore where the oil U
kept lor delivery.
The oil remains in the rnnfrttor under the care and responsibility of the 'endor, to be delivered on
demand to the bearer of the order, free of all costs and charges whatever for the first year; but for every
lucccaiive year tYom W to 30 grains per snlms are charged for keeping, and for renewal of warranty.—.
'• > ';
r. i
.* ■
J,
ItH *
M: J
mm
. t'
V 1
■ UU
861
OMNIUM. — OPIUM.
It
' i
£
s.
rf.
- 70
*
- 1.H
4
7
( Wf arc iiulebted for these ilctaiU to a brochure of M. Millenet, tiititled Coup d'CEil tur U Ruyaumc dr
Aap/cs. Naples, IHoi.)
OMNIUM, a term used at the Stock Exchange, to express the aggregate vahie of
the different stocks in which a loan is now usually funded.
Tlius, in the loan of 3fi,i ()0,f)()0/. contractcil for in June, ISlfl, the omnium consisted of 130/. 3 er cent
reduced annuities, 44/. ;3 i)er cent. consol.«, and ID/. 4 per cent, annuities, for each 100/. subscribed!
The loan was contracted for on the 14th of June, when the prices of the n'love stocks were — 3 percent
reduced, ,04 ; 3 per cent, consols, 55 ; 4 per cents., 70 : hence the parcels of stock given for 100/. advanced
were worth — '
130/. reduced, at .W - .
44/. consols, at 55
U'/. 4 per cents., at 70
Together - - ^ 101 8
which would be the value of the omnium, or 1/. 8s. per cent, premium, independently of any discount for
prompt payment.
ONION (Gcr. Zwiehel ; Fr. Oignon ; It. Cipnlln; Sp. dhoUn ; Kii.s. Zk/<), a well
known bulbous plant (Allium Ccpa Lin.) cultivated all over Europe for culinary pur-
poses. The Strasburgli, Spanish, and Portuguese varieties are the most esteemed.
ONYX (Ger. Onyx; Fr. Onix, Oiiice ; Sp. Oniijiie ; I.,at. Onyx). "Any stone
exhibiting layers of 2 or more colours strongly contrasted is called an onyx ,- as banded
ja.s])er, chalcedony, &c., but more particularly the latter, when it is marked with white,
and .stratified with opaque and tran.slucent lines. Eut the Oriental onyx is co.isiderecl
a sul)stance consisting of 2 or more layers or bands of distinct and different colours. A
sard, or sardoine, having a layer of white u))on it, would he called an onyx ; and according
to the number of layers it would be distinguished as an onyx with :5 or more bands,
Some of the antique engravings arc upon onyxes of 4 bands." — (Matce^s Treatise on
Diamonds, Sfc.)
OP.VL (Ger. Opal; Fr. Opale ; It. Opah ; Sp. Opulo, Pierlra iris ; Port. Opala;
Lat. Opahis), a stone, of which there are several varieties, found in diiferent parts of
Eurojje, particularly in Hungary, and in the East Indies, &c. When first dug out of
the earth it is soft, but it hardens and diminishes in bulk by exposure to the air. Tlie
opal is always amorphous; fracture conchoidal ; commonly somewhat transpa.-ci .
Hardness varies considerably. Specific gravity from 1 "OoS to 2-54. The lowness of i'
specific gravity in some cases is to be ascribed to accidental cavities which the stone con-
tains. These are sometimes filled with drops of water. Some specimens of opal have
the property of em Jting various coloured rays, witli a particuhir cffulgeney, when placed
between the eye and the light. The opals which possess this i)roj)erty are distinguished
by la])idaries by the epithet Oriental ; and often, by mineralogists, by the epithet noliilis.
'I'liis property rendered the stone much esteemed by the ancients. — ( T/wmson's Clte-
ihistry ; see also Plin, Jlist. Nat. lib. sxxvii. c. 6., where ihere are some very curious
details as to this stone.)
Mr. Mawe gives the following statement with respect to the precious opal, or opal nohilis: — " The
colour of the opal is white or pcavl grey, and when held between the eye and the light is pale red, or wine
yellow, with a milky tiauslueency. Hy reflected light it exhibits, as its position is varied, elog.mt ami
inost beautiful iridescent colours, particularly emerald green, golilen yellow, fl.ime and lire red, violet,
purple, and celestial blue, so beautifully blended, ai;d so I'ascinating, as to captivate the admirer. When
the colour is arranged in small spangles, it takes the name of the harlecpiin njial. Komctime.-i it exiiiliits
only 1 of the above colours, and of these the most esteemed arc the vivid emerald green and the orange
yellow. When the stone possesses the latter of the.-.e eolouis, it is c.illed the golden opal.
" The preeiousopal is not ipiite so hard as rock crystal : it is frequently full of Haws ; which greatly con-
tributes to its beauty, as the vivid iridescent (olours wliieh it displays are occasional by the reflection
and refraet'oii of ligot, which is decomposed at these fissures. It is never cut in facets, but alwavs lie-
mispherieal. It is generally small, rarely so 1 irge i.s an alninnd or hazel nut, though I have seen some
specimens the size of a small walnut, for which several hundred pounds were demanded. At present, a
pretty opal may be bought at frcmi 1 to .J or .". guinea^, suHiciently large for a iiin or ring stone. It requires
great" care and' judgment in the euttng, as it is liagile and easily .^pl)iled.
" The opal, in all ages, has been highly e-tceined : the history of the Homan senator, who preferred
death rather than give up his opal ring to the Knii)eror Nero, is familiar to every one. Among the Kasteni
nations, the opal ranks higher than in liurope.
" A spurious sub.stance is sometimes sold lor black and green opal, and often set in jewellery ; it occurs
of the size of a small almond, but more commonly not larger than a lentil or pe.a. This prcciiins ncin is
nothing more than the cartilageof the hiiigeof a large shell, (ilass, and even scoria, having an iridescent
a))pearanee, have also often been sold for opal." — {Trcntisc on Diatnomls, Jir. i-'ii cd. pp. I'ii — V2'>.]
OPIUM (Ger. Mohnsnft ; Fr. Opium ; It. Oppio ; Sj). and Port. Opio ; iMt.Opiitm-,
Arab. Ufyoon ; Hind. Ufeem ; Turk. Maitjoon), the concrete juice of the white popjiy
(Pnp/iver somniferum), which is most i)i-obal)ly a native of Asia, though now found grow-
ing wild in the southern parts of ]'>ui-ope, and even in England. ()])iuin is cliictiy ))rc-
pared in India, Turkey, and Persia; but the white lioppy is '>xtensively cultivnted in
France, and other parts of Europe, on account of its capsules, and of the useful iilaiui
oil olitained from its seeds. It has also been cultivated, and opium made, in I'liiglaiul ;
but there is very little jiiobability of its ever being raised here to any coiisidurahle
extent.
The poppy is an annu.il ])]ant, with a slalk rising to the height of 3 or 4 feet ; its
leaves resemble those of the lettuce, and its flower has the ai>pearance of a tulip. When
^W^'WfUWWPWWW."
OPIUM.
8(i.5
U Royaumc dc
gate value of
130/. 3 or cent.
scribed.
re — 3 per cent.
100/. aUvancctI,
iny (liscount for
Luh), a well
culinary pur-
iteemed.
" Any stone
X ; as banded
:d witli white,
is coiisidered
it colours. A
and according
■ move bands.
u's Treatise on
Port. Opa!a ;
rcrent parts of
rst dug out of
the air. Tlie
t transpa.T) .
lowness of i'
the stone con-
5 of opal have
f, when placed
• distinguished
epithet uohilis.
homson's Clic-
vcry curious
noli:7i\i; — "The
pale red, or wine
•ieil, elegant ami
■ (ire teil, violet,
liniicr. When
imes it cxiiiliits
and the orange
jich greatly con-
bv the reflection
'but always lie-
ive seen some
At present, a
iiie. It rc(iniips
who preferred
long the Eastern
cilery ; it oeeuri
i prcciims gi'in i*
ing an iridesecnt
liij— laV;
I.at. Opium ;
white poppy
V found };row-
is chieHy i)fc-
cultivatcd in
u useful bliiiul
in Kujiland ;
considerable
or 4 feet ; it"
tulii). When
at its fiill growth, an incision is made in the top of the plant, fi-jm which there is.sues
a white milky juice, which soon hardens, and is scraped off the plants, and wrought into
cakes. In India, these are covered with the petals of the plant to prevent tlieir sticking
together, and in this situation are dried, and packed in chests lined with hides and covered
with gunny, each containing 40 cakes, and weigiiing 2 nuuuuls or 149^ lbs. ; they are
exported in thi;; state to the places wliere the opium is consumed. Turkey opimn is
in flat pieces, covered with leaves, and the reddish capsules of some species of riiniex ;
which is considered an indication of its goodness, as the inferior kinds have none of these
capsules adhering to them.
According to Dr. A. T. Tliomson, Turkey opium has a peculiar, strong, heavy,
narcotic odour, and a bitter taste, accompanied by a sensation of acrid heat, ui' biting on
the tongue and lips, if it be well chewed. Its colour when good is a reddisii brown, or
fiiwn colour ; its texture compact and uniform. Its specilic gravity is 1 •'Mid. Whvn
soft, it is tenacious; but when long exposed to the air, it becomes hard, breaks with a
uniform shining fracture, is pulverulent, and affords a yellowish brown powder.
East Indian v,j)ium has a strong empyreumatic .si"'ell ; but not nuicli of tiie peculiar
narcotic, heavy odour of the Turkey opium ; the ta.ste is more bitter, and ecpially
nauseous, but it hius less acrimony. It agrees with the Turkey opium in other .sensible
qualities, except that its colour is blacker, and its texture less plastic, although it is as
tenacious. Good Turkey opium has been found to yield nearly 3 times tiie quantity of
morphia, or of the peculiar principle of the drug, that is yielded by East Indian opium.
Opium is regarded as bad, when it is very soft, greasy, light, friable, of an in-
tensely black colour, or mixed with many impurities. A weak or em])yreuindtic odour,
a slightly bitter or acrid, or a sweetish taste, or the power of marking a brown or black
continuous streak when drawn across paper, are all symptoms of inferior opium. —
(^Dispensatory. )
Tlie raising of opium is a very hazardous business ; the poppy being a delicate i)lant,
peculiarly liable to injury from insects, wind, hail, or unseasonable rain. The prtxhice
seldom agrees with the true average, but commonly runs in extremes; wliile one culti-
vator is disappointed, another reaps immense gain : one season does not pay the labour
of the cidturc ; another, peculiarly fortunate, enriches all the cultivators. This circum-
stance is well suited to allure man, ever confident of good fortune. — ( Colehroo/ics
Husbandry of Bengal, p. 119.)
In England, o])ium is little used, except as a medicine. In 1831 and 1832, the
quantity entered for home consumption amounted, at an average, to 'J8,097 lbs. a year.
Tlie principal part of our supply is brouglit ti-om Turkey. Opium from the latter was
wortli, in the London market, in ]3ecember, 1833, from 16a'. to 17s. per lb. The
duty is 4s.
Consumption and Trade qf Opium in China. — Opium i.s pretty extensively used, both as a masticatory
anil in smoking, in Turkey and Iniiia ; but its great (onsuinption is in ( liiiia and the .surrounding conn.
tries, wliere the babit of smoking it lias become almost universal, 'ilie Chinese boil or seethe the crude
opium; and by this process the impurities, resinous an I gummy matter, arc separated, and the remaining
extract only is reserved for use. Tluis prepared, the diug loses its ordinary strong and ofl'ensive aromatic
odour, and has even a fragrant and agieeable perfume. A small ball of it, inserted in a large wooden
pipe with some comlmstible matter, is lighted, and fh.;; amateur proceeds to inhale four or Hie wliitTs,
uneii belies iowii and resigns liiiiiscif to bis dre.-ims, which are said to have no inconsideralile resem-
blance to the sensations produced by inhaling the oxide of azote. Those who do not carry the indulgence
to excess, do not, it is said, experience any bad eltect.s frt>m it.
The supplies for the Chinese market are derived fron' India and Turkey, but iirincipally from the
former. The goveriimenl of China has issued edict upon edict, forbidding the importation and coiisump.
tioii o; the drug, but without ettect. Most j)art of the authorities openly connive at the proceedings of
the iiiii'jj :'i.rs, while the few who might be desirous to enforce the law are wholly without the power ; so
th ; .hi' ii-.\dn is conducted with the greatest facility, and almost perfect security. It was at (irst carried
( r: VV'uii poa, about 1.^ miles below Canton ; next at Macao, whence it was driven by the exactions of
i . H I- esj; and now the principal entrepAt is in the b.iy of I.intin. 'i'hc opium is kept on board
t' ■ ( vii-niily called receiving ships, of which there are olleii 10 or li.' lying together at anchor.
',"■ in mostly ellected by the English and American agents in Canton, who give orders for the
<ltl. ,.1" ci''. L upium ; which, on producing the order, is handed over to the Chinese smuggler, who comes
aloiigsiu ; nit'lit to receive it. Frequently, however, the smuggler purchases the opium on his own
aiTouiit, payii tor it on the spot in silver ; it being a rule of the trade, nevei lenarted Irom, to receive
the money before the drug is delivered. When it is l.-indcd, the laws are equally set at defiance in its
conveyance throughout the country ; and public smoking houses are said to be every where est.iblished !
The consumption of opium in China is rapidly extending. During the first 10 years of the present
century, the exports from India to China were about '.VidO chests (of UPJ lbs. each . In 18'Jl-t,'!i, after
the introduction of Malwa opium into the markets of Calcutta and Kombay, the exports increased to
4,iii"i chests ; and, owing, no doubt, to the greatly increased suppiv and lower price of t':o : -tide, the
eximrts in 18,J1-3J exceeded a),0(K) chests, worth above 13,0lK),(l>ii dollars ! — vSee n/i/r, y.%,\).) The
whole of this immense trade is in the bands of private individual- , the Company not choosing to engage
in a business prohil)ited by the Chinese government. The imports of Tui key opium into ( hina are
believed to amount at present to about 1,0^0 chests. Smyrna is the principal '1 urkish port for the export
of opium. — ^.See S.m vhna.)
Ciiltivaliun of O/inim In India. Monopohi. — The cultivation of opium in India is a government mo-
nopoly, and is confmed to the provinces of Hahar* and Benares, and Malwa in Central India. Kvery onf>
.'itiiiii the prescribed limits may engage in the opium cultivation ; but the drug, when prepared, must all
' ■' iold at a fixed price to the Cmnpany's agents. The price is very far below the price at which it ii
' •' I
iiii
« ■"!
' ' I
J ■!
;i'l
i :l
, !
I li t
"!l
* The opium of Baliar is known in commerce by the name of Patna opium.
(I
«r.(5
oponAi.sAM.— oporno.
MftiTwnrcli (kIiI for r«|iniln(liiM ; niiil tlir ilii'innvtmirr iif Itt Im'Iiik (Ucil nnil Inndciiunli! ilrprlvcji dm
I'lllllviilciii of iiliint y:\f[ ii| ||ii< I';ivmiii iilili' i li;iiii i'h In I lie ImMi'Iv |iirvi<iiiHly nlliicli'd Id liy Mr. (KIcliKHikr
"»/;<(/, |1 I |M^ llwil, CMl'lll ill II ll'W Killl.llillllH llllll llll' ||('| ||{,,,,| '
liiil I, Mr. ('. illnliiirllv Ii'IImiik .IIiis/,. II,
I'liviiiinililr, \\* riilliviiliiMi ih iiii|iiiilltiilili'. Ilir |if Miinl«i'ii(MHi' In il Willi riliirl
llllll
»>!• li'lM|i|r'(|
I' riiiiy nil
iMily liy llll' Ihiiiii'ilhili' iiilviiiircH llic );iiM'riiiiii'iil iikiiiIk inr i>lill|;i'il In iii^ikf In riialilc llicin I
\\\\- llllNllirHH.
Till" uiiiiiii|mly liiiK Hiinirllnii'H priiilnri'il .1 nrll rrvriniiMil' jilmnl I, dm 1,0017. n yriir. [.iillrrly, licuviv
III is rrvi'iinr li.ii lii'i'ii iii.Ki ri.illy ilimini'.liiil. I I111 li;m lucn iinii-iiJiinl, (iiilly liv llir riiiii|iics'l nl M.i\v
tinil llll
IniiiiisHiliiilly III' i'\lrniliii{( llirsiiini' "nil
iiiii|iiilv Inin lli;il (iiiivi
lli.'il
"IIH ChLiiilmli,.,!
ill lliiliiir mill ll>'ii;iii'H, omiI jMilly In tlic inlriiiliiilinn nl' TiuLry ii|iiiiiil Inin Ilic ( IiIiichi- iiiaiKil hy 1
AiiirriraiiH.
Till' hvili'iii niiiliT wlili li llll' liiili.'Ui ii|iiiMii triiilr li IK lirrii rniiilni Inl, li'it liicii llii> lliini
riilii(!V, mill I1.11 ln'i'ii Kn|i|iiiHi'il In iilliml Ihi' nnly i'\aiii|ili' nl an iiiii-.iiiiilhiiiiilil,' iiintK'iKili/ ! |)y c
till' I'll nival inn til' llir |>)aiil In )iartiriilai' iIihIi Ii'Ih, anil laKiiit; ran' lli.it llir wlinir |ii'n(liiri> ralsnl m |||
V Ihr
'■ 111' liillrli
niiliii
'«K
• liall III' r\|iiiilril, \\r pii'vi'iil, il in naiil, llii' ii; i> nl this ■Irlilrriniii iliil;; Irnin c.'iiiiiii)! |;iniiiii| in |
U'liili' llir lii|:li |M Ire at ivliirli il li 'inlil |>iimIiii'|'H a lai i!r irvnini' In IIic ('i>iii|'aiiy'i> lri'a»iii y. fin ,,111
Inn, that I'vi'ii till' lnlrri"a>4 nl' llir Clniirxi' aii' rniisiillnl liv tlir '.yslriii ; that tiny nlilain tlic ,|i
Kl.iti' nl'piii ily, U'liii'li uniilil nllirr\vi.'<i' hi' ailnlli'i.ili'il , anil thai Ihr lii)!li 111 iir thrv air nhli|jri| In J,,,, |
II
iiirri'lv art
linlrNiinii' ri".lr.iiiil nn llnir viciiiiii |i|i>|ii'iiKity In lniliil|;i' ill what 11 .111 \rrv n
iiilia ;
1 il,
|||; 111 a
\Vi' (Iniilit, linwi'Vt'f, wlii'tliiT llnrr III' mm 11 loiinilalinM liM Una' riilni.ii"
11
lliat
irir ran lii' nn 1
iipi
mil Ih a vrry I'M'rIli'iit Mihii'il I'm l.ixatinii ; ,iiiil Ihr hli;liri Ihr ilnly ran lie iai«ril nn il,
Jiii'-
ivilliniit
IV
riirnliraKiiiK "iiiiiltltliiil!, tlii' lirtliT. Il ii tint, linwi'vrr, hii rlr.n' I hat Ihr mnnnpnlv xyitnin is Ihi' lii".| »
III' arriiiiiplishiiiK this ; ami, llimiith Ilic nvsIi'Iii li.ail lirrii nii,i{inally a y\ I niir, it Is im lnii|;rr piKHilil,. ),,
I'liliirri' il, Td Imai'.iiii', liiilcnl, thai tlir illii il riilliv.ilinn nl. ami tiallli' in, npi 11111 r.iii Im picvinli i|, i,mw
llnil il in riilsril ill must paits nl'tlii' I'vli'iisiic inimUv nl IMalwa,
alli
rlliiT Imliiniiis. An In iIk
mipiinsnl liillili'iiri' nl Ihr imilin|inly in iiisiiriii)! Ihr jiiirily nl llin ilrii|{, it is niilllriiiil In nhsii vr Hi ii
liirli is priiiliicril miller a rnmpai.ilivclv tii'i' «ysliiii, Ii.ih lirni 1 ipiilly lmpri>viii;f n, ,(,
M
ilwii nniiiiii, w
will
i|lialily, ami mnv vrry nlliii li'lilirH a lii|>lii'r prirr than tlii' n|iiiim nl ll.iliar .'mil lli'ti.in"
^itll^t^^f siiiiuilliiiiir is Kept up, Ihr lillcr, iiiili'ril, li.is iinimlimrH Iktii iirarly iiiin.'iIi'.'iIiIi', Ii
r.irrlrss way in which il has Ihtii pirparnl, ami llin I'Slcnt In whiili it was ailnllciatril. — (('/v/ii;/»/,/ ,,,
nil till
///(• .1/[ii/ii/>iV//i;/' ///r /-'(hv IiiiIi,i ('I'lii/iitiii/, p. ,'> 1
) II
Imwi'vcr, III say iiinrr nn lliis pnnil, Ui.ni
llial TiiiKisli npiiim iiiaiiilaiiis, in 11 .pi rl nl' pin ily .iiiil r.iirliil pirparallnn, a ill riilriily li lillcr irpiil.itnai
lllim aliv priiilniiil In liiilia. — ( '/'//ip;»Mni',v Distniis'ifi'ii/ )
\Vi' ilmilil, Inn, wliillH'r llin iisr nl n|iniiii, wliiii l.iKrii ill mnilrr.ili' i|iiniilitirH, lii" rrallv Kn iiijininns ai
linn lii'rii rrpii'Miilril. 'I'li.il il m.iy, liUi' npinlH ami wiiir, lir I'lliiisnl, ih aliiimlantly iril.iiii , liiil h hia
lint liri'ii shnwM that il is iiinM' lialilr In aliiisr lli.iii I'lllni nl llirsi' ailiclrs Nn nun ilnnhts that ilm
riiini'si', liy wliniii it In pn Mipally roiiKiimril, .'in' .'i Iniilily iiiiliisli inif, snlirr, liiiKal |irn|ili' ; liiil tin
l<liit
ViTC nthrini^i', \vr rrallv ilii mil kit that llic l',.i'-l Imlia ( nmp.iny ,11 r w.ii rimtril in siiliji'itiii^ ,1 piiilii,ili|ti
lutii'l" 111' I'lilliv.'ilinli 111
Il is niim'i'rss;iry, liinvi'V'
•rrnpli'K nl' Iliis soil ; ami
nil rxtravaK'iiil lii'li'lit,
nt'livi
, 'ii till' Irttrri nl mniiopniv, that Ihr mnr.ils nl' Ihr ('IiIiiini' may lir prri
■ill
iiiprliliirH, In llm ki<''1
iipniilhiM viru III llii' iii,illrr. Tlii' lurks ami .'\iiiri iraiis have m
I'l'i t nl' Ihr ( nmpanv's allrmpl ill); In Iniir up tlir purr nl iipiiiin |i>
lirnw 11 still i;irali'r piii|iiirlinii nl tlin tr.iilr inin tlii' IiiiiiiIh nl llnir
.'V nl' llll' Imliaii riilli\ alnr'i
Ni'illii'r iiiiisl Ihr iiitiriRlu nl' Im' inlliviitnrM in liiilia lie lusl Ki|?lil nC, wliii nro mnlcrlally iiijiirrd liy
llll' I'Xinlinn sysli'iii. I'vi'ii wrrr It in nllirr ri'sprits pinpi r, tliiir allnw.inrrs arr I'ar Inn Kiiiall
I'pnii llir wlinir, tlirrrrnn', we iln mil »ri' .inv sniiil kihiiihIs Inr MippnsiiiH lli.it II1I1 iiinnnpnly i'nriiisnii
rxci'plinn In tin' rniiiiiinii riili' ; anil wn aijri'i' willi llmsi' whn tliiiiKlli.it tin' lu'llrr w.iy wniilil he in
mtalihsli llir hmni' syslnii, as In I he Iraili' in npniiii, that is rsl.ililishril u itli rrspi'il In llir .spim iimlr In
IIiIn rniiiitrv
II
lat is. In .'il
iiw r\'i'rv mil'
to rnllivair il iipnn l.iKilii; nut :i lirriii'i', ami In l.iy .
iliilv nil llu' pri'p.iiril arlirlc. Smh a plan wmilil put an mil In .sniiii' iiiii«l npprrssivi' riKiil.ili
anil
I lull' il wniilil npi'ii a nrw Hiiiiiri' iit' wr.illh In Ihr cnllivalnrs, llm ri'vriiuc ilrrivril liy kiivciiiiiiimI wniilil
III' iii.iti'ri.'illy nii|{mriili'il.
Ilr-iili's Ihi'wi'iKs piiviniisly rit'rrri'il In, wn li.ivi' rnnsiillcil, ill i'nlii|illiiiK Iliis iirliric, ,liiis/ii-'x M,it.
hiiliiii i Mil/itiiii'x lliiiii/. Ciiiii. , /i',//'.v lt,-i'i(ir iij llll' I'i'iii/iiiiir nj Unif^iil , lu'nliiiir on iUisI linlinn
lijtiiirs, IkIiiiiIIii' I'liiliiiniiiitiiri/ I'luiiiiiilti-i; In |,S.;il .mil |M:i!, Kjf. .V'
()l'()n.\I,S.\AI. Si'o Hai.svm.
()l*()l'()\.\\ ((iit. OjiDpiniiuv : Vy. Opopiiiinx ; II. Ojtofuiiiiinsit ; Sp. Ojuiimniini ;
Al'ilb. Jiiwrs/iifr), II }:;uin-n'sin iilitiiiiu'd IVoiil llii' I'lisliiiinn ()/iiii»iiiii,i; 11 spccii'S id'
imr.stu'p,
It is
itivi' ol' till' siMitli of l''.iii'iipr, llllll AsiiiMiiiiir. 'I'lif slciii rises li
llll" lu'ij;lil of I or .T I'l'i'l, with 11 tliiek lii'iiticlii'il yrllnw-i'iiliimi'ii riiiil. Tin- riiiils lieiiifi;
wiiiiiiili'il, II milky jiiict' llnws rriiin llicin, uliii'li, lu'inn; ilrieil in tlic sun, is llu' iipiipniiax
III' till' sliops. It is ill liiiiip'i III' II reililisli vi'llnw I'oliiiii'. .'iikI while uilliiii. Snieil
pi'ciili.'ir. Tiislo liiller mill .'iniii. Spei'ilic f;i'iivily I ''i
II
IS iniiiiir
i<a li
Tlllkl
lU'in^ iiscii Dtily to ii sniiill exteiil in nu'iiiciius tlio mnsiiinpliiiii is iiieiiiisiileiiilile. —
(lyiiiiiisitii's C/iiillislii/ ^ .liiislii':! Milt, Inilliii.)
Ol'OirrO, nil i'OH'rO, a hii'-^i' city iinil sci-pnil of riit'liij;.il. silniili'il 1111 llic
norlli liank nl' llio liver Dnnro, aliniit 'J miles I'liini its
mil, in llll. 11 ' lo' :'.()" N.
Inn. S :!7' I h" \V. Ii is a lii'.'inliriilly sitnaleil, well-linill I'ily ; and is snppnseil In ii.ue
ciinlaiiu'il, befnro the late lioslililii's, TO.OOO inlialiilanls.
If, trill
The liarlMnir nl Opnrin is .'i li.ir liarhniir, ami eaii nnly he eiilereil, at le.isl liy vessels nl' 11
iiiili'r.'ilile liiil'ileil. at liii'h water ; ami II is ki'IiIhiii at any lime piailieahli lor vessels iliauini; iiiine III. ill
10 I'l'i't. On Hie iiorlli sale 111' the eiilraiiee is the e.islle ol M .Il
lie I
o/, wlieiiei
ileili:
iil'whieli .ire al llll times aliove water, ex
teiiils
s 111 a snnlli-west iliieelinii.
■I'll
e oiitei iiiiisl
inrk^
llll
il.-
Iinmeil I'llKHelr.i, wliieli is alw.iys visible, is lell on the let) nr l.iilioanl side nn eiitei iii.>:. (alieililn riniil,
formiiiK the smitherii extremity ol' the eiiliaiire, is Inw .'iml s.niily. i'lie h.ir lieiiiM li.ilde, limn llie iirlmii
III the tides, am) nl' Kiiddeii Hwelliii)ts or
II Hie river, In perpetual alter.iliiiiis, it is esiii iliiifjiy
ilaii|;erniiH Inr any vcNsel In iitleiiipt eriLssiiij.' il wilhnnl a pilnl. I'dols aie alw.iys on the .ileit, .mil ri';iily
es ill Kinlil, unless Hie xve.illier lie so had th.il lliey laiiiiol I'll I ■"
to oiler llieir cerviees when 11 vensel 1
On some lew neeaHioim ol' this sort, vessels have lieeii ilet.iniiil Inr .1 weeks nil' llir
11;
I. \mHii.iiI Ii.iviiik
nil opporlniiily III entering. The rliapel nl' SI latlieiine in a line with thai ol St Aliehiil Ir.iils hmt
the liar Tlie onlili.iiy rise of Kprliix tiile.s is Iroiii III In 1'.' leel, and nl neaps Iroiii 11 lo fi lerl. A lijdd-
liniise with n llxeil lixlil is ereiliil on a lull alioiit iiiill varils N N. W ol SI .lo.io ile I nz.
niilv oeeiii 111 spring, and lie I'HiiMi'il
'I'lie swelllliKKorilie river, iir fi-rs/irs, as they
ailed.
mosi eoiiim
liy heavy r.iliis, ami hy Hie nu'llini;nl the snow on the iiimnilains. I he rise nt w.iler al smli limes s Iri--
i|Ueiitly as iiiiirll nn MU'eet ; ami the i,ipiilily and Inrre ol Hie einrelil are sn very (;real, Iliat iiodejieiiili lira
ran lie pljieed on nmlinrs ill the Ktrr.im. rorlnn.ilrly, a /ns/i never neriiin willmiil previniis warning ;
nml it in then Hip pinrlii'C to iimor with 11 ealile made i.isl tn trees, nr slmit' pilkirs eitvlwl on llii" uliuro li>r
()nAN(ii:s.
807
inin ilc|)rivc» t|,n
' Mr. fcilclii,,,,!,,
iinl iiri' prdili.iiiy
mill lllr tctii|.|,.,(
lliciii loijiny 1,1,
rillcrly, Imwivcr
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I »ii« ii.i..iiii.i,,,|i
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lllcliic 111' liilji'li
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tiiMiiiil ill III, I,., .
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"iii'i As III III,.
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— '('iiiwjiiiil „„
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ivviii); iiiiiii' lliiiii
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nil till' bIidio liir
fl">» l""P — (]■<>' riirliii r liiriirnmlliiii id in il,u Imiimiir i,f (>|,uiln, ,vu Mi I'unly'. vuliialilu Sailtng
•r,;il,: Opoi'lii is llii' <'iii|iiiriiiin oC ii liir/'f |iiiiliiiii nl llir k iiif^liiin nl' |',,i(„^„|
mill riijoys a |.iHI_v iimsiili i.il.l,. |i>iri,.ti inmmiii r. 'IIm' will l.niiv.ii icil uiiic, (IniiJ
iiiiimli'il I'liit, (Viiiii ils lii'injr rxiiiisivily slii|i|iiil nl lliis niy, rmmsliy lai ||„. |„|(;im.
nilii'lt'ort'iliini. 'I'lu'i'xpi. lis vary in ililll'mit ynirs, IV iilmiil l(i..';n()li. mIidvi' KMKM)
pipi"i. I'liiKlaiiil isiiiiirli llir iiirjjrcst cmisimn'r (if port. Tlir |ii;,.|, iji'.ii iiiiinaiiiiir ,|,|ii,'., ,,„
I'li'iiili wini'iiiifrinally ulilaiiiiil llir il a piili'r.'iiii' in llic llrili.l'i nun kil, In wliiili, lliiMinli
nil ,'\i'('lli'nl wini', il liiiil nn ii.Hnral I'laini ; anil ihi limn I'liiiliiinnl n.i' Iim', u nindrnu d
Ihi' (M'.lc liir II, Ihiil. il is priilialilc il will inainl.iin ils a'.riiid.nii'y mil willr.l.iiuliiifi; llni
lull' I'ipiiiliMiliiMi 111" ihi' iliiliis. At ; viiaj,^(' nl' tlir lo ycjirs cnilin^r „i(|, j;;;; ;^ (i,,.,.,,
»■'•'■«' ■<'''l'l'''l '■' OpiMlii liii Kn;r|anil 'J'.!,!'.!! pipes a yrar ; lint, fxiliisivir ol" llu' piiri
sliippi'il I'liini Opiirli., a ronsiilnfilil.' ipi.iiilily .if nil wini- i'. niiw liiiiiij.rlil rimn I'icinira.
Ni\l 111 I'liifrl, 111,1, Itia/.il. Iliissia, iiiiil llir niirlli nl' Mniiipi' in ^Miii'iiil, .iri' llif | i ip.il
niiiMiniiTs 111' purl. Tin' iillirr rxpiirls ari' nil, niaiincs anil nlliir IVnil.. wnul, rili {
Mi/,Nir, I'ti'iminriarlar, '.1111111111', li'jillu'r, I'nrk, .\ r. 'rim inipnri'. arr iiirn, riin, I ail', '..ijl lisli,
Mini nllii'r nrl . nl' prnvisinn ; sn;.<;jir, ciilUr, .Sr. i'lnin lli;i/il ; lollnn anil wiinlliii n(iiM|.||
liiniiwarc, tin plalis, /ir. t'rnin l';n(/;lai'il ; lirinp, llax. anil ilciil'i, I'lnni llir IJallir, x',-.
llisi.li'H llii' Ilril mil liiiiiiiil/irliii I'll Knnil» iiii|inili'il inln I'liiln^nl |.,i t|„. ,iN,.„n|i,' iijilivi'« 11 r .iilitnlilii
,|il,iiilily I" iliHliiii'il li,r till' rniiNiiiii|i|iiiii iirS|i,iiii , liiin,- HiiiiiHl'.lril ililn tliiil rniiiili y lliiiiiii/li IlKii/.iiim
mill nlliir liiwiiH nil till' / Inr. '• '^'
Miniiis, lliif/ilx, mill MciiniiKS siiiiii' iik IIiuki' nf MhIhim , wliirli mc.
VVi' siilij.iiii nil nii'iiiMit, iilitmiicil rnilii llir I'nitiiHIIi'Hi' « llslniiiliniisr, nl llii' wiiir hliiniiiit riniii Oiiiiiln
iliiilliK l'«' '" yi 'II" I'liililiK ^^ illi I''*''''
AiTiiiilil nlllii' ynmililii'H iiC Wiiii- ••"Miirti'il riniii ()|inrtii iliirin^! Ili|. 'I'm Vi'.ir'i ilnwii In |H !,; Iiirliiiiivi* ■
(ilHiHyiiiK lill' Ciiiinlrii H In wlili li tliiy wi ir hihI, anil llin Oiiaiililiiii hiiil In i';ii li. '
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,V /; It iviis mil lill IH'il, 1 1 1. it llir r\rliiMvr jirivilrjtr |,i,ssi'«,m'iI ly llir l)|inrln Wiiii' < niii|iiitiy, nf
iiliip|.iiiK "'1'"' '"> llrii/il, w.'iii pill .'111 riiil In, |iii'\ inn.' ly In u liirli |i('iii,il llir hlii|,liiriilii li.r lliiil iniiiili y
Hiir mil |(ivrii.
Il iH limilly |iii«hllili' III riiiiii miy rstiiiiiilr 111 llir v;iliii' nl llir uiiii' klii|i|,ril I'lMni OpnIln; Ilic prii'i*
l.livinn nnlll :,/. In .'.11/ pi'l llnl'slirilil. 'llir rX|,(il I illllv nil Willi' .'l|,|,lnvi il lor r\ jii.l lill mil ' "ill/iii il'i »l.
Iiiii'iiit' , IK .'ilinilHi ' ! ..II" '.' |,rr pi|ii', iir, iil llir pn i.i nl .!i",ii;iiy, LSI 1 ;ilr nf im lijiii'i-, 1/ ".v a pipi'.
,S, p.iiJiliMl Willi' {r nihil mini I mill is mil n"in'i,illy «llii«ril In Iir 1 xpnrli il ; 1,1 1 1 iil pii'siiil il iii.iy l.i- nliippril
nil p.'iyiiiK IMi 1 1 !M> i:s. iiinii',iir .',/ !!.«. iil. 11 |ii|"'. I In' nllirr rxpi iisi h mi' li iIIiiik. I ri'i|.|il lollii', iniiiiliy
V, nil's 1111111 1/ In \l. 1 l.v lill. |iri- pipr. (I'nr nil in rnniil nf l!;i' < )|,iii in \\ inc ( iiiiip.iiiy, *ir VVlxi .)
S,,iiii'tiiiii's wllir iM pini'liasril rriiiii tlir lailiirr in Ilic wiiir niiiiti y In lliis r.isi', I Iir casks air sriit nliiilif,
(;(1 III I Irs up llir liirr, ill liiials, In Iir llllril. ()w'iii|; In tlir 11 1. iial.li' ^tali' nl tin- minis, 1 1 in ixpriisi' (ilr.ii •
nii|;r is vrry rniisiilrralili' ; tlir rmlaur Irniii anil lull 1, 1 ivi'r Milr liri|nriilly rnsiini', 1 11, in II In .'/. pii pipi'.
'llir liriKlit liniii tin' lipprr rniniliy iliiuu tin' ri\, 1 In (Ipnitn is aliniil ri|ii.il to lli.il rinin llir lalli 1 In
l;ii)<laiiil. 'I'lirri' is alsii all lliti'iiial iliity nl aliiiiil I/. V.i. pi r pi| 11 all wiiii' liiniij^lil ilnwii llir iivrr.
Iiiasiiiiii'li, linwi'vrr, as tlii'sr rliari'is .iir pn priii.illv \ai \ iii|;. it is mil pni.sililr In lay lirlnrr llir trnilrr
illiv /'.'n I'll mil ai 11 mill nt llir I'lisl nl W'iiir lumi'lil 111 I Iir I piiii Di.iirn.
'I'll!' (Ipnilii \S inr ('niiip.'iiiv liavr llir im.iinpnly 1, 1 tlir 1 11 a inly as will as nf tlir wilir trailr iil'tlir 1)iiiii'0.
Till' i'iiii'.i'i|iii'lii'r IN, that liiamly iiisis at tins iiii.iiiriit, ,'it I Ipnilii, .iluinl . iV prr pipr ; win Ir rij nail y i^iind
111 anil V may 111' lniii|;lit ill lashini, mill iiiiii li lirllrr 111 (I'l'iiar, Ini aliniilj.'/ pn pipi .' 'llir alinlilinii nt*
llnsininpmiy wniilil I'lTtaiiily 111' mil' 111 tlir imi.st ilrsiialilr rrini ins lliat iniilil Iir ..ii i.iiipliHlii il, rvi 11 in
ri,ilii);.il. - [I'liiiili- iiijiiriiiiiliiiii )
OH A N(i I'l.S ((icr. I'mivviiiziii ; Dll. Oinniini ^ I'r. f)iinii,is: II. I\fil,iriiiiir ;
Sp. !\'iiiiiiijiiH : |{|is. /'oiiiniiiirzii ; llilld. IS'iiniiii/r ; M.il.iy, Siiiniii-iiiiniii), llir rrnit nf
Ilic (iraiinc Iri'i'. 'I'lif ('ciinniin, nr swci't niaii;;r ( i'llnis siiiinxh, nr Cilnis iinlilis). aiiit
llir .Si'viljc, nr I iil Icr nr.-n.fJlc ( Cili iis iiiiriiiiliniii I, ;irc natives ni' ( liina ; iinil the I'm liinui'so
mr clilillcil In llii' linniiiir iiC liavinn; trairfirn il llic plant In nllnr iiinnlrirs. I'arliriilar
spci'ics nl' f'(7c».s' -ccm In lie iliili;.^ciiniis In v.'iriniis l''.;c.li'i n rniiiil 1 iis ; lint llic liirlli'-
|il,ii'c 111' llu' prnpcr iiran^'c may lie (lisliiiilly Iraicil In (liina. It is iinw In lie rnniiil
ill iini jrri'i'ii-liniises. Or.iiif^is are inipnrled in elicst:, and liiixcs, packed '.cparalely in
piiper. 'I'lic liest I'ntiie rriiin the A/iires and Spain ; very f^iind oiics are aisn liionglit
fiiiin l'(irlii;.'nl, Italy, Mallti, and nllicr pl.ices.
;! K 2
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838
ROCHILLA WEED.— OWNERS OF SHIPS.
ri '< -
The oranRB trade carric! on by this country Is of considcralile value and importance
luch more expensive than mostof o"!r sunerior domestic fruits, while tlieyarc, perha'pi I
ijf and wholesome of those of war.i.er cliniatex. The entries for home ecjusumption
much more expensive than most of oMr .uner.or domestic fruits, while they are perhaps, the most refro^h
inK and wholesome of those ol war.i.er elmiates. The entries for home eoilsumptioii in IS 1 ,n, « 'S
amoiuited at -^.n average, U, H,i)/AUi boxes a year ; and assuminj; each Imx to contain 7«W orar Li ImT
lemons, tlie number entered for consum|ition will have been lS9,424,m)0! The duty iirodurwl u an
ORCniLLA WEED, OIICIIEI.LA, on ARCHIL (Gur. Orsellk ■ !•>. q,..
seille ; It. Oncelln, Orcilla ,- Sp. Ore/iitlu), a wliitisli lichen (^Lic/ien orcel/a) found in
the Isle of Portland ; but that which is used, is hiiported from the Canary and Cape de
Verd Isl.inds, IJarbary, and the Levant. From it is obtained the archil, or orclial, of
commerce, which yields a rich purple tincture, fugitive, indeed, but extremely heaiitil'nl
Tiic prejiaration of orchilla was long a secret, known only to the Florentines and lloll
landers ; but it is now extensively manufactured iu this country. Archil is (renorallv
sold in the form of cakes, but sometimes in that of moist pulj) ; it is extensively useil
by dyers; and in times of scarcity, the weed or lichen has sold as high as l.ooo/. lur
ton! — (T/inm.soti\i Dispensntori/.) At this moment (January, 183'J), Canary ordiilhi
fetches, in the liondon market, S'20l. a ton, while that which is brought from Madeira
fetches only 200/., and Barbary not more than from 10/. to 251. The total quantity
imported in 1829 amounted to 1,813 cwt., or 90:^ tons.
ORGOL. See Aucor,.
ORPIMENT (Ger. Openncnt ; Fr. Orpiment ; It. Orpimciifo ; Sp. Ornpimente ;
Lat. Awipujme.utum), the name usually given to suli)huret of arsenic. When artificially
prepared, it is in the form of a lino yellow-coloured powder: but it is found native in
many parts of the world, particularly in IJohemia, Turkey, China, and Ava. It is ex-
ported from the last two iu considerable quantities; and is known in the East by the
name of hartal. Native orpiment is composed of thin i)lates of a lively gold colour,
intermixed with pieces of a vermilion red, of a shattery foliaeeous texture, llexil)le, soft
to the touch like talc, and sparkling when broken. Specific gravity 3*45. The inferior
kinds are of a dead yellow, inclining to green, and want the bright appearance of the
best specimens. Its iirincijial tise is as a colouring drug among painters, bookbinders, &c.
— ( Thomson's C/icniistn/ ; Mlllmrn's Or'wiU. Com. )
ORSEDEW, ORS'lDUE, MANIIEIM on DUTCH GOLD (Ger. F/l(fer<,o!<l ;
Du. Kluterrioud ; Fr. On'peati, OViquant ; It. Orpillo ; Sp. Oropil), an inferior sort of
gold leaf, prepared of copper and zinc. It is sometimes called /tfj/ brass. It is principally
manufactured in INIanheim.
OSTRICH FEATHERS. See Feathers.
OWNERS OF SHIPS. Property in ships is acquired, like other personal pro-
perty, by fabricating them, or by inlierifance, purchase, &c.
No ship is entitled to any of the privileges of a Rritish shij) until she be duly regis-
tered as such, and all the provisions in the Registry Act (3& 4 Will. 4. c. 5'i.) be com-
plied with. — (See Registhy.)
A Rritish ship may beli^rg either to one individual or to several individuals. It is
ordered by the act just cited, that the property of every vessel of which there are mo'o
owners than one, shall be divided into fj4th shares ; and that no person shall ',:■>
entitled to be registered as an owner who does not, at least, hold one OMth share.
It is further provided by the same statute, that not more than tliiify-ttco persons shall ho
owners of any one ship at any one time. Companies or associations holding property
in shijjs, may choose three of their members to act as trustees for them.
Neither the property of an entire ship, nor any share or shares in such ship, can he
transferred from one individual to another, except by bill of sale or other instnimeiit in
writing ; and before the sale is valid, such bill or instrument must be i)roduce(l to tl;e
collector and comptroller, who are to enter the names, residences, kc. of the scHiraiid
buyer, the immber of shares sold, ^c. in the book of registry of such ve'^scl, and to
ijidorse the particulars on the certificate of registry. — (See the clause in the statute,
art. Registry.)
But, though compliance with the directions in the statute accomjilishcs a conijilete
transference of the property, when the transaction is not in its nature illegal, it gives no
sort of security to a transference that is otherwise bad. The ])urchaser should in .ill e.ises
endeavour to get possession of the ship, or of his share in her, as soon as his title to licr
or it is acquired, by the registration of the particulars of the bill of sale ; for though nil
the formalities of sale have been completed, yet, if the sellers continue as iiii))areiit owiiirs
in possession of the ship, their creditors may, in the event of their becoming bankrupt,
acquire a right to it, to the exclusion of the juirchasers. In the case of a sale or aiiipc-
ment for a part only, it is enough if, the sale being comjjleted, the seller ceases to act as
a part owner. -—(Lord Tcntirdcn on the Low of Shippinij, \y,wl i. c. 1.)
property iu ships is sometimes acquired by capture. During war, his ISIajesty's ships,
Mmmm-mt^tm
wmm
OYSTER.
869
I ' '/
and private ships having Icttors of mnnjue, arc untitled to make prizes. But before the
captors ae<iiiirc a legal title to siieh prizes, it is necessary that they should he coiuiciniU'd
in the Admiralty or other court constituted for that i)urposc. \Vlieu this is done, the
captors arc considered to be in the same situation, with respect to them, as if they had
built or i)urehiised them.
The act 'i & '1 Will. 4. c. STi, has rided, that no person having the transfer of a ship,
or a share of a ship, made over to him as a security fcr a debt, sliall be deemed an owner,
or part owner, of such ship. And when such transfer has been didy registered accord-
ing to the provisions of the act, the right and interest o!" the mortgagee are not to be
ati'ected by the l)ankruptcy of the mortgagor, though he be the reputed owner, or part
owner, of such ship. — (See Uegistiiy.)
in the article Masters ok Suii-s is given an account of the liabilities incurred by the
owners of shij)s for the acts of the masters. Ihit it has been atte.iipted to encourage
navigation !>y limiting the responsibility of the owners, without, however depriving the
freigiiter of a ship of an adequate seciu'ity for the faithful performance of the contract.
To ctlect this desirable object, it has been enacted, that the owner or owners shall not
be liable to make good any loss or damage hai>pening icitliuut their fault or pririti/, to
any goods put on board any ship or vessel belonging to such owner or owners, further
than the value of such ship or vessel, with all its a))purtenances, and the freight due, or
growing due, during the voyage that may be in jjrosecution, or contracted for, at the
time wheu the loss or damage has taken jjlaee. — (5ii Geo. 3. c. 159.)
This limitation was first introduced into our law by the 7 Geo. -2. c. 15. But it hivd
previously been adoj)ted in the law of Holland, and in the justly celebrated French
Ordinance of 10'81. In the Ordinance of Uotterdam, issued in 17'J1, it is expressly
declared, that " the owners shall not be answerable for any act of the master, done with-
out their order, any further than their part of the ship amoimts to." Independently,
however, of this general agreement, the expediency of the limitation appears, for the
rwisons already stated, sufficiently obvious.
It was also enacted in 178() ('_'f> Geo. fj. c. (70. ), that neither the mas-tcr nor owners
of any ship or vessel shall be liable to answer for or make good any gold or silver,
tliiiinonds, watches, jewels, or precious stones, lost or embezzled during the course of
the voyage, unless the shi])i)er thereof insert in his bill of lading, or declare in writing
to the master or owners, the true natiu'e, quality, and value of such articles.
The resiionsibility, at common law, of a miiater or mitrinvr is not affected by the first-
mentioned limitation, even though such master or mariner be owner or ])art owner of
tiie vessel ; neither does the limitation extend to the owner or owners of any light<.T,
twrge, boat, &e. used solely in rivers or inland navigation, nor to any ship or vessel not
duly registered according to law.
When several freighters sustain los.ses exceeding in the whole the value of the ship
ami freight, they are to receive compensation thereout in proportion to their respective
losses: and any one freighter, on behalf of himself and the other freighters, or any part
owner, on behalf of himself and the other ])art owners, may file a bill in a court of
c(|uity for the discovery of the total amount of the losses, and of the value of the ship,
and for an equal distribution and jiayment. If the bill be filed by or on behalf of the
])iirt owners, the jjlaintiff' must make att^idavit that he does not collude with the defend-
ants, and nuist offer to ])ay the value of the shij) and freight, as the court shall direct.
It is usual in most countries, where the part owners of a ship disagree as to her em-
])loynient, to give those jiossessed of the greater nmnber of shnres power to birid the
whole. But in this coimtry, while the majority of the owners in value have authority
to enqdoy the shi)) as they please, the interests of the minority are secured from beini^
prejudiced by having their property engaged in an adventure of which they disa])prove.
For this purpose the (.'ourt of Admiralty has been in the j)ractice of taking a stipulation
from those who desire to send the ship on a voyage, in a simi cijual to the value of the
shares of those who object to it, either to bring back and restore to them the ship, or to
l)ay them the value of their .shares. When this is done, the dissentient ])art owners bear
no portion of the expenses of the outfit, and are not entitled to a share in the profits of
the voyage; the ship sails wholly at the charge and risk, and for the profit, of the
others. — {Ahhott, part i. c. :J.)
For the statutory enactments as to the sale and transfer of ships, see Registht.
OYSTER, ()YSTERS(Ger. A intern ; Fr. JItalre.s ; It. Oslriihu ; ^y-Ostrus; I.at.
Ostrea). This well known shell-fish is very generally diffused, and is particularly plen-
tiful on the British coasts, m hich were ransacked for the supjjly of ancient Rome with
oysters. They differ in quality according to the different nature of the soil or bed. The
best British oysters are found at Purfleet ; the worst, near Liverpool. The nursing and
feeding of oysters is almost exclusively carried on at Colchester, and other jdaces in
Essex. The oysters arc brought from the coast of Ilamjjsliire, Dorset, and other mari-
time counties, even as far as Scotland, and laid on beds or layings in creeks along tlie
:3 K 3
m
i"\\
(• :
.•■ I
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flKHlinti Mi.
870
PACKA(iE.— I'ALEIIMO.
«liore, wliL-ri! tlicy grow, in 'J or 'J years, to u toiisidorabli; i>izu, and have tlicif flavour ini-
provutl. I'liorc are said to bu about iiOO vessels, from 12 to 40 or 50 tons burdi'ii,
iinmcdiately employed in dredi^iiig for oysters, having from 400 to 500 men and boy-
attached to them. The qnantity of oysters bred and taken in Essex, and consumed
mostly in London, is supposed to amount to 14,000 or 15,00O bushels a year. — ( Siipp, iq
Enri/. Urit. art. Fh/ierics. )
The imports of oysters fluctuate very much. From 1824 to 1828, both inclusive, none
were imported, li'ut, at an average of 18;J1 and 1832, the imports amounted to 5'J,0'jj
bushels a year.
Thu stcaliiiK of nystprs, or ovster brood, from .my oyster bed, I.iyinR, or fishery, is larceny, ami tin..
odl'iiilor, bfiiit? coiivirtod thiTcdl', shall bp imiiislicd accordingly ; and if any person shall nnlawfiillv and
willully usi' anv dredge, net, ikv. for the purpose of taking oyslers, or oyster brood, within the hums m
any oyster bed'jr lisliory, cveiv such person slwdl be iloenied guilty of a misiluincanour, and, U|)oii liiin^.
convicted thereof, shall be punished by lino or inii>risonnient, or both, as the court may award ; such line
not to exceed ai/,, and such i)n|)risi)nmenl not to exceed ;J calendar months. It is i)rovided, that noihin^
in the act shall be construetl as preventing any one from catching floating fish within the limits (jf any
oyster fishery, with any net, instruuiLMit, or engine adapted to the catching of such tish. — (7 & 8 Citu 4.
c. ay. ^ Jii.)'
P.
!M i|
'■) ,'
I ]
I; t
PACKAGE, SCAVAGE, BAILLAGE, and PORTAGE, were duties charged
in the port of London, on the goods imported and exported by iiliens, or by denizens
being the sons of aliens.
During the dark ages, it was usual to lay higher duties upon the goods imjiorted or
exported by aliens, whether in Uritish or foreign ships, than were laid on similar g(X)tls
when imported or exported by natives. I5nt according as sounder and more enlarj.'eti
principles i)revailed, this illiberal distinction was gradually modified, and was at U'iii;ili
wholly abolished, in so far at least as it was of a public character, by the 24 Geo. ;J. c. i().
This act, after reciting that " the several duties and restrictions imposed by various acts
of parliament upon merchandise are, by the alterations of the trade now carried on
between this kingdom and ibreign states, in some cases become an unnecessary burden
uptm commerce, without i)roducing any real advantage to the public revenue, and that
it is expedient they should no longer continue," enacts, that the duty connnonly called
" the petty customs," imposed by the 12 Car. 2., and all other additional duties imiioseii
by any act upon tlie goods of aliens above those payable by natural-born subjects, should
be no longer ])ayal)le. Tie act then goes on to provide, that nothing contained in it
Rliall " alter the duties due and payable upon goods im))orted into or exported from tlii;,
kingdom in imy foreif/u ship, nor the duties of /^fc/.w/e and scitvuc/e, or any duties granted
by charter to the city of London ; " and then follow provisions to prevent the city heiiiT
defrauded of such diuies by false entries of aliens' goods in the name of a British sub-
ject. — (C/iilti/'n Commercial Law, vol. i. p. IGO. )
The (luties thus preserved to the city were not very heavy ; but the principle on wliicli
they were imposed was exceedingly objectionable, and their collection was attended with a
great deal of trouble and inconvenience. Not being levied in other places, they operated
to the prejudice of the trade of the metropolis. Tor these reasons, we ob.served, in tl.c
former edition of this work, that "if the funds of the corjioration will not admit of their
following the liberal example of the legislature, by voluntarily abandoning this vexatious
impost, it would be good policy to give them a compensation for relin(|uisliing it." And
we are glad to have to state that this suggestion has since been carried into elFect. The
act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 66. authorised the Lords of the Treasury to purchase up the duties
in question ft-oin the city. This has been done, at an expense of about 140,000/.,
and the duties are now abolished. There is a Table of the duties in the former edition
of this work.
PACKETS. See Nf.vv Yons, Passengers, and Post-office.
PALERMO (anciently Panormus), a large city and .sea-port, the capital .,f t!ie
noble island of Sicily, on the north coast of which it is sitiuited, the light-house being in
lat. 38- 8' 15" N., Ion. 1:5 21' 56" E. Population, 170,000.
The bay of Palermo is about 5 miles in depth, the city being situated on its south-west shore. A fine
mole, fully i of a mile in leimth, having a light-house and battery at its extremity, projects in a southerly
dnection from the arsenal into !) or 1(1 fathoms water, forming a convenient port, capable of containing;
a great number of ves^els. This immense work cost about l,W)0,(HiO/. sterling it) its construction; hut
tlie light-house, though a splendid structure, is said to be very ill lighted. There is an inner port,
which is reserved for the use of tlie arsenal. Shijis that do 'not mean to go within the niolp nuiy
anchor about A a mile from if, in from lii to 'J.j fathoms, the mole light bearing N.W.] W, A heavy
sea sonietiuies rolls into the bay, but no danger need be api)rehended by ships proiierlv foinid in anchor's
and chain c.djies. In going into the bay, it is necessary to keep clear of the lU'ts of the tuiniy (ishery, (or
these are so strong and well moored, as to be capable of arresting a ship under sail — {Siiii/l/i's Sicili/iV-'iO,
and Appt'ii. p. 4.)
Money. — Since 1818, the coins of Sicily Ii.ive been the si.me as tho.5e of Naples, their names only
diflferjng.— (See Naples.) The ducat, :::; os. o"-2d. sterling, is subdivided into IW h(\jncchi and 10 piaioli)
PALERMO.
871
but accourit» are 11111 Kcncralljr kept in oncie, lari, and frnnj : SO praiii = 1 taro ; 30 tari = 1 oncla. Th«
oiieia ~ 3Uucutiii and 1 uurlijio ul' Naploa — 1 turu of Sicily. Tlic Spanith dollar it current at itJ tarl
S grani.
Il'eiff/its. —These are tlie cantaro grn> -n, gnbiliviucd Into 100 rattoli grossi of 33onxlc,or Into 110 rottnll
lottili of ;J0 oncie; and VUccntitiiro sutlili ,suodivi<led intu UK) ruttolisottili of .JOoneie, or i'lO llw. of 12 oncie.
Therolloloof .'JJ iiuiit'cs — 1!';; llis. av'.iriupois —■! ,'A llis. 'J'roy = H ".; Iicctii};raninu's = 177 lUs. of Ainkter.
dam = IH lbs. of Ilainl)urj,'li. '1 he rotloloof .:o oniices - I-".') lbs. avoirdupois = ii'lJ lbs. Troy =: 7 i4liec-
tograinincs - I'li lbs. of Amsterdam ::; I til lbs. of llaiiihiirKli.
101) Sicilian jiouiids of I'J ounces = "U lbs. avoirdupois — SJ'U lbs. Troy = 31 70 kilog. = &123 Ibi. of
Anistenlain = (u .'iH lbs. of llamburph.
ilfdsurfs. — The suhna i<nissa - 9+8 Winch, bu.sli. : the salma generate — T'fiS Winch, bush.
The principal li<|Uid nieasnre is the tiiiina, divided into 4 barili, each eiiuivalent to ilj wine galioiit,
1 barile — 'J (piartaro ; 1 (piartara = 'JO quartucci. The calliso of oil — 4, Kng. Kallons.
The yard or C'in«rt = H /iiiliiii ; 'ij palms = 1 yard Kng. — {Xc/koi/iri-i'/ii-r ; Si>iytli,\yCti, App.)
Tares. — C'oll'ee, indigo, pepper, and dye woods, i! per tent, and weight of package. Cimiamun, (i rottoli
per seron, with 1 wrapper, or H rottoli, with 'J wrappers ; cocoa, -2 per cent., weight of jiackage, and ,i per
cent, for du.st ; cod-fish, ;J per cent. ; herrings, 12 percent.; tin, 1.'3 rottoli jier barrel; wa.x, weight of
package, and 3 to 4 per cent, extra allowance ; Havannah sugars, Iti per cent. ; Urazil do,, in short cases,
IS per cent., and in long cases, i.'0 per cent. ; crushed sugar, weight of cask, and C> per cent., or 1,! per
cent, in all, at the option of the b'-yer ; Kast India do., in bags, 8 ro'. to 10 rot. per bag. 1 rotolo taken a«
weiKht of bag, for collee and coc i in bags.
Charges on Oirnds. — The regu' r charges on the sale of goods consigned to Palermo, arc — commission,
3 per cent. ; brokerage, 5 per c .t. ; warehouse rent, i per cent.; and porterage and boat hire; with ^
per cent. (/(•/ rnv/iTC, — iiiipc ., being alniii>t always sold on credit. The charges may occasionally vary
\ to 1 per cent., and imports are frequently sold diity paid ; the prices, however, so obtained, fully com.
peiisate for the trilling increase of charges.
The charges on g(. exported are — 3 percent, commission ; brokerage, so'much per eaiitarn, salma,
fiV., generally amoui .ng to about J per cent., except on fruit, on whieli it is equivalent to from ^ to 3 per
cent.
Imports and Ex/mrts. — The great articles of export from Sicily are ^ grain, particularly wheat and bar-
ley ; l>eans, wine, brandy, oil, barilla, liinons and orange-, lemon juice, almonds, salt, shumae, salt-fish,
cheese, with brimstone, argol, manna, li<|Uorice, pumice stone, rags, skins, honey, cotton wool, niit.s, lin.
secil, saflroii, \c. Wheat is largely expoited. It is of a mixed i|nality, hard, aiid is generally sold Irom
the pulilie magazines, or rnWcrtA);/' (see /lo.v/l, by nieasnre, without weight. Hut the best liard wheat,
grown in the neighbourhood of Palermo, is sold liy the salma of i.'?'.; rottoli - 47fi lbs. Kiig. ; the ditlcrencu
between weight and measure being made good by the seller or buyer, as the case may be. Wine 'S prin-
cipally shipped from Marsala; lemons, oranges, and lemon juice, from Messina; salt, from Trapjiii ; and
barilla, from the southern coast. Hut all the articles to be tbinm on the coast may, for the mo.-:c part, be
had at Palermo; nnless, however, the cpiantity recpiired be small, it is usually best to shipth'-in from the
outports, the expense of their conveyance to Palermo being very heavy, 'i'lie crops of barilia and shumae
come to market in August; but brimsto le, salt, oil, wine, rags, \i'. may g-'iierally ';<■ had all the vear
round. The first shipments of lemons ar.d oranges may be made in the betinniiig of November. Pur.
chases of produce are always jiaid for in cash, generally i on making the purchase, and the other i on
delivery, when in Palermo, and on receiving order for delivery, on the coast.
The imports consist of sugar, cnllee, coco.i, indigo, dye wood.-, spices, iron, tin, hides, Newfoundland
cod, cotton and woollen stnlls, timber for building, iVc. We have no means or forming any estimate either
of the quantity or the value of the principal articles of import and export. Silk is a staple produce of the
island; but its exiiortation in an uiiwroiight state, except to Naples, is prohiliited. — (We have gleaned
these dot. lils primipally from private eomiiiiniietilioiis. The best account of the trade of Sicily, though
now a little antiquated, iliat we have met with in any English work, is contained in Siriii/jurne's Travels
in tlie Two Sicilies, 4to ed. vol. ii. pp. 401— 41J. See also the article Nai'Li;s in this work.)
livmarks on the I'ruile, Sfc. of Sici/i/. — This noble island contains about 10,500 square
niilus, being the largest in the Mediterraiieati, atid one of the niost fertile and I. est situ-
ated in the world. Its population is about 1,900,000. In ancient times, Sicily was
celebrated for tlie innnber, magnitude, and oi)ulence of its eities ; and, notwitlistatiding
its pop'ilation was then, at least, treble its presetU ainoiint, it obtained, from its furnish-
ing vast supplies of corn -md other articles of provision for the use of Uome, the a])j)ro-
priate epithet of liornnm Hdinaiionnn, ^^hen the Roman power had been overthrown,
Sicily was occupied, first l)y the Saracens, then by the Norniatis, and after them by the
French. The Sicilian Vespers i)ut a fatal period to the dominion of the latter ; and a
prhice of the bouse of Aragon having been called to the Sicilia>'. tin one, the islatid
became, in course of time, a dependency, first of the crown of Spain, and more recetitly
of that of Naples.
It is to this dependence that wo are induced to ascribe the backward state of Sicily.
The multii)]ied abuses which grew up in S|)aiii, under Ferdinand the Catholic, and his
successors of the Austrian line, flourished witli etpial luxuriance in Sicily, and have
proved no less destructive of the imlustry and civilisation of its inhabitants than of those
of Spaifi. The IJourbon or Ne'ipolitan vegime has beeti equally iieriiicioiis, " 'I'he
government of this islatid," says a recent and most intelligent observer, " seems to unite
in itself nearly all the defects, both theoretical and ])ractical, of which po'.' .'cal institu-
tions are susceptible. It is a model in its way. We find here a .system i C laws (juite
barbarous, at'.d tlie administration of them notoriously corrupt; high t.-xcs, levied iirlii-
trarilvaiid unequally ; the land generally held on such a tenure as makes it unalienable,
so that few can ever be jiroprietors ; and farming leasee for cluircb land at least, arc
binding on the fanner only, and not on his ■uuilord. For wjintof load.s, produce cannot
be exjiorted fr(nn one jiart of the island to iuiother ; the consequence of which is, that a
scarcity and a glut may and freiiuently do exist at the same time in different parts of the
island, without the means of timely and eflectual communication." — ( Simontrs Italy and
Sieili/, p. ,529.) But the grand curse of Sicilian, as well as of Sardinian, itidustry — (see
Cagi.iari) — is the restriction on the exportation of corn. It is true that the difliculties
in this respect arc not so great now as formerly, but they are still such as to ouposo an
S K 4
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Ilt'l
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872
PyVlm oil.
invincible obstnclu to tlie sprt-iid of iini)rovcinL'nt, and to the (Icvulopcment of the national
rc'sourci's. No exportation of com can tiiko i>liicc' without leave of the real juitrliiumio, — .
u tribunal that pretends to take a yearly account of the crop, and of the su])|i]y reipiired
to meet the home demand. When this body has determined that an exportation may
tiike place, it issues (or ratlier, we believe, sells) its licences to export certain speeilie
qiumtities, to a t'i:w favoured individuals *, who, in conserjuence, are able to rcf^ulate
tlie price; so that they, and not the corn fjrowers, reap all the advantage! Thus, siivs
INI. Simond, " neither scanty nor plentiful crops aflbrding a chance of gain, farmers are dis-
couraged, and corn is fretjuently scarce in a country once the granary of Imperial llonie,
although its own pojmlation t)c now reduced to l-f>th of what it was at that period, f
Such is the system of minute and vexatious regulations, that a man cannot go in or out
•)f town with a loaf of bread or a joint of meat without s]>ecial permission. The revenue
laws in England are suHiciently vexatious, but they at least answer their fiscal purpose.
Here the vexation is gratuitous; for little or nothing comes of it ultimately, drained as
the little sources of revenue are, in their way to the treasury, by maljjractices of all
sorts." — (p. .I.io.)
Tiiere are only certain ports from which corn can be exported. This limitation has
given risj to the establishment of public magazines or cuririitori, where the corn may be
deposited till an opportunity occurs of shipping it olF. Provided it be of good quality
(merciiiitihile or rewlibile), and provided it bo brought in iinmedLitely after harvest, or,
at f:;rthest, iti August, it is warehoused free of expense ; what it gains in bulk after that
period (about 5 jjcr cent.) being sufficient to defray all expenses. 'I'he receipt of the
vuricatoi; or keeper of the magazine, is negotiable like a i)ill of exchange, and is the
object of speculative i)urchases on the exchange at Palermo, Messina, Ike. according to
the expected rise or fall in the price of corn. The deiK)sitor of a (jiiantity sells it in
such portions as he pleases, the whole being f lithfully accounted for. The ])ublic i jrja-.
zines, in some parts of the island, are either excavations into eaJcareous rocks or i,^^.,i,
in the ground shaped like a bottle, walled u]>, and mfide water-proof, containing each
about '200 salme of corn, or about l,f)00 English bushels. The neck of the bottle is her-
nu'cically closed wiih a stone fastened with gypsum. Corn niiiy be thus preserved for
an indefinite length of time ; at least, it has been found in perfectly gootl order after the
lapse of a century. — (Simond, j). 540. ; Siciuburiie, \o\, i'l, p. 405. Vov an account of
the oil caricutori of Najjles, see Oi.ive On,.)
Hemp grows very well in Sicily ; and when the English were there, their shii)s were
abundantly supplied with that article; but its exportation being no longer permitted, its
culture is now, of course, neglected! — {SinioiKl, p. 5H9. ) Sugar canes were, at one
time, pretty extensively cultivated in Sicily ; but their culture has been long declining,
and is now nearly extinct.
Were the bounty of nature towards Sicily not counteracted by vicious laws and insti-
tutions, she would undoubtedly be one of the richest and finest of European countries.
All thiit she requires is security of property and freedom of indiLstry. lA't but these be
given to her, and a few years will develo])e her gigantic resources, and elevate Girgenti,
Termini, and Sciacca, to a very high rank among corn-shipping ports.
PALM OIL (Ger. Pa/;«()/; Vr, Hitiledc pahne, Hiiile ile Stncjnl ; It. Olio dijmlinit ;
Sp. Aci'ite de palni'i) is obtained from the fruit of several species of ])alms, but esj)ecially
from that of the E/als Gulneensis, growing on the west coast of Africa, to the south of
Fernando Po, and in Brazil. When imported, the oil is about the consistence of butter,
of a yellowish colour, and scarcely any particular taste ; by long keeping it becomes
rancid; loses its colour, which fades to a dirty white; and in this state is to be '■■,ected.
It is sometimes imitated with hog's lard, coloured with turmeric, and scented with Flo-
rentine iris root. The inhabitants of the coast of Guinea employ palm oil for the same
purposes that we do butter. — (Lewis's Mat. Med. ; Thomson's Dispensatory.^
Account of the Quantities of Palm Oil entcretl for Home Consumption in the United K
Amount of Duty receivcil thereon, and the Uiite of Duty, each Year since 1821.
ngduin, the
Years.
Quantitius
enti'red for
HotiK* (lon-
sutnption.
.Amount of Duty
roct'ivcd thertioM.
ItatM
of Duty
char^ud.
Years.
Quantities i
euti'rid for , Amount of Duty
Home Con- . rei-eived thereon,
sumption. j
Hates
of Duty
cltiirfjed.
IS'il
ISiil
IHSi.i
IS'^li
Cirl.
llKP,li:,9
(ill.S.-i?
7.1,«li6
7t,(iv!l
H1,'J!I6
Pl.iiiS
/,. ». ./.
Vi,'l>i\t U fi
S.I'W u s
H.IH.i 5 1
!I,.17.T a
M,(i.12 17 4
11,7S,T 10 .■?
Per Cnl.
S!j. Cul.
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
1S*S
Wi<)
lS."iO
18'il
1S.-2
Cut.
!W,070
1*P,.'.I)9
i7n,(i.'>s
17'),l'i2
L. s. ,1.
12,,V)f, 10 -l
l.'j,OS» 1.5 8
SI,y.V2 li
'ii.UiH 5 \
al.OT'i
'i7,r>u
Per Cirl.
it. M.
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
The jirice of palm oil (d"*v paid) varies from 331. to 34/. a ton.
* The late Queen is said to have been a great dealer in corn on her own aerount!
+ We cannot help lookinj; upon this as an exaggeration. There do not .seem to be any good gtounds
for thinking that Sicily ever contained more than 6,000,000 inhabitants, — that is, a It tie more than 3
timei ai many as at pr :tent.
PAiMPIlLET. — I'APEH.
873
Almost all the palm oil made usu of in this country is brouglit from the western const
of Africa, soutli of the Uio X'olta.
I'AMl'lILET, u small i)0()k, usually i)rintecl in the octavo form, and stitched.
It U pnnctod by 10 Ann. c. 111. ^ 11,)., tliiit no (uTsnn shall soll.ori'xpose In Halo, any |iani|ihli't, withniit
tlic n^inic ami plnccof alxuli' of 8i>nir known iicrsoii, by or lor whom it wux printuil or |iul)li(itii'il, writti'n
or priiifi'il thL'ri'on, under n |H'iialty of 'J(i/. and (<i»t«.
It IS cnac'li'd hy the .Vi (it'o. ;). v. iH.i., that (•»( ry book containing 1 whole hhi'ct, ajiil not excopiling 8
tlifots, m Nvo, or any li'ssrr size ; or not cxciHHlinK I'i slii'ilii in 4to, or '^U shi'i'ta in lolio, shall \iv dri'Mied
a pamphlet. 'I'lif same act imposed a duty (jr.!.v. upon e.ieh sheet of one copy of all painphlel.s iiuhhsliod.
Thi.s duty, which wa.s at once Vexatious aiid unproductive, hardly ever yielding more than l,Woi. or 1,U)(J/.
a year, was repealed in JH.;,).
PAPEll (Ger. and Du. rnpier; Vr. Papier; It. Carta i Sp. Papel t Ilus. Bu-
miKjii ; Lat. Churta ; Arab. Kfirtim ; I'ers. KhijIms). Thi.s liif^lily useful substance is, as
everyone knows, thin, flexible, of dittbrent colours, but most commonly white, bcinj^
used for writing and ])rinting ujion, and for various other purjioses. It is manufacture<l
of vegetMble matter reduced to a sort of ])idp. The term paper is derived from the
('ireek iranvpos (piipijnis, see post), the leaves of a plant on which the ancients used to
write. Paper is made up into sluvU, quins, and reams; each quire consisting of ii4
sheets, and each ream of tiO quires.
Historivul Sketch of Paper. Difference between ancient and modern Paper. — It has
often buen a subject of wonder with those learned and ingenious ])er.sons who have
written concerning the arts of the ancient world, that the Greeks and llomans, although
tliey possessed i; ,)rodigious number of btoks, and a])proachcd very near to printing in
the stamping words and letters, and simil .i devices, should not have fallen upon the art;
the first rude attempts at typograjihy being sufficiently obvious, though much time and
contrivance have been re(|uired to bring the ])rocess to the perfection in which it now
])revails. They ought rather, ])erhaps, to have wondered that the more civilised nations
of anticputy did not invent paper, which must precede the invention of priiuing, as may
be easily shown. The rocks, pillars of stone or of marble, and especially the walls of
edilices, supply fixed surfaces, upon which, were we unprovided with more convenient
tablets, much valuable information might be preserved ; and were all our public and
many of our private buildings thickly covered with inscriptions, the memory of divers
historical facts, and other matters of importance, might be handed down to posterity.
Blen wrote thus in very remote ages ; and the old usage is still retained in many
instances, particularly in our churches and cemeteries. In very remote ages, also, we
read that they were accustomed to write u])on jiortable surfaces of various kinds ; and if
it were possible to (le))rive us of our ordinary means of fixing and conununicating
our thoughts, modern ingenuity would speedily reinvent mmierous expedients which
have long been sui)er.seded ; and we should have recourse to j)lates of metal of various
dimensions, sometimes, probably, as thin as foil ; to slices of soft, light wood, not thicker
than those of which band-boxes are sometimes made ; to cloth, leatlier, and the like.
Tliese materic-ls woidd often be ])rimed, like the canvass of i)ainters, that they might
more readily receive, and more ))laiiily siunv, the ink or paint that formed the characters.
It is evident that, in the course of time, large libraries might be gradually coni])osed of
books constructed in this maimer; and the whole amoimt of human learning might still
be very considerable. The substances which we have enumerated arc all somewhat
costly: it would be desirable, therefore, to find one that was cheaper; and we should
dotibtless direct our attention very early to that which has served the ollice of paper in
all times, and is used as such in some countries of the Ea>it at this day, — we mer.n the
leaves of trees. Some of the palms, and other vegetables, that are natives of hot countries,
furnish the Orientals with books that are not inconnnodioiis : the leaves of the indigenous
])lants of Great Britain arc not so well suited for the ])iirpose ; but by care in the selec-
;ion, and skill in the preparation, some might certaiidy be chosen, which would, in some
degree, be fit to receive writing. Leaves, when they are dry, are apt to split in the
(lireciion of the fil)res ; it has commonly been found expedient, therelbre, to glue others
at the back in an opposite direction ; and by thus crossing the fibres at right angles, the
texture is strengthened ; and when it has been ])ressed and polished, the l)age is less un-
si .nily and inconvenient than might have been supposed. Such, in the main, was the
structure of the ancient pjrper. In Sicily, and in other countries on the shores of the
IMediterianean Sea, but principally in Kgypt and in the Nile, or rather in the ponds and
ditches that communicate with that river, grows, in the nineteenth century after the
death of tiie last of the Ptolemies, as of old under that illustrious dynasty, and under
their predecessors the Pharaoh.s, a lofty and most stately reed or rush, the Cyperiis Pa-
pyrus of modern botanists. It has been introduced into the hot-houses of some of our
botanical giu'dens, where it may be seen conspicuous with its long, drooping, and grace-
ful i)luir.e. A descrii)tion of tlie various purposes to which the ancients apj)lied this use-
ful plant would fill a volume ; we shall speak of that only from which it has earned an
immortality of renown. The inner bark was divided witii a needle into very tliin coats;
these were'placed side by side longitudinally, and the edges were glued together; similar
l\
|5
'I' t .'I
M
i) \ih
' . *
I 'd
(!' Mt
■ :!i !
874
PAPER.
1i\'
i
layers wc>ri> gluvd ucruss tliene buliiiicl, at right nngli-s, tu givu tliu page thu requinitu
■trL-nglh ; and tlio sliuuts witu pri",sL'(l, tlriud, polislu-d, and otliLTwisi? propiired lor use.
Aiifiuiit wiittTs liavf (Ic'si-rilu'd tin- proci-ss, and cspi'i'ially Pliny ( /list. !\'iit. lili. xiii, c.
Ill I'J, I:).). l''i'i>ni that initiirahsl, and tlie notes of llardoiiin and his othi-r eonnncn-
tutors, it may \h- fully traci'd ; and Mr. liriico has collected the autliorities, and has addi'd
liis own ohscrvatioiis, in the 7tii vol. t)f the Svo edition of his Tranls. 'I'hat reniaikahlu
person even attempted to make j)aper from the |)ai)yrns ; in which, however, lie was not
very successful; and lie imputes his failure to the erroneous tlirections of l'lir\y; for It
seems not to have occurred to him, that, had he endeavouri'd, trustiiif^ to written (iircc-
tions, without experience and traditional art, to make modern paper, or even a pair of
kIiocs, he M'ould, most prohahly, have been ecjnally infelicitous. Alexandria was the chief
seat of this valuahle mauufauture; hut in later periods nuich was also made at Konie,
where an article of superior beauty was )>rodnced. I'liny enumerates the various kinds
of pa|)er that were composed, from the coarsest, which was used, like our brown paper,
/'or packinf^, to the most exi)ensive and finest. The consinnption of paper was very con-
siderable; it seems to have been tolerably cheap; and since the princijiai i)art was made
at Alexandria, it was an important article in the commerce of that city — furnishin,"
cmpl(>yment for many workmen and much capital, l-'lavius Vojjiscu.s relates, that in the
Ud century, the tyrant Firmus used to say there was so much imjier there, and so lar^e
a (juantily of the glue or si/.e used in preparing it, that he could maintain an ormy with
it ; — " Tnnlitm hnhiiissf tic charth, ut ptiblirc strjii: ''.ceret, cxerciliim ne idirt posse pajii/iv
el f/littiiw." We may doubt whether the value of the ])aper which any .single city now
contains woidd do the like. Learned men have discussed the anticputy of this nianu-
facture. It is not improbable that an earlier date ought to be assigned to it than is com-
monly given : nor ought we rashly to conclude that it was unknown at a jjarticular
period, because it is not mentioned in a |)oeni of that time; for the poet sought to cele-
brate the achievements of gods and heroes, and not to compose an Kncyclopa-dia, or a
Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences. Ancient pajier was white, smooth, durable, and
well adajited in all respects for writing ; but it was not suited lor the printer : by reason
of the closeness of the grain, it would not receive the ink from the types more kindly
than shavings of wood, iS;c. ; and so brittle was its texture, that it would have shivered
into ])ieces under the jiress. Nor did it resemble modern jiapcr in its structure : it was,
in truth, an inarlitlcial mass; leaves, or rather strijis of bark (" vim'era nirat rirenliiiin
fierharitiii"), being pasted together by the edges, others were laid across them behind;
whereas the jiaper which we now use is, ])erha])s, the most subtle and extraordinary of
luunan inventions. If a cistern or other vessel be filled with wafer tiubid with lime or
clay, and the earth allowed to subside slowly, the wafer being e\ai)orafed, or drawn r
gently, and the sediment left to dry, the calcareous or argillaceous dei)osit will represe
faithfully the formation of jiaper; and it will be smooth, and of an equal thickni's-,
throughout; for an equal p(M'tion of the earth of which it is formed was suspended in the
troubled water over each ])oint in the bottom where it finally lodged. In making paper,
the water is turbid with the pnip or j)asle of triturated rags, and the suspended pulp is
not sufU'red to suliside slowly ; but a sieve or frame of wire gauze is dipped c^pially into
the cistern, and is raised gently to the surface, and agitated in a level position, which
facilitates the passage of the water through the wires, while the fibres of rag are in sonic
degree interwoven by it, and, remaining on the surface of the sieve, form the sheet of
paper. This is pressed between felts, to exclude the water, and to render its texture
closer ; it is dried and sized, and undergoes various oiierations, which it is unnecessary to
emimerate, as we seek only to show that tlie result of this wonderful invention is as
much an aipieous deposit as the earthy sediment at the bottom of a cistern, although it is
obtained more rapidly. iSIodern pajicr has nothing in common with the ancient, save
that vegetable fibre is the basis of both. The ajiplication of rotary motion has ellected
wonders in many of the arts; nor have the results l)een less astonishing in the iiiijier-
mill : instead of dipping the sieves or frames into the cistern of turbid water, a circular
web, a round towel of woven wire, revolves under the vessel, receives the de])osit, conveys
it away, and, by an adjustment of marvellous delicacy, transfers it uninjured, altliougli as
frail as a wet cobweb, to a similar revolving towel of felt : thus an endless web of paper
is spun, as long as the machine continues to move, and the water charged with pulp is
su])plied. We are unable to pursue the process, however interesting; for we desire
merely to explain the general principle according to which our i)a])er is constructed. It
is to this admirable material that we owe the invention of jirinting, which could not sub-
sist without it ; its perviiuis and spongy texture imbibes and retains the ink, and lis
tongliness resists the most violent ])ressure; and, in a well-bound book, under favourable
circumstances, its duration is indeiinite, and, for all ])ractical jmriioses, eternal ! It is
true that legal documents are sometimes printed on parchment, which is less liable to be
torn, or injured l)y rubbing; and the luxury of typograjihy occasionally exhibits a few
impressions of a splendid work upon vellum; and that these two substances were known
PAPFR.
875
In tliL* ancients : but they are necessarily expensive, unil the cost of eitlier far exceeds the
price of the best |>enniunshi|) ; ho that it would be altogether un^jrolitable to cast types,
to construct presses, and to incur the various and heavy charges of an establishment for
printing, unless we possessed a ch'.'aper material.
We owe the introduction of (jajier into I'.uropc to the Arabians or Moors. There is
some inicertainly as to the precise era of its first appearance ; and we are unable to trace
the origin of the precious invention, or even to imagine by what steps men were led to
it. We cannot conceive how any one could be tempted to pound wet rags in a mortar,
to stir the paste into a large body of water, to receive the deposit upon a sieve, to press
and to dry it. The labour of beating rag' into jiulp by the hand would be as hopeless
as it would be tedious and severe. It is true that paper was origina'ly made of cotton,
— a sid)stance less obstinate than linen rags, which are now eonnnonly used. At present,
the fresh rags are torn in pieces by a powerfid mill : formerly, it was the jjractice to
snU'er them to rot; to jilace them in large lieajjs iu a warm and damp situation, and to
allow them to heat and ferment, and to remain undisturbed until mushrooms began to
grow upon them; so that, being jjartiaily ilecayed, it might l)e less dilheult to triturate
tliem. Neveilheless, the invenliou of pajjer is a mystery. The Chinese possess the arts
of making [)aper and of iirintiiitf; but we know not how long they have had them, nor
whether the Mohammedans learned the former from them. The illiterate inhabitants of
some of the islands iu the South Seas were able to com))()se a species of pajjcr, which they
used iit line weather for raiment, of the l)ark of trees. The basis of pajier i)eing the
vegetable fd)re, it has been made of various substances, as straw, as well as of rags. *
Mill iifiirt arc of Piipir in EiiiiliiiiiL — The a|)plication of ])aper to the purposes of
writinj' and ])rinting, and the fact of its being indispensable to the prosecution of the
latter, render its manufacture of the highest utility and importance. 15ut, even in a
commercial point of view, its value is very eonsideralde. France, Holland, and (jenou
had, frr a lengthened i)eriod, a decided superiority in this department. Tlu; finest and
best paper being made of linen rags, its quality may be supposed to depend, in a con-
siderable degree, on the sort of linen usually worn in the country where it is nuimdac-
tured ; and this circumstance is said to account for the greater whiteness of the Dutch
and Helgian papers, as compared with those of the I'Veneh and Italians, and still more
the Germans, The rags used in the manufacture of writing ])aper in Great Britain arc
collected at home ; l)ut those used in the manufacture of the best printing paper are im-
ported, principally, from Italy, Hamburgh, and the Austrian States, by way of Trieste.
— (See Uags. ) We believe, however, that it wi owing rather to the want of skill,
than, as has sometimes been su])posed, to the inferior quality of the linen of this country,
that the maimfacture of i)aper was not carried on with much success in England fill a
comparatively recent perioil. During the 1 7th century, most i)art of our supply was
imported from the Continent, especially from I'Vanee. The manufacture is said to
liave been considerably improved by the Trench refugees who tied to this country in
IfiH.'). But it is distinctly stated in Tin: Britinh Mcrcfiuiit (vol. ii. j). L'fiO'. ), that
hardly any sort of paper, excejjt brown, was made here previously to the Revolution.
In 1690, however, the manufacture of white pajier was attemi)ted ; and within a few
years, most branches were nmcli improved. In 17-1, it is sujiposed that there were
about 30{.),()(X) reams of paper annually jjroduced iu Great Britain, which was equal to
about two thirds of the whole consumption. In 178;5, the value of the paper annually
manufactured was estimated at 780,000/. At present, besides making a sutHcient quan-
tity of most sorts of pai)er for our own use, we annually export about 100,000/. worth of
books. We still, 'lowever, continue to import certain descrijjtions of i)aper for engraving
from France, and a small supply of paper hangings. The duty on both amounts to about
'v',800/. a year.
In 18l;5, Dr. Cohjidioun estimated the value of paper annually produced in Great
Britain at 'J,(X10,00()/. ; but INIr. Stevenson, an incomparably better authority uixin
such subjects, estimated it at only half this sum. From information obtained from those
engaged in the trade, we incline to think that the total annual value of the paper ma-
nufacture in the United Kingdom, exclusive of the duty, may at jjresent amount to
al)i)ut 1,200,000/. or 1 ,:5'X),00()/. There are about 700 jiaper-mills in England, and
from 70 to 80 in Scotland. The number in Ireland is but inconsiderable. Of these
mills, we believe very few have L'Uely been imemployed. About 27,0(X) individuals
are supposed to be directly engaged in the trade : and, besides the workmen em])loved
in the mills, the i)a|)er manid'aeture creates a considerable demand for the labour
of millwrights, machinists, smiths, carpenters, iron and brass founders, wire-workers,
woollen mamd'acturers, and others, in tlie machinery and apparatus of the mills. Some
* Wo .iro indebted for tliis valuable historical sketch to our learned friend, T. J. Hogg, Ksq., barriEtrr.
at-law. The reader may resort, for further information as to the history of imjier, to the article on it in
Rtes'a Cyclopitdia.
itl
.1' I
■^■i
:i
I 1^1
;| W^ S
r^m
m
876
PAPER.
J' liH;
fti
parts of tliese arc very poworful, and subject to severe strain ; and other parts are com-
plicated and delicate, and require continual renovation. Owing to this, the manufac-
ture is of much greater ini])ortance, as a source of enii)l()yment, than might at first
be sujiposed, or than it would seem to be considered by government, who have loaded it
with an excise duty amounting to more than three times as much an the total wages of the
work-people emploi/cd !
The modern discoveries in cliemical science have not only materially facilitated the
manufacture, but have greatly enlarged the sui)ply of materials from which paper may
be made. Until within these few years, the sweepings of cotton mills, owing to the
grease and dirt with which they are mixed up, were of no value whatever, except iis
manure. Hut means having been discovered of rendering them white, tliey are now
made into very good paper ; and the neighbourhood of ^Manchester Jias, in consequence,
become a principal seat of the manufacture.
During tlie present century, so remarkable for improvements in the arts, this ma-
nufacture has been signally promoted, notwithstanding the excise regulations, by the
ap|)lication of machinery to the conversion of pulp into paper. The first idea of this
originated in France: a model of the macliinery was brought to this country by a
M. Didot, which, though very far from giving assurance of success was yet sulliciont
to induce English capitalists and engineers, particularly JNIr. Donkin, to follow up the
scheme ; and in tlie course of a few years they have brought it to a high degree of
perfection. Mr. Dickinson, of Hertfordshire, one of the most intelligent mecii.-'nists
and extensive paper manufacturers in England, has invented a machine of a different
constructior for the same purpose, and has also introduced various subsidiary improve-
ments into tlie manufacture. The result is all but miraculous. l?y the agency of a
great deal of complicated majhinery, so admirably contrived as to produce the intrnded
effect with unerring precision and in the very best manner, a process, which in flic old
sy^teln of paper-making occupied about three weeks, is performed in as many minutes!
A I'ontinuous stream of fluid pulp is, within this brief space of time, and the slio>-t dis-
tance of 30 feet, not only made into paper, biit actually dried polished, and every
separate shoit cut round the edges, and rendered completely ready .'or use ! The paper
manufactured by this wonderful combination of intelligence and po\,-er is, at once, mo-
derate in price, and for most purjioses superior in quality to that which was formerly
made by hand. The samiile before tlie reader, though not the finest that is made, will
warrant what is now stated. STr. Dickinson has very recently made an important im-
jiroveinenx in the jiaper manufacture, on the principle of veneering in cabii et work.
He makes two webs of paper, each by a separate process; and by laying tbrm together
while in an early stage, they are rendered insejiarab'.' by the pressure to w'lich they are
subjected Tliis paper is used in coiijicrjilate printing; and by adopting a peculiar
method <!' preparing the pulp, and selecting a finer rag for the web wliici: forms the
face of the paper, ir is much better calculated for taking a fine imjiression. This
admirable invention has put nearly a total stop to the imjiortation of French paper,
which was formerly used in considerable quantities by copperplate printers.
Diifyo'. Paper. E.rcisi' nciinlafions. — Tt is tiUficiilt to say whether the duty on piper, or the regu-
l.i' ions I'l.ier vhich tliiit diify is collected, he the more objectionable. All writiitf;, colDiisid, or wrapping
paper, lam-lmards, and pasteboards, are denominated 1st class paper, and p:iy M. per lb. duty (i.'H.«, a
cwt.) ; unless mautifiictiirn/ wlHillt/ of tarred ropes, trithoiit the tnr hrin^ pro'i'mtsly irtrncfed, in which
case tlie paper is denominated 'Jil class, and pays \',il. per lb. ;i4.v. a cwt). Millboards and scale-boards,
made of the same materials as '.'<( class paper, pay i\il. per lb. y-i\s. a cwt.) duty.
The duty on the various descriptions of l.-t class paper varies from about ^'t nr ,10 (;':^r cent, on the
finest, to about 2(K) per cent, on the coarsest ! A duty so oppressive has led to the commission of very
great frauds, which all the vigilance of the olficers, and the endless multiplication oi' checks and penal,
ties, have been unable to prevent ; the re.- . v '♦W't of such miserable devices being to injure the honest
manufacturer, and to give those of a diffe out character greater facilities for carrying on their fraudulent
schemes. Hut, laying out of view for a moment the oppressiveness of the duty, can any thing be more
preposterously absurd, thar to interdict the manufacturer of wrappin,? pai)er (for it is to him that the
regulation applies) from using any other m .erial than tarred ropes ! If there must be a duty on pa»er,
let it be assessed upon the tlnished article on an ad luilorem principle; but do not let the plans and com-
binatioiis of the manufacturer be interfered with. Were it not for the existing regulation, wrapping
imper of equal strength and better ap|)earaneo than what is now manufactured, might be made of much
less costly materials. Since the peace, and the very gcjieral introduction of iron cables, tarred ropes
have advanced considerably in ))rice ; bir as the use iS (dij/ other 7faterial whatever winM occasion an
increase of 14.?. a cwt. of duty, advant -ge cannot be taken of (iiis circumstance; so that the excif
regulation, without putting onesixpeni." into the pnckets of government, obliges the |)nblic to piy an
increased price for an interior article ! Neither is this it, only etiect : a giKxl deal of the refuse thrown
out in sorting rags, which might be used in the manufacture of coarse wrapping pa])' r, is .-vt present sold
by the manufacturers lor about .).«. a cwt. ; while a good deal that might be used in the same wav cannot
I -• sold at all, Init is alisnlutely lost. It is plain, therefore, that this regulation has a two-told operation :
first, in adding to the tost of wrapping paper, by compelling it to be made from a comp.irativelv expen-
sive article; and, secondly, in adding to the expense of line paper, by preventing the refuse of the
rags used in its manufacture from being beneficially em|)loyecl
The other regulations in the excise acts (.H (Jeo. ' c. 20. and 42 Goo. X c, !H.) as to paper, are of a
piece with that now broug! ' under the reader's notn-. Kvcry step of the manufacture mu.st be con.
ducted under the snrveillanee of the exci.se ; and the provisions as to entries, folding, weighing,
sorting, labelling, removing, &c. are not only exceedingly numerous, but are in the last degree vex.
ktious, at the same time that rompliancc with them is enforced under ruinous penalties. That this is
not an exaggerated btateinent will be obvious from the following extracts from the statcniciiti of
PAPER.
877
manufacturers, given In Mr. Poulett Thomson'g admirable ipecch on the taxation of the empire. 26th
of March, 1830.
" We are bound," says a manufacturer on whose accuracy and honour I (Mr. P. Thomson) can rely,
" to give '.'+ or 48 hours' notice (iicconling to the distance the exciseman lives, before we can change any
paper, and to keep it in our mills for t;4 hours afterwards before wo send it to market, unless it has been
reweighi'd by the supervisor ; to have the ditt'erent rooins in our manufactories lettered ; to have our
eMBine^■ ^-ats, chests, and presses tmmbered ; and labels pasted on each ream : should we lose one
label, the penalty is 'Ml/. 1 generally write a re(^ue^t for BM labels to the excise at one time ; and should
any person get into my mill, and steal or destroy them, the penalty would be l(K),()tKV. I believe there
is not any kind of paper pays more than i.'Us. per ream duty. If the penalty were 4()s., it would be quite
sulticient to answer every purpose for the security of the revenue. We are obliged, also, to take out a
yearly licence ; and a mill with 1 vat nays as much as one that has 10."
Another says,—'- It h no slight aggravation of the evil, that the laws are so scattcrtd and confused as to
render it almost impossible for any boi'v to have a knowledge of them ; and frequently, what is a great
annoyance to an honest man, is no chock to a rogue. It is true, the excise laws are seldom, or perhaps
never, acted upon to their utntost rigour , but still they confer almost unlimited power on those who I a /e
the admii stering of them, over tlu: property of all wlic coiae U'ldor their influence ; and I am persua^.il
that they never could have exi^te(l, if they had aHeded the iviiole of the community."
It is SMigul.ir that nothing should hitherto have been done to amend regulations so justly complained
of. In point of fact, they are good for nothing but the oppression of the trade. It has not been shown
that their maintenance is indispensable to enable the duty to be assessed and collected ; but if such be the
case, it is, of itself, a suflicient ground for tin epe,"' of the duty. Our condition is not, lortunatelv,
such as to re(|uire that one of tlie most imiKirta.it matiuractures carried on in the empire should be sub-
jected to a system of oppressive regulations for the sake of 7()0,Uli(J/. a year.
But, though it were possible to assess and cjllect the duty so as to prevent fraud, without interfering
with the manufacture, we should very much doubt, considering the purposes to which paper is applied,
the policy of sul)jecting it to any duty whatever. Trintcrs, stationers, bookbinders, type-founders,
artists, copperplate and lithographic piinters, card-maker.s, paper-stainers and paper-hangers, *'C. are
all injured by the duty on paper. Hut the greatest evil of all is its influence in increasing the price, and
hindering the publication, of books. " 'Iliis places a great obstacle in the way of the progress of know-
ledge, of us'.-ful and necessary arts, and of sober, imiustrious habits. Hooks carry the productions of the
human mind over the whole world, and may be truly called the raw materials of every kind of sciee.ce
and art, and of all social improvement."— (.See the admirable wo.k of Sir H. I'arncll, oi\ Finaiu-ial
liej'orm, 3d ed. p. 30.)
An Account of the Quantities of the difTerent Sorts of Paper charged with Duties in each of the 3 Ye.Tr?
ended the 5th of January, 18.33; the Kates of Duty on such Paper; the Gross and Nett Produce of the
Duties ; the Drawbacks on Paper exported, and the Cost per Cent, at which the Nett Kcvenue is col.
lected, separating the Accounts of Kngland, Scotland, and Ireland.
Quantities cliarged with Iliity.
Cross Produce.
Net'. Produce.
Drawliarks
on Paper
exported.
Allowanres
tnllu'
I'niversities.
KiiiL;'^Printer.
Hot I'res^ers,
England
ScoUaiid
Ireland
Vear ciKted
r)lh,»an. 1831.
First ri.-Lss
Taper.
X
,1.
3
NecondCInsf,
I'apur.
a.
a
1
_
Milllird.,
(ihi/.,d
I'afer,
&c.
Paste-
board.
-J
2
Lbs.
39,5aO,.')Gl
7,130,121
1,287,:' <■
Llm.
1^,908,170
i,4es,3r.2
5(i(;,972
Civt.
( 1,SS7
I27,(i33
4,236
311
2S
21
21
Crt.
9,013
2,21 IS
Ji,7ii;
12,020
1 ■'";
■is
11
28
II
28
II
L. : J.
|(i2O,50S 10 9
10fi,5fi8 15 5
} 20,037 8 3
/.. ». </. L. 1. d.' L. ». <l.
.'■.84,5,39 4 8 21,832 oj 14,137 5 4
98,589 17 9 6,513 3 11 1,405 13 9
1S,7'^0 17 2 1,123 5 o| ld3 I! 1
47,938,02(5
-
11,913,801
34,070
15;00S
747,111 14 5
1
701,819 19 7 'W,108 9 1 15,790 5 2
England
Scotland
Ireland
Year ended
5lh Jan. 1832.
3S,fi2'J,2.")4
G,77.'J,n.32
1, 302,1 S,".
3
1,3,2GS,7J7
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3,870
252
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II
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jfi07,t52 8 8
} 101,903 12 3
19,.'iOfi 15 (1
571,010 <J 4
92,8:>3 .^ 9
18,814 3 5
22,111 12 5 13,'.I97 11
7,031 10 3' 2,018 10 3
579 15 Io| 112 10 3
1
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l:i,3l7,S7.'>
.30,013
14,182
728,802 IG 5
\ 1
082,707 IS fi .30,025 IS 6 10,12S 10 5
1
KiiKland
Scotland
1 1 eland
Vear ended
JIh.lan. 1S53
4n,li)2,l.'il
7,203,03,1
1,709,222
3
13,157,2.33
l,n03,74'
470,081
u
■
■
r 1,577
122,247
4,031
470
2S
21
21
■
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t 1,913
1,9,3',P
f 25
I 1
28
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28
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M
029,938 G :; ■:ll,509 10 11
1
108,,33l 9 99,778 4 7
21,834 8 11 21,395 11 10
25,290 3 5
fi,O08 12 S
383 1 4
13,078 11 8
2,481 13 9
55 15 9
49,40 1,1"S
-
15,53 1, n,)9
28,325
15,MS
703,101 3 11715,743 5 4
31,741 17 5 15,019 1 2
Kuh; — The cost per cent, at which the duty on paper is (■ollectc<l, cannot be slated with any degree of
accuracy, the ofticers being employed in charging excise duties generally ; but the sum which would pro.
bably be saved to the revenue, under 'he head of " Salaries to Officer-," if the ilutics on paper ^honld
be repealed, may be estimated at !i,MO/. ; and for stationery supi)lied by I ,e revenue lor purposes conni'ctcd
with the paper dutus, a further saving of 750/., making together (),ii.0O/,, which is about J i)cr cent on tlie
nett revenue of the last year.
At all events, the existing duties, varying as they do from 30 to Cno per cent, nd vnlnirm, are quite
exorbitant ; nor can there be a doubt that they would be more prraluctive were they adequately reduceil,
and assessed on reasonable principles. Hut, as we have shown in the art. Hooks, it in not possible to iay
a duty on the paper intended to be used in priming, with(mt committing injustice. No one can foretell,
with aijy thing apjjroaching to certainty, whether a new book, or even a new eilition of an old book,
will Sill ; and the fact is, that oiii' ///«/■(/ of the books, and niuvtcni tivcnlicths of the ))amphlets pidilished,
do not pay their expenses. Now, we ask whether, under such circumstances, anything can be more
obviously unjust, nil re utterly subversive of every fair principle, than the imposition of the same heavy
taxes uptm alt publications, — upon those thai do not sell, as w ell as upon those that do ? Upon a sue.
cessful work, the duty may only be a reasonable deduction from the proHts of the author and publisher ;
but when (as is the case with 1 out of 3 books, and I'l out of 'J(i paiiiiihlets* the work docs not sell, theie
are no proflts from which to defray the duty, which has, of course, to be paid entirely out of the capital
! ■
V
#i
n
\\
f 'i
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! .1.
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ill
878
PARCEL. — PARTNERSHIP.
'i
'
f
of the author or publisher ! Such is the encouraf;cmcnt f;ivcn to literature, lueh the facilltloi affbrded
to theulifnision of useful information, by the pojjular government of England! All other businesses
meet with very different treatment. Dealers in gin or brandy, for example, may lodge their goods in
bonded warehouses, and are not obliged to ^ay any duty upon them until they are sold for home con-
sumption ; but such privilege is denied to the bookseller, though the article in which he deals be a thou-
sand limes more capricious. He must ip ly the duty on the whole impression of every book, before
bringing a single copy of it to market ; so that he not unfrcquentlj pays duty upon 1,000 volumes, though
unible to sell above i.W or 200, exi ept as w.iste paper ! Even this is not the whole injury done him ; for
upon an advertisement announcing the sale of a Cxi, pamphlet, as heavy a duty is charged as if it
annonnced the sale of an estate worth llKt.OOl)/. !
There are but two ways of putting an end to this scandalous injustice ; viz. either by entirely repealing
the paper duty, or by putting publishers under the sumcillancc of the excise, and assessing the duty on
works according to the number sold at the publication price. The former would be the simpler metliod ;
but if the state of the finances will not allow of the sacrifice of the paper duty, there are no insuperable
dilliculties in the way of the latter alternative. And were it adopted, and the duties reduced and sim-
plified, justice would be done to authors and publishers, and a very great stimulus given to thu ;iaper
manutacture, without any loss of revenue.
PARCEL, a term indifFercntly applied to small packages of wares, and to largo lots
of goods. In this latter sense, iJO hogsheads of sugar or more, if bought at one price, or
in a single lot, are denominated " a parcel of sugar."
PARCELS, BILL OF, an account of the items composing a parcel.
PARCHMENT (Ger. Perffument ; Fr. Parchemiu ; It. Cartapccora ; Sp. Per-
ffamino), the .skin of .sheep or goats jjropared in such a manner as to render it proper
for writing upon, covering books, &c. It is an important article in French com
mercc : besides being largely exported, the home consumption is very considerable.
The name is derived from Pergauiuf , the city where it is said to have l)ecn first ma-
nufactured.
PARTIAL LOSS. Set Insuh.nce (Marine).
PARTNERSHIP, the a-sotlation of two or more individuals for carrying on some
business or imdertaking in com.non ; each deriving a certain share of the profits, and
bearing a corresponding share of the loss arising therefrom.
The term partnership is usually applied to those smaller associations in which the
partners personally conduct tlieir joint affairs : the term company being applied to those
great associations conducted by directors and servants .tppointed by the body of the
partners to act for them ; the latter having no direct concern in the management of the
affairs of the company. — (See Co-mpanies.)
The advantages of partnerships are obvious. IMany b-isinesses could not be suc-
cessfully carried on without a larger command of capital than usually belongs to an
individual; and most of them require the combination of various species of talent. An
individual may have capital sufficient to undertake a paiticidar business ; but be may not
I)e thoroughly versed in any of its details, or he may be fainiliar with certain parts of it
and not with others ; so that it might be for his advantage to assume one or more indi-
viduals as his partners, supposing them to be without capital, provided they possessed
the .skill and other qualifications required in prosecuting the business. Associations of
this sort enable capital and talent to derive all the assistance that each is capable of lend-
ing to the other. And as the gains of each partner usually consi.st of a certain pro-
porfiun of the total profits made by the company, each has the most powerful motive
to exert himself ibr the benefit of the concern. It is not, indeed, to be denied, that
associations of this sort are occasionally productive of mischievous consequences. Tlie
public interest requires that the whole partners in a firm should be bound by the acts of
any one of their number ; so that the folly or fraud of a single partner may entail very
serious con.sequences upon those associated with him. Generally, liowevcr, this is not
an evil of frequent occurrence; and there can be no question that, both in a private and
public point of view, partnerships are highly beneficial.
To enter into any thing like a full discussion of the law of partnership would very
far exceed our limits. We shall, therefore, merely state a few of those leading principles
with res))ect to it, as to which it is of importance that mercantile men, and the public
generally, should l)e well acquainted.
Formntinn of Partnerships. — Tiie mere consent of the partners, fixed and certified
by acts or contracts, is quite sufficient to constitute a private coi)artnersliip ; so that if
two or more merchants, or other persons, join togetiier in trade, or in any sort of
business, with a mutual, though it may be unequal, partieiiiation in the ])rofit and loss
of the concern, they are in every respect to be considered as jjartners. No jiarticular
form of words or proceeding is necessary to constitute a partnership. It may be entered
into either by an express written agreement, or by a merely verbal one. The former
ought in almost all cases to be preferred. The contract of co])artnery should state the
parties to it, the business to be carried on, the sjjace of time the i)artners]iii) is to con-
tinue, the capital eacli is to bring into the business, the pn)])ortiou in which the profit
and loss are to be divided, the manner in which the business is to be conducted, the mode
agreed upon for .settling accoimts at the dissolution of the jiartnership, together with the
special covenants adapted to the circumstances of each particular case.
i
PARTNERSHIP.
879
.W'-.
4
To constitute a partnership, there must be a p.nrticipation in uncertain profits and
losses; and the true criterion to determine, when money is advanced to a trader,
wliether the individual making the advance is to be looked upon as a partner or not, is
to ascertain whether the iwemuim or profit he certain and defined, or casucil, indefinite,
and depending upon the accidents of trade. In the former case he is a lender merely ;
in the latter he is a partner. The mere participation in the profits of any business
or adventure, without a participation in the losses, constitutes a partnership, so far as
to render the individual so participating liable to third parties for the engfigcments of
the concern, though as between the parties themselves it may be no partnership
'I'luis, if a clerk or other servant stipulate for a share of the profits of any business as
o reward for his labour, he becomes responsible to third parties as a partner, and no
private arrangement can cancel liis liability.
If an individual, by his own act or inadvertence, allow himself 'a appear to the world
as a partner, he is precluded from disputing the fact, even though iie have no interest in
the profits. A partner who withdraws from a firm is liable on account of the remaining
partners continuing his name in the firm, though without his consent, unless lie take the
necessary precautions — (sec post) — to show that he has ceased to belong to it.
If there be no express stipulation as to the management of partnership projierty, tlio
majority decide as to the disposition and management of the joint afl'airs of the firm;
or, if there be but two parties in a firm, one may manage the concern as lie thinks fit,
provided it be within the rules of good faith, and warranted by the circumstances of the
case. The general duty of a partner is to keep in view, at all times, and in all trans-
actions, the interest and welfare of the partnership, by acting honestly and uprightly, and
as a jirudent man would conduct his own affairs.
Liability of Partners as to third Parties. — It may be laid down as a general rule, that
partners, whether actual, ostensibk', or dormant, are bound by the act of their partner,
made in the course of and with reference to the partnership business, and in the regular
course of dealing by the firm ; and though the general rule of law be, that no one is
liable upon any contract, except such as are privy to it, yet this is not contravened by the
liability of partners, as they are sup))osed virtually present at and sanctioning the pro-
ceedings they singly enter into in the ccurse of trade, or as being each vested with a
power enfibling them to act at once as principals and as the authorised agent of their
copartners. It is for the advantage of partners that they are thus held liable ; for the
credit of their firm is in consequence greatly eidianced, and facility is given to all their
dealings, even when they reside in different jiarts of the coinitrj', or of the world. A
due regard to the interest of strangers is at the same time observed ; for where an indi-
vidual deals with one of several partners, lie relies upon the credit of the entire firm,
and therefore, ought to have his remedy against all the individuals who compose it.
Unless, however, the act of one partner relate to and be connected witli the partner-
ship trade, and in the course of dealing by the firm, such acting partner only will be
bomid ; for it is only by acting in the course of their particular trade or line of business
that an implied authority is delegated by partnei's to eacl) othei ; and it is only in such
transactions that third parties have a right to rely upon the partuursliip funds. 'J'o bind a
partnersiiip, credit must be given to the firm itself, and nnt to one merely of its jjartners.
One of them may even, in fm'therance of the objects ( nc firm, enter into a contract
with some third party ; but if such contract be made exi m /r 'y and solely upon the credit
of the individual partner, it will only bind him, and not the firm. The jinsumption of
the law, however, always is, that a contract with one of the partners in reference to the
business of the firm has been entered into upon the credit of the wliule; and this pre-
sumption is not to be rebutted, except by very clear evidence. One partner cannot, a"
such, except in bankruptcy, bind another by dee<l.
The authority of a partner is revocable ; and it is now fully established that a dis-
rliiimer of the authority of the p.irtners in any particular transaction will preclude him
from binding his copartners. Kven during the subsistence of the partnership, one
partner may to a certain degree limit his res])onsibility ; and if >Iiere be any pan ular
speculation or bargain proi)osed, which he disap])roves of, he may, by givip.g tlistiiict
notice to those with whcmi his partners are about to contract that he will not be con-
cerned in it, relieve himself from all consequences. Such notice would rebut hU prima
Jnvie liability. The partnership would bo suspended quoad this transaction. Thus, if
a partner draw, accept, or indorse a bill or note, he will, in all ordinary cases, tli. n t
render the firm liable. But, to use the words of Lord Ellenborongh, " it is not essential
to a partnerslii]) that every partner should have such power; they may stiinilate among
themselves that it shall not l)e done; and if a third party, haviny notice of thin, will take
such security from one of the partners, he shall not sue the others upon it, in breach of
such stipulation, nor in defiance of notice previously given to him by one of them, that
he will not be liable for any bill or note signed by the others." — ( Galway v. Matthew,
10 East, '2CA.); and so in other cases.
'lilt 1 1 *
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i
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rf
i^
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i
K
880
PASSENGERS.
However small the shai-e a partner may have in a eonrprn, he is liable for the whofr of
the debts contracted by the firm; and must .-.eek his remedy ia a rateable contribution
against his partners. Sliould one party enter into a smuggling or otlier illegal transact. on
on the partnership account, the otiier partners are liable to the duties and the penalty ;
and the Crown may proceed against the real delinfjuent alone, or against all the partners.
A bookseller, or newsptiper proprietor, is answerable for the acts of his agent or co-
partner, not only civilly, but also criminally.
Dissolution of I'artnersliips. — A partnership may be dissolved by the effluxion or ex-
piration of the time during which it was originally agreed that it should continue. \Vhcu
a copartnership is- formed for a single dealing or transaction, the moment that is cou)-
plet. '^ it is at iin end. Partnerships may also be dissolved by death, agreement, bank-
ruptcy, outlawry, &c. A court of e<juity will interfere to dissolve a partnership, in cases
where a partner so misconducts himself as to be injurious to the firm, or to defeat tiie
object for which the partnership was formed ; or when a partner becomes insane, or is in
such a state of mind as to render him permanently incapable of transacting the peculiar
business of the firm ; or where a partnership is formed for an impracticable ])iniH>se.
Indeed, in all cases, where even a partnership may be dissolved without the inteiicrence
of a court of equity, it may be most ])ru(lent, if the dissolution be opposed by one of the
partners, to file a bill, p'uying a dissolution and account, and an injunction against usin"
the partnership name.
WhcT. s. partnership is dissolved by agreement, or one of the partners withdraws from
it, public notice of the dissolution must be given in the Loudon Gazette. ; and a spirific in.
tination of the circwnstanci' must be sent to all iiidirKtiKils accustomed to deal with the firm.
Where such intimation has not been sent, the individual withdrawing from the firm mav
be made liable to third parties after he has ceased to have any thing to do with it. A
dormant partner, whose name has never been announced, may withdraw from a firm
without making the dissolution of partnership publicly known.
When the joint debts of the firm are paid, and the projjcrty didy distributed among
the partners, the dissolution may be said, in a general sense, to be accomplished. If any
one of the firm be guilty of a breach of duty, in misapplying the eflfects before the con-
cern is finally wound up, the proper course is to apply to the Court of Chancery to
appoint a manager.
Within a reasonable time after the death of one partner, the survivors must account
to the representatives of the deceased ; and if not willii-g to do so, a court of equity will
compel them. In taking partnership accounts at the death of a partner, they must com-
mence with the last stated account ; or, if there be none such, with the commencement
of the partnership ; and they must end with the state of the stock at the time of
the partner's death, and the proceeds thereof until it be got in.
No notice is necessary to third parties of the death of a partner ; the partnership is
dissolved, and all liabilities for subsocjuent acts cease. The surviving parties are to be
sned alone for the partnership lial)ilities ;md obligations, for which they are liable to the
{\dl extent. Hut they are not liable for the separate debts of the deceased partner, un-
less, after payment of all the joint debts, they have a surplus of the partnership effects in
their hands.
Upon a dissolution by death, if the joint effects be insufficient to pay the partnership
debts, the separate estate of the deceased paitner, if he have any, is liable for the
deficiency.
The statements now made will, probably, be sufficient to give our readers a tolerably
distinct notion of the formation of pa'-niershijis ; and of the more important rights, dntiis,
li-.ibilities, &c. arising out of such institutions. 'I'liose who wish to go deejier into tlie
subject, may considt the treatises of Watson and Mitntatjue on the Law of Partnership ,■
Chitti/'s Commercial Law, vol. iii. pj). i225 — '2G9. ; Woolrych on Commercial Lnw,
pp. 298—317., §-c.
P.VSSENGEIIS, in commercial navigatiDn, are individuals conveyed for hire from
one place to another on board ship. Passage ships are those peculiarly appropriated to
the conveyance of p.assengers.
Hfgiila/ion.i as to t/ie Conveyance of Passrnfrers. — The cnnvcyanre of passoiiRprs bptwopn fircit
Britain and Ireland is regulated by the act 4 Gi'O. + c. 8S., which providca, that no vessel cniploycd in
the conveyance of passengers, of less than 2oO tons liurdcn, shall carry more than i!() persons as pas»cM|.'crs,
nnless a licence to that effect has been obtained from the Custom-house. A licenced vessel i> not to take,
exclusive of the crew, more than 5 aiiult persons, or 10 children under 14, or I "> children under 7 years
of age, for every 4 tons burden ; and if such vei sel be partly laden with tjooils m wares, not to take ninie
than the above proportion of passengers for every 4 tons that remain nnUi'len. I'cnalty for c.irryiug more
than twcnii/ without licence, fiO/ ; and for a licensed vessel carrying more than the above proporlioM
for each 4 tons burden, 5/. for each passenger. Merchant ves.iels of not more than KX) tons, not to carry
more than 10 persons j or of not more than aXJ tons, not more than 20 persons ; under a penalty of ."7.
each person.
The conveyance of passengers to North America is regulated by the !) Oeo, 4 .'1. This act provides,
that no ship shall sail from the United Kingdom for any port or place in liis M.ijesty's iiossessions oil llie
continent or islands of North America, with more than //ore persons on board for every 4 tons of the
rei^itcreU burden of such ship, the master and crew being incliuliHli and no ship to carry passengers,
PATENT.
881
H'li fire.it
iploycd ill
(it totaUo,
■r 7 vt'^i"
take 111(110
ying imiro
proiKirliiiii
ot to caiTV
iltv uf :>i.
unless of the hcipht of 5J foot, at least, between tlcrks : 2 children unilcr 14, or 3 under 9, or 1 child
under Vi months with its mother, to lie reckoned as 1 person. (io<Kl and wlioiesomc provisions (o be
provide<l, at the rate of ;jO gallons of pure water for every person on l>oard, and M lbs. of bread, bisuuit,
oatmeal, or brcad-stufTs, for every passenger. Ships that nave their full er- .plemeiit of pasi-engers are
prohibited from carrying any jwrt of their cargo or stores between decks. Ucfore clearing out, the master
is to deliver to the collector a list of the imssengers, specifying as accurately as may lie their names,
ages, professions or occupations, and the name of the port or place at which each is contracted to be
laTide<l. Masters of ships com|)elling jiasseiigers to land at any other place than that agreed upon, shall
forfeit to every such passenger so landed a sum of ai/. Masters who take a greater numbi^r of passenger*
than allowed by law, or do not provide the requisite quantity of water and )jrovi»ions, or stow them or
any part of the cargo between decks, or furnish false listi to the collector, shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor. A bond for l,00()/. with one good and sufficient surety, shall be given by the master of
every ship clearing out for Uritish North America with passengers on board, that such ship is seauorthy,
ami that all and every the rules and regulations of (his act will be well and truly pcrtbrmed. Such bond
may be without a stamp. This act does not extend to Post-ottice ships, nor to the Ualiama Islands, nor
to the West Indiei.
It is enacted by the 9 Geo. 4. c. 47., that the master of any packet or ves»cl employed in 'arrying pas.
seiigers from one part of the United Kingdom to another is to be liceiisc<l by the commissi' crs of excise
to retail foreign wine, strong beer, cider, perry, spirituous liquors, and tobacco. Such licence to be
annually renewed, and to be transferable by endorsement. Duty to be paid by the owners on obtaining
such a licence, \l. Penalty for selling wines, &c. without a licence, for every oHl'iice, 10/.
It is enacted by 9 Geo. 4. c. 76., that every stca?n vessel which is of the registered tonnage of 140 tons
shall be deemed to be a vessel of aOO tons at least.
'I'hc act f> Cieo. 4. c. llfiL, which regulated the conveyance of passengers to foreign parts, was repealed
by 7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 19.
In some respcct.s, pa.ssengers may be considered as a portion of tlie crew. They may
be called on by the ma.ster or conmiander of the ship, in ca.se of imminent danger
either from tempest or enemies, to lend their assistance for the freneral safety ; and in tlie
event of their declining, may be punished for disol)edience. 'I'liis j)rineii)le has been re-
cognised in several eases ; but, as tlie authority arises out of the necessity of tlie case,
it must be exerci.sed strictly within the limits of that necessity (Boi/ce v. Budiffe,
I Cain])l)ell, 58.) A passenger is not, however, bound to remain on board the sliiji in
the hour of danger, but may quit it if he have an opportunity ; and he is not retjiiired to
take upon himself any responsibility as to the coniluct of the ship. If he incur any
responsibility, and perform extraordinary services in relieving a vessel in distress, he is
entitled to a corresponding reward. The goods of passengers contribute to general
average. — {Abbott on the Law of Shipping, part iii. c. 10.)
Return of the Number of Persons who have emigrated from the United Kingdom to any of the Colonics
of Great Hritain in each Year since 18.20, and to the United States of America since WiC>; ilistin-
giiisliing the Colonies to which they have emigrated.— {Pari. Pupa; No. 650. Scss. 1830, a.m No, ()9(i
Sess. IHS'3.)
Years.
1S21
lK'-'2
l8'-'3
181.'4
1K2.'>
IS'.'ti
isa7
1W9
ls;iO
is;il
1 h;;2
Hiiiish North
American Colonies.
British West Indies.
Cape of Good Hope.
New Smith Wales,
\'an llienien's I-ntut,
.ind Swan Iliver.
r
Uniteil Slates.
A'o. fif Prrnoiin,
l'.?,470
JVu. of Persotts,
So. nj' Persinit.
Nit. of Pmuiui.
iVi'i iJTirsoiu,
1,772
404
320
ii,as2
1,42:J
192
87;i
8, a;)
1,911
184
.543
7,.ni
l,3.'i3
119
780
8,7+1
1,082
114
48.5
r,/,r,\
li',818
1,913
116
<)03
7.0(i3
iy,rv48
1,1.06
114
715
u,rm
12,084
1,211
13.5
1,0.56
12,817
13,.'507
1,251
197
2,016
1,5,678
30,.';74
>
204
1,242
24,887
.'iK.Otn
114
l,.5fil
2.>,418
r.t!,339
-
196
3,733
32,S72
The forcRoing statement, founded upon special returns transmitted from the various ports of the United
KiiiK'lom by the local otficers of customs, exhibits the number of persons of both sexes, and of all ages,
who have emigrated to the colonies in each of the last 10 years, so far as the same can bo ascertained.
The olhcers report that they have not the means of distinguishing males from females, or adults from
children, iu these returns ; and in some cases they state that the lli.^tinction cannot be drawn with accu.
racv between emigrants and passengers of other descriptions.
l'\)r the regulations as to^e landing of passengers in New York, see Nkw York.
PATENT, a privilege from the Crown granted by letters patent (whence the name),
conveying to the individual or individuals specified therein, the sole right to make, use,
or dispose of some new invention or discovery, for a certain specified period.
The imwer to grant patents seems to exist at common law ; hut i! is limited and defined by the famous
statute 21 .lac. I. c, 3., which enacts, " 'I'hat any declaration before, mentioned shall not extend to any
letters patent and grant? of privilege for the term of 14 years or under, thercatler to be made, of the solo
working or m:,King of any manner of new manufactures within this r.;alm, to the fnir ami Jirsf inventor
and inventors of such manufactures, which others at the time of maf.ing such letters patent and grants
shall not use, so as also thev lie not contrary to the law, nor mischievous to the state, by raising prices of
(•(immndities at home, or hurt of trade, or generally inconvenient. The .said 14 years to be accounted
from the date of the first letters patent, or grant of such privilege thereafter to be made; but that the
same shall be of such force as they should be if that act had never been made, aiid none other."
Polii'i/ of Patents. — The law with respect to patents is iniavoidably encumbered with
several difficulties. The expediency of granting jiatents has been disimted ; though, a.s
it would seem, without any sufficient reason. Were they refused, tlie inducement to
make discoveries would, in many cases, be very much weakened ; at the same time that
if would plainly be for the interest of every one who made a discovery, to endeavour.
IV
' A
' I >
,' I
,1 !■
i '1
t
882
PATENT
■f
if possible, to conceal it. And notwithstanding tlic diflfimUii-s in tlie way of canccni-
munt, they are not insuperable; and it is believed that several iinportiint inventions have
been lost, from the secret dying with their authors. On the other band, it is not easy
to decide as to the term for which the patent, or exclusive privilege, sliotild be grantrd.
Some have proposed that it should Ije made perjjetual ; but this would lie a very great
obstacle to the | rogress of improvement, and would lead to tlie most pernicious results.
Perhaps the term of 14 years, to which the duration of a patent is limited in England,
is as proper a one as could be suggested. It may be too short for some inventions, and
t(X) long for others ; but, on the whole, it seems a pretty fair average.
Specification. — Previously to the reign of Queen Anne, it was customary to grant
patents without any condition, except that they should be for really new inventions. Hut
a condition wiis then introduced into all patents, and is still retained, declaring that if
the inventor do not, by an instrument under his hand and seal, denominated a specific-
ation, particulnrly describe and ascertain the nature of his invention, and in what manner
the same is to be performed, and also cause the same to be enrolled in Chancery within
a certain time (generally a month), the letters ])atent, and all liberties and advantages
whatever thereby granted, shall utterly cease and l)ecome void. This was a very judi-
cious regulation. It secures the invention from being lost ; and the moment the patent
expires, every one is in a situation to profit by it.
Mode of granting a Patent. — Letters patent are obtained upon petition and aflidavit
to the Crown, setting forth, that the petitioner has, alter great labour and expense, made
a certain discovery, which he describes, and which he l>elieves will be of great ])uhlic
utility, and that he is the first inventor. Hie petition is referred to the attorney or
solicitor general, wiio is separately attended by tlie a|)|)licant and all competitors, if
there be any. They explain their projects to him, and he decides on granting or with-
holding the patent. When the inventions of two or more coiiilicting .-ippiicnnts coincide,
he rejects all the applications. It would seem, that to decide upon such difli i.'t ques-
tions in mechanics as are often agitated in applications for patents, a familiar k.' -vlcdirc
of the principles and practical a])]>licatio' i of mechanical science would be indispi nsi.Me.
Hut by the law, .is it now stands, such ; '.jwledge is not deemed necessary. The legal
oiKuers of the Crown are the sole judges as to what patents should or should not be
granted; their award is final; Jind they are subject to no responsil)ility, other than the
common remedies against ))uhlic officers by impeachment, indictment, &c. — none of
which would be entertained, unless a corrupt motive were established. After approval
by the law officers, the grant is made out, sealed, and enrolled.
Considering the authority under which patents are granted, can any one wonder at
the number that have been overturned in the courts of justice? or at the litigation to
which they have given rise ?
Expense of Patents. — Separate patents have to !)e taken out for England, Scotland,
and Ireland, if it be intended to secure the privilege in the three kingdoms. Tlie
expense of stamps, fees, &c. is in all cases very heavy. It varies according to the intricacy
of the invention, the opposition (if any) to the patent I)eing granted, &c. According
to Mr. Farey, it may be estimated at 120/. for England, 100/. for Scotland, and I'J.j/.
for Ireland. — (See his valuable evidence in the Commons' Report on Patents, p. 17.)
Conditions as to Patents. — the novelty and ulilily of the invention are osRcntial to the validity of a
patent ; if it can be shown to have been in use previously to the grant of the patent, or to be of no utility,
it will be void. It must also be for something vendible — something " material and useful made by the
hands of man." — (Lord Kenyan, 8T. H. Hit.) A philo!<nphiral principle oi;ly, neither organi.sed, nnr
capable of being »o, is no ground for a patent; because it is un element and rudiment of science, and
which, till applied to some new production ft'om these clemcMts, caniuil, with justice to other inven-
tors, be applied to the exclusive use of any one of them. In all patents there is required, in the wnrds of
liOrd Tenterden, " something of a corporeal or substantial nature, something that can he mnilc by man
from the matters subjected to his art and skill, or at the least some new morie )tf employing praelicallu liis
art and skUI." — (Godson on the Law iff Patents, p. 81.) Previously to I.ord Tenterden, it had been
ruled that a new process or method was not the subject of a patent. But his Lordship having supne.^tnl
that " the word manufacture (in the statute) may, perhaps, extend to a neui jirocess to be carried on liy
known implemeiUs, or elements acting upon known substances, and ultimately pro<lucing some other
known substance, &c." — (Godson, p. 83.) — this principle of interpretation has now been adopted.
A patent for a machine, each part of which was in use before, but in which the eomhination of the dif-
ferent parts Is new, and a netu result is obtained, is valid. But, in order to its being valid, the specitic-
ati<in must clearly express that it is in respect of such new combination or application, and of that only;
and not lay claim to original invention in the use of the materials.
A patent may be granted for an addition to an old invention. But the patent must be confined to
the addition or improvement, that the public may purchase it without being encumbered with other
things. If the patent include the whole, it will be void ; for the property in the addition or improvenien*
can give no right to the thing that has been improved (Godson, p. 71.)
A valid patent may be obtained for an invention, " new in tins realm," though it may have been pra.
viously practised in a foreign country.
A patent is void, if it be for several distinct inventions, and any one of them fail of originality.
The specification must be prepared with pjr«/ r«n'. It shotild set forth the invention fully and cor.
rectly. The terms used must be clear and unambiguous ; no necessary description must be omitted, nor
what is unnecessary be introduced ; and the invention must be described in the bett and most improved
state known to the inventor. If any one of these conditions be not complied with, the jiatent will be voi.l.
Any inaccurate or defective statement, were it even inserted through inadvertency, will vitiate the » hole.
Caveat. ~ It is not unusual for inventors who have nut brought their inventicn's to perfection, and wliu
"f-W
PATH AS.
883
of conceal-
iitions have
is not ctiKy
be grantrd.
I very groat
ous rufiultH.
n England,
:ntions, and
iry to grant
itions. lint
iring that if
J a sjjccific-
rhat manner
icery within
I advantages
a very judi-
it tlic patent
and affidavit
:])ensu, made
groat public
i attorney or
mpotitors, if
;ing or witli-
>nts coincide,
liffi u\ ques-
ir k. 'vledj^e
ndispt usi.'ile.
Tlie legal
lioidd not 1)0
ther than the
,c none of
iftor approval
ne wonder at
a litigation to
nd, Scotland,
frdonis. Tiio
the intricacy
According
nd, and I'i.)/.
$,v n.)
the validity of a
be (if no utility,
111 niaile by the
organised, n(ir
, of science, aiul
to other invcn-
in the words of
be vuutc by man
g prarticnilu hi.i
II, it had been
viiiR sURcested
)0 carried on liy
InK some other
, adoi>ted.
intion of the dif-
ihd, the siacilic-
jid of that only;
_,t he confined to
?red with other
or improvcnieii*
,' have been pra.
iinalitv.
on fully and cor-
: be omitted, nor
irf most imprond
tent will be void.
ritiatc the »hole.
lection, and who
»re afraid lest they be niitieipatcti by others, to ImlKe n caveat at the oflleca of the attorney flnd soliritnr
general i that ik, an Inttrunieiit by which notice is rci|ne)ite(l to be ^iven to the |H'r»oii who enters it,
whenever any application i.s made for a patent for a certain invention therein desrrilH'il In (leneral
terms, 'i'lie entry of a caveat is, theiefore, nothing more than fiiving int'orniation that an Invention is
nearly completed ; so that, if any other person should apply for a patent for the same ihinK, the preterencti
may be jfiven to him who entered it.
An injunction may be obtained for the infringement of a patent, in the same way aa for a violation of
the copyri(,'ht acts.
Patents have been sometimes extended by act of parliament beyond the term of 14 yean, on the
{<round that that term was too short properly to reward the inventor.
Account of the Number of Patents granted in the Eight Years ending with 1828.
1H2I
lOK
INM
■ IRl
wa
• lis
ISM
1I.1
l.S'«
■2I<)
1H»8
- i(>%
wa
- 13»
WM
131
Total number of patents in force in May, 1825), l,R.'j.'5.
The reader will find a great deal of curious and in>truetive information with respect to patents, in the
Itcport nf tkc Cmnmittrc i\f the House of Conimoru on that sul)jeet (No. y,'5'.i. Sess. 18'Jir, particularly in
the evidence and papers laid before the Committee by Mr. I''arey. 'Ihe treatise on the Law nf Polenta
and Copyrijihts, by Mr. Uodson, is clear and able.
I'ATRAS, oil PETRASSO, a .sea-port in the N. W. corner of the Morea, near the
entrance of the Gulf of I.epanto, in lat, .'J8'' 14' '25" N., Ion. 'Jl" 46' 20" E. I'opulation
variously estimated, from 5,(XX) to 10,000.
The port lies a little to the northwaru of the town ; but the part fronting it is unsafe, and expot^ed to
heavy seas, particularly in winter. Vessels, therefore, go a little further up the gulf, where there is a
mole or quay, and where they can lie do.se to the wharf I'atrac has a more extensive trade than any
other port of (ircece. The principal exports are currants, oil, valonia, wine, raw silk, raw cotton,
wool, skins, wax, fiC. Of tlie.sc, currants arc by far the most important. The fruit is larger, luid freer
from sand and gravel, than that of the Ionian Islands, 'i'hey are shipped in casks of various sizes ; but,
as the weight of tlie cask is included in that of the fruit, it is said to be, for the most part, made heiivier
and stronger tlinn nw^essary. Morea currants are preferred in most countries, except KngUuid ; but
here the currants of iCante are held in equal, or perhaps greater, estimation. 'I'he exports of currants
Iron) I'atras, at an average of the ,'3 years ending with 1«.)1, amounted to about .')(i,()(K) ewt. a year,
worth [dxmt ,W,i)(l<)/. More than half the quantity 8hii)ped in 18,i() and 18,31 w.ts for Kngland, The value
of tlie eX4)ortsof valonia and oil irvay, together, amount to from 7,<W)/, to U),(KJ(i/. a year. 'I'he imports at
I'atras, as at the other (ireek ports, consist pi inci|)ally of sugar, collee, and otiier coionial prfMlucts ; plain
and printnl cotton stutTs, woollen guods, saltid lish, iron, tin plates, h.ardware, cordage, hemp, deals, \e.
Imported articles are brought princtpally froit the Ionian Islands, Malta, Venice, Leghorn, Marseilles,
ami Trieste; luit, from the unsettled state ot the country, it is quite impossible to form any accurate
estimate of their aiiiount, either as respects I'.itras, or any other Greek port- —
.s'AiVfiim'. — 'ITicnrrivalsat l'«ira»iii lS30anil 1P'..1 have liven Piir( Cftur^'«, — Foreign and (Jrock vessels )iay as follows;-
Flags,
1S30.
1S31. 1
Vessels.
Tonnage.
Vcssfls.
Tonnage,
Mritish
10
1,117
s
1,10.'.
(Ireelt
'^.'il
(1,017
,101
l(l,(i',;3
Ionian
llfi
.'>,'^!II
7!l
,1,1 IS
AiKlrinn -
T,r<
3,7.'.7
Hi
7,.'.11
Sardinian -
10
W)
1
!>W
TiLsran
'i
KIS
1
'.n
.Neaitolitan
a
nil
r>
ii;i
I'apal
s
ISl
•i
177
Frrnch
5
•1<I9
3
31 fi
Dntcli
1
1.10
1
170
ll^is^iaTi •
8
S!)H
11
\,H\>.)
iHloiTian •
4
4S1
3
,1.'.5
Ph. I.
as
(ireilt.
Anrliorafie 1
Port (hies 5* ^ ''
Health offlcii
.Additional -)
witi-n taryo /
or liallast is > IS
landeil or I
loaded - J
t. ,1.
r> 10
rh
\'i 74
Forei^m.
or
t il.
i)
19 9 MO - n 17 8
1
Total Orctk L.olS 7 Foreign /-.I l\ 8
The ?(i»'^ established by the government in March, IS.'SO, is in force, according to which all articles
mav l)e imi.nrted and exjiortt'd, on payment of the duties therein tixe<l, without distinction of foreign
or iiative nag. The rate of duty is 10 per cent, aU valorem for imports, and fi per cent, ad valorem for
exports.
iVoni^.^ Since the revolution, the Greeks have established a system of coinage in imitation of that of
France. The phoenix is a silver coin, that should contain 9-I0th8 of pure metal, and 1-lOth of alley, or
4()2i) grammes of the former, and ■448 do. of the latter, being worth about 8Jrf. sterling. The lepta is a
copper coin, being l-UKlth i>art of the phoenix. Hut the silver coins are already so much debased, that
thev have been refused even by the otficers of government.
li'eig/ils and Measures. — The quintal is divided into 44 okes, or 132 lbs. Hence, 100 lbs. of Patras =
88 lbs. avoirdupois. Silk weight is l-.Oth heavier,
A sack of currants weighs 140 lbs, of the common weight, or about 123 lbs., avoirdupois.
The staro, corn measure, = t'i Winch, bushels.
'i'he long pic, or pik, used in measuring linens and woollens, = 27 English inches. The short pic, used
in measuring silks, = 2,5 ditto.
We have derived these details, partly from the Answers made by the Consul at Patras to the Circular
Queries ; partly from the Archives du Commerce, tome ii. pp. 2JG — iiK. j and partly from other sources.
Commerce of Greece. — Considering tlie favourable situation of Greece, the numl)er
and oxcollencc of lier ports, the hardy enterprising character of the peojiie, and the
progress they have already made in navigation, nothing seems to l)e required to insure
her rapid atlvancement in commercial industry, but tfie esta'olishment of good order
and internal tranquillity. We trust tlmt this sine qua non of prosperity will now be
realised ; and that the newly constituted government will be strong enough to curb the
factitms into which the population has been split, and to put down and punish every
species of outrage. If they .succeed in this, and abstain from all attempts, by prohibition
or otlierwise, to force tnanufacttires and commerce, we liave no doubt that ihe progress
of Greece will lie all that her most sanguine friends could wish. It appears from a
rejiort presented to the congress at Najioli, in January, 183'i, that Greece was at that
time possessed of 2,941 vessels of all sorts, of which 614 were of the 1st class, that is,
3 L 2
hr^l
! "' !
■ t'
vn
> ; ^
M
884>
PATTERNS. — PAWNBROKERS.
of more tli.in 150 tons hiirden. Tlie value of tliu imports into Grcoco, in 1831, ore
estimated in tlie same documL-rt at ul)out 1,I{X),0(X)/. stt-rling. It must, however, bu
observed, that a large proportion of these imjjorts is carried to Syra, which has now
become an important entrejmt, merely that they may he sent at convenient opportunities
to the Turkisli provinces in Europe, Asia 3Iinor, &e. — (See //rehires du Commi-nc,
tome ii. p. 239.)
It is deeply to be regretted, that Candia, or Crete, was not either added to the new
kingdom of Greece, or made independent. We cannot help considering it tas disgraceCul
to the Christian nations of Europe, that this famous island, where European civilisiiiion
first struck its roots, should be consigned to the barbarians by whom it is now laid waste.
It is as well entitled to the favourable consideration of J:^ngland, France, and Russia, as
any part of Continental Greece; and we do hope that measures mfiy yet be devised for
rescuing it from t!ie atrocious despotism by which it has been so long weighed down.
PATTERNS, are specimens or samples of commodities, transmitted by manufacturers
to their correspondents, or carried from town t'o town by travellers, in search of orders.
Patterns, if not exceeding 1 ounce weight, slia!' be charged with only an addifioniil
penny of postage, provided they be sent under cover, open at the sides, and without any
letter or writing, except the name of the person sending the same, the place of liis
abode, and the jirice of the article or articles. — (52 Geo. 3. c. 88.)
PAWNBROKERS and PAWNHIIOKING. A pawnbroker is a species of
banker, who advances money, at a certain rate of interest, upon security of goods
deposited in his hands ; having power to sell the goods, if the principal sum, ancl the
interest thereon, be not paid within a specified time.
I. Aduantayes and Disadvantages of Pawnbrohing. — The practice of impledging oi
pawning goods, in order to raise loans, is one that must necessarily always exist in
civilised societies, and is, in many cases, productive of advantage to the parties. 15iit
it is a practice that is extremely liable to abuse. By far the largest projiortion of lliu
bond fide borrowers of money on pawn consist of the lowest and most indigent classes ;
and were the lenders not subjected to any species of regulation, advantage niiglit ho
taken (as, indeed, it is fre(piently taken, in despite of every precaution) of their neces-
sities, to subject them to tlie most grievous extortion. 15ut, besides tliose whose wants
compel tiiem to resort to pawnbrokers, there is another class, who have recourse to them
in order to get rid of the i)roperty they have unlawfully ac(juire(I. Not only, tlierefore,
are pawnbrokers instrumental in relieving tiie jjressing and m-gent necessities of the
poor, but tlioy may also, even without intending it, become the most eflieient allies of
thieves and swindlers, by affording them ready and convenient outlets for the dis])(i ;1
of their ill-gotten gains. The policy of giving legislative protection to a business so
. lii^ble to abuse, has been doubted by many. Rut though it were sujjprcssed by law, it
would always really exist. An individual jjossessed of property which he may neither
be able nor willing to dispose of, maybe reduced to ast.ite of extreme difficidty ; and in
such case, what can be more convenient or advantageous for him than to get a loan
upon a deposit of such property, luider condition that if he repay the loan, and the in-
terest upon it, within a certain period, the property will be returned? It is said, iiideeil,
that the facilities of raising money in this way foster habits of imprudence ; tliat the
first resort for aid to a pawrdiroker almost always lends to a second ; and that it is im-
possible so to regulate the business, as to prevent the ignorant and the necessitous from
being jilundered. That this statement, though exaggerated, is to a certain extent true,
no one can deny. On the other hand, however, the capacity of obtaining supplies on
deposits of goods, by affording the means of meeting pressing exigencies, in so far tends
to prevent crime, and to promote the security of property; and it would seem as if the
desire to redeem property in pawn would be one of the most powerful motives to in-
dustry and economy. At the same time, too, it must be borne in mind, that it is not
possible, do what you will, to pr^ivent those who are poor and uninstructed from borrow-
ing ; and that they must, in all cases, obtain loans at a great sacrifice, and be liable to
be imposed upon. But the fair presumption is, that there is less chance of any iinpro|)er
advantage being taken of them l)y a licensed pawnbroker, than by a private and irrespon-
sible individual. Although, however, the business had all the inconveniences, without
any portion whatever of the good which really belongs to it, it woidd be to no purjiose
to attempt its suppression. It is visionary to imagine that those who have property will
submit to be reduced to the extremity of want, without endeavouring to raise money upon
it. Any attempt to put down pawnbroking would merely drive respectable persons
from the trade, and throw it entirely into the hands of those who have neither property
nor character to lose. And hence the object of a wise legislature ought not to be to
abolish what must always exist, I)ut to endeavour, so far at least as is possible, to free it
from abuse, by enacting such regulations as may appear to be l)est calculated to jirotect
the ignorant and the unwary fi"om becoming the prey of swindlers, and to facilitate the
discovery of stolen projKjrty.
I
PAWNBROKERS AND PAWNBROKING.
885
2. OhUgntinns uriiler which Pawnbrokers should be placed. — For this purpose it sccins
iiuiispcnsabli' that the iiitert'st chiirgtii hy imwuhrokcrs should he limited ; that they
should he ohlij^ed to give a receipt for the articles jjledf^ed, and to retain tlieni lor a
reasonahle time hefore selling them ; that the sale, wlien it does take jilace, should he hy
puhlic auction, or in such a way as may give tlie articles the best chance for being sold
at a fair |)rice ; and that the excess of j)rice, if tiiere he any, after deducting the amount
advanced, and the interest and cxjjenses of sale, sliould he paid over to the original owner
of the goods. To prevent i)awnl)rokers from liecoming tlie receivers of stolen goods,
they should he liable to penalties for making advances to any individual unable to give
a satisfactory account of the mode in which he became possessed of the property he is
desirous to jiawn ; the officers of police should at all times have free access to their pre-
mises ; and they should be obliged carefully to describe and advertise the property they
offer for sale.
;J, L(tw us to Pawnbrokers. — It may appea; ^'ngular that pawnbrokers should hardly
have been named in any legislative enactment ti.. ;fter the middle of last century. Jt
was enacted by the 30 Geo. 'J. c. 'M., that a duplicate or receipt should be given for
goods pawned; and that such as were pawned for any sum less than 10/. might be re-
covered any time within two years, on payment of the principal and interest ; but the
rate of interest was not fixed. This defect was sup])licd hy the 25 Geo. fj. c. 4H. ; but
tiie act ;}y & 40 Geo. ;5. c. V9- contains the latest and most complete regulations on the
subject.
Kverv [»er«on extTcisintt t!ip traile of n pawnbroker must
tii!-i- cMi't :i lifuiice, reiu'waiilu ainiually, lU days at k'ast Ijeturu
till- L'lul nt* the vi-ar, for which hf shall pay, within the citifs
( r I,r>iuhin all(i^^'».stminsll•r, and tlif limits of thf twoin-nny
pii^i, !'>/., ajid fvtTywhert' i'lso, 71. Hts. So jitTson shall ku'i*
ni<irf than 1 hoUsti Ity virtut; of 1 liri.*nit': hut persons in
pa.-tiitT^hip net'd only take out I llcenic for 1 house. All jii-r-
s"'M^ veceivhiK ^ihhIs hy way <if pawn or pltilf;e for the n*[iay-
nu'Ml of money lent thcieni), at a hif^her rate of inteieit tlian
^> 111 r cent., to tie deemed pawnttrokers.
T'o(»n every iiledge on wliieh there shall have In en lent not
interest may be charged at the rate of i</.
every nledgi
exceedinu 'Is. Ud-f ii
iiLT month ;
L.
If I)
fl
(I
(I
<l
7
1(1
1'.!
I.'.
17
II
(/.
II
Ii
I)
ti
II
fi
O
II and not execeflint.
(I - I) II
/,.
#.
tt.
per
month
(1
J 1
_
II
n
•A
—
()
II
II
ki
(1
II
—
s
il ((iT I'Vfry sum t-'XccriliiiK iOs. and not cxcetHlini; 10/., at
ti 7vi, in ihf )i(>nn(l, hy tht.' i-Jilenilar month, uuhidinK
tilt' I'linunt niunUi ; and au in iiruporliun fur any t'liicliunul
biiiii.
rawnl'mkcrs are to Rive fartliinns in I'xch.m^'u.
I'lTsiins iipplyinf; to rulci'm coikIs pawtu'tl uithin 7 (lavs
aflt-r iho tiist calt'iiilar muntli after the .i.inu- ^hall have l>fi*n
liletl;:t.'il, may nilt'rm the s.ime without |iayinj; any thiii^i lor
tlie livst 7 il.iy^ ; anili ninm applying hefore tlie expiration ot"
1 1 days of the secoinl calentl.tr inontli, Nhill \>e at liherty to
redefni ^n^ li mnHls, iiiion paying; the protit payable for 1 i a-
ierular month and (helialf of another ; and in .11 t a-ies «Inre
the partie-* ^o entiiU-d, and applvinj; a^ aforesaid, after the ex-
piration (pf II u l.rst 1 1 (lays, and l-etbre the expiration of tlie
MTund inui.th, the pawnliroker i.s allowed to lake tlie interest
of tlie whoh' second month ; and the same refiulaiioiis and
re'trii'tions shall take jilace hi I'very (■uhstHjuent month.
When (;o<hIs are pawnetl for more than .'>«., the pawnt)roki'r,
hefore advaneinjr the money, shall immediatt'Iy enter in his
hooks a de^^•rip!ion of the pawn, the money lent thereon, the
day of the monili antl year, the name of the person pawnhij;,
and the name of the street, and lumiher of the hon.se, if nnm-
hured, whers' sui h per,".on resides, and um' ihe letter I-, if the
per^^^ he a !4Klf;er, and The letters II K, if a Inmsekteper ; piuI
aino the name ard abode " '
smli plcdm- ; and if the in
entry shall !«■ made with
het'ii iia« ned ; ami t'r
the ]iawn, ^;i^e to
respondiiij; with th«
iiifi shall take in al,
reteive any pledge, uiin
such duplicate.
e owner of the party oflerinu
i'»"v lent shall not exceid <)3., sxu h
' iirs after the goods shall have
t r shall, at the time of taking
-o pawning a duplicate, cor-
lie li4Hik, which the partv pawn-
and the pawnbroker shall not
the parly so pawning shall receive
Rates payaltlefor Duplicata.
If under 5s.
bs. and under 10.v.
|(U. and under '^l)#
2nj(. and under >"(,'.
td, and upwards
The duplicate to he produced to the pawnbroker hefore he
shall he compelled to redeliver the respective goods and chat-
tels, except as heiein-af^ei excetited.
''"'"' amount of protits on duplicates shall lie added on
L. a, d.
gratis.
(1 O.i
I
{) 2
4
The
ph'dges redeemed, and such duplicate shall he kept hy the
jiawnhroker for 1 year.
Persons pawning other people's goods without their consent,
may he apjirelunded hv the warrant of I justiie, and convicted
In a penalty not exceeding .^/. nor less than Ws.y and the full
value of the goods nawnetl ; and if the forfeiture he not imme-
diately paid, the justice shall commit the jiartv to the house of
correction, to lie 'kept to hard lahour for .T calendar months;
and if within 3 days hefore the expiration of the commitment
the torfeit'.ire shall not he paid, th" iiistice mav order the iier-
Hin to he I'lihliclv whippeil, and the forfeiiures "*.h,Ul I'C app'^wl
towards making satisfaction to the partv injureil, and deftaying
the costs ; hut if the party injured shall decline to accept such
siitisfaetion and costs, or if there he any overplus, such for-
feitures or overplus shall he paid to the poor of the parish.
I'ersons forging or counterfeiting duplicates may be sei/ed
and delivered to a constable, who shall convey them tiefore ti
justice ; and, upon conviction, such person shall l>e coimnltted
'to the house of correction for any time not exceeding .3 calendar
months.
Persons offering pledges, not giving a satisfactory account
of themselves, or the means hy which they hecanie jiojwesseil
of smh goixls, or wilfully giving any false information, or if
(here sliall be reason to .suspect that such goods are stolen, or
illegally obtained, or if any pt rson not entitled to redeem gmKlti
in pawn shall endeavour to redeem the same, they may Ih;
-seized antl tlellvt red to a constable, t» he carried hefore a jus-
lice; and if there should appear ground for a .second examin-
ation, they shall Ih- cominitled to the common gaol or house cf
correction, to he dealt with according to law ; or where such
jiroceetlings are not authoiistd hy tlie nature of the offence,
the (tarty shall Ik; cominitled for any lime not exceiding .3
calendar months.
Persons buying or taking in pledge unfinishetl goods, linen,
or apparel, iiitrusttd to others lo wash or mend, shall forfeit
double the -urn lent, and restore the goods.
I'eace officers are enipoweretl to search fui ^hetl gotnU
which sliall he come hy unlawfully.
When gcfds are uniawfiilly pauncd, the p:i rnker is to
restore Ihein ; and their hous' s may be seanb uring the
hours of biisint-s, by a warrant from a nia;.i,itra! - the dis-
co\ery of >U(h ]ir(ipeity.
I'ersijus piodiK iii;i noies or memorandums are to la deemed
the ow ni'is of tin- }iniperty.
W li> re dupluate-, are hM, the pawnbroker, upon jiflidavit
niade hy the owner of such loss het'oie a niagiairate, sIk^
deliver anothrr duplicate.
(ioods ]iaur*(l ale deemed ftivfeited at tlie end of a year;
hut. Oh notice from per>ons having gonds in pledge, ."> montlitl
further are lobe allowed beyond I be year for ledeinption ; smh
notice to be giv* n hefore the twelveiiiontli is expired.
All go*Mls pawned ma\ be sold at the expiration of one whole
year ; and all goods s<i torlViud, • n uhu h above lt>«> and not
exce.iling 111/, sliall have hem lent, shall le sold by puhlic
auction, antl not cnherw se; not te of siu h -ale bting twice
given, at least ." days before tl e auction, in a public in. \v^paper,
upon ^lain of forfeiting to the ow nt r of thegoud^ not more than
!il. nor less than 'd.
All ]i;ctiires, priiils, Imoks, hvon/es, st; incv, h'.ists, carvings
in ivoiN ;iiid marble, cameos, intaglios, niu--ic.d, matbematiial,
and phili)so]ihical in-tnmieitt>, aiul chin.ii shall he sold hy
theiiisilves, and without oilur good-, i times only in every
year; viz. on the 1st Moiulatf in Jiinu(iri/f Aj^ril, Jiil>jt and
Oiti-litr, in every year.
Pawnbrokers' are not to purchase goods vvhile in their cus-
tody, nor lake in pledges from perMtms under \'Z years of age,
or inioxicatetl ; nor take in any gootU before K in the forenoon
or after H in the evening between Mklnuhmts-diii/ and Luthf-
iltiyi or hefore 7 in the forenoon or after !( in the evening
during the remaindir of the year, excepting only until 11 on
the evenings of Sufurdiiy, and the evenings preceding fi(>ix/
Friilai/ and ('hriahnas-duif, awA every fast or thank.sgiving day.
An aciount of the sale of |)ledges"for move than lOi. is to he
enteretl hy pawnbrokers in a hook, and the surjilus is to be
paid to the owner of the gottds pawn"tl, if dtmaiuUd within
three ifeurs of the sale, under penalty of 10/. and treble the sum
leni."
Pawnbrokers are to jilace in view the table of profits ; and
their name and business is to be placed over tlie door, on
penally of 10/.
Pawnbrokers injuring goods, or selling them hefore the time
specilied, shall, upon application to a magistrate, he compellcil
to make satisfaction for the same; and if the satisfaction
awarded shall he equal to 01 exceed the principal and prolit,
the pawnbroker shall deliver the go(K!s pledgwi to the owner,
without being paid any thing for princip 1 or profit.
Paw nbrokers shall produce their hooks before a magistrate ;
or, refu>ing so to do, shall forfeit a sum not t xceiding 10/. nor
less than .V.
Pawnbrokers ollending against lids act, shall forfeit for every
olteiice not less than Ws. nor ntoie than lO/.
I'i
^U^:i
H:
J
'W
)i
C'l:
hl'''^
i
'K>' ■
I,
88G
PAWNBROKERS AND PAWNBROKING.
\ r
..'!
I ^M'W
^:^ iti!
.. !
i
It tiiu bcim held by tlii> Court uf KinH't Ilmch, that ■ | awn-
uroher has nn rtKh! to hcII inritlw^nit'd plittut"*, artrr thu ex-
piratton of a jrF'ir from the tinu* the k'mmU were pletlutHl, it^
wliile they nrt' in hU pOHsessloti, Ihf orlKhiiil owner lender htm
the princifial aiul hitereHl due. — ( tVu/^o' v. Smithy Till of
tiafiuary, IS'^II ^ On a nintion for a new trial, l.oril 'I't-nterden
ftaid, " 1 am ot (i)ilnioii, Ih-tt If the pleilge he not rcflvvintti at
the expiriitlon of a year and a dayi (and no notice given that ^
'* " ' Ulowtxi fur lt» redein|>tioii,] the
inuiiths furtlier ore to be ollowe
(lawnbroker ha* a rlifht lo ct]<me It tn tale %o won a« h." ran,
connlHtently with the |iroviaiun« of the act ; hut ifatmiy tini«
UJiire the atlh' Hum ilrtuattu tilkvii ^tacf,t\\f owner of the )(o«hU
tender the |irin<'i|ial .md interesi, iUul extienHen Incurriil, lie
has a rluhl to hi^ kwkN, aiul llie |iawidpuiker is not mjuri'd j
fur the power of sale )h allowetl liini nierely to Mi-ure (o hini
the money which he has advanreil, to)ieiner with the hiuh
r.it* of Interest which the law ullowi lu hini in hU charai:ter
of pawnbroker."
Sucli is tlie present state of the law with respect to pawnbrokers. On tlie whole, the
regulations seem to be judiciously devised. I'erhaps, liowever, the rate of interest on
small deposits might be advantageoasly lowered. The law allows interest at the rate of
^d. per month to be charged on loans of '2». 6d., which is at the rate of '20 per cent. :
but the same sum of id. per month is exigible from all smaller loans; and as very
many do not exceed l».'6d.,am\ even (id., the interest on them is exceedingly oppressive.
No doubt there is a great deal of trouble with respect to such loans ; but still, consider-
ing the vast number of advances under '2a. Gil., it would seem that the interest on them
might be somewhat reduced. I'erlmps, too, it might be iulvisable, still better to
secure compliance with the statute, to enact that no one should be licensed as a pawn,
broker without producing sufficient security for a certain sum to be forfeited in the
event of his knowingly or wilfully breaking or evading any of its provisions. 'I'lils
would prevent (what Dr. Cohiuhoun says is not an uncommon practice) swindlers from
becoming pawnbrokers, in order to get the means of selling stolen goods. — ( Treatise
OH the I'dlivv of the Metropolis, 'Jd ed. j). 15C.)
It would be a useful regulation to oblige pawnbrokers to insure against losses by fire.
Much mischief has been occasioned by the neglect of this precaution.
An Account of the Number of Pawnbrokers licensed in the Metropolis, and in the Country, with the
Kates rcsiicctively chargcti on their Licences, and the Duty received on the same, in each of the Five
Years entling the 5th of January, 1830. —(Piir/. Paper, No. (381. Scss. laW.)
Ye.irs endinf;
Taken out at the Head Olflce, London.
Taken out In the Country.
Kat» nf Duty.
Number.
Duty.
Rate of Duty.
Nuinlier.
Duty.
t. *.
L. t.
L. :
L. 4.
5th January
isar,
1.5 1)
7 in
2f,l
tl
3,'JI,5
(iO
7 10/
• ■
7,010
—
18!i7
1,5
7 10
'»7
.5
4,00,5
.17 10
15 of
7 101
- -
1,2-a
_
1S2S
1.5
S7»
4,110
1.5
7,!H)i in
7 10
7
.52 10
7 10
_
1S29
1.5
411
6,l(i,5
1,5
Ifi
<^I0
7 10
7,5 (>
7 10
l,5<)fi
11,!170
._
1H30
IS
2M
4,4S!5
»5 i>
47
7IV5
7 10 7 1 .54 10
7 10 l.OSH
7,7S.5
The produce of each rate of duty not being distinguished in the distributors' accounts until the
year ending the 5th of January, 1829, the number of licences cannot be given prior to tliat date for tlic
country.
4. Notices of rawnhrohing in Italy, France, Sfc. — The practice of advancing money
to the poor, either with or without interest, seems to have been occasionally followed in
antiquity. — (Beckmann, vol. iii. p. 14. 1st Eng. ed.) But the first public establish-
ments of this sort were founded in Italy, under the name of Monti di Pieta, in the Hth
and 15th centuries. As it was soon found to be impo.ssible to jn-ocure the means of
supporting such establishments from voluntary contribution.s, a bull for allowing interest
to be charged upon the loans made to the poor was issued by Leo X. in 1521. These
establishments, though differing in many respects, have universally for their object to
jirotect the needy from the ri.sk of being plundered by the irresponsible individuals to
whom their necessities might oblige them to resort, by accommodating them with loans
on comparatively reasonable terms. And though their practice has not, in all instances,
corresponded with the professions they have made, there seems no reason to doubt that
they have been, speaking generally, of es.sential service to the poor.
From Italy these establishments have gradually spread over the Continent. Tlie
Mont de Pit'te, in Paris, was established by a royal ordinance in 1777 ; and after being
destroyed by the Revolution, was again opened in 1797. In 1804, it obtained a inono])oIy
of the business of pawnbroklng in the capital. lioans are made, by this establishment,
upon deposits of such goods as can be preserved, to the amount of ttro thirds of the
estimated value of all goods other than gold and silver, and to four fifths of the value of
the latter. No loan is for less than 3 francs (2s. 6d.). The advances are made for a
year, but the borrower may renew the engagement. Interest is fixed at the rate of o«e
per cent, per month.
The Mont de Piete receives annually about 1,200,000 articles, upon which it advances
from 20,000,000 to 21,000,000 francs; it has generally from 600,000 to 650,000 articles
in its pcssessioii. The expense of management amounts to from 60 to G5 centimes for
each article ; .so (hat a loan of 3 francs never defrays the expenses it occiisions, and the
jirofits are wholly derived from those that exceed 5 francs. At an average, llie profits
amoant to about 280,000 francs, of which only about 155,000 are derived from loans
PEARL. ASH. — PEARLS.
887
')■•
Duty.
L.
«,
OK)
•ta
!M)|
10
•iW
!I7I)
1)
;l>,'i
II
7S.'i
I)
upon deposit, about 125,000 being the produce of other funds at the disposal of tlio
company.
The aitlclct in pawn «c relumed in the projiortlon oC - * s' '" numl"' oxd n '" '*'*■*■
Are contlnueil in pawn by a prulunxatiun of tlie loon • • ' <?i ' ' ill ~
Hence, are preterved to ihiHr prnprleton, of artlclet pawned • • ^!^ in numtwr and Jij in raliM.
Are Mid, lulOect (•> in England) to a claim for iurptiu an; lime during 3 years ^ • ' ^ "
ii - ^e
inull.iln du SeimcM a^tgrapU^uu, Airil, 1830.)
There arc no means of making a statement of this sort with respect to London ; hut,
were it possible to inukc it, the proportion of forfeited pledges would be found, we huvc
no doubt, much greater.
In some respects, particularly the lowncss ot interest upon .small loans, and the greater
vigilance exercised with respect to tlie reception of stolen goods, the Mont de I'ietii has
an advantage over the pawnbroking establishments in this country. It may be doubted,
however, whether it is, on the whole, so well fitted to attain its objects. The limitation
of the loans to 3 francs would be felt to be a serious grievance here, and it can hardly
be otherwise in France ; nor is it to be sujiposed, that the servants of a great jjublic
establishment will be so ready to assist jwor persons, having none but inferior articles to
oiler in security, as private individuals anxious to get busines.s. And such, in point of
fact, is found to be tlie case, not in Paris only, but in all those parts of the Continent
where the business of pawnbroking is confined to a few establishments. And hence it
would seem that, were the modifications already suggested adopted, our system would
Ik! the lH;st of any.
PP:ARL.ASH. See Potash.
PEARLS (Du. Paarhn ; Vr. Perks ; Ger. Perlen ; It. Perle ; Lat. Marriarita; ; Ru8.
Shemtuvhny, Verlii ; Sp. Perlas ; Arab. Looluo ; Cyng. Moolon ; Hind. Mootie), are well
known globular concretions found in .several .sjiecies of shell-fish, but particularly the
mother-of-pearl oystvr ((Concha marfjnritifvra hin.). Pearls should be chosen round,
of a bright translucent silvery whitenes.s, free from stains and roughness. Having these
(jualities, tJie largest are of course the most valuable. The larger ones have frequen'ly
tlie shape of a jiear ; and when these are otherwise perfect, tliey are in great demand
for ear-rings. Ceylon pearls are most esteemed in England.
Value, Sec. of Pearls. — Pearls were in the highest possible estimation in ancient Home,
and bore an enormous price. — {Principium cvlmenque omnium rerum pretii, mitrgarita:
tciieiit. — Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. ix. c. 35.) Their price in modern times has very much
declined j partly, no doubt, from changes of manners and fashions; but more, probably,
from the admirable imitations of pearls that may be obtained at a very low price. Ac-
cording to Mr. INIilbiirn, a liandsoine necklace of Ceylon pearls, smaller tli.in a large
pea, costs from 1701. to 300/. ; but one of pearls about the size of peppercorns may be
had for 15/. : the pearls in the former sell at a guinea each, and those in the latter at
about I.v. 6d. When the pearls dwindle to the size of small shot, they are denominated
seed pearls, and are of little value. They are mostly sent to China. One of the most
remarkable pearls of which we have any authentic account was bought by Tavernier, at
(^iitifa, in Arabia, a fishery famous in the days of Pliny, for the enormous sum of
110,000/. ! It is pear-shaped, regular, and without blemish. The diameter is -63 inch
at the largest part, and the length from 2 to ,3 inches.
Much diflTereiice of ojiinion has existed among naturalists with respect to the produc-
tion of pearls in the oyster ; but it seems now to be generally believed that it is the result
of disease, and is formed in the same manner as bezoar — (see Bezoah) ; pearls, like it,
consisting of successive coats spread with perfect regularity round a foreign nucleus. In
fact, the Chinese throw into a species of shell-fish {mytilus cygneus, or swan muscle),
when it opens, 5 or 6 very minute mother-of-pearl beads strung on a thread ; and in the
course of a year they are found covered with a pearly crust, which perfectly resembles
the real pearl. — ( Milburn's Orient. Com. ; Ainslie's Mat. Indica, S^c. )
Pearl Fisheries. — The pearl oyster is fished in various parts of the world, particularly on the west
coastof Ceylon J at i'uticoreen, in the province of Tinnevelley, on thecoastofCornmandel ; attheBahrtin
Islands, in the Gulf of Persia ; at the Sooloo Islands; off' the coast of Algiers ; off St. Margarita, or Pearl
Islands, ill the West Indies, and other places on the coast of Colombia ; and in the Bay of Panama, in the
South Sea. Pearls have sometimes hcen found on the Scotch coast, and in various other places.
The pearl fishery of 'I'uticoreen is monopolised by the East India Company, and that of Ceylon by
government. But these monopolies are of no value ; as in neither case does the sum for which the fishery
Is let equal the expenses incurred in guarding, surveying, and managing the banks. It is, therefore, suf.
Hciently obvious that this system ought to be abolished, and every one allowed to fish on paying a moderate
licence duty. The fear of exhausting the banks is quite ludicrou.^. The fishery would be abandoned aa
unprofitable long before the breed of oysters had been injuriinisly diminished j and in a few years it would
be as prixluctive as ever. Beside.s giving fresh life to the fishery, the abolition of the monopoly would put
an end to some very oppressive regulations, enacted by the Dutch more than a century ago.
Persian Ottlf. — The most extensive pearl fisheries are those on the several banks not far distant from
the island of Bahrein, on the west side of the Persian Gulf, in lat. £6° 50' N., Ion. 51° IIK K ; but pearl
3 L 4
'«v.
i'l^
:, I
/ '
,!>■
i
\\\
<■'. i
hi i
• 1 1 ■ !-• ■
888
PEAS.
11
oyKtcm nro round ailing tliu whole of thu Aralilan coaat, ami rmiiul almost nil the binnda of the Riiir. Siirh
VH iiru fiHJii'd ill the set near lhi> Inlands of Karrak and CofKO contain piMils aiiiil to Ih> of a iu|i(.'rlor colour
nod dcscriiitlon. 'I'licy arc forniol of H layer* or folds, wliilKt others hate only fi, hut the water is too
(lee|i to inaKc hshinx for thcin either very iirotltahle or easy. Ilcsidis, the entire niono|Hily of the lUhery
U in the hands of the sheik ol llushire, wlio seems to coiialder these islands as Ilia immediate property.
" The llshiiig seniion U divitlcnl into two portions — the one called the short and cold, the other tho
ioiiK and hot. In the ciHiler weather id' the month of June, diviii^t is practised aloiiK the coast in shallow
water; liiit it is not until the iiit4'ii:<ely hot months of .July, AiiKust and Septemlier, that the liahreiii
banks are much frei|ueiited. The water on them is idiout 7 fathoms deep, and the divers are much incon<
venienced when it is cold ; indeed, they can do little when it is not as warm as the air, and it fre(|iieiitly
becoiiies even more su in the hottest months of the aiiinnier. When they dive, they compress the iiostriU
tightly with a small piec^' of horn, which keeps the water out, and atull' their ears with heiti'-wax lor
the same purpoae. They attach a net to their waiats, to contain the oysters ; and aid their descent hy
means of a stone, which they hold hy a ro|M.> attached to a boat, and shake it when they wish to he drawn
up. From what I could learn, 'i minutes may be considered as rather above the average time of their
rem.iininK under water. Although severe labour, and very exhausting at the time, divmg is not coiisl-
dered (larticiilarly Injurious to the cnnstitution ; even old men practise it A person usually dives from
1'.' to l:> times a day in favourable wc.itlicr ; but when otherwi.ie, ,j or 1 tiirics only. The work is |ierforiiied
on an empty atumacli. When the diver beuomcs fatigued, hcgoca to sleep, and duc<« not eat until liehai
•lent some time.
'^ At liahreiii alone, the annual amount produced by the pearl fl.jhery may be reckoned at from
2()(),()00/. to UV),mO/. If, to this, the purchases made by tlie Hahrein merch.inta or agents at Alioottabee
Sharga, Kas-iil Khymack, .Vc. be aildcd, which may amount to half as much more, there will be a total
of about ,'iiM),(KHV. or ;jlKI,IMHI/. ; but this is calculated to inckule the whole pearl trade of the gull ; lor it
Is believed that all the principal merchants of India, Arabia, and I'ersin, who deal in pe.irls, make their
purchases, through agents, at liahreiii. I have not admitted in the above estimate much more than one
»ixt/i of the amount some native merchants have st ited It to be, as a g(H)d deal seemed to lie matter of
gue.ss or opinion, aiid.it is dillicult to get at facts. My own estimate is in some meaxiire checked by the
estimated prolits of the small boat.s. Hut even the sum which I have cstiiiiated is nn enoriiioiis aiimial
Value for an article loiiiid in other parts of the world as well a.s here, and which is never used in its
be>t and most v.iluable state, e.xuept as an ornament. Large (|Uaiitities of the seed pearls are iis«'d
throughout Asia, in the composition of inajooiis, or electuaries, to form which all kinds of precioiis
atones are occasionally mixed, after being pounded, excepting, indeed, diumonds ; these; being coiisi.
dered, from their hardness, as utterly indigestible. The majoon, in which there Is a large quantity o(
pe.irls, is iiiucli sought for and valued, on account of its supposed stimulating and restorative ipialities.
" The liahreiii pearl H.^hery boafs are reckoned to amount to about I,,")IKI, anil the Ir.ide is in the hands
of merchants, some of whom possess considerable capital. I'hey bear hard on the producers or Ushers,
and even thoae who make the greatest exeitioiis in diving hardly base food, to eat. The merchant
advances some money to the (Uliermen at cent, per cent, and a portion of d.itcs, rice, and other nece.^sary
nrlicles, all at the supplier's own price; he also lets a boat to them, for which he gets 1 share of the
gross protits of all that is tislicd ; and, tliially, he purchases the pearls nearly at his own price, for the
unhappy tishernun are generally in his debt, and therefore at his mercy."— {Mimuscii/il A'o/t'i' c^mimi.
niiiiti'il hii Miijiir !>■ tVilnon, lute I'ulitical Ucs'tilcnl at liiishirc.)
The r ' ■
tuccess,
'III Ml,
s'liery
riie llshery at Algiers was farmed by an English association in IS'.'fi, but we arc Ignorant of their
The pearl (l-sherics on the coast of Colombia were at one time of very great value. In \.'>'-i~, upwards of
(i!)7 lbs. of pearls are said to have been importeil into Seville. I'liilip II. had one from St. Margarita, which
weighed 'i;i(l carats, and was valued at 1,'J0,(XX) dollars. Hut for many years past the Colombian pearl
fisheries have been of com))arathely little importance. During the mania for joint stock comiianics, in
iH'.'.j, two were formed ; — one, on a large scale, for |)roSGCiiting the pearl llsliery on tho coa.st of Coliiniliia ;
and another, on a smaller scale, fur pruseruting it in the liay ot I'anama and the racilic. Iluth were
abandoned in ISSJd.
The best lishery ground is said to be in from 6 to 8 fathoms water. The divers continue under water
from a minute to a minute and a half, or at most 2 minutes. They have a sack or bag fji.stciied to the
neck, in which they bring up the oysters. The exertion is extremely violent ; and the divers aro unlicalthy
and ^hurt-lived.
Pt:.\ur, SitKi.i.s, commonly called Mother-of-pearl shells, are imported from various
jiarts of t!ie East, and consist principally of tlie sliells of the pearl oyster from tlie Gulf of
I'ersia and otiicr places, particularly the Sooloo Islands, situate l)ctwcen IJorneo and the
Pliiiiiipines, the shores of which afford the largest and finest shells liitherto discovered.
On the inside, the shell is beautifully polished, and of the whiteness and water of jiearl
itself: it has the same lustre on the outside, after the external lamina' have heen removed.
Mother-of-pearl shells are extensively used in the arts, particularly in iidaid work, and
in the manufacture of handles for knives, buttons, toys, snuffboxes, iScc. The Cliinese
manufacture them into beads, fish, coimters, spoons, ^c. ; {j;ivin<r them a finish to wliich
European artists have not been able to attain. Shells for the European market sluuild
be chosen of the larj:;est size, of a l)eautiful jiearly lustre, thick and even, and free from
stains. lleject such as are small, cracked or broken, or have lumjjs on them. When
stowed loose as dunnage, they are sometimes allowed to i)!i.ss free of freight. — (Milliiini's
Orient. Com.) The imports during the ;} years ending with 18;Ji! were — IH'.iO,
465,.'5i)l lbs; 1831, 510,492 do.; 18^2, 721,527 do. — (P«r/. Paper, No. 425. Sess.
18;}3.)
PEAS (Ger. Erhsen ; Fr. Pois; It. PiseUi, liisi; Sp. Pesoles, Guisiintes ; Rus, Coroch).
The pea is one of the most esteemed of tlic leguminous or pulse plants. It is ;. ;T)oscd
to be indigenous to the south of Europe, and was cultivated by the Greeks and Itonians,
the latter of whom probably introduced it into liritain. There are inany varieties; but
the common garden pea (Pj'sttm s«<jutt7»), and the common grey or field pea (iV.sM/rt
urvense), are the most generally cultivated ; being reared in large quantities in all parts
of the country, particularly in Kent. But since the introduction of the drill husbandry,
the culture of the pea as a field crop has been to a considerable extent sujierseded by the
bean. Sometimes, however, it is drilled along with the latter ; for, being a cliinhiiig
plant, it attaches itself to the bean, so as to admit the gromid being hoed ; at the same
R
. ?
PECK. -l'El'Pi:U.
ban
time tlmt the &eu admission ufnirnbuut its rootN proniotes its growth. It is not possiblu
to frame any estimate of the consumption of pt>as. The fichi pea is now hardly i>ver
manufactured into meal for the purpose of hein<^ made into lircad, as was formerly the
case in many ))arts of the country ; l)Ut there is reason to tinnk that the garden pea in
now more extensively used than ever. — {Louilnn's I'lnci/. of Ayrirultun: ; Bnnvn on
Uuriil Affairs, vol. ii. p. 1-2, For an acc(nmt of tlie laws regiduting the importation,
fiK. of peas, see CoiiN Lawn and Corn 'I'liAm-:. ) Leguminous crops are very extensively
cultivated in India. The exports of pulse from Calcutta, in 1H;J0, exeeede<l 1,;)(K) tons.
I'KCK, a dry measure for grain, jiulse, &c. The standard, or Imperial peek, eon-
tains '2 gallons, or 554*5.') cubic inches. Four )>ecks make a bushel, and 4 bushels u
coomi). — (.Sue Wkiuiits and Mkasuuks. )
PELLITOllY, the roof of u perennial plant {Anthnnis pyrethrum), a native of the
Levant, Harbary, and the south of Kuro))e. The root is long, tapering, alM)ut tlio
thickness of the linger, with a brownish cuticle. It is imported packed in bales, M>me-
liuK's mixed with other roots, from wliici', however, it is easily distinglli^ll('(l It in
iiunlorous. When chewed, it seems at first to be insi])id, but after u few seconds it
excites a glowing heat, and a pricking sensation on the tongue and lips which remains
for 10 or lii minutes. The pieces break with a short resinous fracture; the transverse
section |)resenting a thick brown bark, studded with black shining points, and a pale
yellow radiated inside. It is used in niediciiie as a stimulant. — {TIidihsdh'h Dispuns-
utory.) The price varies, including the duty ((ir/.), from ^a. to Us. (id. per lb.
I'LNCILS (Ger. Pinsel ; Uu. Piiinvden ; Vr. I'incvnux ; It. J'vnnvlli ; Sp. Pincfks),
tlio instruments used by painters in laying on their colours. They are of various kinds,
and made of various materials ; some i)eing formed of the bristles of the buur, and others
of camel's ha>r, the down of swans, &c.
I'KNCILS, IJLACK LEAP. See Di.ack Leah Pencils.
PENKNIVES (Ger. Fcdermeaser ; Fr. CitniJ's ; It. Tempvriiii ; Sp. Corta plumas),
small knives, too well known to need any particular description, used in making and
mending pens. The best and most highly ornamented penknives are manufactured in
London and Slielheld.
IM'^NNV, formerly a silver, but now a copper coin. This was the first silver coin
struck in England l>y our Saxon ancestors, being the 'i40tli part of their pound ; so that
its weight was about 2'J^ grains Troy.
PENS ( Fr. 7*/(/mM a ccrlre ; Gar, St/ircihfedern ; It. Peiine da scrivere j Rus. Pent
Stu'oli), well known instruments for writing, usually formed of the quills of the goose,
swan, or some other bird. IMetallic pens have been occasionally employed for a length-
ened i)eriod ; but it is only within these few years that they have been extensively intro-
duced. They first began to l)e largely manufactured by Mr. John Perry, of London.
Mr. P. having succeedetl in giving to his pens a greater degree of softness and elasticity
than was possessed by any metallic pens previously in use, they speedily obtained .a very
extensive sale. This success brought crowds of rivals into the field; so that metallic
pens are now manufactured in vast (juantities, and of an immense variety of forms.
iJnt though they have superseded, to a very considerable extent, the use of quills, and
have some peculiar advantages, it does not apjjcar possible to give them the elasticity of
the (piill, nor to fit them so well for (]iiiek and easy writing.
FENNY WEIGHT, a Troy weight, being the 'JOtb pfirt of an ounce, containing
21 grains.
PEPPER (Fr. Poivre; Ger. PftjTer ; Y)u.P,ptr; It. Pvpe ; f>,\^. Pimieiita ; Rus.
Perez ; Lat. Piper), the berry or fi-uit of diiFerent species of plants, having an aromatic,
extremely hot, jjungent taste, used in seasoning, &c. The following sorts of pepper are
met with in commerce ; —
L IJr.Acx Pepi'eii ( Fr. Poivre; Ger. Schwnrzen pfcffer ; It. Pepe negro; Sp. Pimi-
eiitic ; S:ms. Mercha ; Hind. Gol-mirch ; Malay, Luda ; Jav. Marihn), the fruit of a
creeping jilant ( Piper nigrum'), one of the pepper genus, of which there are upwards of
HO species. It is cultivated extensively in India, Siam, the Eastern islands, i^-c. It
re(|uires the support of other trees, to whfch it readily adheres. It climbs to the height
of 20 feet ; but is said to bear best when restrained to the height of 12 feet. It begins
to produce at about the 3d year, and is in perfection at the 7th ; continues in this state
for 3 or 4 years ; and declines for about as many more, imtil it ceases to be worth keep-
ing. The fruit grows abundantly from all the branches, in long small clusters of from
'20 to 50 grains; when ripe, it is of a bright red colour. After being gathered, it is
sjjread on mats in the sun, when it loses its red colour, and becomes l)lack and shrivelled
as we see it. The grains are separated from the stalks by hand rubbing. That which
has been gathered at the proper period shrivels the least ; but if plucked too soon, it will
become broken and dusty in its removal from place to jilace. The vine produces two
crops in the year; but the seasons are subject to great irregularities.
Pepper should be chosen of a pimgent aromatic odour, an extremely hot and acrid
t»
;!l;i!i tit;
890
PEPPER.
aste, in large grains, firm, sound, and with few wrinkles — for of these it always has
some. Reject that which is shrivelled, or small grained, or which on being rubbed will
break to pieces.
In point of tpiality, the pepper of Malabar is ?js>;,ally reckoned the best ; but there is
no material difference between it and that of Sumatra, and the otiicr islands. In the
market of Hengal, where they meet on equal terms, the produce of Malabar is generally
about 'i per cent, higiier than the other. In Europe, there is generally a diflerence of
^il. per 11). in favour of Malabar ; but in China they are held in equal estimation.
IJIack pepper sold ground, is said to be often adulterated witli burnt crust of bread.
II. White Peppeii is made by blanching the finest grains of the common black peppir,
by steeping them for a while in water, and then gently rubbing them, so as to remove
the dark outer coat. It is milder than the other, and is much prized by the Chinese ;
but very little is imported into England.
III. Cayenne Pepper is the produce of several varieties of the Capsicum, an annual
plant, a native of both the Indies. The best, which is brought home from the West
Indies ready prepared, is made from the Capsicum baccatum (bird pepper). It has an
aromatic, extremely pungent, acrimonious taste, setting the mouth, as it were, on fire,
and the impression remaining long on the palate. It is sometimes adulterated with
muriate of >oda ; and sometimes with a very deleterious substance, the red oxide of lead ;
but this fraud may be detected by its weight, and by chemical testj. — (See Chillies.)
IV. Long Pepper. — This species is the produce of a perennial (/Vper fonpwm), a
native of Malabar and Bengal. The fruit is hottest in its immature state; and is there-
fore gathered while green, and dried in the sun. It is imported in entire spikes, which
are about 1.} inch long. It has a weak aromatic odour, an intensely fiery pungent taste,
and a dark grey colour. The root of long pepper is a favourite medicine among the
Hindoos.
The quantities of the last :3 species of pepper imported are quite i" lOnsiderable,
comjiared with the quantity of black pepper. — {Milburn^s Orient, Com.; Ainslie's Mat.
Indicii ; Thomson's Dispensiitonj, Sfc. )
Trade in Pepper. Consumption of, and Duties on, in England. — Pepper is exten-
sively usuvl, all over Europe and the East, as a condiment. It was o' -ginally imported
into this country by way of the Levant (see ante, p. .52'2.); and for many years after the
establishment of the East India Company, it formed the most imj)ortant article of their
imports. Ir nothing lias the beneficial effect of opening the Irdian trade been so
iHiecjuivocally displayed as in the instance of pepper. The private traders have resorted
to new markets, and discovered new sources of supply which had hitherto been wholly
unexplored ; so that there has been not only a very great increase in the quantity of
pepper brought to Eurojie, but also a very great fall in its price, which does not now
exceed a third of what it amounted to in 1814 !
The quantities in the following Table .re taken from the Pari. Papers, No. 22.
Sess. 1 830, and No. 425. Sess. 1 S.^S ; the prices have been supplied by Mr. Cook.
Amount of the Total Quantity of Pepper imported from the East Indies into Great Britain, with its Price
111 llond ill London, each Year, from ISl*.
Years.
r.epper.
I'rices.
Years.
Pepper.
Prices.
Years.
Pcuper.
Pri..-cs.
IJu.
Prr Ih.
l.h,.
■er Ih.
IJ».
Per II,.
ISIt
5,7tW,(ili>
Ilii. to \M.
1S«1
Sl.'i.lOO
7 J.', to 7. rf.
IS'^7
9,()r.7,7fiB
^u.^o^^,,.
ISI/i
l'^,7l!l,S,')S
'.)\ — 'J'J
ISW
r,'ill,.176
.■■, _ «:.
IS'.H
4,'J7S,U)'i
ISIH
ll,l)S.'i,llll
7-7^
IS^.T
6,().>.'i,.T/(:
5 — ti
IS'^9
.
•P'.) - M
1SI7
•»,il>>.7.'>li'^
s _ s
\SH
S.Slll.llM
.^1, - fi
1S30
2,7fi,'d'il
■ii - l
IXIS
t).l'>l,7'^I
7i- -
ISM
r,,^'m,m
i-9— .'■>•»
IS.Il
6,!'^»,2III
r -
isiy
4,,T,)(),(i I.T
()• 1 .)
lSli(J
13,103, IIH
t — i'i
1S32
4,030,175
.3| _ 4
isa)
7»'.U17
fi-6- fi
Pepper is one of the most grossly over-iaxed articles in the British tariff. Until 182^,
the dut' was 2s. 6V/. per "'• — a duty so exorbitant, that one would be inclined to think
it hail Leen iinpoiieil in order to put a total stop to the use of the article. In 1823, the
duty on pepper from a British posse.ssion was reduced to Is. per lb. ,- but even this duty,
as coinpaved with the price of the article (.'it/, to 4d. per lb.), is quite enormous, amount-
ing to no less than from 4(X) to 300 per cent. ! It will be seen from the subjoined
Table that the reduction of the duty, in 1823, ha^' •■•"■••oacd the consumption from
about 1 ,4(X),000 lbs. to 2,2'J5,(XX) lbs. a year ; and were me uuiy reduced, as it ought to
be, to 2t/., or at most 3t/. jier lb., so that pepjier might become accessible to the lower
classes, to whom its free use would be of infinite iin|)ortance, we have not the slightest
doubt that in a very short period the -consumption would amount to J,000,000 or
fi,000,000 lbs. There would either be no loss of revenue by such a measure, or none
Worth mentioning ; and it is not to be endured that the bulk of the people should be
deprived of so useful a commodity, and the trade of the country seriously injured, by
keejiing up ojipressive duties, which serve no purpose whatever, iniless it be to keep alive
the lemcinbrance of the igiiuruncc and rapacity of those by whom they were imposed.
PEPPER.
891
it always has
g rubbed will
; but there is
amis. In the
ir is generally
1 diflercnee of
nation.
St of bread,
black peppir,
as to remove
the Chinese ;
tm, an annual
om the West
I. Jt has an
verc, on fire,
Iterated with
ixide of lead;
Chillies.)
ler long wn), a
and is there-
spikes, which
ungent taste,
le among the
V onsidcrabic,
linslie's Mat.
ler is exten-
illy imported
?ars after the
ticle of their
ade been so
lave resorted
been wiioliy
quantity of
)es not now
rs, No. 22.
Cook.
, with its Price
Pri.
es.
I'er
//(.
,^ </. to
S —
¥;!■
'^'J _
^\
n -
t
.1 —
••'f -
4
Until 1823,
ed to think
u 1 «2:}, the
n this duty,
us, ainount-
e sul)joined
iption from
it ought to
the lower
he slightest
[XX),000 or
re, or none
should he
injured, l)y
I keep alive
c imposed.
We liave already shown (see a«<c', p. 545.) the difficulties under which the dealers in
])epper labour, in consequence of the absurd regulations as to the warehousing of com-
modities from India.
Account of the Quantity of all Sorts of Popper retaincnl for Homo Consumption in the United Kingdom,
the Itates of Duty thereon, and the Total Revenue derived from the same, in each Year since 1«09.
Years.
Qtmntllics
retaiiiLtl tur
Home
Consumiilion.
Nett Amount
of Duty
received thereon.
Kates of Duly chafKed thereon.
Common I'epiier.
Cayenne I'epper.
iMng
Fe|)per.
(lUinea
Hepjier.
Kiut India.
East India.
Other.
Ut.
L. 1. d.
Per lb.
I'er lb.
I'tr lb.
I 1». 8d. iwr U). and
< 2M.3«. 4f/. iiiTcent.
4x. per lb., and
1810
1,117,9S2
88,293 8 *
2/. 1.3«. 4,1. |ier cent. >
4(.
8</.
It. id.
t ad valorem.
ad valorem.
ISIl
l,l.?2,0Sfi
90,.547 1 6
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ini'i
l,183,t.8U
101,209 10 6
ditto
( From 15th Aiiril,l«. 11 j.;.
< per It,., and .V. 3*. id.
ditto
it. Oil. per lb., and 1
3i. j». ill. per tent. J-
ad valorem. J
ditto
ditto
ditto
1313
Records deslrojed.
i>. Oil.
9',/.
1.. 7./.
|)er cent, ad valorem.
ISII
941,.1fi9
95,668 4 10
From loth Aiiril,U.lUi(/.'l
I i>ir 11,. S
ditto
5«. per lb.
ditto
IIW.
ditto
1.SI3
1,099,423
103,025 11 10
ditto
ditto
ISIII
I,U(i.'),7(W\
l,'21S,7.'>nj
99,.190 19 1
ditto
ditto
ditto
1S17
113,887 6 7
ditto
ditto
ISIS
l,4.'.7,3»3
125,093 15 6
ditto
ditto
ditto
diti .
l,S19
1,302,027
119,271 7 1
From 5th .Inly, 2*. Cd.l
\ i>er II). J
ditto
2i. r«l. jier lb.
2». 6,/.
V*.
2«. 6J.
1820
1,4(M,021
174,063 2 9
ditto
tlitto
ditto
ditto
isal
l,2.'i(i/i32
l.'ifi,2l)S 2 3
ditto
ditto
ISM
1,410, lOOj
l,3fiS,9S3
179,586 11 4
170,627 6 8
ditto
ditto
diMO
ditto
ditto
From 10th O
jlolier, 2.<. 6V(. per lb. on all sorts.
isai
1,117,03(IJ
S.'.(),(),S7J
180,816 3 5
ditto
Uir>
106,221 15
ditto
1827
2,,'i«),027
l,!ll!),!»31.
1,927, 71S
126,517 4 8
97,496 ,5 11
From 5th January
, li. tier lb., if from British possessiona
tlilto
1S2.S
96,167 12 5
ditto
18211
1,9.13,(141
96,725 19 2
18.111
2,(KI9,lil
100,192
ditto
18.11
2,().'i(),()S2
102,639
ditto
1832
2,225,491
111,238
ditto
finpply qf Pepper. — The following instructive details with respect to the supply of pepper arc taken
from the Singnporc Chronicle ; to which they were contributed by Jolni Crawlurd, Ksii. — tlian horn
there can be no more competent authority as to such subjects.
Uf all the protlucis of the li^astern islands, and of the countries immediately in their neighbourhood, in
dcmaiitl among strangers, black pepper is the most important, both in value and quantity.
The pi'piicr countries cvtciid frtmi aboutthe loiiKituile of SJti" to that of 11;')" H, l)vyoiid which no pepper
is to be found ; and they n.-ich from .■>>- S. latitude to alxmt 1'2° N., where it again ceases. Within these
limits we have Sumatra, Bornto, the Malayan peninsula, and certain countries lying on the cast coast of
the (•iilf of Siam.
i'he whole protlucc of the island of SuTiatra is estimated not to fall short of li58,0()O pieuls, of 133J lbs.
each ; the south-west coast being said to produce l.'iO.iXM), and the north-east (;oast lH,(Mi(i piculs.
The pepper ports on the north-cast coast of Sumatra are Lankat and Delli, with Sardang. The first
1 produce l.OjOUU piculs, and the latter 3jM) annually. The cultivation is carried on by the Uatta nation in
the interior.
The ports on the south-west coast, and the amount of thoir jjroduce, as given in a recent estimate, are
as follow : viz. port and district of Trumah, 4(l,(i(X); ilistrict of Pulo Dua, 4,(MX) : ditto of Cluat, 30,0()(l ;
roa-st from Tanipat Tuan to .Susu, 3.i,(KX) ; Jiort of Susu, ;,(X)(l; Kualla liatta, 20,000 ; Analabu, ii.OOO ;
di.stricts to the north of Analabu, ai.OOO; making in all, 15i),(HX) piculs.
Here it is of importance to remark, that the culture and prtxtuction are extremely fluctuating.
During the last pepper season, there obtained cargoes on the west coast of Sumatra, Ti American ships,
6 country tr.iriois, 4 large French ships, besides the ships belonging to the East India C'omi)any, which
generally take away .'lOO toil!, Nearly the whole of this trade is in the hantis of Europeans or Americans ;
the pepper finds its way to Kirope, to America, and in a small proportion to China.
The north-east coast of Sumatra, from Pedier down to the Carimons, is estimated, as already men-
tioiiul, to jiroduce I8,0(X) piculs. Prince of Wales Island is the principal rlevdt for this, from whence
the greatest part is exported to India and China. The produce of Prince of Wales Island itself is about
1,'),0(H) piculs.
Of tlie islands at the mouth of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, liingtang, on w hich Ilhio is situ-
ated, and atljacent islands, produce 1(I,(IOO piculs ; and Lingga about i!,(K)0. A large proportion of this is
brought to Singapore, which exportetl last year about 21,000 piculs ; some part to lieiigal and China, but
|iriiicipally to Europe direct, in free traders.
The west co,ist ot the Malayan peninsula produces no pepper, with the exception of about 4,0C:<) piculs
alliirded by the t'^rritory of Malacca.
On the ea.st coast of the peninsula, the protluction of pepper is very considerahle. The ports of Patani
anil Cal.iiitan — chiefly the latter — yield about 1(),0(X) piculs annually, and Tringanu aliout H.OliO. A
IKirtion of this is brought to Singapore and Penang; but we believe the greater proportion goes direct to
China in junks, of which 3 large ones frequent Tringanu annually, and 1 Calantan. The Americans, too,
(Hca.siiinally vi.sit these port.«. In the year 18-21, ;i vessels of considerable Imrden obtained cargoes.
The cast coast of the Gulf of Siam, from the latitude of 10J° to that of 12^'^ N., aflbrds an extensive
priidiice of pepper Tliis coast is scarcely known, even by name, to the traders of Europe. The principal
pnr'.s here are Chantibun, Tungyai, Poiigsoin, and Kampop; the first 2 being under the iloiniiiinn of
Siam, and the latter under that of Kamboja. The whole produce is estimated at not less than ti0,(i(X)
piculs ; 4(I,(XM) of which are brought at once to the ca|>ital of Siam as tribute to the king, and the whole
IIikIs its way to China in junks. It remains only to estimate the produce of the island of liorneo. The
whole produce of liorneo is estimated at about i'O.lXK) piculs ; of which a large share is carried to China
direct in junks, some by Portuguese vessels; and about 7,(K10 piculs are now annually brought by the
native cratl of the country itself to .Singapore in the course of that free trade, which is happily ftoiirish-
iiig at this settlement. The data which have been stated, will enable us to estimate the whole production
"f tlie Malayan Archipelajjo, including that of the lieninsulaol Malacca, and that of the east coast of the
*!iill'of Siam, as .■iOH,(KHt piculs ; anti as there is no other part of the world that afl'ords jiepper, excepting
llic western coast of the |ieninsula of India, and this affbrtis but .'>0,ll(iO piculs, or less than 1-lOth pan of
wliat the places we have enumerated produce, we have, accordingly, at one view, the whole productitni
"I the earth, lieing .'i.iS.IMX) piculs, or Jj.Otlii.iiiiii lbs. avoiriliipnis. The average price of pepper has been
lately about U Spanish itollars a picul ; so the whole value (ira»ii into India liuni Europe, tliiiia, and (he
V '
;i*
\.
k 1
Ml
• u
i<' *
I I
892
PERCH. — PETERSBUKGH.
1.!?
Iv
Now World, on account of this single commmlity, is 3,0l'J,(XX) dollars. The (jiiantity ifivcn in this state,
nirnt may appear enormous; liiit if meted out to the whole population of the Klobc, or to 1,(HK),(J()(),(KK) of
people, it would be found that the average annual consumption of an individual would amount tu iiu
more than iJ2.'i Krains.
Mr. Crawfuni has very recently supplied us with a revised estimate of the production i;f pepper as
follows : —
/Jki.
- 8,(K.«),()(10
- - - 4,(J(X),I«)()
Sumatra (west coait)
. 20,(J()(),(X)0
Siam
Do. teast do.)
. 8,(K)0,(HX)
Malabar
Islands in the Straits of Malacca
. j,(i(K),(HH)
Malay peninsula
- 3,7;w,.i.;,>
Horneo
2,(i(>(),()ti7
Total
- S(),(XJ(),(iCXJ
The localities in the previous estimate are quite correct ; and we, therefore, did not think it would be
right to suppress it.
hut, though this may be depended upon as being a fair statement of what has been, till a comparatively
late period, the average supply of pepper, the extreme dei)ressioii of price has occa.^ioned a very con-
sidcrahle decline in the production of some of the places mentioned above, within the last 4 or ."/years.
'I'he late advance of price will, however, probably, check any further diminution of production, lint
though prices were to rise still more considerably thati they have <l<me, the ellect on the supi)ly, owinj; td
llie plant requiring a few years to come to maturity, may not, at first, be so great as might be supposed.
PKllCII, a long measure, Ifi^ f'uet in length. — (See Weights ani> Mkasi;bes.)
I'Ell.MIT, a licence or i'lstrijineiit, granted by the officers of excise, authorising tlic
removal of goods sul)ject to the excise duties.
It is enacted by the 11 Oco. 3. c. 30., that no person shall demand or receive a permit for the removal
«.i' brandy, arrack, rum, s])irits, and strong waters, coftee, tea, and cocoa nuts, without the special direc.
tion //; wri'liii/; i.f thc> person out of whose slock they are to come, on pain of forfeiting .Wl. ; and In di-
fault of payment, to be imprisoned 3 months. Persons taking o\it a permit, and not removing the Kcnids
w. thill the presiTibe<i per.ml, nor returning the permit to the officer, forfeit treble the value of the (kkkIs
mcniDued ill such permit. Hy the 57 Geo. .3. c. I'-'.J., persons selling, lending, or making u.se of a penint
for .my othir purpose than that for which it was grantcil, forfeit fMIl, Uy the (i Geo. 4. c. 80. ^ Uii. it is
ei.acled, tli.it any ret.iiler of spirits sending out more than one gallon without a lawful permit ; ary reiii.
tier, coniponnder, or dealer, receiving into his stock any spiritA without a permit ; or any carrier, lioat.
inai , or oilier person, assisting in the removal or transportation of any spirits without a permit ; shall
forft" 'A^,l. ;'ver and above every other penally, together with all such spirits : the packages, carts,
horse>, \c. em;iloyed in the removal of such goods shall also be forfeitetl, and may and shall be seized liv
;iiiy o liiiT of ixiis". Tlu' 9 Geo. 4. c. 41'. ^ ;>. dispenses with the necessity of a permit for the removal oV
c iitce .ind roco.i. The ccnnmissioneis of excise provide frames or moulds for making the paper used tiir
piTiin'..-, which has the words " Kxcise Olticc" visible in the substance of it. It is a capital oH'tiicc to
iii.'ke .surli rr.imes, or to have tlieiii in one's (lossession without a lawful excuse.
. hese rei,'iil.iti<ins will, it is nust probable, be speedily modilied; the commissioners of excise incpiiry
<if wlidin Sir Henry I'arnell is chairman, having recommended the abolition of permits in case of the ri:.
iiiuval of tea, and some other articles.
I'EllllY, a fermented li(|uor made from pears, in the same manner as cider from
apples. The ])ears best lilted for iirodueing this litjuor are exceedingly harsh and tart;
lint it is it.sejf pleasant and wholesome. — (See CinKii. )
I'E'i'KllSHUKGII, the modern metropolis of the Russian empire, situated ;it the
confluence of the river Neva with the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland, in lat.
5!) 50' M'.V' N., Ion. iiO ' I8j' E. Population (including military) 480,000.
This llotirishing emporium was founded by I'eter the Great, whose name it liears,
in 170;i. In the same year, the first merchant ship that ever appeared on the Neva
arrived from Holland; and the czar, to mark his sense of the value of such visiteis,
treated the ca|)tain and crew with the greatest hospitality, and loaded them with presents.
In 1714, l(j sliiiis arrived at Petersburgh ; in 17;}0, the number had increased to 180;
and so rajiid has been the jjrogress of commerce and civilisation in Russia since that
period, that, at present, from 1,200 to 1,500 ships annually enter and clear out from
Petersburgh !
It is nmch to be regretted, that, although favourable to commerce, the situation of
Petersburgh is, in other resjjccts, far from being good. The ground on which it stamls
is low and swampy ; it has, on ditterent occasions, sustained great injury from iiuiiuia-
tions; aiul the country round is, generally .s])eaking, a morass and forest, so that almost
every thing recpiired for the sul)sistence of the inhabitants must be brought from a dis-
tance. No one less bold and daring than Peter the Great would have thought ot'
selecting such a situation for the metropolis of his empire ; and none i)osses.sed of less
power and resolution coidd have succeeded in overcoming 4)ie all but in.sui)erahle ol)-
stacles which the nature of the country opposed to the completion of his gigantic
schemes.
Cronstadt, situated on a small island about 20 miles W. of Petersburgh, may, in
some measure, be considered as the port of the latter. Almost all vessels bound for
Petersburgh touch here ; and ihose drawing above 8 feet water load and uiduad at
("ronstadt; the goods lieing conveyed from and to the city in lighters, the charges of
which vary according to the demand at the time. The merchants' harbour at Cronstadt
is fitted to contain about fi(V) sbii)s ; but it is ex])osed to the westerly winds. CVonstadt
is strongly fortilied, and is the principal station of the Ilu.ssian fleet. Vessels boiuul for
Petersburgh must pass by the narrow channel to the south of the island, commanded by
the fortifications of Cronstadt on the one side, and of Cronslot on the other. The wood-
cut on the next page, taken from the ollicial survey published by the Russian govern-
ivon ill this state
XM amuuiit to iiu
tion of iH-pper as
hink it would be
excise in(|iiiry,
1 cascoftliL' n;.
IS cider from
rsh and tait :
PETER SBURGH.
893
mcnt, gives a better idea of the situation of IV'torsbiirgh, Cronstadt, &c. than could bt
derived from any dtscription.
r-
rErEKSUURGII
M 5 6 I
^. w f i "J
V ■:■: f ■ 4J n I
^^ ..
■4/ <^ ,,. 6..1
Hifemirrs In P/an. — A, CronAot; R, Men-of-war havpii ; C, Tolliokcn liplit-housp, 88 foot* high,
furiiislu'il with a (ixed li^ht. Souiiiliiigs in rnllidnis. It appears from tlie above plan, that the depth of
w atiT hi twecn Cronstadt and I'otersbiirtih dops not, in some plares, exceed (i or 7 feet ; but it is inerea.sctl
alm\it a foot by continued westerly, and is dimini.'-heil aliout as mmb liy eontinneil easterly, winds, t'ron-
st.icit is, therefore, as already observed, in reality, the port vi' retcTslmrub ; and has, indeed, no separate
Cusloui. house or jurls.iietliin. 'I'he tinnsler ot uoods I'etween Ibetwo pljces l)y means of ligliterii has
of late years liten materially facilil.itid by the ni.ployniint of steam tujis.
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ill
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S'ii.
894<
PETERSBURGH.
Trade, §-c. — PeteTsbiirj^h lias the most extensive foreign trade of any city in the nortli
of Europe. Tliis arises from its being the only great maritime outlet on the Gulf of
Finland, and from its vast and various communication!! with the interior of the country.
Few countries liave such an extent of internal navigation as Russia. By means partly of
rivers, and partly of canals, Petersburgh is connected with the Caspian Sea. Goods are
conveyed from the latter to the capital, through a distance of 1,434 miles, without once
landing them ! The iron and furs of Siberia, and the teas of China, are received at
Petersburgh in the same way ; but owing to the great distance of those countries, and
the short period of the year during which the rivers and canals are navigable, they take
3 years in their transit. Immense quantities of goods are also conveyed during wintir
upon the ice, in sledges, to the diflerent ports, and to the nearest pristans, or placus in
the interior where barks are built for river or canal navigation. Tliey are jiut on l)();ird
in anticipation of the period of sailing, that the barks may be ready to take advantage of
the high water, by floating down with the current as soon as the snow and ice begin to
melt. The cargoes carried up the river into the interior during summer are principally
conveyed to their ultimate destinations l)y the sledge roads during winter. The con-
veyance by the latter is generally the most expeditious ; and it, as well as the internal
conveyance by water, is jjerformcd at a very moderate expense.
The barks that come from the interior are mostly of a very rude construction, flat-
bottomed, and seldom drawing more than '20 or 30 inches water. When they arrive at
their destination, they are sold or broken up for fire-wood. Those that leave the ports
for the interior are of a superior description, and are comparatively few in number ; tho
commodities imported being, at an average, of much greater value relatively to their
bulk and weight than those that are exported.
Prhicipiil Articles of Export and Import. — The principal articles of export are tallow,
hemp and flax, iron, copper ; grain, particularly wheat ; deals and masts, jxjtasla's,
bristles, linseed and hemp seed, linseed and hemp seed oils, furs, leather ; fox, hare, and
scjiiirrel skins ; canvass and coarse linen, cordage, caviare, wax, isinglass, tar, 8ic 'I'al.
low, both for candles and soap, is more largely exported from this than from any otliur
port in the Baltic, and is an article of great commercial imijortance. ■ — (See Tai.i.ow. )
The hemp is of good quality, though inferior to that of lliga : it is assorted, according
to its quality, into clean hemp, or firsts; oita/iDt hemji, or seconds; and h(df-dean lump,
or thirds. The first sort should be (juite clean, and free from spills ; the second is less
so; and the third, or hidf-ckan, contains a still greater portion of spills, and is, besides,
of mixed qualities and colours. Russian flax is much esteemed for the length of its
fibre ; it is naturally brownish, but becomes very white after the first bleaching. Three
qualities are distinguished : viz. I'J head, 9 head, and fi head. — (See Hkmp, and Flax.)
Iron is of very good quality, and is preferable to that from the other Russian jjorts:
there are two kinds, old and new sable ; the former is the best. I^eather is largely
exported ; it is divided into many different sorts. — (See the details with respect to it in
the art. Hitssia Leather.) The grain trade between this country and Petersburgh has,
within the last 7 years, become of very considerable importance ; and Russia will, jiro-
bably, continue henceforth to be one of the principal sources of supjily to this country.
The liHssutn wheat, so called to distinguish it from the azemnin, or soft wheat, and tlie
kubanka, or hard wheat, is the lowest description of wheat shipjied from Petersburgh. It
is very small-grained, and dingy coloured ; being, though sound, unfit for the manufac-
ture of fine bread. The azemaia is of a larger, though still not a large grain, and better
colour, and has of late been extensively imported into England. The kubanka, or hard
wheat, is a large semi-transparent grain. Its hardness has nothing of the flinty character
of the Spanish hard wheat, which it most resembles. When first brought to London,
the millers objected to it, on account of the difficulty experienced in grinding it ; l)iif it
is now much esteemed. All the Russian wheats are well calculated for keeping, either
in granary, or when made into bread: but the kubanka has this quality in a peculiar de-
gree; and is in great demand for mixing with other wheats that are old, stale, or out of
condition. A shipment of 1(X) chetwerts of wheat in Petersburgh is found, when de-
livered here, lo yield about 7'J Imperial (piarters. The principal imports are sugar,
especially from the Ilavannah (the importation of refined sugar was prohibited in ISii'i);
coffee, but not in large quantities; madder, indigo, cochineal, and dye woods ; cotton stufl's
and yarn, — the latter being by far the ]>rincipal article sent from this country to Russia ;
woollens, oils, spices, salt, wine, lead, tin, coal, fine linen from Holland and Silesia, ^c.
Ra])id as has been the increase of Russian commerce, its jirogress has been materially
retarded by restrictions on imjiortation. Considering the immense variety of valualilo
natural jirodiictions with which Russia abounds, the thinness of the jjopulation, and the
slavery and ignorance of the great bulk of the people, nothing can be more absurd than the
attempt to render them, by dint of Custom-house regulations, rivals of the English and
Germans in manufacturing industry ! However, it must be confessed, that in enacting
prohibitions and restrictions, they are only following a line of policy wliicli we have not
I,
; 1 '^•♦•IJ
PETERSBURGH.
895
<u
yet entirely abandoned, though it has been quite as injurious to us as it can be to them.
We had hoped that sound commercial principles were beginning to get an asci-ndancy
at Petershurgh, inasmuch as the ukase of the V}6th of March, 1830, materially modified
several of the ])revious restrictions. But more recently a new ukase made its appear-
ance, enacting a considerable increase of duties on several articles. It is, we are atraid,
pretty clear, that the Russian government has profited little by the admirable work of
M. Storch ( Cours (VEconomie Politique), though written for the special use of the
])resent emperor of Russia, and his brother the Grand Duke Michael, and published by
order of the late emperor.
Inspection of Goods. — At Petersburgh, Riga, and other Baltic ports, when goods are
hrought from the interior to be shipped, they are inspected and classified according to
tlieir qualities, by officers (hracliers) appointed by government for that purpose, and
sworn to the faithful performance of their duty. All sorts of timber, linen and canvass,
flax and hemp, linseed and henqj seed, ashes, wax, &c. are sul)ject to such inspection.
Tliey are generally divided into three qualities: Krofin (crown), or superior ; liraeh or
middling ; and liracks-Brack, or inferior. This classification is said to be, in most cases,
made with considerable fairness. A factor or conunission agent in Russia, instructed
to buy, on account of his correspondent in England or Holland, a sjjecificd <juantity of
any description of produce subject to the official visit, is not liable to any action in the
event of the article being found upon delivery to be of inferior quality, provided he ])ro-
duce a certificate to show that it had been officially inspected, or bracked. But a factor
is at liberty, should any article delivered to him be manifestly defective, to name 1 or
2 otlier bracke.rs to decide whether the article be merchantable or not.
Safii'e and Foreiyn Merchants, 8cr. — Every Russian carrying on trade must be a
burgher, and have his name registered in the burghers' book; he thus acquires an un-
limited freedom of trade. All whose names are in the burghers' books, are either
townsmen who have property within the city, or members of a guild. There are three
guilds, 'lliose belonging to the first must possess from 10,000 to 50,000 roubles: these
may follow foreign trade, are not liable to rorporal jmnishment, and may drive about
the city in a carriage drawn by 2 horses. Those belonging to the second guild declare
tlicmselves ]>ossessed of tj-om 5,000 to 10,0{X) roubles; they are confined to inland trade.
A capital of from 1,000 to 5.000 roubles entitles its owner to admission into the third
guild, whicli comprises shopkeepers and petty dealers. The rates paid by the members
of these guilds amount to 1 per cent, upon their declared capital, the " statement of
which is left to the conscience of every individual." Burghers are not obliged to serve
in tile army, but may provide a substitute, or pay a fine. The (fuests, or foreign mer-
chants, who enrol themselves in the city register on account of their commercial aifairs,
enjoy privileges nearly similar to those enjoyed by the members of the first guild.
None but native Russians are allowed to engage in the internal trade of the country ;
and hence a foreigner, who imi)orts goods into Russia, must sell them to Russians only,
and at the port where they arrive. A few foreigners, indeed, settled in Russia, and
having connections with the natives, do carry on a trade with the interior ; but it is con-
trary to law, and the goods are liable to be seized.
The merchants engaged in foreign trade are mostly foreigners, of whom the English
arc the principal. The jieculiar privileges formerly enjoyed t)y the latter are now nearly
ohsolfcte ; and their rights, in connnon with those of other foreigners, are merely those
of (/uests. The English factory is, at present, little more than a society formed of some
of the principal English merchants, several of whom, however, do not belong to it: its
power extends to little else than the management of certain funds under its control.
Purchase and Sale of Commodities, §*r. — Owing to the scarcity of ca])ital in Russia,
goods, the produce of the country, are frequently paid in advance ; and foreign goods are
most commonly sold upon credit. From the month of November till the sliijiping season
in May, the Russians who trade in flax, hemp, tallow, bristles, iron, &c. either come
tliemselves to Petersburgh, or employ agents to sell their goods to foreigners, to be de-
livered, .according to agreement, in May, June, July, or August. The jiaymcuvs are
made according to tlie circumstances of the sellers and bi'vers ; sometimes the buyer jiays
She whole amount, in the winter months, for the goods which are to be delivered in the
sunnner or autumn ; and sometimes he pays a part on concluding the contract, and the
remainder on delivery of the g(M)ds. The nianufacturv'rs and dealers in linen usually
come to Petersburgh in March, and sell their goods for ready money.
Foreign gnnds wore formerly almost entirely sold at a Iwelvenionth's credit, and some at a still lonpcr
ffrni ; but of late years several articles, as eoH'ee and sugar, are fold for reaily money : still, however, the
great hulk of foreiKii goods for the supply of the interior is sold on rredit. RIost of the Kussians who liuy
goods on iredit of foreigners, for the use of the interior, have no other conneetion or trade with IVters.
burgh, than merely coming there once or twice a year to make pun liases : which having accomplished,
they set olfwith the goods, and the foreigner neither sees nor hears of tliein again till the liills become due.
It is olivious, t'rom this statement, that experience and sagacity are mm here more requisite in a mer-
chant than here. He has nothing, in fact, liut his own knowl.'dg'e of the native dealers to depend upon :
and it is highly creditable tu the Kussians, that foreigncis do not hesitate to trust them with immcnio
(-
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P- VI
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l^H^M!
896
PETERSBURGH.
I 1
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i ^'i
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sums on sucli a (guaranty. A foreign mcrclinnt, carryinR on bii&inesa in Russia, must also be acquaiiitoil
witli the customary lurms and obligations of cuntractti ; tlic mo<lc of maliing piiynionls ; tlie many formal.
itics that encumber, and sometimes turn aside, the course of justice ; the spirit, still more than the letter,
of the tarift' and the Custom-house regulations; the privileges claimed by the Crown, and the diHiTeiit
orders j with a variety of other particulars, which attentive and able men may learn on the spot, aiiii no.
where else.
" Another circumstance connected with the British trade is too curious to be passed in silence. Every
mercantile house in I'etersburgh employs certain men, called in the language of the country nrlr/.
sc/iic/cs, who arc the counting-house men, and employal by every merchant to collect payment on bills, and
to receive money, as well as, in many instances, to jiay it in very considerable sums. This is an important
part of their trust. There being no bankers in Russia, every mercantile house keeps its own cash ; ami
as the payments between merchants, and for bills of exchange, are made entirely in bank notes of no
higher value than it, 10, '25, 50, and 100 roubles — most of tliem in so tattertvl a state as to require several
hours to count over a sum of '2,(XX)/. or ,'J,(XK)/. — this business is performed by artelsehicks ; and very
few instances have occurreil of loss by their inattention, either in miscounting the notes, in taking false
notes, or, where they are much torn, in receiving parts of dill'erent bank notes.
" These artelsehicks arc also employed to superintend the loading and unloading the different cargoes :
they receive the most valuable into the warehouse, where they are left solely under their care ; and in these
warehouses not merely merchandise, but often large quantities of dollars, are deposited. These Ru.ssiaiis
are mostly natives of Archangel and the adjacent governments, of the lowest class ; are often slaves, gene-
rally of the Crown : and the only security of the merchant arises in some degree from the natural relnc.
tance of the Russian to betray confidence reposed in him ; but in a much greater from their association,
which is called an artel.
" An artel consists of a certain number of labourers, who voluntarily become responsible, as a body, for
the honesty of each individual. The separate earnings of each man are put into the common stock ; a
monthly allowance is made for his support ; and at the end of the year thesurplus is equally divide<l. The
niunber varies in ditf'ercnt associations from .50 to 100; and so advantageous is it considered to beliinu' lo
one of these societies, that .5(X) and eve\j 1,000 roubles are paid for admission. These societies are tint
bound by any law of the empire, or even written agreement; nor does the merchant restrain tliem uniler
any legal obligation ; yet there has been no instance of their objecting to any just claim, or of proteitin;,'
an'individual whose conduct had brought a demand on the society." — (t'ojfV Travels in Itussiit, vol in"
p. 315.)
Few Russian merchants engage in foreign trade. It is carrie<l on principally in foreign bottoms, (jf
which by far the larger proportion are Kiiglish. Marine insurances are generally eflected in London „r
Amsterdam; there being no establishment for that department of business in Russia. An insnraiuo
company against fire has been establishe<l in Petersburgh, and enjoys several privileges It is a joint .itcnk
company, divided into .actions, or shares. It has been very successful ; and its shares are at a very hi^-li
premium. No insurance on houses or goods in Russia, made in a foreign country, can be legally tl-
covered ; no otticial documents of loss being alloweil to be furnished for such a purpose.
UTtmei/. — Accounts nri.' kt'pt nt Petersltnr/'h, and tliroiisliout
Riissi;i, in hank rouMcs iif H)t) copecks: lornierly, accountH
wure kci>t in silver ninniy ; liiit, !>>■ ati order of government,
Uif" practice ot" keening .iccotnus in b;nik n4)te rouhtes lias lieen
enforcetl siiu-e ISl 1, to the exclusion ot'thi; t^tlicr.
The only (joUl coin at present struck is the ^ Imperial, or
5 rouble piece, = l.'w. Sf/. sterlin;i very nearly. 'i'lie >i'.ver
nmiite is u-orlh .^«. '^ Jr/. storlint; very iie;irly ; ami is declaretl,
t)y a ukase ishtied in IS'^I), to be worth .1(10 copeck-. : tbi^ would
Rive the vjilne ol* the paper roohle at nearly 1 Itl. ; Imt it lluc-
tiiates with the exchange. — ( I''or an .iceount of the t!onnner-
L'ial Hank of Russia, see iiiilr, p. lOS.)
HV/V'''* "'"' Mi-mmtrx. -^ 'l\v^ Uu>>sia ) weights are the same
fur f^old, silver, and merchandise, vi^ —
,T Soltnicks = 1 Loth. I 10 I'.innds = I Pond.
,Ti IJiths = 1 I'oimd. I 10 roods = 1 Iterkovi;/.
The Russian pound cont.iins, accordin^to I>r. Kelly, fi.lIS'.'i
EnRlish grains. HelU'C, IIKI lbs. Ku'.siaTi = i/(l»l lb>. avoir-
dupois — lO'llS kilo|4. The pmnl = ,11) lbs. 1 o/.. II ilrs., but
among mercbams it is reckone<l = ."'i lbs. -Accorilinj; (o
Nelkenhrecher, 100 lbs. Russian = !>0*t!Mbs. avoirtlupois =
40'i) kiloK. ■= Hi->i lbs. of Ainsterdanl = Sllll of llainliur(;h.
The principal tnetsure for mm is the chetU'tTt, diviileil into
ti osmins, -1 pairu-ks, S cbetwericks, or til i^aniit/. The ciiei-
wert = .ID.'i'i U'inchester bush Is. Hence, 100 ehetwertj =.
71'i Kn^lish quarters*
In liindd meaiiire,
1 1 'iMi.irky = 1 Krashka.
S Kr:ishk.)=: 1 W'etho.
-10 Wedros = 1 Soroknvy.
The wedro = .1i Kn^lish
wiiienillons.
l.T 1/3 Bottles = 1 Wedro.
.•5 Wedrns = I .\pV..r.
ti .\nkers — I (i\|i„n.
'I t)xlioH = I Pip,..
In lonf! measure,
Ifl Wer,hok = 1 .\rshp,.n.
.1 .\rsheen =■■ 1 .Sa»lieil.
MM .Saallen = 1 V er-l.
1 snOien = 7 l"^^'li^ll feet; I arsheen = ZS Knulish inches
Kill Russian f et = 1 1 I '. KnglMl leet. '1 he verst, or Kllssi ,n
nnle, =.•.'> furlonfts VI poles. The Knu'ish iinli and fcwl are
used throuKhout Mussi i, chielly, however, in the measurinj.' nf
timber.— {Killj/'s Cuiiiliiil, art. ttiiatiii ; fiilkiiilim/icr, MkiiwI
I'liitrrH't.)
In tixing freight to EnRland, a ton is C.I poods of hemp, ft ix,
tallow, iron, copper, and aslns, ; 1 1 poods ttf i-ri-stles, isiiiLcav
leather, and W.1X ; .'. do/cn of deals ; .I,.")!)!! h.ari skins- s cl'e'
wert.-, of whe.at or liiiseitl ; and (ill pieces of sail-cloth.
The following regulations for the importation of foreign goods are strictly cnforcwl : —
All |;oodii imported must Im; accompiuiied by the follow ing
doi-uments: —
1. The declaration of the captain, according to the form
orderetl by the Custom-house.
U. .\n attestation fVom the Rus.sian consul, and, where there
is no consul, from the Custom-house of the place, <if the tpian-
lity and quality of the goods, antl a declaration th.it they are
not the produce, inaimfacture, or property of an enemy's
country.
•l. illllsof lading of all goods, in which the weight, measure,
or ijuantitv of each package must he specilied. In case the
bills of tatting are ttot exactly after this regidation, the gooils
pay doulile duty as a line. In case more is found than speciHcxt
ill the bill of latling, the surnlus is contiscatett ; if less is found,
the duty must be paid on the qu-antity specitied. Of wine, it
is not sutlii lent to specify the number of pipes or hogsheads
only, but also their contents in gallons, fic. f)f lemons, the
numlierineach box must hes]iecilied. Of manuf.icturisl urKKis,
the measure of each piece must he specificsl, and the iiuinl.er
of pieces in e.ach hale. It is indill'erent whether the gio.s it
thenett weight lie specilieil. It' the pack,ai;es lie all of the -imie
\vei(,'ht, incisure, or contents, a general siKjiiricalinn will iln
.as tor example, ton casks alum, of 17 lispound each. (ifih.
woods, the weight of the whole necnl oiilv be menlioiii'il. ilf
goods of sm.dl hulk, as pepper, &c., it is sullicienl to stale the
weight of every .5 or 111 bales, but with spii iiicatioii of the
numbers. There must not be ,any erasures or blots in tlie liill
ot lading. All goods not accompanieil bv these documenis.Dr
where Ihedocumentsarenot according to the alHiveregulati.piis,
will be sent back.
Hills of tailing may he made out cither lo some house, or to
ortlcr.
The following charges have been fixed by the merchants of Pctersburgh : —
Per cent.
rnminission on sales and purchases *z
Kxtra charges on all goixis - - I
t-'ommission and extra charges for
goods delivertnl up - - - 2
Itrokerage on sales and purchases - A
Ditto on bills - - . J,
IMtto on Ireight, per ton, fiO cojiecks.
Stamps - • • S
Per cent.
Charges on duty, paid inwards - 4
Ditto, paid outwards - - 4
Comniissioii for collecting freight,
or aver.age inwards - - 3
Cominission for procuring freight
outwiirds - - - - 2
For clearances, 40 roubles.
Hues to I* paid to the church, 10 roulilw
each ves.sel.
Clearing of sliips, of or iiiuler
'•i-'i lasts e.ich. 111 roubles each ves,sel.
'^.'i lo .'ill do. (io _
.'lO _ 7.', - SO _
ir, _ Inn . ion _
lIKI ^ I'lO . l.',l) _
I. 'ill or above, UM _
Drtf fiiio,/*.
in barrels or chests
In sacks - - -
In mats, or sacks made of mats
Kxceiit .Muscovy leather, of
which is deducted
Tare on Goods rrportcd, as fixed by the Custom-house.
Per cent. Mm^t (imxls. per cent.
- 10 Pressed caviare - 1.5
2 Soap - - - .1
.■? Meat and salt lish - - 20
Tallow - - - 10
MMtl liimlt.
Per rnii.
itoiiey
- 17
Tre.ide
- ID
All other moist goods
- - 17
T^mGooda. Percent.
In IwrrrU or I'licsts - - 10
In vf»<i»icN of Kltts^ur uarthcnwarf 20
III sacks - - > 'i
Tftrr on Goods imported.
Drufi.HyU. Her cent.
In iloiililu sncki . . . <|
In iu;tts . .5
Drif Cofxfit.
fn sacks nnd matu together
In hiibkiis
Vvr rent.
1)6 acquaintoil
many I'lirin.il.
laii the letter,
I the (lift't'reiit
spot, aiiti IK).
LTcnt cargoes :
i; ami ill these
'hesv IliLssiaiis
Ml slaves, (,'eiio-
iiatural reliic.
iir associatiuii,
, as a bnciy, lor
imon stock ; a
If divided. The
lhI to lieloiii! to
cieties are not
ill them under
r of proteitiii);
tusSlll, vol ill.
Rli bottoms, lif
i ill London or
All iiisnrance
is a joint .>to(k
at a viTV ln),'li
be legally n-
lw(Tt, divided into
iniil/. 'J'lif clt.i-
I some hou^e, or to
church, in roiiUliii
PETERSBURGH.
Afoiit Goods imported. — The following arc tome of the tares spcciflcd In the tarlO": —
897
Ollfe oil in cnsks ■ - - 17 percent.
of Italy, In flasks and straw - • Uit —
of France, in llasks and earthenware • 41) —
S.ilt flsh In barrels - - ■ 3t> —
Andj{enerall> on all moist ffoods in barrels -17 —
In glass and e«rthenware 'SO —
Mifceltantvtu Gitodt,
Cotton twist in bales • • - . 6 _
In cheats and barrels - - 15 —
Cochineal must be wel||he<I In the sacks after
beiiiK taken from the casks ; for every sack of
from •! to 7 iioikIs • - • S lbs.
sacks of from 2 to 3^ poods - - I —
IndiKo In seronsi every seron of from 5J to 7
poods - - • - 34 —
in A serons, 2} to 4 poodl • • 20 —
of Guatemala - - - 20 per cent*
in boxes - - ■ . 20 —
Bills drawn in Russia, and payable after date, are allowed 10 days' grace : but if payable at sight, 3 days
only : Sundays and holidays are included in both cases. The Julian calendar, or old style, is still retained
throughout Russia. This is 12 days later than the new style ; and in leap-years, 13 days, after the month
of February.
Port Charges payable on British Ships at the Port of Petersburgh.
!.«.« ■{(?'"!
.
31 41 , f>\
61
71 81 , »1
101
111
121
131
141 Il51
161 171 181
191 201
211
S21
S31 '241 251 '261
30
4U 60 , «0
70
80 90 100
110
120
130
140
160 160
170 180 I'JO
200
210
R.
220
"aT
2»1
A.
240 250 260 270
R. A. 1 A. A.
R.
R. R.
R.
R.
H.
R.
R.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
R.
A. R. 1 A.
A.
[.-islage
12
16 20
21
28
32
36
10
44
48
52
56
60
64
68 72 76
80
84
88
92
96 100 104 108
I'asjes -
60
60, 60
6U
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60 60 60
60
60
60
liO
60
60 60 60
Clearing passes m
Irousladt
10
10
10
10
11)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10 10 10
10
10
10
10
10
10 10 10
Atlilress moiicj -
411
.'(0
M
M
60
60
60
70
70
70
80
80
HO
•10
100 100 no
110
120
120
1.30
1.30
110 140 1.W
llhurili
1,'.
20
2.'>
.30
3.'>
40
4.-.
:*)
,').')
60
6.'>
70
7.'>
80
8'. 90 95
100 105
110
115
120
125 130 1,35
Cronslailt church
,'>
7
!l
11
12
11
16
17
1!)
21
23
24
26
28
2 31 ' 33
34
36
38
40
41
43 1 45 i 46
1)0. eipedition -
W
».'.
30
M>
40
4,')
M
M
60
M
70
75
80
85
'JO 95 100
105
110
115
120
125
130 135 'l40
Conipanj'J agent
a
8
10
12
14
2W
16
277
18
20
22
24
26
28
30 32
34 36 38
40
42
44
46
eiT
48
630
50 52 1 64
658 676 '703
Toial - Roublrt
lf-8
I'JB
211
232
2U5
322
310
3.'.8
386
103
431
iiy
476 494 .Vi2
539
567_
585
Ships cleared out from Petersburgh during the Nine Years ending with 1833.
Years.
1825.
1826.
1827.
1828.
1829.
1830.
aViiiu.
753
46
681
1831.
1832.
1833.
Ship,.
696
62
481
/.7<w..
British
American - - -
Other nations
Total
Shipa,
81)1
76
411
483
57
405
Hhivt.
753
64
415
Ship:
749
66
475
SMvt,
8.S1
62
605
ahijn,
ulo
58
630
Shipa.
710
69
602
1,288
915
_!•«?«_
1,290_
1,498
1,483
1,598
1,381
1,239
The trade of Petersburgh is exhibited in the following Tables : —
I. Official Statement of the Trade of Petersburgh in 1833.
]
mports.
Exports.
Principal Articles.
Doty paid.
Principal Articles.
Duty paid.
Total.
Quantity. 1 Value.
Quantity. | Value.
Valuation.
Ptvdi.
Iht.' Rouhlea.
c.
Pimlt.
/fu.' RmMes.
c.
Rimblti. c.
• 1 27,.'.81,954
.35 Hemp -
l,990„33t
10| 16,067,003
21
Cotton twist
4"76/.S4
8 39,235.804
45 Flax - . -
247,511
23 2,1.33,2.58
3*1
raw
81,731
16
2,127,491
Potashes
464,873
5 "
2,917,115
20
("nffec
104,367
25
4,829,616
52jTallow
4,069,926
37
41,761,031
91
1,279,213
6
29,914,482
23! cimdles -
36,607
33
498,957
22
13,441
.35
561,745
25| Leather, unwrought -
96,189
13
2,005,279
93
Silken manufacturi!* ■
1,707
25
3,962,568
Jufts
,32,009
16
1,'.>83,1.;1
<0
10,913
22
6,16.3,212
50jlron
897,723
3
5,481,721
68
10,167
4
3/121,841
90 Copper
218,698
10
8,386,879
609
25
46'i,555
Ilristles - - -
60,328
5,926,665
94
Wine in casks
111,1.36
5,829,925
25
Cordage and cables -
251,488
14
1,991,148
68
in battles
395,808
2,22(),.324
60
Linens
205,736
8,068,195
Spirituous liquors
.\)iothecarics drugs
6,914
788,629
,50
Grain • - -
17,015
473,195
99
•
1,5.34,476
45
Other articles -
-
•
19,960,705
Tl
Other articles
Total -
Of the above were en-
•
-
40,110,226
84
Total -
-
-
169,148,853
84
■
-
116,951,950
29
286,103,804 13
tered by Russian mer-
ch.'uits
129,.'ifi5,1.30
88
.
.
,
71 ,.385,414
67
200,9.';n,575 ,53
by foreign fniests -
.
>
39,172,525
42
.
•
-
45,083,812
73
84,256,338 15
by passenger* and
captains
.
.
411,197
54
.
.
-
485,e92
89
896,890 45
Value of exports fall
short of that of imports
.
.
.
.
- ■
.
.
.
.
52,193,903 55
InlS3'2tht'v amounted to
.
.
156,976,657
80
* * •
-
-
11,3,,543,S25
8'^
In 18,13thcy increased by
-
•
12,172,196
4
-
■
•
.3,111,121
47
II, Official Account of the Values of the Imports into and Exports from Petersburgh, with the Produce
of the Customs Duty thereon, in each Year since 1800.
Years.
ImporU.
Exports.
Duties.
Years.
Imports.
Exports.
Duties.
Roitbtet.
AouMm.
Rmihtet.
RmMa.
Rmiblet.
AnuMt«,
18(10
20,070,935
32,255,354
4,931 ,.506
1817
118,743,838
100,704,113
20,986,.'>05
1801
27,07*,! 18
31,110,996
5,684,2'. ^
1818
151,2,58,904
100,675,732
23,163,291
1802
24,73.';,783
30,6"95,,561
6,312,.509
1819
111,106,315
84,998,642
20,623,839
1803
22,846,472
31,8!>3,082
7,079,395
1820
168,2.56,897
105,085,920
29,747,994
mn
21,008,478
29,.56.5,fi61
6,972,.520
1821
irx5,420,7l8
100,631,673
25,707,705
180.';
20,478,047
30,l51,f)53
6,0^5,222
1822
104,166,738
97,932,4!K)
21,(»6,0.56
1806
18,710,234
28,!I97,.'588
5,2;30,30<)
1823
ia5,9fi9,720
104,070,326
22,386,579
1807
18,114,443
28,<)4S,.54S
4,982,461
1824
12(),423,8<H)
97,729,518
27,012,661
1808
l,4.-.2,223
5,87.5,896
9l8,()."!fi
1825
lI5,ll>V)fi8
121,174,S98
.3O,0.56,7ft»
1809
,'5,1,59,798
20,314,406
2,277,!H)8
1826
120,188,634
91,591,514
31,6a3,413
1810
]0,0,'-.8,485
a5,79S.279
3,2(H,847
1827
126,666,415
116,7(14,217
34,.503,722
1811
2;5,472,;J.32
39,838,862
5,562,332
1828
131,48(l,.572
107,207,647
.36,658,514
1812
41,739,114
.59,626, ia5
I0,()23,!)66
1829
149,135,40,3
107,428,9i;8
41,I84,Rn
181J
80,613,9.58
.5.5,173.681
15,475,972
18.'30
144,8!«»,905
111,2.5.5,171
37,597,,5fi6
18H
75,ioi),4.53
92,768,886
11,! '0.5, 1 77
laii
I50,.3O.3,.541
11.5,9,58,678
43,118,367
181,5
65,961 ,':38
107,989,493
10,6.84,924
1832
l,5<),976,tl57
1 13,.543,825
48,267,378
1816
<)(),204,829
77,766,729
13,908,416
1833
169,14«,8S3
116,9,54,9,50
.50,098,914
3 M
t-
1
It
I
v:%\ w\'
\i
D fti'
ll \h'
^-P
,.'\%,
■ }'!■'■
1 1
li !i;
^;>i''
/!
^ fir
\f '.r
i 1 }
':■ 1
11
i."i '
1^
It
898
PETER SBUIIGH.
HI. Offlctal List of ClnoiU'clcarcd for Exportation nt tlic Pcter«burgli Custom-house, during tlic -Six Ymf.
c'luliiig witli isas. ™
ArtldM.
Furs;
UiUtlrs, cut
Okntli:!
Ut surt
•id M>rl
Sucliui
CanlharlUet
(*avl,ir
Curuage, new
DoWllf I'ldlT
Kuau'
FeatherH
* Flax, 12 heail
hiail
C iK-'ud
cmlilla
jarn-
Ermine
Uimlrrvl
r.alls
()lue
Grain : Barlej
OaH
Kve
V^heal
Gam, ammoniac
gallianum
Hair, camel
piati'
ox and cow
*Hemp, clean
out-shot
half-clean
cmiilia
jam
Hides, raw, row
horss
ox
reel
white
Mark
(lre>scd
Horse manes
tails
Iron, in bars
blocks
sheets
old
Isinglass
Samovj
Tiiquorice
Manufactures
> poofls
Meal,
Firms
Ilnvens-duek
Hailcloth
Diaper, broad
narrow
Linen, broad
narrow
Prilllngs
Cnuli
rye
wheat •
Oil, anisefHl
hemp-seed
lintiecd
Potashes *
()uill5
Rhubarb
Seeds: Aniseed
f'umin-seed •
Hrmp-seed
Worm-seed
Linseed
Skins: t;alf
dressed
Hadfjer
Cat
Ermine
Hare, gray
wlkite
Rahic
Squirrel
Soap
Sole leather
Squirrel tails
*'l'allow
candles
Wax, white
yeilow
randies
Woods : Battens
Beams
Deals
Lathwood
Wool, sheep
woollen vam
Sundry goods not spcrified in
sent list, iwr value
Total value of all the goo<ls, Roub.
lbs.
poods
pes.
poods
'htwts.
poods
ISVH.
pes.
poods
pes.
arsh.
rbtwts.
poods
l,(M)0
>ood3
rhtwts.
poods
chtwts.
poods
pes.
oods
ptHXls
prs.
poods
the pre-
roub.
.1.^,0.17
U<J,'il<J
811
6,(i'^7
8.'),3'>(»
4U,5!il
l(i
110
2,!)')0
ll,-i(]'.l
48(i,0'Jl
10S,.T11
73,110
16,770
J, 5 17
2,US0
10,092
.M,310
37,7.'>fi
131
1.')
Hi
140
1,887,429
30.3,480
211,fi.5S
7,074
743
72,.^73
4,1<J1
33,!W2
31,1181
• i,o(;o
03
11,fi(18
lO.Vifi
8VI),0.3,')
1.^,87.^
33,1 1!)6
3,1,212
3,<1,14
1,8.54
2,111
71,.W3
5.'.,.'«77
62,1.10
i,72.5,m;s
27,ai9
CIO
10,315
2ri3,T65
707,768
3(ifi
3r,3
131
238,247
r,r,
3SO,4.'i,'i
21,713
14. 1
870
8.1
1!)7
I.IIW
146,0,10
2,7.'.4
1,6!)7
,1S3
l.'.O
29,480
175,220
40
118,750
8,468
884
610,118
3,646,814
28,229
2,107
6,8,12
412
31,905
30
81,';,798
89,150
15,172
201
1,280,695
1115,727,554
25
31,0.13
2 1,0115
371
S,672
807,959
81,403
06,554
46
123
1,810
10,.'>II0
105,470
: 158,701
73,396
82,423
17,250
2
• 1,999
424
2,908
6,638
12,216
99,909
300,6.10
49
3
1,016
691
416,846
414,2.58
*09,677
3,319
998
57,311
24, .185
23,993
33,117
928
52
13,195
111,810
1,062,139
6,996
2,599
40,199
4,173
2,075
2,221
.19,712
30,()9B
38,408
1,565,161
8,326
26,091
60,087
227,1.55
S34,2S8
403
10,985
110
410,512
47
415,627
20,851
1,(X)6
6,460
1,737
119
969
163,610
2,837
.591
631
816
26,200
43,653
25,S00
.102
230,260
7,966
670
771,140
3,975,758
38,047
1,766
12,724
.161
32 846
877
996,031
105,120
3,394
445
1,466,251
107,428,928
1830.
855
3,776
2li,925
16,S86
13,074
670
608
180,581
55,951
66,036
183
5,414
9,281
126,519
252,265
120,149
94,653
18,266
1,455
469
1,690
1,513
8,6l;9
126,094
243,536
61
42
7
1,033
2,176
533,363
5.12,731
303,716
26,032
191
71,963
39,742
27,014
22,908
1,390
26
2sa
10,901
8,496
658,783
2,223
1 ,856
22,133
3,175
1,041
l,9a3
65 ,,12 7
43,506
40,868
1,465,229
57,650
60
3.18,487
1,1 11, .101
10,007
2,055
57
490,527
582
639,287
19,507
482
8,662
2,295
727
587
181,252
6,003
6S8
1,6.55
953
54,590
108,,589
60,840
255
148,744
8,936
2,978
1,705,3RO
3,.579,229
36,545
6,514
6,894
379
32,830
11
C69,ono
83,987
8,864
732
1,421,6.13
1831.
608
4,.5SO
.10,1.-0
16,115
15,619
921
319
77,374
.14,129
65,605
156
41
590
10,791
10,656
103,911
5'l,290
123,089
17,280
4
1,783
486
4,59fi
6,507
79,198
176,649
397,945
178
22
138
803,79'l
454,274
281,315
58,499
95,924
8,014
41,046
14,197
2,501
96
1.50
5,1.50
5,129
901,611
1,152
19,395
26,890
4, .103
1,228
1,216
76,425
46,497
69,953
2,3.55,866
252,501
70,025
1,(KX)
17,452
1,125,726
8,205
1,720
19
158,423
1 ,724
581, .500
27,221
531
3,801
921
670
410
212,619
6,329
278
3,528
2,3.10
14,SS0
1,000
118,260
92
280,500
3382
3,316
2,143,640
.1,518,140
'23,148
6,024
3,428
233
174,388
657,394
34,824
2C,8SH
904
1832.
18,13.
464
5,764
.23,134
13,165
15,071
59 I
.584
143,343
87,601
42,325
14
261
.1,887
18,.505
20,.507
266,993
185,075
69,081
16,867
2,621
384
4,124
69,800
f>
22
23
76
907,2.54
382,802
647,013
46,526
242
107,462
9,488
14,900
19,491
2,591
63
5
9,796
6,053
1,203,786
1,776
36,304
29,217
3,963
2,052
2,413
61,802
06,897
50,298
1,262,9.',0
370,658
110,5.58
112,500
189,496
1,240,101
20
226
39
248,829
3,885
408,994
35,776
158
2,861
2,896
123
151,193
1,021
1,431
1,122
711
361
2,190
81,240
33,610
32
428,945
7,131
3,366
' ,915,601)
-.717,446
31,677
3,690
1,(158
298
115,818
151
51 4, .149
1,54,065
38,711
1,U19
985,243 1,087,718
111,25.5,171 I 115,9.58,678 , 113,543,825
917
6,6 1.1
29,49(1
11,14(1
11,8,;.',
nr.i
461
2I2,.58S
189,5.SII
61,907
228
4,1(1)
21,(177
, 7„','^1
1.17,l(i4
10V,Svil
106,1,7J
8,8i;2.
l4
765
154
1,112
10
3,22(1
13,.134
22
1
10
490
l,a50,4,'>4
371,696
668,183
11,119
1,822
63,136
6,187
3,.'.97
30,1(19
1,947
12
1-^S
12,170
11, ,1X5
828,315
4,886
64 ,,5'^ 1
26,575
3,619
1,910
4,7911
68,121
75,165
62,l.'i()
l,762,4,"(l
1.54,081
57,261
111,813
1,694,8(16
5
201
i
202,168
3.56
461,873
56,757
3.15
3,184
6,.559
1.15
156,222
1,638
23,215
l,.T.iO
4(11
1,604
16,757
93,370
408,667
.1411
384,(116
7,695
911
l,.5n(),,ii()
4,()69,!126
36.6(17
6,711
2,49(1
211
90,294
K)
608,640
57,6.15
55,979
2,881
1,028,498
116,951,9.50
The navigation opened in 1832 on the 15th of April.
_ — 1833 - 26th —
— closed in 18.12 - 1 4lh of Novrmlier.
— — 1833 - 2d of December.
In 18.1.1, the first ship arrived was Amer., on the 26(h of April.
— - sailed - I'russian - 7ih ot May.
.Kith ot Nov.
27th —
— last
sai
arrived -
sailed ■
I'nissian
British
As to the trade in hen p, t.illow, ^r., see these nrticlcf
PETERSBUIIGH.
899
( !■
1M.1.
rii7
11, 1 til
ll.s.;,',
in
Sl!i,.'i,SH
1HM,.'>WI
(il,'J07
4, 111)
•/1 ,1177
7, Ml
1.17, ii;i
lO'^S'^ll
10(1,1.-1)
l4
71)5
l.'il
1,112
10
.1,2*1
13,,1.1I
n
1
10
4no
l,ftV),4.',4
37l,(l!l(i
5fiS,lli3
11,319
1 ,HU'i
li,lS7
.1,.'.'J7
30,0 19
1,947
12
lis
12,170
1I,3S.'>
8'iS,31.'>
4,SSC,
(11, .'.2 1
2fi,.'i7.'>
3,(119
1,910
4,790
CS,121
7.'j,lfi5
r,2,i.'i(i
l,7(12,4.JO
l.')l,OSl
57,2fil
1H,S13
I,69.l,SUfi
201
202,lfiS
35fi
46I,S73
5C,7.'i7
33i
3,3S4
6,.',.')9
l.Vi
156,222
1,11.3s
23,21.'i
l,.Ti»
401
l,(ill4
1(1,7.'>7
•13,370
40S,nfi7
,310
384,11111
7,11'.'.')
911
1,. 1(10,3 10
4,()ri9,92r)
3(1 Wl"
U,711
2,490
211
90,291
f,08,fi4fl
.',7,fi.Vi
5.',,979
2,S81
1,02S,49S
"llt;,9.')l,950
he2(;iliof April.
7ili of May.
3(ltli of Not.
27tli —
IV. Account of the Quantities of the Principal Articlcg of Foreign Vro<luce imported into PctcrsburKh in
ciii-h of ihi> Four Yi-ars eiiiiiiix with IH.'iJ.
ArticltM.
1S.3I1.
1S13.
1832.
1833.
Articles.
18.3(1,
1831.
1832.
18.13.
^,672
Alum • ■ poods
.\Imomb - . —
ti3,(l2(i
41,270
1.0,20.3
63,814
I'epiwr - pooUs
~' 11,446
2,53.|
5,642
7,293
13,SI.',
17,767
10,190
I'lnienlo . - —
1,3811
583
2,001
(,90
Ilramljr • - nnkiTs
1,117
781 1
1,413
2,30
I'urter - - Idids.
(130
593
,08.-
735
609
7(17
S.09
931
bottles
4,248
5,352
4,84(1
S,4(Kl
llriiiistone - - (loodn
Cinijihor - - —
17,79.'.
24,0(11
20,086
101,986
' Suercitron bark - jniods
i9,OII
47„32l
17,'.175
6,.087
1,10U
S37
2,1 IK
2/j95
Juicksilver . - —
3,062
47(1
l,(ilS
1,0(12
lice - - —
S(1,.3I.S
21 ,,306
25,809
49,820
ncii • - —
1,420
.03 1
1,996
1,453
Kuni • • ankers
12,.334
6,227
7,289
7,1127
.30,-.
4.01
731
316
Saillower - • pixHis
77(1
1,14;
2,03 1
3,969
3,S1()
3,201,
1,661
.3,768
Satl'ron - - lbs.
1,010
,3M
774
1,107
( ;(>(:na or chocolate nuU —
3,110(1
,3.01.
3,0,36
1,628
Sa«o - • pood»
Sal animonlM • —
1,.3.30
4911
202
210
73,9.30
126,222
101,3.00
111,638
4,92S
2,758
2,801
3,121
tuttoii i;oo(l9, viz.
(i9,J31
iO,2l7
70,168
81,742
Salt - - —
461,21(1
493,11(1
390,S9I
066,111
Sarsaparilla ■ —
3,88,3
3,721
3,814
5,345
Muslins and handiiLT-
134,222
fi4,240
1,05,082
99,210
.Shuinac - - —
Skins, bear • • pieces
2,741
946
21 ,,3.33
37S
23,129
1,511.
13,116
981
nrinted - —
V'clvfleun!* & velvet..—
53,613
37,41.0
43,081
33,754
racoon • ■ —
Sfi,!l67
30,409
60,391
43,612
21,3S0
.0(13
8,,3.07
15,190
Suuar, raw, llrazil poods
198,901
8,320
21,697
29,405
111,103
H.OSl
1,3,09
8 ,,321
Do. ilavaiinah - —
1.069,714
812,(1.3(1
1,357,72(1
1,.35.1,167
Fruits: I/emoiiH - Iwncs
1.'>,S02
2H,.013
18,311
27,8,08
Do. all otiier kinds —
8,25,1
fl,8.-.2
(1,(121
4SI
(JrinKes, sweet —
23,949
2.3,S7I.
20,231
42„081
Tin . . —
22,(101
22,0.-3
.33,880
29,0.14
(INI
292
8118
907
Twist, dvcd - —
17,11.08
21,797
23,S89
20,195
Kaisinji - - poodii
7,4«1
fl.O.SO
3,700
3,035
undved . - ^
612,877
371,322
511,011
632,(154
UuiiM, Arabic and itene-
Wine, Champagne, bottles
291,111
372,713
376,087
423,927
Kal • - —
7,066
14,270
10,959
5,809
French - - hhds.
9,744
9,170
13,911
9,1.09
llenjamin • —
4.04
4S8
803
795
Port, and Span. pi|,es
1,932
4,.05S
4,121
fi ,11.08
copal - - —
lus
-
951
1,189
Khenish - - natns
471
541
l,3il5
1,031
ffuili or gambogo —
U
42
170
157
^\■oods, Hra/ll, Nidiola.s,
olilianum - ■ —
t2,los
fi,.0S2
5,392
6,121
and St.Martini<iue,]ioo<ls
29,005
2O,.052
76,328
98,261
Ituiiuu • • —
i.ea(r, in pigs - —
23,892
2.0,.3Ol
,30,726; 24,2.03
djt, rasped - —
8,6(18
3,HI9
4,824
1,782
9H,272
1«.S,.0.3S 23.0,S1 i:i2l,.0Ol
fustic - - —
21,315
.39,232
6,111
51,294
ill hlieetl - —
19,142
l(i,l.i3
l(l„367 17,866
logwood - —
178,908
93,608
274,523
504,373
.ALire • lbs.
.
4,37
219
mahogany - —
35,227
1,290
36,816
68,,07 1
.Mailder - pooda
.02,893
3.0,221
7.0,(177
36,312
Woollen goods, tIz.
.Man(;anese - »
40,133
32,717
14,731
21,873
Camlets - pieces
S5,0(l'.^
17,329
37,744
25,753
Nutmegs • - —
"17
137
87
34
t'arpets • - —
52"
719
.002
712
Oil, apotlicc, and scented,
Cloth - - —
4,4.'8
5,937
7,037
2,952
with the vessels —
G.33
7Sfi
8.05
7,37
Kerseymere • —
537
401
816
.321
salad and onlin.iry —
.03,3119 207,703 '12.0,.0.32 110,072
Ladies' cloth - —
1,794
1,7,05
2„35(1
99H
V. Official Statement of the Trade of the principal Russian Cities in 1830 and 1831.
Places.
Imports.
Exports. 1
Duties.
1830.
1831.
18.30.
1831.
1830. 1831.
Petersburgh
131,943,177
15O,3O,1,,04l
111,255,172
115,958,678
37,597,.067 4.3,118,,367
207,612
209,570
715,710
939,408
No returns.
.Moscow
3,382,5.06
4,949,042
469,019
88.3,942
C62,l»7 1 925,508
Keval - . -
1,838,948
1,065,622
1,062,560
1,074,744
No returns.
ll.ipsal
9,805
32,702
193,917
2,05,306
12,726
15,517
Kunda
93,529
65,935
54,270
57,041
1,084
18,680
Itiga - - -
15,883, .098
14,125,895
45,0.09,132
56,267,269
7,491,643
7,195,081
Archangel
1,188,096
1,150,872
11,935,188
12,829,710
1„344,S72
1,4.0.3,.121
23,1.011,121
21,169,121
27,031,960
20,063,953
.3,611,073
3,020,851
Taganrog
4,528,854
6,410,0.02
«,395,(i47
9,403,298
1,387,123
1,9.18,4.37
I.ihau
662,543
584,318
3,I55,.0,19
5,0(15,115
648,127
419,078
U'liulau
69,708
65,254
461,.14t
465,498
No returns.
262,765
259,903
2,456,956
2,313,410
413,9.05 .324,158
.\rensbing
KaduviloTr - -
24,728
15,993
265,272
378,855
51,912 29,643
No returns.
No returns.
l,fi77,(l<)l 997,.148
V, Official
Statement of the British and Foreign
Shipping at the
Port
3f Petersburgh, during
the
Year ending the 31st of December, 18 j3.
Of what
Win-
New
(Arrived in 1833.
Lastage. ' |
Wintering. |
,. „l
-At the Ports.
:ered.
Full '
Part
Goods
In
Sailed.
Of
Of
Countries.
1832.
Car- 1
goes.
Bal-
last.
Total.
Ip 1 ■■
rsew
Ships.
Ships
arrived.
Ships
sailed.
In
Petrs.
Cron-
stadt.
Petrs.
stadt.
Petrs.
Cron.
tireat Britain
4
372
32
290
691
.10
664
!
696
72,161 1 72,III7\
2
.\inerica
58
1
3
C2
1
61
"
62
9,222j
9,222^
Hrt'inen
.
16
>
1
17
11
6
17
l,17lli
1,176)
Hamburgh -
.
7
1
.
»
4
4
8
32.0J
l,16lf
.125
l,42li
Hanover
.
15
2
14
31
30
1
30
1
Spain
Holland -
2
.
.
2
.
2
2
218
218'
3
2.5
2
11
38
34
4
3
.34
1,877
1,670
4
Denmark •
26
14
9
49
29
20
47
2,255
2,191
1
1
l.ubeck
9
38
S
-
43
31
12
..
46
2,412*
2,626
6
Mecklenburg^
5
-
2
7
7
-
7
2i(.'J
2931
Naples
_
2
.
.
2
-
2
2
•'2.09
259
Norway
_
41
1
-
142
22
20
42
2,086
2,086
(lUlenburgh
.
7
1
8
7
1
7
306
274
1
Prussia
7
51
10
16
77
61
16
83
4.4.12
4,794:
129.
1
Portugal -
1
.
.
1
-
1
1
129j
Russia
4
7
25
19
8
52
ir>
36
10
48
11,16.3]
10,746
1
4
Rostock
4
1
5
5
.
S
254|
2.04 j
Sardinia
.
1
.
1
.
1
1
140
110
France
2
37
4
14
55
20
35
57
4,099
4,208
Sweden
Total
31
3
10
44
31
13
44
1,824
1,821
29
7
764
94
380
1.23S»| 339
899
10
3
1,239
116,0994 116,967i
14
8
In 18,32
^
,
.
.
1,404
.
.
.
.
1,381
In 18,33 a de-
*
crease of .
-
•
•
-
-
166
-
-
•
-
124
1
Remarks on Tables. — It would appear flromthc above Tables, that the trade of Petersburgh has increased
with extraordinary rapidity since 1812. But though its increase since that epoch has been very consider-
able, it has not been by any means so great as might be inferred from the previous statements. The
rca,son is, that the returns are all made in paper roubles ; and that they have borne a much lower value,
as compared with silver, since 1812, than they did previously. Since 18C6, however, the value of the
paper rouble has been pretty constant ; and in the interval there has been a considerable increase of trade.
vVc have no doubt, indeed, that the commerce of Russia is yet only in its infancy ; and that it will con.
tinue to increase according as the increase of population and the slow but gradual progress of civilisation
develope the gigantic resources of tliis great country. It is reasonable, too, to suppose that this develope-
mtnt will be accelerated by the adoption of a more liberal system of commercial policy.
* Of these, 15.') ships brought co.ils.
3 IM 2
■.. ^<^
'
;! 51;
:. ^ 'I 1
900
PEWTER. — PHILADELPHIA.
Trade and Navigation up tiir Russian Kmpirb in 18.13.
Account of the Totiil Vnluua, as per I'rico (.'urrcnta, of the difl'tTi'iit Artiflc« I'xportPiI ffom Russia (o
ForciKii Countries in lH.'i2, and of thone InipurteU liy her from the name; *|iecifyiiiti the Ux|iort« tuaiid
Imports from cacli Country.
Countrleii.
K«|iort>.
linportH.
Countrlui.
Kxporn.
ImpoTtR.
Coiintrlvi. Kipnrtt.
Import*.
Swe<len
I'ruula
I>enmaric
KiKinure
llanse-tuwns -
Holland
Hmihle:
^,>^'n,^^(^>
7,iiii,.',.vj
l'i,()(iO,ltW
HimhliH.
'i^'iSO.O.'il
1,'vvuvyt
i,.>;o,7i()
Oroat Hritain
France
Spain anil Tor-
tUKal
Italy
Austria
HmMrt.
'J.'i,.')l»,l).1fi
lU,S21,Sn(i
1,.3,17,.'.9.'.
10,'^(iJ,7()H
13,770,.V.il
ItmMn,
.VJ.HCO.IIl^
12,(i(W,M!)
■I.O.Tl/ilJ
2,i7!i.Mli
12,401 ^7.0
Turlioy -
America
Other placet -
Total
lloiihlrl.
21,fili!l,74r;
H,.'.N.-),(i!«i
I,M)3,WI2
HmMet.
ll,HH2,4K'.i
20.1!)I„IT
.'•20,977
as.fi.'ii.'ion
.'i,.'.l(i,7(iO
22s,2a»,4iy
lli9,USH,l((*
General View of the Foreign Trade of the Russian Kmpire in 183!?.
Eiports.
llv Kurop.
Fronlicrs.
nv Asiatic
Frontiers.
Total.
Imports.
Ity Europ.
Frontiers.
By Asiatic
Frontiers.
Total.
Aittcles for cnnRumptInn
— niniiufarture
— manufacturetl -
Sundries
Uold and liWqc
Value per price currents
Value per declarations -
AveraneMlue
RmMn.
.17,1.12,901
l.')0,S(i2,|.'>ti
ll,17fi,294
Ii,l2fi,7<i.'>
3,192,552
RniMri.
1,170,29(1
3,(i(;S,l)7.'i
H,I2.'.,72H
4/>9.',,t,9(l
1,053,541)
RmiHtl.
.'iH,.K).1,ij(10
l.')4,.'..1(),.',31
22,.102,022
1(1,722,4111
4,5I«,09S
Articles for consumption
— manufacture
— manufactured -
Sundries
(iiild and liver
t'ontiscatcd goods
Value per price current,
EiccK of exports
Value per declarations •
Excess of ei|>ort8
Aver.TRC v.ilue
Excess of exports
Raulilti.
39,.104,511
9ll,.')(i9,157
33,273,941
ll,N40,579
42,20.'i,951
575,8.15
Hnulilri.
H,.V.2,318
1,752,879
(l,(i07,S13
(i,7.'>2,.'.71
927,3.1(1
2,847
Itnuhhi.
47,li.'i(;,NV'l
92,:.22,lllli
3!I,NS1,7'.|
ll(,.'.9.1,l,',9
4 3, 1.1.1, 'A 7
57S,IjN'J
231,790,971
2.52,727,09.5
212.259,0.12
1S,613,3II
18,613,311
18,(il3,.114
2,',0, 101,312
271,340,134
200,872,373
212,7(i9,974
242,328,424
227,549,199
21,39.5,764 i2.14,l(;5,7.T(
l(i,238,',7<
21,395,764 2r,3,72l,tSK
7,(il(i,21(.
2I,.195,764 248.9l4,'i(i.%
• 1 11,927,110
Account of Ships arrived
in
the difTerent Torts of the Ru.isian Empire in 1833.
Arrived ' S.
at £ 3!
a
1
1
g
.i i
1
X
»
1
S
a
1
i
It
4
'B
<
1 i
T
r
10
10
1
m
85
294
136
81
171
7
8
908
908
h
35
"3
s.
1
.1
•
1
"43"
1
3
'•J
4
•
■
i
16
~T
Total.
1
l.ini
(il
8(1
A
IS
i,5n
ii>
Uli
3.TI
3,(i01
~457
l.'i
in
k;
1,1s
1.1(1
M
171
'^U
i,iir>
44
157
am
5,7ai
Cronstailt *
IVtersburgh
Narva
Utval - .
Kunda
Hapsal
KlKa .
Arenshurg -
Fern a u
I.il>au
WIndau -
Total
Baltic Sea -
8
.5
1
1
6
.58l' 9.5
3 II 33
14: 19
2 1
2! 2
.141 156
3 4
16, 12
18 .',4
3 10
1
1.19 68
r 1
2 7
1 '3
101 185
"9; 13
.17J 82
9 13
299, 372
108
16
13
2
8
394
7
30
94
8
680
129
y
1
1.1
1
6
9
7
273
25
7
119
4
8
23
5
135 12
1 -
2 -
SI 2
'9 1
1 .
1
229 13
7
"2
19
"2
12
1
15
'4
I
■
3
■
•
12
"1
IT
21, 1,017,3.56
43 1 20
-i-ii
- ■
"uTiT
• 1-
Archanf^el •
Oneffa
Total
White Sea -
2.13 105
14| .
2
3
69
1
32
32
1
J_
1
11, -
1
- 1 -
• 1 -
■1 •
60
2
17
46
1
"57
- 1 247| 105
2
3
70
Odessa
Theodoiia -
TaKanrog -
Kerlch
Eupatorta •
Ismael
Anapa
ll4-doutka1e
Total
Black Sea -
1
12
30
.K)
1
1
-
1
1
-
-
103
3
-
~3
~
182
19
201
Astrakhan -
Baku
Total
Caspian Sea
29! -
95 1 .
'■
.
-
•
"
"
"
1-1.
7 8
62 -
69 8
124| - 1 -
.
-
-
- 1 -
• 1 •
-
-
(Irand total 1.58 1,294 462.101 .175
751
305 192
.143 18
43 221
65
47
13
1
10
69
s
13
4
17
In compiling this article, we have consulted ■ S/o>tA'* Picture of Petersbur^h, c. 9. ; Scfinitzlri; Essai
d'line Stat'stiquc Generate de la Kussie, pp. 13;J— 1.57. ; liicard, Traite General dti Commerce, ed. 17.S1,
torn. ii. pp. 268 — 317. ; Tooke's View qf Russia, book 12. ; Core's Travels in the North qf Kurnpc, Hvo ol.
vol. iii. pp. 283 — 3.')8. &c. ; Ortdy's European Contmerce, p. 69. ; Returns from the Consuls at l'etorsliur)!li
anti Odessa ; but we have derived our principal information from the private communicatimis of eminent
Russian merchants.
PEWTER (Ger. Zinn, Zinngeisserzinn ; Fr. Etain ; It. Stagno ; Sp. Estano, Peltre;
llus. Olowo), a factitious metal used in making plates, dislies, and other domestic utensils.
It is a compound, the basis of which is tin. The best sort consists of tin alloyed witli
aliout l-20th or less of copper, or other metallic bodies, as the experience of the work-
men has shown to be most conducive to the improvement of its hardness and colour,
such as lead, zinc, bismuth, and antimony. There are 3 sorts of pewter, distinguishid
by the names of plate, trifle, and ley-pewter. The 1 st was formerly much used for plate
and di.shes ; of the 2d are made the pints, quarts, and other measures for beer ; and of
tlie ley-pewter, wine measures and large measures. — ( Ure. )
PHILADELPHIA, a large city and sea-port of the United States, in Pennsylvania,
near the confluence of the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill, in lat. 39" 57' N., Ion.
7.5° lO* W. Population, in 1830, 168,000.
Harbour, Light-houses, Pilotage, Sfc. — Vessels of the largest burden ascend the river as Cir as New-
castle, but those drawing above 18 or 20 feet water cannot reach Philadelphia, on account of a bar a little
below the city. The entrance to the m.ignificent bay formed by the embouchure of the Delaware, has
Cnpc M.ty on its north, and Cape Hcniopen on its south sitle. The former in lat. SS'-'S"' N., Ion. '^°\7'^''
)m ItusBia to
qiurU to aiui
Im|ioru.
HmMv,.
in IX.HHUAHi
'.Hi 'iii.t'iuti;
'.ft .'I'iivJ?"
I'J Ili'.liUSS.I'iH
!'" Total. 1
1. Houtilet.
MS ■l-,(;,',i;,Nv
1
179 M,:.w,in
i
113 .1!l,KSl,7,'i
1
'.71 Id,.'.!!.!,!,')
1
in(i la.l.W.'iS
7
S47 /■>7S,IjH
I
764 ■^.14,ln.-,,;,i
s
Ui.'iM/il
4
761 263,7 '21, IS
H
7,610,21(1
764 24».nH,'lC,'V
- 1 11,1)27,1
Ol
2.
1
. 8
1 S jTotal.
I a
<
■-"i < \
1 3
4, 16, i,ini
.
-1 - 1 (il
•
Sll
•
IS
. MM
,
i.ill
,
3T!I
■
i7
1 1 .■5|4 16 ! 3,001
- • '-I li
4.'>;
• ■
■ 1
li
r~"|T
1
4:v
3 10 1 -
.
C'iS
- -
.
S.-I
. . 1.
.
LIS
.
- 1
13(1
. . 1 .
M
• " 1 •
i;i
. • . -| -
20
_^^ _ __ — —
13 lOi-l -
l,tll,
'. '. \'. '■
44
1',;
. . •' - 2PI
it 13 4 17-'i,7i"
■hnil-kr, Essai
mcrcc, (xl. 1781,
A'«)-o;)c, 8voo(l.
i at I'ctcrslnirKli
'iotis of i'inim;iit
stono, Peltie;
lestie utensils.
alloyed with
of tlie work-
iind colour,
distin^ui'^h'-'J
used for plate
beer ; and of
Pennsylvania,
57' N., lo»-
as Oir as Now-
t of a bar a little
■ Delaware, has
., loii.75°47'+i"
PHILADELPHIA.
901
W., ia n Randy headland, rialnft aliout 12 feet uliovc the level of llic ten. It liai rceently been luminuntetl
by A IlKlit-house, IX) feet In lieiKht, The light revolves onee a niiiitite; an eelipsu of Ml HtciiniU beinK
Boreeeded by a brilliant Haxh of 10 iteronds. It i« m-en in clear weather from i.'0 to '.TimilcH oil! ('«(ie
Henliipen, inarkinK the southern iMJUndary of the bay, in in Int. JS" 47' N., Ion. 7;')" V V>' \V. A little
loiith from it in a hill, elevated about r/l fi ■ '( ahov e the level of the tea ; and on it is eree(e<l a liKht-hiame,
7'.' fPft in heiKht, furnlHhcd with a powerful JUrd liyht, vUibIc in clear weather 1(1 le.iKiiea oil! 'IV, the
N. of this principal light, and clone to the extremity nf the cape, a aecond light-hoUNt- ha« been con-
■tructeil, M feet alxive the level of the «ea, which is aUo furnished with a Jixnl light, which may he «ecn
at about ft leagues oil! The channel for large ihliis is between I'apc Ilenlopen and the hanks called thu
Overfalls. The navigation is, however, a little ditticult, and it is compulsory on ships to take pilots. The
latter frequently board them at sea ; but if not, as soon as a ship comes between the capes, she must hoist
the signal for a pilot, and heave to as soon as one oilers to come on l>oard. — (Coulier sur lea l'harc$, 2il
ctl. Svepont, for regulations as to pilotage.)
Trade. — The exports principally consist of wheat and wheat flour, Indian corn, and other agricultural
products, lumber, coal and iron, various st)e<'ies of manufactured goods, \c. 'I'he principal imports aru
cotton, woollen, and silk goods ; sugar, coti'ec and tea, wines, brandies, spices, Ike. In point of shiiTiiint;,
Philadelphia Is the third port of the United States ; being in this respect inferior only to New York
and lloston. The registered, enrolled, and licciisetl tonnage belonging to I'lnladelphia, in is.'i'i, amounted
to 79,y(i8 tons, of which '/7,;244 were employed in the coasting trade. The total value of the articles im.
ported into Pennsylvania, in the year ended the ^Olh of September, 1B3-^, was 10,0~8,aijH dollars; Hie
total value of the ex|)orts during the same year being ;!,.'> l(!,0*i(! dollars.
Jiank$ — There were, in 18.!<i, in Philadelphia, 1'.' joint stock banks, exclusive nf the Bank of (he
United States. Allowing for Cie share of the capital of the latter employed in banking speculations in
the city, the tital capital engaged in bank business in Philadelphia that year may be taken at liy!*)7,ll<M)
dollar.i, oji which a dividend accrued of VMJfiH doUais, being at the rale of fi-4U7 Jier cent. 'J'he bank of
the late Mr. Girard, being a private establishment, is not included lit this estimate (.Statement by J. ij.
Goildard, Esq., A'cw York Dai/u Ailvrrtmr, i."Jth Jan. 1831.) None of the Philadelphia banks issue notes
for '.ess than 5 dollars. They all discount goo<l blll.s, having (i<i or 90 days to run, at ft |>er cent. In Phi.
ladelphia the banks have been pretty successful ; but in Pennsylvania, generally, there have been many
failures.
Insurance. — There were, in Philadelphia, in 18.';o, 9 marine insurance companies, with an aggregate
capital of :J,S8(I,(J0() dollars : they divided amongst them, during the same year, Tio,VM dollars, being at
the rate of 8;i!r. per cent.
There were also, in 1830, 4 fire insurance companies in the city, having amongst them a c.ipital of
1,<)00,U(K) dollars. Their dividends, during the year, were 90,<i00 dollars ; but, as one of the companies, with
a capital of 200,000 dollars, paid nothing, the dividends amounted to Cy-Vii per cent on the producing
capital.
In Pennsylvania, the dollar is worth Is. dd. currency; so that 1/. sterling = \l. \os. 4d. currency.—
(Sec Nkw York.)
Weights and Measures same as those of England.
ReKulationt qf Ihe Por/. — If any ma.stcr or captain c£ any
ship or vvst«),(ir other fierson, ^h.ill refusvor nt'^lt'ct to (-amply
with the (tircclions of the harbour mastt'r, in matters within the
jurisdiction of his ofHce, such |iers(>n sliall, for tach aiul every
inch oHence, severally fiirfel» and p.iy any sum not exceeilinR
100 dollars. And the said liarliour master, shall in lull com-
pensation for his services be entitled to have, recover, and re.
ceive from the master, captain, owner, or eonsiirmt.' of each
and every ship or vessel arriving at the port of Fhiladelphia
(coasting ve8,sels not cxceetiinR the burden of 7.') tons excepted)
the sum of I dollai for each and every voyage by such ship or
Teasel performed, and no more.
Kvery ship or vessel that may arrive In this harlwur, and
that shall come to anchor In the stream anj where bttwten
Almond aiul Vine Streets, havinu previously caused her (Om.
Soulier, if any she had on boanl, to Ih^ landetl as the law
ire<ts, may remain in that situation 24 hours, and no b iiKer,
takiUH care to lie as near to the island or sand bar as ni.iy lie
consistent with their safety. Hut if, from the circumstaiue of
a vessel having servants on board, or from any other cause, it
may be thought necessary or convenient to lie a longer time
in the stream, then, and in every- such ca.se, the owner, ina..tcr,
pilot, or other |)erson having the charge or direction of su( h
vessel, shall remove her from opposite the cilv, niul shall moor
her, or cause her to be moored , to the northward of V inc Street,
with I anchor and cable up and I anchor and cable down the
stream ; and in both the .ibove.mentlonetl situ.itions, the re-
gulation contained in the next succeeding article tu be duly
attended to.
If any vessel properly moorwl in the stream shall have her
anchor or cable overlaid by any other vessel in anchoring or
mooring, the master or jwrson having the care or direction of
such last-mentioned vessel shall immetliateiy, or as M«»n as
may be afler ap))luatlon made to him bv the party nggrieveil,
cause the said anchor or cable so overlaying to be taken up and
clr.ar.Kl. When any ship or ves.sel shall be hauled in to any
wh.irf or dock, or alongside of another vessel that may be lying
at such wharf or dock, the owner, master, pilot, or whoev. r
may liave the command, care, or direction of her, shall have
her securely made fast i and if outside of another vessel, shall
get one good fast from each end of the vessel to the shore,
Willi sufHcient fenders lictween them and the inside vissel ;
and shall cause the ilukes of their anchors lolie taken Inboard i
and, within 24 hours thereafter, cause her jib boom, spritsail-
\ard, main boom, si»anker and ringtail booms, if any they have,
to Ih; riggetl in, and their lower yards top^ieil up, in such a
manner as le.ist to interfere with vessels pa.ssing.
If the fasts of vessels when moored at a wh.-irf sh.ilt extend
across a dock, so as to obstruct the i>as.sing or repassing of sbal-
lops, lighter, or other craft or vessel, the master !ir other
l>erson liaviug the command of such ship or ves,sel shall, upon
the first application, immediately ciuse such fast or fasts to be
cast otfor slacked down.
No outward. bound ve8.sel, putting ofTfrom a wharf, shall lie
longer in the stream between Vine Street and Alninml, in the
districtofSouthwark, above mentioned, than 21 hours- And
if vessels lying at the end of wharfs so much interlock with
each other as to prevent vessels hauling in and nut of docks,
the master, owner, pilot, or other person having the charge of
Uie same, shall, immediately on application from any person so
wanting to haul his vessel in or out of docks albresaid, have
the v(.ssel or vessels so interfiTing, moved in such a manner as
to accommodate the one applietl for; in which case the vessel
making room for another to haul in or out shall have lilwrty
to make her warps fast to the most convenient vlace adjat-ent,
tut a reasonable lime; and all sea veuclt, when transporting
or wanting to haul into a wharf or dock, or to make sail in
order Ui proceed to sea, sl\ail have the same privilege.
When any shi|i or vessel may lie lying alongside any wharf,
.ind not taking in ..r dist-harging, she shall make was tor aiul
permit any vessel that wants to unUmd or load, to coii'ie inside,
next the wharf, until she discharges or loads her cargo i antl
the said vessel, w hen so discharged or loaded, shall h.iul out-
side and give way to the vessel that first occupiiti the wtiarf ;
provideil that, from the 10th of December to the 1st of .March,
no vessel shall beconipelle<l to move from her liertli (only lbn.,e
at (Gloucester Point piers), excepting to let vessels in aixl out of
docks.
No ship or vessel loading or discharging hemp at any uharr,
or within any dock, shall w allowed to have any fire on boaiti ;
neither shall jniy ves.sel lying outride or near her be pennitted
to have fire on bo^inl, while it may la' consider >d dangerous.
Ami no tar, turiK*ntine, rosin, or pitch, shall he heated on tho
wharf, oronlioard any vessel '-ing at any wharf williin tlie
lilnils of the eitv.
«u//-»((/y'iM.ii.''. — Inwards, up to 12 feet, at 2'l)7 dollars
perfiMit : alKive 12 feet, at 3' 33 dollars,
(Intwards, up to 12 feet, at 2 dollars; above 12 £.-c', at
2-67 dollars.
Inwards.
Oulw
ards.
Dollt.
ceiitt.
Dolh.
cetits.
S feet is
13
33
5 feet is
Ill
1
■'•i -
11
67
•''t
_■
11
_
l(i
6
_
12
61 _
17
33
6^
_
13
7 -
IH
67
7
14
71 -
20
71
1.')
S _
21
33
8
Ifi
SI _
22
67
H
..
17
y -
21
>J
._
IS
•Ji -
2.'>
33
yj
.—
111
10 -
26
67
II)
20
1(11 -
2.S
101
—
21
11 -
2'.)
33
11
_
22
111 -
.10
67
11+
_
S3
12 -
32
12
24
121 -
.3.3
67
121
_
2.'>
,33
l.V _
3.'!
.33
13
_
26
67
131 -
37
131
_
28
14 -
3S
67
14
_
29
33
141 -
40
33
141
.30
67
1.'. _
42
II
1.'.
32
I,'>1 _
43
67
l.'.l
_
33
33
16 -
4.')
33
16
—
34
67
161 -
47
161
36
17 -
48
67
17
_
37
33
171 -
.W
33
171
_
38
67
IS _
.''2
Is
_
40
isi _
.'i3
67
ivl
^
41
33
lU -
.■i."!
33
I'l
_
42
67
l!li _
67
l!)l
„
44
20 -
iS
67
20
-
43
33 1
Kvory vessel airivinf! from, or bound to, a foreign |>orl, it
rrqiiirrtl hy law to receive a pilot, or to pny half iiHotnf^* inlhe
warden's offirt*, where tlie master of every sucn ves.M^'l is re-
(juiretl, under a penalty nf 10 dMlars, to make rejiort wlihm
Mt hours after tiis arrival, ami tiaa'm licfore his de] artur**,
signing his name to said reiiort in the warden'ti bouk.
3 31 3
ti
h
I
I
V'ik\
i 1 1^ : ,
■k
I 1
f#'ji:iiir'^
t" ■I
loi
i'J
902
niOSPHOUUS. — PILCHARDS.
lit •!
ii. '
Kvpry Tttit'l nflS tent Ami upwnnU nrrlflntt from, or iMiund
to, finv pinlwllhln thu ITiiKliI Hiat><4, anil the iimnU'r uf nil
Kuct) vetHt'lt, arc hoiinil ha iiltnvi'.
Tlif pilni nf I'vcrv vt^sui t4 r< tiuirril to litririn the iiMtlcr of
liU hnvtiiK to rt'iMirt ai tliir wnnliii'H otlUi*.
A* vt'nm-U iildint'd lo ri'rclvt* u pilot iiri- rfi|uirei1 lo |Mv H*
ilollirn In .wlilitiiMi, (u witihr pilotauf, trniii tin* '^Dth «>t' No-
vcinlH*rto till' lotli ot'Miirrh, Iwith (Jjt.vH iiirliitivt'.
Fon-inn vi-vwii, i. r. Krciu h, SpAiiiNh, Purtii^ufw, Ni-a*
pnliiiin, D.ihitt), llui<tliiii, SodMi Ainurlian, iiiitl llaylUii) tu
ji.iv '^ (tiill<ir<t ff7 TiMiti ill iiiUliti'iti tu othfr piloltiifc.
Kvvry piliil <li'tutiiL-<l innrr th.ui '^1 Imurit \\y nuy niuitti-r,
owniT, or roi)>iKnce, in iiitiilud tu 2 itoUurs |Hnr lUi) (ut vyvty
(l,iy lie U HJ UutaiiiLil.
Kvn7 pilot <1p(flin«(l more than 4H houri Ity the Ice* iifii*r Iv
ha.'i roitiliHinl IiIh vtssfl to u phRfi of kifViv, lit i-nlltliil Ig '4
(loll;tr4 \H;r il.iy t'ori*vi>iv (tit> hi'ln so dt'tiiiiuti.
Kvcry pilot coniixMlrii to |iiTtMriii (|iiiir,iiitiMe K fnllllnl to
U iliplt.irH pt-r tliiv, liiri verv day he l>« mi ili't.iliirilt niulciumol Im
tll^t li.ir^L'il in l( H>t than fi iI<i>n, without hint tuiHi'iil.
Kvirv pilot oltli^td tiy ilu* iL>L< or KtreiK iif wi-athtT In iirixtttl
loiiiiiiihrr |H>il, iH, wlun thfri'i fiititlitl to lili pilnt.iKf j iiiul tl'
Ihfre (llM'harKCilt tu H iL-ntu a inili; fur evt*ry mile hv hax lu
tr.ivul huiiie.
Kvi>ry (liliit U rtipilrcilf under a penalty of I'i dolhirfi»to mak
is linum, ut thv wardun'ft ullUui uf evtry vi^vm
n>porti M Ithin
hu cuiiductft to tliu city
evwl
Ilatoa of CommisHion rtTcnmmcnilctI for ffcncral Adoption, nnd allowed l)y the I'liiludelphia Chamber of
Cominerce, when no Agreumuut subniBtii tu the contrary, establUhed ut a Mtated Meeting un the loth of
Marcli, \HSl
Foreign.
DoniL'HlU-.
I'er (•<*(/.
ftr t;<il.
Merrhfimllw, utilen ----..
6
•I
on groM Amnimt.
runh.i%e and Mhinrnt-ni, or nrcepllnR hills for ptirc'iase*
LandliitX and re-snipping ^ootht troni veaiiuliJ in dUtreu
*i
'J
on coNt nnd i hargea.
A
■d
on current value.
]l4-ci'ivinK and forwarding ....
on ditto.
Htsiilet - - ...
«?
U
f
on re>p<inkiMlllies Incurred.
VesM-lH, »aU' or imrcliivu' - - ...
I'r.MurinK trtJKht or i Iiarterinn to proceal to another port
'4
'J,
on grov, amount,
on ditto.
•2}
'/
I'ollectitiH (Vei«ht or general average
i
V
-
on amount collected.
pAyln^ (Hitlits or dishurHeinentM - ...
^i
un aggregate amount.
Marhie intiiraiu-eHj uirecthigi when the premium] duet not cxccetl
111 11 -r tent. • - ....
When the premhrn etceedH 10 per cent.
i
i
on amount insured.
5
tt
t>n nniMunt of pniniuin.
AdjoHtinK and eollecling \o^Mi without UtJKntlon
«i
*i
on amount recovered.
Fire insurniu'esiellW-tinK - - - . .
6
.0
on amount of premium.
Adjusting and rolltitinc losses ...
Foreign nnd Inland liilU of ext han^o and notes of hand, drawhiR or
1
I
on amount rccuvertd.
indorftlni; and neKotiutiiiKt in all ta&efi
*i
u
on the proceeds.
FunlMse without indurhing • - - .
on cost nnd ctinrges.
Sale ditto - - - ...
on the |)roceeilH.
tloperting - • • -
on amount coliecte*!.
Pa>in^: over the amount • • • -
on amount paitl over.
lleinlitniK ...
on amount remitted.
Puhlir stocks, siiecle, bank notes, or drafts not current, sale •
on proceeds.
rurc)ia<te - - - - • -
i
on cost and chargcH.
CollectiriK dividends on puhlic stock
I
on amount collected.
Advances in money, or by coming under arcoptanre, in all cases
V
x) un anioun*. advanced.
Accounth, collecting Ui^puletl ur litigated accounts, ur claims on In-
solvent estates .-...-
5
5
on amount recoveretl.
Monies, receiving, from which no other commission Li derived
\
\
on amount received.
Paying ditto - ....
on amount paid.
Paying and receiving ditto - - - . .
1
1
on amount received.
(iuarantee, In all rases ....
'H
'2i on the uinount guaranteed.
The curreTit value in all c.ises to Iw selthil by certificates of
'/ renpectaMe iiuTchant.s, auctioneers, or brokers.
'i'he aliove commissions to be exclusive of KV'^''*i)'*'e> bro-
kerage, storage, ami every other charge actUtiiiy inrurretl.
'J'he ri.tk or loss li> fire, unless insurance be orderecl, ami f,f
robltery, tlurtl, and cither unavoidable occurrences, if the usual
care l>e taken to secure the pro|ierty, U, in all ctues, to be borne
by Uh; proprietor of the ifouUA.
On bills reniitlnl for co'lii lion under proti>st for non-accept.
ance or non-payment, .J commission to lie charjfttl.
On consik'iuneiit of merchaiuiise wilhilrawn or re-shipped,
full connnissjon to be charged to the extent of advances or
responsihiliiies Incurred, and J commission on the current
valoe of the residue.
On Sides of merchanilise originally consigned to R' .other
house, but wilhilrawn, anil where no responsibilities are in-
curred, only i commission to be charged on the current value.
PHOSPHORUS, a substance of a light amber colour, and semi-transparent ; but,
when carefully i)reparcd, nearly colourless and transparent. When kept some time, it
becomes opa(]ue externally, and has then a great resemblance to white wax. It may be
cut with a knife, or twisted to pieces with the fingers. It is insoluble in water ; its
specific gravity is 1'77. When exposed to the atmosi)liere, it emits a white smoke, and
is luminous in the dark. When heated to 148° it takes fire, and burns with a very hi if{ht
flame. When phosphorus is inflamed in oxygen, the light and heat are incomparal)ly
more intense ; the former dazzling the eye, and the latter cracking the glass vessel. —
( Thomson's Chemistry. )
PIASTRES, OR DOLLARS, Spanish and American silver coins in very exten.sive
circulation. Value, at an average, about 4s. 3rf. sterling. — (See Coins.)
PILCHARDS (Ger. Sardellan ; Du. Sardynen ; Fr. Sardines; It. Sardine; Sp.
Sardinas ; Rus. SardelU ; Lat. Surdinai), fishes closely resembling tlie common herring,
but smaller, and at the same time thicker and rounder. They are rarely found on tlie
liritish shores except on the coasts of Cornwall and Devon, particularly the former,
where they are taken in great numbers from the month of July to Sei)teinber, botli in-
clusive. It is a saying of the Cornish fi.shcrmcn, that the pilchard is the least fish in
size, most in number, and greatest for gain, taken from the sea.
Pilchard Fishery. — This is carried on along the coasts of Cornwall and Devon, from the Bolt Head in
the latter, round by the Land's End to Padstow and Bossiney in the former. Its prinuipal seats are St.
Ives, Mount's Bay, and Mevagissey. The fish usually make their appearance in vast .shoals in the early
part of July, and disappear about the middle of October : but they sometimes reappear in large quantities
in December. They are taken either by scans or by nritlt nets, but principally by ttie former. A scan
is a net, varying from 2(K) to aX) fathoms in length, and from 10 to 14i do. in depth, having cork buoys
on one edge and lead weights on the other. Three boats are attached to each scan, viz. a bt)at {.scan bout),
of about 1;> tons burden, for carrying the seaii; another {follower), of about the same size, to assist in
mooring it ; and a smaller boat {lurkcr), for general purposes. The number of hands employed in tlii"-e
3 boats varies from about l;3 to 18, but may be taken, at an average, at about l(i. When the shoals of lish
roine so near the shore that the water is about the depth of the scan, it is employed to encircle them ; the
iishermeii being directed to the proper places for casting or shooting the nets by persons \liucrs) stationed
for that puri>osc on the clilfs.* The practice is to row the boat with the sean on board gently round the
• The tunny fish in the Arcliipclago was caught in a similar way :— "Ascendcbat quidam (Anglice /(««■.
m
9 ' '
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE.
909
thofll ; anil the opnii bcltiK, nt tlip anmc time, thrown Krnclu.illy Into the water, oMiiniei*, liy meniiJiof It*
luioyii uiiil wciRlit*, a vcrtlo.il |ini,ltii>ri, Ita liiniltd edxe U'liiK at the Imttoin, ami the other tio.'iliiiK on tlio
mirluce. Uh 'J undH are then laHli-iiiHl loKetlier ) uml, hrniK liroiiKlit into a I'lmvenient aituatinn, it it
iiiuitreil hy •ninll aiirhorii or KrapneU. At low water, the eiieluHi'il IIhIi are taken out by n I'ninll Henn or
tuik net, anil rarrieil to the iliore. A Klnxle nean hnx heen known to enrlimi- at once a< many lui :l,i«i(J
hiiKxIieaila of tlHh ! lint the qnantlty taken ileiN'iulH on ao many acelilental eirenniKtaniix, that whilt' oiio
■eiiii may cateh anil enre In a aeaanti from l,(Klil to 2,IHI0 hoKuheaila, otherH in the neixhlMiiirhnoil will ni<
ui't a aliiKle piii-haril. In Nome (ilaeeH, the liileaareaiintroiiK aa tohreak the aenna aniUet the llah at liherty,
VVhcn the i|iiaiitlty eiiiliMi'il In larKe, it reijulreN M'ViTal ilaya to take them out, oit they mnat nut he ri>>
moved ill Kreater riiimhera than thime who »alt them ean conveniently niunnKe,
Drill neta are naiially alMint a mile IoiiKi hy aliout 4| falhoma deep; they are ihnt in the open lea, and
entangle the linh in their mealiea In the aume way a* the herring nvta. The lUh thua taken are aaid tu bu
■uperior tu those taken hy the aenna.
A» noon aa the Hah are nroiixht to shore, they arc carried to cellar* or warehnui:ra, where they are piled
in lar^e heapa, huviiiK a surtloient i|uantity of aalt intemperMed between the layera. llavinK remained in
thia atatc fur about ;i.O ilaya, they are, alter iH'Inx carefully wuaheil and cleaned, packed in hoKaheada, each
containing, at an average, about 2,tilJ0 Hah * ; they are then aubjected to a prenaure auttlcient to extract the
oil, of which each hogahead yielila abuut ;i galluna. Thia oil naually aella fur from 12 to ITi per cent, iiiiiler
the price of brown seal oil The uil, IiIoihI, and dirty pickle that drain fruni the llhh while they are piled
up, arecullectcd in reacrvuira, and told tu thecurriera. The broken and rcfuae liah and aalt areaold to Ihu
furmera, and arc utcd on manure with excellent ellcct. The akimminga which Huat un the water in
which tiic pilcharda arc waaheil, are vixWaX untbiinf, and are aulil to the aoa|i-lioilcrH.
The pilchard llahcry haa heen rather declining of late yeara. Thia haa been ascrilied partly to the failure
of the catch, |iartly to the withdrawal of the high bounty of Hai. <W. per hhd. formerly paid on expoitation,
and partly to the relaxed obaervaiice of Lent in the Meiliterrancan, and the iinpoailion ot a heavy duty on
the importation of the tiah into Naples, which has lung been their principal market. The fulluwing is
An Account of the Exports of Pilchards during the Three Years ending with 18;j2 ; aiiecifying the Placci
to which they were exiKirted, the yuantlly shipped for each, and their I'rice at the i'ort of Shipment.
Yi',nrs.
I.i'Kluim.
N;ipli>H. 1 tienon.
Anrona. Vraici'.
Trirslf.
M,ili.i.
Messina.
r,\v<( iii.i,
■J-.llill.
l*rin-».
18.30
lH,il
18,12
IIMm.
2,47.i
4,o.n
3,781
Ilkih. Hh,:i.
!»,7,01 l.IkH
10,27(i 2,1(K)
ll,(il2 ;i,iiti
HhiU. Ilhih.
I/>H7 4,-.()2
.'-.,281) 4,V0.-.
.1,078 5,781
Ilh,lt.
I,(>.V2
1,(XK)
lIMt.
•14
2.17
llh,l:
fil8
510
Ill„l».
21,1(4
27,11'.'
;il,iil8
J. «.
,'i5to40
d5 - 40
2.') - 40
Of the 27,112 hhila. exported in 18.31, St. Ives furnishetl 12,141, ond Mount's Bay 9,01,3 ; the remainder
being furnished hy Mevapissey, .St. Auatle's Hay, St. Mnwes, Kuwcy, &c.
i'ilchards are not used in Kngland, cxcei)t in Cornwall and Devon, where about ."3,000 hhda. a year may
nt present he made use of. We believe, however, that their conaumptiuii in these cuuiitica hiia Ix'ijiin tu
increase with considerable rapidity.
The .scan fishery emnloys from 2,700 to S.OtK) hands, and about 180 or 190 scans ; but exclusive of these,
there are a eonsiilerable number of scans uncmpluyed, in consequence of the failure of the lishcry ^iilce
1814, and other causes. The first cost of each scan, with ita boata, may he about 7.'>0/. The drift lishcry
employs, during the season, from !HI0 to 1,(KI0 men, and about 2J0 boats; the cost of each boat and nets
amounting to abuut 200/. The labour in the cure of the fish may be taken at about is. a hogshead. 'I'lie
total capital embarked in the fishery, in 1832, was estimated by those engaged in it at from 20O,00(J/. to
2.00,000/.
The drift fishermen employ themselves, when not engaged in the pilchard fishery, in the mackarcl,
herring, and huok-line fisheries. The scan tiahernien consist principally of agricultural labourers, miners,
&c. attracted to the business in the expectation, (in which, however, they are not unfremienlly dis-
appointed,! of making a compamtively large sum by a few weeks' exertion. But there are always 3 or 4
individu.ils of the crew of each scan that are regularly bred, expert fishermen.
Kuur fifths of the persuiis employed on shore in the i<altiiig, curing, pi-icking, &c. of the fish, are
women.
The wages of those employed in the fishery are mailc sometimes to depend on the number of fish taken j
but in other instances they are independent of any such contingency.
'i'he fishery at St. Ives is carried on under a particular act of parliament, which is said to occision the
employment of a third more scans than are neces.sary. The exaction of a tithe uf the fish is a very serious
burden on the fishery ; sometimes it in taken in kind, but is more generally compounded for. — (Dr. I'aris't
Ouiric to Mount's Hat/ and the Land's Knd, 2il ed. pp. 14C — 15(). ; Beauties qf Ku/t/and and Wales, vol. ii.
p. 471., (.nd private information obtained from authentic sources, and obligingly communicated, by
Mr. Coulson, of I'enzaiice.)
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE. The name of pilot or steersman is applied eitlicr
lo a p,-trticiilar officer, serving on board a ship during the course of a voyage, and having
the cliarge of the helm and the ship's route ; or to a person taken on board at any par-
ticular ])lace, for the purpose of conducting a ship through a river, road, or channel, or
from or into a port.
It is to the latter description of persons that the term pilot is now usually applied ;
and pilots of this sort arc established in various parts of the country l)y ancient charters
of incorporation, or by particular statutes. The most important of these corporations
are those of the Trinity House, Deptford Strond; the fellow.ship of the pilots of Dover,
Deal, and the Isle of Thanet, commonly called the Cinque Port pilots ; and the 'I'rinity
houses of Hull and Newcastle. The 5 Geo. 4. c. 73. establislied a corporation for the
re};ulation and licensing of pilots in Liverpool.
The principle of the law with respect to jiilots seems to be, that where tlic master is
bound by act of parliament to place his ship in charge of a pilot, and does so accordingly,
OiRTfi t/iunnscopos) in <iltum promontorium,undethunnorum gregem sperularctur, quo vi.so, signum pis-
catoribiis dabat, qui retibus totum gregem includebant." — (.liis/iop of London's Notes nn the Pcrsce oj
Ji:.ic/ii/liis, quoted by Dr. Paris, in his Guide to Mount's liai/, p. l.")0.)
♦ Mr. Pennant inadvertently states the nnnaber of fish in a hogsheail at .'l.O.OOO. — {British Zoolopp,
vol. iii. p. 3-H. ed. 1776.). Trusting lo his authority, we fell into the s.ime error in the Ist edition of this
work.
3 M 1
if 'V
!l*
! I
i
'<\\
< I.
S'-i'4IMi.
90*
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE.
'!»
V ■■
\ i
! t
the ship is not to be considered as under the management of the owners or their servants,
and they are not to be liable for any damage occasioned by the mismanagement of the
ship, unless it be proved that it arose from the negligence or misconduct of the master
or men : but when it is in the election or discretion of the master to take a pilot or not,
and lie thinks fit to take one, the pilot so taken is to be considered as the servant of the
owners, who are to be responsible for his conduct, — {^Abbott on the Law of Shippini^,
part ii. c. 5.)
The statute of 6 Geo. 4. c. 1 25. has consolidated the laws with respect to the licensing,
employment, &c. of pilots. It is of great length ; but all its provisions of any material
im])ortance may be embraced under the following heads : —
1. Appointment of Pilots. — The corporation of the Trinity House of Deptford Strond are required to
amioiiit and license tit and competent persons, duly sldlled, to act as pilots for the pur]>osc of conducting
all ships or vessels navigating the Thames, the Medway, and the several channels, creeks, and liocks
thereof, between Orforduess and I^ondon Hridgp, as also from London Bridge to the Downs, and from tlie
Downs westward as far as the Isle of Wight, and in the English Channel from the Isle of Wight up to
Ix)ndon Bridge ; and all ships apu vessels sailing as aforesaid (except as herein-after mentioned) shall ije
conducted and piloted withii' inc ^foresaid limits by such pilots, and by no other persons whomsoever.
No person shall be liccPjCd by the said cor|)oration as a pi'"*., who has not served as mate for 3 years on
board of, or been for 1 year in the actual command of, a square-rigged vessel of not less than 80 tons
register tonnage, as to licences for the North Channel upwards ; and not less than 150 tons register ton-
nage, as to licences for the North Channel, Queen's Channel, South Channel, or other channels down-
wards ; or who shall not have bee.- emi)loyed in the pilotage or buoyage service of the said corjKjration for
7 ycirs, or who shall not have served an apprenticeship of 5 years to some pilot vessel licensed under the
act passed in the .02d year of the reign of George III., or under this act ; and no i)er8on so licensed
shall take charge as a pilot of any ship or vessel drawing more than 14 feet water, in the river Thames or
Medway, or any of the channels leading thereto or thereupon, until such person shall have acted as a
licensed pilot for S years, and shall have been, alter such 3 years, on rc-exainination, approved of in that
behalf by the said corporation, on pain of forfeiting 10/. for every such ofTence ; and the i>crson employing
or permitting such pilot to take charge of such ship or vessel is also to forfeit Wl. — ^3.
Every pilot liccni^ed by the corporation of the- Trinity House of Dcptford Strond is to jiay an annual
licence of 31. 'is., and 6tt in the pound upon Iv.o earnings ; which sums are to be applied to the uses of the
pilots' fund of the said coqioration. — ^4.
The said corporation are further authorised to appoint competent persons, not more than fiee, nor Usj
than three, at si'ch ports and places as ihey may think fit (except within the liberty of the Cinque I'orts,
and such other |>orts and places as m .y have been specially provided for by act of parliament, or by charter,
•for the appointment of pilots), to be called sub-c-ummissioncrs of pilotage, who arc to take the following
oath : —
" I, A. B., do swear, that I will diligently and impartially examine into the capacity and skill of
' in the art of pi'oting ships and vussels into the roadstead, port, or harbour, and upon
the coasts following ; videlicet [here describe the limits within which the person examined is intended to
act as pilot], and will make true and .»peedy return thereof to the curporatioii of Trinity House of Deptlon!
Strond, without favour, aH'eition, fee, or reward, other than such fee or reward as is allowed by l.'io
by-laws or regulations (July established in that behalf. So help me God."
And upon the recommendation of such sub-commissioners, the Trinity House Corimration may grsnt
licences to pilots. — k, 5.
Notices of the ap])ointment of pilots arc to be put up in writing at the Trinity House and Custom.house,
I/mdon, and at the Custom-houses of the i)orts for which they arc licensed, and arc to be published in the
l.iimion Gazette. — 6 7.
No person shall take charge of any ship or vessel as a pilot belonging to the Cinque Ports, before he be
examined by tlu' master and two fellows, or by f' )ur wardens of the society or fellowship of pilots of Dover,
l>eal, and the Isle of Thanet, touching his aiiilities, and shall be approved and admitted into the said
society by the Lord Warden of the Cinque I'orts, or his lieuteiiMit ; and any person presuming to act as
a pilot beloTiging to the said society or fellowship, without having been so examined, approve<l, and ad.
mitted, shall for the first otl'ence forfeit 10/., for the second a /., and for every other oH'ence 4<l/ — \ 15.
No person licensed by the aforesaid society or fellowship is to take charge of any ship or vessel drawing
more than 11 feot ti inches water, until he lias acted as a .lilot for :> years ; nor ot a vessel draw g mnro
than H feet water, till he Ikls actetl as a pilot for 5 years ; nor of a vessel drawing more than 17 (wt
water, till he has acted as a pilot fur 7 years ; when he is to be .Train cxaniine<l ; and if he sh.ill br
approvetl of and licensed upon such second i x. mination, he may tui. charge of ships of any draught it'
water. — ^ 16.
The number at Cinque Port pilots usotl to be fixetl at 140; but during peace, no more than each alternf.tc
vacancy is to be (llled up, unless the number be reduced bolcw 120, — \ H.
All bodies politic and corporate, and all persons authorisec' to apiioint or license pilots for any |)ort or
place in England, shall, uikjii any such appointment being male, forthwith transmit tothe'J'rinity HouiiO,
I.«ndon, and to the commi-ssioiiers of customs, I.K)nd(m, the ( hristian name and surname, atje, and plan-
of residence, of every pilot so appointed, distinguishing the limits in which he is to act, and bv whom
ai)jK)iiited. And the said biKlies politic, &c. are to transmit lists, corrected up to the'Jlst day ot Decemlior
in each year, either on that day, or within a month after, to the said Trinity House and comniissioner.s of
the customs, of the names and residences of all the pilots within their resiwetive jurisdictions ; stating all
tlie alterations that may have been made within the year iti the rates of pilotage charged, and in the rule,
and regulations for ginerning pilots within their respective districts. — \ X>.
j'he coramissionera of the ci'; 'oms are to transmit to their principal officers, at the different ports, the
names and places of residenct o' all the pilots residing within the limits of each port, as far as they arc
acquainted with the same ; and e\ cry pilot is to be lurnished with copies of all proclamations and orders
in council respecting the performa ice of quarantine. — ^ 3<).
A |)ar*icular description of the person of every jiilot is to be written upon the bark of 'lis licence : and
no person shall take charge of any ship or vessel, or in any manner act as a pilot, <ir rece.ve any com.
pensatio'.i for acting as a v. A, until his licence shall have been registered by the principal officers of the
Custom-house ot" the place at or neiurest to which such pilot sh:-". reside (which offici rs are hereby
riMiUired to register the same without fee or reward), nor without having his ;icenco at the tune of his so
acting in hi.* personal custody, and producing the .lanie to the master ofai y shij) or vessel, or other pel son,
who shall be desirous of employing liim as a pilot, or to whom he sha'l otter his services, on e'M ot
forfeiting a sum not exceeding .'JO/,, nor less than 10/., for the tirst offei ce ; and for the secom' nr wy
subsequent offence, a suni not exceeding 5(1/. nor less than ;i(l/. ; and upon further pain, as to ary pertoii
license<l as aforesaid, of forfeiting his licence, or being suspeiidinl from ac'ing as a jiilot, by aid at tiie
discretiim of the corporation or other authority from which such pilot's licence was derived, either for the
(Irst, second, or any subsequent ofl'ence. — ^^ (jj, G(i.
%. Government of Pilots, — All persons licensed to act as pilots by the Trinity Ilotue, af c subject to the
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE.
905
ion may givit
each altprnf.tc
government of the said corporation, which ia empowered to make by-laws, rules, &c. specifying what sunu
shall be paid by such pilots to tlie sub-comniisHionei's of pilotat;e for tlieir examination, and for granting
or renewing, or conflrming their licences from time to time, and annerdng sucli reasonable penalties ami
forfeitures lor the breach of such by-laws as to them shall seem expedient, liut no such by laws, regu-
lations, HiC. shall have any force till they have been examined, sanctioned, and approved by the chief
justice of the Court of King's Uench, or the chief justice of the Court of Common I'lciis.— ^ 1 1. (A'./y.— The
by-laws of the Trinity House, Dcptford Strond, sanctioned by Lord Tentcrdcn, arc annexed to thi>
article.)
Copies of any proposed by-laws are to be transmitted to the privy council and the commissioners of
custom", 3 months before they are submitted to any chief justice for approval; and the conunissioners
of the customs are to cause such proiKJsed by-laws to be hung up in the several Custom-houses of the
principal jmrts of Great Dritain, for the inspection of all parties having an interest therein. Aiul when
such by-laws shall have been sanctioned, they shall be hung up in the several Custom-houses within
tlie limits of which the pilots respectively shall be licensed, and also at the Trinity House in London. —
The Cinque Port pilots are to be subject to the rules and regulations framed by the Lord Warden of tlie
said ports, or his deputy, with the assent of the majority of the commissioners of Loadnianajie (master
and wardens of the fellowship of pilots of Dover, Deal, and the Isle of Thanet). The privy council may,
however, amend, correct, or enlarge such rules or regulations, if they shall appear to tliein, upon the
representation of any iierson having an interest therein, to be in any material point erroneous, insufficient,
or defective. — U 21, '2i
The Trinity House Corporation are authorised and required to establish, vary, and alter, from time to
time, as circumstances may require, the rates of pilotage performed by pilots licensed by the said corpora-
tion, according to the size and draught of water of the vessels, the distance piloted, the detention and
responsibility of the pilot, and such other circumstances as they may thii-'; '.I to take into account. Tables
of these rates are to be hung up at the several Custom-houses of the . jfts to which they apply ; and no
greater or less rates, or other reward or emolument for such pilotage, shall, under any pretence whatever,
be demanded, solicited, paid, receivetl, or oflered, on pain of forfeiting IW. for every such oHence, as well
by the party oflering as by the party accepting or soliciting the same. Ships returning by stress of
weather, contrary winds, or on account of accident, into jKirts in the district of the Isle of Wight,
]'lymouth, and Falmouth, shall be subject to pay half the common pilotage in such ports. — 6 8.
If the majority of the pilots licensed by the Trinity House Corporation in any iK)rt or place, or any
ship owner in the same, be dissatisfieil with the rates, they may ajipeal to the pnvy council, wlio may
decide ujion the matter as they think fit. - \ 9.
Kvery person applying for a licence to act as a jiilot, sha'., !iefoie any such licence lie granted to him,
execute a bond in a penal sum, .-it the discretion of the Trii.it' House Corporation, or of the lAird WarTlen
of the Cinque Ports, to an amoi nt not exceeding UK)/., for tlio better securing his due obedience to the
by-laws, rules, regulations, &c. .o be made by competent authority. — ^ ii7.
Licences may be annullMl, suspeiide<l, or adjudged forfeited, at the pleasure of the foresaid corporation
and Lord Wardei: ; but pilots whose licences are so annulled, suspended, &c. may appeal to the privy
council, who are auMiorise<l to make such adjudication in the premises as they may think fit. — 55 'J!i, M.
■ 3. Liccnsiiie of Pilot lloats. — The Trinity Corporation and the fellowship of the Cinque Port pilots are
authorised to license pilot vessels of sucli size and description as may appear to them to be proper for
having pilots constantly in attendance in such vessels at sea ; and the licensed pihts are autliorist-d to
form themselves into companies, with consent of the corjiorations aforesaid, for providing and maintaining
such pilot vessels, such companies and vessels being at all times subject to such rules and regulations as
shall from time to time be sanctioneil by the s;ud v-o.^iorate boilies. — ^ ol.
Pilot boats or vessels are to be distinguishetl by being at al! times and on every station fitteil with black
sides, and having the upper streak next the gunwale painted white; they arc, while aHoat, to carry a Hag
of large dimensions, proportioneil to the size of the vessel, at the mast head, or on a sprit or start' in some
conspicuous situation, which Hag shall be half red and half white, in horizontal stripes, the white up|)ir.
mo.-t. The name of the pilot on board is to be painted in large white letters ,.3 inches longi on a
black ground on the stern, and on each bow the number of the licence of such pilot; and the coruealmint
of sucli name or number, or the evasion of any of the before-mentioned provisions, incurs a penalty of vo/.,
to be paid by the senior pilot on board, who is answerable for their observance. Any jjilot carried oil' in
K boat other than a pilot boat, is to hoist a flag iis previously ordered, on pain of forfeiting 20/. unless he
show reasonable cause for having omitted it. — \ 3i!.
The owners or master 'f any boat or vessel carrying a pilot's flag, without having a licensed pilot 011
board, shall <"(ii- every srch ortencc forfeit 1(XW.— ^ 3a
The Trinity House Corporation, the Court of Loarlmanagr of the Cuique Ports, and all other corjjorations
and perfions authorised to manage or direct pilots in any part of England, shall, on the 1st of January in
each year, or within the month next following, transmit to the officer of the si.v|ienny duty in the port of
Ixindon, a list of all the vessels of every description employed by them or by those under them, for the
purposes of pilotage, with the number of men and Ixiys belonging to or serving in such vessels. — * ;i7.
4. Duties of Pilots. — In order to secure the due performance of his important duties by the pilot, it in
enacted, that every i>ilot, duly licensed, who shall, without sufficient cau.se, refuse or decline going oH' to
any vessel wanting a pilot, upon signal being made by the same, or upon being required to do so bv the
master of such ship, or by any person interesletl therein as princi^ial or agent, or by any officer of the
cor|K)ration to which such pilot shall belong, or by any principal officer of the customs ; or who shall, on
any frivolous pretext, quit any ship or vessel, or divline piloting thereof, atter he has been engaged to
pilot the same, or after going alongside thereof, without leave of the master ; shall, for every such otf'euce,
forfeit not more than KK)/. not less than 10/. — ^ li.
Any licenswl pilot employing or making use of, or compelling or requiring any person having the charge
of anyshi' ;)r vessel to employ or make use of, any boat, anchor, cable, ivc. beyond what is actually
necessary, .,'iall forfeit and pay for every such offence not more than tMl. and not less than li)/., and sliaQ
also be dO;,i .ved of his licence, or suspended, at the discretion of those by whom hi' was liceiiseil. — ^ ".'!.
If any licensetl pilot shall lend his licence to an unlicensed person, to assist him in acting or claiming to
act ;is pilot, and if such unlicensed person shall by drunkenness render himself iiu'ai>able of conducting
any ship or vessel, or negligently or wilfully lead, decoy, or betray any shi|i into danger, cjr shall iiiineces.
sarily or improperly cut aiiy cable or cables belonging to any vessel ; or if an> such person shall, liy wilful
misrepresentation of aTiy circumstances upon which the safety of the ve-sel shall apix ir naturally to
depend, obtain or endeavour to obtain the conduct of such vessel, then, and in every siuli e^tso, the jjersou
so otTeiiding, or who shall aid in, procure, abet, or connive at the committing any such ofU'iice nr olleiices,
h\\a\\,l)csi(li's hcing lialitf to tiamai'is at tlie suit of the iHirlj/ Brii'Viii, forfeit and pay a sum of not more
than IIX)/. and not less than '20/. ; and if the person oHemling lie a pilot, he shall be liable to be deprived of
his licence, at thedis'retion of those by whom he wiis apiiointwl. — \ 7-f.
Pilots keeping p\iblic.houses, or selling wine, spiiitunus liquors, tobacco, or tea (unless authorised by
the competent authorities', or being concerne<l in any fraud or oflence against the revenue laws, or iu
relation to any branch of their duty, shall, over and above all mulcts, iienalties, .Kc. for such offlnci^ii,
be adjudged to forfeit their licence, or be suspended, at the discretion of those by whom they are
licensed, — 4 f*.
A pilot, when taken on board, shall enter his name in the log.book of every ship entering the port of
London requiring to be pilotctl under tliis act, and if any pilot or other person insert a false name, he U
"in
■4: \
»*•
■ '!
' I
906
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE.
fi
u 1
to forfeit 20/. ; and tlio name or names of the pilot or pilots so entered In the log-book and cmpIoye<l in
piloting the vessel, are to be inserted in the iiilri/ or rcjmrt of such vessel inwards j and this insertion is
to be made (without fee or reward) l)y the proper officer of the eustoms, who shall report the same daily
to the Trinity House, and monthly to the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. 'I'hc i)rineipal searcher or
officer of the customs at Kravcsond is to demand and take the name or naines of the pilot or pilots of all
vessels clearing outwards, and shall transmit monthly lists thereof to the Trinity House, on pain of
forCeitinK a sum not more than 10/., nor less than HI., to be paid by each and every of the persons foresaid
who sliall neglect to comply with any of the foresaid regulations ^ 43.
Pilots quitting any vessel in the 'I'hamcs or Medway before she has arrived at the place to which she
was hound, without the consent of the captain or other i)erson in command, and unless some other duly
(jualified person shall with such consent come on board and take charge of the shiji, shall forfeit for sucn
otli'nce all jiay or reward they might be entitled to, and shall also be subject to such other penalty or
punishment lis may legally alVect them in conse(iucnce of any by-law, &c \ 42.
Pilots neglecting or refusing to obey the orders of the ditfbrcnt dock masters within their respective
Jurisdictions incur a penalty of not more than 50/. and not less than SiO/. for each ottence, and may bo
dismissed or suspended % 75.
License<l pilots may supersede unlicensed ones. And if any ■unlicensed person shall act after a duly
licensed pilot has oft'ercd to come on board and take charge of the ship, she being at the time within the
limits for which he is qualiticd, such unlicensed person shall forfeit not more than 50/. and not less than
i.'0/. — S 70.
Hut unlicensed persons may act so long as no licensed pilot offers to take charge of the ship, or makes
a signal for that purpose, or where and so long as the ship shall be in distress. — \ 71.
Licensed pilots Who have executed the bond before mentioned shall noC be liable to any action for
damages on account of neglect or want of skill, at the suit of the party grieied, in any greater sum than
the amount which shall liave been sperilied by way of penalty in such bond, and the pilotage pavahlo tii
him in respect of the voyage during which the neglect or want of skill arc alleged to have been exhibited.
— i 57.
5. Fees of Pilotaec. — The charge on account of pilotage is regulatc<l in various |)laces by usage or
statute, and generally increases in proportion to the dei)th of water wliich the vessel draws. 'iMie Trinity
House Corporation and the Lord Warden of the Cin<iue Ports have autliority, as before mentioned, to
tix the r.ites on account of pilotage to be charged by all pilots licensed by tliem (Subjoined to this article
are Tables of the present rates.)
Any pilot carried to sea beyond the limits of his district without his free consent, except in cases of
absolute nec.'ssity, shall, over and above his pilotage, receive Ws. ItU. a day, to be computed from and
inclusive of the day next alter the day on which the ve-ssel shall pass tlie limit to whicli the pilot was
engaged to conduct her, and until he shall be returned to the i)ort or place where he was taken on board,
or be disch.'irgeil for a sutticient time to enable him to return tfiere. — ^ oH.
Pilots are to qualify themselves for conducting vessels in and out of Hamsgate harbour, and the hai.
hours of Dover, Sandwich, and Margate, and sludl be entitltnl to and receive for such pilotage at the rate
of .'is. for every foot of the draught of water of every vessel so piloted. — ^5 ;)<•, 40.
.Ships bound' to the Thames, repairing to Standgate Creek, or other place ai)iiointed for the perfonnancu
ol' tjuiiriiiiti7ie, are to pay the full charges of pilotage to such place, and a further sum of 8s. a day for the
days tlie pilot shall be obliged to remain on quarantine.
Any boat or vessel running before a ship or vessel, not having a licensed plot on board, when such .sjiiii
or vessel cannot be boarded, for the purjmse of directing her course, the pilot on board such boat or vomI,
or, if no i)il(>t be on board, the person having tlie command thertof, and who shall run before such
ship at the request or by direction of the master, shall be cntitletl to full pilotage for the distance
run. — \ ;34.
All the sums which shall become due to any licensed pilot for the pilotage of foreign ships or vessels
trading to or from the port of London may be recovered from the owners or masters of such ships or
vessels, or from the consignees or agents thereof, who shall have paid, or made themselves liable to pay,
any other charge for the shij) or vessel in the port of her arrival or delivery as to pilotage inwards, ami
in the port whence she shall clear out or sail as to pilotage outwards; and may be levied in like man.
ner, accordijig to the amount, as any penalty may be recovered and levied by virtue of the act, demand
thereof being made in writing at least .fourteen ilays before such levy. And the master or other person
having the charge of ships or vessels, nut liavhiji Iliitis/i registers, which shall enter into or sail from the
iMirt of London, and which arc by law required to be piloted by persons licensed by the corporation of the
I'rinity House, or the consignees or agents thereof, are to pay at the Trinity House, in Loiidoti, tu
persons appointed by the corporation of the Trinity House, the full pilotage inwards and outwards ; viz.
as to [lilotage outwards, the amount for the distance which the ship is by law re(|Uired to be piloteil j as
to pilotage inwards, where a pilot shall have been on board, the amount for the distance piloted by him, if
greater than that which she shall be required to be piloted ; if less, or if no pilot shall have been on board,
the amount for the distance which she was by law required to be piloted : the pilotage inwards may be
levied, &c. uiKin the master or other person in charge, consignee, or agent, in the same manner as in' the
case of ships having British registers, if such pilotage inwards be not paid within fourteen days from the
day of the ship's reporting inwards. — H •*+• '^'''^
The pilotage outward upon foreign vessels is to be calculated according to the scale or amount of
tonnage upon wliich such ships or vessels are rated in the port of London for payment of light and otiier
ilucs, or according to the draught of water thereof, as the Trinity House ihay think most proper.
— H9.
In order to prevent controversies with respect to the draught of water of ships not having I'ritisli
registers, the Trinity House is empowered to api)oint an officer to measure the draught of water of ships
with respect to which there is any controversy, such othcer receiving 1/. Is. for his trouble if the ship he
below the entrance to the London Docks, and 10s. Cvl. if above such entrance, from the party against whom
lie may decide. If arriving inwards, application for such officer must be made within V2 hours alter the
ship has come to her moorings, and before she begin to unlade; and before quitting her moorings, if
clearing outwards. — ^ M.
'i'he Trinity House are empowered to take measures for the relief of foreign vessels coming to the port
of London with (ish, corn, and other provisions on board, cither from the whole or a part of the charges
on account of pilotage that would fall upon them under this act. — ^ 51
No foreign ves.sel shall be cleared outwards until a certificate, signed by the person appointed for that
purpose by thf I'rinity House, that the piU.Iage has been paid, has been produced ; the corporation jiay the
pilot employed, on proof that he has duly performed Ins service, the pilotage, alter deducting the !)</.
duty. — ^ 47.
'i'he consignees .ir agents of any ship or vessel .ire authorised and empowered to retain in their hands
respectively, out of anymcniies whiuh they may have received or shall thereatler receive for or on atconnt
of such ship or vessel, or the owner or owners Iherenf, so much as shall be sullicienl to pay and discharge
such pilotage, and any expenses attending the same. — ^ 45.
ti. llesiioniiliilil;/, li^e. of Masters. — .Ships coming from the westward, bound to any place in the Thames
or IMcdway, not having "a duly qualilieil Ciiiqui' Port pilot on hoard, shall, on arriving at Dnngeness, and
until tliey'have passed the south buoy of (he Unil.e, display and keep Hying the usual signal for a piliit to
C(mie on board ; and the master shall heave to .oid shorten sail, so as to facilitate the entry of the pilot.
Persons not displaying such signal, i^c. shall forfeit and pay double the amount of the sum that the charge
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE.
907
for pilotage wouM have nmountcd to. And it is further providetl, that all masters of vessels acting
themselves as jiilots, or employing any unlicensed person as such, or any licensed in-rson out of the limit
of his qualification, after any licensed and qualified pilot shall have offered to come on board, or made a
signal for that puriiose, shall forfeit double the sum tliat would have been k'nally dcmandable as pilotage,
and an additional penalty of .0/. for every ,0() tons burdiii of the ship, if the Trinity House or Lord
Warden of the Cinque I'orts, as the case may be, shall think it proper to certify the same.
Hut the master of any of tlie following vessels may pilot the same, so lung as he is not nssisttd by any
unlicensed pilot or other person than the ordinary crew : viz. the master of any collier, or of any ship or
vessel trading to Norway, or to the Cattenat or JSaltic, or round the Sorth Cape, or into the ff'hil( Sea, oti
their inward or outwarcl voyages, or of any constant trader inwards, from the ports between Houlogne
inclusive, and the Baltic (all such ships or vessels having Sritish registers, and coming up by the North
Channel, but not otherwise), or of any Irish trader using the navigation of the rivers Thatnes and
Medway, or of any ship or vessel employed in the regular coasting trade of the kingdom, or of any ship
or vessel wholly laden with stone from Guernsey, Jersey, Alderncy, Sark, or Alan, and being the
production thereof, or of any ship or vessel, not exceeding the burden of tiO tons, and having a British
register (or not exceeding the burden of tiU tons, and not having a British register, if authorised so to do
by an order of the privy council), or of any other ship or vessel whatsoever, whilst the same is within the
limits of the port or place to which she belongs, the same not being a port or place in relation to which
particular provision hath heretofore been made by any act or acts of parliament, or by any charter or
charters for the appointment of pilots ^ ^ .V.), fiO.
The master or mate of any vessel, being the owner or part owner thereof, and residing at Dover, Deal.
or the Isle of Thanet, shall not be liable to any penalty for conducting or piloting his own ship or vcs.sel
up or down the rivers Thames or Medway, or into or out of any place within the jurisdiction of the
tiiiquc Ports. — ^ fi'i.
This act shall not extend, or be construed to extend, to subject the master or owner of any ship or vessel
to any of the penalties of this act, lor employing any person or persons whomsoever, as a pilot or pilots,
in and for the assistance of such ship or vessel, whilst the same shall be in distress, or in consequence
thereof, or under any circumstances which shall have rendered it necessary for such owner or master to
avail himself of the best assistance which at the time could be procured. — ^ lil.
No owner or master of any ship or vus.sel shall be answerable for any toss or damage which shall happen
to anjr person or persons whatsoi'ver, from or by rea.son or means of no licensed pilot or of no duly
(liialificd pilot being on board thereof, unless it siiall be proved that the want of such licensed or of sucn
duly qualified jjilot respectively shall have arisen from any refusal to take such licenscfl or qualified pilot
on board, or from the wilful neglect of the master of such ship or vessel in not heaving to, or using all
practicable niean.s, consistently with her safety, for the purpose of taking on board thereof any pilot who
shall be ready, and ofl'er to take charge of the same. — fj ,03.
Nothing in this act shall extend, or be constri'ed to extend, to make the owner of any ship or vessel
li.iliie in any such case, for any loss or damage beyond the value of such ship or vessel and her
appurtenances, and the freight due, or to grow due, for and during the voyage wherein such loss or
damage may ha|)pen or arise. — ^ .M.
No owner or master of any ship or vessel shall be answerable for any loss or damage which shall hajipen
to any person or persons whomsoever, from or by reaioii or means of any neglect, default, ineompeteiiey,
or incapacity of any licensed pilot acting in the charge of any such ship or vessel, under or in pursuance
(if any of the i)rovisions of this act, where and so long as such pilot shall be duly (pialilied to have the
charge of such ship or vessel, or where and so long as no duly qualitie.i p. lot shall have offered to take
charge thereof — ^ 5'>.
Nothing in this act shall be construed to extend to deprive any person or persons of any remedy or
remedies upon anyccmtract of insurance, or of any other remedy v hatsoever, which he or they might
have had if lliis act had not been passed, by reason or on account cf the neglect, default, incompetency,
or incapacity of any pilot duly acting in the charge of any ship or -ossel, under or in imrsuance of any
of the provisions of this act, or by reason or on account of no pilot or cf no duly (jualilied pilot being
on board of any such ship or vessel, unless it shall be proved that the want of a pilot arises from a refusal
on the part of the master to t.ike siu'h pilot on board, or to heave to for him. — { 'A>.
All masters or other persons having the conimaTul of any ship, who shall report, or be privy to any one
reporting, a false account of the draught of water of such sliip, shall, besides the full pilotage, forfeit
double the amount thereof; and any master or other person having any interest, share, or property in
any vessel, who shall fraudulently alter any marks on the stem or stern post thereof, dimini^hulg the
draught of water, or shall be privy or consent thereto, shall for every such offence forfeit and pay the
sum of 50(1/.
7. Kecovcrji of Penalties. — Penalties incurred under this act, not exceeding 20/., are to be recovered
bci'ore ;i justice by prosecution within six months; and penalties aiorc '2(»/. by action of debt in any of
the courts of record at ll'esti/iiuster, to be commenced within livelve months ; but if it shall be made to
appear, as soon after as the circumst.uices of the case will admit, that the ccmimencement of the prose-
cution or action has been delayed by reason of the absence of any party or parties, whether (itliniling or
complaining, or of any necessary witness, then, upon such circumstances being stated by attidavit, made
before any judge of any of his Majesty's courts of record at ll'estminster, any such judge may order ov
authciri.se the commencement of the prosecution or action within such further time as he shall think
f : to limit.
It is, however, provided that nothing therein contained shall affect or impair the jurisdiction of the
Court of ]>oadinanage, or High Court of Admiralty, nor the right of the city of London, nor (in general)
any separate jurisdiction established under any act of parliament or charter. — H "*^i '"!■ **''> ****i *^'*'
By-Laws, llEutLATio.NB, a.nd ORniNANCEs as to Pilots, (Vamed by the Trinity Corporation, and
sanctioned by Lord Tcntcrden, lUth of April, 18si(J.
I. Annuls the f rcvious regulatitms.
II. It is ordained, that every pilot who shall be ordered to proceed on his Majesty's service, by any order
signed by the deputy master or scrretary of the said corporation, or by the officer for the time being for
the said corporation at Yarmouth, or elsewhere, rluly authorised to act in matters of pdotage, or who shall
bo «(> ordered, in writing or otherwise, by any officer in his Majesty's service, shall immediately procee<j
thereon ; and every pilot who shall fail so to do, or shall evade the receipt of any such order, or who shall
quit or decline such service, shall for the first oflbnce forfeit 5/., and for the second and every subsequent
ollincc 1(1/. each.
HI. It is ordained, that every pilot engaged in the charge of any ship employed by government in the
transport service, shall observe particularly if any unneciMsary delay take place on the part of the master
in proceeding towards his destination ; and if any delay does takes place, such pilot shall, on his return,
report the same to the secretary of the said corporation, and upon going on board, such pilot shall give
notice to the irj;ister that he has orders so to do. .. i
IV. It is ordained, that no pilot having the charge of amerchant ship sliall .sfiii the same alongside the
moorings of his Majesty's ships at Dcptford, or elsewhere, or between the lliiui.dTrec and iialliing-house,
(Jravescnd ^except in either of such cases there be an extreme iicce.ssits for so doing, or leave be obtained
fur that purpll^e from till proper ofliier or officers in that behalf), and all pilots licensed by the said
corporation are at all times to lie particularly care 'ill to stivr clear of the kings .ships in pas.-liig them.
V. It is ordained, that every (ulot, when called upon or recjuired to pilot any ship or vestcl, .-hall, it
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PILOTS AND PILOTAGE.
\indcr engagement to any other ship, forthwith make known such engagement, and tpeeifV theparticulati
thereof truly am) faithfully to the (icrsoii calling for or rei|uiring siuh pilot's service ; anil in cai>e of any
concealment, misrepresentation, or falschootl, in respect of such alleged previous engagement, the pilot
oli'ending shall forfeit 1(1/.
VI. It is ordained, th;it every pilot who shall have taken charge of any ship from the river Thames to
the Downs, or elsewhere, shall', without any additional compensation in that behalf, wait on board for the
space of 3 complete days while such ship may be detained at (Jravesend, or elsewhere, for want of
seamen, or by any other casualty ; nor shall he at the end of S complete days In- at liberty to (|uit sucli
»hip, or receive any additional compensation, if she shall be further detaine<l i winds, weather, or tides j
and should the ship be detained beyond 3 complete daj's on any other accn it except winds, wcalher,
or tides, the pilot having the charge thereof shall nevertheless still (if required so to do) remain in tlie
charge of her, provided a compensation of 6s. per day be offered to him in that behalf by the master ur
owner.
VII. It is ordained, that every pilot shall in all cases demean himself civilly and respectfully towards
all persons who may require his service, and towards all officers in his Majesty's navy, and shall maintain
a strict temperance and sobriety in the exercise of his office, and shall use his utmost care and diligence
for the safe conduct of every ship which he shall be intrusted with the charge of, and to jirevcnt Irt
doing damage to others.
VIII. It is ordained, that every pilot who shall undertake the charge of any ship downwards, shall,
before his departure, leave, or cause to be left, notice thereof, in writing, at the proper office at the I'riiiity
House in l.onilon, with one of the clerks there attending, and shall be coiisidereil as disengaged until lie
shall have done so : and U|)on fuch pilot's return, he shall immediately, in hit own person, attend at tlic
said office, and make and sign such entry, in a book there kept for that puriMwe, as the said corporation
shall from time to time direct or require.
IX. It is ordained, that every pilot licensed by the said corporation shall, from time to time, and at all
times, in obmiience to the order or summons of the said corporation, under the hand of the secretary
thereof for the time being, duly delivered or ofi'ered to such pilot, or left a reasonable time at the usual
or last known place of residence of such pilot, attend the said cor|>oration, at their courts, by-boariis, or
committees, or their secretary for the time being, at the Trinity House in London ; and that every pilot
licensed by the said corporation, upon a certificate of qualification from suli-commissioners of pilotage,
shall, in like manner, attend the sub-commissioners of the port or place for which such pilot shall he so
licensed, in obedience to the order or summons of the said sub-commissioners, under their hands, or the
hands of the major part of them, duly delivered, offered, or left as aforesaid, to answer to any ehariics
brought against such pilots respectively, or for the performance of any public service, or for any otlicr
pur|>ose whatsoever ; and in default of such attendance, every pilot so offending shall forfeit for the first
offence H)s., and for the second and every subsequent oH'ence 5/. each.
X. It is ordercil, and hereby directed, that every pilot licensed or to be licensed by the said corporation,
upon their receiving a certificate of examination by any sub-commissioners of pilotage, shall, for siirii
examination, <ind for granting the licence thereon, pay the sum of 2 guineas to the said sul)-commissiiincrs
of pilotage by whom he shall lie examined, or »o one of them ; and shall also, for the renewing or contirm-
ing such licence from time to time, pay to the sub.commissioners of pilotage for the time being, at or fur
the port or place speciKed in such licence, or to 1 of them, the annual sums following ; (that is to sav,)
every pilot so licensed or to be licensed as aforesaid, for the ports of Plymouth, Portsmouth, or
Cowes resjiectively, the annual sum of -2 guineas ; and every pilot licensed or to be licenscil as atore.saiil,
for any other port or place, the annual sum of 1 guinea, unless the pilots at or for such |M)rt or i<<:icc»li;ill
be divided into 2 classes ; and, in that case the pilots of the 1st class are to (lay the annual sum of 2
guineas each, and pilots not of the 1st cla^.~ the annual sum of 1 guinea each.
XI. It is ordained, that no pilot shall add to or in any way alter his licence, or make or alter any
endorsement thereon, nor shall he be privy to any such licence or endorsement being altered.
XII. It is ordained, that every pilot who shall observe any alteration in any of the sands or chiinnels,
or that any of the buoys or beacons of the said corporation arc driven away, broken down, or out of
place, shall forthwith deliver or send a correct statement thereof, in writing, to the secretary of the saiil
corporation for the time being.
XII I. It is ordained, that every pilot shall, whenever he comes to an anchor, carefully observe the
settings of the tide, and the force of the stream ; and if it shall hii|'/pen that he comes near to a sand or
other object or cause of danger, and there be any other ships or ship in company likely to fall in thirc.
with, such pilot shall immeiliatcly givp "'.;tlwe thereof to the captain or principal officer of the shiii under
his care, that he may make a signal to such other ship or ships for avoiding the same.
XIV. It is ordained, that no pilot shall, on any pretence, aid or assist, eitlier in his own person or >villi
his boat or servants, or by any other means whatever, the landing, removing, or secreting any scanian
from any merchant ship or vessel, to avoid serving in his Majesty's navy, or escape the impress lor the
same.
XV. It is ordained, that every pilot shall from time to time conform himself strictly to all direction
which shall be given to him by any of the harbour masters authorised by act of parliament, uihIit the
corporation of the city of London, touching the mooring, unmooring, placing, or removing of any slii|i
or vessel under his charge, as long as such ship or vessel shall be lying and situate within the limits iif the
authority of such harbour master.
XVI. It is ordained, that each and every pilot belonging to a licensed pilot vessel shall be at liberly lu
entertain one apprentice and no more.
XVII. It is ordaineil, that for any work done on the rivers Thames or Meilway by men in boatu, bcnig
less than the work for the whole tide, tlic f)ay shall be, for half a tide's work, i.t to each man, and so in
proportion for any time less than a whole tide, the pay for which is sett; .u by the uid act of the litli y >r
of the reign of his present Majesty at 8s.
XVIII. It is ordained, that in all cases where pecuniary penalties anid forfeituwn nre annexed to iIk-
breach of the foregoing by-laws, rules, orders, ret:uiationii, and ordinances, tlic said corporation of
Trinity House may mitigate and reduce the same to I -4111 part at their discretion.
XIX. It is ordained, that every pilot who shall offend against any or either of the foregoing by-laws,
orders, regulations, and ordinances, shall, for every such oll'ence (whether the same shall siibjict him to
any pecuniary penalty or not, and in addition to sucli penalty if any\ be lt.<ole to have his licence an-
nulled and forleited, or suspended, at the discretion of the said corporation.
N. B. — Hesides conforming themselves diligently to the alwve by-luws, rule*, orders, regulations, ami
ordinances, the pilots licensed by the corporation of Trinity Ilnuse are, of court* in all things to olisein'
and oliey the same enactments and provisions relating to such pilots contalni'd In the said irt ul |inrli3iiii nt
made and passed in the tith >rar of the rcIgn of his Majesty King (ieorge the I ■urth, ■ copy of wlmh
act has lieen delivcied to each of the s.iid piliil.H
••• The following Tables of Ihi hargcs on account of pilotage, Ac. ;ui. the mont ■ompltte tli.it Imv*
hitherto l)een published. TlU'y ha.i all been derived from official source*, w that their accuiucy lusy
be depended ui>on.
r
•ivcr Tlinmos to
on board for the
re, for want of
rty to (|iiit such
mthcr, or Mdos ;
wiruls, weather,
) remain in the
)y the master or
DCtfully towards
) shall maintain
re and diliKoncc
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wnwards, shall,
ceat the'l'rinity
ngaKcd until he
II, attend at the
said corporation
time, and at all
)f the secretary
imc at the usual
ts, by-boariis, or
that every pilot
ncrs of pilotage,
pilot shall be so
;ir hands, or the
■ to any charges
it for any other
■feit for the first
laid corporation,
shall, for surli
Ixommissioners
n'wg or confirm-
> being, ut or fur
(that is to say,)
Portsmouth, 'or
sell as aforesaid,
)rt or v'acetlwll
nnual sum of 2
ikc or alter any
ered.
lids or channels,
[Jown, or out of
L'tary of the said
illy observe the
lear to a sand or
to fall in there.
f the shiji under
1 person or ivilli
ing any seaman
; impress for the
be at libert) lo
1 in boat», being
I m;in, and siiin
, of the lith yt»r
annexed to the
corporjtion of
rrRoinn by-laws,
II subject him tii
liis licence an-
ipltle th.it liJve
ir accuiacy iii»y
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE.
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- - - rt^^u^g Cc
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— — ^ I 01 -r 2 C" -"•^ fl> at
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910
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE.
A ■:
vf
•■ ;i
For puttins a Pilot on IluanI,
anci for Pilotime of StilpB and
Vessels to tlie Anchorage in
the Downs.*
From ofTDunRcnesstoofTFollee.
stone; the church bearing N.
N.W. by compass
From olTl' olke»lone to tho South
Foreland, the li«hts in one -
Prom oir the South Foreland to
the Downs ^ -^
fiO Tons, anil
under LOO.
l.'.n Tons, anil
under 2.0O.
L.
R
8
I
li.'iO Tdiis, and
nndur Kill.
10(1 Tnn^, and
undur lilHi.
(lOI) T.ins, and
upw.iriK.
L. t. d.
In the River Thames
above Uravesend
For a lioat of a class carrjlni; an anrhor of abote
cwt. with a corresponding tow -lino
do. Ji cwt. •
do. under 2 cwt.
And for each man's service in those boots, 8«. per tide.
Rates charged for the Pilotage of Ve.ssel.s, with an Account op other Charges apfecti.vc
THEM in some OF THE UNDERMENTIONED I'OBTS.
( For i
9 3 ■''^
. "J Do.
I Do.
H' /.. «. i/. ) Per trip f(i
!i Si f from (ir
1 1 f and in II
O l.') ) oftlLitdi
for the whole dM.in'e
r.ivesend In I.oiuldii ;
iroportioti fur an> p irt
'stance.
Bbai'MAbis Diatrirt, t'is. — From Bangor to a line ilrawn
from (ireat Ormes Head to I'oini Mnasj and to and from,
and into and out of, all ports and places within those limits.
JV. U. — No master of a vcs.sel Is compelled to take a pilot
within this district, unless coming into or going out of port ;
but if he do take a pilot, it must be one of tlie district pilots.
If one ofljr.
Rata ofPilotiictifor piMitig Shipt tvilMn tht Dcaumarit
District.
Intvardt.
From the outside 1 [_,„ .i,. ti„.,
of Uie Sound .j'htoUieBaJ
^eSouirtl'-totheBa,
Outmardt,
Under 100 tons
100 to WIO
5(1)0 — 300
300 and upwards
i Under 100 tons •
) 100 to 200 -
1 200 - .TOO -
[31)0 and upwards
; Under inn ions •
) 1(H) to 200 -
(200 — 300 -
[ 300 and upwards
r.. 1.
d.
\5
1 1
1 11
K
2 2
10
K
v.
1 1
1 u
6
10
fi
n i.-i
1 1
1 11
»
.Ships not having British registers are to pay J more than is
Elated in the above Table.
L. I. d.
2 2
- 3 3
Should the pilot be landed at Great Ormes Head —
extra .....
If taken out of the UmiU of his licence, to Chester or
Liverpool • • ■ "
In case the pilot should happen to have charge qftne
vritel to either of the said places
The sum of 7«. 6d. per day is to be allowed to the pilot for
every day such pilot mav bt detained on board in consequence
of the ship or vessel performing quarantine, or detained under
any other restrictions or ciicumstances such ship may be liable
to.
Bsi.rASTi
Foreign Rate.
British Rate. 1
/,. ».
d.
I,, t.
d.
Tonnage dues - -0
3 per ton
2 i>er ton ]
and never to exceed 3
per ves.
2 U
per vus.l
Ballast delivered at the!
Quay - -0 2
8 per ton
2
per ton 1
Stones — !0 4
_
3
delivered at (iarmoyle .3
4
...
2
«
_
Stones — 4
<i
_
3
«
„
Pilotage from M'hitehouse
Roads to Garraoylc, and
rice lertii • 9 feet 14
ler ves.
10
fi per ves.|
10- U
—
1.')
_
12-1 8
._
1 1
14 - 2 16
_
2 2
_-
From Garmoyle to the
Quay, & vice vend, 4 feet fi
7
—
.'■
_
6 — 10 10
«
(1 M
_
7 — 13
4
_
10
_
8—0 10
—
12
— .
9 -
1 1
—
Ol.',
_
10 -
1 10
I 2
fi
,m.
12 —
2 2
1 11
fi
_
14 _
4 4
(1
3 3
_
From Whltehousc Roads to
the Quay, and rice vernl,
9 feet, 11.5
_.
1 7
fi
_
10 — |2 10
1 17
6
_^
12 — !3 10
2 12
fi
_
14 -
7
—
r> s
—
Bmanros. -—PUota^e for the Beaches at liri^'hthelmstonc, Hat-
tings, or Uejthill.
8 Feet and under.
8 to 10 Feet.
AlH)ve 10 Feet.
U. 3<(. per foot.
1». 9rf. per foot.
2*. per foot.
The above rates for the harliours and beaches are due both
Inwards and outwards j hut no cliarge whatever i% to be made
for the use of pUot boats.
Ships gohisinto the harbours of Rye and Rhoreham, and
tinloadiuK near the harbour's inoutti, art- subject to J (n'^'taRe
only ; but if sucli shius are nfterward.s reinovwl by pilots to .iny
dock or wharf near tiie toMn, where kucIi ships may be for the
Jiurpose of taking in a cargo, in that case the fulT pilotage is
lue.
Ships taken charge of in distrew are to jiay according to
circumstances, to be scttleii by the sub-commissioniTs.
Ship* not having Hritish registers aru to ]iay ^ mor" nf die
rates of pilotage fur the harbours and Iwaches, tlian stated
in the above Tabkn.
UuisTor.
Pilotage from Lundy Island or the west-
ward thereof to Kingroad, under
KM) tons
100 and under '^00 —
WM) — .3(K) —
•TOO and tipwards
From Coombe to Kingroad, under
ir»0 tons
100 and under !iOO —
300 and upwards
From Mineheod to Kingroad, under
lOf) tonii
100 and under 2(K) _
1:00 — 300 —
.300 and upwards
Pr«m the Holms to Kingroad, under
100 tons
100 and under 200 —
2(K) — r.(K> —
.300 and upwards
From Portishead, Kin^road, Hung-
road, or Broad Pill, to Cumberland
or Uathurst Basin* or vice rcrsil,
undt-r 4(» t'jns
40 and under 60 —
fiO _ SO -
SO — 1(H) _
100 _ 200 —
iiOO — .300 —
300 and upwards
From Portisliend. Kingroad, Hung*
roadf or Broad I'illj toeitherof them,
under KH) tons
100 and under taOO —
^H) - .3(MI —
3( >0 and upwards
Foreign
R.lte.
UritiJi
lUte.
Per Vet.
L.i. d.
I'er IV..
t. 1. d.
3 18
.'. 5
fi 11
7 17
3
G
3 3
1 4 (1
.'> ;,
C
2 12
3 10
4 7
5 5
fi
U
fi
2 2
2 Ifi n
3 10
4 1
1 fi
1 1.')
2 3
2 12
3
y
fi
1 1 n
1 S n
1 l.'>
2 2 U
13 l.i
17 fi
1 1 10.1
1 6 3
oin fi
OH n
17 li
1 1
5
fi
9
12
IS
1 .■;
1 U
3
?.^
9
3
4 n
.'i II
7 11
10 n
I.", 1)
1
1 5
12
IS
1 .5
1 11
6
9
3
10 n
l.i II
1 n
1 ,'.
Pabtmoitii DM^rfff. — From Bob's Nose to the Start, and
tiVi" rersd ; and to and from, and into and out of, all ports and
places within those limits.
N. li. — No master of a vessel is compelled to take a pilot
within this district, unless going into or coming out of port,
withiii aline drawn from the Mewstone to the Bl.irksloue;
hut if he do take a pilot between Bob's Nose and the Mart, it
n7iist lie one of the diitrict pilots, if one oiler.
Hates of Pilninge, f>r ji'ii^infj; Ships n-iMin the Darhwmth
District. — AW British ships, It lioarded without the run if
tile IVlewstone East, or the Blackiitone West, are to p;iv n?.
follows
Per Koat.
f/.
Drawing 10 feet of water and under - - 2 (»
10 to 12 feet . - - - 3
12 to H — - - - 3 fi
11 to 10 — - - . - 1
Ifi feet and iinwards - .-50
All Rritiah ships, ii^ boarded within that line, are to pay
^ part less.
AH Briti.th ships, boarded within the Castle, are to pay only
half jiilotage; suliject to the consideration of tlie weather,
whicn is to be settlied by the sub-coinmissionerH.
In carrying ships ttut of the harbour, the pilotage is to bp
in all rases 1-3<1 less than the inward pilotage.
All .^hlpsnot having British registeis are to pay \ more than
the rates altove stated.
Masters of sliips taking a pilot at sea ; vi/. 2 leagues or more
from the harbour's mouth, are to pay according to rirmin-
stances attending the lia/.ard ruti, assistince rtH|uireii, iVc,
which is to be regulated, in case of ilispul*', by the sub com-
missioners. The iiilot is to provide a projier tow-boat and itpw
consisting of at least 4 men; for whose services he shall he
tintitiwl to charge Us. ful. per man )»er day, in atldilion to the
rateof pilot.ige; and, in case of dispute, to l»e settletl by the
sub-commissioners, and the assistants rewarded according to
the ri.sk, time, and trouble.
P0WN*8 TO TUB IsLB OF AV'KHIT. — RiitCS Of Pililtupe.
r. s. ft.
Bhips drawing 7 feet and under
8 — - -
—
lo-
ll —
12 — .
13 —
3 l.'i
I 7 r.
.0
fi 12 fy
fi t
fi I,*) Il
7 6
* When the pilot Is put on board liy a Ixiat from the shore, one sevr-ntli to the pilot, and the remaining tix icvenths tg llie boat
and crew.
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE.
911
!ri
L.
ff.
</.
5
,',
4
4
S
S
rei^n
.Ho.
IVale.
. d.
Per I'm.
t. J. ((.
8
5 ()
1 .1
7 6
3 .T
4 4 (1
.'i .'i li
6
2 r,
7 fi
5
•i 2 n
2 Ifl (I
.1 10
4 1 U
r. .I
r,
.T a
2 6
1 1 n
1 S (1
1 i.'i (1
2 2 U
7 fi
1 lll.J
6 3
in fi
11 n
17 II
1 1 u
5
e 3
9 4.5
2 fi
« !»
5 ('
1 3
4
1) .'i
7 1'.
10 II
II l.-i
1 II
1 a
2 fi
H (1
S ()
1 ^
10 n
1,) II
1 I) II
1 r,
thr rtarhn'mtfi
:iout the run .)f
are tn pitv .is
I'lr Kiial.
I. d.
■ 2 fi
,1
- 3 fi
■I
. 5
line, nri' to pay
If PiMapr.
/,. *. <l.
■ ,1 1,'> II
■ I 7 B
. r,
. .112 6
. fi 4
. « I.S 1)
-760
mills to Uie bout
SliiiK drawlni; 1 1 fr. t
li'i -~
Ifi —
17 -
IS _
lU —
20 _
SI —
Above 21 —
Dl'BMN.
L.
».
d.
■ 7
17
r.
- H
S
II
- !)
II
- )l
!)
II
- 11
II
II
- l.T
II
(1
- l**
- 17
II
- 18
II
a
Forii([n Kate. |
Uritlth Rate. 1
L.
<. d. L
ff.
d.
BnllMt iluM. Taken on
board within the harbour
(1
2 fi per ton
1
S Tier ton
thrown out —
II
in _ ,0
II
H -
Tonnage dues
1 6 — U
(1
!) —
Intrards.
rilolage over the n.ir from
willioiit the Hanks
fi n per foot n
.■?
n per foot
within —
4 11 — II
2
II —
Milhlnlhc ire.ids
II
3 II — 11
1
(i —
From INhiIIkk 1" the^uays
II
1 C —
1
u —
Outtvards.
1
From thetjuays to Ponlhip
1
laden
1 C —
1
—
From Poollicg over the
1
Uar ■ - laden
1 fi -
1
—
IlcNOEK.
Foreii^i Hate. llritt.^h Kale.
Harbour dues. Vessels from
India or t'hina
Wwt Indies, Azures, Ma-
deira, Teneritlb, Cape
de \ erd Isles, (ireen-
land, and llaviii's Straits
America, ."Mediterranean, I
or any , irt north of |
Ilrontheiin • •
Any nartbetweenlhinkirk I
andtiibraltar (including;
Dunkirk), and from any |
{lart in the Kattic .
l._Itritish vessels navl- 1
gated l>y non-freemen pay
I more » - - I
L. t. d.
5 per ton
1 i -
1 -
8-
/.. ff. d.
2 G per ton
8-
—
4 —
ExBTBR Dittricl, vij. — From Lyme to Rob's Nose, and lice
mid ; and to and from, and into and out of, all {mrts, and
places within those limits.
A'./i. — No master of a ship is compelle<l to t.-xke a pilot
wilhin this district, until he comes oil' ihe jiorts of Kxinouth
.ind 'J'ei^nmouth ; Imt if lie do take a pilot between Lyme and
Itoti's .Nose, it must be one of the district pilots, if one oiler.
H'lhs of I'tttinpe ^tir Veiaels in nnd nrtr Exmo"*h Itar, to thi
Mwriitf^t in the litf^ht at Exmimtht and out again uver the Uar,
3.
6.
fiO tons.
SO —
!I0 —
100 _
1 2r> —
l.'iO —
175 ^
200 _
2.'ill _
.■500
Coaffffrff.
m tons .'?
— 4
tp -. nw lull]
c f fill —
■p I 1110 —
a I i.Mi _
«;■ 17.'. _
2 I 2110 —
I I .Till —
17.'. _ 7
400 _ 12 fi'
And if carried up to Topsham Quay and back, 1 guinea extra.
Shiptfrotn Forn^n Partt.
And if carried up to Topsham Quaj and back, I guine.! extra.
For VeutU in and out, over Teignmouth Bar.
Coatters.
6 r fiOtons-, „ rlfO^ons."? O-j w
^aj l'« _ ( Sal ■iim - 4 I J.= 2
•«ii VIKI _ f-ojl 2.'.0 - 4 fi f S32
S S 2.V) _ g ij ,1IMI _ .', ,£ « »
S. y. 300 —J « >- 100 — 50-' '3
Ships from Forrif^ Parti,
S- r fi" tons-
ils SO —
tSS 100 —
f&H '■'"• -
« J I I 200 _
-gS 2.'-0 -
so tons ^
100 _ 3
fi
l.'iO - 4
200 — 4
(1
2.'iO — S
300 _ (i
400 - 7
*- 3 I
Shins not having Uritish rcRisters, nor liein^ privileged as
British, to \in\ ^ Tiioro thiin thf alxivo rates.
Pilots to jirovidc a l>oat and crtrw to assist over the bar to a
mnnrinj; l)erth ; for which they shall he paid, ovit nnd above
tliepiloiaxe, 2*. Cd. for each man or oar tinjiloveil for that
runiose.
M tstors of ships laltina a pilot offthcBitl of Turtland^orthe
Stnri (which Is optionalto theni), are lo pay, l)«'yond the |»i-
lolaRe from Hob's Nose, or LymtS as follows, viz. : — Colliers
ami iw»sters, 2 ^iiincas; ships from foreign ports, 3 guineas;
■nd proportionately for intermediate distances.
Faimoi'TII Diitricft »'«. - Frori tlie Podman to the I.lzard,
and vice versti; and to and fn-iii, and hilu and out of, all
ports and plat\^ within those liinits.
N. n. — Nn master of a vesAei U conii)elI«d to take n pllol,
within thif) district, unles-'t Koing into or cumInK out of a part
witliin a line drawn from the Manacles to the l)odnian ; but
if he do take a pilot bf^tween itie DtMlman and the Lizard, It
must be one of the district pilots, if oneoHer.
Ralet qf Pilotage, fiir MMing Shi
Diitrict.
«
mi
hin the
Fatmouil
From
To
8
te
10
4.
.10
11
ff.
3.'.
12
ff.
42
13 14
ff. ff.
16 50
1
15 Ifi 17
ff. ff. ff.
M 00 fi7
18 iy20
«. «. «.
7.'j 84 94
Sea, & ^
vire J
vend 1
farrick Unad,
Faltnonth, A:
Si Mawes'
Harbours, Ac
St. Just Pool
f
Do. do.
Ilelford Har-
21
21 27
30 34 '3s
42,47 M fiO
C.irrink
Falmouth, ^
t
1 1
1
Koa.ls.J
rcrnt
St. -Mawes'
Harliour.s, iV
St. Just JNiol
V. Iff. fiJ. per foot of the draught of
I water.
Masters of vessels taking a pilot at sea, are to pay^
L. i. if.
For putting a pilot on W>ard without a line diawn
from Ihe Manacles to the Do<lman • -220
Ditto, from the entrance of Helford Harbour lo the
(iuUKoik - - • - - 1 1
Ditto, a mile without the Slag Hock or Pendennis
I'oint - - - - - 10 G
Ditto, otr the Lizard, or in the parallel of the Lizard,
or meeting a vessel there, .ind running licfore her,
not beiuf; ahle lo put a pilot on lioard, provideil
the master of Ihe vessel consents to receive a pilot
at that distance - - - - 3 3
Ships not having Rritisb registers are to pay i more of tho
rates of pilotage than state<l in tlie above Table.
N. H. — No allowance for a pilot going on board a ship in the
harl>our tr take her out, except in extremely bad weather, or
when ships are on -horeor maVing signals of distress, in wliich
cases a reasonable compensation i^ lo be made.
All ve>sels belonging to the port of Truro, bound to or from
foreign piurts, including (luem»ey, Jtrsey, Aldemey or Sark,
are to pay no more than h the above rates of pilotage, nhen
navigating within the limits of the Falmouth district on their
passage to or from Truro. The rate of U. 6(i. per foot for j.ub-
sequent removal remaining unaltered.
FowRV Diitrict, viz. — From Looe, Inclusive, to the Dodman.
and VIC- vend ; and to and from, and into and out of, all
ports and places within those limits.
N, H. — No master of a vessel is compelled to take a pilot
whhin this district till ho comes oil' the port of Looe ; or
within a line drawn from Looe to the (irihben Head, for the
port of Fowey ; or from the liribl)en Head to Bbickhead, for
rolkerris liav ; or from the (fribben Head to the Dudman, for
Mevagissey ;"but if he do take a pilot between Looe and the
I>oilman, it must be one of the district pilots, if one otfer.
Htitet of Vi/atiiffe, for pi/oimg iA/p* mtUin the Fotvei/ Dis-
trict. — All Itritifth ships of 11 feet water and upwards, if
boarded without the land, off Looe or the Dodman, Mhich
must be known by the western land, called the (iray, being
open otr the Dodman, shall pay 6«. per foot pilola^iC, if car-
ried into the harbour of Fowey, Mevagissey Tier, Cliarles-
town Ilasini or Looe.
Hritish ships under H feet water, boarded as above stated,
topav 4*. i>er foot for the like service.
Bri'li^h ships above 14 feet, within tliat line, to pay only 4*.
jwr foot ; and ships under 14 feet, boarded as above, only 3#.
{>er foot toi the like service.
All ships not having a British register to pay ^ more than
the rates above stated.
All the aliove rates to be paid in proportion for every J
foot of water, but no allowance to be made fur any draught
of water aliove, or under, A it foot.
In carrying ships to sea Itom the said harbour, the pilotage
to be in all cases l-3d less ti.on tliu inward pilotage, as men-
tiunetl in the third article.
All sbiits which may anchor on their arrival either in Me-
vagissey liay, or the sands oil' Fowey, to pay only i of the be-
fore-mentionel rates of pilotage.
All pilots employed to carry ships from any one of the har-
bours to another, to he paid the same pilotau*' as if tlie said
ships had been boarded within the headlanus coming front
tea.
Masters of ships taking a pilot at sea (which is optional with
tliem) —
I. s. rf.
3 leagues without a line drawn fVom the Looe to
the I)o<lman, are to pay
f^ leagues ditto - - - .
10 Uayues ditto . . -
and pro^wrtionately for intermediate diatanccs.
FureiL,.! Kate.
Hritish Kate.
L. ff.
d.
t. ff.
<;.
Tilotapp from Sea to the
Kcads, and i ice vend
20 to r.O Ions
10
per ves.
.'.
per ves.
CO — 100 —
14
_
II 7
_
100 — i.'.n —
1
—
10
_
i,'.(i — 'ion —
1 8
—
1114
_
2(10 and upwards
1 14
8 -
17
4 _
From the Koads to the
Dock, and virt- vend
20 to fill tons
1.'.
—
7
fi _
fiO - 1110 —
1 t
_
II 111
_
100 — l.'iO —
1 111
—
1.'.
—
l.'jl _ 2(10 _
2 2
- 11 1
_
2IH1 and upwards 2 12
- ll fi
—
t?
t
M'
«
1 1
>\
i\^ ,
'li
h i
If
I
.1- hr
•I
lid
i 'i ■: !
i u
*f
■■ ' ' -'12. :( ii ' l' ii
.'a I
f
A ;i
I f :;i
Ml
912
PILOTS AND PILOTAGE.
Onintmcic.
If arbour dues
Anchorage
PlIotaKe -
. overspa
coastwbe
Forei^ Hate.
llritUli Hall'.
L. I. ,1.
1 -1 i>er ton
8 —
1-
Ki -
/,. t. ,1.
II H iwr ton
(1 4 —
—
II II I -
llvLh — tftittimieil.
Harwich. — Adfri qf PUolagr, Jbr piMIng Shipi itUo and (mi
qf Hanvich Harbour,
From
Sea or Orford-J
nens
I'he Rolling]
Urounds
Harwich Har-
bour
To
Harwich Har-
Iwur •
Harwicli Har-
bour -
Sea or Orford-
ness - -
The Rnlllngj
(f rounds -J
Under
111
Keet.
Zn. d.
into
13
Feet.
L. t. d.
i 2 0,3 3
1 1 01 11 6
2 2
3 3
two thirds of the alKive
1 11 6'i 2
anil u|>-
wardii.
L. : d.
« 4
Ships not having British rcgiiiters are to it.iy ^ more of the
rates of |illota^ tn.-in stated in the above Tablei to be paid at
the Cuituin -house, Harwich.
Hof.vnKAD DiWrtrf, t'i2. — To and from the anchorages at
Great (Irines Head, along the coast of the Isle of Anglt-sea and
Wales, as far as Itardsey Island, and tn and fVoin, and into and
out of, all ))orts and places within those limits (except the bar
and harbour of Caernarvon, and the Swellies).
N.D Nn master of a vessel is com)K.>lled to take a pilot
within this district, tilt he comes to the North Stack, Imund to
Holvhead Harliour ; hut if he do take a pilot between (ireat
Orn'ies He.id and Bardsey Island, it must be one of the district
piloia, if one oflfer.
Ratu tif PUoiagtffor pitoiing Ships ittto and out qf ihe Harbour
qfHolnhead.
Vessels per Register to p.iy, for
300 and
less than
400 Tons.
200 and
less than
300 Tons.
120 and SO and
less than less than
2IKI Tons. 120 Tons.
f>0 and Under
less than CO
80 Tons. Tons.
L. : d.
3 3
L. t. d.
S 2
r,. 4. d. L. $. d.
1 11 6 ; 1 10
L. ». d. L. a. d.
15 10 C
1
HOLI..
Tonn Dutifor Alien Vetitli.
Anchorage, under 100 tons
KXl and not 200 tons
200 and upwards
JetUge, under 100 tons
if loads out more
100 and not 200 tons
if lo.ids out more
2IKI and upwards
if loads out more
Hostage, per each 1/. sterling of the freight
inwards - - ...
Amongst the officers, per ^hip
Ballast, per each ton taken on board, outwards
/-.
«.
rf.
II
1
«
2
3
13
fi
II
3
(i
17
,')
I
7
2
3
2
Ships not havlne British regibters are to pay ^ more than
ctatecl m the above Table.
All ships and vesselsi under any circumstances of distrou,
are to pay Kuch pilot a further sum of mone^-» to be calculated
nccontinx to the extent and circumstances or such distress, and
tJie service afforded.
Ships and Te&^Is wliich shall be boarded by pilots, at the
Instance of 3 leagues or farther to the southward and westward
of Hol.vhead (where it is optional tn masters of vessels to take
|41otsJ, are to pay the several rates following ; viz.
L. $, d.
On having a Liverpool pilot on board, off Foint
Linas, and landing the Holyhead pilot there - 3 3
On landing the pilot at the (ireat Onnes Head -440
If a pttot IS taken beyond the limiu of his licence
to Chester Water or to Liverpool - - - 5 5
With the sum of 7*. 6d. per day for every day such pilot may
l>e detained on board in coSKquence of the shin or vessel |>er>
forming quarantine, or detained under any otner restiictions
such sliips may be liable to.
Pilots boarding ships and vessels at a less distance than 3
leagues from the Head, as above, are to receive IOj. 6J. less for
pilotage than the above rates.
It is particularly requested that commanders of ships, on
discharging their uitots off Point Linas, or the Ormes Head,
should t>e certain that such pilots will Itc taken on shore with-
out being delayed on board such vessels or boats as may receive
them ; as a pilot will be entitled to It. 6'/. per day for every day
he shall \ye kept out from landing, after the day he is dis-
charged from the ship or vessel he may have piloted, unless it
can be proved that such delay had unavoidably happened &om
the violence of the wind and weather.
Foreign
Rate.
llriti&h Kate.
L. 1.
d.
L. t.
il.
Sea pilotage. From the
lluinlier to Lyme or
lloston Deeps - -
12
OperfUot
H
<'|ierf.>.nl
Trinily Hoiut Dun.
]
Buoyage • under 211 tons
II
11
i»er ves.
—
*i
?'
H.TVlsi.i
40
II
-.
3
_
M
11
<) 3
60
II
\
6r,
11
m^
U 4
70
14
U
..
(» 4
_
80
(1 14
U
_
.'}
_
90
14
^
(» 5
_
100
14
_
r.
110
14
U
—
v>
120
U 14
U
—
7
—
1.30
14
—
(1 7
__
13A
14
_
7
140
17
_
(» K
150
17
_
8
IRO
17
!► !»
_
170
I) 17
II
_
y
ISO
1 (1
__
10
for every .iddltional 10
1
()
6
_
Fine on importing a cargo
1
II
All
Ho. exiKirting —
Harbour master's dues .
i; 13
4
—
_
2
s
—
—
Town Duesjbr BrUith VeaeU*
Jettage.
Anchorage.
Inwards.
Outwards.
/.. J. rf.
t.. I. ,1.
'.. 1. '1.
Under 40 tons
1
1 6
II 1
411 and not 45 tons
10
2
1 II
4.', — 50
1 6
2
1 li
.W — UK)
1 6
2 li
2 li
100 — 150
2
3 6
.1 6
l.'iO — 200
2
4 6
I II
21 HI — 250
2 6
5
5 (1
2.'iO — .31111
2 6
1) fi
II li II
3UU and upwards •
2 6
7
li i:
Exempt if
Not due unless with
belonging
floods landed at, or
to free.
taken in at, Hull,
men.
or within the h.ir- 1
Imur. 1
Foreign Kate. British Rate,
tnwnrdM,
River pilotage. From the
Nortlmens of Dimling-
ton seen open, or clear
of the land to the south-
ward thereof
From the same, for ves-
sels coming from the
southward
From the same, for ves-
sels coming from the
northward and east-
ward
From the floating light
until Spurn lights at
north-east
From Spurn lights at
north-east, to the buoy
of the Iturcome or
Grimsby ...
Ontn'ard$.
With goods
ballast
goods from Grimsby
ballast
Pilots aitinding on vessels
Dock dues. V'es.sels coming
to, or going Iwtween,
Hull and the West
Indies, North or South
America, Africa.Green-
land, or any place east
of the North Cai>e of
Norway, within the
StraiU of Gibraltar,
and south of Cape
St. Vincent
Between Hull, and all
places above the Sound,
and westward of ITshant
In Europe, without the
Straits uf (Gibraltar
Between Hull, and any
port in Sweden, Den-
mark, orNorway, below
Elsineur, (lerinanv,
Holland, Flanders, or
France, to the eastward
ofUshant
L. «. (/.
7 per fool
7
7 —
5 3-
3 6 —
fi
—
4
-
4
—
2
s -
3
—
2
II .-
2
—
1
4 _
10
6 per day
7
piT ila;
3 C per ton
2 6-
1 S
t. *. d.
5 Oficrfooi
5 -
5
3 6-
2 6-
19 per ton
13-
10 -
,fl."
liritt^h \iaw.
L. I, d.
8 (iiierfocit
t Oi»rv«.|
'i I'l
1) 3 (1
_
3 (i
t (1
4 (1
4 fi
_
.'•
_
a (i
_
fi
^
r. fi
U 7 1)
7 fi
_
7 fi
_
OKU
^
1) 8 n
—
3
_
1) U fi
_
U 10
_
c
__
Nil.
—
Jcttag*.
wards. nutw,itAs,
: ./. I.. 1. ,1.
1 U (11 u
2 1 (1
•i II
I li
'2 (i
II 'i i;
S fi
:i G
4 U
II 4 11
r>
.'i
fi I)
li II
7
n fi i;
3t due unk-ss with
ootU hmdt^ at, or
aken in nt, Hull,
r within the har-
lOur.
Itrilisli Kate.
L,
«.
J.
ot
5
per foot
.0
-
5
-
.1
G -
2 G -
pi-r dav
I)
4
11
•^
s
II
u
II
II
1
4
7
(1
1 9 ptr ton
1 .1 -
n n in -
PILOTS AND I'lLOTAGE.
0];5
I
ore
l«n Hate.
Iritish It.ite.
1.
».
,;.
*
ii.
1
Water bailitrH diiM
It
~,
1 pi-r VI ,.' II
**!
ler vr:..!
Hiverduts, iiiuK-r 10 ton:.
11
VlUTtOil ' II
II
-er Ion
■in 111 /.ll
.1' -
(1
(1
■J
.')ii - i;i)
II
II
4 —
II
,T
fill- 70
I)
t)
(1 —
II
4
70— 80
(I
S _
II
(I
!"*
._
80— yii
(1
1
(1 _
II
(1
I''\
!IU — 1(10
II
1
4 -
II
II
S
^_
llHI — ISI)
S _
II
II
III
ISOanil u\i»ards U
1
S -
If delivering or LikniK in
a f.'iruo, at or below
llnwiiham lU-ach
.
.
ft
—
riIoiii);e from llounhnni
Keifh to l.uvinKton
Creelc, and vice trrni -
1
G per fool
(1
(1
per footi
From l..-vlnKton (reek
10 llarwhli Ilarhuur,
anit ii''f vrrmi
1
0-0
n
fi
From liownhain Idarh
1
to iriiwleh Harbour,
and lit.- r rTT/) . .
'.>
li - (1
1
.1
troni l}i..wi( h On iv to
Downhant Ueai-h, antl
ifVi* ttr.1'?. — \'e.sel> '
with J mast - -
'/
fi _
I
,1
__
W ith 'i or nuii'u • ii
.■i
fi _ (1
1
fi
-
h
rivruroor.
IliUaof rii>liti;efnr lltUUh Vrsiili Inttlht^ (■> iunifiu P<iri$.
IVr IVhi
;-inv(i-f/. — From till' Icnj-di i,f tlic wcM i-nd of <;rcat /-. a. u
Omits Ileiul, In';iriii'_'S. hv \V'., nrlH'f'irc IVntn.in
Jl.u-hai! he hhut in wiili'tlifat Oviil-n \\km\, at
the r.itcoC . . - . . " "
rr.mi tlie eauw.ud of (iri'.it Ornn^s Mori'), as .iltovf
Fr.ni theniily hmisc? now on <iii'a( Ililltr.i I.^and,
hi-arin:: S. S.\\'. hv tin- cniupa'-"., or >li.>ll Ik*
pilotftl from ihc Itoaii ..f Hovlake nr.ly, nr from
the liuoy of ihr K,iir-\\';u in Korniltv Chi.tnK'l -010
Ovtiniri}. WhuihtT iliroiii;h the Uoek or Fomiliy
( hannel - - . - -0-10
.No IJiilish vps-^cl, trr.ilinc tn frirci^n jiari*, hiwird anil ^ut-
\\;int Imiiml, is In refuse a pi tot ; bnt if -.u. h ve-hil liave passetl
til.' I>r.i/il hiioy in the Kuik (iiinnil, <ir tlie .'MitNne I'ateh
liiKu m I'lirinliy Tliannel, or if a piUit Imat fall in \\\\\\ a ve^^el
in (lie n.trrows of the rhu'neU in stormy weatlnr, that slie
(■ ;iniot hoard her without iinniincnt dani^ir, tlie pilot -.h ill then
liMil fhf way, and, in tiilur case, In* ( iiii;li(i tosuih i<iloiageas
sli lit lie awarded l>y the eommittee iit tluir ni'xt meeting-
/■(ir .■Uhn Shifis itntl i\':,sf/s.
Ver Foot,
L. ».
c/.
1) 4
fi
II I
tnn'iird — Fiom the lentth of Ciruat Ornics Head, as
almve, at the rate ot - - - - '' 1'^
Truai iht' e •'•twMvd cf (treat Orme-illt'.id, as ahovo J 11
I'roni ths.' only hmi-e now onCireat lliilira Inland,
1 1' tring S.S.\\'. bv thiM ^ltnp;l^s,()r ihall hepi'oted
frmn the Koad of II.i\l,iV:e onh, i.r from the
litioy of the I'aiv-W'ay n Fortnhv Chamiel • A G
OiJn-'ii-'il — Whether lhfoui;h the lUn k or Kormbv
< hannel - - - - '-070
.\u alien vess^'l, inward or outward bmmd, is not to r- fuse a
I'i <»t, as (-ireuinslaiicL'H are descriheil fur Hng!i-h fureij;n \e^se!s
■.i\ illiDYD.
/•ill- Vfii^t'in^ rv-f^t/.t, tuiit iho.'ic tniilhti^ fn and fnmi luluii-l, the
Ixlauili >if' i'liru or i-\no, ./cjm-.^, (.iitr/j.-c/, Afilennji/, ^'urA',
uiiii Muii.
Ft r Fool.
Inn-'iiuf. — From the U'nmh r.f (;itMl(lrniesIIead,a.s
aliiive, at the rate of - - - -
Frcin the iMstwaiil ui'(rr<al Ornies Hfa^l, a-; rhove
Fr-in the only hou-,e now on (in at Hi!' v" I-.'.;md,
liearinu' S.S.W. by the romi-av^, or shall he
liilnted fr. m the Kriad of Ho\ lake ojiK, (»r from
the buoy of the Fair-Way iiiForniby i lir.imel 2
Ou/'if/ii/. — Whether throiif;ii the Uofk or Forndiy
Channel - • • • - Si
Xo cnastin^ vessel to pny for loss than S fivi of water, nor
an> vc-sel to pay for odd inehes tnuler l^ni'm . No coasting
ve>'-o], -nward of outward bomid, of the bnnh.-ii of 100 ions - r
upwaHU. ;unle.^s she be in ballast,) is to refuse a pilot, as the
lun-ler or owner, iS:e. nni.st pay the fu'I pilotage if one be
nili-nd. No v(-,,fl to he iltenietl'a foasttr unless she has been
(i tnoinhs in that trade.
r:.tira Pay. Vet Pa
» L.
In the river, pxr'u'iive of tho day roming from sea,
the day of docking, and the day of gomti to sea, lor
the pilots attemiance, if re«imre<l by the master or
cvner, A:c. . . . - -
^nd if the atundancc of & pilot boat be requested as
nliove . - - - . . 2
*^
2
Tie pilolaac from wa Into Hoylake is i inward, and from
In 1 «,ke out to hea ^ outwards.
*}f.* Notwithstanding tlie ni'ot or the boat bo not emploj-etl
whole liay, to he paid for a day.
S'» far includes all the ratios and prices for pilotage and uxtra
pny.
Tl e I'ilois' f'oinmittec leg leave to roronirnffnd to tlie mer-
r'nnts iif Mverjmol, iS:i-. that when a pilot Ciiiiducts a ship or
vssel into port to their satisfaction, to employ the s.itne pilot
111 t;ilcp the vessel out again; and if he sbonl'd he ab.sent on
'hitv, that one beJonging to the s.itne iKiat he employed.
I'll'ts' lirlf^ anil iifnuUUions. — Ans pf'rson acting as a pilot
ia ih^ imrt of Liverpool, without a licence, to forfeit 2''/.
IMIols refusing to tondiiit •hhipH, or a.tsist ^hips m Jl<itrp!4<t, In
lorfiit l"/.,,ind bisc iliiir III Mice.
,\|.LNter-. in coa-ting tra. e in halla^t, or mider the burden of
Inn totis, m.iy jdloi thi ir own \t''.s<*ls.
Masters of vewU foriihiy taking jiilots beyond the limits ' f
the n')ri, shall I'orf it not ixiet-ding '-iW., nor'le^s tbni .)/.
i'llol- ndsiMh.i\iog to have their lieeriLes recalleil, and "
thev at I ;il>erwaiils, tu be liable to the same penaltiest m if ihe.>
were not pilot '^.
\'i-;se!s liahle to pay pilotnge coming into pert, to dis^tlay a
siL'nal for a pilot, itrider a pt-nalt> of.'*/.
lU'tt aril for pilots .i.ssi-.tiii»; ships in distress to be se'.tled bv
tlie coiiiinitlie.
(...inpins.ition to he mad-- to pltnis f„r lakhig vessels nut of
lit • port whiili have l;ien fi,rt»H' iMik, tu be bxid by the com*
m l!r'.-,
Shi|is forced hack after p-.rting with the pilot, and piloted
out auiiio from Il"\l iki', to pi. J the ptnes.
l-^vtry nia-tler to give the pilot a true account of the (iraught
of water of his sliii), and pilots authl>ri^e^l to admeasure.
i'llots to oliey the orders of tlie bailKiur and tUn k master^.
.\o vessd-, to be brought round the lluck, or into the docket
in tlie niglit-time<
r.oxnoxni'Biiv.
F
oreisn lUtc.
BtUish Hate.
s.
(1.
I..
»,
''. 1
(.)uav dues (except Frer-eh;
1
i'\erM-a
a
)cr ton
(1
.T per ton ,
roa^tii ^
.
.
•i .^
Harbour dues - ..viiM-a
II
II
._
t)
II
^ —
eoa^liii;,.
.
.
II
•i —
Inn-itrih.
Pilotage. 7 ftet mil! under
1
1
'er ve*.
11
II per ves.
Above 7tt. and under <s ft.
II
.T
pi r foot
'i
II per loot
S — II
(1
,",
I
li
•i -
'1 — 111
(1
.T
s
-,.
•i
4 - 1
111 _ 1!
.1
i
,
•i
S — i
11 _ I;
ll
I
1
.T
_
1 i - . n
II
1
s
_
.1
4 -
1.1 _ M
II
rt
ll
.1
S _
11 — 1 ■.
II
,'',
1
1
—
l.'i and upw.'svda
(I
'i
H
1
4 -
ijutniiri!s.
7 f.'et .''.nd tnid'.T
II
17
f;
per ves.
10
fip. rv....
^Vlxjve" tl. and under S fi.
II
'a
li
>Lr foot
1
(' l.er lot)<
S -. II
II
■i
!»
1
!» -
;i - HI
II
.1
n
'i
(1 —
M — 11
II
7,
5
■i
.1 _
11 li
If
,";
(;
—
•I
fi —
li - l.T
(1
■T
\)
•i
•1 -
1,1 — II
ll
4
?,
II —
14 — |-|
II
1
■1
^
.1 —
I'l and upw.uU
II
I
1
_
.>
B -
A'.n. — All Hrnl~h ^llips
troni fore'Kn p tris to pa\
4''. per fool extra ; or if
bound lo tort i'iu ports,
baviui; on bo.ird A a
(■:.rt;o, or with pa^ieii-
t,'erN, lo pav Ir/. pir loot
extr.t, in addiliou to tiie
above ehartie^.
Lynn*.
Foreign Rate.
Ilritish Rite.
Town dues. Keaconage - ' l^.pertonO I per ton
Stak ige - Os( — U^ —
find l-.'tth t f tlie boa- 1 i
. . .- iiea
- ona-.c, if at ihe Uoal, ■ i
liillast - ■ .00 Spr.Ttns. 4iiT.."tiK
A/ouringdues - -00 l_^perton Ojpr.tt.n
, goods j ^;ootU
vlii^h mav be in> i
crea eil to .-0 02— 001 —
Filula-e, liHeet .'Old under ." Operfoot O I Cperfoot
10^ to Vi . . .T (i ^ I ■
1 H to i IJ - 4 O -- O '2
ni iiiiduiuvards (t .'i o — o '£
'J
o —
(i —
■Nhi.ronn /)i.•■^•fV^ Wr. — From Cahly Island, along the coat
to St. iViviil's Head, and from tlu-nce to t";n'di['an l--l.'nd, .i-d
rice rccf,/ ,- anrl to ami from, and into and out ot", all ports and
■ limil
III! iici-*; luiHt M
No masii.T of a vessel is romjielled to take a pilot
?s district, unh'-s ."oing iii'o or coming <»ut of port,
i: I r. I ft :.,. ... u I. . L. I I I .
places within tfo-'
A', n. - :
wiihin tlvs district, unh'-s ."oing iii'o or coming <»ut of port,
wiiiiin a line drawn fiom I.enny Foint to Skokaiu Fsl.md ;
hat if he do take a pilot 1 etweeti C.ihly l>l nid ar.d Cauliuan
I >I Old, it nnisl be one of the di,^lrlct pilots, if one utler.
Iiati-3 of Pihlanp^fnr pihfiiif; S7i(>.» iuto the Hnrhoiir ofMiff-y.tt
niiil iiji mill iUm-}> (!)■■ suiil IlmliDir.
From
To
Hates per Foot.
I'nd. r IlFt.^e
1 1 Ft. upwids.
! . Any r^ftnf -he bar- .j
'A line drawn from \ hour below a line/
j St. Anne's I'oint -j -i— .."«-.™ -v '.
to Sheep'.s Island j
L. «. d.
dr;i\vn fi*<im New- J-
tor. Noi-e Foint to\ I
L. s. d.
5 (i
St. Anne's Foint \
to Sheep's Island,-:
or from Hubber- 1
^t.)nc' Itoad *"
iMari ill's Ifaven
nee above a |
drawn from I
ton No*e>
line
Newton
Voint to Martin's V
Haven. in addition '
Now}- 2 00 2 ti
!i N
!
u
^t
!^
!■
ll
!-^i'
l/.'l
I,
; I
4
• 'ii
i'
1 ;
;f|i' ill
:i 1 i)lid
911.
PILOTS AND l'lL()TA(Ji:.
> A
IP.
AUiiiti^ nut Rata for Shifii h<Mtrileil nUhoitt th* Lnlrmne ij thi
HuHhjui-.
I., i. li.
Krom n line ilrnwn from I.ciinjr I'uint to Skukum
l»i. tint, lit atUlittoiit t>**r ffwt - • ■ (I 'i n
It' Im tiiL* tMtiilhwanl (list. (i<iwi*n's Headt ditto .010
i)r rn>m<'al<ly li^lund enktwardt or from th** wiNt-
w.tr<l nf thv (iraftiihnlini dr ^ Irji^UfH uithoui
Icmi) I'oiiit, in iidilitluii to Iht- harlnmr |ulutaKc .T .T ''
« U'liuiifH ditto - . - • 4 I "•
in Uii^uw liiUo - - ■ . (i »i il
Due rmirlh p.irt ift to 1)« added to the hnrbour ratfA for hh\\*n
nm h.iviiig liritlah reKlktvn.
HaUifor Servicfi and Attiitmce performed in the Harbour.
For M bit.it cfirrjln^ an anchor of above (icwi., mHIi u cnr-
rf!»iiumUiiH h.ivvser —
Ct'in HulitH'istone Knadft
liai h iii;iii ill itu' boat, tfarh tide ■
It'lH-low llittilHT>t()nelluAdft, n line
drawn from tlie K. point ol' (til-
liNwirk, to dif K. point of Anule
li.iv anil alnivf Ihf Stark Koct -
Karh' man in the tfoat» t-ach tide -
irin l>n!t' lioadi and ihu anclior Is
lirouffltt I'roni Atilt'nrd
Or if carri«*d olffnim Hale
Kai-h man ni the boat, each tide -
•2 12
U 6
Not enrcodintf!
at the dJMif-
tinnof ihi'siib.
cumniUAiuitL-r'^t
For a boat carrying off an anchor of 3('wt. and not exceed iir
r> cwt., with a corre!>)MiiidinK hawser, the boat and nit n to li.uc
j| »t the HUina aUtvc b)ieclhfd.
For a I'uat with an anchor of '^ cwt. and notexnciliiu ."cw t.,
with a corrfsponding hawser, the bunt and men ioha\e ^ of ine
bnid at>ove specitit-d ^uins.
For unmooring a shiji drawintf 11 IK'l water, and npwar N,
ndlirinuin^ her alungMde tiie quay,or int.) Iliililn-rstoiit' Vi\\ -
"' ' '■ itumetl —
i/.
O
f Not exi:ee<linL' ;
fij at ih.' Ills ..'.
1 lion nftllH siib-
( L'o>iiinin>iii:it !»•
From the situ.itlun, ist or W, bttore nui
L. M.
For the pilot • - -11
If with a ttoat an additional sum of 10
Each periion einplovetl • -06
From tht> Ttd station sperified ~
For llic pilot
1 11 a
If with a boat, an additional sum of 10
K.ich iiL'tson emjiloycd - -0 ')
I Not excf.'dniu' ;
V> I at tlif <li.. ri-
O'i lion of itteMii)-
( coiiimisnioiii-is.
And for taking' a ship ot H feet drauKht of water and up-
wards, from thf piays, or liuhlwr^tont I'ill, to moor.iifis in
any of the situation:! befoie mentioned, tlie like suiiiii above
ipccilicd.
Ships under 11 feet draught of water^ to or from the situ-
ationn before mentioneil, 4 of the sums lor the pilot ; ihi! boats
and men a^ above s|iecihed>
For new mmtrinK a ship drawing M feet water, In either of
the situaliouii before desciibed —
A.
For the pilot - . - i» 10
If with a tioal, rin additional &um of 10
Kacli per&un einjiloved - - O '
Nbwlaiti.r.
d.
(i
fi
Not exctt^ding.
ForiiRii Kate.
/,. J. </.
Hriash Kate. |
/..
«.
d.
I'ilotiiKC 'nto or out of the
portr iir into or out uf
any of the creeks or
nieinliers thereof, from
IstAiiril
n 1 9 per foot
1
■T per toot
1st October
a -
1
(1 -
Up or down the T\ no be-
twffn Nunh amf South
ShiL'hLs, aiul anv part of
the river above iJill
I'ltint
2 -
1
6 —
Up Ol- down Ihe rirer below
ilill I'ouit
16 —
A'. «.-')». per
ve-vsel extra,
1
—
Duoxage anil beaconace.
If with lee-
Vessels loaded 50 tons
boarils.
and under
1 ti per ves.
n
4 per von.
51 to 1(10
1) 1 H —
y - 1
lill_2U0
1 (i —
on - !
am — 300
1 ti -
1
1 -
301 and .itiove
16 —
u
1
3 - 1
Town dues. On coals and
1
^rindstonei exported
1 4 pr. chal.
y pr. chat.,
Harbour duek - laden
10 per vei.
4
ti per ves.i
ballast
5 10 —
t
•i - 1
Some particular kind of do.
wiiuout ballast or goods
8 4 —
II _
4 10 _
3
•i —
Hostinen's dues. Grind*
stones - . -
8 pr. chal.
4 pr.dial.
AnclioraL'P
10 per ves.
vn
Nrhiiavkn a)ul Sfiorrham District, i'(£.— From nnngent'*s
to the Ower^, and vice vertit ; aiui to and from, and into and
out of, all ports and places within those linhtt.
jV. li — No ina.ster of a vessel is cninpelletl to take a pilot
within this di.strict, until he conies to the eutruue of Kye,
Shnrehain, or Newliaven, and is hound to one of those ports ;
but if he does take a pilot lietwetn Duiigcnchs and the Ow^rs,
it must t« a district pilot, if one offers.
RiUes of l'itutiii:e,far iiitotiti^ Shii'S within the Seu-hurrn /)m-
''■"■'• — *'o.ist piiotaKe from Dunuenesi) to the wc^t md ot" the
Uwf.A : 7 fei-t draught and iinck'r, V. Ifw. f'.J. ; 7 to 10 feet,
</.-i*.fiJ.; 11 feet, il. 13*. i It feel, .V. 1*. (irf. ; 13 f<-et, :d.
III. f;./. ; It feet, M. IS*.. lA fei't, fd-tis.; \U fiwi, f,/. j.-,,
i; lc<t. U.'U.; IHIeet, M/. .'n. ; I'J feet,!*/. L'n.i KOft-et, 1 U
.')!.; VI ftet, 1'^/. r»«.; al»ove Vl feel, I.U lo*.
ttnrl»iur I'itottiKe. - Sen-Haven. — H tWX dran^fht ,;nd under
per i.MH, U. irt/. ; H to lofeet, If. !M. i alM>ve I'Mwt, 5*. '
Hyr. — H feet draut^ht and under, per foot, 'U. Ud. ; 8 to lu
fii'i, ."tx.; altove 10 feet, 4«.
Sfunehnm. • H feet draiiKht and under, ptr foot, 'it. f^/. ; % t^
10 flit, ^a. i alHJve H» feet, 1*.
Noirrn < IMNNRI , ^c. uprvarda frnm Orfitrdnent tu Londim.
— iW the pilots uiihin thm (h^tricl, some are lii-enstMl frorti
the MiitlKL-on liKht-teHsi-l to Orfordne^^, and Oience to th«
Downs ; <itherx are further licensed from Smith's Knoll to
l>rli<rdiiev>. Hut the takluK of pilots alon^ the awst, t,i ihs
northward of < trfordnest, it optional to niasiern of ves'.fit
th'>iiuh, if a pilot beeinplo>e<l, he must be Itrt'iiseit as .-\lMiYi'
if iiiu' oilers. •
lacenci^t ffranled for the northward of (>rlordnps<t do 11^1
authorise the pilot.iKe into or out of Vannouth lloadt ur Har-
bour, except As may b« vetpti&ite hi the pa^taKe tu the Uowni
or river.
rKS/ANra iHxtricit wi«. — From the Lizard to ('ape Corn,
wall, and rin irr^l ; and to and from, and Into and out uf, ^11
ptrtri and plates %%ilhiii those limits.
A. //. __ .\,i rinster of a vessel is compelled to Like a plot
within lliisdistritt, until he comes within n line drawn /r<>i,t
St. i lemenl'n Isle to Trewavas Head, for Mount's Ha> and
I'etit.ince; but if he dm*% tiike a pilot between the Li/anl
and t ape (Jornwatl, it must be one uf tiie district piluti, if
one uiler*
H'lten if PiUii^'e, for jiHotintf Ships fvithin the Prnaunte
Uittrict*
From
To
u.§, tun 1813 u
l.MlHilT'H
Sea, and
I'irvivrad"*
roati \
ds, f<<
All roatl
s'eads, .V-
Kiiher of the '
roA'lsteads
or piers i
.Monn.'s H.iv
Kiiher of the '
ditlereiit plerit I
in Alouiit's
Hay .
•.'f. •• ». §,<t.'
I ' I
lo';l«lW,.TO.'5S110 4i.VV-
l.^fit)
l.l'^O^
^■771
1«. ad. per foot of the draught .if '
water. '
2 3
1 1
Ship* not haviuK Hritl^h reKUters are to pay 4 more (ban
Rtateil in the above Table.
Kelts and Te&seU boarded ih> pilots at a distance !»outliw.ird
of the ba> —
For putting a pilot on bo-ird without a line drawn
from the l.i/ard to Tol IV-dan I'enwith
Ditto, within a tine drawn from the l.i/ard to Tol
Fetlan I'enwith, and without a line drawn from
4'ain Dew to reiii{winion I'oint
Ditto, witliin a line drawn from Cam Dew to Fenc-
wniinn I'oint, anil without a line dr.iwn from S|.
Clement's Isle to Trewavas He.ul - -0 10
And within those limits to be charged inwards
Pi.VMniTM Districtt r/«.— To the wrstw.ird as far as I.noe,
and ea.stward as tar as the Start ; and t<i .ind fmm, ami into
and out of, all ports and iilaces wi hin tliosi- limita.
S. /*. No ma.ster of a vessel is cnmpi'ilcd to take a pilot
within this district, excejit K<)i><K in or romin^f out of the
Eort, within a line drawn trom the Ham IIe;ut to the .Mew^tone;
ut if he do take .1 pilot between the Start and Looe, it mii'l
be one of the district pilots, if one oiler.
Hates if Pilotitue, for piloting Ships n<ithin the Phfrnouth
Dintriit.— X. All British sh:pH of It feet water and upvarils,
nfl IVnIw
■ western
■..t pilot-
exrept Kast Indiamen, if boarded without the 1 1
Point or thu* Mewstone, whn'h nuist be kriowr
land bt'ini; o]>eii otf'tlie Kam Head, shall pay ■'>■•,
aue, if c.irtied into the hari)our of Hainoa/e,
Sutton l'(K>l.
*j. Ihitish ships under II feet water, down to 8 feet. i><>arded
as ab;ive stated, are to pay U. per foot for the like sirvu-,'.
^. sliips above 11 feetj within that line, are to pay only \t.
per foot ; and ships under 11 feet, boarded as above, only ^t■
per fiH)t, for the like service.
I. All ships under S fet-t water, are to pay as above stated,
as if the vessel was of that draught.
.'t. All the above rate^ .ire to be paid in ^iropnrtion for every
^ f'lot of water, but no allou ance Is to be made for any drauKliI
of water less tlian A foot.
(i. Incarryinf( snips to sea from the said harbours, the pi-
lota^? is to be, in all cases, the same as the inward pilotai^e'
7. All ships which m.iy anchor on their arrival, eitli^'r in
<;awsand Bay or Plymouth Sound, are to pay only i of the
before-mentioned rates of pilotage.
8. All pilots emplovetl to carry ships from any one of the
harbours to another, 'are to he paid the same pilotage as if
the said ship had been boarded within the headlands coming
from sea.
!h Should any ship above 17 feet water he boarded while
the western land is open ofT the Ram Head by oneofthe'idcl.ia
pilotji, and he tuns the ship as far in as cither of the huov*
on the Panther or Shovel, and is there supersede*! by one
of the Ut class, he shall he entitled to l-3d of the pilotage.
10. Matiters of ships taking a pilot at sea -
L. t. d.
3 leagues without a line drawn from the Ram Head
to the Mewstone, are to pay • - .330
fi leaumcs ditto - - - .410
10 leaj^os ditto . - • -.660
and pro|K)rtionately for intermediate distances.
II. Ships not having Briti.sh registers are to pav 4 more of Ihf
ratHs of pilotage than is stateil in the above Tabfe.
\i. If a master choose to retain or employ a pilot whilit ^t
anchor, the rate for the lay days is to be7«. orf. a day, iwt
inc!udin;t ^'^c day coming in or going out.
PILOTS AND IMLOTACii:.
«Jl.
lit i;n4l undt*r,
. Uit. i H to lU
t, 'U.ChI., *^ 10
llcvn^tKl trtmi
theme to (he
lith'i Knoll to
ir const, lit lht>
Vr% Ot' Vt•^VI'l^,
jii-seil as ntK)ve,
iinlnesH ito ni*t
K<M(K or H.ir
; to the Uowiit
I to Cape Com-
u and utit ut', .til
In (.tk(.> a yi.nK
Ine (Imwii tnnu
ount'ft lta> and
tft!n thL> Li/aril
iistriit pilots if
*i (/i* Ptnvintt
lA
D
llillT'lH
I'll'
i in 46 AO ■>.'' (Kl
1,1 'iul
— — i
«. I.
'!7-7l
Hit nf the ilraui;ht .it"
water.
I pay { more llian
iUtance MiuthwarU
e drawn
2 ?
(1 to Tol
wn troin
1 \
to Pme-
iroiii M.
to
iitwnrtU
rd as far
a<i I.rtrte,
inil froiii,
ami ir.to
limits.
Iiil to take a pili't
[lining mil "t Ih.'
»ltotlic.\
fw-' 'iif;
and Low
, It [..ti-t
ithin the
p/r/nioirfA
vater and
upwards.
thl-linil
iir I't-nley
.■ weslt-rn
av .')» .
-)t Idiot -
ua/e, '
lift, or
n to S feit, rw«nl«l
;lic like siTvir.'.
arc to |iay onlj ll.
d xs above, onlv ^i-
pay as above sLiled,
.ironortion for evm
lade for any drau«l.t
id liarhmirs, the pi-
. inward iiilota([e-
■Ir arrival, eith>-r in
pay on I J 4 »' ""
from anv one ot the
, same pilotage as if
le headlands coming
cr be boarded wW'e
bvoneoflhe'MclM
either of the buoil
superseded hy one
of the pilotage.
;,. ». it-
Ram Head
3 3 (1
. 4 ■!
.660
distances,
etopavimmeoftht
c Table. , ., . ^,
ploy a pilot whilst *«
U7».6d. a day, not
I'iN>i K Di»trht, viz — Friitn < liriHtrtiurrh, inrlu&ive, lo
Hl< AUiitn't Heail, and tire vemi , anil to and fr<»n), ^uil Into
mid out ot't all \>urU and iilaifn wiihlti thoHt* llnuii.
\. It.— No nmhlf^r of a vl'hm-I U loiniu'lli'd to lake a pilot
within thitt dUtrht until hucoini^ to the mtranrif of I'iKile,
StiidUfid Hay* or t'hrUtehurrht liound tn nnu of Ihoiu.' ulari^ i
hut if he dii iaki'it |>ilot l>etwt'cn ChriHtrhun li iknd St. Allmti'N
Jli-ntI, it iiuiHt Ih> ontr of the di.sirict pdotH, II one nttrr.
liiUiM nf PUotime for {lUotinn .SAl/w iri/Ziiri thr /'<Mp/r Dittricl,
— Knr the piliitaxu of any veHnel from Studland lia> to I'oole
yuAV,.1i. iwrfoot.
Vnv the pMot.iKeofany veu«l from Studland Bay to Brown*
jW'i. '^■•VIh of the attuvL-.
l-'nr the pilota^te nf nnv ve«t^p| from St. AlhanS or ChrM-
I'l.urch llful, to l'<H)le (^u:i>i It. |K'r fool, and in pruporlion
from thoie head* to Hrown^iM, iVi
niolikof khipi ilrKMluK 17 fri-t wnler and tmdiT. atv to have
V4< IMT foot in itdilllloti t-> the pilot iiKe IVoid sea, fr-Mt iinv I'Uit
witiiin ihf Kle of N\ iul.i h. rortnmouih llarlMiur. orlo South'
ninpton, or to Hiu kler\ HhhI, or to Lantftlone llHrlMmr and
ryniliiKlon; ami for kII m " >«drnwlnK above 17 feet water,
3i. |»cr f(H)t.
Sni|M con
Foi the p.lntage of anv ves.<iel frnin any place between either
of thiKt* hendn and Slud'aml Itav, lit I'oole (.>ui\. .^jt. (></. yvr
ftiot ; and in proportion from thf sanu- plates to Ihowntiea, tVc.
ominn lV'»fM the IV>'^ n* with a London or ( iinpie Port
pilot, 'to the iMt' of \N'iclti, aiul he CMnllnuniM the ih.irKe Into
nnv of the pl'iti'^ wittun the >aid iHlatul, no duly Itrensetl pilot
ollerlng, is tn he allowcil ^ pilotaye from bl. Helens to th«
ani'horaKt't but notoihrrulne
Fni transporting vei^iteN from one bvith to anothcT u TorU*
mouth harlHiur —
As far its ViMt ton* .... 10*. i,d.
UiKi tn 3<')> — . - . . l,'),i.
Above ."M)*! — . . . - '^l«.
Fitr the pilol<iKe uf any ves:iel uutwartU; the kaine ^ih f<pr a
vi-^M-l inwards.
Mdps not h.ivin(( British reHlsters .ir*- In p.iy \ more of the
rntes of pllntiiKt^ than above statetl.
Ihf pilot having i-harKeof any hhip or vessel, either inwards or
outunrds, and Ih'Imk rtqulreil by the tniislir or owner to icniain
on boaid any such \U p or veuel. shall be paid U. tier day in
-uiililion tn the litiiiled piloniue, for rvirv tla> after Ine tir.st.
■J'he pilot of ans vc8^el shall, if ri quired by the owner nr
iiiiister only, prnv'de (I bou, withl men to attend her, f.nin
>takei to the (Jnai , or from the (]nay in Slakes, to tow her in
(ir<'Ut,or I" f arrv ropes oti shore or tn the buoys, as may bi- ne-
<i'-.>ar> ; for whi'i h service (here sh^ll t>e nald the sum of KU.
'I'he pilots shall at all times, w hen retpilred bv the master or
owner, lend their assistance to work any vessel to or from the
nn.u, iniooroutnf the harbour ; tWr which service they shall be
ptiit as folloAK, vi/. — Fur wiirkinK n vensel tonr fVom the bay*
.i.«. per man ; to or from Hrownsea, .!«. ditto; and to or frnhi
Stakes, '.^j. ditto; and Ihe same for the boat thi'> attend in; and
•l^, |»er day eiuh man, if detalneil on Iniard at>er the Hrsi day.
(.ii.iMlng vettfiels to pay t 7nU of Ihe above rates ot pilotage.
PoiiT (iLAsnow.
For Ihe pilotii^e of vesAeln from Koulhninpton to HedbrldK^i
■'IniK, Fortbam, "rlhiipel, aiul iirr imif, U. p»T foot ; and
from Southampton to ilamble, iiurslednn. Lea)', Uiickler't
anil Hay, (<• I'oole il»\^ . ^i' (></, iht I'-Ini^, Fortbam, •>r I'h.iml, aiul i ire irrsii, Im. p*T foot ; and
;HarIioiirdties. If a foreign
voyajre
' Above ^0 tons cnastinK
'I'iU'taKt'- From any place
I between i umray ij^hl &
j thet'htUKh LiKht.orfrom
the anchorage at Fairk-e
Uoads, Hoihsay Hav,
: or Ouaratitine Station,
I Holy Lock, to (ireenmk
, |{oad<i, iniHirtng and
iHrdiiiiL', nr via- vetini -
J'rom any nlace Inside the
j (tonsil LIkIu, or fnnu
the anchorage At tiou-
rock Koad.H, or the Tail
of the Hank
|\"esseU inward bound, not
; boarded until nearer
I (ToiiriH-k than the Hav
I of^iiirk
From "»»nnck to Port
(ilasK" 'dch rate i;*
to Ih' uddt'^' to above for
veHftels from -mj of tttosc
MatU msfor th at port -
Foreifin Hate. British Hate.
L. 9. <l.
I., s. ./.
'1 1 It per ton
It i> (i —
0'^^-
IJ -
n n^ _
O fi per ton
3 —
1.)
1
Oi
1^ — '001
PonTSMnt'TH antl Cov*r9 Dhfrt,f, lis.— From the 0«er*.
within and without the IJe of \\ ik'bt, to iVrerel, anu rice
vfrgd and to and from, and into and out of, all ports and
pUices within those hinils.
S. II. — The pilots of this distrirl have auti
Hich of the London or Cimme I'ort pi lots as ii
■ I to the Isleof U'inhf. when i
t i' c at St. Helen's, Yarmouth,
■jTi .'tward bound, to pay i the
Hard, or Heaidieu, and rice vvr»A^ \$. lii/. |M.'r foot \ ami fur any
intermnliate distance, a proporiionale rale.
Ships not havinu British registtTH are in pay \ m'ire nf t!m
rates of pilotaKe tl»an htatctl tn the alwive Taf.le.
H'a master i'hiMme In retain or employ a pilot while at anchori
the rale for the lay days is to he !*• f>t/> |ier day* not Lni.ludint{
the day I'omiiif! in or ^'oin^ out.
For every in lumnes Iteynnd the meridian of Peverel Fnlntt
for shi|is not «*xcee<liiiK 1 1 feet w if* r, .V. 3« ; for the samedls-
t.inie lur shins of more than 1 I teet water, 1/. U. ; and pro-
)M)rlionatel\ for inlermeiliate distances.
.Ml vessels helonKiim to (he port of Southampton hound to
or from lorelun parts, arc to pay no mure than ^ the fore-
ffning rales of pilntaue, when n:\viuatini{ within the limits of
either Ihe Cuwes or I'ortMnnuth districts, provided su( li ve«-
sels shall at the tune le actually bound to or from the poit of
Southampton.
All vessels trading lo nr tVoin the islands of (J uem^ey, .Jersey,
Aldeniey or Sark, arelo pay no more than i theforcKnlna rati-n
of pilola;;e whm naviuaiInK within the limits of tlie rorU-
mouth or ('owes districts.
S( ti i,v Dittiiii, I h. — To and from, and into and out of, alt
ports and places in and about the Si Illy Islands.
Kiiteg aJl*iloi,ig-,J\n-i>H-<tiui; (V,m»/« tril/iin tUr Siilli/ Dhtiiit,
in II ml out*
r. *. ./.
roasting vessels of Cn - - - .110
(;n to :.'►
7.'- to luo
1(><l lo iUH
'iiHi toiw
Vessels fmm fnriiKn itorts
Co tuns
UMI _ - - .
•^.•0 _
r.iHi _
IIIU -
and in pro^iortinn for greater tminniue.
Ships nut, having Hr'tith registers arc to pay ^ tnore IhoJ^ U
above si«a[xxl,
SLIOtV
o supcr<*do
nstd for the
liiaryenf ve-*ls to the Isle of U'iKhf. when i rnve near
thecbanneK ,' -tdiny into the i>ort.s and hiirbours n the Isle
ofWi^ht; but loitiaster of a vessel is compelled to i,.**-a FoTt.s-
mouthort'nwi- pi'ot, till within ft miles of Hemhiui^f licd^'e,
or .1 miles of Itunnnse, St. Catherine's, or the Neetllt-s. (or till
at St. Helen's, if he is pilotet^ thereto bv a duly licenseil London
nr ("inque I'ort pilot,) hut if he do take on board a ^lilot between
the Owers and Peverel, it must be one of the district pilots.
Halca of PihttiifietJ\'r iiiloting Sliij>.i irithut fi"- Vort$moutn and
Ciuvea Dxttrid,— From 5 miles without Jien)''?idt(e I-eilRe, nr
.1 miles without DunnosP or St. t'.itharine'v. ' 5 miles fiom
the Needles' I'oint, cnmiriK in at that passagt
To Spithead, IVlolherb;mk, Stokes Bav, or * wes Road.
Per Foot.
a.d.
For shins of every draught, ns far as 17 feet inclu- ve - 5
From \t feet to '21^ feet draught inclusive - - 6
Above *20 feet drauKht - - • -7
But if the ship be boarded within '2 mil^-s of the buoys off
Benibridge, or within 3 miles of the Nei dies Point, the rate
to lie la. per foot less than the above for each f<'ot llu ship
draws. And the samerates as the above for pilotige outwards.
Ships inward bound, l)oarded between the Needles and
Hurst Castle, to pay 2jt. per foot. Between Hurst Cistle and
Newtown Creek, 1*. per Fnot.
■t 'i
n
■I \f
ri
^ .1
■t 'I
It
'i Vi
t't
1 1
ri
ll
Harbour dties
/.. ». J.
ll 6 per ton
FiireiKii Kate. Ilritish Kate.
/.. .. ./.
II II !l p'.T ton
-I
Trom I From Frotn From i
April 1. ' Oit. 1. .\pril 1. Oil. 1. I
t.i m I to 111
Sept..-.(l. .Mar..11. Sept..1il. Mar,.11.|
hwarff.
Pilotapcfroni ttu'\Vheaten|
Itnik to the ll\»terl
Island
TloKhU y Point to do.
' 'ut.side'the li.ir tn do. -
i-o side the Itar tn do.l
■e Island to Ihe Qua;
ii. . to Ihe I'onl
Outward.
Frotn any pl:i' e to the
Stockto*.
<l.
4. ,1.
.. it.
'i fi
•I
I .1
II 7
I 1 6
U <J
1 fi
n HI
U 4
1
u
.T fi
2
I) li
1 (I
u
» fi
per foot draught of water.
Ships anchorinc and
01 I.yminKton, eitner i
rate of pilotage.
FiloU taken on botid hy the captain without the above
Ilmils, to receive the fol'owini: p • : viz.
" /,. .. rf.
If at ,1 leagues from .le %\'i[;h, - - .T .■?
fi ditto dinc • - - 4 4
10 ditto ditto - .660
and proportionately for anv intermediate distances.
Ships roming into Cowci Harbour to pay 1 1. (til. per foot, and
Ihe same on (joing out, as harbour pilotage.
3 N 2
Foreign Hate. British Kate.
L. a. d.
L.
s.
ll.
Tecs Navi);atlon do.
Vessels tradiiif? to nr
from the rivtr Tees
from or lo any fireiim
port (except laden with
Norway timlier onl\ ) -
1 6 per ««n
It
9 per Ion
If l.iden with Norway
t —
U
6 —
Town dill's
.■> Operves.iO
'^
6 per ves.
Pilotag.- from Sea fo
the eighth buoy
i
I DperfootiO
1
ri per foot
FromSeatoCargoFleet
c
a ^ -
U
•i
() —
From Cargo Fleet to
s
Middlehurg -
10 —
9 —
From Cargo Fleet to
a
.Newport orPortrack
•3
g
2 6-
I
3 —
From Cargo Fleet to
.><t.«kton
3 —
,V. B. — 5». lier
«<<seel extra.
If with lee-
hoards. 1
• «
U[
-I
j.
« 5
,.'^..
V^ ^i»
^.^a!
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
1.1
l^l^l 125
196
1^
2.2
^ li° 12.0
IX
1.8
1.25 III 1.4 1.6
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6"
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7]
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STRKt
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80
(716) S72-4S03
•SJ
:\
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V
is
6^
^
.<i'
^
916
PIMENTO.
\>'A'rBRyORU
1
1* Feet .ind \mwarils, I*- 1
(ween 2.'illi .^larcli Mud
■i'.)\\\ Septenilier, |ier Fool .
rilotage.
TakinK pilots at tli* roUowinK
distances.
e e
o c 3
Ki
||§1
<
1 H .1 I)
142 7
1 02 1
Ill
llli
lU
i
n-:i. Fr.
J. il. ». '/.
1 n.-iio
,1 s 5 4
3 4'411
IVetttvfirtt,
Grt.NewtownIlea<I
Koilskirt
lielow Duncmnon,
FoiUlcirt or linii a
Eastward.
llrll. K..I
.», f/. *. (i.
2 7 I .'>
i 3.1
2 03 G
Saltces -
BaR& Biintld.
ind nearer than,
nd Bun
(trt.N'ewlownHead ISaltee? .
Follsltirt - - 1 Hag«tHiinHd.
Below Duncannon, and nearer than
Foilsliirt or BaR and Bun
r.rt.XewtownHead Sa'tees -
Foilskiit - - Ba^cAiBunHd.
Below Dnncannnn, and nearer than
FuiUlcirt or Bag and Bun
Grt.NewlownHead | Saltces -
FoUskirt - • I ting «i Biinlld.
Below Dunrannon, and nearerthan
Fcihkirt or Bag and Bun
Helwren '^Itli Septemher
and 2ilh Alarcli, per Foot.
2 1.1 r,.T niu 1 r,x> ?,
1 8 ,-5 9 2 7 1 6 1 J 10
1
1 4 2 7 2 3 1 .T S 'i 4
More than fi and less than
1 2 Keel.bit ween 2,'ith M arcl)
and 2!lth Sept., per Foot.
I 2 2 7 IIKT i;.1 2 4 11
102 11 it. 5 03 » r>
III 1
91 81 2:2 72 '.i!l n
Between 2nih September
and 2.')lh Al.ircli, per Foot.
1 8;.T 2 i 1 1)3 S.5 4
1 C2 7 2 13 (13 fill!
12211 inLl 013 2I1 ."i
pilotage outwards, the same as Foils
klrt, or Ban and Bun Head.
Foreign Rate.
British Hnte.
L. J. d.
L, ,. d.
Tonnage dues. VeiseU rc-
portinR at the Custoni-
nouse, (vessels, two thirds
of whose cargo shall be
coals, Qrfrttm any port of
Ireland, excepteil) - -
5 per ton
2i per ton
Vessels, twothinlsof whose
cargo shall lie coals
3 —
1\ _
V'esse's arriving from anv
port in Irrl.ind
2 —
n 1 _
Ballast dues. Taken on
board • British
foreign
Thrown out - British
foreign
If above If between the River
the Hiver or Fill of Kilm.icow
or Pill of
Kilma-
cow, and
below the
Cove.
and the (.'ove.
Ifhv
Lighters
If al Bal-
last <>uav.
I'er T>m. I'rr Tun. I'er T,m.
L. 4. d.
.■? 3
n 4 (>
1 10
2 9
L. B. d. i L, t, d.
n 1 10
(I 2 s
I) 11
(I I 7
1 4
O 2 2
i)
1 5
Wfvmoitii niilrict, —From St. Alban's Head to Lyme, and
rice vend i and to and from, and into and out of, all ports luid
places within those limits.
A*. B. — No master of a vessel is "omnelletl to take a pilot
within this liistrict, until he comes withm a line (Iran 11 from
l.nlworth Cove to the Shambles, or w ithin the llace, into the
p„its of Portland and Weymoulli, and otf tli.)ie ofHi,(in,iri
anil Lvme: but if he do tnlte a niln* l>utu/..n.. ..:. «..' .
|.iinr, II. » .■>.>. 1* I jiii.iiiiii, niUl III! In.)^e
and Lyme: but if he do take a pilot between
I Mead and Lyme, it must be one of the disirict 1
iilot between St. Alb^ni's
otler.
'ilots, If one
Hdlci of PiMane.for piloting Shipin'illiin the»-e</m'i<dh Diilrid.
From
.\ line driwn from )
I.ulworth to thef
outer pirt of thef
Race or Shambles \
Weymouth or
Portland Roads
or Bay
DUto
To
Weymouth or 7
Porll.ind J.
Roads or Bay J
\\'eymotith 1
Harbour .J
Bridpoit Har-1
hour - -J
Lyme Harbour
II
From
SFeel
to 10
Feet.
it
Si.
Per
fml.
Per
Foul.
I'rr
foul.
2
,.d.
2 «
l.il.
.■5
2
2 6
3
2
2 6
3 nj
2 1)
2 fi
3 1
The same rates of pilotage to be paid outwards.
Ships not having; British rp^jisters to pnv ^ more of tht*
rates ufpilota^ than is stated in the aliove Tahle.
The itilol of any vessel sliall, if required l»v the owner i.r
master only, provide a hoat with 1 men loaticn'd herefrom tlu-
roads to the <iu.\v, or from the quay to tiie roads, to tow her m
or out, or carry Vopes on shore or to tlie posts, \c., as nir\ Ic
necessary, for w hich service each man is to l)e paid As. per tide;
the owner of the hoat to he paid the same as a man.
iMavters of ships taking a pilot at sea (which is optional to
them) to pay as tullows, viz. —
/.. *. ,1.
From St. Allian's HeadorBillof Portland, to ofTBrid-
po-t or Kynie - • - -220
If .1 li.'apuesfrom the limits of Weymouth, Bridport,
or lAme • - - - - 3 ,T O
If (i ditto . ditto • • . 4 4 II
If lOdillo - ditto - . - tj G
Varmoi'Tii. — Brtfcjo/ PUMaRt for pilotint: Ships rrithia V,r
Yantwuih Dittrict. — For ships above 14 feetdrau^lit of uatcr
From
To
The BuilKPon I,ij!ht, itst
parallel of latitude, or J
the northward there-'
of, and ricf iv»vl
\'armouth, and vice (
versa
Varinouth Roads
Smith's Knoll,
versd
Orfordness
and 1
Orfordness
Varmouth Road, within orl
I without the sands -.(
Downs - • -
Orfonhicss
Downs - . .
Sea, through the Cockle,!
I St. Nicholas, or over the J-
I Stanford - -\
lYarmouihUoads, through!
I any of the channels -j
i<lrfordness
Tlierntrance of thedat
j Wiiys leadint; into V
I mouth Koads
The entrance ofthefiat
I wiiys leading
I mouth Boads
10 K;
! 7 71
'^1 ol
5 5t
Itj Ifij
3 3'
Var- ^
! of the iint'l
1(5 into Var- ).
Ja -■ . \
.5
•''1
5
.5
.3
3
3
3
For ships of 14 feet draught of water, and under, 2-3ds of
the above rate.
Inin and mil c^flhe Harhmiri i\f Yarmouth or South ni/,/.
a'l laden ships,
For
Of aboTe SO and not exceeding fin tons 1 1
fin ..n 1 ^
fi
S
10
60
90
100
IS
ISO
140
ISO
17.'.
70
80
no
100
no
120
1.30
141)
l.W
17.'.
200
1 13
1 in
2
2 4
2 8
2 15
3
The pilolaae for ships In ballast Is to he l-.3d part of the
pilotaije of liiilen ships ; and ships returning into ynn bv
distress of weather, contrary winds, or on account of accident,
are to |iay 2-.3ils of their common pilotage. Ships not h.nving
British reuisiers are to pay i more of the rates of pilotage than
staled in the above Table.
PIMEXTO, ALT-SPICE, oa .T.\MAIC.\ PEPPER (Fr. Poivre de Jammquc ,
Gcr. Nelhcnpfi-fftr ; It. Pimenfi), the fruit of tlio Mi/rtim piincnta, a beautiful tree
which prows in great plenty on the liills on the north side of Jamaica. The lierries arc
spherical, and, when ripe, of a li'ack or dark purple colour. 15ut, as the pulp is in this
state moist and glutinous, tlie l)erriesare plucked when green ; and being cxpo.sed in the
sun to dry, they lose their green colour, and become of a reddish brown. They are
packed in bags and hogsheads for the European market. The more fragrant and smaller
they a*"", the better are they accounted. They have an aromatic, agrec.ble odour,
resembling that of a mixture of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmegs, with the warm, pungent
taste of the cloves. Pimento is used in medicine; but its principal use is in the seasoning
of soups and other dishes.
PINCHBECK.— PINE.
917
J
" The returns," says Mr. Bryan Kdwards, " from a pimento walk in a favourable season are prodi.
gious. A single tree lias been known to yiekl 150 lbs. of tlic raw fruit, or 100 lbs. of the dried spico ; there
being commonly a loss in weight of ^ in curing : but this, like miiiiy other of the minor productions,
is exceedingly uncertain, auv, perhaps a very plenteous crop occurs but once in 5 years. I'he price in
the British market, as may be s'.] ;. ised, fluctuates accordingly ; but I believe its average for some years
past may be set down at 7rf. per i'j., exclusive of the duty (3<i.)." — {\o\. ii. p. 372. ed. I8l9.) The price
of pimento in bond, in the Lon Ion market, has varied of late years from id. to 5^tl. per lb.
At the period when Mr. K(lw;rds'8 work was published, the annual imiwrts ot pimento from Jamaica
amountecl to about fi72,(i00 lbs., and were decreasing every year — {loc. cit). But at an average of the 3
years ending with 1832, the annual imports were 2,tH9,H'J'3 lbs., the annual exix)rts 1,927,731 lbs., and the
annual entries for home consumption 31(J,348 lbs. There has been, however, a considerable falling oH'in
the imports of 1831 and 1832, which do not amount to much more than the half of those of the iirevious
4 years. The duty of 5rf. per lb., being more than 100 per cent, on the price of the article, produces, at
a medium, about t,(K)()/. a year. It ought to be repealed altogether. Jamaica furnishes more than o.lUtht
of the pimento brought to England.
PINCHBECK (Ger. Totnback ; Du. Toinbak ; Fr. Tambac, Similor ; It. Tom-
hacco ; Sp. Tambac, Tumbaga), a name given to one of tin' many imitations of gold.
By melting zinc in various proportions with copper or brass, some alloys result, the
colours of \Vhicli approach more or less to that of gold. This composition is frequently
einployed as a substitute for gold, in the formation of watch-cases, and various other
articles of a like description. Pinchbeck is sometimes called Tambac, and sometimes
Similor, and Petit-or.
PINE. OR Fill, a species of forest tree, next, if not superior, to the oak, in point of
utility f -i value. There are above 20 species of pines. They do not bear flat leaves,
but a species of spines, wliich, however, are real leaves. They are mostly, though not
all, evergreens ; but the npnearance of the tree, as well as the quality of the timber, varies
with the species, and also with the situation in which it grows. Generally speaking,
the timber is hardest and best in exposed cold situation.s, and where its growth is slow.
We shall only notice tliose .sjiecies, the timber of which is most in use in this country.
I. Scotch Pine (^Piniis si/lrcKtiis), is a native of the Scotch mountains, and of most
northern parts of Europe ; being common in Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and
Liipland. It is straight, abruptly branched, rising in favourable situations to the height
of SO or 90 feet, and being from 3 to 4 feet in diameter. It is at perfection when 70 or
80 years old. Tlie colour of the wood differs considerably ; it is generally of a reddish
yellow, or of a honey yellow, of various degrees of brightness. It has no larger transverse
septa, and it has a strong resinous odour and taste. In the best timber, the annual rings
ave thin, not exceeding ^th of an inch in thickness ; the dark parts of the rings of a bright
reddish colour ; the wood hard and dry to the feel, neither leaving a woolly surface after
the saw, nor fdling its teeth witlj resin. The best Norway is the finest of this kind, and
the best lliga and Meinel are not much inferior. The inferior sorts have thick annual
rings ; in some, the dark parts of the rings are of a honey yellow, tiie wood heavy, and
filled with a soft resinous matter, feels clammy, and chokes the saw. Timber of this
kind is not durable, nor fit for bearing strains. In .some inferior .species, the wood is
spoiigyv contains less resi'ious matter, and presents a woolly surface after the saw. Swedish
timber is often of this kind.
Scotch fir is the most durable of the pine species. It was the opinion of the celebrated
IMr. Brindley, " that red Uiga deal, or ])ine wood, would endure as long as oak in all
situations." Its lightness and stiflhess render it superior to any other material for beams,
girders, joists, rafters, &c. It is much used in joiners' work, as it is more easily wrought,
stands better, is much cheaper, and is nearly, if not quite, as durable as oak.
Scotch fir is exported from Norway and Sweden, under the name of rc</«roo</. Norway
exports no trees above 18 inches' diatneter, consequently there is much sap wood; but
the heart wood is both stronger and iiiore durable than tiiat of larger trees from other
siltiatioiis. Riga exjiorts a considerable quantity under the name of masts and spars:
pieces from 1 8 to '25 inches' diameter are called masts, and are usually 70 or 80 feet in
lettgth ; tliose of less than 18 inches' diameter are called spars. — (See Riga.) Yellow
deals and planks ar*? imported from various ports of Norway, Sweden, Prussia, Russia,
i*tc. Tar, pitch, and turpentine, are obtained from tlie Scotch fir. — (See these titles.)
When the tree has attained to a jiroper age, it is not injured by the extraction of these
products.
'J. Sfuuf'E Fixe. — Of this there are 3 species: the Norway spruce, or Finns abies ;
white spruce, or Pinus nllia ; and black spruce, or Piiius vujra. These are noble trees,
rising in straight stems frtnn 150 to L'OO feet in height. Tliey yield the timber known
by the name of w/iitc Jir, or deal, from its always being imported in deals or ])lanks.
Deals imported from Chrisiiania are in tlie highest estimation. — (Si-e Cuuisti.vma.)
'I'lic trees tire usually cut into 3 lengths, generally of about \2 feet each ; and are afler-
wards cut into diHils by saw-mills, each length yielding 3 deals. The Norway spruce
thrives very well in Britain, and jiroduces timber little inferior to the foreign : it is
Koinewhat softer, and the knots tire extremely hard.
The white spruce, or Pinus alha, is brought fiuni British North America. The wimmI
.T N 3
' il
918
PINE-APPLE. — PIPE.
i
t
K not so resinous as the Norway spruce : it is tougher, lighter, and more liable to twist
in drying.
The black spruce, or Pinus nigra, is also an American tree ; but it is not mucli im-
ported into this country. The black and white spruce derive their names from the colour
of the bark ; the wood of both being of the same colour.
The colour of spruce fir, or white deal, is yellowish or brownish white ; the hard part
of the annual ring a darker shade of the same colour ; it often has a silky lustre, especially
in the American aiid British grown kinds. Eiich annual ring consists of two parts ; tlie
one hard, the other softer. The knots are generally very hard. The clear and straiglit-
grained kinds are often tough, but not very difficult tr work, and stand extremely well
when properly seasoned. White deal, as imported^ shrinks about ^^jth part in bccomin"-
quite dry.
3. AVevmouth Pink, or White Pine (Pinus ftrobus), is a native of North America,
and is imported in large logs, often more than 2 feet square and 30 feet in length. It
is one of the largest and most useful of the American trees, and makes excellent masts •
but it is not durable, nor fit for large timbers, being very subject to dry rot. It has a
peculiar odour.
4. Silver Fia (Pinus picea), is a native of the mountains of Siberia, Germany, and
Switzerland, and is common in British plantations. It is a large tree, and yields the
Strasburgh turpentine. The wood is of good quality, and much used on the Continent
both for carpentry and ship building. The harder fibres are of a yellow colour, com-
pact, and resinous ; the softer nearly white. Like the other kinds of fir, it is light and
stiff, and does not bend much under a considerable load ; consequently, floors constructed
of it remain permanently level. It is subject to the worm. It has been said to last
longer in the air than in the water ; and, therefore, to b;; fitter for the upper parts of
bridges than for piles and piers.
5. Lauch (Pinus larix). There arc 3 species of tliis valuable tree; 1 European,
and 2 American. The variety from the Italian Alps is the most esteemed, and has
lately been extensively introduced into plantations in (ireat Britain. It is a straight and
lofty tree, of rapid growth. A tree 79 years of age was cut down at Blair Athol, in 1817,
which contained 252 cubic feet of timber ; and one of 80 years of age, at Dunkeld,
measured 300 cubic feet. The mean size of the trunk of the larch may be taken at 4.>
feet in length, and 33 inches' diameter. The wood of the European larch is generally
of a honey yellow colour, the hard part of the annual rings of a redder cast ; sometimes
it is brownish white. In common with the other species of pine, each annual ring con-
sists of a hard and a soft part. It generally has a silky lustre ; its colour is browner than
that of the Scotch pine, and it is much tougher. It is more difficult to work than Riga
or Memel timber ; but the surface is better when once it is obtained. It bears driving
bolts and nails better than any other species of resinous wood. W.hen perfectly dry, it
stands well ; but it warps much in seasoning.
It is in all situations extremely durable. It is useful for every purpose of building,
whether external or internal ; it makes excellent ship timber, masts, boats, post-, rails,
and furniture. It is peculiarly adapted for flooring boards, in situations where there is
much wear, and for staircases: in the latter, its fine colour, when rubbed with oil, is
much preferable to that of the black oaken staircases to be seen in some old mansions.
It is well adapted for doors, shutters, and the like; and, from the beautiful colour of its
wood when varnished, painting is not necessary (We have abstracted these particulars
from Mr. TredgohTs excellent work, The Principles of Carpentri/, pp. 209 — 217.)
PINE-APPLE, OR ANANAS, though a tropical fruit, is now extensively culti-
vated in hothouses in this country, and is well known to every one. When of a good
sort and healthy, it is the most luscious, and, perhaps, the best fruit that this country
jn-oduees ; and when carefully cultivated, is equal in point of quality to that produced
in the West Indies. A pine-apple raised at Stackpool Court, Pembrokeshire, and
served up at the coronation dinner of George IV., weighed 10 lbs. 8 oz. — (Vegetable
Substances, p. 379., Lib. Entert. Knowledge.)
PINT, a measure used chiefly in the measuring of liquids. The word is High
Dutch, and signifies a little measure of wine. The English pint used to be of 2 sorts ;
the one for wine, the other for beer and ale. Two pints make a quart ; 2 quarts
a pottle ; 2 pottles a gallon, &c. The pint. Imperial liquid measure, contains 34-6j9
cubic inches.
PIPE, a wine measure, usually containing 105 (very nearly) Imperial, or 126 wine
gallons. Two pipes, or 210 Imperial gallons, make a tun. But, in practice, the size of
the pipe varies according to the description of wine it contains. Thus, a pipe of port
contains 138 wine gallons, of sherry 130, of Lisbon and BuccUas 140, of Madeira 110,
and of Vidonirt 120. The pipe of port, it is to be observed, is seldom accurately IDS
gallons, and it is usual to charge what the vessel actually contains.
PI Pi
employe)
PIR.^
that, if c
Pirate
])()wering
robbers <
(conununt
and cxtei
kill them
must be I
By the
to be a sp
be felony
felony in
which pr
of the nat
peers, the
proceeds s
It was I
considered
occasions,
they had
admitted t
Pirates
capture bj
our history
within the
suing upor
and the so'
be commiti
Piracy m
infamous,
Justin, lib.
guests, wh(
(lib. iv. vei
amassed gri
The pre^
by the infir
and the vie
and predati
posed that t
very accurs
however, as
as Athens,
made a capi
was at all ti
the decline (
they increas
herself; so
and army, :
Roman gem
During tl
of independi
The famous
of the confe
infested. 'I
subverted, ai
some of the
however, the
still not unii
Besides tliosi
piracy, some ot
if any natural,
■ubjects, under
war in an alien
person betrayiii
tiiiUlhig I he HI II
PIPE-CLAY.— PIRACY.
919
'ttinji'l:
1
PIPE-CLAY, a spccius of clay aboundiiij; in Di'vonsliirc, and otlicr parts of England,
employed in the manufacture of varioas sorts of tiirtheiiware, and in bleaching.
PIRACY, consists in committing those acts of robbery and violence upon the seas,
that, if committed upon land, would amount to felony.
Pirates hold no connnission or delegated authority from any sovereign or state, cm-
powering them to attack others. They can, therefore, be only regarded in the light of
robbers or assassins. They are, as Cicero has truly stated, the common enemies of all
(communes hoste* omnium) ; and the law of nations gives to every one the right to pursue
and exterminate them without any previous declaration of war ; but it is not allowed to
kill them without trial, except in battle. Those who surrender, or are taken prisoners,
must be brought before the proper magistrates, and dealt with according to law.
By the ancient common law of England, piracy, if committed by a subject, was held
to l)e a species of treason, being contrary to his natural allegiance ; and, by an alkn, to
be felony only: but since the statute of treasons (25 Edw. 3. c. '2.), it is held to he only
felony in a subject. Formerly this offence was only cognisable by the admiralty courts,
which proceed by the rules of tlie civil law ; but it being inconsistent with the liljcrtics
of the nation that any man's life should be taken away, unless by the judgment of his
peers, the statute 28 Hen. 8. c. 15. established a new jurisdiction tor this purpose, which
proceeds according to the course of common law.
It was formerly a question whether the Algerines, and other African states, should be
considered pirates : but, however exceptionable their conduct might have been on many
occasions, and however hostile their i)olicy might be to the interests of humanity, still, us
they had been subjected to what may be called regular governments, and had been
admitted to enter into treaties with other powers, they could not be treated as pirates.
Pirates having no right to make conquests, or to seiie upon what belongs to others,
C€-ipture by them does not divest the owner of his property. At a very early period of
our history, a law was made for the restitution of projjerty taken by pirates, if found
within the realm, whether belonging to strangers or Englishmen : but any foreigner
suing upon this statute must prove that, at the time of the capture, his own sovereign
and the sovereign of the caj)tor were in mutual amity ; for it is held that piracy cannot
be committed by the subjects of states at war with each other.
Piracy was almost universally practised in the heroic ages. Instead of being esteemed
infamous, it was supposed to be honourable. — (Latrocinium maris gloriw habvhatur. —
Justin, lib. xliii. c. '.i. ) IMenelaus, in the Odyssey, does not hesitate to inform his
guests, who admired his riches, that they were the fruit of his piratical expeditions —
(lib. iv. ver. 90.); and such, indeed, Mas the way in which most of the Greek princes
amassed great wealth. — ( Goguet, Orir/iu of Laws, vol. i. p. SS.*?. Eng. trans.)
The prevalence of this ])iratical sjiirit in these eaily ages may, peihaps, be explained
by the infinite number of small independent states into which the country was divided,
and the violent animosity constantly subsisting amongst them. In this way ferocious
and predatory habits were universally diffused and kept alive ; and it is not to be sup-
posed that those who were at all times liable to be attacked by hosts of enemies, should
very accurately examine the grounds upon whidi they attacked others. According,
however, as a more improved system of government grew up Greece, and a few states,
as Athens, Corinth, &c., had attained to distinction by their naval power, piracy was
made a capital offence : but though repressed, it was never entirely put down. Cilieia
was at all times the great stronghold of the pirates of antiquity : and in consequence of
the decline of the maritime forces of Athens, Rhodes, &c., which had kept them in check,
they increased so mjich in numbers and audacity as to insult the majesty of Rome
herself; so that it became necessary to send Pompey against them, with a large Heet
and army, and more extensive powers than had been ever previously conferred on any
Roman general.
During the anarchy of the middle ages, when every baron considered himself a sort
of independent prince, entitled to make war on others, piracy was universally practised.
The famous Ilanseatic I<eague was formed chiefly for the purpose of protecting the ships
of the confederated cities from the attacks of the pirates by which the Baltic was then
infested. The nuisance was not finally abated in Europe till the feudal system had been
subverted, and the ascendancy of the law everywhere secured. In more modern times,
some of the smaller West India islands have been the great resort of pirates: latterly,
however, they have been driven from most of their haunts in that quarter. They are
still not unfrequently met with in the Indian seas east of Sumatra.
Besides those act* of robbery and depredation upon the high spas, whirh, at common law, constitute
piracy, some other offences have been included under that torn). Tlius, by the stat. II & 12 Will. 3. c. 7.,
if any natural-born subject commits any act of hostility upon the high tit'iis against others of his Majest>'«
iubjccts, under colour of a commission from any foreign pnwcr, this, thouith it would only be an act of
war in an alien, shall be construed piracy in a subject. And further, any commander or other seafaring
person l)ctraying his trust, and ruiuiinp away with any ship, bojit, ordnance, ammunition, or goods, or
ii'iiiling them vp voluntarily to a pirate, or conspiring to do these acts ; or any person assavilting the com*
S N 4
e(v.-
i
I. i
H
f '
m;i
A h!
%
\
\ }
> • 1
920
PISTACHIA NUTS.— PLANTAIN.
mander of a vessel, to hinder him from figlitiiifi in ild'cnce of his ship, or coiiliiiiiiK him, or causing or
endeavouring to cause a revolt on board, shall lor each of these ott'eni:cs be adjudged a pirate, felon, and
robber, and shall suiter death, wlx'ther lie be principal, or merely accessory by setting forth such pirates,
or abetting them belure the fact, or receiving them, or concealing them or their gooiis alter it; and the
Stat. 4 Geo. I. c.'J. expressly exc hides the principals from the beiietit of clergy. Hy the stat. 8 (ioo. ]. c. 2».,
the trading with known pirates, or furnishing them with stores or ammunition, or titling out any vessel
for that purpose, or in aiiv wise c insulting, c:)iiibii)in^', coiife.ieraliiig, or corresponding with them ; or the
forcibly boarding :my merchant vessel, though without se.zin,!,' or c.irrying lier otf, and destroying or
throwing any of the goods (ivorh:):ird, shall be cleemcil pira.y ; and siu'h a.cessories to piracy as are
dcscrilied by the statuie of Kill).; William are declared to be priii 'ipal pirates, and all pirates convideil
by virtue of this act are made felons without beiieltt of clergy. To encourage the defence of merelunt
vessels against pirates, the commanders and seamen woumleJ, and the widows of such seamen as are slain
in any engagement with pirates, are entitle! to a bounty, to be divided among them, not exceeding iho
vnejiftictli part of the value of the cargo saved ; and the wounded seamen are entitled to the pension of
Greenwich liospital. — ,11 A: li.' H'lll.o. c. 7. ; H (li'o. I. c 'Ji ) i'lie lirst of these statutes also eiiacLs, that
if any mariner or inferior ollicer of any Kngllsh ship (kvline or refuse to tight when coinmanded hy tliu
master, or shall utter aiiv words to discourage the other inarini rs from defending the same, he shall lose
all the wages due to hii.i, to^'ether witli such goods as he luitli in the ship, and be imprisoned and kept lo
hard labour for <i monlli.s.
Tlie liGei, 4. c. 4''. enacts that a bounty shall be paid to the odicers and crews of such of his Majesty's
shijis of war as may be en;,'a;^eil in the actual taking, sinking, burning, or otherwise destroying any vessel
or boat manned by pirates, of 'iUA for each pirate taken or killed during the attack, and lif .JA for every
other man of thecrew nut taken or killed, wlio shall have been alive on board the said piratical vessel at
the attack thereof.
Tlie same statute (\ .'i > enacts that vessels and other property taken from pirates, proved to have
belonged to any of his Majesty s sabjects, are tobe delivered up to thein,oii their paying a sum of monev
as salvage, equal to 1-Sth part of the true value ol' the same. ' '
PISTACHIA oil PISTACHIO NUTS (Gor. Pldaxchm ; D.i. Pistnsjes ; Fr.
PistaWs ; It. Plstavvhl, Fastucchi ; Sj). Alfociyos ; Lat. Pin/acid), the fniit of tlie
Pistfichia vera, a kind of turpentine tree. It grows nattnally in Arabia, Persia, and
Syria ; alsu in Sicily, whence the nuts are annually broiiglit to us. They are oblonu
and i)ointe<i, about the size and shape of a filbert, including a kernel of a pale greeiiisli
colour, covered with a yellowish or reddish .skin. They have a pleasant, sweetish,
wncttious taste, resemblin,!; that of sweet almonds; their princii)al diirerence from «-liicli
consists in tlieir havin;' a greater degree of sweetness, accompanied with a light grateful
flavour, and in being more oily. Pistacliias imported from the East are superior to
those raised in Europe. — ( Leicis'.i Mat. Mid.)
PITCH (Ger. Pcch ,- Tr. Poi.v, Brui ; It. Pect: ; S]). Prz ; Ilus. Simla giistnja), the
residuum which remains on insiu'ssating tar, or jjoiling it down to dryness. It is exten-
sively used in ship building, and for other i)ur])oses. Large quantities are manufactured
in Great Britain. The duty on jiitch, which is lorf. a cwt., produced, in 1829, 448/.,
so that 10,7,52 cwt. must have been entered for home consumption.
An allowance is to be made for tare on pitch, of PS lbs. each %n Archangel casks, 3f) lbs. each on
Swedish do., and Hd lbs. each on American do.
PL AXE, a forest tree, of which there arc 2 species; the Orientid plane {Plutanus
Orientalis), and the Occidental plane {Platanus OccidenUiUs).
The Oriental plane is a native of the Levant, and other Eastern countries, and is
considered one of the finest of trees. It grows to about 00 feet in height, and has been
known to exceed 8 feet in diameter. Its wood is much like beech, but more figured,
and is used for furniture and stich like articles. The Occidental plane is a native of
North America, and is one of the largest of the American trees, being sometimes more
than 12 feet in diameter. The wood of the Occidental plane is harder than that of the
Oriental. It is very durable in water.
The tree known by the name of plane in England is the sycamore, or great maple
(Acer pseudo-platanus). It is a large tree, grows quickly, and stands the sea spray better
than most trees. The timber is very close and compact, easily wrought, and not liaiilo
cither to splinter or warp. It is generally of a brownish whit ■ or yellowish wliite
colour, and sometimes it is very beautifully curled and mottled. In this state it takes
a fine polish, and bears varnishing well. It is chiefly used in the tnantifacture of saddle
trees, wooden dishes, ai^d a variety of articles both of furniture and machinery. When
kept dry, and ])rotected from worms, it is pretty durable ; but it is quite as liable as
beech to be attacked by them. — ( Tredyold, p. I <)6'. )
PLANKS {Ger. am\ Un. Plankeii : Un. Plan/itr ; Sw. Planlwr ; Vr. Planches,
JJordaqns ; Uus. Tohtiile oloskn), thick strong boards, cut from various kinds of wood,
♦specially oak and i)ine. Planks are usually of the thickness of from 1 inch to 4. They
arc imi)orted^n large quantities from the nortlicrn parts of Euroi)e, particularly from
the ports of Chrlstiania, Uantzic, Archangel, Petcrsburgh, Narva, Revel, liiga, and
jNIemel, as well as from several ])arts of North America.
PLAN rAIN, OK HAN ANA, the pulpy fruit of the Mnsu paradiniaca, an hcrhaccniis
plant, extensively cultivated in most intertropical countries, but especially in Jlexico.
It is not, like most other fruits, used merely as an occasional luxury, but is rather an esta-
blished article of sid)sisfencc. Being long and extensively cultivated, it has diverged into
numerous varieties, the fi nil of which dilK-rs inaijrially in size, flavour, and colour. Tliat
of some is
some sorts
pear ; but
arc cither
ground in
pres.sed am
mentioned
" 1 doubt,
tity of hutrit
to develope i
there is alwa
2-LUIsthcheig
sell, witliout I
and to stir th
of surface wii
iiig the weigh
of nutritive
]iarts of Kurd
not more tliai
to that of pot
'J'he ba. aii.i
of the liaiive
to the facility
tropical Asia ;
PLATE
household fi
In order
the maniilac
are obliged
J). 755.) :<
article previi
No plate is ]
or 1 1 oz. an
the exceptioi
of 1a. (id. ; I
&c. are exen
from one ))ic
assayors, fels
trans])ortatio
In his able sp
duty ujion silve
l.s. ()</. upon silv
has risen from 1
the greatly dimi
It may be furtl
annually Uivcrti
A Return, shov
in I'ach Year
also the Kate
Vt'ars
eniUng 5th of
January,
]S06
iSi)7
isns
ismi
isin
isti
1SI2
IKI3
1S14
1S1.5
IS16
1SI7
ISIS
IKI!)
ISliO
IS21
ISV.'J
1824
18'i5
ISVfi
1 827
ISVS
IS'.")
is.-ii
IS- 1
1S,12
ls.-,i
XuU: — The pr
)irior to the year
the distributors.
PLATE.
921
of some is not above 2 or 3 int'hfs long, wliilu that of others is not much short of a foot ;
some sorts are sweet, and of a flavour not unlike nor inferior to Miat of a good niello^tr
j)car ; hut tlie larger kind are, for the most part, coarse and farinaceous. The latter
are either used fresh or dried in the sun, in which latter state they are occasionally
ground into meal and made into bread. In Mexico, the sweeter sorts are frequently
pressed and dried, as tigs are in Europe ; and, M-hile they are not very inferior to the last
mentioned fruit, they are infinitely cheai)er.
" 1 doubt," says M. Hmiibdlilt, " whellicr there lie any other plant that {irodures so great a quan-
tity of nutritive "substance in so small a space. Kiglit or '.) niontlis after the sucker is (ilanteil, it bcpins
to ilevelopo its cluster. 'I'hu Iruit may be gathcveil in the Kith or 1 Ith month. When the stalls is cut,
there is always lound, among the nuuiciuus shoots that have taken root, a sprout ( I'imiiollii), which, being
S-:;ds the height of its parent plant, bears fruit ;; months later. Thus a plantation of lian.mas perpetuati s ii.
sell', without recinirint; any care on the part ot man, fui tlier than tocut the stalks when the Iruit lias r.penei',
and to stir the earth gently once or twice a year iibout the roots. A piece ol ground of lOii square metres
of surface will contain from M to 4(1 i)lanl.s. During tlio course of a year this same picceof ground, reckon-
ing the weight of the elu:^ter at from l.'j to Hit kilog only, will yield 2,i ( kilog., or more than l.n () lUs ,
of nutritive substance. What a dillerence between this jiroiluct and that of the cereal grasses in n.ost
parts of Knrope ! The same extent of land planted with wheat would not produce above .'iij lbs. ; juid
not more than SKI lbs. of potatoes. Hence the product of the banana is to that of wliiat as UJ to 1, and
to that of potalois as -H to 1." — {J-.'ssui .v.v/- /a Amtici/i' Esjiajiiic, toni. ii. |). ;>8. -d ( (I.)
'J'he ba ana lornis a principal part of the food of the people of Mexico; and the apatliy and indolence
of the natives in the tiirras calirti/es, or liot regions, has been aserilieil, and probably with g(.od re ison,
to the facility with which it supplies them with subsistence. It is by no means in such tMtnsivu Use in
tropical Asia ; and conies nowhero in it into compttition with corn as an article of luoil.
PLATE, the denomination usually given to gold and silver wrought into articles of
household furniture.
Jn order partly to jircvent fraud, and partly for the purpose of collecting a revenue,
the mamifaeline of })late is placed under certain regulalioiis. Those who carry it on
are obliged to take out a licence, renewable annually on the 31st of July. — (See null-,
p. 755.) Assay oflices are established in diHlrent places; and any one selling aiiy
article previously to its having been assayed and marked, forfeits 50/.— (L'-l (j\<>. '.',. c. .':',.)
So plate is passed at tiie a.ssay oflices, unless it be of the fineness of the old standard,
or 11 oz. and 2 dwts., or of the new standard of 11 oz. and 10 dwts. (jold plate, with
the exception of gold watch-eases, is to jiay a duty of 1T»'. an oz., and silver jilate a duly
of !«• (hI. ; but watch-ca.ses, chains, tippings, mountings, collars, bottle tickets, teaspoons,
&c. are exemiited. The 5'2 Ceo. 3. e. 1-13. made the counterfeiting, or the transference
from one jiicce of ])late to another, of the marks, stamps, &e. impressed on plate by the
assayers, felony without the benefit of clergy. lUit the ofi'ence is now punishable by
transi)ortation or inii)risonment only. — (1 U'il/. 4. c. 66.)
In his able sjiccch on the .state of the country, ISth of Match, ISId, IMr. Huskisson said, " The rate of
duty upon silver wrought plate, in 1M)4, w:,s l,v. ,'j(/., up(>n f;old \Cs. an ounce; it wa.s allerwards raised to
\s. li(f. upon silver, and 17a'. on gold. Hut wh:it has been the increase in the nett produce of the duty V It
has risen from less than .5,(11 ;(V. in 1.>-(.'1, to K "),(,0(i/. in b i!8 ; a rise of more than twenty-lbid, notwithstanding
the greatly diminished supply from the mines, and the consequent increasing value of the precious metals.
It may be further remarked, that this ausnieiilation shov.s how lar.L'e a jiortion of gold and silver U
annually diverted from the purposes (;f coin to those of ornament and luxury."
A Return, showing the .Annual Nett I'roducc of the Duty levied on wrought Gold ;n:d Silver I'late,
in each Year Ironi ISIi.") to l^ '.', both inclusive ; distinguishing, as lar as possible. Gold fiom Silver, ui.d
also the Kate of Duty in eacli Year. — [I'tiri. Paper, No. i.'4o'. Sess. ISuo.)
1
Viars
entliiiR Atli of
January.
Kate of Duly.
Puly
Gold.
Silver.
Geld.
S';i
vtr.
not distliiguis
V,Ml:
JVl- oz.
)'er 02.
/.. f.
d.
/..
f.
J.
il.
ISOH
IGi.
Ij. Sd.
■I.V'JS 11
10
.'i.l.'JS!)
1
s
9,,SS2 '.1
8
1807
4,'.il4 Hi
2
.'.li.SOii
10
11
i 0,7(11 11
3^
isns
__
4,71)8 1
•H
.'.!l,ll,'i7
7
'■'J
10,849 IS
<»
isnii
__
„
4,!iOi; 1
'■*:
(;.i,7.'iii
IS
'•{
11,1142 S
.n
ISK)
.i.o.-,.-, 9
4
llil,I.V2
8
0}
ri,.\1.-i 12
l.SIl
_
_
;i,si0 1.')
;,■
74,IWS
IS
11
ll,2-.l 14
lis
1S12
4, ','11'.! 7
S
(i'Mi77
S
12.1l'2 6
'J
ISI3
4,t;.-i2 11
9
.'■■',171
111
III
ll„"i.-7 4
i'i
1SI4
_
4,s.-,u 7
,'jl),(,IHI
12
11
10,7,.-. 12
ri
ISl.l
.'•,.-.(! 1 Vi
III
.\1,M,-.
11
5
12,lin I
ir
IKKi
16.. & 17».
U. 3./. «; 1«. Cd.
.'»,57 1 1 1
;),'i,slli
17
2
1,->,||I2 l.T
',■■'
1SI7
17«.
1<. M.
.'.,171 4
N
,'.7iini
1,^.
10
lv,,'.i:t S
ci
ISIS
_
2,971 3
7
i;(i,i,'iO
\'i
ti
1J,I'2S Ij
iKin
_^
'ifiCi^ 4
«H
8'i,i;i>i
11
8}
ISKO
_
_
.'',7'i(l
?.!
s.-s.^i'i
l".
t
1S21
.
•.i,l7S 17
Vi,K,\
7
IS'^2
__
.1..-!'S 1
«7,i:i:|
II
ISV.T
_.
_
4,7s.1 I.',
n
71,'iill
!l
^ t
Wi\
__
!>,yi'i is
r.i.iis:
,'i
1 S'i,',
_
6,4S1 II
'•';
SH.Il.'?
4
fi:
l«'^(l
7,o.M 1
'Hi
111.'., '21 8
n
«■
IS'^7
_
.'i.S.'i'J (1
SII/1I2
I'i
,'1
\s'm
_
__
(i,0.">7
H
7S,'^,'5li
t.
IS'.'fl
.'S'lCO s
7?
Mi,,'i'2li
1
I8.-1U
._
r,^:m 1,1
•''!
7.s,->sg
1
.'')'
is.-l
—
4,'<-,T 111
y.
7 1 , i.".:i
IS
i_
IS.Ti
—
,">,ss,(i 11
7:
r■l.r,^
1.-.
is.-.-i
—
—
4, .-us ,'.
(;"
!''>,■ :^'i
11;
uli
'il'' I t
; L
*
h ' '
iWi
M
\o/c. — The produce of the duties on gold and silver jilate cannot be I'istinguishod for the country
prior to the year ended 5th of January, 1K1<), the same not liaviiig been distinguishinl in the accounts ot
the distributors.
922
PLATINA — POPULATION.
We endeavoured to ithow, in the rormer edition of thU work, that Mr. Ilusklsson had been deceived
by trutting to Take or defective information ; and that, inntcaU uf the increase of the duties, and, coniie.
qucntly, of the consumption of plate, being nearly so great as he had represented, it fell far short uf
what might have lieen fairly expected from the increasing wealth and population of the country. The
preceding 'i'able shows that our criticism was well founded. The stationary amount of duty may, perhaps,
be accounted for by the facility with which the duties arc cviuled. The increase of duty m 18.3 is
a curious phenomenon.
PLATINA, a metal which, in respect of scarcity, beauty, ductility, and indestructi-
bility, is hardly inferior to gold, v'a.s unknown in Europe till about the middle of last
century, when it began to be imported in small quantities from South America. It has
since been discovered in Estremadura in Spain, and, more recently, in the Ural Moun-
tains in Asiatic Russia, where it is now raised in very considerable quantities.
Platina is of a white colour, like si'ver, but not so bright, and has no taste or smell. Its hardness Is
intermediate between copuer and iron. Its specific gravity is about '2l',"), that of gold being 'M'3 j so that
it is the heaviest Ixxly witli which we are acquainted. It is excecilingly ductile and malleable ; it may be
hammered out into very thin plates, and drawn into wires not exceeding 1. 1940th of an inch in diameter.
In these properties it is probably inferior tu gold, but it seems to surpass all the other metals. Its tenacity
is such, that a wire of plntina O'OTS inch in diameter is capable of supporting a weight of aVJjJl lbs.
avoirdupois without brcuking. It is one of the most intXisilJIe of all metals; but pieces of it may he
welded together without ditnculty when heated to whiteness. It is not in the smallest degree altered by
the action of air or water. — {Tfwmsuti's Chcmislrn.)
The late Dr. WoUaston discovereil a methiMl of fusing platina, and, consequently, of rendering it easilv
available in the arts. The Uu.ssians have, within these few yebrs, issued platina coins of the value oV
3, 6, and i2() silver roubles. Platina first began to be an object of attention in Uussia in 18;;4, when 1 [mmkI
33 lbs. were collected. In 18:30, the produce amounted to 303 ]x>ods 14 lbs. In 1831, a piece of native
platina was discovered at DemidoJTs gold mine!', weighing 20 lbs. 2 J zolt — [Official Slatements publishitl
fay the Russian Government.)
PLATTING, slips of bast, cane, straw, &c. woven or plaited for making into hats,
&c. — ( See Hats, Straw. )
PLUMS, the fruit of the Pruniis domesticn, are too well known to require any di'-
scription. They were introduced into England in the 15th century, and are cultivated
in all parts of the country. There are said to be nearly 300 varieties of plums.
PLUMBAGO. See Black Leah.
POMEGRANATE, POMEGRANATES (Ger. Grnnnfdpfd ; Fr. Grenades; It.
Granati, Melagrani ; Sp. Granadas), the fruit of the pomegranate tree ( Punica granatum ).
This tree, which grows to the height of 1 5 or 20 feet, appears to be a native of Persia,
whence it has been conveyed, on the one side, to Southern Europe, and on the other, to
the tropical parts of Asia, and eventually to the New World. The fruit is a pulpy,
many-seeded berry, the size of f... orange, covered with a thick, brown, coriaceous rind.
The pulp has a reddish colour, and a pleasant subacid t;;ste. Tlie value of the fruit
depends on the smallnes^ of the seed and the largeness of the pulj). The finest, called
by the Persians badaiia, or seedless, is imported into India from Caubul and Caiidaliiir,
where the pomegranate grows in perfection. The tree thrives all the way to the e(piator ;
but, within the tropics, the fruit is hardly fit for use. The pomegranates brought lo
England from the south of Europe and the West Indies are very inferior to those uf
Persia. — ( Private information. )
POPLAR (Ger. Pappel, Pappelhaitm ; Du. Popdier ; Fr. Peuplier ,- It. Pinppa ■
Sp. Alamo ; Lat. Popvlus). Of the poplar ( Populus of botanists), there are about 1 5
species described ; of theso, 5 ore common in England ; viz. thecommon or JF/iite, the
Black, the Aspen or trembling poplar, the Aheh or great white poplar, and the Lombardv
poplar. In most favourable situations, the white poplar grows with great rapidity, some-
times sending forth shoots 16 feet long in a single season. The wood is soft, and not
very durable, unless kept dry ; but it is light, not apt either to swell or shrink, and easily
wrought. The Lombardy poplar grows rapidly, and shoots in a comi)lete spire to a
great height ; its timber does not differ materially from that of the white poi)lar. It
is very light ; and is, therefore, well adapted for the manufacture of packing-cases. None
of the species is fit for large timbers. — ( Tredydd's Principles of Carpentry ; Veyet, Suh.,
Lib. of Entert. Knowledge.)
POPULATION. To attempt giving in this place any explanation of the laws
which regulate the progress of population, would be quite inconsistent with the olyecis
and limits of this work. It may, indeed, be thought that the word has no busines.s here.
However, as it is frequently of importance in commercial questions, and in others mate-
rially aflfecting commercial interests, to be able to compare the consumption of an article
with the population, we believe we shall gratify our readers by laying before tlieni the
following Tables, showing the results of the different censuses that have been taken of
the population of Great Britain and Ireland.
I, l*o]>ulal
t'ountyl
tM
Cd
En(4
Hedfonl
Ikrks .
KiiciiinRhal
Cambridge!
Chesior
rornwall
('iiiiib«rlan(|
l),rl>y
IJevon
Dorset
Durham
Kssex
(ili>ui<!.<ter
lleroford
Hertford
Huiitingdr.nl
lient
Lancaster
Lclcfster
Lincoln
.Middlesex
.Alonmouth
Norfolk
Northamptol
.N'orthumberl
.Nottingham \
Oiford
Rutland
Salop
homtTset
Southampton
Stattbrd
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussel
Warwick
Weitmorelanc
Wits
Worcester
Vorkdvastlli
City of York
York (North I
(West 11
ScOTI.AI
Aberdeen
Argyle
A>r
Itanff -
Kerwick
Bute
Caithness
(Clackmannan
Dumbarton
Dumfries
Kdinburgh
Kl^in
Fife -
Korfar
Iladdi-'gton
Inverness
Kini-ardine
Kinross
Kirkcudbright
Lanark
Linlithgow
Nairn
Orkney and Shi
Peebles
Perth
Renfrew
Ross and Cromi
Roxburgh
Selkirk
Stirling
Sutherland
Wigton
England
Wales ■
Scotland
Army, Navj, go
fmmmmm
I^OPULATION.
923
I. I'upulution of^rcat Hritniii in 1801, )81l, IH'.'l, and IH31, showing ila Amount at each Period In each
County ul' England anil Scotland, and in thu entire Principality of Wales; with the Ratio of Incrcasi?,
Counties.
IWl.
Increase
pnCent.
j 1811.
j Increase
' jierCenl.
1821.
Inrreaae
IJerCent.
1831.
England.
IMfonl -
fi.l,59.T
11
70,213
19
8.1,710
14
n5,.3S3
Ikrks -
iny.iiis
8
118,277
11
131,977
10
145,289
Ktickinpham
107, M4
8
117,fi.'.0
14
134,0(18
a
M6,,"»
Ombridge * - -
8U,.'Vt6
13
101,109
20
121,909
18
143,9.V.
rhesiur
1!»I,75I
18
227,031
lU
270,098
24
.334,110
Cornwall -
ISS,V«9
l&
21(,,l.ti7
11'
257,447
17
.102,440
Ciiii)b«rland
iV.'iM)
14
I.M,744
17
156,121
10
169,681
l).rl>y
llil.M'^
15
185,IS7
lA
213,3.13
11
237,170
I»tMon
.^4.1,IM)1
Vi
.38.1,.3()S
15
4.19,010
13
494,1(18
l(nr!«t
Il6,!tl9
8
124,(193
Ki
144,1119
10
159,252
Ilurliam
lHO,.lfiJ
11
17;,(i25
17
2(17,(173
22
253,827
Kssex
«!it„1.17
11
252,473
15
289,424
10
317,2.13
(;i"U(e-.tur
M0,S09
lit
2»5.514
18
315,843
15
386,901
Hereford
S9,l»l
5
91,(173
10
103,213
7
110,976
llfrtfiiril
97,577
14
111,1,54
Ki
129,714
10
1 13,3 1 1
lluiitiiigdnn
.'l7/>fi«
18
42,208
15
48,771
<J
53,149 1
Kent - • -
307,'lii4
21
373,U!I5
14
426,016
12
179,155
Lancaster
67«,7.11
23
S2S,.T0y
S7
1,052,859
27
I, .136,854
I.rici'ster
1.10,081
l(i
l.'iO,419
Ki
174,571
13
197,003
Lincoln
ii08A'>7
14
237,8!ll
19
283,058
12
317,244
.Miildlesez
81H,l'i9
17
953,270
20
1,144,531
19
I, .158,5 11
.Monmouth
■i:>,M^
3(i
02,127
15
71,8.13
30
98,1.10
Norfolk
1^73,371
7
291,999
18
.144,.1(18
13
.TI0,05|
Northampton
Northumberland
131,7.^7
7
141,353
15
1(12,183
10
1 79,'/ 76
L')7,10l
9
172,1(11
1.5
198,1(15
12
222,912
.Nottingham
1IU,.VjO
Hi
1(12,900
15
186,873
20
225 ,3',
OiforU
Ill9,iilt0
9
119,191
15
1.1(1,971
11
151,726
Rutland -
Iii,.V.u
.
1(1,.3S0
13
18,487
5
19,385
Salon
l(i7,'l.">l)
Ui
194,298
fi
'.; 0(1, 1.53
8
2'r2,.-,03
SunuTset
'^^3,^■>^}
12
.■!(J.M8()
17
355,314
13
4IJ3,!IOS
Southampton
'2\<i,i,r,ii
12
2I5,(IS0
l.'.i
283,298
11
314,313
Statlbrd
v.-i:i,i.-,3
21
295,153
17
315,895
19
110,485
Sullolk
vui.i.-i
11
2.-, 1.21 1
15
270,542
9
29(1,.101
Surrey
V(ill,(ll3
20
.".2.-.,S51
23
398,(158
22
4.S(l,.1i6
Sussei
l:.!),.iil
19
llM),0i3
22
2.13,019
17
2;2,.T.'8
VVarwiclt
Wll.l! 1)
1(1
22H,7.V>
20
274,192
23
3.1(1,9SS
\V'e9tmoreland
li,(il7
1(1
15,922
12
51, .15!)
7
.55,011
Wits -
i^,-..iur
r
19.i,S5iS
15
222,157
8
2.1!I,1S1
Worcester
l.-'l..-..\T
I5
llO,5l(i
15
181,121
15
2 11, .15(1 ,¥
Viirk (i;a.st Ilidini;)
1 CityofYorkancl.'iinslcv
l\0,'.Wi
111
1.11.4.17
14
151,010
10
1(18,61(1/ f'
•4i.:m
ii
27,.1(P1
12
.10,151
17
.^5,.16'^^,l:
York ( North Ki(liiiu) '.
l.-.K,'^'^:i
7
I(i9,-.9I
11
IK7,t.')2
2
l!rO,873(2
(West KiiliiiK)
'iti,i,ii'i
Ki
b.i5,012
22
801,274
22
976,415)-;
H,.131,I.TI
lis
9,53'>,S27
"5
11,261,4.17
16
13,089,338
Walks
sn,:,\6
13
CII,7SS
■'
717,4.18
12
805,236
Scotland.
Aberdeen
U-ft'i'l
in
135,075
15
I.55,.1S7
14
177,651
Arnyle
7i,.s.'H
19
85,'>85
14
97,316
4
101,l'25
Ayr
Kl,.llll)
23
l(1.".,ri51
22
127,299
14
145,055
llanflT -
.i,-,!mi7
2
.->(i,(i(;s
19
4.3/.fil
12
48,(101
Berwick
.lO.I.Vl
1
.10,779
8
33,385
2
31,018
Bute -
11,7^1
2
12,0.13
15
13,797
3
14,151
Caithness . . •
'^■^,(ll)l»
1
23,119
29
.10,238
14
34,5'2:)
Clackmannan
lO.ViS
II
12,010
10
13,2(13
II
11, 7 '29
Dumbarton
V0,710
17
24,189
13
27,317
22
.13,211
Dumfries
,'<1„V17
15
(12,9(10
13
70,878
4
7.1,770
Edinburgh
vz'i,:'.',i
21
148,(107
29
191,514
15
219,592
KiKin
'^(i,7ir>
.*>
28,108
11
31,162
10
31,231
Fife -
!I.-.,7I3
S
101, V72
13
ll4,.Vi0
12
128,839
Korfar
■.I;),l.i7
8
107, 2(11
(i
113,1.10
23
139,(106
Haddlr-glon
W.'.ISd
4
.11,1(11
13
,35,127
3
36,145
Inverness
74,V1)'^
5
7N,.33li
15
90,157
,5
94,797
Kincardine
'2li.3l9
4
27,1.1!)
(1
29,118
8
31,431
Kinross
ti,7«
8
7,' 15
7
7,762
17
9,072
Kirkcudbright
«!),'J 1 1
15
.\1,(1S4
15
38,903
4
40,590
Lanark
H(i,(iU9
31
191,7.52
27
241, .187
30
316,819
I.itilitbgow
17,844
U
19,(51
17
22,6s5
3
23,291
Nairn - - .
8,li.-,7
.
8,251
9
9,006
4
9,354
Orkney and Shetland
46,8«l
_
4(1,153
15
.5.1,124
10
58,'J39
Peebles
8,7.-55
14
9,9.1.5
1
lo.mo
5
10,578
Perth
l!i(i,.'^li(i
7
1.35,0!)3
3
139,0-:0
3
142,894
Renfrew
78,0.)6
19
92,59(>
21
112,175
19
1.13,443
Kos.<t and Cromarty
.V),.543
10
CS,S.-)3
13
(18,HV8
9
74,8'<I0
Roxburgh
33,l»i
11
37,2.10
10
40,892
7
43,6(13
Selkirk
.'.,070
1«
5,889
13
(1,637
2
6,8.13
Stirling
Sutherland
50,8'^.'>
11
.'.8,174
12
65,376
11
72,621
'23,117
2
23,(i'-'9
.
23,840
7
25,518
Wigton
22,918
17
2(1,891
23
33,240
9
.1(1,258
1,599,088
It
l,8a5,(lS8
10
2,093,456
13
2,365,807
SUMMARI
OF Great B
RITA IN.
England
Wales -
8,.331,4.14
Its
9,.551,«8«
i'i
11,261,4.37
16
13,089,3.18
.541, .MB
13
r.11,788
17
717,4.38
12
805,236
Scotland
1,599,068
14
1,805,(188
16
2,093,456
13
2,365,807
Army, Navj, tee.
470,598
640„500
-
3I9,.100
•
277,017
10,94 ii,r.4f.
IH
12,K09,8r,4
14
14,391,031
15
i 16,537,398
■^A
ul
I
If'
!>Jt
PORCELAIN.
II. roidilation of Ireland, a* determined by the Ccniusc* tiikoii in M:j, If^-'l, anil KUI, allowing ill
Amount at each Pfriod in each County, with the Hates of Ini'iease.
1 t'uuntlet, Sec,
ISlj
InrnM^c
\A*T (>'L>nt.
1S21.
liU'ri'n'.L'
l.>r Ciiil.
1K3I.
Provlnct nf Ltliulcr.
Carlnw • .
Cl.'ifiO
13
7S,!t.Vi
.1
tlecrfasu
81,570
I)rui|h«la Town
111,1^1
12
IM.IIH
4
Iniri'aie
17,.1lii
Kiililln rounlj
(;u>
Kilil.'irv . . • •
llil,l.'7
ITii.iili)
3.*
I'ld.OU
IH'i.SSl
!»
1K3,IPI2 1
2IP.1,ii.'i2
M.'i.l.lS
11)
IMI.Oli .
9
IIPS.IIII
Kilkenny ('i)Uii'-
CilV
Kinu'> County • • • •
i.iyitii
17
I'.S,71ll
23,.1.10
(i
2
lli'P.'^^.l
V.1,711
1 ^^,r^^,
y.-.,vi7
l.'i
12
l.ll.tPSS
107,'70
9
4
I4I,IP2!I
II2,..|I|
*
KIl.lPlI
7
IIIS.IC.S
Alcilh . . . ■
112, i;n
11
IVP.IHI
It
177,1121
Uufi-n's Courty
VlVsemeath ' - ■ '
Wi^ti.nl ....
Wick low - - - -
Tot il
iir.,N.-.7
*
17
iri4,27.'>
12^■'*l!^
I711,S0(i
H
n
7
ll.'l.SI.I
1.T;,7'P!)
1SV,!I!I1 '
8.1,100
22
lll),7li7
10
12 2, .11 PI
.
.
1. 757,49 <
•(
Cl.irc ....
]m.m^
28
2ips,nsr)
£4
2.'.S,2(I2
Cork County •
City
iW/nii
20
fii!l,7^'•
12
7iP.'>,IP2ti
(il„WI
.'iH
iijip,<;.'>H
(i
IIP7,IPI1
17H,(12i
21
21ii,IH.'>
2S
2iil,.VVP
Liuiuriik foimty
lll.l.SUj
110
21S,132
G
2,1.1,,Mi'i
t'iiy . • -
Tipjifrnry - • . •
Wulerl'ova Cnuntj
.
.'.ll.Ol.'j
11
t.ti,'i7,'.
li'.lO,.').-.!
in
3lfi,S!Pli
16
4ui,i\i>i
IIIM.'>7
7
127,S12
15
1 |S,077 ,
City
Total
Provliict ((/• Vlittr.
W,1I17
12
2S,(!7'.»
•
2S,S2l
.
.
l,!1.1.-,,lil2
14 1 W,2l'i,.1Ul 1
8,11,:. IS
1.1
2n2,sr.n
19
.'Mi.r.is
.\rnia«h - - * •
I'^l.ti'J
r.2
l'.)7,l'<!7
11
22ip,ir.l
Carrickfergu* Town
(i,l30
30
H,M'.i3
H
H.lillS
f'.lV.Ml ...
* 1
■
|i|.'),ll7'i
Ifi
2'i.S,(P,-)IP
l)oni-){al . . - -
2I,S,'.!71P
20
2!P^,1IP1
Down . • ...
«S7,2'in
13
.■.2.1,110
S
.V.V,'.?!
Kt'rnmnauh . .
1 1 1 ,'i.'>0
17
1.10,!(1P7
14
1 111,.'.'..'.
I.rMulonilorry
isd.isl
4
1' M,S(i9
n
222, IKi 1
.Mt>n^i^)iau
1|M,1.-.1
24
17l,«17
11
l!P.'.„'.,-.2 1
'i'yrone . . - .
Total
Priiiittcc of Ctmihtnf;hl.
'^•.ii.rifi
4
•^111, si;,)
ij
,1112,913
.
.
1,',I!IS,4!I4
11
2,291, l2,S
U.ilway ....
1 in,!i'-.-.
IIU
'm,r>w
27
.194,2S7
Town
'^l.iiM
12
27,77.-.
19
.13,l2iP
Lillrini . - • •
!ll.ll!l.">
.-.2
12l,7S.'j
12
111,.-.! PI
;\Iiivo - - ...
2.17 ,.-71
2.1
2ia,112
2.'.
3li7,9.'.(l
lloM-otntnon ■ ...
1.)S,I1U
3-4
'.iiJS,72!l
M
23'l,9ll.1
Sligo - . ...
Total
•k
■
1I(1,2^'J
17
17 1, .-.08
.
1,TH),2^9
22 1 l,14S,077
Si
MMAnV.
Provinces.
1S13.
1S21.
1S31.
Increase per Cent, on 18:il,
I.t'inster ....
.
I,7."'7,1'I2
l,!.'<7,'i'17
,° 1
.■Mnnslur ... . .
.
l,''."'.,(112
2,'^i.-.,.-.;i
14
rister . • . •
-
l,'.."is,i:i|
2,ai.-.,li;S
14
Connauglit • . • •
Total
•
l,lln,'2.;'.p
l,."lS,n77
22
- 1
fi,S01,SJ7
7,7i4,.')3ii
Hi
- if
PORCELAIN, OR CHINA WARE, a very fine .species of eartliemvaie. Tlio
first specimens of this fabric were brought to Europe from China and Japan. The best
Chinese jiorcelain is of a very fine texture, white, semi-transjiarent, and sometimes
l)cautifiiily coloured and gilt; is infusible, and not subject to break by the sudden a])|)li-
cation of heat or cold. The Chinese term for the article is tse-hi. Rut the Portu^iiLse,
by whom it was first brought in considerable quantities into Europe, bestowed on it the
name of porcelain, from porccUa, a cup.
('ominnn earthenware, sometimes of a very good (|u,ility, is manufartiired in Canton, Foliicii, ami
several other i)rovinces of China. Hut it is a euriou.s fact, that the heaiitiful porctlain imported lutu
Kurope is made only in the town of Kiii.(;tesi'ig, in tlie province of Kyangsi. Its manufacture is fiillv
described by Duhalde, in his account of China, under the head " Porcelain and China ware." Tlic
porcelain of Japan i:. decidedly interior to that of China; very little is imported, and it is valued only as
a curio.sity.
After porcelain began to bo imported, its beauty soon brought it into great request, notwltlntandiiig
its high price, as an ornament for the houses and tables of the rich and the great. The emulation of
European artists was in conse(|uence excited. Very little information was, however, obtained as to the
innde of manufacturing porcelain till tlie early part of last century, when the process was developi'd in
a letter from a French Jesuit in China, who had found means tti make himself pretty w».ll aci|iiaiiited
with the subject. 'J'he knowledge that thus transpired, ami tiie investigations of Hcainnnr and other
chemists, prepared the way for the establishment of the manufacture in Kurope. It was first coinincnced
at I)rcs<leip, which has been famous ever since for the beauty of its productions ; but the finest and most
magniliceiit specimens of Kuropean china have been produced at Sivres, in France, in the factory carried
on .it the expense of the French government
British Porciiain Maimfcic/itrc—'Hm, though unable to boast of such fine specimens of costly work,
manship as have been produced at .Sevres and Dresden, is of much greater national importance. Instead
of exclusively applying themselves to the manufacture of articles fitted only for the consumption of the
* X. S. — Not ciium.'laled in 181J
Vfars.
ISI.5
ISlfi
1817
1S18
ISIP
IS'.'O
PORK.— POIIT-AU-PHINCK.
J)'2.5
t -
i
rich, (lie nitists of Kiinlaiiil Imvi- oxortod themselves hi (irefiTeiu'e to priidiiec China ware •uitahlc for
the mi lilt I'lassca ; niid have liiieeeeded in prod' "iiiR iirtiele.s id oiiee excellent in i|Uallty, eli'>;nnt in
form, and rheap. We are prihei|iall> indeliled lor the iinprovenietils niaile In this important mannfaitnre
to the Ki""''!) '»>'! enterprise of the late Mr. .lo.si.ih Wedgwood. This extraordinary man owed none of
ids siiecess to fortuitous eireumstanees. DevolioK his mind to p.dient inrestigation, and sparing neither
pain.s nor ex|K'nsc in aecomplishinK his aims, he Kidhered round him arti.sts of talent from different
roiuitries, and drew upon the stoie.H of science for aid in pursuing the olijeets of his praiseworthy
amiiition. The early and signal prosperity that attended his eltiirts served only as an incentive to urge
him forward to new exertions, and as means for calling forth and encouraging talent in others, in a
manner calculated to promnte the well'arc of his countrv. Previously to his time, the potteries of jstaf.
fordshire priKluced only inferior f.dirics, flimsy as to their materials, and void of taste in their fornij
and oinuments ; the best among them being only wretched imitations of the grotesque and unmeaiiing
(rones and llgures porlraye<l on the porcelain of ( liina. liut such have been the efl'ecti resulting from the
cNertloiis and example of this one individual, that the wares of that district are now not only brought
into general use in this country, to the exclusion of all foreign goods, which had been largely imported, hut
Knglish pottery has since been sought for and celebrated throughout the civilised world, and adopted even
in places where the art was jireviously iiractised. An intillij;riit loreigner, M. Taujas de St. I'ond, writing
on this subject, says, — " Its excellent workmanship, its solidity, the advantage which it possesses ot sus.
taining theaction of flrc, its line glaze impenetralile toaciils, the beauty and coinenience of its lorin, and
the cheapness of its price, have given rise to a commerce so active and so universal, that, in travelling
from Paris to Petersburgh, from Amsterdam to the farthest part of Sweden, and from Dunkirk to the
extremity of the south of France, one is served at every inn upon Knglish ware. Spain, Portugal, and
It.ily are supplied with it ; and vessels are loaded with it tor both the Indies and the continent of .\merica."
— '.'see the ijuotation in the Account of llic Vorcclnin Maniifachiic, p. 111., in Dr. t.nrilitcr's Ci/c/ti/iut/ia ;
for the statistical details with respect to the manufacture, see the article tAiirni.Nw.xiii', in tliis wiirk.)
The llritish porcelain manufacture is principally carried on at the potteries in Stallurdshire, and at
Worcester, Derliy, Colebrook Dale, and other places.
Murihine Cups It was long a prevalent opinion among nioilern critics, that the viisa niurrhinn, so
famous in lioman history, were formed of porcelain. Pompey was the first who brought them to Home from
the Kast, about (54 years before the Christian era. They were used as drinking cups, and fetched enormous
prices ; Nero having given, according to the common method of interpreting, i"iH,(Hi()/. fur a single cup!
The extravagance of the purchaser may, in this instance, lie siijiposed to have increased the price; so
that the degree of estimation in which these cups were held may be more accurately inferred from the
fact, that, of all the rich spoils of Alexandria, Augustus was content to select one for his share. —
(Suctun. lib. ii. c. 71.) Pliny U'h. xxxvii. c. 2.) says they were made in Persia, particul.irlv in Karaniania.
Uut those whoboutend they were China ware, chicHy found on the following line of Propertius : —
Murrlicaquc in Parthis pocitia CQcrt\v\)c\%. — {IjWi.'w. Kleg. ,"5. lin.26.)
In despite, however, of this apparently decisive authority, M. 1.e Kland and M. T.archer have, in two
very learned dissertations [Mt^tiiuiic.i tie I.itti'nit. torn, xliii.), which Dr. Robertson has declared are quite
satisfactory, endeavoured to prove that the vasa niurrhinn were formed of transparent stone, dug out of
the earth in some Eastern provinces, and that they were imitated in vessels of coloured glass — {llohert.
son'.i Dinqnisi/wn un India, note .-9.1 Dr. Vincent {Cimimercc and Navigation of t/ic Aticicnt.s; vol. ii.
p. 72.i.) inclines to the opposite opinion ; but the weight of authority is evidently on the other side. At
all events, it is plain that if the murrhine cu|)s were really porcelain, it had been exceedingly scarce at
Koine, as their price would otherwise have been comparatively moderate. I5ut it is most piobable that
tlie ancients were whollv unacquainted with this article; which, indeed, was but little known in Kurope
till after the discovery of the route to India by the Cape of Good Hope. — (ror some further details on
this question, see Kippingii Antiq. Rom. lib. iv. c. 3.)
I'ORK, the flesh of tlie lio.cr. Salted and pickled pork forms a considerable article
of export from Ireland to the West Indies and otiier jilaccs.
Pork and IJaco'i exported from Ireland in the under-mentionod Years.
I'ork.
H.icon. 1
Yc.nrs.
1821
1822
18-23
IH-'I
rotk.
U.ncon. 1
Vcars.
:
(>\iaiuity.
rii(.
I."i4,7l9
lOvW.-i
1.;',(19.-.
lts,.;4r.
120,.3::4
142,131
< ili.'al
\'illM'.'.
Quantity.
\',aliLe.
Qu.intity.
Offli ial
^'iliue.
(liianlity.
cmciiii
\'aliie.
\ ISI.-i
; isifi
1817
ISIS
1S19
IRl'O
£
214,22.5
11. ',42.")
1M,28;-.
in',8(i2
llili.tIKi
l!i7,"ie
(■ill.
2.^n,"i9
'-■'JT.IiliS
191,02.';
214,9jfi
2-^4,134
ra,7''o
£
3I.'),20.-)
2rv4,49ii
2ii7,(;3i
3i(i,.';4ii
3^3,797
Cut.
141,211
ll.-.,9,;6
l':0,()4f,
)0(i,,-i43
108,141
€
1(!(),527
lti(i,2l8
147,.':--'1
149,734
Ciil.
3()(i,20D
24l,8f.;7
343,(17.5
fil3,78S
362,278
507,0.79
a34,890
47,"),S.J8
434,47.';
i01,(il5
Jlost partof thebacim .s exported to England— fsce Hacon}, — and also a pood deal of thepnrk. The
sccnunt cannot be brought further down than 1 -1, tin tra.'e between Great Britain and Ireland having
since then been placed on the footiiif i i coasting trade.
rORT. See Wine.
PORT-AU-PIlL\CE, the capital oF Ilayti. or St. Domingo, in lat. 18° 33' 42" N.,
Ion. 12 27' 1 1" W. Population variouslv estimated, probably from 18,000 to 20,000.
It is situated on the west coast of the island, at the bottom of a large and deep gulf.
It was foimded in 1749; since which, with few intervals, it has been the capital of
French St. Domingo, as it is now of the entire island. It is partially fortified ; the
harbour being protected by a battery on a small island at a little distance from the shore.
The country round is low and marshy ; and the heat in the summer months being exces-
sive, the climate is then exceedingly unhealthy. The buildings are principally of wood,
and seldom exceed 2 stories in height.
Harbour — The entrance to the liarbour is between White Island and the southern shore. The depth
of water varies from about 18 feet at ebb to about 21 do. at full tide. It is customary, but not compulsory,
to employ a pilot in entering the harlinur. They are always on the look-out. Ships moor head and stern,
!fX from 100 to 5(X) yards from shore ; loading and unloading by means of boats as there are neither docks
nor quays to assist these operations. The harbour is perfectly safe except during hurricanpR, which may
I e cxpectctl from August to November.
I! ill I
u
'I
it,
(.1
• al
F. ■■ ' ,
\
: !'. '1:
,; ^' *i t 'j|
( ;
P
N
9-2()
i*()i{T-Ai;-i»KiNci:.
llayti is, next to Ciilia, tlio liirjrost of tin* Wust liiiliu islands. It was discovered by
I'uluinhus, on tlie.'Ith uf Dl-cimuIkt, IW-i- Its jrreutest k-n^tli is cstimuted ut about iCO
leagnes, and its grcatust brciultli at about 10. Its superKcii's is estimated at about 2,4,50
mjuure leagues. Three ])rinei|)iil ebains of mountains (t'roni which emanate smaller
mountain arms) run from the centriil group of Cibao. The whole of these are described
as fertile and susceptible of cultivation, even to their summits ; affording great variety
of climate, which, contrary to what is the fact in the plains, is remarkably liealthy. The
soil of the plains is, in general, a very rich vegetable mould, exceedingly fertile, and well
watered. There are several large rivers, and an immense number of smaller streams,
some tributary and others independent. The ports are numerous and good. The har-
bour of Cape St. Nicliolas, the fortifications of which are now in ruins, is one of the
finest in'the West Indies; being inferior only to the Ilavannah. Timber of the finest
description is most abundant ; and mines of gold, silver, copper, tin, iron, and rock salt,
besides other natural pro<luctions, are said not to be wanting. The French are, therefore,
fully justified in designating this inagniticent island, La Jicine iles Antilltg, The priii-
ciiml towns, besides l\>rt-au-Prince, are Caj) Ilaitien, formerly Cap Francois, on the
north coast, St. Domingo on the south, Les Cayes, and Jacniel.
Previously to the revolt of the blacks, llayti was divided in unequal portions between
the French and S])aniards ; the former possessing the west, and the latter the eastern and
larger portion of the island. The revolution began in 1789; and terminated, after
the inost dreadful massacres, and the destruction of a vast deal of property, in the total
abolition of slavery, and the establishment of an i:idependent black republic. The
Spanish part of the island and the French were finally consolidated in I82'i.
J'opnlation. — In 1789, the French part of Hayti was by far the most valuable and
flourishing colony in the West Indies. The population was estimated at .524,0(X); of
which .11,000 were white, 27,500 people of eo'jur, and 40'5,50O slaves. Tiie SpanisJi
part of the island was much less densely peopled; the number in 1785 being estimated
at 152,640; of which 122,640 were free people of all colours, mostly mulattoes, and tl.e
rest slaves. The population of the entire island, in 1S27, was estimated by AI, Humboldt
at 820,000, of whom 30,000 were whites ; but there are good grounds for tliinking that
this estimate is exaggerated.
Imports. — The principal articles of import arc provisions ; such as flour, rice, mess
and cargo beef, fish, &c. and timber, from the United States ; cotton goods of all sorts,
Irish and Scotch linens, earthenware, cutlery, ammunition, &c. from England ; wines,
satins, liqueurs, jewellery, toys, haberdashery, &c. from France; and linens, canvass,
gin, &c. from Holland and Germany.
Exports, — There has been an extraordinary decline in the quantity and value of
the articles exported from Hayti since 1789. Sugar, for example, has fallen off from
141,000,000 lbs. to almost nothing; coffee from about 77,000,000 lbs. to little more
than .'52,000,000 lbs. in 1826; cotton from 7,000,000 lbs. to 620,000 lbs. in do. ; indigo
from 758,000 lbs. to nothing, &c. ! IMahogany is almost the only article, the exports
of which have rapidly increased of late years. The following Table illustrates what has
now been stated : —
A General Table of Exports from Hayti, during the Years 1789, 1801, and from 1818 to 1826, both inclusive.
1
Yrs.
Clavwl
Sugar.
Muscovado
Suiiar.
Coffee.
Cotton.
Cacao,
Indigo.
i live
.Molasses., ,Vni)ds.
,- . Castor
Tobaico. ((j|_
iMnho-
ganj.
Cigars.
Liu.
««.
I.llS.
Un.
IJu.
Lh,.
Lhl. l.b>.
Lb>.
(ial.
*•«/.
I7S9
47,41fi„Ml
93,.'i73,,100
70,83.5,219 7,0(11,271 - ■
758,628
25,749
imil
:fi/)U)
18,'j18,572
43,420,270,2,480,310 6.18.518
804
99,419 6,768,6.34
- !6.S19,300
-
.
5,21V
181S
I'JS
.'i,t43,A(i7
26,06,'>,200 474,118 431,368
. .
19,140
121
129,962
1819
r.7
3,790,143
29,240,9191 216,103 370,439
. .
*
.3,091,109
.39,698
711
141,4:t
WM
2,787
2, A 1 4, .'.02
3,5,137,7 '>9l ."46,839 .556,124
. .
.
1,919,718
97,600
157
129,.'iO!l
IS'^1
fi(K),9.T4 ;29,92.1,9.')1| 82(),.'.(i3 2f.4,792
. .
.
.3,728,186
76,400
.
55,(105
mn
.
200,4'>4 21,2.V>,372! .Ill .(,.308 461,1.54
- -
211,927
8,295,080
.'.8S,!)57
2,622,:i77'279,n0ll
182.'!
.
14,920 33,8(K,S37 3.">2,2.'iC .'W.'j,.') 10 - -
.
6,607 ,.">0S
.387,01 1
2,.369,i|47.39,-),800
18'^
S.lOfi 4 1,269,084 1,028,04') 461,694 1,210
.
3,8.')8,151
718,679
.
2,181,747 175,000
isas
-
2,020 ,3fi,O31„-50O 81,',,697 .3.39,9.37; - .
.
3,918.190
.')03,12.'i
.
2,986,169
1826
- ' 32,864 32,189,781 C20,U"2 t57,M2 - - 1 .. . |.->„-07,74.-> 1 340,488
• -
2,136,981 179,.50O
Gum Guaiacum, in 1822, 7.338 lbs. — 1823, 13.056 llis.— 1824, 68.692 lbs.
The destruction caused by the deplorable excesses which accompanied the revolution
explains a part of this extraordinary falling off": but the greater part is to be accounted
for by the change in the condition of tlie inhabitants. It could not re/isonably be
expected that the blacks were to make the same efforts in a state of independence they
made when goaded on by the lash to exertions almost beyond their powers. It may,
however, be fairly anticipated that they will become more industrious, according as the
population becomes denser, and as they become more civilised, and acquire a taste for
conveniences and luxuries. Hitherto industry in Hayti cannot be said to be free. It
is enforced and regulated by the Code Rural, which is, in fact, a modification of the old
French regulations as to slavery embodied in the Code Noir. " The provisions are as
despotic as those of any slave system that can be conceived. The labourer may almost
POUT-AlMMtlNCi:.
927
!
\m> t'<insi(lorf(l uihvriiilus (jMne ; ho it (looiiifd a vnj^nlunul, nnil li;.lili' to piiiiisliiiu'iit,
if he vontiirt' to niovt- from Imn ilwillinj^ or fiiriii without notirc ; lio is i)roliiliiti'(l from
koi'pi'iK n shop ; and no pt-rson can hnild a house in the country unconniTtid witli a
farm. 'l"he code determines the mode of manaj^ing landed pr. perty ; of forming con-
tracts for enltivHtion between proprietor and farmer — farnn / and lalunircr ; of regii.
laling ^ra/ing cstahlishments, the rural police, the inspection of cultivatit)n and culti-
vators; of repressing vagrancy ; and of the repair and maintenance of the public roads.
Lastly, it allixes the penalty of line in some cases, and in others of indefmite imi)rison-
nient, at the o|)tion of the Judge of the jjeace." — (iVr. Consul Mackinzie's DmixtUh ;
Pari. Paper, No. IH. .Se<!s. 18'if).)
Another serious obstacle to industry seems to be the enormous weight of the taxes
imjORed to defray the French indemnity. 'I'hese are greatly beyond the means of the
Maytians; so that the stipulated i)ayments are in arrear, and will have to be abandoned.
Besides the articles specified in the above Tal)le, hides, tortoise-shell, wax, ginger, and
bullocks' horns arc exported in considerable quantities. Hides are principally exported
from the eastern, or, what was, the Spanish part of the island. They constitute a
valuable article.
In i|Pi.|iite, however, of these unfavourable circumstances, it appears abuiulaiitly certain lliat aconsidcr-
alilf nicrunsc has taken place within these few years in the exports of coflie, cotton, inahonany, toliacco,
iiiid some other articles. Hut it is very dittirult to arrive at the exact truth with respect either to this or
iiny other matter conneclwl with llayli. During the (li»cii<si(ms on the slave tradi^lHith parties referred
III It in BUpport of theii peculiar views : and the most coiitradittiiry statements w«' put forth as to the
numhers and condition of the people, tlie extent of traile, \c. A koo<I deal of smUKglinfj is also carried
(in ; so th.it even the otficial statements are net to l)e depended on. 'I'he subjoined account of the exports
(if |s.K> is taken from the .hili-S/iirrn/ Ucvorri of the (ith of Jinic, is;;;;. We do not pretend to RUarantee its
iiiithenticity; Imt we have been a.ssured by comiictent judges that it does not involve any material error : —
" ("(iinimlKl amnunt of eiimrls for IS.Ti, ninirilliiB lo llie
rti'.totn-huii-iu lifiokH ; —
('nil' I! i'\|i(>rt«l from
rftTt-nu.l*riiu'u
lionnVves
e.ijt llii'fUt.n
.Ifi'cMiile
.f.u'in^l
I'arli.- lie I'Kst
r'nlKm. frnin all |iarls
^f.ilio^iny —
ToUifco —
Is.oflo.niioiiH.
*.f,.'inn,(WHi _
h,iHi(i,iiit«t
.'f,IHIII,(lllll _
S.IIIHI.IIIS) —
.'i.OOIl.lHM) _
.'i„M "ICMIII _
.'lO.Mno.doo n«.
I,~(Si,onii -^
(l,lslil,llno fi-et.
.01111,000 Ilia.
riu'.io, fn»m ull |iartii
I>\t' \UIOltA —
lli.li'-i _
Tiiriui^«.«hi'U —
I'lijars —
6<)0,iino \u.
S,(IIKI,IIIHI —
SO,IHIU
IV.OIHI lilt.
iUO.IKK)
"P ---
1,(100,000/. sti'ri. Tliv (tulles realised on this suni, Ut, li\ the
I tin|KiVls rtHjiiiii il to iiiir( liu^c it, ami '^dly, tht- ex)'nrls, v'lilrh
I nresii* iei'i ti> a diitv iif 1.*^ (loll.-ir« the l.'0O0,nre i-hliiiiate(l at
•^.'i |HT ctnt. (in the value (if the crop. This would K**e
I i(..0,(SMi/. on the coifee Tlds, at T llajtlan dull.nrs to the
I (loiiiKl surlin^, makes 1,7^(1,000 dollarii ot revenue realiseU tiy
I tilts eommwht^ ulone.**
'I'he duties on imimrts .imniint, at an average, to about !H)0,n(10 dollars a year. The total receipts of
tlic treasury may lie estimated at about i.','ilK),(i()(l dollars, which is, however, exceeded by (he expenditure.
'I'I'.e Americans, lb'iti.sh, I'rench, and (ierinnns carry on almost the whole trade of Ilayti. 'i'he imports
from KiikI.uuI are very deiMdetlly larger than those from any other country ; but the exports to America
exceed those destined for us. As the articles carried to Ilayli from f he t'liited States are, for the most
part, bulky, consisting of Hour, salt fish, and provisions of all sorts, tindier, &e., the number of Anie>
ricaii vessels engagetl in the trade very materially exceeds those trading uniler any other tlag.
/</r/fi«/«. — The arrivals of sliipping at I'ort.au. Prince and Cap Haitien, in lb'29, 1830, and 1831, have
been as under : —
1 riaret.
1829.
1830.
1831.
Port-au.rrince - - vessels -
tonnage
Cap Ha'itien - vessels .
tonnage
1;-iO
18,2ii,S
77
10,.'-.!)fi
ir.7
22,823
77
11,787
171
23,686
69
9,070
}\tri ChttrfffM, — The chnrKC!! on r niitive and foreign ship of
3t'H) lon-i are the snino, and a^ fuMowN : —
Tnnnair** duty *
Adniinistratur
Cumni.vtdant*' de jdaie
romniissalri' d K'nrrt'
('oiiunandanit' de port
Itirwtor of <-iisli>i.i.-j
IntirprHtT
Treasurer
Doctor
Stnmi>s for entry and cloarinK
Knnntain tax
riluta*;e
Total, currency
Vi
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
1(1 AO
20
2
434 60
Ciittimi-fumMf Rectilittioni. — On arriv.Tl. the nnuter of llie
Teasel iiroc wis to the < 'ustom -house w ith tht* inleqirt'ier, w hei e
he maKes hin declaration whether he dlscharnes his carjjo in
the port. If he discharjce, his invoices are translate*!, and the
(footU verified In the presence of the consignee, who is allowed
to land and store them. On clearing outwards, thoinenliant
pays the duties on the cargoes both ways, nndexhiliits a receipt
at the office of the commissaire de uuerre, coniii nnit.mte de
pi^c*, and rommandantede port, who sign a certificate that
the vessel may depart,
WarehoHMinte.— The warehousing and bonding system is
established bylaw, but there arc at present no buildings appro-
priated to the reception of bond, d giMit's. I'ntil very recently,
goodA were pennitle<i to be bonded under this law in the mer-
chants' stores ; a late order ha-s, however, suspended that
indulgence. The rate is 1 per cent, per year, and no allowance
made for wa-te or loss. tJoods exported in the same vessel they
arrive in, pa\, if landed, K per cent, and wharfage fees.
Motuu. _ 'ilif weight of the dollar is 216 grains j the 4 and ^
dollar Wing in proportion. lUit nearly ^ the weiKht of the
coin consists of tin or oiher allov ; bo that the value of the
dollar does not excied 1*. VmI- sterling.
M'vii^hts in llavti are divided as in avoirdupois and apothe-
carieV weighi ; Imt thev^are about 8 per ;cent. heavier than
Hrltish Wl•i^htR.
Meitsiircn. — Same as those used in France.
Rffifliilhma an to Trtule. — It is enacted, that all *^ersonR
exercising any trade or iircfe'-sion, excepting that of cuU\'»*t'.ng
the soil, must be provided with a patent or licence to carry en
suih trade or profession; that all strangers admitted as mer-
chants into the renuhlic must, in the first place, iirocurethe
pern1is^ion of the president to takeout a patent, which, when
obtained, only aulnorises them, under heavy penalties, lo carry
on a wholesale business, not with each other, but with the
Ilaylians, in the open ports, which are Fort-au-Prince, Oo-
nal'ves, Tap IlaYtien, Port-h-Ptate, Santo Pomingo, Jacmel,
Lcs ('dyes, and .ler^mie. The minimum quantities of goods that
may be sold are fixed by the same law. TheHaytian consignee
may he also a retailer, en taking out a corresponding patent.
A charge of 2,0(XJ dollars is made for each patent to a forelfpraer
trading to Port-au-Prime ; 1,800 for Les Ca^es, Cap Haltien*
and Jacmel ; and 1 ,<iOO for each of the remaming ports.
Duties. — The duties on all imported commodities consigned
to foreign merchants are 17i per cent, on an established tariff^
whether thev be brought in native or foreign ships, with the
exception of those from Uie United States which pay an addi-
• This is the present conduVs stfttement. Mr. Consul NT ackenxie says, that as Haytian vessels pay for
a licence, thoy are notsubjer* f^ the tonnnpc (I»ity. Perhaps, however, the regulation in this respect has
been changed since his " \rt.\s ' were published.
J^
.i<
-1 ;
1**^:-
ill I
m
928
POUTERS AND POIH ERAGE. - PORT LOLTS.
Iionil 10 jier cent, on tlit* aiiminit of ibe 'luiics. (ioodn cuii-
sttfiiwl to n.itive nicn-hanti ));».- nnl, KiJ piTifnt.
'J'he inll'ivv iii; artic IN ciic duty tVi'i* in ;ill bottoms :— Sluit
nf fill lii/ps, (frtMiidi's, liowit/i-rs, hitnili->h<-ll!i» and (ither nrn-
/it'cttle-. ot'ariiltt'rv : inm and Itrnii/f I'.ninMn, mnTtarii, nlu^lf»'t^
Bnd liay'iiiL'ts, rafhinL'., pi-ioN, and r.ualry salin'>, Itriqui'ts,
or s'<,v\ swMids for inf.intrv ; ni;uhine-< ami in^tl^lm'^ls I'nr
siniiilitwn^ and i'acilitaliii:; the t'ultivation of tlie m1, anit ilii*
]irt>ii.ir.iiiiin of itt prmlucts : !inr-.(s and cattld imih-s, as^t*',
f[old and silver coin ; cL-L^sical and ulenuniary u'orks.MiWi'd in
tairds, or liuinid in nanhinenti tor the instruction 07'yotitli.
The fctltuwin^ is a lis; of article-, alisolutely iirohihiteil, \\ iiti-
oiit ref rcnce to thuir plaie of Kr'»*th : — Alaliou'any, 1o;;wimk1,
liUiHim vitiu, fustic, cotlee, cotton w(«)l, cacao, raw and clayeil
su^ar, ruiiit taiia, t<yrup, molasses; canes, wlnps, and uin-
brelta-, ront.iininu swurd^i stilfttoc^, or other anna; bouks* and
oth' r works, opposed to i;ond morals.
Hcsi.les the export, tiie^e is also a lirritoiial dutv levied
equally on the produi;e of ihe soil, whether cxpoited in na-
tiiHial or I'oreiu'n -hips.
Thi! evport of the foilowinn article's is strictly prohibitetl : —
(lold and ^ilver mm, iide and Hre arms, munitions, and oiher
Articles of war ; old or nert- iron and copper; horses, brood
mares, mules, asses, ..nd wood for ship building^.
Till.' co.istiuK trade is en'in Iv conlineti to Havti-m citizens.
The connnerct of I'ortau-I'riucc is carried on by various
clas.set of persons. The imports from Ktirope and America Jire
principally ccnisipied to Kuropo.m anil .North American co,n-
mi-sion houses, lit-sides a few ilaytian establishments. The
rapi;al is one of the ports to which" finei^n merchants are con-
fined by tlu- law of patents ; but they are, or at lea>t were dur-
iiiU the* time of my lesitlence, restricteil by heavy penalties to
wholesale husinevs. Of course they cannot deal w ilh the con-
simiers, but with the native retaib'r>:, who are ihietly women,
styled " marchandes;'* these employ hucksters, also women,
wiio traverse the coimtry, attend the markets, and f;ive an
aicoimt of their tr.msactfons to their employers, litber every
evening, once a week, or once a month, accordinf; to their
character for integrity..
As the paymenls of the
nrh r are ttener^lly in money, «nd
article of eiporl - ■ r. lie —the
purchases f»ir returns' c in only be made iir'er the crop, have
l)een gatheretl ; and these areellected bv brokers, who often
b,iii;ain with a che>s of n, dives cilled cofree speculators, from
their deal in.; for thei hance of the market with the i ultivators
aiul either sell to the best advantage, or fudil conlraitii pre-
viously (ntereii into.
Ainoni; the re^peitable vuirchumUa there is said to be much
^ood f.iith ; but with the^reat body of the custotners, I believe,
the merchants are obliged to use the utmost circumspection.
All the ordinary tradesmen, such as t diors and shoemakers,
anil even a water«proof hat niarnifiicturer, are to be found at
I'urt-au- Prince. And I confess I was htrnck wiiii the respect-
able appearance of several booksellers* shops, having; looked in
vain lor such thin^^ boih iu il.irbadoes andAntti;ui. Ti,c-
books are utMierally eleme .try, French publicatio s, a. id ro-
mances. The works of \ uitaiie, llous>eau, and others of the
b.iine class, abotmd.
There are also two printin'» presses; one at which the po.
verinnent 4J.i/ette I.e 't\I,i;rui>hf is printed, and the other from
which the h'euUlf dc t'otnmtrce issue,-,. The former rarely con-
tains more than the {U»euments issu d by the ut>vernment ; tho
lattir occasionally some spirited papers, and is conducted Iiv
M. Oourtois, who was for a short time director uf tiie 110,1.
The anothecaries' shops are nnincrou-*, as they ouuht to b,- in
such a horrible climate, and are well >upphed with all th-
contents of the Freiuh Pliarniacopiri ». 'lliereare also soio-t
tanneries, in which the bark of the nian,'ri>ve is used as tli-
tanning material. As far as I could asr.vtain, thi* i^n-at bulk
of the bordi-r people were eiilicv of that cla^s of lOurope.uis
called in the French time " I'liit-t Uiiiica," or people of colour.
The labom-ers in town and country are generally black.
With the exception aheadv reiirred to, we liave <lerived
these details with respect to Hayti jiartly from the communi-
ca.ions to K"venuneiU, and tlie ]udilished !s'otis of ( hi'rles
A[ackcn/ie, Ksii., late consul in that isb.nd ; and partly tVoni
r»Ir. t'onsul (."(untenay's Aiistvtis to the Vli-cidar '(iii:ri<s.
PORTERS AND PORTERAGE.
sa,::^cs or parcels, tSrc.
In London, they are divided into difTcrent clashes. It is
enacted by .3'* (ieo. .'3. c. -'iS., tl);il the foUowin^; rates shall be
the maxir'num ch,irue upon all pncels not exceeding .Mi lbs.
Weight, in hondon, Westminster, Suuthwark, and the suburbs ;
viz. —
,1.
\
C,
S
U)
For any distance not exrecdini; i of a mile
Not exceciliny j a mile - " -
Not exceediny "t mile - - - , _
Not '-xceediiif; 1'. mile - ...
Not exceedhif^ 'I niiies ....
And so in like mannei" the additional .sum of ."J. for every fur-
thiT distance not exceedinu ^ a mile.
Tickets to b.* made out at the inns, and j;iven to the porters,
who are to deliver them wiihlhe pact-Is; anii any innkeeper
not makin^j out such tickets to forfeit not exceetlini; IOj. nor
Ie>s than .')«. ; porters luit dcIiveririK, or di thcin^ tlie sune, to
forfeit 40¥., and if they makeany overcharge they are to forfeit
2()-f Parcels brought by coach'e.; to be delivered tvUhin siw
fi'HirSj under a pena ty not exceedinjj '^0*. nor less than lO?.
I'arcL'ls broiii;ht hy wa'ijons to betlelivered tvithin ttrcnttf-fi'ur
hours, under a Mke penalty. Pa eels ('.ireclcd to be btt till
r-illed for, to be delivered to those to whom the same may be
directed, nn pa>ment of the carriajto, and '2f/. lor warehou--e
room, tnuler like penalty. If parcels bo not sent for till tho
expiration of a week, \d. more for wareliouse rent may be
cbamed. Parcels not directed, to be left till calletl for, to lie
d,-tivercd on demand, muier the above ])i nalty. Mishihar'nmr
of porters may be pnnished hv a fine not excet<lini; 20». nor
less tliati ''iS, The porters of f.ondon have the exclusiv ■ privi-
leR'oft *ing uj) and carrying Rotuls wiiliin \)\js citv, and thc-
emi)Uiyment of any one else may be punistied by line.
Porters arc persons employed to carry mes-
roRTF.n") (TAcKrn-IIofiiK), are regulated by tho city of
London. They have the privi!e;:e of iierformin?^ tho lahuur of
nnshipp:nL', landing, carr;. ing, and housing the floods of the
Stuith S'ja Company, tiie K.Lst India Company, and all other
! goods, except from the Kast country, the produce of the llritish
I^Iantalions and Ireland, and gowls coastwise. They {jive bond
tor .'jDO/. to make restitution in case of loss or damage, and are
limitt-tl to rates lixetl bj the covtmration.
PoiiTGRs tTuKi'T), are persons appointed by the cify of
London, and huve granted to them tlie exclusive privilege of
unshipping, loading, and houshig pitch, tar, soai), ashes, wain,
scot, (ir, poles, masis, deals, oars, chests, tables, llax and lu-ini),
brought to London from the Kast country ; also iron, cordage
nnil limber, and all gooils of the produce of Ireland and tlie
llritish plantations, and all goods co:istwise, oxi ept lead. 'Jl,ev
are freemen of the city, give security in lUO/. for fidelity, and
have their names ami numbers engraved on a metal bailge.
They are under the tackle porters; who may, in performioB
the business of the port, employ other labourers, if ticket por-
ters be not at hand. — {Moiiti'Jiore's Dictionarit.)
Any person may bringgoot'ls into thecityof London ; hut he
IS liable to a fine if he either take up, or earrv, anv within the
city. It is astonishing that such alisitrd regulations bhould be
still ktptup : whv should not the merchants of London, as well
as those ot ."MauLhester, be allowed to employ anv one they
ldea>e in the conveyance of goods? Does any one douiit that
competition would, in this, as in every thing else, be prnduc-
live of the greatest advantage? The rtgulatiotis iu quesiion
merely tend to koi p up oppressive privileges, iujurimts to the
public interest-, and disadvantageous even to ihoie in whose
favour ihey are enacted.
rOllT LOUIS, oil NORTHWEST PORT, tlie capital of the Mamitlus, in lat.
20 9' .76" S., Ion. 57' 28' 41" E. It is situated at the bottoir. of a trian<,nil:ii- bay, tlie
cntraiu-e to which is rather difTicult. i^very vessel a;^;;i-<)achinjj; the iiarhoiir must hoist
her fla_i and fire 2 guns ; if in the niglit, a li;j;ht niii it be shown ; when a pilot comes on
board, and steers the ship to the entrance of the port. It is a very convenient port for
careening and repairing ; but provisions of all sorts are dear. In the hurricane moiiflis,
the anchorage in Port Louis is not good ; and it can then only aceonnnoilate a vi'iv Ibw
vessels. The houses are low, and are principally built of wood. The town and JKnhour
are pretty strongly fortified. Almost all the foreign trade of the island is cu-ried on
here.
The Mauritius was so called by tho Dutch in honour of Prince ]\Iaurice; but it was
first settled by the French in 1720; and is indebted for i.iost part of its jjrosperity to
the skilful management of its governor, the famous ^I. de la Donrdonnais. It was taken
by the ICnglish in 1810; and was definitively ceded to us iu 1814.
Exports and Imparts, §v, — Mauritius is pretty fertile, a considerable ])art of the sur-
face being, however, occuj)ied by mountains. Its sha])e is eircidar, being about LiOni'cs
in circuinferei -;e. The climate is Iieii'ihy, but is very snl)ject to inn-ricanes, Tlie
principal ])roduct of the island is sugar, which Is now cultivated to the almost total
neglect of every thing else ; but it also produces excellent ccirec, indigo, and cotton.
The blaekwood or ebony of the IManritius is very .abundant, md of a snjjcrior qualify.
Very little corn or grain of any kind is nuscd iu the island; most articles of provision
being imported. Previously to 1825, the sugar foid- other articles brought tp Great
Britain from tlie Mauritius were clinrged wjili (he same duties as the like articles from
Indl
actel
thef
jectj
or :
I\Iaii
ThI
Accol
lbs.
asunl
The
thougl
I >•
PORTO-RICO.
929
India : but in the nbovc-mentioiied year this distinction was done away, and it was en-
acted (6 Geo. 4. c. 111. § 44.), that all goods of the growth, produce, or manufacture of
the Mauritius, sliould, upon importation into any port of tiie United Kingdom, be sub-
ject to the same duties and regulations as the lilie goods being of tlie growth, produce,
or manufacture of the British colonies in the West Indies ; and that the trade with the
Slauritius should be placed as nearly as possible on tlie same footing as tiiiit of tlie West
India islands.
This was a preat boon to tlie Mauritius, and the exports of sugar from it have since rapidly increased.
According to Mr. Milburn {Oriental Cotni/terce,\o\. ii. p. .^{iS.), they amounted, in IHlJ.toaliout 5,0(K),(jO<)
lbs. In 1818, they amounted to about 8,000,000 lbs. ; and in mm, to 23,334,553 lbs. They have since been
as under : —
1826
.
42,489,116 lbs.
1827
—
40,61 6,254 —
1828
.
4«,6;i8,780 —
1829
-
33,371,206 —
1830
1831
18o2
54,399,520 lbs.
57,965,9o6 —
59,019,872 —
The cultivation of sugar being found more protitable than that of coffee, the exports of the latter,
though of excellent quality, have declined so far, that in 1832 we only obtained from the Mauritiu.s
26,f)4() lbs. The exports of cotton are also inconsiderable. The exports of ebony in 1826 amounted to
2,002,783 lbs., of the estimate<i value of 9,017/. The value of the tortoise-shell exported in the same year
was also estimated at about 9,000/. Considerable quantities of Indian picie goods arc exported. The
principal imports consist of provisions, particularly grain and flour ; the supply required fur the use
of the island being almost entirely derived from the Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, India, Uourbon, &c.
Earthenware, machinery, furniture, hardware, piece good.-!, wine, &c. are also larijely imported. The
total estimated value of the imports in 18.il amoutited to 705,583/. ; the estimated value of the exports for
the same year being 606,681/. In 18.J1, 342 ships cleared outwards, of the burden of 90,4()2 tons; ol
which 22 ships, of the burden of 5,937 tons, were for ISritain.
In 1826, the population of the Mauritius amounted to 94,6'J4 souls ; of which 8,111 were whites (exclu-
sive of the king's troops), 15,444 free blacks, (i9,o7() slaves, 1,736 troops, and 257 resident strangers. The
population of the Seychelles — small islands dependent on tlie Mauritius — amounted ut the same time to
(,665, of whom 6,525 were slaves.
Monies, lyeights, and Measures. — According to the regulations of government, the franc is deemed
equal to 1Q(/., and the Si>anish dollar to 46'. id. The government accounts are kept in sterling money ;
but merchants, shopkeepers, &c. keep their accounts in dollars and cents, and dollars, livres, and sous.
The measures and weights are those of France previously to the Revolution. 100 lbs. French — 108 lbs,
English ; the ITrench foot is to the English foot as 100 to 93W), but in practice they are supposed to bo as
16 to 15. The velte = 1 gallon 7'8 pints English ; but in commercial transactions it is always taken at 2
gallons.
Duties, S[C. — A duty of 6 per cent, ad valorem is laid on all goods imported for consumption in British
vessels from all quarters of the world. The duties on the goods imported in foreign ships are, lor the
most part, also 6 per cent. A duty of 25 cents, or 1,«. Ul , per (nvt. is laid on all sugar exported in liritish
bottoms, to all places except Bourbon ; and an additional duty of 8 per cent, act valorem is laid on all
goods exported in foreign bottoms. The charges for pilotage, wharfage, &c. are fixed by government,
and may be learned at the Custom-house. For the most part they are very moilerate.
Finance. — In a financial point of view, the Mauritius does not seem to be a very valuable acquisition.
During the 15 years ending with 1825, the expenditure of government in the island exceeded the revenuo
by no less than 1,026,208/. ! According to the estimate of the commissioners of inquiry, the probable future
revenue of the Mauritius may be estimated at 181,23u/. a year ; but the commissioners state that the ex-
penditure in the island in 1828 amounted to 166,509/., and 'the expenditure in Great Britain on account of
the island to 77,857/. ; making together 244,3()(J/. — [Pari. Paper, No. 19-1. Sess. 1831.) It appears from
the accounts published by the Board of Trade, that the total revenue of the colony in 1831 amounted to
232,438/., and the expenditure to 249,8i4/. — (Vol. i. p. 246.) We believe, however, that, by enforcing a
system of unsparing retrenchment, this unfavourable balance might be considerably diminished : at
present, both tlie numl)er of functionaries and their salaries seem quite excessive. — iThis article has
been almost entirely compiled from official documents.)
PORTO-RICO, the capital of the valuable Spanish island of the same name, in lat.
18° 29' 10" N., Ion. 66° 13' \o" W. It is situated on the north side of the island, on
a peninsula joined to the main land by a narrow isthmus. The fortifications are very
strong : the town, which stands on a pretty steep declivity, is well built, clean, and con-
tains from 20,000 to 30,000 inhabitants.
W(J>'6o«r.— The harbour of Porto-rico has a striking resemblance to that of the Havannah, to which it is
but little Inferior. The entrance to it, about 300 fathoms in width, has the Morro Castle on its east side,
and is defended on the west side by forts erected on 2 small islands. Within, the harbour expands into
a capacious basin, the depth of water varying from 5 to H and 7 fathoms. On the side opposite to the
town there are extensive sand banks ; but the entrance to the port, as well as the port itself, 's un-
obstructed by any bar or shallow.
The island of Porto-rico lies in the same latitude as Jamaica. Though the smallest of
the greater Antilles, it is of a very considerable size. Its form is that of a parallelogram ;
being about 115 miles in length frort cast to west, with a mean breadth of aboit 3.5, con-
taining an area of 4,140 square miles. The surface is pleasantly diversified with hills
and valleys, and the soil generally fertile. It has, however, suffered much from hurricanes ;
those of 1742 and 1825 having been particularly destrucuvc. Since the breaking up of
the old Spanish colonial system, the progress of Porto-rico has hardly been less rapid tlian
that of Cuba. Her popidation, which in 1778 was estimated at 80,650, amounted, ac-
cording to a census taken in 1827, to 288,473, of which only 28,408 were slaves. A large
proportion of the free inhabitants are coloured : but the law knows no distinction between
the white and the coloured rotiirur ; and this circumstance, as well as the whites being
in the habit of freely intermixing with people of colour, has iirevented (he growth of
those prejudices and antipathies that prevail between the white and the black and
coloured population in the United States, and in liie English and Frencli islands. — (liall/i,
Abreye lie la GtiK/rnphii; p 1175.; I'oinsett's A'o/c.s «» Mexico, Loud. cd. pp. 4— -ll.)
3 ()
•i;
, i
r'
i ]
f
I
i
h
ill
!!l; f ' 1
930
PORTS. — POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE.
Trade. — Sugar and cofTvc arc by far the greatest articles of export. Next to them are cattle, tobacco,
molasses, rum, cotton, &c. The imports consist principally of flour, tish, and other articles of provision,
lumber, &c. from the United States ; cottons, hardware, machinery, &c. from England; wines, silks.
Jewellery, perfumery, &c. from Spain and Frame j linen from the Hanse Towns ; iron from Sweden, &c.
Large quantities of rice, maize, &c. are raised in the island.
Account of the Value of the Imports into, and the Exports from, the Island of Porto.riro in 1830; epeci-
fyins those made by the Spaniards, Americans, Knglish, &c.
FlaKs.
Iniportji.
Exi)orts.
Flags. 1 Imports.
Exports.
Dollart.
22S,()ll-l-2')
2,lll3i).27
73,.^H7-()-12
15,.1112-0-ln
3yU'()-(IO
Spanish (from S|iain) -
I)u. (cabotaKc) * -
Ainer"\\n
EnKli,h
lliiiiiburgh - -1
(iurinaii - - * J*
Bremen - - \
Diillilrt.
2I17,.S1(1'0.0H
l,l,Sl,.lUi-.1-2-.
(;02,.TJ(I111
UU,720-.'--UO
27,7iG-7-32
Dvllura.
23.'>,7'Jl-2-OS
SS/J,'JU;-2-lS
1,(.8(» ,;-7-ll
i;3,b'Ji-6US
13fi,0'18-5-27
French
Holland
IJani.h - - -
Sartiliiian
Swcili,h
Dollars.
67,».)S(1.2fi
l,2SH"^-l.'i
8,l.-.(i-2-32
6!ll-2-()0
54,>A.()I)
Totals
2,208,94 l-5.n
.7,41I,84,V3-14
The Quantity and Value of the princii)al Articles of Export
in 1830 were —
Cotton
SuKir
Cfitibe
Alolasst's
Hum
Tobacco
Horses, cattle, &c.
QUiintity.
■l.ilTS quint.
."1(1,1(13 —
1(111,119 —
2,tSl,7.3!lqiiait.
S73 Jiuiu-h.
31,'JU2 (|uint.
N'alue.
.'>9,743 dollars.
l,5()(i,fi.Vj —
1,318,184 —
82,21,') —
26,218 _
13il,i;n9 —
2U2,2U3 -
3,2iU, 129 dollars.
The Customs duties collect«l at the difTercnt ports of tlie
island in 1 8.1(1. miounted to .'jS 1,990 dollars. Thecilv of I'orto-
rlio hius from I -.Id to 1-tlh part of the tradt- of the island.
The other prim;ip,-.l ports are Mayauucs, I'onre, Af;uaiUlla,
Guayama, and Faxarilo. - (These statements have been taken
from the Uu/a/iiU Mercanlil, published at I'orto-rico, 20th of
Jane, 1831.)
SAijipin^f. — Arrivals in 1830.
Spaniards
\'essels.
Tons.
SIO
I3,lfi3
Aiiit'ikans
213
29,90il
Kiigii^h
3t>
4,1(13
I-'rtiich
H7
6,7911
Danes
U5
l,52i
Sardinians
2
28 1
Swedes
4
323
Dutch
#
251
Hanse Towns
7
1,184
l.-JSI
58,,02(;
lUonin, fVei^'hls, and ileamres, same as those of Havtnnah,
which see.
PORTS. See Harbours.
POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE. Postage is the duty or cliarge imposed on
letters or parcels conveyed by post ; the Post-office being the establishment by which
such letters or parcels are conveyed.
1. Establishment of Post-offices. — Regular posts or couriers wo7e instituted at a very
early period, for the safe, regular, and speedy transmission of public intelligence. Hero-
dotus informs us (lib. viii. c. 98.), that in Persia, men and horses, in the service of
the monarch, were kept at certain stations along the public roads ; and that the despatcIicH,
being given to tlie first courier, were by him carried to the second, and so on, witli an
expedition that neither .snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor darkness, could check. A .similar
institution, under the name of cursus pubUcus, was established at Rome by Augustus,
and was extended and improved by his successors. Horses and carriages were kejn in
readiness at the different stations along the public roads, not only for the transmission
of despatches, but also for the conveyance of official personages, or others who had ob-
tained an order from authority allowing them to travel post. By this means govern-
ment was speedily apprised of whatever took place in tlie remotest corners of tiie
empire ; and instructions or functionaries could be sent to, or recalled from, the most
distant provinces, with a celerity that would even now appear considerable. — (Bergier,
Histoire des Grands Chetnins, liv. iv. c. 4. ; Bouchaud stir la Police des liomains,
pp. l.Sfi— 151.)
Posts appear to have been established, for the first time, in modern Europe, in 1 477,
by Louis XI. They were originally intended to .serve merely, as the ancient posts, for
the convijyance of public despatches, and of persons travelling by authority of govern-
ment. Subsequently, however, private individuals were allowed to avail themselves of
this institution ; and governments, by imposing higher duties or rates of postage on tlie
letters and parcels sent through the Post-office than are sufficient to defmy the expense
of the establishment, have rendered it productive of a considerable revenue. Nor, while
the rates of postage are confined within due limits, or not carried so high as to form any
serious obstacle to correspondence, is there, perhaps, a more unobjectionable tax.
English Post-office. — The Post-office was not established in England till the 1 7tli
century. Post-masters, indeed, existed in more ancient times ; but their business was
confined to the furnishing of post-hor.ses to persons who were desirous of travelling ex-
peditiously, and to the despatching of extraordinary jiackets upon special occasions. In
I6ii5, Charles I. erected a letter office for England and Scotland; but this extended
only to a few of the principal roads, the times of carriage were uncertain, and the post-
masters on each road were required to furnish horses for the conveyance of the letters at
the rate of 2^d. a mile. This establishment did not succeed ; and at the breaking out
of the civil war, great difficulty was experienced in the forwarding of letters. At
• This does not mean a coasting trade from port to port in the island ; but the trade carried on undei
the Svaiiish flag with St. Tlioinas and other foreign colonies,
length
of the ki|
the Cor
7,000/.
nearly
tinned ti^
From
veyed
most expJ
of tlie slol
the diligel
(it is now
roads then
of such a I
I)y those c(l
parcels.
Under
general
aiicc of 1
tlie proprij
perform tli
tcction.
into effect
has extend
half the tii
allord, by
was the au
there any t
pher son's Ii
The Scot
backward s
treme badn
country till
coacli, from
Previously (
however, is
for the mail
usual Edinl
It does n
Post-office (
alone can ei
tlie smallest
parts into or
and despatcl
is quite imn
mated, at a
Commissione
Laws rclath
carrier, for he
and not a mer
Kut the saf(
which do not i
arc punished 1
The early st
roads on whic
which enacts,
ride on the ho
6 miles an ho
correction for
voy them, beii
mi'tted tor a m
age, cmhczzlli
advancing the
The? (Jeo. ;
(\ffice, guilty o
money, and n
zliiig money i
'I'hc 4y Geo
stealing parts
the same ; ant
may Ix; tried c
And, by th:
officer of the
veyed by the
POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE.
931
length a post-office, or establishment for the weekhj conveyance of letters to all parts
of the kingdom, was instituted in 1649, by Mr. Edward Prideaux, attorney-general for
tlic Commonwealth ; the immediate consequence of whicli was a saving to the public of
7,000/. a year on account of post-masters. In 1657, the Post-office was established
nearly on its present footing, and the rates of postage that were then fixed were con-
tinued till the reign of Queen Anne. — (Black. Com. book i. c. 8.)
From the establishment of the Post-office by Cromwell, down to 1784, mails were con-
veyed either on horseback, or in carts made for the purpose ; and instead of being the
most expeditious and safest conveyance, the post had become, at the latter period, one
of the slowest and most easily robbed of any in the country. In 1784, it was usual for
the diligences between London and Uatli to accomplish the journey in seventeen hours
(it is now accomplished in twclt-e hours), while the post took fort i/ hours; and on other
roads their rate of travelling was in about the sjime proportion. The natural consequence
of such a difference in point of despatcli was, that a very great numl)er of letters were sent
by those conveyances; the law being very easily evaded, by giving them the form of small
parcels.
Under these circumstances, it occurred to IMr. John Palmer, of Bath, comptroller
general of the Post-office, that a very great improvement might be made in the convey-
ance of letters, in respect of economy, as well as of speed and safety, by contracting with
the proprietors of the coaches for the carriage of the mail ; the latter being bound to
perform the journey in a specified time, and to take a guard with the mail for its pro-
tection. Mr. Palmer's plan encountered much opposition, but was at length carried
into effect. The consequences have proved most beneficial : the use of mail-coaches
has extended to every part of the empire ; and while the mail is conveyed in less than
half the time that was required under the old system, the coaches by which it is conveyed
afford, by their regularity and speed, a most desirable mode of travelling. Mr. Palmer
was the author of several other improvements in the economy of the Post-office ; nor is
there any other individual to whose exertions this department owes so much. — - (^Mac-
plierson's Hist, of Com. anno 1784.)
The Scotch Post-office was established on its present footing in 1710: but, owing to the
backward state of Scotland, the limited amount of its trade and population, and the ex-
treme badness of the roads — (see Roads), ■ — it was very defective in most parts of the
country till after the American war. In proof of this, we may mention that the first mail-
coach, from London to Glasgow direct, arrived at the latter on the 7th of July, 1788.
Previously to that period, the course of post from London to Glasgow was five days ; this,
however, is not to be entirely ascribed to the slowness of the conveypnce by horseback;
for the mail came round by Edinburgh, and was detained there twelve hours, or till the
usual Edinburgh despatcli was made up for Glasgow in the evening !
It does not really seem, though the contrary has been sometimes contended, that the
Post-office could be so well conducted by any one else as by government : the latter
alone can enforce perfect regularity in all its subordinate departments ; can carry it to
the smallest villages, and even beyond the frontier ; and can combine all its separate
parts into one uniform system, on which the public may confidently rely both for security
and despatcli. The number of letters and newspapers conveyed by the British Post-office
is quite immense. The letters only, despatched from London, may, we believe, be esti-
mated, at an average, at about 40,000 a day ! — (Sec App. to \Sth Report of Revenue
Commissioners, p. 299.)
Laws relating to the Post-office. — The post-master general does not come under the denomination of a
earner, for he enters into no contract, and has no hire ; the postage of letters being an article of revenue,
and not a mere reward for the conveyance. He is, therefore, not liable to constructive negligence.
Kut the safety of letters bv the post is provided for by numerous statutes ; and for inferior i-ffences,
which do not amount to absolute crimes, by the regulations of the General Post-ottice, all inferior otticers
are punished by dismission, on complaint to the post-master general, or his deputies.
The early statutes for the protection of letters, before mail-coaches were invented, still apply to those
roads on which such coaches are not established. The first necessary to be noticed is 5 Geo. 3. c. 2.5.,
which enacts, that if post-boys conveying the mail.bag shall quit the mail, or sufler any other person to
ride on the horse or c.irriage, or shall loiter on the road, or not, if possible, convey the mail at the rate of
6miles an hour, they shall, on ( onviction before 1 justice, on oath of 1 witness, be sent to the house of
correction for not exceeding 1 month, nor loss than 1+ days. For unlawfully collecting letters to con-
vey them, being convicted in like manner, shall forfeit tor every such letter lOs. to informer, and be com-
mitted tor 2 months, mitigable to 1. And any persons intrusted to take in letters, and receive thepost-
agc, embezzling, or employing to their own use, the same ; or burning or destroying said letters ; or
advancing the rates of postage, and not accounting for the money shall be guilty of felony.
The 7 (ico. 3. c. 5. extends the punishment to all persons tr/iatcvcr employed in the business of the Post-
office, guilty of the like offences, and for stealing out of any letter, any bill, note, or other security for
money, and makes the offence felony without benefit of clergy. This statute did not extend to embez-
zling money itself, or to ptA'ts of securities.
The 4'.' Goo. ,'3. c. 81. cxti>nds the punishment of felony without benefit of clergy to all such persons,
stc.iling parts of notes, bills, and other securities, out of letters, as also to all persons buying or receiving
the same ; and the accessaries may be tried whether the princijials bo ai)prehended or not, and the offfcnce
may lie tried cither where it was committed or the ollentlcr aiiprehended.
Anil, by the same statute, if anv person shall wilfully secrete, or detain, or refuse to deliver to any
officer of the Postoffice authorised to demand the same, any letter or bag of letters intended to be con.
veyed by the mail, which he shall have found or picked up, or which shall by accident oi mistake hav«
f? O 2
mv
I '. .1
\-'\
m.
W
i", l
A ; i
'I' i
932
POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE.
Iieen loft witli any other person, lie ali.iU be guiUy ofu uiistlcincanour, unci punished by flnc and linpri.
Duninciit.
Hy .la Geo. a lU, if any ilepiity, clerk, aKciit, letter-carrier, pnst-boy or rider, or any other ottlcer
C'inployoil liy or under the I'ost.otlice, on rece.viii;,', stamping, sorting, ciraiiKiiiK. curryinK, coiiveyiiiK, or
deliverinj; letters or paek>.-ts, in any way rcUiMnx to the l'<i>t-(illire, sli.ill .secrete, einheziclc, or deittriiy any
letter, packet, or l>at{ or mail of letlers, which .'<liatl liave <'(Hne into his haixi.s in con>eiiiien<:e of siicli
employment, containing the whole, or any part of any bank note, bank post bill, hill of ex(^iian(;e, Kx.
chi>qui'r bill, Sonth Sea or Roit India Ixind, divi.lend warrant of the .s.one, or any other coiii|iany, iiociety,
or (Corporation ; n.ivy, or victualling, or transport bill : oidn.inee ili'liciiture, Keainan'H ticket, ^late lottery
ticket, or debenture, bank receipt lor p;iyinent on any luan, nole ol a^.slKnment of .stock in the I'uikI.s,
letter of attorney for receiving dividendu or .selling .stock in the funds, or beloiiKiiiK to any company;
American provincial bill of credit, golilsmith.s' or bankers' letter of (U'eillt,or nole relatiiiK to the payment
of money, or other bond, warrant, drall, bill, or promissory note wh.itever, for payment of money ; or
shall steal and take out of any letter, with which lie shall have been so intrusted, or which shall have
come to li!s hand, the whole or any part of any such bank lute, bank post bill, Hcc. ; shall be guilty of
felony without bcnclit of clergy.
Any person stealii « or taking away from any carriage, or from the possession of any person em.
ployed to cunvey litt rs sent by the post, or from ^:ny r"i!eivinK-house for the I'ost-olliee, or fr(nn any
bag or mail sent or to he sent by the same, any Ijtter, packet, bag, or mail, shall suller death without
benelit of clergy.
And all persons who shall counsel, command, hire, porsu.ule, promise, aid, or abet such persons, or shall
With a fraiiduieiit intention buy or receive any such securities, instruments, &c., shall suller in like man-
ner : accessaries may be tried before apprehension or trial of principals. Trials may be in the county
whore oH'ciiilers are apprehended.
ErcDiiitioas from I'os/iiffi; Fiunkiii", ffc. — The statutes for regulating the rates of |)ostage, ami the
exemptions from postage, from the <llh 4)f Anne to the JJd of Geo. a, are too numerous to be inserted,
but the principal regulations are as lollows : —
'I'he king, the persons tilling the principal ollices of government, the public lioards, and the 1'ost.ollico
may send and receive letters duty free.
Also all members of either bouse of parliament during the sitting of the same, or within 40 days before
or alter any summons or prorogation, not exeeeiliiig I ounce in weight, on condition that the naiiie^
of the member, and the post town from which sent, the day of the month at full length, and the year,
shall be indorsed thereon ; also th.it the member directing it sli.ill be at, or within '2(1 miles of, the'pn.^t
town, on the day, or day before, the letter is put into the post-otlice ; and also on condition that no inoiii.
bor send more than 10, or receive more than l/i, letters in one day.
Printed votes of parliament, and newsp ipers in covers open at the sides, &c. arcexcinpted from po.stnge.
But the post.masters may search to see if any thing else be contained in the cover ; and if there be any
such found, it shall l)e charged treble postage.
Persons altering the superscription of franko 1 letters, or counterfeiting the handwriting of members uii
them to avoid postage, guilty of fi'lony, and to be transported for? years.
Hut nevertheless, members who from iiilirmiiy are unable to write, may authorise and depute another
to frank lor them, sending notice thereof under hand and seal, attested by a witness, to the post.iiiastcr
general.
Hills of exchange, invoices, merchants' accounts, &c. written on the same piece of paper with a letter,
or several letters written to several persons on one piece of paper, to pay as unc letter (7 \ 8 (i'i«. 4
c. n.)
So writs or other legal proceedings.
Patterns and samples of goods in covers open at the sides, without any writing inside, to be charged as
single letters. Hut, by .W Geo. i, if not open at the sides, and weighing only 1 oz., an additional rate of
'id. ; but if less than 1 oz. and open at the side only, tiie adilitional rate of hi.
Foreign letters suspected to contain prohibited goods may be oi>ened in the presence of a justice, or
mafiistrate, of the place, or district, on oath of person suspecting. If contraband goods found, to he tie.
etroyed, and the letter sent to the commissioners of customs ; if none found, the letter to be forwarded
with an attestation of the circumstances by the justice or magistrate.
Hy 9 Anne, c. 10., no p>!rson except the post-master, and persons authorise<l by him, shall carry or con.
vey any letters, on pain of ft/, for every otrenco, and a penalty of lOD/. (ler week besides, to bo recovered in
any court of record. And by ;"» Geo. i. c. iO., no person shall send ( • tender, or deliver to be sent, other-
wise than by the authority of the post.inaster or his deputies, or to the nearest or most convenient pn.st
town to be forwarded by ttie post, any letter or (lacket, on pain of ol. for each letter so sent, to be reeovurcd
in any court at Westminster.
Except letters concerninimoods to be delivered tiiitli such goods, sent by a common carrier j lotlor.'! of
merchants, owners of ships or merchuiit vessels with cargoes to be delivered ; such letters being carried
without hire or reward ; any commission or return thereof; process or return thereof out of any court,
or any letter sent by any private friend in their way of journey ; or by any messenger sent on purpose
concerning private aflairs.
Post-niiisters may make private agreements with persons living in places (not being post towns'), for the
receiving and sending to thein respectively, letters to and from the post town ; but for the deliver\ uf
letters within the limits of the post town, he is entitled to no remuneration.
H«TR9 OF I'osTAiiR. — letters rontaiiiini; 1 enclosure are
charmMbk- wUti 'I mIukIk r.ites. Letters euntainhlK mure lliail
1 I'lu'^usure, and not weighing 1 ounce, ate charKeable with .1
HOi;!.' riiti.*s. Letters weiifhing I ounce, wli.ilever the contents
may h:, are chargeable with I single rates ; and for everv \ of
an ounce above tttat weight, an additional single rate is charge-
able.
[..ettors to soldiers and s.-tilors, if single, and in conformity
to the act of iiarliainent, aie cliargcable with 1 penny only.
Postage of a
(lURAT llatTAtN. Single Letter
in IVllce.
From any iiost-nlRce in Gjigland or SViles t" any
ulacc not exceeding Id miles from such olBce - 4
For anv distance above
lAmiles, and not exceeding 'iO milo - • - .'i
HO - .-.u _
18 z ^^z:.-
to — ^W —
IW - 1711 - , .
170 — MO - .
130 _ 30U — . .
fi
7
8
'J
10
II
12
And so in proiwrtion ; the postage increasing progr«sivclv U.
for A single letter for every 100 miles.
rost.i^'e iif a
Ikki.ano. Kin^h' l.i'MiT
in IViii'i'.
Froin any post ofUce In Ireland to anv plare
within the same, nut exc-etiing 7 Irish miles
from such olfice - - - - - - 2
Kxceeding 7 and not exceeding 15 Irish miles - .1
4,'.
— M —
— iW _
— liil) —
_ I'lO _
_ 2(10 _
— V.W _
And for every lOi) mites, Irisli measure, atxivdiio miles, a
further sum uf i</ Ilonble and treble letters cltar(;ed accord-
ing (o tliu same li.'ale \jf advance as in Knjfl.ind.
45
!).'>
M
I'^ll
I'.O
200
«.')0
.■^110
8
!l
II)
II
12
1.1
M
: •*
Frastk, d.aily, Su
'• I
POSTAGE ivND POST-Ol-l ICE.
933
Cheat nniTAiN and Iiii-.land.
Hafos of TostaRc to bp taken In tlic Cnrrcncy of the United Kingdom for tlip Port and Conveyanee of
lA'ttcrii aiwl I'arki-tH liy the I'ost from any'l'lacc in Ori'at liritain to any I'lacc in Iri'land, or from
any I'lace In Iroland to any I'lace in tireat liritain.
DUtance.
It' the dUtance of lucti |>lac«i >)mll not !>xc«ed IS mllei, llritikh
nii-.-uuri- - - - - - -
Eii'iviUng if<, and not eicwilinH '^0 such fnlleit
.1(1
.')0
Kll
IW
170
V.TO
.100
4IHI
.'ilKI
OKI
7IK)
.Kl
M>
SO
IW
170
V.10
.100
4(K)
fllK)
tlOO
(Oil
l.ftttTs nnd i.JirkiiN i-niivoycl by pat Vot Iioals ln-twem t!ii* ixirts of
rortpatrick and ]>on:iKKadee( a packet |Hjsta^(> ovit and alKivt* all
ntluT ralfs ...
I^'ttt'is and nacketH conveyed tiv i»acVrt Itoats tVom or to llolv
lit'iid or Milford Ilaven> to or fruin any |Hirt in Irelantl, a ii.ii ki-t
postage oxer and aliovt.' all other rati'H . . .
I.cllerH and packets conveyed liy packi't Itonts to or from IJvit-
IKWl.froin or to Dulitin/ or atT> other port in Ireland, a packet
postage <iver and alHive all otlu'r rates • - . •
I'rovidcil that no Ittter sent hy wa^ of I,ivcT)iool >hall he
chargeaItU' witli a li'^licr rate of p4>&tagu than if it wire si-nt
hy uay of Holyhead.
Letters anti packets to and from any part of (ireat Itrltain or Ire-
land, hy way of I>iil>lin anil Holyhead, in addition to all other
r.itc!. (Alenai Itridf^e) • . - . .
Letters and packets to .md from any patt of tin at Ilrit.-tin or Ire
land, liv uay of (lonway and ('Lester, in addition to all other
rates {(Conway llridtje) ...
Antl so in'i»rotu)riion in all tl»e nfnresaid cases for any other
letter or packet «if Kreater wt ij;ht than an (anice.
1
(I 1
'I'rchle
Tor I'viTv (hint
la-lti-i, or
A\'tl^lit,.'iiitl for
Single
Don
.'e
ottiir
fvirv I'lulcct
Letter.
Lett
■r.
under an
Ounce
Weight.
not 1 i.-<-t'<;iii^
tin < hint !■ in
Weight.
I. J.
<.
«. i(.
«. (/.
1
N
1
1 4
.'»
10
1 .1
1 S
(i
1
1 li
*.!
7
1
•i
1 ■!
V! 4
N
1
t
•i
•i H
!l
1
(1
'I .1
5
10
1
N
2 fi
.1 4
u
1
10
•i !t
.1 S
1 I)
V
^
4
1 1
«
•i
.1 .1
4 1
1 2
•i
1
,1 li
4 S
1 .1
'I
H
.1 !t
.'>
1 •)
•i
s
4
.'. 4
1 t'l
t
10
1 .1
.'> S
4
8
1
1 4
S
4
r.
K
H
1
4
V
2 8
2
2
3
O .1
4
4
ilir
n
France
iMlv
Ionian Isles and Turkev,
Fr.inrt'
(ifriiiaiiy
Suit/crlantl
Russia
rni>si.i
It nin.'iTk
Swtiiin
Nurw ny •
2
- I\>stitf;r of It Sin^ff Letter to utiil frotn J.oiufon.
*lj .
1 2 Spain
Hiilland ami tin- Nithcvlnnds
1 11 Aniiriia
[ Wi'-t IniU;i islands
I St. Ildniin^o
(iil.raliar
!\Ialta and the AknUtcrrancan
1 8 Madeira
'I'lu' Azon's
The (anaricH -
I r<irtnf;nl
y Id
G\
Ilrii7ils -
Ittunus Ayrw
Cliil-
IVrii
Co'oniliia
I.n (iuavra
llondnraM
I iMcxii'u
t Taiflpico
I Cuba
;i
VI. ./.
.1 ti
3 6
3
3
No letters to any of the ahove places and parts (exccjit the A\'est India colonies and ilritish America) can he forwarded
unless the postage lie tirst paid.
Mttitt made up in LoniJon nsfitllon'S ; —
Fhancij, daily, Stniday esceptinL Letters receive*! on Tuesd.iy
id on othel
every Tuesday and Fri
and Vridaytill 11 p. m., and on other days till
llot.tANo, liFMiit'M, and llAMtii Hun
day. Letters receiveil till 11 p. m.
SuaiiFN, every Friday. Letters received till U p.m.
Amrkica, lirsi Wednesday, monthly.
Jamaica, LFF\vAKnli»i anus, anil rAUTHA(;KNA and LaGi'Ayha,
tirst ^^ ednesdav in each month.
I)ua/ii*, lirst anil third Tuesday in each monlli.
Maofira, IhiAzirs, & IttFNUs AviiFii, first Tuesday, monthly.
I'oHTiciAi , every 'J'nesday.
GiiiHAi-rAii, RIaita, rATKAB, .ind CoHFi', first day of every
niiaith, except when it falls on a Sunday.
ron.kiiiTA, tirst Wednesday, monthly.
lloNoiitAs, tirst W'eilnesiL'iy, monthly.
Jamaica, St. Doiiinuo, Mkxico, and CcnA, third Wednesday,
ii.onthlv.
Letters for I'lirtngal, Draril, and other foreign ports, will in
fiiiiire K- receivid until the hour for closing the boxes for
Inland Letters,
General I'ost-ojfirr, J.onrfon.— Letters received at.tlie Koneral post receiving houses till 5 p. m. ; bv the
letter carriers, ringinK liells, (on iiaynient of i</. with eacli letter or newspaper.) from ri to (i p. M. ; at the
liranrli I'dst-oflices, at Charing C"ro.<s, Vere Street, Oxiord Street, and Horongh, till J past (! p. M., and at
the Oeiieral Post-ottice in St. Martin's-U-tJrand, atid the ISraneh I'ost-oflice, Lonibani Street, till 7 p. m.
Newspapers imist be put into the receiving houses before 5 p. m., or at the General Post-cfficc, St. Mar»
tin's-lc-Orand, l)eforc fi p. M.
Sla?iip.'> — The date shows when the letters were received at the General Post-office.
The circular stamp of black ink, when the postage i>' ♦<> ive paid on delivery.
Ditto of red ink, with the word " Paid," when th j. .age has been paid at the time of postin^f the
Ditto of red ink, with the word " Free," when letters are franked.
Ovenhiirerd /.<7^nv. — Overcharges returned on presenting the 'etter at the window in the hall at the
Office, St. Martin's-le-Grand ; or the letter may be sent to the Oftice by the letter-c.irrier, and the over.
charge will l)e returned with tlie letter in 2 days. When single letters are charged double, or double
letters treble, if they are opened in presence of the letter carriers who deliver them, that p.irt having the
diri'ctinn niui tux upon it will be sufhcient to obtain return of the overcharge; but in cases of single
letters being charged treble, such letters must be shown at the Post.oHice before return of the overcharge
can be made.
Ship Letter CJfice. — The postage for letters forwarded through this Office, to the Cape of Good Hope,
New Smith Wales, Isle of France, IJombay, Ceylon, Madras, Ileiigal, Singapore, and Prince of Wales's
island, is the full in.and rale of postage, to the jiort where the ship may be, and \!il. sea postage in addi-
tion, for every letter not exeeetling '2 ounces, and \s. per ounce for every oiinee above.
Letters from the country for tlie aliove pliices, are charged with the full inland postage to Ixmdon,
aiul i.'(/. sea postage in addition, for every letter not exceeding .'i ounces, and I*, per ounce for every
(juiice [ibove.
Newspapers and price currents that have paid the stamp duty, are forwarded to India, if made up
open at the ends, for Irf. on each packet, not exceeding 1 uiiiie'e, and lor each jiacket exceeding the
ounce, Irf. per ounce.
Rut letters, newspapers, and price currents to the coast of Africa, St. Helena, Bataviu, and all places
where there arc no piickets, j the highest rate of packet postage is charged.
;• () ;!
,t.i
i
14 •;
•1
Hi
934
POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE.
All letters from abroad, except the Cape of Good Hope, Isle of France, New South Wales, Bombay,
Ceylon, Madras, Bengal, Siiignpore, and Prince of Water's Island, arc liable to a sea jiostagc o(8d. single,
and 1*. 4rf. double, and so on over and above all inland rates wliatever ; but those from the Cape of Good
Hope, Isle of France, llombuy, Ceylon, Madras, IScngal, Siiignpore, and I'rince of Wales's Island, are
liable to the full inland rates, and a sea ])ostage of M. for every letter not exceeding the weight of 3
ounces, and \s. per ounce (or every ounce exceeding that weight.
Newspapers printed within his Majesty's colonies, and brought into the United Kingdom by uny ship
other than a packet, if left open at the ends, and containing nu other enclosure or correspondence, are
charged S<t. each paper.
%* All letters forwarded through this Office, must be paid for at the time they are put Into the
office.
Seamen's and soldiers' single letters are forwarded through this Office to the East Indies and Now
South Wales, on payment of lit. at the time of putting in ; and letters from the East Indies are tharfjc.
able with lil., or lUI. if the peiniy is not paid when the letter is put into tlie olllce ; and to places abroad,
to where there are no regular packets, on the payment of 3(1. ; and those received from such places arc
charged ■></.
Sfitmcn and Soldiers, within any jjart of his Majesty's dominions, to and from which there are
Tegular mails, can send and receive single letters on their own private concerns only, while they are
employed on his Majesty's scrviue, for \d.
J.fltt-rs cuminiifrum a Sciinian, or from a Serjeant, CorpnrnI, Trumpeter, Fifer, or private Soldier. —
The penny must be paid at tiie time it is put into the post-oltice. 'J lie name of the soldit-r or sailor, his
cl.iss or description, and the name of the sliip or regiment, corps or detachment, to which he l)elnii(.'s,
must bespecilied. And the ollic:er haviiig the connnund must sign his name, and specify the name
of the ship or regiment, corps, or detachment, be commands.
Letters going to Seamen vr Soldiers The peimy must be paid at the time it is put into the post.
office.
yewspapers for his Majesty's Colonies, mid Places bet/and Sea.t. — Every sucli newspaper or other
printed paper lialile to the stamp duty, and for the conni/'anee if which ani/ duty of postage is ehaigeabic,
to be put into the post-office ot the town or place in Cireat Uritain or Ireland, on any day, withui ,vi(i, ;j
days next after the day on which the same shall be published, the day of publication to be ascertained
by the date of such paper ; and in case any such paper l)e put into any post-office alter the expiration of
such seven days, such paper to be charged as a single letter.
Printed votes and proceedings in ])arliament from Great Britain and Ireland to any of his Majesty's
colonies are to be charged with a rate of one penny halfpeuiiy per ounce, and so on in proportion, ni lieu
of any sum payable under any former act, to be paid on pulling the said, votes and proceedings into llic
post-offlce.
N. Ji. — If such printed vote, proceeding, newspaper, pamphlet, magazine, &c. be not sent ivithuiila
cover, or in a cover open at the sides, or if any ivriting be thereon, other than the supeiscription, or uny
other paper or tiling be enclosed therein, the packet will be liable to the full rates of postage, as a letter.
Sunk Sates and Drafts. — Persons wishing to send bank notes or dralts by post, are ad\ ised to cut such
notes or dralts in halves, and send them at two ditlerent times, waiting till the receipt of one hall is
acknowledged before the other is sent.
Money, Kings, or Lockets, l^c. — When money, rings, or lockets, &c. are ;ent by the post from Loiiiion,
particular care should be taken to deliver the same to the clerk at the window at the General Pnst.oitlce ;
and when any such letter is to be sent from the country, it should be delivered into the hands of tlie post-
master : but it is to be observed, that this Office does not engage to insure the ])arty from loss.
Cautioi s to Masters if I'essels. — Masters of vessels opening sealed bags of letters intrusted to them,
or taking thereout letters, or not duly delivering the bags at the post-office of the first port ot ariival,
forleit aK)/. Masters, or others, having letters in their possession after the master's delivering the letters
at the post-office, forfeit 51. for every letter found on board. — (."j.j Oco. S. c. l.ij.)
Masters and commanders of vessels are required to deliver their ship's letters to the person appointpd
by the post.master general to demand the same; and if any letters not exempted by law, not exceeding
the weight therein mentioned, be found on boavd after any such demand, the fame penalty is incurred
as on masters and commanders in wiiose possession letters are found alter delivering their letters at the
post-office.
Masters and commanders of vessels are still bound to deliver at the post-office of the first port at which
they arrive, all letters on board not exempted by law, if they shall not have been previously denianded
by some person specially appointed for that purpose by the post-master general. — (7 & 8 6'fo. i. c. i,'l.)
Twopenny Post-office. — Besides tlie General Post-office, or that intended for tlie con-
veyance of letters from one part of the kingdom to anotlier, letters are received in the
metropolis and other large towns for delivery in the same. In London, these letters
are charged 2d. ; but in other towns they are only charged \d. The limits of the two-
penny post extend generally 7 or 8 miles round the metropolis ; there are daily several
deliveries, and the establishment is extremely convenient. The Twopenny Post-office is
dependent upon, though in some measure distinct from, the General Post-office. lis
principal offices are at the General Post-office, and Gerrard Street, Soho. There are a
great number of receiving houses scattered up and down the town and the adjacent
country.
The gross receipt and nett revenue derived from the two-
per.ij iio^t in the meuopolis in the under -mtntioneil jcars, has
been as follows : —
Years.
Gross Receipt.
Nett Revenue.
R.»te I'cr Cent.
of Cliarne
of CuIIection.
1826
1827
1828
L. >. d
118,71.1 1.") 3
11.'>,S00 8 11J
117,203 8 21
/.. s. cl.
71,912 12
7''>,H«6 17 7i
77,317 7 !).}
/,. J. ,/.
33 10 li
31 !) S4
31 7j
The fiToss numlwr of letters collct^ted in the two separate
fftnnd divhiuns, within thebame period of G davs, ^ivus the
following result : —
<T. Post-offlce division - - T.T,!^" letters.
Gerrard Street division - - - ()!I,I.'>7 —
The number of letters delivered In the resi>ective divisions in
the same period are as follows : —
O. Post-office division - - fi8,6f».T letters.
Gerrard Street division • - - 8t»,.57H —
The reciprocal transfers liotween the two divisions of the
letters colltTted by each, destined tor delivury witbin tlie limiis
of the other, are as follows : —
From (i. Post-ofTice to (Jcrrard Street • 40,S06 Itttirs.
From Gtrrard Street to tbe (J. rost-nirice y.">,ltOt) —
{21st Heport of Revenue Cummissioners.)
nKorrATiONS An to the Twopfnny PosT-nFFicP.- There
are 2 princiital offices— at theCiemral rost-oliice.aiuUheoiher
in (ierrard street, Soho ; the hours of receipt aiul deliverv, and
all the regulations of which, are the same at the one as the
other. There are, besides, numerous receiving; house^ for let-
ters in and around Jx>nd«n.
There are (i collections and deliveries of letters in town daily;
and 3 dt'livirie^ at, and 2 di^partures fnniu most jilaces in Iho
country districts of this office. (Jeneral post letters aie de-
spatched to the country letter carriers the same morning of
their arrival in London.
The time by which letters should l)e put into the receiving
houses, or either of the "i principal offices, for each deiivery of
the dav, and that by which they arc despatched for delivery,
arc as follows : ~
Lttte
It put int(
ceivins I
H morninf
10
12
'/ aftemoo
5
8
And eaci
hour afti-r t
distance an
)f the towr
f(iven, on at
and for the •
tjunse.irlii-r
The out
7 oVIiKk de
iis follows :
Ik-rmondsey
Koad.
Ileihnal (Jre
llickney IU>
Jl.itjuerston.
lliixion.
Kin^tland 1
L.tinlit'th, ti.
I.imebouse,
^'^liie Kml,
bione.
From Mi
of an hour t
or la^t deliv,
at the interit
otllces by 3.
.be
POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICE.
935
Lttters goinif from one Part qf the Town to anothfr*
If put into the re
ceiTinff houseit by
H morning
10 —
1'^ —
V afternoon
A —
b —
Or either of the 2
prhH-ip.J ofHcea b>
y inuminK
1 afternoon
•T —
fi —
9 -
They are sent out
for delivery at
10 morning
ii aftt'moon
4 _
7 —
8 next morning.
And each delivery should he rompleted generally in ahnut 1^
hour afti-r the despatch from thv jirincipal ollices, accordiiif; to
[li>tance and nuinlH: uf lettirs, Ace. At Mnnv uf the out pitrts
»t' tlie town, however, 5 delivL'tles and collections only <'an lie
given, on account ol' their di>l.ince from the prituipal (»rtl4:es ;
and for the same reason, the deliveries are later, and the coller-
tiiins e.irliL-r Ihdii in ilu* iiUerlur.
The out parts served hut '» times a day, and to which the
7 u'cluik delivery at ni^ht doi-s nul extend, are (alphabetically)
li.S follows : —
Ik'Tiiiondsey, beyond the Spa
lload.
Berhiial (ireen and Road.
llickney IU>ad.
II.i«i.'erston.
lloxuin.
Kin(;-<land Koad tothelJridKe.
]„iiiilieth, beyond t'hurch-st.
LimehuuNe, beyond theltrid^e.
Mile Kiul, beyond the 1 mile
btone.
I'rom Ante End and other out parts letters are collected \
of an hour earlier than the above periods. And for the loVloclr,
or last delivery of the day, at tlie.se parts, letters nnut \*e put in
at the interior receiving houbes by '4 u'clock, or the principal
otUces by 3.
From London to the Country.
Mill Hank, Wo,miin.,ter, to
Thames Hank Place.
Ni'W KtMit Koad.
' New (iruve, .Mi e Knd.
' Piinliro, besond Vauxhall
I Hrid^e.
Uothurhiibc, hi'yond the
I Ohurili.
Tnthjll Fields, Vauxhall
Bridge Kuad, Pimlico.
Slo me ^St^eet,
If put int'i the re*
ci'ivinghouiies by
S muming
'* afternoon
5 —
Or either of the 2
principal uttices by
9 morning
3 afternoon
6 —
They are despatclied
from the latter at
1(1 morning
4 afternoon
7 -
To places having hut 2 deliveries a day, letters are sent ofTat
the above hours ot 10 In the morning, antl 4 or 7 in the after-
noun. Such as gooir at 10 are delivered at noon; those at 1
are delivered the same evening ; anil such as g') oil* at 7 are for
delivery early ntxt morning. To places having only 1 po>t a
dav, ihey go oil' at 10, and are delivered the same day at noon.
The deliveries in the country should be completed, generally,
between the hours of 11 .indl ; ht-tween 6 a-id ?i in the even-
ing ; and by, or about, 9 in the morning.
Fnnn the Vountry to Loniton, — If put mto the poit in time for
the morning despatch, they arrive in town belwtfuii lit ami II
o'clock, and are sent out at 12 from the principal oltices, for
delivery in all parts of London. If put in for the afternoon de-
spatt'h, ihty arrive hrtween the hours of 5 and 0, and are sent
out at 7 for deliverj" the same evening.
Fi-uin one Part of the t'uuntrij to another. — If going from one
part of a ride or district to another part of the same lide or dis-
trict, and put in for the morning despatch, they are delivered,
I through the means of a hy>post arrangement, tlie same day at
' noon. If put In for the afternoon despatch, they are delivered
llie same evening, where an eveninu delivery is given. If goiitfj
tu parti not belonging to the itame ride, they come to London ;
Huch letter.H put into the post fur the moriiintf despatch, are
delivered in the country the same evening, where an evening
delivery is viven ; if for the afterr.oon despatch, the next
morning, where a nuirning delivery i& given; or otherwise at
noon.
j Stittnpt, _ The date stamp on letters, or, if there be more
than one, that having the latent hour, shows the day and time of
day tlU'V were despatchetl fur delivery ; that on leturned letters
excepting, which shows the timetbev were returmtl to theutHce
as dead letters. 'I'he oval stamp loused at tlie chief otiice ; the
indented sUunp at the W'estnnnster ; aiul the circular at tlio
countr> otiices. Persons having occasion to complain nf the de-
lay of their le'ters, are requested to iran!>mit to the cumptn.lter
the covers, with a statement of the limi* of delivcTVi as the date
and stamp wdl .issist materially in tMciny their cour>e.
I Pvaia^v. The postage of each letter or packet, pavsing from
\ one part of the town to another, both being within ihe limits of
! the litinrul Post-viJice (/f/ircri/. Is 'id. To or tVo.n the iiiuiUr\,
or from om- part of the (-uuntr\ to another, 7id. The jH-stag of
I this (Xhce on each letter, or packet, passing to or from the (ie.
ner.il or FopignOtllcc, is2</. in addition to the general or fnni^u
rates. 'Jo prevent mistakes, it is lecommended to ]iersons pay.
ir;; the postage of letters at puttiiir^ in, to see them stamped
I with the jiaid stamp before the> have the otHce.
I Solilura anil Suilnrs. — Single letters Jri-tn or to soldiers and
Bailors, under certain restrirtions, p.oa throughout hoiti ttii«
I and the general post, or either, fur id. only, it paid at putting
in.
yt'trsj'iiin-rs, — Newspapers pass fn-m [.ondon to the country,
in covers ippen at t!ie ends, for Id. eaeh ; but from one part of
Loiulon to another, or from the coantry to I.otuion, or one
Iiart of the country lu another, the postage is the same as fur
etters.
I Letters of Vulue. — This Office is not liable to make good Ihe
loss of property contained in letters. Ihit, for the greater se-
curity of such propt-rty, it is recommendetl that noiii-f of it
be given to Ihe olhce-kcepers at pnlting into the post. This,
however, w ith the exception of bank or other noies, or dr .fis
payable to bearer, which should he cut in halves, and sent at
twice, the lirst half tu be acknowledged before the other is
bent.
Weight, — No letters or packets exceeding the weight of 4 oz.
can l)e sent liy this |KMit, except such as ha\e lirst passed hy, oi
are intended to pass by, the general or foreign mails.
Lettirs fur this l\fst not to be j;ut into the Henerul Post. — Let-
ters ibr the twopenny post are sometimes put into tlie g. ntral
post, by which tluyare unavoidably delayed. It is, thenh.re,
recominended that they be put into the twopenny post oflices or
receiving houses, that they may be regularls forwarded by their
proiH-T conveyance.
Letters not to be delivered hick — And to prevent the possibility
of letters being surreptitiously obtained from the oHices whtre
put in, otlice-keejiers are striitly forbidden returning, to any
persons whatsoever, letters that may be applied fur, under
whatever circumstances the recoverv may he urgid. This is
moreover forbidden hy the estahlisbeci principle, that the instant
a letter is committed tu the puat, it is no longer the property
of the sender.
Post-office Revenue, — The progress of the post-office revenue of Great Britain has
been very remarkable. Most part of its increased amount is, no doubt, to be ascribed
to the greatly increased population of the country, and the growing intercourse among
all classes of the community ; but a good deal must also be ascribed to the eflbrts made in
the early part of tbe reign of George III. to suppress the abuses that had grown out ot
the privilege of franking, and still more to the additions that have repeatedly been made
to the rates- We believe, however, that these have been completely overdone ; and, con-
sidering the vast importance of a cheap and safe conveyance of letters to commerce,
it will immediately be seen that this is a subject deserving of grave consideration. In
point of fact, the post-office revenue has heen about stationary since 1814 ; though, from
the increase of population and commerce in the intervening period, it is pretty obvious
that, had the rates of postage not been so high as to force recourse to other channels, the
revenue must have been decidedly greater now than at the end of the war. Were the
rates moderate, the greater despatch and security of the post-office conveyance would
hinder any considerable number of letters from being sent through other channels. But,
ill the estimation of very many persons, the present duties more than countervail tliese
advantages : and the number of coaches that now pass between all parts of the country,
and the facility with which tlie law may be evaded, by transmitting letters in parcels
conveyed by them, renders the imposition of oppressive rates of postage quite as injurious
to the revenue as to individuals.
The gross product of the post-office revenue of Great Britain, in the under-mentioned
years, has been as follows : —
Yi?ars.
Duty.
Years.
Duly.
Years.
Duty.
Years.
Duty.
.£
.e
£
.£'
1722
201,804
ISOO
1,08:!,950
1825
2,160,390
1830
2,05.!,720
17")S
210,fit)3
1810
I,ti7.''>,(i7t5
1828
2,048,042
18>1
2,ii(>4,334
1775
3+;-.,321
IHH
2,(i()j,<.iS7
1829
2,024,418
1832
2,034,003
1795
1V,,23S
18'-'(l
l,y!l,!,S85
Tlie progress of the Scotch branch of the post-office revenue has been quite extra-
ordinary. In 1698, Sir Robert Sinclair of Stevenson had a grant from William III. of
its entire produce, with an extra allowance of SfKV. a year, on condition of his keeping
r! O t
l<il
'd
V..'.
:lr^l'
'
:i-il
9S6
POSTAGE AND POST-OFFICK.
.1 I !
1
Will
up the post ; but, nftcr trial, lie nbandoncd tlic iinclortaking as disadvantngeom. In
1709, the Scotch post-office revenue was under ii,000l. : its average annual amount is
now about 140,000/. nett; having increased neveiitij fold, in little more than a century!
In 1781, the Glasgow post-office produced only 4,'.i4ll. 4s. 9(1., while its ordinary re-
venue is at present about 35,500/. ! —(Stark's Picture of Edinburgh, p. 144. ; Cleland's
Statistics of G/asffoiv.)
The expenses of collecting the post-oflicc revenue amount, at an average, to from 24
to 30 per cent, on the gross receipt. In 1832, they were 557,313/., being at the rate
of about 27 per cent. Afler all deductions on account of collection, over-payments,
drawbacks, &c., the total nett payments into the exchequer on account of the post-oifice
revenue of Greot Britain amount to about 1 ,350,000/.
Tlie British post-office is admitted on all hands to be managed with great intelligence.
But there are several departments in which it is believed that a considerable saving
of expense might be effected. The packet service costs 115,000/. a year. The mileage
to mail coaches, and the payments to guards, tolls, &c. amount to about 72,000/. The
conveyance of mails in Canada, Nova Scotia, and Jamaica, is an item of above 12,500/. !
There may, in all, be about 3,000 persoas employed in the carriage and distribution
of letters in Great Britain only; besides about 180 coaches, and from 4,000 to 5,000
horses.
Irish Post-office. — The most gross and scandalous al^uses have long been prevalent
in every department of the Irish post-office. The commissioners of Revenue Inquiry
exerted themselves to abate the nuisance ; but, as it would appear from the evidence of
the Duke of Richmond before the committee of the House of Commons on public
salaries, without nduch effect. Ilis Grace has, however, latraured with laudable activity
and zeal to introduce something like honesty, order, and responsibility into this depart-
ment. The gross revenue of the Irish post-office amounted, in 1832, to 221,693/1 ;
the expenses of collection were 86,151/. ; and ttie nett payments into the exchequer,
138,000/.
Account of the Gro8s Receipt of the Post-office Revenue at the following Cities and Towna in 1S3I
and 18.'32.
Places.
Total of the Year
Places.
Total of the Year |
1831. 1 1832.
1831.
1832.
London
Itirminiiham - •
Kristol - - - •
roventry ...
Hull ....
Leeds ....
I*iccster ....
Liverpool - ...
Mnccleifield
n.-nt-hester - - - -
N rwich ....
NottinKham - • - -
Potteries ami Newcastle, Staffordshire
L.
fi2S,(i48
29,8fi4
3(i,(l70
4,.').')()
I'i.d.TO
2II,!)(;3
(i,42l
70,974
2,111
52,320
9,(i'>9
8,7(57
fi,(i7(i
L.
fi37,178
28,fiS4
33,887
4,4 4 i
14,(103
20,31.'>
«,4(I3
70,018
2,013
63,499
9,991
9,1131
6,712
Preston - - -
Sheffield ....
Kdinhiirt;h ...
.Aberdeen . - • -
Dundee • - - -
tilasgow '. . . .
Dublin .....
Belfast ....
Cork ....
I)roi;he<1a - ...
Limerick ....
Londonderry - ...
Waterford
L.
5,247
11,163
42,621
9,079
7,0.10
101,.'>29
9,782
10,7(19
1,927
n.wo
3,270
4,731
L.
.'),1!)S
uma
42,7.58
8,,0H4
7,.Vi3
.V.,7.-.4
Kl),(ll(l
9,(iW
11,.'>11
1,!)31
6,,V1S
3,171
.'■,,177
Charges on Newspapers tranwiitted to and received from Foreign Parts. — A most objectionable prac
tice has long obtained . i the Post-oltice, of eking out the salaries of the clerks in the foreign department,
by allowing them to charge heavy fees on the newspai>ers transmitted to and received from foreign part.".
The subjoined statements, derived from the Pari. Paper, No. 146. Sess. 1832, show the number of British
papers that go abroad through the Post-office, and the nature and amount of the charges to whicli tliey
iiavc been subject : —
». (J. No.
1,1S9
Newspapers sent to T.irious places in
the United Kingdom through the
Post-office from Ixindon, in 1830- - - 12,9fi2,noO
Averaf^e daily - ... 41,412
Newspnpers sent to the British co-
lonies ...
Producinff, at llrf. postaceearh
Newspapers received from tne Bri-
tish colonies - - - • .
Protlncing, at 31/. postai;e each 1 ^)7 7 3
Total prmlucc - . 1,314 7 3
Total numlwr of daily papers Fent
throut{h the Post-office to forei^^n
part,, in 1830 .... , .
Ditto 3 days a week - ...
Ditto twice a week • ...
Ditto weekly - ...
Aggrrgnit Ffti received liy the PottijIJiet Clerk;
A mount of iiostage received on newspapers to and
from the liritisn colonies . • ■ 1,311
7 3
185,448
12,429
90,770
17,628
208
183
Charge by the General Pml-offlce Clerli for Engllth Nervtfapirt
to the following Places : —
L. t. d.
Number of daily Average |ier Day.
p.ipers DLT an-
num, 9(),786 - 286 2-.1 at .5L each, or .55 p. cent. 1,620 13 4
Ditto .3 daN s iier
week, 17JU28 - 116 at 3/. each, or C7 per cent.
Ditto 2 days iwr
week, 208 - 2 at 3/. each, or 100 per cent. -
Weekly, 181 - 3^ at 2/. At. each, or 1 4^| p. cent.
339
COO
7 14
Amount recclvetl hy the clerks in the (icnernl
Post-office (Koreiisn Department), for Iransmit-
tinit British pa))ers abroad - - £.1,073
Places.
To Brazil, Buenos
Ayres, and Ma-
deira
Germany, North
of Europe, and
I,isbon
France, Holland,
and Flanders -
Average
Cost or paper
Fees of clerks on
each paper
Dally.
L. t. d.
14 19
13 19
13 a
Three
Davs.
a Week.
L. I. d.
8
7 10
6 18
Two
I).lys
a Week.
L. : «'.
6 8
6
S12
3)42 3 3)22 8 0.1)18
14
9
1
1
7 10 ()
4 1U
5 o' 3
Weekly.
L.: d.
314
314
311
3 14
II
110
3 240
7 4
Now, it appears from this statement, that while the annual cost of a daily Londoii P»P<"^,?,"'^\'1^, rj
9A 1* , inclusive of the stamp, it has not been possible to get it even at Calais or Boulogne for less '"^" '•!•:••
the clerks of the Post-office having been allowed to charge a fee of 4/. 45. for their trouble m torwaruiuu
iti The!
to 4/. a yel
the Post. I
imposed tl
the fears i
circiilntiol
what it w|
lation of i
The mid
change wd
on the evd
iiierease o|
cost, or thl
papers abri
Unitedj
rates of pq
POST ENTRY. — POSTING.
9'M
it I The chargn on the papers brnunht from abroad have been similar ; a French paper costing ftom V
to 4/. a year at Calais, not being obtainable in I^ndon for lets than from 7/. to IW., because of the IW g to
the Postotflee clerks I In consenuenco of this preposterous system, a far more serious obstacle has l>ei n
imposed to the didUsion of intelligence and of useful information, than any that could have gro\yn out of
the tears or canrues of the most arbitrary monarchs. It is not, perhaps, going too far, to say that the
circulation of Kritish newspapers abroad does not amount, at this moment, to the third or fourth part of
what It would have amounted to hud they been exempted from these oppressive charges ; and the cirru.
lation ot foreign newspapers in England has been pro|)<irtionally narrowed.
The mischievous operation of this system has long been obvious ; but the difflcultieJ in the way of a
change were so great, that it has hitherto kept its ((round. Hut v.e are glad to have to state that it is now
on the eve ot' being abolished. The Post-office clerks are to be compensated for the loss of fees by an
increase of their regular salaries ; so that there will no longer be any obstacle, other than their natural
cost, or the impediments that foreign governmcnU may throw in their way, to the circulation of British
papers abroad.
Uniteo SrATEs. — We subjoin an account of the number of post-offices, the extent of post roads, the
rates ot postage, &c. in the United States. '
I'oIT-OFFrCFS «ND PotTAOII.
Po«t-omce» in 171)0 75 ; extent of uoat roads In miles 1 ,875
— ISdO 90S _ X0,H17
— ISIO 2,.T00 _ .Ki.lOti
— iH'iO 4,.'>()0 _ Ti.Wi
— 18M H,00t — 115,0(10
Rath or FosTAna.
For Single Lriltri, emnpoied of One Piect qf Paptr —
Any (listiuice nut exceeding 30 miles, fi cents.
Over .'10, and not exceeding HO — 10 —
— KO _ 150 _ l!i4 _
— l.'iO — 4(K) _ isj —
— '100 miles - ■ ■ V5 —
DouMe letters, or tliose composed of 2 pieces of p:)per, are
cbar^ed with double the above rates.
Triple letter:, or those composed of 3 pieces of pnper, are
charijtd ^^Ith triple the above rates.
IJuadruple litters, or those comjiosed of 1 pieces of paper, are
ch:irL'ed with qundniple the above rates.
All letters wei^bing 1 ounce avoirdupois, or more, arecharjted
at the rate of single postage for each J of an ounce, or iiuadruple
postage for each ounce, according to their weight ; and no letter
can t>e charced with more than quadruple postage, unlets its
weight exceeds 1 ounce avoirdupois.
1 he postage on ship leiievs, If delivered at the oflUce whrre
the vessel arrives, is li cents; if conveyed by post, 't cents in
addition to the ordinary postage.
Urntfaftr Pmlagt. — For each newspaper, not carried out of
the Slate in wliiih it is published, or if carried out of the State,
but not carried over 100 miles, 1 cent.
Over 100 miles, tuid out of the Slate in which it i« published,
l.J cent.
Miiuiizinri and Pnmjihteli. — If published periodically, dis-
tance not exceeding lOo miles, U cent tier sheet.
- over 100 _ 2} —
Knot puh. period, dist. not exceed. 100 miles, 4 cti. per sheet.
— over 100 — 6 _
Small pam)ihlels, containinu not more than a ^ sheet roval,
are cbargetl with j tlie above rates. Kight pagts quarto'are
rated as one therit and ail other sir.es in the same prn{»4irtion'
The number of sheets in a pamphlet sent tiy mail must lie
printe<l or written on one of the outer pages. When the number
of sheets is not truly stated, double postage is chargeil.
Kvery thing not coming under tne denomination of nevs-
paiiers or pamphlet* is charged with letter postage.
Account of the Postage received at the Post-offices of some of the principal Towns of the United States,
during the Year ended the 31st of ^ uch, 1832,
Towns.
Dollars.
New York
Philadelphia
Hoston
Baltimore
New Orleans
Charleston
1(I0,M3
10K,!I,30
««,ii70
M,!1W
27,5iSS
Vli,.|2.T
Towns.
Ilicbmnnd
rincinnatl
Savatmah
I'itlsburgh
Al •
At
Dollars.
1H,7I5
15,«'.)9
M,ii7H
ll.T'JH
13,00.1
11,411
The post-mastcr general of the United States stated, in a letter to a committee of Senate, ll'th of May,
1833, that it was of almost daily occurrence, that a ton weight of newspapers was car -icd in one mail for
hundreds of miles together. The total post-office revenue of the Uniteti States, in the j ear ended the 31st
of March, 1832, amounted to 1,471,371 dollars ; of which the newspaper postage made h.out 254,000 dol.
lars. — {American Almanac for 1834.)
POST ENTRY. When goods arc weighed or measured, and the merchaiii lias
got an account thereof at the Custom-house, and finds his entry, already made, too sma;',
he must make a post or additional entri/ for the surphisage, in the same manner as the
first was done. As a merchant is always in time, prior to the clearing of the vessel, to
make his post, he should take care not to over-enter, to avoid as well the advance, as the
trouble of getting back the overplus. However, if this be the case, and an over-entry
has been made, and more paid or bonded for customs than the goods really landed
amount to, the land-waiter and surveyor must signify thf; same, upon oath made, and
subscribed by the person so over entered, that neither '.c nor any other person, to his
knowledge, had any of the said goods over-entered on board the said ship, or anywhere
landed the same without payment of custom ; which oath must be attested by the col-
lector or comptroller, or their deputies, who then compute the duties, and set down on the
back of the certificate, first in words at length, and then in figures, the several sums
to be paid.
POSTING, travelling along the public road with hired horses, and with or without
hired carriages. Duties are charged upon the horses and carriages so hired. — (For
the duties on the latter, see ante, p. 285.) The duties on post horses are regulated by
the 4 Geo. 4. c. 62.
Duties Every post.master to pay 'ts. annually for a licence. For every horse, mare, or gelding, let
for hire by the mile, IJrf. for every mile ; if let to go no gre.iter distance than 8 miles, 1.5th part of the
sum charged for such letting, or Is. !>rf. ; if lot to go no greater distance than 8 miles, and not to bring
back any person, nor deviate from the usual line of road, \s. ; if let for any time less than 28 successive
days, or in any other manner than by the mile, or to go no greater distance than 8 miles, in either case,
IJith part of the sum charged on every such letting; or the sum of 2*. fir/, for each day not exceeding
•S days ; and the sum of Is. 9rf. for each day exceeding 3, and not exceeding 13 days ; and the sum of
Is. 3rf. (or each day exceeding 13, and leas than 28 days. If let for -28 successive days, or for any longer period,
and rcturneil in a less period of time than twenty-eight successive days, and not exchanged for another
horse, mare, or gelding, in continuation of the same hiring, l-5th part of the sum agreed to be received
for such lotting, or the fum of 2s. 6</. for each day not exceeding 3 days ; and the sum of Is. 9rf. for each
day exceeding 3, and not exceeding 13 days ; and the sum of Is. 3rf. for each day exceeding 13, and less
than 28 days, during the time every such horse, &-c. shall have been under the direction of the person
hiring the same
The duties im|)Osed by the act do not extend to horses used in stage or hackney coaches duly licensed ;
nor to any mourning coach or hearse, where the same is hired to go no greater distance than 10 miles
from Temple Bar; nor to any cart or carriage kept for the conveyance of fish.
I \
I k
y;
1 1
I :
998
POTASH. — POTATOES.
^criona letting any horse, marc, or geUllng,/or hire, without licence from the commlailoneri of itAmpt,
are Biihject to a penalty of 10/. No poHt.inanter to keep more than 1 home by virtue of 1 licence, under a
peimlty of Id/ ; ami the worda licensed to let horses for hire to be painted in lenil>lc charai'tcr* on the
front of their housei), under a penalty of ;V. I'ontmasters are to k'*'c "ecurlly by hood, renewable at the
expiration of ,'J ye.im. 'J'he commissioners or collector of iitainps to t\iriiii<h blank liekels and cerlijienles
to postmasterii, and erehniige and clieel, tiekels to the tiill-nate keepers : the former contalninK the name
and abode of the post. master, the number of horses, whether Irt for a dav or Idiiger periwi ; the latter,
the name of the toll-keeper, the place where he lives, and the places the horses lured are Koiiig to.
When horses are returned within the period lor which they were hired, check tickets are to be delivered
Up to the collector J penalty '.'(I/. Improperly Using a check ticket subjects to a penalty of ;')()/. Travellers
are to deliver up their tickets at ihejirst toll-Kate, and to ask for and receive the necessary exchange ajid
check tickets in return.
I.cHinn of Diilies to farm. — The commissioners of stamps, l)y authority of the I.orda of the Treasury,
are authorised to let the post-horse duties to farm for any period not longer than :> years, either in whole,
or divided into divisions or districts. The biddings are conducted under rcnulatiuiis issued by the com.
missioners; at least a month's notice being given of the time and place of lettiinj the duties. Tlie highest
bidder being preferred, must forthwith execute a contract, and give tioiid with t/iree or more «ecurilies
for p;iyiiieiit ot the yearly rent contracted lor at the he.id olllceof stamps iir equal portions \>y eii;lil several
annual payments. 'Ihe cnmiiiissioiiers have also the power lo appoint a time for making a drposit, and
the amount thereof; and in case any bidder fail of making .«uch deposit, or of executing a proper con-
tract and giving security, the duties to be again put up. Duties not to be funned by persons licensed to
let post horses.
An Account of the Produce of the Duties on Posting, in e.ich of the Eight Yeara ending the 1st of
January, lSo.J. — (fur/. Paper, No. 68U. Sess. 18j0, and Annual Finance Accounts.)
£ a. d.
£ s. d.
Year ending 1st of Jan. 182() ■
ai'i.fiii a 4
Year ending ist of Jaa ISSO -
2o2,772 2 H
IH.'V -
!.';j(i,.io 19 r>
— 1831 -
ya).,i'57 1'2 10
1S'J8 .
2'2r,,H<H 5
— . 18.>'2 ■
2Jl,8ii.j .3 4
IHiii) .
i;;«,H5M 4
18,)3
24;".,()(iS l(i 5
POTASH {Ha. Potaske ; Vr. Potasse ; Gcr. Pot fa sche ; It. Potassa ; Pol. Potasz ;
llus. Potasch). If vegetables be burned, the ashes lixiviated, and the solution boiled to
dryness in iron vessels, the mass left behind is tlie potash of cominerce — the impure
carbonate of potass of chemists. It is intensely alkaline, solid, and coloured brown by
the admixture of a small portion of vegetable inflammable matter, which generally be-
comes moist. When potash is calcined in a reverburatory furnace, the colouring matter
is destroyed, it assumes a spongy texture, and a whitish pearly lustre ; whence it is de-
nominated pearl-ash. The latter generally contains from 60 to 83 or 84 per cent, of
pure carbonate of potass. — (See ante, p. 25.)
The ashes of those vegetables only which grow at a distance from the sea, are em-
ployed in the manfacture of potash. Herbaceous plan's yield the largest iiortion, and.
shrubs more than trees. It is principally manufactured in America, Russia, and Poland,
the vast forests of which furnish an inexhaustible sujiply of ashes.
Potash is of great im])ortance in the arts, being largely employed in the manufacture
of flint glass and soft soap, the rectification of spirits, bleaching, making alum, scouring
wool, &c. At an average of 1831 and 1832, the entries of pot and pearl ashes, for home
consumption, amounted to 188,477 cwt. a year. Of 228,7.57 cwt. imported in 1831,
169,891 cwt. were brought from the British possessions in North America; 15,835 from
the United States; the remainder being almost entirely furnished by Russia. The ashes
of the United States are the purest, and bring the highest price.
The prices of pot and pearl-ash in the London market, in December, 1833, were as
under : — •
.£■
*. rf. £ s. d.
£ s. d. £ s. d.
Canada, pot, 1st
. 1
4 6 to
United States, pearl, bd.
- 1 4 to
pearl, lat
. 1
5 6—0
Uussia, do. do.
-13 0—150
United States, pot, bd. .
.
0—0
Ashes from Canada are duty free ; those from Russia and the United States pay a duty of Gs. a cwt.
POTATOES (Ger. Knrtoffehi ; Du. Aardappelen ; Fr. Pommes de terre ; It. Palate,
Pond di terra; Sp. Patatas manchegas ; llus. Jal)lo/ii semleniie) the roots of the Sulaiium
tuberosum, of innumerable varieties, and too well known to require any description.
1. Historical Notice. — The potato, which is at present to be met with everywhere in
Europe, and forms the principal part of the food of a large proportion of its inhabitants,
was entirely unknown in this quarter of the world till the latter part of the 16th cen-
tury. It is a native of America, but whether of both divisions of that continent is
doubtful. — {Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, liv. iv. c. 9.) Some authors affirm that it
was first introduced into Europe by Sir John Hawkins, in 1545 ; others, that it was
introduced by Sir Francis Drake, in 1573; and others, again, that it was for the first
time brought to England from Virginia, by Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1586. But tliis
discrepancy seems to have arisen from confoimding the common, or Virginian potato
(the Solanum tuberosum of Linnasus), with the sweet potato ( Convolvulus battatas). The
latter was introduced into Europe long before the former, and it seems most probable
that it was the species brought from New Granada by Hawkins. Sweet potatoes
require a warm climate, and do not succeed in this country ; they were, however, im-
ported in considerable quantities, during the 16th century, from Spain and the Canaries,
mSim
POTATOES.
939
and were supposed to liave some rather peculiar properties. Tlie kissing comfits of
Fulstulf, and such lilic confections, were princi])ally made of hatfatas and eringo roots.
On the whole, we are inclined to think that we are really indehted for the ii<)tafo(a,s
well as for tobacco) to Sir Walter Uaieigli, or the colonists lie had planted in N'irglnia.
Gerarde, an old English botanist, mentions, in his Jlirlml, published in l.")!)?, that lie had
planted the potato in his garden at London almut l.GOO; and that it succeeded there as
well as in its native soil, Virginia, whence he had received it. I'otatoes were at first
cultivated by a very few, and were looked upon ns n great delicacy. In a nianuseiipt
account of the household expenses of Queen Anne, wit'c of James I., who died in 1618,
and which is suppos>jd to have lieen written in lOl.'J, the purchase of a very small
(piantity of potatoes is mentioned at the jirice of '_'*•. a pound. The Hoyal iSociety,
in IGO'U, recommended tiie extension of tiieir cultivation, as a means of preventing
famine. I'reviously, however, to lo'8'l, they were raised only in the gardens of the
nobility and gentry ; but in that yiar they were planted, for the first time, iu the
ojien fields in Laucasiiire, — a county in which they have long been very extensively
cultivated.
Potatoes, it is commonly thought, were not introduced into Ireland till IfilO, when
a small quantity was sent l)y Sir Walter Ualeigh to l)e i)lanted in a garden in his
estate in the vicinity of Youghal. Their cultivation extended far more rapidly than in
England ; and have long furnished from § to | of the entire food of the people of
Ireland !
I'otatoes were not raised in Scotland, except in gardens, till 1 728, when they were
planted in the open fields by a person of the name of I'rentice, a day labourer at Kilsyth,
who died at Ediid)urgh in 179'J.
The extension of tlie potato cultivation has been particularly rapid during the last 40
years. The quantity that is now raised in Scotland is sui>posed to be from 10 to 12
times as great as the quantity raised in it at the end of the American war ; and though
the increase in England has not been nearly so great as in Scotland, it has been greater
than during any previous period of equal duration. The increase on the Continent has
been similar. Potatoes are now very largely cultivated in France, Italy, and Germany ;
and, with the cxcejition of the Irish, the Swiss have become their greatest consumers.
They were intrjtiujed into India some 60 or 70 years ago; and are now successfully
cultivated in iiengal, and have been introduced into the Madras provinces, Java, the
Pli'lippuies, and China. Hut the common potato does not thrive within the tropics unless
it be raised at an elevation of 3,000 or 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, so that it
can never come into very general use in these regions. This, however, is not the case
with tile sweet potato, which has also been introduced into tropical Asia ; and with
such success, that it already forms a considerable portion of the food of the people of
Java, and some other countries. So rapid an extension of the taste for, and the cul-
tivation of, an exotic, has no parallel in the history of industry ; it has hfid, and will
continue to have, the most powerful influence on the condition of mankind. — ( For
further details with respect to the history of the potato, see Sir F. M. Edtn on the State
of the Pi^ar, vol. i. p. 508. ; Humboldt, Essai sur la Nouvdle Espaijne, tome iii. pp. 460
—465. - 1 ed. ; iSiV Joseph Banks on the Introduction of the Potato j Phillips's History of
Cultivated Veyetahlvs, vol. ii. art. Potato. )
2. Influence of the Cultivation of the Potato on the Number and Condition of the People.
— There is a considerable discrepancy in the statements of the best authors as to the
number of individuals that might be supported on an acre of land planted with potatoes,
as compared with those that might be supported on an acre sown with wheat ; some
stating the proportion as high as six to one, and others at only two to owe. According to
Mr. Arthur Young, 1 lb. of wheat is about equal in nutritive power to 5 lbs. of potatoes.
But Mr. Newenham, who has carefully investigated this subject, states tliat " 3 lbs.
of good mealy potatoes are, undoubtedly, more than equivalent to 1 lb. of bread," —
(Newenham on the Population of Irelund, p. 340.) ; and his estimate is rather above 3Ir.
Wakefield's. Supposing, however, that 1 lb. weight of wheat is fully equal to four
pounds of potatoes, still the diflTercnce in favour of the superior quantity of food derived
from a given quanti'., >f land i)lanted with the latter is very great. According to IVIr.
Young, the average produce of potatoes in Ireland may he taken at 82 barrels the Irish
acre ; which, at 20 stone the l)arrel, is equal to 22,960 Ihs. ; and this being divided
by four, to bring it to the same standard, in point of nutritive power, as wheat, gives
5,740 lbs. Mr. Young further estimates the average produce of wheat, by the Irish
acre, .at 4 quarters ; which, supposing the quarter to weigh 480 lbs., gives in all 1,920 lbs.,
. or about ^ part of the solitl nourishment afforded by an acre of potatoes. — ( Tov.r
in Ireland, Appen. pp. 12. 24. &c. 4to ed.) This estimate must, however, be somewhat
modified when applied to Great Britain ; the soil of which, while it is better adapted to
the growth of wheat, is generally supposed not to be quite so suitable for the potato as
that of Ireland. But it notwithstanding admits of demorstration, that even here, " an
) !
n ! 1
3:J |f I
!■ \\\
ii
:hali'.
iililf
I
9W
POTATOES.
R; )-
1 t
uire of putdlDca will jWil ilnulilv tfii' nitiiJicr of imlividuals thai cnn h« fail fro>n an acre of
whtitt." — ( (,'i'in:nil Hifmrt of SiolliUid, vol. i, j). ,571.)
It is clear, tlieri-t'on-. on the most inodoratf i-stiinatv, that tliv |i<i|uilal!on of a potnto-
fuedinir country may licconic, ot/ur I/uhi/h Iwinij about ii/iint, from '-' to :i times as dcnso
as it could lia\c been, had the inhahitants ted wholly on corn, liut it is exovedingly
douhtt'ul whether an increase of populutiun, hrought; alniut liy a substitution of the po-
tato for wheat, be desirable. Its use as a subordinate or sul)sidiary species of KhmI is
attended with the best ertects — jiroducing both an increase of comfort and security ; but
there are certain circunistancs inseparable from it, which would seem to oppose the
most formidable obstacles to its ."dvantageous use as a prime article of subsistence. The
discussion of this sulyect can hardly be sjiid properly to belong to a work of this sort ;
but its importance may, perhaps, excuse us for making a few observations with respect
to it.
It is admitted on all bands, that the rate of wages is principally determined by the
species of food made use of in a country. Now, as potatoes form that species which is
produced at the very least expense, it may be fairly presumed, on general grounds, that
wages will be reduced to a minimum wherever the labouring classes are mainly dependent
on |)otatoes ; and the example of Ireland sliows that this conclusion is as consistent with
fact as with principle. It is clear, however, that when the crop of potatoes happens to be
deficient in a country thus situated, the condition of its inhabitants must be in the last
degree unfortunate. During a period of scarcity, men cannot go from a low to a high
level : if they would elude its pressure, they must leave the dearer and resort to cheaper
species of food, liut to those who subsist on potatoes this is not possible; they have
already reached the lowest point in the descending scale. Their wages being determined
by the price of the least expensive sort of food, they cannot, when it fails, buy that
which is dearer ; so that it is hardly possible for them to avoid fulling a sncriKce to
absolute want. The history of Ireland abounds, unfortunately, in examples of this sort.
Nothing is more common than to see the price of potatoes in Dul>lin, Limerick, &c.
rise, because of a scarcity, to 5 or G times their ordinary price, and the people to be
involved in the extreme of suffering ; and yet it rarely liappens, upon such occasions,
that the price of corn is materially affected, or that any less quantity than usual is ex-
ported to England.
It may be said, perhaps, that, had potatoes not been introduced, wheat, or barley, or
oats, woidd have been the lowest sjK'cies of food ; and that, whenever they happened to
fail, the population would have been as destitute as if they had been subsisting on potatoes.
It must, however, be observed, that the proportion which the price of wheat, or any
species of grain, bears to the price of butcher's meat, tea, beer, &c. is always decidedly
greater than the proportion wliich the price of potatoes bears to these articles : and it
therefore follows, that u people, who have adopted wheat, or any species of corn, for the
principal part of their food, arc much better able to make occasional purchases of butcher's
meat, &c. ; and will, consequently, be more likely to have tlieir habits elevated, so as to
consider the consumption of a certain quantity of animal food, &c. as indispensable to
existence. And hence it appears reasonable to conclude, that a people who chiefly sub-
sist on corn would, in most cases, subsist partially on butcher's meat, and would enjoy a
greater or less quantity of other articles ; so that it would be possible for them, in a
period of scarcity, to make such retrenchments as would enable them to elude the severity
of if s pressure.
I-ut, though the population in corn-feeding countries were dependent on the elicapi'st
speci s of grain, not for a part only, but for the whole, of their food, their situation
wou'.!), notwithstanding, be less hazardous than that of a population subsisting wholly on
potat'' js
In the first place, owing to the impossibility, as to all practical purposes at least, of
preserving potatoes, the surplus produce of a luxuriant crop cannot be stored up or
reserved as a stock to meet any subsequent scarcity. The whole crop must necessarily
be exhausted in a single year ; so that, when the inh.ibitants have the misfortune to l)e
overtaken by a scarcity, its pressure cannot be alleviated, as is almost uniformly the case
in corn-feeding countries, by bringing the reserves of former harvests to market. Every
year is thus left to provide subsistence for itself. When, on the one hand, the crop is
luxuriant, the surplus is of comparatively little use, and is wasted unprofitably; and
when, on the other hand, it is deficient, famine and disease necessarily prevail.
In the second place, the general opinion seems to be, that the variations in the quan-
tities of produce obtained from land planted with potatoes, are greater than the variations
in the quantities of produce obtained from land on which wheat, or any other species of
grain, is raised.
And lastli/, owing to the great bulk and weight of potatoes, and the difficulty of pre-
serving them on shipboard, the expense of conveying them from one country to another
is so very great, that a scarcity can never be materially relieved by importing them from
^m^
; I ■..
POUND— PUIX'IOirS METALS.
941
abroad. In conscquenco, ihoso who cliiifly (Upond on pofarofs mc priu-ficully cxclmKii
from pnrticipatiiif^ in the Ikiu-voIi'iU pmvision iiuulo hy .I'ltdro for i'(|ualisiii^ thu viiri-
atioiiN ill the hurvosts of particular eoiintrivs l>y nivalis of coninuicc, and art- thrown
almost wholly on tlii-ir own resources,
W'c should, tlivrcforo, be warrnntcd in concUidinf^, wen though wc were not posisessed
of any direct evidence on the subject, from the circuinsfaiu'e of the potato being « crop
tliat cannot be kept on hand, from its natural fickleness, and from the incapacity of im-
porting it when deticient, or of exporting it when in excess, that the oscillations in its
|)rice must be greater than in the price of wheat ; and such, in point of fact, is tiie case.
The oscillation in wheat is thought great when its price is doubled ; but in a scarce year
the potato is not un frequently .ttx times as dear as in a |>lentiful one! — {Minutm of
Kvilfiice fiikcn before the Ayriculturiil Cummiltre of IH'Jl, p. iil'J. ) And the compara-
tively frei|uent recurrence of scarcities in Ireland, and the destitution and misery in
which they involve the population, utiurd but too convincing proofs of the accuracy of
what has nov been stated.
It is, therefore, ol the utmost consequence to the well-being of every people, and to
their protection in years of scorcity, that they should not subsist principally on the
potato. In this country, the pressure of a scarcity is evaded by resorting to inferior
speeics of food, such as potatoes, and a lower standard of comfort ; Iiiit if our people
were liabitually fed on the ]>otato, this would be impracticable. The chances of famine
would thus be vastly increased ; while, owing to the low value of the ])otato as comjiared
with most other things, the labourers would have less chance of ])reserving or acquiring
a taste for animal food, or other m issaries and luxuries ; and, consequently, of changing,
at any future period, their actual condition for a better.
It i» not easy to form any very accurate estimate of the profit and loss attending the
cultivation of potatoes to the farmer, as compared with other cro|)s. This is a point as to
which the statements of those best qualified to give an opinion difller very considerably.
Mr. Loudon says, " they require a great deal of manure from the farmer ; while,
generally speaking, little is returned liy them ; they are a bulky, unhandy article, trou-
blesome in the lifting and carrying processes, and interfering with the seed season of
wheat, — the most important one to the farmer. After all, from particular circumstances,
they cannot be vended unless when raised in tlie vicinity of large towns ; hence they are
ill most respects an unprofitable article to the agriculturist. To him, the real criterion
is the profit which potatoes will return in feeding beasts ; and here we apprehend the
result will be altogether in favour of turnips and rutuhuya, us the most profitable articles
for that purpose."
It seems difficult to reconcile this statement with the rapid progress of the potato cul-
tivation : but those who assent to what has been previously advanced with rcsjiect to the
mischievous consequences that arise from the mass of the ])opulation becoming dependent
on the potato as a principal article of food, will not regret though it should turn out to
be accurate.
Dr. Colquhourf estimated the entire value of the potatoes annually consumed in Great
Britain and Ireland at the end of the late war at sixteen viillimis sterling. But it is
needless to say that there arc no materials by which to form an estimate of this sort with
any pretensions to accuracy. The one in question has been suspected, like most of those
put forth by the same learned person, of exaggeration : and we incline to think that,
had he estimated the value of the yearly produce of potatoes in the empire at twelve
millions, he would have been nearer the mark. But on a point of this sort it is not
possible to speak with any thing like confidence.
POUND, the name given to a weight used as a standard to determine the gravity and
quantity of bodies. — (See Wkights anu Measuues.)
POUND, a money of account, = 20s.
POWDER, GUN. See Gunpowder.
PRECIOUS METALS, a designation frequently applied to gold and silver. We
have given, under the articles Gold, and Silver, a short account of each metal ; and we
now propose laying before the reader a few details with respect to their supply and con-
sutnption.
To enter fully into this interesting and difHcult subject would require a long essay, or
rather a large volume. Mr. Jacob has recently published an " Historical Inquiry into
the Introduction and Consumption of the Precious Metals," in which he takes up the
subject at the earliest period, and continues it to the present day. This work, though
neither so complete nor satisfactory as might have been expected, contains a good deal of
valuable information, and deserves the attention of all who take an interest in such
inquiries. We confess, however, that several of the learned author's statements and con-
clusions seem to us to be not a little wide of the mark. We shall notice one or two of
them in the course of this article.
1. Supply of the Preciou$ Metals. — Since the discovery of America, the far greater
m>\
i' k
11
i •
I I ''i"
1 :!
!,i
I'!
if i
942
PRECIOUS METALS.
part of the supj)lies of gold ami silver liave I)een derived from that continp.n. Previously
to the publication of lIiiinl)oldt's great work, Essni Polilii/ue sur /a Nmivelle Espagne,
Boveral estimates, some of them framed by individuals of great iiit-'.ligence, were in
circulation, of the quantities of gold and silver ini|)orted from America. They, how-
ever, dilfered widely from each other, and were all framed from comparatively limited
sources of information. * Hut these liavc been wholly superseded by the more extensive
and laborious investigations of M. Humboldt. This illustrious traveller, besides being
nc(piainted with all that bad been written en the subject, and having ready access to
olhcial sources of information unknown to the writers already alluded to, was well versed
in the theory and practice of mining, and critically examined several of the most cele-
brated mines. He was, therefore, incomparably better qualiKed for forming correct
conclusions as to the past and present productiveness of tlie mines, than any of those who
had hitherto speculated on the subject. His statements have, indeed, bean accused ot
exaggeration ; and we incline to think that there are grounds for believing that this
charge is, in some measure, well founded, particularly as respects the accounts of the
profits made !)y mining, and of the extent to which the supplies of the precious metals
may be increased. But this criticism applies, if at all, in a very inferior degree, to the
nccoutits M. Humboldt has given of the total produce of the mines, and the exports to
Europe. And, making every allowjincu for the imperfection inseparable from such in-
vestigations, it is still true that the statements in question, and the inijuiries on which
they are founded, are among the most valuable contributions that have ever been made
'1 St; 'istical science.
Acceding to M. Humboldt, the supplies of the precious metals derived from A merico
have been as follows : —
From 1492 to ir^flO
— 1500 — 1545
— 1545—1600
Dollars .. Year
at an Avtraije.
2.J0,0()0
3,000,000
11,000,000
From 1600 to 1700
— 1700 — 1750
— 175(1— 1803
Dollars a Year
at an Averat;".
- lf),0(X),(AX)
• 22,500,000
- 35,3(H),()0<)
{Essai sur la Nuuvelle Espagne, tome iii. p. 428. 2d ed.)
The following is M. Humboldt's estimate of the annual produce of the mines of the
New World, at the beginning of the present century : —
Annual Produce of the Mines of America at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century
Political Divisions.
Gold.
Silver.
Value of the Oold
and Silver in 'ohdrs.
M.ircs of
Caslik'.
Ivilof^.
Marrs of
Ciislile.
Kilogs.
Vice-royalty of New Spain
Vice.royalty of Peru -
Captaiii-geiicralship of Chili -
Vice-royalty of Huenos Ayres
Vice-royalty of New Granada -
Brazil
7,000
3,400
12,212
2,200
20,5(15
29,900
1,609
782
2,807
506
4,714
6,873
2,3:i8,220
61I,0!K)
29,700
481,830
537,512
140,478
6,827
110,7(i4
» •*
23,(K)0,00()
6,240,000 1
2,060,000
4,85(J,0U0
2,9!)O,(i00
4,360,000
Total
7.5,217 1 17,291
3,460,840
"795,.';81
43,5(K),0(K)
Taking the dollar at 4s. 3rf., this would give 9,243,750/. as the total annual produce ot
the American mines. M. Humboldt further estimated the annual produce of" tlie
European mines of Hungary, Saxony, &c., and those of Northern Asia, at the iairn^
period, at about 1,000,000/. more.
I'he quantity of gold produced in America at the beginning of the century, was to the
quantity of silver as 1 to 46; in Europe, the proportioiis were as 1 to40. The ua/we of equal
quantities of gold and silver were then in the proportion of 15 or 15 J to 1. Latteily,
the quantity of gold produced has incrca.sed, as compared with the quantity of silver.
From 1800 to 1810, the produce of the American mines was considerably increased ;
but in the last-mentioned year the contest began, which terminated in the dissolution of
the connection between Spain and the South American colonies. The convidsions and
insecurity aiising out of this struggle; the proscription of the old Spanish families, to
whom the mines principally belonged, who repaired, with the wrecks of their fortunes,
some to Cuba, some to Spain, and some to Bordeaux and the south of France; have
caused the abandonment of several of the mines, and an extraordinary falling off in the
amount of their produce. There are no means of accurately estimating the precise extent
* Humboldt has brought these estimates together as follows : —
Author!,
Epochf.
Dollars.
Ustariz •
. 1492-1724 -
3,536,(KK),000
Solorzano -
1492—1628 -
1,. 500,000,000
Moiicada -
1492—1595 .
2,000,0(M),Ono
Navarete -
1519—1617 -
l,.5:>n,000,(K10
Ravnal
1492—1780 .
5,1.54,000,000
Uobertsoi. -
- 1492—1775 .
8,H(K),000,(X)()
Nccker
. 176-3-1777
304,000,000
Epoclit,
1724-1800
Dcllari.
1,600,0'JP.OOO
Atithors*
Gerboux
Th;- Author of the:
Ilcchcrches sur ie I
Commerce, Amst.
{Essai sur la Nouvelle Espagne, tome m.
|). 412.)
'V 1492-
1775 . 5,072,000,000
of thi
ing in
elusive
a year
— {Jai
Sine
this SI
Ameri(
from tl
the iO
Panama
Chili
Buenos i
Russia
^^n^iMin
■W W BI
PRECIOUS METALS.
943
of this decline; but according to Mr. Jacob, wlio collected and compared all the exist-
ing information on the subject, the total average produce of the American mines, in-
clusive of Brazil, during the 20 years ending with 1 S'J ' ;ay be estimated at 4,0.36,838/.
a year ; being less considerably than ^ of their produce at the beginning of tlie century !
— (Jacob, vol. ii. p. 2«7.)
Since the publication of IVIr. Jacob's work, some further light has been thrown on
tills subject, by the publication of returns obtained by the British consuls in South
America, of the produce of the mivAir. at different periods. They differ considerably
from those given by 3Ir. Jacob. Tlie tbllowing is an abstract of their results, comparing
the 20 years ending with 180!) with the 20 years ending with 1829 : —
Mines,
1790 to isog.
1810 to 1829.
Uold.
Silver.
Total.
Gold.
tiilver.
Total.
Mexico
Paiiiiina • - . -
Chili ....
Buenos Ayres
Total of America - L.
Russia
/,.
4,5'i3,378
22.->,.-,18
8li5,!)74
l,8(i2,9J5
91,129,303
9 1 1,73V,
19,280,831
I,.
98,952,r.81
22".,.'ilS
l,Slis,71i1
21,li9,;fi(i
I..
1,913,075
23,1 ;03
1,901,51 1
2, 1« 1,940
L.
45,388,729
878,188
7,895,812
t.
47,301,804
23,(03
2,782,702
10,057,782
7,173,825
lll,llliO,S70 1 22,13 l,(i9:i
fi 3,132 ' 54,iri2,759 * t;0,l(;5,Si)l
3,703,713 ' l,5li2,9><l 5,2(lt;,72l
L.
S),70t;,875 55,«(i5,740 C5,372,r,15
There are so many sources of error attached to all investigations of this sort, that these
results, though deduced from what may be reckoned good authority, cannot be altogetiier
depended upon. The consular returns contain no account of the produce of the Peru-
vian mines, except in so far as they come under the head of Buenos Ayres; and in this
respect they differ very widely from the statements given by Mr. Jacob, who estimates
the produce of the mines of Peru and Buenos Ayres, during the 20 years ending with
1829, at about 18,500,000/. ! We filso incline to think that the mines and washings in
Colombia are not quite so neglected as they are said to be by the consul. It will be
observed, too, that tlie above account does not include the produce of the Brazilian
mines. They are supposed to have yielded, since 1810, about 1,500,000 dollars a year;
but this is not more than adequate for the wants of the country. The produce of the
Russian mines was comparatively trifling till 1810; but it has since increased, and is
continuing to increase with considerable rapidity.
Adding to the produce of the American, that of the Russian mines, and separating
the gold from the silver, their total produce, according to the consular returns, during
each of the 4 decennial periods ending with 1829, has been about —
Ten years ending 1"99
1S09
1819
1829
Gold. Silver.
»oth.
L.
3,295,000
4,180,(100
3,955,000
5,752,000
L.
59,291 1,000
55,.1li7,0(«)
29,953,000
25,712,(XH)
L.
fi2,585,000
.59,547,000
33,908,000
31,464,000
This gives 3,146,000/. for the average annual supply of the American and Russian
mines during the 10 years ending with 1829. But flie returns show that the produce
of the Mexican mines had begun materially to increase in the latter years of this period;
and we have to add to the above the produce of the Hungarian and Saxon mines.
Hence, allowing for the increase that has taken place since 1829 in the productiveness of
the Mexican and South American mines, exclusive of Brazil, and adding to their pro-
dune that jf the Russian and other European mines, we may safely estimate (assuming
the consuls not to have under-rated the American returns) the present annual supply of
gold and silver from these sources at considerably more than 4,000,000/.
Exclusive of the sources now mentioned, the United States have recently begun to
afford considerable quantities of gold. It was first discovered in North Carolina, in
1804; and from that period till 1829, about 109,000 dollars had been found. It has
since been discovered in other States. The following Table exhibits the value of t*-" gold
annually produced in the United States since 1829. — (American Almanac for 1834.)
States.
1829.
18.30. i 1831.
1832.
Vir^nia ... ....
North Carolina ......
South Carolina .... . .
Grorgia .... ...
Alabama . . . ....
Tennessee ...
Dollars.
2„5IK)
1.34,000
3,500
Drltars.
24,000
204,000
2(i,000
212,010
Dollar!.
2r,,000
294,(K<)
22,0tM)
17fi,(K10
1,000
1,000
DoUiifs.
.34,000
458,000
45,000
140,000
1,000
Total
140,000
4i;(i,000
520,000 678,000 1
This Table shows a considerable increase ; the produce in 1 832 being above
135,000/. It is principally ol)tained by washing the soil in the valleys. Taking this
new supply into account, and including, as was done by M. Humboldt, the produce of
( \,
«(,♦
1 ^
ill'
■hiM
mmmu
,''
' i
1 !
944.
PRECIOUS METALS.
il
the Brazilian mines ; and further adding 500,000/. to the sums given in the consular re-
turns, to cover the deficiencies wluch they certainly involve * ; we may safely estimate the
entire annual produce of the American, European, and llusso- Asiatic mines, as amount-
ing, at this moment, to about 6,000,000/. a year; being 6-lOths of their annual produce
when greatest.
2. Consumption of the Precious Metals. — Gold and silver arc supplied either to serve
as coin, or are made use of in the arts. There are no means whatever by which to dis-
cover the proportion in wliith they are applied, at any given period, to these purposes;
and the proportion is perpetually varying with the varying circumstances of each country ;
as, for example, with the greater or less abundance of paper money, and the degree in
which the use of coins is saved by the various devices resorted to by means of banking
and otlierwise for economising currency, the greater or less wealth of the inhabitants, the
fashion as to plate, the feeling of security at the moment, and a thousand other circum-
stances, — all of which are liable to great and sometimes sudden changes.
According to Mr. Jacob, the value of thn precious metals annually applied to ornamental and luxurious
puriKjses in Europe, may be estimated <is follows: viz. Great Britain, 2,4.^7,221/.; France, l,2(K),(XiO/. ;
Switzerland, 3,'j(),000/. ; remainder of Europe, l,f)0.'"),49!)/. ; making in all, 5,612,7114 And ailding to this
the sums directly applied to the same purposes in America, the whole will be about 5,9U0,UU0A
The data upon which this estimate has been founded, are in the last degree vague and
imsatisfactory. It can hardly, indeed, be looked upon as any thing better than a mere
guess; and as .sucl., wo do not think that it is a very happy one. IM. Chabrol (whose
researches are far more worthy of confidence than those of M. Chaptal, to which Mr.
Jacob refers) estimates the consumption of gold and silver in the arts at Paris at
14,j,'j2,000 francs a year — (^Rcvherches Statistiques sur la Ville de Paris, 1823, Tab.
No. 85.); which corresponds with the elaborate estimate of M. Benoiston de Chtiteau-
neuf — {licc/ierchcs sur les Consommutions de Paris en 1817, 2de partie, p. 78.). Both
these authorities agree that the consumption of the precious metals in the arts at Paris is
doubla that of the rest of France ; so that wc have 21,828,000 francs, or 866,190/., for the
consumption of the whole kingdom, which is 333,810/. a year under 3Ir. Jacob's estimate.
We have been assured, by those who have good means of forming a correct opinion
upon such a ]>oint, that the quantity assigned by IMr. Jacob for the consumption of
Great Britain is over-rated in about the same proportion as the consumption of France,
or about 5- part. There has, no doubt, been a considerable increase of late years
in the consumption of plate and gilt articles ; but it would require far better evidence
than any hitherto laid before the pubiic, to warrant the conclusion that so large a sum as
2,457,000/. is appropriated to such purposes.
The eoiisumjition of Switzerland, as set down by Mr. Jacob, is probably not far from
accurate. But the sum assigned for the aggregate consumption of the rest of Europe
seems to be quite as much exaggerated as that allowed for France and England.
According to this view of the matter, the consumption will be, — Great Britain,
1,842,916/.; France, 866,190/.; Switzerland, 350,000/.; rest of Europe, 1,204,118/.;
in all, 4,263,224/. To this must be added 300,000/. for the consumption of America ;
making the entire consumption 4,563,224/.
Probably this valuation is still too high. According to M. Humboldt (Xouvclle
Espagne, 2d edit, tome iii. p. 464.), the total con.suniption of the precious metals in
Europe, for other purposes than those of coin, amounts to only 87,182,800 francs,
equal, at the exchange of 25-20, to 3,459,714/. : and adding to this 300,000/. for the
Eonsumption of America, the grand total will be, in roimd numbers, 3,760,000/. ; being
803,000/. under our estimate, and no less than 2,140,000/. under that of 3Ir. Jacob!
But a portion of the gold and silver annually made use of in the arts is derived from
the fusion of old plate, the burning of lace, picture frames, &c. Here, however, we
have to lament the impossibility of ascertaining the proportion the supply from this
source bears to the total quantity wrought up. 3Ir. Jacob estimates it at only J^^tli
part, or 25 per cent. ; but so small a sum seems to be quite out of the question. Most
part of the precious metals employed in plating, gilding, &c. is certainly destroyed ; but
the quantity of met,il so made use of is admitted by every one to be decidedly less tlian
the quantity used in the manufacture of plate, watch-ca.ses, and other articles of that
description. And these, when they either become unfashionable, or are broken or in-
jured, are, for the nost part, sent to the melting pot. According to the statement of
Necker, quoted and sanctioned by Humboldt, a /i«//' of the gold and silver used in France
by goldsmiths and ethers in the arts, is supposed to be obtained from the fusion of old
plate, &c. — (iVoMw/Ze Espagne, tome iii. p. 467.)
But, notwithstamling the high authority by which this estimate is supported, we
believe that it is 1 early as much above the mark as INI r. , Jacob's is certainly helow it.
Assuming, therefore, that, at a medium, 20 jjcr cent, or ith part of the precious
* Even with this addition, their produce is materially under the sum mentioned by Mr. Jacob.
-if^-
V-: "■
PRECIOUS METALS.
945
inctals annually made use of in the arts is obtained from the fusion of old plate, we
shall have, by deducting this proportion from the 4,563,000/. applied to the arts in
Europe and America, 3,550,000/. as tlie total annual appropriation of the new gold
and silver dug from the mines to such purposes, leaving about 2,000,000/. a year to be
manufactured into coin.
It is not much more easy to determine the consumption of the precious metals when
manufactured into coin, than when in plate. Mr. Jacob has entered into some curious
details (vol. ii. c. 28.) to determine the abrasion or loss of coins from wear, which he
estimates at j^jth part a year for gold, and j^th part for silver coins. This, however,
does not give tlie total wear and tear of the coins. To determine the latter, the quan-
tities lost by fire, shipwrecks, and other accidents, must be taken into account. The
loss from these sources can only be guessed at ; but adding it tt) the loss by abrasion,
perhaps we shall not be far wrong in estimating the whole at 1 per cent.
It is singular that, in estimating the consumption of gold and silver, Mr. Jacob should
not have made the slightest allusion to the practice which has uniformly prevailed in all
countries harassed by intestine commotions, or exposed to foreign invasion, of burying
treasure in the earth. Of the hoards so deposited, a very considerable proportion has
been altogether lost ; and there can be no doubt that this has been one of the principal
means by which the stock of the precious metals has been kept down to its present
level. Every one is aware that, during the middle ages, treasure trove, or money dug
from the ground by chance finders, belonged to the Crown, and formed no inconsider-
able part of the royal leveime of this and other countries. The practice has always
prevailed to a very great extent in the East. — (Bernicr, Voyayc de Mogol, Amst. 1710,
tome i. p. 209. ; Scrafton on the Governtnent of Hindostan, p. 1 6. &c. ) But it is not
confined to that quarter. Wherever jiroperty is insecure, it is invariably resorted to.
Mr. Wakefield tells us that it is common in Ireland. — (Account of Ireland, vol. i.
p. 593. ) It has always prevailed to a considerable extent in Russia and France ; and
in the latter, during the revolutionary anarchy, immense sums were buried, of which it
is abundantly certain a large proportion will never be resuscitated. The wars and con-
vulsions by which Europe was desolated for more than 20 years extended the practice
to all parts of the Continent ; withdrawing in this way from circulation a very con-
siderable part of the increased produce of the mines. — ( Storcfi, Economie Politique,
tome i. p. 221. Taris, 1823.)
3. Exportation of the Precious Metals to the East. — It must be well known to all our
readers, that from the remotest era down to a comparatively late period bullion has always
formed one of tlie principal and most advantageous articles of export to the East.
Plumboldt estimated that, of the entire produce of the Americn mines at the beginning
of this century, amounting, as already seen, to 43,500,000 dollars, no less than 25,500,000
were sent to Asia, — 17,500,000 by the Cape of Good Hope, 4,000,000 by the Levant,
and 4,000,000 through the Russian frontier. — (Nouvelle Espagne, tome iii. p. 443.)
Latterly, however, this immense drain has not only entirely ceased ; but the current
has, in fact, begun to set strongly in the opposite direction. Thus It appears that the total
imports of gold and silver from Europe and North and South America into Bengal,
Madras, and Bombay, during the 3 years ending with 1830-31, amounted to 479,388/. ;
whereas the total exports of the precious metals from these 3 presidencies to Europe and
America during the same 3 years were 1,119,973/., being an excess of 640,585/.; so
that India, instead of importing, as formerly, very large quantities of bullion from the
Western World, supplied, during the period in question, about 213,000/. a year to its
markets !— ( Pari. Paper, No. 390. Sess. 1 833. ) The same is the case with China. During
the year ended the 31st of March, 1832, silver was exported from Canton to England
to the amount of 1,976,930 dollars, or 390,000/., besides about as much more exported
to India ! — ( See ante, p. 237. ) A considerable part of this large export consists of
native silver, of which there are mines in several provinces. China has also mines of
gold ; and in some late years her exports of thnt metal have been considerable : she is,
however, an Importer as well as in exporter of gold, having for a lengthened peri{)d
drawn considerable supplies of that metal from Bore eo, Celebes, and the ]Malay pen-
insula. It appears, too, that the efflux of bullion from Russia to China has ceased ;
and that there, also, the current is setting the opposite way. — {Jacob, vol. ii. p. 320. )
And if there be any sums still exported by way of the Levant, which is doubtful,
they are certainly quite inconsiderable.
4. Influence of the diminished Productiveness of the Mines on Prices. — It has been
customary in this country to ascribe almost the whole fall that has taken place in the
price of most commodities since the peace, to the diminished supply of bullion from the
mines. But we doubt whether this circumstance has not been fully counterbalanced
by others, and whether it has had any influence in the way now mentioned. The
cessation of the drain to the East, even admitting that M Humboldt has somewhat
over-rated its amount, would of itself have gone far to coimteract the decreased pro-
3 P
if
.r. i
Ii
t\-: ,
M IV
I' I
946
PREMIUM. — PRICES.
!',
''!
h ' m
ductiveness of tlic mines ; but wc have just seen that it has not merely ceased, but that
wc are, in fact, deriving considerable supplies from that very quarter. In addition to
this, the greater security and tranquillity enjoyed on the Continent since the peace,
has not only checked that burying of money, formerly so prevalent, but has caused
the bringing to light of a good many of the subterranean hoards. Tlic institution of
savings 'banlis, now so common every where, has also, no doubt, tended to prevent
hoarding, and to bring a good deal of coin into circulation, that would otherwise have
been locked up. Tliese circumstances, coupled with others that might be mentioned,
Kucli as the cessation of the demand for military chests, the greater employment of
bills in mercantile transactions, &c., afford the best grounds for doubting whether the
quantity of the precious metals annually applicable to the purposes of circulation be not
as great at present, as iu 1809 or 1810. It is further to be observed, that the falling off
in the produce of the mines has been in silver only ; and that the supply of gold, instead
of being diminished during the last 10 yearsi has been very materialbj increased : and as
gold is the standard of our currency, it is obviously false to affirm that its value has
been increased from its being less abundant than formerly.* It is contended, indued,
that in estimating tlie value of the precious metals, we cannot 9ei)arate gold and silver ;
and that the fall that has taken place in the prices of all commodities since 1815, proves
that the value of money has sustained a corresponding advance. But the value of gold
is in no way dependent upon, or connected with, the value of silver. The exchangeable
worth of each metal is wholly determined by the peculiar conditions under which it
is supplied ; and the circumstance of gold falling in value wlien silver is rising, is no
more to be wondered at, than that lead should fall when iron rises, or conversely.
Neither is it true that the fall iu the value of commodities since 1815 has been universal.
We admit it has been very general ; but we venture to affirm that there is not, without
any exception whatever, a single commodity that has fallen in price since 1814, the fall
of which may not be satisfactorily accounted for witliout reference to the supply of gold
and silver. — (Sec ante, p. 75.) Multiplied proofs of what is now stated, will be found
in various articles throughout this work. And we have little doubt tliat those who
investigate the matter with any degree of care, will agree with us in thinking, tiiat, even
witliout distinguishing between gold and silver, were the influence of the decreased pro-
ductiveness of the mines on prices estimated at from 3 to 5 per cent., it would l)e very
decidedly beyond the mark. We believe its influence has been hardly perceptible.
5. Probable future Supply of Gold and Silver. — Nothing but conjectural statements
can be made as to the probable future supply of the precious metals. On the whole, liow-
ever, we should think that a very considerable increase may be fairly anticipated. Tlie
anarchy in wliich the new South American States have hitherto been involved, will come
to a close; and, with the increase of population and capital, renewed attention will,
doubtless, be paid to tlie mines. It is reasonable also, we think, to anticipate that the
supplies from the Russian mines will continue to increase.
PREMIUM. See Insurance.
PRICES. By the price of a commodity is meant its value estimated in money, or,
simply, the quantity of money for which it will exchange. The price of a commodity
rises when it fetclies more, and falls when it fetches less money.
1. Price of freely produced Commodities. — 'liie exchangeable value of commodities —
that is, their power of exchanging for or buying other commodities — depends, at any
given period, partly on the comparative facility of their production, and partly on the
relation of the supply and demand. If any 2 or more commodities respectively required
the same outlay of capital and labour to bring them to market, and if the supply of each
were adjusted exactly according to the effectual demand — that is, were they all in
sufficient abundance, and no more, to supply the wants of those able and willing to pay
the outlay upon them, and the ordinary rate of profit at the time — they would eatli
fetch the same price, or exchange for the same quantity of any other commodity. Hut
if any single commodity should happen to require less or more capital and labour (or its
production, while the quantity required to produce the others continued stationary, its
value, as compared with them, would, in the first case, fall, and in the second, rise ; and,
supposing the cost of its production not to vary, its value might be increased by a falling
off in the supply, or by an increase of demand, and conversely.
But it is of importance to bear in mind, that all variations of price arising from any
disproportion in the supply and demand of such commodities as mny he freely produced in
indefinite quantities, are temporary only ; while those that arc occasioned i)y changes in
the cost of their production ixre permanent, at least as much so as the cause in which they
originate. A general mourning occasions a transient rifie in tlie price of black clotli :
but supposing that the fashion of wearing black were to continue, its price would not
* This fact shows the roliancp to bo placed on the Infonnafion and opinions of those who rccommrTid
the adoption of a silver standard as a means of diminishing the public burdens !
PRICES.
947
permanently vary ; for tliose wlio previously manufactured blue and brown cloths, &c.
would liuuccforth manufacture only black clotli ; and the supply being in this way in-
creased to the same extent as the demand, the price would settle at its old level, llencc
the importance of distinguishing bi;twecn a variation of price originating in a change of
fashion, or other accidental circumstance — such, for example, as a deficient harvest —
and a variation occasioned by some change in the cost of production. In the former case,
prices will, at no distant period, revert to their old level ; in the latter, the variation
will be lasting.
When the price of a freely produced commodity rises or falls, such variation may evi-
dently be occasioned either by something affecting its value, or by something affecting the
value of money. But when the generality of commodities rise or fall, the fair pre-
sumption is that the change is not in them, but in the money with which they are com-
pared. This conclusion does not, however, apply in all cases; and we believe that most
piut of that fall in the price of commodities, which has taken place since the peace, and
which has been so generally ascribed lo a rise in the value of money, occasioned by a
decline in the productiveness of the mines, has been caused by the increased productive-
ness of industry, arising from the abolition of oppressive restraints on commerce, the
opening of new and more abundant sources of supply, and the discovery of new means,
and improved methods of production. — (See Precious Metals.)
2. Price of monopolised Commodities. — Exclusive, however, of the commodities now
alluded to, there is a considerable class, whose producers or holders enjoy either an absolute
or a partial monopoly of the supply. When such is the case, prices depend entirely or
principally on the proportion between the supply and demand, and are not liable to be
influenced, or only in a secondary degree, by changes in the cost of production. Antique
statues and gems ; the pictures of the great masters ; wines of a peculiar flavour,
produced in small quantities, in particular situations ; and a few other articles ; exist
under what may be called absolute monopolies ; — their supply cannot be increased ; and
their price must, therefore, depend entirely on the competition of those who may wish to
buy them, without being in the slightest degree influenced by the cost of their pro-
duction.
Monopolies are sometimes established by law; as when the power to supply the
market with a particular article is made over to one individual or society of individuals,
without any limitation of the price at which it may be sold ; which, of course, enables
those possessed of the monopoly to exact the highest price for it that the competition of
the buyers will afford, though such price may exceed the cost of production in any con-
ceivable degree. Monopolies of this sort used to be common in England, particularly in
the reign of Elizabeth : but they were finally abolished by the famous act of the 21 Jac. I.
c. 3. — an act which, by establishing the freedom of competition in all businesses carried
on at home, has been productive of the greatest advantage. —(See Monopoly.)
The corn laws establish a partial monopoly of the supply of Great Britain with corn
in favour of the agriculturists ; but, as competition is carried to as great an extent in
agriculture as in any other business, this monopoly does not enable them to obtain a
higher price for their produce than is sufficient to pay the expenses of its production ;
though, owing to the peculiar circumstances under which this country is placed, this
price is higher than the price in the surrounding countries. Hence it results that the
monopoly is injurious to the public, without being of any advantage to those engaged in
the business of agriculture. Neither, indeed, can it be truly said to be advantageous to
the landlords. — (See ante, p. 414.)
The rights conveyed by patents sometimes establish a valuable monopoly ; for they
enable the inventors of improved methods of production to maintain, during the con-
tinuance of the patent, the price of the article at a level which may be much higher
than is required to afford them the ordinary rate of profit. This advantage, however, by
stimulating invention, and exciting to new discoveries, of which it is the natural and appro-
priate reward, instead of being injurious, is beneficial to the public. — ( See Patents. )
There are also partial monopolies, depending upon situation, connection, fashion, &c.
These, and other inajjpreciable circumstances, sometimes occasion a difference of 30 per
cent., or more, in the price of the same article in shops not very distant from each other.
Generally speaking, the supply of monopolised commodities is less liable to vary than
those that are freely produced ; and their prices are commonly more steady. But there
are various exceptions to this rule, and of these the corn monopoly is one. The great
variations in the harvests of particular countries, and their average equality throughout
the world, exposes a nation which shuts foreign corn out of its ports to destructive
vicissitudes of "price, from which it would enjoy a nearly total exemption were the ports
open. — (SeeoH^i', p. 412.) Sometimes the expiration of a monopoly — a patent, for
example — has occasioned a sudden and extraordinary increase of supply, and consequent
fall of price ; entailing, of course, a serious loss on the holders of large stocks of goods
produced under the monopoly.
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PRICES.
3. New Sources of Supply The efTects on prices produced by tlic opening of new
markets, or new sources of supi>ly, are familiar to every one. The fall that has taken
place in tlie price of pe])per, and of most sorts of commodities brought from the Kast,
since the openiiijjf of tlie trade in 1H14, is a conspicuous proof of wliat is now stated.
4. Influence of W<ir on Prices. — The eflbctof war in obstructing the ordinary channels
of commercial intercourse, and occasioning extreme fluctuations in the supjily and i)ricu
of commodities, is well known. In this respect, however, the latter part of the late war
is, perha])s, entitled to a pre-eminence. We had then to deal with an enemy who had
extended his sway over most i)art of the Continent ; and wlio cndeavoarcd, by every
means in his jjower, t(» shut us out of tlie Continental markets. Mr. Tooke has given,
in his elaborate and valuable work on IIkjIi ami Low Prki's, a variety of details which
Strikingly illustrate the ell'ect tl- it the regulations then adopted by the belligerent powers
had on prices. " Among the means," says ;Mr. Tooke, " devised by the ingenuity and
enterprise of adventurers to elude or overcome the obstacles presented by the decrees of
the enemy, one in ])articular, which was resorted to on an extensive scale, deserves
mention, as illustrating in a striking manner the degree in which those obstacles were
calculated to increase the cost to the consumer. Several vessels laden with sugar, cofTee,
tobacco, cotton twist, and other valuable commodities, were despatched from England at
very high rates of freight and insurance to Salonica, where the goods were landed, and
thence conveyed on mules and horses through Servia and Hungary to Vienna, for the
purpose of being distributed over Germany, and, possibly, into France. Thus it might
happen that the inhabitants of that part of the Continent most contiguous to this
country could not receive their supplies from us, without an expense of conveyance
equivalent to what it would be, if they were removed to the distance of a sea voyage
twice round the globe, but not subject to fiscal and political regulations." And in
consequence of these, and other causes of the same sort, Rlr. Tooke mentions that
the price of sugar m France, and other parts of the Continent, during the latter years
of the war, was as high as 5s. and Os. a pound ; that coffee rose to 7«. ; indigo to 18s.,
and .so on.
But the sums charged for freight and insurance were the most extraordinary. Mr.
Tooke states, that he has known instances in which the licence, freight, and other charges
on account of a vessel of about 1(X) tons burden, making a voyage from Calais to
London and back, liave amounted to the almost incredible sum of 50,000/. ! A ship
of which the whole cost and outfit did not amount to 4,000/., earned, during the latter
period of the war, a gross freight of 80,000/. on a voyage from Bordeaux to London and
back ! The freight of indigo from London to the Continent does not at present exceed
\d. a pound; whereas it amounted, at the period referred to, to about 4s. 6d. — (/%A
and Low Prices, 2d ed. p. 212.)
5. Influence of Taxes on Prices. — It is unnecessary to dilate on a topic so familiar io
every one. When a tax is laid on a commodity, its price necessarily rises in a cor-
responding proportion ; for otherwise the producers would not obtain the ordinary rate
of profit, and would, of course, withdraw from the business. The rise in the price of
several of the articles in the annexed Table, is principally to be ascribed to the increase
of taxation.
These statements will probably suffice to give our readers a general idea of the prin-
ciples which determine the value of commodities. To go deeper into the subject would
involve us in discussions that belong to political economy, and are among the most intri-
cate in that science. The influence of speculation on prices must not, however, be passed
over in a work of this sort.
6. Influence of Specvlation on Prices, — It very rarely happens that either the actual
supply of any species of produce in extensive demand, or the intensity of that deniaiul,
can be exactly measured. Every transaction in which an individual buys produce in
order to sell it again, is, in fact, a speculation. The buyer anticipates that the demand
for the article he has purchased will be such, at some future period, either more or less
distant, that he will be able to dispose of it with a profit ; and the success of the specu-
lation depends, it is evident, on the skill with which he has estimated the circumstances
that must determine the future price of the commodity. It follows, therefore, that in all
highly commercial counf; ' , where merchants are possessed of large capitals, and where
they are left to be guid i the use of them by their own discretion and foresight, the
prices of commodities v Vequently be very much influenced, not merely by the .ictual
occurrence of changes in iccustomed relation of the supply and demand, hut by the
anticipation of such changes. It is the business of the merchant to acquaint himself with
every circumstance aflfecting the particular description of commodities in which lie deals.
He endeavours to obt<iin, by means of an extensive correspondence, the earliest and most
authentic information with respect to every thing that may affect their supply or deinancl,
or the cost of their production ; and if he learned that tlie supply of an article had failed,
or that, owing to changes of fashion, or to the opening of new channels of commerce, the
. -
PRICES.
919
demaml for it Iiad been iiiercasctl, he would most likely be disposed to become a buyer,
in anticii)ation of profiting by tbo rise of price, which, under the circiunstances »<f the
case, could liaidly fail of takinjj jjlace ; or, if he were a holder of the article, he would
refuse to part with it, unless for a higher price than he would previously have accepted.
If tile intelligence received by the merchant liad been of a contrary <dcscri]>tion — if, for
cxaniiile, he had learned that the article was now produced with greater facility, or that
there was a falling ofl" in the demand for it, caused by a change of fashion, or by the
shutting up of some of the markets to which it had previously been admitted — he would
have acted diflerently : in this case he would have anticipated a fall of prices, and would
either have declined purchasing the article, except at a reduced rate, or have endeavoured
to get rid of it, supposing him to be a holder, by offering it at a lower price. In con-
sequence of these operations, the prices of commodities, in difl'erent places and periods,
are brought eomi)arativeIy near to equality. All abrupt transitions, from scarcity to
abundance, and from abundance to scarcity, are avoided ; an excess in one case is made
to balance a deficiency in another, and the supply is distributed with a degree of steadi-
ness and regularity that could hardly have been deemed attainable.
It is obvious, from what has now been stated, that those who indiscriminately condemn
all sorts of speculative engagements, have never reflected on the circumstances incident
to the prosecution of every undertaking. In truth and reality, they are all speculations.
Their undertakers must look forward to periods more or less distant ; and tlieir success
depends entirely on the sagacity with which they have estimated the probability of
certain events occurring, and the influence which they have ascribed to them. Specu-
lation is, therefore, really only another name for foresight ; and though fortunes have
sonietimes been made by a lucky hit, the character of a successful speculator is, in the
vast mfijority of instances, due to him only who has skilfully devised the means of effect-
ing the end he had in view, and who has outstripped his competitors in the judgment
with which he has looked into futurity, and appreciated the operation of causes producing
distant effects. Even in the securest businesses, such as agriculture and manufactures,
there is, and must be, a great deal of speculation. An unlookcd for change of season
frc(iuently disappoints the .apparently reasonable expectations of those who undertake
tlie former ; while the equally ca()ricious variations of fashion have to be encountered
by those engaged in the latter ; and each is, besides, liable to be affected by legislative
enactments, by new discoveries in the arts, ai i by an endless variety of circumstances
which it is always very difficult, and sometimes quite impossible, to foresee. On the
whole, indeed, the gains of the undertakers are so adjusted, that those who carry them
on obtain, at an average, the common and ordinary rate of profit. Cut the inequality in
the gains of individuals is most commonly very great : and while the superior tact, in-
dustry, or good fortune of some enable them to realise large fortunes ; the want of dis-
cernment, the less vigilant attention, or the bad fortune of others, frequently reduces them
from the situation of capitalists to that of labourers.
The great cotton speculation of 1825 took its rise partly and chiefly from a supposed
deficiency in the supply of cotton, partly from an idea that there was a greatly increased
demand for raw cotton in this country and the Continent, and partly from a belief that
the stocks on hand were unusually low. Now it is obvious, that the success of those
who embarked in this speculation depended entirely on two circumstances ; viz. ^rst,
that they were right in the fundamental supposition on which the whole speculation
rested, that the supply of cotton was no longer commensurate with the demand ; and
second, that their competition did not raise the price so high as to diminish the consumption
by the manufacturers in too great a degree to enable them to take oflf' the quantity to be
actually brought to market. If the merchants had been well founded in their supposi-
tions, and if their competition had not raised the price of cotton too high, the specu-
lation would certainly have been successful. But, instead of being well founded, the
hypothesis on which the whole thing rested was perfectly visionary. There was no de-
ficiency in the supply of cotton, but, on the contrary, a great superabundance ; and
though there had been such a deficiency, the excess to which the price was carried must
have checked consumption so much as to occasion a serious decline. The falling off in
the imports of cotton from America, in 1824, seems to have been the source of the delu-
sion. It was supposed that this falling off was not accidental, but that it was a conse-
quence of the price of cotton having been for a series of years so low as to be inadequatq
to defray the expenses of its cultivation. The result showed that this calculation was
most erroneous. And besides, in entering on the speculation, no attention was paid to
Efjypt and Italy, — countries from which only about 1,400,000 lbs. of cotton were
ohtiiined in 1824, but from which no less than 23,800,000 lbs. were obtained in 1825 I
This unlooked-for importation was of itself almost enough to overturn the combinations
of the speculators ; and, coupled with the increased importation from America and other
countries, actually occasioned a heavy glut of the market.
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PUICES.
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Tlie risk to which merchants are exposed, when they cltlier sell off any commodity nt
a reduced price in anticipation of a fail, or buy at an advanced price in anticipation of a
future rise, is a consequence princijjally of the extreme difficulty of ascertaining the true
state of the fact with respect to the grounds on which an abundant or a deficient supply,
or an increasing or decreasing demand, may be expected. Rules can here be of no
service ; every thing depends upon the talent, tact, and knowledge of the party. 'Ilio
questions to be solved are all practical ones, varying in every case from each other; the
skill of the merchant being evinced by the mode in which he conducts his business under
such circumstances, or by his sagacity in discovering coming events, and appreciating
their character atul the extent of their influence. Priority, but, above all, accuracy of
intelligence, is, in such cases, of the utmost consequence. Without well authenticated
data to go upon, every step taken may only lead to error. The instances, indeed, in
wliich speculations, apparently contrived with the greatest judgment, have ended in
bankruptcy and ruin, from a deficiency in this essential requisite, are so very numerous,
that every one must be acquainted with them. Hence the importance of selecting acute
and cautious correspondents ; and hence, also, the necessity of maturely weighing their
reports, and of endeavouring, by the aid of information gleaned from every authentic
accessible source, to ascertain how far they may be depended upon.
When a few leading merchants purchase in anticipation of an advance, or sell in
anticipation of a fall, the speculation is often pushed beyond all reasonable limits, by tiie
operations of those who are influenced by imitation only, and who have never, perhaps,
reflected for a moment on the grounds on which a variation of price <s anticipated. In
speculation, as in most other things, one individual derives confidence from another.
Such a one purchases or sells, not because he has any really accurate information as to
the state of the demand and supply, but because some one else has done so before him.
The original impulse is thus rapidly extended ; and even those who are satisfied that a
speculation, in anticipation of a rise of prices, is unsafe, and that there will be a recoil,
not unfrecjuently adventure, in the expectation that they will be able to withdraw before
the recoil has begun.
It may, we believe, speaking generally, be laid down as a sound practical rule, to
avoid having any thing to do with a speculation in which many have already engaged.
The competition of the speculators seldom fails speedily to render an adventure that
might have been origmally safe, extremely hazardous. If a commodity happen to be at
an unusually reduced price in any particular market, it will rise the moment that
different buyers appear in the field ; and supposing, on the other hand, that it is fetch-
ing an unusually high price, it will fall, perhaps far below the cost of production, as
soon as supplies begin to be poured in by H'Terent merchants. Whatever, therefore,
may be the success of those who originate a speculation, those who enter into it at
an advanced periodare almost sure to lose. To have been preceded by others ought not,
in such matters, to inspire confidence ; on the contrary, it ought, imless there be some-
thing special in the case, to induce every considerate person to decline interfering witli it.
Thii maintenance of the freedom of intercourse between different countries, and the
more general diffusion of sound instruction, seem to be the only means by which those
miscalculations, that are of^en productive of great national as well as private loss, can
be either obviated or mitigated. The effects consequent to such improvident speculations
being always far more injurious to the parties engaged in them than to any other
class, the presumption is that they will diminish, both in frequency and force, accordiig
as the true principles of commerce come to be better understood. But, whatever
inconvenience may occasionally flow from them, it is abundantly plain, that instead of
being lessened, it would be very much increased, were any restraints imposed on the
freedom of adventure. When the attention of many individuals is directed to the same
line of speculation ; when they prosecute it as a business, and are responsible in their
own private fortunes for any errors they may commit ; they acquire a knowledge of the
various circumstances influencing prices, and give by their combinations a steadiness to
them, which it is easy to see could not be attained by any other means. It is material,
too, to bear in mind, as was previously stated, that many, perhaps it might be said most,
of those who press so eagerly into the market, when any new channel of commerce is
opened, or when any considerable rise of price is anticipated, are not merchants, hut
persons engaged in other businesses, or living, perhaps, on fixed incomes, who speculate
in the hope of suddenly increasing their fortune. This tendency to gambling seldom
fails to break out upon such occasions ; but, fortunately, these are only of comparatively
rare occurrence ; and in the ordinary course of affairs, mercantile speciJations are lefl
to be conducted by those who are familiar with business, and who, in exerting them-
selves to equalise the variations of price caused by variations of climate and of seasons,
and to distribute the supply of produce proportionally to the effective demand, and
with so much providence that it may not at any time be wholly exhausted, perform
functions that are in the highest degree important and beneficial. They are, it is true>
actuate
operatil
fertility
PRICE CURRENT PRINTS.
951
actuated only by a desire to advance their own interests; but the results of their
operations are not less advantageous than those of the agriculturist who gives greater
fertility to the soil, or of the mechanist who invents new and more powerful machines.
7. TuhlfH nf Prices. — It is superfluous, perhaps, to obser^'e, that the precious metals are
liable to all the variations of value already alluded to. Not only, therefore, are prices,
as was already remarked, affected by variations in the cost and supply of commodities,
but they are also affected by changes in the cost and supply of gold and silver, whether
arising from the exhaustion of old, or the discovery of new mines, improvements in
the art of mining, changes of fashion, &c. Hence it is, that Tables of the prices of
commodities, extending for a considerable period, communicate far less solid inform-
ation than is generally supposed, and, unless the necessary allowances be made, may
lead to the most unfounded conclusions. The real value of any commodity depends
on the quantity of labour required for its production ; but supposing that we were to
set about inferring this teal value, or the ultimate sacrifice required to obtain the
commodity, from its price, it might happen, (had the quantity of labour required for its
production declined, but in a less degree than the quantity required to produce gold
and silver,) that its value would appear to rise, when it had really been diminished.
When, however, the rate of wages, as well as the price of commodities, is given upon
authentic data, a Table of prices is valuable, inasmuch as it shows the extent of the
command over tlie necessaries and conveniences of life enjoyed by the bulk of the com-
munity during the period through which it extends. The following Table (pp. 952, 953. )
of the prices of various commodities, and of tlie wages paid to different descriptions of
tradesmen, at Greenwich Hospital, for the last 100 years, is the most complete of the sort
that has been published ; and is one of the few that are founded upon data, the accuracy
of which cannot be questioned. Unfortunately, it applies only to a small part of the
country. liut many important conclusions may, notwithstanding, be deduced from it.
The reader will find, under the more important articles described in this work, pretty
ample accounts of their prices. Sometimes, as in the case of corn, these accounts go
back to a very distant peiiod.
Those desirous of detailed information as to the prices of commodities in Great Britain,
in remoter ages, may consult the elaborate Tables in the 3d volume of Sir F. M. Eden's
work on the Poor ; and the 4th volume of Macpherson's Annals of Commerce. Arlmth-
nofs Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights, Measures, Prices, Sfc. are well known; but tho
statements are not much to be depended upon. The Traite de Metroloyie of AI. Paucton,
4to, Paris, 1780, is the best work on this curious and difficult subject.
PRICE CURRENT ; a list or enumeration of the various articles of merchandise,
with jthcir prices, the duties (if any) payable thereon when imported or exported, with
til" drawbacks occasionally allowed upon their exportation, &c. Lists of this description
aix iniblished periodically, generally once or twice a week, in most great commercial
cities and towns. — ( For examples, see the articles Canton, Genoa, Havre, Singai-oub
&c. in this work.)
PRIMAGE, is a certain allowance paid ))y the shipper or consignee of goods to flic
mariners and master of a vessel, for loading the same. In some places it is Id. in the
pound ; in others 6d. for every pack or bale ; or otherwise, according to the custom of
the place.
PRINTS, impressions on paper, or some other substance, of engravings on copper,
steel, wood, stone, &c., representing some particular subject or composition.
Prints, like paintings, embrace every variety of subject; and differ very ■widely in the
manner in which they are engraved. Their prices vary according to the style of th.e
engraving, the fineness of its execution, the goodness of the impression, its rarity, &c.
The art seems to have ttikcn its rise in the 15th century. But, as a dissertation on one
of the riost beautiful of the line arts would be singularly out of pla--? in a work of this
sort, we have introduced it for the purpose merely of stating the law with respect to the
copyright of prints.
This is laid down in the acts 8 Geo. 2. c. 1,3., 7 Gec'. 3. c. 38., and 17 Geo. a c. 51. By these acts, the
copyright of all sorts of prints, including maps and i^harts, is secured to the engraver, or author, for
twenty-cijilit years. The last mentioned act declares that every individual who shall, within the said 28
years, engrave, etch, or work, or in any other manner copjr in the whole or in part, by varying, adding to,
or diminishing from the jnain design ; or shall print, reprint, or import for sale, or shall publish, sell, or
otlierwise disimse of any copy of any print whatever, which has been or shall be engraved, etched, drawn,
or designed in Great Britain, without the express consent of the proprietor thereof first obtained in writ,
ing, signed by him with his own hand, in the presence of, and attested by, two or more credible witnesses :
then every such proprietor may, by a special action upon the case to be brought against the person so of'
fending, recover such damages as a jury, on the trial of such action, or on the execution of a writ of in.
qniry thereon, shall give or assess, together vuth double costs of suit
In questions as to the piracy of prints, the courts proceed upon the same principles that are followed in
those with respect to the piracy of books. — (.See Books ; see also Mr. Godson's excellent work on the Law
of Patents and Copyright, pp. 287 — 3()1.)
Ili'gulatiotui as to Importntim. — Where prints or maps arc contained in, and form part of a book, and
serve merely to explain or illustrate the subject of such book, they arc to he deemed a part of the work, and
be charged with duty, by weight, as books ; but when prints or xaa\M .ire bound or stitched together with.
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All Account of the Contract Price* of tlic following Articles of Provlilon, &c. at the Knyal HuiipUal,
I'lipcm publisheii by the
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17;J0
1735
1740
1745
1750
1755
1760
1765
1770
1775
1780
1785
1790
1795
1800
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1813
1813
18U
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1823
1826
1827
1828
1829
FIvhIi,
yvx Cwt.
1830
1831
1832
£ .». (I.
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1 5 8
16 11
1 8
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I 6
1 7
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1 7
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3
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Id. for 13^ oz.
Id. for 14^g oz.
Id. for 13} oz.
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Id. for IIA02.
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19 9 3 8 84' 4
19 4}'3 1 11 3 12
18 JS 12 8} 3 10
2|[
"!
»•(
"J
"1
5 10
7
7
8
8
10
17
4 10 2 19 11
4 9 3 2 1
2 10
1 104
1 8
1 10
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
3 11 104
3 5 1
3 4 10
3 1 7
3 1 10}
2 16 14
3 10 S4
2 18 8
9 19
7 5
23
15 5
4 10
(■4 10 07
15 9 65
No receipt.
[
'[
44[
94
16 34
15 5
16 5}
17
17 10
16 3|
1 94
1 104
17 34
15 45
15 8
1 7
19 11}
') 15 3J
13 10}
12 104
11 5|
12 54
14 104
16 64
17 5J
13 84
13 1
13 4
12 6}
16 04
i6 15 0J|" ^■^ ^*
U may be right to observe, that in the infancy of the Institution, the clothes and bedding were
the blue cloth now used for the Pensioners' coats, is
continctcd for in
of a quality very
PRICES.
953
Orccnwich, for tha Ycari unilcr.tncntloned. •
. (From the Pari. Papers, tiot. 54 72. «iiil 87. ScfS. 1830, and
Can"'""'"'
Plumlwrn,
Carps. £ *>J
Joinorj 2 fij
u
. 2 8
li
II
u
u
u
tl
. 2 6{
. 2 10 J
2 6)
2 lOJ
l\
. 2 10
- 3
4 6
4 6
5
.5
5 4
5 8
5 6
5 6
6
6
6
S
2
5 3
5 3
5 3
5 3
6 li
5
5
5
5 9
5 9
5 8i
S 8
S G
2 C
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 G
2 4
2 4
2 4
3 4
2
2 4
3
3
4 10
4 8
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
I Jan.loAug.T
) 5i. 8rf. /
J Sept. to Dec. f
( Oi. bd. 3
5 5
5 5
8
1
2
5
5
5
5
1
1
1
5 1
5 1
5 1
5 1
5
4 10
4 10
4 10
4 10
4 10
4 10
Mar. to
Sept.
4f. 10<f.
Sept. to
Mar.
it.Sd.
do.
do.
It.
2 6
2 10
2 10
2 10
2 10
2 10
2 10
5
S
5
1
3
<J
9
9
9
9
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
u
do.
i- Jan. to
Aug.
6>. Sd.
Sept. to
Dec.
1- 5f . 3d.
5 3
5 3
«. d.
3
3
3
2 G
2 6
2 6
2 6
3
3
3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
5 9
5 9
S 9
5 9
5 7i
5 6
5 6
5 6
S 6
5 9
5 9
5 's
5 6
5 6
5 6
per
llo/. III.
S. tl
6 5
6 4
4 2
5 (i
G
6 2
6 10
G fi
6 2
G 10}
6 3
G 9i
G C
7 !)
9 2
10 4
10 7
10 3
9 10
13 2|
14 Hi
12
10 9]
12 G
9 10
U 5|
8 G|
8 2J
7 U
6 H
5 6
6
5 9i
5 10
5 lOJ
5 6i
5 3i
6
5 2i
ShiMS,
iiir
Pair.
■v. (I.
4
4
4
d 10
3 6
3 9
4
4
4
4
3 10
3 Ui
3 6
;3 m
4
5 8
9
9
6
li 6
4 11
4 11
4 8
4 8
4 7
4 7
3 10
3 10
4 2:1
Coals
pir
(MialUrun.
£s.
1 8
1 4 6
1 5
I 9
1 10
1 7
1 8
1 12
1 li!
1 9
1 10
1 17
1 14
1 14
1 19
71
7i
8
41
li
Hi
Si
4i
y
2 11 7
2 11
2 13
2 14
2 15
1
2 16
2 IG
3 2
2 15
2 9
G
2 8
2 6
4 4{i2. 5
4 3 2 6
4 2i2 4
4 7i
4 9j
4 G
4 5
4 5J
4 3
3 9f
3 6
3 6
Mum,
tat^.
jC I. d.
101
per (loien
10
10 6
10
11
10 9
11
12
11 3
11
10 6
12
11
14
15
15
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
1 10
1 10
1 10
1 10
Each.
2 6
2 6
1 101
1 4i
1 2i
Miiik-
lri||>>
vvx
Pair.
*. d.
1 9
1 6
1 6
( G
1 6
1 G
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 G
1 4
1 6
1 G
1 6
1 G
1 G
2 2
2 2
o
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
Mat., <''»"PliU.
i.ii.lii '^'"l«nf
•""•"• UeddlllK.
■£ t. d.
3 5
2 13
Blanket!
each.
3|0 4
2
OiO
00
00
00
00
60
GO
f
20
T
60
30
siiii>i>r
Clolhn,
^' I. d.
2 12
S 12
2 3i0 6 6
9
9
(I
9
9
9
9
9
9
G
3
41
41
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 v|
3 "
3
2 6 7
2 3 8
2 3 2
2 4
2 1 SJ
2 8J
1 16 7
1 12 11
1 7
12
1 ^^
1 2J
1 li
1 IJ
1 2
1 u
3 411 4 3
2 10
2 11
2 91
2 8 [3
2 5 3
2 2
00 8
00 8
00 8
00 8
00 8
00 8
00 8
00 8
00 8
00 11
00 11
op 9
op 9
Suits.
02 19 lOJ
2 19 101
2 19 101
02 19 loi
Oi2 19 101
('oala,
each.
£ I. d.
f 4
1 5
1 6
1
1 6
B
19 11
19 5
1 3
1 8
1 2
1
1 10
1 1 10
I 6
1
1
1 1
1 2
1 2 2
1 2 2
1 4 6
1 4 9
3 02 19 lOi 1 1? Hi
- 1 4 9
- 1 7
1 Oil 1 7
1 7iil 1 101
3 311 2 7
1 1 11
1 3
1 9
0' 2t
2 1| 3 2 19 101
2 IJ 3 0j2 19 lOJ
2 Oi'3 2 19 101
1 lOi 3 0,2 8 3
1 91
1 91
3
3
101 1 6J
- "fill 61^
2 5 9
2 5 9
3 1 17 101
1 19 Hi
2 8J
2 1 6|
1 19 lOf
1 18 1
1 18 6$
1
1 1 11
1 1 S
1 1 8
1 2 S
1 1 4
1 7
1 18 6J
1 Ill71i*j3 0J119 31
3 01 17 10^ 2 114i
2 3 4
contrncted for in suits : and it is so stated m the account. It is also necessary to remark, that
of » quality very inferior to the ancient pattern.
If'l
f-
M a
< i^
■y'-'i
^1
orji
PRISAGE. — PRIVATEERS.
I
'
mil U'tl('r-))rrii, or when the lcltrr-prt>M It merely deicrlptlvc of the print* or niapi, then they arc to lio
(li.irgi'il Willi duty liy tale, n% (irliita or mnpn, — (,V/>|. Coin. I'lm. Mt of Sept. IK'.'li.) Hut H' sntliliii'tory
priKiC he arliliifcil', thiit priiitH or iiiap<, altliiiiixli iiiipurti'il piepnrati'ly, do really lorin part of a work, they
may lit- cliarKed with the limik duty hv weight ; but in other caiea they are to bo eliarged with duty by
tale. — 'Trciis. Orilrr, 'Jd iiCJii-e, IS.iil.)
I'lelures sketrhen, and drawiiiKH, hrouKht ftom the Coiitlneiit, and aiTompanled by the proprietor, arc
to lie adiiiitted to entry free of duty, upon prnol', by oath of the iiroprietor, that the lianie were wholly cxc-
(iiti'd by hiiii l»r liiii umuii'iut'iit, and nut intended lor lale In thin country. — (r/raj. Order, :ith of
AUB. IslT.)
rUISAGE, OR HUTLEUAGE, was a rijjlit of taking 2 tons of wine from every
bliij) importing into Englaiul 'JO t(ms or more; wliicii was changed l)y Edwartl 1. into
u duty of 'J,s. for every ton imported by mercliant strangers, and called l)utlerage, be-
cause ))aid to tlie king's liutler. Tlie term is now fallen into disuse. — { lilaehstoiit.)
I'UIVATEKUS, shipsof war fitted out by private individuals, to annoy and plunder
the public enemy. Hut before commencing tlieir operations it is indispensable that
they obtain /(7^/•,s of mnr(/ni: anil reprixul from the government whose subjects they are,
authorising thuni to commit hostilities, and that they conform strictly to the rules laid
down for tlie regulation of their conduct. All private individuals attacking others at
sea, unless empowered by letters of marque, arc to be considered pirates ; and may bo
treated as such, either by those they attack, or l)y their own govBrnmcnt.
1. I'lilicyof Prirtttfvfing. — The policy of this system is very questionable. It seems
to be a remnant of that species of private war exercised by all individuals in early ages,
but which gradually disappears as society advances. In wars carried on by land, tlie
jiropcrty of the peaceable inhabitants who take no part in the operations of the armies
is uniformly i)roteeted ; and it is diHiciilt to discover any solid grounds why the same
rule should not be followed at sea. Privateers rarely attack ships of war. Their
object is merely to plunder and destroy merchantmen. They cause an infinite deal ot
mischief to individuals, and aggravate all the miseries of war, without having the
slightest inHuence on the result of the contest. Exjierieiice has also shown that it is not
possible, whatever precautions may be adopted, to prevent the greatest abuses from being
perpetrated by privateers. The wish to amoss iihinder is the only principle by wliieh
they are actuated ; and such being the case, it would be idle to siipjiose that they should
be very scrupulous about abstaining from excesses. A system of this sort, if it be ever
useful, can be so only to nations who have little trade, and who may expect to enrieh
themselves during war by fitting out privateers to plunder the merchant ships of their
enemies. In all other cases it seems to be productive only of mischief; though it is,
of course, most injurious to those stfites that have the greatest mercantile navy. Iiistcnd,
therefore, of encouraging the jiractice of privateering, we think that a due regard to the
rights and interests of humanity would suggest to the great powers the expediency of
abolishing it Jiltogethcr. A few efforts, have, indeed, been already made towunls iliis
desirable object. Thus, it was stipulated in the treaty between Sweden and the United
Provinces, in ld'5, that neither party should, in any future war, giant letters of nwiqtie
against tht other. In 1767, Russia abstained from licensing privateers: and in tiie
treaty between the United States and Prussia, in 1785, a stipulation was inserted as to
privateers, similar to that in the treaty between Sweden and the United Provinces in
16'75. Hut nothing short of a convention and agreement to that effect amongst tlio
great powers will be able to cflTect this desirable object. — (^Essai concernant lea Anna-
teurs, par Martens, 1794.)
2. AppuinlmcHt of Privalrcrs. — The captain of a privateer is nominated by the owners, who may ihs-
miss him at pleasure. Thccommisaion or letters of marque given to the owners, authorises tticin to attack
and seize the shijis of the power or powers specifieil therein ; hut they are not to look upon them as their
property, or to appropriate them, or any part of them, to their own use, //// t/ifi/ have been Ifun//// ran.
itciiiiicrf. liesides the stimulus afTorded by tlie hope of booty, government has l)een in the habit of Mov.-
ing them ,5/. for every man on board such enemy's ships of war or privateers as they may capture.—
{3S Geo. 3. c. (ifi.) A privateer cruising under letters of marque against one state may, on obtaiiiinij
authentic information of hostilities being commenced by her government against another, capture ll^ mui's
with full advantage to herself. The king has in all cases the right to release any prize previously t(_f itJ
condemnation ; this being an implied exception in the grant of prizes by the Crown. — {Chilly on Cum-
mcrcial Lav, vol. i. c. 8.)
In some privateering adventures, the crew are engaged on the terms of no prize no pay ; and, in such
cases, the produce of whatsoever prizes may be taken goes half to the ship (for the owners), and half ta
the men, divided among them according to the articles of agreement j but when the men .sail for wage.*,
the captures belong entirely to the owners, except a small share, which is commonly .stipulated to be given
to the crew, over and above their wages, in order to stimulate their enterprise. Both ways of arming arc
regulated by tlie articles entered into between the owners and crews.
Privateers are forbidden from doing any thing contrary to the law of nations, as to assault an enemy in
a port or haven, under the protection of any prince or republic, be be friend, ally, or neutral; lor the
peace of such place must be preserved iwviolable. — {Mollot/, Dc Jure Maritimo, book i. c. 3.)
When letters of marque are grante.i, it is usual, in most countries, to exact security that the regulations
with respect to the conduct of privateers shall be observed. In Great Britain, a bond for l.WKV. must ue
given by responsible persons, not concerned in the ship, for all ships carrying less than l.iO !"''"' '?"''
3,000/. for every ship carrying more, that they will give full satisfaction for any damage or injury tncy
may connnit at sea, contrary to the regulations under which they are to act, and to tncir duty as
privateers. , , .
If privateers wilfully commit any spoil, depredation, or other injury, on tViendly or neutral snips,
or on the ships or goods of their fellow subjects, they are to be jmnished, according to tne crime, eiintr
with death, or otherwise ; and the vessels are subject to forfeiture.
Whether i
cir part of
i,l)talncd.
If'.' ohips '
take her, yel
ii.s.>i»laiue inj
and made hiiT
kliip^ that i\i
luiiiiili'i* /'""I
If those to]
ing to that la
nation in ami|
forfeit their '
out such lettl
nianner. KoJ
luniiitiun thil
would nut bd
Heawes, " all
port, In orderl
(ilteii escape.
cicnt caution I
before they pi
(/.(•J Mercalu
3. Higulal^
issued under
Art. !• -iA'"''!
A.ifiM.v. — H »iir
nuthorlneil liy '<•*
ol-v.iir, tusft uiil
nuu-.il'-wiir, My
liiloimlnn 111 till!
1,1 K 111 lllB Klt'll
lirritiiritfs of tin;
(nliiinltli'il, linr
Ii.irlitmrs ttt prlnc
ur roiuUi within
of siuh |irln( rs u
iliiifiifhUchiiU
Art. U. I'lv'"
of till' hliips ami
nil «lii|i», vesnelii,
Intel siK'h iiurt ul
,1, ^Imll 1« most I
lii!.illv ailiml((«l
i- bi'furu till! .luJ
Ihuti^til, witliiii
Art. Ill- <■••"'
in/i. fori. — Afli-
niul liroUKtil i"'"
or some othtr |n;i
III ini; or sumi , ai*
ilialof the lomii
or luialswliln, lu
Into iHirt, iwfori!
tlntiiunil, or his *•'
mlmiraliy covirt i
iitoTL's.iiil, or hiiol;
bulialf, to lie «wo
as shall tenil to tl
liTBtt or iiroiiertj
of tlie xouUs, me
and the taker sh
iih the comiian)
hhall lie Ksueil, i
juii)/eoftheHi(!tl
or tlic .luil^e of
minions, lawluU;
said, all »urh pa]
lailinc, cockets,
shall he deliverer
oneof hUchiel o
will at the call
ilelivereU u\<, ot
laiilnre, itiakint
liTiiiiKht anil lie
without any Ir
whatever, or oil
the satisfaction
Art. IV. JV.i<
Teiwels, goods, m
ofletlersof mat
lircserved, anil
or diininisheil, i
juilnment lie H''
».r some other
Mialf, Ihat tl
prize.
Art. V. Priv
vessel lielongin
tiy lipiny in li(;l
of any other ac
of such mcrcbii
and reprisals a*
aid and succo
utmost of their
or any other di
Art. VI. At
^ The commi
the taking out
plication in w
admiral of Or
that office for
BaidHlKhCou
set forth a pai
vc's.selfoT wliii
sjiecifyinK thi
and nature o1
ammunition
longs, and th<
of such sliip
I
PIIIVATEERS.
9S3
•
Whether a ihip taken be lAwf\i1 prize, or not. nhall l>e tried In the admiralty : and nn ahlp nr enrgoi
nr |Kirt of a itilp ur part of a cargo, n to he told, or dir>iMi.HiHt of In any wa>, till alter jUilKincnt han lK>en
utjt.itned.
If J hhipri with letters or innniue accidentalW meet with a prize at Ken, though only one attack and
take her, yet the other, heiOK hi tiiKht, hhall navi> nn (m)U.iI hhare of the |iri/e, tlionxh he atlbnliHl no
A»!ii»tant-e in the capture^ heeunite hiit prchente may he preHunu'd to havr Mtnirk terror into the enrmy.
and made him yiehl ; whu'h iierhans he would not havr tlone, hml hiH eoiuiueror been single : i(» that all
Hlnpi that are in AiKbt, thouKh tney eunnot eonie up to a«t>iHt in the eiiKagenient, are entitled by the
fy/H/H»« AiM^ to a diittnbuliou of the spoil. — i//((*r/r.'r, l.rx yfiraitornt, art. i^rhafirrs.)
It those to whom letters of marcjue are granted tihould, instead of t;ikinK the M\y and goiHlii appertahu
Ing to that nation uKanittt which th( said lettem are awarded, mljuiiy take ur npod the gootlit of another
nation in amity with us, thin would amount to piracy ; and thu person so ollendiuK W(»uld, for sm-h fault,
forfeit their vesivl, and the |>enaltie» in which their (teeurities are, aceordiOK to cuNtom, hound on taking
out Huch letters, but such penalties would not follow, unlest the capture weie made in a piratieiU
manner. Kor If the circumstances incident to the captured vessel Wi-re such as to aHiird a titroiig pre-
sumption that she really heloiiged to the country against which the letters were granted, the captors
would nut be liable to punishment, though they might be to damages. *' U beln^ impossible,'* saya
ileawes, " always to detennine an atl'alr of this sort nt sen. It U allowable to bring a dubious capture into
port, in order to more nice and just scrutiny and inspection ; otherwise the giwHls of an enemy would
olten escape. However, to guard against unlawful seizuren, the government have wisely tlirecte^l sulti-
cient caution to be given (as before-mentioned) for the due observance of the letters according to law,
before they permit tneir issuing ; and when there is a breach eomnntted, the penalties are indicted." —
{i.fx Mercatorta, art. Privateers.)
3. Hrgulations for the Hovcrnment of Privateers^ 4'^.^ The following instructions to privateers were
issued under un order in council, at the commencement of the huit war with Trance, Kith ol May, 180J : —
Art. Ii Af;aitut n^hatfOml n'here, I^Uert qf Mttniue nuiu act
A'^riMv*— It Hhnli be lawful fur tht! cimiiiuimU>rs of Kliipn
nulhciriitett hy IcltiTH of iii.inna' and reprlsaN for I'^'viiiu nun-
ot'>\.ar, tu M-'t uiton by force oV arniH, and nubduv And tnke Ihu
nii-nMif'Wiir, thliKatul vt'HHt-U.Knuds, wares, and nifrchinuliiteH,
liL'Uin^ing to thu Kri-nch rfpulilif, or to any {terson being »vd)>
jtrlH to the Krench republic, or Inhiibitants wiltun unyiifthe
ti-rrlinrtes of the French reiiublic: but !i» that nu hoittlUly be
roinniltted, nor prl/e ntt.ickedi set/ed, i^r taken wiJiin the
hurbuurH ot princeM or ilates in amity with u^, or in tlieirrlverH
or roiuU, within the fthot of their cannon, unl«-'&.s by t>erniiHsion
of such princes or nlatesj nr their conttnanders or guvernors hi
(litif of fiurh places.
Art. 1 !■ (iiiitttreM to be hnni^ht into Port, — Tho cnmmanderit
of the blilpft and vesheU so authorised as afurenaid^ tiliall bring
nil 6hi|i!i, veMel)t, aiul goods, whicli they shall Kt-ue and take.
Into such port of EntiiittuI, or Aonie other {mrtof our doniinluuft,
as thall W must convenient for tlietn,in order to have theMiMie
Iriially adiutlgetl by our Hi^h Couit of Admiralty of EHviutuf,
vr before the Judge of any other admiralty court, lawfuMy au*
Ihurited, witliin our dominlonit.
Art. in. i'viuluct of the t'ttptort after the Capture it brought
into I'ort. — After such ships, ves.telit| and gouds hliall be taken
and brought into any port, the taker, ur one of his chief othcers,
or Home other |>erson present at the capture, shall be obliged to
biinu or send, oh »oun an possibly may be, 3 or '1 of the i)rln-
cipalof the (onipany (whereof the master, supercargo, mate,
or boatswain, to be always li) of every shin or vessel so bruuKht
Into port, Iwfore the judge of our High Court of Adniiraltv of
Untifunil, or his surrogate, or liefore (he judge of such utlier
admiralty court within our dominions, lawfully authorised as
alorcsaid, or buch ua shall t>e lawfully conmilsiUnutl in th.it
tiL'half, to be sworn and eiamined upon smh interrogatories
OS shall tend tu the discovery of the truth, roncerning the in-
terest or property of such ship or slups, vessel or vessels, and
of the goods, merchandiitt^i and other effects found therein ;
and the taker shall lie further obliKi'd, at the time he proiliic-
elh the company to lie examined, and before any monition
Khali be issued, to bring in and deliver into the liands of the
Judueof the High Court of Admiralty of Enfilitnd, his surrogate,
ur tiie Judge of such other admiralty court within o\ir do*
minions, lawfully autliorised,or otliers connnissioned as afore-
p.iid, all such jiauers, passes, sea-briuf-i, charter] 'fifties, bills of
lading, cockels, letters, and other documents ami writings, as
shull be delivereil up or found on b(>.ird any ship ; the taker, or
oneof his chief oilirers, or some other person wlio shall be pre-
Font at the capture, and satv the said papers and writmKS
delivered up, or otherwise found on board at the time of the
canlnre, malting oath that the ^aid papers and writings arc
ifrminiit anti delivereti in as they were received and taken,
wiihuut any fraud, addition, sin>dui 'ion, or eml>ez/.Icment
whatever, or otherwise to account for the same upun oath, to
the satisfaction of the court.
Art. IV. Not to break Bulk bcjhre JiuJument. — The ships.
Tessels, goods, wares, merchandises, and enects, taken by Tirtue
of letters of marque and reprisals as aforesaid, shall be kept and
prrservetl, and no part of them shall l>e sold, spoiUtl, wasted,
or dtminisheil, and the bulk thereof shall not he broken, before
judgment l>e given in the High Court of Admiralty ofi:n^lunil,
i'T Mime other court of admiralty lawfully authoriscHl in that
Itebalf, that the shii>s, goods, or iiierchondiaes are 'awful
prize.
Art. V. Privateera to atsist Ships in Distrett — If any ship or
vessel belonging to us, or our subjects, shttll befouml in distress
by lM!ing In tight set upon or taken by the enemy, or by reas'in
of any other accident, the commanders, otf'icers, anil company
of such merchant ships or vessels as shall Iiave letters of mari[ue
and reprisals as afoiesald, shall use their best endeavours to give
aid and succour to all such shin and ships, and shall, to tbe
utmost of their |>ower, labour to free the same from the enemy,
or any other distress.
Art. VI. Application to the Ailmiraltu for Letters qf Marque.
— The commanders or owners of such snips and vessels, before
the taking out letters of maniue and reprisals, shall make ap-
plication in writing, subscriltcd with their hands, to our higli
admiral of Great Britaijif or our commis-sioners for executing
that office for the time liemg, or the lieutenant or judge of the
said HighCourt of Admiralty, or his surrogate, and shall therem
set forth a particular, true, and exact description of the ship or
vessel for which such letter of marque and rejirisals is requested,
si>ecifying the bunlen of such sliip or vessel, and the numlwr
and natiire of the guns, and what other warlike furniture and
ammunition are on Itoard the same, to wliat place the ship be-
longs, and the nameornamesof the princip.il owner or owners
of such slUp or vessel^ and tlic nunilHT of men intended to l>e
put on Itonrd tlie same, and for what lime they are victualled (
also the n;mies of tbe lommaiiders and nHirers.
Art. VII. t'orre»pimilinic nith the Ailmitult,th~-Thii com-
mandt-rs of ships and ve&seU having leUers of maripie and
repri-^aU as afori said shall hold and Keep, and are hereby en*
joined to hold and keep,acnrre!ipondence, bv all coiivinienct-N,
and upon all otcasion^, with our high admiral of itnot Uritnin,
or our commissioners for executing that oflice fur tbe lime
being, <ir their secretiiry, so as from time to time to ren(br or
give lilm or them, not only an account or Intelligence of their
captures and procivdings bv \irtue of kuch conimis'^lon, but
aUo uf whatever else bhalt seem unto them, or Ite discovered
and declarLil to them, or found out b> them, or by eKannnallou
of, or conference witi , any marines or pa*.sengi rs of tT in the
feliips or vesseiit taken, or by any other ways nr means whatso-
ever, toiu-hing or concimtng the dehign-i of the enemy, or any
of their tleets, iihl|M, vessels, or parlies, luid of the stations,
seaports, and plates, and of their intents therein; and what
ships or vessels of the enemy bi und out or home, or where
cruising, as they shall hear of; and of what elw matt-rinl in
these cases mav arrive at their knowledLe; It) Ihe end snt h
course may be tnereon taken, oiid such orders given, as may be
retiuislte.
Art. VIII. What Ct>L>ur$ a Privateer i$ to nrar. — Nn com-
mander of any ship or vessel I'.aving a letter tif marque and
reprisals as aluresald sh.dl presume, as they wilt answer it at
their i)eril,to wear any jack, pendant, or otlier ensign or colours
usually borne by our snips ; but, besides the colours nsualtj
borne by merchants* ship-*, tl"-; \.^.\ >»iar a red jack, with the
Union jack de^crIbcdin the canton, at the upper Luinerttiereof,
near the stall-
Art. IX. Sot to ransom any Capture. — "So commander of
any ship or vessel, having a Utter of maniue and repiJNal as
afore&uiU* laholl raiu>om, or agree to ransom, or quit or set at
liberty, any ship or ve.ssd, or their cargoes, wbiih <.halt bo
seized and taken.
Art. X. To deliver their Prisimers to the V) nj>er Commitsii-urrg,
— A II captains or connnanding officers or nhips having tetters
of manpie and reprisals shall send an account of, and deliver
over, what prisoners sliall be taken on board any prizes, to the
commls'.ioners appointctl, or to be api>ointed, for the exchange
of prisoners of war, or ihe persons appointed In tlie sea-iiort
towns to lake charge of prisoners ; and such prisonirs shall Iw
subject only to the orders, regulations, and directions of the said
commissioners; and no conmiandtr or other othcer of ant
ship, having a letter of marque or reprisal as afuresiUd, shall
presume* upon any pretence whatsoever, to ransom any pri*
soner.
Art, XI. CommisMion forfeited for acti$ig contniru hereto.^Jn
case tlie commander of any ship, having a letter ofmaniueand
reprisal .is aforesaid, shidl act contr "y to these instructions, or
any such further instructions uf which be shall have due
notif^e, he shall forfeit his commission to all intents and
puritoses, and shall, together with his bail, be proceeded
against according to law, and b? condenmed to costs and
damages.
Art. XII. Copies of Journals. — AW commanders of sliips
and vessels having letters of mar<)ue and lejirisals shall, by
every opportunity, send exact copies of their joumtls to the
secretary of the admiralty, ami jiruceed to the cundenmaliou
of the prizes as soon as may be, and without delay.
Art. XIII. To observe all Orr/trj. — (!ommanders of ships
and vessels having letters of niaruue and reprisals shall, upon
due notice being given to them, observe all such other instruc-
tions and orders as we shall think lit to direct fium time to
time, for the better carrying on this service*
Art. XlV. Violatinfi'thise instructions — All persons who
shall violate these, or anv other of our instructions, shall be
severely pimlshethand also re<iulrtd to make full reparation to
perstms injured contrary to our instructions, for all damages
they shall sustain by any capture, embezzlement, demurrage,
or otherwise.
Art. XV. nail to /it ^'iim. — Before any letter of marmie or
reprisal for the jmrimses aforcs.ild shall issue under M-al, bail
shall bo given with sureties, Itefore the lieutenant and judged
our High Court of Admiralty of Ennlaud, or his surrogate, in
the sum of 3,000/. sterling, if the ship carries above l.''i) men ;
and if alessnuml)et,in the sum of l,.'iOO/. sterling; which bail
shall be to tlie efl'ect and in the form following : —
Which day, time and place, personally appeared
and who,
submitting themselves to the Jurisdiction of the High Court of
Admiralty of EntiUmd, obligecl themselves, their heirs, execu-
tors, and administrators, unto our iisovereign Lord the King, in
if
.*, i
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ilt-i
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i
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I
956
PROMISSORY NOTES. — PUBLICANS.
the Riini of
inuiu-y of Grtai Dritaint to this cfTt'ct
whun'-as
liouncU of lawful
that Is tn »a,Vi that
!> duly authorised by
IfllLTs iif iiiarc|uc and rtprisals, with the ship c.ilUil the
o{ the liurden of about
lom, w huroof he the said »?'»••''
MiasUr, hv lorreof arms to attack, !iurl)n^c, siize, and take, all
iliips aiul vessels, goods, wares, and inerthandises, chattels and
cHiils, l>vl»nKini( lo the French teiiublir, or to any per>ons
beinu suhjerls of the Krenih republir, or InhabitlnK within
any of the territories of the Fremh republic j excepting only
within the harbours or roails within s\wt of the cannon ot
princis and ilalcs in amity with his Majesty. Antl whereas he
the said •'»"' a
copy of certain instnictiims, approved or and paucil by his
Maiosty in council, a-, by the lenolir of the slid letters of
maripie anil reprKals, and iiistruclions thereto rtlaliiiK, more
at liirL'O a|ipearetli ; if therefore nuiliinK lie done by the said
or any of his ollicers,
mariners, or company, contrary to the true ineaninu of the said
instructions, and of all other inslrui tioiis which may lie issued
in like manner heretiflir, and whereof due noliceshall be Riven
him : but that such letters of marque and reprisals aforesaid,
and the saul instructions, shall in all particulars be well and
duly observed and performed, as far M Ihey shall the lald ship,
master, and company, any way concern ; and if they shall kItc
full satisfaction for any damiiKe or injury wliicli shall be dune
by them or any of them to anv of his Slajesty's subjects, or of
fofeiun stales in aiiiily with his Miu<»'/> """' al"" s''^*'! duly
and truly pay, or causa to be paid, to his Majesty, or thecus.
turners or olViters appointed to receive the same for his Ma,
iestv, the usual customs due to his Majesty, of and for all ships
and goods so as aforesaid taken and adjudged as priic ; and
moreover if the said
shall not take any ship or vessel, or any Roods or merchandise,
btlonKinK to the enemy, or otherwise liable to confiscation,
throiish consent or clandestinely, or by collusion, by virtue,
colour, or pretence of his said letters of marmie and reprisals,
that then this bail shall be void and of none cflfcct ! anil unless
they shall so do, they <lo all hereby severally consent that ej.
ecutlon issue forth against them, their heirs, executors, anij
administrators, gmxls and chattels, wheresoever the same may
be found, to the value of the sum of
pounds liefore mentioneil ; and in testimony of the truth
thereof they have hereunto subscribed their names.
By his Majesty's command, (Signed) PELIIAM.
ritOMISSORY NOTES, Sec Banks and Banking.
PROTECTION, in mercantile navigation, a privilege granted to certain de-
scriptions of seamen, by which they are protected from impressment. — ( See Im-
PKESSMENT. )
PRUNES and PRUNELLOES, a species of dried plums, of which there arc
many varieties. The finest are imported from France, in the south of wliich tliis fruit
is very abundant. Tlie best jirunes are packed in hampers or baskets made of white
osiers, weighing from 6 to 10 lbs. each ; the second quality in quarters, and the third in
puncheons. The entries of prunes for home consumption, in 1831 and 1832, amounted,
at an average, to 6,285 cwt. a year. The duty is 1/. 7s. 6d. a cwt., being more than
50 per cent, upon the price of the inferior qualities. There cannot be a doubt that it
would be more productive were it reduced to 10s. or 12s.
Prunes, the produce of Europe, may not be imported for home consumption except in British ships, or
ships of Uie country of which they are the prmluce, or from which they are exported, on penalty of the
lorleiturc thereof and of 100/. by the master of the ship. — (3 & 4 MV«. 4. c. 52. ^^ 2. 22.)
PRUSSIAN BLUE, or PRUSSIATE OF IRON (Ger. Berlinerhlau ; Fr.
Bleu de Priisse ; It. Azurro Prussiano ; Sp. Azul de Prussia ; Rus. Lasor Be.rlvi'
skaja), a beautiful deep blue powder, accidentally discovered at Berlin in 1710. It
is of considerable importance in the arts, being extensively used by painters : it is
manufactured in this country. Many attempts have been made to render Prussian blue
available fur the dyeing of broad cloths, but without much success. The difficulty is
to dilfuse the colour equally over the surface; for, from its extraort inary vivacity and
lustre, the slightest inequalities strike and offend the cyo. Prussian blue resists the air
and sun extremely well ; but it cannot be used in the dyeing of cottons, or any sort of
stuff that is to be washed with soap, as the alkali contained in the soap readily dissolves
and separates the colouring matter. — (Bancroft' on Colours, vol. ii. pp. 60 — 94.)
niue is a favourite colour with the Chinese, and in 1810-U, the imports of Prussian blue into Canton
from England amounted to ',899 piculs, or 2;)3,2()0 lbs. But, for some years past, the Chinese have not
imported a. single imund weight. The cause of the cessation of the trade deserves to be mentioned. A
common Chinese sailor, who came to Kngland in an East Indiaman, having freiguented a manufactory
where the drug was prepared, learned the art of making it ; and on his return to China, he established a
similar work tl'cre, with such success that the whole empire is now amply supplied with native I'rnssian
blue! The West has derivetl many important arts from the East; but we nicline to think that this is
the first well authenticated instance of any art having ever been carried from the West to the East, by
a native of the latter. But, in aU that respects industry, ingenuity, and invention, the Chinese are
incomparably superior to every other people to the east of the Indus.
PUBI TCANS, are persons authorised by licence to retail beer, spirits, or wines.
Under the term publicans are comprised innkeepers, hotel keepers, alehouse keepers,
keepers of wine vaults, &c. An inn differs from an alehouse in this, — that the former
is i place intended for the lodging as well as the entertainment of guests, whereas the
latter is intended for their entertainment only. If, however, ale or beer be commonly
sold in an inn, as is almost invariably the case, it is also an alehouse ; and if travellers
be furnished with beds, lodged, and entertained in an alehouse, it also is an inn. It is
not material to the character of an innkeeper that he should have any sign over his door ;
it is sufficient that he makes it his business to entertain passengers and travellers, pro-
viding them with lodgings und other accommodations.
1. Licensing of Publicans. — The provisions with respect to the licensing of public
houses are er.ibodleu in the 9 Geo. 4. c. -"l., of which we subjoin an abstract.
General Meetings. — There shall be annually holden in county divisions, cities, and towns, a special
session of justices, to be called the " General Anntuil Licensing Meeting," for the puri)oso of granting
licences to persons keeping or about to keep inns, alehouses, &c. ; such meetings to be held, in Middlesex
and Surrey, within the first 10 days of the month of March ; and in every other [•'tee between the 20th
of AuRust and the 14th of Septeml)er, both inclui-ive.
Xotice of General Meeting. — Within every division, 21 days before the annual licensing meeting, a
petty session of justices to be held, a majority of whom shall fix the day and hour for holding the general
annual meeting; and shall direct a precept to the high constable, requiring him, within .~> d.tys after th«
f
receipt L
|.l,'ice, al
tliviiivil
for a I ill
The 1
iinmedil
Middleil
.S'l'SSl'ol
more till
ferring f
Nolii'J
given
Juit.
of mall I
or speuiil
licence,
owner, i\
by blood
ill any ol
not aristl
v,nly thel
When"
The pJ
Questil
preacnt. f
Applic.
affix a nJ
there shl
Sundai/sl
Surrey, ;
of 10 in I
seers of
Febr'iar
annual n
cation m
or callinj
Notice
next spe
constabU
licensing
— S 12.
Licenc
October,
Provisi
bankrupt
continua
assigns o
down for
purposes
inn. Sue
to anothc
manner i
Fees fo
is grante*
PUBLICANS.
957
receipt thereof, to order tlic petty constables to affix on the door >^t' the cliurch, chapel, or other public
l.l.ice, a notice of such annual meeting, and give or leave at the dwclling-houso ot'cach justice .ict' „ for
the division, and ol' each |icrson keeping an inn, or who shall have given notice of his intention to apply
for a licence to keep an inn, u copy of such notice. — ^ 2.
The annual meeting may be adjourned, but the adjourned meeting is not to be held on any of theSd-iys
immediately following the adjourncncnt; and every adjournment to be held in the month of March in
Middle! ex and Surrey, and in AuKUst or September in every other county. — ^ 3.
Srssions fur Transfer (f Licences At the annual meeting, justices to ajipoint not less than 4 nor
more than K special sessions, to be held as near as possible at equidistant periods, for the purpose of trans-
ferring licences. — ^4.
Notice of holdiii)^ any adjourned meetings, or of any special session for the transfer of licences, to bo
given i' the same manner and to the same parties as mentioned above. — s 5.
Juitiees disquaUjied. — No Justice who is a common brewer, distiller, maker of malt for sale, or retailer
of mnlt or any exciseable liijuur, shall act or be present at any ainiiial licensing meeting, or adjournment,
or special session for transterring licences, or take part in the adjudication upon any application for a
licence, or U|>on an appeal ; nor in the case of licensing any house of which he is owner, or agent of the
owner, or of any house belonging to any common brewer, maker of mail, ^c. to whom he shall be, either
by blood or marriage, the father, son, or brother, or with whom he shall be partner in any other trade ;
in any of these cases knowingly or wilfully to act, subjects to a penalty of lUU/. liut disijualilication does
not arise, where a justice, having no henejiciul interest in a house licensed or about to be licensed, holds
v.nly the legal estate therein as trustee or for a charitable or public use. — \(i.
When in any liberty, city, or town, 2 qualified justices do not attend, the county justices may act.
The power given to county justices not to extend to the Cinque Ports. — \ 8.
Questions respecting licences to be determined, and licences to be signed, by a majority of the justice*
pre«ent. — ^ 9.
Application for a Licence. — Persons intending to apply for a licence to a house not before licensed, to
affix a notice on the door of such house, and on the door of the church orchiijii:; :.'fthe parish, and, where
there shall be no church or chapel, on some other conspicuous place within the pa.>sh, on three several
Sundays, between the 1st of January and the last day of February in the counties of Sliddlcscx and
Surrey, and elsewhere between the 1st of .;jne <ind the last day of July, at some time l.etweeii the hours
of 10 in the forenoon and 4 in the atlernoon, and shall serve a copy of such notice upon one of the over,
seers of the poor, anil upon one of the constables or peace-officers of the parish, within the month of
February in the counties of Middlesex and Surrey, and elsewhere within the iiioiitli of July, jjrior to the
annual meeting ; such notice to be in a legible hand, or printed, and signed by the applicant. 'I'he appli-
cation must state the Christian and surname of the party, with the place of his residence, and his trade
or calling during the ti months previous to the serving of the notice. — \ 10.
A'oWcf /o /rnn.y^cv L/ctncf. —Persons desirous of transferring a licence, and intending to apply to the
next special sessions, must, .1 days previously, serve a notice upon one of the overseers and one of the
constables of the parish. Persons hindcrcHl, by sickness or other reasonable cau.se, from .ittending any
licensing meeting, and proof thereof adduced on oc th, may authorise another person to attend for tliein.
— (, la.
Licences to be in force, in Middlesex and Surrey, from the 5th of April ; elsewhere from the 10th of
October, for one whole year. — ^ 1j.
Provision for Death or other Contingency. — If any person licensed shall die, or become incapable, or a
bankrupt or insolvent, or if he, or his heirs, oxecutorj, or assigns, shall remove, or neglect to iipply for a
continuation of his licence, the justices at special session may grant a licence to the heirs, executors, or
assigns of such party, or to any new tenant ; or if any man's house should be, or be about to be, pulled
down for a public purpose, or rendered, by tire, tempest, or other unforeseen calamity, unfit for the
purposes of an inn, licence may he grantetl to the occupier, if he intend to open another house as an
inn. Such transferred licences shall continue only in force to the end of the year ; and in case of remova!
to another house, notice must be given on some Sunday, within G weeks before the special session, in the
manner and form before described. — ^ 14.
Fees for Licences. — Theclerkof the justices may lawfully receive from eve:y person to whom a licence
is granted, for trouble and all expenses, the folio-wing sums : —
rf.
6
For constable or officer serving notices - - . . - -
For clerk of justices for licence . - . - . . -
For precept to the high constable, and notices to be delivered by the petty coiisiable
Clerks demanding or receiving more than the-^e fees, to forfeit Bl. — ^ 15.
No sheriff's othcer, or officer executing the process of any court of justice, qu.ilificd to hold or use any
licence under this act. — ^ Itj.
Eicise Licences. — No licence for the Stile of any exciseable liquors, to be consumed on the premise.'?,
shall be granted by the excise to any person, unless such person be previously licensed under this
act. — § 17.
Penalties. — Any person without a licence selling or exchanging, or for valuable considers 'ion disposing
of, any exciseable liquor by retail, to be consumed in his premises j or trith a licence, and, so selling in pre-
mises other than those specified in his licence, shall for every oHljnce, on conviction before 1 justice,
(brfeit not exceeding 20/. nor less than 5/. with costs; but the penalty not to attach in case of death or
insolvency, and sale by the heir or assigns, prior to the next special sessions. — ^ 1^-
Every licensed person shall, if required, sell all liquors by retail (except in quantities less than a |
pint) by the ga'lon, quart, pint, or } pint, sized according to the standard; in default thereof to forfeit
the illegal measure, aijd pay not exceeding lOs. with costs, to be recovered within 30 days before 1 jus-
tice. — ^ 19.
In cases of riot, or probability of riot, houses licensed in the neighbourhood may be closed by the order
of i justices. — ^ 20.
Any person convicted of a first offence, before C justices, against the tenour of his licence, to forfeit
not exceeding 5/. with costs ; guilty of a second offence within 3 years of the first, to forfeit iK)t exceed-
ing 10/. with costs ; and guilty ol' a.'third nffence within .j years, to forfeit not exceeding .OO/. with costs : or
the case in the last instance may be adjourned to the petty sessions, or the annual meeting, or the general
quarter sessions; and if the oflender is found guilty by a. jury, he may be fined 100/., or adjudged to for-
feit his licence, or both, and leiidored incapable of selling any exciseable liquor in any inn kept by him
for 3 years. — ^21.
Proceedings at the session in certain cises, may be directed by the justices to be carried on by the con-
stable, and the expenses defrayed out of the county rates. — ^ i-'v.'.
Witnessca refusing to attenil without lawful excuse, may be fined not more than 10/. — ^ 2.3.
Penalties against justices may be su'.d for in any court in Westminster; a moiety to the king, .iiul a
moiety to the party suing. — ^ 24.
Penalties adjudged by justices m&y b/- recovered by distress, or th^ j^arty imjjrifioued 1, 3, or fi calendar
months. — \ 2.).
The next sections rolato to the mode of prosecuting actions.
The last section of the act bears that the word " inn" .^llall include any inn, .tlehousc, or victualling
home, in which is lold by retail any exciseable li<iuor, to be <lruiik or consumed on the premiiCB ; and the
:.r
!..
1- '«
\n
•n\
I M
i:.^i
m
';■'
958
PUBLICANS.
ill
words cxciaeablc liquor are to include all such fermented or ipirituous hq' jrs at may now or hercnfter bu
charged with any customs or excise duty. — fj 37.
The act does not affect the two Universities, nor the privileges of the Vintners' Company, except tiiose
freemen who have obtained their freedom by redemption ; and it does not alter tlic time of granting
licences in the city of London.
I^nkeeiHirB are bound, by the tenour of their licence, to keep order in their houses, to prevent drunken,
ness and disor<U'rly conduct, and gambling. If they fail in these respects, they forfeit their licence, ami
subject themselves to the penalties mentioned Ixifore. Allowing seditious or immoral books to be reiid in
an inn, also forfeits the licence, and subjects to penalties. — (39 Geo. 3. c 79. ) 31.)
2. Duties of Innkeepers. — Innkeepers are bound by law to receive gue.sts coming to
their inns, and they are also Iwi'.nd to protect their property when there. They have no
option to reject or refuse a guest, unless their house be already full, or they are able to
assign .some other reasonable and sufficient cause. Neither can they impose unreason-
able terms on such as frequent their houses : if they do, they may be lined, and their
inns indicted and suppressed. An innkeeper who has stables attached to his premises,
may be compelled to receive a horse, although the owner does not reside in his house ;
but he cannot, under such circumstances, be compelled to receive a trunk or other di-acl
thing. By the annual Mutiny Act, constables, or, in their default, justices of the ])eace,
may quarter soldiers in inns, livery-stables, alehouses, &c., under the conditions and
regulations set forth in the statute.
3. Responsibility of Innkeepers. — An innkeeper is bound to keep safely whatever things
his guests deposit in his inn, or in his custody as innkeeper; and he is civilly liable fur
all I0.SSCS, except those arising from irresistible force, or what is usually termed the act of
God and the king's enemies. " It has long been holden," says Sir William Jones, " that
an innkeeper is bound to restitution, if the trunks or parcels of his guests, committed
to him either personally or through one of his agents, be damaged in his inn, or stolen
out of it by any person whatever (except the servant or companion of the guest) ; nor
shall he discharge himself of this responsibility by a refusal to take any care of the goods,
because there are suspected persons in the house, for whose conduct he cannot be answer-
able : it is otherwise, indeed, if he refuse admission to a traveller because he really lias
no room for him, and the traveller, nevertheless, insist upon entering, and place his
baggage in a chamber without the keeper's consent. Add to this, that if he fail to pro-
vide honest servants and honest inmates, according to the confidence reposed in him by
the public, his negligence in that respect is highly culpable, and he ought to answer
civilly for their acts, even if they should rob the guests that sleep in their chambers.
Rigorous as this law may seem, and hard as it may actually be in one or two particular
instances, it is founded on the great principle of public utility, to which all private con-
siderations ought to yield ; for travellers, who must be numerous in a rich and com-
mercial country, are obliged to rely almost implicitly on the good faith of innholders,
whose education and morals are usut _, none of the best, and who might have frequent
opportunities of associating with ruffians or pilferers, while the injured guest could never
obtain legal proof of such combinations, or even of their negligence, if no actual .'raud
had been committed by them. Hence the praetor declared, according to Pomponius,
his desire of securing the public from the dishonesty of such men ; and by his edict gave
an action against them, if the goods of travellers or passengers were lost or hurt l)y any
means except by inevitable accident (damno fatali) : and Ulpian intimates, that even
this severity could not restrain them from knavish practices or suspicious neglect."—.-
{Essay on the Law of Bailments, 2d ed. pp. 95, 96.)
Even if an innkeeper bid the guest take the key of his chamber and lock the door,
telling him that he cannot undertake tlie charge of the goods, still, if they be stolen, he
is held to be responsible. In all such cases it is not competent to the innkeeper to plead
that he took ordinary care, or that the force which occasioned the loss was truly irre-
sistible. A guest is not bound to deliver the goods in special custody to the innkeeper,
nor, indeed, to acquaint bin- mat he has any. If he have property with him, or about
his person, the innkeeper must be responsible for it without communication. But the
innkeeper may require that the property of his guest be delivered into his hands, in
order that it may be put into a secure place; and if the guest refuse, the innkeeper is not
liable for its safety. The guest exonerates the innkeeper from liability, when he takes
upon himself the exclusive custody of the goods, so as to deprive the innkeeper of having
any care over them: thus, if a guest demand and have exclusive j)ossession of a room,
for the purpose of a shop or warehouse, he exonerates the landlord from any loss he may
susla' n in 'he property which he keeps in that apartment ; but it is otherwise if he have
not t,'>e exciisive possession of the room. The innkeeper cannot oblige the guest to take
charge of his own goods ; for this, in efFect, would be a reftisal to admit them into flie
inn. And it is no excuse for an innkeeper to say that he delivered the key of the
chamber whence the property was stolen to the guest, who left the door open. A case
of this sort occurred very recently, at Brighton. — A lady having left the door of her
bed-room, of which she had the kej', open for a few minutes, 501. were abstracted from
her reticule. The innkeeper contended that the plaintiff, l)y selecting particular apart-
PUMICE STONE. — QUARANTINE.
959
mcnts, and taking tlie key, had exonerated liim from his liability. The jury found for
the plaintiff; and upon a motion for a new trial, Lord Tcnterden said, — " By the common
law of this country- and also by the civil law, the principle of the liability of innkeepers
was founded on two reasons: first, to compel the landlord to take care that no improper
rompany was admittbd into his house ; and, secondly, to prevent collusion. — The prin-
ciple, as stated in the civil law, was this — ' Nt, (luisquum putet graviter hoc in ens conhtitum
esse ; nam est in ipsorum arhifrio nequcm recipient ; et nisi hoc esset statutum, materia
daretnr cnm furihus, adversns eos (pins recipiunt, coenndi : cum ne nunc quidem abstinent
hujusmodi fraudibus.' It was true that, in the present state of society, it was very ditlicult
to prevent the intrusion of impropci company into inns. But still tlie principle was
such as he had stated it to be, and it would be dangerous to relax it ; and he did not
think that the taking rooms in this way was sufficient to discharge the landlord. Then,
as to the objection that t'.ie cases d.d not extend to money, it was dear that money was
as much within the principle as goods, and that no substantial distinction could be made.
He was therefore of opinion that the verdict was right." — Rule refused.
A landlord may exempt himself from liability, if he can show that the loss was
occasioned by the misconduct of the guest ; a«, if his goods are stolen by his own servant
or companion.
It has been decided that a man is a guest at an inn, if he leave his horse at it, though
he has not gone into it himself. If a man come to an inn, and make a contract for
lodging for a set time, and do not eat or drink there, he is no guest, but a lodger, and,
as such, not under the innkeeper's protection ; but if he eat and drink, or pay for his
diet there, it is otherwise. Any innkeeper or alehouse keeper, knowingly receiving and
harbouring any person convicted of an offence against the revenue laws, for which he
has been in prison, or for which he has fled, shall forfeit 100/. and have no licence for
the future.
♦. Remedy (if an Innkeeper against his Guest. — An innkcepermay, without any agreement to tliat
cff'cct, detain the person of a gues* wli'^ has eaten in his house, until payment ; and lie may du the same
by the liorses in his stable.
An innkeeper is not entitle'" ' . ici • Jbr spirits supplied" to hisgucsts, of thevalueof 20*. and upwards,
unless supplied or contracfti f ■' ■ f. — (a3 Geo. 2. c. 40.)
By the custom of London ai v, ., .(a man commit a horse to an hostler, and the expense of his keep
become equivalent to his price, itic liastler may appropriate the horse to himself upon the appraisement of
four of his neighbours, or may have him sold. But innkeepers in other parts of the country have no
IKJwcr to sell horses detained by them.
A horse committed to an innkeeper cannot be detained as a security for the board of his master.
It is enacted by 11 & 12 Will. 3. c. 15. that innkeepers, alehouse keepers, &c. refusing to specify in an
account the number of pints or (juarta for which demand is made, or selling in unmarked measures, shall
have no power to detain any goods or other things belonging to the person from whom demand is made,
but shall be left to their action for recovery of the same.
PUMICE STONE (Ger. Bimstein; Fr. Pierrepouce; It. Pietra pomice ; Sp. Piedrn
pomez ; Lat. Pumex), a light, spongy, vitreous stone, found usually in the neighbourhood
of volcanoes. It is used for polishing metals and marble, and smoothing the surface of
wood and pasteboard. It is said to form a good glaze for pottery. The lighter pumieo
stones swim on water, their specific gravity not exceeding '914. The island of Lipari,
in the Mediterranean, is chiefly formed of pumice stone, and may be said to be the
magazine whence all Europe is supplied with this useful article. There are several
species of punuce stones ; but those only that are light and spongy are exported. The
price varies in the London market from 81. to 10/. a ton.
PUTCHOCK. An article of this nami' is imported in considerable quantities from
the north-west coast of India into China .<t.u Js regularly quoted in the Canton price
currents. It is the root of a plant that i .r,uiidantly in Sinde. When burned, it
yields a fine smoke, and a gratefid .inr ■ 7,'. ivi smell. The Chinese beat it into a
fine powder, which they burn as incense a 'k tr:^/ius of their gods. — (^Hamilton's New
Account of the East Indies, vol. i. p. 126.)
Q.
QUARANTINE, a regulation by which all communication with individuals, .ships,
or goods, arriving from places infected with the plague, or other contagious disease, or
; iipposcd to be peculiarly liable to su .-h infection, is interdicted for a certain definite
period. The term is derived from ■ o Italian tjuaratita, forty; it being generally
supposed, that if no infectious disc;- < ',-. vjak out within 40 days, or G weeks, no danger
need be apjjrehcnded frcmi the free ; c' issici c'" the individuals under quarantine.
Dming this period, too, all the goods, ckuhes, &c. that might be supposed capable of
retaining the infection, are subjected tc a process of purification. This last operation,
which if a most important part of the (juarantine system, is performed either on board
ship, 01 in establishments denominated lazarettos, — (See/io*/.)
)
ilii .'
Ill
X :
' s
(I'l
l*. ■!
■ff
:' \
'i;H
960
QUARANTINE.
If i!
i
i'
Policy of Quarantine. — The regulations as to quarantine are entirely precautionary :
they have their origin in the belief that various diseases, but especially the plague, are
contagious; and supposing such to be the case, the propriety of subjecting those coming
from an infected or suspected place to a probation is obvious. Indeed, no government
could, until the belief in question be proved to be ill founded, abstain from enforcing
precautionary measures, without rendering itself liable to the charge of having culpably
neglected one of its most important duties, — that of providing, by every means in its
power, for the safety of its subjects. Latterly, however, it has been contended that the
plague is never imported ; that it is always indigenous ; originating in some peculiar state
of the atmosphere, or in something peculiar in the condition of the people ; and that,
consequently, quarantine regulations merely impose a heavy burden on commerce, with-
out being of any real utility. But though there does not seem to be any reason for
doubting that infectious diseases have originated in the way described, the fact that they
have, in innumerable instances, been carried from one place to another, seems to be
established beyond all question. Even if the evidence as to the importation of infectious
diseases were less decisive than it is, or the opinions of medical men more divided, it
would not warrant the repeal of the restraints on the intercourse with suspected ports.
This is not a matter in which innovations should be rashly introduced; wherever there
is doubt, it is proper to incline to the side of security. In some cases, perhaps, quarantine
regulations have been carried to a needless extent ; but they have more frequently, we
believe, been improperly relaxed.
Institution of Quarantine. — The notion that the plague was imported from the East
into Europe, seems to have prevailed in all ages. But it would appear that the Venetians
were the first who endeavoured to guard against its introduction from abroad, by
obliging ships and individuals from suspected places to perform quarantine. The rcgu.
lations upon this subject were, it is most probable, issued for .'..; first time in 1484
( Beckmann, Hist, of Invent, vol. ii. art. Quarantine.) They lu • e v been gradually
adopted in every other country. Their introduction into Engki - comparatively
late. Various preventive regulations had been previously enacted; \.,'. quarantine was
not systematically enforced till after the alarm occasioned by the dreadful plague at
Marseilles in 1720. The regulations then adopted were made conformably to the
suggestions of the celebrated Dr. Mead, in his famous " Discourse concerning Pestilen-
tial Contagion."
Lazarettos or Pest-houses, are establishments constructed to facilitate the performance
of quarantine, and particularly the purification of goods. They have usually a port
in which ships from a suspected place may anchor ; and, when perfect, are provided
with lodgings for the crews and passengers, where the sick may be separated from the
healthy ; and with warehouses where the goods may be deposited ; all intercourse be-
tween the lazaretto and the surrounding country being, of course, interdicted, except
by permission of the authorities. The lazarettos at Leghorn, Genoa, and Marseilles, arc
the most complete of any in Europe. The facilities they afford to navigation are very
great ; for, as ships from suspected places may discharge their cargoes in the lazaretto,
they are not detained longer than they would be were there no quarantine regulations.
The goods deposited in the lazaretto, being inspected by the proper oifloers, and purified,
are then admitted into the market.
Con'.pared with these, the quarantine establishments in this country are exceedingly
i^efect' /e. There is not, even in the Thames, a lazaretto where a ship from a suspected
place may discharge her cargo and refit : so that she is detained frequently at an enor-
mous expense, during the whole period of quarantine ; while, if she have perishable
goods on board, they ii ly be very materially injured. It is singular that nothing should
hitherto have been done th obviate such grievances. The complaints as to the oppres-
siveness of quarantine regulations are almost wholly occasioned by the want of proper
facilities for its performance. Were these afforded, the burdens it imposes would be
rendered comparatively light ; and we do not know that many more important services
could be rendered to the commerce of the country, than by constructing a proper qua-
rantine establishment on the Thames.
Bills of Health. — The period of quarantine varies, as respects ships coming > •om the
same place, according to the nature of their bills of health. These are documents, or
certificates, signed by the consul or other competent authority in the place which the
ship has left, describing its state of health iit the time of her clearing out. A clean bill
imports that, at the time of her sailing, no infectious disorder was known to exist. A
suspected, or, as it is more commonly called, a touched bill, imports that rumours were
afloat of an infectious disorder, but that it had not actually appeared. A foul bill, or
the absence of clean bills, import that the place was infected when the vessel sailed. —
(See Bills of Health.) The duration of the quarantine is regulated by the nature
of these instruments. They seem to have been first issued in the Mediterranean ports
in 1665, and are obviously of great importance.
Quara^
act 6 Geo
These ortl
it is to be [
The publ|
deemed su
any infrinl
for such p|
which the!
quarantine
are to to
and instrul
in the act i
Every comj
at all times, '
eoast of the I
to denote thai
have a dean
and if such vi
ball, entirely!
in the night tl
used on boarq
person, shall
such other veJ
distance, until
quarantine, ai
whereof, such
Every coinn
or other infect
at all times, wl
coast ofthe Un
to denote that
flag of yellow
in the niglit tii
over the other,
signal hoisted c
'2 leagues of th(
shall have arrit
diarged from t
shall forfeit 100
If any comni;
quarantine, sha
-5 10.
But, instea
out of it, it '
This abstract
raary of the v
It is in the fi
notice, not only
public act), but
in the London C
particular care i
situations, pretii
their guidance I
neglect, breach,
health, the pain
Upon arrival o
or Man,
To deliver to tl
the place at \
Neglecting (
therein, sub
Upon entering
To give a true
required), t(
ascertaining
vessel to as
officer, subji
Refusing to an
to the penalt
If upon oath,
If any infectin
shall direct, and
directions are gi\
on board to go oi
from the Lords c
Not acting in c
as shall be r<
If informed by
made aubscu
of mi.
sae^.u-»
QUARANTINE.
961
,1 V'i
Quarantine ReyuJulioiis. — The existing quarniitine regulations are embodied in the
act 6 Geo. 4. c. 7S., and tlie diderent orders in council issued under its authority.
These orders specify what vessels are liable to perform quarantine; the places at which
it is to be performed; and the various formalities and regulations to be eom]>lied with.
The publication in the Gazette of any order in council with rosi)ect to quarantine is
deemed sufficient notice to all concerned ; and no excuse of ignorance is admitted for
any infringement of the regulations. To obviate, as far as possible, any foundation
for such plea, it is ordered that vessels clearing out for any ])ort or place with resj)ect to
which there shall be at the time any order in council sulvjecting vessels from it to
quarantine, are to he furiiished with an abstract of the quarantine regidations ; and
are to to furnish themselves with quarantine signal flags and lanterns, and with materials
and instruments for fumigating and immersing goods. The following arc the clauses
ill the act as to signals : —
Every commander, master, or other person having the charge of any vessel liable to quarantine, shall,
at all times, when such vessel shall meet with any other vessel at sea, or shall be within -' leagues of the
coast of the United Kingdom, or the islands of 'Juernsey, Jersey, Aklerney, Sark, or Man, hoist a si(;iial
to denote that his vessel is liable to quarantine; which slinal shall in the day time, if the vessel shall
have a dean bill of health, be a large yellow flag, of fi breadths of bunting, at the main to|)mast-lieud ;
and if such vessel simll not have a clean bill of health, then a like yellow Hag, with a circular mark or
ball, entirely black, in the middle thereof, whose diameter shall l;e eqiuil to i! breadths of bunting ; and
in the night time, the signal shall in both cases be a large signal lantern with a light therein (sucli as is
used on board his Majesty's ships of war), at the «amc mast'head : and such commander, miwter, or other
person, shall keep such signals hoisted during such time as the said vessel siiull continue within sight of
such other vessel, or within 2 leagues of the said coast or islands, and while so insight, or witliinsucli
distance, until such vessel so lial)le to quarantine shall have arrived at the |iort where it is tu perform
qiurantlne, and until it shali have been legally discharged from the performance thereof; on failure
whereof, such commander, master, or other person, shall forfeit 100/. — \ 8.
Every commander^ master, or other person having the charge of any vessel on board whereof the plague
or other infectious disease highly dangerous to the health of his Majesty's subjects shall actually be, shall
at all times, when such vessel shall meet with any other vessel at sea, or shall be within 2 leagues of the
coast of the United Kingdom, or the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Aklerney, Sark, or Man, hui^t u si>;nai,
to denote that a vessel has the plague or other infectious disease ; which signal shall be in tlie day tinu a
flag of yellow and black, borne quarterly, of 8 breadths of bunting, at the main topmast-head ; anil
in the nighttime, ttie signal >hali be 2 large signal lanterns, commonly used on board ships of war, one
over the other, at the same mast head : and such commander, master, or other per.^on, shall keep such
signal hoisted during such time as the .said ve.ssel shall continue within sight of such other ves>el, or within
i leagues of the coast or islands aforesaid, while so in sight, or within such distance, until such vessel
shall have arrived at the port where it is to perform quarantine, and until it shall have been legally liis.
charged from the performance thereof; on lailure thereof, such commander, master, or other person,
shall forfeit 100/. — ^ 9.
If any commander, master, or other person, knowing that the same is not liable to the performance of
quar-intine, shall hoist such signal, by day or night, such commander or other t)er&on snail forfeit 50/.
-\ 10.
But, instead of printing the act, and the various orders in council that have grown
out of it, it will be sufficient to lay the following abstract of them before the reader.
This abstract has been prepared by the Custom-house ; and cont«i«is a distinct sum-
mary of the various rules and regulations to be complied with.
AnSTHACT OF Ql'ARANTiNG REGirLATIOXS.
It is in the first place to be observed, that all persons are presumed to know, and are bound to take
notice, not only of the quarantine regulations established by act of parliament (as they arc of any other
public act), but likewise of every order in council made for the performance of quarantine, h-vt |)ubllshed
in the London Gaxettc; and as it is easily in their power to inform themselves of such regulations, and
particular care is taken by this and other means to promulgate such of them ui apply to their respective
situations, previously to their being actually put under gvarantine, when they will receive directions for
their guidance from the quarantine otticers, no plea or ignorance will be admitted as an excuse for iiny
neglect, breach, or violation thereof; but for the sake of example, and for the security of the public
health, the pains, penalties, and punishments of the law will be enforced with the utmost severity.
Duty of Commanders and Masters qf Vessels.
Upon arrival off the coast of the United Kingdom, or the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark,
or Man,
To deliver to the pilot who shall go on board, a written paper, containing a true account of the name of
the place at which his ship loaded, and of all the places at which he touched on the homeward voyage.
Neglecting or refusing to deliver such pa|)ers, or making any false represcntatio'i or ivill'ul omission
therein, subjects him to a penalty of .000/.
Upon entering or attempting to enter any port, and being spoke by any quarantir.e officcre.
To give a true answer in writing or otherwise, and upon oath or not upon oath (according as he shall be
required), to the preliminary questions put to him by such quarantine ofticer, for the purpose of
ascertaining whether his vessel is or is not liable to quarantine. Neglecting or refusing to bring his
vessel to as soon as it can be done with safety, in obedience to the requisition of the quarantluo
officer, subjects liim to the penalty of 200/.
Refusing to answer such questions, or giving any lalse answer thereto (if not upon oath'', subjects him
to the penalty of 'JdO/.
If upon oath, to the punishment for wilful and corrupt perjury.
If any infectious disease shall appear on board, the master is to repair to such place as his Majesty
shall direct, and make known his case to the officer of customs, and he is to remain at that pbce until
directions are given by the Lords of the Privy Council. He is not to permit any of the crew or passengers
on board to go on shore, and he, his crew, and passengers, are to obey such directions as are received
ftom the Lords of the I'rivy Council
Not acting in conformity to the regulations herein directed, or acting in disobedience to such direction*
as shall be received from the privy council, he incurs the penalty of 1(0/.
If informed by the i)ilot that his vessel has become liable to (|uaranlinc, by reason of any proelamr.tioii
made lubscqueut to his departure, to hoibt and keep hoisted a like signal, under the same penalty
of 100/.
3q
f
11 i
rm
962
QUARANTINE.
|l |!
1}
To give to the pilot coming on board a written pai>or containing a trio account of tlie cliflfbrcnt articles
composing liis cargo. Neglecting or refusing to do so, or mailing a faibu represcn'-lion or willul omission,
lubjects him to a penalty of Ml.
Masters of vessels liable to quarantine, and other persons "n board them or having communication with
them, are to repair to the api)ointed quarantine stations, and may be compelled to do so by force.
The master of any vessel having disease on board, on meeting with any other vessel at sea, or within
2 leagues of the coast of the United Kingdom, or the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or
Man, is to hoist a signal to denote that his vessel has such disease on board, and is to l«eep such signal
hoisted during such time as he shall continue within sight of such vessel, or within 2 leagues of thcuoa.st
or islands aforesaid, while so in sight or within such distance, until the ves.sel shall arrive at the port
where she is to perform quarantine, and until she shall be legally discharged from the performance
thereof. Failing herein, the master incurs the penalty of 1(J(.'/.
If he shall refuse or omit to disclose the circumstances of such infection prevailing either at any place
at which he has been, or on board his vessel, in his answers to the preliminary questions put to liiin
by the quarantine otticer, or if he shall wilfully omit to hoist, and to keep hoisted, the proper quaran-
tine signal to denote that his ship is liable to quarantine, he incurs the penalty of M)/.
Upon attempting to enter any port, which is not the port at which he ought to perform quarantine, he
may be compelled to desist therefrom, in order that he may proceed to the proper quarantine ports, by
guns being fired upon the ship, or any other kind of force being used that may be necessary for the
attainment of that object.
Quitting or knowingly suffering any seamen or passenger to quit his ship, by going onshore, or by going
on board any other vessel or boat, before discharged from quarantine, or.
Not repairing to the proper quarantine station within a convenient time after due notice given, incurs
a penaltv of 100/.
To repair m all cases to the proper quarantine port, as herein.after stated in the Appendix, according
as he shall or shall not be furnished with a clean bill of health, and according to the port or place to
which he shall be bound, as herein stated.
But if through ignorance, or by stress of weather, damage, loss, or accidents of the seas, he shall
have passed the proper quarantine port, he may (havir.g a clean bill of health on board, and upon
giving satisfactory proof thereof upon oath, and by the oath of the pilot, if any on board, and that
the same was not wilfully or intentionally done or occasioned) be permitted to proceed to some other
quarantine port, in the discretion of the quarantine officer, keeping the proper quarantine signal
hoisted during the whole time.
Upon his arrival at the proper quarantine port, to give true answers upon oath to all the quarantine
questions, and to make oath to the truth of his log-book, and the times at which the entries were therein
made : failing herein, he incurs the penalty of wilful and corrupt perjury.
He is also to repair to the particular station which shall be appointed by the quarantine officer for the
said ship or vessel.
To deliver up to the quarantine officer his bill of health, manifest, log-book, and journal.
Wilfully refusing or neglecting so to do, sulijects him to a penalty of UHtl.
If not bound to any port of the United Kingdom, or the islands aforesaid, and attempting to enter any
port thereof (except to wait for orders, or in consequence of stress of weather or accidents of the seas',
he shall give satisfactory proof thereof to the quarantine officer, and give true answers upon oath to the
preliminary questions, and strictly conform to all such directions as he shall receive from the quarantine
officer, touching his continuance at such port, or departure from thence, or repairing to any other ; and
also with respect to all other quarantine regulations ; in default of which, he may be compelled to
proceed to sea by any means or by any kind of force that shall be necessary for that purpose.
Having performed quarantine in any foreign lazaret, the vessel is to be put under quarantine at some
of the ports herein-atter appointed, until the master shall produce to the quarantine officer the proper
documents in proof thereof; upon production whereof the said vessel »hall not be obliged to perfurm
quarantine, but shall remain at such station until released by jrdcr in council.
Unshipping, or moving in order to unship, any goods from on board any vessel liable to quarantine,
subjects to a penalty of 500/.
Clandestinely conveying, or secreting or concealing for the purpose of conveying, any letter, gootls, or
other articles, from any vessel actually performing quarantine, subjects to a penalty of lOO/.
Nole. — Every commander or master of any vessel clearing out or about to sail for any port or place in
the Mediterranean, or in the West Barbary on the Atlantic Ocean, or for any port or place respecting
which there shall at the time be an^ order of his Majesty in council in force, subjecting vessels coining
from thence to quarantine, is to receive from the principal officer of the customs at .'■"cli port or place, this
printed Abstract of the Quarantine Regulations, which such commander or master is to cause to be attixed
on some convenient and conspicuous part of his said vessel, and to remain so affixed until his return with
his said vessel to som port or place in the United Kingdom or the islands aforesaid.
And every suoh co,. i.:: i'er and master is likewise to provide and take on board 1 at least of each of
the proper quarantine si^.ial flags and lanterns, and likewise materials and instruments for fumigation,
and immersion, and to keep the same on hoard, to be used upon his return to the United Kingdom or the
islands aforesaid.
Dufff qf Pilots.
Pilots are strictly to observe the following directions : —
To receive an account in writing from every commander or master of any vessel coming from foreign
parts, of the places at which his vci'sel loaded, and at which he touched on his said homeward voy.ij^e.
To give notice to such commander or master of any proclamation, or order in council, made at'ter the
departure of such vessel from the United Kingdom or the islands aforesaid, and then in force, by which
vessels coming from any place mentioned in such account shall be liable to quarantine. Neglecting or
omitting to give such notice subjects them to a penalty of 100/.
To give a like notice of any proclamation then in force, by which vessels having on board any of the
articles mentioned in the master's account shall be liable to quarantine. Neglecting or omitting to give
such notice subjects them to a penalty of 100/.
To remain on board in the same manner as any of the officers, crew, or passengers, and not to quit the
said vessel before or after the arrival, either by going on shore, or by going on board any other vessel or
boat with intent to go on shore, until she is regularly discharged from quarantine ; and they may be com-
pelled by any persons whatsoever, and by any kind of necessary force, to return on board the same. If
they offend herein they incur a penalty of ^0/. and 6 months' imprisonment.
Not to bring any such vessel into any port or place other than the port or place appointeil for the
reception of vessels so liable to quarantine, as statedliTthe Appendix, unless compelled by stress of wea-
ther, adverse winds, or accidents of the seas, of which the pilot, as well as the commander or master of
the vessel, is to give satisfactory proof upon oath. If they offend herein they incur a penalty of COO/.
To bring the ship to, as soon as it can be done with safety, in obedience to the requisition of the qu.nran-
tine officer. Failing herein subjects them to a penalty of 100/.
Duty of other Persons.
When any infectious disease actually appears on board any vessel, all personi on board are to obe> the
direction of the privy council, under a penalty of 100/.
Not to q
intent to g
com|ielled
and are als
Whethei
communics
orders as
appointed f
required so
pelled to re
Landing!
baggage, w<
are liable to
Clandestii
other artich
place where
Having qi
any lazaret i
other peace
grant his wa
escaped, or f
obtained froi
Knowing!;
forged, &c., "
as true, or v
its contents i
All vessels (a
From or
ocean.
From any
declare t
distempei
Note. — Th
places.
All vessels ha
Any i)erson
said place
her arrivi
Any goods,
other arti
Note. — Th«
All vessels cr
continent of
Any of the <
And not pro
either tha
in Africa <
of what pi
All vessels and
Any of the s
For vessels wit
In the day tii
topmast-he
In the night
his Majestj
For vessels witi
In the day til
In the night
his Majestj
For vessels wit!
In the day till
whose dian
In the night I
Note. — Ever;
respecting whic
tine, to be prov
used on his retu
Any commani
that his vessel ii
Appi
Appwel of all kind;
Aniliiial fluwers
llasi, or any article!
Jlpads, bracelets, or
Iie<ls and bed ticks
Books
Kroor.is of all sorts
Brmhes of all sorts
nurdets
Camlets
Canvass
Carmenia wool
Carpets
Corilaife not tarred
Cotton wool
Cotton yam
Cotton thread
All articles wholly
with cotton, silk, 1
Down
Feathers
Fl,nx
Kurriers' wast*
QUARANTINE.
96a
Not to quit such vessel, cither by going on shore, or by going on board niiy ollior vet^ei or boat with
intent to go jn shore, until regularly discharged from quarantine ; and it' tliey quit ine ship they may be
coini)clle«l by any persons whatsoever, and by any kinil of necessary force, to return on board the sanie ;
and are also liable to a penalty of 3O0/. and 6 months' imprisonment.
Whether liable to quarantine, or actually performing quarantine, or having had any intercourse or
communication with any such perrons so liable to or under quarantine, all persons' are to obey all (uch
orders as they shall receive from the quarantine odlcer, and to repair to the lazaret, vessel, or place
appointed for the |>crformancc of quarantine. Wilfully refusing or neglecting to repair forthwith, when
required so to do by such otficers, or escaping from or out of such lazaret, vessel, or place, may be com-
pelled to repair or return thereto by any kind of necessary force, and are subject to a penalty of 2(J()/.
Landing or unshipping, or moving in order to the landing or unshipping, of any goo<l8, packets, pacjtages,
baggage, wearing apparel, books, letters, or any other articles whatever, from vessels liable to quarantine,
are liable to a penalty of .OCX)/.
Clandestinely conveying, or secreting or concealing for the purpose of conveying, any goods, letters, or
other articles as aforesaid, fiom any vessel actually |>erforming quarantir.e, or from the lazaret or otiier
place where such goods or other articles shall be performing quarantine, are liable to a penalty of KM)/.
Having quitted or come on shore from any vessel liable to or under quarantine, or having escaped from
any lazaret or other place appointed in that iK'half, may be st izcd and apprehended by any constable or
other peace officer, or by any other person whatever, and carried before a justice of the peace, who may
grant nis warrant for conveying such person to the vessel, lazaret, or other j)Iace from which he shall have
escaped, or for confining him in any place of safe custody (not beuig a public gaol) until directions can be
obtained from the privy council.
Knowingly and wilfully forging or counterfeiting, interlining, erasing, or altering, or procuring to be
forged, &c., any certificate directed by any order in council touchiiig quarantine, or publishing the same
as true, or uttering any such certificate with intent to obtain the effect of a true certificate, knowing
its contents to be false, are guilty of felony.
W/mt Vessels are liable to Quarantine.
All vessels (as well ships of war as all others) with or without clean bills of health, coming —
From or having touched at any place in the Mediterranean, or the West Uarbary on the Atlantic
ocean.
From any other place from which his Majesty shall from time to time adjudge it probable (and shall so
declare by proclamation or order in council) that the plague, or any other infectious disease or
distemper highly dangerous to the health of his Majesty's subjects, may be brought.
Jfote. — They are considered as liable to quarantine from the time of their leaving any of the said
places.
All vessels having communication with any of the before-mentioned ships or vessels, or receiving —
Any ijerson whatever from or out of such vessel, whether such person shall have come from any of the
said places, or shall have gone on board of such vessel, either in the course of her voyage, or upon
her arrival off the coast of tne United Kingdom, &c. — Or,
Any goods, wares, or merchandise, packets, packages, baggage, wearing apparel, goods, letters, or any
other articles whatever, fVom or out of such ship or vessel.
Note. —They are liable to quarantine from the time of their receiving any such persons or goods.
All vessels coming from any port or place in Europe without the Straits of Gibraltar, or on the
continent of America, and having on board —
Any of the articles enumerated (a list of which articles see in the Appendix) ;
And not producing a declaration upon oath, made by the owner, proprietor, shipper, or consignee, stating
either that such articles are not the growth, produce, or manufacture of Turkey, or of any plac:e
in Africa within the .Straits of Gibraltar, or in the West Rarbary on the Atlantic Uccan, or stating
of what place they arc the growth, produce, or manufacture.
All vessels and boats receiving —
Any of the said goods, wares, and merchandise, or other articles enumerated.
Signals.
For vessels with the plague or other highly infectious disease actually on board —
In the day time— A flag of yellow and black, borne quarterly, of 8 breadths of bunting, at the main
toiimast-head.
In the night time Two largj signal lanterns, with alight therein, such as are commonly used on board
his Majesty's ships of war, one over the other, at the same mast-head.
For vessels with clean bil'"- o' health —
In the day time— A large j^Uow flag, of 6 breadths of bunting, at the main.topmast-hcad.
In the night time — A Irrge signal lantern, with a light therein, such as is cor.~.nionly used on board
his Majesty's ships of war, at the same mast-head.
For vessels without clean bills of health —
In the day time— A large yellow flag, with a circular mark or ball, entirely black, in the middle thereof,
whose diameter shall be equal to 2 breadths of bunting, at the main topmast head.
In the night time — Same as for vessels with clean bills of health.
Note. Every commander or master of a vessel about to sail for the Mediterranean, or for any |)laoe
respecting which an order in council shall be in force, subjecting vessels coming from thence fo quaran-
tine, to be provided with the quarantine signals above mentioned, and to keep the same on board, to be
use<l on his return to the United Kingdom.
Any commander or master hoisting either of the said quarantine signals, by day or night, knowing
that his vessel is not liable to quarantine, incurs the penalty of SO/.
ApPE.Nnix. — A List of Articles enumerated considered as
Avp.wel of all kinds
Aniflc'ial flowers
llasi, or any articles made thereof
lloacls, bracelets, or necklaces in strinf;s
Hetls and bed ticks
Books
Hroor.is of all sorts
Brushes of all sorts
Biirdets
Camlets
Canvass
Carmenia woo!
Carpets
Conlaife not tarred
Cotton wool
Cotton yam
Cotton thread
All articles wholly made of or mixed
with cotton, silk, wool, thread, or yam
Pown
Feathers
Kl.n
Furriers' wastt
(loats* hair
Gold or siWer on thread, cotvon, hair,
wool, or silk, or an)r oth^^r substance
hert'in-before mentioned
(jrof^ram
Hats, caps, or bonnets of straw, chip,
cane, or any other material
Hemp
Hoofs
Horn and horn tips
Hair of all sorts
leather
Linen
I.nte strings, bathliiRS, or bar)) strings
Ma]>s
Mattresses
Mats and mattinR '
MohiUr yarn
Nets, new or old
Paper
I'ackthfead
Parchment
Felts
.3 Q 'i
most liable to Infection.
Platting of bast, chip, canr, straw, or
horse hair
guiUs
ags
8ails and sail cloths
Silk, vi/. — crapes and tiffanies, husks
and knubs, raw silk, thrown and or.
f;an/inc silk, waste silk, wrought silk
Skins, hides, and furs, and parts or pieces
of skins, hides, and furs, whether un-
dressed, or in part or wholly tanned,
tawed, or dressed
Sponges
Straw, or any article made or mixed
with straw
Stockings of all sorts
Thread, tow, vellum, whisks, wool
whether raw or anywise wrought
Yarn of all sorts
And all other goods whatsoever, if they
shall have arrivetl in or with packages
consisting wholly or in part of any of
the said arUcles.
i *' ^
i*.;ii
■' n
mmtmrnf
mmt
II li
964
(QUARANTINE.
Quarantine Ports. — Fut- !\'ssi'h tiahlc to Quarantim^ not cominafrnm any Ptud' actmth/ h/firtM,
nor hoohi^ anij Itijictptn actuaiiy on /hard.
IVithttut cUtin UHU of Health.
All ve»M.'lti, shi|i<> of war, \c. ns luTL-hi-aftcr sfwcifieil, to
pi-rfurm quarantiiitr at stuiulf^uti- i'ruk or Milfonl Htuvn.
Stiips of w,ir, tratisiHtrts, i)r olher ships In the actual m-TvUl'
of tfovL'rnmunt, umU-r the coinni.uui of a cummi^sionctl olllcer
In thv iwrvice of his MaJustsV naw. whithur^oevur bmind, to
liurfunn quarantine at thV- MittfuTlmnk, nvur i'orituwtUht at u
l>l>ictf uiurkeU out with )i'lluw buoys.
With dean Itilts vf Health.
All uhlps and vesseU hound to the fullowinf; iiLices, to per*
fiirni i|uarantttie at Stamlt^nle fnvk : —
IiondoMi KuclieHtert Kaver.shain, or any cr(H.'ks or ptai-eH be-
1 ^K^ng to or within any ur either uf the above jMirtii.
All »hl|>« and veueli liound to the following plai:esi to piT-
I'orni q\iarantiiie at WhiUbooth UihuI, Iwtween i/u// and
Grinuhy : —
fielKh
Afaldon
Oolchfster
HarwUh
ImvilcU
VVlHHlhlldKt*
AldlKirouuli
South wolu
Yarmouth
Hiackney and Clay
WelU
hynn
And any treekior places lielon^inK to or within any or either
of the above ports.
All ships and vesseU bound to the following places* to iier-
form quarantine at Uamborv Pwt, near lAvcri>ool, or Atitj'orU
Haven : —
Wisbeach
Host on
<irinisby
Hull
HridltnKtnn
Scarborouuh
Whitby
Stockton
Sunderland
Newcastle
llurwick
Carlisle
Whitehaven
I^ancoster
1 'rest on
Liveri>ool
Chenter
Jk'auinarlR
Ihle of Man
And any creeks or plottes hc1onf{int' to or within any or either
of the above purt^i.
All ships and vessels Imnnd to the follow Ihr places* to per-
form quarantine at the Mvthvrbitnkt near Portsmouth : —
Sandwich Arundel
j>eal f'hlchKster
I>over Portsmouth
Rye Southampton
Newhaven Cowei
Shoreham
And any creeks or pIao(>s bolonffing to or within any or either
of the abovu ports.
All ships and vessels bound tn the followiuf; places, to per-
forin quarantine at V^ JuU's Puot, within the niuuth of the
harbour ot Falmouth : —
Poole
Weymouth
l-yme
Exeter
Dartmouth
Plymouth
Looe
Fnwey
Falmouth
(iweek
Penryu
Truro
Penzance
Scilly
And any creeks or places l>e)ongin^ to or within any or either
of the abuvt? iHirts.
All ships and vessels bound tn the following places, to per-
form uuarantme at iii»f( Huad and Porlthute PiU : —
llridtfewater < Ihejistow
Mine.iead (^arditl'
Bristol Swan!>ea
Gloucester
And any creeks or places Iielon^inK to or within any or either
of the above ports.
All ships andvesst-Is bound to the following places* to per*
form quarantine at Miiford Huvcn ; —
St. Ives
Padstow
Bideford
Barnstaple
llfi-acombe
Jilanelly
Pembroke
Milford
Cardigan
Alierystwith
Or any creeksor places twinning to or within any or either
of the above ))orts.
All ships and vessels l>ound to thi- following places, to fterform
Juarantine at the Moiherbunkt near Portsmmitht or St. Just's
*uut, within the mouth of the harbour of Fatmunth : —
•Fersey I Sark
(Tuernsey | Alderney
Or either uf them, or any part of them, or either of them.
AH ships and vessels hound to the following places, to per-
ft^rm quara Ine at Inverkeithinff Hay : —
The eastern coasts of Scot- Anstruther
land, comprt-'hending the Prcstonpans
ports of Leith Dundee
Uorrowstonefts Perth
Alloa Montrose
Dunbar Aberdeen
Kirkaldy
Or any member, creek, or other place belonging to or within
any or either of the al>ove i>ort».
All ships and vessels hound to the fnllowinn' iHaces, to per-
form quarantine at H<rfv t'ffcht in the Frith <if Clyde : —
The western coast of Scot- Rothsay
land, comprehending the Fort William
ports of Glasgow Ayr
(ireenock Port Patrick
Irvine Stranraer
Campbell Town Wigtown
Oban
Or any member, creek, or other place bclnncing to or within
any or either of the above ports.
All ships and vcfss' Is iHumd to the following places, to jk-r-
ftirm quarantine at iuverkitthhi^ Ituif : —
The northern ports of Scot- Orkney
land, comprehending the Caithness
portii of Inverness Stornaway
Zetland
Or any meml*er, creek, or other place belonging to or withni
any or either of the above ports.
AM ships and vessels hound to the following places, to per
form ({uarantine at Hithf Lttrht in the Frith of Vlfjilt .- —
The south-west yorU of Scotland, comprehending the ports
of Dumfries and Kircudbright, or any niemher, creek, or uitier
place tkelonglng to or within any or either of the above ports.
Itound to any i>ort of Ireland, between IMisiten Head <uii|
Tiiskard, to perform cjuarantine at the Hay uf tialtitmire.
Hound l)etwet-n Tuskard and Kathlin, to |>erform quaran-
tine at iMiifth Lttrti and the Itiiu oft artinnjimit mar KiHtuften
Pointt opposite to the town of iarliit^i'rd.
liound to llathlin and Tory Ihland, to jterform quarantine at
llulii/tniittoker lUifj or Uid Vtixilr ttvud, near f,ondou4lrrrtj.
Bound to Tory Island and Blacksoil Hay, to perforin cuia-
rantlne at the harbour of KH/u tlc^n.
Hound tn J^onp Ht'ad and Aiissen Head, tn |»erfurin auaran-
tine at Scaltery tiai/t in the river of /.itncrick.
Bound to any place on the coasts of the United Kingdom,
not uiihin any of the ports or limits herein-l)efore mentioneil
or described, to perform quarantine at such places herein,
before appointed for performance of quarantine, as shall tic
nearest to the )N)rt or place to which such vessels respectivily
shall be so bound.
Preliminary Qwitions*
1.
MHiat is the name of the vessel, and the name of the com-
mander or master P
2. Are ynu the commander or master ? Where does ^hv
belong ?
3. From whence do you come ?
4. To what place are you bound ?
5. At what iKiris have you touched since you led the port of
vour lading on your homeward vu>age ?
6. What vessi-ls have you had intercourse or communication
with on your passage, and from whence did thev come !>
7. Did the plague or any other infectious disease (pr ui.stem|ifr
I»revail in any degree at tlie place from whence you saiUii
on your homeward voyage, or at any i f the places a|
which you have touched i* If at any, say at which, and
when. Are any persons on board your ship sulteiinf;
under any infectious disease ? or have any persons diicl
or been i!l of a disease of that nature on the home\(ard
Jiassage ? and if any, uhai nunil»er ? And if any have
iied or b^n ill of suth disease, were heir lieddlng and
clothes destroyed ?
[If the vessel shall have sailetl from any port In Eurojie
without the Straits, or on the continent of America.]
8. Have vou on board any ^oods enumerated in this list ■'
[Handing uj) a list of articles enumerated.]
If yuu have, specify the same, and whether they are of the
growth, produce, or manufacture of Turkt-v, or of any place in
Africa within thi' Straits of Gibraltar, or in the \Vest H.ir-
baryon the AtianticOcean,or of what other place ■* Have > on
any declaration to prove of what place they are the growth,
prothice, or manufacture?
[If the vessel comes f.om the Mediterranean, or from any
other place res|>ecting which there is any order In council
in force concerning quarantine.]
9. Have you any, ami what bill of health ?
lO. What numl>er of officers, mariners, and pa<»sengers have
you on board ?
[And in cases of vessels coming ft-om or having touched at
any port or place on the continent of A merica, or the isl.uuls
adjacent thereto, or coming from or h.iving touche<l at anv
ports in the \Vest Indies, the followirig fiuestiuns are to la-
put, in addition to the aforesaid questions:]
n. In the course of your voyage have any persons on boant
sullered from sickness of any kind ? What was tl.t-
nature of such siikness ? and when did it prev.nl :■' Ilnw
many persons were aUected by it ? and have any of thiin
died in the course of the voyage ^
1'2. How lonK after sailing from your port of lading, or havini(
tout hed at any |>ort on the continent of America or the
islands adjacent thereto, or any of the ports in the \\'c.->t
Indies, was the tirst appearance of disease observed ?
13. How had the persons attacked been employed Itefure thry
came on board ?
14. Had they been employed in loading or unloading the vessel
Itefore she left the port ?
15. Had the place which they inhabited before they sailed, the
reputation of being heaithv ; or was it subject particul irly
to the fever incident to the country ?
16. Had the fever been frequ^.nt in the place before the vessel
sailed ?
17. Did the persons who were ill on hoard your vessel fall si( k
nearly alK)Ut the same time, or within a few days of raili
other? Or, did the disorder spread successively fnun
one to another, and increase considerably ? Or, did it
abate gradually, and cease to multiply as the distame
from the ports you sailed from or touched at as afore^.ud
increased ?
18. What was the Greatest number of persons Ul at the most
sickly period of youi voyage?
10. What was the whole number of persons on lioard your
vessel wheir vou sailed ?
20. What Is the whole number of |>ersons now ill on board >our
vessel'?
21. Can you state what *ere thesymntomsof illness with which
your crew were first Mtacketi ; and what was the daily
succession and change in them till their death
22. Wliether any aiul what medicines have been used ? and
what methmls have Iwen adoptett to prevent Us spreadniit
among the crew ?
23. Whether attf-ntton has be-n paid to cleanlir.ess and ven-
tilation un board your vessel ?
QUASSIA. — QUEBEC.
965
17. II.IV4' liny 4ii' v'.'UT odUfri
vourrn-w. ufiii tiiili-il wi
tliiHl nr Il-Ii iIu* vkxm'I
>inir (Mii%\,tul ^ti)a^i-,
IS. Ill ilif lourM' ul' your viiy.i^*' 'lutwitnU ni hntnow.irtU, nr
nl liny i>nrl nt which ymi \m\\v (mu hiil, havt- anv |ursntiH
on InmnX Millirml froit) sirku' <i> <il .inv kiixl ? \('hiil Witn
Iho natulTf of hiu Ii i>l( knt'ss -• \\'\hw ifid It |irfv,iil J How
iiiHiiy |)ir>oi>H wi're alliilid h> It I' Ari' ihtMc iiny mn-
vHtesiiniH (Ml iMKird / dr, aiu a!l iit-rvins uii bnaril at
I'J.
iirist'iU In kochI h»';*Jt!i ^
\S\>Yv any of thdw u (m
84. When iltd you sail fmni Mu- jioirt or iilacef'rom wht-nrt* you
timk on iHiard >niir iMitw.iril carKoJ and nt what iilaittihd
you touth Ufurc ynu arrived at ihi- port or plnct* whiTC
ynu took in your iirt-seiit rarKo y
2.'>. I>ld ynu «arry any Mil of health with %oii to the imrl or
iil.ui' where you louk in theraruo you havinow on iMiaid ?
Vroiii what |)la(-e ^ Weru thu baid hilU of health cleani
ittu'lean, or su!>|)ected ?
Qnaniniitie QuesUtm*.
I What K the name of the vessel, and tli« name of her com-
mander or master ?
'/. A ri' >nu the romniandfr or mitftter ?
.T. To what iiort or itlare d(tes she heloiw?
1. When dill >ovi sail from Ihe |Mirt or iihu'e from whence yon
tiHik on Uiaid your outward raT^o ? and At what |>lnri-H did
you touch before you arrived at the portor place wht re \ou
took in your present raiKo '■*
.'». Did you carry any liill or l>ills of health wiih you to ilie
jiort or place where yon took in ilie car^u you liavc now on
Ixtard i' From what places ? Mere tlu- baid bUti» of health
i-lean, unclean, or suspected ?
h. From what iKirt or place tloes she now come '■* When ilid
you sail from such uort or place? and at what place or
Iilacen have you tuucniil in the course of the vny.iK** *
lave you any hili or lillls of heallli on hoard ^ From what
place or places ?* Are the same clean, unclean, or sus-
jtected ? l'ro{|uci' them.
I If ihe vessel shall have sailed from any port or place in
Kurope without the Straits, or on the continent of Ame-
rica.)
H. t»f what articles does your rarjfo consist ? Have you on
board any k<iih1s enunu-ratetl in this list f*
[IlimlinK »p ^ '•''* '**' articles enumerated.)
If you have, specify tlie same, and whether they are of Ihe
growth, produre,or manufacture of Turkey, or of any place
III Africa, within thu Straits of <iibraliar,' or in the M'est
U.irhary on the Atlantic tUtan, or of what other ]>lace.
!lave you any declaration to prove of wlial place they are
the j;rowtli, produce, or manufacture?
U. At what place or places was the cargo or any part tliertfif
taken on hoard ? (hi what day did \ou arrive at the place
or |ilaces where you took in the wliole, or any and wliat
part of the car^o ? And on what das did ynu sail from
suchphict^iridaces? And what part of your car^o was taken
in at each place, and when ?
10. Did the plague or any other infictious disease or distemper
pn-vail in any decree at tlie pl.i'cs from wlience you sailed,
or at any of the plac4?s at whi( ti your car^o wiis taken on
Iwiard, or at widen you touched ? If ai any, say at which*
and when.
1 1 . Did you hear of any r< jtort, or are you aware of any sus-
picion having existed, at the time of "yimr sailini;, that the
plague or any other infectious disea.se privailed at the
place from wheiu'e you sailed, or at anv titlur place in tlie
nlediterranean (or in America or the West Indies, as tlie
ca e may lie) ?
r^. Wh.it number of officers, mariners, passenjjers, or other
persons have you on Uiard ? I)escrihe the mind)erof each.
1.". At what port'tlid you take on Iward your passenjrers ?
11. Were they re-.ldetits at that place, or had they hiH.'n em-
harkwl as' passengers on hoard any other vessel from any
other places ? and fiom what places and at what time ?
V>. Do the said officers, mariners, passeiip-rs, and other
persons, consist of the same individuals .is were on hoard
at the (lort from which you sailed uuon your homeward
vnyaKi* ? If any other ])ersons have lieeii taken on hoard,
or if any of your odirers, crew, or passenpns, have quitted
your vessel since you sailed from such port, or In fore your
arrival at thisydace, or it any othir alterations in that re-
siiu. t have taken place, specify the same, the causes and
the time or tinn s of such a'ter.itions.
{C^. \\ iiat nundier of persons Hi any) have died on Unrd during
the voyage outwards anu homewards, or at any port at
winch" you have touched ? When, and in what part of the
voyage "ilid such person or persons ilie ? Of what disease or
distemper ?
(iUASSIA (Ger. Quassiettholz ; Fr. Bois de qunssie ; Sp. Zewo r/e c/fmss/a), a beau-
tiful tall tree ( Quassia amara)j growing in North and South America, and the West
Indies. The wood is of a pale yellow colour, and inodorous ; it, as well as the fruit and
hark of the tree, has a place in the materia medica. Its taste is intensely hitter. It is
said to have l)een sometimes used by the brewers in tlie preparation of beer, instead of
hops; l)ut the use of it for this purj)ose is prohibited, under severe penalties. — (See
Ai.K AND IhcFiu) The price of quassia in bond varies from 1/, 4s. ♦o i/. 6s. a cwt.
The duty is 8/. 17s. 6f'. ; it is of course intended to be prohibitory; and is one of the
few imposed for such a purpose, against which no good objection can !)e urged.
QUEIJEC, the cai)ital of Canada, and of the British possessions in North America,
on the north-west bank of the river St. Lawrence, about 840 miles from its mouth, in
lat. 46° 48' 49" N., Ion. 71° 10' 45" W. Population in 1831, 27,562.
Quebec is situated on a ridge, or promontory, formed by the St. Lawrence on ^e
S. and W., and the river St. Charles on the E. The extremity of this headlaiiii,
called Cape Diamond, is about 345 feet above the level of tlie water, and on it the
citadel is built. The town extends from the citadel, principally in a north-east di-
rection, down to the water ; and is, from the difference of elevation, divided into the
upper and lower towns. The fortifications, which are very strong, cxiend across the
peninsula ; the circuit within them being about 2|- miles. From their situation, many of
the streets are uneven ; they are also, for the most part, narrow ; but they are either well
paved or IMacadamised. The greater number of tlie houses are built of stone, with
shingle roots. Some of the public buildings are elegant, and well adapted for their pur-
3 Q 3
ili>il, (ir »lin li.ive lietn sirk in tlii>
cnurst'iiI'lhi'vnj.'iKi'.oranvi'iirl .il ivliuli mhi liavi- ioui In iI,
nikttiil, (ir Kiis|>t'i Kil to Ihivi' Iciii nllViixl, liy r.ny In-
tVi'tiiius <liM>asi> (ir (tist(>ni|i> r ■' Wrrc llif bt'ditin^ 'iinci
L'Intlii'h iifsuch lU'i-t-nsttl (ind nhK iii-rsonsiltstruyt'l ,-' h'rut,
wlii-n anil in wtmt niatuier wi-n- anv nf tlie in-rsons iin-
niedlati'ly I'mployFilnlKHit tlipsii k artWwnnlslnlicn III •• If
NO, III' what ili^fase ? and in liuw many ilays after having
U't'ii Ml finploviHl ?
'M). At wliat iirerl.se time ilid s'u-Ti drntlu happen ? In how
many il^ivi at'er liein)t imlis) »mI did the stik die ' \V\uU
were ihe tnoM obvinus a|i|ii rames of the dise.ise?
21. lla\e ^ou spoken to or oti-. .wise ha*l anv (-iimmunication
Willi any vessels at sea, ' .riiiK the voyaije !* \\'hat were
the names of such ves .,? and to what eouutr\, port, or
plaru did they lieluilh' t' Krom \>hat ports or plan's !■ ere
Ihiyiuminx, or at what ports or plan's had thev touched on
their voyaui' i* and towluit rounlrv, ports, nr'plai es wire
they hoimd ' lint was the naluri' of the roinmuniratioii
held ? \\ha> o you know re»peiliii|; the state of health
on tioard sun vessels.
22. Have there hien any htlers, parcels, or other articles de-
livered out of or rcceivwl hito your vessel, from anv vessel
or hoat nut «ilh on the viiy,i(;e, or liefore or since your
arrival al Iliis iilace ? And » hat wire such letters, parcpln,
or articles i* And where were the same delivered or rv-
ceived ? inid Into or out of « hat vessel or boat ?
ii.*!. Il.ive you any packages or parceU which vou have taken
charge of? If so, what are their eonteiits V and when
and whcr.' did you take them on hoard ?
21. What pilots or other persons from Ihe shores of the Vnitcd
KiiiKdom, or from the islands of S;illy, (luoniscy, .'ersey,
Aldcrney, Sark, or Alan, have hien or are now'on iMiaril
your vessel, or have liad any communicaiioii whatever
V itii the ship's company, or any of the passeUKcrs, durini{
tl e voyiiye homewards, or before or since your arrival at
Ihis place ? If .iny such pilots or other persons have come
on Ik) rird, - 1 have afterwards iiuUted vour vessel, s\ie<ify
till- names of such persons, and tlie time, in.anner, and cir-
cumstances of their so ijuitting your vessel.
2.'i. Hid sou leave any Ilrilish vessels at anv nf the ports you
sailwl from ? If you did, mention tluir naniea and the
names of their commanders ?
2(1. Were such vessels loadiuK ? were Ihev llu'V near their de-
parture :■* and whither weie they houiid ?
2". lliil you meet with any British vessels nt any of the places
ynu touched at ? If you did, sav vthen, where, and what
were the names and destinations of such vessels; and to
what ports or places did they lieloni; ?
28. Do you know whether anyforeipi vessels loadini; at the
iiort from which you saihil, were hound beyond tile
SlMitsof (illiraliar J And if so, wh,it were they? antl
whither were they bound ?
2'J. 1)<) you know whether any person whatever employed in
loading your vessel, or in bringi.iB any .-irticles into it, or
having any cnmmimicatiim on hoard thereof, was taken
ill duriUK sui!i employment or mnmiunicaiion ? or whe-
tl er, by the absence of such person or persinis in the course
oi -uch employment, any suspicion w as entertained of their
having been III ? If so, of w hat di .ease ?
,"0. Do vou know whether or not your caruo, or anv part there-
of, had been lonu in w.nrehmisc before its bei'nu taken on
hoard V If you do, s y how loni;. Have vou anv knowledge
of its bciui; iwcked or h.indlcd on shore, or conveved from
shore, or sKiwid on board, by persons allectcd with the
plnKue or any other infectious ilisease or distemper ?
• ! (
*!;
i' ;
.; (l
\^ ' '
1 /i
lit
966
QUEBEC.
poses. Tlif liarhour, or Imsiii, lies bi-twctMi tlio town and tlie island of Ork-ans. It is
wifo and commodious ! tliu water is about ii8 futlioms doep, witii a tide risinj^ from 17
to 1 8 feet ; and at spriuf^s from 'J:i to 2.» ditto, (iuebec was ftninded liy tlie I'Veneh In
1G08. In lfi'J9, it was taken by tbo Kn^lisb; but was restored in Kj.'lii. It was again
taken by the Knglish under (ieneral Wolfe, wlio fell in the engagement, in 17^9; and
was finally ceded to us liy the treaty of Paris in 1 7(>;}.
The rajiid increase of population in L'jiper Canada has occasioned a proportional
increase of intercourse between Quebec, Montreal, &c. The first steam boat that jilied
on the St. Lawrence was launched in 1812. There are now above a dozen steam boats,
1 of them of GOO tons burden, employed in the conveyance of goods and passengers
between Quebec and Montreal ; antl a steam ship of from 700 to 800 tons Inirden is en-
gaged in the trade between Quebec and Halifax in Nova Scotia. Thus is formed a line
of steam communication from the Atlantic to Amherstburgh, one of the remote settle-
ments of Upper Canada, — a distance of more than 1,500 miles ; which we may soon ex-
pect to sec extended to the head of lake Ilurtm, and eventually to the western extremity
of lake Superior, about 700 miles beyond Amherstburgh ; giving to Quebec a command
of internal navigation inferior only to that of New Orleans, 'llie navigation at Quebec
closes at the end of November or beginning of December, and opens in April, lielow
Quebec the river is seldom frozen over ; but the masses of floating ice, kept in constant
agitation by the flux and reflux ol Jie tide, render navigation impracticable. The waters
of the St. Lawrence are very pure; and in point of depth and magnitude it is one of tlie
noblest rivers in the world. — (^Bouchette'a British Dominions in America, vol. i. p. 272.)
Quebec is a free warehousing port.
We have already given (see ante, p. 347.) an account of the aggregate value and
amount of the trade and navigation of Canada, and our other possessions in North
America, for three difierent periods ; viz. 1806, 1825, and 1831. The act 3 & 4 Will. 4.
c. 59., regulating the colonial trade, and the duties upon the ditlerent articles imported into
Canada and the other colonies, is given ante, pp. 348 — 355. But the following state-
ments illustrate some of these points in detail, while others refer particularly to the
trade, charges, &c. peculiar to Quebec and the St. Lawrence.
Monies. — Tabic of Coins in Circulation.
English, Pnrluguese, American,
Spiwish, and French l!oins.
itr.i .... Halifax loidCur-' EnKlish. Portumiese. American,
Weight.
Halifax
OldCiir.
Welght.|cu„^^^.j,
rency.
^<panlsh, and French Coins.
(Jurrcncy.
rency.
Gold.
DtH.ftr* L, a. d.
f.ji'.«<>/4.
aUitr.
DnI. gr.
/,. •.
d.
LifMli.
A guinea
5 (! 1 3 4
28
A crown - • -
.
5
li
a vi
Sovereign
Half guinea
Thin) iif a uuinea
5 3 12 3
2fi 14
English shilling
-
1
1
1 li
2 15 Oil 8i
11 111
Sii:inisli and American dollar -
.
5
6
1 IS , 7 9* !) li''
Pistareen - - .
.
1
1 4
.Inhtinnes - - •
18 1 4 Ufi
French crown, coined before 1793
.
5
ti
() 12
ll.ilf ditto -
9 1 2 4S
French piece, of 4 IIt. 10 sols
Moidore
6 18 i 1 10 .3(!
Toumois
.
4
2
5
Eagle
H.ilf ditto
11 6 1 2 10 (10
i^rcnch piece of 6 firancs, since
5 15 1 5 .30
1792 ' . -
.
5
ti
A douMoon
17 ! 3 14 6
89 8
Flench piece of 5 francs, do.
.
4
8
Half ditto
8 12 1 1 17 3
44 14
I,miis d'or, coined before 1793 -
5 4 12 8
27 4
Pistole do.
4 4 18 3
21 18
Thefortv francs, coineil since 1792
H 6 1 IR 2
The twenty francs, illtio •
4 3 IS 1
1
Deductinf; l-lQth from the currency value of these coins will give their sterling value*
iHo
Paper Currency. — There Is no cstalilishetl Rovemment hank
in the province; but there are private charteroii hnnks, which
have the fulluwing sums of paper currency in circulation, viz.
L. «. li.
3uebec Bank . - - 28,.10.T
lontreal Hank - - HK/il3 .'i
Canada Bunk - - • S,-]32 10
L. l^.'i.SGS 15
N. B. — No notes or other paper money are issued on the
credit of the province.
Accounts kept in Halifax currency.
Weighti same as in England.
JIMifurrf. —Standard wine Kal Ion, liquid measure of the
proviiue. The (Canada minot for all f;rain, ^c. exiept wht're
spt'i-ially '.iKreetl upon to the contrary ; and this measure is
aoout l-Sth larger than the Winchester bushel. The Kiit^lish
Winchester hush*'!, when specialty agreed for. The I'aris
foot, for all measure!) of hmds p'anted previous to the co)lque^t>
and all measures of length, except an agreement is made to the
contrary. The English fiwt, for measure of lands granted since
the coiiipiestt and wherever s|M'cialIy agreed upon. ThestaiuN
ard English yard for measuring all cloths or stutl's, sold In the
yard or measure of length, llie English ell, when s}>eiially
agreed ui>on.
Trade op Canada in 1832.
Imports. 1
>. d.
Wine - - gallons 411,2(n at 2 6
Rum . . . _ 1,089,565 - 2 9
Brandy - - — ' 183,277 - fi
Uin and whisky - — 61,954 • 5
Sugar,.refined - - lbs. 1,051,872 - 6
muscovado - — 5,755,172 • 4
Coffte - - - 174,899 . 1
Tea, hyson - - - (13,000 . 3 6
bohea - - — 91,092 - 2
green - - — 627,031 - S 6
Salt - - barrels 260,227
Playing canis - . packs ,33,900 1 3
Tobacco, le.if - - lbs. 124,213 - 4
manufactured — 147,109 . o 8
Cigars - - — 535 - 5
Merchandise, British manufactures, paying 2^ |)er cent
.. rf.
to 7
- 3 6
ad vittorem duty
Total
87,059
16ti,,'.91
51,983
15,489
L.
.324,125
130,059
123,670
v'2,555
I,".3i',874
1,910,183
21,2!lfi
95,918
8,745
1M8~
9,109
103,379
13,017
2,431
2,070
4,903
1.34
- L.
New shll
Masts iiil
I lak I
lUil piiil
Yellow I
Ash
Elm
lllrch,
Staves, I
IK'alH _
M'i.irils a|
puiicliif
(Kites
The rl
tontliH ul
Dinned ii|
(iwiiiK tf
provlnecl
lirtMt Uri|
I lo.
Ireland
Do. -
.lers*'v
(ilhraltarl
Nellurlaif
Sweden
Spain
rnrtUlt'll
llrit. N.A
Do.
British \V
IM.
It.S. (Uri
Do. do.
QUEBEC.
gci
Kii|Nirti.
Ni'W »hlp«
Musts iiiul ipan
Onk
lUil pliio
Vclluw do.
Ash
Kim
Hirrh, fir,
Siavfsi hi'adlngi 5tc.
IValH
Mu.irtlH nti<l plnnk
tolM
III
. ^,\■^:l
'ill.SIII
.1S.7M
. _ l.l.'i.fi/H
. _ l.Wi
. — lS,li.'iH
. — ll.ltj
_ t,!l|l),'i|i)
iiU'ret l.ml.lMI
.'iHi,i;ii
j)i-al futU, (lars, battenK, iMndspiki')!, laitiwiKK),
piiticlitHiii htiunlci, trvfitaiU, bhliiHlt''i shIppiiiK
jKilei . . . .
V'«lu«il at.
/,^
'^N.IHIII
H.SIM
4t,i;iis
'.1,(1.11
1,1111
'^l,S7ll
.v.m
(iS,7.Vi
■^i.iiii
17,'^8'>
Kxp<irtn.
P(ita»h
rvKrl'Uli
Tiilnl (irmlurp iif lln' fure^t
FUh, oil, tu-nl, HklMH
I'urk, liet'f, liuiliT, Inril, live si<nk,
lon-tlin, rapillalre, iMtiirnl ciirlnMUe
W'hftt, Indian corili Iiark->| \c.
Furs, 9if.
Knporls from New farlUIe
Do. f'ruin (ta»iH^
Tutal I'liiiorta, tlic produce of IheCanados L. l,UV7,A(i.1
Vnlutd at.
II.MIfi
1 iM,H7n
4:i,\Ui
<i7,.V(7
,t • /..
IIHflM
»,.'iill
iildn, cw-
, Aic.
17,8!W
K().'.,»tl
.IIV.KK)
Ki.'p.'iH
.
M.lilfi
Tlic remaining exports cnnaist of British ral)ric8, Wrst Iiidiii produce, aiul teiu rc-exportetl. Nino
tontliH of tliin trade is carried on I'rom Quebec. A ^reat •proportion oC llic inipoitit is, however, con.
sinned in Upper Canada; and it also supplies a verjr larKC share of the exports; but it is impossible,
owliiK to thu inaccuracy of the returns, tu discrinunate .the imports and exports on account of each
provnicc.
An Account of Arrivals nt Quebec in the Years 1831 and 18,')2.
Krnin
with cari;m'!i
in liallant
witll I'arijnt'i
In ballast
In knllost
lire.1t Untuin
III).
Iri'liiml
lln. -
.I*'rs4'v
(iiliraltnr
.N'l'ilurlanda
Sweden - ■
Spain ■ - - -
I'ortUK.ll
llril. N.A. culonies.withcardous
Do. • In li.Tlin.st
llritlsli W. Indies, with ci (<o«i
I)o. - • • in I II ist
I'.M. (Brilish) - withe.
Do. do. ■ ■ in liaiLut I
VesACli*.
•i7H
.10'.
7.1
ur.
I
.1
3
1
1
117
.')«
.1
1
Tom.
Sll,.1.1.1
!)7,,'.II.S
'.^I,i.i4
3.'.,.'.'^.1
111
1.11
!I71
l.'.S
.l.'.H
S7'i
in,.ii()
.'.,.117
7,.'il'^
IW
1111
,17.1
Men. I
From
,1.7.'>'.
1,1111
'.)7l
l.noi)
H
•i'i
1.1
'.I
1!)
.17
.'.li'^
V.'.l
IV.'i
11
!^l)
17
('(.li.ml.i., (Ilritish), witll caruoes
Do. Cf.ir.iun) . _
llra/il (Ilritish) . In h.illasl
t'hina - - ith carKoen
.Vrrivals at (tas|Hi
Do. al New Cariinle
Tot.nl arrivals in raiindn, In IS.11
Do. departures from ilo.
lit' the taller, II were built
iluiinu the \i'ar, of tlic bur-
den of 1,.1S(i tons.
Arrivals in t'aiiada, In 1S.12
Do. departures in do.
Ships built in do.
V't^ssels.
1,111
1,1111
I ,nsi
l,(lilH
111
Tons.
Alen.
1.10
1.1U
4.'.7
.'.H(i
r,,(i7i)
7,(i.'.l
6
6
17
l.'i
)79
3'J5
'^(i7,lill
'^7S,774
'iS7,7'.!7
V'.i'^.OSf.
M,77r.
l'^,7IB
1K,H0<)
M5
S. B. — We are indebted for these details to the valuable work of Mr. M'Orcgor on British America,
2«| edit. vol. ii. pp. M^—^Aii.
Population. — According to the latest census, the population of Lower Canada amounted to 5J!),822.
Per Foot.
Riltet (if Pitottlfif for the River SI. Luwrfnce.
From nir to Qiielwf (I'l.l miles distance) — t. «. </.
FromtheUdtothe.lOih Ajiril, Inciu.'vc - -10
From the Ist May to the lOlh Nov., Induslve . 18
From the lUli lo" the ISth .November, inclusive . I .1
From the I'Jth Nov. to the 1st March, inclusive -18
From Uuebec to Hie — „ , „ „
From the lid to the Wth April, inclusive - - 18
From the 1st May to the lllth November, inclusive 1.') U
From the 1 Ith to the ISth November, inclusive - 1 U
From the lUth .Nov. to the Ist March, inclusive - 1 5 U
Kates of iiiint water and poimdaRC on jidot inoney arc pay-
aliie at the .Naval Dlike, by masters and commanders ol vessels,
VIZ. —
For every foot of \. atcr for which masters or commanders ot
vessels ,ite bound lo |iny their pilots, from Hie to Uuel)ec, and
from Ouebec to Hie, 'ii. lid. lurrency per foot —
For ves.sels (joinn to Three Rivers or Montreal,
(If UK) to I.'jO tons, inclusive - - - - i. 2 currency.
(If I. M to VI Kl tons. Inclusive - • " ? ~
(If '^(11 to 2.'jO tons, inclusive; - . . 4 —
v>f '2.') 1 tons and upwards - - - 5 —
On settling with ;.ilot», masters or commanders of vessels,
or the consi Knee's of such vessels, arc to deduct la. in the pound
fur the amount of the sums to be p.iid for i)ilola);e, which will
be exacteil by the naval olHcer at clearing out ; the same being
funded l)y law, under the direction of the Trinity House, for
the relief of decayed pilots, their widows and children.
Reiiiilntionifor the Pi.-m 'nt iff Pilotage ahnre Die lo Queliec.
At or al>ove the anchu ige of the Brandy 1'ot.s, 2-3ds of the
present rate for a fidl pilot.ige.
Alwve the point of St. Roc, 1-.1<1 do.
Almve the Point aux Pins, on the He aux Grues and below
Patrick's Hole, 1-4 th do.
At and above Patrick's Hole - - - - 1 3
For shifting a vessel from one wharf to anotberj lie-
tween Hrehaut's wharf and Point .Hrareis ; ortrnm
or to the stream, from or to any of the above wharfs Oil
For shifting a vessel from the stream, ot from either
of the above wharfs to St. Patrick's Hole, or to
Ihc basin of .Montmorency, or to the ballast-
ground, Uie ba.sin of the (.:hiuidi(>re, Wolfe's Cove,
and as far as the River Cap Rouge
Ratt't above the Harbour tjf Qitclec.
1 3 4
From
Port
currency,
^^-i-.oj'^or^-lt^of^s.^.^
a. If
Three Rivers,!
r above PortfFol
<'euf, 6t. cur-f ci
Bncy ■ - 1
^l ( If .above '^no and not\
exceedinu '.i.'jO tons j"
If above 240 tons
Neuf,
rency
To Montreal, and ]
above Three I
Rivers, I It. cur-
rency - - -
[_For vissels not ex-
ceeding '.^00 tons
rif above 200 Ions
7/.< and not exceeding!
/ 2.')0 tons
8/. Ifabove 250 tons
ue1)ec from
euf,2/ 10».
nency.
31. IOj.
4/.
From Three Rivers,
and above Port
Neuf,4/.tunency.
For vessels not ex-
ceeding *M)ii tons
_ 4/. 10*.
_ .">/. 10».
From fllontreal,
and above Three
Rivers, 71. lOj.
currency.
It" above 200 tons
13/.^ and not exceeding > — 8/. lfi«.
'i.'iO tons - ■ ,
Ifi/. "If above 2.')0 tons — 10/. 1.1».
Pilots arc at liberty to leave vessels 48 hours after they
arrive at the place of their destination.
timbec AlmanaCftot 1833.
Exports to British A.mrkica.
Quantity and Declared Value of the diffferent Articles of Uritish and 1
cxiiortcd to the North American Colonies in 1831. —{Pari. Pap
and Irish Produce and Manufacture
rr. No. r>.V). Sess. m>3.)
Articles.
Apparel, slops, &c.
Arms and annnunitiou
Huron and hams
IkH'f and pork
Heer and ale
Hooks, printed
Hr.nss and conper manufactures
Butter and cheese
Coals, culm, and cinders
Cordige
Cotton manufaclurea
Hosiery, l.aee, ^r.
Coiton'twist and yam
Earthenware
Fish -
Gia.ss
at value
Hardware?, . "I itlery
Hats, beaver ai. "elt
Iron .St steel, wrought & unwr., tons
l.catl and shot - • —
Leather, wrought and unwr. lbs.
Saddlery and harness
cwt.
barrels
tuns
cwt.
tons
cwt.
yards
lbs.
pieces
barrels
cwt.
dozen
Quantities.
II.')
8,.'>11
272
llfi
1,7.'.S
2,572
.11,1.11
211,1 SH
l,'.,61,S,l(lfi
,in7,WI7
2,'.i53,8.')l
r,2
17,88.1
2(1,182
7,11).')
12,UHI
.120
42D,236
Value.
/,.
lfiH,7.')2
18,111 1
41iS
2,10112
4,1)01
!),S07
8,722
II, .1.10
l.'),,')'2II
4.'), 116
41.1,7.17
2.'i,.').i(;
10,7)76
29,.1.')9
66
81,81!)
1,380
127,318
26,7.14
I3.1,.')27
.'),5I1
66,021
.'),,1.19
Articles.
Quantilies.
Value.
Linen manufactures - yards
.1,.109.16.'.
117,.1.13
Thread, tajies, .Sjc.
.5,110
Machinery and mill work
.
1,290
Painters* colours -
,
12,987
Plate, plated ware, jewelleflf, and
watches
.
7,694
Salt - - bushels
1,5.59,681
25,122
Silk manufactures
93,013
Soap and candles - lbs.
1,267,083
32,1.19
Stationery of all sorts
.
,15,285
Sugar, refined - - cwt.
10.513
34,877
Tin, unwrought - - —
.19
J17
Do. .ind -(lewter wares
.
12,570
Wool, shee)i's anil lambs' lbs.
11,337
611
Woollen and worsted yarn —
.5,553
717
Do. manufactures ; viz.
entered by the piece - pieces
S9,'^03
271,181
do. by the varil - - yards
900,121
58,229
Hosiery and small wares
•
19,281
All other articles
-
127,761
Total declared value - /..
-
2.089,127
Jr \i
I J
i I-.
m.v
, !i:ir
ul,
^'■•«i'
3 Q 4
a I*
9W
QUERCITIION IJAHK — KAGS,
Immtgranh. —The numlicr of immiKrnnt« nrrivcil at yi<'*>C(', in 18'J!i, w«« 1.0,945! in 18,10, Ifi.OOO;
In IH3I, r*),'ir>\\ and in is;»', -il.T^i.
MiiNTHKAi., the i«-('iiiiil III. VII III' Caiindfi, in Kitiintrd iin tho Hoiith hmU' (if nn JHlanil of (hr Hiimo n.imc, In
thu St. I,uwri'nnc, .ihmit ISd mili'H almvc (JiicI'it, in lat. »."/-' M' N., Inn. 7.)"' 3.V W, I'dpiilaliiin 'i7,<K)(). The
harbdur is not larKc, liut It In aafo niiil ciiininrKllmiH : th(> laciUtioii I'lir nav iKntiiin ntilirili'd liy the iKililf rlvvr
on whirli it in situated Ihmiik nuchithat VL'saclx of i*M Iiiiih liurdvn may aHci'iid thii> far without dittlculty.
The North Ampricaii fur trado |iriii('i|mlly eeiilreH In Monlreal ; which also enjoy* the principal iiharc nj
the eamnierce l-»twcen Caiinda and the iJnited Statet. It i( IncreaiiinK fai*tcr than {Juebec, or than any
city In liritLih Ai.'erica. ImportH and cx|M)rtK Included in theme of (Juelicc.
QUKIICITIIOM H.\IIK, the burk of ii .spt-cies of oak j?ro\ving in tnanj ports of
North AintTica. It is usod in dyiing yuilow colours. — (St-f! ISahk.)
QUILLS (Fr. J'Iiiiiuh <i crrire ; Gcr. I'onun, Fiderkiel ; It. Pinnedaiicrivrre; Uus.
Sliroli ; Sp. Cniumes jmrn tHcrihir), the hard nnd strong feathers of the wings of goese,
ostriches, swans, turkeys, crows, &c. used in writing. They are chi.ssified according to
the order in whicli they are fixed in tliu wing ; the second and tliird quills being the
best. Crow fiuills are chietly used for drawing. The gixxlness of (|uills is judged partly
by the size of ilie barrels, liut more by tiie weight ; hence the denoininution of (|uills of
14, 1,5, &c. lolhs, per miUe, each niille consisting of 1,!20() tjuilis. The duty on goose
quills produced, in 183'J, 4,'20'J/. 1 I.s. ; whicli, as the duty is at the rate of 'Js. CuL the
1,0(K), shows that the numl)er of <|uills entere<l for home consumption that year must
have amounted to ;};j,66M,0(X). <iuills are jjrinciiialiy imi)orted from tlie Netherlands
and Germany ; but those fr»)m Riga are the finest. The price of Riga quills in London,
in February, 1834, duty paid, was as under : —
£ 8. it. £ i. a. £ .1. d. £ s. It.
QulIU, guoac, 17 loth per millc
If) • - - 2 15 to ,•}
1.5 - . 1 l!i - 1 1.5
14 - ■ .12 0-140
QuilU, goose, 1.) loth per mil/e l.i to o U <)
\'i . . P fi - (I III ()
11 - - - 6 - Vi
PIniong . . - 5 fi - G ti
Hamburgli quills are about 40 per cent, lower.
B
HAGS (Du. Lontprn, Vodden ; Fr. Chiffvs, Chiffons, Drapeaux, Drilfes ; Ger.
Lumpen; It. Strasci, Strazze ; llus. Trepje ; Sp. Tro/>os, /A/rw/jos), .shreds or fragments
of (generally decayed) linen, woollen, or cotton cloth. Though commcmly held in little
estimation, rags are of great importance in the arts, l)eing used for various purposes, but
especially in the manufacture of paper, most of which is entirely prepared from them.
As the mode in which British rags are collected must be well known to every one, the
following statements apply only to the trade in foreign r.igs.
Woollen Rags, — Woollen and linen rags are imported in considerable quantities from
the cohtinent of Europe, and frorri Sicily. The woollen rags are chiefly used fi)r manure,
especially in the culture of hops ; but rags of loose texture, and not too much worn or
decayed, are unravelled and mixed up with fresh wool in the making of yarn; a practice
more favourable to the cheapness than to the strength and durability of the fabrics into
■which this old wool is introduced. Woollen rags are also used for making flocks or
stuffing for beds, &c. : this process is performed chiefly by the aid of the same kind of
engines that prepare pulp for pajjcr ; these wash the rags thoroughly, at the same time
that they grind and tear tliem out into separate threads and fibres. Tlie chief importation
of woollen rags is from Hamburgh and Bremen ; and there are some got from liostock,
but the quantity is trifling. The total average importation varies from .SOO to 5(X) tons ;
and the price ranges from Gl, to 11. per ton, duty (7s. Gd.) and freight paid on such as
are used for manure; and from 1.'5/. to 1.5/. for coloured woollens of loose texture, and
1 8/. to 201. for white of the .same description.
Linen Rays are principally imported from Rostock, Bremen, Hiimburgh, Leghorn,
Ancona, Messina, Palermo, and Trieste. Their ex[)ort from Holland, Belgium, France,
Spain, and Portugal, is strictly prohibited. The imports usually amount to about
10,000 tons; worth, at an average, from 21/. to 22/. per ton, duty {5s,) and freiglit in-
cluded. Exclusive of the very large quantity collected at home, all the rags imported
were, until very recently, employed in the manufacture of paper ; but the Americans
who have for some ye&rs been large importers from the Mediterranean and Hamburgh,
have lately come into the London market, and purchased several cargoes : a circumstance
sufficiently indicative of the languid state of the paper manufacture in this country,
occasioned by the oppressive amount of the duties with which it is burdened, and of the
duty on advertisements. — (See Paper.)
Tlie imported rags are coarser and inferior in appearance to the English ; but, being
almost exclusively linen, they are stronger, and bear a price disproportioned to the ap-
])arent difference in quality : this disproportion has been materially augmented since the
introduction of tlie process of Ixiiling the rags in lev, and afterwards bleadiing tliem
with chlorine, has rendered foreign rags fit for making fine paper, and, indeed, in some
respects
billed wi
There I
general,
Mediterrl
become \m
ing, this
from 'I'riil
we liave 11
Most pari
bags a yell
Frel({lits I
4II.V. ; Aiiroiil
aiid assorteif
|ii'r cut. ill t|
S 1> V F
S ]• !■•
V F
F X or F I
Fit
II AIL- 1
ways forme
jiiissing alo
friction, to
greater vclo
Construct
structed, is
level road ;
weight from
moderate asc
a great incri
thus occasioi
times us area
into opcratiol
is 7 times as
either level, i
It is also c
any abrupt c
obvious, that
socjuent reta
the curves fo
of 1.5 miles.
Iron rail-r
tnim road, co
1 inch thick,
carriage. T
earth, and tli
They are, of
4i feet, acco
mil, which ii
iron ; if the
from 1 to 2 i
slceiiers. Tl
tlie wheel of
iron is used,
a wedge shaj
distance of (
weigh 35 lbs
2 to 3 feet ir
turning ; or
the al)le and
for 1824, N(
Manchester i
Speed of (
is familiar tc
•CT'
It/
LOAD.
909
ros|iocts |)rorornl)K' fur ilmt |)ui)iono, by tlii-ir iinordin)? greater senngtli of texture oni-
ItiiK-d u-itli e<|iiiil wliiteiu'ss of eolmir
'I'liere is eoiisideriiMe variety in tlie npiiearHncu of rags from ditT'erent ports; hut, in
general, those from the north of Kuropc are darker ami stronger than those from tho
Mediterranean ports. The latter are ehielly the remains of outer j^i.ments, and have
hecome whitened l)y exposure to the sun and air ; hut sinee the improvements in hleaeh-
ing, this does not much enhance their value in the Uritish market. The rags shipped
from 'I'rieste are chieHy colkcted in Hungary. It is only within these few years that
we have hrought rags from this jiort, which now furnishes us with considerahle supplies,
IVIost part of the rags collected in the Tuscan states, to the extent of 10,000 or l'J,a)0
hags a year, goes to America.
I'roiKlitH Hrc, at lui avcraKC, nhout— HnmbiirRb nii<l nrniuMi, linen 20jr. prrfoii, woollen, 2,';.». ; nnitn<-k,
40.V. ; Amoiiii uiut Li-Khorii, ;iM,v. to +(l.«, ; lYmtv im,! Sicily, 4.").«. to 4.;», I.nit n mux nrc almost all «eU'('te<l
ami iis.sortfd pri-viously to lliiir ■lii|Miic>iit Inmi the iWieitdi piirt. 'I'licir ilistiiiuuialiiinj niarka and price*
|icr cwt. In tlie liondon niarket, January, 18.J;', were n« tollow : viz.
M " .
Itostnik.
llnriiliurKh.
llri'inen
Trieste.
SITF
S !• K
!•• K
1' X or 1
£ ».
1 1-.
1 10
1 <;
17
17
i/.
u
ti
f S. rf.
1 12 (i
1 8
1 3 ti
17
17
jC *.
1 12
1 7
1 a
17
17
rf.
ti
€ 1.
1 9
1 r.
1 2
ir>
\r,
rf. .e >.
to 1 1.1
0-1 8
0-1 r>
- 19
- 18
rf.
R.\IL-R().\D, TRAM oa WAGON ROAD, a species of road having tracks ..r
ways formed of iron, stone, or other solid material, on which the wheels of the carriages
))assing along it run. The ohject in constructing such roads is, l)y diminishing the
friction, to make a less amount of i)ower adequate cither to hupcl a carriage with a
greater velocity, or to luge forward a greater load.
CoHxtruction of lidil-rouils, — 'I'lic friction on a perfectly level rail-road, properly con-
structed, is estimated to amoimt to from ^|-,th to .|th only of the friction on an ordinary
level road ; so that, supposing the same force to he a|)])lied in both cases, it would move a
weight from 10 to 7 times as great on the former as on the latter. Rtit if there be a very
moderate ascent, such as 1 fo^t in ,50, which in an ordinary rojid woidd hardly be perceived,
a grciit increase of power he rail-road is requircil to overcome the resistance that is
thus occasioned. The re , that the ordinary load on a level rail-road is about seven
times as great as on a coir ^irnpike ro.td ; so that when the force of gravity is brought
into operation by an ascending plane, its ojjposing |)ower, being proportioned to the load,
is 7 times as great as on a common road. Ilcnce the vast importance of having rail-roads
either level, or as nearly .so as possible.
It is also of great importance that rail-roads should be straight, or, at lea.st, free from
any abrupt curves. Carriages being kept on the road by flanges on the wheels, it is
obvious, that where the curves are quick, the friction on the sides of the rails, and eon-
sequent retardation, nuist l;e very great. In the IVIanchesier and Livcrjiool rail-road,
the curves form segments of a circle which, if extended, would embrace a circumference
of 1.5 miles.
Iron rail-roads, the kind now generally used, are of 2 descriptions. The flat rail, or
tram road, consists of cast-iron plates about S feet long, 4 inches broad, and | an inch or
1 inch thick, with a flaunch, or turned up edge, on the inside, to guide the wheels of the
carriage. The plates rest at each end on stone sleepers of 3 or 4 cwt. sunk into the
earth, and they are joined to each other so as to form a continuous horizontiil pathway.
They are, of course, double ; and the distance between the opposite rails is from 3 to
4i feet, according to the breadth of the carriage or wagon to be employed. The edge
rail, which is found to be superior to the tram rail, is made either of wrought or cast
iron ; if the latter be used, the rails are about .3 feet long, 3 or 4 inches broad, and
from 1 to 2 inches thick, being joined at the ends by cast metal sockets attached to the
sleepers. The upper edge of the rail is generally made with a convex surface, to which
the wheel of the carriage is attached by a groove made somewhat wider. When wrought
iron is used, which is in many respects preferable, the bars are made of a smaller size, of
a wedge shape, and from 1 2 to 18 feet long ; but they are supported by sleepers, at the
distance of every 3 feet. In the Liverpool rail-road the bars are 15 feet long, and
weigh 35 lbs. per lineal yard. The wjigons in common use run upon 4 wheels of from
'2 to 3 feet in diameter. Rail-roads are either made double, 1 for going and 1 for re-
turning ; or they are made with sidings, where the carriages may pass each other. — (Sec
the able and original Essags on Rail-roads, hg Charles Maclaren, Esq., in the Scotsman
for 1824, Nos. 51 1, 512. and 514. ; see also Mr. Booth's Pamphlet on the Liverpool and
Manchester Rail-road. )
Speed of Carriages on Rail-roads, &,-c. — The effect of rail-roads in diminishing friction
is familiar to every ojie ; and they have long been used in various places of this and other
I'l''
\
.i (■■',
V i
' nil'
'■' il ■
?n '1
m
.1
1 1
I *i
970
RAIL-llOAD.
countrii's, particularly in the vicinity of mines, for facilitating the transport of heavy
loads. IJut it is only since the ap])lication of locomotive engines as a moving power,
that they have begun to attract the public attention, and to be regarded as of tlie highest
national im))ortance. These engines were first brought into use on the Darlington
and Stockton raiUroad, opened on the '27th of December, 1825. But the rail-road
between Liverpool and IVianchestcT is by far the greatest undertaking of this sort that
lias hitherto been completed. This splendid work, which is executed in the most approved
maimer, cost between 800,000/. and 900,000/. ; and, as far as speed is concerned, has
completely verified, and, indeed, far surpassed, the most sanguine anticipations. The
road has the advantage of being nearly level ; for, with the exception of a short space at
Uainhill, where it is inclined at the rate of 1 foot in 96, there is no greater inclination
than <n the ratio of 1 foot in 880. The length of the rail-road is 31 miles; and it is
usual to perform tlris journey in handsome carriages attached to the locomotive engines,
ill an hour and a half, and sometimes less ! So wonderful a result has gone far to strike
sjiace and time out of the calculations of the traveller : it has brought, in so far, at
least, as respects the facility of passing from the one to the other, Liverpool as near to
IManchester as the western part of London is to the eastern part !
'I'he extraordinary speed of carriages on rail-r-jads depends on the fact, that the friction,
which on a perfectly level rail-road is the only resistance to be overcome, is tfie same for
all velocities ; so that, abstracting from the resistance of the air, which is so trifling as
not to require to be tfiken into account, we have merely, in order to double or treble the
velocity, to double or treble the power. But in vessels at sea, or in canals, which have
to make their w,iy through a comparatively dense in.'dium, the resistance to be overcome
increases as the square of the velocity ; so that, to viouble the speed, the power must be
multiplied by 4, and to treble it, it must be multiplied by 9, and so on.
Ciimpnrativr Advantages of Rail-roads and Canals. — Astonishing, however, as are
tlie results of the performances on the M inchester and Liverpool rail-road, we doubt
much whether there be many more situations in the kingdom where it would be jiriident
to e^>tablish one. That carriages with passengers may be safely impelled along a jier-
fectly level rail-road at a sjieed of 20 or 30 miles a^i hour, is a fact that is now proved
experimentiilly ; but before deciding at to the expediency of opening such a mode of
communication between any two places, it is necessary to look carefully into the ex-
pense attending the formation of a rail-road with a suitcible establishment of carriages,
at the expense of keeping it and them in repair, and at the probable ret irns. The out-
Ir.y, jrd; ^MT from what has taken place between Liverpool and Mam hester, is quite
enorr!' ; : fhe wear and tear of the -ngines, which is great under all circumstances, is
increa c '- m an extraordinary degree with every considerable increase of speed. We do
not, ♦heretorc, consider the success that h.is hitherto attended the Liverpool and IVIan-
chestor rail-roiid as at all warranting the construction of similar roads in most otlier
jilaces. The great size of these two tow.is, and still more their intimate connection, —
Ijiverpool being, in fact, the port of Manchester and of the entire cotton district — occa-
sions a very great intercourse between them : the number of passengers and the quantity
of goods that are always in the course of b'ing conveyed from the one to the other, is
far greater than between any two equally distan' places in the empire. If a rail-road
bad not succeeded in such a situation, it would have been madness to attempt the
formation of one, at least as a mercantile speculation, anywhere else ; and the fact tliat
the dividend upon this very road has never hitherto exceeded 9^ per cent., affords hut a
slender presumption in favour of the success of several of the raif-road projects now afloat.
No general estimate can be formed of the comparative cost of canals and -^il-roads;
as it must, in every fT'ven instance, depend on special circumstances. It is, ho.vcver,
certain, that the cost oi iail-»'.„nis, and particularly of keeping up the locomotive engiiu-s,
is far greater than it wa- f;.ipposed it would be a short time since. It i" .easonahie,
indeed, inasmrch as these engines ate only in their infancy, to suppose that they will be
gradually improved, a d th i ultimately their expense will be matcilally reduced; but
at present it is a heav; drawback from the other advantages of rail-roads.
Ill as far as respects the conveyance of heavy goods, we believe that, c .en between
M mchester and Liverpool, canals are generally preferred. It is not very material whe-
ther a ton of lime, or coal, or of manure, be moved with a velocity of .3 to 10 miles an
hour ; at least, the advantage of superior speed would, in such a case, be effectually
overbalanced by a e-mail additional chargo.
The wonderful performances of the engines between Liverpool and Manchester struck,
in the first instance, every one with astonishment, and led to the most extravagant spe-
culations. It was supposed that the whole country would he forthwith intersected ' "
rail-roads ; tii.ii ''^omotive engines would be as common as .,tage coaches ; and that
the only wav in which the canal proprietors could escape ruin, wouid be by converting
canals into rail-roads ! Soberer and sounder views are now entertained. The price of
canal stock has recovered from the depression which it suffered in 1826. And it seenu
RAISINS.
971
to l)e admitted by every one not expecting to profit by the prosecution of some scheme,
tliat rail-roads between distant places, at least where a canal has already been con-
structed, must depend for returns chiefly on the conveyance of passengers and light
goods ; and that it would not be prudent to undertake their construction, except between
])laccs that have a very extensive intercourse together.
Steam Carriages on common Roads, — A late committee of the House of Commons
collected a good deal of evidence as to the probability of advantageously using loco-
motive engines or steam carriages on common roads. Most of the witnesses seem to
hjivcbeenvery sanguine in their expectations. Mr. Farey, a very eminent practical en-
gineer, declares that " what has been done proves to his satisfaction the practicability of
impelling stage coaches by steam on good common roads, in tolerably level parts of the
country, without horses, at a speed of 8 or 10 miles an hour." Mr. Farey further states,
that he believes «« that steam coaches will, very soon after their first establishment, be, :«
for one third of the cost of the present stage coaches." We suspect that the latter part of
this statement is a good deal more problematical than the first ; but since there is notl-ing
better than conjecture on which to found an opinion, it would be useless to indulge in
further speculations. We may, however remark, that though 3 years have elapsed since
this evidence was given, there does not appear to be any material progress made towards
realising the anticipations of the witnesses.
The subjoinpj list of the principal existing and projected raU-roads, showing the number and amount
of the shares m oach, tl e sum paid up, the sellinR price of the shares, &c., is taken from the SAarc List.
lor the lath of October, 183J, publishidby Mr. Edmunds, Broker, No. 9. Exchange Alley, Cornhill
No. of
Shares.
Railways.
Shares.
Amount jmid.
Sale Price.
Dividends.
£ s. d.
Time of
P,i>lnent.
£
£
s. ri.
£ s. <t.
.^irx)
Liverpool and Manchester
100
1(H)
210
8 8
Jan. July.
1,(«K)
Cromford and High Peak
1(H)
1(H)
£0
•
.■iC)
Canterbury ...
.W
50
sa
•
a,*)
Chcltenliam
100
••
78
•
\ ,()0()
Croydon
(1,5
,
.
.
July.
\,M)
Surrey . . - .
fiO
.
.
-
.
July.
3,7o2
Severn and Wye
50
_
.
If)
16
Mar Sept.
2,500
Forest of Dean
50
50
24
1 6
June, Dec.
1,()(K)
Stockton and Darlington
100
100
293
8
May, Nov.
.WS
Monmouth ...
50
.
«
.
.
M>.LOct.l.
2,000
Clarance (Durham)
1(H)
100
11,1
1,500
Leicesti T and Swannington
50
.-iO
57
New'jastle-ui)on-Tyne & Carlisle
ro."on and Leigh
100
HO
.
GoO
100
107
Grp.nd Junction
,
*10
19
Gr-cnwich - - .
20
1
1 2 ti
25,000
Lc ndon an 1 Birmingham
100
5
8 15
Molton, Pury, Sec.
loo
15
RAISINS (Fr. Raisins fees, ou passes ; Gcr. liosinen ; It. Uve passe ; Vor. Passas ;
Iliis. Issmn ; Sp. Pasua), the dried fruit of the vine. They are produced from various
species of vines ; deriving their names partly from the place where they g. ow, as
Smyriias, Valcncias, &c. ; and jiartly from the species of grape of which they are made,
as muscatels, blooms, sultanas, &c. Their quality appears, however, to depend more on
the method of their cure than on any thing else. The finest raisins are cured in two
methods; — either by cutting the stalk of the bunches half through, wher the grapes
are nearly ripe, and leaving them susj)ended on the vine till the watery part be eva-
porated, and the sun dries and candies them ; or by gathering the grajjcs when they are
fully ripe, and dipping them in a ley made of the ashes of the burnt tendrils ; after which
they are exposed to the sun to dry. Those cured in tlie first way are most esteemed,
and are denominated raisins of the sun. The inferior sorts are very often dried in ovens.
— ( Thomson's Dispensatory. )
Raisins are imported in casks, barrels, boxes, and jars. The flneat come in jars and i boxes weighing
about 2.5 lbs. Some of the inferior sorts are brought, to us in mats.
Of 216,283 cwt. of raisins imported in 18.31, 105,0()() came from Spain, 10O,t.58 from Turkey, and 7,036
from Italy. Malaga raisins arr <n the highest estimation. The muscatels from Malaga fetch fully a third
more than any other descriptic of raibins. The Smyrna black is the chcaiiest variety, and may average
from 32*. to 35s. a cwt., duty included; muscatels vary from SOs. to 130s., duty included. But the price
depends much on the season, and the period of the year. — (See Mai.ai.a.)
The duty on raisins varies, according to the species, from 20». to 42*. 6rf. a cwt. ; that is, it varies from
about ISO percent, on the cheapest sorts, to ftom 50 to 35 per cent on the dearest. This exorbitant
duty has confined the demand for raisins within very narrow limits, the entries for home consumption
being, at an average of 1831 and 1832, only 1.50,254 cwt a year. The fact, is that raisins are, at present,
a luxury that can be enjoyed only by ;he rich : but were the duty reduced, as it ought to be, to S».
a cwt. on tht> cheapest sorts, and 10*. or 12,?. on the dearest, we are well assurc<! that they would be very
larpoly consumed by the middle classes ; and that they would not unfrequently be used even by the lower.
Nothing but the magnitude of the duties prevents them from becoming of very considerable importance
as an article of food : and it is reallv quite monstrous, that the public should be debarred from the use of
a tli'sirable article, on the stale and stupid pretence of its being necessary, in order to keep up the revenue,
that it should be loaded with an oppressive duty. We admit the importance of keeping up the revenue ;
but so far from exorbitant duties having such an eflbct, they contribute more than any thing else to its
reduction. They either limit the consumption of the articles on which tliey are laid to the very richest
<;•'
If
^- i ■ i'
if 'I I;'
I ^
972
RANGOON.
classes, or they cause them to he clandestinely supplicti ; reducing the revenue uf welt as (he consumption
far l)eIow the level to which it would attain WL-re the duties moderate. Hut it is nectlless to reiuion spe-
culatively on such a point. Have we not seen the revenue derived from spirits increased, by reducing
the duty fTom 5.v. (W. a gallon to &'. tirf. ? and the revenue derived from coffee trebled, by reducing flie
duty from Is. Id. per lb. to (irf. ? And, as neither of these articles was more grossly overtaxed than raisins,
have we not every reason to expect that a like ellect would be prwluced by an ade(|uate reduction of the
duties by which they are burdened ?
Exclusive of raisuis, a considerable quantity of undricd grapes is annually imported from Spain and
Portugal, in jars, ))acked in sawdust. The duty on these grapes, which is ao percent ad valorem, pro-
duceil. in lS,i2, 1,72(1/.
Raisins, the produce of Europe, may not he imported for . .me consumption, except in British ships,
or in shipsof the country of which they are the iinKluco, or from which they are imported, on forfeiture
of the gomls, and of 100/. by the captain of the sliip. — ('J & ■* '^V//. 4. c. .')+. ^ ^ % 22.)
No abatement of duty is made on account of any damage received by raisins. ^ (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52.
^32.)
RANGOON, a commercial port and town of the Burmese dominions, situated about
2(; miles from the sea, on the left bank of the eastern branch of the river Irawaddy, in
lat. 10° 42' N., Ion. '-'5° 20' E. The town and suburbs extend lengthwise about 1 mile
along the bank of the river, being about ^ of a mile in depth ; but the hou.ses are very
une(iually scattered over this area. The fort, or rather w(X)den stockade, which contains
the town, properly so called, is a regular square about 14 feet high, composed of heavy
beams of teak timber. It appears from a census, taken a short time previously to the
commencement of the war in 1824, that the population was 18,000, which, probably, is not
far from its present amount.
Rangoon is the chief, and, indeed, almost the only, port of foreign trade in the Rurmesc dominions, which
extend from between the l.'ith and Uith, up to the 2(ith and 27th degrees of N. lat, and from the 93d to
the iisth degree of K. Ion., containing an area of about I84,(K)0 square miles, with a population of alxmt
4,(K)0,()00. Its situation is extremely convenient for conunercial purposes, being situated so near the
sea, and commanding the navigation of the Irawaddy, which extends to Ava, the capital, a distance of
nearly .'iOO miles. Rangoon is accessible to ships of even 1,2(M) tons burden; the navigation, although
somewhat intricate, being safe and j)ractical)le with the a^si.stance of the ordinary native jnlots.
'I'he town has many advantages lor shipbuilding. At neaps the tide rises and fall.t about 18 feet ; and
at springs fnnn 9'> to A) feet The [jrincipal teak forests are, at the same thne, at a comparatively short
distance, and there is a water conveyance for the timber nearly the whole way. Sl)ii>-building has, in
fact, been carried on at Rangoon since 1780, and in the .'58 years wiiich preceded our capture of it, llii're
had been built 111 square-rigged vessels of European construction, the total burden of which amounted
to above 3.5,(XX) tons. Several of these were of from 800 to 1,(KM) tons. Under the direction of European
nuisters, the Burmese were found to make dexterous and laborious artisans ; in t.' is respect, greatly sur-
passing the natives of our Indian provinces.
TIk;— f're 2 cons! lerable markets, where the ordinary necessaries of life, according to Burmese usage,
are cheap and abundant : these are rice, excellent fish, and poultry.
Moni-y. — The Burmese currency consists, for small payments, of lead ; for Inrgcr ones, of gold and silver,
but chiefly of the latter. There are no coins. At every p.iyment, the metal must be weighed, and very
generally assayed, — a rude and very inconvenient .state of things. The weights used in ttie weighing of
money are the same as those used on ordinary occasions; the kyat or tical, and the paiktlia or vis,
being by far the most frequent Silver may be considered .:s the standard. Gold is generally hel.t
to be about 17 times more valuable than silver. The weighing and assaying of the metals, used a.s
currency, gives employment to a cla.ss of persons as brokers, money changers, and assayers. Every
new assay costs the owner, if the metal be silver, Sf per cent. ; IJ per cent being the established commis-
sion of the assayers, while 1 per cent is lost, or supposed to be lost, in the operation. If it be repeated
4<) times, it follows that the original amount is wholly absorbed — a fact which shows the enormous waste
of metal ari-siiig out of this rude substitute for coin.
iy'vi^/its. — The wi'ights in use at Rangoon, and throughout the Burman dominions, are as follow : —
2 Sm.ill Rwes (red beans) = ! i.ar^'e Hw^.
4 Ijar^e do. • • =1 Bai.
!i Uais - . = 1 Mu.
Measures of capacity are as follow ; —
*2 I.anivets = 1 tamd. i 4 Siilds
!i tamiSs = 1 Sal6. | 2 I'yls
2 AIus
4 Mat'h'a
100 Itjats
I Pvi.
1 Sarot.
— 1 Mat'li.
= 1 K.nt, villi;,! Tiral.
= 1 Paiktlia, t u/^-o Vis, :
2 S.irots
4 .Sails
: .^'fi.jlhs. avoir.
S,Vie.
Ten.
This last measure is what is usually called by us " a basket," and ought to weigh Ifi vis of clean rice,
or58 41b.s. avoirdupois: it has commonly been reckoned at j a cwt. All grains, pulses, certain fVuits|
natron, s.ilt, and lime, are bought and sold by measure : other co..nnodities by weight
Ctimmcrcial Regulations. — The following commercial treaty, eiitere<l into between the government of
England and the Court of Ava, in 182t), regulates the intercourse between the two countries :
Art 1. — Peace being made, &c. K-c. — when merchants with an English certified pass from the country
of the English ruler, and merchants from the kingdom of Burma pass from one country to the otlicr,
selling and buying merchandise, the sentinels at the pa.sses and entrances, the established gate-keepers of
the country, shall make inquiry as usual, but without demanding any money ; and all merchants coming
truly for the purpose of trade, with merchandise, .shall be suffered to pass without hindrance or
molestation. The governments of both countries, also, shall permit ships with cargoes to enter ports and
carry on trade, giving them the utmost protection and security. And in regard to duties, there shall
none be taken besiiie the custcnnary duties at the laniliiig |)laces of trade.
Art 2.— Ships, whoso breadth of beam on the inside (opening of tiic hold) is 8 royal Burman cubits, of
191 English inches eacli, and all ships of smaller size, whether merchants from the HurnKse country
entering an English port under the Burmese Hag, or merchants from the English country, with an Engli-sli
stamped pass, entering a lUirmese port under the English flag, shall be subject to no other demands
iK'side the payment of duties, and 10 ticals, 2.5 per cent. (10 sicca rupees), for a passport on leaving. Nor
nhall pilotage be demanded, unless the captain voluntarily requires a pilot However, when ships arrive,
information shall be given to the officer stationed at the entrance of the sea. In regard to vessels, whose
breadth of beam exceeds 8 royal cubits, they shall remain, according to the yth article of the treaty of
Yandaho, without unshipping their rudders or landing their guns, and be free from trouble and moloslation
as Burmese vessels in British ports. Besides the royal duties, no more duties shall be given or taken than
such as are customary.
Art 3. — Merchants belonging to one country, who go to the other country and remain there, shall,
when they desire to return, go to whatever country and by whatever vessel they may de.sire, without
hindrance. Property owned by merchants they shall be alloweil to sell. And property not sold, and
household furniture, they sliill lie allowwl to take away, vitliout hindrance, or incurring any expense.
Art. 1. — English and Itnrinese vessels meeting with contraiy winds, or su.stainiiig damage in iiiiists,
RAPE, a bi
»dUmi,mmm
■IfT
■m -^Trr . r&i
RAPE.— RATTANS.
973
rigRiriR, Ac, or giifrerini; shipwrecks on the sliorc, sliall, according to the laws of charity, receive assist-
ance from the inhabitants of the towns anil villages that may be near, the master of the wrcekeil ship
paying to those that assist suitable salvage, according to the circumstances of tlie case ; and whatever
|)ropcrty may remain, in case of shipwreck, shall be restored lo tlie owner.
Commerce. — A considerable intercourse is carried on between tlie Hurmesc and Chinese dominions by
an arniual caravan, of which the merchants are all Chinese. The imports from China consist of niaiiu.
factureil articles, the chief export from Kurma being cotton wool. The trade with foreign countries
seaward is carried on with the ports of Chittagong, Dacca, and Calcutta, in Bengal: Madras and Ma.
sulipatam, on the Coromandel coast; the Nicobar Islands, in the liay of ISengal; I'enung, in the
Straits of Malacca; and occasionally with the Persian and Arabian Gulfs. The largest trade is with
Calcutta, owing to the great consumption of teak timber in the latter, and the facility with which she
supplies the demand of the Burmese for Indian and British cotton goods. At an average of the 3 years
ending with 182i!-2^^ being those which immediately preceded the war with the British, there entered
inwards at Calcutta, from the Burmese dominions, 22 ships, of the burden of !>,4()4 tons ; and in the 3
years ending with 1829-;J(), 33 ships, of the burden of 8,yi;o tons. No direct trade has yet been carried
on between Burma and any European country. The ships and tonnage which entere<l inwards at
Madras from Burma were, in the 3 years ending with 18i!2-23, .O ships, of the burden of GS3 toii.s;
and in the 3 years ending with 182<)-30, 8 ships, of the burden of 1,170 tons. The articles exported to
foreign countries from Uangoon are the following : — Teak wood, terra Japonica, or catechu, stick lac,
bees' wax, elephants' teeth, raw cotton, orpiment, commonly called in India hurtal, gold, silver, rnbies,
saiMihires, ami horses, or rather the small, hardy pony of the country, which is much esteemed, particularly
at Madras. By far the most important of these coriinio«iities is teak timber ; the ({uaiitity of this wood
annually cxporte<l is said to be equal to 7,.')00 full-sized trees, which, for the most part, consist of what
India shi|)-builders call shinbin, which arc planks hewn out of the log with the adze at an immense waste.
'I'he teak forests of Pegu are by far the most abundant in India. The teak is nowhere to be found in
the low alluvial lands to which the tide reaches, but abounds in the high lands beyond its influence.
It seems to be very generally disseminated throughout the Burmese dominions. In the territory ceded to
the British 'n Martaban, there arc some fine forests, the timber of which is cut down for exportation,
and where it is believed that saw-mills have very recently been established by some European settlers.
The most accessible and extensive forests of teak in the Burmese dominions are in the province of
Sarawadi, about 150 miles to the north of Rangoon, with which there is a water communication.
The principal imports into Burma are cotton, piece goods from India and Britain, British woollens,
iron, steel, quicksilver, copper, cordage, borax, sulphur, gunpowder, saltpetre, fire-arni,«, coarse por-
celain, English glass ware, opium, tobacco, cocoa and areca nuts, sugar, and spirits. Of these, by far
the most important is cotton piece goods. The Burmese liave few cotton manufactures of their own,
and appear, from very early times, to have been furnished with the principal part of their supply from
the Coromandel coast. To these were afterwards added the chea|)er fabrics of Bengal; and both are
now, in a great measure, superseded by British manufactures, the use of which has sjiread very rapidly
since the opening of the trade in 1814. In 18-2fi-27, the exports and imports of the port of Uangoon
were estimated each at the rate of 3(K),()(H)/. — (We are indebted for this valuable article to our esteemed
friend, John Crawfurd, Esq., who ascertained the particulars on the spot.)
RAPE, a biennial plant of the turnip kind (lirassica napiis Lin.), but with a
woody fusiform root scarcely fit to be eaten. It is indif^enous, flowers in May, and ripens
its seeds in July. It is cultivated in many parts of England, particularly in Lincoln
and Cambridge ; partly on account of its seed, wliich is crushed for oil, and jiartly for
its leaves as food for slieej). The culture of rape for seed has been much objected to
by some, on account of its supposed great exhaustion of the land : but IVIr. Loudon says
that, where the soil and prejiaration are suitable, the after-culture properly attended to,
and the straw and offal, instead of being burnt, as is the common practice, converted to
the purposes of feeding and littering cattle, it may, in many instances, be the most
proper and advantageous crop that can be employed by the farmer. The produce,
when the plant succeeds well, and the season is favourable for securing the seed, amounts
to from 40 to SO bushels an acre. The seed is sold by the last of 10 tpiarters ,- and is
crushed in mills constructed for that purpose. — (Loudon's Ency. of Agriculture.)
In addition to the rape-seed raised at home, we import considerable quantities, principally from Den-
mark. In 1831, our imports amounted to 407,27.") bushels ; of which 2yo,.;H8 were Irimi Denmark, .■)7,!'li>
from Germany, 41,964 from France, with smaller quantities from Prussia, the Netherlands, and Italy.
At an average of 1831 and 1832, the entries of foreign rape-seed for home consumption amounted to
494,798 bushels a year, producing an annual revciue of 3,10;V. The price of English rapt»secd in
December, 1833, varied from 28/. to 29/. per last ; the duty on foreign rapt>-seed is lOs. a last.
Kape-sccil, the produce of Euroi>c, may not be imported for home consumption, except in British ships,
or in ships of the country of which it is the produce, or from which it is imported.— (3 & 4 Will. 4. e. .>t.
U2. 22.)
R»rE Cake, is the adhering masses of the husks of rape-seed, after the oil has been expressed. I'liey
are reduced to powder by a malt mill or other machine ; and arc used either ius a top dressing for crops of
dift'erent kinds, or are drilled along with turnip seed. Rape cakes were worth, in December, 18.J,), from
5/. to 6/. a ton; and rape oil from 1/. 15s. to 1/. 17s. a cwt. In 1830, we imimrted about 330,000 cwt. of
rape and other oil cake. It is charged with a duty of 2rf. a cwt.
RATTANS, OR CANES, the long slender shoots of a prickly bush (Cihmivs
rotanrj Lin.), one of the most useful plants of the Malay peninsula, and the Eastern
islands. They are exported to Bengal, to Europe, and above all to China, wliere they
are consumed in immense quantities. For cane work they should be chosen long, of a
bright pale yellow colour, well glazed, and of a small sl/e, not brittle, or subject to break.
They arc purchased by the bundle, which ought to cinitain 100 rattans, having their
ends bent together, and tied in the middle. In China they are sold by the picul, which
cimtains from 9 to 12 bundles. Such as are black or dark coloured, snap short, or from
which the glazing flies off on their being bent, shoidd be rejecferl. When stowed as
dunnage, they are generally allowed to pass free of freight. — {Milliurn's Orient. Coin..,
^v.) The imjiorts into this country are very con.siderable. In 18!W, the nutnber im-
ported was 2,'I14,5G'_>; in 18;51, :5,<JOb.423 ; and in 1832, 3,922,955. —( /VrW. Poixr,
No. 425. Sess. 18;5tJ.)
iH m
I ii
«p
974
REAL. — REGISTIIY.
I
:(
" The rattan," says Mr Crawfiinl, " is the spontaneous product of all the forests of the Archipelago;
but exists in great perfection in those of the islimils of Borneo, Sumatra, and of the Malayan peninsula.
The finest are produced in the country of the Biitaks of Sumatra. The wood-cutter, who is inclined to
deal in this article, proceeds into the forest without any other instrument than \\\s parang or cleaver, and
cuts as much as he is able to carry away. The mode of performing the operation is this ; — He makes a
notch in the tree at the root of which the rattan is growing, and cutting the latter, strips off a sm.ill
portion of the outer b. ,rk, and inserts the part that is peeled into the notch. The rattan now being pulled
through as long as •., continues of an equal size, is by this oiieration neatly and readily freed from its
epidermis. When the wood-cutter has obtained by this means from iHn to 40() rattans, — being as many
as . !. individual can conveniently carry in their moist and undriifl state, — he sits down, and tics them
up in bundles of iw), each rattan being'doubled before being thus tied up. After drying, they are tit for
the market without further preparation. From this account of the small labour expended in bringing
them to markt't, they can be sold at a very cheap .-•te. The Chinese junks obtain them in Borne" at the
low rate of 5 Spanish dollars per KiO bundles, or .'; cents for each 100 rattans, or SJV for Id. '.'ne natives
always vend them by tale ; but the resident European residents, and the Chinese, ny weight, counting by
piculs. According to their quantity, and the relative state of supply and demand, the European nicr.
chants dispose of them at from 1^ tu l'| dollars the picul. In China, the price is usually about J^ dollars
per picul, or ~i[) per cent, above the average prime cost. In Bengal they are sold by tale, each bundle of
about 100 rattans bringing about iiOirf." — {Indian Archipelago, vol. iii. p. 423.)
REAL, in the Spanish monetary system, is of two sorts; viz. a real of plate, and a real
vellon. The former is a silver coin, varying in value from about 6^rf. to 5d, — (See
Coins.) A real vellon is a money of accoimt, worth about 2i<-/.
REAM, a quantity of paper. The ream of writing paper consists of 20 quires, each
of 24 sheets ; but the ream of printing paper, or, as it is sometimes called, the printer's
ream, extends to 21^ quires, or 5\6 sheets. Two rean^s of paper make a bundle.
RECEIPT, is an acknowledgment in writing of having received a sum of money, or
other valuable consideration. It is a voucher either of an obligation or debt discharged,
or of one incurred.
The 35 Geo. 3. c. !i!i, enacts, th.it every note, memorandum,
or writing whatever, given to any person on the payment of
money, acknowledging such payment, on wliati-ver accm\nt it
tw, and whether signed or not, shall be considered a receipt,
and lialilc to a stamp duty.
And every person who shall write, or cause to be written, any
receipt for money on unstamjied paper, (except in cert.iin ex-
cepted cases hereafter cnumeratwl,) or on a lower stamp th.in
the proper one, shall forfeit lU/. if for a sum under 100/. ; if
above, 'HU.
(living receipts for less than aotnally paid, writing off sums,
or other "Traudulent contrivances, pena'lty .')()/. ; lut reci ipts may
be stamped if brought tvithin fattrteen dtnia njler ilatv^ on pay-
ment of -i penalty ot 5/. over and above the duty ; and if brought
within one caiemtar mtmth, on payment ofa penalty of 10/. and
the (tuty.
.-\nv person refusing to give a receipt upon demand, or to pay
the amount of the stamp, is liable to a penalty of 10/.
Scale nf Stamp Duties per 55 Goo. 3. c. 184.
Receipt or discharge, given for or upon the p.tyment of
money, aniouniing to 5/. and under 10/.
Ill/, and under 'M. - - •
a)/. — .W/. ....
.'ill/. — 100/. - - •
100/. — 200/. - . - -
!/iW. — 300/. ...
SIMM. — ,'.00/. - - - -
.',00/. _ 1,000/. - ...
1 ,00(l(. or upwards - ...
And where any sum shall be therein expressed to be
received in full of all demands ....
L. I. d.
n
3
li
1
(1
1
(1
1)
'^
fi
i
,')
7
«
10
u
10
eipre<»f.l to have been paid, settled, balanced, or otherwise dis.
charged or satislie<l, or which shall import or signify any such
acknowledgment, and whether the same shall or shall "not I*
signed with the name of any person, shall be deemed to be a
receipt for a sum of money ot equal amount with the sum so
expressed to have been paid, settletl, balanced, or otherwise
discharged ot satislied, and shall be charged with a duty ac-
cordingly.
previously to 1S.33 all receipts for sums of 2/. and under.')/,
were charged with a .stamp duty of 'id. ; but the act .T & 1
AVill. 4. c. 2.V, exempts all receipts fur sums under ^/. IVnm
IhedutN.
Exemptiiw.i. — Receipts exemjiled from stamp duty by any .irt
relating to the assessed taxes, lieceipts given by th^' 'i're.aCurer
of tile .\avy. Receipts on acc^'Unt of tne jiay of the army or
ordnance. Receipts by anv officer, seaman, marine, or soldier,
or their representatives. Receipts for the consideration money
for the purchase of any parliamentary stocks or funds, and for
any dividetul paid on any share of the said stocks or funds Re-
ceipts on Kxebeouer bills. Rt ceipts given for money de|K)Sited
in the liank of bngl.md, or in the hands of any bfuiker, to be
accounttKl for on demand ; providetl the same be not e\|ll-(^.ed
to be received of, or by the hands of, any other th.m the person
to whom the same is to be accounteil for. Receipts written ii|<nn
proniisjiory notes, bills of exchange, drafts, or orders ftir the
payment of money. Receipts given upon bills or notes of the
Rank of Kngland.' Letters by the general post ael, 'unvledgiiig
the safe arrival of any bills of exehanye, promissory i,.,ie-, or
other securities. Receipts indorsed upon any bond, "iiu.rtuige,
or other security, or any conveyance whatever. Iteleases nr
discharges for money by deeds duly stamped. Receipts ur (I s-
charges for dr.iwbacks or bounties. Receipts or di>ehargt-s for
the return of duties of customs. Receipts indorsetl upon na.y
bills. Receipts uiwn victualling and trans]iort bills. Keeei|)ts
given solely tor the duty on insurances against lire.
In l.S.3'i, the nett produce of the receipt dutv was .is follows :
— Great Britain, 131,501/. lUi. ; Ireland, Ij/J'JJ/. "i. IW.
And any note, memorandum, or writing whatsoever, given to
any person for or Ujion the payment of money, whereby any sum
of 'money, debt, or demand, or any jiart of any debt of demanil,
therein specilied, and amounting tu 5/. or upwards, shall be
REGISTRY, in commercial navigation, the registration or enrolment of ships at
the Custom-house, so as to entitle them to be classed among, and to enjoy the privileges
of, British built ships.
The registry of ships appears to have been first introduced into this country by tlio
Navigation Act (12 Car. 2. c. 18. anno 16'6'0). Several provisions were made nith
respect to it by the 7 & 8 Will. 3. c. 22. ; and the whole was reduced into a system liy
the 27 Geo. 3. c. 1 9.
It may be laid down in general, that a vessel, in order to be admitted to regi.stry, ;ni(l
consetjuently to enjoy the privileges and advantages that exclusively belong to a IJiilish
ship, must be the property of iiis Majesty's subjects in the United Kingdom or some of
its dependencies ; and that it must have been built in the .said United Kingdom, ^0.,
or been a prize vessel legally condemned, or a vessel legally condemned for a breach of
the slave laws.
The great, and, perhaps, the only original object of the registration of ships, was to
facilitate the exclusion of foreign shijis from those departments in which they were
prohibited from engaging by the navigation laws, by affording a ready means of distin-
guishing such as were really British. It has also been considered advantageous to
individuals, by preventing the fraudulent assignment of property in ships ; but Lord
Tenterden has observed, in reference to this supposed advantage, that " the instances in
which fair and lionest transactions are rendered unavailable tlirough a negligent want of
compliance with the forms directed by the.sc and other statutes requiring a jniblic register
of conveyances, make the expediency of all such regulations, considered with reference
to private!
part i. c. 21
Tlie exfl
Will. 4. c.
Commcncei
after particu|
A'o Vessel i
advantages i
caused the s
or until suchi
tioned, and
such registry |
follows ; viz. ■
" This is to cerl
4th year of the rJ
iiitert the title o/l
4/ the mbKriliiiifA
claration requiitf
[he or the^ ] togL
of mm-sutigcrihinh
the proportions s|
sel called the [jAiL
which is of the!
1 master' name] isl
trhrn and rfhen
uiider's certificulm
trfft then */e/n'i'reJ
ment lif surveuinA
ship or vessel has L
length from the fi
And on the ba
each of the ow
Persons autht
make such rcgi
described ; (tha
The collector and
United Kinfdo
respect of sbijis
The principal olhc
Jersey, togethei
comniamler-in-
of ships or vess
The collector and c
British possess!)
collector of any
comptiollir has
be there registei
The collector of do
government of (
of the charter o
Provided that nt
that place, and
shall not be regii
shall not beeiitil
Kingdom anil a
act it is directed
or with any colic
by, to, or with t
and to grant cerl
(lone or performi
persons respecti'
act, matter, or tl
customs, the sar
or coininander.il
this <ict, so far a
such place. — ^ .'
Ships ezercisin
registered, and
privileges ofa B:
nition, tackle, ar
or officers of his
striied to extentl
this act, hnve be
Oenrge IV., inti
Wliol Ships ar
tercd shall be de
of the said Unitt
of the colonies,
or Heligoland, v
ships ' '■ vessels,
ofwai irsuchs
breach of the lai
tinup wholly to I
viritu .if this aci
Mi.i/erraiieaii
p.iss sball be iss
as be duly registi
■"tSSR"'
REGISTRY.
975
to private benefit only, a matter of question and controversy." — (Lniv of Shipping,
part i. c. 2. )
The existing regulations as to the registry of ships are emlwclicd in tlio act 3 & 4
Will. 4. c. 55., which, on account of its importance is subjoined nearly entire.
Act 3 & 4 WiLt, 4. c. 55., for registering of British Vessels.
Commencement qf Act. — From Ist of September, 1833, except where any other commencement is herein-
after particularly directed.
So Vessel to enjoy Privileges until registered. — No vessel shall bo entitled to any of the privileges or
advantages of a liritish registered ship unless the person or i)cr.<on8 claiming property therein shall have
caused the same to have been registered in virtue of the act 6 Geo. 4. c. 1 10., or of the act 4 tieo, 4. c. 41.,
or until such pers(m or persons shall have caused the same to be registered in manner herLin.atlcr men-
tioned, and have obtained a certificate of such registry from the person or persons authorised to nial<e
such registry and grant such certificate as herein.atter directctl ; the form of which certificate shall be as
follows ; viz. —
*' This is to certif*', tii.it in pursuance of an act passed in the '
4th year of the reiijn iit KiiiR Will. ■», intituled, An Act \hm \
insert the title <\1' this n '. the minut, iKcupaliimf and rtaidence
H) the auliicriliiiif! I'nti.rs] , having made and subscribed Ihf de- ,
claration rei|uirt'd li>tliesaid act, and having declared that |
[lie or the* J together with [mtmetf occupatioiUt and residence !
of mm-suhscritdnt; owners] [is or are] sole owner or owners, in \
tile ijroportions sfiecititd on the bacli hereof, of the shiu or ves- '
H!\ cMi!\\\Y\e [ship's name^ot Uilace to n'hichtlie vessel Mimgi'\, ' „ _ „ _ ,. _ _ _
which is of the burden of [mimher of torn], and whereof: desi-riiPtlon, and having rauseil suillcient security to be Riven
^tnna/fr numf] is master, and that the said ship or vessel was [- =■ --■i-.t. .,. _ . .. , . .. ' . .. . .
^ - • . . ■.- ■ • Jirizef referring to I
Itficnte if lust reeis- ('ertilied under our hands at the Custom-house in the saic'l port
''i'P'",'»c<i:icrHc</J, and [nutne ami crnp/ny. of [mimf i;/' mir/l this l(/u(fl day of [nume uf tnonM I in the
ment nf surreuin/; oflicer] having certified to us that the said I vear Lwurrfj u< /(•«(,'(*].
ship or vessel hius [iiiirn/xr] decks and [numlier] ma.sts, that her I ' [.Si/rnfrf]
length hom the fore part of the main stem to the after part of I [fii^'nnyj
the stem post aloft Is [numhcr of feet and inches], her brearlth
at the broadest part [stutioff tvhether that be above or betotr the
rtmin n'olen] is [nnmber.of feet and inches^ her [height hrtiveen
decks if more than 1 deck^ or depth in the hold if onUf 1 dtek] Is
[nnndier of feet and inches], and that she Is [how rif^'^rd] rigi;e<l
with a [«^lri(itH^(fr rfifiriifi/fj bowsprit, is [description if stern^
slerneil, [carvel or clincher] built, has \ whether antj or m*]
galbrv, and [kind if head, if any] head; and the said sub-
scribing owners having conseiiteil and agreed to the above
1 master name] is master, and that the said ship or vessel was | as is riiiuired by the said act, the said ship or vessel lalUd the
when and where built, or condemned as prize, referring to \ [nawif] has been duly rcgislereil at the port of [nnmf o/ ijor(l.
uilders certificate, judge's cert\ficate, or certUicnte if last regis- ('ertilied under our hands at the Custom-house in the said port
'l^lJ^^" •^f'li'ire,/ i,y,<„ fcec(i:icr«c<7], and [name and employ- of [name of port] t\\is [date] day of [nume ((f FtionMJ in the
Collector.
Comptroller."
And on the back of such certificate of registry there shall be an account of the parts or shares held by
each of the owners mentioned and described in such certificate, in the form and manner following.— ^ 2,
" Names of the sever.al owners Number of sixtv-fourth shares
wilhn mentioned. held bv ea( h owner.
Name] Th'irty-tno
Name Sixteen.
Name F.ight.
Name] Eight.
[Kigneil] Collector.
[.Sifc'"e(/j Comiitroller."
Persons authorised to make Regislry and grant Certificates. — The persons authorised and required to
ni.<ike such registry and grant such certificates shall be the several persons hcrein-after mentioned and
described ; (that is to say,)
The collector and comptroller of customs in any port in the
United Kini'doin, and in the Isle of Man resiH'Ctively, in
respect of ships or vessels to be there registered :
The principal ofhccrs of customs in the isliuul of tiiiemsey or
Jersev, together with the governor, lieutenant-governor, or
comniander-in-ch(*'f of those islands respectively, in resiiect
of ships or vessels to be there registered :
The collector and comjitroUer of customs of any port in the
British possessions in Asia, Africa, and America, or the
collector of any such port at which no aijpointment of a
conipti olli r has been made, in respect of ships or vessels to ;
lie there registered :
The collector of (Iiitics at anv port in the territories under the '•
government of the East tntlia Company, within the limits
of the charter of the said company, or "any other person of i
the rank in the said company's service of senior merchant,
or oft; years* standing in the said service, being respectively
appointed to act in the execution of this act by any of 'he
governments of the said company, in resfiect of ships or
vessels to he there registered :
The collector of duties at any Dritish pos.session within the said
limits, and not under the government of the saitl company,
and at which a Custom-house i*; not establishetl, tog(4her
with the governor, lieutenant-governor, or commander-iii-
chief of such possession, in respect of ships or vessels to be
there registered :
The governor, lieutenant-governor, or commander-in-chief of
iVlalta, (libraltar, Heligoland, and ('a^ie of <io<Kl Hope
respectively, in respect of ships or vessels to be there regis*
tered ;
Provided that no ship or vessel to be registered at Heligoland, except such as is wholly of the built of
that place, and that ships or vessels, after having been registered at Malta, Gibraltar, or Ilelipoland,
shall not be registered elsewhere; and that ships or vessels registeri-tl at Malta, Gibraltar, or Heligoland,
shall not be entitled to the privileges and advantages of British ships in any trade between the said United
Kingdom and any of the iSritish possessions in America: provided also, that wherever in and by this
act it is directed or provided that any act, matter, or thing shall and may be done or performed by, to,
or with any collector and comptroller of his Majesty's customs, the same .shall or may bo done or perfornietl
by, to, or with the several persons respectively hcrcin-before authori-sed and required to make registry,
and to grant certificates of registry as aforesaid, and according as the .same act, matter, or thing is to lio
(lone or performtnl at the said several and respective places, and within the jurisdiction of the said several
persons respectively : provided also, that wherever in and by this act it is directed or provided that any
act, matter, or thing shall or may be done or performed hy, to, or with the commissioners of his Majesty's
customs, the same shall or may be done or performed hy, to, or with the governor, lieutenant-governor,
or commander-in-chief of any place where any ship or vessel may be registered under the authority of
tills act, so far as such act, matter, or thing can be applicable to the registering of any ship or vessel at
such place \ 3.
Ships exercising Privileges before Registry to he forfeited. — In case any ship or vessel not being duly
registered, and not having obtained such certificate of registry as aforesaid, shall exercise any of the
privileges of a British ship, the same shall be subject to forfeiture, and also all the guns, furniture, ammu-
nition, tackle, and apparel to the same ship or vessel belonging, and shall and may be seized by any officer
or officers of his Majesty's customs : provided always, that nothing in this act shall exteiul or be con-
strued to extend to atfeet the privileges of any ship or vessel which shall, prior to the commencement of
this act, huve been registered by virtue of an act passed in the (ith year of the reign of his late Majesty
(Senrge IV., intituled " An Act for the registering of British Vessels." — \ 4.
U'liiil Ships are entitled to be registered. — No ship or vessel shall be registered, or having been regis-
tered shall be deemed to be duly registered, by virtue of this act, except such as are wholly of the built
of the said United Kingdom, or of the Isle of Man, or of the islands of Guernsey or Jersey, or of tome
of the colonies, plantations, islands, or territories in Asia, Africa, or America, or of Malta, Gibraltar,
or HeligolaiKl, which belong to his Majesty, his heirs or successors, at the time of the building of such
ships vessels, or such ships or vessels as shall have been condemned in any court of admiralty as prize
of w:i; ir such ships or vessels as shall have been condemned in any competent court as forfeited for the
hrcacli nf the laws made for the prevention of the slave trade, and which shall wholly belong and con-
tinue wholly to belong to his Majesty's subjects duly entitlt-d to be owners of ships or vessels registered by
virtu, .if this act— \ 5.
Mi.uierraiiean Pass may be issued at Malta or Gibraltar for certain Ships only. — No Mediterranean
pass shall be issued for the use of any ship, as being a ship belonging to Malta or Gibraltar, except such
a.s he duly registered at those places respectively, or such as, not being entitled to be so registered, shall
I- ) \
iK!
•' ill
< I 4l
a,
li: :
i
^1^ \ n ii;f .i!
,.i
; \
ii
i. \l
M
*J V,
»i I '
•J I '
976
REGISTRY.
have wholly l>olnii(;c<l, before tho KHIi day of OiMober, IS'-*?, and shall have cotif iiiiinl wholly to lidoiiij,
to pcrnons actually residirig at those places resiiectively, as iiiliahitantd Ihoreof, and entitled to he (mneis
«f Jiriti.sh 8lii|is there refistereil, or whr>, not heitiK so entitled, sliall have so ^e^ided upwards of 1.") ) ears
prior to the aaid loth day of October, IH *7. — ^ (i.
Foreun Itcpairs not to exceed '.'()». per Ton. — 'So 8lr.|) or vessel shall continue to enjoy the privileges of
a Hritisn ship after the same shall have been reptured in a foreiKii country, if such repairs shall exceed
the sum of iJU«, for every ton of the l)urdeii of the said ship or vessel, unless such repairs shall hive been
necessary by reason of extraordinary damage sustained by such ship or vessel during ber absence from
his Majesty's dominions, to enable her to perform the voyage in which she shall h ive been engaged, and
to return to some port or place in the said doininions; and whenever any ship o vessM which ila^ hecn
so repairetl in a foreign country shall arrive at any port in his Majesty's dominion> >■ .1 Uritish reg slered
shipur vessel, the master or other iiersoii having the command or charge of the same shall, upon the first
entry thereof, report to the collector and comptroller of his Majesty's customs at such port that such ship
or vessel has been so repaired, under penalty of a).v. for every ton of the burden of such ship or vessel,
according to the admeasurement thereof; and if it shall be proved to the satisfaction of the commissioners
of his Majesty's customs that such shi|i or vessel was seaworthy at the time when she last departed from
any jiort or place in his Majesty's doininions, and that no greater (juantity of such repairs have beendoiio
to the said vessel than was necessary as aforesaid, it shall be lawful for the said eoinniissioners, upon a
full consideration of all the circumstances, to direct the collector and comptroller of the port where such
sh'ii or vessel shall have arrived, or where she shall then be, to certify on the certificate of the registry
of such ship or vessel that it has been proved to the satisfaction of the commissioni'rs of his Majesty's
customs that the privileges of the said ship or vessel have not been forfeited, notwithstanding the repairs
which have been done to the same in a foreign country ^ 7.
Stii'ps declared titiscawort/ii/ to he deemed Sfifps loxt or broken up. — If any ship or vessel registered
under the authority of this or any other act shall be deemed or declared to lie stranded or unr-awortliv,
and incapable of being recovered or repaired to the advantage of tho owners thereof, and shall for such
reasons be sold by order or de(;ree of any competent court for the benefit of tho owners of such ship or
vessel, or other persons interested therein, the same shall be taken and deemed to be a ship or vessel lost
or broken up to all intents and purposes within the meaning of this act, and shall never again be entitled
to the privileges of a liritish built ship for any purposes of trade or navigation. — ^8.
British Ships captured not to tteagntti entitled to lle^istri/, SfC No British ship or vessel which has been
or shall hereafter boeai>tured by and become prize to an enemy or sold to foreigners shall again be entitlcij
to the privileges of a Itritish ship: provided that nothing contained in this act shall extend to prevent
the registering of any ship or vessel whatever which shall afterwards be condemned in any court of adnii.
ralty as prize of war, or in any competent court, for breach of laws made for the prevention of the slave
traile. — i }».
Ships shall be registered at the Port to which they belong. — No such registry shall hereafter be made,
or certificate thereof granted, by any person or jiersons herein-before authorised to make such registry
and grant such certificate, in any other port or place than the port or place to which such ship or vessel
shall properly belong, except so far as relates to such ships or vessels as shall l)c condemned as prizes in
any of the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, or Man, which ships or vessels shall be registered in maiiiier
herein-after directed ; but that all and every registry and certificate made and granted in any port nr
place to which any such shin or vessel does not properly belong shall lie utterly null and void to all intents
and purposes, unless the ofricers aforesaid shall be specially authorised and cmimwered to make such
registry and grant such certificate in any other port by an order in writing under the hands of the com-
missioners of his Majesty's customs, which order the said commissioners are hereby authorised and
empowered to issue, if they shall see fit ; and at every port whera registry shall be made in pursuance of
this act, a book shall be kept by the collector and comptroller, in which all the particulars contained in the
form of the certificate of the registry herein-before directed to be used shall be duly entered ; and every
registry shall be numbered in progression, beginning such jirogrcssive n.imeration at the commence,
ment of each and every year; and such collector and comptroller shall forthwith, or within 1 month at
the farthest, transmit to the commissioners of his Majesty's customs a true and exact copy, toaethcr
with the number, of every certificate which shall be by theiia so granted. — ^ 10.
Port to which Vessels shall be deemed to belong. — Every ship or vessel shall be deemed to belong to
«ome port at or near to which some or one of the owners, who shall make and subscribe the declaration
required by this act liefore registry be made, shall reside ; and whenever such owner or owners
shall have transferred all his or their share or shares in such ship or vessel, the same shall he
registered de novo before such ship or vessel shall sail or dcp.irt from tho port to which she shall
then belong, or from any other port which shall be in the same part of the United Kingdom, or
the same colony, plantation, island, or territory as the said port shall be in : provided always, that
if tho owner or owners of such ship or vessel cannot in sufficient time comply with the recpiisites
of this act, so that registry may he made before it shall be necessary for such ship or vessel to sail
or depart upon another voyage, it shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller of the port where
such ship or vessel may then be to certify upon the back of the existing certificate of registry of such
ship or vessel, that the same is to remain in force for the voyage upon which the said ship or vessel is then
almut to sail or depart : (irovidcHl also, that if any ship of vessel shall be built in any of the colonics,
plantations, islands, or territories in Asia, Africa, or America, to his Majesty belonging, for owners
residing in the United Kingdom, and the in.asler of such ship or vessel, or the agent for the owner or
owni " •hereof, shall have produced to the collector and comptroller of the (lort at or near to which siicli
ship or vessel was built, the certificate of the builder required by this act, and shall have made and suli-
Rcribed a declaration l)efore such collector and comptroller of tho names and descriptions of the principal
owners of such ship or vessel, and that she is the identical ship or vessel mentioned in such certificate (if
the builder, and that no foreigner, to tho best of his knowledge and belief, has any interest therein ; the
collector and coriptr-'.'icr of such port shall cause such ship or vessel to be surveyed and measured in like
manner as is directed for the purpose of registering any ship or vessel, and shall give tho master of such
ship or vessel a certificate under their hands and seals, purporting to be under the authority of this act,
and stating when and where and by whom such ship or vessel was built, the description, tonnage, and
other particulars requiretl on registry of any ship or vessel, and such certificate shall have all the force
and virtue of a certificate of registry under this act, during the term of 2 years, unless such ship shall
sooner arrive at some place in the United Kingdom ; and such collector anil comptroller shall transmit a
copy of such certificate to the commissioners of his Majesty's customs. — ^11.
Persons residing in foreign Countries mat/ not be Owners. — No person who has taken the oath of
allegiance to any foreign state, except under" the terms of some capitulation, unless he shall afterwards
liecome a denizen or naturalised subject of the United Kingdom by his Majesty's letters patent or by ;ict
of parliament, nor any person usually residing in any country not under the dominion of his Maje.<ly,
his heirs and successors, unless he be a member of some British factory, or agent for or partner in any
house or copartnership actually carrying on trade in Great Itritain or Ireland, shall be entitled to be the
owner, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, of any ship or vessel required and authorised to \vi
registered by virtue of this act; save and except that it shall be lawful for any person who was a meinber
of the company of merchants trading to the Levant seas at tho time of its dissolution, and who «as a
resident at any of the factories of the said company, to continue to hold any share or shares in any liritish
registered ship of which at the time of such residence he was an owner or part owner, although such
person shall continue to reside at any of the places where such factories had existed prior to the dissdlu-
tioii of the said company. — ^ I'i.
■. Declaratit
made or ccr
persons hen
owner of su
there shall b
of the port n
resident at f
shall exceed
ber of them
>1 of such ow
scribing thcf
distance : —
" I A. n. nf
rlarv, that the
I maatfr^M uaine ^
ileii, cSc. IK (Icic
was [ir/irn unit
riniittinniilitin 113
otrufm* tiitinra ,
*l'i-ctirr/t/ resiite
tiinilhrr nf anil
nn/l J'oriif-n Ini
Hunaf of ciijiilrh
tnin itr iri'tnnil,
anil tht mimes i^
. ountT [nr owntT
or |icr><ins what
sliart' or property
\nnil I/k luiil othi
Provided alwaj
rate bo<ly in tf
dirccte*!, shall
(that is to say,)
" I .■! n. 'orri'ir.
: niton] do truly tUn
Khireut [matlcr't 1
I'Uittt bnriltn, tS'C. a
Addition to Di
number of joint
scribe the declai
or owners, propi
aforesaid, shall i
or are not reside
knowledge or be
herein-before dir
and subscribe th
I'cssels to be si>
of registry as afo
(taking to his or t
in the building a
registered, and si
and every particu
the master, or of
owners, or in his i
of all such partici
specified in the fo
said to make such
altending on the |
of such surveying
person shall consc
Mode qf Admei
tliips or vessels, t
taken on a straigli
dicular line from i
the breadth, the r
breadth shall be tj
that shall Im aboi
wrought upon the
and that product
true contents of tl
Mode nf ascrrta
tain the tonnage o
shall bo observetl ;
between such line
top of the plumb 1
tlie load water-mai
distance, the rema
of the load draugh
remainder shall be
taken from outside
or helow the main
side of the ship ; tl
product by i the I
tonnage. — ^ 17.
Kngine-romn in ,
when used for the
of tho engine-room
shall, for such purf
Tonnage when so
snip or vessel shall
ships or vessels whi
the tonnage of such
unless it shall happi
"f it snail be discoV'
-U9.
-*^
wumm.
■—■■■ /•" "-KSI^
REGISTRY.
977
« Dfclaratlontn hn mndr lit/ mhfrritiinu Oumem priTloiis fo Hegistri/—Kn rrgistry-shall hrnccfortli bf
made or ccrtittcate grantr:! until the (ollowiiig dei'laration be iiiaile and iiiibsi'rilic<l, iK-Core the |)er8on or
lieraons herein-before aiiKiorised to make such registry and grant surh certillcate respectively, by the
owner of such ship or vessel if such ship or vessel is owned by or belongs to 1 person only, or in case
there shall be ^ joint owners, then by both of such joint owners if both shall be resident within SO miles
of the |>ort or place where such registry is reciuired, or by 1 of such owners if 1 or both of them shall l)c
resident at a greater distance from such port or place; or if the number of such owners or proprietors
sh«ll exceed 2, then by the greater |)art of the number of such owners or proprietors if the greater num-
ber of them shall be resident within a) miles of such port or place as aforesaid, not in any case exceeding
3 of such owners or proprietors, unless a greater numlier shall be desirous to join in making and suIk
scribing the said declaration, or by 1 of such owners if all, or all except 1, shall be resident at a greater
distance : —
fill- n suliiert [or subjcrts] of Great Dritain ; and that I the
snid A. II. have not [nur hiivr nnytifthe other vwnerst to the
luxt of tni/ k-iii)tilrili.'f anil lnHefi taken Uie o;ith i>t" alleKi'inre
to any f"ofei;;il stat»* w hatevur [ejra-yt umler the terma nf ximte
cilpitiiltiliimt itencriliinff the jHirtieuftira therenf], (ir that sinfe
my taking [or Ins or tlu'ir takintf] ttie oath iil' alleuiajit'e to
[namitit! the foreign alittes reapeftivili/ to which he or aiitf oj' the
Buiil owners ithntl have taken the iitine] I liave [or he or they
hath or have] heroine a tleni/en [or deni/ens, or natnrolivd
Mihjeet or subjects, (m the ciisemaif he] of the I'nited Kin^ttom
of lireat Itritaiil and lieland hy liiH Majesty's letters patent itr
Iiy an act of parliament [ minn'H^ //jr /iiiif * when such tetters ^f
ilenizntion hiire lieen f^rantnt resi>ertivelt/, or the year or }fenrs
in which stirh act or acts for natttralisation have passed respect-
irettf] ; and that no fnreiijner, directly or indirectly, hath any
share or part interest in the said ship or vcs&el.'*
; I
" I A. 11, of Uftace of resilience anil oreupntion] do truly i!e- '
riare, tliat the snip or vessel [imtne'] of [port or place] ^ whereof
[master's name] i% at present master, lieina [/ciiiil of huitt, lair-
ilea, iS'C. as ilescriheil in the reii^liralc if the surreyinK ofjleer],
was [ n'tien nail wliere hiii/tf (»r, ifpeixe or forfeitei}, caylnev anil
conilemnation as «ui/i], and that 1 the saiu A, II, [ana the other
owners' names anil ocenjiationSt if ant/t and where thei/ re-
spectivetif reside, viz. town, place^ or intrish, and countitt or if
memlter eif and resident in ani/ factortf in foreign parts, or in
imif foreign town or citif, heiiifi an ilf^ent for or iiartuer in anif
/louse or copartnership iictiialtij carrijinfj on trade in Oreat tlri-
taia or Ireland, the name if such factory, foreign town, or citn,
and the names nf'stich house and cojmrtnership] am [or are] sole
owner [or owners] of the said vessel, and that no other fierson
or persons whatever hath or have any ri^ht, title, interest,
share or property therein or thereto; and that t the said A, 11.
[and the said other owners, if ani/] am [or are] truly and fiomi
Provided always, that if it shall become necessary to register any ship or vessel belonging to any corpo-
rate boiiy in the United Kingdom, the following declaration, in lieu of the declaration hercin.heforc
directed, shall be taken and subscribed by the secretary or other proper officer of such corporate body;
(that is to say,)
** I .^ . n. eerretriry or offlccr of {name if company or eorpo- | o/Prtr] , was [ when and where Imilt, or, if prize or f trfeited,
;<i(to>i] do truly tleelaie, tliat theship orvcssel [admr] of [poet] I capture and eondemnatjon as such], and that the san e doth
whereof [trttf*/f_r'* joimc] '• .. present master, liein^ [kind ofl wholly and truly belong to [name (i/'comprtJij/ or corpor* Won].**
tiuitt, burden, (S'C. as desci 'eit in the ceri\jicate if the surveying 1 — Sect. I?.
Addition to Declaratioi ..' i-ase the required Number of Oii'tiers do tied attend. — In case the roqi ircd
number of joint owners ur proprietors of any ship or vessel shnll not |)ersonally attend to make and sub.
scribe the declaration herein-before dircctcil to be made and subscrilwd, then and in such case sii''li owner
or owners, proprietor or proprietors, as shall personally attend and make and subscribe the ..eclaration
aforesaid, shall further declare that the part owner or part owners of such ship or vessel then absent is
or are not resident within SO miles of such port or place, and hath or have not, to the best nf his or their
kitowledgc or belief, wilfully absented himself or themselves in order to avoid the making I l-c declaration
herein-before directed to be made and subscribed, or is or are prevented by illness from attending to make
and subscribe the said declaration, — ^ H.
I'cssds to he survei/ed previous to lie/risirt/. ^Previous to the registering or granting of aiiy certificate
of registry as aforesaid, some one or more jierson or i)crsons appointed by the commissioners of customs
(taking to his or their assistance, if he or they shall judge it necessary, one or more ]>ersiiti or persons skilled
in the building and admeasurement of ships) shall go on board of every such ship or vessel as is to be
registered, and shall strictly ami accurately examine and admeasure every such snip or vessel as to all
and every particular contained in the form of the certificate herein-before directed, in the presence of
the master, or of any other person who shall be appointed for that puq)ose on the part of the owner or
owners, or in his or their absence by the said master j and shall deliver a true and just account in writing
of all fiu'h particulars of the built, description, and admt^surement of every such ship or vessel as arc
specified in the form of the certificate above recited to the collector and comptroller authorisetl as aforc»-
said to make such registry and grant such certificate of r( gisi. y ; and the said master or other person
attending on the part of the owner or owners is hereby required to sign his name also to the certificate
of such surveying or examining officer, in testimony of the truth thereof, provided such master or other
person shall consent and agree to the several particulars set forth and described therein. — >) 15.
Mode qf Admeasurement to ascertain Tonnape. — For the purpose of ascertaining the tonnage of
ships or vessels, the rule for admeasurement shall be as follows ; (that is to say,) the length shall be
taken on a straight line along the rabbet of the keel, from the back of the main stern-post to a pcrpcii-
dicular line from the fore part of the main stem under the bowsprit, from which subtracting 2-;)ths of
tlic breadth, the remainder shall be esteemed the just length of the keel to find the tonnage; and the
brcaillh shall be taken from the outside of the outside plank in the broadest part of the ship, whether
tliat shall l)a above or below the main wales, exclusive of all manner of doubling planks that mav be
wrought upon the sides of the ship ; then multiplying the length of the keel by the breadth so t;iken,
and that jiroduct by J the breadth, and dividing the whole by 94, the quotient shall be deemed the
true contents of the tonnage. — ^ l(i. ' ■
Mode nf ascertaining Tonnage lelien Vesseh are afloat. — In cases where it may be nece-ssary to ascer-
tain the tonnage of any ship or vessel when afloat, according to the foregoing ride, the following method
shall be observed ; (that is to say,) drop a plumb line over the stern of the ship, and measure the distance
between such line and the after part of the stern-post at the load water-mark, then measure from the
top of the plumb line, in a parallel direction with the water, to a periwndicular iwint immediately over
tlie load water-mark at the fore part of the main stem, subtracting from such measurement the above
distance, the remainder will be the ship's extreme, from which is to he deducted 3 inches for every foot
of the load draught of water for the rake abaft, also S-.^ths of the ship's breadth for the rake forward, the
romainder shall be esteemed the just length of the keel to find the tonnage ; and the breadth shall bo
tal<eii from outside to outside of the plank in the broadest part of the ship, whether that shall be above
or hclow the main wales, exclusive of all manner of sheathing or doubling that may be wrought on the
side of the ship ; then multiplving the length of the keel for tonnage by the breadth so taken, and that
product by J the breadth, and dividing by <H, the quotient shall be deemed the true contents of the
tonnage. — ^ 17.
Engine-room in Steam Vessels to be deducted. — In each of the several rules herein-before prescribed,
when used for the purpose of ascertaining the tonnage of any ship or vessel propelled by steam, the length
of the engine-room shall be deducted from the whole length of such ship or vessel, and the remainder
shall, for such purpose, be deemed the whole length of the same. — ^18.
Tonnage when so ascertained to be ever after deemed the Tonnage. — Whenever the tonnage of any_
ship or vessel shall have been ascertaimnl according to the rule herein prescribed (except in the case ot
ships or vessels which have been admeasured afloat), such account of tonnage shall ever after be d£eme<l
the tonnage of such ship or vessel, and shall be repeated in every subsequent registry of such ship or vessel,
unless it shall happen that any alteration has been made in the form and burtlen of such ship or vessel,
T it snail be discovered that the tonnage of such ship or vessel had been erroneously taken and computo<l.
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UEGISTIIY.
Bond to f>f given at Ihc Tinw (J /Irgistn/. — At the time of the obtaining of the cnrtificate of rogistr*
aa afDrus.iiil, KUiliciL'iit security liy IhiikI sli.ill lie K'lvvn to hl« Majcgty, hi* hpir* and siicceHsorn, liy tl>L'
inaslur and siirli of the owiiers a-, shiill pcrsoiiHllv atti'iiil, as U herciii-boforo ri'i)iiircd, such hirurily to Ik'
ap;ir(iVL-d of and taken hy the person or persons lierein-ljeforc authorised to make siicli registry anci grant
(iuuli eertilieate of registry at the port or plaee in which such certificate shall be granted, in the penalties
following; vtliat is to say,) if such sliip or vessel shall be a decked vessel, or be above thobnrd(Mof
ly tons, and not exceeding /5l) tons, then in the penalty of lOOA ; if exeee<ling the burden of ;V) tons and
not exceeiling KM) tons, then in the penalty of .JiiO/. ;' if exceeding the burden of !(;(» Ions and not ex.
ceeding 'JKl tons, then in the lienalty of ;">()()/. ; if exceeding the burden of '.'(K) tons and not exceeding
.710 tons, then in the penalfy o( HWl. ; and if exceeding the burden of ^Oll tons, then in the pcnilty of
l,(llX)/. ; and the condition of every sucl: bond shall be, that such ccrtiticate shall not l)e sold, lent, or
otherwise disposed of to any person or persona whatever, and that the same shall be solely made use of
for the service of the ship or vessel for which it is granted ; and that in case such ship or vessel shall lie
lost, or taken by the enemv, burnt, or broken up, or otherwise prevented from retiiriiuig to the port to
which she belongs, or shall on any account have lost and Ibrfcited the privileges of a ISritlsh ship, or sliull
have been seized ami legally condemned for illicit trading, or shall have been taken in execution for debt
and sold by due process of law, or shall have been sold to the Crown, or shaU under any clrcnnistances
have been registered ilc novo, the ccrtiticate, if preserved, shall be delivereil up, within 1 month alter
the arrival of the master in any port or place in his Majesty's dominions, to the collector and comptroller
of some port in tireat Uiitain or of the Isle of Man, or of the Uritish jilantations, or to the governor,
lieutenant-governor, or commander-in-chief tor the time being of the islands of (iucrnsey or Jersey ; ami
that if any foreigner, or any person or persons for the use and benefit of any Ibreigner, shall purchase or
otherwise become entitled to the whole or to any iwrt or share of or any interest in such ship or vessel,
and the same shall be within the limits of any port of Great Britain, or of the islands of (iuernscy,
Jersey, or Man, or of the liritish colonies, plantations, islands, or territories aforcsai<l, then and in such
case tlie certificate of registry shall, within 7 days after such purchase or transfer of property in sucli
ship or vessel, be delivered up to the person or persons herein-before authorised to make registry ami
grant ccrtiticate of registry at such port or place resjicctively as aforesaid: and if such ship or vessel
shall be in any foreign port when such purchase or transfer of properly shall take place, then that the
certificate shall be delivered up to the liritish consul or other chief British officer resident at or neare-t
to such foreign port; or if sucn ship or vessel shall be at se.i when such purchase or transfer of property
shall take place, then that the certificate shall be delivered up to the British consul or other chief tritieh
officer at the foreign port or place in or at which the master or other person having or taking the cliarKe
or command of such ship or vessel shall first arrive after such purchase or transfer of property at se,i,
immediately afiter his arrival at such foreign port ; but if sucli master or other person who had the
command thereof at the time of such purchase or transfer of property at sea shall not arrive at a foreign
p)rt, but shall arrivp at some port of Great ISritain, or of the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, or Man, or nf
his Majesty's said colonies, plantations, islands, or territories, then that the certificate shall be delivered
up, in manner aforesaid, within 14 days after the arrival of such ship or vessel, or of the person who had
the command thereof, in any port of Great Britain, or of the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, or Man, or (if
any of his Majesty's said colonies, ])lantations, islands, or territories : provided always, that if it shall
happen that at the time of registry of any ship or vessel the same shall be at any other port than itie
port to which she belongs, so that the master of such ship or vessel cainiot attend at the port of registry
to join with the owner or owners in such bond as aforesaid, it shall be lawful for him to give a sejiarato
bond, to the like eflfect, at the port where such ship or vessel may then he, and the collector and
comptroller of such other port shall transmit such bond to the collector and comptroller of the port where
such sliip or vessel is to be registered, and such bond, and the bond also given by the owner or owners,
shall together be of the same cffi-ct against the master and owner or owners, or cither of them, as if they
had txiund themselves jointly and severally in one bond ^ 20.
nhen Master is c/iangrri, new Master to give similar Bond. —When and so often as the master or other
person having or taking the charge or command of any ship or vessel registered in manner herein
directed shall be changed, the master or owner of such ship or vessel shall deliver to the person or persons
herein authoriswl to make such registry and grant such certificates of registry at the port where su( h
change shall take place the certificate of registry belonging to such ship or vessel, who shall thereupon
indorse and subscribe a memorandum of such change, and shall forthwith give notice of the same 10
the proper officer of the port or place where such ship or vessel was last registered pursuant to this act,
who shall likewise make a memorandum of the same in the book of registers, which is hereby directed
and roquire<l to be kept, and sliall forthwith give notice thereof to the commissioners of his .Maje»tv'8
customs : provided always, that before the name of such new master shall be indorsed on the certificate
of registry he shall be required to give and shall give a bond in the like penalties and under the same
conditions as are containeil in the bond herein.bcfure required to be given at the time of registry of any
ship or vessel. — ^ 21.
Bonds liable to same Duties 0/ Statnps as Bonds for Customs. — All bonds retjuired by this act shall be
liable to the same duties of stamps as bonds given for or in respect of the duties of customs are or shall
be liable to under any act for the time being in force for granting duties of stamps. — ^ 22.
Certijicate of Registry to l)e given vp by all Persons, as directed by the Bovd. — If any person whatever
shall at any time have possession of and wilfully detain any certificate of registry granted under this or
any other act, which ought to be delivered up to be cancelled according to any of the conditions of the
bond herein. before required to be given upon the registry of any ship or vessel, such person is hereby
required and enjoined to deliver up such certificate of registry in manner directed by the conditions of
such bond in the respective cases and under the respective penalties therein provided. - • \ i!3.
Name of Vessel tvhicli has been registered never afterwards to be cfiangeil It shall not be lawftil for
any owner or owners of any ship or vessel to give any name to such ship or vessel other than that by
which she was first registerejl m pursuance of this or any other act; and the owne; or owners of all
and every ship or vessel which shall be so registered shall, before such ship or vessel, after such registry,
shall begin to take in any cargo, paint or cause to be jiainted, in white or yeiiow letters, of a length if
not less than 4 inches, upon a black ground, on some conspicuous part of the stern, the name by which
such ship or vessel shall have been registered pursuant to this act, and the port to which she belongs.
In a distinct and legible manner, and shall so keep and preserve the spme ; and if such owner or
owners or master or other person having or taking the charge or command of such ship or vessel shall
permit such ship or vessel to begin to take in any cargo before the name of such ship or vessel has been
so painted as aforesaid, or shall wilfully alter, erase, obliterate, or in anywise hide or conceal, or cause or
procure or permit the same to be done (unless in the case of square-rigged vessels in time of war\ or
shall in any written or ])rintetl paper, or other document, describe such ship or vessel by any name other
than that by which she was first registered pursuant to this act, or shall verbally describe, or cau.«e or
procure or permit such ship or vessel to be described, by any other name to any officer or officers of his
Majesty's revenu"? in the due execution of his or their duty, then and in every such case such owner or
owners' or master or other person having or taking the charge or command of such ship or vessel shall
forfeit the sum of KKI/.— ^ 24.
Builder's Certijicate of Particulars of Ship. — All and every person and persons who shall apply for
-a certificate of the registry of any ship or vessel shall and tliey are hereby require<l to produce to the
person or persons autliovisetl to grant such certificate a true and full account, under the hand of the
builder of such ship or vessel, of the proper denomination, and of the time when and the place where
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•licit «lil|) or vpKSfl wan liiiilt, niid also nii cxntt ni'couiit of the toniiflfre of such ililii or voii-l, tdRctlior
with the niiim- ol' the (iri.1 iJiiri'liasrr or piin.'hrisiTs thcroul' , which acroutit such liuililiT is hnihy
(liri'cti'd niul rf(niir('(l to pivc iimlcr his hand (in the sanii- Ijcinf,' <U'niaiidcd liy siirh person or persons so
applyinj,' for a ii'rtillratc as al'orcsaid', and shall also make and suliscrihe a declaration lielore the periioii
or persons herein-liel'iire authorised to grant such certilicate that the ship or vessel lor which such
certllicate Is rcfinircd is the sanu' with that which is so descrihod by the huildcr as albresaid. — ^ 'J").
Ccrtijii(ilt't\f llf/iii/n/ Inst or mislttid. — If the ci'rtilicate of registry of any ship or vessel shall lie tost
or niislaiti, si> that the same cannot be found or obtaiiu'd for tlie use of such ship or vessel when needful,
and proof thereof shall he made to the satisfaction of the commissioners of his Majesty's customs, siu'h
commissioners »hall and may permit such ship or vessel to be registered ilc novo, and a certilicate thereof
to be granted : proviclinl always, that if such ship or vessel he absent and far distant from the iioit to
which she belongs, or by reason of the absence of the owner or owners, or of any other impediment,
registry of the same cannot then be made in suHicieut time, such commissioners shall and may gr?Mt
a licence for the present use of such ship or vessel, which licence shall, for the time and to the'cxtei i
fpecilied therein, and no longer, be of the same force and virtue aa a certificate of registry grantinl under
this act: provided always, that before such registry (/.■ ikivo be made, the owner or owners and master
shall give bond to the c<immissiciners aforesaid, iTisuch sum as to them shall seem lit, with a condition
that if the certilicate of registry shall at any time afterwards be found, the same shall be forthwith
delivered to the proper ollicers of his Majesty's customs to be cancelled, and that no illegal use hius U'en
or shall be imide tliereof with his or their privity or knowledge; an<l further, that before any such
licence shall be granted as aforesaid, the master of such ship or vessel shall also make ami suliscrihe
a diclaratiou that the same has lieen ri';,'istered as a liriti-h ship, naming the (lort where and the ibne
when sucli registry w.cs made, and all the particulars c<intaincd in the certilicate thereof, to the best of his
knowledge and beiief, ami shall also give siu-li bond and with the same condition as is before mentioned :
provided also, that before any such licence sliall be grante<l, such ship or vessel shall lie surveyed in like
manner as if a registry rfc nufo were alxiut to be made thereof; and the certificate of such survey shall
be preserved by the c()lleetor and comptroller of the jiort to which such ship or vessel shall belong ; anil
in virtue thereof it shall bo lawful for the said commissioners and they are hereby required to permit
such ship or vessel to be registered atlcr her deiiarture, whenever the owner or owners shall personally
attend to take and subscribe the declaration reiiuircd by this act before registry be made, and shall also
coin))ly with all other requisites of this act, cxcejit so far as relates to the bond to be given by the master
of such ship or vessel ; which certilicate of registry the said comr.'.ssioners shall and may transmit to the
collector and comptroller of any other port, to be by them given to the master of such ship or vessel,
upon his giving such bond, and delivernig up the licence which had been granted for the then present
use of such ship or vessel. — 5 Sit).
J'crsons (iclalnhij^ Crr/ijiciitr of Rej^isti-;/ foforfrif 100/ In case any person who shall have received
or obtained by any means, or tor any purpose whatever, the certilicate of the registry of any ship or
vessel (whether such person shall claim to be the master or to be the owner or one of the owners of such
ship or vesiel, or not), shall wilfully detain and refuse to deliver up the same to the proper officers of
customs, for the jiurposes of such ship or vessel, as occasion shall require, or to the person or persons
having the actual command, possession, and management of such ship or vessel as the ostensible and
reputed master, or as the ostensible and reputed owner or owners thereof, it may and shall be lawful to
and for any such last-mentioned person to make complaint on oath of such detainer and refusal to any
justice of the jicace residing near to the phice where such detainer and refusal shall be, in Great Britain
or Ireland, or to any member of the supreme court of justice or any justice of the peace in the islands of
Jersey, (iucrnsey, or Man, or in !iny colony, plantation, island, or territory to his Majesty belonging in
Asia, Africa, or America, or in Malta, (iibraltar, or Heligoland, where such detainer and refusal shall be
in any of the places last mentioned ; and on such complaint the said justice or other magistrate shall and
is hereby required, by warrant under his hand and seal, to cause the person so complained against to be
brought before hiin to be examined touching sui h detainer and refusal ; and if it shall appear to the said
justice or other magistrate, on examination of such person or otherwise, that the said certificate of
registry is not lost or mislaid, but is wilfully detained by the said person, such person shall be thereof
convicted, and shall forfeit and pay the sum of 10(1/., and on failure of p.iyment tliereof he shall be com-
mitted to tlie common gaol, there to remain without bail or mainprize for such time as the said justice
or other magistrate shall in his discretion deem proper, not being less than 3 months nor more than 12
months ; and the said justice or other magistrate shall and he is hereby required to certify the aforcaid
detainer refusal, and conviction to the person or jier.sons who granted such certificate of registry for such
sliip or vessel, who shall, on the terms and conditions of law being complied with, make registry of such
shiji or vessel i/r novo, and grant a certificate thereof conformably to law, notifying on the back of such
c.i'tiHcate the ground upon which the ship or vessel was so registered dc novo ; and if the person who
shall have detained and retUscd to deliver up such certiticate of registry as albresaid, or shall be verily
believed to have detained the same, shall have absconded, so that the said warrant of the justice or other
magistrate cannot be executed upon him, and proof thereof shall be mnde to the satisfaction of the com-
missioners of his Majesty's customs, it shall be lawful for the said commissioners to permit such ship or
vessel to lie regi-stered de novo, or otherwise, in their discretion, to grant a lircnce for the present use of
fiich ship or vessel in like manner as is herein-bcfore provided in the c 'lerein the certificate of
registry is lost or mislaid. — \ 27.
Ship altrred in certain itaiincr to he rcjiisfered dc novo. — If any sh ssel, after she shall have
l)een registered pursuant to the directions of this act, shall in any mam. latever be altered so as not
to correspond with all the particulars contained in the certiticate of her re(;istry, in such case ♦uch ship or
vessel shall be registered de 710V0, in manner herein-before required, as soon as she returns to the port
to which she belongs, or to any other port which shall be in the same part of the United Kingdom, or in
the saiie colony, plantation, island, or territory as the said port shall be in, on failure whereof such ship
or vessel shall, to all intents and purposes, bo considered and deemed and taken to be a ship or vessel not
duly registered. — ^28.
J'i\i.sii.i cundcmried as Prize, f;c, — The owner or owners of all such ships and vessels as shall be taken
by any of his Majesty's ships or vess:els of war, or by any private or other ship or vessel, and condemned as
lawful prize in any court of admiralty, or of -uch ships or vessels as shall be condemned in any competent
court as forfeited for breach of the laws for the prevention of the slave trade, shall, for the purjiose of
registering any such ship or vessel, produce to the collector and comiitroUor of customs a cettihcate of
th'j condemnation of such ship or vessel, under the hand and seal of the judge of the court in which
such ship or ves.sel shall have been condemned (which certificate such judge is hereby authorised and
required to grant;, and also a true and exact account in writing of all the particulars contained in the
certificate herein-lielbre set forth, to be made and subscribed by one or more skilful person or persons to
be appointed by the court then and there to survey inch ship or vessel, and shall also make and subs<'ribo
a declaration before the collector and comptroller that such ship or vessel is the same vessel which is
mentioned in the certificate of the judge aforesaid. — fj 29.
Prize J'e.ise/s not to be registered at Guernsey, Jersey, or Man. — No ship or vessel which shall be taken
and condemned as prize or forfeiture as aforesaid shall be registered in the islands of Guernsey, Jersey,
or Man, although belonging to his Majesty's subjects residing in those islands, or in some one or other of
them ; but the same shall be registered either at Southampton, Weymouth, Exeter, Plymouth, Falmouth,
Javerpnol, or Whitehaven, by the collector and comptroller at such ports respectively, who are hereby
authorised and required to register such ship or vessel, and to grant a certiticate thereof in the form anil
under the regulations and restrictions in this act contained. — \ .^0.
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Trantfira of Inl,-yfst In hi- mndr liii IVU i\f .SV;/.'. — Wlioii ami so nftpii m tlin prnppHy In nny ship or
vcHHol, or nny part fhcrcot', Ih-Idiikimk' t<i ;iiiv of hin Maj('«tv'n »iilijccti<, shall, arter ri'uiittry thorcof, he Hdld
III nny otlicr or otlii'm of hi* Maji'nly'H siiiijii'tx, tho saiiif shall he trnnslVrrcil hy hill oC sale or otlicr
InNtriunpnt in writiiiK, containinK a recital of the Cfrtillrate of n'(<i»try of such nhip or vcmcl, or tljc
principal contents thereof, otherwHe such transfer shall not he valid or efllvtual for any luirpose whn(-
«'ver, either in law or in equity : proviiled always, that no hill of s.ile shall he tieeined void hv reason of
nny error in such recital, or hv the recital of any loriner certificate of registry instead of tlic existioK
certificate, provided the identity of tlif .sliip or vessel intended in the recital Iw ell'cctually proved
thereby. — \ .'il.
I'miirrti) in Sliijis In he diriilfit inlo S;.rli/-f"nr Paris or S/inrcs. —The: property in every ship or vessel
of which there arc more than one owner s'liall be taken and considered to be divideil into (H e(|ual parts
or shares, and the pfoportion held liy e.icli owner shall he described in the rcKistrv as being a cerlain
innnber of 114th (Kirts or shares; and no person shall he entitled to be rcKislered as an owner of any
ship or vessel Ir) respect of any iiropiirtiori of such ship or vessel which shall not be an integral OUli p.irt
or share of the same J and uiion the first registry of any ship or vessel, the owner or owners who shall
take and subscribe the di'claration rcc|uired by this act, liefore registry he made, shall also declare the
number of su<'h parts or shares then hvM bv each owner, and the same shall he so registered accordingly :
provideil always, that if it shall at ,iiiv tii.n happen that the property of any owner or owners in any
shin or vessel cannot he ri'duced by iii\ i^|.)n into any number of integral VAth parts or shares, it sh.il'l
nnd may be lawful tor the owiiLf or Ortiicis of such fractional parts as shall be over and above such
number of integral (ilth parts or sliares into which such property ni any shin or vessel can he reduced l]y
<livisi(in to transfer the same one to another, or jointly to any new owner, l)y memorandum upon their
respective bills of sale, or by fresh bill of sale, without such transfer being liable to any stamp duly:
provided also, that the right of any owner or owners to any such fractional parts shall not be adecti'd by
reason of the same not having been' registered : provided also, that it shall he lawful for any number of
such owners, named and descril)e<l in such registry, being partners in any house or copartnership actually
carrying on trade in any part of his Majesty's lUnninions, to hold any ship or vessel, or any share or shares
of any ship or vessel, ni the name of such house or copartnership, as joint owners thereof, without
distinguishing the proportionate interest of each of such owners, and that such ship or vessel, or
the share or shares thereof so held in copartnership, shall be deemed nnd taken to bo partnership pro.
perty to all intents and pur])Oses, and shall bo governed by the same rules, both in law and eiiuity, as
relate to and govern all other partnership property in any other goods, chattels, and cllects whatsoever
— (| ;J2.
Onli/ Tliirly-two Pinions to he Owners of any S/iip at One Time. — No greater number than 32 jicrsons
sTiall be entitled tube legal owners at one and' the same time of any ship or vessel, as tenants in common,
or to be registered as such : provided always, that nothing herein contained shall all'eet the cmiitable
title of minors, heirs, legatees, creditors, or others, exceeding that number, duly representeil hy or lioldlng
from nny of the persims within the said number, registered as legal owners of any share or shares of such
ship or vessel : provided also, that if it shall be proved to the satisfaction of the commissioners of cus-
toms that any number of jiersons have associated themselves as a joint stock com))any, for the purpose of
owning any ship or vessel, or any number of ships or vessels, aa the joint property of such company, and
that such company have duly elected or appointed any number, not less than .'J, of the members ot the
same to l)e trustees of the property in sucli ship or vessel or ships or vessels so owned by such company,
it shall be lawful for such trustees or any ,3 of them, with the permission of such commissioners, trinialie
and subscribe the declaration retpiired by this act before registry be made, except that, instead of stating
therein the names and descriptions of the other owners, they shall state the name and description of the
company to which such ship or vessel or ships or vessels shall in such manner belong.— ^ AJ.
HiVs of Salt' not effectual iinlil proifuceit to OJfieers of Cusloms. — No bill of sale or other instrmnent In
writing shall be valid and eflectual to pass the property in any ship or vessel, or in any share therenf, or
for any other purpose, until such bill of sale or other instrument ni writing shall have been produced to
the collector and comptroller of the port at which such ship or vessel is already registered, or to the col-
lector and comptroller of any other )iort at which she is about to be registered tie novo, as the case may lie,
nor until such collector andcoinjitroller resjiectively shall have entered in the book of such last registry,
in the one case, or in the book of such registry lie iioro, after all the re(|uisites of law for such registry ile
novo shall have been duly complied with, in the other case (and which they are respectiv.-ly hereby
required to do upon the production of the bill of sale or other in.strument for that purposed, the name,
residence, and description of the vendor or mortgagor, or of each vendor or mortgagor, if more than 1,
the number of shares transferred, the name, residence, and description of the iiurchaser or mortgagee, or
of eacji purchaser or mortgagee, if more than 1, and the date of the bill of sale or other iiisirumciit,
and of the production of il ; and further, if such ship or vessel is not about to be registered ile nnvo, tlie
collector and comptroller of the port where sucli ship is registered shall and they are hereby rcipiired to
indorse the aforesaid particulars of 8\ich bill of sale or other instrument on the certificate of registry
of the said ship or vessel, when the same shall be produced to them for that purpose, in manner and to
the eft'ect following; viz.
'* Custom -house [pnrt ttiiii ihilp: name, resutence, awhfcicriptitm of vmitor or mortpapor] has transferred by [hill of snle or otlier
instrumcnt'\ datea [duk; mtntber of aharcs} to [nainCf nsuknce, and desi:rifitiou if purchaser or tnortf^d^re,']
A. n. riillciior.
CD. Comiitroner."
And forthwith to give notice thereof to the commissioners of customs ; and in case the collector and
comiitroller shall be desired so to do, and the bill of sale or other instrument shall he produced tii them
for that purpose, then the said collector and comptroller are hereby required to certify, by indorsement
u])on the l)ill of sale or other instrument, that the particulars before mentioned have been so entered in
the book of registry, and indorsed upon the certiffcate of registry as aforesaid. — 5 34.
Entry <f Bill of Sale to be vnliil, except in certain Cn.vc.v. — When and so soon as the particulars of any
bill of sale or other instrument by which any ship or vessel, or any share or shares thereof, sliall lie trans-
ferred, shall have been so entered in the book of registry as aforesaid, the said liill of sale or other in-
strument shall be valid and cfToctual to pass the property thereby intended to be transferred as again.stall
and every person and persons whatsoever, and to all intents and purposes, except as against such sulv"
scquent purchasers and mortgagees who shall first procure the indorsement to be made upon the certificate
of registry of such ship or vessel in manner herein-al't(?r mentioned. — \ SS.
lyiien a Bill of Sale tias been entered for any Sliares, Thirty Days shall he allowed for indorsing the
Ccrlificate of Bepistry, before any other Bill of Sale for the some shall he entered. — When and after the
particulars of any bill of sale or other instrument by which any ship or vessel, or any share or shares
thereof, shall be transferred, shall have been so entered in the book of registry as aforesaid, the collector
and comptroller shall not enter in the book of registry the jiarticulars of any ether bill of sale or instru-
ment purporting to be a transfer by the same vendor or mortgagor or vendors or mortgagors of the same
ship or vessel, share or shares thereof, to any other person or persons, unless 30 days shall elapse from tbe
day on wliich the i)articulars of the former "bill of sale or other instrument were entered in the book of
registry ; or in case the ship or vessel was absent from the port to which she belonged at the timeivhen
the particulars of such former bill of sale or other instrument were entered in the book of registry,
then unless 30 days shall have elaiised from the day on which the shij) or vessel arrived at the port to
which the same belonged; and in case the particulars of y or more such bills of sale or other instru-
ments as aforesaid shall at any time have been entered in the book of registry of the said ship or vessel,
^P?r
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UlXilSTUY.
iiSl
tlic (-oll('rt( r mill ('oni|itr(ilU'r «li:ill udt cuter in (lif liook <if ri'itlNlry tlio ii/irliciilars or ai)y cllirr liill <il
K,iU' or otlicr iiistriiiiii'iit ON .il'ort'naid uiiliMt .;o (luys bliall in liki' iranncr liavu t'Lipsnl troni tlii' <lny on
wliit'li tlir iiartiiulart ot tin- hint iil' nui'li liill of kuIi- or otiicr iiislniiiicnt ucri- I'liti'ri'il in tlic hooks of
ri'Ki*"'y. or IVoiii tin; iliiy on w liii li tin- iilii|i or n .s>»l arrivt-il at tlii' |i(iit to wliiili ulie li(liiiin<'<l, in ( unf of
jicr aliNt'iii'r III al'ori'.iaiil j ami in every raai-wiu'ic there iihail at any time liappen to he 2 or iiiorelraiiHl'ers
by tlie same owner or owners of the .Hvine pronerty in any iihip or vessel entered in the l)o<ik of re)(istry
ns albresaiil, the >.olU'i:ii>r and eomplroller are liereliy reipiiied to inilcirse ii)jiin the eertilleate of registry
of Kiirh ship or vessel the p.irtleiilars ol that hill ol sale or other instrument under which the person or
persiins elaimit or claim property, who shall produce the eertillcnte of registry fur that inirposu within ,'iO
diivs next after the entry (>t IiIh said hill of sale or other instriinient in the hook of rcKistry as aforcHaid,
or within M) days next after the return of the said sliipor vessel to the imrt to which she helongs, in ease of
lier alisence at the lime of such entry as aforesaid ; and in ease no person or persons shall produce thu
certificate of rcKistry within either of the said spaces of ,';o days, then it shall he lawful for tlic collector
anil rouiptroller, and they arc hereliy required, to indorse upon the certiticate of regietry the particulars
of the hill ol sale or other instrument to such person or peinons as shall first jiroduce the certiticate of
registry for that purpose, it heinu the true intent and nieaiiiiu; of this act that the several purchasers and
niortgaKees of such ship or vessel, share or shares thereof, when more than 1 ap|>ear to claim the same
property, or to claim security on the same property. In the same rank and degree, shall have priority one
over the other, not accordiiiK to the respective times when the particulars of the bill of sale or other in.
etrumcnt by which such propertv was transferred to them were entered in the hook of registry as alore.
gaiil, but according to the time when the iiidnrsenient is^nade upon the certificate of registry as aforesaid:
provided always, that if the certificate of registry shall he lost or mislaid, or shall be lUtaiiieil by any
person whatever, so that the indorsement cannot in due time be made thereon, and proof tliereof shall bo
made by the purchaser or mortgagee, or his known agent, to the satisfaction of the commissioners of his
Majesty's customs, it shall be lawful for the said commissioners to grant such further time as to them shall
appear necessary for the recovery of the certiticate of registry, or for the registry i/r iwvo of the said ship
or vessel under the provisions of this act ; and thereupon the collector and comptroller shall make a me-
morandum ill the book of registers of the further time so granted, and during such time no other bill of
sale shall be entered for the transfer of the same ship or vessel, or the same share ur shares thereof, or fur
giving the same security thereon. — ^ 'M.
llilh nt' Salt may be proiiiiced nftcr I'.iitrj/ at other Ports. — If the certificate of registry of such ship or
vessel shall be produced to the collector and comptroller of any port w here she may then be, after any such
bill of sale shall have been recorded at the port to which she belongs, together with such bill of sale, con.
taining a notification of such record, signed by the collector and eomiilroller of such port as before di-
rected, it shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller of such other port to Indorse on such certificate
of registry (.being required so to do) the transfer mentioned in such bill of sale, and such collector and
comptroller shall give notice thereof to the collector and comptroller of the port to which such ship or vessel
belongs, who shall record the same in like manner as if they had made such indorsement themselves, hut
inserting the name of the port at which such indorsement was made : provided always, that the collector
and comptroller of such other port shall first give notice to the collector and comptroller of the port to
which such ship or vessel belongs of such requisition made to them to indorse the certificate of registry,
and the collector and comptroller of the iiort to which suih ship or vessel belongs shall thereiiiioii send
information to the collector and comptroller of such other port, whether any and what other bill or bills
of sale have been recorded in the book of the registry of such ship or vessel ; and the collector and com|>-
troUer of s\ich other port, having such information, shall proceed in manner directed by this act in all
respects to the indorsing of the certificate of registry as they would do if such port were the pott to which
luih vessel belonged. — ^ liT.
If upon Iteiihtry de novo ani/ liill of Sale shall not have been recorded, the same shall then he pro-
diieed. — If it shall become necessary to register any ship or vessel </<• novo, anil any share or shares of
such ship or vessel, shall have ;been sold since she was last registered, and the transfer of such share or
shares shall not have been recorded and indorsed in manner herein-before directed, the bill of sale thereof
shall be jiroduced to the collector and comiitroller of his Majesty's customs, who arc to make registry of
such ship or vessel, otherwise such sale shall not be noticed in such registry de novo, except as herein-
after excepted : provided always, that upon the future production of such bill of sale, and of the existing
certificate of registry, such transfer shall and may be recorded and indorsed ;w well after such registry
de novo as before. — >j J8.
Uiion Change of Properly, Registry de novo may he granted. — If upon any change of projicrty in any
ship or vessel, the owner ur owners shall desire to have the same registered rfcwoi'o although not required
by this act, and the owner or proper number of owners shall attend at the Custom-house at the port to
which such ship or vessel belongs for that purpose, it shall be lawful for the collector and comptroller ot
his Majesty's customs at such port to make registry de novo of such ship or vessel at the same port, and to
grant a certificate thereof, the several requisites herein-before in this act mentioned and directed being
first duly observed and complied with. — ^ ;J9.
Copies of Deelarations, ^c, and (f Extracts frcnn Sooks qf Hegistry admitted in Evidence— The collector
and comptroller of customs at any port or place, and the person or persons acting for them, respectively,
shall, upon every reasonable request by any person or persons whomsoever, produce and exhibit for his,
her, or their inspection and examination any oath or declaration sworn or made by any such owner or
owners, proprietor or proprietors, and also any register or entry in any book or books of registry required
by this act to be made or kept relative to any ship or vessel, and shall, upon every reasonable request by
aiiy person or persons whomsoever, permit him, her, or them to take a coi)y or copies or an extract or
extracts thereof respectively ; and the copy and copies of any such oath or declaration, register or
entry, shall, ujion being uroved to be a true copy or copies thereof respectively, be allowed and received
as evidence upon e\ cry trial at law, without the production of the original or originals, and without the
testimony or attendance of any collector or comptroller, or other person or persons acting for them re-
spectively, in all cases, as fully and to all intents and purposes as such original or originali., if produced
by any collector or i-ollectors, comptroller or comptrollers, or other person or persons acting for thc'.p,
could or might legally be admitted or received in evidence. — ^ 40.
Vessels or Shares sold in the Absence if Owners without formal Poircrs. — If the ship or vessel, or the
share or shares of any owner thereof who may be out of the kingdom, shall be sold in tils absence by his
known agent or co.'resjxindcnt, under his directions either expressed or implied, and acting for hii interest
in that behalf, and such ageiit or corresporWent who shall have executed a bill of sale to the purchaser
of the whole of such sliip or vessel, or of any share or shares thereof, shall not have received a legal
power to execute the same, it shall be lawful for the commissioners of his Majesty's customs, upon ap-
plication made to them, and proof to their satisfaction of the fair dealings of the parties, to permit such
transfer to be registered, if registry de novo be necessary, or to be recorded and indorsed, as tlie case may
be, in manner directed by this act, as if such legal power had been produced ; and also if it shall happen
that any bill of sale cannot be produced, or if, by reason of distance of time, or the absence or death of
parties concerned, It cannot be proved that a bill of sale for any share or shares in any ship or vessel had
been executed, and registry de novo of such ship or vessel shall have become necessary, it shall be lawful
for the commissioners of hi.s Majesty's customs, u]X)n proof to their satisfaction of the fair dealings of the
parties, to permit such ship or vessel to be registered dc novo in like manner as if a bill of sale for the
transfer of such share or shares had been produced : provided always, that in any of the cases herein
^iieiitioiied, good and sullicient security shall be given to produce a legal power or bill of sale within a
H K ^
I
' 41
I (t
If ,
l'(
■'\
M
98'i
REPORT.— KEVENUK.
ruaiioiiublu tiinp, or to aliilt- thL> I'uturo clalmH of the ahaciit owner, liiH heiri and lii "CHiofi, a« ttir ,'nac
ni;iy l)u i anil at the tuturi- riYjiivtt of lliu party wlxmi? property hat l)ei'ii so tranMl'iTrcil, without the pro-
duction ol° n bill of H.ilf Ironi hun or from hit lawful attorney, nncli UoiiU xh.iil l)f aviillabic for thv jiro-
It'ction of hl« iiitcrcut, in aililiticm to any powers or riuhti* which he mn^ h.ivi' in law or I'lpilty aKaiimt thu
•hip or venHel, or aKainnt the parties concerned, until he nhall have received lull imlcnuiity for any lo«ii or
Injury sustained by him. — >, M.
rriinnl'cr hi/ wtii/ oj Mortgiinf. — When any traiiafer of any nhip or vc»»cl, or of any Bharc or hharcs
thereof, Hhall be liiaile only »» a necnrity for the payment of a delit or ilebts, eiti er by w.iy of mortKaxe,
or of atiiiKinnent to a trustee or tnititeeK for thir piiriKise of .HelliiiK the name for tlie payment of any ilebt
or delitM, then and in every auch case the collectur and comptroller of the port where the •hip or vi ssel is
rei^istercHl shall, in the entry in the book of re^'i^try, and also in the inilorsement on the cerlidcite of
retfistry, in manner herein-beforcdiuctcd, stale and express that such transfer was made only as a security
for the payment of a debt or debts, or by way of niorttjaKC, or to that etlect ; and the person or persons to
whom such transfer shall be made, or any other person or persons claimiiiK under him or them as a mort.
i,'a({ee or inortKaKces, or a trustee or trusties only, shall not by reason thereof be deemed to be the owner
or owners of such ship or vessel, share or sh.ircs thereof, nor shall the person or perMins makiiiK such
transfer be deemed by reason thereof to have ceased to be an owner or owners of such ship or vessel, any
more than if no such transfer had been made, except so far as may be necessary for the purpose ol rcn-
deriiiK the ship or vessel, share or shares, so transferred, available by sale or otherwi>e liir the payment of
the (lebt or debts for securing the payment of which such transfer shall have been made \ 4'.'.
TrnnnfiTs qf Ships fur Siriirili/. — When any transfer of any ship or vessel, or of any share or aliares
thereof, shall have been made as a security for the payment of any debt or debts, cither by way of niort-
f,'at(e orof asaixnment as aforesaid, nmlsiich translVr shall have been duly registered accoriliiiKtotheprii.
visions of this act, the ri^ht or inlerest of the nmrt^agee or other assi)(nee as albresaid shall not be Inany
maimer aflected by any act or acts of bankrupt ^-y committed by such morlgaKor or assignor, mortgagors
or assignors, alter the time when such mortgage or assignment >hall have been so registered as aforesaiil,
notwithstanding such mortgagor or assignor, mortgagors or assignors, at the time he or they shall so
become bankrupt as aforesaid, shall have in his or tlieir possession, order, and dispoiitinn, and shall lie
the reputed owner or owners of the said ship or vessel, or the sliare or shares thereof, so by him or tlicm
mortgaged or assigned as aforesaid, but such liiort;:age or assignment shall take place of and be pre-
firred to any right, claim, or interest which may belong to the assignee or assignees of. such liaiikrnpt or
bankrupts in such ship or vessel, share ur shares thereof, any law or statute to the coiilrary thereof not.
withstanding. — ^ 4').
(lui'crnurs nf Colonics, Sfc. mny cause Proceedings in Sitilt to be slaycii. — It shall and may be lawful for
any governor, lieutenant-governor, or commander-in.chief of any of his Majesty's colonies, plaiitatiims,
islands, or territories, and they are hereby respectively authorised and reipiired, if any suit, iiiforinatidii,
libel, or other prosecution or proceeding of any nature or kind whatever shall have been coinmeiucd or
shall lierealler be commenced in any court whatever in any of the said colonies, plantations, islands, or
territories respectively, touching the force and eilect of any register granted to any ship or vessel, upon a
representation made to any such governor, lieutenant-governor, or commander iiwhief, to cause all pro.
ccedings thereon to be stayed, if he shall see just cauje so to do, until his Majesty's pleasure shall be
known and certified to him by his Majesty, by and with the advice of his Majesty's privy council j and
such governor, lieutenant-governor, or commander-in-chief is hereby required to transmit to one of his
majesty's principal secretaries of state, to be laid iH'fore his Majesty in council, an authenticated copy of
the proceedings in every such case, together with his reasons for causing the same to be stayed, and such
documents (properly verilicd) as he may judge nc.essary for the information of his Majesty. — ( 44.
Penaltii of [AM. un Pirsuns inalcinf; false Decln ration, or falsifying ant/ Dorunirnt. — If any person or
persons snail falsely make declaration to any of the matters herein-before reipiired to be veritied by de.
clar.ition, or if any person or persons shall counterfeit, erase, alter, or falsify any certificate or other
instrument in writing rei|Uire(l or directed to be obtained, granted, or priHluced by this act, or shall
knowingly orwiltully make use of any certificate or other instrument so counterfeited, erased, altered,
or falsitied, or shall wilfully grant such certificate or other instrument in writing, knowing it tu be false,
such jierson or persons shall for e.'cry such oHt'iice forfeit the sum of .'itK)/. — ^ 45.
JIow Penalties are to he reeovercit. — All the penalties and forfeitures inflicted and incurred by this act
sinill and may lie sued for, prosecuted, recovered, and disposed of in such manner, and by such ways,
means, and methods, as any penalties or forfeitures inflicted or which may be incurred for any offences
committed against any law relating to the customs may now legally be sued for, pro.secutcd, recovered,
and disposed of; and the officer or officers concerned in seizures or prosecutions under this act shall
be entitled to and receive the same share of the produce arising from such seizures as in the case of
seizures for unlawful importation, and to such share of the produce arising from any pecuniary fine or
penalty for any ofl'encc against this act as any officer or officers is or are now by any law or regulation
entitled to upon prosecutions for pecuniary penalties. — ^ 4fi.
IIEPOIIT, in coiTimcrcial navigation, a paper delivered by the masters of all ships ar-
riving froin parts beyond seas to the Custom-house, and attested upon oath, containing
an account of the cargo on board, Ike, —(See ante, p. 657.)
REPRISALS. Where the people of one nation have unlawfully seized and detained
property belonging to another state, the subjects of the latter are authorised, by the law
of nations, to indemnify themselves, by .seizing the property of the subjects of the state
aggressing. TJiis is termed making reprisals ; and commissions to this oH'ect are issued
from the Adiniralty. — (See Privateehs. )
RESPONDENTIA. See BoTTosfliv ano Respondentia.
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. Though not properly belonging to a work
of this sort, wc believe we shall do an acceptable service to our readers by laying before
them the following comprehensive Table of the revenue and expendilure of the United
Kingdom in 18;}0, 18;J1, and 1832. It contains more information in a brief space
tiian most parliamentary papers. It was originally framed according to the suggestion,
and printed ui)on the motion of 3Ir. 1'usey ; and there are not very many members
who have left so useful a memorial of their parliamentary career.
! Ilriil. Ill Iliroiiii'.
I
I Clillinut lliul HjcUt
1 I'on'iKll
:Si.|ril«-! I'liiii
; {llriiiHli
I
,M.ill
llo|)l
l\t'lm
.Sunnrimd .MuIosks
IVa
t'ofl«l
Tobacco anil SnufT
Duller
('lin'*e
L'urriiiiU unit Knltlni
Corn
c'oiiun \t'ool * and 8heep':
miporitfd
I'rinlisKiofldsiV
lllilis anil Skills*
I'liwr
Soap * -
1 4ii(llM * and Tallow
I
( ojN, wa-borni! * .
(ilds,
llri>ki,Tilt'>*, and Slates
Tinilier
Auitions
K\fi« Licences
.Msc.IImuous Dulles of 1
I'uiiuins und UxcUu -J
ToulofCustums and Excit
' Utamfjs,
ftwl! and oilier Imtrument
Prokites and Legacies
Insurance {J.{f;"«*.
Bills of Eichanife, Ilank-
«>'.\'cus, JiiC.
iXrvispiiicrs and Adver-'
li^einenU'k
'Shjit Coadiea
I'ost Jforses
jReceiins*
Oiher Stamp Duties
I
I Auriiid ami Land Ttuei.
ILuid Tales
Housen*
IM'imlows
Smaols
Horso
'irriaues
Other Assessed Taxes
Post^ifllce
Crown Lands
Other Ordinary Revenues 1
and other Kesmirces j
Grand Total . - I
♦A.a — The duties on 1
soap, inarinc insuran
•f^'
\^
lll'VENlJK AND KXl'KNDlTL'Itl'.
9«J
■ l"
— ... -
PtrnLIc iNtoMi', IS
H I lli-.uU ol' Inioiiu*.
18
t. «. rf.
\sM. 1
183'i.
H Vt,tt»iH» and Bxettt.
L. : H.
/.. «. J.
L. «. <l.
/,. f. d.
^1 Siilrttf. '^»i>i
Mso/io: 3 V
. 1
1,432,179 H
.
1,837,717 14 7
l,.'>ll'.l,l|-) U II
•
1,11211,881 U A
■ * 1
1,5>.IV1^0 3 9
■ "'' tllriL.li ■ .
a,18i,.')7l ■• Ui
■
5,195,125 5 «!
5, 11.3, 178 III u;
H
^,iMi,•^Ti 1 1 »
.
4,359,333 lU 8}
•
4,825,120 If 111
H [ll«er*
V,.11.\I2V 10 8^
.
0,888 19 1
•
6,81,2 9 11
H lla|>«
UN.ai'j 5 ^\
.
148,591 19 21
•
291,325 17 7
^M Wine
1^^1,177 18 3
•
1,537,481 a 4
•
1,715,809 11 6
H Sugar and MolMan
ifliTmi 7 fi
■
4,807,472 A 8^
•
4,048,'.i!10 S 7
H Ti*
3rT87,t)!)7 18 Uj
•
3,314,918 12 91
•
3,509,834 13 7
^M ioW'tv
/i7!),3G3 10 7
•
583,751 5 6
•
598,1138 5 11
^M Tulucco and SnuflT
S,UV4,2fll 13 11
<7,507,7fi3 u" 1
2,900,325 7 4
«6,(M15,955 ll" 71-
3,0sn,.'iSS 13 3
17,280,87'! 13 C^
^B llutier
10V,7M 3 8
121,256 4 II
128,293 10 a
^B Clime
5i,s7o lu a
•
OS, 256 10
■
09,049 8 8
W\ ( iirraiiu and Uaiilni
420,217 3
.
503,4411 9 1
465,144 4 2
■
lorn
730, lOy 17 8
.
514,792 4 3
•
307,988 2 3
1
loiion V»'ool * and Sheep'i \
iiii|iari«l • -J
482,271 11 11
-
476,682 17 7
•
728,718 2 1(1
Silki
20!),017 7 3
■
213,817 14 6
•
194,523 16 2
Crimed (ionds*
570,330 IS Oi
-
58,968 4 61
-
3,375 4 104
Hides and MkiiM*
2M,278 3 10
■
52,134 17 Uj
-
43,190 1 5
Pjlier
r.90,6lO 1 n
.
680,140 5 41
-
758,701 17 5
Soa|i*
1,251,021*12 II J
.
1,139,313 3 51
•
1,187,550 10 7i
( jn(U« * an.l Tallow
602,'JU 18 81
•
615,554 12 3
•
230,503 17 1
(wis, bca-boriiu * •
l,02l,8(>2 A 11
-■
125,745 15 14
-
51,420 1 10
liUu
6(!7,«32 18 11
•
518,050 5 Oi
•
575,080 15 2i
lln.ki, TiUt*, and Slates*
383,U8.'i 5 74
•
300,418 II 6i
-
325,250 18 2i
limlptr
1,31!),233 9 11
-
1,278,995 14 lOj
■
1,2:4,289 8 8
Auttioii*
23I,S51 2 11
•
218,805 4 7j
•
2^7,235 11 Oj
I tiriw l.kencej
SlS.lfiU 14 Hi
-
919,175 4 9J
■
897,358 7 5
MiK'.ll tiu-ous Dutli's of 1
Cuitoinii and Kxciiiu -J
Toul of Customs and Excise
1,971,223 8 3i
1,743,795 li
1,089,265 5
11,830,718 IS 7
y,074,0'j3 12 5j
9,1.-0,005 7 4
-
39,314,482 12 8
• •
35,080,609 4 1
-
30,411,482 2 10)
I Slumps*
Ilmli anil oilier Imtruments
1,621,427 1 S4
.
1,512,107 3 H
-
1,458,312 111
riol)atesand Legacies
2,081,132 15 3
-
2,001,932 4 74
•
2,023,432 12 7
: ,'— l^Ji'"**. ;
219,505 li 1
7aVJ31 3 ill
•
248,156 11 Si
704,755 1111
.
310,223 11 3
890,948 1 bi
'' Itills of ExcbanRe, Dank-'
erV.Nclts, vStc.
518,516 1 81
-
606,701 14 91
-
626,959 16 9j
iNiwsp:il)ers and Adver-'
liieint'iUs*
613,848 3 2j
-
655,7-24 10 3
-
643,888 U 6
'Sn|,'t Coaches
418,598 5 UJ
- .
422,480 14 9J
■
414,033 4 11
I'oit Horses - -
220,357 12 10
-
231,863 3 4
•
245,068 16 5
teceipls* - - -
223,660 6 2J
•
218,847 6 lOl
■
212,496 17 101
Oihcr Stamp Duties
516,716 18 81
f ri J o t\li '9 1^ ^
416,060 15 0]
7,138,638 16 5i
288,528 14 7J
7,119,892 3 41
■
Aumid ami iMnd Tajcet,
7,218,083 14 6
Land Taxes
l.lb.,;^:! 12 51
.
1,161,312 7 14
"
1,184,340 4 Ij
houses* - - .
1,361,025 5 J
-
1,357,011 13 llj
-
1,390,984 n 54
Witidows
1,185,283 7 10^
.
1,178,344 2 3.)
-
1,202,931 llj
i
>
Servants
295,087 5 6
.
295,111 18 6
-
307,181 19 6
;,
Horwi .
425,125 17
.
417,841 2
-
419,786 8 9
Carriages
397,013 10
•
392,947 4
-
408,414 14 6
'
Dogs . .
186,102 2
.
181,002 1
-
177,960 4
Oilier Assessed Taxes
259,242 11 7
5,294,870 6 10
2,212,206 5 C}
239,117 19 3
5,222,718 8 1.
2,227,304 4 11^
242,U,S1 4 7
5,333,086 7 lOJ
2,175,291 8 74
1
ro>i.offlce
"
I
K
Crown Lands
303,742 4
^ ^
373,770 10 2
i -
359,524 15 9
1
()!her Ordinary Keveuues'
•iiid oihtfr Hesourccs
Grand Total
■ :
376,805 6
51,840,190 4:
'-
347,214 6 5
.
280,945 7 8
1
50,990,315 10 3
"
51,680,822 6 2
I I'i
!:l
* S.B. — The duties on beer, printed goods, candles, coals, and tiles and slates have been repcalt d. 'Jhose on raw cotton,
foap, marine insurances, udvcrtiaviiicnts, receipt.^, \c. have been reduced, 'i'he house tax is about being repealed.
3 1{ 1
.4 m
984.
REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.
Ilcaili of Expenditure.
Public Expenoiturp. im
1
1«,T().
1
1831.
1S.32.
Herciiue t'Ailr^'M of Ciilktiiiin.
/.. .. </.
X.. <.
d.
1,. 1.
(/.
L. 1. d.
/-. 1. i\.
i- <. i
'"""""H I'revenlive Service
Total -
VlU.lfiO 17 11^
.
801,413 12
5^
<i
.
815,021 10 S
'■\
•^;'lil,Ul,5 1 ■!(
31.3,074 13
300,330 14 C.
1,175,.352 4 Hi
l,(l7!),lill.T IS Si
1,118,(188
~14
Kxci.se
l,l)(i'.i,b»(l Vi I J
.
998,700 11
11
•
992,701 11 1
Stamps
177,y^l 1 lU
.
17.3,010 5
KH
.
182 ,,358 10
219,212 6 9|
iVssessc't! and Land Taxes
!i66,.WU 15 'i
.
204,087 15
8
-
Otiier Ordinatj Kevenues (ex
tL'|it the I'ost-oHice)
•i5fiil 9
■
20,342 4
14
-
23,248 14 7
Supirannuation and otlier Al-
lowances -
402,'Jia !i 114
.
374,950 19
H
393,.'.85 13 113
Total Revenue
PiMic febt.
3,014,224 11
H
2,955,846 s" bj,
2,98C,51S Ik Oi
Interest of Permanent Debt -
24,091,7iO 7 10
-
24,027,666 2
6i
•
23,982,041 9 7i
Actual Charge for Termin-
able Annuities*
i.sj.i.ioe U 7
•
1,844,498 4
1
*
1,842,182 13 2
Actual Charue for Life An-
nuities and Annuities fur
i
Terms of Years* -
I.IS.I.UBO 2 5
.
1,501,991 5
•
1,596,127 7
Interest of Exchequer Bills -
S1.1,,1()0 1(! 5
.
055,.-j29 P
3
-
0.')9,105 6
JlanaKeiiient
Total Debt
'^7i,17y .1 4
■
273,290 8
9i
-
271,.0,33 1 1(J]
28,47(i,C06 1
7
28,3UV81 12 2
28,351,352 15 Ij
tii'il Govemmet^.
Civil 1 j-it : Privy Purse ;
SalArii>s of the Household;
ami 'IradLsinin's Hills
401,028 16 lOJ
•
411,800
-
411,800
The Allowances to the Junior
Jiranches of thu Jloval Fa-
mily, and toH.H. 11. Leo-
iiold Prince of lohur^
'I'he Lord J,ieutenant of Ire-
21S,92.T 1 6i
>
212,375
.
220,000 U
land's Kbtahli^hnient
.•52,749 '.' 3|
-
30,379 14
I
.
37,135 16 5i
The Salaries and other Ex-
penses of the Houses of I*ar-
liament (includiiiK Printing)
141,374 6 5
-
238,037 19
11
•
115,464 3 8
Civil Departments, exclusive of
those in the Army, Navy,
and Ordnance Estimates
320,043 1 8i
-
339,376 9
84
>
356,228 7 7
Pensions on the (U>nsolidate<l
Fund and on the Uro^s Re-
venue
2fi4,217 3 2J
-
348,275 2
3j
«
318,784 15 M
Ditto on Civil List
170,(I(J(I
.
7.V)00
■
75,(100
Total Civil Government •
J ttice.
Courts Justice
1,&78,067 19
0}
1,661,244 6
1,501,713 .■! ;j
407,801 9 9i
415,953 7
H
437,784 16
IV'iice, and Criminal Prose-
cutions
222,loO 9 4
.
210,523 4
11
-
217,029 14
• . I c;onvicts at Home and
^gj Ahroad
^'ii'l Convicts, New S. Wales
14n,.in5 Ifi 1
.
129,587 5
1
.
1.39„323 10 o:
l{17>.'illl) (>
-
107,5(10
-
137,788 10
w ( Other Expenses -
5i,(i2l) () 11 j
.
6.3,184
-
57,519 6 5
Total Justice
Diphmaiic.
993,678 2
y
986 717 17 Cj
989,170 8 5i
Salaries and Retired Allow-
ances of Fort ign IVIinisters •
Ditto ditto Cnp.suls
220,9.-50 15 9S
.
141,437 I?
3
.
197,489 17 9.1
HV,5!)5
.
112,195
«
93,223 6 4
1,'ivil Contingenciefi, Expenses
Total Diplomatic
Forces,
37,099 7 I
.
45,193 3
8
*
39,720 15
375,625 2 10|
208.825 18 11 - - 1
330,I,19 19 ;.J
j.JEfrective[;;'^^mberofWen
(84,172.)
.
(78,498.)
-
(S9,Ono,)
4,492,688 5 74
(9(i,n81.)
.
4,808,362 16
2
• ■
4,317,.39(, 1 7
J J Non- /NumberofMen
' teiiective tCharge -
Total Army
HE..ective{S;-^f«fM«:
.
(91,024.)
2,924,604 17
.
(91i,8(iS.)
2,939,006 9 C
•
4
1
2,790,' 91 17 5
7,1.37,181 19
7,432,294 15 IJ
J,732,967 13
~6
(8,878.)
1,3.t},354
(12,791.)
1,062,913
(l'^.237.l
1 o;3,'^ii u u
£"1 Non- rXuinbeiof Men
i (.ellective lChai({e -
Total Ordnance •
J (>i,v.pt:,pf NumberofMen
(12,.184.)
.
(13,052.)
•
(12,821.)
357,090
•
355,904
-
3')1,177
1,689,444
1,418,817
V
1,121,088
(31,441.)
(.33,794.)
(28,759.)
4,063„-508 7 8J
.
4,243,» 'i 7
3
.
,3,205,300 8 1
•!fl ^on- f NumberofMen
'■ (efi>- ive ICharBB -
Total Navy
Total Forces
IJounties for iiromotinR Fish-
eries, l.inen XIanufactures,&c.
(29,922.)
.
(.32, i\.)
.
(29,291.)
1,0I,3„328 (>
1,531,040 17 111
14,7"l6,694 o"
84
1,626,704 14
5,870,551 1
5
8
15,022,335 15 2
13,110,SIM 13 T
5,594,955 5 8
4,878,031 11 7
7ll,.'i'2« 10 ^
.
207,906 10
14
.
173,95,': 18 9i
•
I'ublic Works
..
474,242
1
.
825,210 8 3
-
315,11)1 17 'i
Payments out of the Revenue
of t.'rown Lands, for Im-
provements and various
I'ulilic Services
.
252,001 5
n
.
254,433 11 9|
. ."
297,199 m; Ti!
Vost-otrice Charges of Collec-
tion and other Payments
Quarantine and Warehousing
707,'A'iS I'J .IJ
.
718,359 8
04
.
673,317 6 3i
■
210,53S 11 "
Estalitishinents - - .
.
214,0,37 14
H
.
203,734 64
•
Miscellaneous Services, not
classetl under the afore(;olnp
Heads, consistin'? of (iranis
of Parliament, Payments out
of the t Jross Revenue, ('onso-
1,070,771 17 C
lidated Fund, and Civil List
tirand Total "^'
l,9S8,5."i0 7
'>3,011,.'m3 4
Si
;
1,210,875 IS 5
.
.'>2,575„308 10 ^
,'ii)„3S,',,ll>i ; Ti
* Terminable and Life An-
nuities . - .
.
.3,290,375 14
.
3„340,489 9 7
.
3,438,610 S
CnrrosiKindinu Per]ietuitic», as
estimated by Mr. Fimaison ■
Pilference
2,1 13,085 13
I,lVi,OyO
±
-
-
2,104,507 18 2
-
2,103,.W9 15 10
1„335,'210 1_1,
6 ■ -
2,411,981 11 5
c
RHU
Sp. Ituib
native oi
Uus.sian,
othur in
Tartary.
Kiachta,
Tartary t
pieces onl
on whose
proved ui
Tlie be.st
large hole
a mottled
taste naust
heavy,
a ; tronger
compact,
Dispensati
The tota! (
Russia, and
coiisiimptioii
for the best 1
RICE(
of the cere
in India,
and the Ui
occupie" th
Europe, an
part of the
consumed
contain less
in the husk
That which
It is of a c
natives to c
caldrons, pi
partly to fa<
any other s(
v/iry, and rt
is unquestio
The produc
greater than
fe'atinn in all c
unfrcquent oc
of any other s]
arc, consequei
more frequent
A few years
the imports of
«tiich throws
grain, when ii
than when sh
(|Ucstionably, I
cleaned rice h;
the duty on pi
a bushel, sulrii
The consuir
grain from Ii
cleaned, and 1
this woik, the
amounted to
year (1833), tli
h,is taken plac
farther mcntio
to grind a cei
Com. tif Great
The price of
Kice, Caroling), n
East India,
lleoKnl, wh
carifo, ani
■■V
"» ■ ii l w.i y »["
RHUBARB. — RICE.
985
RHUBARB (Du. Rhularher ; Fr. Rhubarbe, Rubarhe; It. liabarbaro, Reo-barbaro ;
S]). Ruibarbo; Rus. Rewen ; Arab. Rawend ; Chin. Ta-Ziwan^), the root of a plant, a
native of Cliina and Tartary. Three varieties of rhubarb are known in the shops ; viz.
Russian, Turkey, and East Indian or CliinejC rhubarb. Tlie first two resemble each
other in every respect. Tliey are, in fact, the same article, being both derived from
Tartary. The portion destined for the Petersburgh market being selected and sorted at
Kiachta, acquires the name of Russian rhubarb ; while the portion that is sent from
Tartary to Smyrna and other places in Turkey, is called Turkey rhubarb. The best
pieces only are sent to Petersburgh ; and according to the contract with the government,
on whose account it is bought, all that is rejected must be burnt ; and that which is ap-
proved undergoes a second cleaning before being finally packed up for Petersburgh.
The best pieces of Russian and Turkey rhubarb are roundish, and perforated with a
large hole, of a reddish or yellow colour on the outside, and when cut or broken exhibit
a mottled texture, and alternate streaks of red and grey. Its odour is peculiar ; and its
taste nauseous, bitter, and astringent. It should not be porous, but rather compact and
heavy. East Indian or Chinese rhubarb is in oblong flat pieces, seldom perforated ; has
a ; tronger odour, and is more nauseous to the taste than the other ; it is heavier, more
compact, breaks smoother, and affords a powder of a redder shade. — ( Thomson'.-:
Dispensatory ; Ainslie's Mat. Indica, Sfc.)
The tota! quantity of rhubarb imported in 1831 amounted to 140,395 lbs. ; of whii^h 6,001 lbs. came fi'om
Russia, and 133,462 from the East Indies. Of the quantity imported, 40,1^4 lbs. were retained for home
consumption. The price of rhubarb in bond varies from '2s. per lb, for the inferior East Indian, to 8;.
fur the best Hussian,
RICE (Fr. Riz ; It. Riso ; Arab. Arm ; Hind. Chawl), one of the most valuable
of the cerea. grasses, the Oryza sativa of botanists. It is raised in immense quantities
in India, China, and most Eastern countries ; in the West Indies, Centrnl America,
and the United States ; and in some of the southern countries of Europe. It, in fact,
oceupie" the same place in most intertropical regions as wheat in the warmer parts of
Europe, and oats and rye in those more to the north. Forming, as it does, the principal
part of the food of the most civilised and populous Eastern nations, it is more extensively
consumed than any other species of grain. It is light and wholesome, but is said to
contain less of the nutritive princip e than wheat. When rough, or in i'.s natural state
in the husk, it is called paddy. There is an immense variety in the qualities of rice.
Tliat which is principally exported from Bengal has received the name of cargo rice.
It is of a coarse reddish cast, but is sweet and large grained, and is preferred by the
natives to every other sort. It is not kiln-dried, but is parboiled in earthen pots or
caldrons, partly to destroy the vegetative principle, so that it may keep better, and
partly to facilitate the process of husking. Patna rice is more esteemed in Europe than
any other sort of rice imported from the East. It is small grained, rather long and
v/iry, and remarkably white. But the rice raised on the low marshy grounds of Carolina
is unquestionably very superior to any brought from any part of India.
The produce of lands naturally or artificially irrigated is, as far as rice is concerned, from 5 to 10 times
greater than that of dry land having no command of water: and hence the vast importance of irri-
gation in all countries where this grain is cultivated. But it is worthy of remark, that, owing to the not
uiifrequent occurrence of .severe droughts, there is a greater variation in the crons of rice than in thoto
nfany other species of grain. Those who, like the Hindoos, depend almost entirely on it for subsistence,
arc, consequently, placed in a very precarious situation. There can be no doubt that famines are at once
more frequent and severe in Hindostan than in any other quarter.
A few years ago, England was principally supplied with cleaned rice from Carolina. Latterly, however,
the imports of Carolina rice have been much reduced. An improved method of separating the husk,
nhicli throws out the grain c'ean and unbroken, has recently been practised in this country ; and as the
grain, when in the husk, is found to preserve its flavour and sweetness better during a long voyage
tlian when shelled, large quantities are now imported rough from Bengal and the United States. Un-
questionably, however, the oppressive discriminating duiy of 14s. a cwt. on American and other foreign
cleaned rice has done more than any thing else to increase the imports of rough grain j and the fact of
the duty on paddy from Bengal being only Id. per quarter, while that on paddy from Carolina is is. 6d.
a bushel, sutficiently accounts for the increased imports from the former.
The consumption of rice increased rapidly after the reduction of the duty on the cleaned and rough
grain from India in 1828. In 1830, the entries for home consumption amounted to \r)3,652 cwt. of
cleaned, and 189,249 cwt. of rough grain. But, contrary to our anticipations in the former edition of
this work, the consumption has since materially fallen off The entries for home consumption in 1832
amounted to only 111,461 cwt. of clean, and 179,627 cwt. of rough grain, or paddy; and, during last
year tl833> there was a still further decline. Mr. Cook ascribes this diminution to the reduction that
ii.isl " "
farthe
to ({rind a certain proportion of rict- witli it. — {^Muourns urwnt. Lutn. ; dtnstie's Mat. ma. j Coot's
Cum. of Great Britain in 18,33 ; and private infonnatwn.)
The price of rice in bond in the London market, in January, 1834, was as under : —
t. t. ('. I: »■ <'. Duty on padily, the prwluce of, and imported flrom, British
Hicc, raroliiw, new, per cwt. - • rj to 1 I possesions, 1 ■/. per quarter.
i-'ast Jiulia, line, Patna, tio. - 17 - 1 1 (' Irom America and otlit. foreijrn places, y«. fit', per Itusnel.
liiimal, white, ilo. • ■ " 1'' " - " "< " I'uty on American and nilier foreiKn places ol yTowtli, 15*.
cartjo, and ordinary • - i) I) ■ 12 " per cwt. — Bengal, and oilier sorts, li. jier cwt.
tr tl833> there was a still further tiecune. Mr. 1.00K ascrioes inis (iiminuiion to ine reouction tnat
5 taken place in the prire of wheat, which has fallen from 64s. Srf. in 1830 to Sis. lid. in 1833. Mr. C.
ther mentions that, in bad seasons, when grain is soft and damp, the millers consider it advantageous
uriiid a certain proportion of rict- with it. — (Milburn's Orient. Com. j Ainslie's Mat. Ind. j i'ook^s
\{ )
S i' It
(". ■
\\ la
w y
if;
i
986
RIGA.
HIG A,afity of iMirope.iii Russia, tlie cajiital of Livonia, situated on the Diina, about
9 mill's from t'lie st-a, in lat. 5('> 5C,' 5" N., ion. 'JIO' l" E. ropulatioii ahout 47,'JOO.
Ilorhimr. — A liKtit-lumsc has hoen crci-tcd on Fort Comet, on flie western side of the moulh of the
river. It has i! lights: the lirst, elevated ahoiit lOl' feet JOiigli.sh) id)Ove the h^vel of the sea, may lie seuri,
under favc)iiral)le eireunislaiiees, nt tiie distance of ncaKnw ; and the second, elevated aliont '^41 feet,
may lie seen at the dislanee of i;\ Irabu's, The bar at the niuuth of the river has usually from I'.' to U
feet water; and vessels drawn)),' more than this frciiinMitly load and uidoad |iart of their carfjoes hy
means of lif,'hters at Holderaa, a small town on the west side of the river, near its mouth. There is a fair,
way heacon witliout the bar, in rt lathonw water; anil within the ch nniel, is buoyed with bl.iek and
white buoys; the lilaek lieiiiK left on the right or starboard side when entering, and the white on the
larboard. Vessels bound for lligatake pilots at Holderaa, who rarry them to their anehorage. No llall,l^t
is allowed to be disehargeil, exeept at I'oderague. Uegul.itions as to cledring, \e. similar to ttuxe at
I'ctersburgh. — [Cuitlirr stn- /en I'linrcs, i.'d ed. ; and Rcnulaliuns published by the liussian Authorities.)
Tradi: — Owinj? to its ailvanta<fuoiis situation near the inoutli of a great navipil)ie
river, the trade of lli}j;a is very extensive; hein^, of tiie liussian towns on the Hahie,
in this respect seeoiui only to I'etersburgh. Tlie trade is eliierty carried on I)y foreijiu
mercliants, j)articularly by tlie English. The i)rincii)al exjjorts are corn, hemp and da.x,
linseed, iron, timber, masts, leather, tallow, ^;c. ; the iinjiorts are salt, cloth and cotton
sluH's, silks, wine, sugar, cotFee, and groceries of all sorts, indigo, dye woods, salted
herrings, SiC.
The mast trade is very extensive. Tlic burghers of Riga send persons who are called mast brokers into
the jiroviiu'es to mark the trees, whieh are purehasecl standing. They grow mostly in the di.itncts whiiii
border on the I)nie|ier, are sent up that river to a lauding phu-e, transported .'3il versts to the Duii.i, when,
being formed into rafts of from .")() to '-'DO piei-e<, they descend the stream to Higa. The tree winch pro.
duces the largest masts is the Scotch (ir. Those pieces wliicli are from \H to 'i.i inches in duimctir are
railed masts ; under lho.se dimensions, sjjars, or, in Eo^;! and, Norway masts, because Norway exports nu
trees more than 18 inches in diameter. CJreat skill is 'eiini.td in distinguishing those masts that are
sound from those which are in the least internally de.'.:>ed. '.''hoy are usually from 70 to »/ leet in
leu'.'th.
Hemp is brou','hf from the Ukraine and Poland, and ri-)uirc3 2 years in its pas.sage to Riga. The links
in which it is conve>cd are from 'J.jo to ,')(I0 tons bnrdei , euvered with mat.s sloping like a pent luuoe
roof, and have a false bottom. They as<^end the i)nie|i.-r and theDuna; but on account of niiiiienmj
shoals, can only pa.-.s the Duna in the spring, or about ;> weeks after the snow begins to melt ; and, if tliiy
miss tliat time, are delayed till autumn. 'I'lie hemp exported from Riga is considered the lie>t In i;iiri)|ie,
and is generally about .10 per cent, dearer than that exported from Petersburg h. Riga hemp ischiitly
used for the shrouds and stays of men-of-war. — i,Coxc's Travels in the Nurtli of Eunijie, oth ed. vol. li.
p. 2U.)
'The best kind of flax shipped from Riga is grown in Wliite Russia, and is called Druana rakitzcr; its
colour is very white, anil the threads long, line, and loose, but it has sometimes black spots : the next
cjuality, coming from the province of Trockic in Lithuania, is called Lithuanian rakitzcr, and is very little
inferior to Druana, but its colour is a little brown ; of this kind the best sort is Thieseiihauseii. 1 lie best
kind of Courland flax shipped from Riga is iMarienburgh ; that grown in Livonia is of inferinr ({uallty.
T'here are two kinds of linseed : that of the last crop, which is used lor sowing ; and that of former years,
for ernslniig. To prevent deception, the year of its growth is stamped on the barrel by sworn nispcclors
(br<ieker.s\ Some hemp.seed is occasionaily shipped, mostly to Holland. Riga wheat is very inlerior to
that of Uantzic. Two descriptions are shipped — one the growth of Russia, the other of Courland ; the
last i.s much the liest, being larger bodied and of a brighter colour than the Russian ; still, however, it
makes but inditf'ereiit flour. Oats are of a good quality, and arc largely exported ; peas arc also occasion-
ally exported.
In shipiiing masts, the rest of tlie cargo generally consists of deals and wainscot logs; the latter are
niuidi exported to England, and are very su|ierior. Tallow is not so cheap here as at I'etersburgh.
Monet/. — Tor the monies of Riga, see l'KTiiilsniiR(;ii. The current rixdollar of Riga - :>s. 1 Jrf. sterling ;
hence 1/. sterling = 6 rixdollars Jli grusclien currency ; the Riga dollar being divided into 90 groscheii.
tf'e/g/ilstind iietisures. — The commercial puuiul is divided into iJ marcs, or 3'i loths; and also into
lialve.s, quarters, Kv. It contains (),4r)ii English grains. Hence 100 lbs. of Riga — 9217 lbs. avoirdu|iois =
41 8 kilog. — 8o ji! lbs. of Hamburgh - 841)4 lbs. of Amsterdam. The lispound = '20 lbs. ; the shippound =
20 lispounds.
The loof is the measure for grain : 4S loofs = 1 last of wheat, barley, or linseed ; 4;'; loofs = 1 last of rye ;
.nnd 1)0 loot's = 1 last of oats, malt, and beans. According to Dr. Kelly, the loof = 19)7;) Winchester
bushel ; and, conseipiently, the last of wheat = llOii;) quarters. Nelkenbrecher does not value the loof
quite so high as Dr. Kelly.
The fuller, the measure for liquids, is divided into fi ahms, 24 ankers, 120 quarts, or 720 stoofs. '."he
anker = liM, Kiiglish wine gallons.
The foot of Riga = 1079 English inches. The ell - 2 feet ; the clatter = 6 feet.
1. Account of the Quantities of the Principal Articles exported from Riga during each of the Three
Years ending with 18,3j.
.\rliiles.
1S.11.
IS.Vi,
IK.W.
Articles,
IS.Il.
IS.TA
1.S.13.
Kliix, 1»t »ort
sh. Ills.
s:.,liiii
SS.Ol).'.
!IS,lil.T
Wlie.-il
- lasts
ii,.i(;.''
l.ll.-ll
407
M -
_
l7„-.i;:i
'2I,M«
4II,7'1!I
live -
.1l,.-.7.->
■lii.nvo
4,!)71
M — ■
!M70
lll.M.O
1.1,lil7
H,irley -
.'i.ll.'iS
7,111
lilll
I'lulill.i
.1,11.10
'J,!l.'ill
l.llSd
l):its
_
lO.MI'i
1,1111
!»ll
Hemp, Hliine -
,Ti,01l!l
V.'i/K!)
•i'i.WZ
I'.-as -
__
4HII
SI
17
mitshoi
I'^'MS
I!l,.i71
l.-i.lOl
'I'.llldW
-sh.llis.
(;,.-.si
.'i,,TO
.1.U."i
lils<
-.^1,1 Hi
.-0,111
•ir>.7'j}
1 1 idcN
- |tit-\-es
IK.'iiS
1I1-.,1SI
iii,!iii;
r.Klilln -
7,nri
111,17 1
11,77(1
W.iiiisi-ot li,;;s
.
.•i.ii'pli
i;. Ml
(;.■'. 11
I.insued, iTUiliitiK
ImrrcU
yf>..-.7S
l.S'l,MJIi
i7i.sn
II.. .1,
„
.Til, ■WO
1W,IIII0
'iiii,;.ii
sowing -
ini.'^is
.17, ''.'S
!l,'i,.'i^l,".
Sciiiire linihiT
.
»;,io,-,
■11, -'.■.II
Ilfinii-'iet'il
- —
lll.lli',!
•i.-,)W
IIW,fH.".
."MiisK .inil spars
- -
•^,.v.i
'^,'illS
II. Value of Exports in I5»nk Note Roubles..
To r.reat Hrilain
Otlier lOualriL's
Total
18,-0.
1S.11.
i!1,4.'.S,2Sr.
2I,II70,1M1
'll,^V«„10f.
.-,7,l.VS,S(il
IS.l.Tl.lWJ
,',a,^',89,!)ao
Flags.
I)rili!.li
ll,m..M'ri.in
IMllcIl •
n.iiii^li
Mieili-h
M.r.Misaii
fniu-li •
.■■|i.inish
Yea s.
Ships,
11 10 DE Jl
i.r 50" \v. if
the world, bothi
fnini the N. E.
being about 4 I
iiiarkable hill ill
cast, or op))i)sitt
('riiz. Hut the
the Brazilian ai
olitained from a
F.ntrnncc to the
I'rin, steer due \V
lllia Hiuu, I- I'lat
leagues. A lih-'l-'
sea was erected on
and exhibiting alte
the light of which i
Vil ed.) Having go
line in the cut mar
arc no hidden dang
hail of I'ort Santa
cced to Fort Vilgai
boats to come along
be permitted to proi
The sea breeze i
enable ships to over
T^mle. — Tht
principal articles
cotton cloths, go
The imports con
soap tuid candles
of import into 1
ill one year, of w
tion entered intt
18.J0: whether
Comparative Mon'
Months.
,Ianimrv -
I'l'tiruary -
.Marrh -
April -
.mW . - -
,Tune •
.luly - - ■
.\U|i\lst
September
1 Iriolier
Nnveiiilier
Dtceinlicr •
Total
Mmilli^,, i iWi'i.
—
Nn.
.laiimrv C'l.lVI ' 1
FeliriiaVy l'if'>'S 1
■M.IV.M .
ls,l,-7 .•'
■Ma-.l .
•i\M^H 1
Mav -
17,1 MS
.lime . ' 11,7,17
1 1
rilis st, dement
M .laiiiiaiv, IS,;;,
"111 ill III
C ( ll:.tl
II
mmmmmm
lilO DE JANEIRO.
Ill Sl)ip8 cleared out from Riga in 1832.
987
1 K1j(,'»-
.Slii|».
Fla','».
Sliipi.i To wliat Countr)-.
Sliips"
; To what Oou
itry.
iShipi
:i
)|,,u..ii-ri.m
Dutch ■
l),iiii,-.h
^\^t■lll•I^
I'ri'Ufh - -
lll'l
I7.S
M
1
Tnis^ian
.■Mi.klw.l.urKli - .
nl(lt.-iil)uri{h
ll.'iiiiliuruh
l.lllx'.'k ■
IllL'IIUIl
Ai.w liian
Illi
i
■I
1,1 S3
Ti)<ireai llritain
llanin-er
Iliill.inil ■
ItclKiuiii
iTiinte
Deiiniiirk
Swfdt'ii & Norway
I'ortunal - .
Ml
.-.
yi'i
iii.'i
,-ii
1 13
11-^
8
To I'rus&la
l.ulteck
Haiiihurf^h
IJremen
Ko^t<Kk
America
KUinore
- •
V7
8 1
1 1
'^41
1,<IS3 I
IV.
Ships
despatrliccl from Rig
a ilur
ngthe Six Years ciuling with 18;32.
Yea s.
Is'^T.
1S'<!S.
IS'iU. j IS.K). 1
1S31.
IS32
Ships.
i,r.7.s
1,1 hO
l,.-).->l 1 1,'^ii 1
1,-73
1,4,S3
IlIO DE JANEIRO, tlio capitiil of Urazil, situated in Int. 22=- 54' 15" S., Ion. 43^
l.V 50" W. Population about 1(jO,()()0. Tlic harbour of liio is one of tlie finest in
the world, both as respects capaciousness and security for all sorts of vessels. In coming
tVoin tiie N.E. it is usual to make Cape Trio, in iat! 215° I' IS'' S., Ion. 4'_' 3' I'j" W.,
being about 4 leaj^ues nearly E. of Hio. 'I'he entrance to the harbour is marked by a le-
niiirkable bill in the form of a sugarloaf, !)C)() feet liijj;li, close to its west side ; wiiile on the
cast, or oi)))osite side of the bay, at tlie distance of about 1 .V mile, is the fort of Santa
Cni/. Hut the wooil-eut in the next ])afre, taken from a cTiart published by order of
the IJrazilian autborilies, gives a much better idea of this noble harbour than could be
ubtained from any description.
Entrance to the lliirhimr. — Vi -i.spls Iiound for Hio, coming from tlic N'., shoulil, after rounding Cape
I'rio, steer due \V., kieping about ,i leatiues Ironi the coast, iiiild lliey come within ;") or (i miles of the
//Art lliixa, ( - Flat Isiaiul, lying :thiiost due S. I'roni tlie mouth of the h'arliour, at the tlistance ot about 3
leagues. A hj,. it-house, the lantern of which is said to be elevated nearly oOl) feet above the level of the
sea was erected on this island in IK;.'!), 'the liglit is a revolviiigone, linishing its revolution in 3 minutes,
and exhibiting alternately a white and and light, 'there is also a light. house in the fort of Santa Cruz,
the light of which is tixed and ek'v;iled about .)!) feet aliove the level of the sea. — {Coiili'fr .iiir lt\i I'hares,
i'd ed.) Having got within :> or (i miles of the llba Kaza, ships may enter by day or by inght, the dotted
line in tlie cut marking the fair-way into the harbour. There are no pilots to be met with ; and as there
are no hidden dangers of any kind, their services are not wanted. On entering, vessels must pass within
h:dl of Kort Santa Cruz, to be ready to answer any (juestions that may be put to them. 'I'liey ther iiro.
ceed to Fort Vilganhon, below or opposite to which they must bring to, or come to anchor, allowing no
boata to come alongside, but thi>»e of the government, until they have received pratique, when they will
be permitted to proceeil to the Usnul place of anchorage for the merchant shipi)ing.
The sea breeze generally sets in about 11 A. M., and lasts till about sunset. It i.s strong enough to
enable ships tu overcome the ebb. High water at full and change at 2 in the afternoon.
Trade. — The trade of Rio is extensive, and has increased rapidly of late years. Tlie
principal articles of export are coU'ee, sugar, cotton, bides, rum, tallow, indigo, coarse
cotton cloths, gold, diamonds, precious stones, tobacco, cabinet and dye woods, rice, itc.
The imports consist principally of cottons, hardware, flour, dried fish, linens, woollens,
soap ;uid candles, wines, oils, &c. L'ntil l!S:JO, slaves formed one of the jjrincipal articles
of import into Rio and other 15ra/ilian ports ; so many as 45,(XX) having l)een imported
in one year, of which Rio received the greater proportion. But, according to a comen-
tion entered into with this country, this infamous tralhe should have ceased in February,
18'.J0: whether it has really done so is more than we can undertake to atHrm.
Comparative Monthly and Yearly Statement of the Collec, Sugar, and Hides exported from Rio de
Janeiro, during the Six Years ending with 183i.'.^
Collec.
Months.
I Wil. 1 IS'^S. I ISTO. 1 ls.-,o.
.Tanuary •
l-VtiTuary ■
:\larrh -
Aijril •
.May
ilune •
.Inly
August
Sfptember
Ociolier
Novtmbcr
Dt't't'inlicr
Total
Hill.".
M,'.I71
is,i;s7
,111,1111
10,(113
■i-,wr,
M,.')IS
3i,iii;(i
^^^>,'ilr^
33,.'iSS
41,7117
31,11.'-)
3'^,iinl
21,sa4
■in,."i(iii
3 1, .Mill
ii„iiiii
»I,!M1II
3'i,3 1 1
37, W.-,
,V^,l(i(l
4 1 ,3!!.')
'^S,li77
.-.ll,.'i(i'.i
V!.'>,4I,'.
31,10'.i
.33,V.3(i
V3,.''ill|l
13,0SI)
/.'.(t'.«.
.3S,I!II1
31,W!I
■rA3ll
20,10!1
.i.')(i,iHin 3fi!),i i;
3(i„TI7, 13,717
47,ai7
,33,1174
.-|i,SiJl|
.3l!,(l'.i!l,
W.7ri,
■•■hi li,
33,!).'.;)!
4,'J,N'^4
W.7S!)1
.33, SI,'!'
4l,S'.l7j
1S 3I.
Ihicn.
l:Mi'.iS
'ill.li.KI
,37,(ili.'i
3 1, ..3 1
'.^3,liV7
.3S,III'^
,3."., I'^i.l
.'i3,'^37
4S,l)!l3
4i,173
4V,lfil
.'1(1,177
IS.Ti.
/)r(i;».
13,071
.3.'i,.-|(l.'i
3.'i,'^71
W,.'illS
.3!I,S17
3I..'>71
.3S,.3!l(i
l.'i.llia
40,(1.34
11,712
.'.1,1! I.'.
l)i,'.),V2
• ■>!•<,
107 .3«1,7S.'. llS,'ilM I7.S,'.P..I1
1
Sug.ir.
IS'^7.
1828.
IS 2'.).
1830.
1831.
18.32.
Citgi'S.
<'ltSi'.1,
('(ISC.1.
t'ltSfS.
I'll sit.
<'llSfS.
1,141
l,(i7!J
l,li.')(i
3,224
i,;ii2
1,(1'.(3
1,Z'.6
1,SS7
l,(iSS
2,737
747
1 ,3!!'.)
3,1 S3
l,l(i3
3,fl23
2,117(1
l,8'i7
3,17.'.
1,-Vl
S,'..')
2,li!i(l
1,318
1,112
1,1174
U.'Ml
2,^178
1,248
2,310
2,!t24
.'.!I4
1,117
2,:s!)
l„-.,'.8
l.ViKi
4,418
1,2.3.'.
1 ,S,'|.'>
.'.:)3
1,2711
1,277
2,710
1,870
1,484
1,1.34
1,.377
<i71
!I17
1,'.I41
tins
1,'joll
173
HOC
(■.(i2
SI I
TS.I
7!'l
1,11(17
:,7.si
1,100
771
ST'i
4.'i(i
.'..'.3
2,101
1,270
7.'.7
3.(W1
3,1(17
1I),I1.3.-.
1,112
IS.ShI
2,.3!11
2,37.'.
f.'.i.'i
I!l,(il1
22,ISS
2.',(1<II
i(;,(i i.'i
Hides.
.I.imK\rv
Fi'liruiuy
May" 1 -
^i;v' :
.lime
I
IS27.
' Nn.
(i'l,IV3
12,."' '8
ls,l,-7
21.!I.'.S
17,(1.18
11,7,37
IS2S, I is2;p.
A,., 1
I .,S2S
12,'iO".
,33,1(17
418 ;
18,1(1(1
l,-.,'..'.3
iVi),
l(;,(i(i,'.
18,30.
IS.-iJi
A".
S,.'i7S I 3(l,i'll
V'J73 I 18,8.3.') I l2,Sii()
'jf,'.(.2'2l,2.'.s] VS.Ii'iS
-1,212 3l,SS'i|2S,'.;7
17,1(17 n,3l(i I'-MI'lS
l(i,SS3 .30,.')'.I2 I1,1S8
1S.-2
3,!1!10
.'),312
32,7(17
71.(ill
IS (IK!
!),'.) 1 1
Sl.mihs. i 1S27. 1S28. 1S2'I. ' 1S3II
.Tilly
.\agust -
Sfpti'inlier
(li-Uil.lT
Nnifpiilipr
Di'it'lllbtT
,V.|. \
2 1... '.8
•^•1,I,.-.S
12,(I'I3
10,7 13
31,1 IS
l(l,ls;i
A...
21,8SS
lli„H.O
l.-.,.'i.M)
.s' II
21, ■•M
.-.3, 1. -.3
1.'',(1.'.7
.-|,,3IMi
Ill,.'.(i7
I3,l.-Il
.■;il,.')72
lli,'.l(i'.)
l(i,l.3s|
l!l,2TI
(,7!S
33,8 1 (-.1
20,.'. 13,
1S3I,
U."
2.
A,..
,V.
13,772
.37
77(i
2'.,2.3(i
1 1
.'..-, 1
n,|17!l.
1 1
30(1
2(;,31!l
32
I12S
3(l,8.'iOI
27.'.
44,2'.i7 1
II
17
Total ,32!),320|2O7,2(.8 3.'>l,S!l3 2(ifi,7l.l 3l2,;iS,'. |'i(;3,(i.'
rilis st.ilement is taken from the Cirriilar of Sl:iit.wn,rr, (.nuii; .V ('<>■ «lated i(io de .laneiro, 4th
'(■ .hii,ii,oy, IS.;,;, who .-<n!e lli.it Ihry derive! the details frnin llie n„uiilc.-t> ol the vetstls cleiaun;
"111 al I he ( u:.t('iii Lou-c,
h I
• »
u. : !
it
1
m^^ \
jj
,1 ' ' '
; I
5
^ ii ■
. t
,
1
il
988
RIO DE JANEIRO.
/;i/iTcncr«to/»/(Tn. — A, llhadoCatuncIuba. n. Fort do St. Joao. C, Morro do Flamcngo. D, I'onta
do Calhabouco. E, Fort da Illia das Cobras. F, llha dos ICattoa. G. Fort da Boa Viagem.
The increase in the exports of sugar and coffee from Brazil during the last 10 yc-y
has been quite unprecedented. In 1822, the total export of sugar from the enip're
was only 40,000 tons, whereas it now amounts to about 75,000 tons. In 1821, the
quantify of coffee exported from Rio did not exceed 7,500 tons; but in IS.S.'J it anioiujfeii
to more than 4 times that quantity, or to about 35,000 tons ! The exports of cotton
have also incJ
18;?1, were '.it
ported that y\
A consider
vation in lirt
iniported ; anl
vention to tlii|
in Brazil.
We have dcri\|
rity. Of their
" Unfortunatcl
iliffiTi'i •. |)ort8, 111
be drawn from pi
" Estil
Uio. — r'off'ecl
Hides
Sugar
Cotton, dl
Baiiia, — Coflnj
Cotton
Sugar -
Tobai'co
Drugs, M
Ceara. — Cott
Hides
Macavo..— Cot
Sugar
Mahaniiam. —
Uicc
Faiia. — Coroa
India rubli
Isinglass, i
Pernamuiico. —
Hides and
Sugar
Paraira. — Cott
Sugar
Itio Grande of
other ports.
Santos. — Sugar,
port
" The imports an
ware, and oilier mi
ninsist of wines, b
(ish from ditto and
Iiidinn manufaetur
" The duties on
;il)out a) per eent. c
every deseription o
being paid by the p
cent.
" There are no c
whole of its transat
" The usual mod
1'2 months, the pari
the stipulated credi
any charge for inte
doirn, or, if any en
nicrce of the count)
" The usual comi
for the purchase an
the usance being (H
" The currency t
in almost every ))r(
and the current rat
and copper, the c;
BagofcoflT
>i
RIO DE .lANEIHO.
989
\n
liave also increased, but not so iai)i(lly. Tiio imports of cotton from Brazil to England in
l.SlH, were '.i],a<J5,7(il Ihs., !)eiiif; lielwotn ji 7tli and an 8tli of the total quantity we im-
ported that year. In IH:VJ, the imi)orts <leeiine<l to 20,10I),.1f)() lbs.
A considerable part of the extraordinarily rapid increase of the sugar and coffee culti-
vation in Brazil uuist be ascribed to the facility with which slaves have recently been
imported; and it is jjossible that the cessation of their importation, supposing the con-
vention to that ellect to be executed, may check, for u while, the extension of cultivation
in Brazil.
We have derivwl the foUowiiiR statements, as to the trade of nrazil, from the highest mercantile autho-
rity. Of their accuraey there can be iio more quotion than of their interest anil importance : —
" Unfortunately, the government ot Urazil does not pulilish anv omeial statements of the trade of the
difli'rei •. ports, not even of the amount of exports or imports, so that information on these points can only
be drawn from private sources.
" Estimated Amount of Brazilian Exports, with their Values at the Port of Shipment.
Middle Provinces.
Rio.— rotrec - . b.nRs,.WO,000* at 3 10 per bag
Hides - . . No. 3(H),(KH) — 13 per skin
Sugar - - cases, 92,(K)0 + — 11 16 per case
Cotton, drugs, dyes, gold, and diamonds . • .
northern Provinces.
Baiiia. — Coffbe . . bags, 1(),()()0
Cotton . - . _ 47,0<K)
Sugar ... cases, ■)H,(KK)
Tobacco - - packages, lj,000
Drugs, liides, leather, rice, rum, &c.
at
3 10 per bag
4 10 —
10 per case
3 4 |)er ]x-k.
Ceara. — Cotton
Hides
Macavo..— Cotton
Sugar
Maraniiam. — Cotton
Uice
Para. — Cocoa
India ruliber
bags, 14,000 — 4 13 per bag
b.igs, 10,(!00
cases, ;j,(HX)
4 10 per bag
10 per case
bags, 7.''>,000 — 4 10 8 per bag
bags, f)0,000
tons, 300
Isinglass, rice, drugs, and cotton
bags, f)0,000
cases, 20,000
Pebnamuiico. — Cotton
Hides and dye woods
Sugar
Paraiba. — Cotton
Sugar
- bags, 20,000
- cases, .IjOOO
Irt 8 per bag
C6 13 4 per ton
5 per bag
10 per case
.5 per bag
10 i>er case
Soii/fiern Prm'incrs.
liio GnAVDE OP THE South. — Hides and tallow, (chiefly coastwise to
other ports, but) foreign export about - . - .
Santos.— Sugar, rice, and coffee, (much direct to Rio, but) foreign ex-
port .......
35,000
1<,K),(MM)
.'")80,0()()
.'")(),(MK)
20,()()0
f).".,(i(Hl
4.'5,(K)0
.'JO.OiiO
;i40,(K)0
(50,000
.W.OCH)
20,000
180,000
."JOO/'OO
100,(M)0
2(K),(«X)
100,(!(K)
50,{)(X)
87.5,000
70,000
75,000
400,000
250,000
f)00,000
150,000
100,000
100,000
l,fY2r,,000
I'Xi.tkX)
2r)0,(K)0
.'KX),(H10
2,880,000
2,420,000
200,000
•VAO.m)
" The imports arc chiefly from CJrcat Britain, consisting principally of our cotton, linen, woollen, hard-
ware, .^nd other manufactures, amounting annually to about 4,000,000/. The remainder of the imports
rimsist of wines, brandies, He. from Portugal and the Mediterranean ; flour from the United .States ; cod
fish from ditto and Newfoundland; with a comparatively small amount of French, (ierman, Swiss, and
Indi.in manufactures, .ind tea ; the latter chiefly through the United States.
"The duties on all imports, without exception, are 15 per cent, on the t.nriff value, which avcrngcs
iilmut 20 per cent, on the real v.ilue of British goods : those on exports vary at the different ports, and on
every description of produce. On coflee they amount to almut 10 per cent. ; on sugar, 12 per cent. (J
being paid by the planter). The export duty on cotton has lately been reducetl from 20 to about 3 per
cent.
" There are no commercial or discount banks in any part of Brazil ; but at Uio there is one of issue, the
whole of its tran.sactions being with the government.
" The usual mmie of selling goods in Brazil is on an open credit of 4 to 8 months, and sometimes even
12 months, the parties paying by weekly or monthly instalments, as they eflect sales, generally exceeding
the sfipulate<i credit, by 2, .'3, and even 6 months, according to the state of markets, without allowing
any charge for interest. On the other hand, all produce is bought by the foreign merchants for cnsh
doirn, or. if any credit be given, the usual extra charge is 1 per cent, per month ; in fact, the whole com.
merceof the country is on British capital.
" The usual commissions are, 5 \kt cent, on the sale of goods ; 2i ditto for guarantee ; with 2J tier cent,
for the purchase and shipment of produce in return ; 5 per cent, when purchased by crnlits on London :
the usance being 00 days after sight.
" The currency of Brazil is chiefly paper and copper, of a very depreciated and base kind, and varying
in almost every province. The par of exchange, when the silver currency was maintained, was (iT^rf.
and the current rate alw.iys above it, say from 7<W. to 72rf. ; but now, owing to the introduction of paper
and copper, the exchange has fallen, at Uio, to 'JGd., Bahia ">2(/., Pernambuco iXd., and Maranhani
' Bag of coffee about 1 cwt. 1 (|r. 14 lbs.
t Case of sugar about 15 cwt.
Ill
I I
; 1
I
«!
■.m h
I
!i'
I' I
,iii i
»>'
If A
1)
99()
IlIO DE JANEIIIO.
4<V/, ; and, at one period, the exchange at Hio tell a* low ns 2(W., owing to the extensive issue ofpniKT
by the bank.
" The K""™* difficulties under which our trndr with Urazil labours arc,— 1st, The prohiliitory duties
chargeal)le on sugar and t'otfoe, the chief productions of the country ; wliich admit to consumption onlv
cottons and iiides, the latter not IjciiiK wanted ; so that, with aii export of nearly 4,()()0,(M)()/., we have lu)
diiect means of return for I.4th the amount, the other .j-Vths being lorced into tile hands of the Ameri-
cans, Germans, Swedes, \c. who thus get employment for tl)cir .-.hippiiig, and carry on an extensive com-
merce, entirely upon llritish capital, whilst the British merchant is compelled to transfer his property into
their hands for;» or (i months, as the only means of geftingi)ayment for tlie manufactures he has expcirtcd;
at the same time that the liritish consumer at home is compelled to pay, exclusive of the heavy duties, a
decidedly higher price for sugar and cotfec than is paid by the consumers of any other Kuropean state.
" The i.'d grievance is the wretched stat^-' of the currency in Brazil, which occasions fluctuations in the
exchange of from 10 to S.'0 per cent, in y or .'j months, and even .01) per cent, in the course of the year ; so
that the actual proceeds, in sterling, of any goods sold on credit can never be guessed at till the money
is received ; there being no discount banks or means of realis.ition, till the expiration of the credit.
" The llrazilian Uegcncy have at length recommended th<'ir curren(7 to the immediate attention of
the ' Assembly ;' but it may be doubted whether they have either courage or honesty to take any elfi e.
lual means to eradicate the'evil : this can only be done by a return to a gold and silver standard, ami a
new coinage, calling in the old, one half of which is debased." — ^\oth of August, 1833.)
Account of the Trade of Great Britain with Brazil, for the Six Years ending with 1831, according to
tlie Official Returns and Values.
Years.
ExiiorLs.
1
British ami Iri»li
IVIanufacturcs.
Foreign aii^l ('t)Ioni.il
rrodure.
Totals. Imports from Brazil.
1S36
Miir
\»a
1S30
IS31
/-.
4,11(),1.TO
S!,.'>.'>fi,140
!i,ir,7.()\\
fi,{V..'.,ll02
4,.'ii;(i,oio
/,.
80,71.1
.17,.-.'(|
(i'>,17.1
il'I.Sl!!
7li,.-.U
311,00^
h.
■1,lllfi,S73
ie,.')i),-.,73i
3,S'^'^,1S7
'l,(il2,32l
L.
7r,7,!llS
I,3S1!,SIS
I,1HS,271
l,l(i'J,Ul o
Account of the Quantity and declared Value of the principal Articles of British Produce and Manufac-
ture exported to Brazil in 1831.
Articles.
Quantities.
Values.
Articles.
Quantities.
Values.
Anparel, ships, anil haberdashery -
y.iifii
Saddlerv .ind harness
/,. 1
i.SMi; ;
.Arms anil ainmunilioil
-
3,i;!i."i
I.inen manufactures • yards
4,224,101
lfi,7.-.^ 1
It icon ami liaiiis - ■ cwt.
Ml
.^.'•7
Thread, tapes, Ac. - - -
.
i.'ii; 1
Heef aiul|inrk - - liarrcls
•i'i
l!li
JIachinery aii<l mill work
.
1'^,'lV,
llier ami ale • - tuns
31.'i
i,!).).')
Painters' colours . . -
•
2,1 IS
lto.))<s, iirinlcd • - cwt.
'.i.'l
.'),1ll
Plate, plated ware, jewellery, and
.
1,'JIW
Hr.i-ssaml cniiiier manufactures —
7,03(!
31,1,SS
watches - - -
Butter ami clieese - - —
15,1S7
(iO,.T)l
Salt - - - bushels
21,8.36
.3n.'i
(.'oiN, eulm, and cinders - tons
Kill
.3(1^
Silk inanuf.ictnres - - -
7,.3.is 1
Cordage - - - cwt.
•ir<
(13
Soap .ind candles - - lbs.
1,488,187
31,'i'is 1
Cotton manufactures - - yards
•ir,,'i-i,:u'
GSl.lIll
St.iti.inerv ot all sorts
.
4,.TI| 1
Hdsierv, lace, and small wares -
ilO,.Vll)
Sii;;ar, relined - - cwt.
1.35
."s'l
Cotton t\\ ist and vam - Ihs.
•i,- 10
.331
'1 in, iinwroii-iht - - —
2(i7
SSS
Kartlienwarc of all surts - |iieces
1,1UI,7'J1
19,.'jl.7
'J'iii and pewter wares, tin plates -
2,1711
I'ish — iK'rrings - barrels
4
.O
\\ oollHii and worste<l yarn lbs.
32
h
Glass . - . - cwt.
13,'il(i
18„3.'iS
Woollen manufactures, by the piece
at value
-
•^0
pieces
24,175
7rt,s(;.-i
Hardwares and cutlery - cwt.
S,17l
31,011.-.
Do. by the yard - - yards
71, .323
.'.,1 1;
Hits, heaver and felt - tlo/ens
.S,lfi7
•lH,r>'f>
Hu.sierv and small W'ares
l,'i(,3
Iriin and steel - - tons
i,s.'.o
2,';,i.3o
.Vll other articles
,
21,v/il
J.e id and shot - - —
•i\)\
4,111
I.eather,wrought and unwrouHht.lbs.
22,379
4,172
Total declared value
-
_WS,37I
The number of ships which arrived at Rio in 182f>, were —
1!)
f 4 Spanish.
1 1.*) fori'i^ni.
f.^il Portuguese,
ilO Hritish.
J 1 1 Dutch.
t ■} forei^i.
f .)3 American.
i ti Ibreimi.
37
J 12 British.
I 3 French.
From slave settlements
South America
'J'otal
f .53 PortuRiiese h
\ ilraziliuu.
SI
In 1.S32, there arrived .at Rio 591 vessels ; and in 1S33, (i'JU.
Of the arrivals during the la.st-ineiitioiii'd y^ar, 211 wee
Fn^lisl), including packets, and Itjl .\incriiMii. Perh.ipi imt
mi.re than 2-3ds of the fi20 shins would Inid at Ilio: in.iiiv
calhn:; in quc^t of freiulits, iuul for orders, storni, ^tc. Tlie
returns do not include the native ujaatiii^veaScU.
From (Ireat Britain - -
France • . . -
Spain - - - . .
Portugal ....
Holland
Hanse Towns . - - -
United States ...
North of Kuropp ...
Cane ofdood Hope, and Cape Vcrd
Islands . . . -
In order still better to illustrate the trade of Brazil, we take leave to subjoin the following details (Vom
Mr. Caldclcutih's Travels in South America. They are neither, however, so recent, nor of such authority,
as those already laid before the reader : — " The colonial system, which was strictlv preserved until tlie
arrival of the court, kept the country in a state of ignorance' of many of those beautiful articles of Kii.ijiisli
manufacture, now so greedily purchased by all. 'I'he Itrazil trade may be onsidered as entirely in the
hands of the British, as if an exclusive monopoly existed in their favour. Braz 1 takes from us every tiling
she requires, excepting wine from Portugal ; and the importance of this trade to Kiigland may he well
conceiveil, when it is mentioned, that, after the Ka.-it and West Indies and the United States, it forms the
greatest mart for our fabrics, and one that is most ra',..dly increasing.
" In 1820, the imports of British manufactures amounted to 1 ,8r)(),()00/. ; in 1821, to £,230,000/. The ex-
ports of 1820 were MO.IKH)/. ; in 1821, 1,'()0,0»)()/ ; showing a great and progressive increase.
" Of the amount of imports, about three jifihs are brought to the capital, owing to the greater consump-
tion, and from its being in communication with the mines, the most inhabited districts of the interior.
" The other nations trading to Brazil exhibit a poor lijjure after Great Britain. By far the most active
of them — the United States — exported to Brazil only to the amount of 320,000/., chiefly in flour, fish, and
minor articles. It is impossible to say what may happen, but at present it does not appear that England
has much to fear in this quarter. The immense command of capital which our merchants possess strikes
all foreigners with astonishment, and forces them to abandon all idea of competition. The trade carried
on by the rest of the world in.iounts, in the aggregate, to little : that of France being chiefly confined to
articles of dress and fashion ; and of Sweden, to a tew shiivloads of iron annually.
" The trade expressly confined to Brazilian vessels is the coasting and African. This latter traffic, it is
well known, is now restricted, by treaty, to that part of Africa south of the line, which comprehends, iu
I
f1
fact, almost |
of late years I
too great a ri
areconsideril
the trade is )|
lur is annual
that scarcely!
b\ tliis iiulleJ
' " Many yej
fxtveiiiely cof
the sdUthwail
another of tif
" Ihe (ithi
rnuiitry ; its f
is still contini
naliiins.
" I'he Intel
on by meausj
tirosso, ate ■
mines; as tliJ
vails. In soi|
of IS carats;
number of oc|
size, adding
there are strj
with which tf
have consideiT
" With resi
of obscurity.
initio which '
and explaiiiir
case.
" No silvci
Imt probably
,'j.palac piece;
" The quai
losing marke
}ii:iiYL) —of
Anieiicanas,
lowing, one \
cluAsorite-', ai
with iu the je
" Oiriectly
maritime a.ssi
" The Ban
flourishing st:
and absent ^h
and trouble,
active mercai
coastwise : m
are made, art
cent.
" Some cno
are conducted
"The h'giil
ch'Uiih's Train
l'(i)inl(ttiiiu
One of the la
slaved mcc-tizi
in all, .'■),280,( (
beyond the m
llOADt
facilitating
of every vai
mountains,
passengers,
or cut throi
ami admitti
The layii
what is den
to our pur]
ourselves \v
in a coiiunc
Iiuportun
weights ant
lity to com
progress of
and the lati
communica
point out ii
that exist ii
for a large
coal, metali
by sea, inn
X
ROADS.
991
fact, Bimnst the whole of the rortugiicso possessioiH. The importatiim of iu'Kroo9 varies hi nninuiit ; hut
of late years it eaiuiot be estiinatid, on an average, at less than '.l,(i(i(i into Kin do Janeiro only. It altbrila
too ureiit a return of pain to be easilv aljaniloneil ; more efi'eciiilly when, sirai t,'e to ^ay, patriotic (eelinjjs
arccoiisidert'il, in tliis instanie, logo hand in lianil with jirolit ; and whin it is iniagiiud, (hat the moment
the trade is prdhiliiled, tlie prospci iiv ol' the coinilry mn«t decay. \\ hen it is considered tliat this nun.
l)cr i- annually ric<>ivi.d into the lapilal, ;ind that there are ;; other ports trading to the same extent, and
that scarcely J of the ncijroes taken from llie coast live to he lauded, the nund)er of negioes carried away
\j\ tins outlet only in the course of the year appeals piodi^ious.
" Many ycir-i since, a e<insiderable capital was employed in the whale fishery. 'I'hc hlark whale was
f\t;eiiiely comiiion near the mouth of the haihonr; hut an increasing tratlic h:!S oriven this aii:ni.il to
the Miuthward, and the only estahh»hii.ciits at present are in the proviuci' of St. t'atharine'.s. It foiim
another of the royal monopolies ; and, in IS.'d, was farmed by some Irenelimen.
" 1 he other trade carried on in llrazilaii hottoius is very much conlined to that with the mother
rouii'ry ; its dependencies, as Madeira ; and its possessions in Africa and the Kast. The tralfic with ( luna
is still continued, but no longer in that way which made I'ortugal at one time the envy of all maritinie
nations.
" I'lie internal trade is very much confined to tlie products of the district of the mines ; and is carried
nil hy means of large troops of mules, some of which, fiom the western provinces of (ioziiZ and Malto
(irosso, are + months on the journey. It is not easy to learn with aicuracy the priiduce of the diamond
mines ; as they are worked by government, and strictly iiioiHpolised : much smufigliiig conseciiiently pre-
vails. In some years, the (juantity recovered hy guvernment has aniiiunted to as niuch as ■l,()(iU octava<
of IS carats; hut these are years of rare occiirreiKe : taking the average, however, of some years, the
liuiiiher ofoctavas would come to near l,-(.0. In this (piantily theie would be, of cour.e, many ol laige
size, adding immensely to their value. It is calculated that about the same quantity is smuggled ; and
there are strong reasons to suppose, that if no dilliculties were thrown in the way, owing to the facility
with which they are obtained, the produce of Brazil diamund.s, in every way as fine as the (jriental, would
have considerable ctl'ect on the demand.
" With re8p<'ct to the quantity of gold which comes from the mines, it is immersed in a certain degree
of obscurity, 'i'he loth due to government is the principal cause that I could never ascertain, in any
mine which 1 visited, its exact produce. I shall have another opporturiity of saving more on this he;.i',
and explaining why the produce of gold mines is on the decrease, which I certainly conceive to be the
case.
" No silver is pro<iuced in lirazil. As there is lend, it would be too much to alTIrm that none exists;
but probably the quantity would he trilling. The silver coin is mostly Spanish dollars, restainped into
,').patac pieces, by which a considerable jirotit is olitained on each.
" The quantity of precious stones shipped is now very considerable. In most cases they are sent to a
losing market; being, in fact, more valuable in lirazil than in l.oni!on or Paris. Aipiaiiiarinc s — (see
Jii.iiYL) — of a very large size have been found. In January, Ihll, one was found in the Il:berao d.-s
Anu'i icanas, near the diamond district, « hich weighe<l \'> Ib.s. ; and in the same place, in the Octolier liil-
l(i»iiig, one was discovered weighing 4 lbs. Topazes of fine quality, but seli.oni large, ametlnsts, and
chrysolite-;, are also articles of exportation ; and at times some fine specimens of these gems are to he met
Willi ill the jewellers' shops.
" Correctly speaking, there are no trading companies in Rio de Janeiro : tlicre is a society for efi'ecting
maritime assMraiices, but no other.
"'I'he liaiik of I razil has had very extensive concessions made in its favour, and ought to be in a
flourishing state. It has the power of issuing notes ; and all disputed monies and property oi the deceased
and ,ibsent ^iiidrtrs <• aiixfiitrs) must be placed in its hands, anu ii per cent, per annum charged for the care
and trouble. This, in addition to the interest which might be obtained for the deposit, wduld alone, in an
active mercantile country, form no inconfider<ible revenue. Specie is prohibited from being carried
coastwi.se : merchants wlio wish to deposit cash in one ot the nortliern ports, where tlie largest purch;:scs
are made, are therefore forced to take hand bills, and pay a premium for them, varying liom o to .'> per
cent.
" .Some enormous capitals have been amassed; but generally the speculations of the native merchants
are conducted on a very limited scale.
"The U'gul rate of interest is (i per cent.; but money can seldom be obtained inider 12." — [Ciihl-
clt'iifi/i'.i Travels in Suuth America, vol. i. ip. .";,> — '>'.).)
I'lijiHliiliii)! (if lirayJt. — The magnitude of the popidation of Rrazil is involved in great uncertainty.
One of the latest estimates is as follows ; — Portuguese and Creoles, !)(),(.0(l ; free mestizos, (i(,(l,()( ; en-
slaved me.-tizos, 25(),0INI; free negroes, l!-(),(l()(; ; enslaved negroes, i;,<(Hl,()(l) ; Indians, -l,"ll,(,()(i ; making
in all, ,0,'iSO,( (iO. — [Utimar Aliiianac, for IbJi.'.) 13ut we incUne to think that this estimate is rather
beyond the mark.
UOADS, patliwaj's formed tliroiigh the country vitli inoro or less art and care, for
facilitating the tran.sit of individuals, carriages, i*vc. between difl'erent places. They are
of every variety of form — from rude, narrow, rugged, and unformed jiaths, carried over
mountains, interrupted by every petty rivulet, and almo.st imjiracticable to any but foot
jiassengers, to smooth, broad, and level ways, formed of solid materials, winding round
or cut through mountains, and carried over swainjis atid rivers at an immense expense,
.'Hid admitting of the easy passage of carriages and of all sorts of goods.
The laying out of improved roads, and their construction, forms an important part of
what is denominated the science of civil engineering. But as it would be quite f(>reign
to our pur])ose to enter into any details as to the formation of roads, we shall s.itisfy
ourselves with laying before the reader the following statements as to their importance
in a coimnercial point of view.
Importance and Utiliti/ of improved lioads. — N2Xt to the introduction of money, and
weights and measures, the formation of good roads and bridges gives the greatest faci-
lity to commerce, and contril)utes more powerfully, pcrhajjs, than any thing else to the
progress of improvement. They have been denominated natiottal veins and arteries ;
and the latter are not more itidispensable to the existence of individuals, than improved
communications are to a healthy state of the ])ublic economy. It were vain to attempt to
point out in detail the various advantages derived from the easy means of communication
that exist in Great Britain. There is not a single district that is not indebted to others
for a large part of its stipplies, even of some of the bulkiest commodities. Besides the
coal, metals, minerals, timber, corn, &c. conveyed from one part of the empire to another
by sea, immense (juantities are conveyed from place to place in the interior, by roads
! i;
I'J^ f^n I
I \ '■
> I'
:Wl ^;ii
;i i
•;
^
092
ROADS.
• 1
and canals; and every improvement effected in tlic means of conveyance has oli iously
the same ettect upon the cost of commodities tliat have to he conveyed, as an improvement
in the methods hy which they are raised or manufactured.
Wlierever the means of internal communication are deficient in a country, the inha-
hitiuits nuist unavoidahly disperse themselves over the surface. Cities were originjiily
founded l)y individuals con<j;repitinrf more, perhaps, for tlie purpose of national defence
and protection, tlian for any other cause. But in countries where good government is
established, and property is secure, men resort to cities only from a sense of the advan-
tages they afford. The scale on which l)usiness is here conducted presents facilities that
cannot ho elsewhere afforded for making a fortune ; and the extent to which the sub.
division of employments is carried ojjcns a field for the exercise of all sorts of talent ;
at the same time that it improves and perfects all sorts of arts, whether subservient to
industrious or scientific pursuits, or to those of pleasure and dissipation. It is this
that attracts the aspiring, the industrious, the gay, and the profligate, to cities, — tlia*
fills them with the best and the worst part of the species. The comjietition that takes
place in a great town, — the excitement that is constantly kept up, the collision of so
many minds brought into immediate contact, and all endeavouring to outstrip each other
in their respective departments, — developes all the resources of the human mind, and
renders a great city a perpetually radiating focus of intelligence and invention. There
are, however, considerable clogs upon the continued increase of cities. The food and
fuel made use of by the inhabitants, and the raw products on which their industry is to
be exerted, must all be brought from the country ; and according as the size of the city
increases, the distances from which its supplies must be brought become so much tlic
greater, that ultimately the cost of their conveyance may be so great as to balance or
more the peculiar advantiiges resulting from a residence in town. Hence the impossi-
bility of a large or even a considerable city existing any where without possessing
extensive means of communication citlier with the surrounding country, or with other
countries ; and hence, too, the explanation of the apparently singular fact, of almost all
large cities having been founded on or near the sea, or a navigable river. Had London
been an inland town, 50 miles from the shore, it is abundantly certain that she could not
have attained to one third her present size ; but the facilities afforded, by her admiralilo
situiition on the Thames, for the importation of all sorts of produce from abroail, as
well as from other parts of England, will enable her, should her commerce continue to
prosper, to add to her colossal magnitude for centuries to come.
But all towns cannot be founded on the sea coast, or the banks of navigable rivers ;
and the growth of those in inland situations must, in all cases, depend on their means
of communicating with the surrounding country. Without our improved roads, the
great inland manufacturing towns with which England is studded, such as Manchester,
Leeds, Birmingliam, Sheffield, Bolton, Preston, &c., could not exist. They ensible the
inhabitants to obtain the rude products of the soil and the mines almost as cheap as if
they lived in country villages. There is thus nothing, or next to nothing, to detract
from the advantages which the inventive and enterprising artisan may expect to realise
from resorting to these great hives of industry. And, owing to the gigantic scale on
which all sortsof industry are conducted in them, the scope afforded for the employment
of the most powerful machines, and the appropriation of particular sets of workmen to
every separate process, however minute, manufacturing industry is carried to a degree of
perfection that almost exceeds belief.
The influence that the growth of a large town has upon agriculture is great and
striking. " In the neighbourhood," iays Dr. Paley, " of trading towns, and in those
districts which carry on a communication with the marl '= of trading towns, the hus-
bandmen are busy and skilful, the peasantry laborious : the land is managed to the best
advantage, and double the quantity of v?orn or herbage (articles which are ultimately
converted into human provision) raised f'om it, of what the same soil yields in remoter
and more neglected parts of the country. Wherever a thriving manufactory finds means
to establish itself, a new vegetation springs up around it. I believe it is true, that agri-
culture never arrives at any considerable, much less at its highest, degree of perfection,
when it is not connected with trade ; that is, when the demand for tlie produce is not
increased by the consumption of trading cities." — (Moral Philosophy, book vi. c. 11.)
But the fact of their being mainly conducive to the growth of cities, is not the only
advantage which improved roads confer upon agriculture. Without their aid it would
be impossible to carry to distant pLacc. sufficient supplies of such bulky and heavy arti-
cles as lime, marl, shells, and other rianures necessary to give luxuriance to the crops
of rich soils, and to render those that a"c poor productive. Not only, too, would in-
ferior roads lessen the market for farm produce, and consequently the quantity raised,
but a larger proportional number of horses or other cattle would be required to convey
the diminished produce to market. It is plain, therefore, that good roads are both
directly and indirectly a prime source of agricultural improveiiient ; — directly, by
incrcq
and
vidinfl
for ajj
Inc
from
takes
impro|
as if
travelll
dities.
is not I
stantly
is certd
hi
ROADS.
093
increasing the quantity and reducing the cost of manure, and by increasing the qunntily
and reducing the cost of conveying farm prodtce to market; and indirectly, by pro-
viding for the growth and indefinite extension of cities and tov/ns, that is, of the umrlivts
for agricultural produce.
Increased speed of conveyance ine of the principal odvantages that have resulted
from the formation of good roads, .le invention of steam packets, 8cc. Suppose that it
takes 2 days to travel by an uneven, ill-made road between any 2 places ; and that, by
improving the road, the journey may be accomplished in 1 day : the effect is the same
as if the distance were reduced A ; and tliere is not only a great saving of time to
travellers, but also a great saving of cost from the more speedy conveyance of commo-
dities. This latter is a point of much more importance than is commonly supposed. It
is not possible to form any correct estimate of the value of the products that are con-
stantly in the act of being carried from place to place in Great Britain and Ireland. It
is certain, however, that it is very great ; and every additional facility of conveyance, by
bringing such products more rapidly to their destination, and enabling them to be sooner
applied to the purposes for which they are intended, renders large quantities of capital
available for industrious purposes, that would otherwise be locked up.
Mode of defraying Costs of Roads. — lloads of one sort or other must, of course, exist
in every country emerged from barbarism, — but in England, the statute of the 'JHth of
Philip and Mary, which is still in force, is the first legislative enactmi'nt in wliich a
regular provision was made for the repair of the roads. The preamble to this statute de-
clares, that the roads were tedious and noisome to travel on, and dangerous to passengers
and carriages ; and, therefore, it enacts, that in every parish 2 surveyors of the higli-
ways shall be annually chosen, and the inhabitants of all parishes obliged, according
to their respective ability, to provide labourers, carriages, tools, &c. for four days each
year, to work upon the roads, under the direction of the surveyors. This system, though
in many respects exceedingly defective, was at the time justly considered a great improve^
ment, and answered pretty well till the reign of Charles II., when, owing to tlie increase
of carriages, particularly about London, it became necessary to adopt more efficient
measures for the formation and repair of roads ; and the plan of imposing tolls upon
those who made use of them began then to be adopted. But this system was not
carried into full effect, and placed upon a solid footing, till about 1767, when it was
extended to the great roads to all parts of the country ; the contributions of labour under
the act of Philip and Mary being then appropriated entirely to the cross or country
roads. A money payment is also very frequently made instead of a contribution in
labour.
When the plan for extending turnpike roads from the metropolis to distant parts of
the country was in agitation, the counties in the neighbourhood of London petitioned
parliament against it, alleging that the remoter counties would be able, from the com-
parative cheapness of labour in them, to sell their produce in London at a lower rato
than they could do ; and that their rents would be reduced, and cultivation ruined, by the
measure ! Luckily this interested opposition proved ineffectual ; and instead of being
injurious to the counties adjoining the metropolis, the improvement of the roads has
been quite as beneficial to them as to those at a distance, inasmuch as, by providing for
the indefinite extension of the city, it has rendered it a far better market for their pecu-
liar productions, than it would have been had its growth beea checked, which must have
been the case long ago, had the improvements in quJMion not been made.
The plan of making and repairing roads by contributions of labour is not peculiar to
England, but was at one period general all over Europe. By an act of the Scotch
parliament, passed in 1669, all persons engaged in husbandry were obliged to labour 6
days each year, before or after harvest, upon the public roads ; the farmers and landlords
being, at the same time, obliged to furnish horses, carts, &c, according to the extent of
land occupied by them. The inconveniences of such a system are many and obvious.
Those who get no pay for their work, and who perform it against their will, waste their
time and industry ; and there is, besides, a great loss incurred by the interruption of tho
regular pursuits of the labourer. A sense of these disadvantages led, in the early part
of the rejgn of ( orge III., to a commutation of the labour contribution for a money
tax on land, rated according to its valuation in the cess books. This measure has been
productive of the best effects. Previously to its taking place, the roads, even in the best
cultivated districts of Scotland, were in the worst possible state ; now, however, they arg
about the very best in Europe.
A similar system has been followed on the Continent. When Turgot entered on his
administration, he sent a circular letter to the road surveyors and engineers of the dif-
ferent provinces of France, desiring them to transmit estimates, framed on the most
liberal scale, of the sums of money for which the usual repaii s might be made on the old
roads, and the ordinary extent of new ones constructed. The average of the estimates
showed that a money contribution of about 10,000,000 livrcs a year would suffice for
S
t
I 41
U k
!-!
i| :|;,l
'hi.
i'
i
i ^ ' •
!'■
I
I
99i
ROADS.
these objects; whereas Turgot showed, that the execution of these repairs and con*
structions, by contributions of forced labour, or corv^et, cost not less than 40,000,000
livres ! — (Art. Taxation, Supp. to Ency. Brit.)
Tlierc is still, however, a great deal of labour performed on the cross and country
roads of England, under the system established by the act of 1 . and Mary. Its
continuance is most probably to be ascribed to the want of any ready means fur its
commutation.
It is the duty of government to furnish assistance towards the formation of roads and
bridges in parts of tlie country where they are necessary, and where the fiinds required
for their formation cannot otherwise be obtained. 13ut it is in such cases extremely
desirable, in order to prevent government from being deceived by interested represent-
ations, that those more immediately concerned in the undertaking should be bound to
contribute a considerable portion of its expense. This has been done in the case of the
Highland roads. Down to a very recent period, large tracts in the Highlands were
quite inaccessible, and were, consequently, in a great measure shut out from all im-
provement ; while the rugged nature of the country and the poverty of the inhabitants
rendered any attempt to construct improved roads an undertaking beyond their means.
Under these circumstances, government came forward and engaged to advance ^ tin.'
expense of making roads and bridges in certain districts, on condition that the landlords
and others interested should advance the other ^, and that the work should be exe-
cuted under the direction of parliamentary commissioners and engineers. This arrange-
ment has been highly beneficial. Through its means about 600 miles of excellent roads
have been constructed ; and in consequence of the easy means of communication they
attbrd, a spirit of improvement has been excited even in the wildest and least frequented
districts.
Dr. Smith seems to have inclined to the opinion, that the roads of a country would
be better attended to, and more economically managed, were they placed under the
control of government, than when they arc lefl to be planned and superintended by pri-
vate individuals. But this opinion does not seem to rest on any good foundation. It
is, perhaps, true that a few of the great roads between the principal towns of a county
might be better laid out by government surveyors, than by surveyors appointed by the
gentlemen of the difteient counties through which they pass. But these great roads
bear but a very small proportion to the total extent of cross and other roads with whicii
every county either is, or ought to be, intersected ; and, besides, it is abundantly certain,
that when the formation of the great roads is left, as in Great Britain, to the care of
those who, either by themselves or their tenants, have to defray the greater part of the
expense of their construction and repair, they will be managed, if not with greater skill,
at least with far more economy than if they were intrusted to the agents of government.
M. Dupin has set this matter in the clearest point of view, in the remarks he has made
on the administration of the roads in France and England. In the former they arc
entirely under the control of government ; and the consequence is, that while there is a
useless expenditure upon a few great roads, the cross roads are almost entirely neglected,
and the facilities of internal intercourse arc incomparably inferior to ours.
Sir Henry Parnell, who has published by far the best treatise on road-making in
the English language, while he approves of the system of local trusts, proposes that
measures should be taken for Iicreasing the responsibility of the trustees, and that every
trust should be obliged to submit its accounts to the inspection of some public Board.
We have no doubt that this plan would be in several respects advantageous. Perhaps,
however, the object in view, in making accounts be submitted to a public Board, might be
attained by the erection of local tribunals for their inspection. We should be extremely
jealous of any plan, how advantageous soever in other respects, that might lead to the
employment of government surveyors generally in the laying out of roads, or to any
material abridgment of the powers of the private trusts.
Length of Roads, Cost, §-c. — The following details, taken from the report of the com-
mittee of the House of Lords on turnpike road trusts, show that, in 1829, the total
length of the different paved streets and turnpike roads in England and Wales amounted
to 19,798 miles; that the direct expenditure by the trustees, on account of these
roads, during the same year, was about 1,500,000/., and the revenue about 1,455,000/.
But, exclusive of this pecuniary outlay, the value of the work performed on these roads by
parishes, and not brought into the charge, is estimated at 100,000/. ; making the whole
expenditure 1,600,000/. The length of the various cross roads and other highways is
estimated at about 95,000 miles.
* '■ »
ROADS.
Sitmmarii StaUmetit qf Ronds, in England and Xalft.
(«ni(th of tumiilkp roAiU • . . milM, 1«,7'JH
Niiiiilirr of luriiiiikv truAts ... I,im
A<is of parliament posMHl . • • 3,7H,'i
Toll Ktlei ..... 4,»7I
Vvht ..... t. 7,50I,»U3
tiieame in I»fi9. /..
Income from tolln .... l,.WJ,nn
— parifth comiKMltlons rerclviHl < 6'J,!H-0
_ tiiieii . - - . MH
— im-lilcnial cauwK . - .W,M8
Rentii of lollnatt't and p»rlnlil TulU . ■ yj.frti
coiiiposilioiu due, but unpaid j I'arijh compositions * 7iSN3
Total Income for the year /.. I , I.W.'^y.i
KtiienilUiire In 18'^9. /,.
Interest paid on mortnane debt - . UMi,l\W
Slanuil lalwur • • . . .10.1,17,1
Team labour, improvemenln, material*, and contracts, .')78,'.J37
I.and purchased or damoKes P*ld for In RCtlIng
materials ■ ...
Repain to toll.hnuse*, K>lesi >"■
Halaries to clerlis, surveyor*, law bills, printing,
advertlsliiH. hiallonery, and Imldrnial iharftes
Payments coinpriitinu part of the debts or acrmints
of former years, Ar. (as deduclnl (Voni the iu>
counts delivere<l to (lie clerk of the piaiej
The Kross exiwndliure for the )ear IN'^'J, as dell-
vereil lo the i lerk of the peace by the clerks of
the roads .....
Interest not brouuhl into rharfje In the accounts
delivered lo the i lerk of the )ieace, but includitl
in the current es|>yiullture
The neit current t'i|>enditure of tlie leveral turn-
pike road trusts for the year lH'i\t
Kxpenditure
Incotue
Kiprniliturc above income
L. i,4<l!l,
- l.tM,
995
/,.
.'>r,,iM
I9B,nii
ai.1,7i7
l,r,78,(»i
65,'i71
l,4'J!),.'>fiS
,'^i)i
t. n,'^77
Tolls. — In fixing the rate of tolls, great care should be taken to keep them iis low as
possible. When they are either too much multiplied, or too high, they have a very per-
nicious influence. They then operate as a most op|)rcssive and unequal tax on com-
merce ; and obstruct that intercourse they are intended to promote. The same remark is
applicable to all sorts of dock and harbour dues, light-house dues, &c. When confined
within due bounds, they cannot justly be objected to; for nothing can be fairer than
that these who benefit by such increased facilities and security in the prosecution of
their business should pay for them. But whenever they exceed the proper limits, they
tempt the navigator to resort to ports where the charges are lower, and to direct liis
course through more insecure but less costly channels.
Improvement of Roads. — It is not easy for those accustomed to travel along the
smooth and level roads by which every part of this country is now intersected, to form
any accurate idea of the diflficultics the traveller had to encounter a century ago. Roads
were then hardly formed ; and, in summer, not unfrequently consisted of the Iwttoms o^
rivulets. Down to the middle of last century, most of the goods conveyed from place
to place in Scotland, at least where the distances were not very great, were carried, not
by carts or wagons, but on horseback. Oatmeal, coals, turf, and even straw and hay,
were conveyed in this way ! At this period, and for long previous, there was a set of
single-horse traffickers (cadgers), that regularly plied between different places, supplying
the inhabitants with such articles as were then most in demand, as salt, fish, poultry,
eggs, earthenware, &c. : these were usually conveyed in sacks or baskets, suspended one
on each side the horse. But in carrying goods betweon distant places, it was necessary
to employ a cart, as all that a horse could carry on his back was not sufficient to defray
the cost of a long journey. The time that the carriers (for such was the name given to
those that used carts) usually required to perform their journeys, seems now almost in-
credible. The common carrier from Selkirk to Edinburgh, thirty-eiffht miles distant, re-
quired a fortnight for his journey between the two places, going and returning ! The
road originally was among the most perilous in the whole country ; a considerable ex-
tent of it lay in the bottom of that district called Gala-water, from the name of the
principal stream, the channel of the water being, when not flooded, the track chosen as
the most level, and easiest to travel in.
Even between the largest cities, the means of travelling were but little superior. In
1678, an agreement was made to run a coach between Edinburgh and Glasgow, — a dis-
tance of 44 miles, — which was to be drawn by six horses, and to perform the journey from
Glasgow to Edinburgh and back again in six days. Even so late as the middle of last
century, it took 1^ day for the stage coach to travel from Edinburgh to Glasgow, —
a journey which is now accomplished in 4i^ or 5 hours.
So late as 1763, there was but one stage coach from Edinburgh to London, and it
set out only once a month, taking from 12 to 14 days to perform the journey. At
present, notwithstanding the immense intercourse between the two cities by means of
steam packets, smacks, &c., 6 or 7 coaches set out each day from the one for the other,
performing the journey in from 45 to 48 hours. — ( Robertson's Rural Recol. pp. 39 — 44. )
The effects of this extraordinary improvement in the means of travelling have been
as striking on the manners as on the industry of all classes. The remark of Dr. Smith,
that " man is the least transportable species of luggage," is no longer true as applied
to Great Britain. During spring, the metropolis is crowded with visiters of all ranks
and orders from the remotest provinces ; and during summer and autumn vast numbers
of the citizens are spread over the country. Hence it is, that manners as well as prices
are reduced nearly to the same standard. A respectable family in Penzance or Inver-
ness live very much in the same way as a respectable family in London. Peculiarities
of all sorts have disappeared ; every thing is, as it were, brought to a level j the fashions
* Exclusive of parish labour, valued at 100.000/.
3 S 2
k
If
.1 '
I !,
■|5
1
I'M
4
.
. it
li
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i
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1
it
lii
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; i
996
ROPE ROTTERDAM.
and opinions of the metropolis aru immediately di(t\i8e<l over every part of the country,
while those that originate in tlie latter powerfully inHuence the furiner.
(These (Ictnllt have been partly borrowed trnm the treatise on Commerce, publlahed by the Society for
the UiHXiilun of UicfUl Knowledge, contributed by the author of this work.)
HOPE consists of hemp, hair, &c. spun into a tliick yarn, of which scveial strings
are twisted together by means of a wheel. When made very small, it is called a cord ;
and when very thick, a cahle. All the different kinds of tliis manufacture, from a fishing,
line, or whip-cord, to the cable of a tirst-rate ship of war, go by the general name of
cordage ( See Cable. )
ROSEWOOD (Ger. Rimnholz ; Fr. Jlois dii rose, ih Rhode; It. Legno rodie ; Sp.
Lvno de rosa ; Port. Pdo de rnsitdo) is produced in Hrazil, the Canary Islands; in Siaiii,
whence it is pretty largely exported by the Chinese; and in other places. It is in the
highest esteem as a fancy wood. The width of the log imported into this country
averages about '2'2 inches, so that it must he the produce of a large tree. Rosewood has
a slightly bitterish, somewhat pungent, balsamic taste, and fragrant smell, whence its
name. It should he chosen sound, heavy, of the deepest colour, in the largest pieces
that can he procured, and of the most irregular knotty grain. The small, light-coloured
and large shivered pieces should be rejected. The more distinct the darker ports are
from the purple red, which forms the ground, the more is the wo«kI esteemed. It is
usually cut into veneers of 9 to an inch. — {Milburn'a Orient. Com., §*c.)
Rosewood is one of the dearest as well as most beautiful of the fancy woo<ls. XXa price in Imnd varies
from alHuit 1-20/. to li!.5/. per ton ; so '.hat it is prindprilly usod in vcncorlnB. Its coiistiinptinn has
more than trebled since ViW. At un avproKc of the 3 years ending with \VM, the entries for home con-
sumption were 277 tons a year, whereas they uniountui, during the .'J years ending with WM, to Dili tons
a year ! This increase is principally to l>e ascribed to the reduction of the duty, in IS'.'ti, from 2()A to 10/.
a ton, — a wise and judicious measure, by wliieh the revenue as well as the consumption lias l)cen con.
siderably increased.
ROSIN. " This substance is obtained from different species of fir; as the Pinus
nbies, si/li'eslris, Uirix, balsamvn. It is well known that a resinous juice exudes from
the pinna si^lvesfrix, or common Scotch fir, which hardens into tears. The same
exudation ap])oars in the piniis nines, or spruce fir. These tears constitute the substance
called f/ius, or frankincense. When a portion of the bark is stripped off these trees, a
liquid juice flows out, which gradually hardens. The juice has obtained different names,
according to the |)lant from which it comes. The pinus sylvestris yields common turpen-
tine; the lurix, Venice turpentine — (see Turi'KNTine); the halsamea, balsam of Canada
— (see Hai.sam), &c. All these juices, which are commonly distinguished by the name of
turpentine, are considered as composed of two ingredients ; namely, oil of turpentine, and
rosin. When the turpentine is distilled, the oil comes over, and the rosin remains behind.
When the distillation is continued to di'yness, the residuum is known by the name of
common rasin, or colophonium ; but when . 'ater is mixed with it while yet fluid, and in-
corporated by violent agitation, the mass is called yellow rosin. During winter, the
wounds made in the tir trees become incrusted with a white brittle substance, called
hurras or galipot, consisting of rosin united to a small portion of oil. Tlie yellow rosin,
made by melting and agitating this substance in water, is preferred for most purposes,
because it is more ductile, owing, probably, to its still containing some oil. The uses of
rosin are numerous and well known." — ( Thomson's Chemistry.)
ROTTERDAM, on the north bank of the Maese, in lat. 51° 55' 19" N., Ion.
4° 29' 14" E. Population about 60,000. Rotterdam is the second commercial city of
Holland. It is more advantageously situated than Amsterdam ; being nearer the sea,
and tlie canals which intersect It are so deep as to admit of the largest vessels coming
up to the quays and warehouses of the merchants. Its commerce, during the last 1.?
years, has increased more rajiidly than that of any town in Holland. The exports and
imports are similar to those of Amsterdam, The white Zealand wheat shipped here is
of a peculiarly fine quality ; and it is the best market for madder and geneva. Our
imports of madder from the Netherlands, in 18.31, amounted to about 18,726 cwt., most
of whieh came from Rotterdam. — (See Madder.) Geneva is sold by the aam ; hut,
for the eonveniencc of smuggling to England, it is divided into ankers and q ankers.
The legitimate imports of geneva from the Netherlands, in 1831, amounted to
210,038 gallons.
N. B. — The channel from the sea to Rotterdam is exhibited in the chart of the Dutch coast in the
map of Europe in this work.
bushels. Rock salt is solU per great liundred of 101 mnaten,
containinpt from !il to 'i'i tons. Coals per liocd = i a chaUlroii
of Newcastle.
The lic)iild measures were divided In tlie same manner ns it
Amsterdam, hut were larger ; tliuR, 100 stoops of Rotterdam
«ere = 67jKnRlish wine gallons. Brandies were sold per
,W viertels ; whale oil, per DO stoops; vegetable oils (ler .lUU
' tKb' ell Is the Mme as at Amsterdam. 100 feit of Uotter-
dam = 1091 feet of AmsU>rdain, or 10'^ Jing^isli feet.
Monin, WtigMt, and Ueatum. — Sec the article Amstsii-
DAM, fur an account of the current mouies, weights, and
measures of Holland.
Two different commercial lbs. were formerly used at Rotter-
dam : one was the Amsterdam weight, lUO lbs. of which ss
108'93 U>s. avoirdutmis ; the other, used bv retailers, was .'i per
cent. liEhter, 1(X) lbs. of It Iwing = I0.1'4.<l lbs. avoirdupois.
Tha U^tterdam last of corn = lO'fi 12 Winchester bu:.hels.
The aana = 40 Rnglish wine gallons very nearly.
A hogshead of llax-secd containi ftom 7^ to S Winchester
h
llUBY.
91)7
statement nr the Quanlltici of the principal Article*
Imported Into Rultcnlam. nnj ol
tlic Slmk
1 on
Hanil, in Wti and IKU. — {I
rom the Circular of Lahmirhi^re anit Co.)
AnlclM.
Imports ham Jan, 1. to T)tc. 31.
Ntockson Jan. 1.
IH.tV.
18.T3.
1H.13.
1831,
A>h«, Aiiwrlian, pearl • • bitmilt
I *Hi»
7
r UK)
IMl . . _ ,
9,100
• I,(l7.t
}. 8fiO
■ 500
■undrim - - . . ciuki
I i,m
s
I 410
Co<rc«i Kut India - . - hagt
1.1J,M3
i
OC,90i
M
108,000
72,000
I l.lco
a
WwtlndU • . . _
l'i2,395
•1
•il,r,W
■1
33,000
S
J.s.Diim.
i 1 ,8.'.()
.§
CAnkl
«S8
tc
3H'i
1
.
!■•
{ Uratll
'{
Colloni Nnrth American • ■ tain
r,,M7l
,'.,'i'J5
583
419
"
Hurinain . - • — 1
NlikarlB - - • - J
I,61H
V,I)U
790
498
KicvplUn iVfako ■ . _
1,113
i,in
148
Sur.u und IWnKal - - . «
Hra/ll • . . _
'J.3.l»
.■■,.1111
191
587.
HI. DomlnKo . . . _
1,19(5*
'JI9
Sinjma - ■ . —
111
R
Dye woods .... lHon.
i,nin,nnn
ir'jM.noo"
\3!>,nt)(t
101,000
Hides, Hiienm Avrea . - iiiccea
KioOrande . . . _
in.iiiH
.'1,1172
H:i'iH
I.IHKI
!i(i,<71
H.IIK)
f„S,T3
1,1.00
Valparaiau • . • . _
Hraxll . . . _
' S.fi.lfi'
1,71«
-
1,716
Koit India - ■ . —
IH.U'.'O
n,370
S,199
4,500
Indlga • • ■ - hoxa
a, 111)
i,.ifiri
150
20
•erons
IDS
no
60
repper .... bam
lO.ii.lfl
4,1H.T
4,.'ino
SrflOO
Hlce ... . cankt
(l,OM
Il.lt-iO
.109
240
Sugar, raw, and nindrle* ■ • lihds.
«(i,7,1fi
'».«77 T
i
■«3,1IH)
V,9IW ■» .
12,700
,1.'i5 -v
10,000
(191 1
Java . . • (Muet and luukei*
m.iv,
I'j,n.il
"2
14,785
a
9,5M
3
llraxll, white - . . . thesU
W7
CIS
.
M
419
do. mu>ci>va<tu • . . —
W7
o
772
S
.
• §_
018 .
5
Ilavannah, white • • - twxes
1,.W1
"a"
2,(111(1
' H
607
729
OD
do. velluw • . ■ —
.'.,9(ili
3,1<)3
ri
3,5,19
371
s
Manilla - - . mata
11,78!)
•
l(l,(i(i2
».
•
«i
sundilet . - bagt and mats
.1,6!i0 J
..,
4 ,,171 J
X
1,. 10.1 J
^
' rsi .
Tra - - . • - i chesu
fi,nii9
l!)„-5fi.5
1,HK8
700
Tin, Danca . . ■ sUIn
l!l,.V.l
27,H<.)9
2,700
8,788
Tobacco, Maryland - - . hhds.
Virginia • . - _,
(i,190
7,.'.27
4,19(i
4,280
•J,W3
60
8,805
ijiil
Kentucky • . . _
MM
80
809
291
itcmt ' • . —
.140
'^1,T
27
50
Tares and Allowances,
CofTee, Surinam
Ht. Domingo
])ourbon
Mocha
Java
8iu(ar, Jamaica
8ui
Tares*
" 1 6 per cent.
. 10 lbs. per bale
- 34 llM. —
14 lbs. per bale of
270
■ 18 per cent
20
Surinam
Kast India, in bafi* • 10
Havre chestt below
454 lbs. ■ . 80 lbs. per chest
above - • 13 per cent<
Martinique - lia
St. Domingo ■ S
Cotton • ■ 6 —
Drafts.
1 i>er ct.
1 -
1 -
1
1
}■-
- 1 -
Allow.
Rnccs.
1 per cl.
1 —
1 -
3 _
1 -
1 -
1 -
1 —
Hides, Ducnos Avre*
Tobacco, Virijinla
Logwood
rimcnto
Indigo
Pepper •
Whale oil
Madders
Drans.
' 2 per ct.
1 —
1 -
1 —
Allow,
ances.
1 per ct.
I Z
1 —
2 —
2 _
1 —
1 -
The number of ships entering the Maesc and the timt,
chieily destined for Rotterdam, in the 5 ;ean ending with 1828(
was as follows : — .
Years. Ships. I Years. Ships.
1824 . 1,373 I 1S27 • 1,7.11
1835 . I,.ig6 I 1828 - 3,085
1836 ■ 1,587
Tam.
2 lbs. per hide
3 per cent.
real tare
3 per cent.
5 IIh. per bala
1 per cent,
real tore
RUBY, a precious stone, very highly esteemed ; but under this name a variety of
minerals have not unfrequently been sold, which differ essentially in their characters.
The Oriental Ruby is, in fact, a red variety of the sapphire. When perfect, its colour is
a cochineal red, presenting a richness of hue the most exquisite and unrivalled : it is,
however, in general, more or less pale, and often mixed with blue; hence it occurs rose
red, peach blossom red, and lilac blue, passing into the amethyst. It is harder than any
otiier mineral, except the diamond. Easily frangible. Specific gravity from 3*916 to
4"283. Infusible before the blowpipe. Oriental rubies of 10 carats are extremely
rare and valuable. One of 22 grains was sold for 1607. Rubies in lots, Indian cut, or
small sizes, and of different qualities, are at all times to be had, and sell at from 15s. to
63s. a carat ; but a perfect stone of a carat, or 6 grains, may be deemed rare, and falls
little short of the value of the diamond : nay, in some ca.ses, rubies of 3, 3, or 4 carats, if
very fine, are much scarcer, and even more valuable, than diamonds of equal weight.
The finest ruby in England, or, perhaps, in Europe, is in the collection of the late
Mr. Hope, author of " Anastasius."
There are two other species of ruby, the Spinelle and Balais. When perfect, the Spi»
nclle is a gem of great value and scarcity. Its colour is a fine full carmine or rose red,
but it never presents that rich mellow tinge that attends the Oriental ruby. It is alsd
inferior to the latter in hardness and specific gravity. Stones of 3 carats and upwards
are very rare and valuable.
The Balais Ruby is a pale variety of the spinelle. It varies in colour from light
red to yellowish red. Though not so rare as the spinelle, it is by no means common.
It is much admired for its agreeable tinge of colour ; and, when pure and perfect, fetches
a very high price ; though considerably less than the other varieties.
Rubies are not found in any considerable qu.intity except in Ava. — (See Sapphire. 1
— (Maroe on Diamonds, 2d ed. pp. 90. 101.; Thomson's Chemistry.)
;; S 3
;;iu
* I
( ,
' ^\
r
998
RUM.
hi
U
'I
RlJi>j, " '.veil known and highly csteuincd spirituou.s liquor, imported from the West
Indies, of wiiicli it forms one of the staple products. It is obtained, by means of
fermentation and distillation, from molasses, the rehise of the cane juice, and portions
of the cane, after the sujjar has l)een extracted. 'i'he flavour and taste peculiar to
rum are derived from the es.seiitial oils carried over in distillation. When the distillation
has been carekv.sly performed, the spirit contains so large a tpiantity of the grosser and
less volatile part of the oil as to he unfit for use till it has attained a considerable age.
When it is well rectified, it mello-vs much sooner. Rum of a brownish transparent
colour, smoot!' oily liLste, .-.iiong l)ody and consistence, good age, and well kejit, is the
best. That ' f a clear, limpid colour, and hot pungent taste, u either too new, or mixed
with other spirits. .Faiiiiiica rum is ilie first in jioint of (juality ; the liCeward Island
rum. as it is called, being always inferior to it, both in flavour, strength, and value.
The price of the latter is usually 20 per cent, below that of the former. We import all
our rum in imncheons, containing from 84 to 90 gallons each. It is customary, in
home of the West India islands, to ])ut sliced pine-aiiples in paiicheons of rum : this
gives the -.jiirit the flavour of the fruit ; and hence the designation, pine-upple rum.
Hum is said to be much adulterated by the retail dealers in England, sometimes with
corn s))irit ; but if done with molasses spirit, the tastes of both arc so nearly allied, that
the cheat is not easily discovered.
Consumption, of, ami Duties upon. Rum, Sfc. — The following Tables show the quantity
of rum consumed in Great liritain and Ireland since 1800, the rates of duty charged upon
it, <'.n(l the produce of the duties ; the quantities derived from our d.ift'erent colonies lust
year, and the countries to which the e.vcess of imports has been again exported, 6iC.
1. Account, stated in Imperial Proof Gnllons, of the Uiim annually entered for Home Con.suPiption in
the United Kingdom, from IHlK) to WM, both inclusive, distinguishing England, Ireland, and Scot,
land ; the liates of l)uty payable respectively thereon ; the I'roduce of the Outies ; anc' the I'rice of
liuin in Bond since IHl-k (.This ,iccount has been prepared partly from published, an>'. partly from un-
published (itl'icial documents. The column of prices has been supplied principally by Mr. Cook.)
Quantities entered for JI'juic Consumiitton.
K.^ite ot DutT j);iy,.itile
^Customs anil Excise.)
1
Ni'tt Prodllrc of
the Duties in
Ntl( rrn<l»re
(if the Duties
r
rice of
Years,
ica Hum
In Kni;.
In
Ureal Urilnin,
in Ireland.
in
lluiul.
Knglaiul,
Scotland,
Irelanil,
Kingdom.
liiiul ,inU
Scotland.
Irclaml.
Uattoiu .
Utithtis^
iiiilUms>
tialluiit.
l;r (Illl.
s. ,1.
. 6 H4
L. I. i/.j /.. 1. if.
Pvr
liilllitll.
isnn
l,ni.1,2fifi
2.1!),!I1.1
HM,UI
.i,oin,.'i!)0
<) la
1
•)20,"a7 r, 4 2(;3,.i.'i.'i o o
». d
1. d.
ISOl
i,i;,.,',s,ii)
.Tlll,V.17
l,0.')7,.11(l
^^y<^,y.vi
N lOJ
.
9.').'i,l77 1 .'i.1l7,l.'i.'i 7 9
1S02
2,20.|,SI)7
•l'i.S,l(i.1
(;,17,00.'J
.i„iio,:iM
!l Oj
< a Hi
1,222,9S9 11 2 2(Hl,S(il 2 10
I.SIO
Z,,'>7.1,(f<l2
.lilMH.l
2.',9,!lll(i
.1,212,1,1 i
1.1 IJ
S Hi
•J 2^
l,.1l-S,S70 13 4i SH,1 10 7 S
INOI
121, .'lis
1S0,2S!>
l,S1.->,7.1ii
liU
1,0.1 l,(i'A') 1 (i (i9,V92 S ,1
iso.'i
,,i;<i(i,.is)
l.'j,1,(;.1,-i
i2.i.oi:i
1,'J7.1,0(,S
- •
1,22.1,770 U' .'>(i,101 2 4
LSOli
l,H.i7,.121
I.', ;,sii
Ili'O.ltS
2,2(l(;,2SO
13 li^
1,.173,9SC 5 72,(il.'i l(i
1S07
1,IIVI»,7S.'5
22«,2!((i
210,S22
2,l.1(i,!)01
-
l,49(i,S14 1 8' (i9,77(i 13 3
l.SOS
2,171, ■■'•1
2.1:1,2(1.1
.1l.1,.'i,1.1
2,7.'.7„1I7
•
10 .1i
l,(i37,47.'> l(i 2 I'll, 789 3 9
ISO!)
2,2(10,(i2,'i
2S!I,.12,',
i,o(i.-,,(;(ii
,1,(ll.1,(ill
1.1 7|
-
1,7.18,074 ft S.'Jl(i,747 1 7
ISIO
2,71I,1,71S
.1.10,.',(10
.•'.Kl.li'iS
.1,.170,IIWi
-
2,0.09,170 7 172,421 11 8
ISII
2,711,111.'",
.100,.KHi
l.'.0,290
.1,lti2,4ll
-
i,W>:i,lin 4 7?,378 3 11
ISI2
,1,20.'i,l(i.'>
2Si;,,',(i9
2S.-!,I.r>
.1,77.'!, Kil)
-
.
^,.K)(i,.1.18 12 10 149,817 9 1
1SI.1
.1,0lt,IIS0
2ll,(i,S(i
4(!.1,II0S
.1,7I'.I,371
1.1 lOJ
i*^ 10.V
2,278,li3fi 10 2.'>l,(l,19 !» 2
1.S14
.1„1.12,1SS
2S0,.|!),1
U1,1.'>1
.1,70,1,S3.'i
-
1'^ Hi
2,.'iI3,.078 2 7 .'iS.tKiO <i (i
4 r,
to fi fi
IS I.')
,1,019,201
2SI,71S
fil, S.I.I
.1,.1(l.'),7S.'i
•
.
^,210,472 17 10 41,29,''' 6 10
3 2
— 4 fi
ISIfi
2,221,.').1.1
IS.'i.S-l
21,.'>l.1
2,12N.'J5()
.
.
l,fi.1(i,.18(i 13 10 12,171 .O
3 7
— 4 8
IS 17
2,I7!),21.1
19S,1I2
.lO.liSli 2,I(I.S„1|1
.
.
l,(il9.4«lfi ,', 19,423 fi 2
3 9
- .0
ISIS
2,IOi;,2(ifi
20.1,'J.'.|
2l,.Viti 2,(i.11,,0S,1
.
.
1,77.0,714 12 2 13,087 10 4
3 .0
_ 4 li
ISPI
2,.1!I0,I!I.1
1(S,'.).V.
2.',,7.V.
2,.'ir,4,SS.1
13 11)
.
1,7,10,44(1 H 9 l(i,2S9 11 «
2 'i
- .■" 9
IHai
2,.12.'>,7.1,1
H2,!l!)7
2(),.1!)0
2,IS1),I20
.
1,(184,12.0 7 8 12,981 ,0 2
2 8
— 1
IS21
2,lfirl,1ll
i.is,is;(
I'MIS.'J
2,.Til,.1|.',
-
-
l,.07(i„177 1 4 12,03S (i
1 (i
— 2 9
1S22
2,l()(l,IP2.'i
i.io,s-u
l.'>,0.1.'i
2,-^l(i,S.1c|
.
.
l,.0l(;,(i4.0 11 fi 9,.0.07 (i 8
1 8
— S H
1K2.1
2,222,923
iOS„'i(l2
1S,17.'|
2,.11l),(i(iO
■
13 Hi
12 7j
l,.09O,(i(i6 18 6 11, .034 (i ,0
1 8
— 2 4
IS'^1
'l,W7,i<>l
1.1l,ilS(l
"M.'i.l
2,.Vil,(Mfi
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l,fiOOrS27 fi fi fi,097 7 1
1 7
— 26
IS',!.'!
l,i).S0,S07
101 i.Vi
10,128
2,0!W,(iS7
.
1.278,313 19 1 (i,3!3 19 4
2 (i
— 34
lS2(i
.1,I)S2.0,'>.1
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27,7.')S
•l,.10.>,.1l(i
8 r>
S fi
),817,10S 2 3 11,7/0 '■ fi
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— 4
1S27
,1,0S0.I,')2
IS.'. ,211
2:1,210
.1,2SS,IIO(i
.
l,38(i,72(i 1 1 9,8.00 7 '0
4 4
1S2S
.1,0lil,S,'i6
1SS,<)SU
21, 70S
.1,277,(l.'i.1
.
.
1,,1S2,('24 19 .0 10,.028 '7 9
3 3
— 4 3
ISVit
,1,202,11,1
1.02, Kll
2I,2()2
.';,.17.'i,H(i(i
.
.
1,42.0,74« 18 8 9,0.1.0 '* ''
2 3
— 33
1S.10
,Vi0.1,lll
l.1(i,.'>2()
ly,2!).l
.1,(i.0.S,y.')S
U
a
l„0yi,8.1S 11 .0 8,192 '** fi
2 .3
— 38
1S.11
,1,I7!),!H1
12.'>,702
1S,!.'SI
■1,fi2l,.'i!l7
.
I,fi2l,3ll .0 H,.0IO J " 2 2
3 8
1S.12
,1„177,.')07
H2,02fi
2.1,1.12
,1,.'il.1,!l(i.'>
•
-
1,.0(I9,4(W 10 3 10,977 '•" 2
-32
Ai'Ucles,
Ureal Ilrilain.
Ireland.
United Kinjrdom.
Knitland. | Scotland.
Total,
Ituin - .
Oilier rorpi(Ol spirlt.s ;
From the Netherlands •
France
the Ka.st India Company's
territiities and Mauritius
the Hrilish West Indies -
other parts
Total cpiantity of foreiRn spirits
entered for home eunsumption
Proiif Ctiilloiu.
3,377,507
17,4.01
1,509,2.00
7.17
2,OI(i
l/i2S
Proi]f iiii'lona.
112,02(i
7,280
61,120
7r4"
72
I'r.'f r,„ll,mi.
3,l.,9,533
24,731
1,570,37(1
7.17
2,780
l,(;ilO
Proof tiuUons.
24,432
1,484
31,717
210
2
PmfOallom.
3,01.-,,9(i5
2fi,215
1,002,093
7.17
2,990
1,1102
4,908,49.0
181,2112
5,OS9,7.'i7
57,815 1 5,147,fi02
Rnni
Other foreign spirit*
Tot.il receipt of iluly on foreign
spirits
1,520,102 1 11 1 .00,411 14 2
1,722,1.09 ,• 1 77,4SU 19 11
/,. .. ./.
1,570,513 1(1 1
l,799,fi49 (i
;,. .. ,(. , /,. : d.
10,985 fi ti 1,081,499 2 7
ri7,.05U (i 3 1,8.17,208 6 9
3,2l2,Mlil 2 (1 127,901 14 1 3,370, l(i2 l« 7 1 4S,5I4 12 9 3,418,707 9 4 |
^:£i
III
«^»^l
RUM.
999
in. Account of Ihe Quantity of Hum imported into tlie Unitcil Kingdom, Histinguithing the leveral
Colu<iie> and Cuuntricii from which tlie same waa iro|>ortu ^and the Quantity imiiorted troiu each in
the Year ended Stl) of January, 183.i. '
Countries from which
imiiorted.
British coiunips and planta-
tions in America; viz.
AntlKua
Ilarl>adoes
Dominica - - •
(irimada
.Taniaica <■ > -
MontM-'rrat
Nevis . - .
St. Christopher
St. I.uiia
St. Vincent
Tolmgo ^
Kuni im|i(irtt'd in llie Year
endiiiK tile .^>tl) of Jan. IHS^.
Into
(treat
Uritain.
Into
Ireland
Into the
I Unitiii
I Kingdom.
1,9 in
10
1
1,71S
2,4fii>
Prj: Ualli. frj: liulli. I'rJ. lialU.
27,«.W
.'..yoo
.1l,.'l'J'.l
Kl.l.il.'.O
2,75'>,.1.V)
li, .')()»
1 1, IN!)
■1,07.')
2!),7.T-i
Wl.li.'il
vn,
.',
,TI,
1 0.1,
!,7.')7,
■ I,
II,
21),
''i
'i'K
2s I,
,17.1
,710
..•lii'l
.li.'il
.nn
,.'iOI
,IS!)
i'.)')l
, /i 1 1
,M2
,(!.'> 1
Countries from which
imported.
Hum iniporte<i in the Year
ending tile .'lih of Jan. lliM.
Tortola -
Trinid.id
Iternindas
lienu'rara
Itertiice
Hriti.sh N. American rolonies
Foreign colonies in tije West
Indies ; viz.
St. 'rtioinas Hnd .St. Croii
Other countricii
Total
Into
(irt'at
Ilritain.
PrJ.liiiUt
los
1.71)7
.TO
1,290,(;7.1
l'^2,l'JI
r.>,7i(i
io,no7
1,23,1
- 1,71I,.W7
Into
Ireland.
rrj.i.all,
,1,749
2,192
Into the
United
Kingdom.
I'rf.GMl.
HIS
5„5,')(i
.10
,29.1,2M
122,194
19,71(i
10,907
1,2.1,1
2,122 4,7.'),1,7I*9
IV. Account of tlic Quantity of Uum exported from the United Kingdom, distinguishing the Countries
to which tlie same was exported, and tlie Quantity exported to each, in the Year ended the 5th of
January, 1H33.
Though rum has not been so much over-taxed a.s brandy, geneva, and wine, still it
scorns pretty clear tliat even, in its case, taxation has been carried far beyond its proper
limits. During the 3 yea»-., ending with 1802, when th', duty in Great Britain was
about 9.S". a gallon, and In Ireland (J.s-. 8jf/., tlio consuir,pti()n of the United Kingdom
amounted to 3,150,CK'0 gallons a year; while, notwiilistanding the great increase of,
jiopulatitm, during ti.e .'5 years ending with 1823, when the duty in Great Britain was'
13.S. \\h<l- ii gallo't, and in Ireland \'2s. 8jf/., the annual consumption iimounted to
only 2,307,0a) ga'.ions ! The reduction of the duty in 1826 to 8«. 6d. increased the
consumption from about 2,50O,O0() to above 3,Go6,(XX) gallons in 1830. Hut 6rf.
having been added to the duty in 1830, the consumption, influenced no doubt partly
by this, but probably also by other circumstances, has since declined. The great demand
for rum from 1811 to 181, 'i was occa.sioned chiefly by the high price and inferior quality
of the British f^pirits that were then manufactured.
The decrease in the consumption of rum in Iieland is most striking. Unfortunately,
however, this is not I ho only instance tht sistc. !■ iiigdom affords of the destructive effects
of ojipressive taxes. The excessive additions n.ade to the duties on brandy, wine, sugar,
&c. since 180.'), have had similar effects ; the quantity of these .articles consumed in Ire-
land being duilidlif lesst nmo than it was iiO j/ears ago! — (See Bkanry, Sugar, &c.)
Kxovbitant taxes have gone far to deprive the Irish of every comfort ; and, consequently,
to take from them some of the mopt powerful incentives to industry and good conduct.
The poverty of the jieopU has set at nought the calculations of our finance ministers;
eirn/ incrcnse. of t(i.vittinn in Ireland hai-iny produced a diminution of revenue and an
iiirrense of crime ! Surely it is high time to abandon ret odious a system ; particularly
after the expe'lmce of the beneficial effects that have resulted from the diminutioh of
the spirit du'.ies. As a means of raising revenue, the taxation of Ireland is utterly
ineffective ; mi the wit of man never contrived any thirg better fitted to produce
barbarism and disaffection.
Rum, the produce of the British possessions in Amcric.i, is not liiiWe to the duty charged on swretcned
spirits, unless the actual strength exceed the streiiKtii denoted by Sykes's hydrometer t)y more Mitm 10
degrees per cent. ; and in lieu of such duty there shall lie charged upon every degree per cent, mo^ than
u dci'rces, and not more than 10 degrees, by which the actual strength shall exceed the btrciigth denoted
3 S I
11
' f
P
I'
('.
!;()■
I il
!'
1: I
r!
I'll
i
'
■ ;
r.
! '
i
\i
1 il
: ';
i* 5.
1
1000 RUSSIA COMPANY. — RUSSIA LEATHER.
by Sykes's hvdroinctcr, a duty of Os. firf. : provUlctl, tliat if the importer cannot make a perfect entry
thereof for pavment ot duty on the actual strength, he may demand in writinR, upon the entry, that
trial l>c made of tlie actual strength (he paying the expenses of such trial), instead of entering such rum
for the payment of duty upon any stated number of such excessive degrees of strength : provided also,
that all trials of actual strength of such rum shall be made by some skilful person appointed by the
commissioners of customs for such purpose. — (7 Crfo. 4. c. 48. ^ 31.)
Hum, the produce of the liritish plantations, must be imported in casks contaming not less than 20
gallons. —[oSii mil. ■*. c. .W.) But rum in casks capable of containing 20 gallons, may be imported on
the olticer being satisfied that the deficiency has been wholly occasioned by absorption or leakage, and
not by abstraction. — (C'as^ww -W/1. 24th of March, 1831.) _ , , ^ „
Hum in bonded warehouses may be drawn otf into casks contammg not less than 20 gallons each, as
stores for ships, and may be delivered into the charge of the searcher, to be shipped as stores for any ship,
without entry or payment of duty, the same being duly borne upon the victualling bill of such ships
rcspeclivply._('3&4 »'rf/.4. C.57.) , , , ^ „.
Hum of the British plantations in bonded warehouses may also bo drawn off into reputed quart or
reputed pint bottles, for the puriwsc of being exported from the warehouse..— (3 & 4 IVill. 4. c. 57.)
On applications referring to a former order allowing the admixture of rums of difl'erent strengths for
exportation, and praying that the rum remaining in the vats after the operation of racking might ho
admitted for homo consumption, the Board were of opinion that the request might be complied with, to
the extent of an ullage of 20 gallons, the legal quantity allowed to be exported, and that the duty should
be iiaid, according to the strength, at the time of delivery of the said rum — {Min. Com. Cus. 27th
of Sept. 18.7.)
Before any rum shall be entered as being the produce of any British possession in America, or of the
Mauritius, the master of the ship importing the same must deliver a certificate of origin to the collector
or comptroller, and subscribe a declaration that the goods are the produce of such place. — (3 & 4 H^ill. 4.
c. 52. ^ 37. ; see anU, fitiO.)
RUSSIA COMPANY, a regulated company for conducting the trade with Russia.
It was first incorporated by charter of Philip and Mary, sanctioned by act of par-
liament in 156(). The statute 10 & 11 Will. 3. c. 6. enacts, that every British subject
desiring admission into the Russia Company shall be admitted on paying 51. ; and every
individual admitted into the Company conducts his business entirely as a private adven-
turer, or as he would do were the Company abolished.
Table of Duties payabl
c to the Russia Company.
<.
d.
Skins and furs, \\i.—
1. ./.
Aniseed
the cwt.
-
.1
Fox • - -
the hundred •
-0 IJ
Ashes, iwjirl and pot
Hooks, IkiuikI
the ton
-
u
Hare
the 100 iiozen
-0 ■/
the cwt.
-
s
Sables -
the z iminer •
- 1 li
unbound
tlie cwt.
-
1
Swan
each
- 1
Brisllw
the doien lbs. •
-
oi
Wolf -
each
-0 11
Ca-storeum
the U).
.
1
Tallow
the ton
. «
Caviare
the cwt. •
.
a
Tongues
the hundre<l -
•0 2
Cordage
the cwt.
-
2
Tow - . . -
the ton
- (1
Down
thellMllbs.
- II
4
^^'ax, bees'
the cwt.
-0 2
Feathers, bed
the cwt.
-0
4
^V'hent . . . .
the quarter
- Q 1
Flax
the ton
-0
9
Wood, vi/. _
Hair, cow or ox -
tile cwt.
-
!i
Balks above b inches sq.
the 120
-0 4
Hemp
the ton
-
7
under do.
the 120 - -
-0 ,1
Hides, of cows or horses, undressed each
-
I'i
Uarrel boards
the 120
• 1
rwi or Muscovy
.
each
-
1
Uatlens
the 120
.11 11
Iron
.
tlie ton -
■
5
t'apravens
the 120
-0 3
Isin^Liss
•
the cwt.
-
4
(Map boards
the 120 -
• 1
Liiien drilllnRS
.
the 120 ells
-
U
Deals under 20 feet long,
the 120
- 4
niirrow or diaper -
.
the 1 Wells ■
-
%
above do.
the 120
• !)
2a to .Hi
.TIJtolS
-
tnel'^Oells
. (1
^
Fire wood
the fathom -
• 1
.
the 1 'ill ells
-
4
Kir timber
the load -
-0 1
4J and upwards -
.
the vm ells -
- (1
fi
Handspikes
the 120
- I
-0 1
sail cloth
.
the 12(1 ells
.
3
J.athwbod
the fathom
Mnseed
-
the (luarter
- 1)
i
Arasts, Rreat
each
-0 2
Wats
•
the hundred
-
■i
all others -
each
- 1
Oata -
.
the quarter -
.
1
Oak boards
the 120
- !>
IMtch
.
the last -
-
2
pl.mk
the lo.id -
■0 .1
Khubarb
.
the lb.
-
1
Timber
the load
- 2
llosin
.
the cwt.
.
1
Oars
the 120 - -
-0 41
Saltpetre
^Seed.s, K^i'den
.
the cwt.
-0
li
I'alinK boards
the 120
- 1
.
the HXI Iba.
-0
,T
Spars
the 120 .
-0 2
S^kins and furs, viz. -
Staves
the 120 -
-0 1
Annins or ermines -
.
the zimmer of 40 skins
2
Tar -
the last
• 2
Hear
.
each
-
2
Wain>cot logs
the load -
- 2
t^alabar
.
the ilmmer
-0
2
All goods not I'niunor.ited, p.iy
I -8th yet cent, ad
•alonin on
Calf -
-
the hundred -
-
3
the declaration of Uie importer.
RUSSIA LEATHER (Fr. Cuir de Russie ,- Ger. Jiiften ; It. Cuojo di Russia;
Vo\. Jachta ; Rus. Juft, Voufl ; Sp. Moscovia), the tanned hides of oxen and other
kiiie, denominated by the Russians i/ouffn, or jnffs, — a designatitm said to be derived
from their being generally manufactured in pairs. Tlie business of tanning is carried
on in most towns of the empire, but principally at Moscow and Petersburgh. Russia
leather is soft, lias a strongly prominent grain, a great deal of lu.stre, and a powerful
and iieculiar odour. It is principally either red or black : the former is the best, and
is largely used in this and other countries in bookbinding; tbr wliicli purpose it is
sujierior to every other material Tlie black is, however, in very extensive demand
in Russia; large quantities being made iij) into boots and shoes. TliC process followed
by the Russians in the preparation of tliis valuable commodity has been frequently
described ; but notwitlistiindiiig this circumstance, and the fact that foreigners have
repeatedly engaged in the business in Russia, with the intention of making tlieinselves
masters of its details, and undertaking it ai home, the efforts made to introduce the ma-
luifacture into otlior countiies have hitherto entirely failed. One of the best tests of
genuine Russia leather is its throwing out a strong odour of burnt hide upon being
rubbed a little. — (Ricard, Traitii G^n^ml du Commerce, tome i. p. 275. ed. 1781.)
We borrow from Mr. Borrisow's work on the Commerce of Pcfosburph the following iletails with rc-
fl>cct to this article : — Ilussia leather forms one of the principal export commodities of retcrsburgh.
Put since '
siderably dd
casil che.i
Prussia, G«
respects the
Jufl's are I
that agentsJ
the first ml
times even '
■luftS are i
MaljOi a"''
Jtosviil, &c.
bought una
the lot is grJ
ill this statel
JuH's are m
By this is uil
observed thf
arc shipped L
Juft's are il
in a bundle,!
arc most in il
and unmixel
well finisheil
the red hidel
inside shoul
connoisseur.!
(treat attel
suHicient to I
Sixty rolls
a ton in Eng
The expor
grcgate valu
RYE(
Centeno ;
but it is v<
time imme
other grai
more certE
Germany i
corn ; and,
Ency. of/.
For the
Corn Tra
RYE — SAFFLOWER.
J 001
t
nut since the ports of the Black Sea Iiavc been opened, the exports of lentlier from (liis |)ort liavo con-
siderably decreased j Italy, the jirincipal consumer, supplying its wants from Odessa and 'I'aganroK, more
easil cheajMy, and expeditiously than from Pctcrsburgh. The chief exportation Crom the latter is to
Prussia, Germany, and England. Frankfort on the Maine and Loipzic are of great importance us
respects the trade in Russia leather, on account of the fairs held in them.
Jufls are never bought on contract, but always on the spot at cash prices. It nevertheless often happ< ns
that agents, in order to secure a lot of juffb, pay a certain sum in advance, and settle for the amount at
the first market prices ; no prices being fixed in the months of January, February, March, and some-
times even April.
JuHS are assorted or 6r<7c/frf when received, according to their different qualities, into Gavr, liosval,
Maljti and Uomnshna. The three first sorts are again divided into heavy anil ti'uht Gave, heavy and lifiht
Jiosval, &c. Domashna is the worst, and ronse<|Uently the chcai)est sort. It often happens that juffs arc
bought unassorted, and then the prices are regulated according as the quantity of Domashna contained in
the lot is greater or less. Persons well acquainted with the nature of Russia leather prefer purchasing it
in this state.
JuHs are sold by the pood, which consists, as it is commonly expressed, of -1, 4J, 4i, H, 5\, and SJ hides,
liy this is understood, that so many hides make a pood, calculated upon the whole lot ; and it is to be
observed that the lightest juffs are esteemed the best in quality. Heavy jufls, or those of 4 and 4J hides,
are shipped for Italy : the Germans, on the contrary, prefer the lighter sort.
Juffs are packed in rolls, each containing 10 hides; and from 10 to l."* of these rolls are packed together
in a bundle, which is well secured by thick matting. There are red, white, and black juffs ; but tnc red
are most in demand. Their gomlness is determined by their being of a high red colour, of equal size,
and unmixed with sma'l hides : they must also be free from holes, well stretchci', and equally thin. In a
well finished lot, no thick head or feet parts should be found. If spots rescmllin^? flowers are seen on
the red hides, it is an additional sign of their good quality ; and they are then railed bloomed Jvffs. The
inside should be clean, soft, and white, and, when taken in the hand, should feel elastic. The l)esl
connoisseurs of Russia leather can nearly determine the quality by the smell alone.
(ireat attention must be paid, in shipping jufl^, to secure them from being wetted, as damp air alone is
sutlicient to injure them.
Sixty rolls of juffs make a last ; 88 poods nctt weight, when shipped for Italy, make a last ; and 44 poods
a ton in England.
The exports of juffs from Russia, in 1831, were 463 bales, 201,240 skins, and 80,000 poods. Their ag-
gregate value was 3,464,i!09 roubles.
RYE (Ger. Rogkm, Rochen ; Du. Rog, Rogge ; Fr. S'eigle ; It. Segalc, Segala; Sp.
Cinteno ; Ilus. Roscfi, Sel, Jar ; I.,at. Seculc), according to some, is a native of Crete ;
but it is very doubtful if it be found wild in any country. It lias been cultivated from
time immemorial, and is considered as coming nearer in its properties to wheat than any
other grain. It is more common than wheat in many parts of the Continent ; being a
more certain crop, and requiring less culture and manure. It is the bread corn of
Germany and Russia. In Britain it is now very little grown ; being no longer a bread
corn; and, therefore, of less value to the farmer than barley, oats, or peas, — {Loudon't
Ency. of Agriculture. )
For the regulations as to the impo.utiou and exportation of rye, see Corn Laws and
CoKN Trade.
s.
SABLE (Ger. Zdbel; Fr. ZibelUne ; It. ZibeUhio ; Rus. SohoJ), an animal of the
weasel tribe, found in the northern parts of Asiatic Russia and America, hunted for the
.sake of its fur. Its colour is generally of a deep glossy brown, and sometimes of a fine
glossy black, which is most esteemed. Sable skins have sometimes, though very rarely,
been found yellow, and white. The finer sorts of the fur of sables are very scarce and
dear (See Fun Trade.)
SADDLES (Fr. Sdlcs ; Ger. Suftel ; It. SvUe , Rus. SMla ; Sp. Selles), seats
adapted to the horse's back, for the convenience of the rider. TIiokc made in England
are reckoned the best. Sherborne and Lynn are particularly remarkable for this manu-
facture. The hogskins, which, when tanned, are used for the seat of the saddle, arc
mostly imported from Russia.
SAFFLOWER, or BASTARD SAFFRON (Ger. Safflor ; Du. Saffloer, Basterd
Siiffrau; Fr. Cartame, Saffran batard ; It. Zaffront _ Sp. Alazor, Azafran basf.ardo ;
lliis. Polerroi, Prostoi schafrun), the flower of an annual plant (Carthamus tinciorius
Lin.) growing in India, Egypt, .\merica, and some of the warmer parts of Europe. It
is not easily distinguished from saffron by the eye, but it has nothing of its smell or
taste.
The flowers, which are .sometimes snld under the name of saffranon. arc the only parts employed in
dyeing. They yield two .sorts of colouring matter ; one soluble in water, and producing a yellow ot but litt.e
bcavity j the other is resinous, and best dis.solved bv the fixed alkalies : it is this l.->st which alone renders
sattlower valuable in dyeing; as it allorils a red colour exceeding in delicacy and beauty, as it docs m
costliness, any which can l)e obtained even from cochineal, though much inferior to the latter m dura-
bility. The colour of salllower will not bear the action of soap, nor even that of the sun and air fof a
long time ; and being very costly, it is principally employed for imitating upon silk the fine scarlet [ponceau
(it the French; and rose colours dyed with cochineal upon woollen cloth. ... , ,
The fine rose colour of safflowcr, extracted by crystallised soda, pre<'ipitated by citric acid, then slowly
dried, and ground with the purest talc, produces the beautiful rohn,c known by the name ol rouge
v^eelnle.
Safllower should be chosen in flakes of a bright pink colour, an>! of a smell somewhat resembling to-
bacco. That which is in powder, dark coloured, or oily, ought to lie rejected. — (Hasselquist s I oyngcs
■ - • - ■ Li. pp. 28()— i89, i Miiburn's Orient. Cum.)
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SAFFRON. — SALEP.
Ol' 2,772 cwt. of saffloiver imported in 1831, 2,43f> came from tlie East Indies ; but wc occaaionally im.
port ooiuidcrnble qunntitic^ from the United States and Kgypt. The price of safHower in bond varies
from ()/. to !)/. Ms. a cwt.
Notwithatanding the '.imite<l use of safflower, its recent history may be quoted in illustration of the
bcnelicial eH'ccfs of iniMlerate duties. At an average of the :> years ending with IH2'2, when the duty was
8s. 9(/. a cwt., the entries for home consumption were at tlic rate of 1,!XI7 cwt. a year. In I8'i"i, the duty
was reduced to.Os., and in IH'Jd to 'i. (irf. a cwt. ; atui at an average of the .'i years ending with lH:ii;, iho
entries for home consumption were 2,41() cwt. a year. The duty has since been reduced to \s. a cwt
SAFFRON (Gor. Saffrun ; Du. Safran; It. Zaffcrano ; Sp. Saffron; Vt.Aznfran;
Rus. Schafran), a. sort i)Fcaku ijreparuil fVoin the stigmas, with a proportion oftlie style,
of a perennial bulhous plant ( Crocus sativus Lin. ) cultivated to a small extent in
Camhridgesliire. It is also imjiorted from Sicily, Fiance, and Spain ; but the English,
as being fresher, more genuine, and bettor cured, is always preferred. When good,
saffron has a .sweetish, penetrating, diffusive odour ; a warm, pimgcnt, bitterish taste ;
and a rich, deep orange red colour. It should be chosen fresh, in close, tough, compnct
cakes, moderately moist, and possessing in an obvious degree all the above mentioned
qualities. The not staining the fingers, the making them oily, and its being of a whitish
yellow or blackish colour, indicate that it is bad, or too old. Saffron is used in medicine,
and in the arts ; but in this country the consumption seems to be diminishing. It is
employed to colour butter and cheese, and also by painters and dyers. — ( T/wrnson's Dis.
pi'iisatonj ; Loudon's IHncy. of Affriculture. )
SAG A PEN UM (Arab. Sugbumij), a concrete gum-resin, the produce of an unknown
Persian plant. It is imported from Alexandria, Smyrna, &c. It has an odour of
garlic; and a hot, acrid, bitterish taste. It is in agglutinated drops or mas.ses, of an
olive or brownish yellow colour, .slightly translucent, and breaking with a horny fracture.
It .softens and is tenacious between the fingers, melts at a low heat, and burns with a
crackling noise and white flame, giving out abundance of smoke, and leaving behind n
light spongy charcoal. It is used only in medicine. — ( Thomson's Dispensatory .)
S.AGO (Malay, Snr/u ,- Jav. Sayu), a species of meal, the produce of a palm
{Mctroxi/lon Snyu) indigenous to and abundant in such of the Eastern islands as produce
spices, where it supplies a principal jjart of the farinaceous food of the inhabitants.
The tree, when at maturity, is about :50 feet high, and from 18 to '22 inches in di-
ameter. Before the formation of the fruit, the stem consists of an external wall about
2 inches thick, the whole interior being filled up with a sort of spongy medullary matter.
"When the tree attains to maturity, and the fruit is formed, the stem is quite hollow,
Being cut down at a proper period, the medullary part is extracted froin the trunk, and
reduced to a powder like sawdust. The filaments are next separated by washing. The
meal is then laid to dry ; and being made into cak<'s and baked, is eaten by the islanders.
For exportation, the finest sago meal is mixed with water, and the paste rul)l)cd into
small grains of the size and form of coriander seeds. This is the species princii)ally
brought to England, for which market it should be chosen of a reddish hue. n"d readily
dissolving in hot water into a fine jelly. Within these few years however, a process lias
been invented by the Chinese for refining sago, so as to give it a fine pearly lustre ; and
the sago so cured is in the highest estimation in all the European markets. It is a light,
wholesome, nutritious food. It is sent from the islands where it is grown to Singapore,
where it is granulated and bleached by the Chinese. The export trade to Europe and
India is now principally confined to that .settlement. — (/linslie's Mat. Indica ; Crawfunrs
East. Archip. vol. i. pp. 3S3 — 393., vol. iii. p. 348. ; Bell's Review of the Commerce of
Bengal, Sfc. )
Tlie consumption of sago has been about trebled during the last dozen years ; having amounted to
1,3.'5!) cwt. a year at an average of the 3 years ending with 1822, and to 3,8.5il cwt. a year at an avor.ige
of the 3 years ending with 18.'!2. This large increase is wholly ascribable to the reduction in the interval
of the oppressive duties by which tlie article was formerly loaded. — {Papers puhlishcd hy the Iloiiid of
Trade.) The price of common sago in bond varies IVom lis. to 1/. ; while pearl sago fetches from \m. to
1/. Vts. a cwt. ; but the price is liable to great fluctuation.
SAIL, a coarse linen or canvass sheet attached to the masts and yards of ships tl'c
blades of windmills, &c., to intercept the wind and occasion their movement.
Foreign sails, when imported by, aiul fit ami necessary for, and in the actnal use of any British ship,
are exempted from duty ; but when otherwise dispcsed of, they pay a duty of 20 per cent, ad valorem.
— (9 Gen. 4. c. 7a ^ 12.1
Sails and cordage of British manufacture, exported from Great Britain to the colonies, and afterwards
imported into the United Kingdom, are in all ca.ses, other than those in which thej .Me imported by hill </
store, to be deemed foreign ; and siu-h sails and cordage, although not lii\ble to duly so long as Ihr » esstl
continues to belong to the colony, biH'ome subject to the duties in question as soon a* the veiisci becomes
the property of persons residing in this country {Treasury Order, 2i)th of Jan. IH'.'S.)
SALEP, ,n species of powder prepared from the dried nnits of .i plant of the orcl'is
kind (Orcfiis mascula Lin.). That which is imported from India is in white oyal
pieces, hard, clear, and pellucid, without snull, and tasting like tragacanth. As mi
article of diet, it is said to lie light, bland, and nutrif iotis. The pluiil (lirivesin Englmdj
but it is not cultivated to any extent; and very little ii impoited. — (^Aiimlii'ii A/a'-
Indica; Milburn's Orient, Com.)
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SALMON. — SALT.
1003
SALMON (Ger. Lacks, Saint; Fr. Saumon; It. Sennorie, Sahmo7ie ,- Sp. Salmon!
lliis. Lviwja), Tliis cnpital fish is too well known to require <nny description. It is
found only in nortliern seas, being unknown in the Mediterranean and other warm
ri'Mons. In this country it is an article of much value and importance, it is exceedingly
:i undant in Japan and Kamtschatka.
" Salmon fisheries," Marshall observes, " are copious and constant sources of huinnn food ; they rank
next to agriculture. They have, indee<l, one advantage over every other internal prrHluee, — their in.
crease does not lessen other articles of human sul)8istenie. 'I'hc salmon does not prey on the produce ot
the ^<>il, nor does it owe its size and nutritive qualities to the destruction of its compatriot triljes. It
leaves its native river at an early state of growth ; and going, even naturalists know not where, returns
of ample size, and rich in human nourishment; exposing itself in the narrowest streams, as if nature
intended it as a special linon toman. In every stage of savageness and civilisation, the salmon must have
been considered as a valnahle hcnefaction to this country."
lieing rarely caught, except in estuaries or rivers, the salmon may he considered in a great degree as
private property. 'I'he London market, where the consunjption is immense, is principally su)>plied from
the Scoich rivers. 'I'hc Tweed fishery is the fir.st in point of magnitude of any in the kingdom ; the take
i,s sometimes ipiito astonishing, several hundreds having been frequently taken by a single sweep of the
net! Salmon are despatched in fast sailing vessels from the Spey, the Tay, the Tweed, and other Scotch
rivers, for London, packed in ice, by which means they are preserved quite fresh. When the season is at
its height, and the catch greater than can be taken ofl' fresh, it is salted, pickled, or dried for winter cuu-
smnption at home, and for foreign markets. Formerly, such part of the Scotch salmon as was not coiv-
simied at home, was pickled and kitted after being boilcnl, and was in this state sent up to London under
the name of Newcastle salmon ; but the present method of disposing of the fish has so raised its value,
as to have nearly deprived all but the richer inhabitants in the environs of the fishery of the use of
salmon. Within the memory of many now living, salted salmon formed a material article of household
economy in all the farm-houses in the vale of the Tweed ; insomuch, that in^loor servants used to sti-
pulate that they should not be obliged to take more than two weekly meals of salmon. Its ordinary price
was then L'.v. a stone of l!ill)s. ; but it is now never below Vis., often .;»>«., and sometimes i'is. a stone!
This rise in the price of the fish has produced a corresponding rise in the value of the salmon fisheries,
some of which yield very large rents. The total value of the salmon caught in the Scotch rivvrs has lieen
estmiated at \M,{tt)l. a year There are considerable fisheries in some of the Irish and Knglish rivers ;
hut inferior to those of Scotland. — {Loudon's Kncy. of A/;> iatlturc j General Jteport qf Seotland, vol. iii.
p. :>-27.)
Deerense of the Supply of Salmon, Poacliin/;, &c. — The decrease of salmon in the English and Scotch
rivers, particularly of bite years, is a fact as to which there can be no manner of doubt. Much unsatis-
factory discussion has taken place as to its causes, which are, probably, of a very diversified character.
A good deal has been ascribed to the increase of water machinery on the banks of the ditferent rivers ;
but we hardly think that this could have much influence, except, perhaps, in the ease of the smaller
class of rivers. Heirs, or salmon traps, have also been much objected to ; though, as we have been assured,
with still less reaii„.i. On the whole, we arc inclined to think that the falling of!' in the supply of this
valuable fish is principally to be ascribed to the temptation to over-fish the rivers, caused by the extraor-
dinary ri.sc in the price of salmon ; to the prevalence of poaching ; and, more than all, to the too limited
duration of the close time. In 18i!X, after a gre:>,t deal of discussion and inquiry, an act was passed
t<) (ieo. 4. c 3.), which has done a good deal to remedy these defects — in so far, at least, as respects the
Scotch fisheries. The rivers are to be shut f'om the Hth of September to the 1st of February j and
every person catching or attempting to catch fish during that period is to forfeit not less than 1/. and not
more than 10/. for every offence, l)csides the fish, if he have caught any, and such Ixjats, net?, or other
implements, iis he may have made use of. Pecuniary penalties are also inflicteii upim poachers and
trcspa.^sers ; and |)rovision is made for the watching of the rivers. We understanil 'hat tins act has had
a very good eflect ; though it is believed that it would be better were the close /••"(• extended from tlie
1st of September to the middle of February.
It is enacted by stat. 1 Geo. 1. st. 2. c. IH., that no salmon shall be sent to any fishmonger or fish-seller
in Fngland, of less than (ilbs. weight, under a ))enalty of.')/. The .OK Geo. ;>. e. 4;!. authorises the justices
at ([uarter sessions to appoint conservators of rivers, and to fix the beginning and ternunation of the close
lime. The penalty upon poaching and taking fish in close lime is by the same act fixed at not more than
lU/. and not less than 5/., with forfeiture offish, bo<its, nets, &c.
SALONICA, a largo city and sea-port of European Turkey, at the north-east ex-
tremity of the gulf of the same name, in lat. 10'^ ;!8' 47" N., Ion.' 22" 57' 13" E. Popu-
lation I'stimatetl nt 70,000. 'riicre is no port at Salonica, but there is excellent an-
chorage in the roads op|i(isite to the town. The access to them is by no means difficult.
Pilots, however, are, for the most part, employed; and of these, some are always on the
look-«>ut. During that jniiod of the late war wlien the anti-commercial .system of
ISaiJokon was at its In iglit, Salonica became a great depot for British goods ; whence
they w<re conveyed to Germany, Russia, and other parts of Europe. At .ill times, how-
ever. Salonica has a considerai)le trade. The exports principally consist of wheat, barley,
and Indian corn, timber, raw cottoti, wool, raw silk, wax, and tobacco. The average
Mportation of cotton is said to be about 100,000 bales; of tobacco about :30,00O bries;
eadk iKile containing about 275 iIjs. 1 <.>xport o'" wool is said to amount to about
1 ,000,000 lbs. The imports are sugar, •, oflec, dye woods, indigo, muslins, printed
calirues, iron, lead, tin, watchc-, Kc.
An <ih —\n 18;)l, there iirrlvfd id Hitjiinli » 83.1 1'l i«S|»( Mt Uiti hurden of 31,205 tons.
Miiii.y, lleifiliif, aiul Measurei. — .\icoi 'it« «te kepi III |)lA«lti«« of 41) paras, or IdO aspen Tlie iMilui
»re those of Coiistantliiople; which
The wiifhts !ind measures are the nine as Ihose of MMttttlHi flH'll^ Inat the kisioz, klllow, or com
measure of Salonica, = S^S kisloj c," miyrMH.
SALT (Ger. Sah ; T)xi. Zniil ; Vr. "el, It. Suk , 8n. Sal; Hus. Sol; I.ai. Sin ;
ArH)< Melh ; Chin. IVw , Hind. A7/h/«i.< A , I'er. Sun\ l|ie cliloriile of sodium of mo-
dern chemists, has been known and in common use m il hUUsiillef uiiil preserver of food
from the emliest ages. Lumense masses of it are Ibund in (Ills and many tillu'C (•i\iH\lrk's,
which require only to !ie duj^ out and reduced to pinviiii in that fliile It Is called
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SALTPETRE.
rock-salt. The water of the ocean also contains a great deal of salt ; to which, indeed,
it owes its taste, and the power which it possesses of resisting freezing till cooled down
to 28-5°. When this water is sufKciently evaporated, the salt precipitates in crystals.
This is the common process by which it is obtained in many countries. There are
various processes by which it may be obtained (juite pure. Common salt usually crys-
tallises in cubes. Its taste is universally known, and is what is strictly denominated
salt. Its specific gravity is V-l'2!i. It is soluble in iJ-82 times its weight of cold water,
and in 2-7G times its weight of boiling water. — ( Thomson's Chemistry.)
Besides its vast utility in seasoning food, and preserving meat both for domestic con-
sumption and during tlie longest voyages, and in furnishing muriatic acid and soda,
salt forms a glaze I'or coarse pottery, by being thrown into the oven where it is baked;
it improves the wliiteness and clearness of glass ; it gives hardness to soap ; in melting
metals, it preserves their surface from calcination, by defending them from the air, and
is employed with advantage in some assays ; it is used as a mordant, and for improving
certain colours ; and enters more or less into many other processes of the arts. IMaiiy
contradictory statements have been made as to the use of salt as a manure. Probably it
may be advantageous in some situations, and not in others.
Salt Mines, Si»infiS, *c. — Tlio principal salt mines arc at Wielitska in Poland, Catalonia in Spain,
Altcmoiitc in Calabria, lioowur in Hungary, in many places in Asia and Africa, and in Cheshire in this
country. The mines at Wielitslsa are upon a very large scale j but the statements that have l'ro(|ncntly
been published of their containing villages, inhabited by colonies of miners who never saw the light, are
altogether without foundation. These mines have been wrought for more than 600 years {Cote's
Travels in l/ic Norl/i (if Europe, vol. i. p. 149. 8vo cd.)
The salt mines in the neighbourhood of N'orthwich in Cheshire are very extensive. They have been
wrought since 167U ; and the quantity of salt obtained from them is greater, probably, than is obtained
from any other palt mines in the world. In its solid form, when dug from the mine, Cheshire salt is not
Butticiently pure for use. To purify it, it is dissolved in sea water, from which it is alterwards separated
by evaporation and crystallisation. The greater part of this salt is exported.
Salt springs are met with in several countries. Those in Cheshire and Worcestershire furnish a large
proportion of the salt made use of in Great Jiritain. 'J'he brine, being pumped up from very deep wells, is
evaporated in wrought iron pans from Hi) to 30 feet square and 10 or I'i inches deep, placed over a
furnace.
Most of the salt used in Scotland previously to the repeal of the duty, was obtainc<l by the evaporation
of sea water nearly in the way now mentioned j but several of the Scotcn salt works have since been relin-
quished.
In warm countries, salt is obtained by the evaporation of sea water by the heat of the sun ; and the
crystals of salt made in this way are more perfect, and purer, from the greater slowness of the process.
French salt is manufactured in this mode, and it has always been in considerable demand in this and oilier
countries ; but the principal imports of foreign salt into (ireat Britain at present are from Portugal. 'I'liey
amount, at an average, to from ;J(X),000 to 350,000 bushels a year.
Consumption of Salt. — The consumption of salt in this country is immense. Neckor estimated the
consumption in those provinces of France which had purchased an exemption from the gnbiilc il'ai/s
francs redimOcs) at about lOi Ihs. (Kng.) for each individual. — (Administration dfs Finances, tome il
p. l!i.) From all that we have been able to learn on the subject, vie believe that the consumption of the
people of this country may be estimated a little higher, or at S'JIbs. ; the dilterence in our food and habit?,
as compared with the French, fully accounting for this increased allowance. On this supposition, and
taking the |>opulation at lG,.'j(X),(XK), the entire consumption will amount to 3(i,;3,00<),(K)0 lbs., or 1()1,IK)() tons.
Exclusive of this immense home consumption, we annually exjiort about 10,000,(100 bushels, which, at
S(i lbs. a bushel, are equivalent to 250,1X10 tons. The Americans are the largest consumers of Hrilish salt ;
the exports to the United States in 1H31 having amounted to 3,130,2,50 bushels. During the same year we
exported to the Netl iii.iiuls, I,!l34,fi01 bushels; to the British North American colonies, l,55ii,(i30 do. ;
to Kussia, l,l!)l,H!r) i,i •. K< I'lussia, ()i.'4,UX) do., &c.
The cheapness of tnis important necessary of life is not less remarkable than its diffusion. Its present
cost may be estimated, at a medium, at from 14*. to Ifis. a ton.
Dntirs on Sail. — In ancient Rome, salt was subjected to a duty [vcctigal salinarum ; see Burman, Dis-
scrtalio de I'cc'nalilius Pop. Horn. c. G.); and it has been heavily taxed in most modern states. Tlie
galicllr, or code of salt laws, formi'rly established in France, was most oiipressive. From 4,000 to 5,1X10
Iiersons are calculate<l to have been sent annually to prison and the galleys for offences connected with
these laws, the severity of which had no inconsiderable share in bringing about the Ucvolution. —
lYannff's Travels in F.'ancc, vol. i. p. .OW.) In this country, duties upon salt were imposed in the reign of
William IW. In 1798, they amouiiteti to Tis. a bushel ; but were subsequently increaseti to 15s. a bushel,
or about Jorli/ limes the cost of the salt ! So exorbitant a duty was productive of the worst edects; and
occasioned, by its magnitude, and the regulations for allowing salt, duty free, to the fisheries, a vast deal
of smuggling. The opinion of the public and of the House of Commons having been strongly pronounced
against the tax, it was finally repealed in 182.>.
That the repeal of so exorbitant a duty has been jiroductive of great advantage, no one can doulit ; but
f oring that a large revenue must be raised, we question whether government acted wisely in totally relin-
quishing the tax. Had the duty been reduced to Us. or !is. M. a bushel, and no duty free salt allowed for
the fislierios, but a drawback given on the fish exported, a revenue of 1,000,(XH)/. a year might have been
derived from this source with but little injury. It was not the nature of the salt tax, but the absurd
extent to which it had been carricii, that rendered it justly odious. When at the highest, it produced
about I,,')0(),000/. a year.
SALTPETRE, oa NITRATE OF POTASH (Ger. Salpeter ; Fr. Nitre, SaU
petru ; It. Nitro, Salnitro ; Sp. Xitro, Sulitre. ; Itus. Senitra ; Lat. Nitritm ; Arab. Uhkir ;
lliiid. Shonih), a salt well known in conunerce, and of very great importance. It may
be regarded both as a natural and an artificial production ; being found on the surface
of tlie soil in many parts of India, Egypt, Italy, &c. ; but in tliese and other places ail
that is known in eoniinerce is oi)tained by an artificial process, or by lixiviating eartii
tliiit has been formed info nilre beds. The saltpetre consumed in England is broiiglit
fioin Bengal in an impure state, but cry.-stallised, in bags, each containing Ifil ll)s.
S:iltpetre forms the principal ingredient in the niiiiuilaetine of gimiiowdtr ; and is
ustd in various arts. It is also of great utility in the commerce of India, from its hu-
"n
Imiiorts,
Years.
Wii
Wirt
IS'26
IS'27
l.ViS
1S'2!(
ISSI
IS.'Sl
IS.Ti
■-■«MbtolM,^)iyfc„ ,
1
SALVAGE.
I()05
pos-
nlshiiig a large amount of dead weight for
sfsscs considerable antiHeptic power. That wiiich is of the best (]iinlity and well refined
is in long transparent crystals; its taste is sharp, bitterish, and cooling; it flames much
when thrown upon burning coals ; it is very brittle ; its specific gravity is 1 -933. It i»)
not altered by exposure to the air.
Bcckmaiin contcndf, in a long and elaborate flisscrtation {Hist, of Invent vol. iv. pp. 5M— 58fi Enn
ed.), that the ancients were unacquainted with saltpetre, and that their nitrum was really an alkaline salt
Hut, as saltpetre is produced naturally in coiisiilerahio quantities in Kgypt, it is ditficult to supiKKse that
they could bo entirely ignorant of it ; though it would ai)pcar that thev hud conloundwl it witli other
things. It has been known in the East from a very early period. Beckinaiin concurs in opinion with
those who believe that gunpowder was invented in India, and brought by the Saracens from Africa to
the Eurojieans ; who improved its manufacture, and made it available for warlike purposes. — (Vol iv
p, .171.)
The consumption of saltpetre during periods of war i.s very great. Its price is consequently liable to
extreme fluctuation. In remarking on the varieties in the price of saltpetre, Mr Tooke observes " It
roathed its greatest height in ITlt'i, viz. 17().«. a cwt. j in 17(»ii, it fell at one time to45.s-., and rose again to Hfu
It secMis to have been allected considerably l<y the scale of hostilities on the Continent. Hut in consequence
of the discoveries in chemistry, by which the French were enal)led to dispense with a foreign suimlv
and by the increased importation (rom India to this country, by which we were enabled to supply the rest
of the Continent at a reduced cost, the price declined permanently after 17!'8-!», when it had reached
Ito. ; and never after was so high as Ico*-., except during the short interval of speculation in exports
during the peace of 1814, and again upon the breaking out of the war terminated by the battle of Wa
tcrloo." The price of saltpetre in the London market varies at this moment (January, 1834) from 32* to
iOs. a cwt.
East
We are indebted for the following comprehensive statement of the importation, consumption &c of
lit Indian saltpetre to Mr. Cook's Stale of the Commerce of Great Britain in 1833 : ' '
Imixirts, Deliveries, Trices, and Stocks of East Indian Saltpetre during the 10 Years ending with 1833.
Years.
Imiinrts. 1 DflivLCies.
Stock.
Ily tlie K. I.
Lonipaiiy.
Ily tho Trivalf
Trailc.
Total. For Eipoit.
1
Qu.mtity
cluir^fd with
Duty.
Total.
A vcraije
I'riceduriiiK
the Vtar.
Close of the
Yiar.
18'^4
wuri
IH'iG
1NV7
l.'i'^S
Wi'J
IS.TO
1K31
IS.T^
1S.13
Tona.
1,.')70
1,7W)
1,700
l.li.^O
V,1IK)
4,VH()
ii,V70
l.S.'iO
U.Til)
3,M0
Tons.
(1,170
3,i(;o
4, SCO
K,S70
K,IIO
4,5.')0
4,!)fiO
fi,!150
10,1(10
B,310
Tout.
7,710
4,SS0
fi,.'.(iO
10,500
10,'^ 10
S.S.IU
7, MO
s.soo
1'2,S,S0
U,5(iO
7'l>)M.
2,(150
2,530
2,(1'^0
2,3(10
3,150
2,3.10
750
1,510
1,510
U.M)
Tiiiii.
(1,7N0
5.(l'^0
(1,100
7,370
S,5!I0
7,7')0
7,150
7,770
!l,570
7,750
Tons.
y,130
«,150
8,720
y,730
12,010
10,1W0
7,y(Ki
y.iiso
11,280
8,700
L. 1. d.
1 1 4
1 5 3
1 1 10
1 3 4
1 4 1
1 4 11
1 15
2 5
I 11 1
1 15
Tnn:
12,.320
y,y5o
8,250
7,850
.'>,570
4,n(io
3,530
2,480
3,800
4,GC0
Average of 1
10 yeiirs J
'2 ,,■505
fi,413
8,722 1 2,0fiC j 7,445*
0,511
lin the last 3 years, a new species of saltpetre, under the denomination of nitrate if soda, has lieen
d from South America. The iinptirts of it have increased from 70 tons in 1831, to 1,450 in 1833.
Withii
c'eived
Though not applicable to all the purposes" for which I'^ast Indian saltpetre is used, it is rather preferrccl by
vitriol makers, and by some other classes of manufacturers. The dii.veries of this description for home
consumption have been in 1831, 70 tons ; in 1832, (ilHJ do. j and in 1833, 1,210. — (Cook, in loc. cit.)
SALVAGE, as the term is now understood, is an allowance or compensation made to
those by whose exertions ships or goods have been .saved from the dangers of the seas,
fire, pirates, or enemies.
The propriety and justice of mak'ng such an allowance must be obvious to every one.
It was allowed by the laws of Rhodes, Oleron, and Wisby ; and in this respect they have
been followed by all modern maritime states. At common law, the party who has saved
the goods of another from loss or any imminent peril has a lien upon them, and may
retain them in his possession till payment of a reasonable salvage. "
1 . Salvage upon Losses hij Perils of the Sea. — If the salvage be performed at sea, or
within high or low water mark, the Court of Admiralty has jurisdiction over the subject,
and will fix the sum to be paid, and adjust the proportions, and take care of the property
pending the suit ; or, if a sale be neces.sary, direct it to be made ; and divide the
proceeds between the salvors and the proprietors according to equity and reason. And
in fixing the rate of salvage, the court usually has regard not only to the labour and
peril incurred by the salvors, but also to the situation in which they may happen to
stand in respect of the property saved, to the promptitude and alacrity manifested by
them, and to the value of the ship and cargo, as well as the degree of danger from which
they were rescued. Sometimes the court has allowed as large a proportion as a half of
the property saved as salvage ; and in others, not more than a tenth,
Tlie crew of a ship are not entitled to salvage, or any unusual remuneration for the
extraordinary eflTorts they may have made in saving her ; it being their duty as well as
interest to contribute their utmost upon such occasions, the whole of their possible service
being pledged to the master and owners. Ne-'ther are passengers entitled to claim any
thing for the ordinary assistance they may have been able to afford to a vessel in distress.
But a passenger is not lH)und to remain on lioard a ship in the hour of danger, provided
he c«n leave her ; and it' he iierform any extraordinary I'ervices, he is entitled to a pro-
portional reeompence.
* Including from (>00 to 1,000 tons nnnunlly exported in a refined state.
• !
'/■
> ■>
I*:
't
^if(,i
!, i
t
^ If. '
M '
hi
H •
.'i! I
MM
V
^ 1
': H
I'P
>]t
W:
I't!
1006
SALVAGE.
In the case of valuable property, and of numerous proprietors and salvors, the juris-
diction and proceedings of the Court of Admiralty are well adapted to furtlier tlie
purposes of justice. But, as the delay and expense necessarily incident to the proceed-
ings of a court sitting at a distance from the subject will often be very burdensome
upon the parties, in cases where the property saved is not, perhaps, very considerable, the
legislature has endeavoured to introduce a more expeditious and less expensive method of
proceeding.
The first act for this purpose is the 12 Ann. stat. 2. c. 18. It appears from tlie jircamblc, that the in.
famous practices, once so common, of pliuiclcring ships driven on shore, and suiznig whatever could ho
laid hold of as lawful property — (see Wruck),— had not been wholly abandoned ; or that, if the property
was restored to the owners, the demand for salvage was so exorbitant, that the inevitable ruin of the
trader was the immediate conse<iuence. To remedy those mi>chief8 in future, it was enacted, " that if a
ship was in danger of being stranded, or being run ashore, the shcrittb, justices, mayors, constables, or
otticors of the customs, nearest the place of danger, should, upon applicttion made to them, summon and
call together as many men as should be thought necessary to the assistance, and for the preservation, of
such ship in distress, and her cargo; and that if any shin, man-of-war, or merchantman, should be riding
at anchor near the place of danger, the constables and officers of the customs might demand of the superior
otticors of such ship the assistance of her boats, and such hands as could be spared; and that, if the supe-
rior officer should refuse to grant such assistance, he should forfeit lU)/."
Then follows the section respecting salvage. It enacts, " that all persons employed in preserving ships
or vessels in distress, or their cargoes, shall, within JU days after the service is performed, be paid a
rcasonabU reward for the same, by the commander, master, or other superior officer, mariners, or owners,
of the ship or vessel so in distress, or by any merchant whose vessel or goods shall be so saved ; and, in
default thereof, the said ship or vessel so saved shall remain in the custody of the officers of customs
until all charges are paid, and until the officers of the customs, and the master or other officers of the
ship or vessel, and all others employed in the preservation of the ship, shall be rfosonui/// grn/jyiVrf for
their assistance and trouble, or good security given for that purpose : and if any disagreement shall lake
place between the persons whose shins or goods have been saved, and the officer of the customs, touching
the monies deserved by any of the persons so employed, it shall be lawful for the commander of the ship
or vessel so saved, or the owner of the goods, or the merchant interested therein, and also for the ottlcor
of tlie customs, or his deputy, to nominate 3 of the neighbouring justices of the peace, who shall there.
upon adjust the quantum of the monies or gratuity to be paid to the several persons acting or being em-
ployed in the salvage of the said Ship, vessel, or goods; and such adjustment shall be binding upon nil
parties, and shall be recoverable in an action at law ; and in case it shall so happen, that no person shall
appear to make his claim to all or any of the goods that may be saved, that then the chief officer of the
customs of the nearest port to the place where the said ship or vessel was so in distress shall apply to,; of
the nearest justices of the peace, who shall put him or some other responsible person in imssession of the
said goods, such justices taking an account in writing of the said goods, to be signed by the said officer of
the customs ; and if the said goods shall not be legally claimed within the space of 12 months next en.
suing, by the rightful owner thereof, then public sale shall be made thereof; and, if perishable goods,
forthwith to be sold, and, after all charges deducted, the residue of the monies arising from such sak-, with
a fair and just account of the whole, shall be transmitted to her Majesty's exchequer, there to remain for
the benefit of the rightful owner, when appearing ; who, upon affidavit, or other proof made of his or
their right or property thereto, to the satisfaction of one of the barons of the coif of the exchequer, shall,
upon his order, receive the same out of the exchequer."
By a subsequent statute, 26 Geo. 2. c. 19, it is enacted, "that in case any person or persons, not employed
by the master, mariners, or owners, or other person lawfully authorised, in the salvage of any vessel, or
the cargo or provision thereof, shall, in the absence of the' person so employed and authorised, save any
•uch vessel, goods, or efTects, and cause the same to be carried, for the benefit of the owners or pro-
prietors, into port, or to any near adjoining Custom-house, or other place of safe custody, immediately
giving notice thereof to some justice of the peace, magistrate, or Custom-house or excise officer, or shall
discover to such magistrate or officer where any such goods or efl'ects are wrongfully bought, sold, or
concealed, then such person or persons shall be entitled to a reasonable reward lor such services, lo be
paid by the masters or owners of^such vessels or goods, and to be adjusted, in case of disagreement about
the quantum, in like manner as the salvage is to be adjusted and paid by l-2th Anne, or else as follows :—
" And be it further enacted, that, for the better a.scertaining the salvage to be paid in pursuance of the
present act and the net betbre.mentioned, and for the more effectually putting the said acts into exe-
cution, the justice of the peace, mayor, bailifT, collector of the customs, or chief constalile, who shall be
nearest to the place where any ship, goods, or eflt'cts shall be stranded or casst away, shall forthwith give
public notice for a meeting to be held as soon as possible, of the sheriff or his deputy, the justicus of the
peace, mayors, or other cliief magistrates of towns corporate, coroners, or commissioners of the land tax,
or any 5 or more of them, who are hereby empowered and required to give aid in the execution of this
and the said former act, and to employ proper persons for the saving ships in distress, and such ships,
vessels, and effects, as shall be stranded or cast away ; and also to examine persons upon oath, toiicliing
the same, or the salvage thereof, and to adjust the quantum of such salvage, and distribute the same
among the persons concerned in such salvage, in case of di:iagreement among the parties or the said
persons ; and that every such magistrate, 8iC. attending and acting at such meeting, shall be paid ii. a day
for his expenses in such attendance, out of the goods and effects saved by their care or direction.
" Provided always, that if the charges and rewards for salvage directed to be paid by the former statute
and by this act, shall not be fully paid, or sufficient security given for the same, within 40 days next alter
the said services performed, then it shall be lawful for the officer of the customs concerned in such salvage
to borrow or raise so much money as shall be sufficient to satisfy and pay such charges and rewards, or
any part thereof then remaining unpaid, or not secured as aforesaid, by or upon one or more bill or bills
of sale, under his hand and seal, of the ship or vessel, or cargo .saved, or such part thereof as shall be suf-
ficient, redeemable upon pavment of the principal sum borrowed, and interest upon the same at the rate
of H. per cent, per annum.
An act of the bH Geo. 3. c. 87., continued and extended by the 1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. 76., contains some rcgii.
lations supplying defects in former statutes. They enact, that goods of a perishable nature, or .so much
damaged that they cannot be kept, may, at ihe request of any person interested or concerned in the sairic,
or in saving thereof, be sold with the consent of a justice, th'> money being deposited in the hands ot' the
lord of the manor, and an account of the sale transmitted to the deputy vice-admiral. They also authorise
the passage of horses, carts, carriages, &c. to the part of the sea coast where a vessel may be wrecked,
over the adjoining lands, if there be no road leading as conveniently thereto, under penalty of 1(H)/.. the
damages to be settled by two justices in the event of the parties not agreeing ;l & 2 Geo. i ^ ^ 27. "U,
30.)
It is ordered by the same statute, that no lord of the manor, or other person claiming to be entitled to
wreck or goods, snail appropriate or dispose of the same until he shall have caused to be given in writing
to the deputy vice-admiral of that part of the coast, or to his agents if they reside within W miles, if not,
then to the corporation of the Trinity House, a report containing an accurate and particular description ot
the wreck or goods found, and of the place where and time when found, and of any marks thereon, and
of such other
are depositee]!
expiration ofr
agent, is, will
corporation w
to any pcrsoi^
conspicuous i
C.75. «26.)
It is furthol
other wrcckcl
thereof, withi
at such place I
vicc-adiisiral,!
keep and repd
ation, he is td
between himj
Eold, and th«r
quotcdS the i
such cases enl
any dispute SB
owners therel
of 3 justices;]
Masters and i
to be found, i
copy of such '
their return
mentioned sti
more than 1(1(1
I'iloU, boati
cf them there
'I'he same s
pilots, and oU
vessel, wheth
Parties diss
ralty ; but th
giving good s(
None of the
is directetl by
whoareauthi
or for saving <
away, or for
that in whicl
declare his iiil
may judge bei
have been jus
questions. I
It is impossi
loss by shipwd
of the salvorii
justice to awa
but to appoint
after taking t
2. Salvage i
subject, to on
owners, on p
adjudged, th:
Admiralty, tc
Majesty's ene
other ship or
as hereafter t
or owners, h(
true value th
by any priva
paid to the o
retaken by tl
the judge of
and in such
the case, dee
by the enem
but shall in i
prize for liie
This act is
recaptured a
In the cas
the Courts o
under the ci
regulation t
England," s
to the recap
they act tov
them accorc
Salvage is
salvage is v
and all otht
ABANDON!*!
For furtl
Park OH It,
SAMI
a specimc
are sold 1
is sold} tl
1 1 I
SAMPLE.
1007
of such other particulars as may better enable the owner to recover them, and also of the place where they
are deposited, and may be found and examined by any iieraon claiming any right to them, nor utilil the
expiration of 1 whole year and a day alter the expiration of such notice: the deputy vice-admiral, or his
agent, is, within 48 hours of receiving such re|>ort, to transmit a copy thereof to the s( cretaiy of the
corporation of the Trinity House, upon pain of forfeiting, for every m-glect to transmit such account, ;>(i/.
to any person who shall sue for the same ; and the secretary is to cause such account to be placed in some
conspicuous situation for the inspection of all persons claiming to inspect and examine it.— (1 & 2 Geo. 4.
c. 75. « 26.)
It is further ordered by the same statute, that pilots and others taking possession of anchors, cables, oi
other wrecked or lett materials u|Mm the coast, or within any harbour, river, or bay, shall send notice
thereof, within tweiiti/-/vur hours, to the nearest deputy vicc-admiral, or liis agent, delivering the articles
at such place as may be appointed, under pain of being deemed receivers of stolen goods The dei)uty
vicc-adniiral, or his agent, may also seize s?/cli articles as have not been reported to /lim, and is required to
keep and report them to the Trinity House as aforesaid ; and if he seize them without previous inform-
ation, he is to have l-3d of the value : if he seize in pursuance of information, the third is to be divided
between him and the informer. If ihc articles are not claimed within a year and a day, they are to be
sold, and the money applied as directed by the act of Queen Anne (12 Ann. stat. i.'. c. 18., previously
quoted', the deputy vice-admiral, or his agent, and the pcison who may have given information, being in
such cases entitled to the salvage allowed upon unclaimed property. And it is further enarled, that if
any dispute shall arise between the salvors of any goods found, hMlged, and reported as aforesaid, and the
owners thereof, as to the salvage to be paid in respect of"*tlie same, it is to be determineil by the decision
of 3 justices ; or if they diHer, by their nominee, who is to be a person conversant with maritime atlairs.
Masters and others bound to foreign parts, finding or taking on hoard anchors, goods, \c., knowing them
to be found, are to enter the same in the log book, with the place and time of finding, and to transnnt a
copy of such entry, by the first possible ojiportunity, to the Trinity House, and to deliver up the articles on
their return home, which, if not claimed, are to be sold within a year and day, according to tlie afore-
mentioned statute of Anne. Masters selling such articles incur a penalty of nut less than 3UA and not
more than KiO/.
Pilots, boatmen, or other persons, conveying anchors and cables to foreign countries, and disposing
of them there, are to be adjudged guilty of felony, and may be transported for 7 years.
The same statute authorises 3 justices, or their nominee, to decide upon all claims made by boatmen,
pilots, and other persons, for services of any description (except pilotage; rendered by them to any ship or
vessel, whether in distress or not.
Parties dissatisfied with the award of the justices or their nominee may appeal to the Court of Admi-
ralty; but the justices are in such cases to deliver the goods to the proprietors, or their agent, on their
giving good security for double their value. This act does not extend to Scotland.
None of the previously mentioned acts have any force within the Cinque Ports ; but the Lord Warden
is directed by stat. 1 & '2 Geo. 4. c. 7(i. to appoint 3 or more substantial persons in each of these towns,
who are authorised to decide upon all claims for services of any sort or description rendered to any vessel,
or for saving or preserving, within the jurisdiction, any goods or merchandise wrecked, stranded, or cast
away, or for bringing anchors or cables ashore, &c. No commissioner can act for any other place than
that in which, or within a mile of which, he is resident. Kither party may, within 8 days of the award,
declare his intention of bringing the matter before some competent Court of Admiralty ; selecting, as he
may judge best, the Admiralty of England or that of the Cinque i'orts. The provisions in this statute
have been justly eulogised by Lord Tenterden, for the cheap and easy means they atlbrd for settling such
questions.
It is impossible, as Mr. Justice Park has observed [Law of Insurance, c. 8.), to suppose 2 instances of
loss by shipwreck, or other peril of the sea, so similar to each other, that the trouble, danger, and expense
of the salvors should be exactly equal ; and it would, consequently, be contrary to the first principles of
justice to award the same sum for all possible cases of salvage. There wa.«, therefore, no other resource
but to appoint comi)ctent persons to decide as to the allowance due in any case of salvage that might arise>
after taking the various circumstances with respect to it into account.
2. Salvage upon Recapture. — It was the practice of our courts, previously to any regulations on the
subject, to order restitution of ships or goods, if retaken before condemnation, to be made to the original
owners, on payment of a reasonable salvage to the rccaptors ; but by stat. 43 Geo. 3. c. U>(>. it has been
adjudged, that " if any ship or vessel taken as prize, or any goods therein, shall appear, in the Court of
Admiralty, to have belonged to any of his Majesty's subjects, which were before taken by any of his
Majesty's enemies, and at any time afterwards retaken by any of his Majesty's ships, or any priviteer, or
other ship or vessel under his" Majesty's protection, such ships, vessels, and goods shall, in all caics (save
as hereafter excepted), be adjudged to be restored, and shall be accordingly restored, to such former owner
or owners, he or they paying for salvage, if retaken by any of his Majesty's ships, one eij^hth part of the
true i'alue thereof, to the flag officers, captains, &c., to be divided as the same act directs ; and if retaken
by any privateer, or other ship or vessel, one sixth part of the true value of such ships and goods, to bo
paid to the owners, officers, and seamen of such privateer or other vessel, without any deduction ; and if
retaken by the joint operation of one or more of his Majesty's sh'p.?, and one or more private ships of war,
the judge of the Court of Admiralty, or other court having cognisance thereof, shall order such salvage,
and in such proportions, to be paid to the captors by the owners, as he shall, under the circumstances of
the case, deem ht and reasonable ; but if such recaptured ship or vessel shall appear to have been set forth
by the enemy as a ship or vessel of war, the said snip or vessel shall not be restored to the former owners,
but shall in all cases, whether retaken by any of his Majesty's ships or any privateer, be adjudged lawful
prize for the benefit of the captors."
This act is decidedly more favourable to the merchants than the old law, which adjudged that all ships
recaptured after sentence of condemnation should be the property of the captors.
In the case of neutral ships captured by an enemy, and retaken by British men-of-war or privateers,
the Courts of Admiralty have a discretionary power of allowing such salvage, and in such proportions, as,
under the circumstances of each particular case, may appear just ; but there is no positive law or binding
regulation to which parties may appeal, for asceitaining the rate of such salvage. " The maritime law of
England," says Lord Stowell, " having adopted .\ most liberal rule of restitution on salvage, with respect
to the recaptured property of its own subjects, f.ives the benefit of that rule to its allies, till it appears that
they act towards British property on a less liberal principle ; in such a case, it adopts their rule, and treats
them according to their own measure of justice." — (1 Hob. Adm. Rep. 5i.)
Salvage is one of those charges which are usuallv provided against by insurance. When, however, the
salvage is very high, and the object of the voyage in so far defeated, the insured is, by the laws of this
and all other maritime nations, allowed to abandon, and to call upon the insurer as for a total loss.— (Sec
Abandonment.)
For further; information with respect to salvage, see Abbott on the Law of Shipping, part iii. c. 10. ;
Park on Insurance, c. 8. j and Marshall on Insurance, book i. c. 12. ^ 8.
SAMPLE, a small quantity of a commodity exhibited at public or private sales, as
a specimen. Sugars, wool, spirits, wine, coffee, and, indeed, most .species of merchandise,
are sold by sample. If an article be not, at an average, equal to the siimple by which it
is sold, the buyer may cancel the contract, and return the article to the seller.
,
I'M
411
t f ,
. -sii
' ;*: m
m
1008
SANDAL WOOD — SAPPHIRE.
[i ■ V
,li'
M
II ai:
m
Alkali or twrUUi '> llx. per |illu i Ions.
AloM • ■ 'i m. pur |iacVat(c.
Arilol - i III. do.
Arrciw root • 4 lb. do.
linN.im {-nplTl • 'int. do.
Bark, JumiIi'i, - i ll>. do.
In f<vnerHl,
elL-ept Jenutt'H ) lb. do.
Brimstone, rouKb, V lli«. per plti'.
In rulUi 1 lb. p«r p.icka^.
CaMln - - 4 lb. do.
Cantharidea - 2 m. do.
(lapcrii - - ) lb. do.
" ■ ■ • u o/. do.
ii oz. do.
i pint each cask.
5 oz. iwr ban.
'i oz. per pnikajje.
do.
do.
Cuchineal
dust
Cix^oa nut oil
Cotrve
CulcK|ulntida
Cncculusliulicus, 1 "Z.
Cotton - - • oz.
1 nz.
1 oz
Cream of timar, 1 lln
Currants - - i lb
KtiMence of Iwr-
Kamot or le-
mon
Euphorblum
Feathers, bed -
(iulN
(tentlan -
(linger -
Qranilla, tee Co-
chineal.
Uuiii Arabic
Senegal • k lli
traifacantha 2 oz.
other gum, 4 oz.
Honey - - J or.
Jalap - - 1 oz.
IndiKo ■ - ilb.
Any further
quantity (not
do.
do.
do.
do.
4 lb. tier lot G bags.
1 lb. do.
i lb. do.
8 uz. do.
1 lb. per package,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do*
li
irith
de-
th«
Subjoined is a list of most articles that may be warehoused, and of the quantities i\\n\.
may be taken out as samples. — {Cuatojna Min. Oct. 11. 1825.)
I 07. |HT packnKf.
t n/. do.
A lb. do.
1 01. per iMi ka^e.
I V oz. ill).
2 0/. do.
1 nz. dn.
i oz* do.
. 1 ()/. do.
. 1 lb. per lot lOhni^t.
- ^2 0/. iM:r packagu.
• 1 ■)/. du.
. Vn/. do.
- 1 CI/. do.
- A pint |>er laitk.
r 2 o/. per ba^-
\ 1 o/. piT box nnt('i<
J ceeuintt .'» twt.
i S oz.pcr box'orchffit.
\, excii'dln^ .'"i c'.wt.
GXcc«dinK
lb.) to
rbargL'd
duty on
II very of
packages*
iHlriMlaM •
JidcL* of lemonni
Lav dye -
Lvad, black
I,«Mion pevl
I,lf|Uoriic juice
root
Madiler, niana
factured •
root
Oil of almonds
aniiiUMl
bay
juniiwr
olive
palm
rosemary
flulke
tfiymu
Orange peel
Orchulia -
Orrice root
Pcpi>er
Pimento
Hadlx contra
yervED -
Ralanga
i Ipecac u-
anbic
Beneka;
Raisins -
Hhubarb -
Hice
KatlVon
Sa*^ -
■:\
lb. per packaKO
pint ilo.
oz. tlo.
I lb. do.
II). each entry,
lb. per package.
lb.
du.
- i lb.
do.
- Jib.
do.
- 1 OI.
do.
■ 1 oz.
do.
• loz.
du.
. 1 oz.
do.
. i pint per cisk.
pint do.
uz.
per packatje.
- loi.
do.
• 1 oz.
do.
- ii "'•
• 2oz.
do.
do.
.lib.
• loi.
do.
perba«.
- Sioz.
do.
- loz.
per package.
- Id lb.
per pile.
- loz.
per packaee.
- 1 oz.
do.
. i lb.
. 1 oz.
each mark.
jwr package.
- ill..
- A oz.
t.
■ 2 lbs
per pile.
S.ilep
S.irs.iparilla
S.iltm-ire •
Seeil, aniseed
clover
car.iway
lac
mustard
Nenna
Shumac •
Nilk, raw
thrown
waste
SmalM
iSpltiu
SuKOTi foreign
Rriiiih
plantation
Tallow
Tapioca
Turmeric
Valonla
\V:i%, bees'
Wine
Wool, cotton
sheep or
lambs' .
Spani>h -
Yam, mohair -
cotton
Mother of pearl I
siiells ■ S
Vermicelli
lb. per hoitshead.
lb. per tierce.
pit
A lb. i>er chest.
I'i oz. per barrel.
^ lb. molasses
hhd. or cnslc.
4ll>a. iierlotlDprk
1 oz. (ler |>ai'ka);e.
'2 tlis. ])er pile.
3 iits. ))er lot.
lbs. per packiigc.
pint.
uz. per package.
I lb. .'.0.
1 lb. do.
lb. do.
lb. do.
lbs. per lot of 10
packages.
1 oz. per package.
SANDAL WOOD, the wood of a tree (Santalum album Lin.) having somewhat of
the appearance of a large myrtle. It is of a deep yellow colour, and yields an agrecal)Ie
perfume. The tree, wlien cut down, is usually about 9 inches in diameter at the root,
but sometimes considerably more. After being felled, it is barked, cut into billets, and
buried in a dry place for about a coui)ie of months, during which time the white ants cat
off the outer wood, without touching the heart, which is the sandal. It is then taken up
and sorted, according to the size of the billets. The deeper the colour, and the nean r
the root, the higher is the perfume. Reject such pieces as are of a pale colour, small,
decayed, or have white wood about them ; and take especial care that it be not mixed
with wood resembling sandal, but without its perfume. — {M'dbum's Orient, Com.)
Saiulal wood is extensively employed by the Hindoos as a perftirae, in their funeral ceremonies. But
Uie Chinese are its principal consumers. They manufacture it into fans, and small articles of furniture,
and use it, when ground into j)owder, as a cosmetic. During the year ended the .31st of March, 1832, there
were imported by British vessels into Canton, 6,338 piculs (SM tons) of sandal wood, valued at7+,+7l
dollars (see ante, p. ii37.) ; and the imports in some years are more than twice this amount. The aver.if;o
importation into Calcutta is about 200 tons a year. It grows principally in Malabar, in the mountainous
country at a little distance from the low sea coast ; in Timor ; and in the Fejoe Islands in the South Sea.
Calcutta is principally supplied from Malabar, while China derives the larger portion of her supplies from
Timor and the other islands. It is seldom brought to Europe, except by individuals for their own use,
or as presents for their friends. — [Bell's External Com. qf Bengal, pp. 49. and 85. ; Crau^urd's Indian
Archipelago, vol. i. p. 519., vol. iii. p. 421. &c.) . i.
SANDARACH, a resinous substance, commonly met with in loose granules a little
larger than a pea, of a whitish yellow colour, brittle, inflammable, of a resinous smell,
and acrid aromatic taste. It exudes, it is said, in warm climates, from cracks and in-
cisions in the common juniper bush. It is used as a varnish, dissolved in spirits of wine.
— {Ainsiie's Mat. Indica.)
SAPAN WOOD is Obtained from a species of the same tree that yields the Brazil
wood (Ctesalpinic. Sapan Lin.). It is a middle-sized forest tree, indigenous to Siam,
Pegu, the Philippine Islands, &c. It has been employed for dyeing in the greater part
of Asia for many centuries. It found its way into Europe some time before the discovery
of America ; but very little is now imported. Its colouring matter differs but little from
that of Brazil wood, but the best sapan wood does not yield more than half the quantity
that may be obtained from an equal weight of Brazil wood, and the colour is not quite
so bright. — ( Bancroft on Colours, vol. ii. p. 329. ) ^ Its price in the London market varies
from 8/. to 14/. a ton.
SAPPHIRE (Ger. Sapphir ; Du. Saffiersteen; Fr. Saphir ; It. Zaffiro; Sp. Safiro,
Sajir 1 Rus. Jachant ; Lat. Sapphirus), a precious stone in very high estimation.
Colours blue and red ; also gray, white, green, and yellow. It occurs in blunt-edged
pieces, in roundish pebbles, and crystallised. Varies from transparent to translucent.
Refracts double. After diamond, it is the hardest substance in nature. The blue
variety, or sapphire, b harder than the ruby, or red variety. Brittle. Specific gravity
4 to 4-2.
It is found in Bohemia, Saxony, France, &c. ; but the red sapphire, or Oriental ruby, is not found in
any considerable <iuantity anywhere except in Ava. Next to diamond, »apphire is the most valuable oi
■f
the RPms.
exhibit so
varieties nr
tappliire ; i
In which tl
which exhi
Mr. Craw
precious st(
and thi; spii
Kjatpiinn,
the Kcn* 1
ill the beds
together, ai
Oriental sai
the green ;
by far the n
they agree V
than .'i,tWO (.
not nuit'h v
and freedoii
the king; a
it appears, e
there are, ii
received fri
smaller size
at Ava are <
i-as.
SAIU OCOLLA. — SASSAl-KAS.
1009
li
the gemi. Tho white and imiIp IiIiip vnricfii'n, by (•xpfmiirc fn hrat, bocomp miow whitp, and, when nit,
cxhil)it so hinh a ilijicc of lu'trc, that tli y an- uhciI in pi i r of tliiiiiioml. 'i'dc in(i>t hliilily piii«l
varii'tii'S arc the cinn-di) and (Mriiiim- red; tlKuo :iri' the Onnital nili// ol tin- jcwillcr; tin- iii'M l>
tapphire ; and last, the jfllnw nr Orlcnt.il f<i/iti\. 'Ihc iif/nin.s, iir >lar.»tiinc, \» a vc ry luMiitilul variity,
in which the coliinr is Kt'in'rally of a rcdiu-li vinlct, and the Inrni a rhund)uid, yNitli truncated upico,
which c'xhil)it an opalesciMit lu>tri'.*— Sic III iiv.'
Mr. Crawfurd gives the lollowinK ileiaiN with r< •<prct tn the snppliire and ruby mines of Ava : — " The
precious stones ascertained to exist in the lliiriiie.se tciiitury :ire eliietly llio-.c ol the .■•apphire family,
and the spinelle ruby. They are found at 'J places, nut very diRlaiit from each other, called Mogaiit and
Kyatpuan, almnt .I day.s' journey fnini the cipilal, in an K.S.i:. direction. From what I could learn,
the gems are not obtained by any regular mining operations, but by di({|!iiii{ .mil wa.sliiiif? the uravBl
in the beds of rivulets or small brooks. All the vaili lies ol the Mipphire, aswi 11 .is the spiiii lie, are found
together, and along with them larK<' i|iiaiitities of coniuiliiin I lie varieties a^ieitaiiieil to exist, are the
Oriental sapphire; the Oriental ruby, or red stone; the np.ileseeii' ruby, or i ,il s eye ruby ; the star ruby ;
tho green ; the yellow and the white sa; i. hires; and the Orii nal aniilhyst. '1 he Cdimiion (.appliin' is
by far the most fre<|iient, but, in compariMiii with the rnby. is viry little pvired by llie lUiimesis in uhicli
they agree with other nations. 1 brought hninewith iiu' scvi ral niKfe.it size, the l.ir;.'est weigliing iii> U«s
tluin .'J,().il» grams, or above |K)7 I'arata. 'J'lie -|iinelle ruby ziliii.}.Moiig> is not iiiifrei|ueiit in Av.i, lint in
not much valued by the natives. 1 broii'-;lit with nie to laiglaial a perliit .■picimeii, Imlli a. to colniir
and freedom from flaws, weighing'/.' ear.its. The sapphire and rnby mines are considered the property if
the king; at least he lays claim to all stones that exc. ed in value a viss <if silver, or 1( ticals. 'I he niinirs,
it ;ippear8, endeavour to evade this law by breaking the la rue si oi us iiitotr.iginei.ts. In the royal trea-iiry,
there are, notwithst.inding, many (ine stones nf both dcscriplinis. J lie year I" lore ""r visit, the 1> nig
received from the mines a riihy weighing Iv4 grains; and the year preceding loat H gdod oiies, but of
smaller size. No stranger is permitted to visit the mnns ; even the ( hniise and .Mohammedans residing
at Ava are carcfUlly excluded." — i^Joiii-nnl nj an Kinhtisfi/ In tlic Com I ij Ava, p. 441!.)
SAIICOCOLLA, a suliviscid, swecli^li, and s nncwliat iiaiisi'dus piini-rcsiti. It is
I)rou<»lit from Arabia and Persia in .small ftraiiis of a pule yellow colour; tliu wliiic-t,
ns being tho frusliest, is preferred. Jt is but seldom iii^pnrted. — {Millmni's Oiimf,
Com.)
SARDINES, OR SARDINIAS (der. fianhlhn ; Fr, S.mliinx ; It. Son.'hir ;
S)). Snrilhias), a .species of fisli of tlie lierriin; tribe, Init siiinller. 'J'iiey are t;iken in
consideral>lc quantities on our coasts, and are exeeediii^jly jilentifid on tlie co.isls ol'
Algarve in Portugal, Andalusia and (jraii.'ula in .Sjiaiii, and aloni^ the shores of Italy.
The small .siirdines, caught on the coast of I'rovence, in I'raiice, are esteemed the best.
From 1,000 to 1,200 tisliing smacks are eiioajied in catching these fish on the coast of
Rritany, from June to the middle of Oetolier. The I'reiich frer|uently ctire them in
red brine; and, when tine, prejiared. designate them iii.r/misi'i'g, or iiiichiivuit siirtliiiv.<.
These are packed in vessels pn-vioiisly emiiloyed for holding wine, and exported to tie
Levant. When perfectly fresl , sardines are accounted excellent fish; but if kept h>r
any time, they entirely lose their flavour, and become tiiiite insipid.
SARDONYX, a precious ■(tone, a variety of chalcedony.
I'he ancients selected this sub-tair.'C lo enr,'ravi mrn, no doubt from its possessing two poruliar and
J.'i'iT.'tary ijuaiitic.'i, viz. hardness and tenaciiy, b> ich it is caiialile of receiving the finest torn h or
stroke of til; tool \.ilhoiit ehipiiing, and -hdwing the art of the engraver to the highest perfection. —
[Mau-c on l)ia>iio>iils, "-M ed. l>. 1-1.)
SAUSAPA IIILLA (Ger. Siirsaparille ; ]•>. SulsepareUle ; It. Salmifniinlia ; Sp.
Zarzapurilld), the root of tlic Siai/ii.r SarsaptirUln. a plant growing in South America
and the We'' 'ndies. It is imported in hales. It is known in tin- London market by
the naiTies ol isbon, Honduras, and Vera Cruz, but it is ,dso !)i "iht from .I.mi ie-.i.
The Lisbon roiii which is the produce of lb i/.il, has a reddish or . rk brown c lele,
is internally farinaceous, and more free fron. fibre than the other kinii the Iloiniiriis
has a dirty brown, and sometimes wliitish, cuticle; it is more filinuis and has more
ligneous matter than the Lisbon and Vera C'rn/. It is iti loinr, slender twigs. ( dvercd
with a wrinkled brown cuticle, and has a small woody heart. J fie .Jamaieii difllis iVoin
the others, in having a deep red cuticle of a close texture; and tl red colour ])artin11y
diffused through tlie ligneous jiart. The root is iiiddoroiis, anti has a niiicila;.'in(iii>i,
very .slightly hitter taste: the bark is the only usefid part of the plant; the ligncou"
part being tasteless, inert, woody fibre. — ( T/inmsiin's Di»i<i'ns(tt(>ii/. ) The quantity
inijiorted in IS.Tl amounted to 176,8.>4 lbs., of which 1()7,-J10 lbs. v ere retained for
home consumption. The duty, which formerly varied, according as it was brotigfit froin
a foreign country or a British possession, from Is. '^(l. to Is. per lb., was redu*td, in
18.'52, to 6d. per lb.
SASSAFRAS (Ger. and Fr. Sassafras; It. Sassafrnsso ; Sp. Sasiifr(is\, a species
of Inurel {Lavnis Stissufrns^lAw.}. a native of the '.outhern parts of Korth America,
Cochin-China, and several of the Indian islands. Sa.s^afVas wood, root, and bark, have
a fragrant odour, and a sweetish aromatic taste. The wood is of a browni-li vhite
colour; and the bark ferruginous within, spong_, , aiui divisible into layers. 'I'heir
sensible qualities and virtues dejiend on an essential lil, w lich may be obtjiined m parate
l>y distilling the chips or the bark with water. It is vcy fragrant, liot, and penetrating
* Professor .Jameson says, in his Mincrnlojiii, tl at some peculiarly beautiful s.npphires are found in
the Capelan mountains, iii I'egu. l;ut we do not l>i 'Vi' that there are any such mountains in anv part
of the world ; ami, in point of fact, there are no m-'iintains in ]-e<;n, nor have any frecious ttoneii been
ever found in it.
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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1.0
1.1
■^ Uj2 112.2
iM 12.0
1.25 i 1.4
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1.6
Phctogiaphic
Sciences
Corporaiion
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716)872-4503
^
%'
X
f>
1010
,
SAUNDERS (RED). — SEAL FISHERY.
to the taste, of a pale yellow colour, and heavier than water. It is used only Jn the
materia medica. Very little is imported. — ( Thomson's Disjtensatory. )
SAUNDERS (RED) (Arab, Sitndat-ahmer ; Hind. Ruckut-chundum), the wood of
a lofty tree (Pterocarpus santalinus) indigenous to various parts of India, Ceylon,
Timor, &c. The wood is brought to Europe in billets, which are very heavy and '(ink
in water. It is extremely hard, of a fine grain, and a bright garnet red colour, vliich
brightens on exposure to the air. It is employed to dye lasting reddish brown '.olours
on wool. It yields its colouring matter to ether and alcohol, but not to water. Tlie
quantity imported is but inconsiderable. The price in bond varies at this moment
(February, 1834) from Idl. to 14/. a ton. — (Thomson's Dispensatory ,• Bancroft on
Colours, vol. ii. p. 2.36. )
SCAMMONY (Ger. Skammonien; Fr. ScammonSe ; It. Scammonea i Sp. Escamonea),
a gum-resin, the produce of a species of convolvulus, or creeper plant, which grows
abundantly in Syria. When an incision is made into the roots, they yield a milky
juice, which, being kept, grows hard, and is the scammony of the shops. It is imported
from Aleppo in what are called drums, weighing from 75 to 125 lbs. each; and from
Smyrna in cakes like wax, packed in chests. The former is light and friable, and is
considered the best ; that from Smyrna is more compact and ponderous, less friable, and
fuller of impurities. It has a peculiar heavy odour, not unlike that of old cheese ; and
a bitterish, slightly acrid taste. The colour is blackish or bluish grey, changing to dirty
white, or lathering when the surf'*c;e is rubbed with a wet finger. Its specific gravity is
1 -235. It is very liable to be adulterated ; and when of a dark colour, heavy, and
splintery, it ought to be rejected. It is used only in medicine. —( Thomson's Dis-
pensatory. ) The duty on scammony, which was formerly as high as 6s. Ad. per lb. was
reduced in 1 832 to 2s. 6d.
SCUIjPTURES, figures cut in stone, metal, or other solid substance, representing
or describing some real or imaginary object. The art of the sculptor, or statuary, was
carried to the highest pitch of excellence in ancient Greece. Fortunately, several of
the works of the Grecian sculptors have been preserved ; and serve at once to stimulate
and direct the genius of modern artists.
Models, are casts or representations of sculptures.
The act 54 Geo. 3. c. 56. vests the property of sculptures, models, copies, and casts, in the proprietor
for 14 years ; provided he cause his name, with the date, to be put on them before they are publislied ;
with the same term in addition, if he should t>e living it the end of the first period. In actions for piracy,
double costs to l)e given. The act 6 Geo. 4. c. 107. prohibits the importation, on pain of forfeiture, of any
sculptures, models, casts, &c. first made in the United Kingdom,
SEAL(Lat. Sigillum), a stone, piece of metal, or other solid substance, generally
round or elliptical, on which is engraved the arms, ercsf, name, device, &c. of some
state, prince, public body, or private individual. It is employed as a stamp to make
an impression on sealing wax, thereby authenticating public acts, deeds, &c., or to close
letters or packct.s. Seals were very early invented, and much learning has been em-
ployed in tracing their history, and explaining the figures upon them. — ( See parti-
cularly the work of Hopkinck, De SiifUlorum Frisco tt Novo Jure, 4to, 1 642. ) They
are now very generally used.
The best are usually formed of precious stones, on which the crest or the initials of the person's name
are engraved, set in gold. But immense numbers are formed of stained glass, and set in gilt copper.
They are manufactured at London, Birmingham, &c., and are extensively ex]x>rtcd.
SEAL FISHERY. The seal, an amphibious animal, of which there are many
Tarieties, is found in vast numbers in the seas round Spitzbergen, and on the coasts of
Labrador and Newfoundland. As it frequents the British shores, it is well known, and
has been repeatedly described. Seals are principally hunted for their oil and skins.
When taken in the spring of the year, — at which time they arc fattest, — a full grown
seal will yield from 8 to 1 2 gallons of oil, and a small one from 4 to 5 gallons. The oil,
when extracted before putrefaction has commenced, is beautifully transparent, free from
fcinell, and not unpleasant in its taste. The skin, when tanned, is extensively employed
in the making of shoes ; and when dressed with the hair on, serves for the covering of
trunks, &c.
' " To the Esquimaux the seal is of as much importance as bread to a European. Its flesh forms their
most usual food ; the fat is partly dressed for eating, and partly consumed in their lamps ; the liver, wlien
fried, is esteemed, even among sailors, as an agreeable dish. The skin, which the Esquimaux dress by
processes peculiar to themselves, is made water proof With the hair off, it is used as coverings, instead
of planks, for their boats, and as outer garments for themselves ; shielded with which, they can invert
themselves and canoes in the water, without getting their bodies wet. It serves also for coverings for
their tents, and for various other purposes. The jackets and trowsers made of seal.skin by the Esquimaux
are in great request among the whal-^ fishers for preserving the'.a from oil and vfet."^{Scoreslii/'i Arctic
Bfgiont. vol. i. p. 510.)
Seals in fine weather prefer the ice to the water, and vast herds of them are ft-equently found lyinj? on
tbe field ice ; the places where they are met with being thence called " seal meadows." The seal hunters
endeavour to surprise them while sleeping, and In intercept their retreat to the water. They attacit
them with muskets and bludgeons, but principally the latter, they being easily despatched by a blow on
the nos«.
DEALING WAX. — SEAMEN.
lull
Fish olbi southern fisliert, ))«le, |H"
yellow •i'il. to U/.
tperm
heml matter
/.. «. /,. «.
T tun (Imp.) '^3 in _ g
brouii Ti O
fis o _ II
7il — U
There is a good account of tlie seal in
The jeal fishery has long been prosecuted to a considerable extent In the northern seas by shl|is from the
Ellie and the VNeser; but very few ships have beer, sent out for sealing only from Entjland, thuu^h
occasionally some of the whale ships have taken large quantities of seals. Latterly, however, the se.d
fishery has t>een prosecuted on « large scale, and with extraordinary success, by Vi;sseU of troin 60 to l'j()
tons each, having crews of from 16 to 3U men, fitted out from the {Kiits of Newfoundland, Nova Scotiii,
&c. The business is attended with a eood deal of i\eVi, and instances frequently occur of the vessels bein^
crushed to pieces by the collision of tlie fields of ice. Wo borrow the following details from Mr. Uliss'd
late tract on the Trade, Statislics, S[c. <{/" Canada and our Korlh American I'ossestions.
" There is another department of the colonial fishery which has originated within no distant perioil, and
is now becoming of great extent and importance. The large fields of ice which, in the months of Mhrch
and April, drift southward from the Polar seas, are accompanied bv miiny herds of seals : these are found
sleeping in what are called the seal meadows of the Ice, and are tiiei ' attacked and slaughtered in vast
numbers. For this purpose the fishers of Newfoundland, from which island these voyages arc principallv
made, without waiting till the return of spring shall have ofiened their harbours, saw channels through
the ice for their vessels, and set sail in jUest of those drifting field.<, through ihe openings of which they
work a pas-aKC, attended with great u.moulties and dangers, till they encounter their prey on the stal
meadows. This bold and hazardous enterprise seems well compensated by its succes'i. The number nf
seals thus taken is almost incredible, and is greatly on the increase. There were captured by the New-
foundland llshermen, in 18'J9, i280,61J seals ; in 1830, 553,4 ;.5 ; and in 1831, 748,735 ; making a total catch
during these-3 years of no fewer than 1,582,783 seals! The number of vessels employed in tlie H.-thery
from Newfoundland, in 1^31, was 115; and in 183i.', 1.09; being an increase of about 3,400 tons." —
(p. 70.)
Subjoined is a statement of the prices of the different sorts of fish oil in London, in January, 1834.
L. I. L. I.
Rsh oil.', cod, Newfoundland, |iev tun (Imp.) 2.> to (i
seal, brown and >elli>w — I'i O — 'i7> n
pale • — i'l II) — •li'i O
whale, Greenland - _ il 10 — ii'i I'
Undressed seal skins are worth from Is. to 1.?. Cut. each.
Sec also M'Gregor's linlish America, 2d edit vol. i. p. 197. &c,
I.aiiin's Voyage to Spitsbergen.
SE.\LING WAX (Ger. Siepellack ; Fr. Cire iF Espapne, Clre a cachetcr ; It. Cera
Lucca, Ccradi Spagna ; Sp. Lucre; 11 us. Surgutsch), the wax used for sealing letters,
legal instruments, &c. It is a composition of gum lac, melted and incorporated with
resin, and afterwards coloured with some pigment, as vermilion, verditer, ivory
hl.ick, &c.
SEAMEN, the individuals engaged in navigating ships, barges, &c. upon the high
seas. Those employed for this purpose upon rivers, lakes, or canals, are denominated
watermen.
A British Seaman must be a natural born subject of his Majesty ; or I)e naturalised
by act of parliament ; or made a denizen by letters of denization ; or have become a
British subject by tlie conquest or ce.ssion of some newly acquired territory ; or (being
a foreigner) have' served on board his Majesty's ships of war, in time of war, for the
.space of 3 years. — (:i & 4 Will. 4. c. 54. § 16.) But his Majesty may, by proclamation
during war, declare that foreigners who have served two years in the royal navy, durijig
such war, shall be deemed British seamen. — (§ 17.)
Various regulations have been enacted with respect to the hiring of seamen, their
conduct wliile on board, and the payment of their wages. These regulations differ in
different countries; but, in all, they have been intended to obviate any disputes that
might otherwise arise between the master and seamen as to the terms of the contract
l)etween them, to secure due obedience to the master's orders, and to interest the seamen
in the completion of the voyage, by making their earnings depend on its successful
termination.
1. Hiring of Seamen. — To prevent the mischiefs that frequently arose from the
want of proper proof of the precise terms upon which seamen engaged to perform their
service in merchant ships, it is enacted by statute (2 Geo. 2. c. 36.), " that it shall not
be lawful for any master or commander of any ship or vessel bound to parts beyond
the seas, to carry any seaman or mariner, except his apprentice or apprentices, to sea
from any port or place where he or they were entered or shipped, to proceed on any
voyage to parts beyond the seas, without first coming to an agreement or contract with
such seamen or mariners for their wages; which agreement or agreements shall be
made in writing, declaring what wages each seaman or mariner is to have respectively,
during the whole voyage, or for so long time as he or they shall ship themselves for ;
and also to express in the said agreement or contract the voyage for which such seaman
or mariner was shipped to perform the same ;" under a penalty of 51. for each mariner
carried to sea withmit such agreement, to be forfeited by the master to the use of
Greenwich Hospital. This agreement is to be signed by each mariner within 3 days
after he shaU have entered himself on board the ship; and is, when signed, conclusive
and binding upon all parties. By a subsequent statute, these provisions have been
extended to vessels of the burden of 100 tons and upwards, employed m the coasttng
trade.— (31 Geo. 3. c. 39.) ... ./„-/-.«
The following is the form of the articles of agreement required by statute (37 Geo. 3.
c. 73.) to be entered into between the masters and mariners of ships engaged in th«
West India trade. It is substantially the same with that which previously was, and
rtill continues to be, in common use f«)r all ships employed in foreign trade.
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SEAMEN.
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Ship
IT It hereby agreed between the master, seamen, and mariners of the ship now bound for
the port of and the master or commander of the Mid ship, Tnat, In consideratluii
of the monthly or other wages against each respective seaman or mariner's name hereunto set, Ihey
(evcrally shall and will perlorni the alHive.mentioncd voyage : and the said master duth hereby agree
with and hire the seamen and m.iriners for the said voyage at such monthly wages, to be paid pursuant
to the laws of (ireat Uritain ; and they, the said seamen and mariners, do hereby promise and oblige
themselves to do their duty, and obey the lawful commands uf their olhcers on board the saiil ship or
boats thereunto belonging, as become good and faithful seamen and mariners, and at all places where the
laid ship shall put in or anchor during the said ship's voyage, to do their best endeavours for the pre.
lervation of the said ship and cargo, and not to neglect or refuse doing their duty by day or night ; nor
shall go out of tlie said 8hi)i on board any other vessel, or be on shore under any pretence whatsoever,
till '.he voyage is ende<l, and the ship dischargcHi of her cargo, without leave flrst obtained of the master,
captain, or commanding officer on board ; and, in default thereof, they freely agree to be liable to the
penalties mentioned in the act of |iarliament made in the '^d year of the reign of King George the Second,
intituled " An Act for the better Regulation and Government of Seamen in the Merchants' Service ;" and
the act made in the JVth year of the reign of King George the Third, intituled " An Act for preventing
the Desertion of Scamen'froiii British Merchant Ships trailing to his Majesty's Colonivs and Plantations
in the West Indies: " and it is further agreed liy tlie parties to these presents, that ^2i hours' absence
without leave shall be deemed a total desertion, and render such seamen and mariners liable to the for-
feitures and penalties contained in [he acts above recited ; that each and every lawful command which
the said master thall think necessary to issue for the ediictual government of the said vessel, suppresfirig
immorality and vice of all kinds, he strictly complied with, under the penalty of the person or persons dis-
obeying forfeiting his or their whole wages or hire, together with every thing belonging to hiin or them
on board the said vessel : and it is further agreed, that no officer or seaman, or person belonging to the
■aid ship, shall demand or be entitled to his wages, or any part thereof, until the arrival of the said ship
at the above-mentioned port of discharge, and her cargo delivered, nor less than iiO days, in case tlie
seaman is not emidoyed in the delivery : and it is hereby further agreed between the master and officers
of the said ship, that whatever npparel, furniture, and stores, each of them may receive into their charge,
belonging to the said ship, shall be accounted for on her return ; and in case any tliitic, shall be lost or
damaged through their carelessness or insufficiency it shall be made good by such officer or seaman, by
whase means it may happen, to the master and owner of the said ship : and whereas it is customary for
the officers and seamen, on the ship's return home in the river, and during the time their cargoes are
delivering, to go on shore each night to sleep, greatly to the prejudice of sutli ship and freighters ; be it
further agreed by the said parties, that neither officer nor seaman shall, on any pretence whatsoever, be
entitled to such indulgence, but shall do their duty by day in discharge of the cargo, and keep such watch
by night as the master or commander of the said ship shall think necessary, in order for the preservation
of the above : and whereas it often happens that part of the cargo is embezzled after being delivered mto
lighters ; and, as such losses are made gomi by the owners of the ships, be it therefore agrccnl, by these
presents, that whatever officer or seaman the master shall think proper to appoint, shall take charge of
the cargo in the lighters, ami go with the same to the lawful quay, and there deUver his charge to the
ship's husband, or his representative, or see the same safely weighed at the king's beam ; and, m con>e-
quence of their true fidelity, such seamen shall be entitled to iis. Gd. each lighter, exclusive of their
monthly pay ; and should it so happen that lighters are detained any considerable time at the quay before
they can lie unloade<t, such officer and seaman so appointed shall in that case be entitled to 2s. M. lor
every 21- hours, exclusive of their monthly pay ; that each seaman and mariner, who shall well and truly
perform the above-mentioned voyage, (provided always, that there be no plunderage, embezzlement, or
other unlawful acts, committed on the vessel's cargo or stores,) shall be entitled to their wages or hire
that may be>'oine due to him pursuant to this agreement ; that, for the due performance of each and
every the above-mentioned articles and agreements, and aeknowletlgment of their being voluntary and
without coinjmlsion, or any other clandestine means being used, the said parties have hereunto subscribed
their names, the day and month set opposite to their respective names.
Place an<lTlme
of Kntry.
Men's Names.
Quality.
Witnesses to
each Man's
signing.
Pa; in the River.
Waees|jer
Month, or for
the Vo)a){«.
Whole WaRes.
Whole.
Half.
Tlic statutes do not render a verbal agreement for wages absolutely void ; but impose
a penalty on tlie master if a written agreement be not made. When a written agree-
ment is made, it becomes the only evidence of the contract between the parties ; and a
seaman cannot recover any thing agreed to be given in reward for his services, which is
not specified in the articles.
A seaman who has engaged to serve on board a ship, is bound to exert himself to
the utmost in the service of the ship ; and, therefore, a promise made by the master of
« ship in distress, to pay an extra sum to a seaman, as an inducement to extraordinary
exertion on his part, is held to be essentially void.
2. Conduct of Seamen. — It is essential to the business of navigation that the most
prompt and ready obedience should be paid to the lawful commands of the master.
To this effect it is covenanted in the articles of agreement previously quoted, th:it
" each and every lawful command which the said master shall think neces-sary to issue
for the eftectual government of the said vessel, suppressing immorality and vice of all
kinds, be strictly complied with, under the penalty of the person or persons disobeying
forfeiting '.lis or their whole wages or hire, together with every thing belonging to him
or them board the said vessel."
In case )f disobedience or disorderly conduct on the part of the seamen, the master
may corrc^ t'i'^m in a reasonable manner. Such an authority is absolutely necessary
to (he safe )f the ship and of those on board ; but it behoves the master to act in such
cases with it deliberation, and not to pervert the powers with which he is iiitruste<l
for the goou. of the whole to cruel or vindictive purpoecs. Masters abusing their au-
thority I
by the
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Ordinail
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Hut
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The
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SEAMEN.
1013
thority must answer at law for the conse<|iitiices. In the ease of actual or open mutiny
by the crew, or any part of them, the resistance of the master l)ecomes an act of self
defence, and is to he considered in ail its eonseciuences in that point of view. The
Ordinances of Oleron and Wishy declare that a mariner who strikes the master shall
either pay a fine or lose his right hand ; a singular as well as cruel alternative, unknown
in modern jurisprudence.
But although the master may by force restrain the commission of great crimes, ho
has no judicial authority over the criminal, but is bound to secure his person and l)ring
In'm before a i)roi)er tribunal. And all justices of the j)eace are enij)owered to receive
informations touching any murder, jjiracy, felony, or robbery upon the sea. and to
connnit the offenders for trial. — (-13 Gvo. ;5. c. 1(30.)
The desertion or absence without leave of seamen from a ship, while on a voyage to
foreign parts, being attended with many bad conswiuences, has been provided against
in all maritime laws. It was enacted in thi-, country, by the II & 12 Will. ;}. c. 7.,
" That all such seamen, officers, or sailors, who sliall dosort the shipg or vessels wherein they are hired
to serve for that voyage, shall tor such oftl-nce forfeit all such wages as shall he then due to him or
tliem." Hy subsf(|Ucnt statutes I'J Geo. 2. c. ;!i>., and U CJeo. 3. c. r>V.\ it is enacted, that if, after having
entered into the agreeinent previously referred to, a mariner deserts or refuses to proceetl on the vovairc
he forfeits to the owners all the wa(;es then due to liim, and a justice of the peace may, on coiiiplaiiit of
the master, owner, or person having charge of the ship, issue a warrant to apprehend' him ; and in rase
of his refusal to proceed on the voyage, or of his not assigning a suthciont reason lor such refusal may
connnit him to hard labour in the house of correction for not more than t/iirf!/ nor less than fourlrcn
daVH. A mariner ahsciilhig himself from the ship without leave of the master or other chief officer
having charge of the shiii, forfeits hci> days' pay for every such day's absence, to the use of Greenwich
Hospital. And in the case of foreign voyages, if, ui)on the ship's arrival at her jort of deliver; here
he leaves her without a irritten (tischnrt-c from the master or other person having charge of the ship or
it ni the coa.'.ting trade he quits the ship before the roi/nnf «* ctmtpletal nnd thk cAR(i() dbi.iverei)! or
before the ex|>iration of the term for which he engaged, or before he has obtained a discharge in writing
he forfeiis 1 month's nay to the said hospital, Lut these provisions do not debar seamen from entering
on board any of his Majesty's ships.
In order still further to discoimtenanee desertion, a penalty of 100/. is imposed by
the 37 Geo. 3. c. 7.'J. on every master or commander of any British merchant ship who
engages any seaman or other person to serve on l)oard such ship, in the event of such
master or commander being aware, at the time, that such seaman or person had deserted
from any otUer ship or vessel.
For an accoimt of the jienalties imposed on the master for leaving seamen in foreign
countries, or refusing to bring them back, see Mastkr.
Neglect of duty, di.sobedienee of orders, habitual drunkenness, or any cause which
will justify a master in discharging a seaman during the voyage, will also deprive the
seaman of his wages.
If the cargo be embezzled or injured by the fraud or negligence of the seamen, so
that tiie merchant has a right to claim satisfaction from the master and owners, they may,
by the custom of merchants, deduct the value thereof from the wages of the seamen by
whose misconduct the injury has taken jjlace. And the last proviso introduced into the
usual agreement signed by the' seamen, is calciil ited to enforce this rule in the case of
embezzlement either of the cargo or of the ship's stores. This proviso, however, is to
be construed individually, as affecting only the particular persons guilty of the embezzle-
ment, and not the whole crew. Nor is any innocent person liable to contribute a por-
tion of his wages to make good the loss occasioned by the misconduct of others.
The offences of running aw.iy with the ship, or voluntarily yielding her up to an
enemy, or making a revolt, are punishable by death. The statute 11 & 12 Will. 3. c. 7.
enacts,
" That if any commander or master of any ship, or any seaman or mariner, shall in any place, where
the admiral hath jiiri.'idiction, betray bis trust and turn pirate, enemy, or rebel, and piratically and
foloniously run away with his or their ship or ships, or any barge, boat, ordnance, ammunition, goixis, or
merchandises, or yield them np voluntarily to any pirate, or shall bring any seducing messages from any
pirate, enemy, or rebel, or consult, combine, or confederate with, or attempt or endeavour to corrupt any
commander, master, ofticer, or mariner, to yield up or run away with .iny ship, goods, or merchandises,
or turn pirate, or go over to pirates ; or if any person shall lay violent hands on his commander, whereby
to hinder him from lighting in defence of his snip and goods committed to his trust, or that shall confine
his master, i)r make or endeavour (o make u revolt in the shi|i ; shall be adjudged, deemed, and taken to
be a iiirnlf, felon, and ro/ihrr, and being convicted thereof according to the d- ections of this act, shall
have and suH'er pain ofdrnth, loss of lands, goods, and chattels, as pirates, fiions, and robbers upon the
seas ought to have and suflur."
The wilful destruction or loss of the ship is, in all countries, pimishable by death.
But doubts having been entertained whether the destruction of a ship that had been in-
sured came within the scope of the previously existing statutes, they were repealed by
the 43 Goo. 3. c. 113., and the following provision substituted in their stead : —
" That if any person or persons shall, from and after the sixteenth day of ./«///, ISfB, wilfully cast away,
burn, or otherwise destroy, any ship or vessel, or in any wise counsel, dirivt, or |)rocure the same to he
done, and the same be accordingly done, with intent or design thereby wilfully and maliciously to prejudice
any owner or owners of such ship or vessel, or any owner or owners of any goods laden on board the same,
or any person or persons, body politic or rorporato, that ha'h or have underwritten or shall underwrite
any policy or policies of insurance u|)oii sucii ship or vessel, or on the freitjlit thereof, or upon any goods
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1014
SEAMEN.
laden on board thuiame, the perion or iicri<>ni ofTcnding therein, Mng thereof tawftilly conrtcted, shall
be tli-ciiicd and adjudgtil a prlncii>nJ fclun or Iclona, and shall (uS'cr death at in cases of felony, without
benulit of clergy,"
3. Payment of Semnen's Wagtn, Sfc. — In order to stimulate the zeal and attention of
«eiunen, it has been the policy of ail maritime states to make the payment of their wages
depend on the successful termination of the voyage. " Freiyht i$ the nwther of wages ;
the safety of the ship the mother of freiyht." When, therefore, by any disaster happening
in the course of tlie voyage, such as the loss or capture of the sliii), the owners lose their
freight, the seamen also lose tlieir wages.
If a ship destined on a voyage out and home has delivered her outward bound cargo,
but perishes in the homeward voyage, the freight for the outward voyage is due ; so in
the same case the seamen are entitled to receive their wages for the time employed in the
outward voyage and tlie unloading of the cargo, unless by the terms of their contract
the outward and homeward voyages arc consolidated into one. If a ship sail to several
places, wages are payable to the time of the delivery of the last cargo. Upon the same
principle, where money had been advanced to the owners in part of the freight outwards,
and the ship perished before her arrival at the port of delivery, it was held that the sea-
men were entitled to wages in proportion to the money .advanced.
If, after seamen have been hired, the owners of a ship do not think proper to send
her on the intended voyage, the seamen are to be paid for the time during which they
may have been emi)loyed on board the ship ; and in the event of their sustaining any
special damage by breaking off the contract, it is but reasonable thai they sliould be
indemnified.
In the case of shipwreck, it is the duty of the seamen to exert themselves to the ut-
most to save as much as possible of the vessel and cargo. If the cargo be siived, and a
proportion of the freight paid by the merchant in respect thereof, it seems, upon principle,
that the seamen are also entitled to a proportion of their wages. And for their labour
in saving the cargo, or the remains of the ship, they, as well as .other persons, may be
entitled to a recompence l>y way of mlvage. The laws of Oleron rule, that if, in case of
shipwreck, " the seamen preserve a ]>art of the ship and lading, the master shall allow
them a reasonable consideration to carry them home to their own country ; and in case
they save enough to enable the master to do this, he may law^lly pledge to some honest
persons such part thereof as may be sufficient for the occasion."
By the laws of Wisby, " the mariners are bound to save and preserve the merchan-
dise to the utmost of their power, and whilst they do so (^cr-faisant-, according to the
French translation), ought to be paid their wages, otherwise not." By the Ilanseatic
Ordinance, if a ship happens to be cast away, the mariners are obliged to sjive as much as
in them lies, and the master ought to requite them for their pains to their content, and
convey them at his own charge to their tlwelling places ; but if the mariners refuse to
assist their master, in such case they shall have neither reward nor wages paid them."
It is not quite clear, from the language of these ancient ordinances, whether the payment
directed to be made to seamen on those melancholy occasions, is to be a reward only for
their labour in the salvage, or a recompence for their former services in the ship, for
wiiich, according to general principles, they are entitled to no payment, if no freight is
earned. But Cleirac, in his Commentary on the Laws of Oleron, says, that by an
ordinance of Philip II. of Spain, made in the year 1563, it is ordained, that the seamen
shall save as much as they can from shipwreck ; and, in that case, the master is bound
to pay them their wages, and to give them a further reward for their labour out of the
goods. And the Hanseatic Ordinance of the year 1614 expressly directs, that if so much
of the ship be saved as equals the value of t'le wages of the seamen, they shall be paid
their whole wages. In like manner, the Ordinance of Rotterdam and the French
.Ordinance also expressly direct the payment of wages out of the relics and materials of
the ship. — (Abbott on the Law of Shipping, part iv. c. 2.)
" I have not been able," says Lord Tenterden, " to find any decision of an English
court on the point, and the legislature has made no provision relating to it. As an
inducement to the mariners to exert themselves in the hour of danger, it may not be unfit
to hold out to them the prospect of obtaining their wages, if they save so much of the
ship as shall be sufficient to pay them ; but their claim upon the ship seems not to extend
to a case, wherein, according to the principles of the law upon which their claim is
founded, no wages are payable to them." — (Part iv. c. 2.)
The laws of Oleron, Wisby, and the Hanse towns, direct, that if a seaman die during
the voyage, wages shall be paid to his heirs : but it is not clear whether the sum thus
directed to be paid is to be understood as meaning a payment proportioned to the time
of his service, or the whole sum that he would have earned had he lived till the con-
clusion of the voyage. This question has not been judicially decided in England ; but
by the act 37 Geo. fi. c. 73. it is ordered, that the wages due to any seaman, who has
died on board any ship trading to the West Indies, shall be paid, within 3 months of
the aq
wich
negle^
each
A
the pa
chant J
Pot
tries,
niight|
been
I
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SEAMEN.
1015
the arrival of such ship in Great Britain, to the receiver of the sixpenny duty fur Green-
wich Hospit' :; for the use of the seaman's executor or administrator. All masters
neglecting or refusing to pay the same incur a penalty of 50/., and pay double wages for
eacli offence.
A seaman impressed from a merchant ship into the royal service, is entitled to receive
the proportion of his wages due to him at the time of impressment, provided the mer-
chant ship arrive in safety at the [lort of her discharge.
Policy requires Uiat the wages of seamen should not be paid to them in foreign coun-
tries, as well to^revent desertion, as to preserve, for the benefit of their families, what
might otherwise be spent in riot and debauchery. Conformably to this principle it has
been enacted,
" That no master or owner of any merchant ship or vessel shall pay or advance, or cause to be paid or
.idvanced, to any seaman or mariner, during the time he shall be in parts beyond the seas, any money or
cfR'cts upon account of wages, exeec<ling one moiety of the wages which shall be due at the time of such
payment, until such ship or vessel shall return to Great Britain or Ireland, or the plantationii, or to some
other of his Majesty's dominions, whereto thty belong, and from whence they were first fitted out ; and
if any such master or owner of such merchant ship or vessel shall pay or advance, or cause to be paid or
advanced, any wages to any seaman or mariner above the said moiety, such mas'cr or owner shall forfeit
and pay double the money he shall so pay or advance, to be recovered in the High Court of Admiralty by
any person who shall first discover and inform of the same." — (8 Geo. 1. c. 24.)
The time when wages should be paid has also been made the subject of parliamentary
eniictments. Tlius, as to ships engaged in foreign voynyes, it is ordered, that upon the
arrival of any ship in Great Britain from parts beyond the seas, the master or conunander
shall be obliged to pay the seamen thereto belonging their wages, if demanded, in thirty
days after the ship's entry at the Custom-house, except in cases where a covenant shall
be entered into to the contrary ; or at the time the seamen shall be discharged, which
shall first happen, if demanded ; deducting the penalties and forfeitures imposed by the
act, " under the penalty of paying to each seaman or mariner that shall be unpaid,
contrary to the intent and meaning of this act, twenty shillings over and above the wages
that shall be due to each person, to be recovered by the same means and methods as the
wages may be recovered ; and such payment of wages aforesaid shall be good and valid
in law, notwithstanding any action, bill of sale, attachment, or incumbrance whatsoever."
— (2 Geo. 2. c. 36.)
And as to ships employed in the coasting trade in the manner before mentioned, it is
enacted, that the master, commander, or person having charge of the ship, shall be
obliged to pay the seamen their wages, if demanded, within Jive days after the ship shall
be entered at the Custom-house, or ths cargo be delivered, or at the time the seamen
shall be discharged, which shall first happen, unless an agreement shall have been made
to the contrary ; in which case the wages shall be paid according to such agreement,
deducting in every case the penalties imposed by this act, under the like forfeiture of
twenty shillings, to be recovered in the same manner as with regard to ships coming from
abroad ; and such payment shall be good in law, " notwithstanding any action, bill of
sale, attachment, or incumbrance whatsoever." — (31 Geo, 3. c. 39.)
Seamen have a threefold remedy for the recovery of wages ; viz. against the ship, the
owner, and the master ; and they may proceed either in the admiralty courts or tho.se of
common law : in the former ca.se all may join, and payment may be obtained out of the
value of the ship. The contract remains in the custody of the master or owner, but they
are bound to produce it when required, and it is conclusive evidence of the contract
between the parties.
By the act 59 Geo. 3. c. 58., justices of the peace are authorised summarily to decide
upon the comprint of any seaman as to the nonpayment of wages not exceeding 20/. ;
and if they find the claim well founded, may, in the event of its not being paid within
2 days, issue their warrant for the levy of the same by distress : parties dissatisfied may
appeal to the admiralty.
4. Payment to Greenwich Hospital. — During the reign of George II. an establishment
attached to Greenwich Hospital was erected (20 Geo. 2. c. 38.) " for the relief and
support of maimed and disabled seamen, and the widows and children of such as shall be
killed, slain, or drowned, in the merchant service. To provide a fund for this charitable
institution, every person serving in any merchant ship, or other private ship or vessel,
belonging to any of his Majesty's subjects in England, (except apprentices under the age
of 18, persons employed in boats upon the coasts in taking fish which are brought fresh
on shore, or in boats within rivers, or upon boats on the coast, and pilots (except persons
employed in the service of the East India Company, and who i.-e not entitled to the
benefit of this institution, being provided for by a fund established by the Company),)
pays sixpence per month, which is deducted out of his wages by the master, and by him
paid over to the persons appointed under the authority of the act at the port to which
the ship belongs, before she shall be allowed to clear inwards. For the management
and distribution of this fund, a corporation was created, composed chiefly of eminent
merchants, with power to purchase land and erect an hospital, and to provide for seamen
3 T 4
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SEAMEN.
rendered incapablt.* of service by sickness, wuunds, or otiier accidental misfortunes, and
decrepit and worn out by age, either by rcceiviii}? them into tlie liospital, or by pensions;
and also to relieve the widows and children of seamen killed or drowned in the merchant
service, provided the children are not of tlie agu of 14 yenrs; or, if of that age and
upwards, arc incapal)le of getting a livelihood by reason of lameness, blindness, or other
inKrinity, and an proper objects of charity; and to make reasonable allowances to tliose
who shall lose an eye or limb, t)r be otherwise hurt or maimed, in fighting, defending or
working their ships, or doing any other duty in their service, in proportion to tlieir
hurt; so far forth as the income and revenues of the charity will extend for these
l)urposes. lint no person is to be provided for as a worn-out seaman, who has not been
employed in the merchant service fre years, and paid the contribution. And in pro-
viding for this class, a preference is given to such as have served longest and contributed
most.
In order to ascertain the times of service and ))aynient of the contribution, the master
must keep a muster-roll of the persons en)i>loyod in tlie ship, and before its departure
deliver a duplicate to the collector of these duties at the port ; and, (luring the voyage,
enter the time and jjlace of discharge, <|uitting, and desertion, and of receiving other
persons on board, and of any hurt, damage, death, or drowning ; of which he must also
deliver a duplicate at his return, under the penalty of 20/., to the truth whereof be may
be examine(l upon oatli by the collector. And in case any jjerson emjjloyed on board
any ship or vessel shall, in doing bis duty on shore or on board, break an arm or leg, or
be otherwise hurt or maimed, he is to be projierly relieved until sufliciently recovered to
be sent to the place to which the slii|) belongs.
But, notwithstanding the priiici/ilt! of this charity is excellent, it has been alleged,
and, we apin'ehend, on pretty good grounds, that the conditions under which merchant
seamen are admitted to participate in its benefits are too onerous, that they liave not
reaped from it an advantage equivalent to the sacrilice it imposes on them, and tlmt the
ex])enses of collection have been quite enormous.
The last part of this statement is, indeed, completely borne out by the first of the
subjoined documents, which shows that the expense of collection is, in future, to he
rechiced to a /iitif of what it has hitherto l)een ; and we have been well assured that the
reduction may be safely carried a good deal further.
The secobd of the subjoined accounts shows that there is not at present a single
seaman in Greenwich Hospital, except such as have served in the navy ; a circumstance
vvliich, considering the number of men in the merchant service, the large sum (26,000/.)
annually paid by them to the hosiiital, and the j)eriod that has elapsed since the ter-
mination of the war, strikes us as not a little extraordinary. The subject is one that
seems to require a thorough investigation. Merchant seamen ought to participate,
equally vyith those in his Majesty's service, in the benefits of an institution to which they
contribute so largely.
I. An Account of the Money deducted nut of llic Wages of Seamen employed in the Merchant Service of
the Country, for the Yc.nrs 1828 and ISL'il ; showing ihc Gross Amount collected, the Nett Money paid
to Greenwich Hospital, and the Amount and Uatc per Cent, paid for collecting the same in each Year,
and for what Purposes employed.
1S28.
IS'^l).
(iross amount of the collection - • . - .
?.Ioitey jiaul to tireenwich liospitiil - - . . .
Tuldrt-xpenseof colleciioii . - . . .
Diiailnfihe Total E.rpriue nf (\illedinn.
To the deputy receivers of (ireat It itain aiui Ireland. America, (Juernsey, .lersoy, and
.Xewt'oinuH.iiul, i'ii per cent, tor colleciiiiu, excejit tlie port of l.iverptjol, wliicll is
1\ per cent. ......
'Vn tne receivers gener;il for Scotland and Irehuul, a salary of .'0/. per annum each
Piantatiini clvrk at tlie Custom-lions'. , 10 per i cut. on tlu' atnnimt coUt c etl in .\merica -
.Salary of the clii-'t' receiver at Newtouiulland, 7) i>;'r cent on the collection
.Salaries to the lei e.ver ^t-neral and cmnpiro'.ler'at the port of J-ondoii, tlieir clerks, clerk
at the cust<»ms, messenj;er, and housekte|ier ....
Hepairs - . . - - -
Suiwraimuation allowances .... . .
I'uiita^e, stationery, liixi^tt, and housekeeper's ill- hursements
L. a. ./.
M.dS.T 1 1
IS.SI.'i 13 8
l,S.-57 1 5
L. s. ,1.
•2(i,i.-.- a .11
^i.-ii'^i- rd
■i,TH i 10\
2,0S1 .'5 fi
100
78 1 5
l.fi.Vi
<,17 11 8
m; r>
IfJS Ifi 10
2„-!.1 4 1
111(1
77 -i 10
SI 1 H
1,655
.^li 5
4.11 4 U)
4,S.V 1 s
4,72 1 4 1(H
The monies paid to Greenwich Hospital are applied to the general purposes of the institutioa
p. C. LE GFA'T, Clerk of the Cheque.
The total expense of collecting amoinited in the year 1828 to 20} per cent, and in 182(5 to 18 i)er cent
on the gniss recoipts ; but arrangements are now ordered to be carried into ett'cct, by which the whole
expense will be reduced to aboiit 10 per cent.
W. H. HOOPER, Secretary.
Royal Hospital, Greenwich, 10th of May, 1830.
1^
■■■
SEAWORTHY.
1017
II. Actount of Merchant Seamen now in the Uojal HoipUal for Seamen at Greenwich, with the t'oi*
parative Amount olStrvicc in llie Navy unU in the Merihaiil.' Ijnj.loy.
Niiitihtr of ."Mfii
uhii h.ive
ll*;\er strvvtl
III
Ihe Navy,
NunilMTof Men
who have iivrvtd >
111 llu Navv '
aiul ill thv I
Aferrh.mls' Si-rvlre-
Toliil N'linilier
lit" \'fars
sertitl l.> ilii'in
III itit*
KIni;"., .'MTvlrr.
Nil- I l.l'^l i IS.IUS
The ivitnlillshment offirvenwich IIo»piidl is
( »f Ihfse nre —
Si'jiii.in who hiue si'ivwl In merrhaiit .liiipH
Seaiiifii who hitVc svrvnl in liiim'i, khiii). uiilv
Ko.val iiuiriiivs - , .
I.uiiiiticil - • .
Alisfiil - ...
\'acancie8 • . .
Tuial NiinilK-r
III' Vt-.ir^
nervifl li> thi'iii
ill I ill*
MtTilmiiK' Nervier
U.4M
ATt-raKf \uiiil'«r
oi N'eari
MTVIll liy
Vdi-h .Man ill Ihtf
.^,,v^.
IB*
ATrrnui' Number
rt Vt*ar»
tat'h .Man In Ihv
.Mt-ri hauls' >er*ir»».
U
S,7I0
111. Account of Children of Merchant Seamen in the Scliooi of Orcenwiili Hospital
I NilmlMT of
I Children of
' Merchant Suainen
whose Fathers
! have never served
I in the .N'avv.
8Q
N'imlier of
OhlUlreii of
.Merehaiit Seiinen
whu^e I'athets
have also hei'vetl
in the .Navy,
!i.1
ReiiiarkSi
The oriuinil (ireenwieh Hiisjiit.il sihool, lo whiih the cliildrin of imnhnnt
seamen are i liuihli', cunsisleil ol VOI eliildn n, liniil, hs a reuulalioii of IXVU, it wa.s
iiH-riMst'd to ."IIHI.
Royal Hospital, Urecnwicli, <nli of April, IHol. U. G. KEATS, Governor.
For fiirtlicr details with rcsiit'ct to this inipurtaiit suhject, sue Lord Ttuterdvti'a work
oil tliL' Lnw of S/iip/)iiii/.
SEAWOllTHY, ii turin api)li<'d to a ship, indicating that slie i.s in every re.spect fit
foi' her voy.ifjc.
It is ])rovidc'd in ail ch.irtorpiirties, that the vessel chartered sliall be " tijjht, staunch,
and strong, well a]))iai'elle(l, fin-nished with an adetpiate nuniher of men and mariners,
tackle, provisions, &c." If the shii) be insiifticient in any of these particulars, the
ownni's, tliougli ignorant of the circumstance, will be liable for whatever damage may,
in consttjuence, be done to the goods of the merchant ; and if an in.surance has been
effected upon her, it will be void.
15ut whether the condition of seawortluness be expressed in the charterparty or not, it
is always implied. " In eveiy contracl:," said Lord Kllenboroiigli, " between a person
holding himself forth as the owner n't a lighter or vessel ready to carry goods for hire,
and the ])erson putting goods on board, or employing his vessel or lighter for that
purpose, it is a term of the contract on the jiart of tlie lighterniun or carrier implied hy
lnw, that his vessel is tight, and fit for the purjiose for which he otiers and holds it fortli
to the ])ublic : it is the immediate foundation and sub.stratuin of the contract that it is
so : the law pi-vsiimes a promisi' to that effect on the part of the carrier, without any actual
proof; and every reason of sound policy and public convenience reciuires that it should
be so."
Not only must the ship and furniture be sufficient for the voyage, but she must also
be furnished with a sufTicient number of persons of competent skill and at)ility to navi-
gate her. And for sailing down rivers, out of harbours, or through roads, &c., where
either by usage or the laws of the country a i)ilot is re(]uired, a pilot must be taken on
board. IJut no owner or master of a ship .shall be answerable for any loss or damage
by reason of no jiilot being on board, unless it shall be proved that the want of a pilot
shall have arisen from any refusal to take a pilot on board ; or from tlie negligence of
the master in not heaving to, for the purpose of taki^ig on board any pilot who shall be
ready and offer to take charge of the ship. — (48 Geo, 3. c. 164.)
A ship is not seaworthy unless she be provided with all the documents or papers ne-
cessary for the manifestation of the ship and cargo. Neither is she seaworthy, if, during
war, she be not supplied with the sails required to facilitate her escape from an enemy.
It is only necessary, to guarantee the owners from loss, that the ship should be sea-
worthy at the time of her dejiarture. She may cease to be so in a few hours, and yet
they may not be liable. The qiiestitm to be decided in such ca.ses always is, whether
the ship's disability arose from any defect existing in her before her departure, or from a
cause which occasioned it afterwards. But if a ship, within a day or two of her de-
parture, l)econie leaky or founder at sea, or be obliged to put back, without any visible or
adequate ciiuse to produce such an effect — such as the starting of a plank or other ac-
cident to which the best ships are liable, and which no human jirudence can prevent —
the fair pr>.sumption is that she was not seaworthy when she sailed ; and it will be in-
cumbent on the owners to show that she was sc>«iworthy at that time. They are liable for
damage occasioned by every injury arising from any oriyinul defect in the ship, or from
i,:((|
'if
I
*
i» ' <i
W^
1018
SI:EI)S.— SIIAIIKS" FINS.
bad stowage : but thi-y am not liiiblv for any injury arising fruin tlie act uf God, the
king's enemies, or the perils of the sea.
It is further to be observed, tliut how perfect soever a sliip may be, yet if, from the
nature of her construction, or any other cause, she l)c incnpai)lc of performing tlie pro.
posed voyage, with the proposed cargo on board, she is not scawortliy. She must he, in
ail respectn, /it for the trade in which she is meant to he employed. And it is a wholesome
rule that the owners should be held to a pretty strict proof of this.
It has been already observed, that any defect in point uf seaworthiness invalidates an
insurance upon a ship. There is not only an express but an implied warranty in every
policy, that the ship shall be " tight, staunch, and strong, &c. ;" and the reason uf this
is plain. The insurer imdertakes to indemnify the insured against the extraordinary and
uriforeseen perils of the sea ; and it would be absurd to suppose that any man would insure
against those perils, but in the conHdence that the ship is in a condition to encounter the
ordinary periU to which every ship must be exposed in the usual course uf the proposed
voyage.
By the old law of France it was directed, that every merchant ship, before her de-
parture from the place of her outfit, should be surveyed by certain sea officers appointed
fur that purpose, and reported to be seaworthy, " en hon etat de natiyation " and that
]>reviou« to her return, before she took her homeward cargo on board, she should be
again surveyed. Valin has shown — (Tit. Fret, art. 12.), that very little confidence
could be placed in these surveys, which, he tells us, were only made upon the external
parts, for the ship was not unsheathed ; and, therefore, her internal and hidden defects
could not be disclosed. This practice seems now to be abandoned by the French ; at
least, there is no allusion to it in the Code de Commerce. It is, one should think, much
better to leave the question as to the seaworthiness of the ship to be ascertained, as in
England, after a loss has happened, by an investigation of the true cause of such loss,
than to permit so important a question to be decided upon the report of officers without
any motive to enquire carefully into her actual condition. A ship may, to all appear-
ance, be perfectly capable of performing a voyage ; and it is only after a loss has
happened, that her latent defects can be discovered, and her true state at the time of her
departure rendered manifest. Indeed, the survey made by the French was not deemed
a conclusive proof that the ship was, at her departure, really seaworthy : it merely raised
a presumption that such was the case ; but it was still open to the freighter or the insurer
to shew the contrary.
Fot further information upon this point, the reader is referred to the able and ex-
cellent works of Chief Justice Abbott (Lord Tenterden) on the Law of Shipping, partiii.
c. 3., and of Mr, Serjeant Marshall on Insurance, book i. c. 5. § 1.
SEEDS, in commerce, the grains of several species of gramina. Those of most
importance are clover seed, flax or linseed, hemp seed, mustard seed, rape seed, tares,
&c. ; for which, sec the respective articles.
SEGARS, OR CIGARS. See Tobacco.
SENNA (Fr. Sen4 ; Ger. Sennablater ; It. Senna; Sp. Sen; Lat. Cassia Senna;
Arab. Suna). The plant ( Cassia Senna) which yields the leaves known in commerce
and the materia medica by the name of senna, is an annual, a native of Upper Egypt,
and Bernou in Central Africa. The senna, after being collected in Upper Egypt,
is packed up in bales, and sent to Boullac, where it is mixed with other leaves, some of
which are nearly equally good, while others are very inferior. After being mixed, it is
repacked in bales at Alexandria, and sent to Europe. A great deal of senna is imported
from Calcutta and Bombay, under the name of East India senna ; but it is oi iginally
brought to them from Arabia. — ( Thomson^s Dispensatory. ) Senna is very extensively
used in medicine. The total quantity imported in 1831 amounted to 250,296 lbs., of
which 130,222 lbs. were retained for home consumption. Of the imports, 42,519 lbs.
came directly from Egypt ; 200,990 lbs. from the East Indies ; and a small quantity at
second hand from Italy and other places. The imports of senna from India in 1832
amounted to 464,917 lbs. The duty was reduced, in 1832, from Is. 3rf. to 6</. per lb.
SHAGREEN (Ger. Schagrin; It. Chagrin; Rus. Schagrim, Schagreti), a kind of
grained leather, used for various purposes in the arts. It is extensively manufactured
at Astrakhan in Russia. — (See Tooke's Russia, vol. iii. p. 403.)
SHAMMY, OB CHAMOIS LEATHER (Ger. Sdmischleder ; Fr. Chamois; It.
Camoscio ; Rus. Satnschaniii, Koshi), a kind of leather dressed in oil, or tanned, and
much esteemed for its softness, pliancy, and capability of bearing soap without hurt.
Tlie real shammy is prepared of the skin of the chamois goat. But leather prepared
from the skins of the common goat, kid, and sheep, is frequently substituted in its
stead.
SHARKS' FINS, form a regular article of trade to China; and are collected for
this purpose in every country from the eastern shore of .■Vfrica to New Guinea. In the
Canton Price Currents they are as regularly quoted as tea or opium ; and the price of
I
late
50*.
.S(
of fij
are ll
I'uctuj
broiil
luit'aJ
l'is|
tin- .
lalit"!
iiiaiiu|
l)i-»t if
liuir i>|
friiin
CdlXltl
111 111*-;
inteiij
inatPi]
III Ki^
were
IVCP fl
ThJ
roiir»
Tlv
shaw'
that
factii
by na
thefi
accoii
tMhi
of W
Th
of an
SHAWLS. — SHEEP.
1019
'1 !v
late yearn has lieen, according to quality, from 15 to 18 dollurs per picul, e<|iiai to t'runi
50*. to 60». per ewt.
SHAWLS ( iivr. Si/mlen 1 Fr. C/iah, Chalet,- It. Shaviili ; .Sp. Sr/iftralns), articUvs
of line wool, silk, or wool and silk, n;.-<nut'icturi-(l nt'ter the tksliion of a larf;e Imnd-
kcrc'hief, used in female dress. 'I'he finest sha.v's are imported from India, uIuti- tliwy
are highly esteemeil, and rost from 50 to :{(X) (;uini>as. Hut the Hritisli >>ha\vls manu-
fuctured at Norwich, Paisley, and particulurly Kdinhurgh, have ri<viiily been very
much improved ; and thougli still inferior, in point of quality, to the tinettt specimens
brought from the East, they look well, and are much cheaper. I'he native shawl ma-
nufacture is of very considerable value and importance.
Cashmere Shatrh The ahawl maiiul'acturv U Ih'HcvmI to have oriftinated in the valley of Caahmere,
till- aiH'ient I'axpira, (iUiatnl in the nurtli.wcst iil' Iiulia, between the Mlh and J6th liegrrva of N,
latituilf, ami the 73<l anil Tiitli ileRtoea of K longitude. Tlidiigh not loflouriahing aa it once w,i», the
niaiiut'actiire ia still prosecuted in llu« prin incc to a very ronsiilirable extent. '1 he ahawla are the very
beat that arc made, poaacaKiOK uncqii.illetl liiieneaa, ileiu-jii'v, and warmth. 'I'hey are lormid of the inner
hair of a variety of tneeonniion goat (en/ira linens , rearwi on the cold, dry table land of Thibet, ele\ate<l
from 14,()()() to Iti,()()(l feet alwve the level of the ae.i. 'I'lie goat thrivea s'ullicicntly well in many I'lher
countries ; but in the sultry plains of Ilindo.-tan it liaii haruly more hair than a greyhuuml ; and tK>uuh
in hiKher latitudes the hair is more abundant, it U tor the most part shagtiy and coarse. It is oiil\ jii tnc
intensely cold and dry climate of 'I'hibet that it yield.- Iht ,|M.-euliarly soil wiHilly hair that coioliliitc.'i the
material of the Indian ahawl. We do not, therefore, aupiHise that theettorta to naturalise theshawUgcat
in Kraiu'C will turn out well. On the contrary, we believe the chances of success would be! about equal
were an attempt made to breed beavers in a hot couiury, without water, or camela in a moiAt country,
tree from heat and drought.
The inner or tine wool is covered over and protc trd by a quantity of lung 8hat,'gy hair, which is, of
ronrse, carefully separatetl from it brfote it ia nianul'aclured.
The genuine ahawl wool has l)een ini|Hirt('d into this country; and the finest Kdinburgh and Paisley
shawls have been produced from it. Hut it must be admitted that shawls have nowhere been made
that can come, as resiiccta quality, into successful com|ietition with those of Cashmere. The manu.
facture has been established at Delhi aiid Laliore for some years; Imt iiotwith.standing it is carried on
by native Caahmeriana, and though lie material employed be quite the same, the fabrics are said to want
the tinencsa of those made in Ca.'iliniere, and to have a degenerate, coarse ap|iearance. It is ditflcult to
account for this auperiority. It has been aacrilied to some peculiar quality ot the water in the valley of
Cashmere ; but it is most probalily owing to a variety of cireumstancca, which, though each may appear
of little im|iortance, colU'( tively |,'ive a character to the manufacture.
The following details as to tic manufacture of Cashmere shawls arc extracted from a recent number
of an Knglish paper piiblishcil ut Dellii : —
" The great mart for the wool of which shawls .ire made, is at Kilghet, which is said to be B dc)>end-
ency of Ladak, and situated ilO days' journey from the northern boundaries of Cashmere. There are S
kinds of it : that which can be readily dyed is white ; the other sort ia of an ashy colour, which being
with ditficulty changed, or, at least, improved by art, is generally woven of its natutal hue. About 2 lb*,
of either are obtaineil from a single goat once a year. Alter the down has lieen carefully separated from
the hairs, it is repeatedly washetl with rice starch. This prm'ess ia reckoned important; and it is to the
quality of the water of their valley' that the Cashmerians attribute the peculiar and inimitable fineness of
the fabrics produced there. At Kilghet the beat raw wor' is sold for about 1 ruiwe a ixiund. By the pre-
paration and washing referred to, it luaes |, and the rem.t<ndcr l>cing spun, i rupees' weiglil of the thread
IS considered worth 1 rupee.
" ishawls arc made of various forms, siie, and Ixirdcrs, which are wrought separately, with the view
of adapting them to the dilt'erent maikets. Those sent to Turkey used to be of the sonest and moat
delicate texture. Carpets and counterpanes are fabricated of the hair or coarser |>art of the wool. From
a variety of causes, among others the dcatruetion of the Janissaries, who dressed much in shawls, the
loss of royalty in Cabul, and the ruined finances of Lucknow, it is certain that the demand for this
elegant commodity has greatly declined of late years. Under the Mogul emperors. Cashmere found
work for jO.OOO shawl looms. In the time of the Afghan kings, the number decreased to IS.ODa
There arc now not more than (),(HK) employed. I should attribute little of this diminution to the sale of
English imitations among the Asiatic nations. When these counterfeits first apiieared, the pretty pat-
terns and brilliancy of the colours tmik the fancy of some, but their great inferiority in the soltness and
warmth which marks the genuine shawl, soon caused the new article to be neglected. A camel-load of
them was lately put up at outcry in Delhi, when scarcely a native would bid for one !
" The average value of shawls cx|>orted from Cashmere amounts annually to 1,)JOO,(XX) rupees. Runjert
Singh takes § in kind as part of the gross revenue of the province, which is about 2.5 lacks a year. His
Highness is said to sell \ of what he thus receives, and to keep the remainder for his own court Of
the rest disposed of by him and left for sale in the valley, 7 lacks' worth go to Bombay and Western
India; 3 to Hindostan, chiefly Oudc; | a lack each to Calcutta, Cabul, Herat, and Balk, whence
some pass on to neighbouring countries.
" A curious calculation of the successive exactions ft-om Cashmere to Bombay inclusive, which mag-
nify the price of shawls, is herewith subjoined.
" Artiini rnut for materials and labour in makir
Actual cost for materials and labour in making a pair of reel shawls : —
Fd. rf. I
Four Furrukaliad sters of wool • - " IX 2 I
CleaiiinK, Wishing, and spinning
Djrelng - - ■ • •
M'ages to weavers
SO
II
S64
Total
Oiifi'M Oft the lame. — On sale and Importation to
Cashmere • ■ - "
On tlie thread ...
While the faliric is In the loom • -
Feettochowdrics,biakers, assessors, &c.
Total amount of duties in Cashmere •
Duties from Cashmere to Amritsir - •
From Amritair to Bombay - • -
At Bombay - - •
Total fVom .\mritslr to Bombay
TnUI from Kilfthet to Bombay, 171 18 and K.} 1S| «■
I'riiiie cose - I .
Fro|iortion of carriage ■ • ■
Insurance - •
3
14
S
4
1*.'.
35
171
18
12
6
3
n\
70
_".
F,l
r«.
Vt
,V>4
337
It
13
SI
610
461
86 121
Toul coat
" A pair of such shswIsmlRht sell for .'lOO rupees at Amritiir)
and in Bombay fur 900. The amount of the imports, and the
sums levied by each government, will appear more in relief if
staled as the, atfect a camel-load in its progress. It consista
of I4i cutcha maunds, and contains, on an aTerage, 2,000
shawls of different kinds, valued, on reaching Bombay, at
2S,.W0 Fumikahad rupees.
" The Kovemment of Ijiliore exacts Fd. rs. I,£'i4 6; Pa-
tialah, 61 0; Bikeneer, 43 ; Joudpote, 121 4; Bhown.
UKRur, 20 0; — total levied by native princes, 1,809 0;
Bomliay, (10 per cent, ad luJnrnn) 2,850 0."_(Ouot«l in
Mr. Montgomery MarUn's Atiatic Ciilnniet, vol.i. p. 231.)
SHEEP (Ger. Scfiafe ,- Fr. Brehis, Betes u laine, Moutom ; It. Pecore ; Sp. Pecora,
Onejag; Rus. Owzii ; Lat. Oves). Of the domestic animals belonginp: to Gre.it Britain,
sheep, with the exception of horses, and, perhaps, cattle, are by far the most important.
?
i
M
Hi; II
.4 V.
w
• 1
lO'JO
SIlKllUY. — SHIPS.
Si;
riioy can be reared in situations and upon soils where otiier animals would not live.
Tliey alFord a large supply of foiul, and one of the prineipal materials of clotliiii(r.
Wool has Umg \wvn a staple eonnnodiiy of tl'is country, and its nianufaeture employs
an innnense number of people. " I'lie dressi-1 skin," says Mr. Pennant, » forms
different parts of our apparel ; and is used for covers of hooks. 'I'he entrails, pr(»pii ly
prepared and twisted, serve for strings for various musical instruments. The huiies,
calcined (like other hones in },'ener:il), form materials for tests for the refiner. I'lie
milk is thicker than that of cows, and conse(jiKnlly yields a }?reater <|uantity of hntier
and cheese ; and in some places is so ricii, that it will not produce the cheese without
a mixture of water to make it part from the whiy. The dung is a remarkably rwh
manure; insomuch that the folding' of sheep is become tiH) useful u branch of husbimdiy
for tlie farmer to neglect. To conclude ; whether we consider the advantages that nsult
from this animal to individuals in particular, or to these kingdoms in general, we may,
with Columella, consider tliis, in one sense, as the first of the domestic quadrupeds." •
(^Pennant's British Zi)i>liiijy.) The importation of sheep from a foreign country is
prohibited undir pain of forfeiture. — (« d'o^ i. e. 107. § j'-'.) — (See Cattle, and
Wool.)
Tlie following Table (>xhil)its acompcniliom view of the more iiromiricnt charatterUtics of the priiuipal
breeds of sliecit in (Jreat Hrltaiii : —
Colour uf
Wool.
\\'a%. of Weihrs.
Ai,-e
Namet of IlritKli.
lltail.
Fa».. anti I.eKs.
Kh-cee.
lier llr.
kil I'd.
LI,:
I.l».
Yt'trt.
1. Tepswater
\o horn-*
White face anil lers
Lonij wool
\)
W
•i
.No honi-*
W liltif.ue anil legs
I.onu wool
10
M
'i
.1. DMilcy, or New I*lcc«ter -
.\o horn;*
\S'lilte I'aci' ami le(!«
Loiitf wool (fine)
H
U'l
•i
4. C(il!*wo:<i
.No hiiriis
While f.ici- and hifi
I.onu »ool nine)
•J
'H
•i
5. lloriimv Marsli
\o liorn*
Wl Ite t'aie aiid li'KS
Iamik woo' (line)
8
'i'i
'i
6. Dnrinioiir, or llainploii
.No horns
Whlt>' l.ue anil leici
IjiiiK wool (line)
'.)
M
1
Il'irnwl
\\ iiitc t.<(-e .tn<l U'u*
I.on({ wiHil (loarsej -
Hi
•i
8. HUrk-faced, or Heath
Horm-d
llhirk f lit- and te^a
l,onK w<Mil ii-oarNC) ■
.1
1.'.
,>
9. Heriforil, Hjiland
.N<i honii
While fiue and Wm
lll.iric and spi.. kind
Short wool (line)
'^i
11
.\
10. Morf, Shro|i>hire
liornell
Short wool (line)
H
18
^
11. Dorset
tt4irntil
\\ hite and «|ieekl>d
Short wiHil (line)
•3S
IS
•i
\'l. Wills . . - -
II rn.'d
Willi'" and sjiet kled
Sliorl wool (mid.)
i
20
.1
1.1. lli-rkH
.Vo hi;rn»
lll.ii k and while
I.oUK wool
7
IS
iS
14. South nown
No horns
NipiH-kled .md white
Short wool
iii
IS
•i
13. .Norfolk
llornei'
Hl;irk and" Idle
Short wool
•/
IS
,1
Iti. Henlwick
llonit-tl
Siiet'kletl and white
\Vhite face and leRU
Short wool
2
• 10
4
17. Cheviot
.No liorns
Short wool
3
16
4
IS. Dim-I'icoa
No horns
Dui) tac^' and leu's
Short wool
1
7
4
lU. Shell.inil
No h'ims
\';irinus coloured ditto
Fine cottony
1
8
4
Wl. Siianiili
SI. Ditto, iross
K.nns horuM
While - - -
Short wool (super.) •
.3
'I
14
•i
-
Short wool (fine)
ir.
a
For details as to the number uf sheep, the quantity and quality of wool, &c,, see
Wool.
SHERRY. See Wine.
SHIPS. Nautical men a])ply the term ship to distingiush a vessel having 3 masts,
each consisting of a lower mast, a topma.st, and top-gaJlant-mast, with their ajjpro-
priate rigging. In familiar language, it is usually employed to distinguish any large
vessel, however rigged ; but it is also frequently used as a general designation for all
vessels navigiited with sails ; and it is in this sense that we now employ it.
Merchant Ships. — It is hardly pos,sible to divide merchant ships into classe.Sj at least
with any degree of precision. Their size, shape, the mode of their rigging, &c. depend
not merely on the particular trade for which they are destined, but on the varying '
tastes and fancies of their owners. The ships employed in the China trade, by the
East India Company, are the largest merchantmen belonging to this country ; the
private traders to the East and West Indies rank next ; then follow the whale ships,
those engaged in the trade to the Ualtic and Canada, the Mediterranean, and a host of
others of every variety of burden and shape.
The reader will find, in the articles Navigation Laws, and Registry, an account
of the peculiar privileges enjoyed by British ships, of the conditions and formalities
necessary to be observed in order to acquire and preserve these privileges, of the mode
of transferring property in shijis, &c. And in the articles Chauteivi-akty, Fueight,
Master, Owners, Seamen, &c., the law with respect to ships and ship-owners, in
their capacity of carriers or public servants, and the reciprocal duties and ooligations of
tlie masters and crews, is pretty fully ex]>ouiided. In this place, therefore, we shall
content ourselves with laying before the reader some official statements exhibiting the
progress and pre.sent magnitude of the mercantile navy of Cireat Rritain.
Increase of Shipping in Enf/liiul, — It would be to no purpose, even if our limits per-
mitted, to enter into any details with respect to the shipping of England previously to
the Revolution. Those who wish to examine the subject, will find most of the scattered
• Post majores quadrupeiU's ovilli jiecoris sccunda ratio est ; qua; prima sit si ad magnitudinom utili-
tatis refcras. Nam id prfficipue contra frigoris violentiam protegit, corporibtisque nostris libcraliora
uriebct velamina; et etiam elegantiam mcnsasjucundis et iiuinerosis dapibus exoriiat {De J'' P'lsticd,
lib, viL cap. 2.)
Years.
Kill
7Vi
Ififi.Tl
1 Mill J
il'i
liSH
l!H
1«»7,
in
17IUJ
1701 }•
ITII'O
a73
r.du
'i\7>
171V
3'^l<
i;i.i
1711 •
ITl'i
41il
17»i
IT'47 •
WIS
432
IT.lii
i:.i; •
I7.1H
17.-il
1710 •
1711.
470
381
\V>»\
cor
I7:.i5
17.'.7 \
SFIIPS.
lO'il
notices of contcmpornry wi'iturs c«»lli'cti'(l hy AikIltsou, in liis " Clironoloffii'iil History
of ComnHTce." Tlii- iiuTciintiit' navy «f Knf;iiiii(l tiisf ln-i-nim-roiiNidiriihlf in tin- riij;ii
of F.li/.ulK'tli ; nnd {^riidiiiillv iii^: .'iisi-il iindiT Iht snci-i'ss<irs, Jiimt's I. iind Charli's I.
At tlif llostor tioii, tlif lirilisli slii|i|)iii^ I'li'iiri-d oiitwiu-ds iiiiuiuiiti'd to !),'),'_'*)'(> tons ;
but such wiis tlie incri'iisc of iiiivi/jation durinfi; the ri'ijjns of (Inn lis II. and .laniis II.,
that, at till' Uevuhitioi), tin.' ISrilish ships ihari'd outwiirds .Minmniti'd to l!i(),.7:!:{ tons.
The war terniinuti-d hy the treaty of Uysuick, inl(i;»7, eheiked this proj^ress. IJut
commerce and navi^rntion jiave steadily advanced, with the exception of 'J short |)eriod<«
during the war of I7::<), and the .American war, from the beginning uf last eer^tury
down to the pres^jnt day.
The first really authentic account of the magnitude of tlieconiniercial navy of England
was obtained in 1"()1-'J, from returns to cireular letters of the commissioners of eiis-
toins, issued in January of that year. From these it ai)i)ears ihat there belonged, at
the period in question, to nil the ports tif Kngland and Males, .'i.'JKl vessels, measuring
(or rather estimated to measure^ 'J<Jl,'_"_"J tons, and carrying 'J7,It)(i men and .>,f;0'() guns.
Of these there belonged to
London
llriktol
S'armouth
Exi'tcr
\'es>i'U.
Trms.
.llin.
Ml
In.O
Ui
I'JI
i7,.;.K
7,U'-
10,1 ill.:
'J,.i,-.!1
til.S
!'7S
(full
\Vliitl y
Livi'ipixil
Si'illliiToll);!)
11(1
\(r2
UHI
Tor«.
^,™. i
7,;ii:4
H.tilil
fi,Hfi()
187
.■571
l.liil
None of the other ports hnd 1(H) vemclH j and tliiTe i< iifiinc ini-i kc in the returns n» to the tonna);c
a8«iKiie<l to Newcastle and l|iswiili. Ol the liiill ves-cls, HO wire .,< i.c lime l:\id up, which accounts lor
the small number of men in Ih^it port. — iMnr/i/nrsiiii'ii Annuls nf i'ii/i,iiii rir, aiMm 1701. i
'I'he following Table of the liriti>h niiii fijrei(,'ii slupp iig eleaicil ovitwiiidt rrciin lilii i to ISU, both inclu.
sive, is taken from the last edition of Mi: C/m/t/iris's I'lini/iainufr Kfihiin/r. It jjives a very roni)>lcta
view of the progress ol the iiiivination ot the cmnitry ; and iVoni tlie .ilteiition pad liy tlie author to such
suhjects, .;nd the facilities which his situation in l.'ie liuard ul 'I'raile gave l.iui lor at(|ii,rinb' authentic
Inlormation, its aicuruey may be depended on.
■.'r
u
I-
; I
! I
1. Table of Ships cleared Outwards from 1(W; to 1811.
Vean.
Kn^lisl). ] KoreiK''' Toi.il.
lfifi.11
IMiOJ
liSS
17i«}
iriii !■
ITII'ij
i;ii'j {
171.1/ I
171.'.)'
17'iS)
17,1(1/ t
i:,i;J-'
17,-i)/:
17ll)(-,
i;ii.\,
171U/i
K.'.li
17.MJ
17.'w \
Tom.
'M.'irili
inn,.'i,i,i
141,'^Gl
!i"3,G93
i>l.1,fif).1
3Wi,li'^(l
421,431
432,83'2
476,941
384,191
ron,798
Britistl.
4y6,'254
Tints, j Till ft.
47,(i.14 ' 112,9110
9.'i,2i;7 2.S.'i,S(H)
llJO,.'i2l 2ii,rss
43,(5.15 317,12S
4,1,(12.'. 2S!I,,1IS
29,114 .l.i,'.,7.1,J
2r,,.57,T 448,004
I
23,G.')1 4.')fi,183
26,(127 ; 503,508
i
87,260 471,451
51,.186 661,181
I
76,456 572,710
Vf.irs.
Itritish
7'.'iM.
1710
.'>10,2I1
17111
5S2,0.'0
17(12
513,144
17113
(131,721
17(11
1,62,131
17'tJ
7V(1,102
17(1(1
7.-,S,osi
17(17
72-,,N.V,
17(1S
7(11,78(1
171,9
M)5,.,05
1770
S0I1,195
1771
877,0(14
1772
923,45(1
1773
871,421
1771
901,016
1775
882,579
1776
872,108
1777
827,067
1778
732,558
1779
642,981
17S0
731,286
17S1
(10S,219
17S2
615,150
17S3
8(1.-.,9(17
17S4
932,219
US5
1,074,862
Knri'ij,']!. Total.
7',./.«.
1(I7,V37
lvv,7.15
I M, 92(1
91 593
79,S(IO
7V,215
6(1,1 •3
(18,1 .(Ki
77,9S4
(18,120
(1.1,176
(1(1,8!I8
72,931
57,994
68,402
68,(131
7 4, .123
102,6.18
93,778
149,040
1.54,111
170,77.5
225,456
170,9.18
118,268
107,481
't\'tlS.
647,178
7ol,7.V,
(;6.s,370
723,317
7 1^2,14
79,s,(,17
821,231
793,811
8,111,770
873,725
8(19,671
913,il02
99(1,.187
9.12,115
969,418
9.'70,(113
!'46,431
929,701
826 ,.1.1(1
791,021
885,.197
778,991
840,6(1(1
l,O37,!;05
1,()',0,I87
1,182,31(1
Ve. rs. llrltlKh. , Fonliin.
1786
178-
17SS
17S9
17"(l
1791
1792
1793
1791
1795
179(1
1797
1798
1799
IKX)
1801
1802
1803
I.MII
ISO)
1806
1807
I)- 08
1MI9
1810
1811
Ttiiis,
1,115,(121
1,'<!79,0,13
l,lll.<.8'(
1,515.021
1,121,912
1, 11,216
1,5(1 1, 1. ',8
1,210,202
l,3''2,l(16
1,11 ,1,^0
1,251, (.2 1
1,1C3,781
1,319,151
1,.-,(I2,.>5I
1,145,271
1,315,621
1,626,966
l,l.',3,0(16
1,463,28(1
1,495,209
1,18(1,302
1,121,103
1,372,810
1,,531,152
1,(121,274
1,,'07,353
Tiim.
121,197
1.18,220
12S,997
103,722
IIS.I'I'.I
181,729
175,105
187,0,12
218,077
.182,,,(17
I7S,.1,',(1
.19(;,V7I
.165,719
4 11,7 74
(1S,',,051
^0 1,8,80
461,723
574,.-42
587,S49
(105,821
.568,170
(131,910
2S2,145
699,750
1,1.18,527
696,232
'I'otnl.
7(.JM,
1.2,1(1,221
1,117 ,253
1,5I0,(1M1
1,(118,743
1,57,1,831
1,(195,975
l,7.1fi,5(,3
1,427,2.14
1,(00,213
1,.52S,(U7
l,7.12,9SO
I,.(jO,(i52
I,(1SJ,S70
1,717,325
2,1,10,.122
2,1.50,.'iOl
2,088,689
2,027,(OS
2,05i, 1.1.0
2.101,0,-0
2,(V,4,472
2,0.5(1,013
1,651,955
2,2.10,902
2,762,S()1
2,203,585
II. Account of the Total Number of Vessels engaged in the Foreign and Colon irf Trade of the United
KinL'.lom, with the Amount of their Tonnage, and the Number ot Men and Boys eii.ploycd in na-
vigating the .-^ame, that entered Inwards from M Parts of the World, in the several \ear8 Irom 18U
to 1832, both inclusive; distinguishing Hritish from Foreign.
Years.
1814
181.0
1816
1817
181S
1819
1820
1821
1822
1S2.1
1824
1825
1826
1827
I82S
1829
1830
18.31
183S
llritUli and Irish Vesse's.
\'essels.
Tons.
Men.
8,975
8,880
9,744
11,2.5.5
13,006
11,974
11,285
10,805
11,087
11,271
11,731
13,'03
12,473
13,1.13
1.3,436
13,659
1.3,.54S
14,488
13,372
1,209,218
1,. 372, 108
1,415,723
1,625,121
1,886,,191
1,809,128
1,668,060
1,. 599, 123
1,663,627
1,740,8.59
1,797,089
2,143,317
1,9,50,6,10
2,086,898
2,0:i4,.157
2,181,535
2.180.0-12
2,.167,.122
2,185,9VO
83,793
86,.390
90,119
97,273
111,880
107,556
100,325
97,485
98,980
112,244
108,686
123,028
113,093
118,686
119,141
122,18,0
1(2,103
131,627
122„594
Ves.sels.
Foreign Vessels.
Tt.n.s.
Men.
fl,2S6
5,411
3,116
3,396
6,2.10
4,215
3,172
3,261
3,389
4,069
5,655
6,981
5,729
6,016
4,955
5,218
5, .1.59
6,085
4.546
.599,287
764,5(,2
.179,465
415,011
762,157
542,681
447,611
296,107
469.151
682.996
759,(172
959,312
691,116
751,864
"•.34,620
7i9,.103
7.58,828
874,605
639,979
.37 ,.17 5
44,(K10
25,.1'I5
27,017
43,9.36
32,6,1S
27,633
26,U43
28,421
33,828
42,126
52,722
39,838
43,5.36
.16,733
.39 ,.348
41,670
47,453
,36,399
1
i If' n
i
if
illti
1;
ru
!,
(,
ma
1022
SHIPS.
III. A Sutemcnt
the Year 1HJ2
t of the Shipping employed in the Foreign and Colonial Trade artlii> United Kiiig-'om, in
exhibiting the Number and Tonnage of Vesicia entered inwardi and cleared Uutw.ir(|,
(including their repeated VoyajeiOi with the Muintier of their Crews ; separating liritiith from Fureign
Shiiw, and diitinguishing the Trade with each Country. —{Pari Paper, No. )ib6. Seat. l&iS.)
iP I!
Countries.
RusKla
Sweden
Norway - . .
Denmark
FruMla
Germany -
Uniietl .Vetherlands
Kra»ce ...
PortUKal) viz. Pniper
IMadfira
Slpain and the Halearic Iblanda
Canary Inlands .
Gibraltar
Italy and the Italian island* •
Maiu
Ionian Islands
Turkey and ( 'ontinental Greece
Morea and (ireek islands
KfWP' (ports on the .Miditerr.)
Tripoli, Barbary, and Morocio
Coast of Africa troin Moiocco
to the Cape of Good Hope -
Capeof Good Itope -
Cape de Verd Islands
fit. Helena and .Ascension
Mauritius
East India Company's terri-
torlca and Ceylon ' -
China
Java • -
Philippine Islands
Other Islands ofthe Indian Seai.
New South Wales
New Zealand and South Sea Is.
British Northern colonics
British West Indlea
Hayti
Cuba and other foreign West
Indies - -
United States
Mexico . .
Guatemala - - ■
Colombia - • .
Braxil ...
States of the Rio de la Plata -
Chili
Peru
The whale fisheries
Islands of tiuemsey, Jersey,
Aldemey, and Man -
Foreiioi parts (the particular
places cannot be specified) -
Total
inwards.
S/ii'pi,
l,tl9
Si*
till
4111
H'H
.■57(1
I.W
la
.•571
•i'i
Vi
6
in
i.v.
I.T
3^
lU
V13
U9
CI
I (is
m
2
7
3S
1,87'i
it
3S
2S4
.34
I
SO
I'i'i
23
6
13
lOG
British.
Tam.
•m,i>i
8,33'i
3,-!lK
G2,07!)
13l),t.|3
ly.>,4T.T
ll'l,;!l.1
•n.tiM
<J,7.','>
2,O0S
3S,I.')7
2,5(IM
li,2.'i7
i'i.itO'i
6,6<ll
lK,S(i.>
1,98,5
7,-.01
I,0<i7
30,8U(1
6,148
17,287
72,sn.5
25,237
fiOO
1,942
12,231
125,136
13.372 2,185,980
Men
12,187
43^
221
3B7
2,1122
(i,5.-,.3
l'l,s;!l
10„')54
2,1211
615
129
2,250
1,311
1,38
2,3<2
43
.373
1,068
100
381
59
1,772
281
947
4,921
2,128
28
119
696
.104,211
23,3,33
229,117
I2,ii5(;
4,242
231
8,162
407
95,203
4,251
6,006
327
227
14
3,454
186
29,302
1,465
4,231
234
1,081
66
2,612
156
34,900
4,143
9,425
Furelgn.
117
1,'>0
519
■I3!»
428
.362
771
1,153
411
Tutu.
.32,132
25,7.'>5
82,1.'j5
35,772
89,187
31,1 187|
90,192'
<j3,50y;
4,571
4,505
3,481
JVni,
l,,5(iO
1,318
4,429
2,179
3,823
1,711
4,79S
7,0119
318
347
249
16
452
1
17
210
100
1,312
4,.'i90
167,3.19
78
800
235
2,619
73
192
7,161
8
126
tlutwards.
Ship*.
i,ua3
69
43
393
265
798'
1,571
i,40s:
317.1
201i
18ll
20,
161
358
341
23
120
.50
'I
1.3S'
51
2
^\
65
193
19
8
7
2
89
2
1,872
803
62
72
458
20
19
203
.30
20
4
116
1,995
11
British.
Tima.
20^610
9,1 ;«o
3,411
65,658
41,027
121,872
176, t7'
lll>,l>88
3.5,013
16,348
2, 108
21,291
2,248
21,931
61,649
5,873
.3,143
16,989
1,.324
10,569
380
33,716
10,167
458
283
16,246
85,260
21,618
1,855
2,1,58
908
30,494
.150
489,233
226,105
9,807
15,214
147,902
3,710
;l,380|
45,8 19
6,8571
4,007
778
.38,210
104,154
1,697
Men.
9,30;
525
269
.3,151
I,9<I0
6,18
9,722
10,.SOO
2,l.-.3
1,1.TI
158
1,214
129
1.311
2,875
.309
176
990
67
524
20
2,110
575
22
18
880
5,8,32
2,344
108
115
67
.1,979
38
23,570
12,804
697
840
C,9.59i
211
1981
2,395'
33.5
245
51
4,797
8,086
Forcl;(n.
UMp:
90
88
654
62(1
349
425
73.3
8-52
62
2
34
1
23
1
I
79|
12
Tm,. I J,,,
^i.97,| ,,,„
"),lll.>, ,u,
70,,!5i
37,217
8s,avi
iOi
10,53i
40 <
6,1 IS
81)
100
4„314
1,50
305
209
351
794
80/
117
117
,'',SSI
76,771
3,'6
2,1,111
326
337
19:
1,S6S
3,7.51
.3,U|.-,
2,11
5,011
5,11
(iUl
•ii
r,:,
w
u
r,'.l
■,7',li
10)
isl
so,
H\
Vears. -
l.SOl*' "
1805
1801
1813
1817
I
IS2I !
1825 1 1
IS29 1 1
18.50 l:
IS3I 1 1
i
Sh
1820
(
1821
i
1S22
1S23
t
1821
y.
1825
1,0
1826
1.1
IS27
i
1828
»
1829
7
18.50
4
1831
7
1832
7
22„591' 4,,546 6,39,979 ,35„399 13,2922,229,269 128,293 4.391 651,223 ,51,S3li
IV. Account of the Vessels employed in the Co.isting Trade of Great Britain and Ireland in ISSO, IS -1
and 1833.
Vears.
Coasting Tr.nde, exclusive of the Intercourse between
Great Britain and Ireland.
1830
1831
1832
Inwards.
! Shipt. I Tii/u.
1830 109,0! 9 8,187,7.33
1831 108,488 8,221,123
1832 I12,,5.35 18,475,778
119,458
118,849
123,081
9,210,140
9,279,.'i08
9,588,001
Outwards.
Men. Shtpt. I
4118,099 111,465
168,292' 111,318
484,038 115,132 1
Tima.
8,318,099
8,212,2.59
X,6nS,76l
Men.
472„541
I78,2'!8
4'19,'iOO
Coasting Trade between Great Britain and
Ireland.
Inwards.
Shipa.
10,359
10, .361
10,716
Ton*.
1,052,407
l,0"i8,185
1.112,226
Men.
74„337
74,221
75,076
Outwards.
512,4,56
512,513
559,114
124,609
121,506
129,826
9,561.637
9,188,1181
10,026,297
551, ,306 J
557,796 >
,580.187 J
Shipt.
13,144
13,1,58
14,691
Tona.
1,245,617
1,2411,712
1,417,5,53
Total coasting trade of the United Kingdom.
V. Account of the Nuinber of Ships, with the Ainount of their Tonnage, distinguishing betwfon
British and Foreign, which entered the undcr-inciitioiied Ports, from Foreign Parts, in each of tlie
Three Years ending with IHS'2. — {Papers puhtishcd by Boardof Trade, vol. ii. p. 5s2.)
Ports.
1830.
1831.
18.32. 1
British.
Foreign.
British.
Foreign.
British.
Foreign.
Shipa. Tons.
Sliipt.
Tma.
Sllina.
Tuna.
SMpa.
1,.5S7
Tiina.
Shipa.
Ton*.
Shipa.
Toiu.
I/ondon
3,910 741,229
1,268
207,500
4,110
7S(I,9S8
269,1.59
3,268
639.840
881
151,112
Liverpool
1,655 ;368,268
1,0,55
272,163
1,8112
113,928
978
265,037
1,719
397,9,53
828
227, nS7
Bristol
.357 66,479
.50
7,KI8
■l()4
76,807
97
12, .38 7
210
46.871
29
4,352
Hull
906 1166,263
556
51,015
989
189„3S8
725
73,547
819
118,701
460
I3,'.(fin
Newcastle
373 1 58,764
329
,35,31(1
4.32
68,975
323
.33,402
5(Vi
80,285
2(11
3I,«0t
Plymouth
275
29,205
32
6,125
.375
43,286
45
6,S24
286
.32,183
14
i.mn
I«lth
S27
37,268
163
16,118
283
43,216
170
n;i,56
228
36,279
106
9,111"
Glasgow .
Greenock
101
9,110
4
710
92
8,702
10
1,637
78
8,123
1
^\
SOI
50,596
16
4,247
248
63,826
82
5,219
265
66,171
17
3,90(1
Cork
113
21, .3.39
43
4,453
125
81,615
35
4,088
144
29,271
20
2.W5
Belfiut
153
27,970
18
4,276
120
22,519
28
5.425
145
26,947
13
2,537
Dublin
220 1 40,206
35
6,575
209
35,804
44 1 7,221 1
210
38,202
16
2,1(23
iSHilS.
KWS
:il't'
V I. An Account of tho Number and Tonnage of the Vessels entering into and Mlling from the Putts of
Ireland in 18()l, and the subsequent Years mentioned below, disitiiigiiishing between the Trade with
Great Britain and that with Foreign Parts. — {Pupers publuhcit by the Bonrti of Trntic, vol. I. i>. 174.)
Years.
Traile with Great Britain.
Trade with F
oreiRn Part*. 1 Total. 1
Inwanb. | UutwanLs.
Inuards.
Oatwanh. | Inw»rd>.
Oulwardi. |
.S/il)>j.
Tntm. 1 Shipt.
TUHI.
Sliiiil.
Tim*.
SUft.
Timi. Ship».
TOIM.
Shijii.
Ton:
ISOl*
6,S16
.'i81i,0.\T -
*
l.<9,t(.'S9
• •
711,^1'^
IhO.^
e.fi.i
.VJH.IW
6,306
566,790
1,085
\M,-,W
829
136,9'^7 7,960
754,46'^
7,135
703,717
IHU'I
7,1)11
r,m,.w7
7,U4I
600,H!IK
H53
ll.'>,356
696
103,Vl!i 7,864
695,943
7,7.37
701,110
ISI.1
!),0:)6
^^3,'iH^,
H,.')fi9
71»A'>1
8V6
1W,895
986
171,319 9,9.iV>
899,181
9,5.15
890,170
ISI7
1U,1 \'i
845,'^fiO
9,1»6
770/.47
748
H)S,75'.i
7V3
116,973 10,8'JO
954,01'^
9,909
887/)ii0
IS'il
9,\>'i\
814,!)97
»f4,754
9,140
819,648
800
ll(i,.'>.-8
6V1
98,718 ltl,7ii4
961,'>.T5
10,0f>l
918,3<6
IS'J.i
nAi'i
»,9^'i
741.1H'i
1,116
is'/.eeo
7(i7
1.36,991 r^,6.'.> 11,167,414
9,689
878.173
ISV'J
1-,S78 l,Mv:,l>tl
006 LW
1,09.1
1TS,!I36
7.!3 j l.->3,-()3 11,97 1,470,977
9/i45 1,0.39,461 1
IS.TO
1,1,.WJ l,'i4 1,501
8,4AS
880,9«,»
968
lli(i,48'^
li'JO >.V),M8 14,3C 1,107,983
9,145 l,016,,il3
1.S31
n,.n4 \;i(iu,'i'i\
9,0!i9 1 d«l,lM
91.^ ' l,')8,lfil
IVi LW,417 14,41) l,41i0,38il 9,801 1,073,545 j
r \
VII. Account of the Number of Vessels and of their Tonnage, built and registered in, and of those
belonging to, the different Ports of the British Empire, fVom 18'20 to 1832, both inclusive ; specifying
the Number of their Crews, and distinguishing between those of the Britiiih Islands and Possessions in
Europe and those of the Colonies.
Yean.
VesaeU built and registered.
VeneU and their Crews belonging to the British Emjiire. |
(Jniled KinK-
doni and
Tosseiysiong
in Europe.
United Klnndom
Colonies.
TtHal.
and Possessions
in Kurope.
ColonleB.
Total.
Crews.
'"i^:
Tom,
SMfn.
Tom.
Shift.
TOIH.
Shiitt. Tom.
Sliipf. Tom.
Shipt.
2A„i7l
TlllM. 1
18'iO
6H,14S
218
16,440
883
84,582
21,969 2,4.39,029
,V»!'' 2l)9,5(i4
2,618,593 174,514
18'il
.VJI
59,I8<
27ft
15,.36.'-.
872
71,847
21,652 2,.355,853
3,384 201,3.50
25,036
2,560,203 169,179
IS'22
671
51,533
209
15,611
780
64,144
21,2.38 2,315,103
.3,101
203,611
21,642
2,519,014 166,3.33
ISfO
601
63,788
243
22,240
847
86,028
21,042 2,302,867
3,5(10
203,893
24 ,,54 2
2,.50(i,7(iO 165,474
1824
837
93,'^19
312
50,522
1,179
1 13,741
21,280 I2AI8,314
3,196
211,273
24,776
2,559/.87 168,637
18'25
1,(103
124,0-^9
536
80,895
1,.539
204,924
20,701 ,2,328,807
3,579
214,875
21,280
2,5,53,682 166,183
18'^6
1,131
119,(186
5S8
86 ,,'..54
1,719
205,610
20,968 2,411,461
3,(i57
221,183
24,625
2,(i35,614 167,636
18'^7
911
95,038
529
68,908
1,440
163,946
19,524 2,181,1.38
3,675
279,.-.62
23,199
2,460,500 151,415
l>i'^H
8.'>7
90,()6J
461
50,844
1,321
140,913
19,646 2,193„3(K)
4,449
324,891
24,095
2,518,191 155,576
IH'iS
7.34
77,6.3,5
416
39,237
1,150
116,872
19,110 2,199,959
4,.313
317,041
23,453
2,517,000 l,54,HOS
18.30
7.'in
77,411
,367 32,719
1,117
110,1.30
19,174 2,201,592
4,517
330,22y
2,3,721 '2,,531,8i9 154,812
1831
760
85,707
,376 131,290
1,1.36
119,997
19,1,50 2,224,,3,56
4,792
,357,608
21,242 ,2,581,964 158,422
183Z
759
91<,915 'i'il i5,470
980 118,.385
19,664 2,261,860
4,771 3,56,208
24,4,35 2,6(8,068 161,734
;^, B. The falling off in the number of ships in 1827 is apparent only. The numbers returned in
the previous years were tliose that apj^ieared on the registers. But a ship, when once placed on them,
remained till evidence was produced ol her having been sold to foreigners, lost, or otherwise destroyed;
to that a good many ships were at all times on the register, which, in fact, did not exist The Registry Act
passed in 1826 obliged all owners of ships to register them of new ; when, of course, the names of those
that had ceased to exist di8ai)peared from the books. We have already noticed the enormous extent to
which this sort of blunder was permitted to grow up in the United States. — CSee ante, p. 845.)
VIII. An Account of the Number of Ships or Vessels belonging to the different Ports of the British
Empire in 18J2, slated in succession, agreeably to the Amount of Tonnage belonging to each ; and
specifying also the Number of the Crews. — (Obtained from the Ciistom-house, for this work.)
Ports. 1
Ships.
Tons. Men.
Ports.
Ships.
Tana.
Men.
Ports.
Ships.
Tons.
Men.
2,669
565,174 32,786
Pen/ance
83
4,260
425
Band- -
126
5,341
637
11077
220,784
10,267
Padstow - •
80
4,187
288
Kirkwall
79
3,918
319
Liveriiool
Sunderland
853
166,028
9„329
Kye -
76
4,175
808
Lerwick >
lUl
3,880
775
727
129,082
5,718
Biackney and
Thurso
40
2,831
201
Whitehaven -
475
69,013
3,672
Clay -
59
4,008
2.58
Stomoway
63
2,782
2(i9
Hull
657
68,892
4,348
Ilfracombe
61
4,002
220
Campbeltown -
63
2,664
246
Bristol
296
46,567
2,460
Wells -
67
3,889
27(1
Stranraer
38
1,407
116
Yarmouth
Whitby ■ •
Scarborougn -
Plymouth
576
43,.509
3,232
liiidKewater -
Carlisle -
Newport -
.Shoreham - -
61
3,51 1
209
258
1(>8
41,317
27,734
2,089
1,413
42
43
3,291
3,281
3,257
190
219
Total Scotland
3,266
310„366
22,611
336
27,521
l,fi(i8
60
209
Belfast -
2.551
2.5,151
1,526
377
2(i,389
1,737
Llanelly -
66
3,198
20.)
Dublin -
299
22,972
8,172
401
22,856
1,523
Cardifl -
44
2,931
179
Cork -
275
18,019
1,465
Poole -
K.O
l(i,775
1,022
Wisheach
47
2,923
1(1
W'ateiford
106
11,455
688
Lynn
122
16,101
741
Chichester
66
2,852
183
Newry and
192
16,1()9
912
.Aruiiilcl -
.34
2,843
163
SiranKford •
148
7,283
629
Cardigan -
286
14, ,582
1.0(i9
-Aldborourih
49
2,713
199
Londonderry -
42
6,2(i2
.3(10
225
12,209
1,025
Woudbrmue -
S^outhnolJ
36
2,608
252
Wexford -
109
6,178
533
272
11,706
728
37
2,473
199
Drngbcda
33
2,715
114
Ipswich -
147
10,371
547
Truro -
30
2,222
131
Limerick •
■17
2,607
177
183
10,067
616
Bamslaple
37
1,980
121
Baltimore
85
2,489
2(il
Ittiletord •
117
9,668
548
L le -
24
1,851
109
SliRo
1(1
1,134
76
120
•J,.371
512
XiiWy
30
l,(i57
137
0:il«av -
16
94(1
66
Boston -
174
9,1.38
540
Bridport -
15
1,552
,""
Dund.,lk - -
9
5.3-1
34
86
8,998
477
tiriiiisby ■
39
l,4.s9
116
Coliraiuc
11
292
32
134
8,9,32
671
Newhaven
20
1,448
65
\\ cstpurt •
6
97
16
119
131
• 8,545
8,2.V3
8,061
7,852
7,688
7,,555
7,418
M iiiehead
Deal
Ooole •
Swansea -
Southampton -
545
23
9
601
too
121
39
Total Irelniid
1,156
i08,128
8,228
107
2.33
218
168
516
9,32
662
703
British islands,
Jersey
GuerTtsey
Ala-i - -
SI. Ive. -
Colchester
Total England
14,421
1,807,487
103,849
216
8U
20,2.50
9,1.58
6,472
1,895
ti47
1,302
Faversliam
Aberdeen
.355
41,671
3,026
226
We> mouth
Abetystwlih -
Malilon ■
a5
6,839
423
tilas^ow -
241
41,5.33
3,2.53
126
140
6,643
6,439
4,35
412
Dundee Ac Perth
Cireenock - •
.349
.367
.37,990
37,791
2,619
2,553
Total British!
islands -j
621
35,880
3,84.
Falmouth
Fowey -
81
89
6,213
4,930
413
381
216
25,629
1,942
1,260
Grangemouth -
191
22,971
Total fnited
95
5,746
520
Montrose
18,5
17,456
1,147
Kingdom and
Chepslow
72
5„V>9
.3-17
Irvine & Ayr •
1,33
13,918
919
Brit, ii,lands
19,664
2,261,860
138,538
116
5,256
653
Kirkaldy -
181
13,591
1,224
British planta-
Ramssale
Berwick •
77
5,116
370
liutnftles-
189
11,804
7.57
tions ■
4,771
356,208
23,20«
59
4,926
,347
Borruwstoness •
124
8,985
520
Bridlinpan •
32
4,888
1 224
Inverness
146
7,298
6,51
Grand total •
24,43.5
2,618.068
161,73<
Chestn -
74
4,794 ' 268
Port (ilasgow •
50
6,905
371
.
• No account of vessels cleared outwards was kept for this year.
w
m^
it:
h
I' 1.
1
ii'li
IP
■ .1
iS'
t 1
jit
■ (
1
1
\
1
!*
1
:, I-
iili>lflftilM>M I
.^■■'1 ^
1()2V
SHIPS' PAPERS.
IX. Accoiuif spprifyitiR the Number and TonnaffC of tlie Shipa built and reRistprcd in oncli DivisWrn of
the liritisii hiiipirc iji !.-(.)'.'; with their Classification according to the Amount of their Tonnage. —
{Fiilicrs pulilishcd hy Board nf Trade, vol. ii. p. VX)
(ircat Uritain.
Ireland.
Islc-sof (iiiiTiisry
.^er^ey, A .Man.
Hrilish PlaiiLiliom.
Total.
A7iiiif,
isfi
Tom.
"{'t
Tont.
Shim,
Tfnt.
Ship:
Tom.
Shifi.
Tnm.
ITniler '.n fnm
'i/.ll
Ill
■I'M,
Fruni ."id 1(1 ion tons
WKl
l.^,Sli^
3
20S
■t
.111(1
10(1 - i;.o —
7 1
ii,o;ii
1!
'i\\
.1
.l.lli
l.'.ii - iim —
(is
ll,(i7'l
'i
.177
.
-
200 - TOO —
1.17
.n.'iin
3
r,iv;
r,
l^V't
■ 221
2.'>,1-0
9S0
iis„is-.
.TOO . I(«) —
.11
10,.TIO
.
•
.
.
•l(KI . .'lOO _
7
.1,01s
•
•
1
110
.MK) - (ion —
1
.'>01
.
.
-
AlMve UOO tuns
Total
1
(ll'i
- •
-
- -
-
7n<
ss,'.i71
•r>
l,!xi:)
•if, 2,7.V.
2'^1
2'>,470
nxo 1 iiH,.i>i.'n
Ship-buildinii. — The cost, including the outfit, of the ships built in 18i2, may, we believe, lie taken, at
a rough averajjr, at from 10/. to 12/. per ton, or 11/. at a nii'dium, making their total value 1 ,' ;0',',2.).V.
London, Sunderland, Newcastle, Liverpool, Hull, Varinoiith, ^c. are the principal building jmrts. The
bu.siness has increased with extraordinary rajiidity at Sunderland ; so much so, that while only h() ships,
of the burden of 7,;')<iO tons, were built in that port in 1.S20, no fewer than loit .ships, of the burden of
2+,.51!» tons, were built in it in 1K,;2. Ships built at Loudon, Liverpool, Rristol, and other western ports,
are, however, in higher estiinati(m than tliose built on the Tync and the Wear, at least for those branches
of trade where the best ships are required. Within the last few years, a great many steam boats have been
built on the Clyde. — (As to building in the Isle of Man, seene\t paragr.ipli.)
Stale iifthe Shippins Interest. — A great deal of evidence was taken by the Committee of the House of
Commons on Trade, Slanufactures, &c., in IKW, on the state of the shipping interest. The siatements
made by some of the witnesses ditt'er very materially from those of others ; but, on the whole, they go to
chow that it was then, and had lieen for .some years, very much ilepressi-d. It is ditlicult, however, .seeiii!;
the number of new ships that are every year built, not to suspect that the complaints of the ship owners
are very much exaggerated. No doubt their profits are a good deal lower than they were during the war ;
iiiit this, f it be really an evil, is one that is not peculiar to tliem, but e(|ually att'ects .igriculturists, manu-
facturers, and merchants ; and is not even confined to this country, but extends to others. We have
already shown the groundlessness of the claincmr raised ag.iiiist the reciprocity treaties {ante, p. 82'.'.' ;
which, far from being injurious, have been signally bencfnial to our commercial and shipping interests.
it is believeti that, owing to the peculiar facilities alllirded by means of docks and other devices for the
loading and unloading of shi))S, the eniployment of steam tugs to bring them (|uickly to their inooriiius
and to take them to sea, and the greater economy and despatch that now pervade every department of the
business, .! ships arc able to perform, and do, in fact, perform, as much work as was done by 4 at the end
of the warl There has, in this way, been a virtual addition of 4()il,0lK) or r)(M),('0() tons to our mercantile
navy. And this surely is enough, without looking at any thing else, to account for the decline in the rate
of freight since IHl;'!.
The fall in the value of ships has been a consequence of the .still greater fall in the value of the timher,
iron, hemp, &c. of which they are constructed ; and, however injurious to those who hap]>ened to have
bought or built ships during the high prices, it is in no ordinary degree advantageous to the public, and
to the ship owners that are now engaging in the trade. 'I'he heavy discriininatingduties on Haltic timber
are, in fact, the only real grievance under which our shipping interest labours. Were it not for tliein,
(hips might be built cheaper in England than in any other country. Such, however, is the vast import-
ance to a maritime nation like this of being able to build ships at the lowest possible rate, that we think
thev ought to be allowed to be built in bond, or, if that would be inconvenient, that a drawback should
be allowed of the duty on every article used in their construction. A measure of this sort would give to
the shipping of Kngland the same superiority, in point of cheiipness, that is now enjoyed by our cottons ;
and would do more than any thing else to con.solidate and strengthen the loundations of our maritime
ascendancy. It is entirely owing to the operation of the duties that so many ships are now built in the
polonies, i hey are very inferior to those built in England ; and were the latter built in bond, or were the
liuties on the articles used in their construction drawn back, they wcmid also be the cheapest of the two.
It may be worth mentioning, as illustrative of thesingular anomalies that have been allowed to insinuate
themselves into our cciinmercial system, that timber may be imported into the Isle of Man, or into any
other British possession, without regard to its origin, on payment of an nd valorem duty of 10 i)er cent. !
It is remarkable that advantage was not earlier taken of this anomaly, to build ships in the Isle of Man.
Latterly, however, several vessels have been built in it ; and it is clear that, unless it be placed on the same
footing as the other parts of the empire, it will become the grand seat of the ship building busiiess. We
hope, however, that the equalisation will be made, nut by extending our timber laws to the Isle of Man,
but by giving to Britain and Ireland the same advantages as it enjoys. 'I'here cannot be a doubt that tlie
equalisation of the timber duties would be one of the greatest impiov'ments which it is possible to make
it) our commercial svstem.
Mercantile Savi/ of France. — We have elsewhere given (see ant!:, pp. Gil, (U2.) very full details with
respect to the navigation and shipping of France; but the subjoined classified account of the shipiiing
belonging to that kingdom on the 1st of January, 18o0, 18J1, and I8J-2, may not be unacceptable to our
readers. '
Account of the Mercantile Marine of France on the Ist of January of each of the Three Years ending with
18.;2.
{Archives du Commerce, t
SHIPS' PAPERS, tlie papers or documents required for the manife.statioti of the
property of the ship and cargo, &c. They are of 2 sorts; viz. 1st, those rctpiired hy
the law of a partiitilnr country — as tlie certiHcate of registry, lieciiee, chartorparty, hills
of lading, hill of health, &c. — (sec tlie.se titles) — required l)y the law of England to he
SHOES.— SIIUMAC.
1 02 ->
on Iward Ilritisli sliips ; and, 2dly, tliosc miuiied hy the law of nations to be on board
neutral sliijjs, to viiuiicate their title to that eliaraeter. Mr. Serjeant Marshall, folloi^--
iiig 31. IIul)ner ( De la Suisie (fen Bdtimens Siitlns, tome i. pp. ii41 — ~5'2.), hus given
the following description of the latter class of documents ;
1. The Piisspnrt, Sea Diiif, or Sen Letter. — 'I'liis is a i)erniission from the neutral
state to the captain or master of the ship, to proceed on the voyage proposed, and usually
contains his name and residence ; the name, property, description, tonnage, and destin-
ation of the sliip; the nature and (juantity of the cargo, the place whence it comes, and
its destination ; with such other matters as the practice of the place rccpiircs. This
document is inispensably necessary for the safety of every neutral sliij". Ilubner says,
that it is the only paper rigorously insisted on hy the JJarbary corsairs; by the production
of which alone their friends are inotccted from insult.
y. The I'ruofs of Property. — These ought to show that the shij) really belongs to the
suhjects of a neutral state. If she appear to either belligerent to have been built in the
enemy's country, proof is generally ro<juired that she was purchased by the neutral
before, or captured and legally condenmed and sold to the neutral after, the declaration
of war; and in the latter case the hill of sn/e, projjcrly authenticated, ought to be pro-
duced. M. Ilubner admits that these proofs are so essential to every neutral vessel, for
the prevention of frauds, that such as sail without thenj have no reason to complain if
they be interrupted in their voyages, and their neutrality disputed.
.'}. The Muster Roll. — Fhis, which the l-'rench call role (Vequipuye, contains the names,
ages, quality, jdace of residence, and, above all, the place of birth, of every person of the
ship's company. This document is of great use in ascertaining a ship's neutrality. It
must naturally excite a strong suspicion, if the majority of the crew be found to consist
of foreigners; still more, if they be natives of the enemy's country. — (See Seamen.)
4. The Chartcrparty, — Where the ship is chartered, this instrument serves to authen-
ticate many of the facts on which the truth of her neutrality must rest, and should there-
fore be always found on board chartered ships.
."j. The Bills of Lading. — By these the captain acknowledges the receipt of the goods
specified therein, and promises to deliver them to the consignee or his order. Of these
there are usually several duplicates ; one of which is kept by the captain, one by the
shipper of the goods, and one transmitted to the consignee. This instrument, being only
the evidence of a private transaction between the owner of the goods and the captain,
does not carry with it the same degree of authenticity as the chartcrparty.
6. The Invoices. — These contain the particulars and prices of each parcel of goods,
with the amount of the freight, duties, and other charges thereon, which are usually
transmitted from the shippers to their factors or consignees. These invoices prove by
whom the goods were shijiped, and to whom consigned. They carry with them, how-
ever, but little authenticity ; being easily fabricated v here fraud is intended.
7. The Log Booh, or Ship's Journal. — This contains a minute account of the ship's
course, with a short history of every occurrence during the voyage. If this be faithfully
kept, it will throw great light on the question of neutrality ; if it be in any respect
fabricated, the fratid may in general be easily detected.
8. The Bill of Health. — This is a certificate, properly authenticated, that the ship
comes from a i)lace where no contagious distemper prevails ; and that none of t\\6 crew,
at the time of her departure, were infected with any such disorder. It is generally fc und
on board ships coming from the Levant, or from the coast of Uarbary, where the plague
so frequently prevails.
A ship using false or simulated papers is liable to confiscation. — ( Marshall on Insur-
ance, book i. e. 9. § 6. )
SHOES (Du. Schoenen ; Vr. Sovliers ; Ger. Schuhe ; It, Scarpe ; Hufi. Baschmahi ;
Sp. Ziipatos), articles of clothing that are universally worn, and require no description.
The shoe manufacture is of great value and importance. The finest sort of shoes is
made in London ; but the manufacture is carried on upon the largest scale in Northamp-
tonshire and Staffordshire. The London warehouses derive considerable supplies from
Nantwich, Congleton, and Sandbach, in Cheshire. During the late war, the contractor
for shoes generally furnished about 600,000 pairs annually. — ( P'or an estimate of the
value of the shoes annually manufactured in Britain, see Leather.)
SHUMAC OR SUMACH (Ger. Schmack, Sumach; Fr. Sumac, Roure, Roux ;
It. Sommaco ! Sp. Zumaque ; Rus. Sumak). Common shumac (7?/(«s CoriariVi) is a shrub
that grows naturally in Syria, Palestine, Spain, and Portugal. That which is cultivated
in Italy, and is improperly called young fustic, is the Rhus Cotinus. It is cultivated
with great care : its shoots are cut down every year quite to the root ; and, after being
dried, they are chipped or reduced to powder by a mill, and thus prepared for the pur-
poses of dyeing and tanning. The shumac cultivated in the neighbourhood of Montpellier
is called redout or roudou. Shumac may be considered of good quality when its odour
is strong, colour of a lively green, is well ground, and free from stalks. Italian shumao
3 U
%-mM
■i !■
1
'1
(
t'
i
(.
' 1
(,
hi
,,1
'
.
»;
i:
'.m
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ill
i
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i
1026
SIERRA LEONE.
If
is used in dyeing a full high yellow, approaching to the orange, upon wool or cloth ;
but the colour is fugitive. Common shumac is useful for drub and dove colours in
calico printing, and is also capable of dyeing black. — (^Bancroft on Colours, vol. ii.
p. 100.)
The entries of shumac for home consumption amounted, at an average of 1833 and 1833, to 138,241 cut.
a year. The imports are almost entirely from Italy.
Shumac, the produce of Europe, may not be imported for home consumption except in British ships, or
in ships nl' the country of which it is the produce, or from which it is imi)ortcd, under |>enalty of confij.
cation, and forfeiture of KM. by the master of the ship. — (3 & 4 fVi/l. 4. c. 54. ^ 2. and 22.)
SIERRA LEONE, an English settlement, near the mouth of the river of the
same name, on the south-west coast of Africa, in lat. 8° 30' N., Ion. 13" 5' VV.
Objects of the Colony. — Tliis colony was founded partly as a commercial establish,
ment, but more from motives of humanity. It was intended to consist principally of
free blacks, who, being instructed in the Christian religion, and in the arts of Europe
should become, as it were, a focus whence civilisation might be diffused among the
surrounding tribes. About 1,200 free negroes, who, having joined the royal standard
in the American war, were obliged, at the termination of that contest, to take refuge
in Nova Scotia* were conveyed thither in 1 792 : to the.se were afterwards added tlic
Maroons from Jamaica ; and, since the legal abolition of the slave trade, the negroes
taken in the captured vessels, and liberated by the mixed commission court.s, have been
carried to the colony. The total population of the colony in 1831 amounted to 31,627,
of which 18,073 were males, and 13,554 females. The whites make but a very small
fraction of the population.
Success of the Efforts to civilise the Blacks. — Great efforts have been made to introduce
order and industrious habits amongst these persons. We are sorry, however, to be
obliged to add, that these efforts, though prosecuted at an enormous expense of blood
and treasure, have been signally unsuccessful. There is, no doubt, much discrepancy
in the accounts as to the progress made by the blacks. It is, however, sufficiently clear,
that it has been very inconsiderable, and we do not think that any other result could be
rationally anticipated. Their laziness has been loudly complained of, but without
reason. Men are not industrious without a motive; and most of those motives that
stimulate all classes in colder climates to engage in laborious employments, are unknown
to the indolent inhabitants of this burning region, where clothing is of little importance,
where sufficient supplies of food may be obtained with comparatively little exertion, and
where more than half the necessaries and conveniences of Europeans would be positive
incumbrances. And had it been otherwise, what progress could a colony be expected
to make, into which there are annually imported thousands of liberated negroes, must
of whom are barbarians in the lowest stage of civilisation ?
Influence of the Colonif upon the illidt Slave Trade. — As a means of checking the
prevalence of the illicit slave trade, the establishment of a colony at Sierra Leone has
been worse than useless. That trade is principally carried on with the countries round
the bight of IMafra and the bight of Benin, many hundred miles distant from Sierra
Leone ; and the mortality in the captured ships during their voyage to the latter is often
very great. In fact, there is but one way of putting down this nefarious traffic ; and
that is, by the great powers declaring it to be piracy, and treating those engaged in it,
wherever and by whomsoever they maybe found, as sta rol.oers or pirates. Such a
declaration would be quite conformable to the spirit of the declaration put forth by the
Congress of Vienna in 1824. — (See Si,ave Tkade.) And were it subscribed by
England, France, the United States, Russia, &c., the Spaniards and Portuguese would
be compelled to relinquish the trade ; but unless something of this sort be done, we are
afraid there are but slender grounds for thinking that humanity will speedily be relieved
from the guilt and suffering inseparable from the trattic.
Climate of Sierra Leone. — The soil in the vicinity of Sierra Leone seems to be !)iit
of indifferent fertility, and the climate is about the most destructive that can be imagined.
The mortality among the Africans sent to it seems unusually great; and amongst the
whites it is quite exces.sive. Much as we desire the improvement of the blacks, we
protest against its being attempted by sending our countrymen to certain destruction
in this most pestiferous of all pestiferous places. It would seem, too, that it is quite
unnecessary, and that instructed blacks may be advantageously employed to fill the
official situations in the colony. But if otherwise, it ought to be unconditionally
abandoned.
Commerce of Sierra Leone, and the fVest Coast of Africa. — Commercially considered,
Sierra Leone appears to quite as little advantage as in other points of view. We im-
port from it teak wood, camwood, ivory, palm oil, hides, gums, and a few other articles ;
but their value is inconsiderable, amounting to not more than from 40,000/. to 60,000/.
a year. The great article of import from the coast of Africa is palm oil, and of this
more than fifty times as much is imported from the coast to the south of the Rio Volta,
several hundred miles from Sierra Leone, as from the latter. We doubt, indeed.
whetlii
ance.
can bd
speculd
regard!
the nel
we mi|
I'he er
existing
commel
forts ol
advantd
it shou|
nando
have all
niaturel
Imped
Articlet iitiv
CofTM -, ,
Dvcimtliard wooil
I 'U.1|W0tHl - I"'
Camwood - '"'
KlKitiv - '"'
KftlorCuintal,,,
) wootl • J
iillcvlwnls'tielli
Idriins, liuinta
Uiunncoiml
StncKiU - ,
|(iii,lialm -
iskiiis, call and kip
llirabr', viz.—
I Tt:lk »-iM«l
\V.ix,heos'
Oihrr amies
II. ExiK
Articlet eiix
I
Apparel and slops
lira** and copper
('iitions,t.'nterHll).v
Hosiery, lace, and
()la-5 and carthenv
(iims and pistols
(iiiniwwder -
Hardware and cutU
Iron, wrought "^^
andunwrouijlit J
Irf-ad and shot - ttr
Ix'atlier, wrought i
Linens
Salt •
Soap and candles
Stationery of all so
Sugar, retineil
Swords and cutlasi
\Voo<l, Vi7. —
Staves and ra-sks
Woollem, entered
piece
hylf
Hosif'fy p.nd smii
All other articles
Exc
worth
coast !{
!..
SIERRA LEONE.
1027
!' M
whetlicr the commerce with the western eo.nst of Africa will over t)C of much import-
ance. The condition of the natives would require to he very nnieh changed before they
can become considerable consumers of P^uropean manufactures. It is singular, that
speculative persons in this coimtry should he so much bent on prosecuting, without
regard to expense, a trade with barbarous uncivilised hordes, while they contribute to
the neglect or oppression of the incomparably more extensive and beneficial intercourse
we might carry on with the opulent and civilised nations in our immediate vicinity.
The equalisation of the duties on Canadian and Baltic timber, and the abolition of the
existing restraints on the trade with France, would do 10 times more to extend our
commerce, than the discovery of 50 navigable rivers, and the possession of as many
forts on the"African coast. If, however, an establishment be really required for the
advantageous prosecution of the trade to Western Africa, it is abundantly obvious that
it should be placed much further to the south than Sierra Leone. The island of Fer-
nando Po has been suggested for this purpose ; but after the dear-bought experience we
have already had, it is to be hoped that nothing will be done with respect to it without
ninture consideration.
Importa into the United Kingdom in 1829 rrom the Western Coast of Africa, distinguishing their
Quantities and Values.
Arliclei imiwrtol.
CofTee - ,- . - '^
Ihe , nd linrd woods, viz
'l)ai»oo<l - ti'ii',c>rt.tir.lh.
CainttiicHl - (mij, i-ri'^. y- Hi.
[ Klonv - loal, Ctrl. ir. III.
I K«l of <;iline« J I j„.,_ ._ ,j_
M'OOtl "J
ii;ici)lwnli'tielli - cut.ijr.lli.
Mirains, (iliinoil - . llis.
ilium, copal • - • Hi:
1 Stnft!»' • " <■"''• '•■■ "'•
! Hides, iintanncd - ciit.i/r. /Ii.
(lil, lialm - - int.i/r.lli.
suns, calf and kip - ciii.i/r.lb-
Timlic, viz.—
Teak wiKXl • loailt Ji-Jret.
Wax.bcc*' - - <''l'^ 71-. /ft.
Oihrr amies . ojjicial value
Quantities imix>rte<1.
Sierra Leone,
the River
Gambia, and
the Coast
Iwtween the
Uairhia
and the
niesurada.
1,327
103 4 1 3
318 2 21
9,007
12,67fi
2,.'.S7 1 fi
.^,(i!lfl 2 25
2,!l(i3 1 I.'i
8V7 1 21
1G,Q15 2fi
4,51U 1 19
Wind.
ward
Coast,
from tlie
liiver iMe-
surada to
Cajie
Apollonia.
Cape Coast
(labile and ICoastSoiUh-
th'iljold [ward of the
Official Value of Imports.
Coast, from
< npc
Apollonia
to the
Kio Vulta.
(i3G 3 6
.'),.T()2
Rio \'olta,
with the Is-
land of Fer-
nando I'o.
Sierra Leone,
the River
Gambiii, and
the ('oast
lietween the
(ianibia
and the
niesurada.
Wind- „ „ .
ward Oape Coast
Coast, K^J^'e »"''
from the '•'«''"'"
itiver [Coast, from
Mesurada .'"ape Apol-
toCape ;'°7''',',°,"'"'
Aiwlloiiia. Kio Volta.
Coast
Southward
of the Kio
Volta, with
the Island
of Fer-
nando i'o.
fi,766
246 ir, 2 13
l.'j IS lU
12 4 2 20
3 1 3 IS
1,238 2 22
423
400
3
,001 2 IS 109,530 3 7
C4 2
82 18
825 14
l,ni2 5
131 7
624
5,4!I8
11,101 12
2,nfi3 7
2,t;u(; 8
10,207 15
21,lS(i II
707 12
58,107 15
40O
2 10
403 15
3,820 Ifi
77 6
23 11
7,001 13
464 4
L. >.
422 17
9,871 4
127 5
201 17
123 15
7,432 3
17 12
ll,:i87 12
169,556 IC
300 7
614 3
Total.
505 16
9,871 4l
!P5'i lit
201 17
123 15
13,165
WH 15
5t,5 I
.'1,198 I
11,101 12
179,921 r,
V,B(I8 1'.
10,207 15
21,792 19
1,847 5
188,674 3
208,573 6
II. ExiMjrts of British Produce and Manufactures from the United Kingdom, in 1829, to the Western
Coast of Africa, distinguishing their Quantities and Value.?.
Articlot eiported.
I
Ap])arel and slops
llrafis and copper • cn*f . gr. Hi.
Ciitinns, entered b.v the yard, i/ifi.
Hosiery, lace, and small wares
(ilass and earthenware -
(luns and pistols - • No
liuniKJwder - - - Hit.
Haraware and cutIery,cnY . qr. It>.
'an^io'^igl;!]""".-^-/-*-
I.pad and shot • /onj, cnfi. qr. Ih,
Ix'ather, wrought Ac unwroUKht
Mneils • - - yardt
Salt • - . liusheU
Soap and candles • c n*^. qr. tb.
S(aiioner>* of all sorts
Sugar, refined - ctvl. qr. Hi.
Swords and cutlasses - No.
Wood, viz
Slaves and ca.sks - packt
Wuolleni, entered by Ihel ,„,,,
piece - .|P""»
by the yard, yards
Hosiery p.nd small wares
All other articlea
Sierra Leone,
the River,
(lainbia, and
the Coast
between the
Gambia
and the
Mesur.ida.
32S 2
558,187
21,151
.V)7,604
420
527 1« 1
8 3 2
Quantities exported.
^N'ind- I Cape Coast
ward Ca.stle and
Coast, I the (iold
from the Coast, from
River | Cape
Mesurada Apollonia
to ('ape I to the
Apollonia. Rio Volta.
Official Value of Exports.
CoastSouth-
ward of the
Rio Volta,
with the Is-
land of Fer-
nando Po.
Sierra Leone,
the River
Gambia, and
the Coast
between the
Gambia
and the
Mesurada.
10
119,484
2,960
25,0(10
2
•iO
77 2
551,908
36,502
.■W,4I0
500 3 21
199 I S
16,193
170
196
80O
4 7
14, .W5
230,400
43 2
151 8 2 6
35 3
242 7
681,361
200
3
3,818
20 2 26
14 3 22
400
1,285
228
80
37,955
1,. 51 9,350
1,194 2 20
1,157 12
4 6 80
1,853
141,700
270 IC
261 3 3
12,162
10,747
40
650
L. I.
7,172 14
1,637 9
41,.'j01 18
218 15
878 11
15,783 5
10,802 12
1,157 I
8,647 16
85 16
772 19
1,736 17
1,279 IB
1,795 Ifi
958 9
590 II
4,018 5
113 6
9.34 3
53 10
161 19
7,5G0 19
Wind.
wtird
Coast,
from the
River
Mesurada
to Cape
Apollonia.
Capo Coast
Castle and
the (iold
Coastffrom
Cajie
Apollonia
to the
Rio Volta.
L. t.\ L. :
10 670 2
45 Oj 3IX) 7
8,961 6 40,049 6
Coast
Southward
of the Kio
Volta, with
the Island
of Fernan-
do Po.
13 15
2,220
755 4
5 10
210
47 13
50
13 10
3
133 4
1.39 7
10,938 15
6,U(;0
11912
2,220 3
369 1
174 3
178
69 4
44 10
41 2
100
75613
435
5
6fi 6
2,095 2
t.
1A33
1,1 (i2
51,1)68
931
28,466
4fi,S03
3,285
11,684
45
79
4,723
810
" 478
3,040
7,164
180
48
1,.323
I, .'.88
Total.
L. :
9,186 11
3,205 fi
141,581 1
218 15
1,962 II
57,408 •
65„1i!l 2
4,567 11
22,762 14
3
548
947
1 ,994
6,003
2,675
1,002
1,110
10. 7,188 15
13i 8,084 13
Oi 1,552 13
isl 107 5
10 1,.554 15
7 11,377 13
107,882 13 ' 12,468 3 65,791 18 164,218 11 .350,361
Exclusive of the above, we exported, in 1829, to the western coast of Africa, 161,431/.
worth of foreign and colonial merchandise ; of this amount, 43,550/. worth went to the
coast south of the Ilin Volta. »
.1 u a
I? S",
';H
I
I ; I:
rii
1028
SILK.
if:
I I
., 1
Exj)ense$ incurred on account of Sierra Leone. — Tlie pecuniary expense occnsioncd
by this colony, and our unsuccessful elForts to suppress the foreif^n slave trade, have been
altogether enurinous, INIr. Keith Douglas is reported to have stated, in his place in tlie
House of Commons, in July, 18;}1, that "down to the year IHiil, tlie ciril expenses
of Sierra Leone amounted to 'J,'_'fi8,000/. ; and that the same exjjenses had amounted,
from 18'J4 to 18:50, to 1,082,000/. The naval expenses, from 1807 to 18'J4, had heen
1,630,000/. The payments to Spain and Portugal, to induce them to relinfjuish
the slave trade, amounted to 1, '230,000/. The expenses on account of captured
slaves were 533,09'i/. The expenses incurred on account of the mixed commission
courts were 198,000/. Altogether, this establishment had cost the country nearly
8,000,000/. ! "
The prodigality of this expenditure is unmatched, except by its uselessness. It is
doubtful whether it has prevented a single African from being dragged into slavery,
or conferred the smallest real advantage on Africa. The kings of Spain and Portugal
have certaiidy turned their spurious humanity to pretty good account. We hoi)e there
is now, at least, an end of all attempts to bribe such monarchs to respect the rights of
humanity, or the treaties into which they have entered.
For further details with resi)ect to Sierra Leone, and the trade of Western Africa, see
the Report of the Select Coinmiltee of the House of Commons, No. (JGl. Sess. 1830.
SILK (Lat. Sericum, fiom Seres, the sujjposed ancient name of the Chinese), a fine
glossy thread or filament spim by various species of caterpillars or larvae of the phuUena
genus. Of these, the Phalcena atlas produces the greatest quantity : but the Phulcena
homhyx is that commonly employed for this purpose in Europe. The silkworm, in
its eaterj)illar state, which may be considered as the first stage of its existence, after
acquiring its full growth (about 3 inches in length), proceeds to enclose itself in an
oval-shaped ball, or cocoon, which is formed by an exceedingly slender and long filament
of fine yellow silk, emitted from the stomach of the insect prejiaratory to its assuming
the shape of the chrysalis or moth. In this latter stage, after emancipating itself from
its silken prison, it seeks its mate, which has undergone a similar transformation ; and
in 2 or 3 days afterwards, the female having deposited her eggs (from 300 to 500 in
number), both insects terminate their existence. According to Reaumur, the phalana
is not the only insect that affords this materia], — several species of the aranea, or spider,
enclose their eggs in very fine silk.
Raw Silk is produced by the operation of winding off, at the same time, several of the
balls or cocoons (which are immersed in hot water, to soften the natural gum on the
filament) on a common reel, thereby forming one smooth even thread. When the skein
is dry, it is taken from the reel and made up into hanks ; but before it is fit for weav-
ing, and in order to enable it to undergo the process of dyeing, without furring
up or separating the fibres, it is converted into one of three forms ; viz. singles, tram, or
orgamine.
Singles (a collective noun) is formed of one of the reeled threads, being twisted, in
order to give it strength and firmness.
Tram is formed of 2 or more threads twisted together. In this state it is com-
monly used in weaving, as the shoot or weft.
Thrown Silk is formed of 2, 3, or more singles, according to the substance required,
being twisted together in a contrary direction to that in which the singles of which it
is composed are twisted. This process is termed organzining ; and the silk so twisted,
organzine. The art of throwing was originally confined to Italy, where it was kept a
secret for a long period. Stow says it was known in this country since the 5th of Queen
Elizabeth, "when it was gained from the strangers ; " and in that year (1562), the
Siilk throwsters of the metropolis were united into a fellowship. They were incorporated
in the year 1629; but the art continued to be very imperfect in England until 1719.—
(See post.)
1 . Historical Sketch of the Manufacture. — The art of rearing silkworms, of unravelling
the threads spun by them, and manufacturing the latter into articles of dress and orna-
ment, seems to have been first practised by the Chinese. Virgil is the earliest of the
Roman writers who has been supposed to allude to the production of silk in China, and
the terms he employs show how little was then known at Rome as to the real nature of
the article : —
Velleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia Seres. — {Georg. book ii. lin. 121.)
But it may be doubted whether Virgil do not, in this line, refer to cotton rather than
silk. Pliny, however, has distinctly described the formation of silk by the homhyx. — (Hist.
Nat. lib. xi. c. 1 7. ) It is uncertain when it first began to be introduced at Rome : but it
was most probably in the age of Pompey and Julius Caesar ; the latter of whom displayed a
profusion of silks in some of the miignificcnt theatrical spectacles with which he sought at
once to conciliate and amtise the people. Owing principally, no doubt, to the great dis-
1,1
k'
.SILK.
1029
tance of China from Ilumei and tu tlic difficulties in the way of tlic intercourse witli tliat
country, wliicli was carried on by land in caravans whose route lay throuj^h the Persian
empire, and partly, perhaps, to tiie high price of silk in China, its oust, when it arrived
at Rome, was very great ; so much so, that a given weight of silk was sometimes sold
for an equal weiglit of gold ! At first it was only used by a few ladies eminent for their
rank and opulence. In the beginning of the reign of Tiberius, a law was passed, we
rrstin serica viros fvedaret — that no man should disgrace himself by wearing a silken
garment. — (Tacit, Annal. lib. ii. c. .S!!. ) IJut the profligate Ileliogabalus despised
tliis law, and was the first of the Roman emperors who wore a dress composed wliolly
of silk (holosericum). The example once set, the custom of wearing silk soon became
general amonff the wealthy citizens of Home, and throughout the provinces. According
as the demand for the article increased, efforts were made to import larger (piantities ;
and the price seems to have progressively declined from the reign of Aiirelian. That
this must have been the case, is obvious from the statement of Ammianus 31arcellinus,
that silk was, in his time (anno fJTO), very generally worn, even by the lowest classes.
Si'i'icum ad unnm nntchac nobiliiim, nunc ctiam iiijimoruni sine ulla discrelione projiciens,
— (Lib. xviii. c. 6.)
Cliina continued to draw considerable sums from the Roman empire in return for
silk, now become indispensable to the Western World, till the fith century. About tlie
year 550, two Persian monks, who had long resided in China, and made themselves ac-
quainted with the mode of rearing the silkworm, encouraged by the gifts and promises
of Justiniiin, succeeded in carrying the eggs of the insect to Constantinople. Under
tlieir direction they were hatched and fed; they lived and laboured in a foreign climate;
a sufficient number of butterflies was saved to propagate the race, and mulberry trees
were planted to affi)rd nourishment to the rising generations. A new and imjiortant
branch of industry was thus established in Europe. Experience and reflection gmdually
corrected the errors of a new attempt ; and the Sogdoite ambassadors acknowledged, in
the succeeding reign, that the Romans wore not inferior to the natives of China in the
education of the insects, and the manufacture of silk. — ( Gibbon, Decline and Fall,
vol vii. p. 99.)
Greece, particularly the Peloponnesus, was early distinguished by the rearing of silk-
worms, and by the skill and success with which the inhabitants of Thebes, Corinth, and
Argos carried on the manufacture. Until the 12th century, Greece continued to be
the only European country in which these arts were practised : but the forces of Roger,
king of Sicily, having, in 1147, sacked Corinth, Athens, and Thebes, carried off large
numbers of the inhabitants to Palermo ; who introduced the culture of the worm, and
the manufacture of silk, into Sicily. From this island the arts spread into Italy ; and
Venice, Milan, Florence, Lucca, &c. were soon after distinguished for their success in
raising silkworms, and for the extent and beauty of their manufactures of silk. — ( Gibbon,
vol. X. p. 110. ; Biographic Universelle, art. Roger II.)
The silk manufacture was introduced into France in 1480; Louis XI. having invited
workmen from Italy, who established themselves at Tours. The mantifacture was not
begun at Lyons till about 1520; when Francis I., having got possession of Milan, pre-
vailed on some artisans of the latter city to establish themselves, under his protection, in
the former. Nearly at the same period the rearing of silkworms began to be success-
fully prosecuted in Provence, and other provinces of the south of France. Henry IV.
rewarded such of the early manufacturers as had supported and pursued the trade for
12 years, with patents of nobility.
Silk Manufacture of England. — The manufacture seems to have been introduced into
England in the 15th century. Silk had, however, been used by persons of distinction
two centuries previously. The manufacture does not ajjpear to have made much pro-
gress till the age of Elizabeth ; the tranquillity of whose long reign, and the influx of
Flemings occasioned by the disturbances in the Low Coimtries, gave a powerful stimulus
to the manufactures of England. The silk throwsters ot' the metropolis were united,
as already observed, in a fellowship, in 1562 ; and were 'ncorporated in lfi29. Though
retarded by the civil wars, the manufacture continued gradually to advance ; and so
flourishing had it become, that it is stated in a preamble to a statute passed in 1666
(13 & 14 Cha. 2. c. 15.), that there were at that time no fewer than 40,000 individuals
engaged in the tr.ide ! And it is of importance to observe, that though the importation
of French and other foreign silks was occasionally probiliited during the reigns of James
I. and Charles I., the Protectorate, and the reign of Charles II., the prohibition was
not strictly enforced ; and, generally speaking, their imjjortation was quite free.
A considerable stimulus, though not nearly so great as has been commonly supposed,
was given to the English silk manufacture by the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in
1685. Louis XIV. drove, by that disgraceful measure, several hundreds of thousands
of his most industrious subjects to seek an asylum in foreign countries; of whom it U>
supposed about 50,000 came to England. Such of these refugees as had been engaged
;i i; 3
if'
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f M
i
. ' 1
k
,.i
1030
SILK.
.ii^
in tlie lilk manufacture establitliud thcinselvus in Spiuilfields, wliure tliey introduced
■everat new branches of the art When tlic refugees fled to England) foreign silks were
freely admitted ; and it appears from the C^ustom-housc returns, that from 600,000/. to
700,000/. worth were annually imported in the period from 1685 to 1692, being the
very period during which the l!ritish silk manufacture made the most rapid advances,
liut the manufacture was not long permitted to continue on this footing. In 1692, the
refugees, who seem to have l>een quite as convei-sant with the arts of monopoly as with
those either of spinning or weaving, obtained a patent, giving them an exclusive right
to manufacture lustrings and li-Ut-modes, — the silks then in greatest demand. This,
however, was not enough to satisfy them; for, in 1697, Parliament passed an act, in
compliance with their solicitations, prohibiting the importation of all French and other
European silk goods; and, in 1701, the prohibition was extended to the silk goods of
India and China.
These facts show the utter fallacy of the opinion so generally entertained, that wc owe
the introduction and establishment of the silk manufacture to the prohibitive system.
8o far from this being the case, it is proved, by statements in numerous acts of parlia-
ment, and other authentic documents, that the silk manufacture had overcome all the
difficulties incident to its first establishment, had been firmly rooted, and had become of
great value and importance, long before it was subjected to the trammels of monopoly ;
that is, befi»re the manufacturers were taught to trust more to fiscal regulations, and the
exertions of Custom-house officers, than to their skill and ingenuity, for the sale of their
goods.
The year 1719 is an important epoch in the history of the British silk manufacture;
a patent being then granted to Mr. (afterwards Sir Thomas) Lombc and his brother, for
the exclusive property of the famous silk mill erected by them at Derby, for throwiii^i;
silk, from models they had clandestinely obtained in Italy. At the expiration of tliu
patent, Parliament refused the prayer of a petition of Sir Thomas Lombe for its renewal ;
but granted him 14,000/. in consideration of the services he had rendered the country, in
erecting a machine which, it was supposed, would very soon enable us to dispense wholly
with the supplies of thrown silk we had previously been in the habit of importing from
Italy: but instead of being of any advantage, it is most certainly true that the establisli-
ment of throwing mills in England has proved one of the most formidable obstacles
to the extension of the manufacture amongst us. These mills could not have been
constructed unless oppressive duties had been laid on thrown or organzinc silk ; and the
circumstance of their having been erected, and a large amount of capital vested in them,
was successfully urged, for more than a century, as a conclusive reason for continuing
the high duties !
From this period down to 1824, the history of the silk manufacture presents little more
than com])laints, on the part of tlie manufacturers, of the importation of foreign silks;
impotent efforts on the part of parliament to exclude them ; and combinations and outrages
on the part of the workmen. Of the multitude of acts that have been passed in reference
to this manufacture, from 1G97 to the era of Mr. Iluskisson, we believe it would be
exceedingly difficult to point out one that is bottomed on any thing like a sound prin-
ciple, or that was productive of any but mischievous consequences. The French writers
estimate the average exportation of silks from France to England, during the period from
1688 to 1741, at about 12,500,000 francs, or 500,000/. a year ! In 1763, attempts were
made to .check the prevalence of smuggling ; and the silk mercers of the metropolis, to
show their anxiety to forward the scheme, are said to have recalled their orders for foreigt\
goods ! It would seem, however, either that their patriotic ardour had very soon cooled,
or that they had been supplanted by others not quite so scrupulous ; for it appears from
a report of a committee of the privy council, appointed, in 1766, to inquire into the
subject, that smuggling was then carried on to a greater extent than ever, and that 7,072
looms were out of employment. The same committee reported, that though the French
were decidedly superior to us in some branches of the trade, we were quite equal, and
even superior to them in others ; but instead of proposing, consistently with their report,
to admit French silks on a reasonable duty, — a measure which would have proved very
advantageous to those branches of the manufacture in which we were superior, or nearly
equal, to the French, without doing any material injury to the others, which were already
in the most depressed condition, — they recommended the continuance of the old system;
substituting absolute prohibitions in the place of the prohibitory duties that formerly
existed ! Whatever immediate advantages the manufacturers might have reaped from
this measure, the ultimate tendency of which could not fail of being most injurious, were
effectually countervailed by the turbulent proceedings of the workmen, who succeeded,
in 1773, in obtaining nc^n the legislature an act which, by itself, was quite sufficient to
have destroyed even a prosperous trade. This, which has been commonly called the
Spitalfields Act, entitled the weavers of Middlesex to demand a fixed price for their
labour, which should be settled by the magistrates; and while both masters and incn
were rc!
turers w
nionopol
sufficien
in the s
Parliami
ever, to
SILK.
1031
were restricted from giving or receiving more or less than the fixed price, the mnniifiK--
tiircrs were liable in heavy penalties if they employed weavers out of the district ! 'J'lie
niono|)oly which the manufacturers had hitherto enjoyed, though incomplete, had had
sufficient influence to render inventions ond discoveri'-s of comparatively rare occurrence
in the silk trade ; but the Spitaliields Act extinguished every germ of improvement.
Parliament, in its wisdom, having seen fit to enact tha, > .nanuiiiclurer should be obliged
to pay as much for work done by the best machinery as if it were done by liand, it
would have been folly to have thought of attempting any thing new ! It Ls not, how-
ever, to be denied that Macclesfield, Manchester, Norwich, Paisley, &c. are under
obligations to this act. Had it extended to the whole kingdom, it would have totally
extirpated ttiP manufacture; but being confined to Middlesex, it gradually drove the
most valuable branches from Spitalfields to jilaces where the rate of wages was deter-
mined by the competition of the parties, on the principle of mutual interest and cum-
promised advantage. After having done incalculable mischief, the act was repealed in
1824. Had it continued down to the present day, it would not have left employment
in the metropolis for a single silk weaver.
But, as the effects of this act did not immediately manifest themselves, it was at first
exceedingly popular. About 1785, however, the substitution of cottons in tJie ])lace of
silk gave a severe checjt to the manufacture, and the weavers then began to <liscover the
real nature of the Spitalfields Act. Being interdicted from working at reduced wages,
they were totally thrown out of employment ; so that. In 1793, upwards of 4,(X)() Sjiital-
fields looms were quite idle. In 1798, the trade began to revive; and continued to
extend slowly till 1815 and 1816, when the Spititlfields weavers were again involved in
suflTerings far more extensive and severe than at any former period.
It appears from this brief sketch of the progress of the English silk trade, that from
the year 1695, down to our own times, it has been exposed to the most appalling
vicissitudes. The reason is obvious. The monopoly enjoyed by the manufacturers,
and the Spitalfields Act, efTectually put a stop to all improvement ; so that the ma-
nufacture continued stationary in England, while on the Continent it was rapidly ad-
vancing. Whenever, therefore, the markets were, either from tlie miscalculation of
the manufacturers, or a change of fashion, overloaded with silks, there were no meens of
disposing of the surplus profitably abroad, and the distress became extreme. No'.wifh-
standing the unparalleled advances we had m.-ide in other departments of manufiicturing
industry, it was afltirmed, in 1826, by the member for Coventry (Mr. EUice), iti his place
in the House of Commons, " that there were in that city 9,7CX) looms; 7,5! of which
were in the hands of operative wcJivers, who applied their manual labour, . ^ well as their
machinery, to the manufacture of ribands. These looms were, for th .■ n ost part, of the
worst possible construction ,• and it would scarcely be believed that the improved loom in
France would, in a given time, produce 5 times as much riband as the common loom
in England with the same manual labour ! He could also stale that there existed on
Improved manufacture in Germany, by which one man could make forty-eight times as
much velvet as could ht riiftde in an equal time by an Enylish machine. What chance was
there that the English manufacturer could maintain such a competition?"
Perhaps these statements may be somewhat exaggerated ; but there can be no doubt
that they are substantially well founded. Surely, however, no one believes that the
inferiority of the machinery used by the English manufacturers is to be ascribed to any
thing except that the protection they enjoyed had made them indifferent to improvements.
No one believes that the French or GeiTnans are superior to the English in the con-
struction of machines ; on the contrary, their inferiority is admitted by themselves, and
by every body else. That that spirit of invention, which has effected such astonishing
results in the cotton manufacture, should have been wholly unknown in that of silk, is
entirely to be ascribed to the fact of the former never having been the object of legislative
protection. The cotton manufacturers were not bribed into the adoption of a routine
system ; they could not rest satisfied with mediocrity ; but being compelled to put forth
^1 their powers — to avail themselves of every resource of science and of art- they have,
in a few years, raised the British cotton manufacture from a subordinate and trifling,
to the very first place amongst* the manufactures, not of this country only, but of the
world !
Change, in 1826, of the Monopoly System. — At length, however, the impolicy of the
system by which the silk manufacture had been so long depressed, became obvious to
every intelligent individual. The principal manufacturers in and about London sub-
scribed, in 1824, a petition to the House of Commons, in which they stated that " this
important manufacture, though recently considerably extended, is still depressed below
its natural level, by laws which prevent it from attaining that degree of prosperity which,
under more fiivourable circumstances, it would acquire." Fortified by this authority,
by the experience of 130 years, during which the prohibitive system bad been allowed
to paralyse the energies of the manufacturers, and by the sanction of parliainentary
3 LM
? n
: (
I
* IV
1032
SILK.
n
I ,
l\
cuiniiiittees, Mr. Huakissoii inuvud, on the 8th of March, 1H'J4, that tlie proliihitiun of
fureign silks sliould ci-asc* on thu 5th ut' July, 18'Jf), and that thi-y should then bu nd-
mittt'd for importation on paymuiit of a duty of :U) per cent, ad valorem. On this
occasion Mr. II. observed — " The monopoly had produced, what monopoly was always
■arc to produce, an inditi'erence with regard to improvement. That useful zeal which
gives life to industry, which fosters ingenuity, and which in manufactures occasicms
unceasing efforts to produce the article in the most economical form, had been compara-
tively extinguished. Tu the pro/iibitire ni/gtem it was to he atcrihed, that in silk only, in the.
whole ran(jK of munn/actHrcs, we were left behind our neii/hhoiirs ! We have here a proof
of that chilling and l)enumbing ell'ect which is sure to be produced when no genius is
called into action, and when we are rendered inditferent to exertion by the indolent
security derived from restrictive regulations. I have not the sligiitest doubt, that if
the same system had been continuerl with respect to the cotton manufacture, it would
have been at this moment as subordinate in amount to the woollen its it is junior in its
introduction into the coimtry." — (Speeches, vol. ii. p. 1?4!). )
We have already alluded to the enormous duties im])osed, in 1719, when Sir Thom.Qs
I.ombe erected hi.s throwing mill at Derby, on foreign organzine silk. These, though
bubsecjuently reduced, amounted, in 18'J4, to no less than I4s. 7^d. per lb. ! There was
also, at tile same time, a duty of -Is. jjcr lb. on raw silk imported from Hengal, and of
5s. 7^d. per lb. on that imported from other pliices. Kven had the manufacture been
otherwise in a flourishing condition, such exorbitant duties on the raw material were
enough to have destroyed it. Mr. Iluskisson, therefore, pro])oscd, by way of prejjaring
the manufacturers for the approaching change of system, that the duty on foreign thrown
silk should be immediately reduced to 7s. (id. (it was further reduced to 5s. in 18'Jfi),
and the duty on raw silk to 3d. per lb. These proposals were all agreed to ; and con-
siderable reductions were at the same time effected in the duties charged on most of the
dye stuffs used in the manufacture.
It is to be regretted that Mr. Huskisson did not propose that the reduction of the
duties on raw and thrown silk, and the legalised importation of foreign silks, should he
simultaneous and immediate. During the interval that was allowed our manufacturers
to make preparations for the change, the French had been accumulating a large stock of
goods to pour into our markets. To quiet the alarm occasioned by this circumstance, a
singular device was fallen upon. — The French had li^ng been accustomed to manufacture
their goods of a certain length : and, in the view of rendering their accumulated stock
unfit for our markets, a law was passed in 1826, prohibiting the importation of any silks
except such as were of entirely different lengths from those commonly manufactured by
the French ! No one can regret that this wretched trick, for it deserves no better name,
entirely failed of its object. The French manufacturers imiw diately commenced, with
redoubled zeal, the preparation of goods of the legitimate lenyih : and the others, having
become unsaleable at any thing like fair prices, were purchased up by the smugglers,
and imported, almost entirely, into this country.
But no permanent injury arose from this circumstance ; and, on the whole, the effect
of the opening of the trade has been such as to justify all the anticipations which the
advocates of the measure had formed of its success.
Effects of the Change o/ 1826. — We do not exaggerate, we onl^ state the plain matter
of fact, wlien we affirm that the silk manufacture has made a more rapid progress during
the last 8 years, or since the abolition of the prohibitive system in 1826, than it did
during the preceding century. So unprecedented has been its advance, that " the oiue
existing disparity in quality between goods of French and English make has, wiih some
very unimportant exceptions, not merely disappeared, but .ictually ranged itself on the
side of the British artisan." Some of our readers will, probably, be not a little sur-
prised to learn, that the real or declared value of the silk goods of British manufacture
exported to France, in 1832, amounted to 75,1871.
INIost of the machines and processes known on the Continent have been introduced
amongst us, and many of them have been materially improved. Nor, after what has
taken place, can the least doubt remain in the mind of any one, that had the same free-
dom been given to the silk manufacture 50 years ago, that was given to it in 1826", it
would now have ranked among the most important and valuable businesses in tlie king-
dom, and would have had nothing whatever to fear Ci-om the admission of foreign silks,
free of duty. It is the opinion of the most intelligent persons in the trade, tiiat the
existing duty of 30 per cent, on foreign silks ought to be reduced to 20 per cent. ;
and that it should be further reduced 1 per cent. i)er annum till it be brought to 12
or 15 per cent., at which it might be allowed to continue stationary, not as a protect-
ing duty, but as a duty imposed for the sake of revenue. A measure of this sort, by
increasing fair competition, would continue the impulse already given to the manu-
facture, and excite to new efforts of invention. Under such a system, we are well assured
that, in a very few years, perhaps not more than 5 or 6, our superiority over IVai.ce in
jome ""
that of c
«» I m
silk trad
ciple an(
very esse
fcrence
by fostei
in whiel
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restore
self-sowi
strength
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nursed
its shoot
industry
inquirinj
own way
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industry
position,
and imp
of the w<
transitiu
kS.
SILK.
lOaiJ
some important departments uf tlie silk niunufacturc would bu little less decided than in
that of cotton.
" 1 maintain," said Mr. Poulett Thomson, in his excellent speech on the state of the
silk trade (Hth of April, IH'J'J), — a speech e(|ually distinguished for soundness of prin>
cipic and beauty of illustration, — "I maintain, without fear of contradiction, that the
very essence of commercial and manufacturing industry is freedom from legislative inter-
ference and legislative protection. Attempt to assist its course by legislative enactments,
by fostering care, you arrest its progress, you tiestroy its vigour. L'nbind the shackles
in which your unwise tenderness has tonfmed it — permit it to take unrestrained its own
course — expose it to the wholesome breezes of compelition, — you give it new life, you
restore its former vigour. Industry has been well likened to the hardy Alpine i)lant ;
self-sown ou'^ho mountain side, exposed to the inclemency of the senson, it gathers
strength in its struggles for existence — it shoots forth in vigour and in beauty. Trans-
planted to the rich soil of the parterre, tended by the fostering hand of the gardener,
nursed in the artificial atmosphere of the forcing-glass, it grows sickly and enervated,
its shoots are vigourless, its flowers inodorous. In one single word lies the soul of
industry — competition. The answer of the statesman and the economist to his sovereign
inquiring what he could do to assist the industry of his kingdom was, » Let it take its
own way.' Such is my prayer. Relieve us from the chains in which your indiscreet
tenderness has shackled us ; remove your oppressive protection ; give us the fair field
we ask ; and we demand no more. The talent, the genius, the enterjjrise, the capital, the
industry of this great people will do the rest ; and England will not only retain her present
position, but she will take a yet more forward place in the race of competition for wealth
and improvement which, by the nature of things, she is destined to run amongst the nations
of the world. Place us in that condition, not by any violent change, but by slow and easy
transition. Here we shall find security for our enterprise, and reward for our labours.
" ' Hie patct ingeniis campus ; rcrlusqiie iticrcnfi
Stat lavor; oriiatur propriis imlustriadoiiis.' "
It was not, however, to be suppose;!, that all departments of the silk manufacture
would be equally benefited by the change of system that has taken place. — \oh omuia
possiimns. The probability is, that the trade will in future be divii'ed lietween the
English and French. In point of substantial excellence, the plain sil.'c goods manu-
factured in England arc superior to those of France ; and the difllren>^e in favour of
the latter in point of Jiiiish is every day becoming less perceptible ; while in all mixed
manufactures, of silk and wool, silk and cotton, silk and linen, Ike, our j sccndancy is
admitted by the French themselves. On the other hand, the ribands, figured gauzes,
and light fancy goods, manufactured in France, arc superior to those of '.his country.
Even in this department we have made a very great progress; and fancy ^oods are now
produced at Spitalfields, Coventry, and other places, contrasting most r.dvantageously,
in point of taste and beauty, with those produced previously to the introduction of the
new system. Still, however, we are not sanguine in our expectations of our country-
men being able to maintain a successful competition with our neighbours in the manu-
facture of this class of articles. The greater attention paid to the art of designing in
Lyons, the consequent better taste of the artists, and the superior l)riglitness and lustre
of their colours, give them advant.iges with which it will be very didicult to contend.
But, supposing that the trade is partitioned between the two countries in the way now
stated, it is easy to see that the best share will belong to us, and that that share will be
incomparably more valuable than the whole manufacture formerly was. The proofs of
the accuracy of this statement are at hand. Notwithstanding the decline of the trade at
Coventry and a few other places, the manufacture, taken as a whole, is rapidly increasing.
During 1822 and 1823, when the restrictive system was in its vigour, the entries for
consumption of all sorts of raw and thrown silk amounted at an average to 2,454,842 lbs.
a year. But, in despite of all the sinister predictions indulged in with respect to the
ruin of the manufacture, the entries amounted, at an average of 18.32 and 1833, to
4,565,850 lbs. ; being an increase of nearly 100 per cent, upon the quantity entered
during the monopoly !
The increase in the exports of wrought silks affords, if possible, a still more decisive
proof of the extraordinary improvement and extension of the manufacture. Instead of
having any thing to fear from the competition of the French at home, we are actually
underselling them in the heavier and more important species of goods, in every foreign
market equally accessible to both parties. The exports of silks from France have been
declining, while those from England have been increasing beyond all j)recedent. The
declared value of our exports of silk goods, in 1823, amounted to 351,409/., whereas in
1833 it amounted to 740,294/., being an ndvance of more than cent, per cent. ! Not only,
therefore, are the statements as to the ruin of the silk manufacture jiroved to be wholly
without even the shadow of a foundation, but the expectations of those who contended
r
i I
H.r'
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K
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1031-
SILK.
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i\
tliiit tlic repent of tlic restrictive Ryxtem would Ih; the commencement of a new era uf
iiivetition and iiiiproveini'iit, Intve lieeii realised tu the fullest extent.
Wlint has now lieeii stated renders it obvious, that thougli the manutiieturers of fancy
K<H>dH may be obliged to change their employment, a new, and at the same time a more
extensive and fruitful, Held is opened for their exertions. Wc lament the hardships in.
eident to the transition even from one department of the same business to another, but
the sntl'ering tlienee arising will speedily disappear ; and when the change has Ikch
etfected, the manufacturers will enter with fresh vigour on a new career of prosperity.
It is to be regretted, tliat it is not possible either to abandon a routine system, or to
intriMluce new and improved methods of |>roductioii, without injury to individuals. Ihit
iK-cause such is the fact — I i.'cause the bridge cannot be built without displacing water-
men, nor the plougli intrixluced without superseding the s])ade, nor wine brought from
abroad without diminishing the demand for ale and beer — is that any reason for pro-
scribing inventions and denying ourselves gratiflcations within our reach ? To main-
tain the affirmative, would l)e evidently absurd, — it would be equivalent to maintaining
that the interests of society are l)est promoted by |)erpetuating poverty, ignorance, and
barbarism ! The injury occasioned by the adoption of an im])roved metliod of produc-
tion, or the opening of new markets whence cheaper supplies of any orticle may be ob-
tained, is temporary only, and affects but a very small portion of the community ; while
the advantage is permanent, and l>eneiits every individual, even those whom it may, in
the first instance, have forced to resort to otiicr businesses.
Those unacquainted with the history of the silk trade, who may have looked into the
pam])hlets and speeches of those opposed to the late alterations, will prol)ably be dispose'
to think that, though more limited in point of numbers, the condition of the workmen
vngaged in the trade was better previously to 1825 than it has been since. But those
wlio have looked, however cursorily, into the history of tlie trade, must know that such
is not the fact ; and that, speaking generally, tlie situation of those engaged in it bus
been materially improved since IHW. We have already adverted to tlie state of the
trade in 179;} and 1816. At the last mentioned period, 7 years before any relaxation of
the monopoly had been so much as thought of, the distress in the silk trade was infinitely
more severe than it has ever been since the introduct on of the new system. In proof
of this, we may mention that, at a public meeting held for the relief of the Spitalfields
weavers, at the Mansion-house, on the 2Cth o( November, 1816", the secretary stated,
that two thirds of them were without employment, and without the means of sujjport ;
" that some had deserted their houses in despair, unable to endure the sight of their
starving families ; and many pined under languishing diseases brought on by the want
of food and clothing." And Mr. Fowell liuxton, M.P., stated, at the same meeting,
tliat the distress among the silk manufacturers was so intense, that " it partook of the
nature of a pestilence, which spreads its contagion around, and devastates an entire dis-
trict." Such was the state of the workmen under that monopoly system that has been
the worthless theme of so much recent eulogy. But such, we are glad to say, is not
their state at present. The trade, being now mostly diverted into those branches in
which we have a superiority, is comparatively secure against revulsions ; and it would
be an absurdity to imagine, that measures that have about doubled the manufacture,
should have reduced the rate of wages, or been otherwise than advantageous to the
workmen.
We have already noticed the smuggling of foreign silks carried on in the early part
and towards the middle of last century. The evil was not afterwards abated. The
vigilance of the Custom-house officer was no match for the ingenuity of the smuggler ;
and at the very moment when the most strenuous efforts were made to exclude them, tlie
silks of France and Hindostan were openly displayed in the drawing-rooms of St. James's,
and in the House of Commons, in mockeiy of the impotent legislation which sought to
exclude them. We doubt, indeed, whether the substitution of the ad valorem duty of
30 per cent., in place of the old system of prohibition, has been productive of any mate-
rially increased importation of foreign silks. " I have lately," said Mr. Huskisson, in
his famous speech in vindication of his policy as to the silk trade, " taken some pains to
ascertain the quantity of smuggled silks that has been seized inland throughout the king-
dom during the last 10 years; and I find that the whole does not exceed 5,000/. a year.
I have endeavoured, on the other hand, to get an account of the quantity of silk goods
actually smuggled into this country. Any estimate of this quantity must be very vague ;
but I have been given to understand that the value of such goods as are regularly entered
at the Custom-houses of France, for exportation to this country, is from 100,000/. to
150,000/. a year ; and this, of course, is exclusive of the far greater supply which is
poured in throughout all the channels of smuggling, without being subjected to any
entry. In fact, to such an extent is this illicit trade carried, that there is scarcely a
haberdasher's shop in the smallest village of the United Kingdom, in which ])rohibitcd
silks are not sold ; and that in the face of day, and to a very considerable extent.
SILK.
103.5
" Till- lioiioiirablo inciiil)cr fur Cuvviitry (Mr. Kllici') liaa mcntioni.-il the* »ilk ((wkU
from India as those ii^uiiiNt wliicli any tliinf^ l)ut proliiliition would prove nn uniuuiling
protci'tion. Now, in my opinion, it in Miircily possihlj tu conccivu it strongi-r ciiso tliiiii
tliosi- vi-ry silks riiniisli iif^niiist tliv lioiioiirablo mi>ml;i'r'N own arguini-nt. 1 bi-lii'vu it
is universally known that a large <]uantity of liandann liandkercliiei's are sold every year,
for exportation, by the East India Company. liut iIik'n any f(entlemnn suppose that
these liandanas are sent tu the Continent for the purjmse of remaining there? No such
thing ! They are sold at tiie Cc)m|>any's sales, to the number of about 8(X),(XX) or
l,(XK),00Oa year, at about 4a. each ; they are immediately shijiped utt' for Hamburgh,
Antwerp, Rotterdam, Ostend, or Guernsey, and from tiience they nearly all illicitly Knd
their way back to to this country.
" Mark, then, the eflect of this beautiful system. — These liandanas, which had pre-
viously beerTsold for exportation at 4»., are finally distributed in retail to the people of
England at about Ks. each ; and the result of this proliibition is to levy upon the con-
sumer a tax, and to give those who live by evading your law a l>ounty of -in., upon each
handkerchief sold in this country !" — ( Sjwtrhes, vol. ii. p. ,'jlO.)
Indeed, one of the principal objections to the present duty of .'lO per cent, on foreign
silks is, that it is high enough to enable u considerable snuiggling trade to be still carried
on ; the facility for smuggling being increased by means of the legalised importation. A
duty of lii or 15 per cent, would not, however, be so high as to balance the risks run in
smuggling ; and would, therefore, really afibrd the mumifacturer a more efiicient pro-
tection than he derive;; from the existing duty, at the same time that it would place all
classes of dealers on the same footing ; wlieresis the odvantage is at present on the aide of
those who enijuyv in fraudulent schimis,
Hi'giiliilions as to Ihc liiiporlatitm of .S'i'M-.«. — Silk manufiicliircs arc not to l)c importwl in any vosaci
under 70 toii8 burden, cxi-i'pt by licence from the couiniisslontrs of the customs to vessels bclonxinK to
Dover, to import such manufactures direct from Calais, Ihoufth such vessels may not exceed tiO toni
burden. Silk goods, the manufacture of Kurope, not to be ini|K)rted except into the port of I.oiuinn or
the port of Dublin direct IVoin Bordeaux, or the port of Dover direct from talaij. — 1,3 U ■* tyut. 4. c. 5a.
t .08.: anti; p. (m.) .
When the shoot or the warp only in of silk, the article is to be considered as composed of no/ morr than
one half part of silk, and subject to the o<t vldiTin duty of .J(i per cent, j but if the shoot or the warp t)e
entirely of silk, and a |x)rtion of the other be of silk .\\n), the article is to be considered to be composed of
mode than one half part of silk, and subject to the rated duties at per lb., or to the ait viilomn duties, at
the option of the officers. ~{Min. Com. Vvs. 14tli of August, 18i.ii.) liut in all cases where the duties
charged by weight upon mixed articles would manifestly exceed 'M per cent., by reason of the weight uf
the wool, or other ingredient thereof besides silk, the article is to be admitted to entry at value. — {Min,
Com. Cus. 19th of December, lHol.)
Fur the regulations as tu the smuggling of silks, sec S.Mi;iiULiNo.
i' »
H.
I. Accouiit, illustrative of the Progress of the Silk Manufacture, showing the Quantities of Raw, Waste,
and Thrown Silk imported at dillercnt Periods. — v/i'iyjur/ uf ISJ'2 on Silk Trade, p. 10., and 7'uW.
Paper, No. 9. Sess. 1834.)
Average Importi.
Kayr.
Waste.
Throyvn. Total.
17^5, Uni, 1717) Ijeing the commenceinent of the abaolute prohibition •
17S5, 17Sti,l-»7 ... . . .
IhOltolHlV ... . . . .
ISl.'!, ISKi, 1817, Iwlng .'lO years after prohibition, ami the first ^ .years of pe.ice -
IS'^1, Mi'l, 1SV.1, LciiiB th(' years iinuiuliately previous to the obolilioii uf the
proliibition . - . . - . . .
18.11, IS.IV, IS.n.bping the 'ast 3 years ....
IJit.
.Viv.iirio
,'>'>.| 000
7(;(VKP0
1,II<J,'.,000
1 ,97n,nnn
.1,l.l7,i71
U>t.
S7ioOO
74,0(10
nH8,.WJ
U,i. IJ,>.
.i(;.i,(NX) 7l.'',(ioo
,1.17.lMK) S'Jl.ofK)
.l.'iO.ISHI l,ll(l,CS)f(
«<J3,(HJ0 l.ll.VHJO
'.I.W.nOO K,,TI1I.(KKI
.1»,'),'^70 ■»,170,U1I)
; ( '
('
II. Account of the Quantities of Raw, Waste, .ind Thrown Silk entered for Consumption in each Year
from 1814, with the total Amount of Duty received on the same in each Year from IH-.'u. — (From the
Pari Papers, No. (578. i>. 10. Sess. IS.'iS, No. 9. Sess. 18j4 ; and Papers published liy the Board uf Trade.)
* uv
Yi'ars.
Raw.
ISlt
Ui.
1,.';04,23.5
181.')
l,nf.9,.^96
ISlfi
87.1,414
1817
1,343,051
1818
1,444,881
1819
1,440,097
1820
1,621, ,'.90
1821
l,8fi4,42,'i
1822
l,993,,')0a
182,'5
2,0-.l,89,5
1824
.1,414,520
182.5
2,848,506
lS2fi
1,814,188
1S27
.1/.59,138
1828
.1,912,650
1829
2,419,962
18.W
1 3,771,969
18,11
.1,020,045
18.12
! 3,382,619
183,1
3,834,244
Waste.
Lh$.
29,234
27,021
4,162
49,055
86,940
71, .131
96,092
105,135
65,176
52,362
: ..),257
195,910
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
485,013
758,746
660,696
666,965
Throyin,
1 Total I Duty
i of all Sort's, received.
Un.
586,.'.05
.177,822
208,014
294,553
.191,166
331,125
,109,953
.160,218
382,878
363,864
463,271
,5.M),642
289,325
454,015
.18.^,262
172,239
436,5,15
514,240
329,932
268,244
l.hi.
2,119,974
1,475,3.19
1,085,,')80
1,686,6,')9
1 ,922,987
1,8.J8,5.'.3
2,027,6.15
2,.12fl,8n8
2,441,.V.3
2,468,121
4,011,0.18
3,604,058
2,2,')3,513
4,213,153
4,.547,812
2,892,201
4,69,1,517
4,2!13,031
4,373,247
■4,7,18,453
L.
614,478
732,542
772,451
768,6.'>0
.106,984
246,430
84,487
128,,'i09
111,907
45,248
89,544
49,378
66,.'i51
59,682
Ratea of Dutj.
Rail i\f Duty, Ram. — From India 4». per lb., from other
places .5i. 6rf. per lb., to the 2,5th of March, 1824 ;
Sd. per lb. from all places, to the 5th of .Tnl», 1826 ;
Id, per lb. from all places, from the 5th of July, IS26.
Rate nf Duty, Watte. — From India 3«. 9d. per in., from
other places 4*. pir lb., to the 2.5th of March, 1824 ;
.Irf. per lb. from all places, to the 5th of .Tuly, 1826;
Irf. per lb. to the .5th of .lulv, 1829 ; 1«. per cwt. from
all places, after the .5lh of July, 1S29.
Rate of DutUtThrnnn. — On all kinds, dveil, 21. 5«. 6</.,
and unilyed, 14>. 8i). per ll>., to the 25th of March,
1824 ; dye<l and undyed, 7«. (id. per lb., to the 5th of
November, 1825; then .5*. per lb.* on undyed, to the
5th of July, 1826 ; thereafter, 6*. 8(/. on organiiiie and
crape, and 4«. on tram and singles dyed, and 3«. on
tram and singles not dywl, to the 5th of July. 1849 ;
and then .5#. 2rf. on orpanzine and cra^M!, and 3*. on
tram and single's dvcd ; 3<. fvt. on organzme and crapes,
2«. on tram, and It. Oti. on singles not dyed.
J
1;' 1
1036
SILK.
Hi
I
III. All Arcouiit of all Silks and Ribands fscparatcly) imjiorte*! fVom .'uly, I82(i, to the prwent 'IMme.-
! Select ComiHiltee (if Silk Trade, p. IJ. For liates of Duty, ace Tahikf.)
(Report ftuin .
Silk Manufacture* imported into the llnilet) Kin
;'loni for Hotne (
'oiisutnplion
: s'ifi.
J'l.i.ii the
1827.
1S28. i 1829.
1830.
1831.
18.12.
Sii.Kfl or El'Kufb.
.Othof-luly.
1
IJ,t. Iir.. 1.1,3. 1)1.
l.ln. o:. I.l>i. .13.
IA,t. or..
IJii. or.
Lilt.
1 SUk or satin
1 in ribantls
iO.'i'.'S 11 ,ls..-ill) (ij
7,i)Si 1 VO.N.'iS 111
'•l-:;,^;] ,'^^ .;i,.il2 31
51,117 61
82,216 a
70,1 18
(iauze - - - -
in ribaniU
.Vil7 l.V M,,ilO ll4
^> ,0V 20,052 n
30,211 3
.1.1,188 7 J
10,8.18
Crape - . . -
.'j,4U(i 1.1 1 lii,.1sl 1
6,01H H 1 15,101 l.'ij
M 10 'M•^ -i
21,951 13 22,78fi lij
28,SS0 4
lil.fiCiT
15,09^
W-lvct
in rlliand4 -
18,170 7
2,101 lll<)
13,713
11,847 fi
12,210
11,987
RibanilH eniltos^ul or fi^furwl
with Vc'V9t
Not cIMen'il uniiev tliisdenniniiiation
until the.'ilhof.lulv, Wi'J.
317 2
629 3
315 14
(157
1 K.inrv sillt net or Irirot • -
Ii7 1 1 1 '.<V.1 .•■.
11 4 I 3 12
42 11
95 12
107
Silk niixL-d uitli uiL-tal
in ribantU
Total ontfrctl by weif{lit -
Plain r.ilk larc or nul, lallwl
•I.TI .S ! .'>S,1 ll)V
51 1 ViO 11
Vsi i'' } "■* >'^i
412 7
4IM 8
127 1
H,.Ttll 14 1 115,'^7S .'li
ll.'l,;,.1il 9 : 121,9.13 134
r.'..,370 81
118,5 It; lO.j
11 l,'l.>li
tulle - square \iU.
•tO,(17(i\
122,238 J
171,0tV.i
10;),7291
1II,.1S1J
51,1 ir
38,727
MillintTV, viz. turbaiib or caps
No.
1
111
3^fi
295
3.83
.1C8
201
.KPfi
hats or lionncts —
UU
■I2S
411
528
535
112
.Vlll
<lre■.^u.s - -
11
213
275
3.-,0
298
2(K)
207
L. s. </.
/,. 1. ,1.
L. >. ,t.
/,. ». ./.
/.. t. il.
/.. S. il.
i.
at value (loclarcil value
•
;>Q 12
13 10
30 \t
15! 1
27 lU
.12
Manuftrtiir'S ol\silk,or ot'^ilk
atut ;uiv other rti.iterials, not
liaitit'ularly enuiif r.itctl
!iI,4SD 5
51,123 9 10
77,189 8
S5,25S 19 5
11,923 15 10
35,C3G
4,1,173
StIKS OF I\iitA.
li.iiid tna^, rnniais, and hilk
\\'i ulkeri-hiei's • pieces
208,Ofir,
.M.ISI
r.n,fi2s
n7,if;5
77,953
101,021
82,.1!)2
Siki .V t-r.-qie-, in I'ieces —
32,751
1S,1.J0
15,577
10,lUt
2,978
3,779
2,8011
I r.rpe s\\.vw >, scarfs, i;own
liiecs, & li.indken hiif., .No.
77,77<.
21,200
4,789
1,959
17,f.20
lfi,157
12,218 1
X.itf. — The (li.stinrtion in the rates of duty between silks and ribands having ceased to exist in 1S2I',
on Hit' |i.%ssiiigi)tthe act U)''ei).4. c. TJ both articles have .since been entered at the Cu.stom-house uiulur
the xfiii'ral ilenoininations of £ilk or satin, gauze and velvet, and arc necessarily stated in the same
manner in the above return.
IV.
li
i' I s
If
il
Account nf the Official and of the Declared or Real Values of British Manufactured Silks exported
from the United Kingdom since ItJ^O, with the liouaty or Drawbacx. paid thereon.
Years.
Tot.al Itrilish Silks
pximrtetl
Offlcial Value.
Cnods all Silk.
Ueclared \'alue.
Silk niiwd with
other Materials.
OlHcial Value.
Total Itritish Silks
exjHirtcd.
Declared Value.
Hounty or
Drawback paid.
L. 1. d.
/,.
/..
/,.
/..
1820
203,(;0(!
108,109
371.77.''.
23,noi
1821
1.1(1,841 19 1
221,287
l.'iO,18li
371,173
32,503
1822
111,174 17 6
215,898
10,-,,8O5
,181,703
33,1.-.3
1823
140, 1.W 19 5
■ 20.1.7(i9
147,010
,151,109
32,41fi
1821
159,(170 17 6
183,(;35
2.'>8,901
4li:,'.nfl
3l,2.i2
1825
l.'iO,88(! 19 9
93,98(i
202,750
290,7.10
5(i0
lS2(i
100,931 10 I
71,217
fl5,554
10t:,8lll
57
1827
173,51)3 4 6
99,055
137,289
230,314
62
1828
179,0.'.3 19 11
97,1 IS
158,524
2.'i5,87l)
1829
221,998 1 ."5
1 11,015
121,290
207,931
4,811
18.KI
427,849 5 7
3.')5,79(»
l(i5,22(»
5<rl,0I0
3(i,li90
1831
471,119
3.SS,82(i
190,048
578,018
40,059
18,12
475,105
.
.
S29,990
1833
-
•
-
740,294
The United States is our best customer for silk goods. Of the total quantity exported in IS.Sl, tliov
took nearly i, or to the amount of 2o7,!'8.V. of reai value. During the same year, the exports to tlic
Briti«.'i North American colonies were yo.OlS/. ; to the British West Indies, Ti,MHl. ; to France, 4J,+iii;/. ;
to Spain, 2+,H5V., 8.C.
Sources of the Supply -if S:!k. — The following Tabic shows the sources wlipiico we directly derive our
supplies of raw and of foreign thrown silk, and the quantities brought from each in ItJJi and J8.>Z
Imports
of Silk.
Countries.
1831.
18.12.
Countiies.
1831.
18.12.
Haw silk from India -
C.iiie of Good lloiw
China
Turkey
Italy ....
France
Other countries
Total of raw ilk
AVaste and knutis froin India •
Turkey
I,725,li.'i0
20,930
8„174
451,121
115,70(i
8 "1,119
80,.175
1,811,707
8,191
28,IO'>
4.'iS,'^78
210,702
719,117
110,318
\Va,ste and kntths from Italy -
Kranre
Other countries
Total of waste and knulis
Thrown silk from Italy
Friince ...
(hher countries
Total of thrown silk .
41O,7.'i0
.12'!. ,125
10.713
r.hf.
3I7,I.'-.I
257,1110
.50,727
750,728
(i.'itl.nit)
098
012,.'iilO
1.1,991
2,510
115,:iSl
29,.1.10
3,23i,8t>5
3,.191,721
• ^_ ■■
112
701
6SS,281
177,100
It is necp.ssary, however, to observe that this account does not exhibit the countries which re.illy furnish
lis with silk, and thocniaotitii's we import from them. It merelv exhibits the sourcer, whence we iiiDii,-
<l I a fell/ fieri IV our .iiipp/it:i,v/\t\umt (raring I hem to their source. Hence it makes the imports of silk
(rom China and Italy apiioar very much Ic.ss than they really are, ami those frtmi India and France miiili
larger. With resp.^ct loChiiiii, it would appe:ir froin this account that only H,.'J74 lbs. were imported frmn
it in 18,'il ; whereas it aiMiears (rom anotliir parliiunentary paper, th.nt the imports of Chinese silk in lliat
year re.tlly amonnlcil Id 4i>tV;i)'.' Il)s. j and even this last is, we believe, under.rated— (scenn/i, p. 'i-i*).). 'I'hi!
reason is, that by far tht' laigest ptnlion of the Chinese silk imported into Kiigland is carried, in the first
instance, to Singaporp, or to some port in India, and is thence imported under the name of Indian silk.
Dtiriiig the year IH.SI ,-3'.', there were ex|Kirte(l from Canton, in British ships, H.lJl picul.sor l,ia!,H(IOII)s.,
if .^ilk, costing at tlie pint of shipment ^Canton; L',ii,"jI,ii8S dollars ; ami of this, by far the largest poilion
:\
^r-
SILVI'U.— SlNAPOIiE.
1037
came to England. — (Soe nnii, p. 937.) 'I'lip silk exported from Cnnfon ronsisia of two Irnding vnrietlfR,
known in roiiimerce liy tliu names of Canton and NHnkirt;. The lirsf, wliieli is raised piinripally in the
prnvinrc «( fanfiin, is divided into .'> sorts. At an average, the pieul oi (at tin silit liroiinlit at Canton, in
1831--^*, l.>h dollars. 'I'lir Nanking silk, produred in the proviiuc of Kiangnan, is divided into i; norts,
known "1 enmnieree by the names of 'Isatlee and 'J'aysaani It is verv snperior to the other, and iisnally
fet(, - , lore than <ioidi'.' its priee. It eo>t at Canton', in 1S,;1-;;'J, .JtiS dollars a picnl. We have no duulit,
no» ' .at the trade to ( hiiia is thrown open, that the exports of Chintse silk will be materially incrcasetl ;
and that it will lieeome an artiele of great eonimereial import.ince.
Kast India native silk comes whciriy tVom Henga;. About the year 17(10, the East India Company intro.
Juced the Italian mode of reiling sil)\ ulv.'h was produetive of a very great improvement in the quality of
the article ; hut we are nut aware that any sulisei.uent improvement has been efl'eeteil. According to the
Parliiimetitary I'aprr, No. 4l.'."i. Scss. Is.iJ, the imports of raw silk from all places to the eastward of the
Cape of (iooil Hope, (xccpt China, were, in !>•,■>(), l,7..'ti,'-n lbs.; in IKJl, l,72."i,(;."<(Mbs. ; and in IH.i'.',
l,S!4,Hl!i lbs. Hut, notwithstanding this exception, we believe that a very enitsiderable i|\taiitity of the
silk so imported was the produce of China; being brought to ns partly from Singapore, and partly from
the Indian ports. Some of it was also the produce of Persia, shipped, in tlie first lOftaiice, from li'ushire
for liomlay. 'i'he silk goods brought from India are not only inferior, in jioint of quality, to those of
Kuiope, but al.-,o to those of China. The quantity imported of late years is spceilied in the Table,
No. 111. —
A good deal of the silk brought from Turkey is supplied by Tersiii. Some considerable part of the,
rersian silk that iised to be exjiortcd fnmi Hu.>hire and other ports on the Persian Gulf, is now exported
by way ofTrebisond ; which promises to become an important emporium for Persian and'l'urkish silk
(See Tni'.Biso.M).)
liy far the greatest part of the raw and thrown silk that roines to us from France, is not the growth of
that country, but of Italy; being ])rincipally conveyed by the canal of I.anguedoe and the (iaronne to
Jlnrdeaux, whence it is shipped for England. So much is this the case, that it appears from the official
accounts miblished by the trench government, that while the aggregate value of the Krench and Ibreign
raw and thrown silk exported from France in 1S31 amounted to 4,">,10'J,0;")+ fr., the value of the portion
which was of French origin was only 2.0!)'-',77(i fr. ! — {.Adminhlration ilcs Dovanrs, for lti,;l, p. I'M.)
The reader will find, under the article Ve.mce, an account of the exports of silk from the Venetian
province" in Ifo;), 18;;o, and I8;JI. Since tht article Naples was printed, we have obtained the following
authentic statement of the exports of silk from that city during the G years ending with Xh'o'i, and of the
stocks on hand : —
K
yports.
Stucka on
tlieSlstof DccimlHT. j
Years.
Raw.
Spun.
StwinR.
Total.
Waste.
llJlW.
Spun.
lotal.
/.;«.•
tM.
Ui.
1.1,1.
I,/.j.
IMn.
1J,>.
Ua.
ISiiS
1S!),0!IJ
■Ili.fiOt
9.'),l!)fi
.•?.W,S)7
,18,718
107,100
.i,i;oo
1111,700
\wi'.\
17ti,l,1,T
,1I,S.W
flfi.lilll
.■50l,(lHi
(i,77li
1.17,.'iliO
7,2110
1I4.70O
ls.10
!il7,3I^
.W.'^Sli
l.Ti,(il7
?,X'.\,'t\''
lii.lOfi
118,200
I.SIIO
120,1100
l.S.Tl
1.1S,77i
i!'i,.'i.S'.
•.i.-0,1.'.0
y.n,.'<\'i
27,188
17.1,8011
(;(H)
174,I(NI
IS.T^
"KMI.V)
.TA7Sfi
l'i7,S7l
A1\,'IV<
1!I,21.T
l.-.n.loo
.1,000
1.1.1,100
11*33
T.Hal
3\:i;i'i0
b'ifim
105,5:3
471,172
2(i,tlU4
88,6110
2,400
!Kl,U(0
l„11.'i,l»3
'i%\m
788,04.';
li,.V)9,nl3
i3i),(;.M
SILVER (Gcr, Silher ; Du. Ziher ; Da. SWlv ; Sw. Silfvir ; Fr. Argent; It. Ar-
ffento; Sp. Plutu ; Port. Praia; Riis. Serehro ; Pol. Srek'); I.at. Aryvntum ; Gr.
Sp7i»poy; Arab. Fiuzch), a metal of a firo wliite colour, without either taste or smell;
being in point of brilliancy inferior to i one of the metallic bodies, if we except polished
steel. It is softer than copper, but harder than gold. When melted, its specific gravity is
10'474 ; when hammered, 10"51. In n alleability, it is inferior to none of the metals, if we
except gold. It may be beaten out into leaves oiily-j^iJj^g of an inch thick. Its ductility
is equally remarkable: it may be drawn out into wire much finer than a human hair;
so fine, indeed, that a single grain of silver may be extended about 400 feel in length.
Its tenacity is such, that a wire of silver 0-078 inch in diameter is capable of supporting
a weight of 187'13 lbs. avoirdupois without breaking. Silver is easily alloyed with
copper by fusion. The compound is harder and more sonorous than silver, and retains
its white colour even when tlie proportion of copper exceeds ^. The hardness is at a
maximutn when the copjier amounts to otie Jifth of the silver. The standard or sterling
silver of Britain, of which coin is made, is a comiiound of \9\ parts silver and
1 copper. Its specific gravity is 10'2. The specific gravity of Paris standard silver,
compo.sed of i;J7 parts silver and 7 copper, is 10*175. The French silver coin
during the old government was not nearly so fine, being composed of iifil parts silver
and 27 copper, or 9§ parts silver to 1 part copper. The Austrian silver coin con-
tains 2'g''g of copper. Tiie silver coin of the ancients was nearly pure, and appears not
to hare been mixed with alloy. — ( Thomson^s Vhemhtry.^
The most productive silver mines are in America, particularly ;n Mexico and Peru.
There are ilso silver mines in Hungary, Saxony, and otlier parts of Europe, and in
Asiatic Russia. — (See i uf.cious INIktals.)
Iles-ides being used as coin, or money, silver is extensively employed in the arts. The
value of the silver jilate annually manufactured is very considerable. Large quantities
are also used in [ilating. — ( See Pi.atk. ) For an account of the quantity of silver
coined at the British mint, since 1 7 SO, see nnti; p. 320.
SINGAPORE, an island and recent British aettlemcnt at the eastern extremity of
the Straits of Malacca. The town U in iat. 1° 17' 22" N., Ion. 10.3° 51' 45" E.
The island is of an elliptical form, about 27 miles in its greatest length, and 15 in its
greatest breadth, containing an estimated area of 270 square miles. The whole British
settlement, however, embraces a circumference of about 100 miles; in which is included
* Two lbs. avoirdupois arc cqiiul (o about 2} libri Na|H>Iitani.
f:|
ii n
> t
m \
ki-
It
!,r
M
m' :
i\
1
i'
*l'i
1038
SINGAPORE
\i' ;
about 50 desert islets, and the seas and straits within 10 miles of the crast of the prin-
cipal island. Singapore is separated from the main land hy a strait of uie same nanu-,
of small breadth throughout, and scarcely, indeed, ^ of a mile wide in its narrowest
part. In the early period of European navigation, this channel was the thoroughfaru
between India and China. Fronting the island, on its southern side, and at the distance
of about 9 miles, is an extensive chain of islands, all desert, or at least inhabited only by
a few wild races, of which nothing is known but their mere existence. The intervening
channel is now the gland route of the commerce between the eastern and western por-
tions of maritime Asia ; the safest and most convenient track being so near to Singapore,
that ships in passing and repassing approach close to the roads. The town is on the
south side of the island, and is situated on a river, or rather salt creek, navigable by
lighters for about ^ of a mile from the sea. Ships lie in the roads, or open harbour,
at the distance of from 1 mile to 2 miles from town, according to their draught of water.
The assistance of a number of convenient lighters, which are always in readiness,
enables ships to load or unload, with scarcely any interruption, throughout the year.
Tlie river or creek is accessible to the lighters, and the goods are taken in and discharged
at convenient quays, at the doors of the principal warehouses. — ( See Chart of the
Island of Singapore in the Mercator's Chart in this work. )
The climate of Singapore is hot, but healthy. Fahrenheit's thermometer ranges from
71° to 89". In a place only aliout 80 miles from the equator there is, of course, very
little variety in the seasons. There is neither summer nor winter ; and even the jic-
riodical rains are short, and not very well marked — moderate showers of rain falling
for about 150 days each year. The settlement of Singapore was formed in February,
1819, and its sovereignty and property, in their present extent, confirmed to the British
government in 1825, by a convention with the king of the Netherlands, and a treaty
with the Malay princes of Johore, to whom it belonged. When taken possession of
by the English, it had been inhabited for about 8 years by a colony of Malays, half
fishermen and half pirates. When the first census of the population was taken, in
January, 1824, it was found to amount to 10,68.3. In 1828, it had increased to 15,834;
in both cases, exclusive of troops, camp followers, Indian convicts, and a floating popu-
lation of about 3,000. The following statement of the censuses taken on the 1st of
January, 1832, and the 1st of January, 1833, shows the different classes of inhabitants,
and their proportions to each other : —
Europeans
Jndo-Kritcins
Native Christians
Armenians -
.Tews
Arabs
Malays
Ciiinese
Natives of thecoast
of ('oromandel -
1S32.
1833. 1
IMales.
Females.
Males.
Females.
8S
22
91
28
f.7
27
,'.fi
4U
274
14fi
167
133
20
(i
27
8
5
.
2
61
3
96
3,7tH
3,lfi7
3,763
3,368
7,11'J
613
7,650
867
1,S74
40
1,762
57
Nat. of Hinilostan
Javanese
lSut;is,UaUnese,&c.
OaHVes
Parsees
Total -
Females
Total inhabitants
IS
Males.
7it.
Females.
1833. j
Males.
Females. '
408
391
735
7
2
121
253
692
1
389
361
794
23
116 1
2,-i4
932
14
11,324
5,391
5,391
15,181
5,797
5,797
19,715
. .
20,978
•
The principal merchants and agents are Englishmen, of whom also there are a few shopkeepers,
auctioneers, &c. There are also some respectable Chinese merchants ; and the bulk of the shopkeepers
with the most valuable part of the labouring population, consist of Chinese. About 5,000 adult males
arrive annually from China by the junks ; about 1,000 of whom remain at Singapore, the rest dispersing
themselves among the neighbouring Dutch, English, and Malay settlements. The boatmen are chieHy
natives of the Coromandel coast ; and the Malays employ themselves as fishermen, in cutting timber, and
in supplying the settlement with the rude produce of the neighbourhood. There are 2 good daily markets,
open at all hours, and well supplied with vegct; bles, fruits, grain, fish, pork, and green turtle; the latter
the cheapest animal food that can be procured. At Singapore there are no export or import duties levied,
nor anchorage, harbour, light-house dues, or any fees ; but a register is kept of all exports and imports.
Reports must be made to the master attendant by the masters of vessels, and invoices delivered to the
nuperintendent of imports and exports.
Currency, Weights, Language, &c. — The currency and weights are simple and convenient. Merchants'
accounts are kept in Spanish dollars, divided into 100 parts, represented cither by Dutch doits, or by
English copper coins of the same value. The weights in use (and almost every thing is sold by weight,
as in China) are the Chinese picul of 100 catties, or 133^ lbs. avoirdupois. Rice (the produce of Siam and
the Archipelago) and salt are sold by the coyan of 40 piculs. Gold dust is sold by a Malay weight called
the bungkal, which weighs '2 Spanish dollars, or 8,')2 grains Troy. Bengal rice, wheat, and pulses of the
«ame country, are sold by the bag, containing 2 Bengal maunds, or 104^ lbs. avoirdupois. Piece gomis, &c. arr
sold by the corge or score. English weights and measures are frequently used in reference to European com-
modities. The mode of transacting business among the European merchants is simple and efficient Instead
of trusting their affairs to native agents, as in other parts of India, they transact them in person, with the
occasional assistance of a Chinese Creole as an interpreter and broker. The European merchants transact
business on their own account ; but a great deal of their cmployi.ient consists in acting as agents for houses
in London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Canton, and Batavia.
They are also agents for various insurance ofhces at Calcutta and elsewhere, and policies of insurance to any
extent may be effected without difficulty. The language of commercial intercourse, where any of the
natives of the East are concerned, is universally Malay, — a simple and easy dialect, of which all the resi-
dent merchants have a sufficient acquaintance for the transacting of ordinary business. A newspaper, the
Singapore Chronicle, is published once a week, and contains a price current, an account of arrivals and
departures of shipping, and an official iletail of all the exports and imports of the preceding week. The
administration ot^justicc is entirely English, there being a recorder's court for the settlement, in common
with the two neighbouring ones of Penang and Malacca.
CommoJilies and I'ricci — Singa|)ore is chiefly an entrepdt, having, with the exception of pe.irl sago
manufactured on the sput from the raw material imported from the north coast of Sumatra, implements
of agricultil
grown amtr
current of i
commerce (
iu<-.' «■»» J
Hiclie lie me
inlVrioT L
Meof F|
Hf\ii,iTnin
IMel nut I
Uirdi' nests,
lilack L
Camiihor, lil
China I
Canvass, Hi'l
Cotlee, Sun*
oilier del
Cojiiwr, .lail
Cord.iKe, col
Cotlon -f
Diimmer, ra
Pholl . '
Dragon's bl|
Ebonv, Isle!
of other I
Ulei'b^nt*' •!
2d do. ■
■Id do. .
Gambler, ifl
(■apoil
Si.ik
(iainbiiKe
liliee, tow
bulValo
drain, rice,
car^o,
do. in
llengi
wheat
SINGAPORE.
1039
of agriculture, and some others Tabricatcd by the Chinese from European iron, and gambier or catechu
grown and manufactured on the island, few commodities of its own ex|)ortatinn. The following price
current of the 2-Jd of August, 1833, will convey the best idea of the miscellaneous articles of which the
commerce of the port consists : —
Artii'les.
I
Prices.
(ioldii
Eatttrn Articteg,
Biciif cit' mer, 1st sort -
intVrior
l>le of France
Hi'iij.imin
l-Mel nut - - -
ljird>' nesU, while
black
Camjjhor, Baras
China . - -
Canvass, Ilengal
Cotl'ee. Sumatra -
o(ht*r desiTiptions •
Coppt-r, Jajjan -
CorclaKe, coir
Cdtlou • ^-
Diiinnier, raw
Dholl - - -
Dragon's bloody inferior
(Mock)
Elionv, Isle of France
of oilier parts
EtephantA* teeth, 1st sort
*2d do.
.Id do.
(iainbier, Hhio and Sin-
gapore
Siak
(lanibo^e . - -
(ihee, row • - -
butrulo
lirain, rice, white
car^o, 1st sort
do. inferior -
Heiigal
wheat , - .
;jr;un, 2 maunds
dust, of I'ahai^; and
Siac
nf other parts
Gunnies - - -
.Mnihi-r-o'-pearl shells -
Nanlcet ns, long junk
^hort do, ' -
Oil, coini i.ut
Opium, Tatna •
Ittn.ires
IMalwa
Pepner, black
long
Piece Koodn, Bengal san
nahs -
Mahmoodies
(i Uriahs
Baftas -
chintz of 12 cubits
chintz of 10 cubits
Madras,' ^ries, wh.
blue
salempires, blue -
brown
handkerchiefs
kolamkories
kambayas -
hugis sanings
Bali cloths
Batick handkfs. -
Rattans
Sago, fiearl, in cases
Salt, Siam
Saltpetre - -
Sapan wood, Manilla
Siam
Silk, raw, China,.)unk ■
t'anton. No. 3.
Macao
Spirits, arrack
StU k lar
Seijars, Manilla -
Sugar, Siam, Ist sort
Sugar, Cochin-China
Sugar candy ■
per picul
per catty
per picul
per catty
per picul
per t)olt
per picul
per bale
]»eT picul
per bag
. per picul
per coyan
per bag
I)erbung.
\mr 100
l>er picul
per 100
per corge
per pirul
per chest
per picul
- per curge
per picul
per coyan
I»er piVul
72 cvts.
lOOcMs.
95 cyts.
per pal.
per pi ml
per 1,000
per picul
Articles.
Eastertt Ariidts.
Tin, Banca
Straits
Tobacco, Java
China
Tortoiseshcll
- 40bgkts.
- per picul
European AriicUu
perhhd.
per pirul
per 100
per bolt
-perlOOIbs,
- per picul
per bag
- per gallon
per picul
per tub
per bri.
per piece
Ale, Hodgson^s
Allsop's
Barclay's
Anchors ^nd grapnels
Bottles, Enghiih -
Canvass
Copi>cr nails ^ sheathing per picul
Cordage
Cotton twist, No. 1 6. to 36.
No. .IS. to 70.
(lunpowder
Flints
Iron, Swedish, bar
English
nails, spike
Lead, pig
sheet
Patent shot
Paint, oi! - ...
Provisions, beef, American per brI.
English
Sork, English
our - - •
Rosin
Spelter
Steel, Swedish
Tar, Stockholm
Piece goods,MadapoIams,
25 yds. by .12 to 36
inches
imitation Irish,25 yds.
by .36 in.
long cloths, 38 to 40
yrds. by 36 to 37 in.
38 to 40 >rds. by
38 to 40 in. - -
38 to 40 yrds. by
44 inches
38 to 40 \rds. l)y
50 in. ' -
38 to 40 yrds. by
54 in.
38 to 40 yrds. by
60 in. .
prints, 7 S, light grounds,
sinvrle cobmrs
9-8, do. do. -
7-8, dark, do.
9-8, d.'. do. •
7-8 & 9-8, 2 colours
9-8, Turkey retl
ground, 24 vards
9-8, furniture," 2 1 yrds.
cambric, 12 yrds. by
42 to 44 in.
12 yrds. by 45 in.
jacconot, 20 yrds. by
44 to 46 in.
lappets, 20 yrds. by
40 to 41 in.
handkerchiefs, imita-
tion Batick, dbl*
Pulicat
Woollens, long ells
cainli'ts - - —
ladies' cloths (scarlet) per yard
Iwmba/ewL.i - - per piece
Wines & spirits - sherry jwr dozen
port . . . ^
claret, French - —
English - - —
brandy • per gal.
rum - - _
gin - - - per case
Pric
per corge
per (Inzen
piT piece
From
134 dol.
120
14
1,000
3.'i
35
10
10
I'
.v>
ID
3H
W»
2S
30 CIS-
/idol-
'i
3
5
5i
I
u
'i
30
•ir,
4
'I
4
n
n
34
4
5
10
2)
3
'4
3
34
14
>4
■4
10
;»
u
4
8
i
SOcti.
6
Tu.
l.'i ••
114
190
16
1,C00
40
40
m
Vi
4
II
40
VI
40
60
35
r
3
44
10
3
24
6
f'\
8
12
3
4
3
34
IS
8
2
2*
4
2
64
3
11
32
f
8
10
8
10
1
45 cti.
7
The following are the rates of commission and warehouse rent charged at Singapore, except in cases of
special agreement : —
14. On ordering gords, or suporlntending the fulfilment of
contracts whence no other commission is derived, 24 I'er
cent.
15. On RuaranteeinE bills, bonds, or other enganemenls, and
on becoming security for administrations of estates, or to
Sovernment or Individuals for contracts, agreements,
:c., 2A per cent.
16. On aciirig fur the estates of persons deceased as eiecuton
or admmistrators, .*> per cent.
17. On the management of estates for others, on the amount
received, 2^ nt-r cent.
18. On procuring fteight, or advertising as the agent of owner
or commanders, on the amount of freight, whether the
same passes Ihruugh the hands of the agent or not, 5 per
cent.
19. On chartering ships for other parties, 24 per rent.
20. On making insurance, or writing orders for do., 4 percent.
21. On settling insurance losses, to'al or partial, and on pro-
curing return of premium, 1 per cent.
22. On debts, when a process at law or wbilrnlion is necessary,
24 [ler cent.- And ifreceivtd bj lucli in»ins, 5 r" «*"'■
CmnmUsitm,
1. On all sales or purchases, except the following, 5 per cent.
2. On purchases of goods or produce for returns, 24 per
cent.
3. On sales or purchases of opium, 3 per cent.
4. On sale nr purchase of snips, vessels, houses, or lands,
2', percent.
5. On sale, purcha.se, or shipment of bullion, 1 per cent.
6. On sale or purchase of diamonds,, jewels, Ac, 2 per cent.
7. On returns in treasure, bullion, or bills, 1 per cent.
8. On all goods consigned and withdrawn, 4 oommi'Sion.
9. On sale, purchase, or negotiating of bills not serving for
purchase of goods or produce, Iper cent.
10. On all goods so'd tiy auction by the agents themselves, in
addition to the aBove, 24 paf cent.
11. On del credere, or guaranteeing sales when speciallj re-
quired, 2.4 per cent.
ll. Shroffage, 1 per cent, per millc.
13. On all advances of money for the purpose • >rade, whether
the goods are consigned to the agen. ..r not, and where
s r'ommis&ion of 5 per cent, is not charged, 24 per ctnt.
^r
ill'
lOtO
SINGAPORE.
On MIU of cTrtiance notwl or protc^teJ, 2 per cent.
On collfciinif house rent, -'"> \**.'r cnjt.
On slilps' ilislmricmentii, '^i per c nt.
On nt'Kotiatin;,' Umns on re^^lOIlde^ti i, 2 per rent.
On letters of credit granted for nK-riaiitiii' purposes, 2J
I»er cent.
On purcji isinK or sellinif government securities, or on ex-
ch uit;ini; or transtWrhiK the ^.unc, \ pur ((.-nt.
f)ii (U-IiviriiiK up (hi., \ per cent.
On hII atlvanret not puiutu llv liipiitlaletl, the nfient to
have the o;tti<)n of rh irnini; .1 sft-oml loinniisMun, as
upon a fresh advance, pruvitUd the t hari;c' be only made
oni e in the same ytar.
,TI. On tran. hipping all k'^mIs or produce, except the follgw-
inj», 1 pt-r rent.
3'2. On iransliipiMMjj whole thesis of cassia, cassia hucl^i, ani-
seed, ca-Mphor, nankeens, and Kunn> haf;s, p^r package,
1 dollar.
33. At tlie opiion of the aKcnt, on the amount debited or cre-
dited within the re^r, imhulinf; tntcreftt, and exceptini;
only such items, on which at least 2^ |ht cent. haj» been
cltar^ed, 1 jier cent.
This charue not to apply to paving over a !)alance due nn
an account madi' up to a particular periint, unless where such
balance i» witlidrawn without reasonable notice.
l]'urt-h(>iisc Herit per Sfunth,
Chests of opium or silk, haUs of wooHcns, pipes of wino or
hrandv, leaguers (4' arrack, iScc, I dollar.
Hales of Indian p'iice lioikI.s, cotton, and f;nnny bags, 50 cents.
i'a^Q^ of I'^uropean piece goods, irunse.s of wootlensi &c-, '^'t
cents.
Ilog-head-. of liquor, i thests o!"wine, tVc, 10 cents,
i'epper, rice, ( otiee, suL.ar, saltpetre, &c., 10 per cent.
Iron, tin, tutenatiue, speller, copper, lead, &c., .1 jttr cent.
Ail other gnodt not nienlioiicd, to pay accordnt^ily, or hv
me isui'L'Uient, at the rate of, jur ton uf 6U cubic feit,
1 dollar.
Trade of Sini^nporc. — The f'nllnwinjir Ta!>los arc taken from the oiliciil statements published in the
Shigapure C/i>-nf}ic/(', l*7th of SL'ptemlKT, ls;J2. The sums a.-'e expressed in sicca rui»ees, at the tixc-d
cxchaiiije of 1310^ sicca rupees per lu(> Spai»ish dollars.
T. Total Account of Import:* and Exports at Singapore for the Years 1823 to :8,;i-33.
Vtars. 1 Imports.
Exports.*
Years.
Imports. Exports.
ISM
ISM
lSWi-IS'i7
lS'^7-lS'i8
Siccit Jtnj'c'S,
not stiUiMl.
ll.-i.Vi.iillS
l.V,.TI,17S
13II,II),7S«
1 tS,S.'),!)!MJ
Sicca Hniut's.
1I7,'.M,MS
1.^S,^.^,IN12
i,is,72,om
IS'^S-lH"!;!
1S31-1S,12
.SiV(V/ tiitiiipa.
IS7,.'i.'5,.iil.5
17S,()y,IHS
sicca liayeat,
lS7,li'<!/)ll»
lufi,51,.'j7.-3
I. Total Value of Imports and Exports, with the Plarcs stated, to shew the general Channel of Tniii-
shipments.
Couiitriis.
Imports.
lS2fi-lS27. : IS'i7-lS28.
From EiiRl.ind and FoteiRii Europe
From (;hina
From Java - - - -
To England and Fotcisn Europe
TotDiina - . -
To./ava - -
Sicca Itnjicct, ' Sicca Rupees.
2S,.V>.177 I i!l,'ll,SIM)
l.'i,l,'?,VO,'>
11,7»,(;7G
iili.Sl.li.lS
I8'iS-lS'^9. I ISao-lS.W.
IR.W-IHSI.
lS.^l-lS,Ti.
Sicca Rupees
M,i:mi(i
Exports.
Sicca Ranees. Sicca Rttiiees. Sicca Ruiieex.
.■5I,SS/>H) ; iili,(II,.(l).-5 I 3,1,.Vj,.'(I7 ,
"■ " (;il,l.'i,(M(P I ftl,'<3,l^5 ]
71,SI,lii7
17,Sl.li7
SCSO/iTG
lil,r,i,Sl,j
S,'^(i,'JtJ6
.W,(51,"1.5
1.'),1!>.S'J7
10,'^(i,S7!)
r.8,W,7I7
18,1'^,7'^!)
1II,.11,,VJS
77,fi3,176
I.1,S'^„TM
8,97, ISS
7r.,.'-'i,i2fi
lS,ll3,ll.-57
ll,ll,7'.i!)
61,3S,9S8
1.'>,.|S,01'^
7,.')7,1.'),T j
Js'ote. — .I.ipan copper from Batavia is an article of transhipment to Calcutta, and occasionally to
Bombay.
HI. Table showing the total Value of Cargoes exported to England, dislinpuishing Transhipments from
Straits' I'roiluec, in the Voars l8'.y-ol», 18jU-j1, and 18.31-Si;.
Years.
Vessels. j I'ons lU'Kistcr.
Straits' I'roduce.t | Transhipments.
Total.
1S?9-1S.TO
IS.TI-IS.II
IS.ll-l^.li
20 fi,0t9
M 7,78.^
») 1 fi,7J(i
Sicca Riiuecs, Sicca Rupees.
I9,l1.1,7!)'i .')S,.-i,-i,'^(IU
M,.1l,'^.12 ,'j(l,7(;„^lil
lllALHl.T fll,l(;,7(il
Sicca Rupees.
77,'>W,l)(II
7l,l(l,.Mi,1
7ll,7",:i77 '
From ralrii
Madl
iionil
To Calcutta
iMadrasI
liombaT
VI. Correci
Atwick
lielpii Mar
Madeline
Klira
Victoria
Kdmond Cas
JiMicoolen
I.ady Gordoi
Fanny
Hunnvmede
I Sugar
I Tin
Ptppct
1 Indigo
I Hice
Arrack
i Hi<les
IV. Quantities of the principal Articles exported from .Singapore, in
the undermentioned Years.
Articles.
Y'ear ending 1st of
lS'i9.
\pril,
Year ending 1st of April, IS.TO.
Year ending 1st of April', Year ending 1st uf April,
1S31. 1 18.12. i
Piciils.
Cases. Bags.
Corget.
Picals.
Cases.
Baas.
COFfT.
I'icitls.
Cases.
Ilg. , Piculs.
Cases. Corg4.\
Benjamin
8
It, -
-
428
28
5,64'.
6
-
842-69
Cassia
,i,4r.i
-
-
.
.
-
•
5,521-1
.
•
1,870
buds -
'i'ii
Camphor,
rhina
3,r,M
.
.
958
1,854
,
.
467-3
.
142
Ciiiree • -
3HfiW
.
•
*
18,5251
.
1,211
.
31,770-.-v8
.
- 23,228-23
Draijon's blood
26
25 -
8
.
-
•
2IW3
5S
- ' 101-84
Elephants'
teeth
1
teetli - •
371
.
-
.
70-65
1
17
.
77-1'.'
- ! 41-S7
< bunuk.
1
liungk.
mavams
(iold dust
■
3-94
3
■ purell f
8-62
12
pieces
■
8-20 12
i)i(res
Nanlieens
.
U.-iHS
•
7,012
.
i,524
260 6,335
-
SS.5,0S1
. . - l2.S6,li5»
Pepper, blicli
SiS!!,')
-
.
31,814
.
559
32,051-84
.
1 37 ,.5.39 88
white
6,009
1
Raw silk
1.10
ihnnd.
23.1|3,81U
98
191'.
4,420 .
2,3.'>5
. ' 1,554-16
bund.
■ 1 10,1
Hice - -
2,658
.
-
.
26,277 2
7(17 -
46,170
.
. .38,784
Imndles
Hati.mt
6,120
.
.
43,146
.
1,941); .
25,672
34 15,2.32
in
?"w/l "«•
1
Spices - -
37
t.(i
71
-
2,670
4,953
■^hh.i^^2,77;
L io>
79 .
3,433i
4
311 3.052
SuRar -
34,3.'-)6
.
38,409
10
63.917
.
■ 44,183
Sago - .
2,.';05
-
-
4,965
75
"slabs
2,0501
-
- ^ 5,0843
Tin -
2,841
-
-
24,262
-
843 .
19,776
-
- 25,063
Tortolseshell -
l.')8
■
-
-
9431
32 1 - - 1 -
218
22 - 198J
10
• Penang and Malacca are included.
t Under this head is included Banca tin, which has been largely transhipped, but the state of the
entries does not |>ennit of its being distinguished.
SINOPi:. — SKINS.
lOtl
V. General Trade with India for the Years ISSG-iT to 1831-38.
{Imports into Singapore from India.)
1
From Talrutta
Madras
iioiultay - - - -
Total -
Wi6-WiT.
lH.i7-lS'^S.
IS'^8 IS'^'J.
1S'^9-1S,",().
1S3()-IS31.
l«3MS.Ti.
sicoi Hiivm,
1C^,.'.S,.V'.1
1,',*^,7'J^
Siccil Riijirti.
Sknt Hufret.
v.i.ifi.ii;.;
4,1 1 s
.■,7t,,iS'J
tticcii Htij'tes.
'^'•,7/,' -li
lli,'.).l,-.7.S
■^7,'.'.;,il.'.
.'.,7i,'.si;
■^,7.1,.TJ3
Sicca ttn'^fct.
v:.-./i'i,.vi'i
l.ii'.'.-.S.T
'^u.ll.K^'.!
31, OS/;; 3
4I,I'J,0I.1 1 3li,44,3'j4
il.hlrJl''
^7,IH,(I'^U
To Calcutta
Madras - • - •
lionibay
Total
W,^'),7:;'i
li,7.^,yJS
in, .11,. in
11,.1.H,.|.|!)
l,1.S,li|.'
ICximrts to India.
W,.'..-.,sil| 5iO,.T-,,7t7
.1,l».->,.Vtl» 1 V,iii;,s77
.1,7.1,iC.(i ri,ilii,l74
W,.- 1,7 1.1
■^,N.-,,(i7S
4,I)(1,.')-^S
is,.',l,47l
^,\^i,7:>'^
.1,(i,1,114
M,1I.S7S
W,'i7,4(.i)
31,W,.'i'2!(
iiS,l.3,0US_
•i'J.W.WJ
•^5,V7,337
VI. Corrected List of Cargoes to Euro{)c, bv Vessels which sailed from thij Port during the Oflicial
"Year 18J1-3'J.
\'essels' \aines>
1^ i Straits' ,„
jToiis. Produce. Transhii t.
Tora!.
_i_
Atwick
Helen .Mar
Madeline
Klira
Victoria
E.ikIc
Kdmond Ca.stle
llencuolen
l,ady Gordon
Tanhy
Hunnvinede
{Dolhii's, ! Duitara.
.Til !),'liin
sri,ii7
f>,ii(:r,
S0,S1H
K,'>,l!ll
.17,W)7
S.5,l»lfi
r,.v>
fifi,S.-.'i
4fl,4.',.T
6."i,i'.')7
KM
V!.')(i
37.'.
lis.',
iii'i
ns.i
vsi)
.11111
198,159 I
13,S4.'i I
."57,(IS1 I
4(),.').S0 I
51 Air, I
10,711) ■
r,,wo 1
2!).'>,'2'i.'>
7'^7,4.')4 I
DM.
•J
2S4
<i
fil
Ui
7S,
1,%
1
7'i
.•514
7I)'<!
1 100
,o(ir.
,n(i3
,S7'i
,'.77
/).'*2
,3(1,',
,S.',.',
d'lS
,'.11
Vessels' Names.
1^ ! .Siraits- ^ , . '
I Tons. I'roau.e. Transliipt.
Total.
rhilde H.irolil .
llel
Aurora
Balnvia
Orvntliia
Spartan -
Dtikcof Itoxburgh
Kdward - •
Irene -
4n3
'/'.(I,
:>w.
r,ni>,
.lis
W7;
4171
.T'.l
ISO
V'JIurs.
,1i;,.',ll|
.'.S,.1SH
fi.",7y'.
."'i,o;;ii
.'.4 /.SI
2,11111
3.1,V3U
rii,.i'^.',
40,004
Total:. - - f;,7.'iri O'.s.os',;
.",0S,0OO I
2,7011 i
fi 1,003
4,03!) I
C51,.',.10
10,0<iO
3n,.-.oi
CI,liSN
124,7!IS
32,ii(;o
js.cvo
2,o;ii
CS7,7'i!l
73,020
.'jO,{/04
i 3,3',N,S49
TrcKte of Java. — Since the article Batwia was printed, wc have received a number of the Singapore
Chrmiiclc, containing the following account of the quantities of the principal articles exported from Java
ill IH-'JO, 18)1, and 18;i2. It shows a very rapid progress. There wants nothiiin but pood iiianagciiicnt to
render Java by far the mo.st valuable of all the Eastern possessions belonging to any European power.
A rticles.
rnfTte
.
- plculs
Sugar
'1 in
"
-
I'eiipcr
Indigo
Kire
Arrack
Hides
.
- Ibl
- piruls
• ICKiters
- Ko.
18.10.
2SS,742
10S,1140
21,12«
f.,nfii
22,0(i3
392,0(i7
1,!)27
.30,219
18.-,1. I 1,S32.
:i I
839,0S6
120,29S
3(l,2,').'i
7,S3fi
42,S41
£03,lil'.)
1,497
(53,271
314,173
24.',,S72
47, Mil
7,07.';
lfi.S,211
B22,!M4
2,000
S2,.1.S(I
Articles.
1H.10.
1.S3I. I 1S32.
Hattans
'1'ortoi.ft.htll
Tri,,:,„K
Kn-iU' iic-ots
M.i,->;
Nntnu-gs
Cloves
• jn'culs
5,0'i4
4,.1S9
4,! OS
1,.-,0I
893
.'.,I.S.S
1 l.l'A-
9,.-.S7
ll.l.'.S
4,0.-.9
5,37S
2ir,
.322
71.',
947
2,'j.'.9
3,S49
i 1,.'j31
5,144
(See Journal qfan Embassy to Siam and Cochin China, by John Cravfurd, Esq., chap, xix ; Return oj
the Popvlation of British India, in Report of the Select Committee of the Commons, Ihlil ; Report of the
Select Committee of the Commons, for 1830 ; and Singapore Chronicle, passim.)
SINOPE, a town of Asia Minor, on the S. coast of the Black Se.i, lat. 42° 2' ,'30''
N., Ion. 35'^9'45" E. Population uncertain, probably from 8,000 to 10,000. Sinope
is situated on a low narrow isthmus, connecting the high rocky promontory of Ada with
the main land. Its port, which is the best on this coast, on the south side of the town,
is protected from the N. and N.E. gales by the isthmus and promontory already men-
tioned. Ships anchor within ^ mile of the town, in from 13 to 17 fathoms; or nearer
to it, in from 5 to 7 fathoms. There is a roadstead on the north side of the isthmus,
but it is open and exposed. Sinope is one of tl'-^ principal stations of the Turkish fleet ;
and there are docks and arsenals for its accommodation and outfit. Its exports are in-
considerable, the principal being timber, salt, cordage, fish oil, &c.
In ancient times, Sinope was a city of great wealth, magnitude, and importance. It was the birthplace
of Diogenes the Cynic ; and Mithridates made it the capital of his dominions. After it.s cor:qiiest by the
Romans under Lucullus, it became the seat of a colony ; and continued for a lengthened period to enjoy a
good deal of consideration.
Should civilisation and the arts once more revive in the ancient Pontus, and the other countries to the
(iouth of the Black Sea, the excellence of its |)ort could not fail to restore to Sinope some portion of its
former grandeur. Even now a considerable intercourse is begirning to take place with the countries
E. and S. of Sinope. Diarbeker, on the Tigris, in lat. 37° 54' Nr, Ion. 39° 5,}' 45" E., is one of the
principal seats of Eastern commerce; and caravans set out regularly from it for Aleppo, Smyrna, and
Constantinople: but any one who consults a map of Asia Minor, and of the contiguous countries, will
see at once that Trebisond and the neighbouring ports on the S. E. coast of the Black Sea are the
natural channels through which Armenia, Koordistan, and the north-western parts of Persia may best
maintain an intercourse with Europe. We shall afterwards show that the danger to vessels in the roads
of Trebisond has been very much exaggerated — (See THi-BisoNn.) In the event, however, of the com.
mcrce with the countries referred to becoming of any considerable importance, Sinope would be an ad-
vantageous entrepdt to which goods might be brought, and whence they might be conveyed in proper
vessels, and at proper times, to the other ports. At all events, it is of material imtmrtance that a direi't
intercourse with the southern coast of the Black Sea should lie established, and that the trade with it
should not be carried on, as hitherto, through Odessa. — (For further particulars as to Sinope, see
Toumefort, Voyage du Levant, torn. ii. p|>. 202-2121 ; and Iforie't Sailing Directions for the Black Sea.
See also the article TnEuisoND, in this work.)
SKINS. The term is applied in commercial language to the skins of those animals,
as calves, deer, goats, lambs, &c., which, when prepared, are used in the lighter works of
bookbinding, the manufacture of gloves, parchment, &c. ; while the term hides is applied
to the skins of the ox, horse, ftc, which, when tanned, are used in the manufacture of
3 X
I 1
II ♦
!m
■■*.<■
ri
i '
m
:'f
I
\
104-'^
SLATE.
shoes, harness, and other heavy and strong articles. Lamb and kid skins are principally
used in the glove manufacture; 120 skins being supposed to produce, at an average,
1 8 dozen pairs of gloves.
Account of the Skins imimrtcd In 1R;31, spcclfyinR the Countrips whence they came, and the Nuinbcri
bniught from each.— {Pari. Paper, No. 5M. Seas. 1833.)
Ountria from which Imported.
Nkins.
Calf an>t Kip,
neer.
(inati
Kill, ' Kill,
I.amb,
Si>.il,
iintiinned.
undresMl.
iindre-sd.
uiulre%Ml. drejwd.
undresMl
undri~,s(l.
Cii't. ijra. Iba.
Number.
iVi/m/yr,
Sumier. Number.
Number.
Russia
27,591 3 7
1
Sweden - .
.
'.
1
Norway
.•? .'")
i
18,£l!>
617^
Denmark
220 1!
.
13,205
Prussia ...
2,i.',S!) 3 8
4S(i
- ' .
2,2(K
Germany
H,()U !l
1,073
12,181
1,(«8 16,944
1 14,288
20
The Netherlands
2,H81 1 !•
l(),;5();j
- 1 57<i
11,650
2fi
France
.
38,74m
30,780 599,973
231,789
Portugal, Proper
-
18H
150 -
33,469
Azores
-
C(i
'
Spain and the Balearic Islanils
.
855
4,'?,S12 200
296,740
Gibraltar
.
.
l,(iH .
18
Italy and the Italian islands
-
5,0,S2
516,457= 4,032
2,113,678
Malta
.
7yH
1
Ionian Islands
-
.
312 -
26,-.
Turkey and Continental Greece,
1
exclusive of the Morra
1 12
.
2,790
Tripoli, Barbary, and Morocco
-
137,610
Western Coast of Africa
.'57.'; 1 22
Cape of Good Hope
1(W 2,-!
6
90,0;!0
2 54
-
8,474
St. Helena
-
-
1
East India Company's territories
and Ceylon
241 3 1
5
29,'374
1,247
New South Wales, Van Diemcn's
I^and, and Swan River
1 2
.
*
- -
.
fiiU"!
British Northern colonies
20 10
1,942
5
3 -
.
513,4;)9
British West Indies
.
14
1
1
United States of America
7 1 IS
122,1.'51
. 1
- •
.
.'51
Mexico ...
.
12
.
. ' .
.
3' Si
Brazil - -
3 1 24
.
-
- ' .
.
Id
States of the Rio de la PlaU
678 18
89
.
6;>j
Chili
-
-
.
2,fi')S
Peru ...
.
58
10,735 - . 1 -
_
4,8h-.-i
The Whale Fisheries
.
.
m . - - ' -
.
4,H.)i'
Isles of (juernsey, Jersey, Alderney,
and Man (foreign gootis)
Total import
Quantity retained for home con-
4 3 15
-
3
541,rei2
42,637 1 27
125,357
354,584 595,.573 621,780 2,820,092
sumption, deducting the quantity
1
exported subsequently to the pay-
„ J 1
ment of duty
40,193 3 19 31,079!
212,422 486,527 621,780 2,819,709
528,206
SLATE (ROOF), Ger. Schiefer ; Fr. Ardoise ; It. Lavagna, Lastrn ; Sp. Pizarra),
a fossil or compact stone (argillaceous schistus), that may be readily split into even,
smooth, thin lam-naj. There are several varieties of this valuable mineral, the pre-
vailing colours being grey, blue, and brown. But the tints are very various ; and .slates
are often marked with streaks of a different colour from the ground. Slate is prin-
cipally used in the covering of houses, for which purpose it is infinitely superior to thatch
or tiles, and is far less expensive than lead. Good roofing slate should not absorb water ;
and it should be so compact as not to be decomposed by the action of the atmosphere.
When properly selected, roof slates are of almost perpetual duration ; but those which are
spongy and imbibe moisture speedily get covered with moss, and require, at no very
distant period, to be renewed.
The use of slates in the covering of houses is entirely European. From the Hellespont to Chin.i
inclusive there is not a single slated house ; and this does not arise from any want of slate, which is as
abundant in Asia as in Europe.
Slates carried by land have never been subjected to any duty ; but those carried coastwise were, until
1831, charged with duties varying according to their size and species. The injustice of this distinction,
and the impolicy of laying any duty on an article of this sort, are obvious. The revenue it produced was
quite inconsiderable, not exceeding 35,000/. a year. It was repealed at the same time as the duty on coal
carried coastwise.
Since the repeal of the duty, the consumption of slate has been materially increased ; and it is nnw
extensively employed for various purposes to which it was not formerly made applicable, such as the
flooring of warehouses and vaults, the paving of streets, the formation of cisterns, the covering of worn
or decayed floors, and of the walls of houses in exposed situations, &c. The slate used for these purposes
is cut by the circular saw into pieces of from J an inch to 2 inches thick. Many hundred tons have l)eon
used in 'the course of the last 2 years in paving, flooring, &c. at the London Docks ; and, we believe, with
much advantage to the company. Large depdls ot slates arc now formed in London and other great
towns.
The principal slate quarries in Great Britain are in Caernarvonshire. Those belonging to Mr. Pennant
(formerly Lord Penrhyn's\ near Bangor, employ about 1,.'>00 men and boys, and are the most extensive
•lid valuable in the empire. The other quarries in the same county employ about 1,630 men and boys:
i
Vcars.
1828
1829
1830
SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE
1043
^:
and there are some in other parts of Wales. There are also extensive quarries at Llvemtoiie, in I an-
cashire; and others, of inferior maKnitiidc, in various parts of Westmoreland and ('umlierland
The principal slate quarries in Scotland arc at Kasdale and Halathulish, in ArK>le>hirc Speakinn
■ncrally, the Scotch quarries do not afford slates of the siie and smoothness of those olitaine<l from the
,Velsh quarries ; and the wood-work of the roofs covered with thim requires to be stronger.
Koofing slates arc of different sizes, and are denominale<l Ini|iorials, yueens, Prince.s^es Kc Their
price, supiwsing their quality to be in other respects equal, depends partly on their size and partly on tlieit
weight. The subjoined account explains the «io<le in which it ii determinetL
Account of the Prices of the different Sorts of Slate on Shipboard at Bangor, in January, IS.U
Imperials, 20, '/t, '.'.', and 30 inches lonft, anil
various breadths - - . 5,', per ton.
Qtieeiis, '.^7, SO, ^, anrl 5fi inches long, and pro-
"portionale breadths, assorted - - 4fi _.
Ouecps, ."Oand .1.1 hirhLt • - . .|S —
I'rinci'sses, '^ I by 14 huhes - . .1 1 --
Ton slates or rags - • . 3.'i _
luichesse?, 21 in. by 12, welching fio rwt. I>er in., MO per in.
(oiiiilesses, 20 — ' 10, — 10
Ladirs K; — S, — 2r.
DoMhles, l.T - (i.J, — IS _
.SmRles, 11 - .V, - 12
.Moss slates, 1 1 to 15 by. 6 to ],'> In. 22 —
Infrrinr-^.
Duchesses, 24 in. by 1% wei|{hing 82 rwt. per r
( on'ntessts, 20 10, .Vi
Ladies, Ifi S, 3,'i
Doubles, 13 61, 20
. IS _
- 10 _
- 1,', _
.,100
- (13
- .W
- 13 6d.
Slabs, sawn, pertonofl.is ft. superficial, in. thick, •;:. tier ton
Do., it under 2 feet lon«, <r 1 ft. (i in. wide ■ 7 i _
(irave stones, not less than (i ft. [n 3ft. 24 in thick, IMI _
Kndeil liliK-ks or slabs, sawn at the enils onlv - 1.0 _
ijnsawn do. . - ' - .'O
Whipping expenses, liil. per ton ; bills uf lading, .Ij. (ii/.
No. 1. plain Jambs, mantel and turned blocking, with
plain wlgc shell" - . .9 each.
2. moulded jambs, ni.intel with turned blocking,
with plain edge shelf . - l(i _
3. rnouldeil ,i.inibs, \c. wilh Iwad mould - - II) _
4. tireci.m fret jand)s ami mantel - . \o —
'». nio\dded truss jambs and mantel - - 2S —
li.panelle<l J.imlis and mantel - . js
Cisterns, with sides and '■nds,inch thick. It. 107. per fool euMr
Do.
do.
Ii in. thick, 2i. 27.
The subjoined account shows a very material increase in the quantity of .slates exjiortcd.
An Account of the Quantities of Slate exported from Eiifiland to Foreign Tarta in eat-h nf the I'ive
Years ending with 1831'.
( Years.
Slate or
Slates, rough.
1 Slates in Frames.
Years.
1831
1832
Slate or Slates, rough.
Slates in Frain
1
! 18C8
1 1829
1830
Tom.
2,741
2,."..)ii
Sumlier.
S,2.^0,!l'J9
4,7iiH.il."<3
.'i,il!)!),."i!>4
1 Snmlter.
37,t*34
3v;,i0(;
,3.">,li«)
Toiia.
4,7!'8
i;,(|iil
Ntnnler.
4,'i-i7,494
l,S;Jo,'.8J
Stntiher.
18,.;72
15,420
SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE. A slave, in the ordinary .sense of tlie term, is
an indiv.Jual at the absolute disposal of another, who has a riglit to employ and treat
him as he pleases. But the state of slavery is suscejitible of innumerable modifications ;
and it has been usual, in most countries wliere it has been long established, to limit in
various ways the power of the master over the slave. The slave trade is, of course, the
business of those who deal in slaves.
Origin of Slavery. — A great deal of learning has been employed in tracing the his-
tory of slavery, though the subject is still far from being exhausted. It seems most
probable that it originally grew out of a state of war. In rude uncivilised communities,
where the passion of revenge acquires a strength unknown in more advanced states of
society, captives taken in war are adjudged to belong to the victors, wlio may either put
them to the sword, or reduce them to a state of servitude. In antiquity the ideas of
war and slavery were inseparable. Probably, in very remote ages, prisoners were most
commonly put to death ; but the selfish gradually predominated over the more passionate
feelings, and for many ages it was usual to reduce them to the condition of slaves ; l)eiiig
either sold by their captors to others, or employed by them as they might think fit.
" Jure gentium" says Justinian, " scrvi nostri sunt, qui ah hostibus cujnuntur." — (^Iiistit.
lib. i. 5.)
The practice of reducing men to a state of slavery, having once begun, was extended
in various ways. The progeny of slaves, or of women in a state of slavery, were slaves ;
men born free might sell themselves as slaves; and parents had authority, in Jud.ra and
Rome, to dispose of their children for the same purpose. — (Micfmelis on the Laics of
Moses, vol. ii. p. 163. Eng. ed.) It was the law of Rome, and of most other ancient
states, that the persons of debtors who had contracted obligations which they could not
discharge, should become the property of their creditors.
Treatment of Slaves. — The treatment of slaves in antiquity, as in more modern times,
differed very widely in different countries and periods, and among different classes of
slaves in the same country and at the same time. A great deal also depended on the
character of particular ma.sters. Slaves bred up in the house or family of the masters
were uniformly treated wit'' greater indulgence than others, and became entitled, by cus-
tom, to several important privileges. At Athens, slaves appear to have been better treated
than in any other ancient state; and Demosthenes mentions, in his second Philippic,
that " a slave was better off at Athens than a free citizen in many other countries." In
republican Ror.ie, the masters had the power of life and death over their slaves, who were
often treated with the most detestable barbarity. It was not an uncommon practice to
expose old, useless, or sick slaves to starve in an island in the Tiber ! We may, as
Mr. Hume has justly remarked, " imagine what others wotild practise, when it was the
professed maxim of the elder Cato, to sell his superannuated slaves at any price, rather
than maintain what he esteemed a useless burden." — {Plutarch, in Vita Catonis.)
3X2
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I ill .'^
? Iff:' •
mmmm
104-1
SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE.
VI
1
]
Ergastuta, or dungeons, where slaves were confined and chained at night, and wlicrc
they were (omctinu's made to worl< in the day, were common all over Italy. Co-
lumella advises that they he always huilt mil r ground — (lib. i. c. 6. ) ; and remains of
them are still seen in the lower stories of ancient bui!din<rs in Italy and Sicily. Hun-
dreils of slaves were sometimes put to death for the crime of one only ; and they were
exposed, when they committed any petty fault, to all the violence of the most capricious
and unrestrained despotism.
It was not unconunon in the barbarous ages to immolate captives on the tomb of such
chiefs as had fallen in battle; and magnilicent games were celebrated on these occasions.*
The gladiatorial exhibiti>ns, so common at Rome after the I'unic wars, seem to have
grown out of this practice. These were contests between slaves, denominated gladiators,
trained to fight in public for the amusement of a ferocious populace, who took the
greatest delight in their sanguinary combats. Thousands of unfortunate wretches were
innually sacrificed in this inhuman sport. After his triumph over the Dacians, Trajun
exhibited spectacles, in which no fewer than 11, (XX) wild beasts of different kinds were
killed, and 10,000 gladiators fought ! — (Adam's Rnmnii Aiitl<iuities, \). ;517.)
The cruelties inflicted on the slaves occasioned frequent revolts, attended by the most
dreadful excesses. Spartacus, a Thracian captive, destined for the profession of a gla-
diator, headed a rebellion of gladiators and slaves, which continued for 3 years, and
required all the force of the republic to suppress. When finally defeated by Crassus,
about 6,000 of his followers were nailed to the cross, in double rows, that extended
almost from Capua to Rome. — (Ferguson, Rom, Republic, c. Ifi. ) No one ac(|uaintcd
with the manners of the Romans can be surprised at the atrocities of so many of tiie
emperors. The worst of them treated the citizens better than the latter treated the
slaves. Humanity could not be looked for in the rulers of a state in which human life
was held in contempt, and human suffering made the subject of popular sport.
In consequence partly of their ill usage, and partly of its being iiccounled cheaper to
buy than to breed slaves, vast numbers were annually imported into Italy. Thrace and
the countries round the Black Sea furnished large supplies of the best slaves ; a.id num.
fters were obtained from Egypt, Syria, Cappadocia, and other places. Delus in Cilicia
was the greatest slave market of anti(iuity ; as many as 10,000 slaves have been sold tiiere
in a single day. — (Slrubo, lib. xiv. )
Besides its brutalising influence on the manners of the people, the institution of slavery
v/as in other respects productive of the woist effects. The best Roman writers bear
testimony to the negligence, waste, and bad conduct of slaves. — ( Columella, lib. i. § 8. ;
Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xvii. § 3.) Tiie inferiority of the ancients in most of the useful arts
is principally to be ascribed to the prevalence of slavery, which not only extinguished all
emulation and invention on the part of most of those engaged in industrious employ-
ments, but made the employments be considered in some measure disgraceful. In the
ancient world agriculture and arms were the only occupations that were reckoned worthy
of a freeman. The mechanical arts were carried on either wholly by slaves, or by the
very dregs of the people ; and remained for ages in the same stationary state.
The establishment of Christianity contributed more, perhaps, than any thing else, first
to mitigate, and finally to suppress the abomination of slavery. But within no very long
period after its abolition had been completely effected in every part of Europe, its horrors
began to be inflicted on America.
African Slave Trade. — This infamous trafllc was commenced by the Portuguese, in
1442. The trade, however, was but of trifling extent till the commencement of the
sixteenth century. In consequence, however, of the rapid destruction of the Indians
employed in the mines of St. Domingo or Hayti, Charles V. authorised, in 1,517, the
introduction into the island, of African slaves from the establishments of the Portuguese
on the coast of Guinea. The concurrence of the emperor was obtained by the inter-
cession of the celebrated Las Casas, bishop of Chiapa, who, contradictorily enough,
laboured to protect the Indians by enslaving the Africans. The latter were certainly
more vigorous and capable of bearing fhtigue than the former. But this circumstance
affords no real justification of the measure, which, at best, was nothing more than tlie
substitution of one species of crime and misery in the place of another. — (Robertson's
Hist. America, book iii. )
The importation of negroes into the West Indies and America, having once begun,
gradually increased, until the extent and importance of the traffic rivalled its cruelty and
guilt. Sir John Hawkins was the first Englishman who engaged in it : and such was the
ardour with which our countrymen followed his example, that they exported from Africa
more than .300,000 slaves l)etween the years 1680 and 1700 ; and between 1700 and 1786,
610,000 Africans were imported into Jamaica only ; to which adding the imports into
the other islands and the continental colonies, and those who died on their passage, the
• Achillei MCriAced IS Trojan ca|>tiveii on the tomb of Patroclu*. — (lUatS, litx Sa)
SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE.
1045
number carried from Africa will appear immense. — (Bryan Edwards, Hist. West Indies,
vol. ii. p. 64.) The importations by other nations, particularly the French and Por-
tugucsf, were .Jso very great.
It is not e.isy to say wlii'tlier this traffic bus been more injurious to Africa or America.
In tlie former it lias perpetuated and multipliid every sort of enormity and abuse. The
petty princes have been tempted to make war on each other, that they nu"};ht obtain cap-
tives to sell to the European traders ; and when these could not be fiiuiul, have seized
and sold their own suhJL'Cts. ^laiiy, too, have been kidnapi)ed by the crew-; of the slave
ships ; nor is there any sort of crime known among |)irates and banditti, which, for more
than \\ centurii's, the civilised inhabitants of Kurope have not perpetrated upon the un-
offending natives of Central .Africa. In the Wist Indies, and those i)arts of .\merica
into which slaves have been largely imported, its effect has been equally disastrous. Ji
has led to the most violent anti])athy between the whites and the blacks ; and been the
fruitful source of crimes, .convulsions, and disorders, of which it is difticult to see the
ternunation. — (There are some good remarks on slavery as it exists in .America, and on
the multiplied evils of which it is jiroductive, in a volume entitled " Excursion of an
English Geiuleman through the United States and (,'anada," published in 1824.)
It would be to no purpose to enter into any examination of the sophisms by which it
was formerly attempted to justify the slave trade. AVe shall not undertake to pronoimce
any opinion upon the question as to the inferiority of the blacks; though it does not
ajipear to us that the stateiuents of Mr. Jeflerson on this subject, in his " Notes on A'ir-
ginia," and similar statements made by others, have received any sufficient answer. 15ut
supposing the inferiority of the negroes were established beyond all question, that would
be no justification of the infamous cruelties inflicted upon them. Did any one ever think
of vindicating a robber, because he happened to be stronger or cleverer than his victim ?
AholitioH of the Stin-e Trade. — Notwithstanding the sanction it received from par-
liament, and the supineness of the public, the slave trade was frequently denounced
by distinguished individuals, in this and other countries, as essentially cruel and inijust.
Of these, JNIontesquieu is, perhaps, the most cons])icuous. He successfully exjjosed the
futility of the different pleas put forth by the advocates of slavery — {Kxprit des Loix,
)iv. XV.); and the extensive circulation of his great work, and the deference paid to
the doctrines advanced in it, contributed powerfully to awaken the public to a just
sense of the iniqtuty of the traffic. The Quakers early distinguished themselves by their
hostility to the trade ; of which they were always the consistent and uncompromising
enemies.
The Hrst motion on the subject in parliament was made in 177fi ; but without success.
The subject was not taken up systematically till 1787, when a committee was formed, of
which Mr. Granville Sharp and Mr. Clarkson, whose names are imperishably associated
with the history of the abolition of the slave trade, were members. This committee
collected evidence in proof of the enormities produced by the trade, procured its cir-
culation throughout the country, and succeeded in making a very great impression on the
public mind. After a number of witnesses on both sides had been examined before the
privy council, IMr. AVilberforce, on the 12th of May, 1789, moved a scries of resolutions
condemnatory of the traffic. They were supported by 3Ir. Burke in one of his best
speeches ; and by Mr. T'itt and ^Ir. Fox. But, notwithstanding the resolutions were
carried, nothing was done to give them effect. The friends of the trade having obtained
leave to produce evidence at the bar of the house, contrived to interpose so many delays
that the session passed off without any thing being done. In the following sessions the
great struggle was continued with various success, but without any definite result. .At
iLMigth the trimnph of humanity aiul justice was finjiUy consimmiated in 1807; a bill
for the total and immediate abolition of the slave trade, having been carried in both
houses by immense majorities, received the royal assent on the 2jth of March, being the
last act of the administration of Mr. Fox and Lord Grenville. " ^J'luis ended," says
Mr. Clarkson, " one of the most glorious contests, after a continuance of 'JO years, of
any ever carried on in any age or country : a contest, not of brutal violence, but of
reason ; a contest between those who felt deeply for the happiness and the honour of their
fellow creatures, and those who, through vicious custom, and the impulse of avarice, hnd
tramjiled luider foot the sacred rights of their nature, and had even attempted to efiUce
all title of the divine image from their minds."
America abolished the slave trade at the same time as England.
But notwithstanding what had been done, further measures were soon discovered to
be necessary. The S])aniards and the Portuguese continued to carry on the trade to a
greater extent than ever ; and British subjects did not hesitate, under cover of their flags,
to become partners in their adventures. An effectual stop was put to this practice in
1811, by the enactment of a law introduced by Mr. (now Lord) Brougham, that made
trading in slaves punishable by transportation for 1 4 years, or by confinement to hard
labour for a term of not more than 5 years nor less than 3 years.
3X .3
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1046
SLAVES AND SLAVH TllADE.
h
H
V
Thf British laws relative to the slave trade were cunsulidated by the act 5 Geo. -1.
c. 11:J. IJut, as the greater part of this act has been superseded by the late statute for
tlie extinction of slavery (:J & I Will. 4. c. 7;J. ), we shall merely lay before our readers
the clauses still in force relating to the dealing in slaves.
Healing in Slaivn in l/ic Ifigh Si-as, S(r. to he deemed Piraey. — And If any subject or tubjeiti of his
Majesty, or any person or persons residiiiK or l)eint{ within any of the dominions, forts, settlements, fae-
tones, or territories, now or hereafter helonginK to his MajeHty, or l)einR in his Majesty's occupation or
iKPssession, or under the ){(iverninent of tlie Unitc<l (^>nipany of Merchants of Kngland trading to the Eait
iidics, hhall, except in such cases as are l)y this act permitted, alter the 1st day of January, IS'J.'>, U|><in
tin' InL'li seas, or In any liaven, river, creek, or place, where the admiral has jurisdiction, knowingly and
wilfully carry away, convey, or remove, or aid or asiist in carrying away, conveying, or removing, any
person or persons as a slave or slaves, or for the purpose of hia, her, or their being lm|>orted or brought as
a slave or slaves into any island, colony, country, territory, or jilace whatsoever, or for the purpose of his,
her, or their being sold, transferred, used, or dealt with as a slave or slaves; or shall, after the said 1st
day of January, iHiJ, except in such cases as are by this act permitted, U|Kin the high seas, or within the
jurisdiction aforesaid, knowingly and wilfully ship, embark, receive, detain, orconhne, or assist in 8hi|>.
pintf, einbarkuig, receiving, detaining, or coiiHnuig, on board any ship, vessel, or boat, any |M.>r8on or
persons for the purpose of his, her, or their being carried away, conveyed, or removed as a slave or slaves,
or for the purimse of his, her, or their being imported, or brought as a slave or slaves into any island,
colony, country, territory, or place whatsoever, or for the purpose of his, her, or their being sold, trans-
ferred, used, or dealt with as a slave or slaves ; then and in every such case the persons so (iffeniUng shall
be deimcrt ami ailjuilgeit gHitli/ of piracy, felony and robbery, anii being coHoicteil thereof shall sujfir
ileath wil/iout henejit of etergy, — and loss of lands, gooils, and chattels, as pirates, felons, and robbers
",.,iii the seas ought to sutft'r. — (j !».
Persons dealing in Sianes, or exporting or importing Slaves, Sfe. guilty of Felony. — And (except in such
special cases as are by this act permitted) if any persons shall deal or trade In, 'purchase, sell, barter, or
transfer, or contract for the dealing or trading in, purchase, sale, barter, or transfer of slaves, or persons
intended to be dealt with as slaves ; or shall, otherwise than as aforesaid, carry awav or remove, or con.
tract for the carrying away or removing of slaves or other persons, as or in order to their being dealt with
as slaves ; or shall import or bring, or contract for the lm))orting or bringing into any place whatsoever,
slaves, or other oersims.as or in order to their being dealt with as slaves j or shall, otherwise than as afore,
said, ship, tranship, emliark, receive, detain, or contine on board, or contract for the (hipping, transhijv
ping, einiiarking, receiving, detaining, or confining on board of any ship, vessel, or boat, slaves or other
persons, for the purpose of their being carried away or removed, as or in order to their being dealt with
as slaves j or shall ship, tranship, embark, receive, ilcl air or contine on board, or contract for the ship,
ping, transhipping, embarking, receiving, detaining, or conlining on board of any ship, vessel, or boat,
slaves or other immsoiis, for the purpose of their being imi)orted or brought into any place whatsoever, as
or in order to their being dealt with as slaves; or shall tit nut, man, navigate, equip, despatch, use,
employ, let or take to freight or on hire, or contract for the Htting out, manning, navigating, equippinp,
despatching, using, employing, letting, or taking to freight or on hire, any ship, vessel, or boat, in order
to accomplish any of the objects, or the c^mtracls in relation to the obiects, which objects and contracts
have herein-before been declared unlawl\il ; or shall knowingly and wilfully lend or advance, or become
security for the loan or advance, or contract for the lending or advancing, or becoming security for the
loan or advance of money, goods, or etfocts, employed or to l)e employed in accomplishing any of the
objects, or the contracts in relation to the ohjiH'ts, which objects and contracts have herein-before been
diclared unlawful ; or shall knowingly and wilfully become guarantee or security, or contract for the
becoming guarantee or security, for agents employed or to be employed in accomplishing any of tlie
objects, or the contracts in relation to the objects, which objects and contracts have herein-before been
declared unlawful, or in any other manner to engage, or contract to engage, directly or indirectly therein,
as a partner, agent, or otherwise ; or shall knowingly and wilfully ship, tranship, lade, or receive or put
on biwrd, or contract for the shipping, transhipping, lading, receiving, or putting on board of anysliip,
vessel, or bont, money, goods, or ellects, to be employed in accomplishing any of the objects, or the con-
tracts in relation to the objects, which objects and contracts have herein-before been declared unlawful ; or
shall take the charge or command, or navigate, or enter and embark on board, or contract for the taking
the charge or command, or for the navigating or entering and embarking on board of any ship, vessel, or
boat, as captain, master, mate, surgeon, or supercargo, knowing that such ship, vessel, or boat is actually
employed, or is in the same voyage, or upon the same occasion, in respect of which they shall so take tlil'
charge or command, or navigate or enter and embark, or contract so to do us aforesaid, intended to be
empliiyeil in accomplishing .iny of the objects, or the contracts in relation to the objects, which objects
and contracts have lierein.before been declared unlawful; or shall knowingly and wilfully insure, or con-
tract for the insuring of any slaves, or any property or other subject matter engaged or employed in
accomplishing any of the objects, or the contracts in relation to the objcjcts, which objects and contracts
have hereinr-before been declared unlawful ; or shall wilfully and fraudulently for^e or counterfeit any
certificate, certificate of valuation, sentence, or decree of condemnation or restitution, copy of sentence
or decree of condemi'ation or restitution, or any receipt (such receipts being required by this act\ or any
part of such certiticai?, certificate of valuation. ^e;itence or decree of condemnation or restitution,
copy of sentence or decree of condemnation or re«tiaition, or receipt as aforesaid; or shall knowingly
and wilfully utter or publish the same, knowioi, It to be forged or counterfeitetl, with intent to defraud
his Majesty, or any other person or persons whatsoever, or any body politic or corporate ; then, and in
every sucli case the persons so oHending, and their procurers, counsellors, aiders, and abettors, shall be
felons, and shall be transported for a term not exceeding I-t years, or shall be confined and kept to hard
labour for a term not exceeiiing 5 nor less than S .-ears, at the discretion of the court before whom such
oJFenders shall be tried. — ^ 10.
Seamen, Sfc. serving on Board such Ships guilty of Misdemeanour. — And (except in such special cases,
or for such special purposes as are by this act permitted) i' any persons shall enter and embark on board,
or contract for the entering and embarking on hoard of any sliip, vessel, or boat, as petty officer, seaman,
marine, or servant, or in any other capacity not herein-before specifically mentioned, knowing that such
ship, vessel, or boat is actually employed, or is in the same voyage, or upon the same occasion, in respect
of which thev shall so enter and embark on board, or contract so to do as aforesaid, intended to be em-
ployed in accomplishing any of the objects, or the contracts in relation to the objects, which objects and
contracts liave herein-before been declared unlawful ; then, and in every such case, the person.* sootl'eiid-
iiig, and their procurers, counsellors, aiders, and abettors, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour only, and
shall be punished by iuiprisoninent for a term not exceeding 2 years \ 11.
Abolition of Slavery, — We have .ilready alluded {ante, p. 336. ) to the ever neinorable
act of 1833, for the Abolition of Sl,vve«y throughout the British colonies. Ir. enacting
this celebrated statute, parliament endeavoured, and, we think successfully, to reconcile
the apparently conflicting claims of humanity and justice, by providing for the eman-
cipation of the slaves, without prejudice to the just rights and claims of their pro-
|,iiel»)i"^l
which if
ml. 'l|
the rij;ll
right b|
others,
rcdects
ISritish
We sull
Act .) i<\
promoti
to the .
SLAVES AND SLAVE TKADL.
1047
prii'tors. 'I'liis wits ofUrti'd \>\ ikhsi^iiiiig to tin- latter tlii" sum d\' twenty miUiuHK storMiig,
u'liieli \% to 1)0 (iistriliuti'd uiiuin^st iIiimii oii tla-ir i-oinplyin^ witli the pruvisioiis of tliu
ntl, 'i'liis is tilt' gruatfst siiorilifi' ever voluntarily niade l)y any nation in vindication of
till' ri;,f|it of pr()|)i'rty. Hut it was not too f;ri'af for the- ohji'Ct in view ; for liiul that
iij;iit Ik'c'ii violated in this iiisianee, a preceiient would liave been set for its violation in
others, aiul the eoiisequenees would have hecn most disastrous. The measure, in fact,
rellects quite as mueh credit on the wisdom and honesty, as on the generosity, of the
liiitisli nation.
We subjoin a full ubstraot of such parts ufthU important utatutc a» iccm to be ofgpncral iiitcrrst.
Act:") & 4\Vii.L.4 c. T.l, poh riii: Aiiiii.niDN oK Si.avkhv THRoiuiiiiirr tiii' liRiTisii Coluniks ; for
proiiiotiuK (be liuluittry of tlie manumittrd Slaves j anil for coinpcniiating the I'crsuns hitherto enlitlrd
to the .Services of such SlavM.
Shiivs to become apirrnitical Lahotirers fiom igl nf August, ISJ*. — After rccitinK, that it in i xpediunt
thiit the slaveH in It.e British coloiiicH Hhould he nianuniitted and set free on coinpeniiiition l)eiiig uiude to
those entillfil to their servicea, the net Koe.s on to declare, tliot from and iiHer the 1st day of August, 1K,'34,
all persons who, in conformity with the luw8 now In Ibruc In Uie told colonics, iliall, on or before the 1st
day of August, IK.'M, have l)een duly registered as slaves in nuy sucli colony, and v^■lu), on the said Isl day
of August, 1H.<4, shall be actually within any such colony, and who shall liy such registries appear to tje,
(III tile said Ist day of August, IM.I4, of the full age of ll years or upwards, shall by force aim virtue of
tliis act, and ^thout the previous execution of any indenture of apprenticethip, or other deed or instru-
nii lit for that purpose, become and be apprenticed labourers ; iirovided that, tor the purposes albresaid,
every slave engaged in bis ordinary occupation on the seas shall be deenietl and taken to be within the
colony to which such slave shall belong. — ^ 1.
H/iu entitled to Services nf tlie Slave. — During the continuance of the opprenliceship of any such
Kiliourer, oUch person or persons shall be entitled to the services of such labourer as would for the time
being have been entitled to bis or her services as a sl.ive if thifi act had not been made. — \ i.
All Slaves ltr(iii(;/it into i'. K. with Cvnsetit (if J\.. ri^urs, free. — All slaves w bo may at any time pre-
vious to the passing of this act have been brouf^ht with the consent of their possessors, and all appren-
ticed labourers who may hereafter with the like consent l)e brought, into any part of the United Kingdom,
sliall from and alter the passing of this act be absolutely and entirely free to all intents and purposes
whatsoever. — ^3.
,l/if)renticctl Lnlxiiirers to lie ilivided into pru'dinl attached, jirwdinl unattached, and non-ftra-riial —
AikI whereas it is expedient that such u|iprenliccd labourers should, tor the purposes bcrein-atter
mentioned, be divided into J distinct classes; the (irst consisting of pru-dial apprenticed labourers
attached to the soil, and comprising all per.soiis who in their state of slavery were usually employed in
agriculture, or in the manufacture of colonial pioduce or otherwise, upon lands belonging to their
owners; the second consisting of prieilial appreniicid laboiireis not attached to the soil, and comprising
all persons who in their state of slavery were usually employed in agriculture, or in the manulacture of
colonial prwluce or otherwise, upon lands not belonging to their owners; and the third consisting of
nun-pro^dial apprenticed labourers, and comprising all apprenticed labourers not included within either
of the 2 preceding classes: be it therefore enacted, that such division shall be carried into ettect in
such manner and form, and subject to such rules and regulations, as shall for that |)Urpose be established
by such acts of assembly, ordinances, or orders in council as are herein-after mentioned : provided
always, that no person of the age of lii years and upwards shall be includul in either of the said 'J
classes of predial apprenticed labourers, unless such per.-on shall for Iv! calendar months at the least
next before the jiassing of this act have been habitually employed in agriculture or in the manulacture
of colonial prcMluce. — \ 4.
Af>j)renticeshil> nf the prudial I.nliourers limited. — No person who, by virtue of this act, or of any
act of assembly, ortlinance, or order in council, shall become a prajilial apprenticed labourer, whether
attached or not tu the soil, shall continue in such apprenticeship beyond the 1st day of August, IK4n;
and during such upprcntieesbip, no such nra'dial apprenticed labourer shall be bound or lii.ble to
perform any labour in the service of his or her employer or employers for more than 45 hours in one
week. — § .I.
Appreiiticeship of the non-pradial I.nliourers. — No person who, by virtue of this act, or of any act of
assembly, ordinance, or order in council, shall become a iion-pra'dial apprenticed labourer, shall continue
in such apprenticeiliip beyond the 1st day of August, IhSX. — { (i.
Labourer may he discharjicd by his Ewpliiyer — If liefore such ai>prenticeship shall have expired,
the person or persons entitled during the remainder of any such term to the services of such apprenticed
labourer shall be desirous to discharge him or lier from such apprcntiieship, it shall be lawful lor such
person or persons so to do by deed or instrument ; which deed or instrument shall be in such form, and
shall be executed and recorded in such manner and with such solemnities, as shall be prescribed under
authority ; provided that, if any person so discharged from apprenticeship by voluntary act as aforesaid
shall at that time be of the age of 50 years or upwards, or shall be then labouring under any such
disease or mental or boilily mill iMiiy as may render him or her incapable of earning his or her subsist.
e>,ce, the person or persons so discharging such apprenticed labourer shall continue and be liable to
provide for his or her support and maintenance during the remaining term of the apprenticeship, as fully
as if such labourer had not been discharged. — % 7.
Apprenticed Labourer may purchase his Discharge. — It shall be lawful for any apprenticed labourer
to purchase his or her discharge from such apprenticeship, even without the consent, or in opposition,
if necessary, to the will of the person or persons entitled to his or her services, upon payment to such
person or persons of the appraised value of such services; the appraisement being etl'ected, the purchase
money being paid and apjilied, and the discharge being given and executed, in such manner and form,
and subject to such conditions, as shall be prescribed by competent authority. — ^ 8.
Ajiprenliccd Labourers not rrtiwvable from the Colony. — No a|)prenticed labourer shall be subject or
liable to be removed from the colony to w hich he nay belong ; and no pr.Tdial apprenticed labourer who
may become attached to the soil shall be subject or liable to perform aiiv labour in the service of his or
her employer or employers except upon the works and business of the plantations or estates to which he
or she had been attached, or on which he or she had been usually employed previously to the said 1st day
of August, 1834 : provided that, with the consent in writing of any i or more justices of peace holding
such special commission as herein-after mentioned, it shall be lawful for those entitled to the services of
any pra;dial apprenticed labourer or labourers to transfer his or their services to any other estate or
plantation within the same colony belonging to them ; which written consent shall in no case be given,
or be of any (validity, unless such justices of the peace shall first have ascertained that such transfer
would not separate any such apprenticed labourer from his or her wife or husband, parent or child, or
from any one repiite<l to bear such relation to him or her, and that such transfer would not probably be
injuriou.s to the liealtli or welfare of such labourer; and such written consent to such removal shall be
expressed in such terms, and be in each case given, attested, and recorded in the manner prescribed (or
that pur()ose. — ^ 9.
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SLAVES AND SLAVE TRADE.
'I i
Jllght to the Servtcet qf opprenticeil Liiboureii to br Intntfi-rnblt. — Ttie right or Interott of nnf
employer or I'lniilnvi'm to tliu nervU-ci of any aiiiircnttceil lahoiireri nhall Ik> tranil'oratile by bargain and
mIc, contract, cicpil, Kr., arcoritliig to mich riilei and In «ucl) m.inner ai) nhnll for that puri>o*« be pro.
vlilcil at hi-riMn-allvr ini-ntionml ; pr>)viilcil lli.it no appriMiMi ' 'I laliourvr iihiill, by virtue of any luch
bar){n'ni, n;ili', \>' , he sulijcct (o ^cp.irat on honi Ijih or la-r Wtll- or huiUantl, piircnt or child, or from any
one ri'iHitiMl to liciir such relation to him it her. — ', 10
Hinpliiyir I j .»"/'/'/.'/ ""' l.iilMmr-r inih I-'ikhI, )tr — OnrinK the rontinnance of «urh npprentlce«hl|), the
pcmiiii or pefMiOH entitled to the iervices of every apprentic'i'il lalmiirer »hall he uiiil 11 recjuired lo
•u|>|i!y liiMi or her with snch food, clothiii';, lo luniR, medicine, medical attendance, ami snch other
mumtenance and idlowance* an, liy any law now in lorix' in the colciny to which nuch npprenlicid
lahoiiK^r may liehmj}, nn owner in reiiiiiird tn Mipi)lv lo any slave of the ane ami m"« an nucli anpteii.
ticeil lalioiireri ami in cases m which the lood of »mli apprenticed h.lxinrcr shall lie >upphed, not by the
delivery to him or her of provisions, but by the cultivation by mich lalxnirer of Kmiiml act apart tor
the (growth of provisionn, Ihose entitled to his or her services shall and are rcipiired to provide snch
apprenticed labiuircr with Kroiiml ailcipiate. both In quantity ami i|Uality, f<ir his or her support, ami
williiii a reasonable distame of his or her usual place of abode, and to allow such labourer, from and out
of the timediiriiiK which he or she may be required to labour, alter the rate of 1.) hours per week. In
the service of his or her employers, such'n |iortiori of time us slmll he ndeipiale for the |)ro|K'r cultivation
of such ({round, and for the raising ami securing the crops thereon grown; the actual extent of which
frroumi, and the distance thereof from the place of residence of the upprenlice<l labourer for whose nso
t is allotted, and the length of time to lie liedncted for the cultivation of the said ground from the said
aimual time, shull, in I'lich of the colonies aforesaid, be regulatitl as herein-after menlioneil — '; II.
AH S/nii:i in the Hrilith Cotimirs emitncipntcljiom the Ist itf August, 18 U. — Subject to the obligations
lin|Hised by this act, or to be imposed by any act iif general assembly, ordinance, or order in council as
hereiii-aner mentioned, upon such apprenticed labourers, all ami fiwrii thv peinons vlio, on lln- \a/ il,iy
of August, ln.'3i, shall he hiilttrn in slnvcry within ani/ llrilish colon//, shall, fiuin anil after the saitl \st
day nf Ait^uit, 18.1+, liecome and At" loall intents and pin poses free and discharned of and from all manner
qf slaveri/, and shall Ik ohsulntely and for ever maniimilled • and the ehildn n therenflcr lo he htirn lo any
such jH'rtons, and the iffspring nf such children, shall in like manner he free from their hirth ; ati,i
from and after the said \st day if August, IHU, slavery shall he and is herehy iilterly and fur ever
abolished and declared unlawful Ihrougliuut the British colonies, plontaliuns,and possessions abroad.—
Chilitrrn may be apirrenlired. — Whereas it may happen that children who have not attained the age
of 6 years on the 1st of August, 18 JJ, or that children who after tliat day may be Ixirii to female appreii.
I iced labourers, may not be properly supjiurtcd by their parents, ami that no other person may be (lis.
;Hised voluntarily to undertaKe their support, and it is necessary that provision should be made for the
maintenunco of such children ; be it enacted, that if any child who, on the 1st of August, lK;i4', had not
completed his or her Oth year, or if any child to which any female apprentiecil labourer mav give birth
on or after the said 1st of August, 18.U, shall be brought before any justice of the peace holding siuh
special commission as hcrein-aller mptuioned, and if it be made to appear to the satisfaction of such jns<
ticethat such child Is unprovjijed with adeipiatc maintenance, and that such child hath not completed
his or her age of I'J years, it shall be lawful for such justice, and he is hereby required, to execute an
indenture of apprenticeship, binding snch child ns an apprenticed labourer to the person or persons
entitled to the services of its mother, or who had been last entitlcHl to her .services ; but in case it l>c made
to appear to such justice that such person or persons is or are unableor unlit to enter into such indenture,
and properly to perform the conditions thereof, then such justice is required to bind such child to any
other person or persons approved by him, who inay be willing and able properly to perform such con.
ditions ; and every indenture of apprenticeship shall declare whether such child shall theneelonvarj
belong to the class of attachetl predial a)>prenticcil labourers, or to the class of unattached prtcdi.d .i|k.
prenticed labourers, or to the class of non>pra!dial apprenticed labourers ; and the term of apprenticeship
of such child shall be made to continue in force imtll such child shall have completed his or her 'jlst
year, ami no longer ; and every child so apprenticed shall, during his or her apprenticeship, he subject to
all rules and regulations respecting work or labour, and respectiiiK food and other supplies, as any other
apprenticed labourers: provided always, that Ithc indenture of apprenticeship shall contain sutflciciit
Words of OL':r,cttion upon the employer lo allow reasonable time and opportunity for the education and
religious instruction of such child — ^ li.
His Majesty, or any Governor, may appoint Justices of the Peace This clause authorises his ^lajesly,
or any governor of any colony, to apixiiiit special justices of the peace for carrying this act into eH'ect. —
His Majesty may grant Salaries to special Justices This clause authorises his Majesty to gr.Tiil
salaries, not exceeding 'MM. a year, to such special justices; providing that no person in the receipt 0/
half.pay from his Majesty's land or naval forces shall forfeit or lose the same on being appointed a justice
under this act. It also directs lists of such justices to be laid before parliament. — ^ l.?.
Recital of various Regulations necessary for giving Effect to this Act. — Whereas it is necessary that
various rules and regulations should be established for ascertaining, with reference to each apprenticed
labourer, to what class he or she belongs, and for determining the manner in and the solemnities with
which the voluntary discharge of any apprenticed labourer may be efflxiteil, and for prescribin;,' the
manner in aiul the solemnities with which the > iirchaseby anyapprcnticed labourer of his or hci discharge
from such a|)prenticeship, without, or in npp ,sii ion, if necessary, to, the consent of those entitled to his
or her services, shall be eH'cctc<l, and how the n.-ccssary appraisement of the future value of such services
shall be made, and how and to whom the amo^mt of such appraisement shall be paid and applied, anil in
what manner and by whom the discharge shall he given, executed, and rccorde<l ; and it is also necessary,
for the preservation of peace throughout the said colonics, that proper regulations should be estahlished
fur the maintenance of order and good disciplincamongst the said apprenticed labourers, and forinsuring
the punctual discharge of the services due by them to their employers, and for the prevention and punish>
ment of indolence, or the neglect or imiiroj^r performance of work by any apprenticed labourer, and for
enforcing the due performance by such labourer of any contract into which he or she may voluntarily
enter for any hired service during the time in which he or she may not be bound to labour for his or her
employer, and for the prevention and punishment of insolence and insubordination on the part of such
apprenticetl labourers towards their employers, and for the prevention or punishment of vagrancy, or of
any conduct on the jiart of any such apprenticed labourers injuring or tending to the injury of the pro.
perty of any employer, and for the suppression and punishment of any riot or combined resistance of the
laws on the part of such apprenticed labourers, and for preventing the escape of such apprenticed
labourers, during their term of apprenticeship, from the colonies to which they may belong : and whereas
It will also be necessary for the protection of such apprenticcil labourers, that various regulations should
be framed and established in the said colonics for securing punctuality and method in supplying them
with food, clothing, lodging, medicines, medical attendance, and such other maintenance and allowances
as they are entitled to receive, and for regulating the amount and quality of all such articles in cases
where the laws at present existing may not have made any regulation or any adequate regulation for that
purpose ; and it is also necessary that proper rules should be estabhshetl lor the prevention and punish,
ment of any frauds which might be practised, or of any omissions or neglects which might occur, respecting
the quantity or the quality of the supplies so to be furnished, or respecting the periods for the delivery of
th« same: and wheieas it it necessary, in those cases in which the fo<Kl of any such prtedial apprenticed
SLAVKS AND SLAVE TRADE.
1049
Uhourm M aforciald mav cither wholly or \n part be rained l)y thrmiielvci by the rtiltlvntlon of grmitid
irl apart and allolicil for that |Hir|K)«c, that proper ri-giihition* should he niadi' and f.liihli.hcd n> lo the
extent ol'iiich Kroiindii, una at to thi'dittaiire ut which mich Kroiindx iimy {>v no .illoticd Iroiii the oidiiary
plai e of abode ol'inuh prndial npprcnticid iahoiircru, and reMpritiiif tJu' lUilnrtionit lo be inailc fidiii llie
cultivation ol i.uidi laouod* Irom tlie annual lone ilurinn wliii li >ui h prudi.d appriiicicrd ! diourir* iiro
diilari'd liai Ic to labour: aiul whercait It may also he nocimaiy, by -ui h iiKUlatious, to mti ic lo appiiii.
liicd laljouiiTs thf fiiiovnifot lor tin ir ciwn bcuilit ol that pilrliou ol tin ii lujic dorm); itlni h lliry are
nut ri'ipnred to laliour in the servo c i,l tliiir ri-pectin' I'mphncrs, and l'i,r MiurinK ixilnim in the
coinpulation of tlic time ilurniij which hoch lalMioriTs arc ici|Uircd lo 1 ilinur ii the nrvii'c ot tin ii em.
[ilo>4r« i and it is alto on cusary that provi-ion ^hllulll be nuiiU' lor preventing the iinpoHition of l.iKk.woik
on any apprcnln iil libourer williout In- nr her liee consent lo umic riake the -ame , but it may be ncecs-
lary liy »ncli rcKolation< oi cerlaio ea>cs lo reipnre and provide lor the aciiuicM cm <• ol the miiioiity of
llu' pia'ibal apprenticed labiiiirerH aliai lied lo an\ njantalion or eslale in the ili>l' buiKii anil ap| oilioii.
mint .iinoiiH"! their "hole body ol am ta-k-work winch the majorily ol lliciii »lial! '>e miIIiiik anil Oe-iroui
Ci'llccliv.'ly t(. nndeitaki' ; nml ll i» al-o mccssaiy that reniilahonii >hoiilil ln' m/ de ie»|aclihK anv mini',
tary coiitraels inio wliicli any apprenticed lalioiirer» may cnler with their re»pecli\ e i iiipln\ei«'' r w ih
any other pernon lor hiied «ervice fur any fiiliire period, and for liimliiiK the (ireule.«t pniod nf tune lo
wliicli itucli voluntary contrnci may extend, ami for enlorcin»i the punctual perlorinaiice ol kui h lonliaclt
on the part both of nui h labourers and of IIkjhi- ciiKaKiiiK for Iheir emploMueiit and lire; and it Ik alto
liccesary that reKolationn slimild be made for the prevention or punishment of any cruelly, iniUslce, or
other wroii(j or injury done to or inlliiteil upon any Midi appieiiliecd lalioiin rs b\ those eiililled lo iheir
tervices; and it is also nece-sary that proper riKuiatioiis ,U old bemaile re«p(eliliK Ihc manner and lorin
ill Willi h indentures of a|>prenlice»liip ^lulll be made on behall of chili 'no, and respeitu K the rc|;i.-.lci ii y
and preservation of nucli indentures : and v\ hereas it is also m coii.i/v that provision simnlil he mare lor
illsUriiiK proiiiptitlide and despatch, and lor preveiitiiiK imnece»i.ary expensi', in the ilischaiMC by the
justices of the peace of llie jurisdiflioii and authorities commilted lo I'heiii, ami hir cnahlii « such jiislKes
to decide in a miininary way such (iiiesfions as may he biou)jhl before them in thai capacit\, and lor the
division of the colonies into liistricis for the purposes of such jiiri»diciio!i. and for ihe fieipieni and punc.
tiial visitation liy such jiislices of the apprenticed labourers'wilhili their risptclivc dish ii Is j aial it is
al-o necessary that reKulalions slionld be made for iiideinnil.»iiiK and prolectin^' such jiisliies ol ilie peace
ill the upright execiilion and diacharKe of their duties : am! whereas siii h reniilations could not without
great iiiconveiiience be made except by the respective governors, councils, and assemblies, or otln r local
Icgislalurcs of the said respective colonies, or liy his Maeslv, with Ihe advice of Ins privy council, in re.
firence lo those colonies to which the IcKislative authority of his Majesty in council exlem.s; be it
therefore enacted and declared, that nothiiiK in this act conlained extends or shall be coiislriicii to extend
to prevent the enactment by the respective governors, ciuncils, and assemblies, or by such othir local
k'Kislaturenasaloresaid, or by his Majesty, with the advice of his privy council, ol any such acts ol (ieiierai
assembly, or ordinances, or orders in council as may lie rei|Uisite for'making and estrtblishing such luleg
and regulations, rir for carrying the >amc into fuUand complete ellect : pr(<\ ided ncvi rlhekss, thai it
shall not be lawful for any such governor, council, and asscinlily, or lor any local leg sl.iliire, or lor his
Majesty in council, to make or establish any enactment, regulation, provision, rule, or order in anywise
repugnant or contradictory lo this presciitai t, hut tliat every such eiiaitnitut, regulation, &c. shall be
and IS declared lo be absolutely null and void. — \ lii.
Siic/i Colonial Acts muy not authorise the whip/iing or Punishment i<f the I.aiourer It shall I'Ot bo
lawful for any such governor, iSic, or other colonial legislature, or lor his iMnjesty in council, by any tuch
net, ordinance, itc, to authorise any one entitled to the services ot any apprenticed lahourir, or any
person or persons other than justices of the peace holding special commissions as aforesaiil, to punish any
apprenticed labourer for any oftence committed or alleged to have been committed, by tlie w hipoiiig, be at-
Ing, or iiiiprisoninent of his or her person, or by any other ))ersunal cornclion or juinishment whatsoever,
or hy any addition to the hours of labour hereiii-liefore limited ; nor lo anlhorise any coiiit, judge, or
justice to punish any apprentice<l labourer, being a female, for any oflbnce by her coinmitled, by whipping
or heating her person ; and that every enaetmeiit, regulation, Ac. for any such purpose is hereby declared
to lie absolutely null and of no etiect : provided always, that nothing in this act (onlained doth or shall
extend to exempt any ap|ircnticed labourer from the operation of any law or police regulation in force
for Ihe prevention or punishment of any oflen-v. -hch law or police regulation being in lorce against and
applicable to all persons of free condition \ 17.
the next 2 sections provide that none but special justices, holding commissions as aforesaid, shall act
in execution of this act, or interfere between apjirenticed labourers and their employers; but reserving
to the supreme cnuits such powers in relation hereto as may now be ve.-tcd in them.
Aptnenlicctt Lahourers not to lie subject to I'rolonnation or Hem Jiuil I'J' /t) jireii/'ceihip. — No apprenticed
labourer shall, by act of assembly, ordinance, or order in council, be rendered liable, in respect ol any
otleiice, or upon any pretext whatsoever, except as hereafter is mcniioned, to any iiroloiifation of his or
her term of apprenticeship, or to any new or additional apprenticeship, or to any siicli additional labour
as shall impose upon such ;.pprenticed labourer the obligation of working in the service or lor the beiieht
of those entitled to his or her services for more than 1;') extra hours in the whole in any 1 week, but
every such enactment, regulation, provision, Kc. shall be and is null and void and of no eflect : proviritil
nevertheless, that any act of assembly, ordinance, or order in council, ni.'.y contain provisions lor com-
pelling any apprenticed lahourer, who shall, during his or her apprenticeship, wilfully be absent frnm the
101 vice of his or her employer, either lo serve such employer alter the exiiiration of his or her appren-
ticeship for so long a time as he or she shall have so been absent fioin such service, or to make satislai lion
to his or her employer for the loss sustained by such abseme iexcci.t so iar as he or she shall have made
•atisfaction for sneli absence, either out of sueli extra houis ai aforesaid, or ttherwise^ but iievertluless
•o that such extra service or compensation shall not be compellable alter the expiration of 7 years next
after the terminstion of the apprenticeship of such apprentice. — C 'Ji
Apprenticed Labourers not to be compelled to worii on Hundoijs. — Xeilhcr under the provisions or
obli;.atioiis imposed by this act, or any act of general assembly, ordinance, or order in council, shall any
apprenticed labourer be comjielled to bbour on Sundays, ;/>iopt in works of necessity, or in lioniestic,
•ervices, or in the protection of property, or in tending of cattle, nor shall any appreiilicca l.ibourer be
hindered Irom attending anywhere on Sundays for religious worship, at his or her free will or pleasure,
but shall be at full liberty so to do without let, denial, or interruption whatsoever. — 5 -I-
Kothiiig herein to -interfere with certiiin Colonial Lavs. — Nothing in this act extemis or shall he con-
strued to extend to interfere with or prevent the enactment by the governors, councils, and assemblies,
or by such other local legislature of any colonies, or by his' Miijesty in council in reference to such
colonies as are subject to the legislative authority of his Majesty in council, of any acts, oruinanceis, \c.
for exempting any apprenticed labourers, during the continuance of their apiirentice^l'.ip, from any civil
or military service, or for disqualifying them during the eontinuance of any such ai.prenticeships from the
enjoyment or discharge of any political franchise, or for exempting them during the continuance or i-uch
apprenticeships from being arrested or imprisoned lor debt. — i, 2'2.
Acts passed by local Legislatures with similar but improved Enactments to this Jet to supersede this
Act. — In case the governor, council, and assembly of one or more colonies shall, by any act or acts of
general assembly for that purpose, substitute ior the several enactments herein containe<l, or any of them,
any enactments accomplishing the several objects in such enactments respectively contemplated an fully
and to the like efftct, but in a manner and form better adapted to the local circumstances of such coloniea
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or colony, ami tii ca«o Iun Miijcnty slinll, liy uiiy order in coiiiicil, cdiiflnn ami allow such act or net* of
BUKCitilily, and sIimII in such order recite aiul Ret forth the iirovisioiis unci enaitmentg of thin iireseiit act
for which iiuch III her etiuctmentii shall have heen siihutituted, then anil In kucIi eaxe io much ami mch
partH of this prciient act uh shall hesii recited .nul set forth in any such order in council aliall he 8uii|iendea
and cease to he of any force in Huch colony frnui and alter the arrival and proclainalion therein of any
■uch order or imlerH in council, and shall cimtiiiue to Im.- no suspendeil so tont; an any sucli Kulistituteil
Knacluientii hhall continue in force, and no lunger. — fj V.'i.
'J'/ie Trriisuifi 1)1111/ riiiii' I. onus, nol cufeilni^ i!0,(KMl,()0()/. — Thin section recites, that towards com-
pensating the persons at pri'senl entitled to the services of the slaves lo he inaiu.,nitted and si t Irie hv
virtue of this act for the loss of such services, the Coinnions of (jreal tiilain ami Ireland in parliament
usaemhleii have resolved to ^ive and xranttonis Majesty the sum of .o.lHJd.WKJ/. sterliOK. Aulliorily is
then Kiven to raise such '^11,111 ll,(lli()/., and to ({rant ainiuitics for the same. Directions are also given linw
the same is to be paid ; and the interest and cliarges are made chargeable upon the cunsollilateil fund .
('uiimiis.iidni'rs to he npjmintcil fur (fintrihuti'iif; Cotiipfttsatiim. — It shall be lawful for his ^^aje»ty from
time to tiuu-, b^' a connnission under the great seal, to constitute and ap|ioiiii such (lersnns, not being log
than ,'), as to his Majesty shall seem meet, to lie eoinmissioners of arbitration (or iniiuiring into and ile-
cidiiiK upon the cl.iinis to ciimpensation which may be preferred to them under this act \ ;;;).
Sections :'A. to 4^. inclusive, regulate the a| pointment of, inc> ;' :ig8, and manner of proeediiig before the
commissioners.
A'o I'tirl ((/' Coiiipcnsalion to lir applicaltk to ani/ Colony unless his tliijcsty ilerlari' that nilrtiunlr Pro-
vision lias Imv?i iiiudf 1)1/ the Lrf-islaturv thnaif. — No [lart of the said sum ol'' a),(lOO,()()()/. sterling shall he
applied for thebeiietit of any person now entitled to the services of any slave in any of the colonies, iiiilcs!)
an order shall have been first made by his Majesty in council, declaring that adei|uate and satisfailory
provision hath been made by law in such colony for giving ellect to this present act by sucli further anil
sn|ijilemeiitury enactments as aforesaid, nor unless a certilied copy of such order in council shall have
been transmitted to the commissioners of his Majesty's treasury for their guidance or information ; and
every such order shall be published .'J several times in the London Oaxrtti; and shall be laid beloie IjoiIi
houses of parliament within (i weeks next after the dale thereof, if parhan-.ent shall be tlien in session
unil if not, within li weeks from the i:ext ensuing session. — ^ 4+. '
'I'lic Comviissioners to apportion the t'ovipensation I'viut — I'hc said (commissioners shall proceed to
apportion the said sum into l<l dill'erent shares, which shall be respectively assigned to the several lUilisli
colonies or possessions, viz. the iierniuda Islands, the llahama Islands, Jamaica, Honduras, the Virgin
Isl.inds, Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Chrisuiphcr's, Dominica, JIarbadoes, (irenada, St. Vincent's,
Tobago, St. I.ucia, Trinidad, liritish (iuiaiia, the Cape of (iuod Hope, and Mauritius; and in making'
Ducli ap|K>rtionmenti>f the said funds among the several colonics, the coinmissionci.. shall and are reiiiiircd
to have regard to the number of slaves belonging to or settled in each of such colonies, as the same may
appear and arc statiHl according to the latest returns made in the nlhce of the registrar of slaves in
Kngland, apiiointed under the authority of the act 5'J (ieo. .i. c. Ii!(),, intituled " An Act lor eslal.lislung a
Itcgistry of Cdloiiial Slaves in (ireat ISritain, and for making l\irther rrovision with rt^pect to the Hcmiival
of Slaves from Uriti^h Colonies ;" and the said commissioners are further required, in making sucli ap.
lortiomneiit, to have regard to the prices for which, on an average of H \ears ending the .ilst day of
December, 18.';0, slaves have been sohl In each culuny, excluding from consideration any sales in which
they shall havesulticient reason to suiipo-e that slaves were sold or purchased under any reservation, or
subject to any express or tacit condition atlecling thdr price; and the said cominl.-sioners shall then pro-
ceed to ascertain, in reference to each colony, wlia* :iniount of sterling money will represent the aveiage
value of a sl.ive therein for the said period of 8 ytars; and the total number of the slaves in each cdloiiy
being multiplied into the amount of sterling money so representing such average value of a slave therein,
the jiriMluct of such multiplication slii-.U be ascertained for each colony separately ; and the said 20.(;()(),()i,()/.
sterling sliall then be assigned to and appnrtiiined amongst the siiid several colonies rateably and in pro.
portion to the product so a.scertaineil for each respeclively. — ^ V>.
Ao CoHipensutiOH to he aW'ireil for I'ersons illef-ali'i/ held in Slavery. — In case it shall appear that any
persons in respect of whom claims for compensation shall have been made have been regi.slered and held
in slavery in any colnny inentioned in thi-s act contrary to law, in every such case the eoinmissioners shall
deduct from the sum to be ajiproiiriated as compensation to the jiroprielors in such colony, such sums as
shall correspond with tlie estimated value and number of the persons so illegally registered and held in
slavery ; and allunch sum or sums which may he deducted as herein-before provided sliall be applied towaril.s
defraying the general exiienses of the cmnmission : provided always, that for the |iurpose of iiscertaining
in wliat cases siuh deductions shall be madv, every i|Uestu)n arising in any colony respecting the servile
condition of any persons registered as slaves shall be ini|uireil of and determined by the commissioners to
be appoilitCHl under this act, according to such rules of legal presumption and evidence as are or shall be
established by any law in force or which shall be in force in any such colony. — ^ 4<i.
Commissioners to institute Inquiries, S(c. — It shall be the duty of said commissioners, and they are
liereby required, to institute a lull and exact inquiry into all the circumstances connected with each of
the said several colonies which in their judgment ought, in justice and equity, to regulate or allect the
apportionment within the same of that part f the general compensation fund which shall be assigned tu
each of the said colonics ; and especially such commissioners sliall have regard to the relulive value of
pru.>iUal slaves and of unattached slaves in every such colony ; and they shall distinguish such slaves,
whether pra-dial or unattached, into as many distinct classes as, regard being had to the circumstances of
each colony, shall appear just ; and such commissioners shall, with all practicable precision, ascertain and
tix the average value of a slave in each of the classes into which the slaves in any such colony shall be
divided ; and the commissioners shall also inquire and consider of the principles according to which the
compensation to be allotted in lespoct to any slave or body of sic^ves ought, according to the rules of law
and equity, to be dislributeil amongst (icrsons who, as owners or creditors, legatees or annuitants, may
have any joint or common interest in any such slave or slaves, or may be entitled to or interested in such
slave or slaves, cither in possession, remainder, reversion, or expectancy ; and the commissioners shall also
inquire and consider of the principles and manner in which provision might be most eltectually mao_- lor
the protection of .my interest in any such coni|)eiisat:on money which may lx.'lniig to or be vested in any
married women, infants, lunatics, or persons of insane or unsound mind, or persons bejnnd the sciis, or la-
bouring under any other legal or natural disability or incapacity, and according to what rules, and in what
manner, anil under what authority, trustees should, when necessary, be appointed for the sa'v custody, tor
the benettt of any person or persoiiF, of such compensation fund, or of any part thereof, am' lOr regulating I he
duties of such trustees, and providing them wltli a fair ai <t reasonable indemnity; and the conimissioiicrs
•hall aldu inquire and consider upon what principles, according to the established ruUs of law and eijiiity in
similar cases, the SMccession to such funds slieuli! be regulated upon the death of any person entitled thereic
whumi>ydie intestate; and the co'r.missioners are also rcquireil toconsiderof any other question win n
it may be necessa' . to investigate in order to establish just and equitable rules for the apportionment of
such com|)i>n8ation money amongst the persons seised of, or entitled to, or having any mortgage, charge, i ■>.
cumbrance, judgment, or lien upon, or any claim to, or right or interest in, i.ity slave or slaves to be manu.
mittedasaforesaid,at the time of such their manumission ; and havingmade all such inquiries, and having
tokeii all such mutters and things ap aforesaid into their consideration, the said commissioners shall draw
up and frame such general rules, regard being ' ,irt to the laws and nfiaijcs in force in each colony respectively,
as to them may seem best adap.;f'd ui each colony for set-ring the justrnd equitable distribution of »hc said
SMALTZ.
lO.Tl
fUnilf amongiit or for the beiicm uf the icverni pcmoiii aforriialcl, and for the protectinn of such funila,
and for thu ap|>ointiniMit and indiMniiiticatinn of aui'h truatcos a» afori'itaid ; and burh genvral rulca, when
fraini-d, and UKrevd upon liy tlio coinuiiMiiiincni, khall bf subscribed with Ibeir respective linnils and seals,
and transmitted to the president of council, to be laid before fiis Majesty j and 1.0 from lime to time us
ullen as any further general rules should be so Irumetl and agreed to Ibr tlie iiuriKJses aforesaid, or any of
t!iem. _ H7.
llules to he jmhlisliiit in the I.omkin llittette The general rules to be traniimitted as aforesaid to the
■aid Lord President shall be forthwith pul)lialied in the London (laxctlc on 3 several ocea^ions ut least,
together with a notice that all persons interested in or allected by them may, by a time tf> be in such
notice limited, appeal against any such rules to his Majesty in cu jncil ; anil it shall be lawful for the
Lords ol his Majesty's privy council, or for any :i or more of them, by any further Uotiee or notices pub.
lished in the l.omlon Ouxettf, to enlarge the time lor receiving any such appeals. — t^ tH.
Section 4U. enact* that his Majesty in council may hear such appeals, and thereufwn continn or dis-
allow any general rule so ap|iealed against.
Section M. enacts that, in absence of appeal, his Mi^csty in council may conlirm, rescind, or amend such
rules.
The remaining sections respect the enrohnent of rules, and the proceedings under appeal to his Majesty
ill council ; the mode in which sums awarded by the commissioners are to be paid, tiC.
Foreign Slave Trade. •— At thi; congress of Vienna, in 1 81 4, tlit |ilfnipotentiaries of
tbo great powers agreed to a declaration that tlie slave trade was " repugnant to the
principles of humanity and of universal morality ; and that it was the earnest desire of
their sovereigns to put an ei.d to a .scourge which had so long desolated Africa, degraded
Ein-ope, and afflicted humanity."
IJut notwithstanding this memorable declaration, the immediate abolition of the trade
was not agreed to. France was allowed to continue it for Jive years. It is, besides,
abundantly certain that, though the trade nominally ceased in 181!), it has since been
clandestinely carried on to a great extent in French ships, if not with the connivance,
at least without nmcli ojiposition, on the part of the late government of France, 'i'here
is now, however, reason to hope that it will be effectually suppressed ; for according to
a recent arrangement (Nov. :K). 1831) made with his Majesty Louis. Philippe, the right
of search is reciprocally conceded, within certain limits, by the French and English ;
so that French ships suspected of being engaged in the trade may be stopped !)y Itritish
crui.sers.
(Considering the efforts Great IJri'riin made in behalf of Spain and Portugal, and the
influence she might have been supposed to have actpiired with the restoretl monarehs of
those countries, it may well excite astonishment that our nego iators (whether from the
intractability of those with whom they had to deal, or from want of addres.s and firmness
on their parts, we leave it to others to Jecide), were unable to prevail on these powers
to renounce the tratle till after the •'•iv.e of a considerable period. They succeeded, in-
deed, in inducing them to exemj.t that [xirtion of the African coast north of the Equator
from their piratical attacks ; and for this concession, and damages alleged to have been
sustained by their slave ships from our cruisers, Great iiritain has paid them no less than
1,'J;50,()00Z. ! — (See SiKiiiiA Lkonk.)
The Spanish slave trade was to have finally ceased, according to the stipulations in
the treaty between Spain and this country of the 5th of July and 'J8th of August, 1 ^ ' -t,
in 18'20. Hut within these 'J year:;, and, perhaps, at this very moment, slave <s
have been publicly fitted out from Cuba, and immense numbers of slaves have Ix n
imported into that island, with the open comiivancc of the authorities. A mixed con)-
mission court, consisting of IJritish and S|)anish con>'nissioners, has been established at
Ilavannah, for the condemnation of vessels proved to have been engaged in the slave
trade. But we are tvScially informed by Mr. Macleay, one of the connnissioners, that
since the establishment of the court no seizure of a slave vessel lias ever taken place, but
on the Interference and denunciation of the British commissioners ; and even then mch
seizure has only been made, to be instantli/ followed by a perfect uct/uitlal in the Spanish
tribunals!"— (Purl. Paper, No. I'JO. Sess. I8:il, ]}. 5'.i.)
Slaves were freely imported in immense numbers into Brazil, till February, 18K0,
when the trade was to cease, conformably to the convention entered into with this
coimtry on the 23d of June, 18'J6. — (See Uio nt; Jankiho.) But whether the elan-
destine and illegal, as well as tlie open a.id legitimate importation of slaves, be at an jntl
is more than we can undertake to say.
On the whole, we are afraid that nothing short of a declaration by the great powers,
making the stave trade piracy, will be sufficient entirely to rid humanity of its guilt
and horrors.
SMALTZ, OB. SMALT (Ger. Sehmnlz , Du. Smalt ; Fr. Smalt ; It. Smalto azzurro,
Snuillino ; Sp. Esmalte, Azul azur ; llus. Lasor), an oxide of cobalt, melted with
siliceous earth and potash. It is a sort of glass, oC a beautiful deep blue colour ; and
being ground ery fine, is known by the name of powder blue. The colour of sm:.l»i
is not affected by fire ; and it is consequently in great deinand in the painting of carthti-
warc. It is also employed in the colouring of paper, and for other purposes in the arts.
Bcckmann has proved that the process used in the preparation of sinaltz was invented
about the end of the 15tli or the beginning of the 16th century; and that the blue
i H
: \\
hf 1
■ f*
?0
M!
i
t :
ii m
4
1052
SM'jGGi-.ING.
glass of the c-.cients owes its colour, not to the presence of cobalt or of smaltz, but to that
of iron. — {Hist, of Inventions, \o\. i'l. art. Cobalt.)
Smaltz is principally manufactured in Germany and Norway. Of 391,523 lbs. imported into Great
Britain in 1831, aHi.HU) lbs. came from Norway, I6(),7()5 from Germany, and i;,),9.''8 fror. theNellicrlaiid».
At an average of lH.il and 18.;2, the entries of sinaltz for home coii.suniption amounted to 31!),40S Ibi. «
year Tlie duty on smaltz has recently been reduced (roui C'l. to 4</. per lb.
SMUGGLING, the oilenw of dut'rauding tlie revenue by the introduction ol
articles into consumption, without paying tlie duties chargeable upon them. It may be
committed indilloreiuly either uiion tiie excise or customs revenue.
Orii/iii and Prevention of Siniif/r/liny. — Tiiis crime, which occupies so prominent a
place in tlie criminal legislation of all modern states, is wholly the result of vicious com-
mercial and fniancial legislation. It is the fruit efther of prohibitions of imj)ortation,
or of opi)re.ssively high duties. It docs not originate in any depravity inherent m man ;
but in the folly and ignorance of legislators. A prohibition against importing a com-
motlity does not take away the taste for it ; and the imposition of a high duty on any
article occasions a universal desire to escape or evade its payment. Hence, the rise
and occupation of the sniuggler. The risk of being detected in the clandestine intro-
duction of commodities under any system of fiscal regulations may always be valued at
a certain average rate; and wherever the duties exceed this rate, smuggling immediately
takes place. Now, there are plainly but two ways of checking this practice, — either
the temptation to smuggle must be diminished by lowering the duties, or the difficulties
in the way of smuggling must be incrc'sed. The first is obviously the more natural
and efficient methotl of eftecting the object in view ; but the second has been most ge-
nerally resorted to, even in cases where the duties were quite excessive. Governments
have imiformly almost consulted the persons employed in the collection of the revenue
with respect to the best mode of rendering taxes effectual ; though it is clear that the
interests, prejudices, and peculiar habits of such persons utterly disqualify them from
forming ^ sound opinon on such a subject. They cannot recommend a reducticn of
duties as a means of repressing smuggling and increasing revenue, without ackiur^-.
ledging their own incapacity to detect and defeat illicit practices ; and the r.. !t ; •
been, that, instead of ascribing the prevalence of smuggling to its true causes, ■
cers of ctistoms and excise have almost universally ascribed it to some defect in the laws,
or in the mode of administering them, and have proposed repressing it by new regu-
lations, and by incieasing the number and severity of the penalties atfecting the smug-
gler. As might have been expected, these attempts have, in the great majority of cases,
proved signally unsuccessful. And it has been invariably found, that no vigilance or
the part of the revenue officers, and no severity of punishment, can prevent the smug-
gling of such commodities as are either prohibited or loaded with oppressive duties.
The smuggler is generally a popular character ; and whatever tfie law may declare on
the subject, it is quite ludicrous to expect that the bulk of society will ever be brought
to think that those who furnish them with cheap brandy, geneva, tobacco, &c. are guilty
of any very heinous offence.
" To pretend," says Dr. Smith, '• to have any scruple about buying smuggled goods,
thougli a manifest encouragement to the violation of the revenue laws, and to the perjury
which almost always attends it, would, in most countries, be regarded as one of those
pedantic pieces of hypocrisy, which, instead of gaining credit with any body, seems only to
expose the person who affects to practise them to the suspicion of being a greater knave
than most of his neighbours. By this indulgence of the public, the smuggler is often
encouraged to continue a trade, which he is thus taught to consider as, in some measure,
innocent ; and when the severity of tiie revenue laws is ready to fall upon him, he is
frequently dispo.sed to defend with violence what he has been accustomed to regard as
his just property ; and from l)eing at first rather imprudent tlhin criminal, he, at last,
too oflen becomes one of the most determined violators of the laws of society." —
{Wealth of Nations, vol. iii. p. 491.)
To create by means of high duties nn overwhelming temptation to indulge in crime,
and then to punish men for indulging in it, is a jnoceeding completely subversive of
every principle of justice. It revolts the natural feelings of the people ; and teaches
them to feel an interest in the worst characters — for such smugglers generally are — to
espouse their cause, and avenge their wrongs. A punishment which is not proportioned
to the offence, and which does not carry the sanction of public opinion along with it, can
never be productive of any good enect. The true way to put down smuggling is to
render it improfitalile ; to diminish the temptation to engage in it : and this is not to
be done by surrounding the coasts with cordons of troops, by the multiplication of
oaths and penalties, and making the country the theatre of ferocious and bloody contests
in the field, and of perjury and chicanery in the courts of law ; but by repealing pro-
hibitions, and reducing duties, so that their collection may be enforced with a moderate
degree of vigilance ; and that the forfeiture of the article may be a sufficient penalty
upon
SMUGGLING.
lOJJ
ft:
upon the smuggler. It is in this, and in tliis only, that we must seek for an cfTectual
checli to illicit traflicking. Whenever the profits of the fair trader become nearly equal to
those of the smuggler, the latter is forced to abandon his hazardous profession. Bu»
so long as prohibitions or oppressively higli duties ire kept up, or, which is, in fact, ilic
some tiling, so long as /liy/i liouiilics are held out t j encourage tlie adventurous, the needy,
and the profligate, to enter on (Ins career, we may be assured that armies of exci^o
and custom-house officers, backed by the utmost severity of the revenue laws, will be
insufficient to hinder them.
Smuggling in France and England. — The recently printed Report of Messrs. Villicrs
and Bowring, on the commercial relations between l-'rance and Great Britain, contains
some very curious and instructive details as to the smuggling carried on between tliem.
Tiiey afford the most satisfactory and convincing proofs of the incapacity of restrictions
and prohibitions to secure a real monopoly of any extensive market ; and show that their
principal effect is to promote illicit trafi'c ; an! to make that ingenuity and invention be
e ;rted in devising means to defeat and elude the law, which, under a more liberal
system, would be exerted to improve the methods of production. The introduction
of prohibited goods is more eubily effected by land than by sea ; and sniugghng
into France is, in consequence, carried on principally througii her north and cast
frontiers. Considerable quantities of prohibited or overtaxed goods are, however, in-
troduced by sea. A regular tariff of risks is established ; and persons of undoubted
solidity contract, for certain premiums, which for the most part are abundantly moderate,
to deliver any prohibited article in any part of France. Owing to the system of octrois,
or of the collection of duties at the gates of large towns, where an ins])eetion of the goods
may also be made, the cost of smuggling into Paris and other populous places is con-
siderably greater than that of smuggling into villages. At an average, however, most
foreign goods may be delivered in Paris at a charge of from '25 to SO per cent, ad
valortm on their real value.
Notwithstanding the advantage of a sea frontier, a coast guard, and a most efficient
Custom-house establishment, the facts embodied by Messrs. Villiers and Bowring
in their Report show that smuggling is in quite as flouri^Jiing a con(iitit)n on the
shores of England as on the land frontier of France. The i)remium on the illicit intro-
duction amongst us of prohibited or overtaxed goods varies from lii to 40 per cent, ad
valorem, according to the description of the article. The parties '.'mploying the smugglers
run no risk. The latter, or their agents, attend regularly upon 'Change ; and " it is their
constant practice to deposit the value of the goods confided to their care in a banker's
acceptance, as a security to the owner!" — {Report, \>. 54.) It could hardly, ir.decd,
have been otherwise. Brandy, which is the favourite article for smuggling speculations,
may be bought for shipment in France at from .Ss. 6d. to 5s. a gallon. It is highly
popular amongst us; but instead of admitting it to consumption under a moderate duty,
or even under the high duty of 8s. or 10s., we load it witli the oppressive and exorbitant
duty of 22s. 6d. ; that is, with a duty varying from 450 to 650 per cent, ad valorem !
Had those who originally imposed this duty, and those by whom it has been kept up,
been deeply interested in smuggling adventures, their conduct would have been intel-
ligible ; but, as no such excuse can be made for them, it has been in the last degree
irrational and absurd. The temptation to the illicit introduction of brandy, occasioned
by the exorbitancy of the duty, has roused all the energies of the smuggler, who has de-
feated the utmost vigilance of the revenue officers, and eluded or defied the multiplied
pains and penalties of the customs laws ! Messrs. Villiers and Bowring estimate, from
a comparison of the shipments of different articles from France for England with the
imports into the latter, and other authentic data, that the total anioimt of duties evaded
by the fraudulent importation of overtaxed French articles (exclusive of tobacco, whole
cargoes of which are sometimes introduced into Ireland) into this country amounts to
about 800,000/. a year. — (p. 54.) Of this sum. the loss on brandy makes by far
the largest item; and is said to be " considerubii/ more than 500,000/. !" — (p. 57.)
It is plain, therefore, that, as a means of raising revenue, this system is signally
unsuccessful ; but it is so in a far greater degree than appears even from the above
statements: for, in addition to the vast quantity of overtaxed articles clandestinely
introduced, and on which a rea.ionablc duty would be paid, it occasions the over-
loading of the market with spurious, counterfeit articles, by which the public health as
well as the revenue is materially injured. Nor is this all. In order to render opjjressive
duties productive of any revenue, it is necessary to organise and keep constantly on foot
a very numerous and costly customs establishment. It is abundantly certain that we lose,
by the clandestine importation of brandy, geneva, and tobacco, from France, Belgium,
and Holland, above 1,500,000/. a year of revenue; and it is admitted, on all hands, that,
but for the oppressive duties on these a?ticles, a saving of 500,000/. a year might bo
effected in the customs department. Nothing, therefore, can be more futile than to at-
tempt vindicating exorbitant duties on the pretence of their being required to keep up
II..
yi!'
1
1054.
SMUGGLING.
I
the revenue. In point of fnet, such duties are about the most efficient engines that can
be devised for its reduction. The revenue derived from coffee has been trebled by
reducing the duty from Is. Id. to Gd. per lb. — (see Coffee); the revenue derived fioin
British spirits was materially increased by reducing the duty from 5s. 6d. to 2s. Gd. the
wine gallon — (see Spiiiitsj ; and Mr. Pitt increased the duty derived from brandy,
geneva, &c., in 17Sfi, not by adding to, but by taking .W per cent, from, the duties witli
which they had previously been loaded ! There cannot, indeed, be the shadow of a doubt
that tlie revenue derived from brandy and geneva would be very largely increased by re-
ducing the duties to 8s. or 10s. a gallon. A measure of this sort, coupled as it ouffht
to be with a reduction of the duties on tobacco — (see Tobacco), — would do what neitlier
coast guards, preventive services, revenue cruisers, or customs acts will ever do, — it
would go far to annihilate smuggling ; and would enable the services of a large number
of revenue officers to be dispensed with.
But the demoralising influence of an extensive smuggling system is the worst conse-
quence of oppressive duties and prohibitions. They make the smuggler be regarded as
a public benefactor, and procure for him the sympathy of all classes, and the strenuous
support of those in the lower walks of life. No one ac(]uainted with the state of tiie
peasantry in extensive districts of Kent and Sussex, will believe that it is easy to exag-
gerate the evils that spring from this source. The whole body of labourers may be said
to be in combination with the smugglers ; and numbers of them are every now and then
withdrawn from their usual employments to assist in their desperate adventures. Lawless,
predatory, and ferocious habits are thus widely diffused ; and thousands, who, but for this
moral contamination, would have been sober and industrious, are trained to despise and
trample on the Iiw, and to regard its functionaries as enemies whom it is meritorious to
waylay and assa-dt.
Such being 1 ('"-"ration and result of those oppressive duties and absolute prohibitions
to which smugg. i ( . its origin, it is not surely too much to hope that the former
may be modified, a e latter repealed. When this has been done, smuggling will
cease ; but not one mo..,ont sooner. Till then it will continue, in despite of all the im-
potent efforts that may be made for its suppression, to scatter its seeds, and spread its
roots on all sides ; impoverishing the fair and enriching the illicit dealer — emptying the
public treasury of the state, and filling its gaols with criminals !
Smuggling bi/ Dogs. — The following extract from the lieport of Messrs. Villiers and
Bowring developes one of those ingenioas devices by which mischievous customs laws
are sure to be defeated.
" 'J'he director of the Custom-house made, on the 30th of July, 1831, some very curious statements to
the minister of finance on tlie subject of the fraudulent introduction of articles by means of dogs. He
says, tliat since tlie suppression of smuggling by horses, in 182"), dogs have been employed ; that the first
attempts were made in the neighbourhood of Valenciennes, and that it afterwards spread to Dunkirk and
Charleville; tliat it has since extended toThionvilleandStrasburgh; and, last of all, in 1828, to Bcsan(;on.
" In 1823, it was estimated that 10ll,0()0 kilogrammes of goods were thus introduced into Franco ; in
ISSS, 187.315 ; and in 1826, 2,10(),(X)0 kilogrammes; all these estimates being reported as rather under the
rtiarV. : the calculation has been made at 2i kilogrammes ^pro rata ' per dog. The dogs sometimes carry
10 kilogrammes, anil sometimes even 12. 'i^he above estimate supposes that 1 dog in 10 in certain districts,
and ill others 1 in 20, is killed ; but these calculations must necessarily be very vague. In the opinion of
many of the Custom-house officers, not mure than 1 dog in 75 is destroyed, even when notice nas been
given, and the dogs are expected.
" Tobacco and colonial produce arc generally the objects of this illicit trade ; sometimes cotton twist
and manufactures. In the neighbourhood of Dunkirk, dogs have been taken with burdens of the value
of 600, 800, and even 1,200 francs. Publications hostile to the government have not unfrequently been so
introduced.
" The dogs which are trained to these 'dishonest habits' are conducted in packs to the foreign frontier;
they are kept without food for many hours ; they are then beaten and laden, and at the bcginnuig of the
night st.-irted on their travels. They reach the abotles of their masters, which are generally selected at 2
or 3 leagues from the frontiers, as speedily as they can, where they are sure to be well treated and pro-
vided with a quantity of food. It is said they do much mischief by the destruction of agricultural
property, inasmuch as they usually take the most direct course across the country. They are dogs of a
large size for the most part.
" The lieport states, that these carrier dogs, being so tormented by fatigue, hunger, and ill usage, and
hunted by the Custom-house officers in all directions, are exceedingly subject to madness, and frequently
tiiie the officers, one uf whom died in consequence in 1829. They have also been trained to attack the
Custom-house officers in case of interference." — (p. 47.)
Various efforts have been made to suppress this species of smuggling, but hitherto
without success. It is ludicrous, indeed, to .suppose, seeing the vast extent of the land
frontier of France, that any means should ever be adopted capable of excluding cheap
foreign products in extensive dernand. Nothing short of surrounding the country by
Bishop Berkeley's wall of brass could accomplish such an object. The director-general
of the French customs says that smuggling is carried on to an extent that is vraiment
effrayante ; and he may truly say so, when it is estimated that English bobbinet, though
prohibited, is introduced into France to the extent of 10,000,000 fr., or 400,000/., a year ;
cotton twist, and various other prohibited articles of British produce and manufacture,
are also every where met with.
Thus it is that the two greatest and most civilised nations of Europe, by upholding
vicious and destructive systems of commercial and financial legislation, mutually injure
SMUGGLING.
1053
each Other. France and England, by their proximity, and the diflTerence and variety of
their products, are fitted to carry on a far more extensive and >x>neficial commerce than
is carried on !)y any other two nat'ons. But owing to tiieir jealousy of each other's ad-
vancement, and the prevalence of unfounded theories as to tlie causes of national wealth,
their intercourse has l)een s ihjected to the most ojipressive fetters, and confined
within the narrowest limits; most part, too, of what is actually carried on, has been
diverted into illegitimate channels; so that what would, if left to itself, liave been the
most prolific source of wealth, and the most powerful incentive to genius and inv6ntion,
has been made principally productive of crime and demoralisation. This conduct is
as much opposed to their duty as to their interest. Homines hnmtinim causa sunt gmerati,
ut ipsi inter se aliis protlesse possint. . . Sed ut magnas utilitates adipiscimur conspirntinne
himilnum ac consensu, sic nulla tarn (htestubilis pestis est, quw nan humini ah homine nas-
cat ■ — (Cic. De Officiis, lib. ii. c. 5.)
Law as to SimipgHnp in Enyland. — The penalties imposed on illicit dealing in com-
modities subject to duties of excise have been specified in the articles on such com-
modities. Tlie following formidable statute, with its mutiplicd provisions and penalties,
refiTS entirely to customs duties. The importance of the subject has induced us to give
it nearly entire.
Act .3& 4 Will. 4. c. 53., for the Prf.vention of Smlgci.ino.
VF.SSEL8 AND BoATS.
Commencetncnt oj the Act. — First of September, ISSj. — J 1.
Certain Vessels found within certain Distances (\f the U. K. to he forfeited. — If any vessel not being
square-rigged, or any boat, belonging in the whole or in i>art to his Majesty's subjects, or having ^ the
persons on 'oanl subjects of his Majesty, shall be found or discovered to have been within i(;0 leagues of
the coast of the United Kingdom ; or if any vessel belonging in the whole or in part to bis Majesty's sub.
jects, or having J the persons on hoaxA subjects of bis Majesty, or any foreign vessel not being square-
rigged, or any foreign boat, in which there shall be 1 or more subjects of his Majesty, shall be found or
discovered to have been within 4 leagues of that part of the United Kingdom which is between the North
Foreland on the coast of Kent, and Hcachy Head on the coast of .Sussex, or within 8 leagues of any other
part of the coast of the United Kingdom ; or if any foreign vessel or Ixiiit shall be found or discovered
to have been within 1 league of the coast of the I'nitid Kingdom ; or if any vessel or boat shall befonnd
or discovered to have been within 1 league of the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark, or Man
respectively, or within any bay, harbour, river, or creek of or belonging to any one of the said islands ;
any such vessel or boat so found or discovered, having on board or in any manner attached thereto, or
having had onboard or in any manner attached thereto, or conveying or having conveyed in any manner,
any spirits not being in a cask or package containing 40 gallons at the least, or any tea exceeding f, lbs.
weight in the whole, or any tobacco or snuff not being in a cask or package containmg -kid lbs. weight at
least, or being packed separately in any maimer within any cask or package, or an) cordage or other
articles adapted and prepariHl for slinging or sinking small casks, or any casks or other vessels whatsoever
of less size or content than 40 gallons, of the description used for the smuggling of spirits, then and in
every such case the said spirits, tea, tobacco, or snuff, together with the casks or packages containing
the same, and the cordage or other articles, casks, and other vessels of the description aforesaid, and also
the vessel or boat, shall be forfeited ^2.
Any Vessel or Boat arriving vilhin any Port of the V. K. having prohihitej Goods on hoard, forfeited,
unless there was no JVant of Care in the Master or Uwncr. — If any vessel or boat whatever simll arrive
or shall be found or discovered to have been within any port, harbour, river, or creek of the United
Kingdom, not being driven thereinto by sfre.ss of weather or other unavoidable accident, having on
board or in any manner attached thereto, or having had on board or in any manner attached thereto, or
conveying or having conveyed in any manner, wi'hin any such port, harbour, river, or i reek, any spirits
not being in a cask or i).ick.!ge containing 40 gallo'is at the least, or any tobacco or snuff' not 1-eing in a
cask or package containing 4;')01bs. weight at least, or being packed separately in any manner within any
cask or package, every such vessel or boat, ton,ether with such spirits or tobacco or snuff, shall be for.
felted : provided always, th.it if it shall be midc a|)pear to the satisfaction of the commissioners of his
Majesty's customs that the said spirits, tobaccc, or snutt'were on board without the knowledge or privity
of the owner or master of such vessel or boat, and without any wilful neglect or want of reasonable care
on their or either of their behalves, that then and in such case the said commissioners shall and they are
hereby authorised and required to deliver up the said vessel or boat to the owner or master of the same,
-j3.
Certain Cases in which Vessels shall not be forfeited. — Nothing herein contained shall extend to render
any vessel liable to forfeiture on account of any tobacco or snuff from the East Indies being in packages
of 100 Ibii. weight each at least, or on account of any segars being in packages of 1(X) lbs. weight each at
least, or on account of any tobacco made up in rolls, being the produce of and imported from the State of
Colombia, and in pack.igeii containing 320 lbs. weight each at least, or on account of any trbacco of the
dominions of the Tr.rkish empire which may be separated or divided in any manner within the outward
package, provided fuch package be a hogshead, cask, chest, or case containing 4;'J0 lbs. weight nett at
least, or on account of any rum of and from the British plantations in casks containing 20 gallons at the
least, or on account of any spirits, tea, or tobacco really intended for the consumption of the seamen
and passengers o:i Ijoard during their voyage, and not being more in quantity than is necessary for that
purpose, or to render any square-rigged vessel liable to forfeiture on account of any tea, or of any spirits
in glass bottles, being really part of the cargo of such ship, and included in the manifest of such ship, or
to render any vessel liable to forfeiture if really bound from one foreign port to another foreign port, and
pursuing such voyage, wind and weather {lermitting. — ^4.
Vessels belonging to his Majesty's Subjects, Sjc. throwing overboard any Goods during Chase, forfeited.
— When any vessel or boat belonging in the whole or in part to his Majesty's ^ubjects, or havingiof the
persons on board subjects of his Majesty, shall be found within 100 leagues of the coast of this kingdom,
and shall not bring to upon signal made by any vessel or boat intiis Majesty's service, or in the service of
the revenue, hoisting the proper pendant and ensign, in order to bring such vessel or boat to, and there-
upon chase shall be given, if any person or persons on board such vessel or boat so chased shall, during
the chase or before such vessel or boat shall bring to, throw overboard any part of the lading of such
vessel or boat, or shall stave or destroy any part of such lading, to prevent seizure thereof, then and in
such case the said vessel or boat shall be forfeited ; and all persons escaping from such vessels or boats,
or from any foreign vessel or boat, during any chase made thereof by any vessel or boat in his Majesty's
service or in the service of the revenue, shall be deemed and taken to be subjects of his Majesty, unlesi
it shall be proved to the contrary. >- ^ 5.
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SMUGGLING.
Veaifli .'j> Port with a Cargo, and nfterwards found in B.ttlnSt, and Cargo unaccounted for, forfeited —
If Hiiy vcnael or bua' liutover shall t)c found within the I'units ol' any port of the United Kingdom with
a carKo on bu.ird, and such vessel or boat shall afterwards be found light or in ballast, and the master it
umible to give a dueaix'onnt of the port or place within the United Kingdom where such vessel or boat
hh.all have legally discharged hercarxo, such vessel or boat shall be forleited. — (6.
J{ff;ntalions <i.i tu I'rssi-l.i sailiiifi from Giniiisri/, Jrrsri/, ^r. — No vessel or boat belonging wholly or
in put to his Majesty's subjects shall sail from (iiiernsey, Jersey, AUIeriiey, Sark, or Man, without a
cli'araiice, wiu'ther in ballast or having a car^u ; and if with a carf^o, the master shall give bond to his
Al.ijosty, ill (I'liilile the value of the vessel or boat and of the cargo, for duly laiulnig the same at the port
for w Inch tlic vcsjcl clears ; and every such vessel or boat not having such clearance, or which, having
a clearance lor a cargo, shall be found light or with any part of the cargo discharged before deliveiy
thereof at the port specilled in the clearance (unless through necessity or lor preservation of the vessel
or boat, tu be pioveii to the satisfaction of the coiniiussiuners of his Majesty's customs), shall be forleited
-^ V.
I'cxsi/s to bring to on being chased by Vessels or Boats of the Savy or in Preventive Service In case
any vessel or boat liable to seizure or examination under any act or law for the prevention of smii(!g|iiig
shall not bring to on being required so to do, on being chased by any vessel or boat in H. M. navy iiaving
the proper pendant anil ensign of H M. ships hoisted, or by any vessel or boat duly employed for the
prevention of siniiggiing, having a proper pendant and ensign hoisted, it shall be lawful lor thecHptaii)
master, or other person naving charge or command of sui h vessel or boat in H. M. navy, or cmplo\c(l as
aforesaid, ilirst causing a gun to be tired as a signal,) to lire at or into such vessel or boat ; and such cap.
tain, master, or other person acting in bis aid or assistance, or by his directicm, thall be indemnilied and
discharged from any indictment, penalty, action, or other proceeding fur so doing. — ^8.
I'es.ir/s t/c/ongin^ to his Mt\Jesfi/'s Stilijixts not to hoist any Pendant, Ensign, or Colours usually vorn
by his Majesty's Ships. — It any person or persons shall, from and alter the passing of this a;t, wear
carry, or hoist in or on boar>l any vessel or boat whatever belonging to any of his Majesty's subjects'
whether the same be inenhant or otherwise, without particular warrant for so tloing from his Majesty'
or the High Admiral ot (ireat liritain, or the comiiiissioners for executing the olticc of High Admiral of
Great IJritain, H. M. jack, commonly called the Union jack, or any pendant, ensign, or colours usually
worn by H. M. ships, or any Hag, jack, pendant, ensign, or colours resembling those of his Majesty, or
those Used on boaril H. M. ships, or any other ensign or colours than the ensign or colours by any pro.
Clamatiun of his Majesty now in force or hereafter to I)p issued prescribed to be worn, then and in every
such case the master or other person having the charge or command thereof, or the owner or owners on
board I he same, aiid every other person so oH'ending, shall forfeit and pay the sum of ol)/. ; and it shall
be lawful for any otticer or oliicers of H. M. navy on full pay, or for any otticer or ofHcers of customs or
excise, to enter on board any such vessel or boat, and to seize any such Hag, jack, pendant, ensign or
colours, and the same shall thereupon be forleiteii. — \ 9.
f'essels and Boats used in Removal of run Goods to be forfeited. — All vessels and boats made use of
In the removal, carriage, or conveyance of any goods liable to forfeiture under this or any other act
relating to the revenue of customs, shall be forfeited. — ^ 10.
Boats of Vessels to have tiiereon the Natne of Ve.ssr/, Port, and Master. — The owner of every vessel
belonging in the whole or in part to any of his Majesty's subjects shall paint or cause to be paiiiteil upon
the outside of the stern of every boat belonging to such vessel, the name of such vessel, and the port or
place to whiih she belongs, and the master's name withinside the transom. In white or yellow Koman
letters, not less than 2 inches in length, on u black ground, on pain of the forfeiture of such boat imt so
marked, wherever the same shall be (bund. — ^11.
Boats not belonging to Ships to have Name of Owner, S(C. thereon. — The owner of every boat not
belonging to any vessel shall paint or cause to be painted upon the stern of such boat, in white or yellow
Roman letters of 2 inches in length, on a black ground, the name of the owner or owners of the boat
and the port or place to which she belongs, on pain of the forfeiture of such boat not so marked'
wherever the same shall be found. — ^ !■-'. '
Vessels and Boats used in piloting or fishing to be painted Black: — The owner or owners of every vessel
or boat employed on the coasts of the United Kingdom in piloting or Hshing shall paint or tar every such
vessel or boat, or cause the same to be painted or tarred, entirely black, except the name or other
description now required by law to be painted on such vessel or boat ; and every such vessel or b- ..i not
80 painted or tarred, and every boat so painteil as to resemble any boat usually employed lor thr prevon.
tion of smuggling or in any other employment in H. M. service, shall be forfeited : providt ,1 always
that nothing herein contained shall extend to prevent any distinguishing mark being pla- ed on any
vessel or boat, or to ■tie . herwise painted, if the commissioners of customs think proper ' ^ allow the
same, expressing it so in the licence of said vessel or boat. — § 13.
British Vessels having secret Places, lie. forfeited. — All vessels and boats belonging in the whole or in
part to H. M. subjects, having false bulkheads, false bows, double sides or bottoms, or any secret or
disguised place whatsoever in the construction of the said vessel or boat adapted (or tlie purjxise of
concealing goods, or having any hole, pipe, or other device in or about the vessel or boat adapted for the
purpose of running goods, shall be forfeited, with all the guns, furniture, ammunition, tackle, and ap-
parel belonging to such vessel or boat ; and all foreign vessels or boats, not being square-rigged, coming
to any port of the United Kingdom, having on board any goods liable to the |>aymeiit of duties, or pro-
hibited to be imported, concealed in false bulkheads, false bows, double sides or bottoms, or any secret
or disguised place in said vessel or boat, shall be forfeited ^ 14.
Goods concealed on board forfeited, and all Goods packed therewith If any goods which are su'oject
to any duty or restriction in respect of im|iortation, or which are prohibited to be imported into the
United Kingdom, shall be founu concealed in any manner on board any vessel, or shall be found, either
before or alter landing, tu have been concealed in any manner, in such case all such goods, and all other
goods packed with tbein, shall be forfeited. — § 15.
LiciiNcus. — ti. B. The clauses of this act, with respect to the licensing of ships, from \ 16. to \ 27.,
both inclusive, are given under the word Licences.
Vessels avd Goods.
Goods unshipped without Payment of Duty, and prohibited Goods, liable to Forfeiture. — If any goods
liable to the payment of duties be unshipped from any vessel or boat in the United Kingdom or the Isle
of Man (customs or other duties not lieing first paid or secured^ or if any prohibitetl goods whatsoever
be imported into an^ part of the United Kingdom or of the Isle of Man, or if any goods warehoused or
otherwise secured in the United Kingdom, for home consumption or exportation be clandestinely or
illegally removed from any warehouse or place of security, then and in every such case all such goods
shall be forfeited, together with all horses and other animals, and all carriages and other things, made
use of in the removal of such goods. ^ ^ i!8.
Spirits and Tobacco found without a Permit to be deemed run. — All spirits or tobacco which shall be
found removing without a legal permit for the same shall be deemed to be spirits or tobacco liable to and
unshipped without payment of duty, unless the party in whose possession the same be found or seized
prove to the contrary. — ^ 29.
Restricted Goods to be deemed run. — All goods the importation of which is in any way restricted,
which are of a descriotion admissible to duty, and which shall be found and seized in the United King-
dom under any law relating to the customs or excise, shall, for the piuirase of proceeding for the forfeitura
SMUGGLING.
1057
of them, or for any penalty Incurred In respect of thtm, be described in any information exhibited on
iicrount of such forfeiture or penalty as gooiU liable to and unshipi't^l withnut jKiynierit of duties. — ^ ;ic.
ProMhiti'il Goods shinprrl or vatfrborne, vith intent to /«• exported, Hjc. Jorjeiteri, &e If any goodu pro .
hiliitcil to be exported l)e put on board any vessel or Imat with uitent lo be lailon or sliipiied for t'X]H>rtali()n,
or be brought to any quay, wharf, or other place in the United KniKdom to be put on lioard any vestsel
or bnat for the purpose of being eximrted, or if any goixis prolulHtcd to lie exported be found in any
package pro<lucetl to the otticer or officers of the customs as coiitiilning goods not so prohibited, then and
ill every such case, not only all such prohibited goods, but also all other goods packed therewith, shall
be forfeited. — ^ ai.
Vessels, lioiits, and Goods may be sencd hy Offieers and Persons herein vienlioned, S;e All vessels
and boats, and all gomis whatsoever, liable to forfeiture under this or any other act relating to the revenue
of customs, may be seired in any place, either ujion land or water, by any otticer or ollirers of the army,
navy, or marines, duly employed for the prevention of smuggling, and on full pay, or by any otlirer or
<ilRcers of customs or excise, or by any person having authority to .seize from the cominLssioncrs of cus-
toms or excise; and all vessels, boats, and goods so seized shall, as .soon a.s conveniently may be, be deli-
vered into the care of the proper ollicer appointed to receive the same. — 5 '**■
Penally on Officers, <^c. making collusive Seizures or takni^ liriltrs, and on Persons ojflriiiff them. — IF
any otticer or ottiters of the customs or excise, or of the army, navy, or marines, i mployed lor the pre-
veiition of smuggling, and on full pay, or any other person or persons whatsoever duly employed tor the
prevention of smuggling, make any collusive seizure, or deliver up, or make any agreement to deliver
up or not to seize, any veSsel or boat or any goods liable to forfeiture, or take any bribe, gratuity, recoin.
pence, or reward for the neglect or non.perl'ormance of his duty, every sueh otticer or otlier person shall
forfeit for every such ofTencc S(X)/. and be rendered incapable of serving his Majesty in any office whatever,
either civil or military ; and every person who shall give or otUr, or promise td give or procure to be
given, any bribe, recompcncc, or reward to, or shall make any collusive agreement with, any such officer
or person as aforesaid, to induce him in any way to neglect his duty, or to do, conceal, or connive at any
act whereby any of the provisions of any act of i>arliament relating to the revenue of customs may be
evaded, shall forfeit the sum of 200/. — \ Sa.
Vessels and Persons may he scarefted vithin tlie Limits of the Ports. — It shall and maybe lawful for any
otticer or officers of the army, navy, or marines, duly employed for the jirevention of smuggling, and on
full pay, or for any officer or officers of customs, producing his or their warrantor deputation (if re(iuired),
to go on board any vessel within the Umit? of any of the (lorts of this kingdom, ami to rummage and
search the cabin and all other parts of such vessel for prohibited and uncustomi^l goods, and to remain
on board such vessel during the whole time that the same shall continue within the limits of such port,
and also to search any iierson or persons either on board or who shall have landed fYom any vessel, pro.
videtl such officer or officers have good reason to supimse that such person or persons hath or have any
uncustomed or prohibited goods secreted about his, her, or their person or persons ; and if any person
obstruct any officer or officers in going or remaining on board, or in entering or searching such vessel or
person, every such person shall forfeit and lose the sum of KHf/. — ^ ;A.
liefore Persons are searched, they may require to he taken before a Jtistice, SjC. ^Before any person
shall be searched by any such officer or o'nicers, it shall be lawful for such ))erson to require the oiliter or
officers to take hhn or ner before a justice of the peace, or before the collector, comptroller, or other
superior officer of the customs, who shall determine whether there is reasonable ground to suppose that
such person has any luicustomed or prohibited goods about his or her person ; and if it appear to such
justice, collector, &c. that tfiere is reasonable ground to suppose that such person has any uncustomed or
prohibited goods about his or her person, such justice, collector, comptroller, or other superior otticer of
customs shall direct such person to be searched in such manner as he shall think fit ; but if it shall appear
tu sucii justice, collector, comptroller, &c. that there is not reasonid>le ground to suppose that such person
has any uncustomed or prohibited goods about his or her person, then such justice, collector, Ke..
shall forthwith discharge such person, who shall not in such case be liable to be searched ; and every such
officer or officers is and are authorised and required to take such pirson, upon demand, before any jus.
tice, collector, &c., detaining him or her in the meantime: provided always, tliat no person being a
female shall be searched except l)y a female duly authorised by the commissioners of customs. — ^ ;J.x
Penally on Officers for ^^iseonllU€t with respect to Search. — If any such officer or officers shall not
take such person with reasonable despatch before such justice, collector, comptroller, or other superior
officer of customs, when so required, oivshall require any person to be searched by him, not having
reasonable ground to suptHise that such person has any uncustomed or prohibited goods about his or her
person, such officer shall forfeit and pay the sum of loV. — \ 30.
Penalty on Persons denyinj^ having Foreign Gooils about them If any passenger or other person on
board any vessel or boat shall, upon being questioned by any officer of customs, whether he or she has any
foreign goods upon his or her person, or in his or her possession, deny the same, and any sucl) goods
shall, after such denial, be discovered upon his or her person, or in his or her possession, such goods
shall be forfeited, and such person shall forfeit treble the value of such goods. — \ SI.
Offieers, authorised hy Writ of Assistance, may search Houses for prohibited Goods, SfC. — It shall and
may be lawful for any otticer or officers of customs, or person acting under the direction of the commis-
sioners of customs^ having a writ of assistance under the seal of the Court of Exchequer, to take a
constable, headborough, or other public olKcer inhabiting near the place, and in the daytime to enter
into and search any house, shop, cellar, warehouse, room, or other place, and in case of resistance to
break open doors, chests, trunks, and other packages, there to seize and from thence to bring any uncus,
tomed or prohibited goods, and to put and secure the same in the C'ustom.house warehouse in the port
next to the place whence such goods shall be taken : provided always, that for the puriwses of this act
any such constable, hcadborough, or other public otticer, duly sworn as such, may act as well withcut
the limits of any parish, viilc, or other place for which he shall be so sworn as within such limits.—
^38.
Duration qf Writs. — All writs of assistance so issued from the Court of Exchequer shall continue and
be in force during the whole of the reign in which such writs have been granted, and fur ti muntiis from
its conclusion. — \SfX
Officers tnay, on probable Cause, stop Carts, Sic, and search for Goods. — It shall be lawful for any
officer of customs or excise, or other person acting in his or their aid or assistance, or duly employed for
the prevention of smuggling, upon reasonable suspicion, to stop and examine any cart, wagon, of other
means of conveyance, for the purpose of ascertaining whether any smuggled goods arc contained
therein ; and if no such goods be found, the officer or other perscm stopping and examining such cart,
wagon, ')iic. having had probable cause to suspect that smuggled goods were contained therein, shall not,
on account of such stoppage and search, be liable to any action at law on account thereof; and all persons
driving or conducting such cart, wagon, &c. refusing to stop when required so to do in the King's name,
shall forfeit 100/. — ^ 4<).
Police Officers seizing Goods lo carry them to Warehouse. — If any gowls subject or liable to forfeiture
under this or any other act relating to the customs be stopped or taken by any police officer or other \>er.
son acting by virtue of any act of parliament, or otherwise duly authorised, such goods shall be carried
to the Custom.house warehouse next to the place where the goods were stopped or taken, and there deli-
rered to the proper officer apiioiuted to receive the same, within 48 hours after the said goods were
stopped and taken. — Ml.
Goods stopped by Police Officers may be retained until Trial q/" Persons charged with stealing them, —
3 Y
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1038
SMUGOLIX(i.
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ir any gnnils he «t(Ji>pc'il or tuken liy a police officer on tuiipicion that tlie lame have been fuloniously
ftoluii, it shall bi- lawtul for the aaUl otticer to carry the aaiiie to the police ollicc to which the om-iider i^i
taken, there to remain to he prixluceil at the trial ot'aaid offi-mler ; and in such cane the officer Is required
tu give notice In writing to the cominlMiionera of cUHtoina ol' hlK having so detained the goods, witti the
f)articularK of the s.iiiie ; and iinnicdiately alU>r the trial all such gixnls are to be deposited in the Cuntoni.
lOUse wareiioiise, to he proceeded againiit according tnlaw ; and in case any police otticer making deten-
tion of any such goodx iieKleot to convey the same to such warehouse, or to give notice of liaviii);
stopped the same as before described, he hliull forleit '21)/. — ^ t-2.
Cuminissiimcrs of Tri'ai^iirijy f^c. may rcalurr Seixurcs It thall and may he lawful for the commii.
sioncrs of the treasury, or any J or more of them, or for the cominmsloners of custom:! or excise, by an
order for that purpose, to direct any vessel, boat, goods, or coiniiio titles seized under this or any act
relating to the custoin.s or excise, or to the Irailc or navigation of the United Kingdom, or to any oflijs
Majesty's possessions abroad, to be delivered to the proprietor or proprietors, whether condemnation have
taken place or not, upon such terms and conditions as they may iiecin expedient, and which shall be
mentio'ied in the said order ; and it shall he also lawful for the said commissioners of the treasury, and
of the customs and excise, to mitigate or remit any penalty or line which shall have been incurred, or
any part of such penalty or fine Incurred under any such act ; provided al vays, that no person shall be
entitled to the bciiedt of any order for delivery or mitigation unless the terms and conditions expressed
in the suid order are fully and ett'uutually complied with. — ^ IJ.
Penalties.
Persons unshippwp, SfC. ant/ proltibiled or uncustiiiucti Oooits, tn forfeit Treble the Value, or 100/. —
Every person who shall, eitlier in the U. K. or the Isle of Man, assist or be concerned in the unshij)|)ing
of any gomls prohiliitid to he imported into the U. K. or into the Isle of Man, or the duties for which
have nut Ijceii paid or secured, or who shall knowingly harbour, keep, or conceal, or knowingly pirinit
ov snifcr to he liarbourei, kept, or concealed, any goods which have been illegally unshipped willioiit
payment of duties, or which have been illegally removed, wiihimt payment of the s.iine, from any ware,
house or place of security in wliicli theynia> h.ive been deposited, or any goods prohibited to lie inipoited
or to be used or consuiiied in the U. K. or in the Isle of JIaii, and every pel son, either in the U. K. or
the Isle of Man, tu wlm.se po>sessiiiii any such uncustomed or prohiliiteil goods shall knoH iiigly come, or
who shall assist or be in anywise cnncerned in the illcKal removal of any gonds from any warehouse or
place of security in which lliey have lieen deposited, sliall hirfeit either the treble value thereof, or the
penalty of lliii/., at the election of the commissioners of cUAtoins. — § 44-.
Ihw I'aliie is tu b-.- ascertained. — In all cases where any peuhlly, the amount of which is to be drter-
mined by the value of any g'lods, is directed to be sued for under .my law now in force or to ho iiii.dc lor
the prevention of smuggling, or relating to the revenue of customs or excise, such value sli.ill be taken
to be according to the rate and price which goods ot the like sort or deiioiniiiatioii ami of the bust
quality biar .it such time, and upon which the duties due upon importation have been p ml ^ 4a
Persons iiiftiriiif; the De/ieeri/ vf prnliihiteil or uiieiistomeit liuoits to forfeit Mill. — Iv cry per.-on who
by way of insurance or otherwise sh.ill undertake or agree todeliverany goods to be iiijiorted from bevoiid
the seas into any port or place in the U. K without p.iyiiig the duties i.ue on such impoitation, (ir iiiiy
prohibited goods, or who in pursUiUice of such insurance shall deliver or cau-e to be delivered any uncus.
tomed or prohiljited guods, and every aider or ;ibettor of such person, shall for every such ollence forfiit
500/. over and above any other pen.ilty to which he maybe liable; and every person who shall ajjree to
pay any money for the insurance or convevaiice of such goods, or shall receive or take them into his
custody or possession, "r sutler them to lie so reieiveil or taken, shall also foifeit jlO/. over and above
any penalty to which he may be liable on ai cmint of such gooiLs. — ^ *''•
I'enalty on Persons ullerinj^ Goods for Sale nnder Pretence tf bein/r run or pru/iibited. — If any person
or persons oHer for sale any goods under pretence that the same are prohibiti'd, or have been uiisliipjied
and run on shore without payment of duties, in such case all sucli gomis although not liable to any
duties or prohibited) shall he forlCited, and the person or persons, and every of them, ollering the same
for sale shall forfeit the treble value of such goods, or the penalty of 100/., tit tlie election of the com.
missioners of customs. — 4 47.
Persons found to linve been oh board Vessels liable to Forfeture subject to a Penalti/ of 1001. —Every
person, being a suliject of his Majesty, who sliall be found or i.iscovered to li.ive been on board any vesicl
or boat liable to forfeiture under this or any other act relating to the customs for being found or disco-
vered to have been within any of the distances, ports, or places in this act mentioneii, from or ui the
Unite.l Kingdom, or from or in the Isle of Man, having on board or in any ii:aiiiier attacluU thereto, or
having had on board or in any manner attached thereto, or conveying or liavii,;,' conveyed in any manner,
such go()ds or things as subject such vessel or boat to forfeiture, or who shall be found or discovered to
have been, within any such distance as aforesaid, onboard any vessel or boat, from which anypaitof
the cargo or lading of such vessel or boat shail have been thrown overboard, or staved or destroyed, to
prevent seizure, shall forfeit Mil. ; and every person, not being a sulject of his .Majesty, who shall have
been on board any vessel or boat li ible to forfeiture for any of the causes afonsaiil, within 1 le.igiie of
the coast of the United Kingdom or of the Isk of Man, or within any bay, h.nbour, river, or creek of
the said island, sh.ill forfeit for suih otiencc li.i)/. ; and it shall be lawful for any ollicer or otficers of the
army, navy, or marines, being duly employed for the preve-ition of smuggling, and on full pay, or any
otticer or otticers of customs or excise, or other person acting in his or their aid or assistance, or duly
employed for the jirevention of smuggling, and he and they is and are hereby authorised, enipoweretl,
and required, to detain and to carry and convey every such person before any justice of the; .'ace, to be
dealt with as herein-after direc'ed: provided always, that any such person proving, to tl. • satisf.iction
of any justice or justices before whom he may he brought, that he was only a passenger ir such vessel or
boat, and had no interest whatever either in the vessel or boat, or in the cargo or guoCi on board the
same, shall be forthwith discharged by such justices. — ^ 48.
Persons unshipping, Sfc. Spirits or Tobacco, to forfeit iOOl., Sic. — Kvcry person whatsoever who shall
unship, or bo aiding or concerned in the unshipping, of any spirits or tobacco liable to forfeiture under
this or any other act relating to the customs or excise, in the U. K. or the Isle of Man, or who shall
carry, convey, or conceal, or be aiding, assisting, or concerned in the carrying, conveying, or concealing
of any such spirits or tobacco, shall forfeit lor such ottencc 1(,0/. ; and every such person may be detained
by any officer of the army, navv, or marines, duly employed for the prevention of smuggling, and on
full pay, or by any otflcer or officers of customs or excise, or other jierson acting in his or their aid or
assistance, or duly employed for the prevention of smuggling, and taken before any justice of the peace,
to be dealt with as herein-after directed. — ^ 49.
Persons carrying, ^c. Tea or manvfactured Silk to forfeit Treble the Value, SjC. — Kvery person what,
soever who shall unship, or be aiding, assisting, or otherwise concerned in the unshipping, of any tea or
foreign manufactured silk of the value of '20/., liable to forfeiture under any act relating to the customs
or excise, or who shall carry, convey, or conceal, or be aiding, assisting, or concerned in the carrying,
conveying, or concealing of such tea or silk, shall forfeit for every such off'ence treble the value thereof;
and every such person shall and may be detained by any officer of the army, navy, or marines, duly
employed for ihe prevention of smuggling, and on full pay, or by any officer of customs or excise, or by
any other person acting in his aid or assistance, or duly employetl for the prevention of smuggling, and
taken before any justice of the peace, to be dealt with as herein directed : provided always, that it bhall
b») lawful for such detained person to give security in treble the amount of the goiids seized, to the satis-
SMUGGLIMi.
10.^9
F'
fluitton of such Justice, (o appear at a time and place appointed ; and that no such person shall be liable
to serve his Majesty in his naval service ^ 5<i.
A Jiutire may order I'trsons /nken hi-fure him for Ojfhircs relating to the Cmloma to he itetaineil a
renionable Time Where any [ktrou or iwrsons ^hilll have hecn ili'tained by any otlicer nf the nrinv,
navy, or marines, employed lor the prevention of smuKK'niK, "od on lull pay', or liy any otHcer of i us.
toms or excise, or any person or ]iersons acting in his or their uiti or assii-taiire, or duly I'lnployiMl for the
prevention of smiiKxIing, for any ofll-nre under this or any other act relating to the custoniN,' and shall
lave been taken and carried before any justice of the |ieace, if it shall appear to such justice thai there
is reasonable cause to detain such person or persons, he may and he is aulhoriscd and recjuired to <irder
such person or persons to be detained a reasonable time, ami at the expired Jon of such time to be brouKht
before any 2 justices, who are authorised and reipiired finally to hear and determine the matter, — ^ il.
Any Person liable to Arrest making his A'sco/x', mat/ he ih-taiiied by any OJllccr of Customs, — If any
person or persons liable to be detauied under the provisions of this or any other act rclutiiiK to the cus.
toms shall not l)e detained at the time of so eominittin;^ t'le oHbnce, or alter detention shall make his or
their escape, it shall 1' _• lawful for any orticer or ollicers of the army, navy, or marine*, employed for the
prevention of smugK ing, and on full pay, or for any otlicer of cuVtoms or excise, or any other person
BctinK in his or '.;;;•<: aid or assistance, or duly employed for the prevention of sinupKliuK. to detain such
person at any tinn- afterwards, and to carry him before any justice of the poaee, to be dealt with as if
det lined at the time of committing the said ntt'enee. — ^ Ci-1.
Persons making Signals to Smugglini' I'essels at Sea, on Convielion tn forfeit 1(W., ,5c. — No person
shall, ar sunset and before sunrise between the iilst day of Se|ileiril)er and the 1st (lav of April, or
alter the our of 8 in the evening and before the hour of fi in the moriiiii;! at any other time in the year,
malie, aiil or assist in making, any signal in or on board or from any ve^^el or boat, or on or from any
jiart of the coast or shore of the United Kingdom, or within ti miles of any part of such coasts or shores,
for the purpose of giving any notice to any person on board any smuggi iig Vi'ssel or boat, whether any
person so on board tuch vessel or boat be or be not within distance to notice such signal ; and if any
person, contrary to the intent and ineaiiing of this act, make or cause to be marie, or aid or assist in
making, any such signal, such person shall be guilty ot a misdemeanour ; and it shall be lawful fur any
person to stop, arrest, and detain the person or persons who shall so ofleiid, and to cairy <iiul convey
such person or persons before any 1 or more justices of the peace residing near the place wlicie siieli
ort'eiice shall be committed, who, if he sees cause, shall commit the olll'iider to tlu next '•ounty gaol,
thereto remain until the next court of oyer or terminer, great ses>iori, or gaol c'l'livcry, <ir until such
person or persons shall bo delivered by due course of law ; and it sliall not be nccess.iry to prove on any
indictment or information that any vessel or boat was actually on t'.ie coast ; a'-..! the ollendcr or ollenders
bcingdiily convicted thereof shall, by order of the court beiore whom they are convicteil, either forfeit
and pay the penally of 10(7., or, at the discretion of such court, bo committed to the common gaol or
house (if correction, there to bo kejit to hard labour for any term not exceeding 1 year. — 5 '>>■
Proof of a Signal not being intended, to lie on the Defendant. — In case any person be charged w ith or
iiidiited for haCing made or caused to lie made, or been aiding or assisting in making, any such signal,
the iiurden of proof that such signal so charged as having been made with intent and for the piii'iiose of
giving such notice as aforesaid was not made with such intent and lor such purpose shall be upon the
defendant. — \ 54.
Any Person may prevent Signals. — It shall bo lavfiil for any person whatsoever to present any
sigiiaT as aforesaid being made, and to enter ujion any lands for that purpose, without being liable to
any indictment, suit, or action for the same. — % oo.
Persons resisting Officers, or rescning or destroying Goods to prevent Seizure, forfeit 100/. — If any
j>erson whatsoever shall obstruct any olhcer r.r otticers of the army, navy, or marines, emiiloyed for the
prevention of smuggling, and on full pay, or any ollicer or otiieers of customs or excise, or any jiersoii
acting in his or their aid or assistance, or duly employed for the iirevention of smuggling, in the
execution of hisor their duty, or in the due seizing of any goods liable to forfeiture, or shall rescue or
cause to be rescueil any gomis which have been seized, or shall attempt or endeavour to do so, or shall
belbre or at or after any seizure, stave, break, or otherwise destroy any goods, to prevent the seizure
thereof or the securing the same, then and in such case the party or parties oHending shall forfeit for
every such oflbnce IWI. — ^ ,Oti.
Pemtlti/ on Persons procuring others to assist in unshipping prohibited Goods. — Any person or per-
sons will) shall by any means procure or hire any person m- persons, or who shall depute, authorise, or
direct any person or persons to procure or hire any person or persons, to assemble for the purpose of being
concerned in the laiuling or unshiiiping or carrying or conveying any goods prohibited to be imported, or
the duties for which have not been paid or secured, shall for every pessou so procured or hired forfeit
100/.— ^o7.
Felomks.
Three or more armed Persons a.isembled t.i assist in the illegal Landing qf Goods, S;c. deemed guilty of
F,lony. If any persons to the nuiimer ot ,; or more, armed with fire-arms or other orleiisive weapons,
shall within the U. K.. or within anv port, harbour, or creek thereof, be assembled in order to aid and
assist in the illegal landing, ruiiniiig,'or carrying away of any proliibited goods, or any goods liable to any
duties which have not lieen paid or secured, or in rescuing or taking away any goods, alter .seizure, from
the officer of the customs or other officer authorised to seize the same, or from any person or persons
employed by or assisting them, or from the place where the same have been lodged by them, or in rcscu-
ini; any person who shall have lieen apprehended for any of the oH'ences made felony by this or any act
relating to the customs, or in ihc preventing the aiiprehension of any peison guilty of such oflence, or in
case any persons to the number of 3 or more, so armed, shall, within the U. K.. - within any port, bar.
hour, or creek thereof, be so aiding or assisting, every person so oHending, a:: . c ^•ry person aiding, abet-
ting, or assisting therein, shall, being thereof convicted, be adjudged guilty of fei^.^', ,-.nd sutier death as
Persons shooting at any Boat belonging to the Kavy, S;c. deemed guilty cf Felony. — If any person shall
maliciously shoot'at any "vessel or boat belonging to H. iM navy, or in the service of the revenue, » ithin
lOOleaguesof any part of the coast of the U. K., or shall m...ciously shoot at, maim, or dangerously wound
any olticer of the army, navy, or marines, niployed for the prevention of smuggling, and on full pay, or
anv officer of customs or excise, or anv pe. n acting in his aid or assistance, or employc.l lor the preven-
tion of smuggling, in the due executi(jn of nis office or duty, every person so olf'emling, and every person
aiding, abetting, or assisting therein, shall, being lawfully convicted, be adjudged guilty of felony, and
sutt'er death as a felon. — ^.09. ^ , . , , ,, j j- . j
Anil Person in company with 4 others having prohibited Goods, or with 1 other armed or disguised,
euiltu ifFcloni/ —If any person being in companv with more than 4 other persons be found with
any gootis liable to forfeit!' e, or in company with 1 other person, within 5 miles of the sea coast or of any
navigable river leading the'-'-from, with such goods, and carrying offensive arms or weapons, or disguised
in any way, every such person shall be adjudged guilty of felony, and shall, on conviction of such offence,
be transported as a felon for the space of 7 years. — ^ 60.
Officers.
Persons assauUine Officers by Force or Violence may be transported. — If any person shall by force or
violence assault, resist, oppose, molest, hinder, or obstruct any officer of the army, navy, or marineg,
employed for the prevention of smuggling, and on full pay, or any othcer of customs or excise, or other
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person anting in his nr their aid or assistance*, nr iliily cmplnyctl fnr the prevcntiitn of amiiKKlinff, in tho
due oxcrution ot'liis or tlielr olllcc or duty, siu^h iicrsoii, lieiiiK thereof convicted, shall be trans|iortcd lor
7 years, or Hcntenced to lie iiii|irisoiied in any house of correction or common K'><>I> and kept to hard
labour, for any term not excecdiii); ;i years, ut the dmcretiun of the court before whom the otit'ndci ahull
be tried and eoiivieled as aforesaid ', lil.
CiiiHDniniliiifi OJflrcrs (/ /V.v.vc/j //) l/ir Srrvkr mni/ liaiil their I'lssrls on Shore wilhuut liciiig linhlc to
any trthn /or so ilohi4f. — It shall lie laulnl liir tlie eonunaudiiif,' iitlicer of any vessel or boat emjiloyeil
•or the prevention of smu;,'^''!!;; to haul any sucli vessel or l)oat upon any part of the coasts of the United
Kinhdom, or the shores, liujiks, or lieaelies of any river, creek, or inlet of the tame (not l)eing a Karden
or pleasure ({round, nr place onlin.nily used for any bathiii|;maehitHMir machines), which shall tie deemed
mostcdiiveiiient for that purpose, and to moor any such vessel or boat on such part of the aforesaid coasts,
shores, \-c. below high water mark, and over wliieh the tide flows on orilinary (U'casions, and to co,i''>nue
such vessel or boat so nidored for such time as said comm.indijijj olllcer shall deem proper ; ami such otrkcr
or person or persons acting under his direction, shall not be liable to any indictment, action, or auit for so
doing, any law, statute, ciistiMii, or ns.ige to tlie contrary notwithstanding. — ^ ti^.
Ojlli-rr, if iroiiiitlril in I'lf Srrfiiv of the ('iiftonis,lit fir i>roi>i<lc(tfor, l\c In all cases where any officer
or scamaiieiiiployed in the sii vice of tlie cnsdmis cpr eveise sliall be killeil, m.iimed, womided, or in any
way injured in tne ilue cxei ution ol his ollice, or if any person acting in his aid, or duly employed (or the
prevention of smuggling, shall he so kilhil, maimed, wouiideil, or in any way injured wiiile so aiding such
ollicer or seaman, or so employed, it shall be lawful for the commissioners of customs and excise to make
suih provision for the olticer or person so maimed, wounded, or injured as aforesaid, or for the widows
ami families of such as sliall he killed, as they shall be authorised and emiiowered to do by w.irrant from
the Lord High Treasurer or commissioners of the treasury. _ < ti,'5.
/V.viiVs awl Oooils scixcil to In' dis/iosi-il of as llic CommissioHcrs dirfct.— All ve.ii«els and boats, and
all gooils whatsoever, seized and condemned for breach of any law relating to the customs, shall be di*.
poseil of as soon as conveniently may be after the condemnation thereof, in such manner aa the commis-
sioners of customs shall direct. — ^ hi,
RnwABns.
Rewards to Offlrrrsfor dclaininn fSmunglcrs. — It shall bo lawful tor »lic commissioners of custom.?
and they are hereby authorised and empowered, to award, to any ottleer or other pc ,on detaining any
person liable to detention under this or any other act relating to the revenue of custoi ^ to hr. paid upon
theionviition of such person, any reward they may think tit to direct, not exceeding t... ■..•' of 211/. fur
each person ^ (i.>.
Itiwards to oJlJcrrs where peetiniari/ I'eiialtie.i are recovered. — It shall he lawful for the commissioners
of customs, and they are hereby authoriseil, to order the following reward to be paid to any ottieer or
olticeis or persons by whose means any pecuniary penalty or composition is recovered; ^that is to sav )
i, part of the penalty or sum recovered, except in seizures of silk goods, in which case the olliceri may
receive | the penalty or .-.nm rec.ivered. — 5 fiii.
/leiuiirds to Officers mnkiiig Seizures. — It shall be lawful for tho commissioners of customs, and thcv
are hereby authorised, to order to be paid, in respect of any seizure made under tliis or any a." relating
til the customs or to trade and nuvigaiion, to the person or persons making the same, the following re-
wards; (that is to say,)
In ihccisonffirtzurOT of spirits nr toliacro. —
If all the partii!^ rnnrt'Tneil in the ai-t wliicli occasions tho
fici/ure, heillK above thu ago of I(i yi'ars, are dulained
anil convictod, the whoUj value thereof, sncli viiliio to
lie lixt'd anil settled hy the Lords of the Tre.-i^ury, or
1\v the coniniUsioners of Ids iMajtSity's customs, as
hercin-ailer directed :
If 2 or more of such parties, not bein? the whole, are so
(It'tiiiiied .'Uid convicted, 7-Sths of such v.ilue:
If 1 such parly, not b.iiic ttie whole of lliein, but Itein^ a
seafarini; in.m, is so detained and convicted, 3-ltlis of
surli value:
If 1 such party, not beinfj the whole of them, is detained
and ciinvicted, and the vessel or means of conveyance
is or are sci/eil ^nd condemned, 3-4ths ofsut'h value:
If 1 such p.irty, not lieinti the whole of them, nor heitiff a
gCiifarini; liiaii, i^j so detained and convicted, .O-Sths of
such value :
if the vessel or means of conveyance is seize<l ann con-
demnul witliout any person lieing detained, l-3d of
such value :
If all the nooils arc sei/eil, and all the parties concerned as
af >resaid are subsctiuently convicted in conseipience of
such seizure, and by the' exertion of liie seizors, ^ of
such value :
If tlie goods only are seized, 1-St!', or such oilier part m
the conmiis-sioners of the cu-.toins .shall tliink pro|ier,
not exceeding 1-lth of such value :
In the case of seizures of other goods, not slll(s : —
If the vessel or olher means of conveyance is or are seized
and condemnwl, or if any person'ls proseculeil tn con-
viction on account of tlie same, .J oi the produce, ex-
rhisixe of the ilulic. :
If the hoimU only, 1-lt'i of •■'ich jirodnce :
In the ca.;e of damaged lob.icco, smiff, or nthci' pnnd.4 de-
'•royed, siiih reward .is the Lords of tlie Treasury or the
coiniiiKsitHiers of liis .Alaje^ty's customs may think pro-
per to direct, not e\c< edilig a moletv of the dntv pnval/le
on siicll noods In case tlie same h,%d been sold fur homo
conxuinption :
In the c.xse of .seizures of silk good-:, the whole value of such
gootls, e.vclusivo of the iluty thereon :
In tile case of seizures of vessels and lio.its : —
Ifsolil, a moiety of the podilce:
If taken into the public service or broken up,a innietj of
tlie value :
In the c ise of seizures of cattle and carriages, in all cases
3-lths of the produce of the sale. — >ect. li'.
The Treasury, SfC. to fix the Value of Spirits Sf Tohacco. — The value of spirits and tobacco seized as afore-
said shall in all eases be deemed and taken to he such as the Lords of the Treasury or the commissioners of
custiniis may think lit to lix the .same at per gallon or per pound weight, for the purpose of rewarding the
ollicer ; and all the before-mentioned rewards shall be paid subject to a deduction of 10/. per cent, on ar-
connt of law charges and other expenses. — ^ (iH.
All Heu'ard.1, l^c. payable to Officers of Army, i^-c. to he regulated hy II. M. Orders in Council. — Every
audi reward, or part or share of any such seizure or of the value thereof, as shall be payable to any ottieer
or olticers, non-commissioned olHecrs, petty officer.s, seamen, or privates of the armyj navy, or marines,
or acting under the orders of the I-ord High .Admiral or commissioners of the admiralty, shall be divided
and distributed in such proportions, and according to such rules, regulations, and orders, us his Majesty
shall be pleased to direct and appoint ^ li'l.
Commissioners may distribute Shares of Seizures so as to reward Per.iovs not actually present. — It
shall be lawful for the commissioners of customs or excise respectively, in case of any seizure of vessels,
boats, or goods, or of tho apprehension of any parties, under ,his or any other act relating to the customs,
to direct the distribution of the seizor's share of such vessels, boats, or goods, or of any penalties or re-
wards Jiat may be recovered on account of any seizure, in such manner as to enable any titticer or oIKcers,
or other person or persons through whose information or means such seizure shall have been made, nr
penalty recovered, or party apprehended, and who may hy them be deemed to be so entitled, to partici-
pate in such p. ^portion as the said commissioners shall respectively deem expedient ^ 70.
In case Officers act negligently or collusively. — Upon proof being made to the satisfaction of the cim-
missioncrs of customs or excise ^hat any officer or olKcors or person or persons as aforesaid have acted
collusively or negligently in the making of any seizure, the said commissioners may direct that the wiioie
or any part of the proportion of such seizure be applied to the use of his Majesty. -^ 4 71.
None except Officers to take up Spirits in s?n/ill Casks sunk or floa'.i^ •iiwn the Sea. — No person or
persons whatsoever, being a subject or subjects of his Majesty, othei 'n n an officer or oftit crs of the
navy, customs, or excise, or some person or persons authorised in that beli. f, shall intermedile with or
take up any spirits, being in casks of less content than 4-0 gallons, found floating upon or sunk in the tea
within 100 leagues of the United Kingdom ; and if any spirits shall be so intermcildled with or taken up,
the same shall be lorleitcd, together with any vessel or bout in which they are found. — ^ T.i.
oiiu.i -.1 lilt), i,u (-(111
justii es of the peac
SML'GCiLlNC;.
1061
Hnnnrdt to Pt'rsotix f;h'inu fnforwat/'tm iif' Goods floating or sunk m thv S,'it. — \t' uny |K*rnon or persona
0liall (littrover uny (Spirits, bciii^ in i-aitks ol hm c mtvut than lo k<iII*>ii.<4, HoatuiK upon or sunk in the »('u«
and give inrorniuMoM to any oltlciT of thi' cUhtontH, or other person or ptT^onH iiuthorktietl to tnako seizure
of rtuch spiritK, HO that seizure he made of tlie ttatne, the per>on or persons giving Kiieh inrornnitioii shrill
be entitU'd ti» and sliall receive such rewartl ua the comniiitaioners of ctiiituniH may tleeiii expedient tu
direct. — \ 71.
/U/otntmr to futor Prrsonx conjincff for ilffinct's aeninst I.ntrs lif CuafotiKs amf I'jc/.sr. — Knr the noecs-
«ary 8ubsiHtenee of any poor person eontineii in the Uinted Kingdom or in the Isle of Man, urtder or by
virtue of any exohe(|uer or other process for the rec(tvery of any duties or penalties, upon bond or other-
wise, sued for, under or by virtue of any order of theconunissioners of cuistoniH or excise, it shall he lawful
for said coinmissnjners reHpe<:tively to cause an allowance, not exceeding the sum of 7^//. and not le«s than
4]'/. per day, to be made to any such poor person, out of uny money in their hand.4 arising from the duties
of cuiitumH or excise, as the case may require. — \ 7-^.
Jl HISDU'TION.
Penatiiet aiul Fur,f\:itures hmr to If med J\>r,'^ AW iK-naltii-s
anil furttiitiire;! inciimtl or iin|iosed !>> Ihiit or any ottivr act ru-
liitiiiK lu the ^u^torlls, or tu triulc or navl^ationt Khnlt ami may
Iti' Huwl fur, nroseruH'd, atul nvoverfd li> ailiun of tlelit^ Mil,
plnint. or liitorrnat*on in any couit <»f retoril nt Westmin^lfr,
or at miMin, ur at Kilinhnruli, or i.i thu royal courts of th'>
i.slaiuUof (luernhev, Ji>rM.'>t Aldtrney, S.irk, or .Man, in tlio
Diinu* of the anornt'y-Ki.iiL'ral or of llie Ion! adviK-atf of
Scotlaiitl, or in thu naint- or names of Humcotlicfr or oflUurH
^f rustoinh, or hy information lit-foru any 'i, or more just iii's of
the peace in (he U. K,, or before any );aveTnor, deputy f;o-
vernur, or det-mster in the Ule of Man — SttL-t. "■'.
Vvtidit I! la, ami (iiHnla aeizi-it, shall Ac tli-rr' f to he con-
tlewiuUt tiiihai the (timer f(ivtn .\i4iietfiitt he iiiti'i /* :ocfiiim, —
All vesM-'ls, btKitNf antlKoo(U which have lieen ur ; Wall tie here,
after sei/etl as forfeited under any law relatinu to thecu^totiin,
and which have Iteen or shall hereafter be ortleretl lo be pr<i-
.secutt-d by the commissioners of customs^ shall bedeemul and
taken to 'be CQndemr\e<l| and niaybeM>ld in the manner di-
rected it; law in reitpect to ve».sels, bualD> and uooils seized aiul
condemned for breach of any law rela(l^^ to tliu cuhtoms, un-
les.s the person from whom hiich vesHels^ boats, and t^oods h.ive
iicen seized, or the owner of them, or sofnu |ier>un uuilion-^il
liy him, !iha|], within 1 calendar inunlh tVum the day ul '^ei/in^'
the same, give notice hi writing, if in London, to the person
tteizintf the same or tu the secrutarv or iiolicitor for the ruslums,
and it^lsewhere, to the per.on seizing the same or to the cob
lector and comptroller or other chief olliccr of the customs at
the nearest puit, that he claims the vessel, lout, or g<KKls, or
intends to claini them. — Sect. 7fi.
Ojfhiaa <»« the Hifih Scaa tleenuil tu hitic hnii a'Uimittnl at the
Place iiUo u-hkh the tilfiniftr is hrouff/it, or i,t which he iajinni'l,
..-In case anyotfence Ite commit ted npon the high ^easflgaln^t
this or any other act relating to the ciistums, ur any penalty or
forfeiture 1)0 incurred niton the high stus ior any hieacli itf
such acts, such ollence shall, for the purpose uf prosecution, be
deemed and taken to have been coniniitied, ami such penalties
and forfeitures to have been incurred, at the place on land In
the r. K, or the Isle of Man into which the fierson connnit-
ting such olteiii'e or incurring such penally or forfeiture shall
iw taken, brought, or carried, or in w nich such person shall he
found ; and in case such pbue on land is situated within any
city, borough, liberty, division, franchise, or town corporate,
as well any justice of the i)eace for sucli city, borough, li-
berty, division, franchise, or towrt corporate, as any justice of
the peace "f the county witliin which f.ucli city, borough,
litierty, division, franchise, or town cori>orate is .situated, shall
have Jurisdiction to hear and determine all cases of otftnces
against such act so committed upon the high seii.->, any charter
or act of parliament to the contrary notwithstanding: pro-
vided always, that where any otlence shall be connnitled in
any ^ilace upon the water not being within any county of the
U.'K., or wlare anv doubt exists as to the same being within
any county, such otlence shall, for the pur^poses of this act, he
deemed and taken to be committed upon the high sea^. ~~
Sect. 77.
Juitice4 »H«v tummon Offender, and the Summont maxf be left
at his last Place qj'Hesidciuey or on board ami ship to trhieh /le
fcc/ciii,'*. — l'|H)n the exhibiting any information before any
justice of the peace for any oftence against this or any act re-
lating to the customs or to trade or navigation, for wliich the
party charged Is not liable to be detained in manner herein-
Defore mentioned, such .justice is hereby required to is^ue a
sunnnons for the appearance of the party against whom such
information is exhibited before *Jl justices of the peace ; antl
such summons, directed to such party, l»eing left eithtr at his
or her last known place of residence, or on board any shin or
ve»sel to which such party may belong, shall be deemed to
have l>een sutHciently served. — Sect. 7S.
Two Justices maijt Ufton Appearauce or Hffault of the Parti/,
proiced to the Heariof'. — I'pon the ap]iearance or default of any
party so summoned, it shall i»e lawful for any 2 justices of
the peace lo proceed to the examination of the mauer con-
tained in !)U(-h information, and ui>on due pioof thereof, citlier
upon the confession of such party or U])on the oath of 1 or more
credible witness or witnesses, to convict such party in the
penalty or penalties sued for b^' such information ; anQ in case
of nonpayment thereof, such justices, or 1 of them, or some
other justices or justice of the peace, are hereby autliorised and
required, by warrant under hand and seal, to comniii sncli
party to any of his Majesty's gaols within their or his jur'sdit-
tion, there to remain untU tlie penally or pi.'nallies shall l)c
paid. — Sect. 79.
IVarraiits shall and may I>e executed in any part of the
United Kingdom.— Sect. HO.
Justices nnyotvcrcd to mitigate Pciialtt/. ~ Where any party
shall or may be convicted before any 2 or more of his Majesty's
justii es of the ])eace in any penalty or penalties incurred as
aforesaid, except as is herein-after provided, it shall and may
be lawful for tne said _)ustices, in cases wliere uiKin consider-
ation of the circumstarices they sh.ill deem it expedient so to
do, to mitigate the pasment of the said penalty or penalties, so
asthesum to be paid by such party be not less than l-4th of
the amount of the penalty in wnich'such party shall have been
convicted. - Sect. 81.
As to Persons annmitted for Penalties i(»«/cr 100/. — Where
any person shall have been so committed by'anv justices or
iusticeof the peace to any prison for nonpayment < it any penalty
Ins tlmn lOO/., thff gaoler or keeper ot such prison is hereby
authorised and reHpuritl to discharge such pervm at the end
uf fi calendar months tVoni the commincenicnt ut nuih nn-
prltoninent. — Sert. S'Z.
Married H'onira mat/ In' (•'■tnniifted tit /'riiOH.— Where any
party so conviited l>etore V iu>tiies of the peace hhall be a
married woman, mk h part> Oiall be liable to be cumniitled to
piisuii in manner beTein-U-rore mentioned, notwlltistanding
her coverture. — Neel. S.T.
Ahute uf' Proceeding Infore Jtniices, — When an> infurniation
Hiiall have been exhibited leforeanv iusticeof ihepeaie b<rllie
tbife-ilureof any y(H»d> *ei/ed nmU-V'tlii-. t»r anv.Kt telatnig to
the cu:,tonis. It .shall lie lawful fur the said ju^liie, and be i^
hereby authorised atul requireil.to ^ulllmon the partv to w bnrn
such gcMHls belunged, or iVun. whom they were seized, to ap-
pear Iftlure any '.^ justices of the peate; ami sueh ^unnnous,
directcfl to such party, being left either at his or her last known
place ut resideiKu or on board any ship to which such party
may Ulong, sball be deemed to have been sulHclentIv serviii j
and uiHm bis, her, or duir appearance or default, a"n\ 'I )u^•
tices may pioci-ed lo the examination of the matter, and, u'jioii
due proof that the said goods are liahle to forfeiture undei tin-,
or any act relating to the customs, may condemn the said
goods. Sett. SI.
Persons on t-'onviction to forfeit Uml., or if' scaJUrinij Men to he
sent into the A*ir.i/ fvr b Years. — It sbair Iw lawiul fur any
ti or more justices utthe peace before w hom an\ penon liable to
be delainiU, and who shall have heen dctainetl. for anv otlence
against any act relatin-' to the customs, !.hall be Ibroughl,
eitlu r on the confession ttf such person of such ollVnce, ur on
imint thereof upon the oaths of 1 or more credible witness or
wi'jKs.-^es, to convict suih pctMinof any such offence; andeveiy
such person so convicted riali, innneuiatelv upon such convic-
tion, pay into the hand-. <»f such justices," for the use of bin
.Mijesi., the penalty of Uin/., without any mitigation what-
ever, for any surh olIcnLe of w hich he shall be so convicted an
aforesaid ; or in default thereof the said jusiicci shall be au-
thorised and rtquireil, by warrant under their hands and seals,
to commit sucli person so convicled, and making such def aili,
to any gaol or prison, there to r^ main until such pi-naltv be
p.iid: provided, that if Uie pcr^on convictetl ot >\uh otlence or
offences be a seafaring man, and lit and able to serve in hi%
Alajesty's naval service, and shall not prove that he is nut a
subject of his Mnjesly, it shall 1* lawful for anv su. h justice>,
and they are here!" -tquirtd, hi lieu of such penaltv, to onler
any ollicer of ...c aim\, navv, or marines, emploved lor the
prt vention of smuggling, and on full pay, or anv oMieer o*
customs or excise, lo carry or convey, or cause lo'be crried
or conveyed, such person on board any of hisMajest>'s sliips,
in order to his serving in the naval service for the term of !t
years; and if such ^lerson shall at any time within that period
escape or desert from such custody or service, he shall be liable
at any time afterwards to be again am sted and detained, and
delivered over to complete his service of 6 years; provided
also, that if it shall be made to appear to any such justices that
convenient arrangement cannot be made at the time of the
conviction of the said party for immediately carrying or con-
veying such seafaring man so couMcted on board an\ of his
Majesty's ships, it shall be lawful for such justiceb to I'oinmit
suih convicted seafaring man to any p^i^on* or gaol, there to
remain in safe custody fur any i>eriod not txceeiTing I month,
that time may be given to make arrangements tor conveying him
to one of H. M. ships: provided aKo, that the comniissioners
of the treasury, or any .1 or more of them, shall have full poutr
to remit or mitigate any such penalty, punishment, or si rvit e,
whether the parties Ite seafaring men or otherwise. — Sect. JS.'i.
Justices viaif ameiut Infonnatiotts.^ If any person shall be
proceeded aguinst under this or anv other act relating to tbo
customs or excise, and the information exhibited against sudx
person shall charge him as being a stafaring man, and tit and
able to serve his Majestv in his naval service, and it shall appear
to the justices before whom such person is brought that he is
guilty of tlie oHence with which he is charged, but that be is
not lit for the naval service, then and in such case it shall
be lawful for such justices, and they are hereby required, to
amend such information aecordingb, and to convict such per-
son in the penalty of UK)/., as if pr(H-eeded against as not being
a seaf Ting man or tit for the naval service Sect. h(i.
if Persons convicted, and sent on hoard H. M. Ships, he found
COH'
as a
unfit, thexf may he a^ain convet/ed litjbrc Magistrates, and t
victed in the Pcnuttu ij/" 100/. — If an\ person so cnn\ icied ii
seafaring man, and carried on board any sbii> of war, ^hall, on
examination by any surgeon or surgeons of Ii. M. navv, w ithiii
1 month af^er being so carried on board, Ite deemed to* be unlit,
and shall be refused on that account to be received into II. M.
service, such person shall, as soon as convenient, be convev* d
before any justice of the peace, and u|H)n proof that he lias
been refused to lie received on board any of II. M. sldm an
unlit for H. M. service, such justice shall and he is hereby au-
thorised and required to call upon the said person to pav the
penalty of UK)/., without hearing any evidence other than "such
proof as last aforesaid ; and in default of immediate payment
of the same to the said justice, for the use of his lAtajeslv, to
commit the said |»erson to any gaol or prison till such i>enalty
l>e paid : provided always, that no person so convicted, and or-
<len-d to serve on board any of H. M. slups, shall be sent away
from the U. K. on Iward such ship in less than 1 month fVoni
the date of such conviction. — Sect. 87.
,1* to Jnrisdiclion in Itoron/^hs. — Where any offence Bcainst
this or any other customs act ihall be committed in any city
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SMUOdLlNU.
m
bormiKh. Itlwrly, illvlilmi, frnnihtti « or town LuriHir.Ue.lftny
jurtllcuit (if >»attl I'lf^, l»>rniii{li, \i * diitl Mity )ii-.tit-i-. <>| .m.
t'ountv in wliirli »uih nit, lioiouuli, \v. i« situiiieili iliall li ivu
JurlMrii'tluii III tu-itr <ui<l ilcicriiiim* U|Miti Ihf ^.tini': Ni'i t. Hi.
Mitt'Utrtitr iif iiH lulji'iuiini i'\>unttf tnuif iiii uitli Om- nj tU«
i'lmntif tvhtrf itifhuv tt'mr>Htnl, — W'liBri* Ihf dtti'iul.ini tf "f i
uuiii^imU"* h.iviiiMj'trtMlik ihmi tn ihv ititmly wlifrirthfuircix v
In ruMitiiitttil cannot bo i-<)nvvnli>ii!l> otit.tiittti, it iii.ui<triit • *>t'
any nit|nlnliitc r(»tiit>i u ith 1 itiiit{i<>tr.ile ol* itii* i itiiitiy lit \«hl( ti
Ihu ulttoiu'M v/iiM t-iMi'iiMilUtl, tiiity Uvtit iind ilvtrrniiiit* any iii-
liirnrttion i-xluliit-d iH-t'nrv tliL-nit itnd ttivi* tlu* hhiiii! imwiti
und aulli'trltich In iill iL'^ptHis fi» (u any priMi-i'tlln^ li<iil uiulirr
any net rL'tHtlii^ to tluf i tittnui'*, u:^ it tliuy wcrv lioth in.iKi^-
tr,iU>n t'nr the tuuiily In wlilih (he olltfiicu mui ruininUtu'l. —
tV'titt Hfi'^ttinritrl itwl Huhait ('>)r/>U9 n<>t t* If hiufd furjtt
On .iyittut It Nn writ uf ifrtLnnri hImII ivtu« I'ruiii ttii* I ourt
of ICitiK*^ Ik'm h to rvinovf iin> priietHHnu* Ijcl'iin' hhv Jll^tilu
or luHllceH uf the* |>v.it-f uiuUt imv iut tot (hu itreffiitinii of
ftimiKKlitm or rflailuK lo Ihi- cusHhum. nor shull any writ of
hulmm iitrimt imuo to brln^ iii> Uu- IwHiy itf any iifr<>on lon^
vlcttil bfttireuny iUHticu or justlti*'* of the |it!art> umUr any tuili
at t, unlevi the party ii^alnu \Wiotn huiIi prmetHlniK ^>lall haw
twn (llr«rt«tl, or who nhall huvt' tK-i-n *o nHivitla), or hiit
Hltorney or aMt-nt, nhall Mtatu hi an allhlavlt tn writinu, to he
duly Hworn, thu uroundH nf uhJi-L-ilon to Hiiih iinKLMiuhii;^ or
I'onviiUion, and that upon tlie ifinrn tO!>uch writ of irrtiitiuri
ur hahettn ifrpm no ohjuction ^hall Ik.* takentit cMinhlcrcd oihi r
limn HUih iiH shall havu Ut>n Miu-d in lUih atlldavit ; and
it (dinil he Uiwful fur any,)uiti>e or juttUAs of the piMc > t*
amend uov infurnmtronj t-oiivii-(ii)ni or warrant orcnininilriieMt
fur any ulTent-e under any <tU' h att at any ItiiU', whither l>elore
or «ft.-r (-•■nvi( tion. — Set t. DO.
ii\fin'iitntionM, \r, l>* /»<■ i,i ihv Funn ^'nen hi the Schi'ilnh-, —
AU infurniattonH lu-fore ju-itnt-* of the pt* ii e r)r an., ollences
iMinniitted aKain.t (hi> or .my othur at t rtlalinK l'> 1'^^' ^'^i^*
toniH, and all fmivu-iion-v tor siu-'i o tliu-es, and wairanlH of
iu^tliet uf the peate tinindiHl upon such i onviiiioiwohall he
In the form ur lu tliu eliect in the schedule tu tliin ait unnuxed.
— Sect. ;»i.
ii{fhrtnathn!t, tVf- '/'V»n ,/ vuli'l if Oll!nrr h aii f'trtU in the
Winul. nij the Art. ^1-4 wry inlDrni ilioii j'.»i- an.> pi-nll_, or for-
H'iture, mid every nmvieiion or w.iiiant t>f cuinniitntent tor
anv penaliyiHhatI liedefnud valid and HUthiicntf in wliicli llie
oiK-noe for whuh sui h pi-nalty ^h.dl have hetii inlUilt-d, or tliv
cuu.ie of such forfeiture, It bei loiih in the wuidn of (hia aet. —
Sect. D2.
I'iPH'er* of.Iiislici'x to /((• exercistut Inj Giirri-in)r.i or Di'fitstrrt <if
the /j/t'i{/" Ji'Oi. — All the p'l^\lr1 v'e-.ted m anv justices or jus-
tice of the piat\? h> virtue of this act are ht-veh^ vested In and
may Ik? exercised, hi tlie Isle of Alan, l»> any f{overnor, deputy
Kovwrnor, or duL-m^ter of the Kle of Man, so f.ir as re(;irdi
oIlL-nces committed auainst or penalties or fi>rfeitures incurred
by this or any othtr act relating to the cuitoms. - Neit. 'Jl.
I'l'iiititii'ii, S,'C. to he |»((if/ to i'uminissioiiira of CiiAtouUf S,-!-. —
All ni'iialties and forluitures wliich may he recovered liefore
any justices of the peace under this or any other act ntatini; to
the customs or excise^ on any pro>e> ution tiy order of the coin-
iiiissioneiH of customs, shall he paid to said commissioners uf
customs, and on any prosecution hv onler of the connnissjoiierH
of excise sha I he paid to said connnlrtionera of exci-e, or lo the
per'tun appointed Vy thcin r»'spcctiv.;ly to receive theHiinu; and
fiuch penalties and forfeitures shall he appli.d bv lln' said com-
missioners respectively in such manner as the law directs, any
thluKContained in an act pusSvdin the.l lieo. I. c.Vj., iniituktl
" An Act for the more eilectual Adinmistration oi' the Ollice
ofn Justice of the I'eace in and near tlie .Metropolis, and tor
the more eilectual l*ieventinn of iJeprcdatitms on tlie Kiver
Thames and iis Vicinity, for Seven Years, "or any other act
now in force or hereafter lo be made, to the contrary in <myu ise
iiotwitlis:andinK. — Sect. Ml.
Capiaji uiaij imme against Perstitin aueil inuhr thin Act, who are
ioiriir lUiil. — Whenever any penalty shall he sued for as afore-
RflhI by information a/^ainst any (ler.ion in an.y court of record at
Westminster Dublin, or Kdinhur^h, a capioa m ly thereupon
Issuj as the first process, MpecifyiuK the amount of the penalty
Bucd for; and sucli person auaii'tst whom such capiait shall issue
shall be obliged to ^ive sutHcient hail or security, by natural •
born subjects or denizens, to the person or persons to whom
such cajiiits shall be directed, lo appear in the court out (tf
which such capias shall issue, at the day of tlie return of such
writ, to answer siich suit and |)ro->eiution, and shall likewise at
the lime of such appearing; m\v sufficient bail or hecuritv, by
such persons ns afoiesald, m tl:c said court, to answer and pay
all tlie forfeituris and p.nallics incurred for such olicnce or
oHences in case he, she, or thev shall be convicted thereof, or
lo yield his, her, or their body or hodicH to prison. — S.-ct. 'J.'i.
PursniiM in Gaol not tipikiinni: or pU-utling fo the lnforttuition%
Jtulfitiu'tit mat) lie entered Itif Diifault. — If any person ai,'ainst
whom a capias shall Issue out of any court of record shall be
arrested upon such capiaii, and taken to iirison for want of suf-
ficient hail, a copy of the information exhibited a^'Unst such
jicrson shall he sefveil upon him or her in naolf or delivered to
the gaoler, keejwr, or turnkey of the prison in which such per-
son shall lie confined ; and if'such person shall neglect or refuse
to appear or plead to the said information for the space of liO
days, judf;ment sliall be entered by default ; and in case judg.
nu:nt'shttll 1k' olitained a^^ainst any such {wrson or persons by
ilefault, verdici, or otherwise, and he or they shall not pay tlie
sum recovi-red for his or their otience, execution shall l»e
i-»sued, not only a^^unst the btxly or bodies of the i>erson or jter-
fetJUit, but against all their real and personal estates, lor the sum
or sums recoverctl iigainst him, her, or them. — Sect. 'JO.
Pcrsoiin not worth .'j/. miu defend Suits iti fomul pauperis. —
In case any person arrested and imprisoned by virtue of any
writ of c<//ii<i« shall make afOdavit before the court where the
information is hrou)>ht, or before any other person commis-
hiutied to take athdavitji in such court, that lie or she is not
worth, over and above his or her wearim; apnarel, tlie sum of
A/, (which affidavit theiudge or judges of such court, and such
person so commissioned, is authorised and rcciuired to take,)
and such person shall petition such court to defend himself or
herself infonmi puuperi$f then the judge or judges of such
court shall, according to their discretion, athnit suctr person tn
defend himself or herself against such information in the same
manner and with tlie same privileges as they are by law
directed and authorised to admit )K>or subjects to commence
action* for thu recovers of their righu; and for that ttui and
iiiirpn*!- iliu ludues of »mii io(<rt» nhall «sitiuii council Ivarned
In thu l>iW| atuf ipiMthit aa atturntfy unit i1erk,to advlM.' and
i'iirry on any Unn\ (Icfcnce that such pvr^'Hi cm make )ig.Un«t
such action or Md'.irmatiiat, and which naid t omttel, atloiii4*v,
and clerk, 1» and are hereby ie<piiiMl lo give hl^ and their
ads it If uiul assistancv to tui h (lerson, and lu do their duilc«
Htlhoul lee i.r reward. — >ect. 'J7>
.s/i» ritf'to fttaul MiHiiiU tVarratd on IVrit of ( apias. — Wh«ru
any writ ot tupim or othei priK-eM %\\»\l ivmu out of any lourt,
dirtcetl to any nhertll', major, Imibll, or ottier purnon hawng
■ he execution uf proceM In an> county, dlv, or iilicrty, again.it
any person KUllly I'f any oil;jicu ngahikt tliu or any act rt'luliiig
to tlie 1 uitiomn, every such sheriil, mayor, or baililf, and ufhir
person having execution of proce»n as afor«;alil, and thfir
uiider*iiherltl>«, deputies, ami other pfrson* acting for tlu-in,
sli.tll and are herehy enjiiineil and retpiiritl, ui»on tin* leiiuest or
application o|' ihe sollciior fur the cuttoins, i,such rripiest to lw
in wrliingi and indoricd u|K>n the hack of the s.iid pr«K esh, und
Niifiied by such soliiiior with hU name, and addition of Mtllcitur
for the cuntoms,) lo giant a special warrant or warranto in the
iHTson or per^unH named to them by nui It solicitor, for appre-
iieiidkng such ulleiider or otfeiiders i or tn default tluruof eviry
such sheiilf, m.iyor, iVc. nciim; In said olltce or otllie^ shitU \^
sui je. t to such proCi ts of contempt, lines, iVc. as they or any
of tiiem are now by any law, custom, or usage liable lu in ca>tt
of refusing or ncgleting to execute the like process uhuru llio
defendant iiii4ht have been taken in the tonimon and UbU.il
iih-iho t of proceeding. - .Seel. *JH.
■Surilf hi'lemnifU'd from hacuMA. ^ AW and every such she-
ri<r, Ilia or, hail it I', under-shcrtll, and other pers«ins so Krantm^
or iii.ikui^ out SUCH special \\arrant as albresald, are hereliy
iiKtiMiiiiiiied against hin Majesty, his he rs and successor^, aiid
ai^ainst all and every fitlier person whouisuevir, of and truin
ail csc.ipes of any person or |iersons taken by virtue of any such
warrant as aforesaid, whicii shall happen from the titiie i>f
taking such ultt-nder or oilenders till lie, she, or tht'> lutcoiu.
Ill lU'd to till* proper gaol or prison, or oii'ered and tendered to
the gaul-kcepcr or other )>e-r.sein having charf^e of such ^alll ui-
pr. son, i,wliu is lieretiy enjoined and reipureii tu ri ceive evv-ry
such p.rson ur iwrsons, and (;ive a receipt for his, her, oi tiit-ir
hihly or btxlies,) and ut and iroin all actions, proset utioiis, pre-
fihii of contempt, and oilier priH-eedin^s tor or hy rl^'^ol| «f
such esCiipc, uii> law, custom, or Usa^^e (o the contrary i,ot-
wiiiistanding. — Sect. 'J'.).
All t liiim in Appeanunc to be entvred unlna in the Sauii: of the
On Iter, — No ciann shall he permitted to Im* entered lo, and lu
api earanie bliall be permitted to he entered to, any iiifuriiialioii
hieil fur the torfciture ot any vessel, boat, or goinU sii^e-d ti>r
any cause of forfeiture, and returned hito any court of iccunl,
unless such claim or appearance is entered in the true and rvtl
n.mie or names of the owner or owners, proprietor or piuiirii;-
toiH of sucli vessel, boat, or goods, descnhing the place of re-
sidence and the business or profession of such person or ife'rauii^;
and if such |K!rI^on or persons shall reside at London, Kdiiilnir^h,
or Duhlai, ur Within the liberties there-of, oai' hall be ii>aili.<
by him, her, or them before 1 of the judges • court iiiiu
vshich the vtid ves^e!, boat, or giMxi-s are re tr ni wliuli
sue!) liiftirmatiou is liled, that the said vt . or f^uniis
wa,s or were really and truly the property c ur ilit'iii
at ilie lime ol' such sei/nre; hut if such ^le .>unssliui|
not be resilient in latndon, ialinbtirgh, or Dublin, ur the lilH;r-
tie-. thereof, then and in such case oath shall be made in like
manner by thu agent or attorney or solicitor by whom siich
claim ur appearance sha 1 be entered, that he has full puwt-r
and legal authority and directions from stich owners or pro-
piietor to enter such claim or appearance, and that to the> liett
ot his knowledge and belief sucli ve^hil, boat, or goods wttv, at
the time I'f tlie se.zuru thereof, bumi jUit and trul> the real
property of the per-on or persons in wheise name or iiium^ such
claim or appearance is entered; and on failure theTci.l', the
vessel, boat, or goods shall Ik; ahs-ilutely condeniiie-il, and
Jutlgmeiit shall be entered thereon by default, in the same
manner as if no claim or appearance had been entered thereto;
and every person who shall he convicted of makini; oi tfikiiiif
a false u.tth to any of the facts hercin-before directed or reiutri'd
to be sworn shall be deemed guilty of perjury, and slidll !«
lialile to the pains and peiialiies to which persons ure liable- tur
wilful and corrupt perjury. — Sect. IhU,
Owners to fjivt Securdfj for CWii. — Upon the nitryofany
claim to any boat or ve>sel, or to miy goods, seize<l "fur any
cau.^e of forfeiture, or of any appearance to any iiiforiiiatioii
filed for :.uch forfeiture, the person or persons who enter iho
claim or appearance as the owner or proprietor thereuf (in en e
such claimant shall re^ide hi the V. K.) shall he houiul, with
'.^ other sullicieiit sureties, in the penalty of lUU/-, lo answer
and pay the costs occasioi;etl by sucli claim or appearance;
and if such owner or proprietor 'shall not residi. in the l". K.,
then the attorney or solicitor by whose direction such claim
shall be entered, shall be bound, with '^ other sullicient suretie's,
in the like penalty, to answer uikI pay the coats occasioned by
such claim or appearance. — Sect. lUl.
if Suit hroiight onaecoiinl of Seizure, and Judf^e cerlifi) iWre
was pniiudde Cause, Plaint if}' to hart: 'id. Ihnmitit^t'ndhmt
('o.its. - In case any inforinaiion or suit he coiniiieiuiil or
hroufjht to trial onaccount of the seizure of any vessel, hoai,(ir
gocKls, merchandises, or rominodiiies whatsoever, or any
horses or other animals, or any carriage, seized a^ forfeited liv
this or any act relating to the customs, wherein a veiilict ^h;lt1
be found for the claimant thereof, and it shall appear to the
judge or court before whom the same is tried, that there was a
probable ciiuse of seizure, suchjtittge or court shhll certify in the
record that there was such probable cause, and in such case Ihe
person who made such seizure shall not lie liaiile tu any action,
indictment, or other suit or prosecution on account of such
seizure; and in case any action, indictment, or other suitor
jirosei'ntion shall becommenceil and brought to trial against
any person or persons whatsoever, on account of any such
seizure as aforesaid, wherein a venlirt shall be given against
the defendant or defendants, if the court or judge before whom
such information or suit bo trie-l shall have certitieHl thai there
was a probable cause for such seizure, then the plaintilf, liesides
the things seized, or the value thereof* shall not tie entitled to
above id. damage)), nor to any costs of suit, nor shall the de-
fendant in such prusecutton he fined above Is.— Sect. IHi).
A'o Proccjis to he sued out ntittimt anif Q//'ft'r, until 1 Culendar
Mouth nfler Notice. ^ So writ »liall He sued out against, not t
.S.MLCJCJLINd.
1063
ropy of any promt Kirrnl u|wm, an; nfflrer uf Uit* nnnvi navyi
inuriit«N( i'UktoiiiM, tir rxtlw, ur nf(uln»t an> |ifrvii!i hi ting uiiih-r
lilt (lirvi Moil itl' ihi' I'ltiniiutiniit'io 1)1' i iitliiinn, Inr un> ituiiK
(l.tiu- III lli«> i>ftt(irlt>n of or liv rf.tton of hii ntlids 'uiiiil 1
(.il. ntlar iiiunth next afivr iiof|« v in wliltl)^ lui« U-tn ddlveriil
|.) hint, ur It'll at |ti< u>ii.il )il m v of alHNlr, dv iliv Htiortif) (»r
Aifviit fur ttu< party who Mitendi to ^ui- tiitt kiu)i writ or |iriKi>M,
111 wl.uh iHKiiu th.tll hf ili'.irlv tuid v%]'\n ills Kiiitiiititil Ihf
iju»i*uf a< Hint, ihv II mil* mill pl.u t* t>f alfili'ol Ihf i>*-imiii uhu
la ii> hrhig tuih uitiitit, jinil ihi- iiiiMifand |)hiic ut iil» (Ji- of Iht-
■lti>rtti> ur uKvnt ; (inil a Utt of 'iU«. kh.ill !« |>.(iil for pre-
Ad KviiUne* to U luUtutnl hut trhiit ia amtiiintil in thf Stticf.
^ So philiitill in aitji i a-se when* an at tmn shall hi* (tr< iimlfd
tin nn> tu:t dune h> ilu'iMt-ndant ihall ht- )>t'rinliti'd lo priKJcit*
an.v I '^Idcrit i< uf thi- iaiisv uf sill h a( lliin, I'Nrt vt sui h at nhall
hi-'mttt'dni'd in Iht* iinliiL* to \h! M'^ot ii.« JitonitaHl, it sti.iil
iiTfi\f any vi-rditt aKrt>iitt mu h «'thnT or pt rvnit unlfss he
pKtVi- un till' trial uf sin h ai lion that stn ti noiii » wa-t Kisfii;
jiiul in iltfault uf nuih prout; tht: delLitdatit i^ha I riitiVL- a
vtrdit t mid tuntit. — Strt. Ih|,
ojfti- r tiutif taiihr Anuiuh.'—lt shiill hi- lawful for any
oltuL'r ur ullit^r pt-ison lo whom siuh not Ire ha^ 1mm n ^Ivtn, at
iiM) iiniu wilhin 1 Lali'iid.tr nionlh after Mirh iioiiri>, to tiiidtT
AiiifiuU to iUk' part> roinplainiiiKi »r tu hi-*, hrr. ur their aKctit
or alturiifVt and ht i-OHe the Mine it nut aLtepttti, to plead sut h
|L-ii(ler in hur to any action hruuKht analiiKt him, ^toitiMlid on
kill h writ ur pr«K-v^!t, loHuther with the plea of .Not (iiiiltv, and
(iilier plfiUii with lt>av« of the euurt ; mid if, upun l:t>uf joined
tl.irron, the Jury Khali tind the amendu mi tendered lu h<i\e
jiein Mitlicient, then they !thall ^\\*! a vcrdlit for the de-
ti-nilan( ; aitd in Mich rnse,ur in cnM? the planiiill'iihall becotne
iittii^uiletl, or (liM'ontinue liis, her, or their aition,(jr in ca<e
jiitlL;iiit'nt shall ht< Kiveii for huch dtlendani urun di niitrrer,
then ntich d.-ft-ndaiit -ihall he eiitilltd to the ilkecu^l^a.s he
wuutd have heen entitled to in ca>e he had pU adeil the ^'eiieral
i<Kiueunlyi hut if. niion insue jomed, tlic jury shall hnd that
nu ainendit were tenileretl, ur that ttic same uiTi not Millicicnt,
or shall lind aualiist the defi nd.int In such other ph a or pteas,
thi-n they .shall uive a verdict tur the plalniitt', and mk h danc
u^esas they :thail think projterj together wilh hi^, her, ur their
I'.Msof Milt. — .*•<•( t. I(l.*(.
iSvfileitiii^ to itmiir .tmrnilt, vuii/ vuy Munetf into Cuini, _
In iiise hiuh olliiir ur olher person snail iii^lt-ct to ttnih r nity
aiiu'iiils, or hliail have tendered insutlti lent amends, h< foreihe
aL't.un l>roui;ht.ii shall he lawful for him, hy leave of the court,
at any timu l>efore the trial of the said actioli, (u pay into court
siiih'-uni uf money as he shall sie lit, wtureupon sinh nru-
cLtUiims, orders, und judKmentH htiall he had, made, and ^Iveii
ill ami hvbucti court a.s in uther actions where the delendant
iialluk^td to pay money into court. — Sect. ItXl.
.Uiii'H tu be tummencvii tntliin (i Months njtvr Cauae ij' Attion
hm iifisvn. — If any m'lion or suit he hron^ht or commeiuul
nt aforesaid, buch a<'tiun or suit shall be hruu|{ht or commenced
ulthin t> niunths next after the cause of acihin >hidl have
iir.s<.i), and nut afterwaids, and shall lie laid and tried in the
iuuni> or place w here tht' facts were commitunl, and nut in
am u'hir luiinly or place; and the Uefendant or defendants
sli.'ill and may plead ihe K^-neral issue, and ^ive the s|)ecml
iij.iiifr in evidence, ut any Irmi had thereujion ; and if the
pUintiU'or plaint. Its he nomuited, ur disctmtitiue, hb, licr, ur
tiitir action m* huii, or it', upon a verdict or dtinurrtr, jud^-
iniiit he ^iveii a^ahist them, the deftiidant or dL-Undantit shall
or iii.i\ ixceive tieMe C4)sts, and have such remet'y for the saiiie
.is any dL-tendant or defendants in uthur cases wlieie costs are
giviu hy law. — Sect. 1U7.
Jiitlf^es ([/* thf Kin^*;i limch may Ustie IVarrtints for *f/7>rf.
hinting (>/>.'■»(/< rj. ~ Will never any person shall he chained
\tith iiii. oiiLiici a^iiinst thisorany'a'Jtrelatinit tu the custums,
rir fur which he uv .she may he pruM.'cuted hy indictment ur in-
tiiriiiation in lhe( Dtirt uf Kin);*s Itench, ami the same shall he
niaile appear to any jud^e of the same vouri, hy ntlidavit or hy
cltIiii ate of an iniormaiion or ind.t^ment lieing tjletl aKainst
Mich pLrsun in U)e said court for such utience, it shall and may
twIiivNliil for such jud^o tu i.v>ue his warrant under his liand
and seal, anil therehy to cause such ptTson to he appreheiutid,
iuul liioii^ht before him ur some othtrjudfre of the same court,
or l.eloru sume 1 justice uf the peace, in unler to his or her
li^in^ lound, witii '^ sulliclent surtties, hi such sum us in the
said \i arrant sl'all lie expressed, with cundition to appear in
tlie snid court at the time mentiuned in such warrant, and to
aiiawer to all and singular i:.diciinents or intbrmatiuns lur any
Mil h nllt-nce; and ni case any such pei>on shall neglect or re-
fuse to Income hound as aforesaid, it shall he lawtul for such
iutlt;e or justice tu cunniiU such person to the cutnmon ^aul of
"l.it cuuntv, city, or place where theotlence hiis heen coinmilti-d,
orwiicre'he lir she shall have Uen appiehendal, to rcinani
uiilll hi- or slie sliall htcoine hound, or he dischavgcd I, y order
of lliy court in term time, ur of 1 uf llie judges ol tlie court in
varaiion; and tlu' rccoKnl/ance to Irfj taken shall he returned
andlikd in the said court, and shall cuutiuue in furce umil
fiuili person shall he ai quitted of such otii-nce, or in Cise uf
cuiiviciion shall have received judgment for the same, unless
sooner ordered by Ihecourl to ht* discharged; and wliere any per-
K)n,(iihtr hy virtue of such warrant 'jfennnnitmcnt aforesaid,
or iiy vinue'uf any writ of f(i/»i(M «(/ re*;'UHt/e»((/i(»i issued out
otthesjtidcourt, is now detained^ or shall l>e cuminiited loand
detained in any ^aol fur want ot hail, it shall be lawful fur the
])ro-*cutor of such indictment or intorniaiion to cause a cojiy
tliereot to he delivered tu sucli |ier&on, or lo the gaoler, keemr,
ortumkey of the gaol wherchi such person is detained, witli a
notice thereon indoised, that unless such person shall, within
Siiaysfrom the time uf such delivery of s.'ud copy, cause an
apiiearance and also a plea or denim rer to he entered in court
losiich indictment or information, .in ai>|>earance and the pha
of Not liuilty will be entered thereto in the name of suih per-
son i and in case he or she sltall, for the space of K [ia\s after
thcdeliveryof a copy ofsuch indictment or information, neglect
to cause an appearance, and also a plea or demurrer, to be en-
tered in the said court to such inuictment or information, it
shall be lawful tor tlie prosecutor, upon affidavit being made
and filed in the court of the delivery of a cony uf such indict-
mint or information, •with such notice indorseil ttiereon as
aforesaid, tosuch person, or tosuch gaoler, keeper, or turnkey, as
Ihe case may be, which aliidavit may be made hct'ore nny judge
or commitikioner of the court authoViseU to take altldiiviis, to
cauM an a| praranct and thr plm of Not Guilty In b^ tntcn'ifl
lo sill li inilii imi nl ur Infurmnilon h>r «uth pt-r^on ; iind oin li
prot-etdings »hall Im* find thereupon nu If IheihfeiiilAiit appnurt it
and pleiiHil Not tiudt), lU tortiliift to the usual i oi im- «>( th>'
1 ourt ; and If, u) on In.il, ans di lend. ml so ■ oniiniiud and ile-
l.aiieil \<v ati)nillid of ,ill ihe ullt-iiit*s iher* hi < ti.iruitl upiri
him or her, it sli.ill U- lawful for tin- judi^e iMlnre uhoni s<i< h
til.il shall III- Imit. allhough he ma\ not In- our ot the |iidt.'es of
Ihe Knii^S Jtciiih, tuoruk^r th.il mi* h ih l^i.d.ml hi ill i.Uiv*^
out of t u->iih|\ , as to his or lu r coinn iinirTti aii utiirt.<nti!. and
such ileft-ndanl sh.dl he thi'itupon dtsih.iruetl uci urulnuly. ~
Sict. lOH. *'
M Tit- 11 UiCK^tiivinie is ^'hm, atui thi' fNir/i/ thall n»t j'trmt, it
^"I'ff *if ""■ t''Ji>rnuili'H ur imiitmnil matf f>r fi/iitm/ in hit
^llforrii't/ or ,l^'r;i/. _ \\ here any peison, arrenieil \i\ virtue of
a w.irtant i.s->ui d as tift^n-s.iid, t-nti-rs into a ncogn)/. nee, anil
appi.irs In touit at the relurn of the saul re< okiiIi uiii , hut
do, s hot alleruards plead (o the inforin.itiun ui indieinHiil, it
shad he lawful lor the pn>s I utor to cat,se a ci p.> ilier. of lu hi*
(U iivered |o ^ut h person, t.r to his or In i at orne^ oi ,\^t nt, nr
lo |,e lett at his or lici l.isi p aceof al one, wtih.inntiti ihetp*
on mdoisiil, ih.it unless >iiili pitsiji sl.a;l, wuhiii S d \t
• rom the time of siu h tii lively, i .lux- a pnato letiitend in
t oorl Ml Mil ti iiilnrmni nit or iiulntn cut, Ihe prooeiutor
Mill iiiitr a plea of .Not (iuili> <<n his or tur Itehalf ; and U|oii
allhlavii hfing made and tiled in the court of the de ivery id n
copt ofsitrh n.torinalioii ur indittn.ciit, Witfi notlte moorseil
Ihi reon as iiforesaid, to sucli person, or lo his or ht r i'.tloinejr
or ngenl, <<r at his or her I.iaI plan of al ihU', as tht* case may
be. It shall helauftil for the piosei utor to tause tie pit. i of
Not (tiiiliy lo he entered to sui It iidorm.ition or Indiitintnt
tor sucli person and stn h pioc<edin^*s sh ill l»e h id then upon
anil Ihe defendant had pleadeil ac^ outing to the usual cours«
ul Ihe »,iid court. — Sect. Hi'.'.
ifitiiin ,\,t:il,* W'l to lu- lohiltil iiltt.t (h lhn» of il.r fitt/ of
l.otul,niiir fioiJ. If .ill or ..n. nf the (^.-^-il-Mif li.e ili m lip'.joii
hireiii-afur loi iitinneil, ^tli.it i^ |osa\,) iirkniN of huti.r, toiiH
uf iheese, |i-h, viu.., s.ijl, fruit, tn.,i, i.ttal.le, and . nioiis,
hrouulit co.isiuiM' Into Ihe port ol the said eii\, ami ul iil* <iiu
liable to the s.uil dm,, >li,ji he lai ded or un\lii| pen at or in
the said purl h. forv a inojir ceriitii.m of tt.e p,..Mnent of ho
said duties shall li.ue I.een ola.iined, sui h himv.s shad h* for-
feited, and ma\ lie^ei/eillA ..ny < Ihi er ol custoiik^ trnpovMiiil
to Mi/e g>'n(l:i i.indi-tl uithiim (itu- mirs ; .ii>d nUih ti^rn i niu
may he si.ed for, prosetuliil, ami iiiovereil h> at lion ol o« ht,
hill, plamt, or niforniailin in aii> coiin of ttioui m Wi-i^
loinster, m ttie n.ai.eof the i hanih* rlain of the s,<i(lrit>, on
hehall of (I, e mayor, eoninion.dl>, amUin/eii'. .'seit.'lKL
lihtii iiljiifiva arc iinia'al mi, I ^iir l.ml, th I ml ttn< to
In- msifiii.ii to hU Mi{}r.\tff.^ If an\ per-'oii shall U'aiiis id l*>
a writ of c/^.ffff ad if3i-viuh'inllii'i ivuinn out of any louit tif
reci rtl, or out of any ot tin- ^ i | tiioi i ouris ol ri coiil oi eiiliir
of till- unties paheim-, at the Mut ut his ,M,i)c>t>, ai il the
shir. I' > other oflicer shall take h.iil fiom sm h 'p> rsoii, lu
shall, lithe request and cosLs of tl e pro^ei ulor, as>i^,i to Ins
.Ma|i>.ty, Ids heirs and succe^^ors, ihe liail liiaal taktn liom
sucli person, by Indorsing the s.iim-i and attesting it umU r Ids
hand and sea|,'lii ihe piisence of 'i or nioie creiiilile wimes>4s,
which in.iy be done vWttiout any sian p, piovulid the a>>i^n-
nuiit so indorsed he duly stanijitd before an\ suit hi-conmn laid
thereupon; and if such ball bond be luire-titl, mu h pioiuA*
shall thertupoii issue as on bonds originally in. alt- to his Ma-
jesty, his heirs and sucivsmji's , and theionrtm whiili "i.cli
tuiil lioiid is put ill suit may ^i\e sinli relief to the (kfnuiaiit
or dttendaiits as is agree. tble to juslue and reason. —
Sect. 111.
liulktioeiitK to be pri-ferri'il hj Orikf of the Convnisihifi'-rt, ~m
\o imiictii.ent sh;dl Ite prelt-ned or suit con.memeii for ttiu
recovery uf any penally or forledure umier this or any oiiier act
relating to thi'ciisloms or excise ii-Mtpt in ihe ca e-s'of |.eisoiis
detained ami carried before I or n.ore jUsticis in pursuiuite uf
this act) unless such suit he coinmeiii eii in (ho name ut thu
attorney-gi neral, or oi the lord aihoc.ile of Scot laid, or unle^«
such in'dictim'nt be iireteneu under the dinclion if ti.e eoin-
missiuners of customs ur excise, or unless such suit he eom*
inenced in the name of some i.liictr of lusiinis u. excise,
under the direction of the.said cummi.siuners ies)eLtiveIy —
Sect. 112.
The Aliornnj-ficncrfil or Lunl Aihvciifc vuiu iif^n a A'o/i firo^
avijui. - If any prosecution whatever be commemed for the
recover^ of any fine, penalty, or hirtViiuie Imiined umier thii
or any other act relating lo the customs or excise, it shall l>e
lawful for the atiorne> -general, ur fur the lord advocate of
Scotland, if he is satislied that Mich line, iS:c. was imutretl
wdhout any iiitmlion uf fraial, or tliat H is im-xptihem to pro-
ceed in the >aiil piosecntion, to s' op all tun lur proimliii^r., hy
ent(-ring a iioii /Mtutti/ui, iir utherwi>e, on such mfornia ion, d^
well Willi re- peel lo ^he^hare of »ucli line, penalts, or foi tenure
to which am i i'\ er <ir oflice-Ts may be eiitnteil, as to the king's
share thereof. — -ect. 1 1^.
Pfiof of i'at/uieiil if Diitidf or of the lanfnl Imporia/inii of
(ttiods, to lie on tht- Oirncr- — If any mmeU he s* ized lor norpay.
ment of tiiitii's, or other cau-.e oV forfeiture, and any di^pute
arise whether the customs, excise, or inland duties have i ecu '
paid for llie Mime, or the >ame have bfcen lawfully im)«rtL-<l, or
concerning the (ilace whence such gooiis were brouglit, the
prcMif thereof shall he on the owiur or cl.iimir id' >uch ijauds,
and not un tlu* ollicer seizing and suipping thu same. —
Sect. 111.
iVd Justice connected n'lM the Colhdhm tf the ttevenue in inter-
firc in itintvt iin/ Conrtctio>ts.*~So justice of the peace Iting
a (ullictur or compttoller, ur otherwise cumucted wiili the
customs or excise, sliall take cognizance of any matter it lating
to summary convictions uf persons othnding again&t this or
any uther customs act. — Sect. I l-l.
Avvrtmnt of certain Matter* to be anjjicii'ut.— In case of any
information ur proceedings had under any act relating to the
customs, tiie averment that the coiiiniiv.ioners of ciistomsor
excise iiave direcietl or elected such information or proceedings
to be instituted, or that any ve.-i&el is foreign, or belongiiitf
wholly or in part to H. .M.sul>jects, or that am person detained
or found on hoard any vessel or boat liable to seizure is or is not
n siihject of his Maji>sty, or that any iwrson detained is or is not
a seaf.iring man, or fit or able to serve in tlie naval service, or
tliat any person is an ofHcer of custom^ and where the ottience
is cummitltd in any port In the U. K., the naming of such
port ill any information or proi^t:edin|pi, Khali be sufncicnl*
n Y 4
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1064
SMYRNA.
■V-
without proof M to iuch <kct or factai unleis defendant prove
to the contrary — Sect. 1 16.
Penotta finventinff Smii^t^linff to be deemed duly emptoyed, —
All iiersons emplo>etl tor the prevention of HmugglinK under
the commissioners of customtif or of any ofHrer or officers in
the service of the cu>-toms, shalt tie deemeiL and tatien to tie
duly emfiloyed for the prevention of sinuKKlinK ; and the aver-
ment, in any information or suit, that such party was so duly
employed, shall besufHcient proof thereof, unless the defendant
prove to the contrary. — Sect. 117.
V'rd voce Evidence way be given. — If upon any trial a ques-
tion shall arise whether any person Is an officer of the army,
navy, or marines^ duly employed for the prevention of smu^-
Slintf, and on full pay, or an officer of customs or excise, evi-
ende of his having acted as such shall be deemed sufflcient,
and such |)ersou shitU not be require<l to produce his commit.
«ion or deputation, unless sufficient proof be given to the
contrary i and every such oflHcer, and any person acting in his
aid or assistance, shall be a loriiiietent witness upon the trial ot
any suit or information on account of any seizure or penalty,
notwithstanding such officer or person maybe entitled to the
whole or any part of such seizure or penalty, or to any reward
U]<on conviction of the party charged in such suit or inform-
ation.— Sect. US.
Wliat deemtil tiifficieni Evidence of an Order of Comniatianert
If Cualmnt or Eicite. — Uiwn the trial of any issue, or upon
any judicial hearing or investigation toucldng any penalty or
forft-iture under any law or laws relating to the ciutoms or
excise, or to the law of navigation, where it n^ay be necessary
to give proof of any order uisued by the commissioners of the
treasury, or by the commissioners of customs or excise, the
letter or instructions officially received by the officer of customs
or excise at the place or district where such penalty or forfeiture
I was incurred, or shall be alleged to hare been tncurTed, for Aj^
government, and in which such order is mentioned or referred
to, and under which instructions he shall have act<^, shall l«
atimitted and taken as sufficient evidence and proof of such
order to all intents and purposes whatsoever. — Sect. I lU.
Within nthut Time SuttB, iVc. are to be exhibited. ^ ^Wl ^uj,,
indictnient«, or informations exhibited for any offence agaitLst
this or anv other act relating to the customs in any court of
record at iVestminster, or in Dublin, or in Edinburgh, or jn
the royal courts of Guernsey, Jersey, Aidemey, .Sark, or Man
shall and may be had, brought, sued, or exhibited within 3
years next after the date of the offence committed, and slialf
and may bo exhibited before 1 or more justices of tlie pence
within 6 months next after the date of the offence committed '
— Sect. 1'20.
/f(/i^rTHaiion may be exhibited any Time afUr 6 Mmt/ie
Where any |>erson shall have l)een detahied for anv oti'ence
against tliLs or any other customs act, and shall have made hi4
escape from custoiiy, an information may lie exhibiteil bforv
I or more justices of the peace against such |i«rson, for such
offence, at any time afterwards, although more than 6 month,
have expired. — Sect. 121. "
ittdictmentt or Injbrmations may be tried in any Cmtrdy, - - Anv
indictment or information for any ofTtnce against this or anv
oiher customs act shall be inquired cf, examined, ♦.jed and
determined in any county of cngland where the nffin'ie is
committed in England, and in any coimty in Scotland whert-
the ofTeiice is committed in Scoti.md, and in iinycountvin
Ireland where the offence is committed in Ireland, in s'lu-K
manner and form as if the offence had been committed in the
said county where the said indictment ot infotinatian shall Im>
tried.- Sect. 1-^2. •oantw
SMYRNA, a large city and sea-port of Asiatic Turkey, on the western side of Asia
Minor, lat. 38<' 25' ;J6" N,, Ion. 27° 6' 45" E. Population, prjbably, about 120,000;
iti %vhom 60,000 may be Turks, 40,000 Greeks, and the remainder Armenians, Frank.s,
Jew.s, &c. Smyrna is situated at the bottom of a deep gulf; the entrance to which lies
between the island of Mytilene on the north, and Cape Carabourun, in lat. .S8° 41' 30" N.,
Ion. 26° 21 £., on the south. The woodcut on the next page gi'-cs a better idea of
the gulf of Smyrna than could be derived from any description. The dotted line shows
the course inwards. The passage between James' Castle (D) on the south and tlie
oppositt sand-bank is narrow ; but there is from 9 to 10 fathoms water, with a blue clay
bottom. Merchant ships anchor abreast of the city in from 7 to 8 fathoms ; but the
water is so deep that they may come close to the quays. The inhat, :,r sea breeze, blows
from morning till evening, and is always waited for by ships going up to the city.
There is excellent anchorage in most parts of the gulf, merely avoiding the slioals on
tlie iiorth side. Smyrna is a place of great antiquity. The excellence of its port,
and its admirable situation, have msde it be several times rebuilt, after being de-
stroyed by earthquakes. On approaciiing it from the sea, it has the appearance
of an amphitheatre : the castle is at *.he back of the townj which it commands, on
the toj) of the hill ; but it is in u state of decay, and cr uld oppose no resistance
to an invading force. The interior of the city does not correspind to its external
appearance; the streets being, for the most part, narrow, dirty, m\^ ill paved. Owing
to the want of cleanliness, and of all sorts of precautions, on tii<» part of the Turks,
Smyrna is frequently visited by the plague. So late as 1814, from 50,000 tc r>0,000 of
the inhabitants are said to have been cut off by this dreadful scourge. The trade of
this city is more extensive than that of any other in the Turkish empire. The caravans
from Persia are chiefly composed of Armenians. They arrive and depart at fixed
periods, which are nearly identical with those of the arrival and departure of most of
the foreign ships frequenting the port. Bargains are principally effected by Jew brokers,
many of whom have amassed considerable fortunes. The principal articles of import
consist of grain, furs, iron, butter, &c. from Odessa and Taganrog ; and of cotton stufts
and twist, silk and woo^.c' "oods, coffee, sugar, cochineal, and dye woods, iron, tin and
tin plates, rum, brant y, paper, cheese, glass, wine, &c. from Great Britain, France,
Italy, the United States, &c. The exports consist principally of raw silk ajid cotton,
fruits — particularly rs^Isins ; opium, rhubarb, and a variety of drugs and gums ; olive
oil, madder roots, Turkey carpets, valonia, sponge, galls, wax, copper, hare skins, goats'
wool, salflower, &c. — (For further details, see Tournefort, Voyage du Levant, tome ii.
pp. 495 — 507. 4to ed't. ; and MacnilVs Travels in Turkey, vol. i. Letters 5, 6, 7, 8,
and 9.)
R^erences to Plan. A, Partridge Island, on the south side of 'vhich there is excellent anchorage in
3m 15 to 7 fathoms, muddy Ixittom. B, a mud point. C, Pelican Point. D, James' Castle. E, Low
Soundings, except where otherwise marked, in fathoms.
ftom
narrow islands.
M
Monies, Weights, and Measures, same as at Constantinople ; which see. Accounts are kept in piastres
of 40 paras, or mcdini. The value o' 'he piastre fluctuates ack.ording to the exchange. It has oecn very
much degrcled j and is at present woith about id. The okc is the principal weight used. It is equlva.
lent to 2 lbs. 13 <iz. 5 dr avoirdupois ; 45 okes = 1 kinta — 100 rottolos = V/TiS lbs. avoirduiiois. The
kintal of Constantinople is only 44 okeo. A teffee of silk = tf lbs. avoirdupois. A chequce of opium =
Hlb. ; a chequce of goats' wool = 5j lbs. Ccrn is measured by the killow = 1'436 Winch. buihcL
"iTie pic, or long measure, = 27 Eng. inches. •- {Kelly's Cnmhisf, ^c.)
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Commerce of Smyrna. — The following dutalls with re<!pect to the commerce of
Smyrna with Western Europe arc c pied from a letter addressed by an intelligent
English merchant, established in Smyrna, to his correspondent in London, to M'hom we
are indebted for it. Nothing so complete or satisfactory has ever been published as to
the trade of this emporium. It is right, however, to mention, that smce 1828, when this
p ler was drawn up, the commerce of Smyrna has lost some of its importance. Syria,
the islands of the Archi|)elago, the eastern parts of Greece, &c. used formerly to derive
a considerable part of their supplies of foreign produce at ;:ocond band from Smyrna-
but they now, for the most part, are either supplied direct froni England, Marseilles
&c., or indirectly from Syra, which is become a considerable depot.
Charncs on Srllhig ftml Jiui/ing. — As we conceive thata correct list of selling and buyingcIiarRcs is an
essential piece ol' information for those interested in the commerce of the Levant, we annex the same
including every item of expense, namely : — '
On Scllinf^
Per cent.
Freight laccording to tlie rMe agreed upon in England)
say - • - • - 2
r-istom duty (on general goods) - - "3
I'nrteraite from 1 to 'i (liatitrei lier package (according to
the size).
Sluoirige - ...
Hous- and street hrolierage
<'omini'sitiii tor elt'uciing NiUe
Ditto, if pToct'Lds are remitted hy bill or specie
X>el creiiere ditto (when rcciuired to be charged)
^Varehou.se rent
3
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oi
I Oil Dttnlng,
Per cent
Custom duljr (according to the quality of the article) . 1 to 3
Porterage (included in the cost of packages, which vary
according to the quality of the guouj oackedl.
House and street brokerage . • U
Oonnnission (except on tigs, which is 6 pet cent.) . 3
NVarehouse rent - - • - OJ
With regard to the cost of p.ickago.i, those for silk arc about 24 piastres each ; for galls, 18 do. ; guni,
'.astic, trajfacaiith, S:c , i!0 do. ; .scammony, 18 do. ; opium, SO to 36 do. ; raisins, 12 to 14 do. ; (igs, ii5
J ,'30 paras ; cotton wool, from 1'.' to L'O pia>tres, &c.
that your hrm de.ils largely in skins and furs, but hcdoes not state the quality
m.astic
to
We learn fioiii — . . . _ ^_
of cither; the latter article is,' however, of a very limited and ordinary nature with Uit, and eliietti
consists of hare skins, which are ahuiidaiit and shipped in considerable quantities fur the (Jcimaii ami
French markets. They are most plentiful during tlie winter season, when they are also cheajier and
keep better than in the hot months of the year. Sheep, goat, lamli, and kid skins are plentiful, and are
often ill reqiu'.t for .■\merica ; particularly the 2 latter when in season, which is, lor lamb skins fnnn
the midillo of .March to the beginniiii,' of .fune, ami for goat skins from November until April. We
have no want of ox and cow hides, both dried and s ilted, the Ic ither of which is said to be more pliable
than those of Europe. They are now and then sent to .Marseilles in small parcels ; hut as it would he
difficult to convey, by a written dtsi-ription, the exa ;t quality of those skins, we intend making up a little
bale ot such kinds as may for the moment be met with, and to forward it by an early vessel to LoiKinn
when4t shidl be submitted to your inspection, witi; an invoice, and remain, if you think proper, at jour
disposal.
Wo now proceed to make you acquainted with the manner in which our sales, purchases, and barters
are ellWted, to,.;cther with tlie nature of sales made on credit or for cash, Kc.
Sales are elli'cted in this country between our house's brokers, and what is termed a street or out-door
broker ; the former rcceivini? their instruelioiis from us, and the latter acting on behalf of the liiiypr.
When the terms are mutually .-igrced upon, the real buyer and seller personally meet ; and a bond or
obli;,'atory note stating the terms and amount of the transaction is drawn out aiid signed hy the buyer
and when not much approved of, one or more si.^nattires are required to the bond, who individually and'
collectively become responsibl > for the fnllilment of it.
l'7irchases are similarly made, oxeeiit that the purchaser or agent himself, in the first 'n.stance, and his
brokers, inspect the goods he is about to treat for : cash down is generally expected ; and it is but seltiom
that a short credit of 1 or 2 couriers is obtained : it not unfrequently happens, also, that \ or even 4 nf
the puridiase amount is advanced to the seller, when an insufficient quantity of the article waiTti'd
by the buyer is in the place, and which must then be procured from the interior or place of grrnvth.
The money advanced ;which is to be returned if the (juality does not suit) is sent liy a conliiiontiai
person on the part of the purchaser, accompanied either by the seller in person, or by some one repre.
senting him.
Barters are generally attended with delay, impediments, and sacrifices to the European agent who ex.
changes his constituents' goods for native produce, and are never completed without his (laying a large
portion in cash, which is mostly |, sometim' s even 5, but never less than J of the full amount j besides
al.vays paying a higher price lor the produce than if it were bought ' for ready money. On tlie
other hand, so far as the agent's transaction goes in goods, the price of which he also advances i' is
equal to an advantageous t^ash sale, deducting a discount; but still he loses, as wo have just s'at&l,
on that part of the operatitm which subjects him to the necessity of giving ready money for such part
of the produce as remains above the counter-value given in goods, at a higher rate tlian it is worth
in the open market, 'i'lius the advantage is all in favour of this country, and against the a;,'ent. Indeed,
barters are seldom undertaken unless when a profitable result is anticipated, when Kurojiean goods are
difficult to be placed upon saving conditions, either from the want of demand or a glutted market, or
whp'i (Which is mostly the case) the holder of such goods has orders from the owners of them to remit
them in produce, and thus re.nlisc their pro|ierty, if not upon profitable terms, at least without the rii.k
arising Irom bid debts ; sometimes, also, outstanding bonds are taken in part payment, to the extent
occasionally of i^ ; another J is taken in goods at an advance of from !i to 10 or 12 per cent, above
current prices ;" and the remaining i in cash against produce, at from 5 to 10 per cent, more than It
fetches in the bazaars. However, it is by barter alone that any extensive transaction ever takes place,
or tii.it it can be either readily or safely etfected.
Sales on Credit. —The tern'is of credit vary considerably, and depend entirely upon the quality of the
goods which the agent soils : lor current or iiemanded merchandise, 2 couriers (or 2 periods of 1.^ da's\
and two and three 31 days, are the (irescnt terms ; which are extended to four, five, and six jl days'lbr
articles not much in re(|ucst. Couriers mean post days; of which we have 2 in each month : at each
courier, and ;31 days, a proportionate payment becomes payable ; for instance, on a credit of six .Jl days,
ith falls due at the expiration of the first month ; and if paid, is noted accordingly on the boiiil, and so
on until the remaining ."> periods are expired : it must, however, be observed, that payments are by no
means punctually made, except by a few of our more wcaltliy bazaar buyers, although for the first 3 or
4 periods of a long credit some regularity is observed ; but as the time begins to shorten, payments are
proportionably retarded, so that two ;>1 days on a bond of creilit for 6 months may be considered as a fair
average of lime in addition to the limited term.
Sales for Cash. — These very seldom occur, indeed, and then only when money is abundant, or the
article sold icarcc and in great demand ; iti fact, not 1 sale in lOU is made or these terms ; and in
about the »anie ratio is a discount taken olf from a bazaar bond at even an exorbitant rate, however
I
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SMYRNA.
1067
ihort the period may be that it has to run : occasionally a sale is, however, eiTectetl for i cash, and the
other 4 short credit, for some very current goods.
Character oj Dealert. — Before entering upon the articles of commerce, we are desirous of making
you acquainted with the character and customs of our bazaar dealers. The Greek dealers are in general
petty shopkeepers, very cunning, and very bad payers. The Jew.s have similar tieficts, but are well sn|>.
ported by their brethren, who gen .laily be* ome guarantee for each other. The Armenians are by far the
largest traffickers both for buying and selling ; and though hard bargainers, arc moiitly all solvent, and
liunuurable as well as honest. The Turks arc, however, as tar superior to the foregoing races in all moral
qualities, as they are inferior to them in means and commercial abilities ; yet thev sometimes deal
largely, and their bond is as punctually discharged, in general, as the day comes when 'it falls due. The
laws in this country mostly tiivour the debtor at the expense of tlie creditor ; and so far they en-
courage dishonesty. The number of insolvent native dealers was at one time excessive , but of late
the means of each individual buyer have been so carefully investigatetl, that at present we are r.ot aware
tliat there is one bazaar dealer who is not able to meet the demands of those from whom ht has pur.
chased. The Kuropean consuls, who enjoy much consideration L. the Turks, protect tlie interests of
their countrymen in disputed points; and, in general, tjuestions ot' a commercial nature are submitted
to the decision ot a Turkish tribunal, where very little pleading, but a good deal of plain straight forw-rd
justice, goes forward; except that, perhaps, the Kuropean is, if any thing, rather less favoured than
the native.
We now proceed to oft'er some observations on the leading articles of our imports and cxiiotts for your
government, the correctness of which may be relied upon.
I.MI'ORTS.
Co^'C— This is by far the most current article received here, and is sent from England, France,
Hollan.l, Trieste, Marseilles, Leghorn, Genoa, and America; but first, and principally of late years, from
the latter country ; the vessels of which are frequently laden with codec, and always partly so : the next
in point of quantity comes from England ; but is shipped mostly in small parcels at a time,'of from ,;0() to
rt)U sacks, although occasionally that amount is doubled, France follows, but on a less extensive sr:;e;
and Austria, Holland, and the small ports in the south of Europe, do not together export more than
what is received from England alone. We have 4 ditreicnl qualities of coll'ee \\\ our maikets ; namely,
Mdclia, St. Domingo, Havannah, and lirazil : the first is sent from Alexandria, and by American vessels,
,Mid but seldom from Europe ; the consumption is, however, limited, and does not exceed (;i),<iO() okes
annually. At Constantinople, about 3 times that quantity is sold yearly. We never remember to have
known such heavy importations of West India coHt'e as within these last (> months iwritten in November,
18'27! ; the consequeiue of which has been .vuch an excess beyond the wants (d the place, that not oidy
buyers are fully supplied for stmie time to come, but also the heavy stock in first liands can oidy be
diminished either by Ibrced or ruinous sales, or nuist wait for 2 or 3 months, until the deni.nid again
conies round ; whiL'li is, however, tcrta in to take place, ascolfee forms one of the necessaries of life in this
country: in short, an .Asiatic cannot C-i witliout his cod'ee; and it is well known that in Smyrna alone
not less than perhaps 4()l),Oi.O cups of it are daily drunk, which, computed at the cost price of 'J paras each,
amount to 20,000 piastres ! The St. Domingo and Havannah coKee are preferred to the Brazil, although,
when the latter is of a fair round (|Uality, there is not more than a per cent, diflerence in price; the
small green West India berry certainly commands a re;.dy sale ; but, for the lincst sort, not more than li
or H per cent can be obtained above the middling and sound quality. Codec is amongst the very few
articles whidi occasionally meet with a partial and entire cash sale an<i slioit credit ; and is, moreover,
from the means and character of the dealers in it, tl:o least liable to risk from insolvency. It is also the
easiest through wliicli an advantageous barter can be elicited, as a much larger quantity of cofJ'ee will be
taken in exchange for produce than almost any other item of European nierchundisc. Annual consump.
tion, about 3,()()(),()00 okcs.
Sugar is tlie next in con.sequence. This article is supplied from the same sources as cofl'ee, and is
attended in its dispossal with similar results. We receive the following qualities: — While crushed,
white Havannah, brown do., v. hile East India, refined in small loaves of 4 llis. and in large of Sllis. each :
the 2 latter are mostly shipped from America and England. 'I'he brown and ordinary sorts are not so
current. Annual consumption, 10,0 kintals.
Indigo follows the 2 preceding articles, not so much in extent as meeting a ready sale always, and not
uiifrequenlly a profitable one : it is attended likewise with all the advantages aiul LiciKties attaclied to
colH'P and sugar, and is furnished by Europe ami Am'i ea, but principally by England. The qualities
we receive consist of East India jmrple and copper, e ' oinmiin, and (niatemala. '1 he first of the 3
is the kind best adapted for our markets, and is iilaceu . r and better than the other '.. ; but, as is the
ca.'ie with eoBbe, tlie ('('?7/yiH(' will not pay cost price, and ■ uuht therefore never to be sent. '1 he \t ces
suited for our buyers ought to be good sized, with about ar , i^ual [iroportinii of purple and copper in i aeh
piece. The few chests on sale are all ordinary, and conseijiiently dull and tlie tir^t arrival of !."> ir '..'0
chests (and not more ou;;ht ever to be shipped at one time) of fair E.i t India will meet wdli a ready and
favourable sale at 20 piastres per oke. Annual consumption, SO che^i-.
Maniifactiircs. — 'Ihis is, in point of amount, the most extensive branch ('trade carried > , in Turkey.
We have, as you wdl perceive Irom our price current, a numerous assortment of liritisb aiui East India
cotton goods and English shalloons. The white or un])rinted cotton goods are most in demand during
the warm weather, and the coloured or printed studs during winter, although a considerable <niai!t i v of
all sorts is regularly and largely sold tliroughout the whole year. The East Indian niaiinlaetn^ are
supplied by America and Eiijiland exclusively ; the latter country also sends fair imitiiunis of the East
India loom, in long cloths, seersuckers, Ike. The native consumers are exceedingly latidioiH in their
clinice of designs and colours, which ought very frequently to be altered, in order to n- ^ t tin ir capricious
taste. Manufactured goods are always sold at long credits, but large barters are olt' n etilcted through
them. A person desirous of entering into this item of our commeree is almost certain ultimately to reap
an advant.ige ; but he must have patience, a large capital, and must not be disheartened at the first or
second rcsiilt of his enterprise, should it disappoint his hopes of profit. He must also enti r into the
thing with spirit, and keep his agent always supplied with the goods he may recniiinieiid ; iil he is
to remember that many months must elapse before he can expect a return by bills >■( • nge, but
fdoiier if he order a barter. The capital employed must also at least be to the amoui ,i (« I. to do
any good ; and further, this sum ought to be disbursed by him without any pecuniary < . .nrassment or
inconvenience. For a person willing to undertake such a step, he would require to be regularly lurnished
with patterns, and advices of the manner in which they ought to bo printed and varied; and we again
repeat, that with competent means, a real desire to follow the bramii up firmly, and full information
hence of what is required, a most extensive and finally lucrative business would be done : and we
recommend tlie matter strongly to your best consideration. Annual consumption of all kinds (British),
about 3fi7,3(K) pieces.
Cotton Twist forms no inconsiderable article in our trade, and is supplied exclusively from England.
Mule twist has, however, superseded, in some degree, the demand which l<)rmerly existed for water twist,
and is consequently more in request. Water twist is nevertheless saleable, and both qualities ought to
be of rather high numbers. This article is often given in barter, but mostly sold at rather long credits,
and hardly ever for cash. Annual consumption of water twist, 10,000 okes; ditto of mule ditto,
28,000 okes.
Iron in Bars, English, was formerly hrgely consumed ; but from the buyers beiiig plentifully supplied.
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It ii at preient but little di-manded, even at the loilng price of the day. Barters are very frequently
elTected through irons of all descriptions, and command a snort credit, and sometimes a cash sale. Annual
consumption, 16,(XJ0 to 18,()0() kintals.
Iron Plates are generally pmploycd for building purposes, and store door*.
Iron Hods are always saleable.
Iron Hoops are most saleable in August, September, and October, for fruit and other export barrels.
Iron, Russia, and Swedish Bars. — These kinds are sent in rather large parcels, particularly the
former, and fetch a higher ])rice than the Knglish, owing to their malleable qualities, which render
labour easier, and by that advantage command a preference : though the high price, beyond the Knylish
make, puts the two qualities upon a level, and commands a larger consumption of the latter. Annual
consumption, 3,,0(iO kintals.
Tin in Bars is r good, steady, saleable article ; is often given on fair terms in barter, always dis|)Oocd
of on short cre<lit, and now and then placed for cash. It comes from England exclusively. Annual
consumption, 8.10 to 1,(HK) txirrels of 4 cwt each.
Tin in Plates is attended with the foregoing advantages, and is also supplied by England alone.
Annual consumption, 1,200 double boxes.
Lead in Sheets, Pigs, and Shot. — These 3 items have lately, particularly sluit, been sent from Germany,
and prove dangerous competitors with the English ; in consequence of which the thing is overdone, ami
we have more in market than meets the demand at losing jirices.
Lead, lied and iVhile. —These 2 articles have lately been much in request for the formation of paint.
Some large parcels of red have lately arrived, and sell well and currently, but we arc altogether without
white, i iie consumption of all sorts of lead has, however, considerably decreased of late years, and no
longrr forms an item of any great consequence in our trade.
Rum and Brandy. — Leeward Island and Jamaica are furnished by America and England; the former
particularly in the lower qualities, of which we have a full market at low prices. The iK'tter kind and
brandy are supplied from England, but do not obtain a proportionate advance compared with the common
torts. Itrandy is but of limited demand, and 2 or 3 puncheons are sutticicnt at a time. It ought, as noil
as rum, to be deeply coloured. Annual coiisum|ition of rum, 3(K) puncheons.
Spices are ail saleable in small parcels at a time, particularly pepper and pimento ; the latter of which,
in small sound berries, is demanded at good prices. Nutmegs are very abundant, and oif'ering very lnw
without finding purchasers. France, America, and England supply us with spices, but France more so
in cloves than in other kinds ; and it may be remarked that the qualities received from England arc
preferred. Cretlit on selling is generally short.
Cochineal is a fair article now and then in small qualities ; and, when in demand, at times fctcliej
good prices, occasionally a cash sale, and always one of the shortest credits. Annual consumption,
4,500 okes.
In concluding our observations on imports, we could wish to impress the conviction, that a poor man's
purpose cannot be answered in speculating to this country; for, should his circumstances require a
speedy remittance in bills, he must submit to a heavy sacriKce, in order to meet his wants, by selling his
property for whatever it may fetch in cash ; and such a measure cannot but be attended with very heavy
loss. On the contrary, when an opulent person finds that his property cannot be realised at saving;
prices, he can afford to wait until a more favourable moment presents itself; and such a moment, in los.s
than 1'2 months, is almost certain to arr:-e. whpu he retires his money with an advantage more than equal
to any interest he coidd obtain for it in Eurojie.
That the rate of exchange has regidarly advanced, and will continue to advance, is the natural result
of tlie continual deterioration of the Turkish specie. We remember when the piece of money denonii.
nated ' Mahmoudia,' passed at about its value, or nearly so, of 10 piastres : it rose to 25 soon aderwardx ;
and the few which remain are at present worth ^8 each. At the period we allude to (1812), the exclianfju
on London was at 'i') piastres the i)0\nid sterling ; and until lately (owing to the great stagnation of tiailV,
and to political events, which have lowered it), the rate has been up to fX)! It cannot, however, inrrea«i>
beyond that rate more than B per cent., as it then will nearly be on a par with the value of the gold and
silver current coin of the realm, when it will be better to remit in specie than by a bill at fij piastres du-
el days' sight. • The rates of exchange fluctuate considerably, and a difference of | to 1 per cent, olti ii
occurs between one post day and another, and are attributable to the quantity or scarcity of pa|ior in
market : it is for this reason that the rate always decreases during the fruit season, which takes place at
the latter end of August, and continues until the middle of October ; when it rises again to meet the
limited wants of drawers, and the larger demands of those remitters who did not ship fruit, and 1nvc%t
the funds of their employers in that article. These observations lead us to submit the question of the
advantage which a person in Europe has in receiving/co/n this country, instead of sending to it. I, ale
extensive barters have proved to us, and which we have endeavoured to show you, the unprotitable terms
upon which tlicy are conducted, were it only in paying, and that in cash too, for at least i of llie ainoimf,
at a higher rate than was current; now this higher rate is, in itself, supposing the produce taken in
barter to meet with a saving sale in Europe, of no small consideration ; — then you have the advantage of
drawini; at a high exchange in making a purchase ; and again you have the choice of selecting the g(i(.(,
part ol the (.'jduce, and of rejecting the inferior, — a choice which is not allowed in taking it in bartir;
lastly, the principal advantage in buying over bartering is, that you can avail yourself of a depres>i()n in
the produce market, and effect your purchase upon easy terms; whereas, when a barter is proposed, it has
the immediate effect of producing a general rise in the whole market, and also of engendering the mint
absurd pretensions on the part of produce holders, who are too conversant with commerce not to see that
either the European house, wishing to b n ter, is in want of procuring returns for his principal, or else
that the articles of produce wanted are in ^reat demand in Europe — without which, the European agint
would never submit to take ))roihice at so mnch higher a price than he could procure it for with cash.'
The only time in which the person setninig to this country can calculate upon a profitable return, is
during the fruit season ; and for that reason he ought to forward his shipments from Europe so as lo
meet the demand, and to be cashed by the lioginning of August. A vessel from England hence is In
general from 40 to .TO days in performing her voyage; sometimes much less, and but seldom longer : gomis
ought, if possible, always to be shipped in a fast and first class ship.
We now continue our remarks on the articles of our trade, and the following are some of them sent
hence, and deserving of serious attention.
E.XPORTS.
Silk. — This is the richest raw article in our export trade with Europe in general, but almost cxclu-
sively with England, which consumes nearly our entire produce. There are 3 different qualities, viz.
fine, middling, and coarse, bales, adapted for the English market, are composed of the 3 qualities, hut
the lesser quantity is of the coarse kind ; at one time, all c " irse was in request in London, but at present
an assortment of the 3 qualities is preferred. When an ler is given, it ought to be accompanied bv a
■» The exchange, partly from the fiirfher degradatim of the coin, and partly from the balance nf
payments being against Smytiia, is now (February, is,i+) i>8 piastres to the pound sterling! Tlris
variation of the exchange renders the holding of property upon a speculation for an advance ver(
hazardous.
^^^
SMYRNA.
1069
dctcription of the quality required ; and it ia necessary to itnte tha'., for all of the flnest, without hcing
mixed, a higher price is demanded. A bale contains 40 tcti'ces : --.nd, before being packed, ia carefully
examined and approved of by competent native judges. ^1'.!; ia produced at Brussa, a large city about
$()() miles distant from Smyrna, whence it is forwarded i^y caravans to the difl'erent places of consumption,
which are Constantinople and this town. Until very lately, almost the entire crop of silk came for sale
to Smyrna, but at present the most considerable part is sent to Constantinople, where the price is
higher ; we have therefore here an advantage, not only in price, but also in our manner of packing,
which fetches 5 or (i per cent, more in England than if packed in the capital. Silk is mostly a ready
money article, though it sometimes may be had in small quantities at a short credit ; or half cash and
half 1 or 2 couriers : it is also now and then given in barter. Annual average produce, 2,.'J00 bales, or
about •«)(),(Xj() lbs.*
Opium, in point of value, and as an article of speculation, hardly gives way to silk : but as it is largely
shipped by Americans, and sent in smaller quantities to Holland, and the south of Europe, it is subject
to much competition and variation of price, although we have invariably observed that the opening price
of the new crop is always the lowest, wnich, however, is in some measure counterbalanced by the decrease
in weight which occurs by kee|iing. This is also a cash article, and indeed sul ct to the same conditions
as purchasing or bartering for silk; it nevertheless has one inleriority, which tliu silk is not liable to —
namely, a difference in the quality of the crop* : last year, for instance, opium was of a very bad kind,
and hardly saleable in England ; this year, though small, it is fine. Cn the Continent and in America,
the small sort is preferred to the larger sized. We observe that, in England, the prices i,f opium fluctuate
considerably; but we are not aware that, by holding it, any loss has ever happened, — another reason
why a wealthy man only should embark in the Turkey trade. It would be impossible, or at least difficult,
and attended with much expense, to obtain a monopoly of the opium crop, as it is produced through some
thousands of individuals, each one (and they are all poor) adding his produce ; and when collected in
suHicicnt quantities, it is brought to market by the natives, having each of them 1 or 2 baskets for falc.
What might be done is this : — Send a person to the place of growth with ready money to purchase a
certain but limited quantity, and which he can do easily, if not hurried, to the extent of JO, or even K.O
baskets, and upon terms of advantage, from the simple fact that the collectors of it prefer to receive a
remunerating price on the spot of growth, rather than perform a long and expensive journey, with the
chance of not tiiiding purchasers immediately. Opium is produced at sundry places in tlie'interior, of
from 10 to oO days' distance hence; but that grown at Cnissar, about (iiN) miles from Smyrna, is the most
esteemed, from its cleanness and good quality ; it comes to market in .lune, atid tinishes'about December
or January. Annual average produce, S,iKK) baskets, or about ■1()0,(K/) lbs.*
Driius and Gums form one of our principal branches of commerce, and is almost entirely in the hands
of the Jews. At present, gum Arabic and mastic are exceedingly scarce; and it is only when that is
the case, ov the demand for exportation is very brisk, that niurh variation exists in the price of drugs.
Trieste, and occasionally America, consume a considerable portion of gums, but the largest quantity goes
to tiie Knglisli markets. ISarters are olleii eflected through this medium ; but it is not attended with
much advantage, as they are conducted by a race who never lose in any transaction they undertake. It
is impossible to ascertain the quantities of drugs received in Smyrna, and equally so to know the quantity
remaining, as they are dispersed all over the city, and consumed so irregularly in Europe, as bids defiance
to all regular calcuJation.
Sponges have been, and still arc, an article of consider.ible moment, particularly for the English mar-
kets, and are found aliout the islands in the Grecian Archipohigo, brought her , ^m\ cleaned for export.
ation. They vary in price from (', to <J0 piastres per oke, according to fineness and qi ality : the better sort
alone answers for speculation, and which, it would appear, from the considerabi-^ m antity sent to London,
turns to good account. The produce depends so entirely on chance, that no correct estimate of the yearly
quantity can be formed ; however, we are seldom in want of a moderate supply.
(ial/s are shipped in considerable quantities for the English, (ierman, and I'reiich markets ; the two
fiirnicr, however, being the largest con.sumers: for England, the blue galls are those principally sent;
though the market there for their sale being dull and low, prices with us, moderate as they are compared
to last year, will still further rieiline, should a demand not sprmg up, of which there is no appearance.
Annual produce of all sorts, o,."j(;i) kintals.
Col/oit JVoul, of which we ha\e several qualities, is chiefly exported to Trieste and Marseilles. The
demand at present for all kinds of this produce is extremely limited, aiHl we expect that prices will go
lower with us before long, when perhaps something goc.d might be done in Soubougeas to England, wliich
giiierally receives only that quauty. JJ.irters are made to a large extent in cottons. Annual average pro-
iluceof all sorts, CO,()(J() kintals.
i'alunia employs more British shipping for full cargoes of only one article, than any other species of
proiUice, if we ex'-ept, perhaps, fruit : it is also sent to Dublin and to the German market.s in corsiderable
quantities. Almost any supply can be obtained, and it is shipped generally near the places of growth,
which are numerous, although there is never any want of it in the Smyrna market. It ia much resorted
to as a means of making barters, which perhaps are as easily effected, upon pretty fair terms, as -ifh any
other article of produce. The annual produce is sufficient to meet tlie wants of all Europe. It can be had
to any extent, and at all periods.
Irtilt. This is an article which occupies the attention of all Smyrna, more or less, and produces,
during the siason, great interest and activity. Figs come to market early in September, and raisins are
ready for shipping early in October : the former are procurable only at Smyrna, where the latter in all
their qualities may be procured; but the shiiiments are generally made at Cesmi', Vouria, Carabourna,
I'slieek, ^c, from which ports the name of the raisin takes its origin. Large sums are frequently gained
in fruit speculations ; and when the demand in England is brisk, and the prices and quality fair with us,
it very seldom happens, indeed, that any loss is sustained : it is, however, attended with risk; must be
shipped dry ; and ought only to go in a very fast, sound vessel, as much depends upon a first, or at least
an early arrival, which obtains in general a higher price than the later arrivals. The quantity produced
is always uncertain.
For the remaining articles of exports hence, wc refer you to our price current. Carpets are produced
" ^^-1 , .■ -. '"-- amount of 10 to lii middling sized
for America and France ; seldom
to the extent of about 80,000 to 1(X),000 pikes a year. Oil (olive), to the
cargoes, from the islands of Mytilene, Candia, Sec, is f;enerally shipped
• Since the period when this paper was drawn up, a considerable change haa taken place in the sillr
and opium trade of Smyrna. A few years ago, the Turkish government so far receded fYom the free
principles which pervade its commercial policy — (see Constantinople),— as to attempt the establishment
of monopolies of silk and opium ; by compelling the producers of these articles to sell them at a fixed and
low price to the government agents, by whom they were afterwards disposed of at an advanced rate.
But a plan of this sort could not be carried into efR-ct in such a country as Turkey ; and had, consc
quently to be abandoned. A duty of nearly 10 per cent, has, however, been imposed on the silk and
opium exported to foreign parts. And in order to facilitate the collection of this duty, the whole of these
articles intended for exportation axe required to be brought to Constantinople I This regulation has
done considerable injury to Smyrna; but it seems so very absurd, and its ei.lbrcemeiit is so obviously
impossible, that it is not likely it will be maintained for any considerable period. — ( Lrquhurl on Turkei/
and its Resources, p. 189.^
■ V
' 4 "
N ■ i 'i !|
m
->
m
\l
1070
SNUFF. — SNUFF-BOXES.
f
n
ir
n
I.
^1'
III
Lit
ffi:
r
II r
I
i
i ,
i '
f.iT England : the ncasoii commenrcs in Soptcmbcr, but the crops of olives fluctuate exceedingly in point
of quantity ; hence arise dear and cheap yearn : last year was a hiuh one, and it is expected to be lower
this. Cop|)cr, old and new, may be cumputcd at .'i(),(i(X) okes, which are generally b<iiight up as soon as
offfcred, f(ir Kurope. Hare skins are computed at from 3")0,(KM) to 4(H),(K)0 annually. Madder roots at
12,0(XJ kintals. Pfletons, at I'i.iW to l"),(l<)() rhcipiecs. (Joats' wool of all kinds may be calculate<l per
year at W.CKX) to .^\(iH) chequcfS ; sheep's wool at ii.>,0(K) kintals. Wax (yellow), l,ti()0 kintals.
We have now liiiislied our general remarkn on the exports and imports of the place, and in concluding
them, we beg to state that, upon an average of all of them, (with the exception of fruit from, and of iron
to, Turkey,) the i<clling charges m.iy (excluding del credere commission) be calculated at about 1'2 per
cent, and on purchasing at al>out 8 per cent.
SNUFF (Ger. SchuvpfUtlmck ; Fr. Ttthnc en poudro ; It, Tabacco du naso ; Sp. Tabaco
de polco ; llus. iWomwoi tabiih), a pDwder in very general use as an errhine. Tobacco
is the usual basis of siuifF; but small quantities of other articles are frequently added to
it, to vary its pungency, flavour, scent, &c. Though substantially the same, tlic kinds
and names of snufl' are infinite, and are perpetually changing. There are, however, :i
principal sorts : the first, granulated; the second, an impalpable powder ; and the third,
tiie bran, or coarse part remaining after sifting the second sort. Unless taken in excess,
no bad conseijuenees result from its use.
Dealers in tobacco and snuft'.ire obliged to take out a licence, renewable annually, which costs .'ju. They
are also oblim'd to enter their premises, and have their names written in hirge legible characters over
their door, or on some conspicuous part of their licuse, undera penalty of .yv. Thedyeing of snufl'with
ochre, aml)er, or any other colouring matter excipt water tinged with colour, is prohibite<l undera
penalty of lOll/. ; and its intermixture with fustic, yellow ebony, touchwood, sand, dirt, leaves, Sn\
18 prohibited undera penalty of liM. and the forfeiture of the article. — il & 2 (ico. 4. c. l()!t ) Ifsnull'bo
found to contain -l per cent,' of any substance, not being tolmcco, and other than water only, or water
tinged with colour, or flavoured only, such sni:!i'.-,'iall be ('.i:e:!ii>il flduberated, and shall be forfeited, and
the parties subjected to a penalty of KKJA ovjr and above all other penailies and forfeiluri'S. — [Ih.) No
quantity of sinill' wei;,'hing above Si lbs. shall be removed by land or water wi' .■. ut a permit. — (ii9 (ico. 3.
c. (is.) —(.See TouAccci.)
SNUFF-BOXES arc made of every variety of pattern, and of aii jndless variety of
materials. We oidy mention them here for the purpose of giving the following details,
not to be met with in any other ])ublication, with re.speet to the manufacture of Lau-
rencekirk or Cumnock boxes. These are made of wood, admirably jointed, painted, and
varnished.
These beautiful boxes were first manufactured .it the village of I«jurencekirk, in Kincardineshire, about
40 years since. The origin:tl inventor was a cripple hardly posse.-sed of tlie power of locomotion. In pl.ice
of curt.iins, his bcil (rather a curious workshop) w.'S surrounded with benches and receptacles for tools, in
the contrivance ami use of which he discovered the utmost ingenuity. Tlie inventor, instead of taking
out a patent, confided his secret to a joinrr in the same village, who in a few years amassed a considerable
property ; while the other died, as he had lived, in the greatest i)0verty. The great dilticu'.fy of the manu.
facture lies in the formation of the hinge, which, in a genuine box, is .so delicately ma:le as hardly to l)e
visible Peculiar, or, as they are called, secret tools, are reijiiired in its foiniation ; and though Ihcy mu^t
have been improved l)y time <ind experienci", the mystery atlaclieil to their preparation is still so studiously
kept up, that the workmen employed in cue slioj) are rigorously debarred from liavingany communication
with those employed in another.
About the beginning of this century, an ingenious individu.il belonging to the village of Cumnock, in
Ayr.-.hirc, of the name of Crawford, having seen one of the Laurencekiik smitf-boxes, succeeded, alter
various attempts, by the assistance of a watchmiiker of the same villigc, who made the tools, in producing
a similar box ; and by his success, not only laid the foundation of his own fortune, but greatly enriched
his native parish and provinoe. For a while, the Laurencekirk boxes were most in demand; but .Mr.
Crawford and his neighiiours in Cumnock not only copied the art, but .so improved and perfected if, that,
ill a very few years, for every box made in the north there were, probably, i'O m:ide in the south. In lS2ii,
the Cumnock trade was divided amongst H master mamifactureis, who employed considerably more than
idO persons. The demand at that time equalUi' the supply, and it was calculated that the trade yielded
from 7,0(10/. toH.OOO/. aniiually, — a large product for a manufacture seemingly so insignificant, and con.
sisting almost exclusively of the wages of labour. Plane is the wood in common use, and the cost of the
wood in an ordinary sized box does not exceed If.'. ; the paints and varnish are rated.it '2i/. ; and though
something is lost by selecting timber of the finest colour, the whole expense of the raw material falls ctn.
sideralily short of i \wt cent, on the return it yields!
SiiuH'box, like pin m.iking, admits of subilivision of labour ; .ind in all workshops of any size r> cla.«sps
of persons are employed, — painters, polishers, and joinersi. At tlie period alluded to, an industrious
joiner earned from ;'A<t. to 40.v. weekly, a jiainter from 4;).*. to ,■?/., and a polisher consi<lerably le.<s than
either. When Mr. Crawford first commenced business, he obtained almost any price he chose to a<k ;
and many instances occurred, in which ordinary sized snuif-boxes sold at '.'/. lis. (i(/., and ladies' work,
boxes at 'i.'il. But as the trade increased, it became necessary to employ apprentices, who (irst bec^inie
journeymen and then masters ; and such have been the elfeets of improvement and compof itinn, that
articles such as are specified aliove may now be obtained at the respective prices of ,«»> anil twrnli/Jire
shillhijis. While the joiner's part of the art has remained pretty stationary, that of the painter has liccn
gradually improving. By means of the Pcntagraph, which is much emjiloyed, the largest engravini;s are
reduced to the size most convenient for the workman, without injuring the prints in the slightest dc;jrcc j
and hence a siiufl-box manufacturer, like a Ounfermline weaver, can work to order by exhibiting on wcoii
his employer't: coat of arms, or, in short, any object he may fancy within the range of the pictorial art.
Some of the painters display considerable talent, and as often as they choose to put forth their strength,
produce box-lid.s, which are really worthy of being preserved as pictures. At first, nearly the whole sul>-
jccts chosen as ornaments, were taken from Burns's poems ; and there can be no iloubt, that the " Cotter's
Saturday Night," " Tain O'Shanter," " Willie brewed a peck o" maut," &c. &c., have penetrated in this
form into every quarter of the habitable globe. Now, however, the arti.sts of Cumnock take a wiilcr
range ; the studios of Wilkio, and other artists, have been laid under contribution ; landscapes are .is often
met with as figures ; and there is scarcely a celebrated scene in the country that is not jiictured forth more
or les« perfectly on the lid of a Cumnock snufiHiox. A few years ago, the art in question w.is much
affected by the long-continued depression of the weaving business ; so much so, that many left it for some
other employment : and some of those who emigr.ited, having made a good deal of money, insfpailof
being cooped up in a workshop, are now thriving pro|)rietors in Upper Canada. Butafter a brief interval
the trade rallied ; and though prices .ire low, it is now more flourishing than ever. In Cumnock, the
number of hands has increased considerably, and in Maiirhline there is one workshop so extensive that
It may almost be compared to a cotton mill or factory. In other quarters the trade is extending, tuch
08 Helensbur
snufl'-lKJXes
[Mirted to Soi
manufacture,
favourable ti
neighbours ;
the evils whii
must innuccn
in which the
wretched imi
can deceive
extreme.
%• We nn
Esq., Editor u
SOAP(
The soap n
former is m
ters. Soap
denominate
of the arti
forms the
does not as
The pro])er
soap, but
(iauls and
described b;
tills conntrj
ineiit, is (lis
wliich prodi
soap of this
SDiCs C/icmii
London, Li
British soap n
furnished 29,i
Brentford, ,0,;')
soap, made di
don, Bristol, 1
'J'he use of i
consumption i
the Ciauls ; th
— (Lib. xviii.
Rif;ultttitnig tu i
ilin> of excise, ai
liv sevi*ral provisi
.■^11 person is pen
lit'.ul ntfiee of exi
cf 111/, a year, an
Is w liere, unless
mid every soan-ni
lU'weii annuallv,
IMrtiiership requi
rtiiuirecl to provii
othir utensils wli
he liieictd and sc.
lefl in the same ;
door is also 10 lie
same is at work.
use uf any privat
t.i Ine.ik up the f
11)) if found ; if I
tla- injury done.
jiers, tlie nukers
oriiine arc liniitt
of llie soap, ;iceo
fruiies into wliie!
nuet lie cleanset:
ni.iliin^ hard sol
Ml;eii taken out o
k' either square
of such frames a
ineiics loop, and
numlieted at the
Exports of
candles, wortl
colonics. A 1
OlilDTSsiver,
sivclyused, ai
()(/. per lb., o:
duty, the subf
char^ied with
truly stated th
un an article i
and cleanlinei
for thinking I
fraud, the re'
former amou
stationary ; t
that |ierio<l,
This baneful
kiifrequently
clandestinely
^^
SOAP.
1071
08 Hclenshurah near Greenock, Calriiio, Maxwclltown, DnmOies, .S.c. Tlie principal market* for the
aimn'-lKixcii arc Lundun, Liven>"«l, Olangow, anil Kdinliiirgh. At one time, large lots of hoxeii were ex.
|)orteil to South America, anil probably are ho at present. CinnniH'k, in a word, in regard lo it« staple
rnaiuilacture, is in that palmy state ni> well denoribcd by a mcidern writer: — " The condition most
favourable to |>npulation is that or a laborious frugal people ministering to the demands of opulent
neighbours; because this situation, while it leaves them every advant.ige of luxury, exempts Ihcni from
the evils which accompany its admission Into a country. Of the dillerent kinds ol luxury, tluue are the
most innocent which adlml employment to the Kreatest number of artists and mnnufacturcrs ; or those
ill which the price of the work bears the greatest proportion to that of the raw material." Sioine very
wretched imitations of Cumnock boxes have been jiroduced in diH'erent parts of Kngland ; but they
can deceive no one who ever saw a genuine box. The hinge, as well as the flnishing, is clumsy in the
extreme.
%• We are Indebted for this curious and instructive article to our esteemed friend, John M'Diarmid,
Esq., Editor of the Dutufries Courier, one of the best provincial papers in the empire.
SOAP(Gcr. Seife ; Fr. Savon; It. Snponc. ; Sp. Jitboii ; Ilns. Miilo ; Lat. Sapo).
The soap mot m itli in commerce is geiu'riiUy divided into '-' sorts, /uml and soft .- the
former is made of soda and talh>\v or oil, and the latter of potasli and similar oily mat-
ters. So:i|) made of tallow and soda has a whitish colour, and is, therefore, sometimes
denominated white soap : but it is usual for soap makers, in order to lower the price
of the article, to mix a considerable portion of rosin with the tallow; this mixture
forms the common i/Miw soap of this country. Soap made of tallow, i*vc. and (iolash
does not assume a solid form ; its consistence is never greater than that of h()f.>;'K lard.
Tiie properties of soft soap as a detergent do not (liUl'r materially from those of liard
soa]), but it is not nearly so convenient for use. 'I'he alkali employed by the ancient
(Jauls and Germans in the formation of soa]) was iiotash ; hence we see why it was
described by the llomans as an unguent. The oil emiiloyed for making soft soap in
this country is whale oil. A little tallow is also added, w'hich, by a peculiar niar.ape-
inent, is dispersed thnnigh th ; soap in fine white spots. 'J'lie soap made in cimntiies
which produce olive oil, as th ; south of J'nince, Italy, and Siiain, is preferable to the
soap of this country, which is usually maimfactured from grease, tallow, &c. — ( Thom-
son's Chemistry. )
London, Livcri'ool, Nc.vcastle, Bristol, Brentford, Krodsham, and Glasgow, arc the prrat seats of the
British soap manuf;icture. Tlius, of ll!',.'J7!M'i7 llis. of hard soap made in (iroat Britain in Ih.W, I,oiulon
furnished a9,r>'27,7.ij IIjs. ; Liverpool, i;8,h7H,4i)ii llis. ; Newcastle, fi.!>Ki.',(149 lbs. ; Bristol, (;,hi;i, 41.7 lbs. ;
lirentfurd, .0,57.'>,O74 lbs. ; 1 rodsham, 4,i)j'3,;ij;") ll)s. : and (ila.sgow, 4,(;o7,.^.<4 lbs. Of Ui,\"(|i,7ti.j lbs. of soft
soap, made during the same year, Liverpool furnished above \ ; the rest being supplied by (Glasgow, Lon-
don, Bristol, Hull, &t.
'J'lic use of soap as a detergent is well known : it may, in fact, be considered as a nrcoss.iry of life. Its
consumption in most civilised countries is immense. I'liny inlomis us, that soaji was first invented by
the (iauls ; that it was composed of tallow and ashes ; and that the German soup was reckoned the best.
— (Mb. xviii. c. 51.)
Bitiuhiliims as to the Mnnufiiriiirp, — Soap i-i cIiarRi'd widi a
(Uitv of excise, aiu\ il.s nianiit'ai-luri* is ronsequenlly refnilatcd
!iy several provisions intendeil for tile protection of tl'ie revenue,
.'''o person is {lerinitted to iiiiike soap u ithin tlie lintils of the
lie.ul oIKce of excise in London, iiiiless he occupy a tenement
of HI/, a year, ami Is assessetl to ami p.'iys the parish rates ; nor
Is w here, unless lie is assessed and pays to church and iiniir ;
and every soap'inaker is requirtil to t.ilce out a licence to fie re-
newed anntially, for wliich he is to pay I/. ; but persons in
partnership require only 1 licence for 1 house. 'I'liey are also
rt'iuired to provide sufhcient wfMxk*n covets for all (-oppers and
oihirutensils wherein they . » il liard soap : which covers aie to
lie locicttl and sealed dow n liy tlie otHcer \i henever any soap is
I'-fl ill tlie same ; and the furnace do<»r, cover, and the ash-hole
door is also lo he loi-ked and sealetl at all times except when tlie
same is at work. Ucjiul.itions arc also made for preventing the
use of any private conveyances or pipes ; enipouerin^ ollicer.s
to liicak up the ({round to search tor the same, and cut tliein
lip if found ; if not, the oflicers must inakecinniiensation lor
tile injury done. On cleansiiif; or taking; soaji out of the cop-
pers, tlio makers are required to ^ive notice ; and certain spacis
nrtiiiie are limite<l for completing the cleansing and takin|{ out
ff the soap, aci'ortlin^ to the kind of snjip, and the number of
friiiie> into which the same is put. t'oiijiers and other utensils
inu:! he cleansed once in every nionlli. The frames used in
riiakin;; hard soap, for cleansin^r and puttiim the same into
wlx'ii l.ikeii out of the vessel when boiled and prepared, must
U> either square or oblong, and the bottom, sides, and end
of such frames are to he "-l inches thick and not more than -I.'i
inches loiif;, and 1.0 inches broad, the same bein^; marked and
numtieted at the expense of the soap-maker. The making of
Exports of Soap and Canri/fs. — We annually export from 10,000,000 to 12,000,000 lbs. of soap and
candles, worth from WO.OOO/. to 300,(11:0/. Nearly J are exported to the liritish West Indian and .\merican
colonies. A very large quantity is also exported to Brazil.
Opjirfssivcncss of the hut;/. — The direct duty charged on hard soap, which is by far tl",e most exten-
sively used, amounted, till Jiine, 18;3;), to 3rf. per lb , or 2Ss. per cwt., while the jirice ol soaji rarely exceeded
(i(/. per lb., orSfo. per cwt, so that the direct duty was fully 1(;0 percent.! But besides this enormous
duty, the substances of which soap is made, viz. tallow, barilla, and turpentine, or rosin, were respectively
charged with duties of 3s. 4rf., 2s., and 4*. 4rf. a cwt. ; and taking these indirect taxes into account, it may be
truly stated that soap was taxed from 120 to 130 per cent, ad valorem ! The imposition of so exorbitant a duty
on an article that is indispensable to the prosecution of many branches of manufacture, and to the comfort
and cleanliness of all orders of persons, was in the last degree inexpedient. There were good reasons, too,
for thinking that in CAnsequencc of the encouragement which this excessive duty gave to smuggling and
fraud, the revenue derived from it was not much greater than it will be now that it is reduced to } its
former amount. During the 5 years ending with 1832, the consumption of duty-paid soap was nearly
stationary ; though there can be no doubt, from the increase of manufactures r.nd population during
tliat perioti, that it would have been very considerably extended, but for the increase of smuggling.
'I'his baneful practice is facilitated by the total exemption which Ireland enjoys from this duty ; for it not
KnfretjUently Happens that the soap made in this country, and sent to Ireland under a drawback, is again
clandestinely introduced into Great Britain. It is, perhaps, neetiless to say that nothing but the efTectual
yellow or mottled soap is re(:ulatcd by .'iniieo. .1. c. DO., by
whii'h every maker is leiiuired, :i^.voon as the saint is (le.Liised
or taken out of the ves-ei iiiuiich it h.is lien iiia(!e, to add
and put into the coiqier or vt ^st i ail the fob and sk minings
taken out of the same, and al-o yrct'e, in the proportion of at
least lo cut. cf yieae for ever> Inn of je!Iow or ii.ottled soap
w hich tile Clipper tir ves'el sliaii b- by tlie otlit i r computed to
hoi! or Illlike, and imniediati !y reir.elt such ele se ill the pre-
sence of the oliicer iif excise. .\o lees tit fur t'le niakir|;i.l
foap maybe m.uiufactined for sa'e; nor niav any I arilta be
f^roiiiid or pounced liir sale ; iiorMlien ifMnimf oi pouniUd be
wtlil ex( ecoir^ tlu- weight ol '^S lbs. of such barilla at one lime.
In the removal cf soap exceeding tl.e quanlily of ys lbs., the
wortl " soap" niiist be paiii'ed or marled in l.'iree letters of at
least '^ inches lonj; on everv cliesi, I askol , Itox, ca-k , or package
conta niiii; the same ; ami the same word must be painted or
marked in leitcrs of at least .T iiidus in leii^'lh on every wagon,
cart, or oilier carriage carrying more than '^s lbs., in ;onie con-
spicuous and open part of the >anie, unless it is carried liy a
person being n Known and ptililic or comnion cai rier of goods
and merchandise from one part toamitlier; oflicers may inspect
the soup and the accompanying certilicate. Soap-makers are
also to keep hooks, and enter therein all quantities of soap
sold exceeding 2S llis. Kvery barrel of soap must contain
V.'itj lbs. avoirdupois: every A, barrel 1'.>S lbs. ; evi ry lirkin
fjl lbs. ; and every ^ lirkin .3'^ lbs.; 1 e-ides the weif.'htanft
tareof Uleca^k. Soap-makers mustkeiii sca'es and weiglits,
and assist the excise oHicers in theuse of tlieiii, and must weiijh
their materials for making -o-'p belbre the oliicer, on penalty
of iOI. — ((7ii«y'j Com. Liin; vol. ii. pp. 418— I'^l'.)
, )
' i
V
■ v\
1072
SODA. — SPERMACETI.
r
reduction of the duty could put a stop to the xmuggling and fraud that has been bo generally practised So
long as the profit to he made by brealdng the law was so high as 120 or 130 per cunt., so long was it sure
to be broken, in dcKpitc of tlie multi|ilicutlon of penalties and the utmost activity an<l vigilance of the
officers, llut now that the duty has been reduced I, the temptation to smuxglc will be nioHt mate,
rially diminished. And it may be fairly concluded that the increased consumption that will, no doubt*
follow this reduction of duty, will go far to render the low duty as productive as the higher one '
so that the advantages resulting from the diminished temptation to smuggling and fraud, and the
influence of the reduccil price of the article in facilitating manufacturing industry, and in promotihK
habits of cleanliness, will, must probably, be obtained without any considerable loss of revenue.
The entire repeal of the soap duty would be a i)opular measure ; but, seeing that a large amount of
revenue must be raised, and that those taxes only are productive which afl'ect all classes of the commu.
nity, we should not be disposed to recommend such a measure. It is not the tax itself, but the oppressive
extent to which it was carried that made it objectionable. Instead of proposing its repeal, we think it
ought to be extended to Ireland. The exemption of one part of the empire from a duty of this sort
imposed on another part, is contrary to all principle, and is fraught with the most pernicious results, it
will be im|>ossiblc to get rid of smuggling so long as this unjust distinction is suffbred to exist. Were the
duty extended to Ireland, the necessity for granting drawbacks on the soap exported to it, and of layinn
countervailing duties on that iin|)orted from it, would, of course, fall to the ground. And we feel con.
(ident tiiat, though a still further deduction were made from the rate of duty, its productiveness would
not, under such circumstances, be impaired even in England.
1. Account of the Quantity of Hard and Sfj/K Soap charged with Excise Duty in Great Britain, in r.iih
of the Eleven Years ending 5th of January, 1833 j the Hates of Duty j and the Gross and Nett Produce
of the Duties. — (Compiled from diftbrent Parliamentary Papers.)
Yean.
Pounds' Weight of Soap.
Rates of Dut).
tirou Produce of the
Duties.
Nett Produce of the
Duties.
Hard.
Soft.
Hard,
per lb.
Soft,
[ler lb.
d.
11
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
Lhl.
89,168,934
92,90 1.;382
97,071,456
100,261,3;)3
102,623,16;)
96,859,694
104,372,807
108,110,198
103,041,961
117,324,320
119,379,037
Uii.
7,.583,9.'38
8,073,803
8,226,922
9,297,485
8,910,504
7,278,44(i
9.646,477
10,024,61)5
9,06'S,9I8
10,209,519
10,3:>0,703
d.
3
£ s. d.
1,347,761 19 10
1.263,818 3 8
1,374,998 19 7
1,42.5,516 11 9
1,35^152 9
1,513,149 19 i)\
l,;WO,344 15 4}
£ ». d.
1,179,612 2 4
1,147,060 7 104
l,19!l,409 18
1,210,754 11 1
1,151,909 15 4
1,249,684 13 in
1,186,219 11 11
II. Account of all Soap exported to Ireland and Foreign Countries, on which a Drawback was allowed
during the Nine Years ending with 5th of January, 1833. — {Purl. Paper, No. 23. Sess. 1831.) '
i Ireland.
Foreign Countries. |
Years.
Pounds' Weight of Soap
exportul.
Drawli irk allowed
thereon.
Pounds' Weight of Soap
exjtorted.
Urawhack allowed
tlicreon.
Hard.
Soft.
H,wd.
Soft.
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
4832
Lha.
116,401
146,855
210,912
301,642
»47,326
2,751,.5.58
6,559,461
10,714,263
72,814
83,041
88,890
89,280
90,875
140,673
120,992
120,256
£ s. d.
i,9a5 18 m
2,441 3 lOj
3,i.'84 11 ij
4,421 10 6
12,.5(>4 4 li
3;),420 4 3|
82,875 9 U
134,805 3 1
Lilt.
4,993,694
5,764,070
4,073,973
7,445,467
7,9)6,569
6,884,061
8,098,205
Llia.
3,729
3,526
2,773
6,491
12,734
4,467
10,324
£ s. A
fi-',418 7 3-
72,076 11 8
50,944 17 7i
93,115 13 44
99,299 19 34
86,083 6 84
101,302 16 10
SODA. See Alkali.
SOUTH SEA DUTIES. The act of the 9 Ann. c. 21., establishing the South
Sea Company, conveyed to them the exclusive privilege of trading to the Pacific Ocean,
and along the east coast of America, from the Orinoco to Cape Horn.
This privilege was tal;cn away by the 47 Geo. 3. c. 23. ; and in order to raise a guarantee fund for the
indemnification of the Company, a duty of 2 per cent, ad valorem was imposed by the 55 Geo. 3. c. 57. on
all goods (with the exception of those from Brazil and Dutch Surinam*; and with the exception of
blubber, oil, &c. of whales, or fish caught by the crews of British or Irish ships) imported from within
the aforesaiu limits. A duty of Is. Gd. per ton was also imposed on all vessels (except in ballast or iiti.
porting the produce of the fishery of British subjects) entering inwards or clearing outwards ft'om or to
places within the said limits. The duties are to cease when the guarantee fund is completed.
SOY, a species of sauce prepared in China and Japan from a small bean, the produce
of the Dolichos soja. It is eaten with fish and other articles. It should be chosen of
a good flavour, not too salt nor too sweet, of a good thick consistence, a brown colour,
and clear ; when shaken in a glass, it should leave a coat on the surface, of a bright
yellowish brown colour ; if it do not, it is of an inferior kind, and should be rejected.
Japan soy is deemed superior to the Chinese. It is worth, in bond, from 6s. to 7s, a
gallon. It is believed to be extensively counterfeited. — {Milburn's Orient, Com.)
SPELTER, a name frequently given to Zinc; which see.
SPERMACETI (Ger. Wallrath ; Fr. Blanc de Buleine, Sperme de Baleine ; It.
Spermaceti ; Sp. Esperma de Ballena ,- Ilus. Spermazet), a product obtained from the
• The provinces of the Rio de la Plata have since liecn ailded. — {Treus. Order, 12lh of March, 1823.)
brain of i
The brain
ping. Tl
barrels. ^
crystallLsec
On being
gravity bei
SPICE
tirrie ; Sp.
deiiominati
smell and \
will be foui
SPIRl'J
SPIUI'i
geneva, wli
spirits is ap
Britain and
The mam
large reveni
to be fullowi
duties. Til
exceedingly
would, there
Every one Ci
and must be
1. Spirit 1
are, perhaps
'i'liey are es.s
of their heir
they occasion
taken in exec
•satisfied with
the revenue,
classes, have
entirely defea
appetite for sj
found suilicie
of the high di
the hands of
idleness and t
During th
George II.,
spirits, and th
the presentme
the health ant
vigorous effor
or medicine.
which deserve
»il)irits. '
or stro
rank, ti. jn<
health, render
and inciting tl
of .such liquo
and tend to tl
might be expe
the vice of gir
twnty shitting
retailers. Ex
and a fine o( .
through inadv
the full duty.
bitterest enem;
opposite. Thi
so that the spii
fligate charact<
breaking throi
^W .
SPICES. — SPiUITS.
1073
brain of the phytettr inacrocrphnlus, u sperics of wliule inliiibitiiig tlie Soutliern Ooran.
The brain being dug out from thi- cavity of the head, the oil in separated from it by drip-
ping. Tlie residue is crude spermaceti, of which an ordinary sized whale will yield 12
barrels. After being brought to England, it is purified. It then concretes into a white,
crystallised, brittle, gemitransparent, unctuous substance, nearly inodorous and insipid.
On being cut into small pieces it assumes a flaky aspect. It is very heavy ; its specific
gravity being 9'433. It is used in the manufacture of candles, in medicine, &c.
SPICES (Ger. Spezercijen ; Du. Spece-ytn; Vt. Epiceriea, Epicet ; It. Spey, Spe-
tkrie ; Sp. Eipecias, Esprcerias ; Port. Ev].cciaria ; Uus. Pr'dniie korenja). Under this
denomination are included all those vegetable productions which are frtgrant to the
smell and pungent to the palate ; such as cloves, ginger, nutmegs, allspice, &c. These
will be found under their proper he. >^s.
SPIRIT OF WINE. Sec Ai.u, . r..
SPIllITS. All inflammable liquo obtained by distillation, ns brandy, rum,
geneva, whisky, gin, &c., are comprised under this designation. The term British
spirits is applied indiscriminately to the various sorts of spirits manufactured in Great
Britain and Ireland. Of these, gin and whisky arc by far the most important.
The manufacture of spirits is placed under the mrvci/lance of the excise, and a very
large revenue is obtained from it. The act (i Geo. 4. c. 80. lays down the regulations
to be followed by the distillers in the manufacture, and by the officers in charging the
duties. This act is of great length, having no fewer than 1.51 clauses; it is, besides,
exceedingly complicated, and the penalties in it amount to many thousand pounds. It
would, therefore, be to no purpose to attempt giving any abstract of it in this place.
Every one carrying on the business of distillation must have the act in his possession,
and must he practically acquainted with its operation.
1. Spirit Duties. Consnmptiim of British Spirits in Great Britain and Ireland. — There
are, perhaps, no better subjects for taxation than spirituous and fermented liquors.
They are essentially luxuries ; and while moderate duties on them are, in consequence
of tlieir being very geneially used, exceedingly productive, the increase of price which
tliey occasion has a tendency to lessen their consumption by the poor, to whom, when
taken in excess, they are exceedingly pernicious. Few governments, however, have been
sjitisfied with imposing moderate duties on spirits ; but partly in the view of increasing
the revenue, and partly in the view of placing them beyond the reach of the lower
classes, have almost invariably loaded them with such oppressive! ■>■■ hitrh duties as have
entirely defeated both objects. • The imposition of such duties dot ot take away the
appetite for spirits ; and as no vigilance of the officers or severity of ■ laws has been
found sufficient to secure a monopoly of the market to the legal distilk the real ef!ect
of the high duties has been to throw the supply of a large proportion oi tlie demand into
the hands of the illicit distiller, and to superadd tlie atrocities of the smuggler to the
idleness and dissipation of the drunkard.
During the latter part of the reign of George I., and the earlier part of that of
George II., gin drinking was exceedingly prevalent; and the cheapness of ardent
spirits, and the multiplication of public houses, were denounced from the pulpit, and in
the presentments of grand juries, as pregnant with the most destructive consequences tr
the liealth and morals of tlie community. At length, ministers determined to make a
vigorous effort to put a stop to the further use of spirituous liquors, except as a cordi.il
or medicine. For this purpose, an act was passed in 173G, the history and effects of
which deserve to be studied by all who are clamorous for an increase of the duties on
spirits. ' eamble is to this effect : — " Whereas the drinking of spirituous liquors,
or strc ^r, is become very common, especially among people of lower and inferior
rank, ti. mstant and excessive use of which tends greatly to the destruction of" their
health, rendering them unfit for useful labour and business, debauching their morals,
and inciting them to perpetrate all vices ; and the ill consequences of the excessive use
of such liquore are not confined to the present generation, but extend to future ages,
and tend to the destruction and ruin of this kingdom." The enactments were such as'
might be expected to follow a preamble of this sort. They were not intended to repress
the vice of gin-drinking, but to root it out altogether. To accomplish this, a duty of
twenty shillitifis a gallon was laid on s])irits, exclusive of a heavy licence duty on
retailers. Extraordinary encouragements were at the same time held out to informers,
and a fine of 100/. was ordered to be rigorously exacted from those who, were it even
through inadvertency, should vend the smallest quantity of spirits which had not paid
the full duty. Here was an act which might, one should think, have satisfied the
bitterest enemy of gin. But instead of the anticipated effects, it produced those directly
opposite. The respectable dealers withdrew from a trade proscribed by the legislature ;
so that the spirit business fell almost entirely into the hands of the lowest and most pro-
fligate characters, who, as they had nothing to lose, were not deterred by penalties from
breaking through all its provisions. The populace having in this, at in all similar
■\
.V
t'
M:
1074
SPIRITS.
rili
cases, espoused tlie cause of tlio smugglers and unlicensed dealers, the oflircrs of tlia
revenue were openly assaulted in the streets of London and other great towns ; in.
formers were hunted down like wild hearts ; and drunkenness, disorders, and crimes,
increased with n frightful rapidity. " Witliin Si years of tlie jwissing of the act,"
says Tindal, " it had become odious and contempt ih/r, and policy its well as humanity
forced the commissioners of excise to mitigate its penalties." — ( Continantion of Hupin,
vol. viii. p. H58. ed. W.'JD.) The same historian mentions (vol. viii. p. .'J!K).), that during
the 2 years in question, no fewer than \-2,0O0 persons were convicted of offences con-
nected with the sale of spirits. Hut no exertion on the part of the reveime officers and
magistrates could stem the torrent of smuggling. According to a statement made by
the Earl of Cholmondeley, in the House of Lords — ( Timlifrtaiid'n JJebutea in the House of
Lords, vol. viii. p. .')H8.), it appears, that at the very moment when the sale of spirits
was declared to be illegal, and every possible exertion made to suppress it, upwards of
REVEV MiLLmNs of gallous were annually consumed in London, and other parts ininie.
diatcly adjacent ! Under such circumstances, government had but one course to follow
— to give up the unequal struggle. In 1742, the high jjrohibitory duties were accord-
ingly repealed, and such moderate duties imposed, as were calculated to increase the
revenue, by increasing the consumi)tion of legally distilled spirits. The bill for this
purpose was vehemently opposed in the House of Lords by most of the bishops, and
many other peers, who exhausted all their rhetoric in depicting the mischievous conse-
quences that would result from a toleration of the practice of gin-drinking. To these
declamations it was unanswerably replied, that whatever the evils of the practice miirht
be, it was impossible to repress them by prohibitory enactments ; and that the atteinpts
to do so had been productive of far more mischief than had ever resulted, or could be
expected to result, from the greatest abuse of spirits. The consequences of the change
were highly beneficial. An instant stop was put to smuggling; and if the vice
of drunkenness was not materially diminished, it has never been stated that it was
increased.
But it is unnecessary to go back to the reign of George I L for proofs of the impotency
of high duties to take away the taste for such an article, or to lessen its consumption.
TJie occurrences that took place in the late reign, though they would seem to be already
forgotten, are equally decisive as to this question.
Duties in Ireland. — Perhaps no country has suffered more from the excessive height
to which duties on spirits have been carried than Ireland. If heavy taxes, enforced by
severe fiscal regulations, could make a people sober and industrious, the Irish would
l)e the most so of any on the face of the earth. In order to make the possessors of
property join heartily in suppressing illicit distillation, the novel expedient was hero
resorted to, of imposing a heavy fine on every parish, town land, manor land, or lordship,
in which an unlicensed still was found; while the unfortunate wretches found working
it were subjected to transportation for seven years. But instead of jiutting down illicit
distillation, these unheard-of severities rendered it universal, and filled the country with
bloodshed, and even rebellion. Is is stated by the Rev. Mr. Chichester, in his valuable
pamphlet on the Irish Distillery Laws, published in 1818, that " the Irish system seemed
to have been formed in order to perpetuate smuggling and anarchy. It has culled the
evils of both savage and civilised life, and rejected all the advantages which they contain.
The calamities of civilised warfare are, in general, inferior to those produced by tiie
Irish distillery laws; and I doubt whether any nation of modern Europe, which is not
in a state of actual revolution, can furnish instances of legal cruelty commensurate to those
which I have represented." — (Pp. 92 — 107.)
These statements are borne out to the fullest extent by the oflficial details in the Be.
ports of the Reveime Commissioners. In 1811, say the commissioners (Fifth lifport,
p. 19.), when the duty on spirits was 2s. 6rf. a gallon, duty was paid in Ireland on
6,500,361 gallons (Irish measure); whereas, in 1822, when the duty was 5s. 6d., only
2,950,647 gallons were brought to the charge. The commissioners estimate, that the
annual consumption of spirits in Ireland was at this very period not less than ten
MILLIONS of gallons; and, as scarcely three millions paid duty, it followed, that satn
millions were illegally supplied ; and " taking one million of gallons as the quantity
fraudulently furnished for consumption by the licensed distillers, the produce of the
unlicensed stills may be estimated at six millions of gallons." — (/&. p. 8.) Now, it is
material to keep in mind, that this vast amount of smuggling was carried on in the
teeth of the above barbarous statutes, and in despite of the utmost exertions of the
police and military to prevent it; the only result being the exasperation of the populace,
and the perpetration of revolting atrocities both by them mid ^he military. " la
Ireland," say the commissioners, " it will appear, from the evidence annexed to this
Report, that parts of the country have been absolutely disorganised, and placed in oppn-
Bition not only to the civil authority, but to the military force of the government. The
profits to he obtained from the evasion of the law have been such as to encourage nu-
merous
property
'1 o p
should
and gov
were ac
the rcsui
An Acroi
( (Jiihiiii]
Vear, uii
Veari.
1823
It may a]
li«(l been n
increased.
flic countrj
but it woul
Nccii that tl
CNiiiiiated tl
it was not ni
successful ; ;
<hific's from
iniiiished tin
it has occasil
a duty as tli
(iivour of tli(
taken before
sdiiiid polic
'2s. \0d. A
till.' prevaleii
ii(!(l further i
Iitiblic trcasu
siiiiiggiing ai
Duties in
tioii. The e
Wr. John H
Session, state
ation he coul
Highlands c<
lie stated, ths
lands; and ..
41.000 galloi
well assured,
parishes, h
that, '< at 'I'a
hnd hecn perm
quantity of si
legality to tht
letter: — " T
most consjjjcu
of crimes, anc
country. Ii.
are now often
often carried
In sliort, the
I
-%-V .TM,.
SPIUITS.
107 .>
merous individuals to porMvurc in tlic-sc* dcHpfriitu pursuitv, notwithttanding the risk ol
property and litl- witli wliicli they huvc been uttvudcd."
To put un end to such evils, tlie lonnnissiuneis reionnnended that the duty on s])irit«
tihould be reduced truni 5». Gd, to '.'«. tlie wini- ^iiilun {'J». 'Ul. the Imperial gallon),
and government wisely consentefl to aet upon this reeonnnenduliim. In IK'J;!, the dntiei
were aeeordingly reduced ; and the following (dJieial acecmiit will show what has been
the result of this measure ; —
An Acrount oftlio Qimiitltirs nf Spirits made in Ire! nid, whirli have pnid flu- Duties of Kxritr for Ilnmt
('oimuiiiptioii ; statiiiB the Hate i>( Duty paid, uiid also the Nc't AiiMiiiit ol' Iti'vi'iiuc received in cath
Yfur, "iiice th(! Year IS.U— (/'(o7. I'li/xr, Nci. IM. Se«s. IM'.Jt, No. ul. .>ebii. Ih ,1, \c.)
Yean.
Number of Uillona,
Hmv per Ualtiin.
Ni-tl Ainuunt orilevriiuc.
Iniperiiil Mmiii-i.
~" ^ '
1.
rf.
18i.'l
i;.(;i",i7!»
Os. Gd. per Iii»h gallon.
•.'i:;:-s
*,
.1
18'i2
!v',3i.'«,;j87
Uitt').
C Dl'to; )
■,!'7,"'18
n
.1
1823
3,;;i8,r,n.-,
■ 1 from Idth of on. I8-'.l, C* per Englmh ;
(. WilIC .qaami. J
aj4,4(H)
7
S
1824
6,0W,'Jl,'i
D'liii.
771, film
iii
(1
ISA-)
!»,-Jil3,74t
Ditto.
l,li8l,l!l|
ti
.")
IHJIi
(i,817,-«iS
?«. \0(t per linpiMinl fnllnn.
!'iH,.">(i!l
1(1
8
lHi^7
K,'JliO,!ll<t
Uitui.
1,1 -'.',' IHi
14
to
1,'VJS
'.t,V.>1,'.iil:i
l);ll<i.
l,.i!i.-.,7^.'l
l!^
11
i8i;u
!t,2ii;.i;'2 1
Ditto.
l,.,().'i,litH
18
ti
lS,iO
<),()()4,."> ;•)
!» 10c/., Cs., mill .!.«. 4(1 per ditto.
\,vo,nH
.-i
7
IH.Jl
8,710,67-'
,rf. 4(/.
1,451,:>80
7
1
18 !'.>
8,(i;")7,7.")'i
Ditto.
l,44J,84i
<l
11
jRii
8,ll.8,.")!l6
Ditto.
i,.;iK»,7iii)
13
8
It may appear, on n superficial view of this Table, as if the consumption of spirits in Ireland
liiid been nearly trebled since ]82.'5; but, in point of fact, it has not been in any degree
iiicrcn.sed. The reduction of the duties substituted legal for illicit distillation, and freed
tlie country from the perjuries and otiier atrocities that grew out of the previous system ;
lidt it would be wholly eri-oneous to say tli.tt ii increased drunkeiuiess. We have already
seen that the commissioners, who hud the best means of obtaining accurate information,
estimated the consumption of s])irits in Ireland, in li^'J.O, at ten millions of gallons; and
it was not more in 18'JH and 18'JI.>. The measiu'e was, therefore, in every point of view most
successful ; and it is much to be regretted that it was interfered with in 1 8:50, by raising the
duties from 2s. lOd. to Cis. 'Id. The above 'J able .shows that this incrca.se Inis materially di-
minished the quantity of spirits brought to the charge. We do not, however, believe that
it lias occasioned any diniinution of consumption. The truth is, that 2«. lOd. was as high
a duty as the article would bear ; and the additional Cxi. has again thrown the balance in
thvour of the snmggler, and led to a jiartial revival of illicit distillation. The evidence
taken before the commissioners of excise inquiry hascomi)leteJy established this fact ; and
scunid policy woidd, therefore, suggest that the duty should be once more reduced to
'2s. lOd. At all events, we trust that no senseless, though well-meant clamour about
till.' prevalence of drimkcnnes.ti, and no ])ei'uniary necessity, will ever tempt ministers to
!ul(i fin-ther to the duties on spirits. Such a measure would not bring a shilling into the
piihlic treasury, nor cause any diminution of the vice of drinking; it would merely add
smuggling and its attendant evils to the other disorders with which Ireland is afflicted.
Duties in Scotland. — The experience of Scotland is liardly less decisive as to this ques-
tion. The exorbitancy of the duties produced nearly the same eflects tin re as in Ireland.
Mr. John Hay Forbes, formerly sheriff-depute of Perthshire, now one of the Lords of
Session, stated in evidence before the commissioners, that, according to the best inform-
ation he could obtain, the quantity of illegally distilled spirits annually produced in the
Highlands could not amount to less than two milliotts of gallons. In corroboration of this
lie stated, that, in 1S21, only 298,138 gallons were brought to the charge in the High-
lands; and of lhe.se, 254,000 gallons were permitted to the Lowlands, leaving only
41,000 gallons for the consuii)i)tion of the whole country; — a supply which, we arct
well assured, would hardly be sntlicient for the demand of 2 moderately populotis
parishes. In a letter of Captain IVIunro of Teaninieh to the commissioners, it is stated
that, " at Tain, where there arc ujnvards of '20 licensed pul)iie houses, vot one gallon
had been permitted from the Ivgtd distilleries for vpwards ofiwclre months," though a small
quantity of smuggled whisky bad been ptirchased at the excise salts, to give a colour of
legality to the trade. The .same gentleman thus expresses himself in another part of his
letter; — " The moral ett'ects of this baneful trade of smuggling on the lower classes is
most cons])icuous, and increasing in an alarming degree, as evidenced by the multiplicity
of crimes, and by a degree of insubordination formerly little known in this part of the
country. In several districts, such as Strathconon, Strathcarron, &c., the excise officers
are now often deforced, and dare not attempt to do their duty ; and smtiggled whisky is
often carried to market by smugglers escorted by armed men, in defiance of the laws.
In sliort, the Irish system is making progress in the Highlands of Scotland."
3 Z 2
1 ' 1
' \
^,1
\.'
fi
1 ■ ' i
1070
SIM KITS.
To arri'st tlio proj^rosi ot'di'inoraliHutlon, ((ovvrnnivnt, purvnuiit to tlie juilii'iuus advice
'.f till' coiiiinisiiionorN, reduced tliu duties (in Scutch to tliu MUint; level us tliosu on Irish
v/liisky; and the conscqiicnccK were e(|ually suliitiiry. 'I'lie sulijoined oMiciid .statement siiow*
the ellcct ul' the reduction of the duty in [H'J'.i, and of its subseiiuent increase in iHiio . —
An AiTiiiiiit of till' OuiuitilicH of Spirits madelii Scotlniul, which have paiil the Dutioi of K\ciic for Ilutnn
Coiituiiiptioii i nt.itiiiit the Kate of Duly |iaiil, Hiul al»othc Ncit Auuiiiiit of Ki'vcmic ricclvitl ui culIi
Yfiir, aiiicu Ihu Vcar 1H!.U — {I'aii. I'aper, No. M). >hs«. \m'\ No. lit. St-iii. I8.J1, tiK.)
Vtiurt.
Nuinl>«r nrUftltoiiR.
H«lr pn Oallon.
Ntit Amount oTHcTniui.
IS'^I
tmueriil lUmmrt.
6t. Gd. pur KiiBliith wine gallon.
l)itto.
7'27,(a<) 1!)
d.
7
XHiU
H,0'i'J,nM
tiH,lM 6
ti
Ditto; 1
18i!.}
2,a)2,7'.'rt
■ from loth eH' Oct. lH'.i,J, 2*. per Kii8ll»li •
1, wuic Kalloii.
63ii,fi34 17
8
18'.'4
4,:).5(),;!()l
Ditto.
.'•)20,tV24 IS
4
IHi>
ii,mi/tM
Ditto.
liKi.',HW 11
1
JSiii
;l,!WK,7HH
Sf. lOd. per Imperial gallon.
.OtU.'iil.J 4
IH'JV
4,7.'. ',lit!»
Ditto.
(i7'J.4U (J
fi
\HiH
5,7lti,IHO
Ditta
m),:,J<J ti
7
lH-/f(
5,777,'28(l
Ditto.
HlK.itH
II
IKK)
6,(K)7,t).ll
St. 1U</., 3s., and .!.«. id. i>cr ditto.
'JJ!l,i08 fi
(J
IK'il
r>,7(M),iiHl»
.•i« 4,/.
!»."<0,()-M 4
.•}
1H.J2
r>,U)-,i)'.a
Ditto.
!MI1,I82 l(i
H
lH,iJ
5,<)«8,;).jli
IJlllO.
t)!W,0.".l 3
3
This Table sctii the impolicy of the increane of duty in 18.i(» in iirnrly nrnttriking a [Mjiiit of view an it duci
the policy of its reduction in IH.'.J. There is no denyitiK the fact, that thin uncalled-for inc.i.'.iire liiu
dimiiii.shed the coiisuiiiptioii, and given n powerful »tiiniilus to illicit distillation. We underataiid that
the eominissioners of exciMe iniptiry mean to reeoiiiniend that the duty he a){aiii reduced to U*. 10^/. ; iiiid
every one, not anxious for the prevalence of sinuggliiig, will he denirous that thin rcuoinincndutiuii Bliuuld
be carried into ellcct.
thilii'n ill f:iii'l(ini/. — Vrc\\ri\\\y to the reduction of the duty on Irish aim Scotch spirits, the duty on
EnKlish spirits 7iad heen a* high as lUa. M. a gallon. This hiKh duty, and the ristrictions under which
the trade was placed, were productive of the worst ellects. 'J'hey went far to enable the distillers to lix
the price of spirits, " and coiiaei|uently," (we quote the words of the commissioners) " to raise it iniuli
beyond that which was sulHeient to rei>ay, with n prollt, the cost of the nianuiacturc and the iiuty
advanced to the Crown." And, in proof of this, the commissioners mention, that in November, iK'.'i,
" when corn spirits minht be purchased in Scotland for about '2s. J</. a gallon, raw sjjirits could iioi be
purchased in Kiit'land for less than 4.1. M. ready money, and 4ii. Itrf. credit, omitting, in both cases, the
duty." In con8c(|iieiice of this state of things, the adulteration of snirits was carricnl on to a great extent
in England ; and the large prolits made by the smuggler occasioned clandestine importation in coiisider.
ablc(|Uantities from .Scotland and Ireland. To obviate these inconveniences, and at the same lime tn
neutralise the powerful additional stimulus that the rtHluition of tlicdulie.4 in Scotland and Ireland
would have given to smuggling, had the duties in Kiigland been continued at their loriner aiiioiiiit, the
latter were reduced, in IH.';:-, to 7.'>'. a gallon, facilities being .it the same time given to the impiirtatloii of
spirits from the other pans of the empire. It is of the ellects of this measure that so many complaint ■
have been made, though nothing can well be imagined more completely destitute of foundation. Tin.
commissioners estimati'd the consumption of Uritish spirits in Kngland and Wales in 1823, at ;"),()IK),0IH)
gallons (.S'«/j. tu l''ij'lh licpoit, p. H.) ; and it apiiears from the sulijoined account, that it amounted, for
the year ending the ;".th of Jaiiu.iiy, 18 H, to 7,7l7,;>(H gallons ; producing y,89J,!l88/. Us. (iti. of revenue :
so that, making ullowance for the increase of population, and the check given to adulteration and
smuggling, the increase must appear very trifling indeed ; and wc arc warranted in aUiniiing that the
reduction of the duties has been as eminently successful in England as in cither Scotland or Ireland.
Account of the Quantities of Hritisli, Colonial, and Foreign Spirits, which |)aid the Home Consumptiim
Duty for Kngland, S.:otland, and Ireland, from the Vear 18:21 to ISJii inclusive. — {I'ail. Piipn; No. Iwi
Sess. 18;J1.)
Years.
Knglnnil.
Scotland.
Ireland.
Forctun.
('(iIoTilnl.
IlrilKh.
Foreign.
Colimlal.
Hritish.
I'oreign.
Colonial.
British.
Imp. (int.
Imp. lidl.
/»«/•. (int.
Imii. tint.
Iniii. Ual.
Imji. iiitl.
iMIIJ. lilll.
il.l/l. lull.
1821
9(ii,>,+74
2,l(>li,44l
.■1,820,015
34,(i01
138,18;)
2,229,435
9,325
I9,ti8.")
2,li4!),l7()
181>J
l,().")4,rjl()
2,1(«),92.'">
4,,;4ll,.'U8
;i5,7.i9
l;j(),879
2,079,.55(i
10,225
15,03;>
2,3.-8,387
1K2.3
l,l,il,09<)
2,222,!>23
,J,.'i2.,.".8U
34,297
l()8,.5rt2
2,232,728
25,282
18,175
3,;j48,5ll,)
1824
l,2ti8,li()y
2,407,21)7
4,0li7,2.'J;}
47,710
l;i4,98ti
4,.-J;)0,3()l
1,.}.>2
o,453
(),l)i«),-)15
182.0
1,348,482
1,9M),807
3,44;i,.-.54
5ii,554
104,752
5,9Sl,">49
4,rK<o
10,1'28
9,202,743 1
182K
I,4<I8,2.«)
3,982,1 ).■>(
7,407,20.')
42,092
295,.'i05
3,988,789
9,4.-.2
27.7.'i8
l),8;57,4()«
1827
1,321,221
.■1,080,152
(),(i7 1,502
42,75«
18.5,214
4,7.52,200
9,179
23,240
8,2011,919
1828
l,;i2:),197
3,0<i4.H;">6
7,759,(187
45,749
188,089
5,716,180
9,779
24,708
9,9;)7,i)0.J
1829
l,2})3,.'".23
3,202,1-13
7,70tt,7ti«i
4-5,228
l.">2,l(il
5,777,280
10,374
21,'w!H2
9,212,22.')
IBM)
1,267.397
.V>l'3,141
7,732,101
38,<K)7
l;17,806
fi,007,ti3l
10,40»i
18,011
9,(KI4,.'i;l!l
18.31
1,217,971
.i,479,911
7,434,047
39,74t
125,702
.5,700,089
10,483
18,984
8,710,07-2
18!2
l,.'-.;i().988
.3,377,507
7,2,';9,287
fi! 1,2 ill
ll2,02ti
5,407,097
.•53,413
24,432
8,();(7,7Ju
Account of the Number of Gallons of Rriti.'-h, Colonial, and Foreign Spirits, which have paiil the Home
Consumption Duty : specifying the Quantities separately entered for England, Scotland, and Irelaiiil,
and the Total Nett itcvenuu derived from the same; during the Year endiHl the 5th of Janu.iry, 18J4.
British spirits
Colonial ditto
Foreign ditto
Totals •
England.
Numlier
ofGallons.
7,7l7,.'in.'1
S,.'M4,97fi
I,.119,8.'>2
19,332,131
Nett
Revenue.
■.i.sn.^.ssn v^ n .VJxn,.').ifi
l,.'>n4,S.'17 1«4„V>7
l,48S,S(i8 4(>,eei
Scotland.
NnmlKT
ofUallons.
Gtilloiu.
Nett
Revenue.
Number
ofUallom,
/,. (. rf.
onu.o'jt .■? .1
.■j.'i ,<).-> I
51i,029
Ireland.
GnlUmt,
8,lf.S,.1!(6
8V,8H8
Nett
Revenue.
/.. *. rf.
i,.'»f;o,76p fi s
10,'i!)9
23,9fl.'5
The United Kingdom.
Numl>ei I
of (taiionR.
Gallon:
21,H74,1.V>.'>
•VHii.'Wt 1
1.387,81ii 1
Nett
Iluvenue.
/.. t. <l.
,2.')'2,sn!) 'i 5
,.')7n,7'.17 ft ft
,,')5S/,8(;0
5.88'2,393'1'2 6 6.159.61 '. 1,106,241 3 3 8,1il2 ,746 ,1,395. 051 8 25,754,4881 8,38.'<,4f>C 2 S
ii
SPONGE.— SQUILL.
1077
The following Tublo exhibits In dvtuil thu coiisuiiiptioii of, uiid rtveniio from, the dif-
fiTciit sorts of spirits in tiie United Kingdom, during the :J yvutn ended witli the 5ih
uf January, lK:i:( : — -
All Acioiint of the yiiantity of each of the dlBl-rcnt Soil» of Spiritu llmf imiil Duly In 1S;() ifi3i. and
\H:tj; (lutiiiguiitlijiiK Kiigluml, Stotlwid, uiitl Irt'laiidi »»"•' »••« Aiiiniiiit „r |)uty Ihircoii.
Y«U 1(30.
Ilrjindy •
Uvnvvit •
Kuin
lIuiiK-made niilrlu •
TuUI
Ynr lust.
Ilrnnilir
limtfa
Hum - • •
lloiii«-m«d( »|>lrlii •
Tiiliil
Y«r 1S32.
nriimly
(ieneva
Kuni - - -
lioiii«-ni«ili' ^)iirits •
KnRliind.
Hculltnd.
Iralanil. { Unllnl KlnRilum. |
Quantity.
Hilly.
(JiiAiillly.
Duly.
h.
3I,I!I,',
lll,H37
iiii,iin
'.),1ll,.'i3l
1,(11 l,HS3
Uimiiilly.
/Mill. (Mi/j.
7,MI3
i,r'i3
lll,'i'll
!l,l|()l,.'i3ll
nuty. 1 (Ju«nllt>.
'■• i Imi). (,.!/«.
V.iilS 1 .1(1,711')
H,l!l3 3,(l,'i.s,'i.'iS
I.llv,i.l7 •i'.',;|l,'/71
nuty.
/..
3l,ii(IS
l,(.()(),."i3l
.'t,9.ii'j,:,'M
iwiii. tiali.
,i/.(n,iii
7,7M.ll)l
I,.HM,S7I
,'^l,sl.l
I,.'..1I,S<1
^,h;i7,iis
tmu. ti'iU.
ll.li.VI
l.l(;,.'.'io
(l,(HI7,l>.1l
l'^,l!).1,7.11
'',H(l'i,f,.'iO
!!,( 133,3 1(1
I,I3V,(I>,3 'i7,;()S,S31 H,'tll,,l,Ti
l,l'tl,7l7
i.'>,(i;i)
.i,i7'i,;iii
7,131,1)17
11. ,'171
1 ,.'»<i1 ,7 7 '»
■i,7»7,ri.7
31,. 'Kin
7,131
1 •:.,7im
.'i,V M),(1H!)
X.'i,.'ilt>t
H,.-(il
.'>(i,.'it;(i
9.'iO,ll,')
N.S'^I
1 ,3SS
1H,'ISI
S,7ll),i;7^
1
!),:)'.3 ' l,'^3.'.,|0|
l,'i''^ 1 V3,S!)S
. S,.','() 3,i;'^l,.'.ll7
lil''l,r;.i -^iiSi-i.^os
I„3ss,l(;7
'^l<,S<)|
l,(i'^|l,Sltl
.'j,lS',l,(i(il
l'i,l^.1,7.'>l
A.7fi,'<ls 1 .'.,N(i,',,,iH.'i 1 i,ii,',(),.-,,',i 1 s,7.ri,sii.'. |ii,l7l,K(ii ir,,rt<.i,i)ii\
H,A3I,I.U3
1,A()S,!l'^i 1 l,n!t7,n!)A (;i,i,',i cm.th
i.i,s."3 ' i.'i,.Mi7 ;,ii(;i. 7,1117
3,377,')ii7 t l,.-,is,'.i!lt Il7,ii^(i .',(i,His
l;iVi,'i>>l ^ V,7'^'i,'.'M ,'),1(I7,I)!I7 !MI1,1^,T
1
3i,'.77 3.'i,.'.r^ i,i,iii,ir,'i i.'OMm
t.m i..'i;7 i !viii ■^■,(11,1
. yi''?' . .\'>-'''>* 3,.',13,!M..-, 1 1,.'.MI,3SU
S,(„'.7„..(. 1 \Mi,:m ■il,3v|,|iu ,',,|)7(,,.174
! T.it«l
l.i,I.VJ,iil ,'.,I);,3,SS!) .V.S7,.-|I(I : l,ll'iS,.1.1< H,71.'.,l(i7 ; 1,I!II,IW1 W,|I,V,(P,',S H,.1H3,^I71
<''»ii|iiiiiiul .!> .1 irue and liiwlul |Hriiilt, umlil |miii iif I'mfiil.
iiitjMK)/. J uiKl any ruclilliT.romiKmiiilcr, or dfalir ni »|Mrit.'.,
ni . ivIriK Ihi' MiiiB Into ihiir Mm k, iir ailnwiiiu nin one iIm' Iu
rfi-fi%e it, .ind any tarrit-r, lin.ilinan, or other larvon, know-
iuKlv larryinx tllf sann, ^llMll fortWl llie Miin ut/ltiil., mIiIi
llie lionl, liursi', iarl,\i . umiI in tin' larriaxc. — >it;. I Hi.
No llrenie to lie Kr.intiil Tor rplailiOK .pirilH vllliin Kao'n,
linusfH of eorrti-lion, or worklniusi"* for i>aii-li poor; nor am
■|iirjt» In liv UM<I llKri',>.'>i'i|it inulii inativ iinscriliil liy a re-
Kular iiliysiiian, sunjuon, or apoilii. arv! Itnalu for a lir>t
oU'enee of tills sort connnittid liy coali rv, ,>(((■., KJOV. ; a -ii (inj
oHi'ni;,* to U' <lii-int'tl a foif'ciltirf of Ih. ir olli< i-- - Sect. 131.
I'erons hiiwkinu «;/irl(i to loil'ill llieni anil UHJ/. ; and it 1I14
penalty be not iinnmliately |iuiil, they are to lie ec nilnltted 10
the hou'.e of eorretiion for 3 months, or nnlil iiaid. — (St.'t.
LIS.) Any person iManthorls'il to (li tain a iMMkir of siiirils
and (jIve notlie to a peace olllccr, who l.« to 1 arry the ollenilir
l.;fi)re ajll-tiee. — Sect. I Id.
Any oliiccr of ex, ise, or other jierMin enip|ovi.d in the excise,
lakiiiK any Mun of tnoii, y or oilier icMaril I'ioiii, or enuring
into any collusive atfri einelit with, niu person, to act contrary
to his duty, to forfeit .'>(N)/., and he iiicapacitaUnl ; and iitiv p. r-
siin oiterliiK such reward or prupusiiiK .\ui h agrei ineiif, Iu fur-
felt .'.(JO/. - Sect. 1 1.'.
Kur the regulations .n to the in^porlation, Itc, u( foiciun
fcpirits, Heii Uhanuv, ^Irnkva, and Hi m*
'I'lie uxtraiirdinury Incroaie in the <-oiiHiiin|itioii of liraiidy in 1^32 is wliolly aniTilialilc to tlic alarm
occasioiuMi liy the lirvakiiiK out of Mic c:holuiM, anil tlio prcvaloiil, but now i^xp.i.iled, imiioii that brandy
piitations were an aiitiilutc to Ihi' (ILsl-hbc. An mioii an the alarm siibnidcd, the t'liiiKiimjition of brandy
di'clined to itH old luvt-l j the I'litrit-H for home use in IH-i.t not liavlnj; exceeiled i,.(,)ti,m() Kallonii.
Tniilt InSiilrilt.— Sn splriln made in KiiKland, Siollnnd, i|U.intity of ^pirilt eyceedinK I Kallon, un1e»> the same he ar-
or [ret.ind, shall he ci.nvevi-d from Kn^l.intl to Scotland or
Ireland, or froin Srotlanil or Ireland to Kni;laml, lltherwi^e
th.in in ciskH containinK I'li.'A/./ Kallons at the lea.-.t, and in %e«-
U'N of not h^Hs lhan,/(/lr.i/ tons hnrden.
All persons whatvwver, not Ih-Ihk licimsed distil lem, rrctihers,
or compounders, havln|{ more than rr\'/i/./ gallons ol spirits in
their puHsii,sioti, shall he deemeil dealers in spirits, and sul.lcct
1.1 tile survey of the oflicers ol excise, and to all the re^nlati'onH,
pen iltles, \c. to which Kuch liersoiiH are halile. -- ((> (usi. 1.
c. hO. sect. 1'^'^.)
Ilealen In llrltish splrln are iirohihUed sellinu or havhig In
their )iossesHioii any plain Itritisli spirits, except spi. its of wine,
of any xtrenKth exeeiMlmK the strenKth of '/■'* per cent, ahove
hyilrometei^ or of ahy strenKlh helow 17 per cunt, niider hydr' -
meter proof ; or any coimiounded spirits, exc*-pl shrnli, of a ly
greater strength than 17 |>er cent, under hydr nnet' r. uiiler
p.iln of furleitlilK oH i^ucll spirits, with tliv i.slis. '.^ .
nict. 1*1^1.
De.ilem In foreign and Hritish sprits arc to kce|i 'hem sepa-
rate, in cellars, vaults, or other placid spei ially entered for that
jiurpose^ under u heavy penalty ; and anv person mlxinif, sell.
iiiK, or sendhiK out anv Ilritish spirits mixed with tiirilKn or
roluiiial spirits, ahall forfeit 100/. for every such olleme. —
.Sect. IV,.
No retailer of Hpirlts, or any other person licensed or un-
licensed, shall sell or send out fiom his stu, k or custo<ly imy
Sl'ONGK (Ger. Schwamm ; Fr. Kponge ; It. Spiipna ; Sp. Kspniija), a .soft, liglit,
very porous, and compressilile substance, readily imbibing water, -ind as readily f;iviiig
it out a<rnin. It is found adiiering to rocks, particuhirly in the IMediterraneaii Sea,
about tile islands of the Archipelago. It was formerly sujiposcd to be a vegetable pro-
duction, but is now classed among the zoophytes; and analysed, it yields the same prin-
ciples as animal substances in general. The inhabitants in several of the Greek islands
have been trained from their infancy to dive for sponges. They adhere firmly to the
bottom ; and arc not detached without a good deal of trouble. The extraordinary
clearness of the water facilit.-ites the ojierations of the divers. Smyrna is the great
market for sponge. The price varies from 6' to \(i piastres per oke for ordinary and
dirty, and from 80 to 100 piastres jier oke, for fine and ])icked specimens. Sponge is
also lished in the lied Sea. — ( Urea Dictiouiiri/ ; Suvanjs Letters on Greece, Eng. ed.
p. 109.; and private communications.)
•Sponge is used in surgery, and for a variety of purpo.sefs in the arts. The iliity on it, in 1832, produced
2,(197/. 4s. Irf. ; but it has since been judiciou-ly rciluoed from 2s. to fW. per lb. when brought from a
foreign country, and from Cut. to Irf. per lb. when brought from a i3ritisli pusscssicn. The far greater
portion comes from the former. No deduction is made from the duty on account of sand or diit, uiilesi
it exceed 7 per cent, and then only for the excess aliove 7 per cent.
SQUILL (Ger. Meerzwiebel ; Fr. Scille, Oipnon marin ; It. Seillu, Cipolla marina;
Sp. Cebiilla albarrana), or, as it is sometimes denominated, the Sea onion, is a plant with
a large bulbous root, which is the only part that is used. It grows spontaneously on
sandy shores in Spain, and the Levant; whence we are annually su])plied with the
roots. They should be chosen large, plump, fresh, and full of a clammy juice : some
are of a reddish colour, and others white ; but no difference is observed in the tiualities
of the 2 sorts. The root is very nauseous, intensely bitter, and acrimonious ; much
handled, it ulcerates the skin. The bulbs are brought to England, preserved fresh in
sand. The acrimony of the roo;s, on which their virtue depends, is partially destroyed
li
11;
Ii
{•■ ??
I !l
fM.
i».'
•m
) I . )f i
^^^mm
^mm
107a
STADE. — STAIlCIi.
' li
i
If-
by drying and long keeijing, and i$ complotely destroyed by exposure to lieat above 21 2".
Squill is one of the most powerful and useful remedies in the materia medica- — (LLwit't
Mm. Med. ; Thomson's Dis/>eiisntori/. )
STADE, a small city of Hanover, on the Schwingc, 22 miles W. by N. of Ham-
burgh, hit. 53° 36' 32" N., Ion. 9° 28' 34" E. It has very little trade ; and would be
quite unwortliy of notice in a work of tlu's sort, except for the circumstance that a toll
•ir duty, charged by tlie Hanoverian government on all goods imported into Hamburgh,
whether for consumption or transit, is j)aid at the castle of Brunshausen, contiguous to
this town. The duty is generally about ^ jjcr cent, ad valorem. It is rated aceordiii"'
to a tariff; and is computed from the ship's manifest, bills of lading, cockets, &c., wliich
must be left at Urunshausen for that purpose. The duties are paid in Hamburgh ; and
no vessel is allowed to unload, till a receipt, subscribed by the Hanoverian authorities in
that city, he produced for the duties. We have already — (set ITambuugh) — exjjresscd
our surprise that an obstruction of this sort sliould have been tolerated for so Ion"' a
period. llie duties fall heavily on certain descriptions of goods ; particularly on some
manufactured articles ; and are, at an average, decidedly higher than the duties chara-d
\u Hamburgh. They are most olyectionable, however, from their requiring many
troublesome regulations to be complied with ; the unii:tentional deviation from any one
of which exf OSes the cargo to confiscation, and never fails to occasion a great deal of
delay, trouble, and expense. As the principal part of the foreign trade of the Elbe is in
our hands, we are, of course, principally affected by the Stade toll ; and, considering the
source of the nuisance, it is really not a little astonishing it should not have been
abated long ago. The sum whi"h the Hanoverian government derives from the duties is
but trifling compared with the injury they inflict on our trade; it would, consequently,
l)e good policy tor the former to sell, and for the British goveni'iiCnt to buy, an cxemii-
tion from so vexatious a duty ; and we are well assured that fe\v things would do mi)re
to extend our trade with Hamburgh than the completion of an arrangement of this sort.
Previously to 173(), English ships passing up the Elbe had to come to an anchor
opposite Brunshausen : but they were then allowed, under ' jrtain conditions, to pass on
to Hamburgh. The proclamation to this effect, and which contains an epitome of the
regulations that have still to be observed, is subjoined.
1. That all English vessels he exemiifeil from coming to an
anchor hefore the river Schwinge, and allowed to sail directly
up to llanihurgh.
'i. Such English vessels shall ho nliligcil, at thoir aiiprmch,
irithin about :j of a league therenl', to l.oist tliei.- colours,
to lowcrtheir suils, andonly to drive, till the Ic^itiniaiion is
made at the king's frigate lying Ihi're.
3. The master of the ship, or a proper person fally provided
with the necessjiry documents, is to go on board the frigate, nnd
nt'ierwards to the t^ustoni-house at Jlrnnshausf and Stade;
au(l there to produce an exact manifest, and tlu- original hills
of lading, rot'kets, Ike.
4. The documents being produced, the accounts shall he
■tated, and all duties must be paid at Urunshausen, Stade, or
Hamburgh.
.0. The clearance shr d he {'ivcn at Urunshausen to the pcr-
on sent thither by th» masttr of the vessel ; by whom it must
be delivered to the K ng's commissary in Ham'burgli, togi ther
with tlie documents of the cargo, and a spfcilication of the
parcels, bales, caskS; &c. which were receive<l on iioai'' at
the port of lading, whether desin-ned for Hamburgh or ncr
places*
(i. Hulk must not be h-oken till all this has been performed,
except tlie kini;'s comnuss'iry In Hamburgh permits, in urgent
cases, the unloading.
'1 . The vessels hen. thu * allowed to pass the frigate without
being searched, ir .se o. suspecting tiny fraud, the masierj..
•huii **c obliged to sign s yu'opcr oath ; and the merchants in
Hamlnirgh, who reci lie efTi.'cts by those vessels, shall ninki> m
exaci report thereof, and give a certilicate in lieu nf an o«|i
— Ihnt they neither have received nor expected in'ire goods
th^n have been specilied, — which must be delivered to hi'
.Majesty's commissary in Hamburgh, to enable him toeMiuine
the rep.irt made by the master.
8. .S o master is to dcp.irt from Hamburgh before be his talcen
a certilicate from his M.ijesty's commissary, proving ilia't ill
h.is been du!y performed ; which is to be seiit to tlie tiiii;', fri
gate, near Hrunsbausen. " '
y. The signals mentioned in the second article are likoviise
to I'e m:ide when the ship repasses Stade.
10. I'he taking cogni/ance of, and punishing misdemoniimu ,
frauds, and mismanagements, iis well as the n glivtiiiKof the
preceding articles, remains in the Court of the Kine's (Jn,inin.
at Statle; so that both merchants and masters of -hips, who
.nay t ■ called to an account, sliall, when sunimniied ' i, ,i,e,ir
lietore the said court, and submit to i s decisions • hut li.,.,
have the iiiierty of ap|ieal to the superior courts for a revLsion
and relief. "
11. As to all other points not expressly mentiontil In ilw
foregoing artu-les, they sh ill he observed at the ki leV Cust,,
houses ?• Urunshausen, Stade, and Hamlnirgh, accordinii to
the regulations and customs heretofore praetise<l
12. riiis gracious concc^lon is hereby grantetl onlv tiamnle
hnuilaclo : the king reserving to himself and his sii,e,.s,„r. in
hi, (lerman dominions the right of revoking ii, and inik na
any alterations or new orders, whenever they shall see reisoi^
The following statei.-;ent, taken fv.in the book."! of a Hambingh mcrcFiant, shows, in parallel rdhimn^
the amount of tli" Stade jiikI Hamburgh iluties paid on cortain artlclos imported into H imbiirL-h \t \l
clear from it, tha -ven tliniigli there were no burdensome regulations to be comiilied with the amuunt
of the Stade duties must be a very serious drawback on the trade of the Jilbo. '
B \
A List, showing the Amount of .Stade Duties, and the Amount of Hamburgh Duties paid on tlicsamc
Goods imported into Hamburgh.
Articles.
Stade
Ihity.
Town
— 1
Dnt
ncti. ,U,iir».
liciK Marc^.
40 Bales cotton
17
1.1
;r,
12
.1.-.:?
1,»H) Hagscollee
7,n:>
1.-.
22.'.
K
i...'.
«,noO Kio Orande hide*
.1/
2
107
H
.'11
10 Chests indigo • •
l.T
h
2S
4
.-.11
l.TI Hags saltiietre
I!)
H
21
H
,',,-0
102 Hundles whalebone -
1.1
•i
l.T
4
10
1,00|» Boxes Havannah sugar
112
ti
ftii
•TI
lO.'j HoLtlhe.ids sugar
2.T
«
.'ili
10
4
444 teases Hahia sugar
4'l
7
.174
14
i'.fi
•i"! Tons logwood -
20
i;»
in
r.
14
3.T Puncheons rum -
«
4
21
a
KXi
lis Hags pimento -
IS
7
Ifi
8
ll.'i
30 Hogshe.ids refined sugar
ti
12
w
2
Articles.
i Casks cofTee
t Hogsheads ditto
H irrels ditto
1 and 46 tierces rice
, l.'.ll, and .I boxes seg.lrs
Hogsheads tobacco
n.ito
Ditto
Hales ditto
Casks tobacco stemi
chests souchong tea -
Hogsheads quercitron bark
■st.vle Duty.
Town Ihit;
/iVe. Murfn.
linu Mtircs
4111
S ?
LIS
1 J-
cm 8
ini
4 \
'.7
»
!W 12
72
12
lii 4
I.-.fl
1
'ih in
71
4
27 13
(1
4
1 4
70
n
7 8
2
10
4 in
77
H
in 1
".1
•i
2H 4
STARCH (CJer. Amidnn ; Fr. Amidon ; It. Amndi, Amiln ; Sp. .4midnn, .ilmidim .■
ITus. Krurhmnf), n substance obtained from vegetables. It ha^ a tine while colour, nnd
^'mmmmi'.
T-p;
STEEL. — STOCKHOLM.
1079
is usually concreted in longish masses ; it has scarcely any smell, and very little taste.
When kept dry, it continues for a long time uninjured, though exposed to the air. It is
insoluble in cold water; but combines with boiling water — forming with it a kind of
jelly. It exists chiefly in the white and brittle parts of vegetables, particularly in
tuberose roots, and the seeds of the gramineous plants. It may be extracted by pound-
ing these parts, and agitating them in cold water; when the parenchyma, or fibrous parts,
will first subside ; and tiicse being removed, a fine white powder, diifused through the
water, will gradually subside, which is the starch. Or the pounded or grated substance,
as the roots of potatoes, acorns, or horse chestnuts, for instance, may be put into a hair
sieve, and the starch washed tli rough with cold water, leaving the grosser matters be-
hind. Farinaceous seeds may be ground and treated in a similar manner. Oily seeds
require to have the oil expressed from them before the farina is extracted. Potato starch
goes a good deal further than wheat starch — a less quantity of it sufficing to form a
paste of equal thickness, with water. It has a very perceptil)le crystallised appearance,
and is apparently heavier than common starch. — ( Thomson's Chemistry ,• Ure's Dic-
tionary.')
Starch is charpod with a duty of 5\ l. per 11). ; and its manufacture is, ronsequcntly, placed under the
control of the excise. Kvery maker of starch tor tale must take out an annual licence, which costs 5/.
Notice must be given to the excise of the erection, and of all changes in the construction, of workshops,
implements, &c. used in the manufactureof starch, under a penalty of 'IWt.i All starch, before it is put
into any stove or place to dry, must be papered and !,calcd or stamped by the otticer, under a penalty of
ml. Any person forging or counterfeiting such stamp or seal is guilty of felony, but with the benefit of
clergy. Any person knowingly selling any starch with a forged or counterfeit stump, &c. forfeits 5U0/.
No quantity of starch exceeding '-'8 ll)s. to be removed from one place to anotlier, unless the word starch
be marked on the package in legible letters :> inches long, under Ibrfeiture of the package, and of the
cattle and carts conveying the same. Any dealer in starch receiving any quantity exceeding SJS lbs. not
marked as above, shall forfeit 200/. Starch-makers are to make weekly entries of the starch made by
them, under a penalty of ;jO/. ; and are to make paynunt of the duties within a week of such entry.
C'ockets granted for shipping starch to be carried coastwise are to express the quality, quantity, weight,
the mark of the package, by whom macio and sold, and to whom consigned ; and if shipped without such
cocket, it may be seized. No starch is to be imported, unless in packages containing at least 224 lbs.
stowed openly in the hold, on pain of forfeiture and of incurring a penalty of 50/. No starch is to be ex.
ported, unless the- package as originally sealed or stamped by the ollicer be entire, and unless the officer
mark the word exportation upon it The duties must have been paid on all starch exported ; but the ex.
porter is entitled to an excise drawback of 'o^ per lb. — [Bunt's Justice of the Peace, Marriott's ed., tit.
Starch.)
An AccoiMit of the Number of Pounds of Starch that paid the Home Consumption Duty in Great Uritain,
the Rate o!' Duty, ind the Gross and Nett Produce of the Duty, in each of the Tiiree Years ciidiuK
with the 5th of January, 1833.
Vears ended 5th Jan .
Rate 11 or lb.
I.bs.
(iross Prmture.
Nett Produce.
isni
1832
1833
7,fil.",4Sf)
7,.".">3,4ii;)
8,0T),()2i;
£ s. d.
103,;jr>2 12 .O
. I(l2,2f5t) 11 2
l(l!),t-81 12
£ S. (I.
Rf),4,"),: 9 4
7(;,4I+ 3 8
M,i(« IS 8
STEEL (Fr. /^c/tr; Ger. Siuhl j It. Acciajo; Lai. Chalyki ; Rus. Stal ; Sp. Acero;
Sw. Stul), is iron combined with a small portion of carbon ; and has been, for that
reason, called carhuretted iron. The proportion of carbon has not been ascertained with
much precision. It is supposed to amount, at an average, to .,5gth part. Steel is so
hard as to be mimalleable while cold ; or at least it acquires that property by beinij; im-
mersed, while ignited, in a cold liquid : for this immersion, though it has no eflect upon
iron, adds greatly to the hardness of steel. Ic is brittle, resists the file, cuts glass,
affords sparks with flint, and retains the magnetic virtue for any length of time. It
loses this hardness by being ignited, and cooled very slowly. It is malleable when, red
hot, but scarcely so when raised to a white heat. It may be hammered out into much
thinner plates than iron. It is more sonorous ; and its sjjccilic gravitj', when hammered,
is greater than that of iron — varying from 7 -78 to 7 •84. Steel is usually divided into
3 sorts, according to the method in wliith it is prepared ; as natural steel, steel of
cementation, and rant sttel. The latter is the most valuable of all, as its texture is the
most compact, and it admits of the finest polish. It is tised for razors, surgeons' instru-
ments, and similar piuposes. Steel is chiefly employed in the manufacture of svords,
knives, and cutting instruments of all sorts used in the arts; for which it is peculiarly
adapted by its hardness, and the fineness of the edge which may be given to it. — ( Thom-
son's Chemistry ; and see Iron.)
STOrivHOLIM, the capital of Sweden, situated at the junction of the lake Maelar
with an inlet of the IJaltic, in lat. 5i)° L'O' .Si" N., Ion. 17^ .'54' E. ; a well-built, liiind-
some citv. Pojiulation 80,000. The entrance to the liarbour is intricate and (langeroiis,
and shoidd not he attempted without a jiilot ; but the liarbour itself is cajiacious and
excellent, the largest vessels lying in safety close to the quays. Stockholm jiossesses
half the foreign trade of Sweden ; but this is confined within comjiaratively narrow
limits, in conse(|uence of the impolitic efllbrts of the government to jiromote industry by
excluding foreign products. Iron, timber, and deals fiirm the great articles of exjiort.
Swedish inm is of very superior qualitv, mui is extensively used in (Jreat Britain; the
,«■;■* 'I
fill ii' ''
.U'lJ
f M
'!'■
■M
t ■
:•
1080
STOCKHOLM.
imports of it amounting, in ordinary years, to about 10,0tX) tons, exclusive of 500 tons of
steel. In addition to the above leading articles, Stockholm exports pitch, tar, copper,
&c. The timber is inferior to that from the southern ports of the IJaltic. The imports
principally consist of colonial products, cotton, dye stiifls, salt, British manufactured
goods, hides, fish, wine, brandy, wool, fruit, &c. In seasons of scarcity corn is imported,
but it is generally an article of export.
Pi/otage. — \ ess(i\a bound for Stockholm take a pilot at the small island of Oja. Lands-hort light-
house, 70 feet high, and painted white, is erected on the southern extremity u( this island, in lat. 5K<^ 44'
30" N., Ion. 17° .W l.V K. It is furnished with a fixed light, which may be seen, under favourable circuin.
itanccs, 5 leagues oil: The signal for a pilot is a flag at the fore-topmast liead, or firing a gun.
M'niey — Accounts are kept here, at Gottenburgh, and ge-
nerally throughout Swedtit, in rixdoilars, or crowns, of 48
skillings, each of 12 rundsty.-vs; or in rixdollars, skillin^,nnd
rundstycks, banco. 1'he latter currency Li at present (lS3i) 50
fter cent, more valuable than the former. A rixdoll.ir banco
s \Torth, at the current rates of exchanucTroni aliout 1<. ltd,
to it. Hd. sterling. Kxcejit copper, there are no coins in cir-
culation, nor have there been any for 30 years past.
Weifihta and Meaanrea, ~~ The victuali or commercial weights
are pund^, lispunds, and sklppund-s ; 20 punds lit-ing equal to
1 lispund, and 20 lispunils = I skippund ; 100 lbs. .Swedish
coninieicial weight = <J3:1 lbs. avoirdupois = 42^ kilog. =
S7.4 lbs. of Hamburgh.
The iron weights are 3-5ths of the victuali or commercial
weights ; 20 marks = 1 mark pund j 20 mark uunds = 1
skippund; and 7i skipimnds =: I ton Eng:isli. Ijence, 1(X)
Iiunds Swedish iron weight z= 75 lbs. avoirdupois, and lUC
bs. avoirdu|iois = 1,33 1/3 lbs. Swedish Uron weight.
In corn measure ; —
4 Ouarts
2 Npann
Tun
I Spann.
1 Tun or barrel.
4 l-lith Wuuh. bush.
IS Tuns.
Ill', —
'ii\ —
24 ■ -
A last of rye from Riiia •
iJitto I.it'hiu
Ditto Stellin
Ditto btralsund
Thetur. of 32 kappor contains 4 l-<ith Winchester bushels.
In liquid measure : —
2 Stup - . . r= 1 K.'imia.
15 Kaiinor - - ==: 1 Anker.
2 Ankers • - . = 1 Elmer.
2 Elmers -
li Ahm
2 Oxhoft -
^ 1 Ahm.
= 1 Oihoh,
= 1 Hii)e.
The pipe = 121^ Knglish wine gallons ; and, consctiuentU
the ahm = 41 ,i 12tli» ditto, and 1(J0 kannor = 6U 1-Jtli ditio.
The Swedish fmit = 1 1'lixt English inches ; the ell or aljja
= 2 flit ; the I'utbnm = 3 ells ; the rod = 8 ells.
In estimating hy liLsts : —
1 I,<i;it of pitch, a^hcs, &c. • - =12 barrels.
1 ditto tar, oil, .'^c. - . - =: 13 ditto,
1 Last of benip, lla\, tallow, &c. - == tiskinpunds,
1 Ton of Liverpool coiiimon suit • = 7 tuns Swifd.
Metals, \c, exported from Stockholm during the year lS3.t.
Total, 281,<JSGJskippunds = 37,598 tons; consist ini; of -
.S*(,V im.'j.
Bar Iron - - ... ^p^.s.i!)
Hoop tliito - - • - - - 2,fitt2
Holt ditto - - . - - 2,1 rfi
liimdie ditto - .... l,^<i(j
Saltpan plales, fliC, - . -
Iron plates ....
Nails
.'■l.t'l - - -
Cutlery
Cast aviicles - •
Scioopiron
Brass - - .
flipper - - .
Brimstone, vitriol, and alum
•l,7<'2
.'..IISO
ti,2'i5
2,1 M5
2„V,S
l,l.-.3
ISj
3,(174
5,71»
Proformu Invoice of li50 Sklb. equal to 20 Tons, Iron, shipped at Stockholiti, per Captain , for London,
712 JKirs iron, weighing, sklb. 150 Oat bo.
r. 13
Dutv and shipping charges
1 U3 rd. per sklb. . - Bo. r. 200
Brokerage on purchase ^ per cent. - fi 6 O
Stamps and postages • • - 2 23
Bo. r.
Drought forward
Commission, 2 per cent. -
Bill brokerage, lys per cent.
2,I5S 2i) u
■19 8 U
StKkhiim, 1S33.
Bo.r.
At exchange R, 13.
E, E,,
2,510 43
i:..193 211
Rum, and other foreign
spirits ... kannor l?5,SriO
Coflee - - lbs. 2,2113,1,37
Fish (dry) - - lispund 132,133
Herrings - - barrels 48,431
Quantitiesof some of the principal Articles imported into Stockholm, in 1833.
Salt - . - tunnor 88, .'',55 Ditto stalks
Indigo ■ • • lbs. 17,191 Silks -
Sugars ... — 5,017,137 Cottons
Tobacco . . . _ 310,855 Woollens ' -
lbs.
ainar
153,6f,S
13,Ui3
414,211(1
3U1,7'J»
Trade of Sweden.
OfRcial Account of the principal Articles, with their Values, exported from, and imported into,
Sweden, in 1831.
Country.
Exports.
Official
\"alue.
Imports.
Omcial
Value.
Finland • -
Prussia - -
Mecklenhurgh,
Hanover, &c.
Denmark ■ ■
Netherlands -
Great Britain
France - -
Portugal - -
Gibraltar - -
Sardinia • -
Tuscany • •
Austria - -
Algiers - -
Egypt - •
United States
of America
Norway - -
Hamburgh and
Lubeck
Simin - - -
Both Sicilies -
Braiils - •
Russia • -
Fig Iron, ore, herrings, deals, salt,
limestone, &c.
Iron, steel, tar, pitch, lime, cannon,
copper, wood, paper, flooring stones,
iron plates, &c.
Wood , lime. Iron, paper, staves, stones,
steel, manufactured iron, tar, pitch,
colours, alum, &c.
Com, staves, wood, paper, iron, copper,
mill and flooring stones, tar, pitch,
alum, nails, lime, cutlery, tire wood,
oak bark, steel, brass wire
Wood, rock moss, tar, pitch
Iron, steel, tar, pitch, com, wood,
cobalt, rock moss, hones, bark, man-
ganese, oil-cakes, &c.
Iron, wood, tar, pilch, copper, por-
iihvry, staves, lirii ks, colours
Wood, iron, steel, t<ir, pitch, staves -
WaoA a id iron • - - -
Wood, iron, tar, pilch , . -
Ditto - - - - -
Tir
Woo<l - - ...
Wood, tar, copper
Iron and iron plates ...
Corn, copper, bricks, ht:
Iron, cutlerv, copjier, steel, t.ir, wood,
cobalt, pitch, staves, brass wire,
alum, lime, colours
Wood, tar - . .
Iron and wood - - .
Iron, wpod, beer, steel, tar, pitch, ale,
(lorter, (ire.
Alum, colours, colfte. Indigo, wine,
st(vl,salt, herrings
Hiid. ba.
788,200
559,171
439,773
1,556,814
3.39,381
3,23(1,700
700,071
570,120
13,9s:)
.v., 1711
1.3.3,920
1S,7II0
5,200
4l,.3(i(i
.3,199,255
524,372
«75,235
41,2.3f;
(1,7.'>4
339,744
> 13,447
Com, tar, tallow, butter, flour, deals,
fire wood
Corn, wool, hides • •
Com, wool, hides, fun, fruit, &c.
Sugar, cotton, cofTee, wine, rum,
spici>s, chalk, salt, maniifactures,
com , oil, wool, herrings, hides, lead,
fish
Manufactures, cork, hoiis
Sugar, coflee, sjiiccs, mahogany, manu-
factures, cotton, d\es, wine, cognac,
rum, coals, cotton jam, earthen-
ware, lS(c.
Wine, cognac, oil, cork, salt, spices,
fruit, le.ul, soap, &c.
Salt, fruit, leather, hides, cork, &c. -
Tobacco, cotton, sugar, hides, rice,
dve woorls
Fish ...
Manufactures, ^c.
Salt, fruit, wine, oil, lead, &c. . .
Salt, fruit, oil, &c.
Sugar, coflee, tobacco, hides, horn , ,Vc.
Bristles, com, seeds, hemp, tallow,
soap, hicl-H, oil, &c.
Hixdollars banco -
Hijil.bii.
1,093,195
. 160,178
110,092
1,155,412
202,320
1,745,131
.387,478
300,502
905,517
l,.'>t7,170
2,021,471
151/.13
31,9(iO
1.395,'19(i
1,089,393
12,30l^*_
1
Rlxdollars banco .
13,5H.l,fil«
STOCKINGS.
1081
.'?
SMpping Iff SretJtn. — Swcdiih vcMeli anpla;cd Ui ibrsikn
trade, as per official relums ; —
1830. 704 veuels = 45,173-96 latu; navigated \>i 4,72S
marinersi exdusive ot masters.
1831. 671 vesselj = 44,Ifil-78 lasts; naTigsted bj 4,635
iiiarlnt>r&, exclusive of masters.
Veuels re)>orted inwards iVom foreign places : —
18,TO. Swedish - . - 2,'i!«) = 67,S06 lasU.
_ Foreign . . -1,781 = 70,7.54 —
1831. Swedish • » "
— Foreign >
V esscli entered outwards for foreign places : —
Vault,
1830. Swedish
— Foreign •
1831. Swe<lish
— Foreign
Or together —
Heiiorted inwards, 1 830 •
1831 -
Entered outwards, 1830
1831 -
V,4!ia = 72,879 lasts.
1,7.5,5 = 78,868 _
«,37« = 74,117 —
l,i76 = 6S,!«58 _
4,071 = 1.38,6.50 lastfc
4,08.5 = 1,36,1 1« _
4,047 = 148,7^7 —
3,<JS,5 = ll!i,375 —
• - V,4CT = 69,099 —
- 1,6.58 = 07,343 —
Regulations as to the workint; <tf Mines in Stveden. — The following paper, which we have received
from Sweden, and on the authenticity of which our readers may rely, shows the nature of the obstriic
tions laid on the principal branch of industry carried on in that kingdom. They appear to us to be in the
last degree ab.surd and oppressive. It might be proper to enact regulations to prevent the waste of the
fore.sts ; but having done this every one ought to be at liberty to produce as much iron as he pleased,
without being subject to any sort of regtilation or control. We are surprised that so intelligent a govern,
mcnt as that of Sweden should think of imposing such preposterous regulation.s.
" Sweden has at present from ,330 to 340 smelting furnaces, which produce annually from 90,000 to 95,000
tons of pig iron. In converting the pig into bar iron, about 23 per cent, is allowed for waste ; and as near
as can be ascertained, the annual manufacture of bar iron is from 6,3,000 to 65,(i00 tons. The numl)er of
iron works is between 420 and 430, having about 1,1(K) forges (hearths'. The annual exportation of bar
iron, at an average of the 10 years ending 1831, was 49,.0()8 tons ; of which were, for —
Great Britain ....... 10,000 tons.
United States -• . . . . .. 20,000 —
Germany, Holland, France, and Portugal - ... 15,000 —,
The remainder to Brazil, and a very little to the Mediterranean . . 4,5G8 —
Total . 49,")f)8
" The smelting fUrnaces and iron works are licensed for particular quantities, some being as low as 50
tons, and others as high as 400 or .OOO tons ; and some tine bar iron works have licences for 1 ,()00 tons each.
These licences are granted by the College of Mines, which has a control ovor all iron works and mining
operations. The iron masters make annual returns of their nianut'uctu.e, which must not exceed the
privileged or licensed quantity, on pain of the overplus being conHscatcd, The College has subordinate
courts, called Courts of Mines, in every district, with supervising officers of various ranks. All iron sent
to a port of shipment must be landed at the public weigh-house, the superintendent of which is a dele,
gate of the college ; ond his duty is to register all that arrives, and transmit a quarterly report thereof to
the college, so that it is impossible for an iron master to send more iron to market than his licence autho.
rises. Many, however, sell iron to inland consumersat the forges, of which no returns are ever made out,
and in so far the licences are exceeded ; but we do not suppose that the quantity so disposed of exceed*
2,000 or 3,000 tons a year. Every furnace and forge pays a certain annual duty to' the Crown. Its amount
is fixed by the College when the licence is granted ; and care is taken not to grant a licence to any one,
unless he has the command of forests equal to the required supply of charcoal, without encroaching on the
supply of this material required for the existing forges in the neiglibourhood. As the supply of pig iron
is limited*, the quaniity licensed to be made being never exceeded, the College, in granting new licences
to bar iron works, always takes into consideration how far this may be done without creating a scarcity
of pig iron. Hence, they erection of new forges depends — 1st, on having a supply of charcoal, without
encroaching on the forests which supply your neighbours ; and, 2dly, on the quantity of pig iron which
the College knows to be disposable. The courts of the mines decide all disputes that arise among the
iron masters regardingtheexceedingof their licences, encroachments, ^c. ; an a))peal to the College lying
from their decision, and ultimately to the king in council, or to the supreme court of the kingdom. In
18'24 the mines produced 8;)0 tons of copper, 50 tons of brass, 40 tons of lead, 1 ,7(X) tons of alum, 4fi,(i29 lbs.
of cobalt, 3,000 lbs. of silver ; and of late years several mines of manganese have been worked, the produce
of which may be from 300 to 400 tons."
STOCKINGS, as every one knows, are coverings for the legs. They are formed of
only 1 thread entwined, so as to form a species of tissue, extremely elastic, and readily
adapting itself to the figure of the part it is employed to cover. This tissue cannot be
called cloth, for it has neither warp nor woof, but it approaches closely to it ; and for
the purposes to which it is applied, it is very superior.
1. Historical Sketch of the Stocking Manufacture. — It is well known that the Ilomans
and other ancient nations had no particular clothing for the legs. During the middle ages,
however, hose or leygins, made of cloth, began to be used ; and at a later period, the
art of knitting stockings was discovered. Unluckily, nothing certain is known as to the
individual by whom, the place where, or the time when, this important invention was
made. Howell, in his History of the World (vol. iii. p. 222.), says, that Henry VIII.
wore none but cloth hose, except there came from Spain l>y great chance a pair of silk
stockings; that Sir Thomas Gresham, the famous merchant, presented Edward VI.
with a pair of long silk stockings from Spain, and that the present was much taken
notice of; and he adds, that Queen Elizabeth was presented, in the third year of her
reign, with a pair of black knit silk stocking,*!, and that from that time she ceased to wear
cloth hose. It would appear from this circumstantial account, that the art of knitting
stockings, or at least that the first specimens of knit stockings, had been introduced into
England from Spain about the middle of the 16th century; and such seems to have
been the general opinion, till an allusion to the practice of knitting, in the pretended
poems of Rowley, forged by Chatterton, caused the subject to be more strictly investi-
gated. The result of this investigation showed clearly that the practice of knitting was
well known in England, and had been referred to in acts of jiarliament, a good many years
previously to the period mentioned by Howell. But it had then, most jnoliably, been
applied only to the manufacture of woollen stockings ; and the general use of cloth hose
• We do not mean that the manufacture of pig iron is limited ; for any one can get a licence to smelt,
who can prove he has a suflicicncy of charcoal at his disjiosal ; but the quantity licensed is never exceeded,
but is often less
'"J
^1
lit- ■ : i
I '
/ 'i.
^i'
I'M,
it
'I f
ti
1082
STOCKIXCJS.
!!
■hows that even these had not been numerous. Tliere is no eviilence to show wlietlier
the art is native to England, or has been imported. — (Si.'e Jieckmann's Inventions, vol. iv.
art. Knitling Nets and Stochinys. )
It is sinf;ular that tlie stocking; frame, whicli, even in its rudest form, is a very com-
plex and inj^enious machine, that could not he discovered accidentally, I)ut must have
been the result of deep combination and profound saj^acity, should have been discovered
so early as 1589, before, in fact, the business of knitting was {jenerally introduced. The
inventor of this admirable machine was 3Ir. William Lee, of W'oodborough, in Notting-
hamshire. He attetnpted to set up an establishment at Calverton, near Nottingham, for
the manufacture of stockings, but met with no success. In this situation he applied to
the queen for assistance ; but, instead of meeting with that remuneration to which his
genius and inventions so well entitled him, he was discouraged and discountenanced!
It need not, therefore, excite surprise that I^ee accepted the invitation of Henry IV'.
of France, who, having heard of the invention, promised him a magnificent reward if he
would carry it to France. Henry kept his word, and Lee introduced the stocking
frame at Kouen with distinguished success ; but after the assassination of the king, tlie
concern got into diiTieulties, and Lee died in poverty at Paris. A knowledge of the
machine wjis l)rought back from France to England by some of the workmen who had
emigrated with Lee, and who estal)lished themselves in Nottinghamshire, which still
continues the principal seat of the manufacture. — (See Beckmnnn's Inventions, vol. iv.
pp. 31.3 — .'3'24. ; and Letters on the Uiility and PoUvy of Maehines, Lond. 1780.)
During the first century after the invention of the stocking frame, few improvements
were matle upon it, and 2 men were usirdly em])loyed to work 1 frame. But in the
course of last century, the machine was very greatly improved. The late ingenious Mr.
Jedcdiah Strutt, of Derby, was the first individual who succeeded in adai)ting it to the
manufacture of ribbed stockings.
Statistical View of tli^ Stocking Trade.— We subjoin, from a paper l)y Mr. FelUn, of Nottingham,
who is very advantageously known by bis statistical researches, the following view of the present state
of the British hosiery trade.
Anffola, l.ri.'iOi lainlis' wool, l,<)0O; shirts, 500 frames .1,7'^)
Wide frames, on witii worsietl piotU - - .""t'^o
Worsted hosiery is chiefly made in fH^icestershire ; silk ho.
siery in Derby and Nottingham ; im/l cotton hosiery throughout
tlie counties of Nottingham and Derby, at Hinckley, and at
Tewkesbury. The analysis furnished by blackner, in 1812, may
1 e, perhiips, modified as follows, so as to show the kinds and qua-
lities of goods which the frames are now employed upon, via:. —
Flain cotton, 14 to 'il-aMXfie, },mn; 'i\ to '^8-ga««c,
\fi(*); 30 to31-gaiige,'i,790, 3(i to 6U-g.iuge, 1,600
frames .... - 7,590
U-iuaie, (JOO; gloves anil caps, 1,000; drawers, 500;
sundries, SCO ..... 2,fiR0
Wide frames, making cut-ups an 1 various other kinds <i,05U
Worsted, Vi to a)-gauge, l,UiO ; 'i'i to ii(i-gaiige,
3,600; 2.S to 34-gHuge, 1,150 fr.unes - - 9,150
Framft, Do;:en, Lbs.
Silk, 2,300 i gloves, 350 ; and knots, 350
Total of frames
- 3.1, cue
The fallowing statement, if is believed, ],resents a siiflli ieiit'y
accurate approximation to the annual anumnt in quantity and
value of the gootls manufactured in this trade, to auhwer all
practical purpiwes : —
Ea(rh narrow cotton frame produces about -10 dozen of hose
a year, if of women's size; wiiie cotton tViimes, nOi); narrow
worsted, 75 ; wide worsted, 150 ; and silk, 30. There are —
10,300'
'fh-shioned cot-'
ton hoit; -
420,000"
6,000
be
cut up, &c. •
?!
i.iifio.noo
0)
9,500
^'^i
fashioned
worsted
>|J
710,000
1,000
f=
cut U|>> &c. •
100,000
1,30(1
Anffola
95,000
l,'iiiO
1 nubs' wool -
l.Vi,(i')il
3, 000 J
LSilk - J
L uo,oiioJ
33 ,'100
3,510,000
n cot ton 1
sso,onn ^.^^^„
2,910,000 ■— -
1,1 j2,s.io,ooo7j--^':U J
■ ^ 4110,0110 _ ' '
33«,50l) —
(;,-9,.M)l) —
1115,01)0 silk
L.
r 7",oooi
172,000
281,000
40,(100
45,011(1
80,000 I M
J it
s,ir.:,oiio
Ll20,0(10.
814,000
'.;20,ono
285,000
215,000
."0,000
40,011(1
50,0(10
Lios,(/Oi
A.
32,flOo"j
98,000 =
■11,000! .£
918,000
r..
325,(*)0
,'•55,000
5lO,(XK)
.SO.ilOO
1(11.(00
I IVi,l'M
L<! 1 1,0110
229,000 1, (III 1,000
10,000
19,000
10,000
13,00(jJ
yi
According to this calculation, the vihie of the cotton bnsiprv
annuallv made is 8.SO,00(V. ; that of worsted, Sic. is 870,000/. ;
and that of silk is 211 .000/.— To produce these goods, it is pro.
bable that 4,.58t,00O llis. of r.iw cotton wool, value I,')3,(100/.,
are used; and 1 10,000 lbs. of raw silk (2.5tbs Chioa and
3-5ths Novi), value 91,000/. ; .ilso, (i 318,000 lbs. of KnuMsh
wool, value 31f),0(HV. The total original value of the materi.ils
usetl, is, therefore, ,5(^0,0(MV., which, it tppears, becomes of the
ultimate cost value of 1,991,00.1/., in this tnaniifactur".
There are employed in the various processes, as follows,
viz. —
In cotton spinning, doubling, fcr., 3,000; worsted
carding, spinning, Ac, 2,500; silk w'.nding, throw-
ing, ,S:c., 1,000 .... C,.500
In inaVing stockings, 13,000 men, lo.noo women, and
10,000 youths; and wotncn and children in seaming,
winding, \c., 27,000 .... CO.OOO
In embroidering, mending, bliMching, dyeing, dressing,
VUtting-up, &c., probably about - - 0,500
Total persons employed
rs.ono
The capital employed in tin* various brauc' es of the trade
may he tlrus estimated, taking tin- machitiery and francs at
neither their original cost, nor actual sell ng price, but at^
their workmg value, and the stocks of hosiery on an average of
years : —
The capital in mills and machinery, for preparing A,,
cotton, is - - - - 7'i,0H0
_ _ worsted, &c. 52,(
_ —silk - . 1S,000
Filed capital In mills, ^^c.
— in frames
- 110,000
. V 15,000
Total of fixed capital
In wool and yam in process and stock
Floating capital in spinning, &c.
Capital in narrow cotton frames
— wide _- . .
— n,irrow worsted frames
— wide —
— bilk frames - .
Fixed capital in frames
In goods in process and stock
Floating capital in making hose
— in spiimit^g, &c.
/,.
. 85,00(1
. l.M),(iri(i
- .".■,(««
/.. 270,ihW
(i(l,0(«)
7(;,(i(i(i
1I,(I(HI
,-,(;,( ioo
, 2l5,(Jliii
/.
,T"., 110
,ll.'. (iOO
,s5,e(ill
t
;,.
7M(,(,n9
',:7",('(J(J
Total of (loaiing capltiil - t. 1,o,>o,(mjU
N. n. — This estimate is independent, of course of t'le v.nlua
of the hosiery wrought by wires ; but this is not very consider-
idile. W'e believe it untlerrattfs the total value of the manu-
facture; for a sum of 1 ,99 1 ,000/. Is barely equivalent, without
even (lulucting the extmrts, which are \erv lon-idi ruble, to ,iti
evpeiiditure upon stockings of about 2*. hd, a year to eai h in-
dividu'il iiitireat llritain. — a sum which w« ate inkliiieUt4
(bliik isuts-idedly under the mark.
I'orM of Destina
it .
Ill i
STOR AX. — STORES.
1083
STOR AX. See Balsam.
STORES, MILITARY and NAVAL, include arms, ammunition, &c. It it
enacted, that no arms, ammunition, or utensils of war, be importud by way of mer-
chandise, except by licence, for furnishing his Mujesty's public stores only. — (6 Geo. •).
c. 107.)
STORES, in commercial navigation, the supplies of different articles provided for the
nibsistence and accommodation of the ship's crciv and passengers.
It is laid down, in genera), that the surplus stores of every ship arriving from parts beyond seas are to
be subject to the ftame duties and regulations as those which aliec.t similar commodities whrn imported
as merchandise; but if it shall appear to the collector and comptroller that the quantity of such stores it
not excessive, nor unsuitable, under all the circumstances of the voyage, they may be entered for the
private use of the master, purser, or owner of such ship, on payment of the proper duties, or be ware»
housed for the future use of such ship, although the same could not be legally imported by way of mer-
chandise. — (3& 4 Will. 4. c. 52. \ ;i5.)
A List, by which to calculate the Amount of Stores, of the estimated Average Number of Days' Dura-
tion of a Voyage from the United Kingdom to the difl'crcnt Ports enumerated, and back.
I'orti of Destination.
Abo
Alalers
AlmtTia
A/ort's Isles
Alicant
Altta
Antigua
Aiit'ustine's Bay
Ancona
Alt'xandria
Ascension Isle
Arcliii>el.igo Isles
Antiittiona
ArihanKel
Australia
Alexandretta
Acapulco, Mexico
Uergen
Bona
tiornholm
Barcelona
Ba\ of Rotct
Kaltimore
Billaina Isles •
Harliadoes •
Berliice - •
Hermuda
l^'iOU
Itptila
liraiils -
Duenos Avres •
Bay of Campeachy
Uarcelor
Bomtiay -
Berif^iil
Botany Bay
Baiavia
Bremen - .. -
Bavonne
Bil'boa
Bordeaux
Curunna
(latliz
Cartscrona
Carttiasena
Cape de Verde Islands,
viz.
St. Antonio
St. Vincent
St. Jago
Ceuta
Canary Isles ■
Clirisliania
Copenhagen
Cette
Civita Vecchia
(■^orsica Isle
(Cayenne
Cajie Hayti
Charlestown
CliPsapealte Bay
Cuba
Cura^oa
Cronstadt
Candia Isle
Cejihalonia
Corfu Isle
Calabar
Cape Coast Ca.slle
Cartbagena, Spanisli
main
Cape St. Mary
Constantinople
Colombia Kiver
Cum.ina
;}
I.a,s
Dan
Days
ot
Da„
Ports of Destination.
of
Purls of Destination,
Ports of Destination.
Voyage.
Voyage.
Voyage.
Voyage.]
100
Cyprus
ISO
Majorca
110
Rhodes Island
ISO
VM
Capeof Good Hope '
210
.Alinorca
no
River (latnbia -
1!)0
mo
(;alloH
400
Marseilles
1.30
St. Andero
80
'JO
CoquiinlMj
4(H)
Messina • - -
1.30
St. I.'bes
SO
no
(hili
3(iO
.3Inntreal
l.'iO
Salee
vm
110
Calcutta
400
•Malta -
140
Stettin - . -
100
ISO
(Colombo
3(i.'>
:Martinico
IXO
Stockholm
1(10
l.')0
(X'yion - - "
3(1.'.
.31 . rici^alante
ISO
St. .Tohn's, .Newfound.
120
KiO
Ciiddalore
400
Mi.aniichi
100
St. .M.irv's
95
ISO
Cliina
4',;o
.Monlserrat
ISO
•St. .Michael's, A/ores
80
'iW
('anton
■UO
31aran)iani •
ISO
St. John, New Bruns.
120
ISO
Dantzic
lUO
.Monte Video -
230
St. Andrew, do.
I'iO
ISO
ilronttieiin
101)
Madagascar
270
Salerno
1,30
IWO
Delaware Bay -
1.30
^Mexico. Vitte Vera
Sardinia Isle
1,30
VM
Deiiierara
l.W
Cruz and Acapulco.
Susa - -
120
ISO
Dominica
ISO
Mogadore
10.'-.
Savannah
150
460
Davis Straits
240
.Mauritius
270
Syracuse
140
1(10
Einlxlen
42
Madras - - ■
400
St. Augtistine's Bay •
1,10
liiO
Elbing
Klsineur
95
.Malabar
,3(i5
St. Helena
240
luu
100
Malacca
400
Sydney, N. S. Wales
400
no
Ell>a Isle
130
.Manilla - -
420
Sumatra
400
no
Esscquibo
Friendiv Islanr<s
ISO
Mangalore
3(i5
Society Islands
Swan River
420
liiO
420
Masulifiatam ■
400
3fi5
ISO
Fare Islands, N. Sea
100
Mocha
365
Singapore
3(i5
ISO
Faio Island, Canaries
95
iVaittes ...
SO
Sural
3ii5
ISO
Ferroi ■
SO
Neufoundland
120
Sandwich Isles
420
\w
Frtval . -' -
SO
Nortli liergen
1(10
South Sea fishery
3 years
ISO
lao
Feimando Po
ISO
.\a}>les - - -
1,30
St. Bartholomevr
iOO
Falkland Islands
240
.\arlionne
1.30
St. Cro.x
ISO
iiUO
(ittttenburHh
(tibraltar
100
Nice - - -
1,-0
St. Clirisiopber's
ISO
ti'lO
100
Nevis - - -
ISO
St. Domingo
210
vio
(itnoa - - -
i.-o
.N'ova Scotia
120
SI. Enstatia -
180
3Ip5
(h'enada
ISO
.New York
121)
St. I.ueia
ISO
3(!.-,
iiuadaloupe
(iret'k islands, and
ISO
.N'tw Providence
Hi5
St. Martin
ISO
400
.N'ew Orleans -
I'JO
St. Thomas -
ISO
AW
(ireece
ISO
New tiitiiiea
41.11
St. \'incent's
ISO
400
(iallipoli
(ircenland fishery
ISO
New South Wales .
400
Salonica
ISO
42
ISO
New Zealand -
400
•Sant.l Martha -
240
SO
(ioree - - •
lUO
Neganatain -
New Brunswick
400
St. Salvador, or Bahia
200
SO
(jtiayaquil
(laiigapatam
(ioa . - -
4iO
120
St. Sebastian -
210
SO
4(10
Newport
121)
Senegal
ISO
SO
3U5
Oporto ...
no
Sierra I.eone
ISO
Ul)
H.iinbllrgh
Heliuoland
42
Oilfssa
210
Scandaroon -
180
100
42
Otahiite
420
Syra ...
ISO
lUO
Ilavti
210
OwIijlitH;
420
S'mvrna
ISO
Halifax
\W
I'etersburL'h
101)
Taiigier
I'^O
llavannah
2"l)
I'illHU -
UK)
Trinity Bay
vm
Ihniduras
210
Placenti.i Harbour -
120
Tntds - -
120
100
Hudson's Bay
241)
Port .^t. ,fohn, New-
Tan agona
no
Ilol)avt Town -
401)
foundland
120
Tonningen «
42
120
Iceland
100
Port-au-Prince, Hayti
210
Totihm - - -
1,30
y.-i
Ivica - " "
110
Palermo
1.31)
Tripoli
120
100
Italv - - -
1,30
P'-nsno(ila -
I'.IO
TeneriiPe - - -
!)5
100
Isle of Sable
120
Philadelphia
120
Tortola
ISO
1,3(1
Ionian Isles
1.30
Porto Rico
210
Tobago - - -
ISO
130
Islands in the Archip.
ISO
Providence, Bahama
Trinidad -
180
1,30
Isb-s of France and
Islands
IfiO
Trieste
160
ISO
Botirbon
270
Pernambuco
11)0
Tiuxillo
410
210
•Tatnaica - • -
210
I'orto BeUo
210
Timor
420
120
.Java - •
4(1(1
Para -
1S5
■| ell chi'rry -
365
120
K.Miigsherg
Lima . . -
1(10
Panama
420
Tr.inquebar
400
210
4(111
Pern
400
Trincomalee
3S0
ISO
I.atlrones
430
Philippine Islands
420
\-ii;o
SO
no
100
Lisbon - . -
SI)
Pondicherry
400
V,aleneia
ICO
1(111
Pellew Islands
120
N'ervce - - -
KiO
\r,a
l.e.;hom
I.oni; Island
J. a (iuayra
131)
()nebec
l,')l)
\era Craz
260
no
1,30
Oucen Ann's Point -
ISO
\'etie/.uela
240
ISO
240
Uio (iranile
21 iO
X'ablivia
400
200
I,a Conception
IMaalstroom*
400
Kio .Taneiro •
'/Oil
\'alparaiso
400
101)
Iloctiellc -
SO
\',an Diemen's Land -
3(i5
210
Maln[;a
KiO
Ilcvel
1(10
Wyburg
100
I.SO
I\fadeira - • -
!)0
Uigi -
loi)
/. ira - • "
KiO
ISO
AleniPl
1111)
UiiL,'en , - .
100
Zea
K'lO
700
Mog.uiore
120
Rome -
130
Zantc Isle
160
210
1
For surh places as are not included in the List, the same allo.vanee should be granted as is given to th«
place nearest thereunto.
i-,
! I ;t M. ,
lOS*
STRANDING.
-ill
i "^
;|
No itores tball Iw shipped for the u»e of «nj thin bound to
paru beyond the seas, nor shall ;iny gootik be tleeineu to bcsuch
tturc'd, eXL-e))t such as Hhall \te borne upon the victuuliinf{ bill<
^(3 & I Hi//. 1. c. fi-i, sect.fil.)
(fOodH delivered Into the rharffeof the searchers to lieshlpiH-d
lis stores, may be ho shipped without entry or pa>nient ot any
duty, for any ship of the liurden of 70 tuns at lea-st bound ii|M)n
a voyage to foreign parts, the probahle duration of which out
ami home will not be levs than 40 davK : prov.ded surh stores
be duly Immt' u|>on the ship's victualtlnf( bill, and beshipped in
iuch quantities, and subject to such directions and reKulalioiift,
as the commissioners ot customs shall direct and appoint.—
(3 & 4 mU. I. c. /jT. sect. IG.)
Hum of the Untiiih plantattona may be delivered to the
Bearclier, to bt* shipped as stores for any ship, without entry or
payment of any duty; and any surplus stores of any ship maybe
deUveretl to the searcher, to tw re-shipped as stores for the same
ship, or for the sairie master in another ship, without entry or
payment of any duty ,— such rum and such sur|»luf* stores being
dulv Imrne uiwn the victualltnK bills of such ships respectively j
antf if the hhip, tor tlie future use of whch any surplus stores
have been warehoused, shall have been broken up or sold, such
stores >nay be so delivered for tlie use of anv other sttip belnng'
ing to the same owners, or may be pntered for iiay^^*^"^ of tluty»
and (leiiventt for the private use of such owners or any of them,
or of the master ot purser of the ship. — Sect. 17.
The searchers in London, on clearance of vessels coastwise to
take in cargoes for foreign parts, are to apprise the collectors
and comiitroilers at the outports where tlie vessels may be
bound, of thequuntity and description of the goods wh ch may
liave been shijiped as stores oti board such Vtssels, and thai
bond has been given by the masters of the vessels that no part
of such stores sliall be consumetl by the crews, or any package
o|>enud or alteretl, until the vessels have actually been i leared
on thdr foreign voyages; and tJ.e colli ctors antf comptrollers
at the out'ports are* in like manner to cause a similar commu-
nication to bi' ma le to the |x>rts w here ihe outward cargoes are
to be taken on board and the otticers at such ports are to take
care to ascertain th? ihe several goods so shipptd are actually
on tward the vessels jn their arrival, and have neither been con-
sumed or run on shore during the coasting vov.^ge; and if so, to
retiort the same to the Hoard. — IMtn. by Com, of Cuttwn%, 19th
of Feb. 1833.)
List nf Fiyreiun Goods ulhrtved to be shipped as Sfores^ from ihe
ttonded IVu rehouses free (j/* />»/(/. — (Custom's Minute, 2Uth
of Nov. 1852.)
Tea, i of an o£. ; coffee or cocoa, 1 oz. per day for each per-
son on board, with tlie option to ship the entire quantity re-
quiri (I for tlie voyage of either species of these article*, hu/f an
oz. of tea being I'onsid-.red equal to o*ie uz. of coffee or cocoa ;
the tea to be blupped u\ the origiiiol packugeii in which it was
impurtcU.
H'lfi^, 1 quart yiet day for the matter, cch mate, and cabbi
passenger.
Wim? Imttletl In the bonded warehouses for ex)>ortntion niav
l>e shipped as store-*, in packages containing not less than 3 Uoi,
reputeil ({U trt, or f> doz. reputed pint l>ottles.
SiiirUa. viz. brandy, geneva, rum ilintish plantation), ^ pini
per day for each person on board.
Hritish plantation rum to lie in the protwrtion of A of the
whole quantity of spirits shipped. Kach description or spiriti
intendra as stores to l>e shipped in oiw ca-k capable of con.
taiiiing the entire quantity of brands, or of geneva or rum,
allowed for the voyage, or in casks rontaininu not leu than lo
gallons of brandy or geneva, or 'A) uadons of British plaiitatiun
rum, as the case may he: provided that ifspirits shall nave heen
imported in l>ottles,'or Iwttled In the bonfied warehouae for ex-
portation, tlie same may l»e shipped as stores, in pacliagi s con-
t'lining not less than 3 doz> reputed quart or G doz. reputed
pint bottles.
H»tv St%ar and Mtdi*sses {Uigether or separate)^ 2 oz. per day
for each person on board.
Dried Fruits^ '^ lbs. per week for each person on board.
Ricet U lbs. per week for each person on lioard.
FoninH ScfTiirs, ^ oz. per day tor the master, eachtmaie, and
each cabin passenger.
The entire quantity of foreign segars, allowed as stores for
eacli voyage tube shipped in one package.
A List qf British nuimtfttctired Gootfs to be nl/owed to be shipjied
as Stores o» the usual Bouttttf or Drawltack-
British rrftuvd Sii^ar, 3 oz. ptr day for the master, each
mate, and each cabin passenger.
Uritish mannfiictured Tobaccot J oz. per day per man.
British erciseuble GomlSf viz. l>eer, ale, and porter (together
or >^eparate), 1 quart per day for the master, each mate, and
each passenger.
Vinegar, i pint per week for each person on board.
Soap, 4 oz. per day for each person on board. The &am«
indulgence, in respect of the shipment of stores, which has been
granted to merchant vessels under the 2^3 Will. 4. c. K4.
and by subse<(uent orders, is granted to transports under the fol!
lowing conditions, viz- : — (hi a certificate being prmhiced for
each vessel, from the office of a comptroller for viclualHng and
transport services, setting forth the destination of the vessel,
and the mimber of the crew and passengers on board, who are
not to lie ine>sed by the victualling shipped by the public ; and
as respects soldiers embarkeil as guards in sHips chartered for
the transportation of convicts, on a c niiicate being produced
from the pr(){>er department, specifying the number of soldiers
to be embarked in each case; but no indulgence can begrant«t
in regard to the ai tide of soap.— CTmM. Ordr, 6th of March
1,S33; see also Eltis'jt British Tar'\if fur 1»33 and lS3l,_an
accurate and useful publicaiioii.)
STRANDING, in navigation, the running of a ship on shore, or on the beach.
It is the invariable practice to subjoin the following memorandum to policies of insur-
ance executed by private individuals in this country : — " N. B, — Corn, fish, salt, fruit,
flour, and seed, arc warranted free from average, unless general, or the ship he stranded;
sugar, tobacco, hemp, flax, hides, and skins, are warranted free from average under 5/.
per cent. ; and all other goods, also the ship and freight, are warranted free of average
under 3/. per cent., unless general, or the ship he stranded.'*
It is, therefore, of the greatest importance accurately to define what shall be deemed a
stranding. But this is no easy matter ; and much diversity of opinion has been enter-
tained with respect to it. It would, however, appear that merely striking against a rock,
bank, or shore, is not a stranding ; and that, to constitute it, the ship must be upon the
rock, &c. for some time (how long?). — Mr. Justice Park has the following observations
on this subject : — "It is not every touching or striking upon a fixed body in the sea or
river that will constitute a stranding. Thus Lord KUenborough held, that in order to
establish a stranding, the ship must be stationary ; for that merely striking on a rock,
and remaining there a short Hme (as in the case then at the bar, about a minute and a half),
and then passing on, though the vessel may have received some injury, is not a stranding.
Lord Ellenborough*s language is important. — Ex vi ^erm/ni stranding means lying on the
shore, or something analogous to that. To use a vulgar phrase, which has l)een applied
to this subject, if it be touch and go with the ship, there is no stranding. It cannot be
enough that the ship lie for a few moments on her beam ends. Every striking must
necessarily produce a retardation of the ship's motion. If by the force of the elements
she is run aground, and becomes stationary, it is immaterial whether this be on piles, on
the muddy bank of a river, or on rocks on 'he sea shore ; but a mere striking will not do,
wherever that may happen. I cannot look to the consequences, without considering the
causa causans. There has been a curiosity in the cases about stranding not creditable to
tlie law. A little common sense may dispose of them mof*e satisfactorily."
This is the clearest and most satisfactory statement we have met with on this subject;
still, however, it is very vague. Lord Ellenborough and IMr. Justice Park hold, that
to constitute a stranding, the ship must be stationary ; but they also hold, that if she
merely remain upon a rock, &c. f«>r a short time^ she is not to be considered as having
l)een stationary. Hence every thing turns upon what shall be considered as a short
time. And we cannot help thinking that it would be better, in order to put to rest
all doubts upon the subject, to decide either that every striking against a rock, the
shore, &c. by which damage is done to the ship, should be considered a stranding ; or that
no striking against a rock, &c. should be considered a» such, provided the ship be
Year.
Pe
Fis
1828
1S29
8
8
SUG.
Su/i/iir i
to requi;
STURGEON FISHERY.— SUGAR.
108.5
got off within a tpetifiid time. Terhaps a tide would b« tlie most proper period that
could be fixed.
The insurance companies exclude the words, " or the t/iip be stranded," from tlie me-
niorundum. — (See Insiranck, Marink. )
STURGEON FlSIlEItV. The sturgeon isa large, valunl)le, and well known fish,ot
which there are several species, viz. the sturgeon, properly so called, or Accipenser stum ,■
tlic beluga, or Accipenser huso ; the sevruga, or Arcipenser stellatus, &c. The sturgeon
annually ascends our rivers, but in no great number, and is taken by accident in the
salmon nets. It is plentiful in the North American rivers, and on the southern shores of
the Baltic ; and is met with in the Mediterranean, &c. But it is found in the greatest
abundance on the northern shores of the Caspian, and in the rivers Wolga and Ural;
and there its fishery employs a great number of hands, and is an important object of
national industry. Owing to the length and strictness of the Lents in the Greek Church,
the consumption of fish in Russia is immense ; and from its central position, and the
facilities afforded for their conveyance by the Wolga, the products of the Caspian fishery,
and those of its tributary strenms, are easily distributed over a vast extent of country.
Besides the pickled carcases of the fish, caviar is prepared from the roes ; and isinglass,
of the best quality, from the sounds. The caviar made by tlie Ural Cossacks is
reckoned sui)erior to any other ; and both it and isinglass are exported in considerable
quantities. The belugas are sometimes of a very large size, weighing from 1,000 to
1,500 lbs., and yield a good deal of oil. The seal lisliery is also pretty extensively
prosecuted in the Caspian. The reader will find a detailed account of the mode in
wiiicli the fishery is carried on in the Caspian, and in the rivers Wolga and Ural, in
Tuoke's Russia, vol. iii. pp. 49 — 72. We subjoin the following oflfieial statement of
the produce of the Russian fisheries of the Caspian and its tributary streams in 1828
and 1 829 : —
Year.
Numlier of
Persons employed.
Number of Tish taken.
Products of Sturgeon. ]
In
Fishing.
In
hunting ^
»eaU.
.Sturgeon.
Sevruga. Beluga, j «-»■;«
Seals.
Caviar.
Kish
Cartilage.
Itinglasa.
1828
1S29
8,887
8.700
254
43,03.';
tW,.32.">
GJS.lfi* 23,069
697,716 2(),.')91
8,;B3
.'(,940
I'ouila. lbs. Poiiil). Vn.
98,.584 1 34,860 1 i l,li()7 38
(i9,S72 2S,4a) 7 ■ 1,173 26*
Poml: III,.
1,225 27
1,(.92 22
SUCCORY, OR CIIICCORY; the wild endive, or Cichorinm lutiihvs of LimiaMis.
This plant is found growing wild on calcareous soils in England, and in most coun-
tries of Europe. In its natural state the stem rises from 1 to .3 feet high, but when
cultivated it shoots to the height of 5 or C feet. The root runs dee)) into the ground,
and is white, fleshy, and yields a milky juice. It is ciiltivatcd to some extent in thi.s
country as an herbage plant, its excellence in this respect having been strongly insisted
upon by the late Arthur Young. But in Germany, and in some parts of the Nether-
lands and France, it is extensively cultivated for the sake of its root, which is used as a
substitute for coffee ; and it is this circumstance only that has induced us to mention it.
When prepared on a large scale, the roots are partially dried, and sold to the manu-
facturers of the article, who wash them, cut them in pieces, kiln-dry them, and grind
them between fluted rollers into a powder,' which is packed up in papers containing
from 2 oz. to .'J or 4 lbs. The powder has a striking resemblance to dark ground coffee,
and a strong odour of liquorice. It has been extensively used in Prussia, Brunswick,
and other parts of Germany, for several years ; but as it wants the essential oil and the
rich aromatic flavour of coffee, it has little in common with the latter except its colour,
and has nothing to recommend it except its chcajiness. It is only lately that succory
powder began to be used in England ; but, within the last 3 years, considerable quan-
tities have been imnorted from Hamburgh, Antwerp, &c. We believe, too, that a small
quantity has been produced in the Isle of Tlianet. — (^Loudon's Encyc, of Agriculture;
liees's Cydopadia ; and private information. )
Succory, wlien first imported, being an uncnumerated article, was cliarged with a duty of 20 per cent,
flrf valorem. But the average price of British plantation cotlee may be taken at 80*. per cwt. in Iwnd ;
and the duty, being 56s. |)er cwt., is equivalent to an ad valorem duty of about 70 per cent. ; so that cqffee
vas taxed mnic than three times as jnueh as suecunj. Had coftee been always sold ungrouiid, this dia.
tlnctioii in the tluf ies would have been less objectionable ; but as the lower classes, who are now the great
consumers of coftt-e, have no facilities for roasting and grinding it at home, they uniformly buy it in the
shiii)e of powder ; hence it is plain that the discriminating duty in favour of succory must have acted aa
a premium upon, and an incentive to the adulteration of cotlfee by its intermixture. We are, therefore,
glad to have to state that it has been abolished, and that succory is now subjected to a duty of 6rf. per lb.
fhe imposition of different duties upon convertihle articles is quite subversive of every sound principle ;
and, whether it be so intended or not, is calculated only to promote adulteration and fraud.
SUGAR (Fr. Sucre; Ger. Zucher ; It. Zucchero ; Rus.s. Sachar ; S\t. A zucar ; Arab.
Sukhir ; Malay, Soola ; Sans. .^ haru), a sweet granulated substance, too well known
to require any particidar description. It is every where in extensive use ; and in
"pr
^Ti
V.
il *
1;
1 '
r
■ ■ I
^h.
I 'i
1'! '
i' *
r vj
fi'' •:iL
fir.: 'J
1^
I I
h
i '1
' 1
1 ,
<
; 1
] \
I
I
!:i
:i
'
J
I ^ j
|.(
, ..J
low
SUGArt.
ii
I :
this country runkii rather among the indispensable necessitrius uf life, tlian among
luxuries. In point of conimei> iul importance, it is second to very t'uw articles. It u
chiefly prepared from the expressed juice of the arundo aacc/iarifera, or sugar cane ;
but it IS also procured from an immense rariety of other plants, as maple, beet root,
birch, parsne]), &c.
I. Species of Sugar. — Tlie sugar met with in commerce is usually of 4 sorts ; —
brown, or muscovado sugar ; clayed sugar ; refined, or loaf sugar ; and sugar candy. The
difference between one sort of sugar and another depends altogether on the different
modes in which they are prepared.
1. Brown, or Muscovado Suynr. — The jilants or canes being crushed in a mill, the
juice, having passed through a strainer, is collected in the clarilier, where it is first ex-
posed to the action of a gentle fire, afler being " tempered " (mixed with alkali), for the
purpose of facilitating the separation of the liquor from its impurities. It is then con-
veyed into the large evaporating copper, and successively into two others, each of smaller
size ; the superintending boiler freeing it, during the process, from the scum and feculent
matters which rise to the surface. The syrup then reaches the last copper vessel, called
the " striking tache," where it is boiled till sufficiently concentrated to be capable of
granulating in the cooler, whence it is transferred with the least possible delay, to pre-
vent charring. Here it soon ceases to be a liquid ; and when fully crystallised, is put
into hogsheads (called " potting "), placed on their ends in the curing-house, with several
apertures in their bottoms, through which the molasses drain into a cistern below. In
this state they remain till properly cured, when the casks arc filled up, and prepared for
shipment.
2. Cldi/ed Sugar is i)repared by taking the juice, as in the case of muscovado sugar,
when boiled to a proper consistency, and pouring it into conical pots with the apex
downwards. These pots have a hole at the lower extremity, through which the molasses
or syrup is allowed to drain. After this drain has continued fur some time, a stratum
of moistened clay is spread over the surface of the pots ; the moisture of which percolating
through the muss, is found to contribute powerfully to its purification.
3. Itefined Suynr may be prepared from muscovado or clayed sugar, by redissolving
the sugar in wator, and, after boiling it with some purifying substances, pouring it, us
before, into conical pots, which are again covered with moistened clay. A repetition
of this i)rocess produces double rejined sugar. But a variety of improved processes are
now resorted to.
4. Sugar Candg. — Solutions of brown or clayed sugar, boiled till they become thick,
and then removed into a hot room, form, upon sticks or strings put into the vessels
for that purpose, into crystals, or candy.
II. Historical Notice of Sugar. — The history of sugar is involved in a good deal of
obscurity. It was very imjierfectly known by the Greeks and Romans. Theophrastus,
who lived about 320 years before the Christian era, the first writer whose works have
come down to us by whom it is mentioned, calls it a sort of " honey extracted from
canes or reeds." Strabo states, on th'. authority of Nearchus, Alexander's admiral, that
" reeds in India yield honey without bees." And Seneca, who was put to death in the
65th year of the Christian era, alludes ( Epist. 84. ) to the sugar cane, in a manner which
shows that he knew next to nothing of sugar, and absolutely nothing of the manner in
which it is prepared and obtained from the cane.
Of the ancients, Dioscorides and Pliny have given the most precise description of
sugar. The former says, it is " a sort of concreted honey, found upon canes, in India
and Arabia Felix; it is in consistence like salt, and is, like it, brittle between the teeth."
And Pliny describes it as " honey collected from canes, like a gum, white and brittle
between the teeth ; the largest is of the size of a hazel nut : it is used in medicine only."
— (^Sacchurumet Arabia ftrt, sed latidutius India ; est autcm melin arundinibus collectiim,
gummium modo candidum, dentibus fragile, amplissimuni 7iucis avellance mugnitudine, ad
medicincB tantum usum. — Lib. xii. c. 8. )
It is evident, from these statements, thnt the knowledge of the Greeks and Romans
with respect to the mode of obtaining sujjar was singularly imperfect. They appear
to have thought that it was found adhering to the cane, or that it issued from it in
the state of juice, and then concreted like gum. Indeed, Lucan expressly alludes to
Indians near the Ganges, —
Quique bibunt tenerd dulces ab arundine succos. — (Lib. iii. 1. 237.)
But these statements are evidently without foundation. Sugar cannot be obtained
from the cane without the aid of art. It is never found native. Instead of flowing from
the plant, it must be forcibly expressed, and then subjected to a variety of processes.
Dr. Moseley conjectures, apparently with much probability, that the sugar described
by Pliny and Dioscorides, as f)eing made use of at Home, was sugar candy obtained
from China. This, indeed, is the only sort of augar to which their description will at
II I
SUGAR.
lots?
all apply* And it would seem tliat the mode of preparing sugar candy lius Leeu under-
fttood and practibud in China from a very remote antiijuity ; and tlint lur<;e quantities of
it have been in all ages exported to India, wiience, it is most probable, small quantitiis
found their way to Rome. — ( Treatise oh Suyar, '2d edit. pp. 66' — 71. This, as well as
iJr. Moselcy's Treatise on Coffee, is u very learned and able work. )
Europe seems to be indebted to the Saracens not only for the first considerable sup-
plies of sugar, but for the earliest example of its manufacture. Having, in the course
of the 9th century, conquered Rhodes, Cyprus, Sicily, and Crete, the Saracens intro-
duced into them the sugar cane, with the cidtivation and preparation of which they
were familiar. It is mentioned by the Venetian historians, that their countrymen im-
ported, in the 12th century, sugar from Sicily at a cheaper rate than they could import
it from Egypt. — (Knsui de I'llistuire ilu Commerce ik I'eniae, p. 100.) The crusades
tended to s])read a taste for sugar throughout the Western world ; but there can be no
doubt that it was cultivated, as now stated, in modern Europe, antecedently U, the era
of the crusades; and that it was also previously imported by the Venetians, Amal-
phitans, and others, who carried on a commercial intercourse, from a very remote epoch,
with Alexandria and other cities in the Levant. It was certainly imported into Venice
in 996. — (See the Eumi, ^c. p. 70.)
The art of refining sugar, and making what is called loaf-sugar, is a modern European
invention, the discovery of a Venetian about the end of the 15th or the begiimingof the
16th century. — (Mosclei/, p. 66.)
Tlie Saracens introduced the cultivation of the sugar cane into Spain soon after they
obtained a fo^oting in that country. The first plaiUations were at ^'ak■ncia ; but they
were afterwards extended to Granada and iVlurcia. IMr. Tlionms Willougliby, who
travelled over great part of Spain in 1664, has given an interesting account of the state
of the Spanish sugar plantations, and of the mode of manufacturing the sugar.
Plants of the sugar cane were carried by tlic Sjjaniards and Portuguese to the Canary
Islands and Madeira, in the early part of the Ijtli century; and it has been asserted
by many, that these islands furnished the first plants of the sugar cane that ever grew
in America.
But though it is sufficiently established, that the Spaniards early conveyed plants of
the sugar cane to the New World, there can be no doubt, notwithstanding Humboldt
seems to incline to the oi)posite opinion {J'Jusai Pulitiqve sur la Nouvetk Espagne,
liv. iv. c. 10.), that this was a work of supererogation, and that the cane was indigenous
both to the American continent and islatuls. It was not for the plant itself, which
flourished spontaneously in many parts when it was discovered by Columbus, but for
the secret of making sugnr from it, that the New World is indebted to the Spaniards and
Portuguese ; and these to the nations of the East. — (Sec Lujitau, M<£urs dea Suuvages,
tome ii. p. 150. ; Edwards's Went Indies, vol. ii. p. 2.'38.)
Barbadocs is the oldest settlement of the English in the West Indies. They took
possession of it in 1627; and so early as 1616 begun to export sugar. In 1676, the
trade of Barbadocs is said to have attained its maxinium, being then capable of employing
400 sail of vessels, averaging 150 tons burden.
Jamaica was discovered by Columbus, in his second voyage, and was first occupied by
the Spaniards. It was wrested from them by an expedition sent against it by Cromwell,
in 1656; and has since continued in our jjossession, ibrniiiig by far the most valuable of
our West Indian colonies. At the time wiien it was conquered, there were only 3
small sugar plantations upon it. But, in consequence of the influx of English settlers
from Barbadoes and the mother eoimtry, fresh plantations were speedily formed, and
continued rapidly to increase.
The sugar cane is said to have been first cultivated in St. Domingo, or Hayti, in 1506.
It succeeded better there than in any other of the West Indian islands. Peter Martyr,
in a work published in 15.30, states that, in 1518, there were 28 sugar-works in St.
Domingo established by the Spaniards. " It is marvellous," says he, " to consider how
all things increase and prosper in the island. There are now 28 sugar-i)resses, where-
with great plenty of sugar is made. The canes or reeds wherein the sugar groweth are
bigger and higher than in any other place ; and are as big as a man's wrist, and higher
than the stature of a man by the half. This is more wonderful, that whereas in Va-
lencia, in Spain, where a great quantity of sugar is made yearly, whensoever they apply
themselves to the great increase therec 1, yet doth every root bring forth not past .5 or 6,
or at most 7 of these reeds ; whereas in St. Domingo 1 root beareth 20, and oftentimes
30." — (Eng. trans, p. 172.)
Sugar from St. Domingo fi)rmed, for a very long jjcriod, the principal part of the
European supplies. Previously to its devastation, in 17S0, no fewer than 65,000 tons
of sugar were exported from the French portion of the island.
in. Sources whence the Supply qf Sugar is derived. — The West Ii;dics, Brazil, Surinam, Jav'a,
Mauritius, Bengal, Siam, the Isle de Bourbon, and the Philiijpinos, are the principal lourcei whence the
V
■ Ii
: I
, I ; I I
r\M
1 liv. :if.
'%
K i, 1
1088
SUGAR
'■
(I
•upplleii r«iiilrod f.ir the Euroiiean ami Amorlcan marketi iire doriTeil. llie nvorn^e qiiniilUiL-* ixiiorlid
from tliL'»u couiitrie* (luring tacli ul tlic J years eiuling with 18o3 witc nearly a* follown : —
Ton:
Brlt'nh West Indies, including Demerara and Bcrblce . - liXi.OK)
MuurittiiH - .... ai.'KJO
Ui'iigal, Ule de Hourlwn, Java, Siam, PhilippinM, &c. - • OVKJO
( uba and I'orto Kico . - - • • 110,01)0
Frciirh, Dutch, and Uaninh West Indies . - - WiOOO
Braiil - • • - - - Vi.OOO
500,000 tons.
Loaf or lump sugar Is unknown In the Kast, sugar candy being the only species of refined sugar that ii
made use of in India, China, M'. The manufacture of sugar candy Is carried on in Himlostaii, but the
process Is extremely ruilo and im|ierfe(t. In China, hnwover. It is manntactured in a very superior
manner and lar^e quantities a'c exported. When of the best description, it is in large white crystals, an J
is a very bc.iutlful article. Two nuts of sugar candy are met with at Canton, viz. Chinchew and I'uiitoii ;
the former being the produce of the iiroviiice of Fokicn, and the latter, as its name implies, of that of
Canton The cliinchew is by far the best, and is about iH) per cent dearer than the other. Chinese
average, the exports of sugar from Canton may lie taken at from t>,(l(K) to ll),(XH) tons ; l>ut of this oiil
a small quantity tiiids its way to Europe. The exports from Siam and Cochin-China are estimated an
•bout 12,50U tons.
Consumption of Sugnr in Europe, Sfc. — Mr. Cook gives tlie following Table of the
imports of sugar into Fiance and the principal Continental ports in 1831, I8:5'i, and
1833, and of the stocks on hand on the 31st of Uecember of each of these years : —
ImportK.
Stocks.
.■JlHt of Uecember.
1831.
18W. ' I8;u
1831.
1832. 1833.
Tom.
Tim.i. ToKt,
Tint.
Tmit, 1 Tom.
France . . - •
97,«0
82,0(H) 70,500
2.5,870
9,.i">0 10,1,0
Trieste • " '
n,9.">o
i2i2,4(XJ li,800
(),9lX)
Il,900'
6,840
i),rm
10,.500 fi,8(H)
\,rm
2,200
2,180
Antwerp - ■ • "
Rotterdam • • ■
5,m)
8,780 li;,M(K)
2,(K)0
2,<HK)
5,100
10,700
11,6(K) ■ 6,0.10
1,8110
3,900
3,350
Amsterdam - " * "
18 370
'22,380 20,100
2,200
3,400
5,300
Hamburgh • . - «
^8,800
37,930 30,«K)
9.(HJ0
13,400
9,K20
Bremen - •
1-2,380
I2,;J(X) 7,;550
3,230
5,800
3,5,50
Copenhagen - . .
Petersburgh - ...
i,.'i.T()
5,850 5,.0liO
8(10
2,;370
1,8)0
1,170
2 J, 100 18,;-)(X)
8,«0
ll,f)fi0
15,(i00
a26,910 1237,0*0 '203,OtiO
61,740
6,i,980 1 64,020 |
This Table does not, however, give the imports into any of the ports of the Peninsula.
But the consumption of Spain, only, has been estimated, apjiarently on good grounds, by
M. Montveran (Essai de Statistique sur Ics Coloniis, p. 92.), at 45,000,000 kilog.
(41,050 tons). This may appear large for a country in the situation of Spain ; but the
quantity is deduced from comparing the imports with the exports ; and it is explained
partly by the moderation of the duties, and partly by the large consumption of cocoa,
and other articles that require a corresponding consumption of sugar. Mr. Cook's
Table also omits the imports into Leghorn, Naples, Palermo, and other Italian ports.
Neither does it give those into Stettin, Kiinigsbcrg, Riga, Stockholm, Gottenburgli,
&c. It is, besides, very difficult, owing to transhipments from one place to another,
accurately to estimate the real amount of the imjiorts. On the whole, however, we
believe that we shall be within the mark, if we estimate those for the whole Continent
at from 285,000 to 310,000 tons, including what is sent from England.
The following Table, compiled from the best authorities, exhibits the total consumption
of colonial and foreign sugars in France at different periods since 1788, with the popu-
lation, and the average consumption of each individual. — (See Montveran, Essui de
Statistique, p. 96., and the authorities there referred to.)
Years.
ronsumpUon.
Population.
Individual Conaumptioii.
21,.3()0,000
Kiloff.
1788
23,600,000
•906
ISOI
25,2(10,000
31,000,000
•813
1812
16,0(K),(X)0
43,(XH),(X)0
•372»
1816 to 1819 average •
3'i,000,(KK)
30,000,000
l'20O
1819 — 1822 —
47,(MX),(KM)
30,833,(KX)
rStiS
1822 — 1824 —
47,2;50,O00
3I,10;3,(XX)
1'513
1824 — 1825 —
55,7.50,(KK)
31,280,000
1'782
1826 — 1827 —
62,.5(H),0(K)
31,62;5,(X)0
1976
1830 - • -
67,2;5(),(XK)
3I,845,0(K)
2^126
This, however, is independent of the consumption of indigenous sugar — (see post), and
of the sugar introduced by the contraband trade, — both of which are very considerable.
Tlie entire consumption of all sorts of sugar in France in 1 832, including from 8,000,000
to 9,000,000 kilog. of beet-root sugar, and allowing for the quantity fraudulently intro-
• Continental syiitcm and empire.
SUGAH.
10fi9
duocd, may l>e estimate<l at about 8B,00(),000 kilog., or 193,0CX),OOO lbs. ; which, taking
the population at 3'2,0(X),U()0, gives an average consumption o( 6 lbs. to cacli individual,
being about jth part of the consumption of each individual in Great Britain ! This
extraordinary discrepancy is no doubt ascribable to various causes ; — partly to the grcatcr
povcrty of the mass of the French people ; partly to their smaller consumption of ten,
coffee, punch, and other articles that occasion a large consumption of sugar ; and partly
and principally, perhaps, to the oppressive duties with which foreign sugars are loaded
on their being taken into France for home consumption.
The United Sutes consume from 70,000 to 80,000 tons ; but of these, from 30,000 to
40,000 tons arc produced in Louisiana.
About 170,000 tons of sugar are retained for home consumption in Great Britain,
and 17,000 tons in Ireland ; exclusive of about 12,00O tons of bustards, or inferior ^uga^
obtained by the boiling of molasses, and exclusive also of the refuse sugar and treacle
remaining after the process of refining.
On the whole, therefore, we believe we may estimate the aggregate consumption of
tlie Continent and of the British islands at about 50(),(XX) tons a year ; to which if we
add the consumption of the United States Turkey, &c., the aggregate will be nearly
equivalent to the supply. The demand is rapidly increasing in most countries ; but as
the power to produce sugar is almost illimitable, no permanent rise of prices need be
looked for. «
Taking the price of sugar at the low rate of 1/. 4». a cwt., or 2'1/. a ton, the prime
cost of the article to the people of Europe will be 1 2,0(X),000/. sterling; to which add-
ing 75 percent, for duty, its total cost will be 21,000,000/. ! 'I'his is sufficii-nt to prove
the paramount importance of the trade in this article. Exclusive, however, of sugar,
the other products of the cane, as rum, molasses, treacle, &c., are of vc'iy great value.
The revenue derived by the British treasury from rum, only, amounts to neorK 1,000,000/.
n year.
Progressive Consumption of Sugar in Great Britain. — We are not aware that there
are any authentic accounts with respect to the precise period when sugar first began to
be used in England. It was, however, imported in small quantities by the Venetians
and Genoese in the I4th and 15th centuries* ; but honey was then, and long after, the
principal ingredient employed in sweetening liquors and dishes. Even in the early part
of the 1 7th century, the quantity of sugar imported was very inconsiderable ; and it
was made use of only in the houses of the rich and great. It was not till the latter
part of the century, when coffee and tea began to be introduced, that sugar came into
general demand. In 1700, the quantity consumed was about 10,000 tons, or
^2,000,000 lbs. ; at this moment, the consumption has ii creased (bastards included) to
above 180,000 tons or more than 400,000,000 lbs. ; so that sugar forms not only one
of the principal articles of importation and sources of revenue, but an important neces-
sary of life.
Great, however, as the increase in the use of sugar )ias certainly been, it may, wc
think, be easily shown, that the demand for it is still very fur below its natural limit ;
and that, were the existing duties on this article reduced, and the trade placed on a
proper footing, its consumption, and the revenue derived from it, would be greatly
increased.
During the first half of last century, the consumption of sugar increased five-fold.
It amounted, as already stated —
In 1700, to 10,000 tons
1710, - 14,000 —
173*, - . 42,000 —
or 22,000,000 lbs.
- 31,360,()(K) —
- 9+,080,000 —
In 1754, to 53,270 tons or 119,320,000 Ibi.
1770—1775, 72,;")()0 (average) - l(!2,5tXt,(KlO —
1786—1790,81,000 — - xsi/.m.mo —
In the reign of Queen Anne, the duty on sugar amounted to 3s. 5d. per cwt. Small
additions were made to it in the reign of George II. ; but in 1780 it was only 6s. 8rf.
In 1781, a considerable addition was made to the previous duty ; and in 1787 it was as
high as 12s. Ad. In 1791 it was raised to 15s. ; and while its extensive and increasing
consumption pointed it out as an article well fitted to augment the public revenue, the
pressure on the public finances, caused by the French war, occasioned its being loaded
with duties, which, though they yielded a large return, would, there is good reason to
think, have been more productive had they been lower. In 1797, the duty was raised
to 17*. 6d. ; 2 years after, it was raised to 20*. ; and, by successive augmentations in
1803, 1804, and 1806, it was raised to 30». ; but in the last-mentioned year it was
enacted, that, in the event of the market price of sugar in bond, or exclusive of the
» In Marin'i Storia del Cotnmercio de' yenexiani (vol. v. p. 306), there is an nccouiit of a shipment made
at Venice for England in 1319, of UJO.dOO 11)8. of biigar, and 10,(KiO Ibi. of siignr candy. The sugar is sftid
to have been brought fVom the Levant.
', I i
\\
4 A
'U
< '< \i
1090
SUGAU.
dutjTi being, for the 4 months previous to the 5th of January, tlie 5th of May, or thu
5th of Soptember, below 49s. a cwt., the Lords of the 'i'rcosury iniglit remit l«. a
cwt. of tlie duty; that if the prices were below 48»., they might remit 2#. ; and
it below 47«., they might remit 3«., whicli was tlie greatest reduction that could Ih;
made. In 1826, the duty was declared to be constant at 27*., without regard to price •
but it was reduced, in 1830, to 24«. on West India sugar, and to 32«. on East India
sugar.
The duty on foreign sugars is a prohibitory one of 63t. a cwt. Sugar from the
Mauritius is, however, by a special provision, fdlowed to be imported at the same duty
as West India sugar.
I. Account of the Quantity of Sugar retained for Home Coniumption in Obbat BaiTAiN, the Nett Revenue
derived from it, and the Kate* of Duty with wliich it wa* charged: and the Price, excludvc of the
Duty, in each Year nrom 1789 to 1832, both inciuiivc.
J I
M:
Qu«ntitia retalntd
tot ilom* Con>
Nm RcTCnue.
lumoront;.
Price of Jamaica
Hrown or Muico-
Tado Uumr in Bnnii
Yaart.
BrlUah Planl-
Ent India Siuiir,
including Maorlliui.
sunnptlon.
ation Sufiu.
iwr UaielteAieraffi'.
Cwt.
Ptr Cnl.
pt cm.
Per Ctni,
ad vtUtw9fn>
PtCn*.
S $. d.
£ ». d.
JB t. d.
£ ».
rf.
£ a it
1789
1,547,109
86i;,632 11 11
12 4
37 16
3
"• •■ a.
1790
l,5.i6,232
908,954 17 4
1791
1,403,211
1,074,903 16 5
15
OSS
37 16
3
1792
1,3<)1,592
1,012,538 12 1
1793
1,677,097
1,316,502 14 3
1794
1,489,392
1,031,492 4 2
1795
1,336,230
949,961 16 1
1796
1,.M4,062
1,225,213 7 5
1797
1,273,722
1,299,741 7
17 6
5 2
37 16
3
1798
1,476,552
l,79t,990 15 9
19
5 2
40 16
3
1799
2,772,438
2,321,9,35 16 5
1
2 6
42 16
3
1800
1,506,921
1,835,112 11 1
1801
WJfl^^
2,782,232 18 1
-
3 3
42 16
3
1802
2,850,311
2,210,801 6 11
1803
1,492,565
1,551,457 17 11
14
1 6 41
1 4
1804
2,144,369
2,458,124 18 3
16 6
1 9 If
1 6
6
1805
2,076,103
2,439,795 1 10
1 7
1 9 Si
1 7
1806
2,801,747
3,097,590 3 6
1807
2,277,665
3,150,753 C 3
1808
2,842,813
4,177,916 3 4
.
1 10
1
1809
S.504,507
3,273,995 2 3
1810
3,489,312
3,117.330 12 9
ri 9
(18
1 12
1 11
1
1
1811
3,226,757
3,339,218 4 3
1 7
1 10
1
*,
1812
2,604,019
3,939,939 17 2
1813
8,209,063
3,447,560 4 6
1 It
1 13
1
Per Cnl.
C ;ffl 10
7
,1814
1,997.999
3,276.513 6 5
■
•! 1 11
I 1 19
.
3 13 4
' 1815
1,888,965
,2,957,403 2 4
-
1 10
1 17
1 19
: 2
1 1 17
3 1 10
1816
2,228,156
3,166,85118
1 7
:;
2 8 7
1817
2,960,79*
3,967,154 5
B <•
1 17
J
2 9 8
1818
1,457,707
2.331,472 3 5
1 10
2
2 10
1819
2,474,738
3,507,844 11
CI 8
11 7
1 18
1 17
]
2 l' 4
1820t
2,581,256
3.477,770 11 4
1 7
1 17
1 16 2
1821
2,676,274
3,660,567 6 7
•
-
1 13 2
1832
2,618,490
3,579,412 12 1
-
•
1 11
1823
2,842,676
4,022,782 4 1
m
•
I 12 11
182t
2,957,261
4,223,240 18 S
.
-
1 11 6
1825
2,655,959
3,756,654 1
.
fDuty on Mauritius sugary
1 18 6
1826
3,255,075
4,518,690 15 9
-
I reduced to 27*.
i
I 10 7
1827
3,021,191
4,218,623 6 7
•
* m
1 15 9
1828
3,285,843
4.576,287 13 4
•
m "
1 11 8
1829
3,211,535
4,452,793 18 11
.
•
1 8 7
1830
3,396,056
4,354,103
14
I 12
• 1 4 11
1831
3,421,597
4,219,049
.
• m
13 8
1832
3,315,836 1
3,986,519
.
m
II. A cent,
the Rfv
Cii'f of !j
the Uut
Vaan.
1814
HI.)
INIS
1817
18IS
INlit
IfittO
1881
18«t
IHSS
ISM
ISU
I89R
18il7
1888
I8S9
1830
18,11
I8.1S
1833
Vein.
1814
18IS
INIti
1817
1818
18IU
188()
1881
18V8
18)13
1884
188S
1886
1887
1888
1889
1830
1831
18,12
1833
Rt
I'l
all
ft
430
385,
231,
142,
•JH,
SN,
77,^
»,
10,1
11.^
8,»
11,.'
102,V
40,1
30,J
\^
%
7,8
Years.
Bril
Plant!
1,
1814
4,577
181.5
4,740
1816
4,U2I
1817
!>,WM
1818
4,.11.1
1819
1880
1881
1888
1823
1824
1S2.5
1826
1827
1888
1889
1S30
1831
1832
1833
4,1)84
! 5,288
5,358
4,61
5,135,
5,207
4,651
5,273,
5,059,
5,415
«,.'540,
5,226,
4,9.16
4,59S,
4,167,
* Sugar used in the distilleries included in these years.
t Previously to 1820, the importation of E^t India sugar was comparatively trifling, and docs not at
this moment amount to above 190,000 cwt. The imports from the Mauritius have increased rapidly
during the last 5 years, more especially since 1826, when the duty on sugar from that island was re-
duced to the same level as that on sugar from the West Indies. — (See antt, p. 929.)
I N. B, —These quantities include the sugar refined in Britain for exportation to Ireland.
* These quan
fining ; and the'
latter taken for'
— {Cook's Comn
t The drawbj
•nW" '■"f that
4,400,000/.
SU(iAU.
1091
It
Account of th» Import!, Export*, •nd Home Cuniumptlon of Sugar In tht Unitrd Kingdom, and of
th« Revenue derived thetL-frnni, in earh Year from IHI4 to IH.'U IncTuakvc, i|ic«MryiiiK tliu ilitll-rcnt S|m>>
clef of Sugar and the Quantitlea of each cuntumed and exported, with the (iromi ami Nett Aniuunt of
the V\xty. — {Rfport<Jlhe ft'est India Commiltee t\f 18.J2, p. ii8H, j and farl. I'aptrr \
Yfun.
Importii. 1
I
, HrlUib PItnullon. |
IViauritlui. East India.
Foreign Plantation.
Total of lm|Hirt>.
Cftt.
Cnt, «'"■».
VkI.
Vnl.
IRM
3,581,516 1
•
49.819
581,121
4,712,786
m»
3,642,81)7
I25,i;,3<l
.365,889
4,131,3.15
IHIS
3,560,317
127,052
192,780
3,880,149
1817
3,679,352
Considered at
125,893
105,916
3,^111,161
I8IN
3,775,379
East India
1(.2,395
1.38,032
4,075,806
1M19
3,907,151
sugar In thei* .
WSMl
85,)t37
4,l'»(,515
18V0
3,769,458
jeari.
277,2^8
162,990
4,209,1.76
1831
3,906,967
2li9,l62
197,0.37
4,373,166
18St
3,435,im;i
226,371
112,9.VI
3,771,386
I8M
8,773,.'.28
219,5S0
208,5118
4,201,706
18M
3,935,1)52
271,848
205,750
4,412,650
\f,V>
3,501,281
93.723 '-
l.'i«l„347
16'^,781
3,908,1,35
INM
4,002,426
186.782
161,822
65,1)65
4,419,0^5
Wil
3A''",!)I8
204,314
175.816
178,910
4,110,1118
1888
4,313,430
361,325
1.56,266
136,M!(U
4,968,020
I8S9
4.152,815
297,958
206, 1152
199,568
4,856,393
1830
3,913,268
485,710
293,7(i9
223,257
4,9I6,(NI4
18SI
4,103,716
517,553
237,416
.507,547
5„366,262
18.1«
.1,784,243
.541,771
175,252
.366,482
4,867,748
1833
3,648,026
529,256
2IKt,149
346,018
4.732,749
Eiports.
Consumption.
»»» SugM 1 BrlUih Reflned |
Quantity retalnetl
Vein.
nntlih
East
India.
Foreign
nugar, reuui-eu lo
Tntnl of : lnenulv.ilcnt
Haw 1 Uuantll; of Haw
Sugai. Sunar.
Total Kiport of
Nugar, Haw and
t'ur actual Con-
sumption In tlie
t'nltcd Kingdom,
I'lnnt-
atlon*
Maurltiui.
riant-
atlon.
Hflined.
Ctvl. 1 Civt. 1 Cwl.
Vwl.
r<,t.
frpY.
cm.
Int.
ISU
430,817 '
■
41,083
459,990
931.890
897,347
1,829,237
• 2,324,051
including sugar
'used in distil-
Icries.
181S
385,761
Coniidered
as Ka>t
> India '
sugar in
Iheie
67,665
311,578
764.S04
994,02.5
1 ,758,829
2,211,299
lHI(i
231,996
101,581
190,190
526,767
9.53,314
1,180.081
2,.'.29.93l
1HI7
142,571
95,218
132,9.37
370,726
1,141,724
1,512,4.')0
3,298,941
1818
98,512
109,952
1118,687
317,151
1,157,082
1,471,2.33
1,726,896
181!)
58,913
87,587
102,710
249,210
817,798
1,097,008
2,820,900
1820
77,057
185,l)(i8
1.38,898
400,423
1,098,616
1.499,039
2,901,864
IHVl
9,851
>eari*
144,332
186,314
340,497
1,022,731
1,363,228
3,056,882
Wl%
10,657
98,277
1.37,707
246,611
.561,206
807,817
2,98'(,()A7
1823
11,231
104,796
176.717
292,741
677,593
970,337
3.228,991
1824
8,836 .
146,.158
21.3,980
369,174
640,054
1,009,228
3,.367,424
1823
11,529
21,593
.36,625
173,075
242,822
649,7.82
792,604
3,079,848
1826
102,297
45,531
46,669
105,801
300,301
686,172
886,473
8,573,990
1827
40,931
46,480
64,079
103,965
255.4.55
695,402
950,857
3,340,927
1828
50,586
117,983
42,546
160.329
371,446
776,624
1,148,070
2,601,419
1829
16,467
52,321
56,174
172,950
297,912
808,435
1,106,.347
3,.5.39,821
1830
13,3'>5
48,383
83,413
166,310
311,461
1,032.886
1.314,347
3,722,044
1831
10,800
11,174
111,I0«
287,644
420,720
989,120
1,409,840
3,787,.391*
1832
5,398
10,146
92,019
260,501
368,095
774,939
1,143,034
3,6.55,5.34
1833
7.851
3.294
120,156
231,375 ' 365,676
417,069
782,745
3,658,694
Rermue deriied firom SuRar. 1
(irou lUceipt of DutlM. !P»)mi.nl« out of Urou
Yeui.
BrllUh
Plantation*
Mauridui.
! Foreign Plantation (in-
cluding Sugar of Mar- n<^.i _#
p... inai» Unique and Guadaloupe r^.
Eatt India, .j^j,^ {■„ „,^ ^^^, Gtm,
sumption under Act 43 "•^"P"'
|Ueo. 3. c. 62.) |
Drawback and Bount;
allowed on Ex)iortation
to Foreign Parts, and
Nett Pro-
duceof
IJutlea.
Hepajrments on Over-
Entries, Ac.
/,.
•I"
/..
L.
L.
/,.
L.
1814
4,677,956
]
21,299
253,229
4,955,484
1,187,960
3,767,524
1815
4,740,781
73,999
65.579
4,880,359
1,426,
126
3,4.14 ,.3.33
1816
4,921,034
64,913
79,349
6,065,296
1,453,
103
3,612,193
1817
5,966,545
Contidered
50,612
8.034
6,025,1U1
1,691,265
4,133,926
1818
4,313,581
aa East
.50,114
2.118
4,365,813
1,614,-06
2,751,107
1819
4,984,878
f BUgax in
« 192,014
924
5,177.816
1,181,273
3,996,543
1820
5,288,926
these
156,968
}'24
S,446,y05
1,521,518
.■,925,387
1821
5,352,130
jeara.
222,438
1.075
5,575,643
1,386,685
1,188,958
1822
4,611.730
254,335
1,117
4,,S67,182
806,738
4,060,144
1823
5,135,409
190,783
750
5,326,942
919,.5.32
4,407,410
1824
5,207.132
. 282,537
210
6.489,879
847,975
4,61I,H04
182^
4,651,525
106,205
198,322
99
4,956,151
779,196
4,176,6,-,5
1826
5,273,648
150,356
265,037
85
5,689,126
7.38,128
4,950,!i98
1827
5,059,208
230.005
172,406
30.251
5,491,870
841,678
4,6.M),192
1828
5,415,715
326,448
180,055
2,658
6,924,876
922,579
5,002,297
1829
5,340,258
324,752
223,002
8,745
5,896,757
1.000,515
4,896.242
1830
5,226,966
558,207
230,185
47.964
6,063,322
1,295,980
4,767,348
1831
4,936.592
547,855
189,609
104,358
5,778,414
1,127,824
4,6.50,.'.90
1832
4,595,377
631,6U0
127,374
90
6,.351,441
960.102
4.394,339
1833
4,167.268
609,352
157,287 ! 191
4,9.34,098
t
K- B. — The rates of duty in this Table are the same as those in Table No. I.
» These quantities are exchisive of the coarse sugar and bastards remaining from the process of re.
fining ; and they arc also exclusive of the coarse sugar obtained by boiling molasses. The quantities of the
latter taken for home consumption, in 1831, were 8,020 tons ; in 18^2, 11,450 do. ; and in 1833, 13,970 do,
-.(Cooi'i Commerce qf 183.1, p. fi.) . , ^ . . , ..
t The drawback in 18.'?3 was .^04,797/. ; but not having learned the amount of the repayments on over
entries for that year, we are unable to specify the nett prot'uce of the duties; but it will be very near
4,400,000/.
!t
\
. »i
I
v
))l
i\
4 A 2
!' .
\<i i
1092
SUGAR.
i»
fl
The following Tables exhibit the s\igar tiadt* of 18,12 more in detail : —
"n .A'^f"""' "f *''e Quantity of UnrefiiiwI Sugar importeil into the Unitwl Kingdom, from the several
itntish Colonics and Plantation!, from the liritisli Possessions in the East Indies, and from Foreign
Countries, in the Year ended 5th of January, 1833; distinguishing the several Sorts of Sugar, and the
Colonies and Countries from which the same was imported.
Of ihe British
Of Mauritius.
Of the
Of the Koreiifn
' Total Quantity
Whence imported.
PlAiitaiioiu.
East Indies.
Plantations.
imported.
British colonies and plantations
Cwl. i^' "»•
Crvt. itri, Ibt
Civt, (in.lbi.
Cnt, tirt.lbi.
Cnt. irt.iu}
in America, vii.—
Antigua . . .
143,3,36 C
143,,M6
Barbadoea • • -
26t),464 2 27
266,464 2 27
Dominica . . -
58,270 2r,
58,270 25
Granada ...
188,231 1 14
188,2.31 1 14
Jamaica - -
1,431,()89 1 18
1,431,689 1 18
Montserrat - - -
20,855 2 20
20,855 2 20
Nevis
39,843 1 19
39,843 1 19
St. Christophci
80,602 20
80,602 20
St. Lucia . _ .
47,965 3 14
47,965 3 14
St. Vincent
186,812 1 15
186,812 1 15
Tobago . ■ - -
108,100 3 10
108,11)0 3 10
Tortola
14,999 24
14,9<J9 24
Trinidad - - - -
312,265 3 10
312,265 3 10
Bermudas ...
2
2
Demerara • ...
736,561 1 26
.
.
736„561 1 26
Berbice ...
137,4,57 20
-
.
137,457 2(J
British North American colonies
10,786 2 24
1,105 .3 15: -
225 2 -24
12,118 1 7
Sierra Leone • . -
.
1 18
•
1 18
Cape of Good Hope
.
8,743 25
18 3 10
8,762 7
Mauritius ...
•
527,904 1 10
~
527,904 1 10
British possessions in the East
Indies, viz. —
East India Company's tcrrit(^
ries, exclusive of Singapore
. .
.
88,238 3 7
■
88,238 3 7
Singapore • - - -
. .
.
43,415 2 15
.
43.415 2 15
Java - ...
.
•
14,R''>3 3 4
. .
14,653 3 4
Philippine Islands . - .
.
"
28,924 3 25
a .
28,924 3 2.5
Foreign colonies in the West
Indies, viz. —
Cuba . . • ■
.
-
210,843 3 5
210,843 3 .'-,
Porto Rico - - -
.
.
i.m 2 1
2,027 2 1
St. Eustatius
.
.
1,559 25
1,559 2.1
United States of America
.
-
518 3 11
518 ."i :i
Brazil - ...
. .
•
147,315 5
147,315 h\
States of the Rio de la Plata
.
.
3 I 19
3 1 li.i,
Europe - ...
Total - - . '
1 2
4,015 2 22 .
3,988 15
8,005 1 <i.
3,784,244 2 6
541,770 1 6 175,252 5
366,481 2 21
4,867,748 2 lO]
IV. Account of the Amount of Dalies received on Sugar in the United Kingdom, in the Year ended
Sth of January, 1833, distinguishing each Sort of Sugar j also, of the Amount of Drawbac'.'.s and Boun-
ties allowed upon the Exportation thereof, and the Ner.t Produce of the Duties, in such Year.
Year ending Sth Jan. 1833.
Grots Keceipt of Duties on Sugar.
Of the BriUsh
Fiai tations.
OfMaurli.us.
Of the
East Indies.
Of the Foreign
Plantatlcins, and „
Foreign Refined ""'»'•
Sugar.
Great Britain
Ireland
United Kingdom
£ s. rf.
4,198,207 12 4
397,169 15 7
£ s. rf.
fij 1,420 9 2
li ,179 15 7
£ s. d.
126,755 9 5
618 4 1
£ s. 0. £ s. (/.
89 10 7 4,946,473 1 (i
- ' 407,967 15 3
£iji9r>,:m 7 11
6;J 1,600 4 9
127,373 13 6
89 10 7 5,3.04,440 16 9
Veai ending Atb Jan. 1833.
Payments out of the Gross Receipt of Duties on Sugar-
Neit Produce of the
Duties on Sugar.
Bounties paid on ., . «
British R«tine<l Sugar ! Repayments on Over-
exported. ; hntnes, Damages, &c.
Total.
GrwtBritair
Ireland
£ s d.
949,128 1
44 17 1
£ s. rf.
10,826 8 9
102 13 1
£ s. rf.
959,9.'H 8 10
147 10 2
£ s. rf.
3,986,518 12 8
407,820 5 1
4,.394,,'338 17 9
United Kingdom
..£•949,172 17 2
10,929 1 10
960,101 19
V. Accoun
ended ,5tl
the scvei
' omitted i
Counlriei i
Fbom fi
Kusftia
.Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Prussia
<iermany
The Netherla
France
Portugal, the ,
S^l.^in and the
<iil>raltar
Italy
Malta
The Ionian Is
Turkey and ('.<
Morea and (in
Uuemsey,Jers<
Cape of Good I
(jtner parts of .,
Kast Indies anc
New South \V
and Van Diet
Kriiish North
British West Ir
Foreign West I
I'nifeii States of
Mexico
Colombiii
Brazil
Slates of the Ri<
Cliili
Peru
The Whale FisI
Total from
Fbom I
Africa
British .North A
, Hrilish West Int
j I iiited Slates of
j Total from
Total quantity e
I Unilel Kingut
Influence nf l
l.ist few year.", a
including 8'. i)e
not seem to be
be very greatly
from the incrca
the 3 years endi
about 66i. a cw(
3 years ending y
tion fell 0^10 2,
his., the averagi
tiian>y/yper ce
It will be ob.st
but had it been
in the last-nifnt
b^en a still grea
The reductior
' say what port
.viiat toother th
tn itii. or IRs., tl
a ^reat increase
i'hcfinaiitity I
more than doub
laniiot, wo thin
voning period,
classes now beat
article in the pr
is more than 22
S2,000,()00 I'js. !
useof homo.mai
than inctcase pi
sumption of sug
creased in a far
amount! (I to 6,0
Taking the a;,'
the aver.ig;! roii)
that of France, <
plied under a mi
SUGAR.
109 J
V. Account of the Quantity of Raw and Defined Sugar exporti-d from the United Kingdom, in the Year
cndc<i iith of January, 18.>3 ; reducing the Quantity of Koflned into its Pro|H>rti(in of Haw ; distinguishing
the several 5iorts of Sugar, and the Countries to which the same was exitortcd. — (JV. B. — Lbs. arc
' omitted in the CoUnnns, but allowed for in the I'otals.)
Raw Sugar. | Refined Sugar.
The same
Countriei to which exported.
Of the
British
Of
Ofthf
Of the
Foreign
Plant-
Total of
Actual
stated M
Raw
Sugar in
the Pro-
Total
(stated in
Cwts.Jof
Plani
Mauri-
East
Raw
AVeight
portion of
Raw Sugar.
ations
tius.
Indies
ations.
Sugar.
exported. .34Cwf.of
Raw to 20
Cwt. of
Refined.
Fruh Ctrbat Dkitain.
Cwt^ iirs.
Vni.iiri.' Cnl.ii
r$.\ Citi.gnJ Ctrt f/r*.! Ctvt.nrs.
Cnt. ,,rt.
16,708 1
Ctrl. u,i.
70,li69 2
KuMia
18
22 1
3,293
3 ,'il,627 51,9fil O; y,V40
Sweilen . , - .
.
.
319
1 l(i 2 .3.V) 3 28 3
48 3
384 3
Norway
.
.
,381
fiM 3, 1,(105 Ol .363
617 1
1,622 1
Denmark
2
1
-
\f)\'>
2 6,48'. 1| 7,,'i23 1 ,3.32
664 2
8,088
Prussia . . . .
.
-
l,41li 3 1(1,794
1 19,327 2 37.,'.«8 3! 77,4'^0 131,014
169,182 3
(Germany ...
31
1
1,1.18 'i 9,111',
^\ 3-),7;9 2 60,8.35 1 177,110 301,087 1
361,922 3
The Netherlands
6
1
6,.TO1 2 41,8,-0
1 79,208 2 1'2«,4.39 3; 3,646 3
6,199 2
132,(i39 2
France
1
2
31 3 1 11
3 4 3 .')0 22 3
38 3
89
Portugal, the Ayoresand IMadifra
11
1
21 3 101
1 .i61 2 695 413 2
703
1,398 1
Nnain and thu Canaries
1
9 3| iO
, . . 31 499 3
849 3
880 3
<iil)raltar
18
1
22 3 1 9
2 4 2I 66 11 4,829 3
8.',il0 3
8,260 1
Italy
Mafia - . - -
64
2
S93 ll,37(i
1 1 55,437 0, 67,461 1 130,9(10 0|222,,')30 1
289,991 3
3
1
11 510
. - i 614 31 4.964 'l\ 8.4.39 3
8,964 3
Tlie Ionian Islands
3
3
42 S.OS
1
157 1 661 3 6,1.36 1 10,431 2
10,993 1
Turkey and Continental Greece -
Morea and <ireek islands >
9
1
11 2 2,,543
1
715 3 3,310 15,803 1 26,865 2
2 1 2 1 321 ,646 3
30,175 2
648 1
Uucmsey, Jersey, Aldeniey ft Man
4,201
4,366"
3
42 '): " 94
3
6,387 9,725 3 2,177 3
3,702 1
13,428
T
8,781 3 88,6,TO
259,299 2 301,077 3 434,211 1
738,159
1,099,237
Cape of Good Hope
Ot'ier parts of Africa
3
2
m 3 , Vfi
2
3 Oj 72 214
364
4.36 1
134
3
89 1 479
3
221 926 626
1,064 1
J, 989 1
Kast Indies and China
New South Wales, S-san Uiver,
142
2
44(i 0. 468
"
307 2 1,368 2 710 2
1,208
2,660 3
and Van Diemen's Land
109
232 2 : 300
2
141 V 783 3 1,461 3
2,485 1
3,269
Kritish North Ameri.'an colonies
2!m
2
3.')7 3
2,0(10
1
1,'>3 31 2,808 3 14,021 3
23,837
26,646 3
Urilish West Indies
74
1
132
48
3
10<: 2 3,67 3
2,943 2
6,004
6,362
Foreign West Indies
39
1
7
4
24 2 74 3
163
277 1
362
l^ii?e>i States of Ani'jrica
111
4B
49
3
122 329 1
1,404
2,387
2,716 1
Mexico
11
1
i
3
3
20 1 37 2
11 1
19
66 3
('olombid - - -
7
X
1 1
3
4 21 16 2
i
1 3
18 2
Braiil
.19
n
4 1
14
40 97 3 .
97 3
States of the Rio de la Plata
18
2
2
9
2
24 21 66 .
.
65
Chili ....
10
1
ri
3
19 0; 35 1
4
6 3
42 1
Peru - ...
3
3
11
4
1
15 3! 35
6 1
11 n
46
The Whale Fisheries -
Total from Great Britain •
From Ireland.
-
1
1 3
1 3
5,3(i(i
t
10,1 Ifi 3 92,019
3 200,601 308,060 2 455,780 3|774,827 2
1,142,894
Africa
2
•
. - - 2
,
,
2
British North Aniprican colonies
19
2
• - .
• ■ - 19 2
.
,
19 2
Hrilish West Indies
. ' -
.
66 2
111 2
HI 2!
Imted Slates of America
ToUl froin Ireland
Total quantity exported fiom the
7
2
. ' .
-
.1 7 2
-
7 2
29
"o"
- 1 -
. 1 29
65 2
HI 2
140 2
1
1
1
t^nite'1 Kinguonj
.'...ISS
10,14fi 3 92,019
3 260„')01 368,096 3i465,846 2:774,939
1,143,034 3
Influence of the Duties The price of sugar, exclusive of the duty, may be taken, at an average of the
Ins'. few year?, at from 'Us. to SBs.a cwt. But to lay a tax of 24s. on a necessary of life costing from 'Us. to 36*.,
including 8'. per owt. freight and charges, is obviously a most oppressive proceeding. Indeed, there does
not seem to be much room for doubting that the consumption, and consequently also the revenue, would
be very greatly increased by reducing the duty to Ifi,?. or 18*. This may be pretty confidently inferred
from the increase of consumption that has invarialily followed every fall in the price of sugar. During
the ;J years ending with 1808, when the price of brown or muscovado sugar, inclusive of the duty, was
about 6fi«. a cwt., there were, at an average, 2,640,741 cwt, retained for home consumption. During the
3 years ending with 1816, the price was about 93s., and the average quantity retained for home consump.
tion fell olTto 2,0.38,.')73 c'vt. But during the 3 years ending with 182;', the price having fallen to about
.17,1. , the average quantity retained for home consumption rose to .'5,267,5c i cwt. ; being an increase of more
than ffti/ per cent, upon the quantity consumed during the previous period !
It will be observed that the duty was either the same, or very nearly the same, in those 3 periods i
but had it been imposed on an ad valorem principle, or made to vary directly as the price, tjie reduction
in the last-mrntioned p(?riod would have been pro!)ortionatcly greater, and there would, consequently, have
b,^en a still greater increase of consumption.
The reduction of 3s. a cwt. from the duty, in 1830, was too trifling to have much effect ; and it is difficult
:, say what portion of the increased consumption that has since taken place is to be ascribed to it, and
.vliat toother things. Rut if, instead of reducing the duty from 27s. to 24«,, it had been retluced from i.'7,?.
to liis. or 18s., the reduction would have had a powerful influence ; and would certainly have occasionc'
a great increase in the consumption of the lower priced sugars, particularly in Ireland,
Thequantity of sugar consumed in Great Britain is, at present, allowing for fhequantity sent to Ireland,
more than double what it was in 17!10. But had the duty continued at m. id , its iunount in 1790, there
(.innot, we think, be much doubt that the consumption would have beer, quadrupled. During the in Vr-
vrning period, the population has been little less than doubled ; and the proportion which the mii.dlc
classes now bear to the whole population has been decidedly augmented. The consumption of coflee — an
article in the preparation of which a great Jeal of sugar is used in this country, by all who can afford it —
is more than 22 times as great now as in 1790 ; that is, it has increased from under l,(i(K),0()() lbs to above
S2,000,(iOO I'js. ! The consumption of tea has about doubled ; and there has been a vast increase in the
use of home-made wines, preserved and baked fruits, &c. Instead, therefore, of having done little more
than inciease pr,)porlionaily to the increase of the populitinn, it may be fairly presumed that the con-
tumption of sugar would, had there not boon some powerful counteracting cause in operation, have in-
rrcascd in a far greater degree. Instead of amounting to little more than 3,0(Ki,000, it otitjht to hiWe
amount! d to (i,noO,(XX) cwt.
Taking (lie aggrcp.itf; consiinipfion of Oreat Britain at 4(10,()0O,C0O lbs. , and the population at li'i,.')( 0,000,
the aver.igo consumption of each individual will be about 21 lbs. This, though a far greater average than
♦hit of France, or any of the Continental states, i.< small compared with what it might be were sugar sui>-
plicd under a more Ubeial system, In workhon.ses, the customary annual allowaiue for cad) indiridual
4 .\ :^
!f
in,
esa^HHI!
^m
mmmmmm
I
': ;
lii
:?■ S'
109^
SUGAR
is, we believe, SI Ibi. j and in private families, the •mallest separate allowance for domestics is 1 lb,
a week, or 51 lbs. a year. These f^cts strongly corroborate what we have already stated as to the extent
to which the consumption of sugar may be increased ; and others may be referred to, that are, if possihip,
■till more conclusive. Mr. HusKisson stated, in his place in the House of Commons, on Mr. Grant's mo.
tion for a reduction of the sugar duties, 25th of May, 1829, that " in consequence of the present enormous
duty on sugar, the poor working man with a large family, to whom pence were a serious consideiation,
was denied the use of that commodity ; and he believed /u; did not go too far w/ien he stated, that two.
THIRDS of the poorer consumers of coffee drank that beverage wtlhoiU sugar. If, then, the price of sugar
were reduced, it would become an article of his consumption, like many other articles — woollens, for
example, which are now used from their chtapncss — which he was formerly unable to purchase." —
{Spcccl.cs, vol. iii. p. 455.) There are no grounds for thinking that this statement is in any degree cxag.
gcratcd J and it strikingly shows the very great extent to which the consumption of sugar might be in-
creased, were it brought fully under the command of the labouring classes.
It is in Ireland, however, that we should anticipate the greatest and most salutary effects from a re.
duction of the duties on sugar. The direct importations into Ireland do not exceed 15,000 tons ; and if we
add to these 6,(KX) tons for the second-hand importations from Great Britain, which, we believe, is quite
as much or more than they amount to, the entire consumption of that country will be 21,00(1 tons, or
47,040,000 lbs , which, taking the population of Ireland at 8,000,000, gives about 5'8 lbs. to each indi-
vidual; or about l-4th part of the average consumption of each individual in Great Britain. So sin.
gular a result must, we believe, be ascribed, in a considerable degree, to the comparative poverty of the
Irish ; but there can be no doubt that it is partly, if not principally, owing to over.taxation. The direct
imports of sugar into Ireland were twice as great 30 years ago as they are at this moment; and there is no
reason for thinking that the increase in the second-hand imports has been equivalent to the increase in
the population. Hence, in order to diffUse a taste f( so necessary an article as sugar among the popu.
lation of Ireland, it would be very desirable, if possible, to reduce the duties even as low as VZs. a cwt. ; arid
we are well convinced that sucn reduction, though it might wrasion an immediate loss, would, in the
end, be productive of a great increase of revenue, besides being attended with other and still more bene.
flcial consequences. The " one thing needful" in Ireland is to inspire the population with a taste for the
conveniences and enjoyments of civilised life ; but how is it possible to do this while these conveniences
are burdened with oppressive duties, that form an insuperable obstacle to their being used by any but the
richest classes? Hence, the first step towards supplying what is confessedly the grand desideratum in the
case of Ireland, is to reduce the duties on articles of convenience and luxury, so that they may become
attainable by the mass of the people. If this be done, we may rest assured that the desire inherent in all
individuals of improving their condition, will impel them to exert themselves to obtain them. A taste
for the articles in question will be gradually difHised amongst all ranks ; and, ultimately, it will be thought
discreditable to be without them. — {Pari. Paper, No. 97. Sess. 1831.)
We have already seen that the imports of sugar from the British West Indies and the Mauritius may
be estimated at 216,500 tons, and the consumirtion of (ireat Britain and Ireland at above 184,000 tons
exclusive of bastards; but of this quantity, about 6,000 tons is Bengal sugar, — making the nett con-
sumption of West India and Mauritius sugar 178,000 tons, leaving 38,000 tons of the latter for export.
ation, exclusive of the surplus of Bengal sugar.
The duty on East India sugar ought to be reduced to the same level as that on West India sugar. It
is ditticult to imagine that there can be any good reason why all the productions of the diffbrent de-
ixMidencics of the empire should not be allowed to come into the home market on paying the same duty.
The admission of Mauritius sugar at a duty of i24s. is, indeed, a full concession of the principle ; for there
is not a single argument that could bo alleged in favour of admitting Mauritius sugar at the same duty as
West India sugar, that will not equally apply to Bengal sugar. However, we do not think that this point
is of so much practical importance as is generally supposed. East India sugar has not, as yet, made any
way in the Continental markets, most of which are open to it on the same terms as to other sugars ; and
unless its quality be materially improved, or its price considerably reduced, there is but little prospect of
its being able to come into competition with the sugars of Jamaica, Brazil, and Cuba.
Bounty on the Exportation of Refined Sugar. — The business of refining sugar for exportation has been
carried on to a considerable extent in this country ; but it may be doulited whether its prosecution has
ever been productive of any material national advantage. It had long been suspected, — and the fact
seems now sufficiently establ'ished, — that the drawback allowed on the exportation of refined sugar has
been greater than the duty charged on the raw sugar used in its manufacture : the excess being, in fact
a bounty paid to those engaged in the trade. Previously to l&iG, the drawback on double refiiieil sugar
was 4to. a cwt. : it was then reduced to 434'. ; but there is reason to think that it is still considerably above
the mark. The average price of sugar in bond in this country, for several years past, has been from ."jj. to
fo. a cwt. above what sugar of the same quality has brought on the Continent ; a difference which, as we
export sugar, could not have been maintained, had it not been for the bounty. The same conclusion
has been established by the trials made under the superintendence of Dr. Ure at a sugar house
t.iken for the purpose by government. It is said to be the intention of ministers to reduce the draw-
back to what may be supjiosed to be the fair equivalent of the duties paid on the raw nxfix- a
measure, of the expediency of which no doubt can be entertained. It has been the practice, in making 'up
returns to parlianien!, to reduce the retincd sugar exported into raw sugar, by allowing 34 cwt of the
latter to i.'0 of the former. But the export of sugar is thus made to appear greater than it really is : for,
though 34 cwt. of raw may be required to produce 20 cwt. of refined sugar, the whole of the molasses and
bastards that remain (about 13 cwt.) arc consumed at home. We subjoin those clauses of theact 3& 4
Will. 4. c. .")H. which refer to the allowing of a bounty on refined sugar.
Bounties upon the K.tporlation of Refined Sugar — So long as the duties which are now payable upon
the importation of sus,'ar until the ."itli of April, 1834, shall be continued, there shall be allowed upon the
exportation of refined sugar made in the United Kingi.om the several bounties set forth in theXatle
herein-after contained ; Uhat is to say,)
Leinp; of a uniform wliitcneM throughout, or «Hch
suKiir poHiidfil, trashcil, or broken, and sugar
candy,
exportwl in a nritish ship, for every cwt.
exported in a stiip not Hriti^li, for every cwt. •
Double reRned suuar, and sugar eijunl in qu.ility
111 double retined tugar, additional bounty fur
every cwt. - - . • .
L. ,. i.
1 K 10
1 la a
G 4
UeRned sugar, vi/.. — t. t. d,
iiastard sugar, <ir refined loaf sugar Itroken in
pieces, or lieing ground or powdi-rwl sugar, or
such sugar pounded, cr.ished, or broken,
exportetl in a British ship, for every cwt. - 1 4
eiported in a ship not Itntish, for every cwt. .13
Other retined sugar in loaf, complete and wliule,
tjf lumits dulv retined, having been perfectly
claritied and tliorouglily dried m tliu stove, and
Bond to be given for the due Exportation. — The exporter of goods in respect of which any bounty is
claimed under this act, or the [x'rson in whose name the same are 'ntercd outwards, shall, at the time
of entry and before cocket be granted, give security by bond in double the value of the goods, with 1
sufficient .surety, that the same shall be duly exported to the place for wliich they are entered, or be
otherwise accounted for to the fatisl'a<;tion of the commissioners of customs, anil shall not be relanded
in the Unitetl Kingdom, or landed in the Isle of Man, unless expressly entered to be exnorted thereto.—
^ 3.
Candy tn PurAage.i of J Cwt. — No bounty shall be given upon the exportation of any refined sugar
called candy, unless it lie nrouerly refined and m;'.nufacturcd, and free from dirt and scum, and packed in
packages, each of which inall contain ^ a cwt, of such candy at the least. — ^ 4,
Act 3 & 4 Wii
-i} \
I
SUGAR.
1095
Sugar erathed for Eipurtiition. — If any sugar in lamps or loaves i» to be pounded, crashed, or brokea
before the same be exported, for the bounty payable thereon, sui-li lumps or loaves shall, after due entry
thereof, be lodged in some wareliouse provided by the exiwirter, and approved by the commissioners of the
customs for such purpose, to be then first examined by the officers of customs while in such lumps or
loaves, as if for immediate shipment, and afterwards to be there pounded, crashed, or broken, end packed
for ex|>ortation, in the presence of such officers and at the expense of the exporter; and such sugar shall
be kept in such warehouse, and be removed thence for shipment, and be shipped under the care and in
the charge of the searchers, that the shipment and exportation thereof may be duly certified by them
upon the debenture, according to the quality ascertained by them of the same while in such lumps or
loaves. — ^ 5.
Different Sorts of crashed Su^ar to be kept separate The difTerent sorts of such sugar shall be kept
apart from each other in such manner and in such distinct rooms or divisions of such warehouse as shall
be directed and appointed by the commissioners of the customs ; and if any sort of such sugar shall be
found in any part of such warehouse appointed for the keeping of sugar of a sort superior in quality
thereto, the same shall be forfeited ; and if any sort of such sugar shall be brought to such warehouse to
be pounded, crashed, or broken, which shall be of a qualitv inferior to the sort of sugar expressed in the
entry for the same, such sugar shall be forfeited J (i
Sugar Refiners to provide Sample Loaves of Double Refined Sugar. — There shall be provided by and
at the expense of the committee of sugar refiners in London, and liy and at the exiiense of the committee
of merchants in Dublin, as many loaves of double refined sugar, prepared in manner herein-afler directed,
as the commissioners of customs shall think necessary ; which loaves, when approved of by the said com-
missioners, shall lit; deemed and taken to be standard samples ; 1 of which loaves shall be lodged with
the said committee- respectively, and 1 other with such person or persons as the said commissioners shall
direct, for the purpose of comparing therewith double refined sugar, or sugar equal in quality to double
refined sugar, entered for exportation for the bounty; and fresh standard samples shall be again fur-
iilshed by such committees, whenever it may be deemed expedient by the commissioners : provided
always, that no loaf of sugar shall be deemed to he a proper sample loaf of double refined sugar, if it be of
greater weight than H lbs., nor unless it be a loaf complete and whole, nor unless the same shall have
been made by a distinct second process of refinement from a quantity of single refined sugar, every part
of which had first been perfectly clarified and duly refined, and had been made into loaves or lumps which
were of a uniform whiteness throughout, and had been thoroughly dried in the stove ^7.
Sugar entered not equal to the Standard shall be forfeited In case any sugar which shall be entere<l
in order to obtain the bounty on <louble refined sugar, or sugar equal in quality to double refined sugar,
shall, on examination by the proper cfflcer, be found to be of a quality not equal to such standard sample,
all sugar so entered shall be forfeited and may be seized. — ^ 8.
R(fining in Bond. — If any further proof, in addition to what has been stated above, were required to
show that the traoe of refining in this country has been at all times mainly dependent on the bounty, it
would be found in the circumstances that have occurred under the late act authorising refining in bond.
In 1828, 1829, 1830, and down to July, 1831, foreign sugars were allowed to be refined on the same terms as
liritish sugars — that is, they paid the same duty and were >.-ii;itled to the same drawback. The quantity
of foreign sugar so refined amounted, in 1830, to 2,105 tons, and in the first half of 1831, when the privilege
ceased, to about 4,;)(K) tons. The renewal of this syste n was strongly advocated in 1831 and 1832; but
it was successfully opposed by the West India mercha its, who considered the scheme injurious to their
interests. Last year (18;33), however, the refiners having pressed upon parliament the expediency of
allowing them to refine foreign sugars in hond, which i'\cluded, of course, the possibility of the revenue
losing any thing by the drawback exceeding the duty, their request was complied with. The result,
however, has shown that the trade had formerly been mainly artificial, or that it had depended principally
on the drawback being above the duty. " Out of 0,5 houses in IxMulon, 4 only have availed themselves of
the permission to refine in hond ; and of these 4, 2 are now about to give up working ; and the total
quantity that has been used is 100 tons Siam, 100 tons Havannah, and 470 tons Brazil ; in all, but 670 tons.
A statement has, also, been recently put forth, which shows that, notwithstanding the aid of a bounty,
the export had declinc<l fromfill.OfJUcwt. in 1818, to 344,000 in 1828 ; and although it has since fluctuated
between these quantities, it has amounted during the first 3 quarters of the present year (1833) to 195,271
rwt. only, against 382,47!) cwt. in the same period of the last year, and 432,222 cwt. in the previous one,
notwithstanding there has been abundance of foreign sugar to be had iit low prices, and that all the
powers of chemical science have been at work to improve the process of refining."— (t'oo/ir'« Cotnmerce of
Great Britain for 183,3.)
This unfavourable state of things is owing, no doubt, to a concurrence of causes; but principally, we
believe, to the exaggerated opinions entertained by most foreign nations as to the importanccof the sugar
refining business. We have no wish, certainly, to undervalue it ; but every unprejudiced person must
admit that, compared with most other businesses carried on in a great country, it is of very inferior con.
sideration. Instead, however, of regarding it in this point of view, most foreign governments seem to
took upon it as of the highest value; and have endeavoured to extend the bu.siness, not merely by ex-
cluding foreign refined sugars from their markets, but by granting the most lavish bounties on the
exportation of sugar refined at home. In France, this sort of policy, if we may so call it, was carried so
far, that out of a gross revenue of about 40,(KH),(K)0 francs (1,570,000/.) paid into the treasury on account
of the sugar duties in 1832, about 19,000,(X»0 (7f)0,000/.) were returned as drawback on the export of
refined sugar ! As the French government could not afiord to lose the sugar duties, which would very
speedily have been swallowetl up by the drawback, necessity has cciipelled them to motlify their system,
by making the allowance to the exporter more nearly correspond with the duty. This will, no doubt,
dimb'Uh the exportation of refined sugar from France; a change by which it is reasonable to suppose our
refiners will in some degree be benefited.
Prussia, and most parts of Germany, to which we formerly exported large quantities of refined sugar,
no longer admit it except at a high duty. And even in those Continental markets that are still open for
its importation under mo<leraf e duties, we have formidable competitors in the Dutch and Belgian refiners,
whose governments continue to allow pretty high bounties.
On the whole, therefore, we are afraid that the refining business in this country is in a rather pre-
carious state. Improvements in the process seem to be the only source of relief to which the refiners
need look witli much hope of advantage. 'L'he idea of attempting to bolster up the business by the aid oC
bounties is not one that can be any longer entertained.
We subjoin the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. (51., allowing sugar to be refined in bond.
Act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 61., fou admitting Sugar to be brfined fob Exportation withoit Pavme.nt
OF DlTY.
Commissioners of Customs may approve Premises for Bonded Sugar Nouses. — Upon application to the
commissioners of customs of any person actually carrying on the business of a sugar rehner in the ports
of London, Liverpool, Bristol, Ilull, Greenock, or Glasgow, or any other port approved by any 3 Lords
oC the Treasury, it shall be lawful lor the commissioners of customs to approve of such premises as bonded
sugar houses for the refining of sugar for exportation only, on it being made appear tc the satisfaction of
said commissioners that the said premises are fit in every respect for receiving such sugars, and wherein
the same may bo safely deposited. — (,1.
(UHcers <f Customs empowered to deliver Sugars Duty-free, to be there refined for Exportation only. —
On the approval of any premises as bondc«l sugar houses, it shall be lawful for the officer* of the cuitomt
4 A 4
5 "i.
It
n^f
\i
I \ >
s
li^
■ i
I ■! !
i! I
1
109^
SUGAR.
at the portj where such premisei are situntcd to deliver, without payment of duty, to the party or partiei
lu ap|>lyiii};asHriire»ai(l, on entry with the proper oltlcer of customs, any quantity of foreign sugar, or of
lugar tliL- produce of any Biitish ix>sse3sion, for tliepur|>ose of being there reflncd, under the locks of the
t'rown, for exportation only ; and all sugars so delivered shall be lodged and secured in such premises,
under such conditions, regulations, and restrictions as the said cominlssioners shall from time to time
direct : provided, that it shall be lawful for the commissioners to revf ' or alter any order of approval of
any such premises. — ^2.
Hfjincr to give Bond that Sugar received be refined and exported, or delivered into Bonded Warehouse. _
Ul)on the entry of sugar to be refnied in any premises approved of under the authority of this act, the
rctiner on whose premises the same is to be refined shall give bond, to the satisfaction of the officers of
the customs, in the penalty of double the amount of the dutv payable upon a like quantityof sugar of the
British plantations, with a condition that the whole of such sugar shall be actually subjected to the process
of refinement upon the said premises, and that within 4 months from the date of such bond the whole of the
retine<l sugar and treacle produced by such process shall be either duly exported from the said premises,
or delivered into an ai>proved lionded warehouse, under the locks of the Crown, for the puri^se of being
eventually exported to foreign parts. — ^3.
Regulationi as tn Imporlalion, Src. lif Sugar. — No allowance Cerlipcalti of Gron'tk are leauired Ijcfiire anysupar can bo
Is to be made for ilaniaRC or Increase of weight by water, on entered ns the produce of a llritish possession in America, or
niear, without special permission. of the Mauritius; and before it can be entered as the pruduce
Tare on Uritisn plantation sugar : — of any Hrltlsli possession within the limits of the East India
UnderS cwf. . - 14 per cent. Company's charier. -(See the clauses in the act 3 & 4 Mill. I.
8— and under 14 . I cwt. each Ciisk, i:.'>2. anlt, p.tiW.)
13 — l.'i • I cwt. 1 qr. 1'2 ilia, each cask.
13 — 17-1 ii _
17 — and upwards - I 3 - ;
5 t|
:>:
W.
Beet Root Sugar, — The manufacture of sugar from beet root is carried on a very
considerable extent in several parts of the Continent, particularly in France, where
the annual produce of the sugar from this source may at present be estimated at about
8,000 tons. Tills branch of industry began during the exclusion of colonial products
from France in the reign of Napoleon. It received a severe check at the return of
peace, by the admission of West India sugars at a reasonable duty ; and would, it is
most probable, have been entirely extinguished, but for the oppressive additions made to
the duties on colonial sugars in 1820 and 1822. It is supposed liy some, that at no dis-
tant period the manufacture of sugar from beet root will be so much improved, that it
may be able to stand a competition with colonial sugar at the same duty ; but we have
no idea that this supposition will ever be realised. It is of importance, however, to bear
in mind, that were the culture of beet root sugar to be extensively carried on at homo,
it would be quite impossible to collect a duty upon it ; so that the large amount of
revenue that may be advantageously derived from a moderate duty on imported sugar,
would be almost entirely lost. — ( For an account of the beet root cultivation in France,
see the article on the French Commercial System, in the Edinburgh Review, No. 99.)
We understand that a f&w small parcels of beet root sugar have recently been pro-
duced in this country ; and with the present enormous duty on colonial sugar, we are
not sure that the manufacture may not succeed. But, as the preservation of the revenue
from sugar is of infinitely more importance than the introduction of this spurious busi-
ness, the foundations of which must entirely rest on the miserable machinery of Custom-
house regulations, sound policy would seem to dictate that the precedent establislied in
the ca.se of tobacco should be followed in this instance, and that the beet root sugar
manufacture should be abolished. Inasmuch, too, as it is better to check an evil at the
outset, than to grapple with it afterwards, we trust that no time may be lost in taking
vigorous measures, should there be any appearance of the business extending.
Maple Sugar. — A species of maple (Acer saccharinum Lin.) yields a considerable
quantity of sugar. It grows plentifully in the United States and in Canada ; and in 'ine
districts furni.shes the inhabitants with most of the sugar they make use of. 'I liouglt
inferior both in grain and strength to that which is produced from the cane, maple siijjar
granulates better than that of the beet root, or any other vege«able, the cane exceptcil.
It is produced from the sap, which is obtained by perturating the tree in the spring, to
the depth of about 2 inches, and setting a vessel for its reception. The quantity afforded
varies with the tree and the season. From 2 to 3 gallons may be about the daily average
yield of a single tree ; but some trees have yielded more than 20 gallons in a day, and
others not more than a pint. The process of boiling the juice does not differ materially
from what is followed with the cane juice in the West Iiidii». It is necessary that it
should be boiled as soon after it is drawn from the tree as powible. If it be allowed to
stand above 24 hours, it is apt to undergo the vinous and acetoii'! fermentation, by which
its saccharine quality is destroyed. — ( iJoHchette'n Urifinh Ameri ■', vol. i. p. 371. } Tlmlier
Trees and Fruits, Library of Ktttcrtaininj Knowledge.)
Fricf.^ of Sugar — The following st.itement of the pricci of sugar in the Ixindon market, on the 21«t
of Febiuary, \(J34, i« taken from tlie Circular of Messrs. Corrir and Co. of that date.
mmmm
SUGAR.
l()i>7
HuRar.
Duty paid.
Duties.
tiugar.
1
In bonil.
"
Duties.
Unw, Per Cwl.
/,
1. ll. I,. 1.
<(. 1
./,
Haw, Per Cmt.
<l.. M.
it. L. 1.
ll.
/.. ». (/.
W. India H. r., brown
•i
11 to a 1.1
1
4
(1
I'ernambuco, yellow -
1 'i
to 1 3
3 3
niitl<lUnj{
•i
H _ 'i IS
"i
while
1 4
0—1 K
n
iimni •
:i
I'J (1 _ .T
"!
Dahia, hrown
1 1
fi _ 1 2
r.
_
tii:e
() _ .-5 S
ye:l w >
1 -i
fi — 1 3
li
Mauritius, lirown
!) — -iVi
_
white - • .
1 4
— I K
,^
yt'llow
IS _ 'i l(i
._
I .3
1 4
_
goml and fine >ellow
Hi _ .1 I)
1
.^
yi-llow
1 4
0—1 6
II
strong gre>
14 _ .T
—
white
1 U
_ 1 11
11
_
In bond.
1
line while
1 1'^
_ 1 13
n
„
Bengal, yellow
1) to 1 .1
1
I'^
Porto Hiio
1 'i
- 1 i
while
3 (1 — 1 S
o
Free.
B"untv
fine white
10 - 1 Vi
lU'fincd, double loaves
4 S
to .') 10
(1
in II. sb'ip
China
(1 0—1 (i
03
3
Ilaniburuh (pattnt)
,1 1«
0-4 i!
I'l-r cwt.
Java
!i II — 1 (i
—
do. (not pateiil)
3 1..
rebned
Manilla
1 r, _ I 1
—
powder
.1 11
0—3 12
sintib'
Sintii
1) 0—1 ,'.
t\
—
3 11
— 3 I'i
3i;». 1(W.,
Kio, hrown
1 0—1 'i
._
small iump^
3 7
ti — 3 9
(1
double
yelinw
!i — 1 ,T
(1
_«
lar^e do.
3 3
0-3 8
II
4.-J. 'id.
white
.■5 (i — 1 S
—
»Tushel (on board)
1 S
- 1 11
(;
ba.^ta^dB
Pemanihuco, brown
^A.
0—1 1
(1
—
b.'\stari!^
1 18
- '^ Vi
•i-U.
Accoi'NTS OP Sales of SroAR. —Subjoined ateprofirntu accounts of sales of sujjar from Jamaica,
Brazil, Ucngal, Mauritius, Kcc. These accounts are interesting, inasmuch as they exhibit tlie varioin
charges affecting this necessary article, from the time it is shijiped in the colonies till it finds its way
into the hands of the grocer ; and our readers may rely on their authenticity. It will be observed, that
tAc duties are very much greater than the sums received by the planters.
Pro Fornid Salej of 100 Hogsheads .lainaica Sufjar, per " Jean," Captain Yates, by Order and for Account of Thomason & Co.
100 hhds. (wiiirbin); each 14 cwt.|
rtrl. qrt. Ilii.
1,400 O
l.ll 3 4 tare and draft.
Cnl. qrt. Ilii.
Average market tare I 'i each
Draft
1,218 21 n'.U
2 —
at 2/. 1G». percwt.
I. ll.
-,19,j
Charget
d.
M^arehousing entry
Sea insurance, valuing at 20/. per hlid. 50». p r cent, on 2,000/.
I'olicj 5*. per cent., 5/. Commission ^ per cent., 10/.
Insurance from fire, 3 months, at .3». ,3i/. per cent, on 2,000/.
Customs duty on 1,230 cwt. at 24s. per cwt., and entries
Freight on 1 ,230 cwt., at 4/. lOj. per ton of 20 cwt.
Primage at (if/, each, 2/. 10«. Pierage at I.Ji/., 1/. 17j. 6d.
Consolidated rate on 1, 2oO cwt. at Sd. per cwt. * ■ . - .
Laying over at Gd. each .....
Interest on freight, 23 days, 15*. 8J. ; on dutv, 70 days, 11/. lOi. 2d. ; on charges,
70 days, 6«. 4</. . . . " .
Brokerage ^ per cent. .....
Del crwlere 1 per cent. - - • . . ,
Commission 21 per cent. .....
.'jO
13
2si
4
s
7
o'
6
/-. t. J.
4 6
03
3 3
^.-iOS
28.^ 12 6
41 13 4
2 10
12 12 2
17 9 fi
34 I'J
87 7 «
2,053 13 6
Errors excepted. Cash, 3d of May ■ L. 1,441 6
London, S5/A nf Fehrxiarti, 1831. ' .
* This chargv ivcludfs 12 week.s* rent ; but should the importer keep the sugar on hand beyond that period, he
would be liabb t.. rent di the rate of 5d. per ton per week. The buyer aUo has the sugar delivered to hun free of
expense.
Pro FormJ Sales of l(K> Chests Bahia Sugar, per " Mary," Captain Smith, by Onl.r and for Account of William Henry & Co.
L I. d.
1834.
Feb. ly.
Average weight of each chest about 16 cwt. gross.
Revenue tares 13 per cent., and draft 2 lbs. per chest, allowed to buyers.
Vn't. ifr/i.llti.
33 chests white
33 do. yellow
34 do. brown
100 chests
Cnl.grt.lla.
528 O
2 4
327 1 24
61 24
166 1 nett
Civi. </r». Iht.
528 O
2 4
527 1 21
61 ti 24
4116 1 O nett
528 gross.
2 4 draft.
,-1)7 1 24
(11 24 tare.
466
1 nelt at I/. 7».
'■ at 1/ 41.
. Rt U. 1»
Discount 2i pet cent.
>. </.
40 7 6
12 15
Charga,
Warehousing entrv ■ ...
Sea Insiurance on 1,700/. at 2/. 7i. 6(/. ijer cent.
Policy 5». per cent., 4/. 5j. Conuniision J per cent., HI. 10s.
Insurance from lire on 1,700/. at 3* Tm/. per cent.
Freight on l,40(lc»t. liir 121bs. at 3/. IOj. per ton of 20 cut.
Primage 3i. pir ■ i lit., i2l 5«. Pierage at .IJJ. per ton, 1/. 0». 5rf.
Consolidated raleon l,IOOcwt. Idr. ISlba. SI M. pefcwi.*
Laying over at (id. each * 1 . * "
Interest on freiaht, 25 davs, 1 1 1 . I ( | (ill lllll » charges, 25 days, 2). 3d. •
nnverllsing iiimslii>tvingl\ir sair, i ;il.ilogues, use of room, receipt stamps, andjietty
245 11
13 5 5
li
uses
._rage 1 per cent,
mission 2) per cent.
I.. .. rf.
4 6
53 2 6
2 15 C
2.58 6 4
40 Ifi 10
2 10
16 4
2 1 B
Ifi 15 8
41 19 3
629 8 9
539 10
489 U 3
1,678 io iT
41 19 3
I,b36 10 V
419 « 9
1,217 2 4
Krroraeicepted. Cash, 22d of March • L.
tlHctli'l) t5lh i\f Fchrudry, 1834.
iS ihls rlinrgu incluiles 12 weeks' rent i but should the imimricr leisp Ihe sugar on hand bevond that period, he
Would be iialiU- to tint at the rate of 3,1. per Ion per week. The buyer aUo ha« the sugar delivered to hnn free of
tl»[FlJIIIE-__ .— — ,
1 1
H
'i «(
I
nu
m
% ■
' J
I
I
;l|i,!
1 1 1'J
1098
SUGAR.
.n,
ii
Pro FnrmA Sales of AIH) Uam Ik'n^iJ Suuar, per " I'ero," Captain Hawk, by (Wer anil for Acrtmnt of W. 8. Warwick.
IS.It.
Feb. 19.
Revenue tare fi Iba. each.
Draft 1 lb. each.
L.
d. r
C';('/. ijr. Ilia,
500 bags (welKliinft each 1 'Jl)
(ill. i/rt. II,.
6I)"> .1 o
M 10 tare and draft.
Mi 'i nett
Charget.
WareTjousing entry ...
Se I Insuranie on SOOi. at 2/. !.')». per cent,
rolicy .Ij. per cent., il. Conimiision ^ iier cent.. 4/.
Insurance from fire on 800/. at ^l. SJ. iier cent. -
Frciuht on .Miliowl. ,1nrs. 21 lbs. at il. per ton of 20 cwl.
Consolidated rale on .'il'ficwt. 3qrs. 2»lbs. at 6J. per cwt. •
LottinK at Irf. per i;wt. Kfos'
AdTortisinf; and showing for sale, catalogues, use of room, receipt stamps, and [letty
expenses - • • - * ' '
Brokerage J per cent.
Commission 2i \ki cent. - - - - . .
at. 1'. 9<. per cwt.
82
6
-
■
14
3
fi
2
•J
(i
4
28 O
1 6
113 8 O
IG 12 B
2 1
4 1
20 7 1
Errors excepted.
Cash, 24th of May
t- «. d.
81S 1? c
18G 2
am 10 «
Londorit 2.5(/t of February, 1831.
* This charge includes 12 weeks' rent ; hut should the importer keep the sugar on hand beyond that perinil ho
would be liable to rent at the rate of id. per Ion per week. I'lie buyer also has the sugar delivered to linn free of
expense.
1» —
I t I
II:
Pro Formd Sales of 2,000 Bags Mauritius Sugar, per "Aflrlca," Captain Reynolds, by Order and for Accuunt of S. R. Waters.
1831.
Feb. I'J.
Cwl- Ijr, Ih.
2,000 hags (weighing each 1 1 0)
Cwl. 'ur, lilt,
2,500
107 1(J tare and draft.
2,3«2 3 12 nett
Revenue tare 5 lbs. each.
Draft 1 lb. each.
L.
rf.
Ill n
27 l.'i
CAarffM.
Warehousing entry . - , -
Sea insurance on .3,700/. at 3/. per cent.
I'oliiy 5«. per cent., U/. .'u. Commission J per cent., 18/. 10».
Insurance from fire on 3,700/. at 3s. ^il. per cent,
('ustoms duty on 2,4 10 cwt. 'iqrs. 24 lbs. at 1/. 4*. per cwt. and entries
Freight on 2,410 cwt. 2qrs. 21 lbs. at 4/. 10«. per ton of 2U cwt.
Primage 5a, per cent. • - - • .
Consolidated rate on 2,410 cwt. 2 qrs. 24 lbs. at (k/. per cwt. *
Lotting at Id, per cwt. gross - - > -
Interest on dutv, 70 davs, 22/. 4» 3<f. i on freight, 23 days, V, lOf. 5d. on charges,
70 days, \Oa,'Ulil. ' ■ - - - - .
Advertising and showing for sale, catalogues, use of room, receipt stamps, and petty
expenses - - . - - -
Brokerage and guarantee 1 per cent. . . -
Commission 2^ per cent. - ■ - -
at 2'. 15>. per cwt.
«. d.
4 6
542 8
13 U
4
2
fid 5
10 8
4
4
MS 1,'>
r, 6
2,895 10 O
555 J9 6
70 13 8
24 5 G
7
ri5 IB
164 10 2
£. .. d.
6/)S0 7
3,029 10
2,651 gT
EtTors excepted. Cash, 3d of May ■ L
London, 'IMh of Fehrmrt/, 1S31.
* This charge includes 12 weeks rent, but should the Importer keep the sugar on hand beyond that period, he
would be liable to rent .it the rate of td, per ton per week. The buyer also has the sugar delivered to him free of
expense.
j fro Formi Sales of 500 Chests Havannah Sugar, per " Porcia," Captain Baier, by Order and for Account of Wm. Watkins
\.
lilt
If I
. 18.34.
Feb. 19.
C;i t, qra, tlia,
2.?0 chests white (weighing each 4^ cwt.) 1,0B2 2
Cwl, iirt,tlia, lis 1 Ot. &d.
250 do. yellow l,Wi2 2
118 1 6t. &d. 944 22 nett
914 22 nett
Revenue tare 5'^ lbs. each.
Draft 1 lb. each.
Discount Si per cent
t. ; d.
Charga,
^Warehousing entry - -
Sea insurance on 2",S00/. at 2/. 5.1. per cent
Policy 5j. per cent., 7/. Commission IOj. jier cent., 1 U,
Insurance from fire on 2,800/. at .3*. 3(/. per cent.
Freight on 1,892 cwt. 3 qrs. 12 lbs. at 4/. ll)». per Ion of 20 cwt.
Primage it. per cent., 21/. 5«. 10./. Pierage i^d. per ton, 1/. 7». 7</.
Consolidated rale on I,S92cwt. 3 qrs. 12 lbs. at 6J. per cwt.*
l.aving over at i'ld, each ... . . _
Interest on freight, 25 days, 1/. 4j. Id, ; on dock cliarges, 25 davs, 2*. 6d.
Auction duty i per cent. - - .*-...
Advertising and showing for sale, catalogues, use of room, receipt stamps, and petty
exjionses - - - - - . .
Brokerage 1 per cent. • . . . ,
Commission 21 per cent. • . ....
G3
21
1)
425 18
22 13
5
Cash, S2d of March
Errors excepted.
frfinrfon, 25(/i of Frhriian/, 1831.
* ??i'^ r"?r*"' '"^''"''''* \j^ weeks' rent ; but shnuin the importer keep the sugar on hand hevonj that iierl™!, he
would he Uable to rent at the rate of 4 J. pei ton per week. The buyer also has the sugar delivered to him free of
K. B — The freight 13 charged on the weight, exclusive of the tare, but inclusive of the ttrafl.
SULPHUR. — SYDNEY.
1099
SULPHUR, OR BRIMSTONE (Fr, Sonfre ; Gci. Schwefd ; It. Zolfo, Sol/o ;
Sp. Azufre ; Arab. Kibreet), is a crystallised, hard, brittle substance, commonly of a
greenish yellow colour, without any smell, and of a weak thougb perceptible taste ; its
specific gravity is from 1-9 to 2-1. It burns with a pale blue flame, and emits a great
quantity of pungent suffocating vapours. In some parts of Italy and Sicily it is dug
up in a state of comparative purity. That which is manufactured in this country is
obtained by the roasting of pyrites. It is denominated ronijh or roll sulphur, from its
being cast in cylindrical moulds, and contains 7 per cent, of orpiment The Italian
roll sulphur does not contain more than 3 per cent, of a simple earth ; and is, therefore,
in higher estimation than the English. When roll sulphur is purified, it receives the
name of sublimed sulphur, and is in the form of a bright yellow powder, — ( Thomson's
Chemistry, SfC.)
Sulphur is of great importance in the arts. It is used extensively in the manufacture of gunpowder,
ami in the formation of sulphuric acid, or oil of vitriol. It is also used extensively in medicine, and (or
other purjwscs. The entries for home consumption in 18;il and 183'2 amounted, at an average, to 312,(198
cwt. a year. The duty on refined brimstone varies from fo. to 9,v. 9rf. a cwt. ; so that the imports consist
almost wholly of rough, or what is called roll brimstone. Of a89,4i!l cwt. imported in 1H!!1, s.'()4,944 cwt.
came from luly, or rather Sicily. Its price in bond in the London market, in March, 18M, varied from
yji. to 201. a ton.
SYDNEY, the capital of New South Wales, and of the British .settlements in New
Holland, or Australia, in lat. 33° 55' S., Ion. 150° 10* E. Population about H,000.
Sydney is situated on a cove on the south side of Port Jackson, about 7 miles from its
mouth. The water is of sufficient depth to allow the largest ships to come close to the
shore. The inlet or harbour, denominated Port Jack.son, is one of tlie finest natural
basins in the world. It stretches about 15 miles into the country, and has numerous
creeks and bays ; the anchorage is every where excellent, and ships are protected from
every wind. The entrance to this noble bay is between 2 gigantic clifTs not quite
2 miles apart. On the most southerly, in lat. 33° 51' 30" S., Ion. 151" 16' 30' E.,
there is a light-house, the lantern of which is elevated 67 feet above the ground, and
about 345 above the sea. Owing to a want of attention at first, the streets of Sydney
were laid out, and the houses built, according to the views of individu.ils, without any
fixed or regular plan. But latterly this defect has been to a considerable degree reme-
died in the old streets ; and the new ones arc systematically laid out. The town covers
a great extent of land ; almost every house having a considerable piece of groimd attached
to it. There are dif^jrcnt banks at Sydney ; some of which are joint stock associations,
and others private copartneries. There is also a Savings' Bank. Schools f /r the
instruction of poor children have been cstahlislied ; and there are, besides two estal-
lisliments, dignified with the pompous title of colleges, numerous seminaries, some
of them said to be very well conducted, for the education of the middle and upper classes.
There are several periodical publications.
Population, Sfc. — The British settlements in New South Wales were originally
intended to serve as penal establishments to which convicts might he transported, and
employed in public and private works ; and are still used for this purpo.se. The first
vessel with convicts arrived at Botany Bay in Jitimary, 1788 ; hut it having been found
to be quite unsuitable as a site for a colony, the establishment was removed to Port
Jackson. The progress of the colony has been much more rapid than might have been
anticipated, considering the charficter and habits of the convicts annually landed upon
its shores, and the difficulties which the great distance from England interpose in the
way of an emigration of voluntary settlers. Owing to the circumstance of the great
majority of the convicts and other emigrants being males, a great disproportion luis
always existed between the sexes in the colony, whicli has materially retarded its pro-
giess, and been, in other respects, productive of very pernicious results. Government,
however, recently agreed to pay a sum of 8/. each, on their arrival in the colony, to
every well-behaved unmarried young woman, between the ages of 18 and 30, not
exceeding 1,200 in all, who might emigrate either to New South Wales or Van
Diemcn's Land; and some have been sent out by private associations. In 1828, the
date of the last census, tlie entire population of the colony, exclusive of aborigines,
was 36,598, distributed as follows ; —
C males
■ I females
Free emigrants
Born in the colony
Convicts become free by servitude
Convicts pardoned
Convicts ...
Total
f males
" ( I'emalM
f males
" { females
f males
" t It'iiiak's
Ci,..ik-.>i
" I liniales
f^] ^'^'-^
4,473 I
4,'i,".4 j
V I. -5,4(0
"■-7 J
i,.;4i!5 "'
88G
. 1
~X0
!■
1100
SYDNEY.
Rl
t
m
If
But tlicru is some uncL>rtaiiily as to thcso returns. At present, the population of the
colony may safely be taken at above .50,000.
Climrite, — The climate of such parts of New South Wales as have been explored by
the Eni^lish is particularly inild and salubrious. The hi^h summer heat indicated by
the thermometer has not the relaxing and enfeebling elFect that a similar liigh tcm.
perature has in India and many other countries. PVarless of damps, and unmolested by
noxious insects, the traveller may throw himself under the shade of the first tree that
invites him, and sleep in safety. On the other hand, however, the climate has the serious
defect of being too dry. It seems to be subject to the periodical recurrence of severe
droughts. Tltese prevail sometimes for '2, 3, or even 4 years together. The last " great
drought" began in 1826, and it did not terminate till 18'i9! Very little rain fell during
the whole of this lengthened period, and for more than fi months there was not a single
shower ! In consequence, the whole surface of the ground was so parched and withered
that all minor vegetation ceased ; and even culinary vegetables were raised with much
difficulty. It well nigh ruined many of the settlers ; nor is the colony as yet (juiiu
recovered from its effects. — ( Breton's Excursions in New South Wales, p. 296. ; Sturt's
Southern Australia, vol. i. p. 2. ) This is, in fact, the great drawback upon the colony ;
and were it more populous, there is reason to think it would expose it to still more
serious difficulties.
Soil, Products, Sfc. — The fertility of the soil in most parts of New Holland that have
been explored with any care, is very far, indeed, from corresponding with the glowing
descriptions of some of its casual visiters, whose imaginations seem to have been dazzled
by the magnificence of its botanical productions, and the clearness and beauty of tiie
climate. The truth is, that the bad land seems to bear a much greater proportion to
the good in New Holland, than in almost any otJier country with which we are ac-
quainted. Different theories have been framed to account for the fact ; but of the fact
itself there seems no manner of doubt. Of course, it is not to be supposed but that in
a country of such vast extent there are many fertile districts ; but along the east coast,
with which we are best acquainted, these seem to be much more confined than might have
been expected ; and the little experience we have had on the \vest side, at Swan River
and other places, seems to lead to still more unfavourable conclusions. Only a com-
paratively small part of the interior has as yet been explored. On the whole, however,
the fair inference seems to be, not only that New South Wales, but that New HollaiKl
generally, is much better fitted for becoming a pastoral than an agricultural country.
Sheep succeed remarkably well ; and notwithstanding the colony continues to derive ))art
of her supplies of corn from Van Diemen's Land and other places, she has already a very
large export of wool ; and from the great and growing attention paid to the improvement
of the breed of sheep, their rapid nmltiplication, and the extraordinary increase in tliu
quantity of wool exported, there seems little doubt but that, at no distant period. New
South Wales will be one of the principal wool-growing countries in the world. In
1822, the exports of wool amounted to only 152,880 lbs. ; in 1825, they had inercised
to 411,600 lbs. ; in 1828, they were 834,343 lbs. ; and in 1832, 1,336,000 lbs. !
The following statements show the progress of cultivation in the colony, from 1819
to 1828 : —
The Stock was
In 1819.
Horsos
Horned cattle
Sheep
. 3,572
- 42,7S9
. 75,.'569
Howe*
Horned cattle
Sheep
Inl82&
. 12,479
. 262,SC.8
- 536.391
The Number of Acres hold was
la 18! 9 - - • a57,IU
Of which were cultivated 47,973
In 1828 .
Of which were '
And cultivated
'eared
9,90fi,34fi
- 231,573
. 71,523
tmpnrts and Exports The total value of the imports ft-om all places into Sydney in 1832, excluding
those from the Whale Fishery and New Zealand, which are almost entirely the produce of the industry
of the colonists, was estimated at 510,73.!/. ; of which the imports from Great Britain amounted tn
424,489/. Of the latter, the principal articles were— cottons, l,319,00n yards, value 48,2fifi/. ; appnrel and
slop.s, 32,95.^/. ; ciisks and staves, 18,5<)2/. ; hardware Jind ironmongery, 2S,375/. ; haljcrdashery, 27,,')().'5/.;
hats, caps, bonnets, &c., 14,022/. ; spirits, ab<rut 34(),0()0 gallons, value 38,.547/. ; stationery and bonks,
10,79")/. ; woollens, 19,t)2y/. ; wines, 10,293/.. &c. The principal foreign and colonial imports were sugar
and wheat.
The estimated value of the exports during the same year was 371,174/. Of these, the principal articloi
of native produce were — wool, 1,336,414 lbs., value 73,944/.; hides, 10,309/. ; spormarcti oil, 2,2'il tur.a
I'lOgals., value 112,027/. ; black whale oil, 944 tuns, value 21,227/. ; salt provisions, 18,(K)1/., &c. Exclusive
of these, there were re-oxported of British produce and maiuifaoturcs, 53,762/. ; and of the protliicc of
British and foreign colonial settlements, 23,816/. We have thus-
Total amount of imports
— of exports
Balance of import*
je5io,7;n
371,174
£ 1,'39,5.'>;(
'
^r^^^y
SYDNEY
1101
fiiit n-om thii wc have to deduct 115,(>S<J1., being the nmount of the bill* drawn bv the iniular i-oni.
iniwariat on the govcniment at home for the maintcniincc of the military and convict otabliahmenti,
IcaviiiK on apparent tuilance against the island of 'J;V-'4<'A It should be iilisurved, that in these statemcnls
no account is taken of the i>reciou8 metals imported or exportetl. — 'AVw Soul/i Hales Calvntiar anil
Virecluru for \H33, pp. ,«);>— 512.)
In lS.i2, 186 ihips, ol' the burden nf about 40,000 tons, entered Port Jncksnn. During the same year,
38 ships, of 12,2.Jl tons burden, entered British |)orts inwards from New Souili Wulcs, Van Uicmen's
I.«ind, and Swan Iliver ; and 89 ehi]n, of 30,41)4 tuns burden, cleared outwards fur the same.
JV/iale Fishery. — Tlie statements given above sliow the great importance of t!ie wliale
fishery to New South Wales. The Physeter macrocephalus, or l)lack-heade(l spermaceti
whale, being particularly abundant in the Southern Ocean, the situation of Sydney gives
its whale ships advantages for the prosecution of the fishery that are not enjoyed by those
either of England or America. The latter have a long voyage to make before they
^ijS reach the fishing stations ; whereas those belonging to New South Wales reach them
without loss of time, and return home with equal facility for fresh supplies, or to repair
any damage they may happen to meet with. No wonder, therefore, that the colonists
should have eagerly embarked in this field of enterprise. They have prosecuted it with
much success, and have now many valuable ships engaged in it.
The trade carried on between New South Wales and New Zealand is daily becoming
of more and more importance. The imports of flax from the latter into this country
are now, as we have already seen, of considerable value and importance.
Income and Expenditure. — We subjoin an account of the revenue of New South
Wales for the 6 years ending with 1831, and for part of 18.'J2.
Revenue of New .South Wales, from the Ist of January, 1826, to the SIst of October, 1832.
Head of Revenue.
1826.
1827.
1828.
1829.
1S30.
1831.
From Ut .Tiin.
to 31»t Oct.
1832.
/.. 1. d.
75,486 8 1
Customs
Duty on spirits dis-
■ tillMl in the colony
rost-olHce collec-
tions
Auction duty, and
/,. ..
49,353 13
d.
{.. t.
52,822 19
L. t.
69,677 16
6
;,. 1,
79,1.16 8
rf.
8
/.. .. </.
81,078 15 1
89,805 4
rf.
1
1,890 15
il
2,211 18
1
700 2
7
288 15
710 7 6
1,135
867 2 6
•
•
•
•
598 2
41
1,324 15
7
1,753 14 91
2,153
2
2,105 16 9
ecrs
Licences to retail
malt and spirituous
liquors •
Crown lands •
Kents of tolls, fer-
ries, and markets.
576 7
3,063 4
2,742 8
li
9
6
682 18
4,02.1
3,814 13
iij
CI
1,363 10
4,425
5,437 6
74
3i
1,270 7
3,725
3,309 10
n
1,463 18 3j
5,100
1,985 19 11!
1,399 7
6, .WO
3,617 17
41
i
1,204 9 7i
7,760
11,481 9 9
premises - - -
Fees of imhlic ofllces
Fines levied by
courts of ju.stice -
Proceeds of the sale
.3,231 19
2,713 9
809 14
9l
H
8,404
1,902 6
371
7i
5
2i
3,689 18
3,685 15
685 9
14
3,221 12
6,025 9
786 12
31
G
4,1.38 7
6,461 19 4
758 8 1
4,806 IS
7,055 13
730 15
6
5.
1 3,013 14
5,021 9 4
69 19 6
1
ol Kovernment pro-
Miscellaneous - -
6,178
1,661 5
4 10,056 6
1|' 1,018 9
6^
H
3.
3,766 18
7,762 9
94,862 "7"
3
2<f
4.5
2,221 14
9li» 10
5
3
,101 fi n
776 14 3i
1,6.39 16
2,172 2
l21,0G.'^i 14
3
6
11
I 2,835 5 llj
622
Totals - t.
72,2'iO 18
3.
79,.3(I9 13
102,784 16
2
101,729 4 li
110,'.67 15 6
According to the Papers published by the Board of Trade (vol. i. p. 250.), the total
expenditure of the colony in 1830 amounted to 242,891/., of which 80,174/. were civil
expenses; and the remainder, being 162,717/., were the charges incurred by the colony
for the convict and military establishments ; and which has, of course, to be defrayed by
the mother country. In fact, were it not for the heavy expenses necessarily incurred on
account of the conveyance and superintendence of convicts, the revenue of the colony
would be adequate to meet the outgoings.
Umict, H'eifihii, and Measures. — Accounts are kept in sler-
linK money: but Spanish dollars are most abundant. Ihcy
paS current at lit. each. The weiifhts and measures are the
tame as those of England.
Ralet nf Agency, Ommitiim, and Warehmue Rent, agreed lo at
a Uetlinif tifthe Neiv South H'a/M Chamber iif Camviercc, 1828.
Commistion.
1. On all sales or purchases of ships and other vcs.sels, hou';es,
or lands, » here no advance on them has been made, 24
per cent.
On all other sales, purchases, or shipments, 5 per cent.
On Koods consipieii and afterwards withdrawn, or sent to
public auction, if no advance on them has been made, 2i
tier cent.
J. On giving orders for the provision of goods, 2} per cent.
3. On guaranteeing sales, bills, bonds, or other engagenienls,
2yper cent.
4. On the management of estates for others, .■• per cent.
fi. On procuring freight or charier, and on freight collected,
5 |)er cent.
6. On insurances elTected, i per cent.
7. On settling losses, partial or general, 1 per cent.
8. On elfecling remittances, or purchasing, selling, or nego-
liatiiig liillii of eichange, 1 |ier cent.
9. On the recovery of money. Si i»T cent. If b; law or arbi-
tration, 5 per cent.
10. On collecting house rent, .'> per cent.
1 1 . On attending the delivery 01 contract goods, 2 per cent.
12. On liecoming security for contracts, 5 per cent.
13. On ships' disliurseinents, 5 per rent.
14. On obtaining money on respondentia, 2 per cent.
15. On letters ot credit granted, 2J per cent.
16. On purchasing, selling, receiving from any of the public
offices, lodging in ditto, delivering up or exchanging
government paper or other public stturities, ^ per cent.
17. On all items on the debit or cretlit side of an account, on
which a commission of 5 per cent- has not been pre-
viously charged in the same account, including govern*
mcnt paper, 1 per cent.
18. On entering and clearing ships at the Custom-house, each»
I guinea.
19. On llie di.shononr of foreign bills, elclu^lve of protest and
other law expenses a re-exchange of 25 pur cent.
Wurrboute Rent.
On all measurement goods. It. per ton of 40 cubic feet, pef
«et'k.
On lii|ui(ls, li. 3d. iier tun of 252 gallons (old measure) pcT
week.
On sugar, rice, salt, and similar articles, fid. |H?r ton per week.
On grain, 4tl. per bushel for lirst month, and 4<J. I>«r imvliel
per month afterwanls.
On iron, leail, .'<;c. id. per ton per wttk.
, I I
I
: )
il i.i
\
li
IIO'J
SYDNEY.
Dutiet leuied at Sydnty under Acts (^ Parllatntnt.
I
II'
M' if'
1
AcHorPiirllamnit
under whirh lerled.
i'.Kitn. ,1. c. 114.
•■.f. iinil't Ueo.,'l.
c. 9fi. •. 2H.
Id. ■
3 Geo. 4. c. 9(3.
ArtlclM upon
which lerinl.
Splrit5 inafle or dis-
(llled froiii arn'm
the iirodure nf (he
cnliny or lu depen-
(lencieH.
Uitio ditto ditin,
from »tif(ar aiiu
ninlas«eH.
Sjiiriu, ttie prmluf'e
and manufiirture
oflhuirnltcdKlnn.
doin. or hi« Mn*
Prcnent Putle*
IcTied.
2<. 6(/. per Kallon.
N<. BJ. per do.
fii. CdI. per g.)ll.
Act* of Parliament |
under wtiich if'vied. I
Arttrtet upm
wliicli leTled.
I
lOeo.
Id.
Id.
Id.
ier.tv'« plantations
III llu'W't'st Indli-t,
iinportifi diret'llv
frnin III* United
Kinudom.
All otiier iplril*
Toliacro itnporti'd
uiiinannfdrture<l.
Ditto dilln maiiufar-
tiiretl, and Hiiufr.
Fiireitfn kuoUa im-
ported.
Prewnt Dutle
levied.
«'. r.,t. per do,
l» W. per lb.
•ii. 0(1. per Uo.
^ per cent. (iiJi^a/,
Shipping Charges in Port Jackson, SfC.
Pilolnge Ratet, payable to licensed pilots on fchips and Tesseli
fromnnd toadi»tanceof a IcaKUesoue to sea. Into and out of . ......mi,,,
anr port or Ivirbour in New South >Vaies, for which a pilot I lo einiiloyed, eicepted, unlets the aulntance of a pilot \k ,„
•'"■ ' — ■- '- — '* — ' '--"—' — — ' — ceed- I nuiretl and received.
part of New South W aim to another, nn<l >ti am vc«si|» vvli N,
•hail be appointed i vessels registered in Sydney, not exceed- | iiuii
For every vessel drawing
7 fett or under
8 — and under 9 feet
9 _ — 10 —
10 _ - 11 -
11 _ _ 12 —
12 _ _ 13 _
HnrJoiir Durt and Chargei, payable to the harbour niaster, I
repairinp on hoard and appoini'riK tl>e tilace of anchor.aue
ships and vessels entcrinff anv port or harbour in Ni'w South
Wales ; or fur the removal of the same froin one place of |
/,. 1.
rf.
For every
vi'S'iel c
IrawiilB
/,. «. d.
4 1)
13 feet and under
H feet
. li 10 u
4 .^
14 —
_
1,'. —
- 7
4 10
l.'i .-
1« -
. 7 10
f>
Ifi _.
._
17 -
-800
,'> 10
17 —
_
IS _
. H 10
6
u
IS _
—
19 -
- 9
For every vessel drawing
19 feet and under 80 feet
VO _ _ <21 _
n - - U'l _
ti — _ M _ .. „
And so on, II. for every additional fci
• <i 10
• in II
-U II ij
1'^ n II
not.
For every vessel under /-. «. d-
100 tons - - . .'i O
100 — and under 400 tons 10
For every vessel of h. t. d.
Wn tons luid under .300 tons 15
300 — — 4IK) —.100
anrhorajje or moorini; lo another, not beinpt for the piirpos* nf
leaving the port ; vessels reftistered in Sydney, under ,'iO loni
or while employed in the coastlnt; tratle from one port of V«J
Kouth Walet to another, excepted.
For every vessel of f,. , j
400 tons and under .WOlons ■ I .1 n
600 — and uiiwards . • 1 lo o
Ctutonu Chnrgtt, payable to the collector or other nflicer
of customs, for the entry inwards, or clearance outwards, of
•hips and vessels at any port or harbour of New Soufli Wales,
where an olHcer of customs is stationed i vessels under .OO tons,
reslstertd In Sydney, excepted ; viz.
Entry, Clearance.
For every steam vessel employed in the
coastinjc trade, from one port of New
South \\'ales to another
For every vessel registered in Sydney,
and so employed, if above 50 and not
exceeding 100 tons ....
For every vesFel so employed, if above
lOO tons
Wharfage Ralei, payable lo the collector
of customs, on article* landed at the
King's Wharf, Sydney: —
For every
Tun or butt . - -
Pipe or puncheon - • •
Hogshead . - -
Barrel
Cask or keg of smaller sUe -
Crate, cask, or case of hard-
ware, earthenware, or iron-
mongery - - - - 9
Bale, case, or box, not exceed-
ing 9 ton measurement
Ditto, excce<ling J ton - -
Chest of tea
i chest or box of tea
Bag of sugar ...
Bag of coffee - • • IJ
Package of rice
Basket of tobacco
Bag of hops - "
Pocket of hoju • •
Bushel of grain
Dozen of oars
100 deals
lOOstavei
Dozen of spades and shovels U 1
L. I. d. L. : J.
13 13
4 1
10 010
For every other ship or vessel
Enlrtj. ruawnn,,.
' I- •■ d. L. ,. ,,.
• 15 I.',
I.ighl-home Dua, payable lo the collector of customs, Svd.
nev, on ships and vessels above .^0 tons, arriving at Port
Jackson, towards the maintenance of the light-house at tbe
entrance thereof; viz.
/.. I. d
On every ship or vessel above fiO and not exceeding
100 tons, employed in the coasting trade (torn one
port of New Soiith Wales to another - - - 2
On every steam vessel, the ton register measurement 01
On every other ship or vessel, the ton register mea- *
surenient - • ■ - - 2
Ton of iron, steel, lead, or
other metal, including shot
Ton of salt
Ton of flax - - -
Ton of cordage
Ton of potatoes - - -
Battle of paint, oil, or turpen-
tine ....
Millstone • ...
F'^our wheeled carriage
7Vo. wheeled carriage
Small package, not otherwise
enumerated . . .
Ton of heavy goods, not other-
wise enumeratL-d - -
/,
1.
d.
'i
r,
n
1
(i
1
•i
'i
1
(i
2
«
."i
3
3
2 6
Po4lage qf Single Ltttvri from Sydney-
d.
To Paramatta • ■ -4
Emu Plains (Penrith) ... 8
Wind.sor . ... 8
Liverpool . . ... 6
Campbell Town . . .8
Newcastle - . • - 4
Port Macquarie . . - 4
Ilathurst 12
And at corresponding rates from other
places.
Double and treble letters to be charged
proportionably to the aforesaid rates
Letters the weight of an ounce to le
charged 4 times the rate of poslaiie(,ra
single letter. r -n a
NewspiweranrinteA in New South WhIm
or van Dieinen's Land, IJ. each.
tetlertfrom and !•! Sen South H'.iirt and
Van niemen'i lawl to pay a sea postnge
of.^iJ., and ail othci ^hip Lttlrrt a ien
postage of id. in addirion to the inland
post.ige payable thereon.
Parctli of Newapaperi, printed Prim
Current, or otitfr periodical Vulilimtimi
exported or -orted, to be chargid a
sea postage .. rate of \d, for every
4 ounces of tilt ''eight.
Auctitm Duty. ' '
For each and every 1 001. arising from
the sale by auction of any estate, eoodi,
orelfects whatsoever, II. iOf.
Licentu.
Auctioneers, annually • - 2 n
Beer and spirits, to retail, do. - 25 o
Distilling, do. - . - 2.5
Hawkers, do. ... 20
Carts • • . -OS
Emigration to New South Wales, Rate of Wages, Sfc. — Were it not for the heavy
expenses attending emigration to so di.stant a country as New South Wales, the ad-
vantages it holds out to the industrious emigrant are considerable. Labour is in great
demand, the rate of wages high, provisions moderately cheap, and the climate mild and
not unsuitable to European constitutions. The great drawbacks are the general in-
feriority of the soil, the want of water, and the immense distance from Europe. The
commissioners for facilitating emigration (that is, for contracting with individuals or
parishes willing to defray the expense of removing voluntary emigrants to the colonies),
issued the following
Information with respect to the Australian Colonies.
Price (if Passaee. — The commissioners for emigration have reason to expect, fiom the result of the
inquiries wliich they have made on this subject, that passages can be provided for people of the working
classes, including their maintenance during the voyage, at a charge not exceeding 16/. for adults, and 9i.
for children. More exact particulars, and the precise charge for which passages can be provided, will be
stated at the time of entering into the agreements with such persons as may apply to the commiisionm'i
for that purpose.
!
Priifiabii
number ol
l)i< men's
labour. T
the sciTcta
•J'hc (olid
r.itps of wai
Twenty.!
piiil to com
(ibtaiiiiiig .51
.Sydney Gai
Sydney, as i
Bread and bisi
ilutchers.
»lloit buiideri
*lUiik maker!
* iiiyers.
lieliows maker
*lllacksiniths.
ilcli hangers.
llr.isN founders.
Ilrewers.
Boatmen.
*loMar makers
Confectioners.
Ch'iir milkers.
*C«rrier3.
*(.'arpenters.
^Caulkers.
*('o<>pers.
Cart makers.
Coach makers.
Coiniiositors.
Candle makers.
f'atiinet makers.
f'heese makers.
Coach spring mi
Cooks.
Colliers.
"Coppersmiths.
Cutien.
lijers.
Those marked
millwrights earn
Ail articles of )
Tea Igreen), 1». i
The agent ft
Emigration Ci
ribcn, stated tt
Common labot
Common meet
ai rate ditto
3d rate ditto
Market Prii
South Wales,
the year 1830 : .
Articles.
MTieat - per bi
.Maize
Dais
barley
Potatoes per c
Hutter (fresh) pe
Do. (salt) -
Cheese
Kggs
Ducks
Fowls
Oeese
Turkeys
Hay
Straw .
- pen
- perp
per to
per 1(
B^ead per 4 lb. 1
Meat, per ston
Beef .
•Mutton
I'ork
\'eal -
Flour, per 100
Fine
Seer .ids
It i' not iio"
season , and i'.,
ance to iiorso i
however, of th
take charge of i
labouring class
SYDNEY.
1103
rrobnbilitu of Emplosruent.and Italet <^ Wages. — The coinmi».ioner» havo cxaminea a ronsidcralilo
mimbiT 1)1 It'tter* upon thcie nubjectn from reupcitalilc iiilialiitanta of New South Wolct and Van
l)ii men's Land ; and thvy hnd that all concur in ri-prcstMii ,« the existence ot a irreat demand liir
labour. 1 hcM! represeiit.»tloni are further conHrined by ofljiiai reports received Ironi those colonies bv
the Hccretary of state. '
The following general statements, collected from a variety of sources, will aflbrd a view of the average
rates of wages in the Australian colonies : — "
Twenty-five or thirty pounds a year, besides board and lodglnfr, seem to Ik the u ircs which arc usually
pud to common lal)Ourers: artisans of very ordinary i)ualificaiioti9 are reported t.. find no difficulty in
(jblalnnig .5(tf. a year, besides board and lo<lgiiig. The following advertiseineiit, which appeared in the
Sydney dazcttc of the IWh of AuL-ust, 18^0, contains a list of several descriptions of workmen wanted at
Sydney, ai well as an account of the high wages which some of them might obtain : —
Wanted, in Sydney, New South Wales, the following Tradesmen and Mechanics : —
Bread and t>licuit Iwkers
ilutcliera.
^Iliiil builders.
*l)rirli makers.
* liijft'n.
Iteltows makLTS.
OHiHcksnilthi.
ilell fianxers.
Urdsti fouiiUen .
Wnwen.
B'Uimtn.
*( nllar makers.
Confettlonerj.
Ch lir m.ikeri.
*('urrier9.
*('ar|)enters.
«l'«ulker9.
*<;oo|)cra.
Cart makers.
Coach makers.
ComiMJsitors.
Canille makers.
Cntiinvt makers.
Cheeie niakeri).
Coach spring makers.
('(lok.s.
Collien.
ACogipersmiths.
Cullers.
Ujen.
Dairywomen.
DIstiLleri.
AKiiMinecri.
Farrier*. .
Klax (Ireuers*
Fencers.
FellnioTigers.
(lardeneri.
(tiazlfrs.
(il.us hlowers.
Ulue makers,
(iilders.
(iunsmithi.
Hairdressers.
Hat makers.
finishers.
♦Hanics'i makers-
Horse breakers.
Hwiii IwnUers*
*.Joiners.
JapanniTs.
Irunnioiif^ers.
Iron founders.
Leather dressers.
Mrne burners.
Locksmiths.
Millers.
Atcalinen.
*Millwrlt!hls.
Milliners.
Maltsters.
MuNtard makers.
Milkiiieii.
Nurserymen,
Nailers.
ralnlers.
Parchment makers.
rumi> m.ikcrs.
I'luUKh makers.
Potters.
Pat)er makers.
^Plasterers,
PlouKhnitfli.
Provision curers*
Plumbers.
Printers and pressmen.
')uarrymen.
luill prenarers.
lope makers.
Ke'iiiers.
Saddlers.
Shoemakera.
*Saw)'ers.
Shipwrights.
*Stone masons.
*Sione cutters.
Stuiie setters.
Htone qiuirrymen.
Sail makers.
*Slalers and ihiiifileri.
Sheplierds.
Sheep'.hearers.
Soap makers.
Si|(n painters.
Sailors.
Sail cloth makers.
Sieve makers.
Starch makers.
Straw platters.
Straw hat makers.
'I'urners.
*Tanner».
Tailors
Tin plate workers.
Tobacco pi^te makers.
Tobacco HTowers.
Tallow nielters.
Vine tlressers.
t-'nbolstertTS.
\\ hc«lwri|!hts.
Wagon makers.
Wo«il sorters.
Whalers.
^\'eavers of lilnnki'ls imd
coarse woollen.
Wire drawers.
Wood splitters.
Those marked thus (*) are particularly wanted, and earn I0<. a day and upwards, all tlit year round; and enuineers anil
inillwri);hts cam Wm. a day.
All articles of provision are very cheap : beef and mutton, Id. per lb. by the joint, and 1 J. per lb. by the quarter or carcass.
Tea (Rreen), 1<. Od. ; sugar, 7id, Indian com, K. U>/. per bushel, iio. Aic.
The agent for New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, in a letter addressed to the Chairman of the
Emigration Committee in the year 1827, since which period the price of labour is understood to have
risen, stated the rates of wages as follows : —
Per Day.
Common labourers
Common mechanics
'id rate ditto
3d rate ditto
Pet I<ay.
J*.
7*.
8*. to 12*.
12*. to 15».
And to mechanics of peculiar qualifica-
tions, or agricultural labourers capable
of managing a farm in the capacity of
bailifts - ....
1/.
Market Prices at Sydney. —The cnmmigsioners have collected from newspapers publisiicd in New
South Wales, the following accounts of the market prices at Sydney on the 1st day of each month during
the year 1830 : —
Articles.
Jan. I Feb. March. ' April. May.
June.
Wheat - per busb.
.Maize - —
I )als - —
B.irley - —
Potatoes per cwt.
Hutter (fresh) per lb.
1)0. (salt) —
per cwt.
(iresh) per '*"
1)0. (salt) —
Cheese - —
perdoz.
KKtP
Ducks
Fowls
Geese
Turkeys
Hay
Straw
Bread per 4 lb. loaf
Meat, per stone-
Beef - - •
Mutton
Pork •
Veal - -
per pair
per ton J
per load
Flour, per 100 lbs.
Fine .12 1
Sec< ids - - 1 19 1
a. I.. 4. d. L. I. d.L. I. il \L. I. ,1
July. 'August. Sept. lOctober. Nov. I Dec.
/.. <. d. L. I. i>.
H ,T 6 9 11 s 9 fi|0 7 I' II 7 (I fi
9
CO
fi
(I
•
6
6
6
fi 7,
(i .1
G O .T
fi 10
1
9.0
CO
«
II
II I 9
7
.-> '
IC
1 o .
2 10 11
per /oorf
1
O 16
9
COS
.1
.1
.•5 10
0;0 12
9 'I
I)
II
9
1'^
•/
9 "
9 l> 5
fi 3
O 10
12
7, I)
fi II
6; II
o;u
9
G
G
9
1 lU
Z (i
10 II I
2 fi O 2
3
2
111
6,0 10
10 I
2
6 1
2
10
') 10
10
1
,•5 2
2
111
0,0 M
II
(I
G 10 0:6
17 1 n o
10./ to 8<f. to
I U 9(<.
6
1
>/. to
8(1.
6 6
1
5 10
lOrf. to
111/.
3
5
8
6
1-
O'O li
C 17
15
1 3 '
8>f. I.,
9J.
(
fi
5 10 c' 5 9
1 3 12 fi
8i/. to I 8(7. to
I 9d. 9d.
5
5
8'0
6,0
3
5
8
6
1
3
5
8
6
6
18
10
110 16
18 17
8 15 14
L. I.
a G
1
2
3
10
1
1
I
5
3
10
12
d.t.. I.
6
9 1
4:o 2
3
13
fi 1
11
1
0,0
5
3
6 10
6 14
d.L.
3
8
8
(I
9
11
9
6
CO
r
,. d. r.
4 9
1 10 O
2 9
2 6
110
1 2
10
Olio
10 O
6
3 e
12
13
9
9
10
12
5 8 5 17 6 6 6 8
12 6 013 O 12 6 13
8rf. to 7d. to 7(1. to 1 HJ
9(/. 8(J. 8(f. \S^-
19
II 2 4
5 3
4 4
2
3
5 3
1 6 2 4
2 6 3 4
5 9 4 6
04 6] 05 9046
15
13
13
Oil
13
O Oil
It i' not ;it pessary that emigration to the Australian rnlonies should be confined to any \. fticular
season and tie commissioners for emigration will therefore be ready immediately to afford thti issist-
ance to :>ei3o is desirous of going to New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. In consei nee,
however, of the state of the population in the Australian colonies, the commissioners do not pro^. e to
take charge of the conveyance of any but married men and their families, or of females belonging to the
labouring claiset.
I
. I i
'i
r,i ■•ill
*1 ■ -.'' »
i .
; ¥
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i I
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ti
f,
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
{./
.%
.V^^
1.0
I.I
2.5
2.2
1^ I
lift
1.8
150
— II '-'^ III ''^
« 6"
^
V]
^^^^^•
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>
'>'
Pnotographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716)872-4503
^
#
\
<^
°^>.
6^
"^..1*
'I
6^
110+
SYDNEY.
Tlic price or tlic principal artU-Ici or provUion In the market of Syduey, in January, 1 833, were at
rullotvs : —
i
Article*.
Beef, per lb. per quarter
Do. Juint, tier lb.
Veal do. ■
Mutton, do.
Do. carcass •
Pork.iuint
l)o. c.'-.-aM
Couple of fowls -
]>o. of ducks
Turkey - »
I'ricea.
L. I.
O II
I O
o
II I
II n 4
o
I
'i
C 6
rf. /.. I. if.
1 ', to II II V
gi _ II .1
.'. _ O o
_ n 3
— II '2
_ II .'i
_ II ^
— (I 2 .T
U 4
I) — () 6 B
j^rtlclin.
Prices.
(loose • • -
Kresh liullcr, pur lb.
Salt ilo. do.
rhcese
Wheat, jier bu^hei
.Mai'/e
Barley ...
(I.its
liny, per ton, from KiiKlinh seed
Do. do. colonial
II 4
' (I I
rf. h. ,. ,;.
II 10 (I r. (I :
(I - n 1 s ,
II 8 _ II 1 n
II O 4 _ I) n I
■ - 4 — n 4
li — II 4
9-0
7,
7,
t
'I 6 _ n i
n n _ 8 n
0—5
1)
II
II
!l
n
II
The clothing to which they are entitled ronsisls of 'i frorirt
or jackets; 3 pair of hlioes, of Ktnut and durable leather- 5
shirts i 'I pair of trmrsers ; 1 hat or cap. '
Rationifor Convidi.— The weekly rations of the convicts are
Vi lh». of wheat, or 1) IIk. of flour, or .TJ lbs. of maize, and 'J lbs.
of wheal, or 7 lbs. of id flour; 7 lbs. of l>eef or mutton, or
4i Ib^. of salt pork; it oz. of salt; itoz.ofsoap.
Wc subjoin, in illustration of the sort of statiiments <^nit furtli to allure immigrants, the
following extract from the Sydney Gazette of the 22d of May, 1 8.30 : —
" Here, then, is a country prepared to our very hands for all the purposes of civilised
life. While England is groaning under a population for which she cannot provide
bread, here is an unmeasured extent of rich soil, that has lain fallow for ages, and to
which the starving thousands of the North are beckoned to repair. The gre.it want of
England is employment ; the great want of New South Wales is labour. England has
more mouths than food; New South Wales has more food than mouths. England
would be the gainer by lopping off one of her superfluous millions ; New South Wales
would be the gainer by their being planted upon her ample plains. In England, the
lower orders are perishing for lack of bread ; in New South Wales, they are, like Jo-
shuron, "waxing fat and kicl^ng" amid superabundance. In England, the master is
distracted to find work for his men ; in New South Wales, he is distracted to find men
for his work. In England, the capitalist is glad to make his 3 per cent. ; in New South
Wales, he looks for 20. In England, capital is a mere drug, — the lender can scarcely
find a borrower, the borrower can scarcely repay the lender; in New South Wales,
capital is the one thing needful, — it would bring a goodly interest to the lender, and
would make the fortune of the borrower.
" Then let the capitalist wend his way hither, and his 1 talent will soon gain 10; and
his 10, 20. Lot the labouring pauper come hither; and, if he can do nothing but ilig,
he shall soon be welcome to 23s. a week, and shall feast on fat beef and mutton at 1 d,
or '2d. a pound ! Let the workhouses and jails disgorge their squalid inmates on our
shores, and the heart-broken pauper and the abandoned profligate shall be converted
into honest, industrious, and jolly-faced yeomen."
This is a striking, but an exceedingly exaggerated, paragraph. Those who emi-
grate in the expectation of finding an El Dorado in New South Wales, or in any part
of Australia with which we are acquainted, will meet with nothing but disappointment.
Industry and good conduct are not more necessary to the success of individuals in
England than they are to the success of those who emigrate to New Holland. There,
as here, man must " eat his bread in the sweat of his brow."
In order to provide a fund for defraying the expenses of emigration to Australia,
government has resolved to impose a tax of 1/. each upon the convicts assigned to
private individuals. Doubts, however, may be entertafhcd as to the policy of any such
tax. A duty upon labour is certainly a novel expedient for increasing the prosperity
of a colony ; though, perhaps, under the peculiar circumstances of the case, it may be
justified.
Granting of Land in Australia. — We have previously given (an*i, p. 359.) a copy of
the terms on which lands are henceforth to be granted to emigrants to New South
Wales and Van Diemen's Land. Tliey are not very explicit. The colonial secretary's
letters to the governor merely tell him that in future all land is to be sold by auction ;
that the minimum or upset price is to be 5s. an acre ; and that he has a discretionary
power of fixing a higher minimum price on superior lots, and of declining to sell them
till that price be obtained. Even were there nothing to object to the principle of this plan,
if any thing so very vague deserve tiiat name, we have very little doubt that in its prac-
tical operation it will generate every species of abuse. Tlie local government, liaviirg
the power of limiting the quantity of land to be put up to auction, has it completely in
its power to fix its price ; tor it may either increase the quantity of land so that it shall
fetch no more tlmn the upset price, or it may limit it so that it shall fetch any greater
sum. Such auctions must in reality be a mere farce ; it is not possible that they can
be conducted on a fair principle. The pric# must, in every instance, really depend on
the pleasure of the sellers, and not gn the competition of the buyers. Supposing^e
local authorities to be uniformly actuated by the sincerest desire to deal fairly by emy
one, by what test arv they to discover the prohabl* nimiber of oflereri at difft-rent
r^r
SYDNEY.
1 i ().-)
periods, tlie ar.iouiit uf tlicir funds, and the intensity of their desire to purcliasu? And
yet, without knou-itig all these tilings, tliey caiu-.ot decide upon the quantity of land to he
put up, so as to have any thing like a fair sale. And supposing them to be influenced hy
the partialities and weaknesses incident to humiinity, how easy, when they wish to oblige,
will it be for them to increase the number of lots put up, and conversely ! To obviate,
in some degree at least, the chance of such abuses, the better way would be to get a
large tract of country divided info lots, and to fix prices on these .iccording to the
estimate formed of their various advantages, assigning them in al)^.()lute propei'ty to the
Jirst applicant ready to pay down the price, and to conform to the regulations as to oc-
cupancy, &c. It is to no purpose to contend that the plan of selling land liy auction i.s
, dopted in America. What is there in common between the political condition of
Australia and the United States? Jobl)ing, that would be instantly detected and put
down in the latter, may attain to the rankest luxuriance in the former. The influence
of a government and a public on the spot is altogether diflerent from that of a govern-
ment and a public many thousand miles distant. It iseiisy to set a minimum price upon
land ; the real desideratum is the establishment of some certain, fixed, and fair principles
for fixing its maximum price.
We confess, however, that we entertain serious doubts as to the soundness of the
principle involved in this plan, even supposing it could be fairly carried into effect ; and
these doubts have not been in any degree lessened by the extravagant eulo{^Ics lavished
upon it. It would seem, indeed, to be supposed that nil the evils incident to colonis-
ation have resulted from the settlers getting land on too easy terms ; and that all that
was required for the establishment of a colony on the best possible foundation, was,
to sell its land at a high price ; in other words, to make it as like an old country
as possible ! It says little for the public discernment, that opinions of this sort should
have obtained much currency. We concede, indeed, that nothing can be more injurious
to a colony than the making of large grants of land to individuals who either do not
• intend to settle upon them, or are unable to clear and bring any considerable portion
of them into cultivation. But because such inconveniences have resulted from the in-
judicious granting of land, it does not, therefore, follow that it should be sold at high
prices, or even at any price at all. In making grants of land, regard ought to be always
had to the means and the intentions of the grantee ; that is, the grant should depend
partly on the probable amount of his available capital, and partly on the purposes to
which he means to apply it. And it might be properly enough stipulated, that if, at the
end of some fixed period, certain improvements were not made, buildings erected, &c., it
should revert to the Crown. But the more we reflect upon the subject, the greater are
our doubts as to the policy of exacting any price for land, particularly in such a country
as New South Wales. Considering the very inferior quality of most of the land in that
colony, it seems to us that 5s. an acre is quite extravagant as a minimum price ; and
that, instead of being made the lowest point in the scale, it should rather have been made
the highest. At all events, if an upset price of 5s, an acre be not a great deal above
the mark in New Holland, it must be a great deal below it in Upper Canada. It would
not really be more absurd to set about establishing a uniform rate b> which to regulate
the sale of land in Essex and the Hebrides, than it is to apply the same scale to all our
colonial possessions. If this preposterous scheme do not discourage emigration, it will
assuredly turn the tide from our own colonies to the United States. And though it had
no such effect, it would still be highly objectionable ; inasmuch as it cripples the re-
sources of the colonist at the very moment when they are the most indispensable ; and
deprives him of funds which he would have laid out better than, it is easy to suppose,
they can be laid out by government. The mode of letting land by fine, that is, by the
receipt of a large sum of money on the tenant's entry to a farm, — the rent during the
currency of the lease being proportionally small, — has been severely censured by all the
best agricultural writers ; and for the very sufficient reason, that it deprives the tenant of
the greater part of his capital, and disables him from undertaking any considerable im-
provement. And yet we are loudly called upon to do the same thing by the settlers in a
new colony, — who, for the most part, emigrate only because they have little or no capital,
— that is so justly condemned at home. This precious project has actually been trumpeted
forth as a signal discovery that was to be productive of the very greatest utility ; and a
society has been formed to promote colonisation, on the avowed principle of rendering it
much more difficult than it has ever hitherto been for a colonist in the lower walks of
life to acquire land and become independent ! If slaves could be imported into a colony
of this sort, there might be some chance of its succeeding. But while land of the very
best quality may be had in Illinois for 2 dollars an acre, and even less, we think better
of the common sense of our countrymen, than to suppose that they will resort to Aus-
tralia under the auspices of any company of the sort now alluded to.
In compiling this article we have made use of the Report of Mr. Bigge on the
AgriewJture and Trade of New South Wale», being Pari Paper, No. 136. Sess. 1823;
4 B
■a . i
■t I %
\ y^
It
i'i
-l
\\i
1106
SYR A TAGAXUOG.
Rtport of Commissioners of Inqiiiri/, Purl. Paper, No. '328. Soss. ISM ; Papers laid liifur<.
the Finance Committee; New South Wales Calendar and Directory for lH;J;)j and tlnj
«voi-ks of Messrs. Start, Breton, and others.
SYR A, tlic ancient Scyros, one of the islands of the Greek Archipelago, in the grouij
called the Northern Cyclades. It is ft'oni 7 to 8 miles long, and 4 broad. Thoiigli
rugged, it is tolerably well cultivated, and produces corn, wine, cotton, olives, figs, &c.
The population in 1830 is set down by 31 r. Urquhart at 4,500 ; but we have been
assured that it is, at present, little if at all short of 7,000. I'hcrycides, one of the most
celebrated of the ancient Greek philosophers, the disciple of Pittacus, and the master of
I'ythagoras, was a native of this island.
TJie port is on the east side of the island, in lat. 37° 26' 30" N., Ion. 24° 55' E. It
affords excellent anchorage for vessels of light draught, and is capable of accommodating
a few even of the largest ships. In consequence, partly of the advantages it enjoys
through the possession (>f its port, but more of its central situation, Syra has recently
become a considerable commercial entrepot; and has attracted a good deal of the carry-
ing trade that formerly centered at Smyrna, Constantinoide, &c.
A few miles to the east of Syra, lies Delos. This island, regarded in antiquity with
peculiar veneration, from its being the birthplace of Apollo and Diana, is no less celo.
brated in the commercial than in the religious history of ancient Greece. Its sacretl
character, by insuring its immunity from hostile attacks, and its central situation, made
it a favourite mart for the products of the states of Greece, Asia Minor, Phnenicia,
Egypt, &c. Religion, pleasure, and trade had all their votaries at its festivals ; which
were famous throughout the ancient world for the splendour of the rites and processions,
and the magnitude of the business transacted. It were too mndi to expect that Syra
should ever attain to pqual importance, even as an entfepot. But as she enjoys most of
those advantages of position that contributed to render Delos one of the principal em-
poriums of antiquity, it may be hoped, now that there is a reasonable prospect of good
order and freedom being again established in Greece, that she may also acquire some
commercial celebrity. It may be worth while mentioning, as strikingly evincing tlie
mutability of human affairs, that, at present, both the great and the little Delos are
uninhabited. And Tournefort states, that the inhabitants of JNIyconc were, in the early
part of last century, in the habit of holding the greater Delos for the purposes of
pasturage, paying to the Grand Seignior a rent of 20 crowns a year for that famous
island ! — ( Tournefort, Voyage du Levant, 4to ed. tome i. i)p. 290 — 325. There is a
good account of the religious rites celebrated at Delos, tluugh but a very indifTerent one
of its commerce, in the Travels of Anacharsis. )
T.
TACAMAHAC, a resin obtained from the Fagara octandra ; and likewise, it is sii;)-
posed, from the Populus balsamifera. It Is imported from America in large oiiloiii'
masses vrapt in flag leaves. It is of a light brown colour, very brittle, and easily
melted u hen heated. When pure, it has an aroi.iatic smell, between that of lavender
Sind musk ; and dissolves completely in alcohol ; water having no action upon it. —
( Thomson's Chemistry. )
TAGANROG, a city of European Russia, on the north coast of the Sea of Azof, near
the mouth of the river Don, lat. 47-" 12' 40" N., Ion. 38° 39' E. Population from 7,000
to 8,000. It has a naval hospital, a lazaretto, &c. ; and there are aiuiual fairs in May,
August, and November. Taganrog is a place of considerable commercial importance:
It owes this distinction to its situation, which makes it the emporium of the extensive
countries traversed by the Don (the ancient Tanais), one of the principal European rivers;
and which, there is reason to think, will at no very distant period be coimected with the
Wolga, and consequently with the Caspian Sea, by the completion of the canal pro-
jected by Peter the Great. Civilisation is in a very backward state in these regions ;
but it is making a constant, though not a very rapid progress ; and as it proceeds, Ta-
ganrog will necessarily rise in importance. The principal exports are grain, particu-
larly wheat, of which large quantities arc sometimes shipped ; iron and hardware from
Tula; with cordage, linen and sail-cloth, copper, tallow, leather, furs, wax, ashes,
caviar, isinglass, &c. The imports are comparatively trifling, and consist principally
of wine, oil, fruit, dry-salteries, cotton and woollen goods, dye stuffs, tobacco, sugar,
coffee, &c. By far the largest part of the trade is carried on with Constantinople,
Smyrna, and other Turkish ports ; but a good deal is also carried on with the diHeront
Italian ports. We subjoin an
TACjANHOG.
1107
Offlrial Account ol' the priiuipul Artitli-* iiniioiiiil into anil exported from Taganrog, in \HM and
Importi.
IS.1.'.
Kl|K>lt>.
Articles.
1830.
Arllclrt.
Ih30.
\Mi.
(.'ochiiiL'al
- pooiU
•
3
(!0]1IIIT
CorilaKe
- poodi
1,111
3,U13
roH'ee -
—
585
7
—
19,101
18,\8I.'
Cotton Kood*
■ v;il. rou.
h.'sss
Klii»
—
87
Dry-salteriva
—
: :
cc.ti'^r
l,l!'7
tirain,»he^t
r>e
. clietws.
437,5(iB
358,011
1,0 -lO
Fruit
__
.
I,<)0'.i,14.T
4>at<
.
6,7.10
IH3
I.rad
■ I'OOtli
^n
l.arleji
l,5U8
3,110
J.oKWood
1
Hrnip
- poods
.
8
Olive oil
.—
»"';,"^3o
33,S'.0
Iliiief, ilres^td
—
1,1 V,
Rl'J
I'reclous sloticg
- val. rou.
.
'.KHI
I roll
17U,!I18
805,613
Suif.ir
Tobacco
- I'oods
•^.707
.'i.'.lll.l
I.iallier,ilres«eil
• Tal. rou.
138
950
n
V.lli
undrtii!,e<l
po<jdH
8,714
9,518
Wine
- hhiU.
.
13,r,nH
I.ins^MHl
- chetws.
■t
1,5)iH
Chanii'8:;ne
• liottlcs
.
1,18/
t >il, hemp and Unseed
• poods
164
437
I'utashcti
-
13'J
l.Vi
Tallow
1,1198
5,! 65
Timlier, deals, &c.
- val. rou.
'M
481
Sail-cloth
- puces
I,.V11
8,686
UavtH'ducks
_
8,097
8,1198
Wax
- ihmmU
t;u'^
8,895
Total estimated value of imports in I8o0, 2,.JHl,l,W roubles; ditto of exports, 11,011,616 roubles; «o
that the exports exceed the imports by the sum of 8,4J0,4i)j roubles.
Arrivals and Departures of Ships in 1&'30 and 1832.
Arrived.
18.-0. j 18.T2.
Sailed.
IS.W. 1 1S,38.
From
Austria ...
Ionian Islands • ...
Italian States
Malta ...
KuMian ports
Turkey
Total
.5
7
' loo'
Shi IIS.
»1
Austria - - - -
France ....
(ireece - - • -
Ionian I-^Iands
Italian States > • • .
Malta ....
Kusslan ports - ...
Turkey ....
Total
Shipi.
8
3
6
85
3
1
307
Ships.
9
81
10
6
103
5
170
418
518
408
.381
The Turkish vessels are generally of but small burden.
Moneys, Weighls,a,w.\ i»/ertia»M, same as those of I'etehsbl'rgii j which see.
Sen of Azof. — The navigation of this sea, the Patus Mieotis of antiquity, is impeded by numerous
shnals, and can neither be entered nor safely navigated by vessels drawing more than 11 or ll2 feet wafer.
Its greatest ilepth in the middle is about 7 fathoms ; but it shoals gradually to the sides, and at Taganrog
there is only from 9 to 10 feet water. Its depth is, however, materially affected liy the direction and
strength of the winds. The cnly entrance to this seals by the Straits of Ycnikale, the Bosphortis Citn.
mcrins of the ancients, a narrow and difficult passage, having in some places not more than 13 feet
water Owing to the great quantity of fresh water poured into the Sea of Azof, and its limited magnitude,
its water is brackish merely. It is unnavigable from November to April, during the greater part ;)t' which
time it is generally frozen over. — {Iforie's Sailing Direelinns for the Mediterranean and BInek Sens ;
Annuaire du Coninierce Maritime for 1833, p. Kil. &c.) We avail ourselves of this opportunity to lay
before our readers the following details with respect to the
■ M
Trade, etc. of the Caspian Sea,
Quantity and Value of the Articles imported flrom Foreign Ports into the Russian Ports of the Caspian,
^ in 1831.
Articles.
Rice . . . •
Fish and caviar
Fruit - ' . ". '
Tobacco, spices, and sundry pro-
visions . . .
Medicinal drugs
Raw cotton
Cotton twist
Raw silk
Twisted silk • -
Quantities.
jPoo</».
13,815
7,.187
8,903
94
Value.
Hoiibtes.
86,575
83,681
58,383
15, .399
6,181
163,368
886,488
1,171,790
3,713
Articles.
Madder • . - .
Dry-salteries
I^ihf;lass . . . .
Cotton ifoods
Silk goods • - -
Woollen goods, shawls, girdles, &c.
Furs - . . .
Sundrits
Total
Quantities.
Pttotit.
16,165
Value.
Huiililct.
496,,5.38
56,304
.36,711
946,.'.S1
191, .344
87,316
71,887
88,681
3,913,841
Account of the Quantity and Value of the Articles exported from Ilussian Ports on the Caspian to
Foreign Ports on dilto, in 1831.
Articles.
Quantities.
Value.
Articles.
Quantities.
Value.
Brandies, and other spirits, vedros
Salt - - ' poods
Sugar in loaves and candied —
Spices, fruit, butter, flour, and
other provisions
Drugs and dry-mlterlcs - ^•
Copjiet • ■ poods
Iron - - ■ ""
Other metals - ■ -
Tanned leather (youfts) - skins
leather manufactured goods -
Rawhides - - »klns
Colouring materials
Cotton twist • - poods
Raw silk - • " T
Feathers, wax, teeth, Isinglau, &c.
Linens
3,191
45,400
2,847
300
10,112
139,594
69,703
779
ISO
882
HotMet.
84,7.37
.38,9(M)
70,713
43.011
1.38,W9
■ 1,')3,661
210,tk'i0
348,658
48,390
88,708
48,705
4,140
131,432
5,79S
12.5,694
12,121
2.3,833
Hempen and flaxe ^oods -
Cotton gootis
Silk goods
Woollens • - - -
Russian cloth - - aisheent
Writing paper
Tallow candles - . poods
tiold and silver articles
Hardware
Karthenware
Trunks and canteens
Looking glasses
Wooden ware
Sundry manuheturM
Furs • - • .
Sundries
11,374
«,4M
RoiJilei.
40,1185
789,626
37,779
7,946
38,601
18,870
10,910
33,343
120,389
39,854
50,811
7,149
5,993
22,125
41,823
1,768
T. tal
2,771,530
4 B 2
I V|
''^ jl*'
'V
1108 TAGANROG.
5Ai/ip(nx. —Arrivals at, and Departurci from, the Rufsian Porti of the Caipian, In 18."1.
Arrlvod.
AtwIiitV.rt. if sllim! Tonnage.' from wtwl Place
Ahtr.tktmit
U.iku
.Astr.tklian
JIaku
Akirukhan
Total
iJ j 4,IQ!1
U3 } C-'J"*
173
H
1,110
Vi,:i!M
±
Ftoni Uussian ports
From Persian ports
Kroni Man;{iililak
Departed.
Prom what Tort*
Astriklian
Hakii
Asi akhan
H.iku
Astrakhan
Total
Number
of Ship>.
Tonnage.
l.T 1 l,7.')ti
191
1 ,7.')ti
14,4aO
To what I'lice.
To Hussian porta
To Periian porta
To Mdngi,hlak
tf. A— Of the veisfli here described, only 1 Persian arrived, and 1 ditto dei>artcd, of burden unknown.
Magnitude of the Cuspiiw Sfti. Porfu, &,•€. — Tlie Caspian Sea, or ratlicr lake (the
Mare Hyrcnnum of tlio ancients), extends lengtliwise from N. to S. about 740 miles
varying in lireadtli from 1 1'2 to 275 miles. In some parts, particularly on the southern
shores, it is so very deep that a line of 450 fathoms will not reach the bottom; whereas,
in the northern parts, and opposite to the mouths of the VVolga, it is comparatively
shallow ; and owing to the frequent occurrence of shoals, it is not safely navigated by
vessels drawing more than 10 ' r I'i feet water. Its level had been variously estimated
by Olivier and Lowitz, at from fi4 to 5:1 feet below that of the Black Sea ; but according
to the recent observations of M. Humboldt, the ditlercnce of level between them is no
less than 300 feet ! We confess, however, that wc arc not without our doubts as to the
perfect accuracy of this statement ; and would not have been inclined to attach much
weight to it had it proceeded from any inferior authority. The water of the Caspian is
not salt, but brackish merely ; it has no tides, but gales of wind raise a very heavy sea.
It is extremely prolific of fish and seals. The value of the sturgeon caught in the Russian
fisheries amounts to a very large sum. ( See Sturgeon Fishery. ) They proceed in shoals
up the rivers, where they are captured without the least apparent diminution of their
numbers. The salmon is remarkably fine ; and herrings are in such abundance, that,
after a storm, the shores of the Persian provinces of Ghilan and Mazundcran are nearly
covered with them. — ( Kinneir's Memoir of the Persian Empire, p. 6. ; Memoir oh the
Caspian Sea, i» Malte Brun's Geography ; HumhoUlt, Fragmens de Geologie, §t. )
Astrakhan is situated on an island of the Wolga, more than 50 miles from the mouth
of that river ; and owing to the extensive command of internal navigation it possesses, it
is a place of very considerable commercial importance. Baku, acquired by the Ilussians
in 1801, is, however, the best port on the western side of the Caspian. It is situated on
the southern shore of a peninsula that projects fur into the sea, in lat. 40' 2^' N., Ion.
51° 10' E. The harbour is spacious and convenient; and its central and ad\anced
position gives it superior advantages as a trading station. Prodigious quantities of
naphtha are procured in the vicinity of Baku. It is drawn from wells, some of which yield
from 1,000 to 1,500 lbs. a day. It is used as a substitute for lamp oil ; and when ignited
emits a clear light, with much smoke and a disagreeable smell. Large quantities are ex-
ported in skins to the Persian and Tartar ports on the south and east shores of the sea.
Vessels. — Tlie largest class of vessels by which the Caspian Sea is navigated are called
by the Russians schuyts, and belong wholly to Astrakhan and Baku; their burden
varies from 90 to 150, and, in some instances, 200 tons. They are not built on any
scientific principle, and are constructed of the worst materials, that is, of the timber of
the barks that bring grain down the Wolga to Astrakhan. There are supposed to be,
in all, about 100 !,ail of these vessels. There is a second class of vessels employed in the
trade of the Caspian, called razchices. They carry from 70 to 1 10 tons, and sjiil bettor
than the schuyts. Their number is estimated at about 50. Exclusive of the above,
there are great numbers of small craft employed in the coasting trade, in the rivers, in
the fisheries, and in acting as lighters to the schuyts. Steam boats have been introduced
upon the Wolga ; and one has been launched on the Caspian itself. The masters and
crews of the vessels employed on this sea are, for the most part, as ignorant as can well be
imagined. They are generally quite incapable of making an observation, or of keeping a
reckoning ; so that accidents frequently occur, that might be avoided by the most ordinary
acquaintance with the principles of navigation. — (These statements are made, partly upon
official, and partly upon private authority ; the latter may, however, be safely relied on. )
The trade of this great sea is entirely in the hands of the Russians ; by whom it is
carried on from the ports of Astrakhan and Baku, with the Persian ports 8f Astrabad,
Balfroosh, &c. on the south ; and with the Tartar ports of Mangishlak, Balkan, &c. on
the east. It is very insignificant, compared with what it ought to be. On the whole,
however, a gradual improvement is taking place ; and whatever objections may, on other
grounds, be made to the encroachments of Russia in this quarter, there can be no manner
of doubt that, by introducing comparative security and good order into the countries
under her authority, she has materially improved their condition, and accelerated their
progress to a more advanced state.
TALC — TALLOW.
1109
Account of the Value of the Foreign Trade of the Port of Baku, on the Ca«piaii Sea, during the Eight
Year* ending with 18)1.
Artli'lei.
\s-n. 1
is«. 1
ISHd. 1 18V7. 1 18^8. 1 ISiW. 18,V). 1 18,11.
RmiNrl. 1
A<>iii7r>.
HovUm. UKiiUn. HimMfM. Hoiililet. 1 Hvtillrt. HimUi.
Ravf silk
V!:i7,';i">
■ns,ir,7
Irt'.i.s.l.l 'Jli,0,'ifi l,oi!),.',vl 77ri,7l!i' 'iM,;(;i 77(i,.MS
tollon . . . .
.T/I.V.KI
III,!I7I)
V,M.II r<,M»7 llS,i(t il.l.NWt lu,l,ci»'J 4>t,.l<i7
Coltoii twM
Si,Wl
»i,H(l5
l,.Till V7,Nl.'i l.T.I,>>S> ,11,17H N,7.V. 7,Mrj
J.'>l,(i-7
.'.I7,SI«
534,1.1.1 l,!<ii!i,iii.'i l,7,')4,>i(:» r()-,(;;.i 67'i,t;ii.i r^yt.'iX
Silk f^oiMU ....
Z\,(-Vl
.1V,l.-.ii
M.lmt 1UI,.1M llS,.-»(i l'<,l,.->'0 !l!l.,l(,!l KH.hll.l
>hawl.t, uinllt^, and othnr woollens
•i,lM
I'l.WM.
7,i;s7 ii,v4s •n.uii.i 4'i,^l^ m.'iHu T,uut
Veugt, toliacco, fi^h, friiil, iiiilign, iVc.
Totul value of iinporU - lU>u.
Frpurh.
\W,IVi\
■.'>,( If; 1
i'.l.yi'f 2U7,7fiO lMI,>i.')8 i(m,o,,'^ 117,l.1(ii VI8,'Jti,l
i,ii'^i,2;ii
1,1(10,8.17
Hll,W..l V,7'>.'>,7.'>t .1,C,(;(i,W7 'i,lSI,(lfiH '^,(MK1,.-1.'. l,7lfi.lfi(l
V.nphiha - ...
.'1(10,710
23,1,7071
lll,S!in| 271,870 3.'.2,sr,',
\'i7,'i\'i (nopnrtliulars.)
Salt
i'i.'i,.->i;(i
■/.'irn!
'.170 .Vi,.','.l.'> 47,.'i'^ii
(1(1,170 i;„'.(;o ] 3s,'jn<i
Salfron
SU>>i»7A,
•.i7U,'JliO]
8,3.'jO !i'JS,(i70 IO'<,0.-7
)il,37D (no partirulan,.)
l)rui;s, (jnid thread, spioo.writirg paper.
1
1 1
i
furs, Jkc.
Total ralue of exporii ■ Rou.
88,078:
13S,r,90,
IOShS'^O fi.l'J.VOl, !*7fi,.T^0 4 t2,3Sa (no partlciilan.)
2/<!Xj,Wj»_
filfi,.117
'H'J.IM l.'ilK.WJ 7H.1,74^ 1,017,173 3.Sf,,,W7l i3fi,0l6
TALC, a species of fossil nearly allied to mica. It is soft, smooth, greasy to the feel,
and may be split into fine plates or leaves, which are flexible, but not elastic. It has a
greenish, whitish, or silver-like lustre. The leaves are transparent, and are used in
many parts of India and China, as they were used in ancient Home — (F/in. Hist, Nat.
lib. xxxvi. c. 22.) — in windows instead of glass. In Bengal, a seer of talc costs about
2 rupees, and will sometimes yield a dozen panes 12 inches by 9, or 10 by 10, according
to the form of the mass, transparent enough to allow ordinary subjects to be seen at 20
or .SO yards' distance. It should be chosen of a beautiful pearl colour; but it has, in
general, either a yellowi.sh or faint blue tinge. Its pure translucent flakes are fre-
quently used by the Indians, for ornamenting the baubles employed in their ceremonies.
Talc is employed in the composition of rouffe vegetal. The Romans prepared with it a
beautiful blue, by combining it with the colouring fluid of particular kinds of testaceous
animals. Talc is met with in Aberdeenshire, Perthshire, and UanHshire in Scotland;
and in various parts of the Continent, where rocks of serpentine and porphyry occur.
The talc brouglit from the Tyrolese mountains is called in commerce Venetian talc.
Several varieties are found in India and Ceylon. — (Thomson's Chemistry; liees's Cy-
clop(B(lia ; Milburn's Orient. Com. ; Ainslie's Mat. Indica. )
TALLOW (Fr, Siiif; Ger. Tulg ; It. Sevn, Sego ; Ilus. Salo, toplenoe ; Sp. Sebo),
animal fat melted and separated from the fibrous matter mixed with it. Its quality
depends partly on the animal from which it has been prepared ; but more, perhaps,
on the care taken in its purification. It is firm, brittle, and has a peculiar heavy
odour. When pure, it is white, tasteless, and nearly insipid ; but the tallow of com-
merce has usually a yellowish tinge ; and is divided, according to the degree of its purity
end con«istence, into candle and soap tallow.
Tallow is an article of great importance. It is manufactured into candles and soap ;
and is extensively used in the dressing of leather, and in various processes of the arts.
B&sides our extensive supplies of native tallow, we annually import a very large quan-
tity, principally from Ilussia. The exports of tallow from Petersburgh amount, at
an average, to between .'3,.500,0OO and 4,000,000 poods, of which the largest portion
by far is brought to England ; the remainder being exported to Prussia, France, the
Hanse Towns, Turkey, &e.
We borrow from the work of Mr. Borrisow, on the Commerce of Petersburgh, the
following details with respect to the tallow trade of that city : —
Tallow is divideil into different sorts; namely, white and yellow candle tallow, and common and Sibe-
rian soap tallow; although it is allowed that the same sort often differs in quality.
Tallow is brought to Petersburgh from the interior ; and the best soap tallow from Siberia, by various
rivers, to the lake Ladoga ; and thence, by the canal of Sehlusselburg, to the Neva.
An amhare, or warcho\ise, is appropriated to the reception of tallow, where, on its arrival, it U
»elei:ted and assorted (bracked). I'he casks are then matketi with three circular stamps, which state
the quality of the tallow, the period of selecting, and the name of the sekctor (.bracker).
The casks in which white tallow is brought have a singular appearance ; their form l)eing conical, and
their diameter at one end about 2J feet, and at the other only I| foot: the casks of yellow tallow are
o»' the ciimmon shape. There are also others, denominated i casks.
To c;iJculatc the tare, the tallow is removed from a certain number of casks, which are weighed,
and an average tare is thence deduced for the whole lot. A cask weighs Sj, 9, 10, or 11 per cent,
hut the average 18 (generally about 10 per cent of the entire weight of tallow and cask.
Yellow canule tallow, when good, should be clean, dry, hard when broken, and of a fine yellow colour
throujihout The white candle tallow, when good, is white, brittle, hard, dry, and clean. I he best
white tallow is brought from Woronesch. As for soap tallow, the more greasy and yellow it is, the
better the quality. That from ,Siberia is the purest, and cuinmoiily fetches a higher price than the
other sorts. .
Formerly the oil and tallow warehouses were the same; and this occasioned great ditticulties in
•hipping, because all vewiels or lighters taking in tallow or oil were obliged to haul down to the
amlntrc, and wait in rotation for their cargoes. The consequence was, that when much business was
doing, a vessel was often detained for several weeks at the ambare before she could get her cargo on
board. Now the tallow and oil warehouses are separated, and every article has its own place. When
a shipment of tallow is made, the agent is furnished by the selector {pracker) with a sample llrom each
cask.
4 B 3
>l 1
■,,^,
t^
'■•'; iM
\ M
, «
%}
1110
TALLY TRADE.
Captalni, In order to obUiti more CreigUt, uminlly loatl lome caiks of tallow ii|ioii deck i but it ii
more for the inlereit of the owner to avoid this if pooible, bccaujie the tallow lo»e«, through the heai
of the lun, condderably both in weight and quality.
One hundred and twenty poodi of tallow, grosi weight, make a Petcrtburgh la>t, and 63 imxkU an
English ton.
Of 1, 177,008 cwt. of tallow lni|>ortt-<l in 1820, 1,1(U,180 came from Russia, O.IM ttom the United
States, ;),7!»!> ffoni Turkey, 1,'J92 from France, and I,t;2u from Sweden.
We subjoin an olHcial account of the export of tallow from liussla <n 1833.
Exports of Tallow from Kusiia in \S3i.
From
l'ou<l«.
To
Pooili.
PctershurKli
Hiua
Tau.inro;(
lUUxiviidtr
Astrakhan
Sundr> -
■ ,1,7 17, 1 W
. I .',.1,111 «
I'i,.'.!*)
. I 17
TotsJ • ' 4,wia,'jia
.SwwIh!! . . . .
l'ru»Hia - • -
I*fnMiark
Klsineiir*
llan«' Towns •
Ilull.iml
(■rent llrllaiii
Kraiu-e
H|iaiii, Portugal, and Iialjr
1 1, sol
3iK),H.'>'<
ll,77H
61,071
4I,(I.1H
!,50<I,:,I7
S7,77r.
To
Ausirlu ■
Turkey
AiiKrii-m
(?a>|iian Sea
Asia
<ieori(la
ISuiidrjr ■
Total '
Pooil*.
1.1,7".1
l'.i'i,iiiii;
7,7I»
S3
4.5
*1
The exports of tallow ftrom Petersburghj in IS.TJ, amoinitcd to above 4,100,000 iviods (sec anli, p. 81)8, ■
being the largest quantitv ever shipped in 1 ye,ir. 'I'hc shipments to Uroat Hritain were about .'i,»ioii,(l(i(i
pooda. SiippotiinK the tallow to have been worth, when delivered to the shipper, :i5/. a ton, its total value
will have tM.>eii '2,M)6,\MI. ! This statement shows the great im]>cirtance of this trade.
'I'he price of tallow fluctuated very much durin|; the war. This was occasionetl, principally, by ihj
obstacles that were at dilierent periods thrown ni the way of supplies from Kussia. The price nt
tallow is also atl'ectcd by the state of the seasons. Some very extensive speculations h.ive at various
periods been attempted in tallow ; but seldom, it is believed, with much advantage to the parties.
Account of the Price of Tallow
in the London Market, in the Month of January each Year, firom ISig
Ye.ir«.
Yellow Soap.
rctersbuTKli-
Years.
Yellow Soap. | Peleriburnh. |
I. <t. I. d.
.. d. a. <(.
J. ■/. .. d.
»• <'. ». <(.
ISI.T
8H to UO
Kl) to II
IS'JI
31 to 3'^
34 to
ISIl
gg — 100
III — 90
1»«
None.
37 _ II
1S1,5
Si) _
M —
1»'.^«
35 _ 35 3
iHin
.')!) n _
f,r, 0—00
IS',!?
3» 6 to
37 _
1S17
54 - .14 6
b'l _
l.SM
37 U — 3S
37 fi -
ISIH
77 tl — 7,S
7» _ 7.1 U
\H'i'J
.39 9-00
3S fi - 39
ISI9
7» — no
74 — on
is,3n
34 —
3.1 3 — II
ISliO
,',.-, _ ifi
,11 _ 5'i 1)
1S.11
4.1 9-00
43 9 -
1S21
.11 « -
47 — no
1H.T.J
46 —
lH'i-i
41 — on
39 () —
1833
47 6 —
1SV3
37 _ :^7 f>
3J — 1)
.-1
The following is a statement of the prices per cwt. of foreign and British tallow in the Loiulon
market on the 24th of March, 1834 : —
M.-irket Letter. Commiim.
Peterslmrgh, He. duty (3«. Si/.)
cwt.
Ilelirery first 3 monlhs, 1831 •
Free on board, 1833, ton
So.ip, cwt.
Oile'isa ....
Silwria . . . .
Pctersburgh o'.i board, ton -
1. d. I. a.
paid,
- 44 to 44 3
- 4X 6 - 43 9
. 37/. 10». — 37/.15».
. 41 C — o
0—00
- Vi G —
• 37/.10».— !
Town tallow, cwt.
Uuasian c.indle
Melted stuff'
KouKh ditto
Whilechanel Market, stone
St. James's ditto -
Average
«.
d.
t.
</.
1. d.
4»
to
II
48 (1
4.1
(i
-
4f>
31
U
—
31 -i
■21
I)
—
%l II
ii
8
—
II
3
8
—
i
8
—
u
% H
TAI.,LY TRADE, tlic name given to a sy.stom of dealing carried on in London and
other large towns, by which sliopkeeper.s furnish certain articles on credit to tlieir cii.s-
tomers, the latter agreeing to pay the stipulated price by certain weekly or monthly
instalment.s.
In the metropolis there are about 60 or 70 tally-shops of note ; and from 500 to SCO
on a smaller scale. They are also spread over the country to a considerable extent,
particularly in the manufacturing districts. The customers of the tally-shops are
mostly women ; consisting, principally, of the wives of labourers, mechanics, porters, &c.,
servant girls, and females of loose character. Few only of the more respectable classes
have been infatuated enough to resort to thein. Drapery goods, wearing ap|)ar(>l,
coals, household furniture, hardware, &c. are furnished; and even funerals arc per-
formed ; but few or no articles of food, except tea, are sold upon the tally plan.
We believe that this is the very worst mode in which credit is afforded. The facility
which it gives of obtaining an article when wanted, and the notion so apt to be enter-
tained that the weekly or monthly instalments may be paid without difficulty, makes
those who resort to the tally-shops overlook the exorbitant price, and usual bad quality,
of the articles they obtain from them ; and generates habits of improvidence that seldom
fail to involve the parties in irretrievable ruin. It is not going too far to say that nine
tenths of the articles supplied by tally-shops might be dispensed with. As already
observed, women are the principal customers ; and it is not easy to exaggerate the mis-
chief that has been entailed on the families of many industrious labourers by their
wives having got entangled with tally-.shops. They buy goods without the knowledge
of their husbands ; and these are not unfrcqueiitly pawned, and the proceeds spent in
♦ The fillips receive, at Elsincur, oiilers for their ultimate destination, and most of them nri^ for Grrat
Riilnin.
"Ti
tiDI
TA.MAKINDS.
1111
gin. So (k'strui'tivLS iiuk-L-d, is tlic operation of the system, timt tlio istablisliinent of
n tiilly-slio|) in uiiy disirict is almost certain to occasion an increase in the paupers
hel(>ii)j;inf; to it. Kven the unmarried females who do not pay are demoralised and
rnine(l by the system ; because, if n wtiman who buys :) frowns, pays for the 'J first,
and runs away from the payment of the last, she gains nothing in point of snvinp, while
she becomes indill'erent to an act of dishonesty. As tally debts can only l>e collected
whilst a supply of goods is ke|)t u]), as soon as that supply is sto]i])ed, the debtor either
flies to another district, or awaits a sunnnons. Where the wife has contracted the
debt, slio usually ap])ears before the commissioners, who in general order the del>t to bu
paid by weekly or monthly instalments. Hut it often occurs, from the wife not being
able to keep up such jiayments, that execution issues, and the poor husband is frequently
arrested ancl lodged in prison for a debt, of the existence of whiih he was entirely
ignorant. In this way, numbers of the working classes are completely ruined ; tlicy
lose their employment, an<l themselves and families are reduced to beggary. The Intel,
ligent keeper of Whitecross-street prison (Mr. llarrett) states, that from 1 ,■;() to '_'(H)
j)ersons are annually imjirisoned there for tally-shop debts, in sums of from 10*. to ,';/.,
and that in one year ,'!0 prisoners were at the suit of one tally-shop alone! Such
imprisonments, however, are now much decreased, in consequence, as is believed, of
the Court of llcquests. discouraging the tally system, l)y ordering claims of l/iis kind
to bo paid by vxtrtmdy siniill instalments, and these at very distant intervals ; and also
in consequence of no comi)osition being allowed by the charities for the relief of poor
prisoners with reference to such del)ts.
It is estimated that in London alone about S.'jO.OOO/., or nearly 1,0<K),000/. sterling,
is annually returned in this trade. From his large profits (generally from i.'.'J to 40
))er cent.), it is obvious that in a few transactions the tally-shop keeper becomes inde-
jjcndent of the existing debt ; and with capital and good management, it is said that
some have realised considerable sums of money in this business.
According to the eiwlom of the trade, Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thurs-
diys, are the days set apart tor collecting money from the customers. The tally-man
sends round his collector through the dift'erent " walks," and the amount of a collectioni
which keeps the collector engaged from morning till night, even in a good tally con-
cern, seldom exceeds 41. a day. The payments are invariably made in shillings and
sixpences — but the people seldom or never pay at the tally-shops; they rarely call
there unless soniething else is wanted. The tally-shop keeper trusts one jjarty on the
recommendation of another ; but guarantees are never required — certainly no written
guarantees ; and a verbal guarantee is, according to Lord Tenterden's act, not binding.
It is part of the collector's business, besides getting money, to beat up for fresh cus-
tomers in his walk.
The greater number of the small tally concerns are kept by Scotchmen ; it is a
curious fact, that when a " Tally-walk " is to be sold, which is often tlie case, a Scotch-
man's walk will bring 15 per cent, more than an Englishman's! It is believed to
contain a liettcr descrijition of customers.
From the causes above mentioned, assisted, perhaps, by the salutary influence of
Savings' lianks, this obnoxious trade is understood to be rather on the wane. It will
never, however, be coniplately rooted out, except by adopting the plan we have pre-
viously suggested — (see Ckkoit,) — for placing all small debts beyond the pale of the
law ; and the fact, that the adoption of this plan would have so beneficial a result, is an
additional .and powerful recommendation in its favour. In cases where failures take place,
the creditors of a tally-shop keeper are in general terrified into the acceptance of a
small composition. The very sight of the tally Ledgers, from 10 to 20 in number,
containing debts from 5s. to 51., dotted over the pages, like a small pattern on a piece
of printed cotton, and spread over every district in and round London, determines the
creditors to accept of any offer, however small, rather than encounter the collection of
such disreputable assets. In an affair of this kind recently concluded, where the
business was under the management of n respectable accountant in the city, the whole
debts due to the concern, pood, bad, and doubtful, amounted to 8,700/., while the
number of debtors was 7,f)00 ! giving an average of 'J2s. 10(/. each.
A'. B. — This article has been compiled wholly from private, but authentic, infor-
mation,
TAMARINDS (Gor, T<imarindcn ; Fr. Tamarins ; It. and Sp. Tamarindo ,• Arab.
Vmhlie ; Hind. Tintiri), the fruit of the Tamariiulus Indica, a tree which grows in the
Fast and West Indies, in Arabia, and Egypt. In the West Indies the pods or fruit,
being gathered when ripe, and freed from the shelly fragments, are placed in layers in a
cask, and boiling syrup poured over them, till the cask be filled : the syrup pervades
every part quite down to the bottom ; and when cool, the cask is headed for sale. The
East India tamarinds are darker coloured and drier, and are said to be preserved with-
out sugar. When good, tamarinds are free from anv degree of mustinessj the seeds arc
1 n 1
'^i
. ti
i^m
il 1
-H. S!
r
•I ' -.1 ylr
Ill-i
TAPOICA.— TAUK
i
hard, flut. und clean; the strings tougli and entire; anti a clean knife thruHt into them
does not receive any coating of copper. 'J'hcy ttlfbuld he preserved in closely covered
jars. — ( Thomson"* Dinpfiiitalori/,) The duty oii tamarinds produced, in I8;>2
788/. I'Ju. \nd. ''
T A 1*1 OCA, a species of starch or powder prepared fron« the roots of the ya/rn/jAa
maiii/iiit, an American plant. The roots are peeled, and suhjectcd to pressure in a kind
of b ig made of rushes. The juice which is forced out is a deadly pois<ni, and is em-
ployed by the Indians to poison their arrows; but it deposits gradually a white starch,
which, when i)roperly washed, is innocent. What remains in the bag consists cliicHy ((f
the smne starch. It is dried in smoke, niid afterwards passetl through a kind of sieve.
Of this substance the cassava breatl is made. — ( Thomnou'it Chemistry.)
TAR (Fr. C'out/roii; CJer. Theen It. Cutrame; Pol. Smola tfesto ,- Uns. De,/„t
Smoln ahitkiija; Sw. Tjilrii), a thick, black, unctuous substance, chiefly obtained fruin
the pine, and other turpentine trees, by burning them in a close smothering heat.
I'he tar of the north of Europe is very superior to that of the United States, and is
an article of great commercial importance. The process followed in making it has In-cn
described as follows by Dr. Clarke: — "The inlets of the gulf (Bothnia) every where
appeared of the grandest character ; surrounded by noble forests, whose tall trees
flourishing luxuriantly, covered the soil quite down to the water's edge. From the most
southern parts of Westro-Hothnia, to the northern extremity of the gulf, the inhabitants
are occupied in the manufacture of tar ; proofs of which are visible in the whole extent
of the coast. The jjrocess by which the tar is obtained is very simple : and as we often
witnessed it, we shall now describe it, from a tar-work we halted to inspect upon the
spot. The situation most favourable to the process is in a forest near to a marsh or hog ;
liecaiise the roots of the tir, from which tar is principally extracted, are always most pro.
ductive in such places. A conical cavity is then made in the ground (generally in the side
of a bank or sloping hill); and the roots of the fir, together with logs and billets of the
same, being neatly trussed in a stack of the same conical shape, are let into this cavitv.
The whole is then covered with turf, to prevent the volatile parts from being dissipated,
which, by means of a heavy wooden mallet, and a wooden stamper worked separately by
two moti, is l>eaten down and rendered as firm as possible above the wood. 'J'hu
stack of billets is then kindled, and a slow combustion of the fir takes place, without
flame, as in making charcoal. During this combustion the tar exudes; and a cast iron
pan being at the bottom of the funnel, with a spout which projects through the side of
the bank, barrels are placed beneath this spout to collect the fluid as it comes away. As
fast as the barrels are filled, they are bunged, and ready for immediate ex])ortation. From
this description it will be evident that the mode of obtaining tar is by a kind of distilla-
tion per f/escens?/»i; the turpentine, melted by fire, mixing with the sap and juices of
the fir, while the wood itself, becoming charred, is converted into charcoal. The most
curious part of the story is, that this simple method of extracting tar is precisely that
which is described by Theophrastus and Dioscorides; and there is not the smallest
difTerence between a tar-work in the forests of Westro- Bothnia, and those of ancient
Greece. The Greeks made stacks of pine; and having covered them with turf, they
were suffered to burn in the same smothered manner; while the tar, melting, fell to the
bottom of the stack, and ran out by a small channel cut for the purpose."
Of lAjV/JS lasts of tar imiwrted in IS"?!, 7,779 were hrnught from Russia, l.OSH from Sweden, and 1,24,'>
fi'om the United States. 'I'tie last coiit.iiiis H barrels, and each barrel 31j gallons.
Tar produced or manufactured in Kurope is not to be iniportc<l for home consumption, except in
British ships, or in ships of the country of which it is the produce, or from which It is imported, under
penalty of forfeiting the same, ant W)l. by the master of the ship. — (.3 & 4 H'tU. 4. c. Hi.)
TARE, an abatement or deduction made from the weight of a parcel of goods, on
account of the weight of the chest, cask, b.ng, &c. in which tiny me contained. Tare is
distinguished into reiil tare, customary tare, and urn aye tare. The hrst is the actual
weight of the package ; the second, its suppo.sed weight according to the ])ractice among
merchants; and the third is the medium tare, deduced from weighing a few packages,
and taking it as the standard for the whole. In Amsterdam, and some other commer-
cial cities, tares arc generally fixed by custom ; but in this country, the prevailing prac-
tice, as to all goods that can be unpacked without injury, both at the Custom-house and
among merchants, is to ascertain the real tare. Sometimes, however, the buyer and
seller make a particular agreement about it. We have, for the most part, specified the
different tares allowed upon particular commodities, in the descriptions given of them in
this work. — (For the tares at Amsterdam, Bordeaux, &c., see these articles; see also
Allowances.)
TARE, VETCH, or FITCH, a plant (Vicia saliva, \Xn.) that has been cultivated
in this country from time immemorial ; principally for its stem and leaves, which are
tised in the feeding of sheep, horses, and cattle ; but partly, also, for its seed. Horses
tlirive better upon tJires than upon clover and rye grass; and cows (hat arc fed upon
^^"f\:
TARIl-r.
1113
tliein give most milk. The wvd is principally uihkI in the feeding o( pigeons and other
poultry. In 18'J9i we imported 87,101 bashelH o( tares, principally from Denmark and
rrus-siu.
TARIFF, a Talile, niphnhetically nmnged, specifying the various duties, drawbacks,
bounties, Stc. charged and allowed on the iiMjiortation And exportation of articles of foreign
and domestic produce.
We Intended at one time to have given the tariffli of wmr nf the principal roreign state*, and had w>m«
of them trknilatc.l for that purpcuie ; Imt, as the duttr> and regulutloni in them are iieriietiially rhaiiginR,
they would very loon have iKt'onie olwolete, and would have tended more to mi>lead than to inatrnct.
The circular! iHued by foreivn houfiea uminlK t|K'('ily the dutlei on iin|icirtati(in and ex|i<irlnlion. liut
the reader will Hnd, under the articlet P\\ ivjc, IIa\hk, Nkw York, TKitmii, \c., pretty full detail*
u to the principal iorcign tariHIi. 8ubjo«ticU i» the liritinh taritt'.
TAIliri ^BRITISH). — lit of January, 1834.
Dl'TIKS OF Ct'HTOMS lNWARn.4.
Duliet Inward*. — The first column of the following Table i-ontaimi nu account of the existing dutlet
payable on the Importation of fori'ign products into (ireat Hrituin tor home uitt>, as the same were tixed by
the act 3 & 4 Will, 4. c. 5(i. The Jiext column exhibits tlie dutich payable on the tame articles in IHI.'), as
(ixetl by the act 5!)(teo. 3. c. HU. ; and the third and last roluniii exhibits the duties as they were fixed in
17N7, by Mr. Pitt's Consolidation Act, the li7 (leo. .J. c. l.i. The reader has, therefore, before him, and
may compare together, the present customs duties with the duties as they stood at the end of the late war,
aiul at its commencement. No Table of the tort is to lie in'-t w ilb in any other pul)licati()n. We owe it
to the kindness of Mr, J. D. Hume, of the Hoard of 'I'rade, under whose direction it has been prepared,
'I'he duties arc rated throughout in Imperial weights and measures.
A Table of the Duties of Customs piyablo on Goods, Wares, and Merchandise imported into the United
Kingdom from Foreign I'arts.
Kote.— Oooii* on which duties arc payable by measures of capacity, arc ratnl according to the Imperial
gallon and bushel.
Anlrln.
Duly,
Duty, IHI 9,
A.
Arctoiwsrld. Srf Vlnegtr.
,\forn!i. A'rfHeed,
Again, or cornelians, for erery ItXV. value
tet, for every 100/. value
Alkali, not being barilla, viz,
any article rontaininK Roila or n)'nir<'il .1 knii, vlinrnf
mineral alkali Is tbe niosl va.uuljlt- part, ^kikIi alk.-li nut
being otherwlKt' iiarticularly rhargeil with ilutv,) vu.
if not containing a greater |)roiH}rtion uf such alkali
than 'At ncr cent., tier c» t.
if containing more tnan W iK'r cent., and not exceed-
ing *i5 per cent, of «uch alkali, |>L-r cwt.
if containing more than *iti iier cent., .nnd not exceed.
ing.'V) iwt cent, of such alVali, per cwt.
If containing more than 30 |>er cent., and not exceetl-
ing 40 per cent, of such alkali, |ier cwt.
if containing more than 40 ptr cent, of such alkali,
per cwt. - - • - i
natural alkali, imported from places within the limits of '
the Kist India Company's charter, |ier cwt.
Alkanet root, )>er cwt. • • • .
.\lmond paste, for every lOW, of the value - ■ I
Almonds, viz.
bitter, per cwt. - ...
Jordan, uer cwt, . . • .
of any other sort, per cwt.
Aloes, per lb. -
tbe produce of, and imported from any Ilritish possession,
perib.
.Hum, per cwt. . . . .
rocn, per cwt. . -
Amber, rough, per lb. ■ ...
manufaciure. of amber, not otherwise enumerated or
described, per lb. • . . .
Ambergris, jwr 01. - •
Anchovies, per lb. • ...
Angelica, per cwt. • . *
.Annotto, percwt. - . . . .
roll, per cwt. - • ...
Antimony, viz.
ore, iwr ton - ....
crude, per cwt. . . ■
rrgulus, per cwt. . . . ■
.\pptes, i>er bushel • ....
driefi, per bushel - ...
Aqunfnrtis, per cwt. > ...
Argol, yet cwt. ....
AnstohKhia, per lb.
Arquebusade w^ter.
Arrowroot, per lb, . . . .
the produce of, and imparted from any British possession.
L. I. il.
10
VU U
11 4
15
U18 4
1 3 4
Stt SpiriU.
per cwt.
nic,per cwt.
1 10
a
-i
60
4
i
1
u s
00s
17 6
11 8
G
12
6
!i
4
1
4
1
H (1
l(i
U 4
7
1 > 3
(i
1t»
lill
btl u o
114
15
18 4
1 3 4
I lO
AsalHiTe.
■\ l^ 4
CO
1 11 N
4 15 O
a 7 fi
U X 6
Duly, 17S7.»
L. I. U.
}.7
10'
ArsenI
Asafuetida. Ste Gum.
Ashes, viz.
|warl and pot, per cwt. . .
imported from any British iiossestion
soap, weed, and wood, per cwt. . .
not otherwise eniunerated or described, for every tOW,
value . . . . .
Asphaltum, per cwt. - . . .
Asses, each . . . ,
Bacon, per cwt.
Balmortiileod. 5ce Balsam.
8
1
8
6
Free.
1 8
20
4
10
1 8
009
017 fi
Oil 8
18
60 per cent.
5
1
4 13 4
2 6 H
5 12
80 oiwrcent.
O 15
2 O
O 4
7
o It ^
4 '.I
U 10
2
OIR 8
14 3
on a
1 8
I 8
80 n
4 13 4
3 6 6
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
28 5 iier cent.
ISO
27 10
14
2 6
1 3
1
7
O 3
O 1
8 16
87 10
Oper
cent.
2
U
n
18
8
Free.
87
10
Oper
cent
4
s
U
4
2
4
3
4
8
Kr<e.
3
2; 10 per cent.
4 S
8 3
Free.
OUT
87 in
IH 8
27 10 per cent.
S 7
• By act 27 Geo. 3. c. IS., and 28 Geo. 3. c. 27., certain gooda were allowed to lie imported from France
and Holland, on payment of duty, until the 10th of May, 1800, although prohibited to be imported ftom
other countriei.
\
» .1
if!
111 ,; ; 1
^.t\
*l
'hy ,'
'Iv
I I <■
llil
TAUlI'l'.
Aillclw.
Hill*,
lJ,in. U3I
I1al*ain, vl/.
rutiMlit, |ivr Ih. • • • •
cMplvt, i^r fWt. • • • • '
l*iTU, ]tvr lit.
Kign, IMT It). • • . . !
and further, «» forrtftn iiiirlt*, fitr rvfr> ksIIuii
Tolii, pir III.
I14I111 III < illi'iul, Anil ill hiUaini iiol oIluriklMi tiiuini'rnlnl i
or (ItfMTlUi^li pel III. - • - • I
lliinilitrInK twmt, tliii (lu<«n Itnuin, cath knot containing 3'^ \
jftriU • • • * ■ ]
lliirllld, iHT ton • • - • 1
ll.irk,«U. I
for laiinrrn' or il)r»r«' iiw. PIT rwi.
Impiirlwl IVom any llrlli.li punOMion, |iir iwl.
I'eruvliin and raiirnrllla, |mt Hi.
of other Mirln, |ier III. -
•ilract of, or ut'oitu'r ffeKftnnle iuliHtantv« to Iw uMu oiil.v
for tnnninit liatliOT, iH-r < wl.
IniiiorltiTfroiii an; UrIiUli pniisouliin, iht cwt.
Itar woixl, iwr Ion ...
Iliukiit roiU, III* bundle (nut eiLeeUiiiK 3 feet In circunifireiii'v
at the Imiil) ....
Ita>kcl«, for ever* ino/. value • . •
Mast rn|ie«i Iwlnea, anil utramU, |i«r owl.
Itaiil or Htiaw It lUiir tNinn«-;H. .Sir llalft.
IilatthiK, or other nianulartuii' of ba»t or itrA*r« for making
hata or bonnetn. See i'laltiiig.
Head*, vli.
aiiilier, per lb. - ■ •
aranifo, fur ever; 100/. value
coral, per lb, - • •
crynta;, ,«-r 1,(100 • ...
)et, pur li,. ■ - •
not otherwlte enumerated or descrilietl, fur every UHM.
v.iUie - - ...
Ileant, kidne; or Krench be.ini, per bu»hi'l
Hi*f, »aiteii iiiot b«tln« corned beif), per rwl.
liLvf wood, uninaiiufacturHl, linpurtMl frrm Ni'W South
W'.tten, |ier ton • ....
neer, vl<.
mum, i>er barr"!, containing .32 K>lloiii
sprucL', per barrel, rontaluliiK .IK x.illuiis
or nle of all other iiortii, per barrel, cuiilaluinK 3'^ 1; iruns
Ueer wat iubjecl alM> to the fnlluwinK dutlemf I'liiie, until
'1 .\pril, \tU5, vi(. Hpruce lieer, ale, mum, and oil other
kiiiiU of lieer, per barrel, ^^^ gallons Imp.
Ilcnjaiiilii, or beniuln, (lercwl. ....
tk-rries, vi/.
bay. Juniper, yellowi and any other tort not otherwUe enu-
merated, |ier cwt. . ...
liirdi, vi/. slnglnK birds, |H!r da<en
llilumen iludaicuin, per cwt.
illai'kini;, |>cr cwt. ...
Itl.iilders, per dozen ....
Illubber. Xee Train oil, in Oil.
il.mes of cattle and other animals, and of liU), eirrpt uhale
tins, whether burnt or not, or as animul cbVcual, lor uver^
KM)/, value • - - - •
ilunnels. See Hats.
Ilouks, viz.
beinu ofeililions ]irin»ed prior to the year 1801 , bound or
unliound, iier cwt. ...
Iiemg of eilitiuns printed in or since the year 1801, bound
or unbound, per cwt. ■ -
Sote. — For the description 01 books prohihlted to lie
imported.seetheact for the reKulationof thecustuins
(c. i'l. s. M.), and acts for securing cuiiyrights.
Boots, shoes, and cala-.hes, viz.
women's boots aiul calashes, per dozen pairs
if lined or trimmed with fur or other trimminij, per
dozen piirs . - ■
women's shoes, with cork or double toles, quilted shoes and
clogs, per dozen pair
if tr!mme<l or lined with fur or any other trimming,
ppr dozen pair - ...
women's shoes of silk, satin, Jeans, or other stuff's, kid,
morocco, or other leather, per dozen pair
if trimmed or lined with fur or otiier trimming, jicr
dozen pair ....
chllilren's boots, shoes, and calashes, not exceeding 7
inches in length, to be charged with ii-Ma of the above
duties,
men's lioots, per dozen pair ...
men's shoL-s, per dozen pair - • ■ -
children's boots and shoes, not exceeding 7 inches in length,
to be charged with '^-3Js of the above duties.
ltor.icic acid, per cwt. ....
liorax or tlncal, per cwt. * ...
reliniHl, per cwt. • - " •
ilottles, viz.
of earth or stone, empty, per dozen - - -
and further, full or emptv, pvr cwt.
of glass covered with wicker, per dozen quarts content
and further, per cwt. - • - -
of green or common glass, not of less content than 1 pint,
and not being phials, empty, per dozen quarts confnt
Dottles of common glass were, by act .'•I G.'o. 3. c. !)7.,
sultject also to the excise duty of 8». Vil. per cwt.
until a April, IS'.i.'i.
of green or conmion glass, full, computing all bottles of
not greater content thnn 4 pint as of the content of A
pint, and all bottles of greater content than .^ pint, and
not of greater content than 1 pint, or a reputed pint, as
of the content of 1 pint or a reputed pint, viz.
imported from any Uritish possession, per dozen quarts
content - ...
imported from any foreign place, viz.
containing wine or spirits, per dozen quarts content
not containing wine or spirits, per dozen quarts
content ....
Kxclsc rtui* on common glass bottles, fcc nborr
L. 1. •<.
I
(I I II
II I
(I I (I
1 III II
II 'i (I
i li
Hut), IHIU.
/.. t. 1/.
II I 3
II I II
4 1)
II I II
1 III li
u 4 i;
4 6
II ft II II fi u
V II As Alkali.
(I H
O II I
II O I
O I) I
3
II
s
U II
1
II 3
.'>
(1
U i'>
II 1
3
«
1^11
II
!>0 II
II
iu
U 10
N
II II H
II V It
U II
oia
VII II
i.'i
1 H
3
II
10
6
u
OIS
31 f>
l.'i III
1 H r,
II 3 V
30 (1
10
u Vi
50 n
II 10
I'rohlblied
5
i \ti B
3 1
3 li
U 13
1
II
1 1 s
1 a
013
t
1 IS
11 4
!l
H
II 4
3I'<
II
li
Hay oil 1
1 H li
K II
4 13 1
3 1'^
U
10 10
1
6
I 10 |-
1 i(i II r
1 fi
1 u
18
1 1 I
2 110
1 4
4
4 II
10 U
3 '2
5 (I
1 '2
4 II
!i
(ill) bound.
.'• unbound.
"ulv, i;k;.
n I) ,1
4 4 II
I li
O 1 (i
I n
I li
U il 3
.'> a I)
II II 1
Free.
II 11
l> <i
■n 111 II
n; III II
■ii 10 II
•er rent
i-r,...!
' r leii,
1 li
•il III II
O 1 III
4
'1
31 13
4
1
',
13
3
II 1
.',
•^7 10
„
'il 111
"1
I'rohilil
«l'
33
u
a
8
11
II
5
8
Old
3
■i\r,
Ii.ly0 1
H
Oil
II
•^
li
II IS
8
17
8
li
per cent.
I-eather
7'i II II percent.
Uf silk prohibited.
'i' 10 per ccnl.
19 3 bound.
(I 8 10 unbouiul.
Prohitit.td.
.'<» o per cent.
3 118
U C 8
3 'i
.'}
1 a
8
1
8
4
8
I (1
8
'i' III lerc-ni.
I 8 II
,', IJ II
IJ I 2
1'.; I)
4 ■'>
4 .5
4 5
4 .1
I iloiiln — r
ufglasi
(iH)/,
Am
/
Hoinorall
llox wmid,
the pro,
p<r to
.s>«
llras^, viz.
I m.inurai
fur evi
IKiwder I
Hrayll wood
llrazilleito v
imported
llriiks or eln
ilrimstone, j
relirufl, I
In Hour,
llrlsllcs, vl/.
rouith an
I in any W11
rough a
fTne.
ost
lenl
Brncflde of g,>
llronze, all wi
imwilcr, f(
llu«les, vi/.
great bugl
^mall or si
Dulllon and fi
.silver, or of
llullrushw, |H')
Huiier, |i«r cw
liuttons, for ev
( ablei, not bel
not being i
being lit
ollierwisf
if, and
value
I'.imlirlcs. See
I amnmllcnowi
I'aiiiphor, per c
retined, jier
I'amwiKxl, |ier t
('uiidles, viz.
spermaceti,
tallow, |M^r I
wai, iier lb.
landlewiik, pei
'.iiiellaalba, pe
I'ain-s, viz.
bamboo, pel
rattans, not
reed canes,
walking iM,
omuini'iiti
whan^'pes, i
other walk
("antharides, |>ei
Caoutchouc, |ier
Capers, Incliidln
(apsicum. See
Cardamoms, per
extract or pr
Cards, viz. plavi
Carmine, jier liz
Carrebe. See Sii
Carriages of all s
(asks, empty, foi
Cassia, viz.
buds, per lb.
islula, per II
lignea, jier lli
imported
Castor, per lb. ^
lasts ofbusts, sta
latffhu. .S«'i',
' »'"»Ks, (he groi
1 aviar, |>er cwt.
Cellar wood, )xt
p. mporied froi
Chalk, viz.
prepared, or"
enumerated c
uimiiinuf
„. described, (
Cheese, per cwt.
CheiTies, per cwt
'Iried, jwr lb.
l"'™,!'}, and any
of chicory or coi
(hillies. i-«Pe
■n na root, |ier 1
China or (lorcelaii
plain, for evei
„ painted. Kilt,
Chip, manufictu
ting,
Chjxolate. See (
[.!*f> l<n tun
' '"'r and perrv
•""ciseriutj,
iiAH
"■••■■■^M^Ot ' I
,1
TAUIll'.
Anicln.
urKl<v«*. not i>ihcn>lw tnumrrMiu or u« rlbtd, for trtri
flHi;. value • . I
mid ftiilhi'r, \irT r*i. ....
fiiil*- — Flrtoki in whit h wlnp nr oil l« Iniixirtfit, nnd ,
gUu Itottlr* nr tU'k» In «hl( h niliii-itil nr nutiirni '
wnlfr K Iniptirtrtit nrv itui Hul^ril In dul>.
Hnietnf All M)rti, rnrtvirr> IIM)/. Talue
Itui wond, wr Ion • • - . I
ilir priNluii ol', and lni|Hiriid noin, any flrltUh |i<iM«>lun,
|Hr Ion • • • .
.sv« Note al lliv end of Wood.
IlraM, •!>'
nMnurarliim of, noi ntherwlte •nuintraUil or dtmrl! «!,
tor vvtrj !"*►/. V, line ...
(xioder ofi for Inpannlng, per lli.
llrn/ll wimil.ixr Inn ....
Ilraiilll'lln xikkI. IKT Inn
Imported IVnin A lirtlish poMieMtonf ptr ton
llrliki or I llnkim, (nr I ,IH)ii ...
llrimMonc, )ier < wi. . ....
relioitli or Ml rolU, per cut.
In Hour, pel c»l. ...
llrUtlt">, vl/.
rouuh nnd in the tiin«, and not In any way sorted, |irr III.
In any way ported nr nrraoKi'tl In colours, uiid not iiitirely
rouuh and In the luflH, pt-r Ih.
yvtf. ~- II' any part ol lite hrlsilt^in a p<ii-kiiMf he such
OS to lie ttul'i'ifct to the liiitltfr duty, the whtdecort. ^
tentsorihe|i.icka«eshiilllesuhJiciiotltehiKl>erdul\. i
Brocade of Kohl or silver, for every UK)/, valtie
Ilronre, all works of art tttatle of hron/e, per ctvt.
iiowdir, for every U 'J/, vnluu
llu«les, vl/. I
ureal liuxle, iier lit. • . ...
small tir fleetl hUKle, Iter Mi. . . • «
llulllon and forel)tn coin, of nolil i r >llvcr, anil ore of jjohl oi I
silver, or of which the tnttjnr ptn i m value is Knhl or silver
Hullru%heH, |ier load contaiiiiiiK h.^ l.uiitileH
Duller, Iter cwt. .....
Buttons, for every 100/. value . . . .
Cableti not beln^ Iron cnhles, tarred or unlarrctl, ptrcwt. - i
not lieinf^ iron cahlet>, in actual use <>l .i lliitlsh ship, ard i
lieliiR til and necetisary for nuch klilp, tind not or until
otherwiite diHitosed of . • . • '
if, and when othtrwi-e t'lsjinscd of, for ev<ry IIO/.
value
I ainliricl. Set I.lnen.
I amnmlle (lowent. Iter Ih. . . . •
Camphor, per cwt. .....
relinwl.iiercwt. ....
Camwood, per ton .....
CaiiiUes, vi/.
s)ierinaceti, per lb. ... . .
tallow, per cwt. ....
wax, Iter lb. - - • .
Camllcwiik, per cwt. ... . .
I'atiella alba, per lb. .....
Caiirs, viz.
bamboo, per 1 ,00(1 ....
raltanx, not ground, per 1 ,1100
reed canes, per 1 ,000 ....
walking canes nr sticks, inouiittd, paiiit^l, or niherwise
omainentcd, for tviTv IIM'/. vitlue
whanKees, iuinluio, p-nnnd riitinns, dragon's tloul, and
other walkiuK ea»« or sticks, per 1 ,0011
Cantharides, per lb. .....
Caoutchouc, per cwt. ... . .
Capers, including the pickle, per Ih.
Cfljisicum. See l*ep|ier.
Cardamoms, per lb. .....
extract or preparation of. See Extract.
C.trds, viz. playing carda, the do/en packii . • '
Carmine, per o/. - - . . - • [
Carrebe. See Succinum. i
(arriagen of all sorts, for every inn/, value
Casks, empty, for every 100/. value
Cassia, viz. i
bud.s, per lb. - - • • • ;
fistula, per lb. - - -
lignea, per lb. - • - • • i
Imported from any Hritlsh possession, per lb.
Castor, Iter Ih. - • -
Ca.sts of busts, .statues, or fijjures, Iter cwt.
( 'atechu. See Terra ,rn|tonica.
Catltiij^s, the Kross, containing l^ dozen knots
Caviar, |ier cwt. .....
Cedar wood, per ton - ■ ...
imporleil fVom any Biitiih possession, per ton
Challcviz.
prejiared, or otherwise manufactured, and not otherwise
enumerated or described, for every I (10/. value
unnianufactured, nnd not otherwise enumerated or
described, for every 100/. vnlue
Cheese, per cwt. ....
Cherries, per cwt. ... . .
drietl, jter Ih. .....
Chicory, and any other Tegctable matter applicable to the uses
^ of chicory or coflee, roasted or ground, |i«r lb.
Chillies. Sa Pepper.
China root, Iter III. . . . . .
China or |iorcelatn ware, viz.
plain, for every 100/. value - ...
palmed, uilt, or omamente<1, for every Us ' value
chip, manunctures of, to make hats or boiuiv's. Sec Plat.
tinf{.
Chocolate. See Cocoa paste.
Cuter, Iter tun . ....
Cider and perry, by jict 27 tUo. 7. c. 1.*^.. were n1<o sub.icrt to
"lU'jcise duty ol 2U. 7a. t'.<'. \ki tun, v>liich was aliii i! by
Duly, IHIV.
[J j HO i>«r cent.
1..
».
■/.
vt
n
w
i
1
,10
II
t
li
<i
11
i
II
II
.1
1
■*
A
II
II
li
11
'J
•J
«i
■1)
.10
n
1
II
•i!t
ll
•i
I-
II
II
li
(1
1
II
II
^0
10
Free.
20 U
.1
II 1 I)
2 II
5
2
." ^
O 2
4 H
5
O .'•
i
20
!>
I
1
1
4
G
,10
50
1
10
O 1
O O (i
6
8 6
6 4
12
2 10
10
•10
20
10 r.
IH 8
o s
6
."
I, -I
DO
.10
7 IX «
I 13 4
50 '•
Prnhlhitetl
11 ,'i
ll
2 N
20 II
per
cent'
Kroe.
Hi
H
Ktcc.
U 10
H
Free.
1 2
fl
7 2
I'l
1
t « H
1 .1
3 7 dnien lU.
12 dozen lbs.
Prnhiblteil.
Ml II |Hr rent.
.Ml II lipcrctiit.
3 2
1 'J
Tree.
12
1 II
t'rolilbltid
I 6
1 1
n
7
11
15
2 6
3 3 1
2 6
4 H N
S
1 It
1
1 6 6
SO
4
3
O
1
2
4
4
.'lO
50
2 fi
10
2 6
2 «
6
2 G
6 4
12
{J I 20 per cent.
40
SO
10 6
IS S
8
20 |icr cent
1 3
7,-.
75
21 10 i 115
1115
•luty, 1:117
CO ptrcent
27 in
2 13 »
2 13
1}
2}
Prnhil.iled.
27 10 percent.
27 10 \ni cent.
I 7
'i 7
Free.
II 4 5
2 6
I'rnhilMt'.d.
8 6
H 6
S 6
27 10 'I I'er cent.
1 17 4
3 11 H
.'3 per cent.
1 4
1 12 H
1 S
1 12 '<
27 10 lercenl.
2 1 3
l!l 3
OHO
1 18 6 per 10(10.
I 18 6
I
27 10 percent.
2
9
Prohibited.
27 10 percent.
27 10 Opcr cent.
H 3 per tun.
4
3
, 04
4
O V
27 10 |icr cert.
2 6
4 5
33 per cent.
27 10
27 iO O
1 6
II 1 5
4 5
27 10 per cert.
5
17 10
7 7 10i
I
1
l^
!
;'<:
1'
1
l":
, 1
1;
h'l
'I'!
S !»
1 i'
1116
TARIFF.
i •
111
Articlei.
Cider — continutd*
iSlito.S. c. 69. toSK. 8j. 4}rf. per lun, and m continued
until 5 April, IS26, wlien the lame wu added to the duly
of customi.
Cindert), per ton ....
Cinnabaris nntiva, per lb> • - -
Cinnainoni per lb. - . - -
imported from any British posKuion, per lb.
Citrate of lime, per lb. ....
Citric acid, per lit. .....
Citron preserved with salt, for every lOtt/. value
preserved with suuar. See Succade«.
Citron water. Set Spiritji.
tUvet, per oz. - - • - ■
Clinkers. See Bricks.
Clocks, for every I UO/. value ....
Cloves, per lb. - ■ " " "
imported from any British possesion in Asia, Africa, or
America, per lb. - -
Coals, per ton - - • - -
Cobalt, per cwt. ....
Cocculus indicus, perlb. ....
extract or preiiaration of. See Extract*
Cochineal, tier lb. - ....
the produce of, and imported from, any British possession
jier lb. . . . . .
dust, |>er lb. . . .
the produce of, and imparted from, any British pos
se(>!on, per lb. . ■
Cocoa, per lb. - . - .
the produce of, and imjiorted fr«>m, any British possession
per lb* . .....
husks and shells, per lb. > -
paste Dr chocolate, per lb. ...
the produce of, and imported from, any British posses
sion, per lb. - . -
Cocoa and coifee were also subject to a duty of excise, viz.
of the produce of any British possession, per lb.
of the produce of any other place, per lb.
Nate. — The above excise duties were transferred to
1*16 customs duties in IHiS,
Cocui wood. See Etrany*
Codilla. SceFlax*
Coffee, per lb* • ■
the produce of, and imported from, any British possession
in America, per lb. . ...
the produce of, and imported from, .Sierra Leone, per lb
imported from any British possession within the limits of
the East India <.fompany*s charter, per lb.
imported from any other place within those limits, per lb.
Coffee was also subject to a duty of excise, see Cocoa, tupri
Coiiu viz. copper. * See Copper.
foreign, of gold or silver. See Bullion.
Coir rope, twine, and strands, per cwt.
old, and fit only to be made into mats, per ton
Colocynth, per lb. > . . .
Columba root, per lb* - . ...
Cointits, per lb. • • ...
Copper, viz.
ore, i>er cwt* - - . . .
the produce of, and imported 6rom, any British posses
sion in America, per cwt.
old, fit only to be remanufactured, per cwt.
in plates and copper coin, per cwt*
unwrought, viz. In bricks or p\ga, rose copper, and all cast
copper, per cwt. .....
In part wrought, ,viz* bars, rods, or ingots, hammered or
raised, per cwt* . ...
manufactures of copper, not otherwise enumerated or de
scribed, and copper plates engrave j, for every 100/. value
the produce of, and imported from, any British possessicm
within the limits of the East India Company's cliarter,
viz.
ore, per cwt. ...
old, fit only to be remanufiictured, per cwt.
in plates and copper coin, per cwt.
unwrought, viz. in bricks or pigs, rose copper, and all
cast copper, per cwt. ....
in part wroughti viz. bars, rods, or ingots, hammered
or raised, per cwt. ....
manufactures of copper, not otherwise enumerated or
described, and copper plates engraved, for every
100/. value . . . . '
Copperas, viz.
Dlue, per cwt. ....
green, per cwt. ....
white, per cwt* . . . -
Coral, viz.
in fragments, per lb. . • .
whole, polished, per lb* - > .
unpolished, per lb. • -
of British fishing or taking, per lb.
Cordage, tarred or untarred (standing or running rigging in
use excepted), |>er cwt. ....
in actual use of a British ship, and being fit and necessary
for such ship, and not or until otherw^e disposed of
if and when otherwise disposed of, for every 100/,
value ....
Cordial waters* See Spirits,
Cork, per cwt. . * ...
Corks, ready made, per lb. - ...
Com. See anii, p. 418*
Cotton, viz.
manufactures of, for every 100/, value
articles of manufactures of cotton, wholly or in part made
up, not otherwise charged with duty, for every 100/.
value ......
manufactures Imparted IVom places within the limits of
the East India Company's charier, viz.
plain white calico and dimitv, fbr every 100/. value
miitlins |ilain,and Nanquin cloths, for everv loo/, vahi
Duty,
1 Jan* 1H34
8
t>
I
O
O (>
SO
4 9
23
3
2
6
II 1
(i
I) 2
1
4 4
4
I 3
f>
<J
n
1
5
5
0'^
li
1
12
1
15
1 10
1 7
1 15
30
10
9 2
15
9 2
1 11 3
30
5
5
12
1
12
5 6
6
10 9
Free.
20
8
7
10
20
10
10
Duty, 1819.
L. I. d.
Duty, 1787
2
3 6
2 6
1 a
20 O per cent.
20
4 9
50
3
2
2
20
per cent.
G
2 6
10
5
2i
Excise.
Excise.
Prohibited.
' Prohibited*
10
2 6
Excise.
2 6
} 1
} 1 6
1 I 6
50 per cent.
U 1 8
2
2 6
1 1
1 1
1 9 2
3
2 14 2
3 15 6
50
10
9 2
15
9 2
1 11 3
50
5
5
12
10
12
5 6
5 6
1 1 6
116 per cwt.
1 1 6percrft.
8
7
50
50
fi7 10
37 10 U
L. $. d.
% 'l ^P"'*"''
4 5
U 4 5
27 10 per cent.
27 10 ,W cent
27 10
2
27 10
2 8
2 8
I'i 10
27 10 Optrceni.
5
Free.
Free.
Free.
Tree.
fi
S
Prohibited.
Prohibited.
6i
U 1 8
4
4
U 4
4
4
OSS
27 ID per cent.
I)
6
6
9
9
27 10 per cent.
16
10 6
2 2
Prohibited.
28 5 per cent.
37 16 3 per cent.
• 37 16 3 per cent.
Prohibited.
2
4
1
8
4
8
3
(1
.1
1)
1
6
1
6
8 6
8 6
8 6
3 8
epergTMi.
44
44
n 5 3perpl«e.
16 10 per cent. !
18 n !
Articles.
Cotton — amtinufd,
aiiiclM niitnurartunHl of cotton wool, not othivwlie
charged with ilutv, for every UK)/, value
wool* or waiile of cotton wool. Hee Wool.
Cranbcrrio, |ier Kallon - - . . .
Craioiis, for eviTjr lOii/. value . . . .
Cream of tartar, iwr cwt. - • . .
Crtttal. viz.
■ roufth, for every 100/. value
cut, or in an; way manufactured, except beadi for crery
IIKM. value ■ • . . .
Cutiebs, (ler lb. - . ...
CucunilKfrs, vix.
pickled. Set Ficklei.
preserved in sail and water, for tnaj lOOl. value
Tulm, per ton ... ...
Cunrdnts, per cwt. .....
D.
n.imask. S« Linen.
Dales, per cwt. • . . ■ ■ ■
Derelict. ForeiKn ^oods derelict, Jetsam, flotsam, lagan, or
wreck, brought or coming into Great Britain or Ireland, are
subject to the same duties, and entitled to the same draw,
backs, as Roods of the like kind regularly imported.
Dia)^>diuni. SnScammony.
Diamonds -..-.,
Diaper. Ste Linen.
INce, per pair ... ...
Down, per lb. .....
Drawings. See PrinU.
Drup, not particularly charged, per cwt.
E.
Earthenware, not otherwise enumerated or described, for every
lUO/. value - - - - • -
Ebonv of all sorts, per ton ... . .
tlie produce of, and imported from, any British poueuion,
per ton ......
See note at the end of Wood.
Eggs, per I W ....
Embroidery and needlework, for every 100/. value
Enamel, per lb. -
Essence, viz.
being oil. Set Essenti!;! oil, in Oil.
of spruce, for every I (K)/. value
not otherwise enumerated or described, per lb.
Euphorbium, per cwt. ... . .
Extract or preparation of cardamoms, cocculus Indicus, grains,
viz. fiuinea grains of Paxadisie, liquorice, nux vomica, for
every 100/. value
ms, coccuius inaicus, grams,
liquorice, nux vomica, for
perv mm. vaiue . . . . .
ojMum, pepiicr, viz. Guinea pepper, for every 100/. value -
Feruvian or Jesuits' bark, i>er lb. - -
quassia, for every 100/. value . • . .
radix rhataniae,|^r lb. ...
vitriol, fyr every 100/. value - • ■ -
Extract oi preparation of any article not being particularly
enumerated or described, nor otherwise charged with duty,
for every 1 00/. value
or, and in lieu of any of the above duties, at the option of
the importer, per lb. ....
F.
Feathers, viz.
for l)e<ls, in lieds or not, per cwt.
ostrich, dresned, per lb. * - .
undressed, per lb. - ■
not otherwise enumerated or described, viz.
dressed, for every 100/ value
undressed, for every 100/. value
Figs, per cwt. ....
FUh, viz.
eels, per ship's lading ...
lobsters ....
oysters, per bushel ...
stock fish, per I'iO ....
sturgeon, per keg, not containing more than 5 gallons
turhots .....
fresh fish, of British taking, and imported in British ships
or vessels - - - ■ ■ -
cured fish, of British taking and curing, and imported in
British vessels ....
Fishing nets, old. See Rags.
Flax, and tow or codilla of hemp or flax, dressed, per cwt.
undressed, per cwt. ....
Flocks, per cwt. - - • ■
Flotsam. See Derelict.
Flower roots, for every 100/. value . .
Flowers, artificial, not made of silk, for every 100/. value
Fossils, not otherwise enumerated or described, for every 100/.
value - .
specimens of. See Specimens.
Frames for pictures, prints, or drawings, for every 100/. value
Frankincense. SreOlibanum.
Frait, raw, not otherwise enumerated, for every 100/. value
Fustic, per ton .....
imported from any British postewion, per ton
O.
tialls, per cwt. .....
Gamboge, per cwt. ....
(iamets, per lb. .....
cut, per lb. .....
(lauteorthread, for every 1001. of the value •
Gentian, per cwt. ....
Ginger, per cwt. .....
preserved, per lb.
the produce of and Imported iVom any British possession,
per cwt.
prtserred, per Ih.
ulnitng, per twt.
20
O 1
40 u
V
20
30
(i
20
20
%
2
*
* 4
2
4 4
10
Free.
1 6 2
1 3
10
15
6
3
10
30 >l
7 2
20
4 6
6
75
25
5
50
5
25 U
•iO
10
2 4
1 10 n
010
20 C
10
1 1 6
I.'? 1 3
Free.
1 3
40
15 lu
20
60
2
1
5
9
Free.
Free.
Free.
I
1
om
so
25
20
20 3
son
4 6
3
8
4
010
1 10
30
4
8 13
1 3
Oil
4
4 10 3
Free.
1 n 2
1 3
50 per cent.
75
24 14
15
10
Prohibited.
7 2
20
4
3 14 8
75
75
5 O
75
5
75
50
Option not exHting.
4 8 8
2 15 6
10}
50
20
1 1 6
13 1 3
Free.
1 6
5
9
Free.
Free.
Free.
1014 G
5
19
20
50
20
50
20
1 4 6
1 4 6
Oil 8
9 6 8
10
1 10
50
2 16
8 13
3 8
1 3
3 8
8 8
27 10
27 10
4
per cwt
8
27 10
per cent.
2
27 10
1'^
1 3
7
4
2 6 3
Free.
Proliibited.
6
27 10 per cent.
41 Hi
13
13 3
5
Prohibited.
3 4
27 10
■^7 10 percent.
18 8
27 10
27 10
27 10 per cent.
27 10 O
27 10 per cent.
27 10
27 10
16 5
8 10
4 5
27 10
27 10
12 10
4 13 6
Flee.
6
2 1
3 4
Free.
Free.
Free.
5 4 6
Fri*.
8 10
27 10 per cent.
27 10 per cent
27 10 per cent.
27 10 per cent.
27 10 per cent.
Free.
Free.
8 16
4 5
13 3
27 10
9 4
1 B
27 10 per cent.
Oil
87 10 per vtnt.
3 14 8
m
p ^
i I
1
1118
TAllIFF.
Art'.'es.
Gl.i&s, vi/.
crown gtam* or any kind of wimlow iilass (not being pUte
f{)A&s or German <iheot k'^^^)* \**^^ c^^* * '
German sheet Rla<is,|>er cwt. • •
plate Ktass, suuerlici'il ineasLire* viz.
not containing more than 1> square feet, per square
foot . - . - -
contnininR more than \i <tquare feet, and not more than
1 1 M|itare ftet, \nr ;,4iuaiu fmtt
contaiiiini; nioru tlian 11 square feel, and not more
than 3fi iMinare fectp vcr square foot
containing more tlian .Ifi squart: feet, per square font •
glass manufactures not otlierwisuenuujerated or de:,criljetl,
antt old liroken glass fit only to be rcmauufactuied, for
every 10(1/. value . - - • -
and further, for evfry rwt. - • •
Glass imjKirted was l>y act '^1 (Jeo. .1. c. 13. (Voe of nxt iso d\ity
but l»y "the following acts aulyect, in addition to tliucustoms
dutVi to an excise duty of C/. t>«. nercwt., vi/. ■!."> Geo. .^.
c. (.'•>., 'Zl. U4. i io iieo. 3. c. 30., 1/. 1*. ; .V^ (ico. .3. c. !M.,
3/. ."*. In the year lS2i, the above e^-ci^e duties were added
to the customs dutits.
Gloves (ot'ieather;, vi/.
habit gloves, per d(»/fn pair - . - .
men's gloves, per dozen pair - • • -
women's glovei or mitts, per do/en pair
(iluc or gclatme, per cwt. - - • - •
clippings or waste of any kind fit only for making glue, for
every lUO/. value - - - - -
Grains, viz.
(iuinca gr.'.ins, per lb. . . -
extract or preparation of. See Grains, in Kxtrnct.
of Paradise, Iter lt>. • • - - -
extract or preparation of. See Grain:;> in Extract.
Granilla, jwr lb. - -
Grapes, for every 100/. value ...
Grease, per cwt. - • - ■ ■
(ireaves, for dogs, jier cwt. - - - -
Guinea wood, per ton . - . . -
Gum, viz.
storax, per cwt. - - - - .
auimoniacum, per cwt. • • • -
aninii, per cwt. . . - .
.\rabic, |>er cwt. ... - .
cashew, p(.<r cwt. • - - . .
copal, per cut. . . -
clenn, pevcwt. ... - .
i[uaiacum,per cwt. - . , . .
iino, pvr cwt. . - - . -
rake lac, p..T cwt, . - . . .
lac dye, per cwt. • ...
lac lake, per cwt. . - . . .
seed lac, per cwt. . - . .
shell lac, per cwt. - . . , .
stick lac, per cwt. • • - -
opopunax, per cwt. - • - - -
sagapenum, per cwt. - - • - -
sandarach, i>er cv\ t. ■ . .
sarcocolLa, per cwt. - . , ,
Senegal, per cwt. ... . .
Tacaniahaca, per cwt. • - - - .
tragacanth, per cwt. . • . .
not particularly enumerated or describeil, nor otherwise
charged, i>er cwt. - - - - .
Gunpowder, per cwt. - - - .
Gyptum,per ton - - - . .
the produce of, and imported from, any nritish possession,
per ton • - - - - -
II.
Hair, viz.
camels' hair or wool, per Ih. -
the proiluce of» and imported from, any Itritish pos-
session - . . . .
cow, ox, bull, or elk hair, per cwt. - - .
goats* hair. Sve Wool.
horse hair, per cwt. - ...
human hair, iwr Ih. • - • .
not otlierwise enumerated or described, for every 100/.
value ....
articles manufactured of hair, or any mixture thereof,
from any place within the limits of the Kast India
(Company's charter, for every 100/. value
manufactures of hair or goats* wool, or of hair or goats*
wool and any other material, aiul articles of such manu-
facture wholly or in part made up, not particularly
enunieratefl, or otherwise charged with duty, for every
100/. value - - , . .
Hams, per cwt. ......
Harp strings or lute strings, silvered, for every 100/. value
Hats or bonnets, viz.
bast, chip, cane, or horse hair hats or bonnets, each hat or
bonnet not exceeding 22 inches in diameter, per doxen •
each hat or bonnet exceeding 22 inches in diameter,
wr dozen - - . . .
straw hats or bonnets, each hat or bonnet not exceeding 22
inches in diameter, per dozen
each hat or bonnet exceeding 22 inches in diameter,
per dozen • - . .
thade of, or mixed with felt, hair, wool, or beaver, per
hat • - - - . .
Hay, the load containing Z6 trusses, each truss being AG lbs. -
Heath for brushes, per cwt. ....
Hellebore, \>er lb. ....
Ilcmp, dressed, iier cwt. - . ...
rough or undressed, or any other vegetable substance of the
nature and quality of undressed hemp, and applicable to
the same purposes, per cwt. ...
Hide*;, vl/.
horse, mure, gelding, buffalo, bullj cow, or ox hides,
vi/.
Dulv, 1
1 Jan
IhM.
L.
1. il.
8
r, 8
lU
U
6 ■
8
9 6
oil ol
20
4
4
5
7
U 1-^ 1
I
2
2
a
20
1 8
(1
2
5
6
C
6
6
6
6
S
6
6
6 ()
6
6
6
6
1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
3
1 11 8 1
1 ,-5
1
Free. I
6
6
1
i
30
.10
1
8
20
1
2
3
8
6 16
10 6
1
4
(1
9 2
1
4 15
1
Duty, 1819.
L. : d.
4 18 0("
4 IS U
Hu'y. 1TS7.
6
80
Prohibittil.
12
4 9 per cwt.
2
2
10
So
1 8
2
15
11 4
7
9 6 8
12
7 6
9 6 8
.1 14 8
10 5 4
8 H
2 6 8
2 16
9 4
2 16
3 14 8
1
lU 12
4 \3 4
OIU
4 13 4
12
11 4
5 12
50 Oner cent.
3
1 11 8
1 3
1 8
1 8
IS 4
SO n per ceil I.
5
20
67 10
50
2 16
6 4 per i(rou.
1
2
3 8
616
10 6
14
9 2
6
4 15
9 1
L. J. (/.
60 Opjrcent.
ProhibUtd.
I 5
I 4.ipercMt.
V
27 10 per cent.
Free.
27 ID U
Free.
1)11
,•53 pur cent.
8 8
1 17 4
1 8 n
2 w
27 10 per cent.
.3 14 8
1 3 4
4 4
27 10 U pir cent.
1) <J 4
27 10 per, -Hit.
27 to PIT cent.
18 8
18 8
Free.
7 "J 4
1 17 4
7
1 17 4
27 10 per cent.
8 8 o'
1 8
27 10 n per cent.
1 15 3
I 27 10 per cent.
8
S
8 3
4 4
2
27 10
37 16 3
27 10
2 7
2 ti per groii.
3 6
O 7
2 9
5 6
ProMbitetl.
Oil
4 5
n
2 4
3 8
I
tIMeSf Uor'.e, ^c. — coiifhnic<:.
•lot laMii.it, tiiwed, curri.d« or in any way t1r<hvsed» vi/,
cirv, i)t*r cwt . 5 .
well i>tT cwt. . - - •
th^ }iro{luCL' of, niul iinporteil from, the west co:\st I
of .\tViC(i| uach hide nut exceeding 1 1 lbs. weight,
jitr cwt. . . - . .
thu i>ro(hice of, and iniiiorted from, tiny Btiiisli poK-
fies^ioni vi/.
dry, per cwt. - - - -
wet, |K.'r cwK fc - . -
tanned and not otherwise dressed, jier lb.
tlie proiluce of, and imported from, any British pes-
session, per lb. • - • . ■
cut or triiiimetl, per lii. - •
the proiluce of, and imported fVom, any Briti-.h
po>ses^iun, per lb. • - • •
and pieces of such hides, tawed, currietl, or in any way
dressed, per lb. - - ...
the pnKtuc^ of, and imported fVom, any British
possession, )>er lb. -
cut or trimmed, per lb. ...
the prmtuce of, and imported from, any British
possesiion, per lb. - - . -
iVi/^'. — Hides, raw or undressed (except horse
hides), iniported trom the British colonies
in ^Vmerica, were exempted fruia duty in
act 5i7Geo.3. c. 13.
tails. See Tails.
losh hides, per lb. -
Musi'ovy or Kussia hides, tanned, coloured, shaveil, or
olliiTwise dressed, per hide - - . •
pieces tanned, coloured, shaved, or othenvise dressed,
per lb. .....
hides or pieces of hides, raw or undresserl, not piiriifuL-irly
enunierateil or de^^cril>ed, nor oiherwise cbar^^'d wan
duty, iniported from any British possession in .AmericJ,
for every Hull, value ....
hides or pieces of hides, raw or undressed, not particularly
enumerated or described, nor otherwise churned with
duly, for every 100/. value - - . -
hides or pieces of hides, tanned, tawed, curried, or in any
way drt-ssed, not particularly enumerated or desciibtd,
nor otherwise charged with duty, for every lUO/. value -
Hones, per lOU ... . .
lloni'v.per cwt. . - - . -
tile iiroduce of, and imported from, any Britinh possession,
per cwt. . . . - -
Hoofs of cattle, for every 100/. value
Hoops, viz.
of iron, per cwt. -
of wood, viz
4 8
!t 4
not ejtccedlne 6 feet in UnRth , per 1 ,000
ixceeding 6 feet
per 1,000
exceeding 6 feet and not exceeiling D feet in length.
exceeding 9 feet and not exceeding 12 feet in length,
per 1 ,0()0 ... . -
exceeding 12 feet and not exceeding 15 feet in length,
per 1,000 ... . .
exceeding 15 feet in length, per 1,000
Hops, per cwt. .....
Home, horn, and pieces of honu, not otherwise -'•■.h'ed with
duty, per cwt. ... . .
Horn tips, per 100 -
Horses, mares, or geldings, each
llungary water. 4'« Spirits.
I and J.
Jalap, per lb. ... . .
Japanned or lacquereil ware, for every 100/. value
Jel, per lb. • . - • -
Jetsam. Sn Derelict.
Jewels, emeralds, rubies, and all other precious stones (except
diamonds), vi/.
set, for every 100/. value - . . .
not set, for every 100/. value • - -
India rubU'rs. A'rt Caoutchouc.
Indigo, per :u. ... . .
tne produce of, and imported from, any British possctilan,
per lb. • - . • -
Ink for printers, per cwt. ....
Inkle, unwrouglit, per lb. - ...
wrought, per ib. ■ - - • -
Iron, viz.
in bars, or unwroughl, per ton
the produce ot, and imported from, any British pos-
session, }ier ton . . - -
slit or hammered into rods, and iron drawn or hammered
less than ^ of an inch „quare, per cwt.
cast, for everj 100/. value - ...
hoops. See Hoops,
old broken, and old cast iron, per ton
ore, i>er ton .....
pig iron, per ton ...
the produce of, and imported from, any British pos-
session, per ton . - • .
chromate of iron, jier ton - - - -
wrought, not otherwise enumerated or described, for every
100/. value - . . .
Isinglass, per cwt. - . . - -
the produce of, and imported from, any British possession,
per cwt. ...
Juice of lemons or oranges, per gallon - - .
of limes, per gallon . • • .
Junk, old. See Hags, old.
K.
Kelp. Sk Alkali.
L.
Lac, viz. stick lac, per cwt. . . . .
I. ace, viz. thread lace, for every inO/. v.ilue
Laciiuered ware. See Japanned wave.
2
I
(i
3
9
4i
U
4J
I '4
7
I 8
5
2 6
5 17 6
20
n
G per hide.
10 per hide.
1 O
SO
I 3
15
5
1
1 3
3
5
7 G
010
012 6
1.5
811 U
2 4
2 4
1
6
20
2
20
10
4
3
10
111
5 2
1 10
2 6
5
10
12
.■>
10
13
S
to
2 7
15 10
O.J
OJ
10
.30
1
1
II 1
75 |ier cent.
"■■> Iter cent.
75 |ier cent.
75 per cent.
1 8
1 8 per lb.
1 8 per lb.
5 17 G
20
75
1 3
15 U
15
20
1 5 9
15
15
15
15
O 1.1 O
811
5
5
b 13
2
62 10
2
.50
20
5
5
1 1
10
5 2
6 10
1 2 2
10
to
17 6
8 9
17 6
8
20 per cent.
60
2 7
15 10
16
1 G
I
•JO
9 per hide.
» per hide.
5
5
5
5
^ 77 per cent.
10
per Ib.
H
Free.
'27 10 Oier cent.
77 percent.
11
O 8 10 per bar. el,
■12 gslloi s.
7
10 per
cent
Oil 5
5 11
5 11
511
5
511
5 11
18 10
1 10 per ICO.
II 7
2 4
9
49 10
9
Free.
Free.
J. Free.
8 10
O II .-J
2 5j
2 16 2
Free.
1 rrohil.ited.
13 9
2 9
27 10 per cent.
Frt^e.
27 10 per cent.
Prohibited,
Si
t 5i
4
3i
Frcp.
17 8 per doien
yards.
I" I
' 1 •■'
t!
; H
t
i
I
r i
lliiii
' h
t
i
: '^. 1 '
i^'
., i^ ; '
r
i 1 '
I
^
'!
-■J-:-:
1120
TARIFF
Artlclei.
Laj;an. See Derelict.
Liitiip black, per cwt. ...
l^apis calaininiiriSf per cwt. > • .
Lard, per cwt. - ...
I.attiii, |>er cwt. - > •
shaven, per cwt. . - .
Lavender tlowers, i>er lb. -
Lead, viz.
black, per cwt. ....
chrutnate of lead* per lb.
ore, per ton ....
pif;, per ton
red, iier cwt. • -
white, i)er cwt. ...
I^eather, viz. piece* of leather, or leather cut into shapes, or
any arliule made of leather, or any inanufaclute whereof
leather is the must valuable part, not otherwise enumerated
or described, fur every 10(1/. value - - -
Leaves of golii, jier UM leaves ...
Leaves of roses, per lb. . • . .
I^eerhes, for every 1001. value ...
Lemons. See Uranges.
peel of, per lb. - - > .
preserved In sugar. See Succades.
Lentiles, the bushel .....
Lif^um, viz.
quassia. See Quassia.
vitfE, per ton - • - -
the produce of, and imported from, luiy British pos-
session, per ton - - . -
See Note at the end of Wood.
Linen, or men and cotton, viz.
cambrics, and lawns, commonly called French lawns, the
piece not exceeding H yards in tenxth, and not exceeding
7-Hths of a yard in breadth, and so in proportion fur any
greater or less quantity,
plain ...
bordered handkcrchiefii ....
lawns of any other sort, not French, viz.
not containinit more than 60 threads to the inch of
warp, per square yard - -
containinR mure than GO threads to the inch of warp,
K:r square yard ....
s and damask diaper, viz.
until n Jan. ISM, per square yard
from 5 Jan. 18.3i, per square yard
driUinf{s, ticks, and twilled linens, viz.
until 6 .Ian. 1834, per square yard • . -
fV-om 5 Jan. 1854, per square yard
sail cloth, per square yard - ...
plain linens, and diaper, not otherwise enumerated or
descrit)ed, and whetner chequered or striped, with dyed
yam or not, viz.
not containing more than 20 threads to the in. of warp,
until 6 Jan. 18.^4, per square yard
fi-om 5 Jan. 1S34, (ler square yard - . -
containiii); more than '^O threads, and not more than
24 threads to the inch of warp,
until (i <Tan. 1831, per square yard
from ^ Jan. 183-1, )>er h(|uare yard
containing; more than 24 threads, and not containing
more than 30 threads to the inch of warp,
until 6 Jan. 1834, per Mjuarc yard
from 5 Jan. 1834, per stiuare yard
containing more than 30 threads, and not containing
more than 40 threads to tlie inch of warp,
until 6 Jan. 1834, per square yard
fVom 5 Jan. 1834, per square yard
containing more than 40 threads, and not containing
more than GO threads to the inch of warp,
until (iJan. 1834, per square yard
from 5 Jan. 1834, per square yard
containing more than 60 threads, and not containing
more than 80 threads to the inch of warp,
until 6 Jan. 1834, per square yard
from 5 Jan. 1834, per square yard
containing more than 80 threads, and not contaiiting
more than 100 threads to the inch of war]>,
tmtil 6 Jan. 1834, per square yard
from 5 Jan. 1831, {)er s(|uare yard
containing more than 100 threads to the inch of warp,
until 6 Jan. 1834, per square yard
from 5 Jan. 1834, )icr square yard
/iote. — The duties were levied on the goods
above mentioned by act 6 Geo. 4. c. 111. ; yte*
viously to which they were chargeable with
duties according to tneir length and breadth
respectively, which, consequently, do not ad-
mit of being compared with the above. It
may, however, be observed, that not a single
entn has been made under this scale, since
182a; and the previous duties may be consi-
dered equally prohibitory.
Or, and tiutead of the duties herein-before imposed upon
linens according to the number of threads in the warp,
at the option of the importer, for every 100/. value
A few linens hare been occasionally entered under this
ad valorem duty.
Note. — No increased rate bf duty to be charged on
any linen or lawns for any aaditional number of
threads not acceding two threads tor such as are
not of 30 threads to the inch, nor for any additional
number of threads not eiceeding 6 threads for such
as are of 30 threads and upwards to the inch.
Mils, for every loot, value
in actual use of a British ship, and fit and necessary
for such ship, and not otherwise disposed of
if and when otherwise disposed of, for every 100/.
value • - ■ . .
manufactures of linen, or of linen mixed with cotton or
with wool, not particularly enumerated, or otherwise
charged with duly, for every 100/. ralue
L)utv,
1 Jan. 1834.
L. I. d.
1
4
O 6 (I
10
I
O 8
U
4
2 II
5
Duty, 1819,
II G
7
30
3
2
S
a
10
2
10
6
5
U
1
2 IJ
2
8
74
21
2|
.Ti
3
43
4
.5
4)
S\
S
10.)
10
L. t. d.
3 6 6
O »
8
1 8
2 10
10
4
!cO per cent.
1 Iti
20 per cent.
O "< 4
10 4
75
O 3
10
20
5
10
4 12 8
11 2
} »
1 OX
1
1
1
40
II G
30
lot
9
2
Free.
20
lot
9
8
J5
50
Duty, 1787.
L. : d.
1 15 ,T
3 8
Free.
13 3
1 8 I)
4
6 8
27 10 0,«,en..
4 5
Prohibited,
1 2
3
27 10
27 10 per cent.
0) per il,.
^ 2 4
I
5
45
45
44
mssm
— fc-^--*" ■— — 1
TARIFF.
1121
Linen — continuetl.
iirliriM ot nianiifactuns of linen, or uf linen mlxeU with
cuUon or with wuul, whuUy ur in ]iiirt niatle up* not
otitcrwibe charged with dut>, for everv KtO/. VRlne
Llnseeil cakes, per cwt.
Llquoricejuice, ur succiu liquoritlas per cwt-
liowder, per cwt. ...
root, per cwt. - - • -
extract or preparation of. S« Uxirnct.
Litharge of gold, jwr cwt.
of silver, per cut.
Live creatures illustrative of natural liistury
Livcrwort. Sm Licheii liilandlcus, in Muta.
Logwood, |tcr ton - - . .
iin}ioriefl from any BiitUh pos&ession, per ton >
f.uplncs j)er cwt.
I.uti' slriiiK>. &« CatliriKS.
M.
Afacaroni, per Il>. - ■ ■ -
Mate, per III. - ....
iniii ned from any British |iosseMion wi Iiin the limits of
the Kast India l'ompany\ charter, per H>. -
the produce uf, and imported from, any other Itritish pos.
sen>ion, per lb. - - ...
.Madder, per cwt. - - ...
root, pir cx^ t. - - - -
Ala^na (incri.-i ware, for every 100/. value
.Muhfn;an_v, per tun - • - -
imporieil fVom the Hay of Hondun^s in a british ship
cleared out tirom the j>ort of Belize, per ton
imported from any British nnsses&ion, per t«n
Sff Note at the end of Wood.
Manganescore, |)er ton • - - -
.Mangoes. A!ee Vickies.
:\l.nma, jier lb. • - ...
.Manuscripts, viz.
bound, per cwt. ...
unbuuntl, per cwt. . - • -
:\Iaps or charts, plain or coloured, each nisp or chart, or part
thereof . . ...
Marlile. .SVe Stone.
Marbles for children. Sec Toys.
Marmalade, i»er lb. - . - -
the produce uf, and imported from, any British posscs.iun,
per lb. - - - • -
Maitic, per cvit. .....
.Mats, viz.
ot bast, per 100 . ....
imported from any British jiossesslon, for every 100/.
value . - - -
not otherwise enumeratetl ot described, for every 100/.
Viilue ■ ....
M.itting, for every 100/. value ...
imported from any British possession, for every 100/.
value - - ...
Aratlresse>, for every 100/. value
Jlead or metheglin, per gallon - ...
A'o/c _ Mead or nietheglin was, by act 4,'? Geo. .I. c. fi:).,
subject to an exiise duty of C*. per gallon in addition to
the customs duty, which continued until .5 April, IN'^.O,
when the same was added to the customs duty.
.Medals of gold or silver ...
of any other sort, for every lOOi. value -
Me<llars, per bushel ....
M classes. Sfr Sugar.
Milting iwts for RoUlsmiths. See Pots.
.Mercury, prepared, for every 100/. value
.Metal, viz.
bill metal, per cwt. - . . -
le,if metal (except leaf gold), the p,ickct containing 2.'jO
leaves - ....
Metheglin. .See Mead.
Mill boards, per cwt. . - - .
.Minerals not otherwise enumerated or descrihcil, for everv
mw. value . . . •.
s)icrimens of. See Sjiecimens.
.Models of cork or wood, for every 10(1/. value
Mess, viz.
lichen Islandicus, iier lb. - - -
rock, for dyers' use, per ton
not otherwise chargetl, for e^•cry 100/. value
.MotlurHif-iiearl shells, fur every 100/. Mine
Mules, eacn - - . . .
Rliini. .SeeBi'er.
Musical instruments, for every lOni. value
Musk,|)eroz. - ....
.Mjrrh, [lercwt. - . . .
N.
Natron. See Alkali.
Needle work. See Emhroidcrv.
Nets, viz, old fishing nets, fit only fur inaltiig paper or p.iitC'
board. See Rags.
Nicaragua wood, per ton
.Nitre, viz cubic nitre, per cwt.
Nutmegs, per lb. ...
the produce of, and im|wrted firom, any British possession,
per lb. - - . -
imported from aiiy Brilish possession within the limits of
tl.e East India Company's charli r, per H).
Nuts, viz.
cashew nuts and kernels, per cwt.
castor nuts or seeds, iier cwt.
coker or cocoa nuts, the produce of any British pos-ession,
|)er 1,200 nuts
chesnuts, per bushel - ■ -
pistachio nuts, per cwt.
small nuts, per bushel - - - • -
walnuts.pcr bushtrl
nuts not olherwisetnumcraied oi described, for every lon/.
value
Duly,
I Jan. lS34
10 O
() I) 'i
,1 l.') ')
•j 10
3 3 4
i
O 2
Free.
4
3
5
2
4 6
3 6
3 6
o 2 n
II 6
.'i
7 10^ O
1 10
4
10
3
IS s
18 8
1 .T
1
U li o
1 .■? 9
5
25 ()
20
.'j
20 O
7
Duty, 18:9.
L. I. d.
;,o (1
2
3 15 O
5 111
3 3 4
2
2
20 \*x cciit.
9 2
9 2
5 1)
1
3
3
O 1'.
j
75 O
11 17
3 16
11 17
20
1
6 10
5
por cent.
p<r cent.
3
2
n 1 3
7 9 1
13 9
50
.10 O
50
,'iO
50 O
O 7
Free.
5
1
Free.
20
5
l»
30
50
1
1
3
%
3 8
2
3
8
s
20
SO
5
50
10
A
5
5
10
1
1 15
20 I)
go
5
8
20 r,
n
6
.'.0
U
5
U
8
n 5
3
6
6
2
6
2
6
10
(i
1
II 2
10
n 2
2
II
II
Duly, 17S7.
44 I) O
27 10 pel rent.
1 S O
2 1'^ 1
1 8 10
10
I) X
27 10 per cent.
Free.
2 4
on*
o 1
4
4
Free.
27 10
2 4
27 10 I'er cent.
6
19 .1
S 10
6
O
1 8
110
27 10
2 per y«rd.
211 n
I 6 2
50 II yn cert.
O 3 ri
2 6
2
II 4
5 12
20 n per cent.
(I 4 II
4 13 4
4
O 4 O
?0 II
27 10
27 10
2
27 10 O
2 4
27 10
1 11 1
2
10
27 10
27 10 n
27 10 per cent.
O 5
27 10
4 i>er lb.
27 10 per cent.
27 111
o 2
2 16
Free.
2 6 8
2
2
2
27 10 per cent.
I> 1 5
1 S
9
IP -I
57 10
li
i MX
•^1
It
i
fcl.1l
31! \ I
4 V
1122
TARIFF.
Aaicln.
Duty,
lJan.l8jl.
Uutv, ISID.
Nux vomica, per Ih. - . . .
extract or |ir<'|inratian of. £m Extrart.
O.
Oakum, per cwt.
Ochre, per cwt.
Oil, viz.
of .ilinonds, per lb. • - •
of t)<iys, per fb. - - • - -
of castor, per lb. ...
Imported from any British pmsesAion, |>er lb,
the produce of, aiul imparled from, an> BritUh po(-
Kssion, per cwt. - • -
chemical, esseutial, or perfumed, viz.
of caraway, per lb. - •
of cliives, 'pet lb. - - - .
of l.iVL'lider, lier lb. -
of mint, per lb. - • . -
of |wp|<ermint, per lb. ■ - . .
of hpike, per lt>. • . .
cas^iia, bergamot, lemon, otto of roset, thjme, and of all
other sorts, per lb. • . .
of cocoa nut, {h-t cwt. > . . •
fish oil. See Train oil, in Oil.
of hemp seed, |ier tun ...
im|>orted from an.v British possession, per tun
of linseed, per tun ...
imported from an; British possession, per tun
of olives, per tun . > .
imported in a ship belonKlns to any of the subjects of
the King of the Two bicilies, per tun
of palm, per cwt. - ...
of ]iaran, per tun ...
of rape seed, per tun - ■ -
imiiorte.! from any British possession, per tun
of cassia. Iter lb* - ...
of liergamot, per lb. . - ...
of cajaputa, per lb. • . -
of jessamine, per lb. . . . -
of cinnamon, per lb. . ...
of aniseed, per lb. - . . .
of juniper, per lb. - ...
of nutmegs, per lb. • •
of neroli, per lb. . * . -
of |i1ne, per lb. - ...
of rosewood, per lb. . ...
of rosemary, per lb. . ...
of sandal wood, per lb. • . -
of turpentine, per lb> ....
of ainber, per lb. - - -
cr sassafras, per lb. • ...
of thyme, per lb. • .
of lemon, per lb. - . . .
rock oil, |>er lb. . * - .
seal oil. net Train oil, in Oil.
seed oil, not otherwise enumerated or described, per tun -
imported fi'om any British possession, per tun
seed c.ikes, per cwt. ...
of spermaceti. See Train oil, in Oil.
train oil, blubber, spermaceti oil, and head matter, viz.
the pro<luce of hsh or creatures living in the sea, taken
and caught by_ the crews of llriiish ships, and im-
ported direct from the iisheri , or from any British
possession in a Hritish ship, per tun
the produce of Hsh or creature* living in the sea, of
foreign 6shing, per tun ...
walnut oil, per lb. • - . -
whale oil. See Train oil, in Oil.
oil not particularly enumerated or described, nor otherwise
charged with duty, for every lUO/. value
Olibanum, per cwt. ... . .
Olives, per gallon ....
Olive wood, per ton ... , ,
ttie produce of, and imported from, any British possession,
per tun > . - .
See Note at the end of Wood.
Onions, per bushel . - • - -
Opium, per lb. ...
extract or prep.iration of. See Extract.
Orange flower water, per gallon . ...
Oranges and lemons, viz.
the chest or box not exceeding the capacity of 5,000 cubic
inches - - . .
the chest or box exceeding the capacity of 5,000 cubic
inches, and not exceeding 7,300 cubic inches
the chest or box exceeding the capacity of 7,300 cubic
■ inches, and not exceeding 14,000 cubic inches
for every 1,000 culiic inches exceeding the above rate of
14,000 cubic inches - . - -
loose, per 1,000 - ...
or, an(l at the option of the importer, for every 100/. value
peel of, per lb. - ...
Orcnal, orchelia, or archelia, per cwt.
Ore not p.irticularly charged, tor every 100/. value
of gold or silver. See Bullion,
specimens of. See Specimeni.
Orpiment, per cwt. ...
Orris or iris root, per cwt.
Orse<lev, per lb. .....
Otto or attar or oil of roses. See Oil.
Paddy. See Rice.
Painters' colours not particularly charged, viz.
unmanufactured, for every 100/. value
manufactured, for every 100/ value
Paintings on glass, for every 100/. value - -
and further for every cwt. of glass • • - -
paintings on glass. Excise duty on glass. See (ilass.
Paper, viz.
brown paper made of old rope or cnrdnge onlv, without
separating or extracting the pitch or tar therefrom, and
without any mixture of other materials iherewith, perlb.
2 ti
1 ;
1 u I
10 ;
3:
1 o
3
2 6
4
14
4
4
4
4
1 1
2 6
39 IS
1 U (I
39 18
10
8 8
1010
2 (i
8 8
39 18
1
1 4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3918
1
2
1
26 12
6
50
li
2
8 9 C
12 4
3 9
2 6
3 9
7 6
7',
15 0'
7S
6
3
5
1 8 6
10 6
U 6
5
10
5
4
L. i. il.
U 2 6
4
(i
COS
10
O .f
O I 3
1 3
7
2 6
1 12
4
(14
4
4
Duty, 17H7
/.. t. it.
U li
2 3
2 per bushel,
As below.
2 6
.■i9 IS
3;i IS
3',l IS O
oJ IS
15 15 7
18 15 7
O 2 6
•W o pet cent.
31) IS O
39 18
4
4
16
4
4
1 12
8
4
4
8
O
2
5 6
2 6
4
4
3
8 9 per cwt.
2 5 pc • gallon.
7i
74
1 6
74
7j
4
As below.
if7 10 per cent.
15 16 91
29 91
8 8 lOJ
7
27 10 per cent.
29 91
74
1 6
1
1 4
1
6
6
6
7J
6
10
.■59 IS
3'J IS O
2
9 11
1
5
9
1
1
il
1
3 9
1 5 per 1,000
oi'anges and
lemons.
15
No option.
(T
16 8
80
1 8 6
1 8 6
1 3
15 16 91
27 10 U per ceni.
Free.
.39 18
6
SI 15 7
27 10 per cent
50
2 7 6
3
8 9 6
12 4
27 10
1 1 I)
S
•360
3
9
3
1 6
.50
50
80
10
1 24
4 5 pLT 1,000
oranges and
lemons.
4 5
No option.
27 10 u per cent.
Free.
27 10
8 9
27 10 per cent.
6
2 per lb.
27 10
1 11 perbundlt.
Platin
niakii
of 1
„ of s.
Plums, (
, 'oniatun
1 oiiugrai
''"'•k, sail
; otatoes,
I ' ots,
•neltii
1 r. "f s«o
I Powder, -
hair I
Precious e
I Prints and
plain
ab
colour
Prunelloes
Prunes, pj
Quassia,
e' extra
Uicksilv
uills, vi
I goose
I fiumces, p
I Quinine, si
' Radix, vizJ
contrayl
enula; cl
«rinRii,r
'Pecicul
rnatanij
cxtil
Knekiel
I „ serpentj
I •"(?». viz. 1
old ragsl
makiii
woollen r
ilains, vji
of tiles
of any (
TARiri'.
1123
Aiiicln.
Paper — eontinued.
inhitcd, paiiilol. or slainot i>aper, or paper lianRinff<i or
flwk p.'per, iH-r Mpiare yaiu
wastf |fd|iLT, or paper of an.v other sort, not pariicularlv
eimnierattd or dt^cribed, nor othcrwiM; charged with
duty, per lb. - - - .
1'lie descrii>tioncof pajier, and dulle* thereon, in ait
*27 Geo. 5. c. 13., are loo numerouii tu state ; parti-
cularly as the duties were prohibitory.
r.-ircbnient, per dozen dieetji - • - -
Tastelioards, per cwt. • - -
IVarl barley, |jer cwt* - • . .
IVarls, for every 100/. value ...
I'cara, per bushel • • . .
dried, per bushel • . . .
PeuL'ils, for every 100/. value
of slate, for every 100/. valu*
Pens, for every 100/. value ...
Pejiper of all sorts, per II). • ■ . .
the produce of, and iinportctl from, any Itritish imssession,
per lb. - ....
iniportcd (Voin any llritkh posstision within the limits of
the E.lst India Company's charter, per lb.
imported from any other place withm tliose limits, iter lb.
Ntite. — Pepper of all sorts, in the year ISlil, w.-.s subiect
to the evcise duty of *./<. tii/. per lb., but transtefred
to tile customs on the 5th of April, \S2't.
I'trfumery not ulhcrw ise charged, for every 100/. value
Peiry, per tun - - ...
Kxcise duty on perry. See ('ider.
Pewier, manufactures of, not otherwise enum(*rated or de-
scrilied, for every 100/. value - . . .
Pickles of all sorts, not otherwise enumerated or descrilxd,
includiiiK the vinegar, i)er gallon
Pictures.^ each . - . . .
joiil further, the snu.tre foot
beiuK 'iUti M|uarc feet or upwards, each
inuier '^ tvct «iuarc, each . . .
of 'i to 4 feet s«iuari', each - . . .
of I feet square aud upwards, each
Pimento, pe, lb. . . .' .
tlie in-mincu of, and Imported from, any British iHisHUion,
plT ill. ....
Pink root, jH-'r lb.
Pitch, |K*r cwt. ...
the produce of any Briti.sh possession, per cwt.
Kurguddy pitch, ijpr cwt. - - .
tlt'Wh' pitch. Si-e liitumen Judaicum.
Plants, shrubs, and trees, alive
Plaster of Paris, per cwt. - . . .
Plate, viz.
batterwl, fi^ only to be rcmanufaclured. Ste Bullion.
of uolii, |»er nz. Troy • - - .
of sil\er gilt, per oz." Troy
part gilt, per oz. Troy
ungilt, per oz. Troy - - . .
Platina, for every 100/. valiio
oreofplatina, forevery lOtt/. value
Platting or other manufactures (o be used in or proper for
making hats or bonnets, vi/..
of ba-st, chip, cane, or horse hair, per ib.
of straw, per lb. - - ■ .
Plums, dried or preservftl, per cwt.
Pomatum, for every 100/. v.ilue - . . .
Pomegranates, per 1,000 - . • .
peels of, tier cwt. . . « . .
Pork, salted (not hams nor bacon, which see), per cwt.
Ptptatoes, per cwt. ...
Pots, viz.
melting pots for goldsmiths, per cwt.
of stone, for evei? 100/. value
Powder, viz. |
hair powder, per cwt. . . . .
ueriXimed, per cwt. . . .
powder, not otherwise enumerated or described, that will
serve for the same uses as starch, per cu t.
Precious stones. See Jewels.
Prints and drawings, viz.
plain, not alK)ve 1 foot square
above 1 foot square, each . . .
coloured, not above I foot square
above 1 foot square, each . . .
Pruneltoes, per cwt. - - - . -
Prunes, per cwt. • . . .
Duty,
I Jan. IM*
L. t. d.
1
9
10
3 8 It
017 fi
5
7 6
10
,10 O
SO
30 O O
1 6
I
1
I it
20
•i'i 13 »
20
1 r,
1 II
i| I o
1.)
.\s abi.ve.
^Xsaljove.
As al>ove.
1 3
.'•
O II t
10
II O i)
8
Free.
I
3Ifi 9
6 1
4 6
1
10
1
17 II
1 7 (T
30
1.5
1
012
2
I!ulv, 1S19.
See Extract.
Quassia, per cwt.
extract or preparation of.
euicksilvcr, per lb.
uills, viz.
goose quills, \ter 1,000
swan quills, per 1,000
Quinces, per 1,0110
Quinine, sulphate of, per oz.
Radix, viz.
contrayervtB, per lb. - - -
enuts cam)>an(e, per cwt. > - -
«ringii, per Ih. . . . . .
ipecacuanhae, per lb. ■ - . . .
rnat'inioe, per lo. • ■ - - •
extract or preparation of. See Extract.
senekK, jier lb. .....
serpentariie, or snake root, per lb. • - - •
Ra^, viz.
old rags, old ropes or Junk, or old fisbliig nets, fit only for
makinK paper or pasteboard. Iter ton
voollen rags, fit only for manure, per ton
Raisins, viz.
of the sun, per cwt. - . . .
of any other sort, per cwt.
910
1
1
2
2
1 7 (i
1 7 «
8 17 C
1
2 6
12
1
1
13
4 C a
t. I. ii.
1 7
I 7
10
3 8
17
5 o
010
50
,50 II I)
50
50 O
20 9 2
50
G O
As below.
As below.
As below.
.ISO
Ii Hi II
10 1
1 3
10
II 10
111
O II <.l
Oil 3
Free.
2 6
3 Ifi 9
Ii
G
4
1
5
4
6
per oz.
6
17 II
7 II I)
50
1 10
O l,j II
Probibiied.
'i
3
30
2
,-,
50
•i
9 15
13 13
9 15
13 13
9 10
1
2
2
4 I)
7 6
Duly, 1787.
L. t. J.
75 p« cent.
4 9
10
8 10
Free.
O 1 5
9
27 10
3
8 17 6
1 8
2 6
012
2
SO iier cent.
1
13
4
2
1
1
1 6
13
2 2 6
1 2
t\
27
10
10
1
7
27
10
IPJ
As
b<l
ow.
1 3 10
2 7 8
3 11 6
6
27 id
14
II 13
fi
3
(lerccnl.
Ky per last.
2^ per last.
1 24
•Prohibited.
10 percent.
10
1 10
1 10
1 8
27 10
o n 10
4 8
Prohibited.
3 8
7
•27 10
J 5 5 8
27 10 per cent.
6
1 8
12 5
27 10 |)er cent.
9
6
(I 2
IS 4
27 10 per cent.
6
6 4
O 14
1 8
27 10 per cent.
2
9
Free.
87 10 per cent.
18 8
As below.
»♦ V
1. .)
^ 1
^-n
^■■•'J'
' \
[^i
,'i
i
1 i
UN
Ii i m
i
ii
1J24.
TARIFI-.
Aitlcle*.
L
1
Ralntna — continued-
or all M>rl>, thu |iri«luce of, and imported from, niij Oritiih
IMMfifs&iunt |ier cwt. ....
Kniyma, iwr cwt. ....
l.«sia uiiu FarOf per cwt> ...
lielvidcre, |wr cwt* ....
other iiorts, |H.-r cwt. ....
Rape cnktii, per cwt. ....
Rapcuf grapes, |ier tun ....
Halulia. Hn Spirits.
Red woodf or Guinea wood, per ton
Rhatani root. &'w Radix rliataniK.
Rhubarb, per lb. . . • . •
iniiiorled from an; place within the limiU of the Eaat India
(joinpany'i charter, per lb. -
Rice, viz.
not being rough and in the husk, per cwt.
rough and in Ihe husk, or paddy, per bushel
the produce of, and imported from, anv Uritisli po&sessloni
vi2.
not being rough and in vhe h.4sk, per cwt.
rough and in tlie husk, or paddy, per quarter
Rocou. A'reAnnotto.
Ropes, new, tee Cordage; old, tee Ragt; Coir, tee Coir.
Rosewood, |)er cwt. ....
Rosin, or colophonia, per cwt.
the produce of, and imported from, any British possession,
per cwt. - . ....
Rubles. See Jewels.
8.
Saccharum Satumi, per lb. ...
Safflower, per cwt. ....
Sattron, perlli. .....
Sago, per cwt. .....
Sails, aee Linen.
Sal, viz.
ammoniac, per cwt. ....
limonum, jier lb. ...
prunelle, per cwt. - •>
Halep, or salop, per cwt. • . .
Salt ......
Saltpetre, per cwt. ....
imported from the East Indies, per cwt.
Sanguis draconis, per cwt.
Santa Maria wood, fur every 100/. value
Sapan wood, |>er ton ....
Sarsapariila, per lb. .
Sassafras, per cwt. . . - •
Saunders, red, per Ion ....
white, or jeliow, iwr cwt. ...
Sausages or pudding, per lb.
Scaleboards, per cwt. ...
Scammony, per lb. . - -
Seed, viz.
acorns, per bushel ...
ammi or ammios seed, per lb.
aniseetl, i>er cwt.
burnet seed, per cwt. ...
canary seed, jier cwt. ...
c.'iraway seed, jter cwt. - •
carrot seed, per lb. .
carthamus seed, per ll». -
castor seed. See Nuts.
cevattilla seed. See Sabadilla seed.
clover seed, per cwt.
coleseed, per quarter ...
coriander seed, per cwt.
cummin seed, per cwt. ...
fennel seed, per cwt. ...
fenugreek seed, per cwt. ...
flax seed, |>er quarter ...
forest seed, per lb. -
garden seed not particularly enumerated or detcribed, nor
otherwise charged with duty, per lb. .
grass seed of all sorts, per cwt.
hemp seed, |ier quarter ...
leek seed, i>er lb. '•
lettuce seetl, per quarter - -
linseed, per quarter ...
lucerne seetl, per cwt. ...
maw seed, per cwt. ...
millet seed, per cwt.
mustard seed, per bushel
onion seed, per lb. ...
parsley seed, per lb. -
piony or peony seed^ per lb.
quince stNed, jier lb. - - .
rape seed, j^r quarter ...
sabadilla or cevadilia seed, per lb.
shrub or tree seed not otherwise enumerated, per lb.
trefoil seed, per cwt. . - -
worm seed, per cwt. - • -
all seeds not particularly enumerated or described, nor
otherwise charged with duty, conimonly made use of fur
extracting oil tnerefrom, per quarter .
all other seed not particularly enumerated ordeocribed, nor
otherwise charged with duty, for every 100/. value.
Segars. See Tobacco, manufactured.
Senna, jier lb. - - - ...
Shaving for hals. See Flatting.
Ships to be broken up, with their tackle, apparel, and fumr
ture (except sails), viz.
foreign ships or vessels, for every 100/. value
British ships, or vessels entitled to be regisleretl as such, not
having been built in tlie United Kingdom, lor every WW.
value - - • . '
Shrubs, See Plants.
Shumac, per ton ....
Silk, vii.
knubs or husks of silk, and waste lUk, )>er cwt.
nw illk, per lb. - • . .
Duty.
IJan. Ik.TI
L. I. a.
10
As above.
.As above.
.\b above.
As above.
U 2
13 (i U
A
1 U
1
15
U 'i (>
1
U U 1
10
4
3 2
10
(I 1
U 1 o
1
I
4 9
1
10
Free.
6
fi
4
Duty, lAlU.
20
10
1
n o li
5
1 o
^ (t
1 10
!l
(I
1
O t
o li
O J
2
li
1
6
1
30
6
50
15
1
10
U 1
L. t. J.
1 'i
As atiove.
As ulMive.
As above.
As iihuve.
(I 'I
13 6 O
14
4
2 6
0.1'. O
10 per cwt.
5
2 6 per cwt.
10
4 U
3 2
10
8 9
7 6
3 14 8
2 16
4 9
2 16
7
6
6
9 6 8
20
20 o per cent.
"13
4
4
3
2
4
15
4 13
1
3 8
6
6
1
1
50
II
1
II
17
1
i;
1
1
1
1
I)
3
1
12
.'?
II
3 1)
(1
11
6
11
s
II
1
6
1
1
li
3
3
1
1
1
1
fi
50
1
50
2
6
8 8
20 per cent.
u u (i
3 (I li
.')0 O per cent.
3
1 II
6
1
1
15
1
4 4
9 6
3 4
25 per cent.
o per cent.
'o***r
per lb.
4
6
fi
4 per cwt.
%'
6
O per cent.
per cent.
4}
50
13
50
Free.
1 11 8
22 6
5 6
Duty, 1787.
L. : d.
As below.
115
OHO
8 3
7 1
27 10 percent.
6 10 8
Free.
1 6
I 6
J 7 4 pet cwt.
J 7 4 per cwt.
33 per cent.
2 3
16
3
Free.
2
1 8
Free.
27 10 O per cent.
O 18 8
18
8 3
7 9
3 14 8
33 percent.
08
2 4
Free.
18
3J
11
2 6
27 10 per cent.
2
1 3 2
27 10 O per cent
O l(i
5 I)
(I IK
2
2
13
4
7
U 14
3
I 27 10 per cent.
n
27 111
per cent
9
H
I*
M per lb.
Free.
2
9
15
5
1
5
2
3 per cwt.
ii
Ij
^
(1
4
13
8
27 10
per cent.
27 10
per tent.
27 10
per cent.
2 16
27 10 per cent.
27 10
6
5 10
Free.
Free.
1 17 4
3
[^^■w
H«w^
•<r*'
TAIIUF.
ArtU'lM.
Diilv,
Silk — iiinfdiiir,/.
ihruwn Ktlk, not dyeil, Tir.
•ini{lei4i per \h, <• > • • '
tiain, |»er Ih. - • - . ■ i
organzinc and crape «llk, |wr lb< •
thrown sllki tl>etl, viz.
slnKli'sor tram, per II). - •
organ/inc'i ur i'ranu Rilkf prr I1>. - - -!
knulw ur hxxskn i)t' silk, ami waKtu or floH silk, lm|torted <
from any place within the limits of the E,iit India Cum-
pany'H charter, piT cwt. • - • -
raw ailk, the produce of any l)rlll>h territory in the Kast ]
Indlcftf per Iti.
tliepr<Hlucc(ir<iny other pan of the Kast Indies, per lb. ]
manuf'ac tures of silk, or of silk mixed with any other nia* i
terial, the produce of Kiu'(>|ie, viz. 1
silk or satin, plain, per III. • - .'
or, and at the oiiiion uf the oHlccrs of the customs, j
for every IMO/. value
Bilk or satin, tiKured ur brocaded, per lb. - - |
or, and at the option of the olficers of the customs,
fur every lOtW. value
gauie, plain, |>cr Ih. - • . .
or.and at the option oftheofHcers of the customs, '
for evtTy UHU. value - . .1
gauze, striiietl, figured, or brocadetl, per lb.
or, and nt the option of the ullicers of the customs, !
for everv 100/. value - . - !
crape, plain, I'ler Ih. - - • ■ '
or, and at the option of the oflicen of the customs,
for every i(M)f. value . . -
crape, ligured, pir lb. ■ • . .
or, and at the option of tlie oHicers of the customs,
for every lOi)/. value
velvet, plain, per 'b. • ...
or, and at the option of the olBcers of the customs,
for every 100/. value
velvet, fi|;ured, per lb. ■ ■ . .
or, and at the option of tlic ofllccrs of the customs,
for every lUd/. value
ribands, emlmssed or ligared with velvet, per lb.
or, and at the option of the officers of the customs,
for e-ery 100/. value
and further, If mixed with gold, silver, or other
metal, in addition to the above rate$, when the
duty is not charged according to the value, iier
lb. . .
fancy silk, net or tricot, per lb. - . •
plain silk lace or net, called tulle, per square vard
manufactures of silk, or of silk inixed wiili anv oilier ma-
terial, the produce of, and imported frnin, llrilish jhis-
sessions within the limits of tlie East India Donipany's
charter, for every 100/. value
millinery of silk, or of which the greater part of the mate-
rials is of silk, vi/.
turbans or caps, each ...
hatA or bonnets, each - . . .
dresses, each ... . .
or, and at the option of the olTlcers of the customs,
for every 100/. value ...
manuf.ictures of silk, or of silk and any other material, not
particularly enumerated, or otherwise charged w ith duiv,
tor every 100/. value
articles of manufacture of silk, or of silk nm\ anv other ma-
terial, wholly or in part maile up, not particularly enu-
merated, or otherwise charged witli duly, for everv 100/.
value . - . . ' .
Silkworm gut, for every 100/. value - - -
Skins, furs, pelts, and tails, viz.
badger, undressed, per skin ...
bear, undressed, |ier skin - - . .
undressed, importid from anv liritish possession in
.\merica, per skin ....
beaver, undressed, per skin - - . .
undressed, imported from any Iliiii^h possession in
America, per skin - - - .
Calabar. See Squirrel skins,
calf and kip, viz.
in the hair, not tanned, tawed, curilcd, or In any way
dressed, viz.
dry, per cwt. ...
wet, per cwt. • - . -
the produce of, and imported from, the west coast
of Africa, each skin not exceeding 7 lbs. weight,
per cwt. - . . .
the pro<liice of, and imported from,any British pos-
session, viz.
dry, per cwt. . ...
wet, per cwt. ...
kip, in the hair, not turned, tawed, curried, or in any wav
dressed - - - . . ".
calf and kip, viz.
taiuied, and not otherwise dressed, per lb.
the produce of, and Imported from, any British
possession, per lb. - > . .
cut or trimmed, per lb.
the produce of, and imported from, any British
possession, per lb. . . .
Uwed, curried, or in any way dressed (not bchig tanned
hides), per lb. . .
the produce of and imported from, any British pos-
session, per lb., ....
cut or trimmed, per lb.
the produce of, and imported from, any British
pouession, per lb. . . .
cat, undressed, per skin ■ . . .
Chinchilla, imdressed, per skin
coney, undressed, per 100 skins
deer, undressed, per skin
""i??^' ""•' proihice of, and imported from, any
British possession in America, per lUO skins
Indian, half-dressed, per skin
n I
II V
O 3
Duty, 1N19.
II
II 14
M
2 5
■/ 5
I
I) 1
U U 1
oil
2.'>
O 15 U
30
17 O
30
1 7 6
30
1&
30 I)
IS
30
1 !/
30 (.
I 7 6
30
17
30
10
14
1 4
20
Ol.'j
1 S
1/10
4U
3U U
30
5/0 O
cor.
u 4 u
2 6
8
4
4 8
2 4
2 4
1 2
As alxive.
4^
12
7
1
21
4
S 6
Prohibited.
1
9
O 1
3
1
O 1
1 1 25
Duly, 1TS7.
L. ». J.
28 S per cent. I
(I 3
3
i'.uhiuitit!.
20
1 r,
U 4 U
2 6
8
4
calfskins,
, O 2 O
per do/.
6 Op.dx.iklns.
I
I
I
27 10
7
5 6
8|
1
calfskins,
2 9
per doz.
1
1
7.'> per cent.
f>
2 O per cent.
1
4
27 10 per cent.
I 77 (
calf.
4^ per lb.
kip,
" per cent.
n 1 2
II (I II
n If.
(I
7" percent.
H
27 10 (1 per cent.
2 3
II per skin.
41 per lb.
1
ii
•1 (' 3
1126
TAIUIF.
Anicln.
Duly,
IJan. mil,
Ilul;, IHin.
DulT, 17ST.
sunn — coii/(iiii«rf.
deer, undrenfted or ihavM^, |i«r itkin
dull. In the h lir, not tanned, Utwnl, or In an; w »; drfucd,
|H>r ilo/vn ikint • -
dog li->h, nndreauHj, per dorm ftklni
undreued, of HrfiUh taking', and Imported direct fVotn
Newfoundland, per ddzen hkln»
tik, in the hair, not tanned, tawed, lurrii'd, or In any way
drenhtj, per Kidn
ermine, undressed, per skin
dre<wed, per likln • - -
fliher, undressed, per skin
undressed, linportwl from any British posMMlon
Ainerkn, i>er skin
filch, undressetl, per ilozen skins
foi, undressed, per skin „ ,' , ^
un<lressed, Imiwrted from any BrItUh powewion
Am>'rl<i, per skin
tails, uiidresseil, fur every lOOI. value
goal, raw iir unilressrd, |ier dozen skint
taiuud, |itT dozen skins
hare, uniireiiscd, per llKI skins
husse, undrtSiMl, lier sVin - -
k.HUijCaroo, raw and undrcised lm|iortcd from any British
possession, for eveiv KKj' i..it' • •
kid, in llii' liair, umlpssid, pur luu skint
dressed, per KIO tkins
drcsseil, luid dytvl or colourefl, (ler lUO skint
kip- .""'•i' ("alf skins.
Kullnslii, undressed, )H'r skin
Unih, unilrt'ssetl, in tlu' wool, tier 100 skins
tannetl or tawed, per 100 skint
tanned or tawed, and dyed or coloured, per loO skint
dressetl in oil, per I0<) skint
leopard, undressed, per skin
lion, undresseil, per skin
lynx, undresseil, per skin
marten, undresseil, per skin
unilressed, imported from any Uritith pottesstlon,
per skin ...
tails, undressed, i>er 100 tails
inink, undressed, per skin
undressetl, lin)K)rted from any British possession i
America, |ier skin
dressetl, per skin
mole, undressed, per dozen skins
niustjuash, undressed, ver 100 skint
nutria, undressed, per lOO skins
otter, undressed, per skin
undressed, imported from any British pnatetsion in
America, pcrtkin
ounce, undressetl, per skin
panther, imdressetl, )>er ski.,
pelts of Koats, undressed, per dozen pells
dres-^ed, per dozen pelts
of all other sorts, undressed, jicr 100 pelts
ractjon, undressetl, \ier skin
untli'ussed, iiiipurtetl from any Bt'itish possession 1.
America, per skin
salile, undressed, per skin
tails or tips of sable, utulresscd, per piece
teal, in the hair, not taimed, tawed, or in my way dressed,
per skin - . -
of British taking, per tlozen skins
of llriiish taking, and imported from Newfoundland
per skin - , - -
sheep, undressed, in the wnt)l, per dozen skint
tanned or tawed, per UKI skins
tlresstHl in oil, per I'K) skins
squirrel or Calabar, undressed, i>er 100 skint
tawed, (ler 100 skins
tails, undressed, for every 100/. value
swan, undressed, per skm
tiger, undressed, per skin
weasel, undressed, per UX) skins
wolf, uiulressed, (ler skin
undressetl, imiwrted from any British possessitm in
A merica, per skiu
tawetl, per skin
wolverines, undressed, per skin
undressed. Imported from any British possession in
.America, i»er skin - -
skins anti furs, or pieces of skins and l\irs, raw or untlrt^ed,
not particularly etmineratcd or iliMjcribetl, nt>r otherwise
charged with tl'uty, for every 100/. value
skins and furs, or pieces of skins aiut furs, tanned, tawetl
currietl, or in any way dres etl, not particularly eriu
merated or describetl, nor otherwise chargetl with duly
for every 100/. value
articli's manufictnretl of skins or furs, lor every i'Hil, value
Xote. — The duty on fox, otter, seal, wolf, hear, eat,
and beaver skins, imposed by act .M) (ieo. .1. c. .0'^.,
suspendetl till .5 .luly, IS'M, toeing the produce of ancl
imported from .N'ewfounUlantl.
SI tto. See Stone.
Smalts, per lb. ...
Snulf) pel lb. - • - •
of any country, by act 59 Geo. 3, c. 53. • 5».l per lb,
annual act - . - 1j. J excise.
from the East Indies, per Ih.
from British plantatitms in .\ merica, per lb.
from any other place, per 1I>.
Sote, — Snurt'was, by act y 7 (leo. .I.e. 1.3.,suti)ect only
to duties of customs, and by the 511 Geo. ."j. e. 5.1.,
subject only ti> a duty of excise, which was, on the
5tli of April, IS'^5, transferred to the customs.
Soav, vli.
nard, per cwt. ....
soft, per cwt. ...
the prtNluce of, and inipnrtetl from, any British possession
in the East Iittlies, viz.
hard, per cwt. - ...
Mtff per cwt. • - - -
L. $. It.
I
1
I
O O .1
O O N
3
2
U 8
4
6 U
U
■i
1
U (i
.'i n
u o I
U 10
15
3
1
10
O 15
4 O
'i 6
II 1 o
li
6
3
5
4
(I
.1 li
ii
l>
1
1
1
1
7
u
,1
6
17
'i
10
1
I) 1
O I
'^ o
4
oil l>
17 6
20
1
') v
4
6
y
6
3
17 6
1
6
'20
.10
75
1
6
4 10
3 113
I S
! 3 'I
8
in
out
5 i
I
O H
75 iMr eml,
1
6
OSS
u tt
4
VI) O
O '2 to
•i O
5 6
6
20
o
'i
■i
1 7
I)
20 per cent.
20 (I Iter cent.
2 O
2
4 O
>> i\
li
20 per cent.
6
• 3
16 3
4
2
2
6
O 12 6
20 per cent.
1 6
1
7 6
9 6
O .T
6
O 17
2
1
II H 4
1 J
3
3
1
2 3
2
4
116
O 17 6
20 O
2 3
O !) 6
4 9
2
I
17 6
U 1
6
20
-5
75
9i
As below.
Kxcise.
6
4 10
.-I 11 3
L, : •/.
9
2 6
2
I A
O .3i
77 per c«nl.
> I 4i
I n
4i
4\
27 10 tier cent. '
5 6
1
y^
2
27 10
I'J 3
1 4 9
"'2 Si >""■«"<•
77 |)er cent.
'I il "l^'^nt.
£ u 4
6 11
2 9
27 10 per cent.
1 41
9i
5
6*
2
13 9
27 10 per cent.
15
1
3
a
1
2
8
13 9
4
6
2
Free.
10
1 10
1 19 7
4 7
5 4}
27 10 percent.
11
2 9
Ui
6 4
fi 4
8 3
•036
27 10
77
4
(See lielow.)
Customs.
3 3
1 6
2 2
2 4
1 17 .)
I .'>0 (I per cent. | 37 16 .") I'll cent
grav
«l
limt
mar
mar
pa
S?PPBi
TAUll'l'.
112;
Art tile
DulT,
IJaii. 1-).14
Ihll;, 1H19.
Nod*. Sn AlkAll.
S|i« w»rv, for ttvti IffW. v»lu« . . .
8pei'iment of iiilnrraU, fuulH, or or<^, not pnrllriiUrly mu-
iiiernteil or dtHf-riui-ii, ••><r uinerwkMM'harKitV wlthdut>t t^h
titviiincn not est'vfdiliu in wvtght 14 lt).<.
VKccrdinK In wi'lKltt 14 llis. i*Ai:h, tur ever* \(M)l. r alut*
illuitrative of natural hlilur^t not oiticTWl^e cnunivratvU
or deHtrllM-Hl • * -
I'rt'vlotia to |S'.'3, lul.Ject to duly according to tlirlr re-
tpoctive dvnuMiinntlon.
Speckled wood, iwr tun . . . .
the produce <if, and Imported from, tn; lirltith imueatun,
per ton • ...
Sft Note at the end of Wood.
S|>elter, In caket, fier cwt.
not in cake«« iicr cwt.
8penn.ircti, line, (wr lb. ■ • • .
moo
Free.
SOU
Free.
8 14 1
16 3
S
U 10
U 1 6
/,. I. d.
SO
O 1 |«r lb.
VU U
8 14
16
AG
I S
1
per cent.
6
6
i)ut«, irsr.
L. t. d.
» 10
tl7 10
4 8 4
17 10 per cent.
13 9
8
Articles.
Duly,
IJan. 1X34.
Duly, 1819.
Splritt or ttronK waters nf all Mrli.Tli.
for every gallon of iuch ipirlts ur
fttronK waleriiuf any streiiKth not
eiceiHlinK lilt' btri'iiKth ul proof
by Syke?>'H livdrdtneter, and so
ill pruiHjrtinii for any greater
•IreiiKtn Hiin tl>e ttreiiKlh of
prool, and for any jtre iter or less
quantity 111 in ii gallon, vi/.
not being spiritu or strong waters,
the product' of any UruUh pos*
•essioninAnieTii'a,oranyUriiish
possesiiion M-illiin the limits of
the Kiist Indl.i roinpany's i bar-
ter, and not bting swecleneil
ipirlts, or splnis mixed ii 1th any
article, so that Hie det^ree of
■trength thereof caniiut be ex-
actly aiicertained by &uch bydro-
meter - • - 1 '^
or htrong waters, the protluce of
any lll'llish ]K)s.-e..)>ion in ^^me-
rica, not being svveelened spirits,
or spirits so irnxed as Hfurt'sald • U 9
or strong waters, llie produce of
any liritish po'-session within
the limits of the Kast Inrlia
Company's cbarttr, not being
sweetened s^iirits, or spirits so
mixed as aloies.iid • - I) 15
cordials, or slnnig waters respert-
ively [not heiiiK' the protlilre of
any British {losstssion in .Ame-
rica), sweeleiieil or mixed with
any article, so that tlie de-
gree of strength ibtTcof cinnoi
be exactly asccrtaincil l.y such
hydrometer - - 1 10 u
cordials, or strong watirs re^I1ect-
ively, beinc l! u proiluce cf any
Iiriti^h ^«>sses^ion ni Amerii-/i, i
Bweoteiietl or mixed wilh any
article, si that Ibe degree of
sirengih thereof cannot be ex-
actly ascertained by sucli hydro-
meter - - - 1
ruin shrub, however swecteneil,
the produce of, aiul imported
from, any Ilritish possession in
America, per jjallon - - 9
J.
2 Ui
I) 1 6
2 G
6 7i
4 "i
6 71
Duty, 1787.
L. I, li.
lOi
6
^ 4]
3 4}
3 4i
3 43
Spirits were also subject to the
follo« Ing duties of excise at
the time of Ibe pas.sing of the
undennentioneu acts, viz.
i9 Geo. 3. c. «. ! 27 Oeo. 3. c.l3
L. I. il.
1 U 4j
12 5
18 Ci
1 16 7i
1 4
1 4
L. I.
4 3}
4 3)
9 8i
8
S U
Arliclci.
Sponge, per lb. - . -
the produce of, and imported from, any British possession,
per lb. - - - - -
Squills, drietl, per cwt. . . . .
not dried, per cwl. - - -
Starch, per cwt. . - -
Slavesacre, per cwt. ....
Steel, unwrought, prepared iii,.ind Imported flroni, any British
possession in Asia, Africa, or America, per Ion
or any manufactures of steel not otherwise enumerated or
described, for every 100/. value
Stibium. Ste Antimony.
Slicks, viz. walking sticks. See Canes.
Stone, viz.
burrs for mill stones, per 100 - - -
dog stones, not exceeding 4 feet in diameter, above 6 and
under 12 inches in thickness, per pair
emery stones, per ton
filtering stones, for every 100/. of the value
flint stones for potters
stones, not flint, for potters
felspar for potters
gravestones of marble, viz.
polished, each not containing more than 2 Beet square,
perf'tot square, superficial measure
unpolishid, the foot square, superficial measure
gravestones not of marble, |iolishei[ or unpolished, the foot
square, superficial measure
limestone
marble, rough, blocks or slabs
niarblf in niivwav niamifactuiid (except gravestones am
paving stores, each not cinlaining more than 2 feel
square), per cwt . . . -
Dutv,
1 J.in. 1>«34.
Duty, 1819.
L.
9
S
1
10 ()
4
1
20
10
6 3 6
1
50 O
Free.
Free.
Free.
2 6
(1 10
6
Free.
Free.
I., t. d.
2
2
10
r>
■I 10 o
18
50 per cent.
CO per cent.
3 1C
6 3
2
6
50
2 6 per ton.
66 10 per cent.
'iO Oiiercent.
Tuly, 17S7
L. ».
O
2
.1 5
8 9
27 10 per cent.
Froliibited.
110
2 17 2J
1 li; 8
27 10
• 27 10 U per cent.
2 6
10
6
20 O II per cent.
fi 4 the so:id ft.
21
Ij
nj
27 II' () percent.
2 (I the tclid ft
3
3 2 the foot sqr. I O 1 the foot tqr.
H«
I'll
•^ Il
.i
f^fi
lil
I 'I
U' q
( 1',:
'(«
¥•
f»
^ i-^
4 (• 1
I' 1 !«i
II !i
1128
TARUF.
Arlic'In.
Sfone - ii'tttiniitil,
nitrhlr imviriK ttoiiM, tauU nut conliilninK murt tliaii ^
tx-i't ^|iiAru, vii.
IHiltfliMl, ihtf fiNit M|UArr» «u|ierlU-tJil n)t>n^ur«
riMiK'ti pt'r fiHit M|iuri>, *ii|ii'rliL'ial invaktiru
null '.i.iim nl>u«e I I'evi In illunielcr, or if IV Inrlin In
thii Imfii.) <ir u|>wnitlii, |H*r iitUr
|>i>viM|i HiuiK-i, nut <if m.nbli', pvr luu IVt'l >i|iinri', iiu|»r-
licl.il nu'UHurtt ....
p«hl)ltt ktimfM - .
jnill liiiiK niiinn, for vvury lOM. valui
|>UUlU-» sidlivs, |M>r Inn - • • •
i|Ufrn ^rontxt, vi/. undt'r .3 A^*t In dlanivtcrt aiid not «>•
i-citlinK ti lilt li«« lit lhicknifM» per |>Alr
.1 tV-fl in didMifftT, iintl not aljovw -I fift In (llanltflvr,
mill not exruvtllnu (i Inthi't In tliU kntiu, (Mr pair
rUM Hluniii, lur VMfy lij<)/. Viiluu
tliilfn n<it ottitTwUv fnunii'ratiHl «r described, fur evury I
liHi/. vidue • ■ ■ . I
lUten in tramet, p4'riluxen • - - .
hiii k ilunen, pfr lltO - • ...
iilone. snilpturtHl. ur nionalc work, iwr rwl.
litunv to be umhI lur Ihe purp»M> ul' lltliuKrHphy
whi*t bionvi, iHT 101)
btunett not partlriilarly t'numerateU ur deu-rilnMl, nor other.
wine rhnrued xvitlt dntVj tor every IIXI^ value
t\\4e. — If >iny nlutiie, Kronp of ll^ure«, or other nlone
or inarlile ornuineiil, larved out of the name block,
Khali etieed I tun wcIkIK, the duly lu lie rharKeU
Iht'reon xhjlt lie eatliiiateU at the rate |uiyable fur 1
ton weiffhif Aiid no more.
Storai, or Siyrax. Sec lluin.
Straw or Krau for plaltinK, per ci*l.
Sui'cades, |M*r lb. . . • ■
the prudUL'e of, and lni|iorted firom, any Brit. pou. per lb.
NuKar, vii.
brown or inu^rovado or cla>e4l, not being reline<1« until
S.Vprll, IH.M.lH'rcwt.
the Krowili. priHiuce, or nianufaiture of any Iiriil>h
)HiHiieviion within the liiuittt of the K.ist India Com.
imny'H charter, and iinporteii from Iheiit'e. per rwt.
ItieKrowth, pi'oduce, or manufacture of any ilrit. puw.
in America, and linporlt^tl from thence, iwrcwt.
(Sugar waH, by iu.'t ^I'J (tco. X c. .Yi.t subject to the
llucluauon of .It. per cwt. Ichs ttian the above
tliiticH, accardinff to tlie average jirice of munco-
vado sugar, until tlie pauiing of f^ lien. 'I, <'. U.)
melasftes, per cwt. - -
the produce of, jnd Iniporttd from, any Brit.pos., per c» t.
relined, per cwt. - - • .
cantly, brown, per cwt. •
white, |ier cwt. - - • .
candy, importei' I'roin the East Indiesj vi<.
brown, per <wt. - ...
white, per cwt. • -
Sulphur iinpreuiinns, for every 100/. value
vlvtiin. Sfc Brinistone.
.Swii'ii-washers' dirt, containing bullion. Sec Uulllun.
Sweet u'Ooil, |>i ;■ Inn - ...
the pruiliice of, and IniportiHl from, any lirit. pobA., per ton
S,e Note at the end of Wuod.
Tailk, vlt.
buH'alo, bull, cow, or ox tails, per lnU
fux tails, marten tails, table tails, Mjuirrcl or Calabar tails.
See .Skins.
Talc, IH.T lb. .
Tallow, jier cwt. ....
imported from any British possession in Asia, Africa, or
America, |ier cwt. ....
Tamarinds, per lb. . ■ • . .
the produce of, and imported from, any Ilrit. poss., per lb.
Tapioca, per cwt. ....
Tar, the last, containing 12 barrels, each l>arrel not exceeding
31) gallons ....
tne produce of, and imported from, on; British posscs.-.iun,
Ihe last containing 1'i such barrels •
Btirliadoes tar, per cwt. - -
Tares, per quarter - - • .
Tarra.s, per bushel ...
Tartaric acid, per Ih. ....
Tea, from 2V. April 1834, will be tutOcct to th< following
customs duties, viz.
Iiohea, per lb. - •
congou, twonkay, hyson skin, orange pekoe, and campoi,
per lb. - -
souchong, tlowcry pekoe, hyson, young hyson, gunpowder,
imperial, and other sorts not enumerated, per lb.
(Tea was free of customs duty until '23. April,
1834; but in theyear 1787 was suliject to the ex-
cise duty of 7/. ICii. per cent, on Ihe gross price i
and ill the year 181S to the following excise du-
ties, vix. sold at or under 'it. per lb. 'J(i<. per cent. ; I
sold above '2t, per lb., 1001. per cent. I
Teaslcs, per 1,000 - - - - i
Teeth, viz.
sea cow, sea horse, or sea morse teeth, per cwt.
elephants' teeth, not above '21 Ihs. wt. each tooth, per cwt.
exceeding 21 lbs. weiglit each tooth, per cwt. - i
Telescopes, for every UIOI. value - - - i
Terra, viz.
.Taponica or catechu, per cwt.
Sienna, per cwt. - • - -|
umlira, per cwt. - - - • ,
verde, per cwt. - - - - • ,
Thread, vix. |
Bruges thread, per dozen lbs.
cotton thread. Set Cotton manufactures. i
Outnal thread, per dozen lbs.
packthread, tier cwt.
sisters ihreaiii jwr lb. •
I)ul«, I
I Jan. IH.VI.I
in
O «
Duly, ima.
•»"<;. I7H7.
11 8
II I'i u
Tret.
.^ II o
U A O
U H U
17 fi
«(l U II
en 10 II
3 II
H II
u V 6
Free.
8 9
80
n n 1
II 1 3
II u 1
/.. ,. .(.
t. 1. J.
10
(1 il
11 I
■ ISO
8 4 U
Vi
'I 13 II per >on.
w o o
1 13 4
017 6
017 n
•M U
fill 111
O 3
N U
V 6
1 Opercwi.
II 8
M 10
VO O iier rent.
O 3 'i
(I 1 U
, , „ J 4 rt S clayed
•' ■* " ' I 3 3 not da
1 12
1 4
I 3 9
II <i n
H 8 I)
.1 1'^
8 H U
{
layed.
'J
1 Vt clayed.
1 10 not clayed.
1 3 9
10
8 8
.'. 1'^
8 8
.'■ Vi ,1 12
.'■ i'i 5 Vi o
.^ ao
10 13 n
OlG 3
6
3
1
O II 8
II II 1
1
15
Olii
'2 6
10
O 1 3
4
1 G
2 i
3
I n
10 13 O
lU 3
n c
n R
3 !i
3 2
II (I H
8
•i l«
II i 'i
vVio i'"''
U 3 U
3 3*
« 7i
•47 10 II
n " Ceach.
I< Oil
O 3 4
87 10 II per rent,
'■o '3 "'*""■'•
«7 10 OiierMni
'iJ 10 per cent.
8
U U
2 li fidnjeil.
i ' 'i not ciujij.
1 9
12
claved
4 not tlavid
11 9
3 I)
1 18 S
■i l.> II
4 2 C
1
'4
1 3 4
'i r, H
20 (I per rent.
O 1 3
50 per cent.
- Ekcise.
I ,S
1 n
3 4
1
2
1
4
n
M II
n
.00 (1
1
fi
4 l.T
4
4
II
1 11
8
II 4
II 12
1
Ul
Ol,'.
1 10
fl
i,',
1 in
fl
n 1.'.
1 10
1;
i
s
4
4 19 n
7 8 li
27 lu :
> 10
2 9
2
Free,
2
Is ."i
0!1 10
O 1.-1 21
9 I
2; 1(1 II per rent.
II 11
27 10 Oiienciii.
Excite.
r, I 2
.Til S
1 i; ,'i
1 G ■■>
27 10 per cent
1 17 4
27 10 tier cent.
045
27 10 per rent.
9 11
17 8
n 14 10
2 9
''}
nilnerall
I ImtlL'l
I ,,, »'""!« '
I >»ax, viz.
iiees' wd
unlile
in I
im|]l
myrt/e 1
, sealhig i
I JVeld, per c|
M halo fins, I
I taken al
iinporl
IMi-oies.!
I HTilpcoril, i|
I Wine, viz. ■
Cape, |W
excil
Madein
excil
HheiiLsll
excil
French,!
mm
TAUIIF.
11 '29
Article*.
i I'uiy.
Ihii;, UI9.
Duty.KHT.
ThrtAil — etmtinHnl.
whkttil hr(»\*n ilirmil, prr i\oirn IIih. • '
nui (•(hfrwlx* viiuiiiirntifil ur iltt»> rilici), Tur i-n-ty liHi/. i
vn\uo - • • - • I
TlltNt, lut fvcn KNt/. VI1I110 • ...
I»uu h lili'H, tor r\»ry Irti/. V iluu • •]
|i;i%iM^- tkli'M not nlH>vf 111 iiul>r<. M|iiiirt'. yvr 1,1)00
f«< vitllttK |i> inthvit Miuari', [tt-t I.ihhi . • I
pAit iili^, |)iT l,(KK) • • - - '
T!n» yvr rwi. .
ni.imit'iu-turiii of, not nthfrHUi- fuumtrHttfU ur lU'tiilbtKlt '
Inr e\«*r,v HHi/. viiluv ....
Off, ftn eu'r> |H(V. vulinr
Timnl. sv* Mora*.
'1 In ThII, tor ivvry liKI/. Vitluu < «
Tuttai III, vi/.
uitiii iiiut'itituntl, |»^r th. * • • •
the imMluiTot', anil iniiiortiiUVomtun) Urlllnh |H]M«fi»lon
in Ainvrira, per tli. ...
ntunuffti'iiirwl, t>r M*K;irn, iHT Ih.
(Manurutuntl In the (rnitttl Kini{tl<>ni at <irwltl)in U
in'lM nf any port Intii ulii<-)i tiihiu 1 tunav W liiuiortiit,
in.ult' tnli> hIi.i^, roll, or carrot tut>urci>|if*^:tMhaik upon
expoit.itlon, ptT )h. 'it. 7 '/-}
TohiUTu wiL'^, !•> Ht't V.Mifu. ^. c. .05. t nnil annual acti nub*
Jei't til thv tnlJotsInK t'3i(iKe iluliL>H, vl/.
unniantilmiurMlitit'l'inkf), anil IlritiMh poitHi-htionH iti
Ann-rkM, the lerTiluriis nf MusnI.i, and anv pliue
uiihlnthrlhnithot'thc K. I Cu.'itclmrtfr, |Kf lb.
nf .Spain ur l^)rlu^ali per lb. ...
Ht'K.irn, \nr lli. - • - •
Tobacco pUK'H, li»r t'vi'ry IDO/. value
TonKiieN, per du/en • ...
'l'iirn»a!, i»r 'rnrnM)le, percwt. • ...
'lorli'i'i'Hbell or turtletht-ll, uninnnut'.cturctl, iter tb*
iinp4irt' d troll) any llritUh pusM'^^lon, per lb.
Tow. >'(' Flux.
'rovs, fur I \irv ion/, v.iluo . . -
Trtf>. >(•(■ rfama.
TnillliH, p.r Ih. - • - -
Turtmric, pi r cwt. - • ■
nnportid t'n.ni anv BritMt possession, per cwt.
Turner) not utlu-r^«i^o enuni<.ratetl or tlcstrlLed, lor e\»ry
ItiO/. value ....
TuniM'li'. See Tonittal.
TurpenI ne, vU.
nut heini{ of prcatcT value than ii». the rwt. tliLrtof,
per cwt. .....
beliiK of greater value than \'U. anil not of greater value
than 15*. the cwt. thereofi per cwt.
beiPK of greater value than l". per cwt. thereof, pti cut.
of Venice, Mcio, or Cvprui*, iwr Ibj
Twine, per cwt. . - . -
V.
Valonin, per rwt. - - ■ -
Vaiullueti, per lb. - - •
Varnish, not otherwise enumtrateJ or described, for everv
1""/. value - • - •
Va^e^, am iLMit, not of stone or marble, for every 100/. value -
Vellum, per hkln • • - .
VerdlKfi'** l>er Ih. . - - .
Wrjuice, per tun • ...
\'erniicelli, pel lb. - - . -
\'eimtlion, per lb. ....
Vinegar, IT acetous acid, per tun -
Vinegar, or ;icelou)» acid, by act .'iS (Jeo. .1. c.fi5., was sub-
ject also to the duty uf em im^ of la. V.^/. per Kiillon until
Aprd .0. IS'^'i, when the !>amL> wai tiaubferrul tu the
customs.
w*
Wafers, per lb. - • - •
Wa-diinK balls, per lb. - • -
Watches of j;uld, silver, or other mital, for every 100/. value
Water, viz.
aiquebusade, citron, cordial, Ilungary, lavender. Sie
Spirits.
CoIoKne water, the flask [^0 uf such flattks coutaininR not
mure tlian I gallon)
Lolojine water was hubjfct also to the exi ise dnlv of
r}9.\\d. per^idlon by act ',^7 <ieo. 3. c I,"., and to
W. Oi. 44'!. per ^al >>n ut the time of pa.v>in^ act
6i) (ieo..3. c..^2.
mineral or natural water, per do/en bottles or Jla^k.^ (each
ImtlL' or flask not exi i e.'iny .T pints)
stronft water. Sft Spirits.
Wax, vi/.
bees' wax, viz.
unbleached, per cwt. ...
In any depve bleached, per cwt. - ...
importeii from any British posse>sion in Asia, Atrica,
or America, viz.
unbleached, per c\\ t.
in any deijree bleacheil, per cwt.
myrtle wax, i»er lb.
seaUngwax, K
Weld, i>er cwt.
;or every 100/. value
OIH O
I 10 n
.Ml o .'>t» o o
lA I 'lO o o
Ak atiovv. I At ul nve,
,\* ntiovv. I .\« alnive.
Whah; tins, per ton - • - -
taken and cauRht by the crew of a Kriti>h shin, and
imported d'rect from the tishiry, or from any British
po^Ke^sion, in a British ship, per ton
Whipcord, |ier lb.
Wine, viz.
Cape, i>er tun ....
excise ditto . - . -
Madeira, per tun . - * .
excise ditto . . . -
Hhenlsli, tiermany, and Hungary, per tun
excitte ditto • - - "
French, I»er tun - ...
exciiie ditto ■ - . -
■i Id
•I".
II
V. iiImivv.
.'. y 3
■iO (1
(1
II
.'0 1)
Kl»
U
u
io u
9
1) !i
U V
!l
s
An bitow.
4 II
31) II II
o 3 II
o r> II
II -i II
u I
'^0 I) II
1
II III II
II '^ 1
II I n
II 1; II
II li
.Ml n II
II 3
II III II
II t II
I) I II
.'ill
II o
a a
3 u .s
SUM
:,o
oil
h
•1
n 1 1
1 (i
V
n 1 1
II III
Ulll
1 11
1 11 u
1
n
oar.
.'.
u
10 s
30
II
,'.0 II
.'l II
II
.'ill
1) 7
•i
II 7 u
1
II 3 t
73 Vi
»
73 la II
K
II II H
li
2 II
1)118
73 i'^ a
13 13
U 1 8 I II 1 H
ib i) 61) U U
U I
10
I.. I. <l.
OIT I
«T 10
A.lwluw.
1 ■< 9
% (i ^
■I Vt 'II
■d 13 O
« in u
'^7 10 I)
•ti 10
3 II
t 3
U 3 G
G 71 per gallon
4
1 10
(1
3 r.
fi
3
3
ti
10
3 fi
6
1
1)
fi 3
ti
1
1
30
on I)
II
I) 1
II 'i
U
05
05
1
2 7
r>
U 1
1
u
34 13
!• 17 4
5
Idl
fi'J 6
,M IS
.'>
fi3
C9 G
1)
7i) 7
7
(13
fi!) (i
7(1 7
7
-
. 03 17
b
»7 10
U 1
1
li
1
3
33
1
3
U IH
8
■il 10
*
'\A
It
2 3
1
II
oil
Frw.
8 3
8 U per cwt.
27 10
I) 3 2
U 3
27 10 lliwr cent.
2
7
3U 10 7
fi
27 10 (I jiercenl.
27 10
3 13 ii«r gallon
:•, i
I
10
1
II
7
3
2
4
1
11
7
3
2
4
(1
i
27
Id
d 10
07
IS
2
1.'.
2
23
10
5
14
.-.
23 10
14
.'>
40
«
21
K
3.'.
,1
21
8
1130
TARIFF.
a
Articles.
Uutv. !
IJan. U?i.
Duty, IHiy.
I>uty, 17S7
Wine — coniinurfl.
other wines, per tun ... . .
fcxciif ditto - . . . .
(Thefull duties on wine arc drawn bark upon ezportation.)
lees, subject to tlic ihtnn duty o^ wine, but no drawback is
llowea on the lees of wine exported.
Wire, vix.
brassor copper^ per cwt. - - -
Kilt or plated, tur uvery 10(U. value . . .
iron, per cwt. • - - • -
lattiin, iiur cwt - - . - -
silver, for every 100/. % !uQ - - - .
steel, per lb. - - •
Woad, per cwt. • • - • - •
Wood, viz.
anchor stocks, per piece . . - -
imported rroiii any Brlttsh poftsession In America^
per piecK - - . . -
See Note at the end of Wood,
balks, vi/.
under S inches Mjuare, and undci 21 feet in le-nf^h,
|»er 120
under 5 inch's square, and 24 fe t in lun^^th, or
upwards, pur 120 -
6 inches square, or upward'^, are subject and liable to
the dutiL-$ payable on lir tinil er.
balks importetl from any Hrilish possesion in America, viz.
under /i inches square, and under xi feet in k'ni{th,
pvr 120 . . - . ** ;
under 5 inches square, and 21 feet in length, or
upwards, per 120 - -
5 inctu-s »4unrt , or upvvaids, are hulijtct and liable Ui
the duties payable un lir timber.
See Note iit the end of Wo.»d.
battens imported into Great Hrltain, vi/.
(ifettin lenjjtli and not exceeding Ifi feet in lengtli,
not above 7 inches in width, and not above 2^ inches
in thickness, per 120
exceeding 16 feet In length and not exceeding 21 feet
in length, not above / inches in width, antl not ex-
ceetiing 2^ mches in thickness, per 120
exceeding 21 feet in U-iigth and not exceeding 45 feet
in length, not above / irches in width, ancf not ex-
ceeding 2j inche!) in thickness, per 12U
exceeding iH feet in length, or above 2^ inches in
thickness (not being tunber 8 inches square), ])er
load, containing .OO cubic feet ...
and further, per 120 - - . -
battens of the growtli and produce of any Jiritish possession
in America, and imported directly from thence into
(Jreat Britain, vi/.
feet in length and not exceeding It' feet in length,
not above 7 inche-^ in width, and not exceeding
2^ inches in thickness, per 120
ciLceL-ding 16 feet in length and not exceeding 21 fee(
in length, and not above 7 indies in wiilth, and not
exceeding 2:^ inclu'ij in thickness, per A20
exceeding 2l teet in I. ngtii, not above 7 inches in
width, or if exceeding 24 inches in thickness,
per 120 - ....
See Note at the end of Wood,
battens imported into Ireland, viz.
8 feet in length and not exceeding 12 f et in l(nf.th,
not alwve 7 inches in width, and not exceeding;
."ij inches in thickness, per l'<;o
fcXcenling 121tvt in length and not exrc-ding 11 feet
in length, not above 7 inches in width, and not
exceedin;; 3V inclio.s in tluckneiis, per l2i)
exccetling 11 feet in length and not exceeding Ifi feet
in length, nnt above 7 inrles in width, and not lx-
cueding .1^ inches in thickness, ]ier 120
ex'.'t'ed.iiK l;i fett in kngtb a^d not exceeding tS ftet
in lenyth, utit above 7 incles in width, and not ex-
ceeding ."j^ inches in thirkiiess, jh-T 120
exoeding l8 feet in length and not ("''teding 20 feet
in lengtli, not above 7 inches in widtii. ana not i.x-
<eetiing ."-^ inches in thii'kne.ss, per 120
excctiling 20 feet in length and not exceeding 1 "i feet
in Itnmh, and not above 7 inches in width, and not
excelling 5^1 inches in thickness, per 120
e\(i*tling 4.J feet in length, or above ,i\ inches in
thickntss (ni.t being timber S inches jquare;, per
load, contaiinng 50 cuijir feet ...
antl further, per 12" - ...
batten ends, impurttd into (Jreat Britain, viz.
untlcrG feit in Unj:tli, n^^t above 7 inches in width,
and not exceetling 2.{ iiielies in thickne>^, jier 120 .
under (J I'eet in lengtli, not ab "ve 7 inches in wiilth,
and exceeding 2^ inches in thickness, ]ter IvO -
batten ends of the growth and produce of any British
pus-ies-iori in America, and imported directly fr^m
theme into (treat liritain, viz.
V'.nder feet in length, not above 7 inches in width,
and not exceeding 2^ inches in thickness, per 1 JO -
under (i feet in length, not above 7 inches in wicUh,
and exceeding 2^ inches in thickness, per 120 ■ -
See Note ;.t the end of Wood.
^atten ends imported into Ireland, viz.
under 8 fiet in lont'th, not abov<> 7 inches in w idth,
and not exceeding .1^ inches in thickness, per 120 -
under 8 feet in length, if exceeding 3^ inches in
thickness, per iJO - - - -
battens and batten ends, of all sorts, of the growth and
produce of any British possession in ^Vmerica, and im-
])orted directly from thence into Ireland, per 120 - -
bi-ech plank, 2 inrhes in thickness or upwards, per load,
containing 50 euhic feel ....
of all ^lort.s, of the growth and prothice of any British
Vossessitiii in America, and iinportid d un-'tly from
thence, per ) iO - - - j
Set Not« ui the end of AVood.
L. i. d.
G9 6
2 10
25
1
1
i5
1 10
U 1
8 4
10
13 2 7
27
3 5
4 17 6
8 6 3
9 110
11 1 8
12 9 4
1.- 17 2
34 C 1
2 10
6
3
COO
8 4
51 13 2
G3
A 14
50
5 18 9
5 9 3
50
1 10
6 6
8 4
10
Ifi 2 7
20 per cent.
16 3
16 3
10
10
11
6 8 to 20 feet.
11 10
21
3
ab0Te20ft.
20
21
3
above 20ft.
U 10
6
21
3
above 20 ft.
1
8
i
1
3
8
4
t
8
♦
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
3 n 3 under 8 feet.
7 "> '0 under 8 feet
7
C
8 4
15
8 4
4 14
5
Ireland
9 3
1
Ireland
8
."
Ireland
2 8
9
2 8
8 4
L. ,.
J.
23 10
14 a
7
2 12 3
Prohibited.
2 17 '.<
2 13
Prohibited.
10
1 7j
2
3
rre«
.
113
2 13 per 120.
Free.
Free.
1 C 6 8 to 20 feet.
2 13 above 20 ft.
I
2 13 above 20 f».
I
2 13 : above 20 fi.'
Free.
Free.
Free
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
8 10 under Sfeel.i
17 8 under 8 Isel.
Free.
Free.
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
1.-! 3
Free.
Wood-
b«ec
boari
beecl
t
clap-
linn b
oak b<
ur
ur
outsidi
ceed
ness,
outsidt
i"K
lenRi
1211
outsidf
ceetli
ness,
deals
oulsidt
grow
and i
nut
ii
exc
k
1
exc
tl
0)
pipe Ih)
ubo
t't
exe
walnsi
till
boards
of tll(
.<Vmei
bowspri
deals tu
abo
deals i
al>L
abo'
deals, .1
8fei
8 li^
abo'
I',
abu<
abo\
(n
lo
deals ol
ill A I
Ure.it
ab<i<
ah
abo^
ati
th
^i^^mi
TARIFF.
Articlet.
Duty.
'iJan. 1»M
Wood — eoniinufd,
be«ch quartersi viz.
under 5 inches square* and under 21 feet in length, per
V^0 • • - - -
6 inches square, and under 8 inches square, or if 24 feet
in length or upwards, per 120
of all sortu, under H inches s<iuare, of t!ie growth and
produce of any British possession in America, and
imported directly from thence, jwr 120
See Note at the aid of Wood,
boards, vi/.
beech boards, viz.
under 2 inches in thickness, and under 15 feet in
length, per 120 . . . .
under 2 inches in thickness, and if 15 feet in length or
upwards, per 12U • - - -
clap-boards, viz.
not exceeding 5 feet 3 inches in length, and under 8
inches stpiare, per 120 * - -
of the growth and produce uf any British po<isession in
America, and imported directly from thence, per
I'JO - .
See Note at the end of Wood,
linn boards or wtiite boards for slioeinaker;, viz.
under 4 feet in length, and under (i inches in thickness,
per 120
4 tt>et in length, or 6 inches in thickness, or upwards,
per 120 -
oak boards, viz.
under U inches In thickness, and under 15 feet in
length, i>er 120 . . -
unuti 2 inches in thickness, and if 15 feet in length or
upwards, per 120 - -
outside »labs or paling boards, hewed on one side, not ex-
ceeding 7 feet in length, and not alKive 1 j inch in thick-
ness, per 1 20 -
outside slabs or paling boards, hewed on one side, exceed-
ing 7 feet in length, and not exceeding 1'^ tV-et in
length, and not above 1^ inch in thickness, per
outside slabs or paling boards, hewed on one side, ex-
ceetiing 12 feet in length, or exceeding li inch in thirk-
ness, are subject and liable to the duties payable on
deals,
outside slabs or paling l)oards, hewed on one side, of the
growth and produce of any British possession in America,
and iinportwl directly from thence, viz,
not exceeding 7 feet in lengUi, and not above IJ inch
in thicknuts, |ier 120
exceeding 7 feet in length and not exretding 12 feet in
length, and not above 1^ inch in thickness, per
UiJ . - - -
exceeding 12 feet in length, or oxceetling 1^ inch in
thickness, are subject and liable to the duties payable
on deals.
See Note at the end of Wood,
pipe boards, vi^.
above 5 feet 3 inches in length and not exceeding 8
feet in lensth, and under H inches square, per IVO -
excLediiig 8 feet in length, and uniler 8 incties square,
pir 120 . . . -
of all sorts, exceeding 5 feet 3 inches in length, and un-
der 8 iiuhes square, ot the growth and produce of
any Biiti^h ]>osseision in America, and imported
direttl.v from thence, \wr 120
Sec Note at the end of \\'ood.
wainscot lioards, viz.
the foot, containing 12 feet in length, and 1 inch In
thickness, and so in proportion for any greater or lesii.'r
len^th orthickness
boardsof alt sorts, not otherwise enumerated or descrilKKl,
of the growth and prmluce of any British possession in
Americri, and imported dircrily from thence, per 120 -
See Note at the end of Wood.
bowsprits. See Masts,
deals to be used in mines, viz.
above 7 inches in width, being 8 feet in length and not
above 10 feet in length, and not exceeding 1^ inch
in thicknt-ss, per I'^O - - .
deals iniporied into Great Britain, viz.
alnjvu 7 inches in width, being fi feet in length and not
above Iti feet in length, and not exceeding 3^ inches
in thickness, per \M - • • •
above 7 inches i width, aliovc \C, feet 'n length, and
nut above 21 feet in leniith, and not exceeding .^^
inches in thickness, pi r I'^O
above 7 inches in width, al'ove 21 feet in length, and
not above 45 feet in length, and not above ."i inches
in thickness, per I'^O
deals, al)ovL> 7 indies wide, viz.
8 feet to 20 feet long, not above 3\ inches th!.k, per
120 . . . .
8 feet to 20 feet long, above '\ inclies thick, pj r 120 -
above '20 feet long, not above 4 inches thick, \ter
120
above 20 feet lone, above 4 inches 4bick, per ' 20
above 4.'> feet in length, or above ^\ incites in thickness
(not beinu titi.bcr 8 inclus square or upwards), the
load, containing 50 cubic feet
•1(1 further, |ter 1/0
deals o( the ;;..). ■•h and produce of any Ihitish possession
in An. rica, and imported directly from thence into
Great Britain, viz.
above 7 Inc'iesin width, '•'»ing ft feet in length and not
alMve 16 feet in length, anu .int exceeding 3j inches
in thicknevs, per r^O . . . .
above 7 inches in width, altoTe It' feet in tenuth and
not above 21 fei't in lentfih, anu not exce*fding 3:^
int Ill's in ihickness, ]iir \iO
above 7 inches in width, being H feet in length afidnot
above '21 feet in length, and exceeding 3^ inches in
thickness, per 120 - - -
4 10 S
12 3 6
"""O 16 3
4 9
6
4 9
C
8 19
8 I 'J
6 2
6 2
I'i
4
12
4
G IG
6
6 16
6
13 13
13 13
18 1
18 1
SG i
36 'i
2
4
5
10
9 3
18
19 6
4 P
8 4
8^6
Duty, 1819.
22
11
2 10
G U
2 0?
2 10
4
L. I. d.
4 10 S
12 3 6
16 3
17 3
3 14 6
8 4
8 4
9 3
18 6
19 6
5 6
8 4
8 2 6
19 20 15 8 Sto'^Oft,
.'•0 9 2atioTc20ft.
51 9 2
1 100 6 the 120.
8 4
8 4
(18 4
1131
Duly, 1787.
1 1 3
S 13
Free.
1 6 5
2 12
10
Free.
1 I'J P
3 19 t
2 12 10
5 5 8
5
10
Free.
Free
1 10
3
Fitc.
9
Free.
No rate.
As below.
As IkIow
As bfloyr.
2 13
5 6 (I
5 19 I)
11 IS (I
.No rate.
Free.
Vrrr.
Irur.
ill I .fii
yy
' ?«•
1132
TARIFF.
Duty,
, 1 Jan. IHJI
ill
I
\\'oo<i —cnntinurd.
UeaUot'lheiprowtli, fltc. - omtinucii.
above 7 inches in widths excetHlinc 2\ feet in Ien/:{th|
and nut exreediriK \ inches in thickness, per 12()
above 7 incites in widthj exceeding 21 feet in lenf{th|
and exceeding 4 inches in thickness (not being tim-
ber 8 inches square or upwards), per ViO
Sft Note at the end uf Wood,
deals imported into Ireland, viz.
abavti7inchei in width and not exceeding 12 inches
in width, and not exceeding .1^ inches in thickness,
viz.
8 feet in length and not exceeding 12 feet in
length, per 1 ^0 - -
exteiHling 12 fit.-t in length and not exceeding H
feet in lenf^th, per 12(» - -
excec<Ung li feet in lenuth and not exceeding Iti
feet in length, per 120 -
cxreetling IG feet in lengtli and not exceeding 18
ft-et in li'nuth, per 120
xcettlinu IK feet in lengt
feet in length, v^r 120
excettlinii: iH feet in length and not exceeding 20
feet in length, ver 120
above 7 inches in witlth and not excLtding 12 inche;
in widtli, and exceeding 3i inches In tliickness,
viz.
8 feet in length and not exceeding 20 feet in length,
|«r 120 •
above 7 inches in width and not exceeding 12 inclies
in width, and not exrfeding 4 inches in thickness,
and exceeding 20 feet in length, iier 120
above 7 inches in width and not excee<ling 12 imlies
in width, and exceeding 4 inches in thickness, and
exceeding 20 feet in length, iK?r 120
deal ends importcti into (ireat Itritain, viz.
above 7 inches in width, being under G feet in Ien;:th,
and not excectling ^\ inches in thickness, per I'iO -
above 7 inches in width, being under (i teet ni length,
and exceeding 3\ inches in thickness, per 120
deal ends of the growth and produce ot any l^riti^h
])osse.^sion in America, and imported directly from
thence into Great IJritainf viz.
aliove 7 inches in width, being imrter G feet in length,
and not exceeding 3i inches in thickness, per 120 -
almve 7 inches in width, being under 6 feet in length,
and exceeding 3\ inches in thickness, jier 120
See Note at the end of \V''oo(l.
deal ends imported into Ireland, viz.
alwve 7 inches in width and not exceeding 12 inches
in width, and under 8 feet in length, viz",
not exceeding ^\ inches in ttiickness, per 120
exceeding ."5^ Indies in thickness, per 120
deals and deal ends, viz.
of all sorts, of the growth and produce of any Dritish
possession in America, and imported directly from
thence into Ireland, per 120
and further, on all deals and deal ends, imported into
Ireland, of the aforesaid lengths and thicknesses, but
of the following widths, the additional duties follow-
ing, viz.
if exceeding 12 inches in width and not excee<ling
Id inches in widthj 25 per cent., or i of the
aforesaid rates,
if exceeding 15 inches in width and not exceeding
18 inches in widthj 50 per cent., or i of the
aforesaid rates,
if exceeding IS inches in width and not exceeding
21 inchesin width, 75 per cent., or ^ of the afore-
said rates,
if exceeding 21 inches in width, 100 per cent >, or
nn additional duty equal to the aforesaid rates
respectively,
firewood not tit or proper to be used other than as sucli*
viz.
the f ilhom, 6 feet wide and G feet high
imported from any British ])0'isessi(m in America, the
fathom, C feet wide and 6 feet high
See Note at the end of Wood,
fir quarters, viz.
under 5 inches square and under 24 feet in length,
per 120 - - - - .
undei 5 inches square and 21 feet in length or up-
wards, per 120 -
5 inches stjuare or uf)wards are subject and liable to the
duties payable on fir timber,
fir quarters of the growth and produce of any Itriti>h pos-
session in America, and imported directly'from thence,
viz.
under 5 inches square, and under 24 feet in length,
per 120 -
under 5 inches square, and 24 feet in length or up*
wards, per 120 - . . .
5 inches square or upwards are subject and liaMc to
the duties payable on fir timber.
See Note at the end of Wood,
fir limber. See Timbei .
handspikes, viz.
under 7 feet in length, per 120
7 feet in length or upwards, per 120
hand->plkes imported from any British possession in Ame-
rica, viz.
under 7 feet in length, per 120
7 feet in length or upwards, per 120
See Note at the end of Wood,
knees of oak, viz.
under 5 inches square, ner 120 -
5 inches square and unuer 8 inches square, i>er I'^O
8 inches siiuare or upwards, per load containing 50
cubic feet ....
knees of oak Imported from any British posws'^lon In Ame-
rica, viz.
under 5 iiulies square, vcr 120 • - ,
A inches squnre and untlcr 8 inches square, per 120 • '
L. 4, it.
6
10
Duty, 1819.
l>uty, 1787.
12 y
i
Ireland.
11 11
U
Irelantl.
16 I'i
Ireland.
18 14
I
Ii'eland.
»l lA
7
Ireland-
7 1 R
1.1 11 S
8 3
19
(I 10
IS 2 7
27
,■5 5
■1 17 fi
2 !
4 0'
2 r,
5
n 10
I o
1 fi
2
U 1,1 II
L. t. rf.
8 4
8 4
41 11
3
Ireland.
51 <J
2
Ireland.
UU C
1
Ireland.
e
7 1 y
under 8 ft
12
13 14 9
under 8 ft
1,'>
8 4
1 10
8 4
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland.
10
U 10
IS 2 7
20 per cent.
10 3
ilj 3
2 7
4 15
2
O 4
12
4 17
1 11
L. ». i.
Free.
Tree.
Irel.'ind.
Ireland.
Ireland,
Irel.wd,
Ireland.
Ireland.
Ireland,
Ireland,
17 8 undurSfi
1 15 4 under 8 ft
Free,
Free.
Ireland,
Ireland.
Ireland,
Wood
lat
lat
r
ma
|i
oak
oak
81)31
2 8
Free.
1 I 3
2 13 per 120
Free,
Free.
fi 8
13 4
Free.
Fre«'.
3 4
1 13 U
» 11
Free.
Free.
TAUIFK
1133
i
IJulv,
I Jan. is.l4.
;
Wood — ciiiUinufd. ^
kneei of uiik — continued*
8 iiiulii's wiuuru ur upwards, |<t'r load containing M
cubic feet . - - -
Sec Nute at the end of Wood.
lathwoo<1, viz.
in pieces under 6 feet in length, per fathomt 6 feet wide
and G feel hiuh ....
in pieces 'i feet in length and under 8 feet in length,
J»er fathom, fi feel wiile and 6 feet hiKli
bet in length and under I2feet in length, per fathom,
6 feet wide and ii feet high
12 feet long or upwards, per fathom, C feet wide and 6
feet high ... . .
lathwood im|>orted from any British possession in A me-
rica, viz.
in pieces under 5 feet in length, per fathom, 6 feet
wide and S feet high - -
in pieces h feet in length or upwards, perfatliom, G
feet wide and 6 feet liigh ...
See Note at the end of Wood.
masts, yards, or bowsprits, viz.
<> inches in diameter and tinder ft inches, each
.S incites in diameter anti under i 'i inches, e.ich
12 inches in diameter or upwards, <ier load containing
^0 cubic feet ....
masts, yards, or liowsprits, imported from any British
pusiession in America, viz.
<i inches In diameter af.d under S inches, each
S Inches in diameter and under 12 inches, each
12 inches in diameter or upwards, per load containing
5I> cut'ic feet - - - •
oak plank, viz.
2 inches in thickness or upwards, per load containing
50 cubic feet - ...
oak plank of the growth of any British iwssessinn in Ame-
rica, atiil nnported directly from thence, viz.
2 incites in thickness or upwards, per loatl cuittaining
ill culii.- feet ....
Sfe Note at the end of Wood,
o.'ilt tiitilier. Act' Timber.
oa.s, per 120 - - " - -
(-f ilie growth of any British possession in America,
and imitorled directly front tltencc, per 120
Sec Note at the citd of Wood,
spars, viz.
under 22 feet in length, and under 1 Inches iti dianie.
ler, exclusive of the b.irk, per l'2l)
22 feet in length or upwards, and under I ititlics iti
diameter, exclusive of the bark, p.r 1211
4 inches in tliainetcr atid utlder G iitchcs lit diameter,
exclusive of the bark, tier 120
of the growth of any British possession iti -Vmerica,
and imported direcily from Ihence, viz.
under 22 feet in length, antl under 'I inches in
(liameter, exclusive of the bark, per 1211
22 fti't in length or ujiwards, and under 1 inches
in diameter, exclusive of the bark, pei 1 2i i
4 inches in diameter and under G iiulies in dia.
meter, exclusive of the hark, jier 1 2I>
See Note at the end of Wood,
simkes for wheels, viz.
not cxcL'eding 2 fi-et in length, per I,Ono
exceeding 2 feet in length, per l,tJtH>
of all sorts, of the growth of any British posstssion in
Atiierica, and imported directly from thence, per
1,000 - ...
See Note at the end of Wood,
staves, viz.
not exceeding 36 inches in length, not above 3 inches
in thickness, and not exceeding 7 inches in breadth,
per 121) - - - •
above 3G inches in length and not esceeiling M inches
in length, not above 3 inches hi thickness, and not
exceeding 7 inche'^ in breadth, per 1211
above 60 inches in length and not exceeding 'iO inclies
in length not above 3 inches in thickness, and not
exceetliiig 7 inches in breadth, per 120
above fit) inches in length and not exceeding 72 incliM
in length, not altove 3 inches in thic kness, and not
exceeiUnn 7 inches in breadth, per 120
above 72 inches in length, not above 3 inches in thick,
ness, and not exceeding 7 inches in breadth, per
12U -
above 3 inches in thickness, oi^ almve 7 inches in
breadth, and not exceeding IJS inches in length, shall
be de.ined clap boarils, and be cliargetl with duly
accordingly,
above 3 inclies in thickness, or altove 7 inches in
breadth, and exceeding G3 inchi's in length, >hall
be deemed pipe boards, and be cliargctl » itli duly
accordingly,
staves iinportetl from any British possession in America,
antl importetl directly from thence, viz.
not exceeding 311 inches in length, not above 3', inches
in thickness, and not exceeding 7 incl.es in titeadth,
per 120 .....
above 311 inches in length and not ejceeding .')!' inches
in lengli), not above 3i inches in thickness, and not i
exceetiing 7 inches in breadth, per 1 2i) • -I
above 50 inches in length and not exieetling 10 inches |
in length, not alwve 3i inches in thickness, and not 1
exceeding 7 incites In breadth, per 120
alwve GO inches in length and not ei.'eeding 72 inches
ill length, not above 3J inches in thickness, and not
exceeding 7 Incites in breailth, per 120
above 72 inches In len>;th, not almve 3i inches In
thickness, and not exceeding 7 inches in breadth,
jwrlVO . . - - -
Set .Note at the end of Wood.
not eiceetling IJ inch in thickness shall be chargeil
with l-3d part of the duty herein proposed on such
staves.
Duty, 1S19.
&
4 5
G IG O
10 4
13 12
15
1 5 O
S !
1 2
2 15
O 1 G
10
10
4
15
14 I'J 3
19 6
2 8
4 5
9
9
IC
1 15
3 7 4
6 14 8
C 4
1 3
2
3
4 4
4 16
2
4
6
8
10
L. ». .(.
4 17 G
7 5
7 5
7
6
G
9 G
1 U 2
3 5
3 2
II 8 4
1 10 C,
5 16 G
8 4 per 120.
14 19 3
19 G
2 10 3
4 17 6
10 11 G
16 3 .
IG 3
16 3
3 7 4
6 M 8
G 4
1 G 2
2 9 2
3 r.
4 1 J 10
5 8
1 3
1 3
2 6
2
2 G
Free.
1 19 S
FiLi-.
8
110
1 4 3
Kree.
Free.
Free.
19 10
19 10
Free.
4
7 6
10 C
15
17 G
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
But
, 17S7.
L. ..
<(.
Free
n 13
3
19 10
19 111
19
10
Free
Free
1
3
\*
6
8
1
3
4
8
19 10
I
4(i
v
> r'
{
^1
il
m^
J:'''|-,^'
1131
TAitiri'".
Articlei.
Wood — continued.
staves iinyoried -
coniinucii.
les in thu'ktieM, or almve 7 inches in
tirt>AdtIi» nnd not exL-eetlinx (i.T tm-hes in lenffth,
iiliall be dvi'nied clap buard.t, and be churi^ed with
duty acconlinKly*
abovL' 3.i inches in llilclcnms, or almvc 7 inchc-s in
breadtlif and exceeiluiK f>3 iiulu-s in leuKil'* Hhall
bi.' deemed pipe boardb, and be cliarged witli duty
accordingly.
teak wood, per load* cont.iinintf .^0 ruhic feet
imported tVoiu anv liririsli possfM»ii.n ill Africa, per
load, cnntnininfC ?»*> cuhif tet't
impurteil IVuni any Itritish posseHiiion witliin the limits
of (he Kiiat India Company's cliarter» per load, con-
tainiMK 60 cubic fi.**'t - - • -
Imported Ironi any other place wiiliin those UmitSj per
toad, containing 60 cubic feet
timber, vi/,
tir liinlier, 8 inchrs square or upwards, per load, con-
taiuiuK 'At cubic feet - - - -
fir tind>cr imported from any J^riti^h po'i&t'Hsion in
America, S iiitiicH squiire ur upward»j per load> con-
taniinu .'lO cubic feet ...
Ace Xo.e at tlie end of \\'not!.
oak tiinltiTt S ini lies sipiare or upwards, per loadf con-
taining do cubic feet - - - -
oak tinilier of the KTowth of any Ilritish possesnion in
America, and iniporttd diicclly IVuni (hence, K
inctien squai-o or upvvards, I'cr load, containing 60
cubic leet • - - - " -
See .Note at itio end of Wood.
ttuibet of ail sorts, not particularly enumerated or de-
scrilied, nor otherwiM? clmr^d wiih duty, liein/< 8
inches square or upwards, per load, containing 60
cubic feet ....
timber of .ill sorts, not particularly enumented or de-
Kcribed, nor oiherwi>t' ch..rMcd with duty, bi'inR of
tile growth rf nuy lltitisli pnssession in America,
and inipovted directly from ihtnce, being 8 inches
Kquare ur upwar<:s,per load, containing 6o cubic feet
■See Note at the end ol Wood.
ufers, vi/.
uiidtr 6 inches square, and under 21 feet in Icnffth,
the iyO - . - - .
uiuier 6 inches stiuar'^, and 'iA feet in length or up-
wards, i>er 120 - _ _ .
5 inches square oi upwards are subject and lialile to the
dut:e-. luyajile on fir tiini e".
ufcrs imparled* Iroin any liritish possession in America,
vi/.
under 6 inches square, and under 21 feet in length,
per I'^O -
under 6 iiichc^i square, and 21 feet in length or up-
wards, per 120 • - _ .
6 inches si|uare or upwards are subject and liable to
the duties payable on lir Ihnlier.
See Note at the end of Wooil.
wainscot logs, vj/.
S inches square or upwards, per load, containing 50
cubic feet . , .
of the growth of any British possession in America,
aiul itiiporte<l directly from thence, per loiid, con-^
taining 60 cubic feet - •
unmanufacinretl, of tlie growth of any Itriti&h possession
in America, not particularly enumerated or descrihetl,
nor otherwise charged witli duty, for every ID<U.
value - - - - ' -
unmanufactured, not particularly enumerated ordesrril)ed,
and on which the duties due on the importation are
payable according to the value thereof, being of the
Kro\rth of the British limits within the province of
Yucatan in the Bay of llonduras, and iiniuirted directly
from the said bay, for every 100/. of the value
See Note at the end of Wood,
unmanufactured, not particularly enumerated or described,
nor otherwise charged with duty, fur every 100/. value
Ni<ie — For the conditions undei "which any sort of wood,
plank, or tlmlier whatsoever, wrought or unwrouglit (ex-
ccnt masts, yards, or bowsprits), or any of ttie gootls
called lumber (enumerated in act 8 (ieo. 1. c. 12.), may
be importid directly from any of his iMajesty'H British
possessions in America free from all customs anti imposi-
tions, see Slreo. 1. c. 12., 2GGeo. .". c 55., 20 Geo. 3.
c. (iO., and UGeo. 4. c.41.
Wool, viz.
beaver wool, per lb. - ...
cut and coinl)ed, \>et lb. - . -
coney wool, per lb. -
cotton wool, or waste of cotton wool, per cwt.
the produce of, and imported from, any Britiih posses-
sion, per cwt. - - . - .
goat'« wool or hair, per lb. - -
the produce of, and imported from, any British pOtses*
sion - - ...
hares' wool, per lb. - - -
Iambs* wool. See Sheep's wool.
red or Vicunia wool, per lb> -
thecp or lambs' wool, viz.
not beirm of the value of 1*. the lb. thereof, per !h.
being of the value of 1«. the lb. or upwards, per lb.
the produce of, and imported from, any British posses-
sion - • ...
Woollens, viz.
manufactures of wool not being Roats' wool, or of wool
mixed with cotton, not particularly enumerated or de-
scribed, nor otherwise charged with duty, for every 100/.
value - ...
articles of manufactures of wool (not being goats* wool) or
of wool mixed with cotton, whnlW or in part made up,
not oUierwise charged with duty, for every 100/. value
Wr«ck. 5w Derelict.
Ihitv,
I Jan. UM
L, «. J.
1 8
6
18 2 7
27
3 6
4 17 6
2 16
12 1
6
5
20
Duty, 181!).
L. t. it.
Vu*y, 17H7,
I 10
1
10
in
1
10
1
1
10
10
1
111
•i IS
3
.■l
10
a
f>
•i 15
10
3
1
5
9
i;
Free.
15
TO
1 12 C
2 6
18 8 7
20 per cent.
Ifi 3
16 3
4 '.) G
S C
Ifi 9
5 Ifi 9
20
1 7
4 9
2
2 11
I
4
9
7
9
6
7i
4
1
7
6
Free.
2
fi
6
fi
01
U 1
«
fi
ti
II 1
50
,V)
fi
»
6
«
fi
S
6
S
r,
8
Free
«
S
Free.
Free.
1 1 3
2 13 per 1^0
Free.
Free.
9 11
Free.
Free.
Free.
33
Free.
Ifi 6
U
9 4
Free.
Free.
Free.
I
Frte.
Free.
Free.
FrM.
Prohibited.
r
Vam, vit.
ciilile yarn, yer cwt.
catni'l or moliair >itrn, per lb.
raw linen ynrn, per cwt.
worsted yarn, per lb.
Zaffre, per cwt.
Ztbra wood, per ton
Goods, wares, and merchandise, being either in pnrt or w)uill>
manufactured, aiui not bein^ enumerati'd or described, nor
otlierwi&e cliarKctl with dutv, and not pruhibitLil to be ini-
ported into or u&ed in Ijreat iiritaln or Ireland, fur every lOU/.
v.due - - - - - -
(ioods, wares, and merchandise, not beinf; citlicr in part or
wholly manufactured, and not being enumerati-d or describi-d,
nor otherwi.se chargeil with duly, and not prohibited to be
iiniKtrted into or luetl in Great Britain or IrtJand, for evirv
100/. value ... - ".
Au/p. — All Koods, the prochice or mnnufiduro of the
ihbind of Mauritius, are MilMCct to the bikineitulif s as mv
imposed in (his Table on the like goods, the prdduic or
manuficture of tlie British po&se:«ion:) in the \\ c-<t
Iniiieh. ^
All ifooda, the produ..e or manufacture of the Cape of
Good llope or the territorifs or dependencies tlienot, art'
subject to the same duties as are imposed in this Tnbte
on the like i^ikhIk, the produce or manufacture of ttte
]lriUi»h possi-^sioiis within the limits of the Kast Jndwi
Company's chatter, except uhen any otiicr duty is e\-
pvc^isly imp! sed thereuti.
in
!)
1
1
r.
u
1
1
7
1
1
u u
(i
1
7
1 '^0 per cent.
'ZOO '^0 U per cent.
20 50
5 0; 'ZO Q
8 6
7
Frte.
10
27 10 percent,
ns per cent.
«7 10
27 10
f '- ' t
Duties of Ccsto.ms OuTWAnns.
A Tabic of Duties of Customs payable on Goods, Wares, and Mcrcliapdisc exported frtnii the United
Kingdom to Foreign Parts.
Coals, not betnc smalt coals, exported to any place
not being a Kritisth possession, viz.
in a Hritish ship, per ton . . •
in a ship not British, per ton
Small coals, culm, and cinders exported to any
place not beinf; a British possession, viz.
in a British ship, per ton
in a ship not British, per ton
finre skins and coney skins, per 100 skins
Hare wool and coney wool, per cwt.
Sheep and lamb wool, per cwt. •
Woolfi'Is, mortlings, shortlings, varn, worsted,
woolflocks, crewels, coverlets, waadin^s, or other
manufactures or pretended manufactures, slightly
wrought up, sons that the same may Iw reduced to
and made use of as wool nKain,nmttres'ies or hrds
stutl'cd with combed wool or wool lit fur combing
or carding, per cwt. - • -
Goods, wares, and merchandise of the growth, prn-
duce, or manufacture of the United Kingdom
(not being subjict to other export dutv, nor par-
ticularly exempted ftom export dutv>", for every
100/. value • '^ . "
Except the following articles, viz.
Bullion and coin*
Corn, grain, meal, t.ialt,f1oi.r, biscuit, bran, grits,
I pp;***! biirley, and Scotch barley.
\L. a. ,t.:
3
-* t
6
81
I
2
\
4
oi
1
11 f
1
1
1
10
Cotton yam or other cotton manufactures.
I-i^h.
hinen, or linen with cotton mixed.
Mi'Iasses or troarle.
Military rh^tbirj:, accoutrements, or aiipointments
exported under th>! authoiity of tun commis-
sioners of his !\IaJesty's treasury, iiiul jent lo any
of his Majesty's tctrces >evving ahro.'td.
.^lilitary stores cxporied to India by the East India
CdUii'cinv.
Sail.
Sugar, refined, c-f a'l sort*, and sugar cnndy.
Good-., wav«s, :ti.i merrli.iiidjse exported to the Isle
of .Man by virtue of any licence whit h tlie com-
missioners of his ^lajesty's customs may he em-
]iowertd to giant.
Any >ort of craf, tViod, v'ctiiiils, clolhing, or iii.ple-
mtMils or mat*riiils i.L'cessi.rv for thi' llrl^:^h
fisheries cstalili--hi d in any of the Ilriti-h pos-
ses>ions in Nortli America, and exported dirtct
thevelw.
UVo!.
AV'ooUen goods, or woollen and cotton mixed, or
woollen and linen mixed, exported to any place
within the limits of the llast India Company's
charter.
IXLAXU DlTIKS OF EXtlhU.
Bricks, not exceeding 10 Inches long, ."5 inches thick,
and .') inches wide, per 1,000
exceeding the above dimen^tions, per 1,000
smoothed or polished on * or more sides, not
excetding 10 inches long by 6 inches wide,
per 1,000
not exceeding 10 inches square, per 100
exceeding 10 Inches Fquare, per 100
Glass, viz. flint, per lb. - - •
broad, per cwt. . - .
crown, per cwt. - • -
plate, in plates or sheets of not less size than
6 in. by 4 in., and rot less than 1 -Si h nor more
than 5'-8thsof an inch in thickness, per cwt.
other than in such plates or sheets, per cwt.
common bottles, per cwt.
Hops, per lb. - - - .
Malt, made from barley, per bushel
made A-om bear or btgg only, in Scotland or
Ireland, per bushel - * -
Mead, or metheglin, per gallon
Paper, first cln>:s, viz. all paper other than brown
paper, ma<le of old ropet or cordage only, i)er lb.
second class, viz. all brown paper, made of old
ro|>es and cordage only, per lb. - -^
I 10
10
12 10
!i ft
4 10
«i
1 10
3 13 C
3
4 18
7
Si
« 7
2
6
3
u
Paper — cmttinuet}.
gla/ed pat»er, milll mrd, h ecalehonrd, per cwt.
pasteboard, made who.ly of second claas paper,
per cwt.
made whollv or in part of paper olhei than
tl e ^e^on»1 cinss, per cwt. -
printed, painted, or stamed, per yard
Soap, viz. liavd, per lb. . ' , .
soft, per lb. -
Spirits, made in England, per gallon
niade in Scotland or Ireland, for home con-
sumption, per gallon
imported ircm Scotland or Ireland into Eng-
land, per gallon - . -
Starch, or British gum, or any preparation of or
from Ktnrch, per lb.
Stone bottles, not exceeding 2 quarts measure,
per cwt- ■ - - -
Sueels,or liquors made by infu<^ion, fermentation,
or otherwise, from fruit or sugar, or from fruit
and sugar mixed with any other ingredients or
materials whatsoever, commonly called swr^s or
made wines, ]>er gallon - - -
Vinegar, or acetous acid, or liquors prepared or pre-
paring Jor^inwarj^ir^icetoi^^
L. «. rf.
1 I
11
1
H
1
1.1
1
u
7
(i
3 4
7
3i
5
6
9
N
ffti I
• I-
1136
TARIFF.
CtSTOMS AM) KXCISK DHAWBAf KS.
Deer, tircwcil liv any entcrol brewer for s.ile ii< ihe
United KinRctoin, Bnd dulj ixpcirteil from iinv
part of the same infoTVian \mrtt,, m iniTciKunlise,
per barrel of "6 itnllons Imperial iniaiiure
litit'lis, not elcecding 10 inch.-, long, 3 Indies tliiek,
and .') inches wide, per 1,(K)U
ciceedinu tlie above dimensions, iier 1 ,000
smoothed or uollshed on 1 or more sides, not
exceeding 10 inches long by .0 Inches wide,
per 1,001) - - „ -
not exceeding 10 Inches sciuare, per 100
exceeding 10 Inches s(iiiare, per 100
Glass, viz. (lint, per lb. - • •
broad, per cwt.
crown, per cwt. ^- , . ',, *
plate, in plates or sheets of not less si/e than
(> in. by 4 In., and not less than 1-Slh nor more
thani-Sthsof an Inch In tiiicliness, per cwt.
other than in such plates or sheets, percwi.
common bottles, per cwt.
Hops, |ier 111. - ",,.■.
Taper, Hrst class, viz. all paper other than hrnwn
paper, made of old ropes or cordage onlv, per lb.
second class, viz. all brown paper, niaile of ild
ropes and cordage only, per Ih.
glazec' paper, millho.'iril, e^; sculcboard, iier c« t.
pasteboard, made wholly of second cUs» paper,
per cwt, - . -
inaile wholly or In p.-irt of paper other Ib.in
the secontl class, per cwt.
printed, painted, or stained, lier yard
Plate, of wrought golil, manufactured in (Jre,\t
Itrit.iin, and which shall or ought to be assayed
and Tiiarked in (ireat Britain, \ i/..
made since the 1st Dec. 17sl, per oz.
made since the 6th July, 171*7, per oz.
made since the 31st .\ngust, ISI.l, per oz.
No drawback allowed on gold watch c.iscs ot any
weight, nor shall any drawback be allowed
on any articles of gold, not exceeding the
weight (if 2 ourucs ; and if any pirson sliall
export any manufacture of gold not duly
marked, to denote the standard of 22 or IS
carats of fine gold in every lb. Trov, he shall
forfeit Ml. Gold of the fineness of 18 carats
to be marked with a " crown and the lignres
18."— (.IS Urn, 3. c. CU., 55 Oeo. 3. c. ISJ.,
and 1 Geo. -1. c. 11.)
of wrought silver, man\ifactured in (ireat
Hritain, and which shall or ought to be as-
sayed and marked In (ireat Itritain, viz.
made since the 1st Dec. 17.SI, per oz.
made since the 5th Julv, 17117, per oz. -
made since the lOlh Oil. IS(M, per oz.
made since the 31st Aug. 1S15, per oj. -
No drawback allowed on silver watch cases,
chains, necklaces, be.ids, lockets, (iligree
work, shin buckles or brooches, stamped me-
dals, and snouts to china, stone,or earthenware
teajiois, whatever thewcight ; norontippings,
swages, or mounts, not weigliing 10 dwts.of
silver each, and not being necks or c<»llars for
castors, or cruets, or glasses, aiipertidiiing to
/.. :
il.
5
(1
5
111
10
U
10
2
.')
4
Id
l\
1 10
3 13
(i
.T
4 IS
7
2
.1
n
H
1 1
14
1 S
2
8
Iti
(1
17
r,
1
1
.T
1
(J
anv sorts of stiiiui-. or t'iainu« ; wares of silver
not wL'i:'hiiiK -^ tlwt.^. of liilvur eai-h ; l»ut this
i'\LMii|Hioii not trt iiulu'ie neiks, tojts, and
tollar-, ti.r i.utor.s, cniets, or gl-isses .tjiper-
tiiiiiii>«loan\hort"fstaiidiiorfirainis*i buttons
to beiitlUeirto o*- t on any wrannK apparil,
solid silver tmttons and solitl silver ■.tuds, not
liavinu a lievelled cdKu soldered on ; wrought
seals, blank seals, bottle ticket^, >hoe ria-sps,
patch boxen, salt Mioons, salt ladles, tea spoons,
tea strainers, caddy ladles, buckles, and nieces
to iiarnish cabinets, or knife cases, tcaciiests,
bridles,stafids,orfraines.- (■■>•'■> Ofo. 3. c. IS.').(
Hi,c. — I'jioii the exportation from tbe I'niletl
KiiiK<loin of anv foreign rice or piiddy, cleaned
therein, and which have paid the duties on im-
ixittation, a drawback shall be allowed and jiaid
or even hundred wei«!>t theret)f,equal in amount
to tlie duiy paid on every 1 budiels of the rou(<h
rice, or paddj. , from which the siune shall have
been cleaiieil,"vl/,. per cwt.
Silk pKtds nianufactureil in the Tnited Kingdom,
\i/. fir every p.nnid of stu*f>, or ribands of %ilk.
ciiniposed uf silk onlv, and bein^ of the value m\'
1 !*. at least - - - -
fu. t.-very pound of stufl'-i nr ribands of silk and
cotton mixed, whereof i at le l^t shall besdk,
and heiti;; nl' the v due of L". Hf/. at !■ ast
fur every pound uf stutt;-, or^ibiind.. of silk and
W(Tstcd mixed, whereof ', at least shall be
bilk, and hdiu^of the value ut^f. li/. at lea^t
Soap, vi/,. Iiard, per lb. - - •
soft, per Ih. - - - -
Stntih, or Ilriiish Kum, or any preparation of or
fiom stait h, per lb. ...
Stijue bottles, not exceeding 2 qts. meas., por cwt.
.Su;iar (rclined), vi/.
ba^'iard sii^ar, or u lined loaf su par broken in
l)ie<e-.,nr lieiiii; f^ronnd or povuitred ^ui;ar,or
such su^ar ]iounded, cradietl, or broken, ex-
ported in a liritish sliip, lur cwt.
export! d in a .sliip not Hi ilisl), jier rwf .
other r< lined su^ar in loaf, complete and whole,
or lumps duly retined, having; been pivftctly
clarilit'd and IhorouKhly dried in the stove,
and bein^of a uniform w hiteness throughout :
or stich su,i;3r pounded, crashed, or liroken,
and hU^Mr candv,
exportt<l in a Hrttish ship, jier cwt.
exported in a shii> not Urlfish, per cut.
double retined su(;ar, and sugar e(|ual incpiality
to double relined sugar, additional bounty,
per cwt. - -
Tobacco, manufactured in the United Kingdom,
at or within 2 miles of any port into which to-
bacco may Iw imported, made into shag, roll, cut,
or carrot "tobacco, per lb. - - -
Wine, the produce of the Cape of (lood Hope, or
or of tlie territories or dependencies thereof, and
imported direct, per gallon
I'Vench, Portuguese, Canary, Fayal, IMadeini,
Spani>h, and other wints n(»t enumerated,
per gallon - - • -
L, «. d,
10
3
n
I
2
7
1
s^
u
6
I 4 n
I 3 1)
1 !C 10 1
1 1.5 10
6 1
2
2 9
', c,\
COUNTERV A I UNO DUTIES.
Schedule of countervailing duties payable on the importation of certain articles, the growth, prn.
ducc, or manufacture of Great Britain anil Ireland respectively; and of the drawbacks .iIIowih) nn
exportation from either country to the other. The following duties are payable on Irish articles
biouglit for consumption into Great Britain, and the like amount is drawn back on the exportation
of similar British articles to Ireland, except in the case of British hops sent to Ireland, on which no
drawback is allowed.
Bottles, of stone, not excee<llng 2 i|uarts in measure,
or the mouth or neck of whicli sliall not exceed
in diameter. In the narrowest part of the Inside,
3 Inches ; or If made for blacking, and shall not
exceed I pint In measure, and the' mouth or neck
of which sh.lll not be less illaii 1'. inch in dia-
meter in the narrowest part of the inside, iiiid
which shall he permanently st.ainped with tbe
words •• blacking bottles," per cwt.
Bricks, not cxcecnling 10 inches long, 3 inches thick,
and i inches wide, per 1,000
exceetling the above dimensions, jier 1,000
smoothed or polished on 1 or more sides, not
exceetling 10 Indies long by 5 Inches wide,
perl.lKKY
not exceeding 10 Inches square, per 100
exceeding 10 inches siiuare, per 100
Hops, ])er II). - - • -
Plate, of wrought gold, per oz. Troy -
L.
t.
d.
5
.')
10
10
12 10
i 2 r,
4 10
2
() 16
Plate, of wrought silver, neroz. Tioy
Soai), viz. hard soap, per lb.
soft, per lb. - - ■• -
Sijirit*;, niatle ami extracted in Ireland, and ware-
housed there without payment of duty and im-
ported into Knglnnd.ior every KMl gallons Im-
perial measure, of .spit its of the strength of luonf,
as denoted by Syke^'s hydrometer, and so in pro-
portion for niiy greater or less degree of strength,
or anv greater or less quantitv. — (fi (M». 4. c. SO.
& Hi//. I. c. 4'.».)
duly paid in inland, and imported into Kng-
land, per gallon - . -
Starch, or Briti^h gum, or any preparation of or
from starch, per lb. - - -
All other articles, the growth, produce, or ma-
nufacture of (ireat Hritain or Ireland, to pass
from either country to the otiier without
duty or draw-back.
.t. f/. ,
(i ;
\\
I
.•!7
10
1
2
■■i
Remarks on Duties Inwards. — The Table of dutius inwards previously laid before flic
reader, affords copious materials for reflection and co;iip;irisoii. Excepting a very few
articles, si",h as silk, linens, gloves, &c., that were prohiliited, tlic highest duties in ^787
seldom '..-xceeded 27/. 10s. per cent, ad valorem. In the interval between 1787 and i819 a
good many changes were made in the mode of assessing the duties ; several of those that
were charged on the ad valorem principle at the former ejioch, being changed into rated
duties at the latter. The extraordinary rise of duties in the interval referred to is, how-
ever, the most striking circumstance. The fact, that in the arillimetic of the customs, 2
and 2, instead of always making 4, sometimes make only 1, was ilie.i tot.illy forgotten.
mrmm
n
UlM
TARTAR TATTA.
113*7
During the war, it doos not scctn to have once occurred to any of our finance ministcra,
that every increa!>e of price necessarily lessens consumption ; and that, were twice the
quantity of a commodity made use of, under a duty of I«. or 5«. per Ih., cwt. &e., tliat
would be made use of under a duty of '2s. or 10»., the revenue would gain nothing by the
increase, while the comforts of the consumers would be materially lessened. They pro-
ceeded on a more compendious plan ; and concluded that, because an article subjected to
a duty yielded a certain revenue, it would yield twice, three, or four times as much were
the duty doubled, trebled, or quitdrupled ! Consistently with this principle, if we may
so term it, the duties on tea were raised from 12i to lOO per cent. ; those on sugar from
1 2s. 4J. to 30s. a cwt. ; on pepper from ^d. to 2s. 6<l. per lb. ; on brandy and geneva
from fis. to 22s. (id, a gallon ; on port wine from S7l. 16s. to 114/. 13s. a tun, &c. ;
while the ad valorem duties were mostly all either doubled or trebled ! Rlr. Van i 'tart
carried this system to an extreme ; so much so, that the enormous additions made during
his administration to the duties, by checking consumption, or diverting it into illegiti-
mate channels, or both, in most cas'^s added nothing wliati-ver to the revenue, and
frequently even occasioned its reduction ! Since 182.5, ho\ ^r, a very great improve-
ment has been made in the system of duties Many of those that were most oppressive
have been materially reduced, while not a few have been wholly repealed ; and we are
glad to have to add, that in every instance in which oppressive duties have been ade-
quately reduced, a greater amount of revenue has been derived from the lower rate of
duty than from the higher. — (See Coffee, Malt, Spirits, Wine, &c. ) 7'he existing
tariff is, in fact, in many respects, preferable to that of 1787. The most objectionable of
the present duties are those on timber, corn, brandy, geneva, sugar, tobacco, currants, and
a few others ; ond of these, the first-mentioned 4 are not really imposed for the sake of
revenue, but to bolster up peculiar interests. We have elsewhere pointed out the- prac-
tical operation of the duties in question, and their mischievous influence on the public
interests. —( See Timbeh, Corn Laws and Corn Trade, Brandy, &c.) It is not
surely possible that these duties can be allowed to continue much longer on their present
footing. Experience has shown that, instead of increasing, excessive duties powerfully
contribute to diminish revenue ; at the same time that they give rise to a vast amount
of smuggling and demoralisation, which it is impossible to get rid of otherwise than by
their reduction. It is, besides, the bounden duty of government to make the interests
of the few submit to those of the many ; and there is plainly neither sense nor justice
in inflicting an injury on the public by imposing duties, not for the sake of revenue —
the only legitimate purpose for which they can be imposed — but to enable a limited
number of individuals to linger on in disadvantageous businesses. 1 he change from a
bad to a better system ought, no doubt, to be cautiously and gradually brought about.
But the longer the period required for the transition, the less ought to be the delay in
entering upon it.
Drawbacks. — The fewness of the drawbacks at present, compared with their number
a few years ago, is a consequence of the extension of the warehousing and bonding
system. When goods of all sorts may be freely imported and lodged in warehouses
without paying any duty, the necessity of granting drawbacks is obviated ; and, while
all commercial operations are facilitated, frauds are prevented.
TARTAR. See Argal.
TATTA, a town in the territory of Sinde, situated about 60 miles in a direct line
from the sea, at a short distance from the western bank of the river Indus, in lat.
24° 44' N., Ion. 68° 17' E. Population uncertain, probably about 10,000. The
streets are narrow and dirty ; but the houses, thougli built of mud, chopped straw,
and timber, are superior to the low huts seen in the adjoining towns and villages.
Trade. — Being situated a littie above the part where the Indus divides into the two great branches
by which its waters are jmured into the Indian Ocean, it might be supposed that Tatta woula be a place
of great trade. But, owing to the unwholcsomeness oC the cliinate, the barbarism of the triljes on it*
banks, and other causes, its commerce has never corresponded with what might have been anticipated,
Irwking at its position on the map. It had probably attained the acm^ of its prosperity in the beginning
of the 16th century. In 1555, the Portuguese, by way, as they stated, of avenging the treachery of the
king of Sinde, inhumanly massacred 8,(KX) of the inhabitants, and burned the town. — {ConqtUtes del
Portugal's, tome iv. p. 183.) It is probable that Tatta never fully recovered from this dreadful blow ;
but Mr. Hamilton mentions, that in the 17th century it was extensive and populous, possessing much
commerce, with manufactures of silk, wool, and cabinet ware. I'he decayed stale in wliich we now find
it, has been a consequence of the misgovernment and rapacity of its present rulers, the Ameers of
Sinde, under whose sway it fell more than 40 yean ago.
In 1535, the English established a factory at Tatta, in the view of facilitating the disposal of woollens
and other goods in the countries traversed by the Indus ; and the building occupied by the factory,
though far from magniflcent, was recently, if it be not still, the best, not in Tatta only, but in the whole
country of Sinde.
The chief exports are rice, shawls from Cashmere, opium from Malwah, hides, ghee, cotton, goats*
wool, carpets, drugs, &c. Putchock, an article largely consumed in China, is a peculiar export of Sinde.
The imiMrts comprise a variety of articles, but the quantities are trifling; they consist principally of
fpices, dye stuff's, hardware, tin,' iron, &c., broad cloths, English cottons, t^ilks, .'tc. But at present the
trade is quite inconsiderable ; and no one could believe, d priori, that the natural emporium of so nolile
a river as the Indus, traversing many rich and extensive countries, would cut so Insignificant a figure in
the trading world. ^ ,^
4 D
1^!
.Ri
Iji
1 :
1138
TEA.
h'!
il
Indtu. — lU IXM igation by Alexander thA Great haj conferreil on the Iiidui a riattlcal celebrity not
to be matched by any other river of the ICast. lU magnitude, too, is worthy of its fame. It may bo
navigatc<l by flat-1)ottomcd boats as far as Attock ; and its tril)utary stream, the Kavce, one of the Piniiub
rivers, is navigable as far as I^hore ; Imth places being fully 1,0(X) miles from the sea. Unluckily i>)
mouths arc much encumbered by sand banks ; and, owing to the violence of the bore or tide, their
navigation is :>ttended with considerable difficulty and danger. This is no doubt the reason that at
present the ni.vigation through the delta of the Indus is quite deserted : all the products brought down
the river destined for cx|K>rtatioii by sea, being conveyed from Tatta ovcr-land to Curacheu, a sea.
port a little to the north of the most northerly mouth of the river, about GO miles in a direct line froni
I'utta. Above this city the current of the river is not rapid. The boats by which it Is navigated are
called doondifs, seldom exceeding 50 tons burden ; and drawing, when laden, about 4 feet water. They
have two masts, and, with a good wind, make their way against the stream at the rate of about 3 miles
an hour. They are a sort of floating houses ; resembling in this respect the Chinese junks.
There would seem to be no river in the world where steam navigation might be applied more advaii
tageously than the Indus. Hut until the country near its embouchure fall under the sway of some
more enlightened and less rapacious rulers than those by whom it is now possessed, little improvement
need, we are afraid, be expected. Uut should Sinde be conquered by some civilisixl people, or should
its present rulers learn to respect the right of property, and to encourage industry, it would not be
easy to exaggerate the imimrtunce of the Indus as a commercial highway. The navigable rivers of the
Punjab that fall into it, lav open a vast extent of rich and fruitful country, with great commenui
resources. It is not, indeed, possible to estimate the extent of the trade that would be carried on by
the channel of the Indus, did security and good order prevail on its banks ; and there is reason to think
that some progress is making towards their establishment
The delta of the Indus has little in common with the delta of the Nile, except its shape. Not a
fourth part of it is cultivated, and its few inhai)itants principally lead a pastoral life. It is overgrown
with tamarisks and other wild shrubs; and, though intersected by the numerous mouths of the river
its surface is dry and arid, and it is in a great degree destitute of fresh water. The unfavourable apiioar*
ance of this tract of country does not, however, generally speaking, depend on any infertility of su\\
but on the neglect of cultivation arising out of the oppression under which the people live, Mr. liiirnes'
■ays, that in most places it requires little or no labour on the part of the husbandman to prepare the
land ; and the seed, scattered without cars or attention, yields a plentiful harvest. But where projicrtv is
insecure, even this little labour is not expended. — (See a Memoir on the Indtu, by Lieut. Burnea, in the
3d vol of the Journal qf the London Geographical Society i Hamilton's East India Oaxetleer, article*
Indus, Tatta, ^c.)
Uotuy, Wtightt, and Meamrei. — Accounts are kept in ru-
iwes, carivaU, and [ike: 12 iiice = 1 carival ; SOcarivaU =
< rupee. Cawrieii are current in Sinde, 48 cowries = 1 pice.
Stnall Weight:— 'nyiobtw. = 1 Ituttee.
G Kuttees =
12 Massas =
6ron Wcighlt. — 1 Pice =
Ifi Annas =
4U Seers =
1 Maiisa.
1 Tolah.
I Anna.
1 I'ucca seer.
1 iVfaund, ur 74 lbs. 5 oz.
7 dwts. avoirdupois.
LimgMtiUun,
> 1 Garce =
16 Garces =
GFOJn Mtamn, — A Puttees =
■ 4 Twiers =
CO Cossas =
S inches.
I Gui ; but 1 (jui cloth =
34 Indies at Tatta.
1 I'wier.
1 t^osiia.
1 Carvdl of wheat ; or ^
Pueca maunds, or ly
_, . , , Hoinhajf parali».
Diamonds and pearls are soid by hulibos and rutiees «
hulibas = 1 ruttee, about li gt», Troy. —MUburii't Uritiil. turn.
I mcTce.
TEA (in one dialect of Chin. Cha; in another Te; Du. IV; Fr. The; It. Te ■
Rus. Tchai ; Hind. C/ia ; Malty, 2'eA), the leaves of the tea tree or slirub ( 2/ieu
viridis Lin.).
Description of the Tea Plant. — Tea Trade op China.
Rise and Progress of the British Tea Trade. — Consumption of Tea.
East India Co.mpany's Monopoly — Influence of, on the Price of Tea —
Conditions under which it was held — Abolition op.
Duties on Tea. — Consumption of, on the Continent and in the Unitru
States, etc.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I. Description of the Tea Plant. — Tea Trade of China.
Description of the Plant. — Places where it is cultivated. — The tea plant ordinarily
grows to the height of from 3 to 6 feet, and has a general resemblance to the myrtle, as
the latter is seen in congenial situations in the southern countries of Europe. It is a
polyandrous plant, of the natural order Columnifera, and has a white blo.wom, with
yellow style and anthers, not unlike those of a small dog-rose. The stem is bushy,' with
numerous bra.n«hes, and very leafy. The leaves are alternate, on short, thick, channelled
fooUtalks, evergreen, of a longish elliptic form, with a blunt, notched point, and serrated
except at the base. These leaves are the valuable part of the plant. The Camellias,
particularly the Camellia Sasanqua, of the same natural family as the tea tree, and very
closely resembling it, are the only plants liable to be confounded with it by a careful
observer. The leaves of the particular camellia just named are, indeed, often used in
some parts of China, as a substitute for those of the tea tree.
The effects of tea on the human frame are those of a very mild narcotic ; and, like
those of many other narcotics taken in small quantities, — even of opium itse'lf, — thev
are exhilarating. The green varieties of the plant possess this quality in a much hiffhe'r
degree than the black ; and a strong infusion of the former will, in most constitutions
produce considerable excitement and wakefulness. Of all narcotics, however, tea is the
least pernicious ; if, indeed, it be so at all in any degree, which we very much doubt.
The tea shrub may be described as a very hardy evergreen, growing readily in tlie
open air, from the equator to the 45th degree of latitude. For the last 60 years, it has
been reared in this country, without difficulty, in greenhouses ; and thriving plants of it
are to be seen in the gardens of Java, Singapore, Malacca, and Penaiig ; all within 6
4.„_
TEA.
11S9
degrees of t.ie equator. The climate mott congenial to it, however, teems to be that
between the 25th and S3d degrees of latitude, judging fVorn the success of its cultivation
in China. For the general purposes of commerce, the growth of good tea is confined
to China ; and is there restricted to 5 provinces, or rather parts of provinces, viz.
Fokien and Canton, but more particularly the first, for black tea ; and Kiang-nan,
Kiang-si, and Che-kiang, but chiefly the first of these, for green. The tea districts all
lie between the latitudes just mentioned, and the II 5th and 122d degrees of East longi.
tude. However, almost every province of China produces more or less tea, but generally
of an inferior quality, and for local consumption only ; or when of a superior quality,
like some of the fine wines of France, losing its flavour when exported. The plant is
also extensively cultivated in Japan, Tonquin, and Cochin-China ; and in some of the
mountainous parts of Ava ; the people of which country use it largely as a kind otpichU
preserved in oil I
Botanically considered, the tea tree is a single species ; the green and black, with all
the diversities of each, being mere varieties, like the varieties of the grape, produced by
difference of climate, soil, locality, age of the crop when taken, and modes of preparation
for the market. Considered as an object of agricultural produce, the tea plant bears a
close resemblance to the vine. In the husbandry of China, it may be said to take the
same place which the vine occupies in the southern countries of Europe. Like the
latter, its growth is chiefly confined to hilly tracts, nut suited to the growth of corn.
The soils capable of producing the finest kinds are witliin given districts, limited, and
partial. Skill and care, both in husbandry and preparation, are quite as necessary to the
production of good tea, as to that of good wine.
The best wine is produced only in particular latitudes, as is the best tea ; although,
perhaps, the latter is not restricted to an equal degree. Only the mo3t civilised nations
of Europe have as yet succeeded in producing good wines ; rvhich is also the case in
the East with tea; for the agricultural and mannfaoturing skill and industry of the
Chinese are there unquestionably pre-eminent. These circumstances deserve to be
attended to, in estimating the difficulties which must be encountered in any attempt to
propagate the tea plant in colonial or other possessions. These difficulties are obviously
very great ; and, perhaps, all but insuperable. Blost of the attempts hitherto made to
raise it in foreign coimtries were not, indeed, of a sort firom which much was to be
expected. Within the last few years, however, considerable efforts have been made by
the Dutch government of Java, to produce tea on the hills of that island ; and having
the assistance of Chinese cultivators from Fokien, who form a considerable part of the
emigrants to Java, a degree of success has attended them, beyond what might have been
expected in so warm a climate. The Brazilians have made similar efibrts ; having also,
with the assistance of Chinese labourers, attempted to propagate the tea shrub near Rio
de Janeiro ; and a small quantity of tolerably good tea has been produced. But owing
to the hign price of labour in America, and the quantity required in the cultivation and
manipulation of tea, there is no probability, even were the soil suitable to the plant, that
its culture can be profitably carried on in that country.
It might probably be successfully attempted in Hindostan, where labour is compara-
tively cheap, and where the hilly and table lands bear a close resemblance to those of the
tea districts of China ; but we are not sanguine in our expectations as to the result.
Species of Tea. — Manner in which they are manufactured. — The black teas usually
exported by Europeans from Canton are as follows, beginning with the lowest qualities :
— Bohea, Congou, Souchong, and Pekoe. The green teas are Twankay, Hyson skin,
young Hyson, Hyson, Imperial, and Gunpowder. All the black teas exported (with the
exception of a part of the bohea, grown in Woping, a district of Canton) are grown in
Fokien — a hilly, maritime, populous, and industrious province, bordering to the north-
east on Canton. Owing to the peculiar nature of the Chinese laws as to inheritance,
and probably, also, in some degree, to the despotic genius of the government, landed
property is much subdivided throughout the empire ; so that tea is generally grown in
gardens or plantations of no great extent. The plant comes to maturity and yields a
crop in from 2 to 3 years. The leaves are picked by the cultivator's family, and imme-
diately conveyed to market ; where a class of persons, who make it their particular
business, purchase and collect them in quantities, and manufacture them in part ; that
is, expose them to be dried under a shed. A second class of persons, commonly known
in the Canton market as " the tea merchants," repair to the districts where the tea is
produced, and purchase it in its half-prepared state from the first class, and complete the
manufacture by garbling the different qualities ; in which operation, women and childi'en
are chiefly employed. A final drying is then given, and the tea packed in chests, and
divided, according to quality, into parcels of from 100 to 600 chests each. These
parcels are stamped with the name of the district, grower, or manufacturer, exactly as
is practised with the wines of Bordeaux and Burgundy, the indigo of Bengal, and inany
other commodities; and, from this circumstance, get the name of chops, the Chinese
4 D 2
1
1
I • .
1 :„
ill ■'
fli
t '
i l\\ i
rs
h ?1 1
Ji)' ':,
ill lis
N 1'
M
Mmi
1140
TEA.
M I
|l 1-
' I
term for it scai or signet. Some of the leaf-lHuls of tlie (incst black tea plants arc
picked early in the spring, before tlicy expmicl. 'I'hese constitute pekoe, or bhiek tea
of the hifrliest quality; sometimes called "wliite-blo.ssom" tea, from there being inter-
mixed with it, to give it a higher perfume, a few blossoms of a species of olive ( Olea
fragrant), a native of China. A second crop is taken from the same plants in the be-
ginning of May, a third about the middle of June, and a fourth in August ; which last,
consisting of large and old leaves, is of very inferior flavour and value. The younger
the leaf, the more high flavoured, and consequently the more valuable, is the tea. With
soine of the congous and souchongs arc occasionally mixed a little pekoe, to enhance
thi'ir flavour; and hence the distinction, among the London tea dealers, of these sorts of
tea, into the ordinary kinds and those of " Pekoe flavour." liohea, or the lowest black
tea, is partly composed of the lower grades ; that is, of the fourth croj) of the teas of
Fokien, left unsold in the market of Canton after the season of exportation has passed ■
and jiartly of the teas of the district of Woping in Canton. The green teas are grown
and selected in the same manner iis the black, to which the description now given more
]>articulurly refers ; and the diifercnt qualities arise from the same causes. The gun.
powder here stands in the place of the pekoe ; being composed of the unopened buds of
the s]>ring crop. Imperial, hyson, and young hyson, consist of the second and third
crops. The light and inferior leaves, separated from the hyson by a winnowing machine,
constitute hyson skin, — an article in considerable demand amongst the Americans. Tlie
process of drying the green teas differs from that of the black ; the first being dried in
iron jiots or vases over a fire, the operator continually stirring the leaves with his naked
hand. The operation is one of considerable nicety, particularly with the finer teas; and
is performed by p -rsons who make it their exclusive business.
Tea Trade in Cliiiiu. — The tea merchants commonly receive advances from the Hon"
merchants and other capitalists of Canton ; but, with this exception, are altogether in-
dependent of them; nor have the latter any exclusive privilege or claim of pre-emption.
Tliey are very numerous ; those connectwl with the green tea districts alone being about
400 in number. Tlie black tea merchants are less numerous, but more wealthy. The
greater part of the tea is brought to Canton by land carriage or inland navigation, but
chiefly by the first ; it is conveyed by porters; the roads of China, in the southern pro-
vinces, not generally admitting of wheel carriages, and beasts of burden being very rare.
A small quantity of black tea is brought by sea, but probably smuggled; for this
cheaper mode of transportation is discouraged by government, which it deprives of the
transit duties levied on inland carriage. The length of land carriage from the prin-
cipal districts where the green teas are grown, to Canton, is probably not less than 70!)
miles ; nor that of the black tea, oyar a more mountainous country, less than 200 miles.
Tlio tea merchants begin to arrive in Canton al)out the middle of October, and the busy
season continues until the beginning of March ; being briskest in November, December,
and January. Tea, for the most part, can only be bought from the Hong or license(i
merchants ; but some of these, the least prosperous in their circumstances, are supported
liy wealthy outside merchants, as they are called ; and thus the trade is considerably
extended. The prices in the Canton market vary from year to year with the crop, the
stock on hand, and the external demand, as in any other article, and in any other market.
After the season is over, or when the westerly monsoon sets in, in the month of March,
and impedes the regular intercourse of foreigners with China, there is a fall in the price
of tea, not only arising from this circumstance, but from a certain depreciation in quality,
from the age of the tea ; which, like most other vegetable productions, is injured by
keeping, particularly in a hot and damp climate.
Foreign Trade in Tea. — There seems to be little mystery in the selection and pur-
chase of teas ; for the business is both safely and effectively accomplished, not only by
the supercargoes of the American ships, but frequently by the masters ; and it is ascer-
tained from the sales at the East India House, that there is no difference between the
qualities of the teas purchased by the commanders and officers of the Company's ships,
without any assistance from the officers of the factory, and those purchased for the Com-
pany by the latter. An unusual degree of good faith, mdeed, appears to be observed,
on the part of the Chinese merchants, with respect to this commodity ; for it was proved
before the select committee of the House of Commons, in 1 830, that it is the regular
practice of the Hong merchants to receive back, and return good tea for, any chest
or parcel upon which any fraud may have been practised, which sometimes happens
in the conveyance of the teas from Canton on board ship. Such restitution has occa-
sionally been made even at the distance of 1 or 2 years. The Compnny seem to enjoy
no advantage over other purchasers in the Canton market, except tlia; which the largest
purchaser has in every market, viz. a selection of the teas, on the payment of the samu
prices as others ; and this advantage they enjoy only as respects the black teas ; for tlie
Americans are the largest purchasers of green teas.
We subjoin a Table for calculating tiie cost of tea : —
^-V-
TLA.
nil
Comparlion of Uic Co»t of Tea i-cr ritul (1334 lln. Avolr(lu|HiU\ with the lUto per Pound and Ton nl
!l Cwt. or r.UOH I'oiiiiilii iHT Ton.
Par ricul.
IVr Lk
!<• piT Dul.
I'er Ton.
Kirh. «<
3d. |>«r I>o1.
Each. 4f
Per Lb.
id. fa Dul.
Per Ton.
Ki< li. 4f
Per I.b.
,'.<i.
|>er Dol.
Kiih. *:
Pur I.b.
lid. per Ilul.
IVr Tun.
I'er I.b.
IVr Ton.
P
tr Tun.
Tiifli.
d.
L. f.
tl.
d.
/,. <. -/.
i).
/,.
«.
.(.
(/.
~
<. 1/.
>/.
/.. 7. il7\
V0«)ual
10
12
U
loi;v.'>
44 12 li
1M.N33
43
10
II0I2
1ft
7 li
ll-2.'.0
17 .'.
tl —
!?*
44 2
II
ll-l.'.ii
4ft 17 li
11 Mr;.
47
I'l
ft
llV.t
4H
13 lOJ
1I-M3
4!) 12 3
*i —
II
4'i 4
11 cs;
4!) 1 ■)
12:1 Ift
'«
1
12' lift
3
12-37,'.
,'>l M U
lU —
lit
4S (i
12'^1'.)
.'.1 r, 4j
I2I.'.H
.'i2
ft
ft
r^-ft'iH
;'•?
>i 7)
1 ■^■ll-.(i
.'. 1 ft U
SI —
12
.•til S
I2'7.'i0
.'.3 II
131100
•'>1
12
13 2'iO
13 0'
13- '.OO
.'ift 1 1
M —
!X*
.'■2 10
I3-2SI
.'..-I l.'i 74
I.V.'.ll
.'ift
17
ft
13S0'i
'.'>7
1!) 4i
1 |-0ft3
!>'l 1 3
«« —
13
■'•i 12
^^■HVi
■•■H 3
MUM
.'j!)
3
11. ■.'.I
U)
-. y
1 l'ft''i
ftl H ft
27 —
l.U
.'•(i 1 1
11-341
ftO 1 101
14 •(;■<■',
ftl
H
ft
Il-!!|lft
ft2
12 11
I.TIHH
<i3 I'l 9
•in —
•.
M Ifi
HH-'i
(i2 !l «■
I'rlftft
ft3
It
J.-i'l.'iS
ft!
IH ft
i,'.-;.'.o
ftft 3
•i'J —
Ji*
no iH
u
I'vlOli
ftl 14 U
l.'.-TliS
ft.'.
HI
ft
Ift-olo
ft7
4 lOj
Ift3l3
'M 10 3
30 —
I'l
(i3
I.5'!I37
(ift IH !)
Ift'V.-.O
fiS
.'1
Ift-.M.'^
ft!)
II .3
Ift S7-I
70 17 U
31 -
>M
(i.'. t
l'i'4'i!»
li'.l 3 4'
lft'7!ll
7o
10
ft
17111
71
17 71
17-4.''H
73 I U
32 —
ir,
r<7 4
I7-(H)0
71 H
17M33
72
Ift
17'fti'ft
71
4
IH-OllO
7'i 12
33 -
!!;»
(i'J 6
l7-.'..-.l
73 12 74
K'HT.'i
7'»
I
li
IS '^IS
7ft
10 41
lH-,'i(:3
77 11) 3
3» —
17
71 8
|N.0(I2
7'. 17 3
ISIIft
77
7
is; 70
7S
Ift 11
III- IV.'.
Sll ft fi
M —
I7i
73 10
IS-.HI4
7H 1 loi
lh!l.',H
7'>
12
ft
I1I-.-.23
HI
3 1
lll-ftSH
S2 13 1)
3ri _
IN
7.1 12
II) 12.'i
SO fi ft
lll-.'ilMI
SI
IH
l!ls7'i
H.3
1) li.
VO 2.MI
S.'i 1
37 —
iil*
77 14
I'J'Irtfi
H2 11 M
VIMIIl
HI
3
ft
211-127
S.'i
1.-. Ill
20-H13
«7 S 3
3H _
lu
711 1ft
2(MS7
«1 I'l 11
'^llv'iS3
Sft
<)
20-'l7')
SS
2 3
21-3;.'.
Sll 1,'. ft
3!) —
191
K| IH
20-7 1!(
N7 1
'.!I'I2,'.
SH
II
fi
Vl-.'i31
!.()
S 7\
2|-1I."H
112 2 U
10 _
20
N4
21 -v.')!)
H\i r>
21'ftftft
t'l
1)
220S3
-1)2
l.'i
22-JliO
■14 lU U
Tliiu, at 1<. 3d. iwr dollar, one tael i>er plcul Is o<iual to \J. per |ioiind
(lohea, vholc chciu
k do.
J do.
< ntiKnu chests
?4oiit')ionf{
Pekoe
II.
Usual Nett Weight and Mcasuriincnt of a Chest of difleront Dctcriptions of Tea.
'""'■■'■' " ' ■' " HV'V'if.
• taltli's 4S t.i.'iO
tVeigM.
catties 13H
— Hi
— 4«
— (i3 to ft4
— (iO - (12
— 41) • iU
.Sll/. Mtiii
feet H-li.M
_ .'rtl(
- .3-374
Hvson . - _ ,
ll'vson kkin - . ' — is - ,'>!}
.- -. . , 'rw.ink.iv, I011X ilii-nti - — ft2 -ft.'.
— 4-0S,'i 1 liuniHi'tiliT . . _ HO . H4
— 4-02'i I liniiiri.il - . . _ 70 . 71
— 4.3.53 ' VoiinK Hyson ■ . _ 70 . Ti
.s-.i/. lieu.
teet 4
— 4-12'.
— 4-Sftl
— 4-10(1
— 4-1171
— i-iiU
Rise and Puooukss of the Buitish Ti-:a Trade. — Consumption of Tea.
The late rise and present magnitude of the IJiitish tea trade are among tlie most
extraordinary iilienomena in the history of commerce. Tea was wholly unknown to the
Greeks and Romans, and even to our ancestors jnevioiisly to the end of the Kith or the
beginning of the 17th century. It seems to liave been originally imported in sinall
quantities by tiie Dutch; liut was hardly known in this country till after lf)50. In
l6'60i however, it began to lie used in coflee houses; for, in an act passed in that year,
a duty of 8d. is laid on every gallon of " cottee, chocolate, sherbet, and tea," made and
sold. But it is abundantly evident that it was then only beginning to be introduced.
The following entry appears in the Diary of Mr. I'epys, .secretary to the Admiralty : —
" September 25. 1661. I sent for a cup of tea (a China drink), of which I had never
drunk before." In 1664, the East India Company bought 2 lbs. 2 oz. of tea as a present
for his IMaje.sty. In 16C7, they issued the first order to import tea, direcletl to their
agent at Bantam, to the efiect that he should send home 100 lbs. of the best tea lie
could get ! — ( See the references in Mllbnrn's Orknt. Com. vol. ii. p. 5:50. ; Macpfier-
soii's Hist, of Com. with India, pp. l.'JO — ir)2. ) Since then, the consumption seems to
liave gone on regidarly though slowly increasing. In 1689, instead of charging a
duty on the decoction made from the leaves, an excise duty of 3s. per lb. was laid on the
tea itself. The importation of tea from 1710 downwards is exhibited in the following
Tables.
The great increase that took place in the consumption of duty paid tea in 1784 and 1785,
over its consumption in the preceding years, is to be ascribed to the reduction that was
then effected in the duties. In the 7iine years preceding 1780, above 180,000,000 lbs. of
tea were exported from China to Europe, in ships belonging to the Continent, and
about 50,000,000 lbs. in ships lielonging to England. But from the best information
attainable, it appears that the real consumjition was almost exactly the reverse of the
quantities imported ; and that, while the consumption of the British dominions amounted
to above 1:5,000,000 lbs., the consumption of the Continent did not exceed 5,500,000 lbs.
If this statement be nearly correct, it follows that an annual supply of above 8,000,000 lbs.
was clandestinely imported. It was well known, indeed, that smuggling was carried on
to an enormous extent ; and after every other means of checking it had been tried to no
purpose, Mr. Pitt proposed, in 1784, to reduce the duties from 1 19 to 12^ per cent. This
measure was signally successful. Smuggling and the practice of adulteration were im-
mediately put an end to, and the legal imports of tea were about trebled. In 1795,
however, the duty was raised to 25 per cent. ; and after successive augmentations in
1797, 1800, and 1803, it was raised, in 1806, to 96 per cent, ad valorem, at which it
continued till 1819, when it was raised to 100 per cent, on all teas that brought above 2s.
per lb. at the Company's sales.
The following statements show flic progress of the consumption of tea in this country
from a very remote epoch down to the present time ; —
4 D 3
»
' 1 '•
\
%
I '
i
Pi W '
1 !'
! "t
1 j
.' .
i 1
i
ii I
■
I ' I
h \
1 i
^ !.':i^
i i
■ f . ^ M
5
i
-1
'M
'■ i
IHQ
TEA.
. Account of the Quantity of T« retained for Homo Coniumptlon In Great Britain ftom 1789 to IRM,
and of the Quantity tliul paid Duty for Home Cuniumptiun In Ireland ftom IIUV to Ib'/T i ipeclfybiK
the Nett Produce of the Uutle* In each Country, and the Kate* of Duty.
Oreat llrluln.
Ireland.
J
Qii«ntlllM
QUUIIIIT
rhanii'd
with Oulj
for Home
Nctt Amountnf
nftalnad lor
lloiii* Con-
N«»l Amount of
Duly.
HatM of Duly.
Duly. {UrUith
Currmrj/.)
Rate* of Duly.
>•
•umition.
Coiuump.
Uon.
U>:
I,. : d.
IJiS.
t. 1. d.
Black :
Orirn : »
1789
H,r>.H,m\
5fii/.(»,ffl 11 fl
12/. 10«. per cent.
l.<)70,898
,18,038 14 3
4<f. iicrlb.
Orf.iierlb.
tfitto
17!(0
U,ti"J.),y<H
647,W30 4 8
—
!. 736,796
ai.l,J2 12 2
ditto
17!>1
15,(»<tti,H4()
607,430 8 4
—
1,994.787
4:),29.'> 12 4
4id:perlb.
ditto
6|rf. per lb.
17SK
15,H22,(H>'i
616,775 6 9
—
1,814,.';9H
ai.uo 8
ditto
17!13
1.0,y-H,9iI
609,846 6 6
^
9,\iS,ir,5
39,274 9 6
ditto
ditto
I7!)4
l(i,(»47,9fi.J
628,081 6 5
_
2.041,290
4.1.892 6 2
ditto
ditto
I7!W
18,3! •4,232
(•9.5,108 5 9
80/. per cent
2,970.701
(4,093 16 10
ditto
ditto
1796
18,009,992
877,042 13
rAtorabove2«.6(f. )
2,320,306
48,633 14 9
ditto
ditto
1797
1G,368,(H1
1,028,060, 9 7
3 per lb. 30/. per ct. f
5 Under 2*. 6</. per f
C lb. 20/. per ditta 3
f At orabi)ve2j. 6rf. )
2,199,254
60,817 8 fl
ditto
ditto
1798
19,566.!m
1,111.898 9 1
per lb. 3.')/, per ct. f
■ Under 2*. (></. perl
( lb. 20/. per ditto. )
2,953,240
103.016 B 5
ditto
ditto g
1799
19,906,510
1,176.861 9 9
rAtorabovc2j.6rf.')
2,873,717
101.727 11
5|d.pcrlb.
7</.perlb. 15
1800
20,358.702
1.152.2C2
1 per 11). 40/. per ct
J Under is. M. per
C lb. 20/. per ditto. 3
2,926,166
69,824 17 7
ditto
1
ditto »
All Sorts : \ "
Sold at or
Solit under
1801
20,237,753
1.287,808 « 6
(■Atorabovc2».6rf.)
per lb. 50/. per ct
Under 2». nrf. per
( lb. 20/. per ditto. .
3,499,801
135,852 3 4
above 2ji(irf
per lb.
,35/ per ct
ad vaL
li.W.
per lb.
20/. per ct.
ad vul.
180S
21,148,215
1,450,852 7 9
C At or above 2*. dd. '
3,576,775 182,214 17 7
38/. 10*; ~
23/. 10*. —
1803
21,&17,922
1,757,257 18 4
per lb. 95/. per ct
Under 2ii. 6rf. per
C lb. 65/. per ditto. .
3,239,937 172,355 15 6
ditto
ditto
18M
18,501,901 2,348,001 4 8
^
3,337,122 251,734 8 9
84/. 14t. -
r,u. 14*. -
rAtorabove2*.6rf.")
per lb. 95/. 2*. 6rf.
J
ditto \
1805
21,025,380
2,925,298 17 9
< per cent >
Under2jt.6rf.per lb.
3,267,712
411.825 1 4
dtto
L 65/. 'is. ft/, per do. J
1806
80,355,038
3,098,428 13 S
On all teas 96/. )
per cent J
2,611,458
348.242 7 2
ditto
71/. 14*. -
1807
19,239,312
3,013,221 11 S
3,.W5,129
476,9'19 4 3
ditto
ditto
1808
20,859,929
3,370,610 10
— .
3,706,771
.'■.,'54.685 1 7
ditto
ditto ;
1809
19,869,134
3,130.616 14 9
^^
3,391,603
462,088 12 3
ditto
ditto s
On all Teas : \ 5
1810
19,093,244
3,218.430 1 1
_
2,928.568
l,'i5.307 10 2
931. per cent, ad val. 1^
1811
20,702.809
3,249.294 9
—
3,517.384
502,816 16 11
ditto ^
181S
20,018,251
3.858.793 2 9
^
3,758,499
567,186 11 6
ditto :f
1813
20,443,226
f Customs' recoidi
{ destroyed.
} -
2,352,994
521,299 12 3
ditto ^
1814
19.224,154
3,428,236 8 4
3,387,019
.'529.818 7 11
96/. per cent ad valo.
1815
S'i!.378.345
3,526,590 18 3
—
3,462,776
.'■.31..'>00 IS 2
rem. and heiice-
1816
20,246,144
3,956,719 5
^
2.9<i0.580
405.777 16 3
forth the same as
1817
2(1,822,936
3,003,650 18 7
— •
3,111,035
427,713 7 3
in Great Britain.
1UI8
'3,660,177
3.362.588 10 1
f At or under 2«. per%
3.569,431
510,105 6 6
/
1819
22,631,467
3.256.433 12 10
1 lb. 96/. per cent
1 Above is. per lb.
( 100/. per ditta J
3,238,498
433.371 11 6
1820
22,452.050
3,128,449 17
^
3.1.50,344
398,742 5 4
1821
28.892,913
3,275,612 17 6
—
3,493,960
462,819 16 3
1822
33,911,884
3,434,292 19 10
—
3,816,966
511,299 5 8
1823
83,762,470
3,407,983 1 8
—
3.367,710
440,139 4 11
1821
23,784,838
3,420,205 11 11
^
3,387,510
445,271 15 11
1825
24.830,015
3,527,944 4 11
^
3,889,658
503,074 13 4
182fi
25,238,067
3,291,813 19 S
^
3,807,785
446,829 5 1
1827
26,043,223
3,263,206 19 3
—
3.887,955
442,382 14 10
1828
•26,790.481
5,177.179 8
_
1829
29,495,199
3,321,722 2 6
^
1830
30,047,079
3,387,097 18 9
_
1831
89,997,100
3.344,918 12 9
— .
1832
31,54«.409
3..'«)9,834 13 7
_
1833
31,829,620
3,444,101 18 1
—
• Thb amount includes all tea shipped to Ireland for consumption in that country subsequently to the
passing of the act 9 Geo. 4. c. 44.
TEA.
UiJ
II. Account of the Qunntlty of Tea rMnnliilng for Home Cnniumi)tion In flrcal Drltalii (torn 1711 to l"8(i,
olituhiitl l>y (U'tliiL'tlitK tliL' Uuaiillty oxiMirtvd Iron) thu U>i>">tlty lold at the C'uin|iuiiy'i Sate*.
U<4.
3,liH7,iilli
H,til>8,47;l
i.'MtK;,7i'>
lJ,gtiu,.')U)i
Ui.
/./«.
Lhi.
nil
i4i,<»n/;
1740
l,;i()«;,.J4!)
nru
4,!io«),.'i4fi
1715
lSi(l,i«9
17+.'>
«,'.'< It, l^J
1770
7,",^.)^i8
VM
i!.i7,!K)'»
vr,i)
'AlU.'WJ
177.-)
.'),47.">,45tH
KM
SMii-tlM
17.W
i,T.]><,\M
17«0
V«H.-";»
n.*!
6,J7,01S
17t)0
X.yyj.iilJ
17»l
3^)711,499
17;W
1,380,599
K.n. — W'c linvc extracted thli Bccount Trom that Riven (yom the Company'i recordi In Milhurn't
Oritiiliil Ciiiniiicrct' (vol. il. p. 'iH ). 'Jlicri' i.t nn account, I'lirnlahol l)y tlit- Exc i»o, of the (|iiaiititii'» ot
tea retalneil lor home eoiiiiiiiii|ili(in from I7','.'i lo \KH, in the .l/i/uiulix to llic I'iml Jtrporl i\f the (finniis-
tii)Hir.n nf JUi-iti' Jni/tiiri/. It a|i|n'ar», however, to involve »oiiie very material errors. 'J hiin, it re|ii('«eiit«
the conaiiinption I'roni ittiH to \ii'2, hoth incluNlve, an niuler '.'iiOiClKi IIm. n year, ut the name time that it
makea the conHiim|>tion, in the immediately iirecediOK and •ubHeqiient yeari«, above 4.0(<0,I)(JO IIin. 1
A ttatement of tliin Mirt it ohvioualy inuecurutej luid yet it it not uccom|iaiiied hy a aititjle renvurk or
explanation of any sort,
III. A Return of the ^uantitlea and Prices of the acvcral Sorts of Tea sold by the East India Comiiany,
in each Year during the present Charter (ist of May to Ut of May).
Ycui.
Uohen.
"onuou. j
Canii>ol. 1 SoucliimK. 1
Pvkoe. 1
Arjngt
AviTHue
.\Tcraue AferaKe
Averase
Quantity.
Prii-e |iCT
Quanllty.
Sale
Prit f |i«r
Quantity,
Prliei*r U>'»'>«"3'- Pr|,c|wr
Quantity.
Sale
Price Iter
I'uiiml.
Puund.
Puund, Puund, |
Puuiid.
Lin.
«. >l.
IM.
.. d. 1
Lh,.
t, d, 1 l.ln. 1 1. d. 1
IJ».
1. «(.
1814-15
397,909
2 10'20
21,283,549 3 2.55
1,(M)2,(X)0
3 4-tr7 , 1,520,035 1 a 7-51 1
2'.'.tJi!5
6 lO'tii
IHl.'.-lfi
8.39,198
2 1-37
17,908,827
2 11 02
82,3,507
3 494 1 982,816 3 6-,55
30.700
5 8-95
1810.17
1,597,276
2 556
14,8!I5,II81
2 lO-.TO
925,.550
3 173' 1.8<I2,1.-J5!
3 0-47
98,,5.i2
4 2-.5.-)
1817.18
1,972,736
2 5-73
15,736,003
2 11-82
8<i(i,304
3 3-12
2,018.058 !
3 2-88
7(i,.'i02
4 4,-16
1818-19
1,441,6*6
S 4-78
18,441,066
2 11-22
.533,8 J 1
3 4-49
l.l»!,0.".l
3 511
69,760
4 4-,-17
18I9-20
l,497r'>;'2
1 925
17,(i64,4:}3
£ 7-94
47!>,(-81
3 4-fi4
1,1(W,6()5
3 2-01
27,802
4 2-41
1820-21
2,.522,927
2 188
15,939,795
2 7-31
319,775
3 6-04
1.28.5,4!i6
3 2-96
133,9ty*
4 2.')3
18iil-M
3,.583,486
2 5-28
17,249,982
2 8-59
121,293
3 7-00
1,397,931
3 1-25
92,9.57
3 10 69
IH'A'-23
1,873,881
2 5-43
18,822,848
2 7-82
323,063
3 6-30
l,,-)9 1,668
2 1062
44,757
4 4-73
183^4
1,853,.394
2 41)2
19,006,;")94
2 8-06
242,.562
3 6;36
1,322,,326
2 11-82
46,(X)5
5 0-74
lHi!4-Si5
2,093,276
2 459
2(),.598,958i 2 7-90
227,722
3 88
473,476
3 474
8(),0'>1
4 3-26
isavze
2,713,011
2 0-.50
21,034,635 2 675
207,971
3 177
.547,128
3 128
148,038
4 84
lK2(i-27
2,.'-.88,124
1 7-02
20,472,625
2 4-73
166,701
2 904
475,7M6
3 2-17
165,842
3 601
1827-28
3,759.199
I 744
19,389,392
2 395
2y7,.346
2 9-31
448,163
3 0.53
280,.-!08
3 (iCl
18a8-!»
3,778,012
1 6-65
20,142,073
2 3-88
284,187
2 914
601,739
2 10-38
131,281
3 9-23
1829-30
4,845,826
t 632
18,402,118
2 3-26
474,735
2 2-24
298,819
3 3-6(1
li.'9,.5.54
3 923
18.30-31
6.096,153
1 10-03
17,857,208
2 3-15
431,455
2 3-17
277,067
3 076
2.5,3,101
3 9-<>2
1831-32 ' 6.474,833
1 106.5
17,734,257
2 2-77
273,289
2 1-92
447,799
2 1068
545,775
2 10-23
Years.
Twankay.
Hyton Skin.
Young
Hyson. Hyson.
(iunpowder.
Ayenae
Average
Average
Average
Average
Quantity.
8ale
Price vet
Quantity.
Sale
Price iwr
Quantity.
P,lcel«r Q""""!'-
Sale
Price per
QuanUly.
Price iwr
Pound.
Pound.
Puund. 1
Pound.
Puund.
Uu.
1. d.
Un.
«. d.
Lbt.
t. d, 1 LhM.
t. d.
/./i,i.
t. d.
1814-15
3,646,048
3 611
795,907
3 9.57
m
1,008,948
5 9-15
9,189
7 6-50
1815-16
3,784,868
3 306
708.2NO
3 5-26
. .
. •
1,059,225
5 575
1816-17
3,239,210
2 11-92
554,270
3 076
.
.
882,820
4 11-61
iC',a'i
5 0^3
1817-18
3,763,123
3 0-69
451,904
3 1-97
.
- •
9!'2,4,-J9
4 10-.54
1818-19
4,730,297
2 11-87
193,852
3 2-78
.
_
909.637
4 11-83
1819-20
4,288,.%5
2 10-83
161,919
3 4-;38
,
.
7(K),312
5 3-o6
1820-21
4,9(X),764
3 0-33
343.995
3 084
.
«
782,4821 5 6-04
1821-22
4.4<)1,778
3 1-48
225,6,'J6
3 1-89
_
_
l,044,ai6!4 8 53
1822-23
4,lf>5,896
3 4-77
205.658
3 3-99
.
.
8l6,h72;4 3 24
1823-24
3,967,206
3 5-71
259,209
3 4-72
.
_
980,7.53
4 323
1824-25
3,7.54,120
3 5-17
324,987
3 3-i;9
9,055
4 3-68
985,.">fi6
4 271
1825-26
3,768,4<)6
3 4-88
229,961
3 4-57
.
9.52,0!)i)
i 5 -,-58
1826-27
4,424,262
3 194
298,960
3 226
51,421
4 75
801,724
4 8-72
1827-28
4,-537,672
2 7-04
242,313
2 7-19
_
. .
l,01.-i.771
4 £-58
1828.29
4,101,845
2 5-72
213,993
2 384
•
_
1,014,923
4 175
645
6 6-51
1829-30
3,852,443
2 404
228,016
2 4-60
.
. .
1,071,278
4 J. -40
1830-31
4,.560,562
2 3-72
196,791
2 6-39
•
• .
1,047,748
4 :i-56
1831-,32 ' 4,463,3.52 1 2 3-()2
169,909 1 2 6 78
1,065
2 6-87 1 1,2-^,758
S 10-31
IV. Account of the Quantity of Tea entered for Home Consumption, the Rate of Duty, and the Nctt
Produce of the Duty, in the Year ended 5th of January, 18:14.
Year
ended
Siliof
January.
Lbs.WeiglitofTea.
Rateof DutT
on the Sale Price,
Total
Lbs. Weight.
Nett Produce.
Sold at or under
iia. per f.b.
Rate of nnty Sold atiovc
on the Sale Price. it. per Lb.
1834.
Lla. 1 L. 1 I.ht.
7,66-J.3.3,T P6 per cent 24.166,287
L.
100 per cent.
Ll>a. 1 /.. •. d.
31,829,620 3,444,101 18 1
It appears from the first of the foregoing Ta!;1ps, making allowance for the increase of
population, that the consumption of tea in Great Britain has heen about stationary, or
has rather diminished, from 1800 to the present period. This has been occasioned
partly, perhaps, by the increased use of coffee ; but more, we think, by the enhanced
price arising out of the increase of the duty, and the operation of the monopoly. In
Ireland, the consumption has been about stationary since 1801, notwithstanding the
population has more than doubled in tlie interval.
4 D 4
I
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1 '
%
i
;i
i
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i> t. r;
fi^«? ■;
^;:t!
liiL
1144
TEA.
III. East India Company's Monopoly — Inpluenck op, on thk Pkice of Tea
Conditions undeh which it was held — Abolition op.
From its origin down to the present year (1834), the tea trade has been monopolised
by the East India Company. Considerable quantities of tea have, indeed, been at
different times smuggled into tl o country; but no British subject, not authorised by
the Company, was ever allowed openly to import tea. Being thus the only sellers, they
had it in their power, by limiting the quantity brought to market, to raise its price
alwve its natural elevation, and to realise immense profits at the expense of the public
They might, no doubt, have declined availing themselves of this power ; but no such
forbearance could be rationally expected from the Company, or from any other body of
men. All individuals and associations exert themselves to obtain the highest price for
whatever they have to sell : and it is found that those who are protected from the com-
petition o( others, or who have obtained a monopoly of any market, invariably raise ihe
price of their commodities to a very high pitch. The East India Company have done
this, probably, to a less extent than most other bodies that have enjoyed such exclusive
privileges. Still, however, it is an undoubted fact that the teas sold hy them of late years
cost the people of Britain upwards of 1,500,000/. a year more than they would have cost
had they been sold at the price at which teas of equal quality were sold, under a system of
free competition, in New-Vo^k, Hamburgh, Amsterdam, Sfc. ! — (For proofs of this state-
ment, see former edition of this Dictionary, p. 1031.)
The legislature endeavoured, at different periods, to prevent the Company from
abusing their monopoly, by enacting regulations as to the sale of tea ; and though no
longer of any practical importance, it may still be worth while briefly to notice some of
the more important, and the means by which they were defeated. In 1 745, for example,
a very great deduction was made from the amount of the tea duties ; and by a statute
passed in that year (18 Geo. 2. c. 26.), it was enacted, in order to prevent the Company
from depriving the public of the benefit of this reduction, that ip case the tea imported
by the East India Company shall not always be sufKcient to answer the consumption
thereof i;i Great Britain, and to keep the price of tea in this coi.ntry upon an equality
with the price then of in the neighbouring Continent of Europe, it shall be Inwful for the
said Company, and their successors, to import into Great Britain such quantities of tea
as they shall think necessary from any part of Europe : and by another section of the
same statute, it is enacted, that if the East India Company shall, at any time, neglect
to keep the British market supplied with a sufficient quantity of tea at reasonable prices
it shall be lawful for the Lords of the Treasury to grant licences to any other person or
persons, body politic or corporate, to import tea into Great Britain from any part of
Europe.
Had this statute been enforced, it would certainly have restrained the demands of the
Company within reasonable limits; but it was very soon forgotten, and the Company
continued, as before, to sell their teas at an enormous advance as compared with their
prices in Hamburgh and Amsterdam.
The same well-founded jealousy, which dictated the act of 1745, was again displayed
in the proceedings at the reduction of the duties in 1784. It was then enacted (24
Geo. 3. c. 38.), that the East India Company should make 4 sales of tea every year, as
near as conveniently may be at equal distances of time from each other, and should put
up at such sales such quantities of tea as may be judged sufficient to supply the demand ;
and at each sale, the tea to be put up shall be sold without reserve to the highest bidder,
provided an advance of Irf. per lb. be bid upon the price at which the same is put up.
By another clause it was exacted, that it should not be lawful for the East India Com-
pany " to put up their teas for sale at any price which shall, upon the whole of the teas
so put up at any sale, exceed the prime cost thereof, with the freight and charges of
importation, together with lawful interest from the time if arrival of such teas in Groat
Britain, and the common premium of insurance as a compensation for the sea risk
incurred thereon." 'Ihe Company were further ordered to keep a stock, equal to at
least 1 year's consumption, according to the sales of the preceding year, always before-
hand. And they wee bound to lay before the Lords of the Treasury, copies of tiic
accounts and estimates upon which their orders for importation, prices for sale, and
quantities put up to sale, should be grounded.
1 he object of these conditions is obvious. They werw intended to secure a plentiful
supply of tea to the public, and to prevent its being sold at an oppressive increase of
price. But monopoly and low prices are altogether incompatible. The conditions now
referred to were, as to all practical pur^ioses at least, quite inoperative.
1. In ihe first place, the Corapany made various additions to the prime cost, <ind
consequently to the putting up price of their tea, which they ought not to have made,
but which the Lords of the '^te&nury, had they been so disposed, could hardly disallow.
TEA.
1145
They always, for example, charged the cost of the factory at Canton to the price of tea.
This establishment consisted cf about 20 persons, and cost at an average about 100,000/.
a year ! We do not presume to say that it was altogether useless. Undoubtedly, how.
ever, it m\ght have been conducted at half the expense. It is a fact, that the whole
American business at Canton has been transacted by the captains of the ships ; and
every one knows that they have had fewer disturbances with the natives than the
English.
2. In the second place, it was established by the evidence taken before the select com-
mittee of 1 830, that the Company had for many years thrown the whole losses arising
from their outward Investment upon tea, by estimating the value of the tael, or Chinese
money in which the accounts are kept, at the price which it cost for the purpose of
being vested in tea. This was a complete evasion of the provision" of the statute ; but
it was one which it was very difficult, if not impossible, to defeat.
3. In the third place, the obligation imposed on the Company, of keeping a year's
supply of tea in their warehouses, contributed both to raise its price, and deteriorate
its quality. From a return made to an order of the select committee of the House of
Commons in 1830 (First Report, A pp. p. 23.), it appears that the shortest time any tea
sold by the Company had been in store was 1 4 months ; and that, at an average, all the
teas 3old during the 3 years ending with 1829 had been 17 months in store. But,
according to the evidence of the most respectable American witnesses, the black and
coarser kinds of tea are depreciated at least 5 per cent, by being kept a twelvemonth,
and are, indeed, hardly saleable after the arrival of fresh teas from China. Adding,
therefore, warehouse rent, interest of capital, and insurance for 17 months, to the de-
terioration in point of quality, we may estimate the loss to the public, by this well-meant
but most injudicious interference of the legislature, at 15 per cent, upon the price of all
the teas sold.
4. In the fourth place, it is obvious, even supposing the prime cost of the Company's
teas had not been improperly enhanced, that the regulation obliging them to be sold at
an advrnce of Id. per lb. if offered, on the putting-upi price, could not be otherwise
than nugatory. Had the trade been open, private merchants would have undersold
each other, until the price of tea like that of sugar or coffee, had been reduced to the
very lowest point that would yield the sellers the customary rate of profit. But the Com-
pany was in an entirely different situation. Being the onli/ sellers, they invariably under,
stocked the market. Instead of bringing forward such quantities of tea as might have
occasioned its sale at a small advance upon the upset price, they adjusted the supply so
that the price was raised to a much higher elevation. Now, it will be observed, that alt
that this system of management put into the Company's coffers consisted of extra pro/it ;
for the putting up price embraced every item that could fairly enter into the cost of the
tea, including both interest on capital and insurance, and including also, as we have seen,
several items that had but little to do with it. To show the extent to which this source
of profit was cultivated, we may mention, that at the June sale in 1830, the Company put
up congou at Is. Sd. and 2s. Id. per lb. ; the lowest sort, or that put up at Is. Hd., being
sold partly at 2s, l^d., being an advance of twenty-two and a half per cent., and partly at
2s. 5d., being an aSvanf g of forty-five per cent. ; while the highest sort, or that put up
at 2s. Id., was sold partly at 2s. 2d., being an advance of four per cent., and partly at
3s. 7d., being an advance of no less than seventy-two per cent, above the upset price ;
that is, above a price calculated to yield ordinary profits. Mr. Mills, an intelligent and
extensive wholesale tea merchant, in a paper laid before the ncent committee. of the
House of Lords on East India aff'airs, showed, that the advance on the teas sold at the
Company's June sale in 1830, above the putting up price, amounted to 122,177/. i8s. Id. ;
and as there are 4 such sales in the year, the total advance must have beer, about
500,000/. ; and this was considerably under what it had been a few years previously '.
These statements show generally how the Company defeated the provisions of the act
of 1784, und, indeed, turned them to its own advantage. But, as already observed,
nothing else could be expected. It is nugatory to attempt to combine monopoly with
low prices and good qualities. They never have existed, and it is not possible they ever
should exist, together. Monopoly is the parent of dearness and scarcity ; freedom, of
cheapness and plenty.
Great, however, as was the sacrifice entailed on the people of Britain by the Com-
pany's monopoly, it is lioubtfiil whether it yielded any considerable amo-mt of revenue to
the Company. Every one, indeed, must be satisfied, on general grounds, that it was
impossible for the Company to make any thing like th:, same profits by the privileges
conceded to them, that would have been made by priv.Ue individuals enjoying similar
advantages. " The spirit of monopolists," to borrow the just and expressive language
of Gibbon, " is narrow, lazy, and oppressive. Their work is more costly and less pro-
ductive than that of independent artists ; and the new improvements so eagerly grasped
by the competition of freedom, arc admitted with sir w and sullen reluctance, in thoso
I
. r I
•It il
i!
! (-
i". • .?S
? M 'Ik
-. I
1U6
TEA.
proud corporations above the fear of a rival, and below the confession of an error. *
We have no doubt that the directors of the £>>-.t India Company were disposed to extend
its commerce, and to manage it according to the most approved principles, but they were
wholly without the me&ns uf giving effect to their wishes. They had to operate through
servants ; and is it to be imagined that the emphyis of such bodies will ever display that
watchful attention to their interests, or conduct the business intrusted to their care with
the unsparing economy practised by private merchants trading on their own account,
superintending their own concerns, and responsible in their own pr'.vate fortunes for every
error they may commit ? The affairs of the Company, notwithstanding the efforts of
the directors to introduce activity and economy, have always been nian!;ged according to
a system of routine. Their captains and mercantile agents were, we doubt not, « all
honourable men ; " but it were an insult to common sense t ^ suppose that they may be
compared for a moment with individuals trading on their own account, in the great .equi«
sites of zeal, conduct, and skill.
Several gentlemen of great knowledge and experience, who have careiuUy inquired
into the state of the Company's affairs, have expressed their dpcided conviction, that
they made nothing by the tea trade ! — the increased price at which they sold the article
not being more than sufficient to balance the immense expenses incident to the monopoly !
Perhaps this statement may be somewhat exaggerated, though we incline to think it is
not far from the mark. — (See ante, p. 535.) Taking, however, the accounts laid by the
Company before the late committee on Indian affairs, as they stand, it would appear that
the profits realised by them during the 3 years ending with 1827-28 amounted to
2,542,569^, being at the rate of 847,523Z. a year. — (Appen. to Second Report of Select
Committee of 1830, p. 95.) But we have already seen that the excess of price received
by the Company for their teas, over the price of similar teas sold at New York and
Hamburgh, has been above 1,500,000/. a year; so that, according to the Company's own
showing, tlieir monopoly occasioned an absolute toss of Gi2,^'"ll. exclusive of its mischievous
influence in lessening the consumption of tea, ano fn c '' i ing our trade with China to
less than a third of what it will probably amount •• • system giving free scope to
the energies of individual enterprise.
The renewal of a monopoly productive of such results was, therefore, wholly out of
the question. There was hardly, indeed, in 1833, an individual in the empire out of
the pale of the Company who was not anxious for the opening of the trade to China ;
and the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 93. — (see anti, p. 241.) — abolishing the Company's mono-
poly, and making it lawful for all individuals to import tea, was passed with almost no
opposition.
IV. DuxiEs ON Tea. — Consumption of, on the Continent and in the United
States, etc.
Down to the 22d of April, 1834, the duty on tea was an ad valorem one, being 96 per
cent, on all teas sold under 2s. a pound, and 100 per cent, on all that were sold at or
above 2s. Seeing that tea may now be considered almost as a necessary of life, this was,
certainly, a high duty ; though, as a large amount of revenue must be raised, we do not
know that it could be fairly objected to on that ground. But unrler the monopoly
system, the duty was, in fact, about 200 per cent, ad valorem ! For. the price of the tea
sold by the Company being forced up to nearly double what it won' ' have been had the
trade been free, it followed, inasmuch as the duty varied dirf ^^ tl, ; price, that it
also was doubled when the latter was doubled. The price of cor i it, Hamburgh, for
example, varies from Is. 2d. to Is. 4d. per lb. ; and had the «. i.ii.j';'.ny -upplied our
n^iarkets with congou at the same rate, it would have cost us, duty in< ' .d d, from 2s. 2d.
to 2s. 8d. per lb. But instead of this, the congou sold by the Company as been, at
an average, a good deal above 2s. per lb. ; and, the duty being as much, it has invari-
ably cost u» from 4». to 5s. per lb. Hence, though the duty was only 100 per cent, on
the Company's price, it was really above 200 per cent, on the price of tea in an open
market ! The mischief of the monopoly was thus aggravated almost beyond endurance ;
inasmuch as every addition made by it to the cost of the article, made an equal addition
to the duty on it.
?*ut this system is now happily at an end. The ad valorem duties ceased on the 22d
of April, 1834 ; and all tea imported into the United Kingdom for home consumption
is now charged with a customs duty as follows : —
Bohea - - - - . 1». (5A per lb.
Congou, twankay, hyson skin, orange pekoe, and campoi • . is 'Id. —
Souchong, flowery pekoe, hyson, young hyson, gunpowder, impcila'. and
other teas not enumerated - . - - . 3s. Oct. —
If we compare these duties with the prices of tea at New York and Hamburgh, they
will be found to be exceedingly heavy, particularly on bohea and congou. It is pretty
certain, that, at no distant period, bohea will be sold, exclusive of the duty, at or under
ms^^s^
TEA.
1147
u
1 s. per lb. * ; and supposing this to be the case, the pr sent fixed duty will be equiva-
lent to an ad valorem duty of 1 50 per cent. ! But to impose such a duty on an article fitted
to enter largely into the consumption of the lower classes, seems to be in the lost degree
oppressive and absurd. It will go far to neutralise the beneficial effects that would
otherwise result from the abolition of the monopoly ; and cannot foil, by confining the
consumption of the article within comparatively narrow bounds, to render the duty less
productive than it would be were it lower. Nothing can be more injurious, both in a
commercial and financial po.'nt of view, than the imposition of oppressive duties on
articles, the consumption of which would be materially extended by a fall of price ; and
that such is the case with bohea is beyond all question. The Company, by reducing its
price from about 2s. 6d. to 1«. \0^d. per lb. (which was, of course, accompanied by a
corresponding reduction of duty), increased the consumption from l,8Vi},881 lbs. in
ISaa-'JS, to 6,474,838 lbs. in 1831-32. Here we have the consumption more than
trebled by a fall of about 1<. 3d. per lb. And we have not the slightest doubt that a
further fall of 1». 3d. would, by bringing the article fairly within the command of a
vastly greater number of consumers, extend the demand for it in a much greater degree.
But it is hardly possible that such a reduction should take place, unless 6d. be taken
from the duty. We trust, however, that this may be done. / 1 1». per lb., the duty
would undoubtedly yield more than it will ever do at Is. 6d. We may also add that
nothing would do so much to weaken the pernicious habit of gin-drinking, as a fall in
the price of tea, coffee, ^^c. And it is not to be endured that the price 6f such desirable
articles should be raided to an exorbitant height by duties, that would be more productive
of revenue were they effectually reduced.
It has been wholly owing to their exorbitant prices, that notwithstanding the English
are the richest people in the world, and that the taste for tea in so very generally diflused
amongst us, we consume very little of the superior qualities ! Indeed, some of the finest
are not to be met with in our markets ; and while about a dozen kinds of tea are
regularly quoted in the Hamburgh, Amsterdam, and New York Price Currents, there
are never more than 7, and sometimes only 6, species to be met with here. Imperial,
a very fine green tea, regularly imported into America, and all parts of the Continent,
is unknown in the English market. Singlo, once imported by the Company, has dis-
appeared for about 50 years. Pekoe and gunpowder, the finest qualities of black and
green, are little known in the English market ; and have been only imported in small
quantities by the officers of the Company's ships.
The abolition of the monopoly will, no doubt, introduce a greater variety of teas ; and,
by lowering their price, will materially extend the demand for those of a superior qua-
lity. The fixed duty on the finer teas is, when compared to their prices, a good deal
less than that laid on bohea and congou. But a preference of this sort ought not to
exist, or to exist only in favour of the coarser teas, or of those consumed by the mass of
the people. A duty even of Is. on bohea would be very decidedly higher than a duty of
•3s. on imperial and gunpowder.
We subjoin an abstract of the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 101. regulating the tea duties. ,
Tea ttnportable into the U. K. from the Cape of Good Hope, Sfc. — From and after the 22d of April,
1S;>4, it snail be lawful to imtiort any tea into the United Kingdom from the Cape of Good Hope, and
from places eastward of the same to the Straits of Magellan, and not ttom any other place ^1.
Tea importaUe into British Possessions, S/c. — It shall be lawful to import any tea into any of the
islands ol Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, or Sark, or into the British possessions of America, from the
Cape of Good Hope and places eastward of the same to the Straits of Magellan, or flrom the United
Kingdom, and not from any other place. — ^2.
Duties Trom and after the S2d of April, 1834, the duties of excise payable upon tea shall cease
and determine, except as hereafter provided, and in lieu of such duties, there shall be paid the duties
of customs set forth in the Table following ; and such duties shall be raised, levied, collected, and paid
unto his Majesty, and shall be appropriated and applied in like manner as if the same had been imposed
by an act passed in the present session of parliament for granting duties of customs ; viz.
Tabte (^Duties on Tea in Warehouse, or imported into the United Kingdom :
TcJ, rlt. I- '■ i- I t. I. d.
Ilohea, (Mrlb.- • • •0161 Bouchonft, ftovrcn pekoe, hyvm, yonnff
Congou, twankaj, hjrson skin, oraiige pekoe, I hyson, gunpowder, imperial, and oUier
and campol, pnlb. • • •028) sorts not enumerated, per lb. • -030
Provided, that nothing herein contained shall alter or aflfbct the duties payable upon tea sold by the
Cast India Company at their public sales, prior to the said 22d of April, 1834 : provided also, that the
allowance commonly called draft, made by the commissioners of excise in the weighing of tea, shall
be made hy the commissioners of customs under the authority of this act — ^ 3.
Abatement for Sea Damage not allowed. — No abatement of duty shall be made on account of damage
received by tea during the voyage ; but it shall be lawful for tlie importer to separate the damaged
parts, and to abandon the same to the commissioners of the customs for the duty. .— ( 4.
Mixed Tea liable to highest Duty. — If diflferent sorts of tea mixed togctlier be imported in the
same package, the whole shall be liable to the highest rate of duty to which any of such sorts would
be separately liable ; and if 2 or more sorts of tea not perfectly mixed together be imported in 1
* The price of bohea in the New York market, in January, 1834, was from 13 to 16 cents per lb. ; that
is, about ^■9d. Should the price of bohea sink to this level in London, the duty would be nearly 300 per
cent on its value! — {Seepost.) .
> 1
/' V.
!'■'
% W
i I
QJi
r ■ :S i
\
I : ^- •:).
1148
TEA.
packsge, the fame shall be forreited, and may be sciied, sued for, recovered, and dealt with in the iamc
manner as any forfeiture incurred under any law relating to the customs. — ^5.
Importation of Tea to be under the Customt. — From and after the passing of this act. It shall be
lawful for the Votdt of the Treasury, by warrant under the hands of 3 or more of them, to order
and direct that the importation of tea, and the duties thereon, shall be under the management of the
commissioners of customs, instead of the commissioners of excise, and from and after the time speci-
fied in such warrant, the same shall be transferred accordingly : provided, that until the transfer of
tuch management, and cf the custody of tea in warehouse, shall be fiiily made under the directions of
the Lords of the Treasury, any act, &c. done or performed by, to, or with the commissioners of excise, or
their officers, shall have the same effect in law as if it had been done or pertormed by, to, or with the
commissioners of customs, or their officers, under the authority of this act; but nothmg hercin-before
contained shall alter or affbct any law of excise relating to licences for the sale of tea, or to permitR
for its removal, or to the internal management of tea by the excise, after the import duties have been
paid, and after it has been delivered out of the charge of the otticers of the customs. — ^ &
Treasury may discontinue Permiti for Tea and other Goods — It shall be lawful for the Lords of the
Treasury, by warrant or order under the hands of 2 or more of them, to discontinue the practice ot
Issuing permits for the removal of tea, and to make and establish any other rules, regn' itions, and
restrictions in lieu nf such practice, as shall appear to them necessary for the security of ' revenue ;
and all rules, regulations, and restrictions so made and established, shall have the force ol i.iw, as fully
as if they were einbo<lied in this act, and shall be obeyed and enforced in like manner as any rules,
regulatinns, &c. are or can be obeyed or enforced under the provisions of any act or acts of parliament
relating to the customs, or to the excise; and copies of such rules, regulations, &c. )hall be laid before
parliament — ^ 7.
Assessment of the Duties. — A gooii deal of discussion has recently taken place with respect to these
duties. It has been contended, that it will be impossible to assess them fairly ; and that it would be
better to establish a uniform duty of 2s. a |iound. We understand, however, that the ad valorem
duties formerly charged on teas imported into the United States, were collected with considerable
fairness; and wo do not see why the same may not be done here. But whatever device may be fallen
upon to obviate frauds upon the revenue, or to facilitate the collection of the duties, we protest against
its being attempted by an equalisation of the duties. The real objection to the present scale is, not
that the duties diff'er too much, but that they differ too little — that the duty on bohea is much too
high, as compared with that on the finer teas. The equalisation of the duties would, indeed, be a
proceeding too glaringly opposed to every fair principle, to be tolerated. Should it, however, be found
necessary to make any alteration in the duties, on account of the difficulty in the way of their isscss.
mcnt, the better way would probably be, to admit congou at the duty of Is. 6d. It is only in the sub-
stitution of congou for bohea, that any considerable frauds can take place ; and this would, of course
efTectuaily obviate them. This plan is objectionable, no doubt, from its leaving the duty on bohea
too high; but, as we have only to choose among difficulties, it is, perhaps, as good a one as could
be made.
Port Charges in China. — We expressed, in a previous article, (see anti, p. 241.) our doubts as to the
policy of the clause in the act opening the China trade, which authorised the imposition of peculiar
duties on the ships and goods engaged in the trade, for the purpose of defraying the cost of the esta-
blishment to be kept up at Canton. Soon after that paragraph was printed, an order in council, was
issued, fixing the duties in question at iis. per ton of tonnage duty, and 7«. per cent, on the value of the
Imports into anil exports from China. 1 hese were heavy charges ; and as the American and other
foreign ships resorting to Canton are not liable to any claims of the sort, their imposition on British
ships would have been most injurious to them. The order in council, being, in consequence, loudly
and justly objected to, was very properly withdrawn. An arrangement has since been made, by which
the expense of the factory is to be defrayed, * by the British government, and J by the East India
Company ; so that British ships will not be nahle to any charges, except such as are imposed by
the Chinese, and which fall on all foreigners alike. — (For an account of these charges, sec anli
p. 23*.)
Capacity of China to furnish additional Supplies of Tea. — It has been sometimes
contended, that the tea trade being thrown open, were the duties materially reduced, the
increased demand of this country could not be supplied, and that the reduction of the
duty would not really benefit the British consumer, but the Chinese government. Our
readers will hardly expect that we should enter at any length into the refutation of so
absurd a notion. At the commencement of last century, the entire annual consumption
of tea in this country, the Continent, and America, did not certainly amount to
500,000 lbs. ; whereas the consumption of Great Britain, the Continent, and United
States, amounts at present to about 50,000,000 lbs. ; and yet every one acquainted witli
the history of the trade is aware, that though the consumption has increased a hundred
fold, the prices in all open markets have been regularly declining, and even at the Com-
pany's sales they have lately been a good deal less than they were 5P or 60 years since.
We may, therefore, rest quite easy upon this point. The production of tea is rapidly
extending in China ; and the vast extent of that empire, its capacities for raising un-
limited quantities of tea, and the extent to which it is there used, negative the idea that
any conceivable increase of the consumption of this country should have any perceptible
or permanent influence on its cost price.
Retail Dealers in Tea. — Retailers of tea are obliged to take out a licence, which costs
lis. a year. In 1832, their numbers were, in England 76,713, in Scotland 13,701, in
Ireland 11,273 ; making, for the United Kingdom, a grand total of 101,687 !
Adulteration of Tea. — It might have been fairly enough anticipated, from the high price of, and
the high duty on, tea, and the facility with which it may be mixed up with foreign substances, that it
would not escape adulteration ; and the records of the courts of justice show that such is the case ;
several dealers having been convicted of this pernicious practice. The adulteration is usually effected
either by the intermixture of sloe or ash leaves with fresh teas ; or by mixing the latter with tea that
has been already used. The penalties on such oflbnces are stated below ; but the best, or rather the only,
security on which any reliance can be place<l, is to be found in the character and respwtabilify nf tlio
parties dealing in tea Even were he influenced by nothing else, it would be extreme folly in any person
carrying on an extensive business to engage in such dislionest practices ; for Ihey can hardly fail of
being detected; and the ruin of his business, that would follow such rxiwsurc, would fur mure than
tulaiicc whatever gainri he could hope to make by his fraudulent schemes.
so va'
gcst:
h.'ivir
rtpeji
We
VaM
The
1834.
Imiwria
llyson
Young 1
TE
forest
T^T
TEAK WOOD.
1149
h,
tr(c«, ftc.t nnd that tlioy wpre (gathered for nome other purpoKC
than that of ht>in|; fatirii-att'tl in iniitatlun of tea, shalt furfi'uA/.
for every |H>uni! in hit ]H)fMfiiiiun, or, on non|)avniunt, he com*
inittMl to prison — Sect. '^.
If an ufflciT of eicliie, or other ptrson, make oath that he
sus|'e>'ls heriM il.>ed, or othcrwite |>re|>art(l hi imitation of tea,
are hid or tmlKed in anv plai e, a Justlrv may issue a warrant
for seizin)! the same hv day or niftht, (In the night. In presenrt
of a constable,) to^^etluT with all w.-iuons, tut s, and pai-katfi-a
in which Ihey may be contained ; theherlra may he <liri'cteia to
be burnt, and the waKor.t, iStr. sold, an<l, at>cf dcduclinK ex-
penses, the proceeds to be share<l, i to Informer, and ^ to poor
of the parish. ()l»tructlnK such si'iture subjects the otiender
to a penalty of 50/., or not less than C n^r more than 12 months*
imprisonment.— Sect*3.
Herbs not to be burnt, if owner can prove, within 24 houn,
that they were gathereil with consent of proprietor of trees,
plants, or shrubs, and that they were not intended to be fabri-
cated In Imitation of lea. - Sect. 4.
Occupier of premises where hurhs arc found, liable to the
penalties, unless he can prove tliey were lodged without his
consent. ~ Sect* 5.
Ptnalllet nti Adulltriihn. — If any dealer in or selkr of lea
<*ye or fabricate any sloe or other leaves in imitation of teii, or
mix or colour leives of tea with terra Japonlcn or other inKre-
dient, or vend or expose to sale, or have in jKissesslon the same,
he shall forfeit for every pound of such adulteration, IIV. —
(4(:ro. 2. c. 14. t. 11.)
Every person, whether a dealer In or seller of tea, or not,
who shall d\e or fabricate any sloe leaves, liquorice leaves, or
the leaves ot tea that have been useil, or the leaviii of the a-th,
elder, or other tree, ahruh, or plant, in Imitation of tea, or
who shall mix or colour such leavei with terra Japonica, cop-
peras, sutfar, molasses, clay, logwoo<l, or other inKre<tlcnt, or
who shallsell or expose to sale, or have in custody, anv such
adulterations in imitation jf tea, shall for every pound forfeit,
on conviction, by the oath of 1 witness, before 1 justice, 6/. ;
or, on nonpayment, l>e committed to the house of correction
for not more than 12 nor less than 6 months. — (17 Oto. 3.
c. ■.:9. s. 1.)
Any |ri?rson havlni? In possession any quantity exceeding 6
pomtiis of sloe, ash, or elder leaves, or the leaves of any other
tree, plant, or shrub, );rten or manufactured, and shall not
prove to the satisf iction of the Justice hearing; the matter that
the same were gathered with the consent of the owner of the
Consumption of Tea on the Continent and in the United States. — Of tlie Continental
states, Russia and Holland arc the only ones in which the consumption of tea is con-
siderable. In 1832, the imports of tea into Russia amounted to 179,474 poods, or
6,461,064 lbs. The imports consist almost entirely of black tea. The consumption of
tea in Holland amounts to about 2,800,000 lbs. a year ; the duty on which varies from
lid. to 4^d. per lb. The consumption of France is not supposed to exceed 230,000 lbs.
Tiie importations into Hamburgh vary between 1,500,000 and 2,000,000 lbs., the greater
part of which is forwarded to the interior of Germany. The imports into Venice and
Trieste do not exceed a few cwt. a year.
The consumption of the United States exceeds 8,000,000 lbs. a year. Duties on tea
used to form one of the largest items of American revenue, having in some years pro-
duced 650,000Z. Their magnitude, however, was justly complained of; and it is jiro-
bably owing to this circumstance that, while the consumption of tea was for several
years pretty stationary in the United States, that of cottce increased with even greater
rapidity than in England. — (See ante, p. 310.) The secretary of the treasury of
the United States, in his Report for 1827, observed, — " The use of tea has become so
general throughout the United States, as to rank almost as a necessary of life. When
to this we add that there is no rival production at home to be fostered by lessening the
rmount of its importation, the duty upon it may safely be regarded as too high. Upon
some of the varieties of the article it considerably exceeds 100 per cent., and is believed
to be generally above the level which a true policy points out. A moderate reduction
of the duty would lead to an increased consumption of the article, to an extent that, in all
probability, would, in the end, rather benefit than injure the revenue. Its tendency
would be to enlarge our trade and exports to China ; n trade of progressive value, as our
cottons and other articles of home production (asid'> from specie) are more and more
entering into it. It would cau.se more of the trade in teas to centre in our ports ;
the present rate of duty driving our tea ships, not unfrequently, to seek their markets
in Europe, not in the form of re-exportation, but in the direct voyage from China. It
would also serve to diminish the risk of the United States losing any portion of a trade
so valuable, through the policy and regulations of other nations." These judicious sug-
gestions could not fail to command attention ; and the flourishing state of the revenue
hiving admitted of a very great reduction of duties, those on tea have been wholly
rtpealcd. As was to be expected, the consumption has since begun rapidly to increase.
We subjoin an account of the
Quantity and Value of the different Sorts of Tea imported into and exported from the United States
(luring the Year ended 30th of September, 1832. — (Paper* laid before Congress, 15th of February,
1833.)
Diflerent Sorts of Tea.
Imparts.
Exports.
Bohea - • • -
SouchonfT, and other black - - • -
Hyson skin, and other green - ■ ...
H vson and young hyson .....
Iini>erial, gunpowder, and gome* • • - • -
Total ....
Value ofteai imported and exported - - - -
rjit.
(!.37,.341
2,9(i(),764
l,34.'i,6(M)
4,112,919
819,9S2
IJn.
93,890
621,501
1.1,001
340,174
310,513
O.fOCCOO
1,279,402
llollart. ndlar: \
2,788,353 702,014 |
The following ia
1834.
Im|>erlal ■
itunpowdcr
Hyson
Young hyson
a statement of the wholesale prices of tea in New York on the 15th of January,
CtM: Dull, a:
. fi.'i to 1 per lb.
- 66 — I —
. 5fi _ 88 —
- 53 — 80 —
Hysonsklit
Souchong
Bohea
Ctvl: Doll. at.
- 25 to 60 per lb.
- 26 — 40 —
• 13 — 16 —
TEAK WOOD, OR INDIAN OAK, the produce of the Tectona grandis, al&rge
forest tree, that grows in dry and elevated districts in the south of India, the fiurman
■ I
i ^ I 'it
' .»'
1 M^
'■
ii 1
1150
TEASEL. — TIMBER.
■. ■ ii
!
cinpirt', FVgii, Ava, Siam, Java, Fee. Teak tlm)>er is by far the best in tJie East; it
works easily, uiid, tlioiigli poroii':;, i^ strong aiul durable; it is easily s<'-unoii»h1, and slirinki
vcrylittie; it is of "an oily iiaf. re, and, thcT-.-fore, docs not injme iron. IMr. CraufurJ
sjiys, that in comparing teak and oak togetlter, the useful qualities of the former will Im
found to preponderate. " It is equally stiong, and somewhat more buoyant. Its
durability is more uniform and deculed ; and to insure that durability, it demands less
care and iircporation ; for it may be put in use almost green from the forest, without
danger of dry or wet rot. It is fit to endure all climates and alternations of climate." — .
(See Trcdi/old's Priiiciplea of CarpeiUri/, p. 206. ; Crawfurd's East. Archip., vol. i. p. 4,51. ;
Rees's Cijvlopw.dia, SjC.)
The teak of ntnlabar, prodiired on the high table land of the south of India, is deemed the best of any.
It Ks the clowst ill its (ihro, aiul contaiiiii the largest quantity of oil, being at once the heaviest and tlic
most durable. This s|iecios of teak i.s used for the keel, timbers, and such parts of a shiji as are uiidor
water : owing to its great weight, it is lers suitable for the upper works, and is not at ail fit for s|iars, Tliu
teak of Java ranks next to that of Malabar, and is especially suitable for planking. The Rangoon or
Burman teak, and that of Siam, is not so close grained or durable as the others. It is, however, tiio
most buoyant, and is therefore, best fitted for masts and spars. Malabar teak is extensively used in
the building.yards of Bombay. Ships built wholly of it are almost indestructible by ordinary wpuraiui
tear ; and instances are not rare of their having lastetl from 80 to 1(H) years j they are .said to sail in.
diflbrently ; but this is probably owing as much to some defect in their construction, as to tlie weight of
the timber. Calcutta snips are never whollv built of teak ; the timbers and framework are always of
native wood, and the planking and deck only of teak. The teak of Rurma, being conveyed with coin.
parativel}r little dilliculty to the )>orts of Rangoon and Martaban, is the cheapest and ii\ost abundant of
any. It is largely exported to Calcutta and Madras (See Rangoon.) — {Private info 'I'lttdon.)
A species of timber called African teak is pretty largely imported into England, from the west coast oi
Africa. But, in jioint of fact, it is not teak, and it is destitute of several of its most valuable properties.
It is, however, for some purposes, a useful species of timber.
TEASEL, OR FULLERS' THISTLE (Ger. Weherdistel, KratzdUtel ; Fr. Char,
don d carder; It. Cardo da cardare ; Sp. Cardeucha, Cardo peinador). This plant,
which is cultivated in the north and west of England, is an article of considerable
importance to clothiers, who employ the crooked awns of the heads for raising the nap
on woollen cloths ; for this purpose they are fixed round the periphery of a large broad
wheel, against which the cloth is held while the machine is turned. In choosing tea-
sels, the preference should be given to tho.se with the largest bur, and most pointed,
which are generally called male teasels. They are mostly used in preparing and dressing
stockings and coverlets ; the smaller kind, commonly c^led the fullers' or drapers', and
sometimes the female teasels, are used in the preparation of the finer stufis, as cloths,
rateens, &c.
THREAD (Ger. Zwirn: Du. Garen; Fr. Fil ; It. Refe ; Sp. Hilo, Torzal; Rus.
Nitki), a small line made up of a number of fibres of some vegetable or animal substance,
such as flax, cotton, or silk ; whence its names of linen, cotton, or silk, thread.
TILES (Ger. Dachziegel; Fr. Tuiles ,- It. Tegole, Emhrici ; Sp. Tejas ; Rus.
Tscherepiza), a sort of thin bricks, dried in k<lns, and used in covering and paving
different kinds of buildings. The best brick earth only should be made into tiles.
(See Brkks and Tiles.)
TIMBER (Ger. ^awAo^z, Zj'mmcr; Lu Timmerhout; Fr. Bois de charpente, Bois d
hatir ; It. Legname da fahhricare ; Sp. Madera de construccion ,- Rus. Stroewoi Gess ;
Pol. Cembrowina), the term used to express every large tree squared, or capable of being
squared, and fit for being employed in house or ship building. In the language of the
customs, when a tree is sawn into thin pieces, not above 7 inches broad, it is called
batten ; when above that breadth, such thin pieces are called deal. Wood is the general
term, comprehending under it timber, dye woods, fire wood, &c.
Timber is generally sold by the load.
The following are the contents of the loads of different species of timber, hewn ana
unhewn : —
A load of timber unhewn
squared timber
1 inch plank -
11 inch plank
2 inch plank
. 40 cubic feet
. 50 —
. 600 square feet
. 400
. joo • —
A load of 2| inch plank
3 inch plank -
3^ inch plank
4 inch plank
- 240 square feet
- 200 _
- 170 -
- 150 —
36j Russian stand, deals 12 ft. long, 1^ inch thick, 1 1 inch, broad, make 1 load timber.
58^ Christiania ditto 11 — H — 9 — 1 —
S.^i Dram ditto 10 — l| — 9 — 1 —
3 Riga logs -- - - --I —
Price of Memel Timber per Load, in the Month of January each Year, firom 1813 to 1831.
Year..
Price
per
Load.
Years.
Price per Load.
Year..
Price
per
Load.
L, 1. d.
L. : d.
L. 1. d. L. 1. d.
/,. ». <l.
L. 1. il.
1813
10 10
to
11
1820
6 to 6 !i
1826
6 10
to
5 15
1814
10 10';
8 n,*
11
1821
6 — 6 S 6
1827
4 15
—
5 7 6
18 Id
__
8 \t,
182«
6 — S S
1828
4 15
•^
5 (1
1816
6
.
7
18«3
S 1,5 _ ft 17
1829
.5
—m
5 10 n
1817
son
__
6 10
1884
5 10 — 5 12 6
1830
4 17 6
—
5 2 fi
1818
6 10
_
6 1« 6
18M
5 15 — 6
1831
4 15
—
5 2 6
1819
6 15
—
6 17 fi
■■•MixmiMum e'.
p^w
=^ir^
1
TIMBER TRADE.
1151
The following were the prices of the principal specie* of timber in the London markets,
March, 1834, duty paid. —(For the duties, see Tariff.)
' per load
- prrlSO
• per load
earh
|ier ton
I,. I.
(i 10
M n
6 I)
S Id
5 7
36 (I
4
3 10
3 r,
3 7
3 a
3 ft
3 S
3 in
3 IS
U
6
7
A 10
(I
9
If!
3S n
37
xr>
5'i
xu
16 U
4. L.
O 10 7
(I . in
(I . N
n -30
- l!t
I) ■ n
I) -3H
-28
.
.
n .17
<. d.
lU u
u n
in u
(I n
II
O I)
a
la 6
n
I'i 6
n
10
I)
o
()
u o
n
n u
o u
u n
o
n
o
o
L. t. i.
Quebec red plnm, per ttand. hun. IK O o
jellnw — l» n O
white spiuce |ier ItiO 'i\ U II.
Dantili' <le<'li - each V6 U U .
Deal endH, &c. (jeneraUy S^Sdt the price
of deaU.
Rpars - - - - —
Lathwooil, Meirel. &c. • per l^thom R 10 n
Hritiih AnuTica - — 4 111 u '
h. : a.
16 II II
in III u
'a II u
30 u
Suve*, i»T I ,'KM, vU.
Uuehec pilie -
lihd.j-3d, and barrel J price of pipe.
9
a U
9a •
Virxlnia piiw
Iftd.
16 n
9 II
7
Ifi O
1 II U
4a
Ilhd
Barrel ...
Boftton pipe
Hlul. .
Qiiehcc pipe, of U inch
Hhd. and D.irrer, in proportion.
New Vork pipe. In bond
Hhd . .
Barrel
Dantzic crown pipe
Stettin criiwn pipe
Ilhds. 'i-.'i(ls, l>arrpl \ price
LonK headliiif;, 1 -3d, >liort headline,
\ price.
Memcl crown pijie - . . 160
Timber, HIkKi |ier load of aO cubic feet a 10
Alemei, Aic. - - 4 17 6
la
U
7 II O .
l.'.O .
lao .
\1 II
1'^
II o u
47 10 U
16
\'l u
10 o
o
s a
Teak, AfVlcan
Oak plank, Kuropcon
Ouebeo .
Fir, PiRa -
Ilaiitzic and Memel
Norway balka
rine, Uuebec red
yellow
New Brunnwick, yellow —
red • — .
MiramiclU yellow • —
Black birch 7 - . -
Miiple >American • —
A^h i . . —
Wainnrnt Ioks. 14 feet
Hiise.wrHHl
Mait», Ouebec re<l, 10 to 18 in. per loud
yellow, W in. and upwanli —
Kitta - - . _
Norway and Swedish - — .
riank, llantzic oak . . .^
Aleinel . ■ —
Dealt, (ietle, 14 ft. 3 In. by 10, per 120
8tockhclni — * —
(iottenliurgh,12ft.3in.by9 —
Christianin, lat and id —
Fritlerickshnl ■ —
Onefp, Archaneel • —
I'etershurx, llnnt/ic, or Memel,
per standard hundreil - 16 0-1900
If white wood, from 2/. to .V. less.
TIMBER TRADE. Having, in separate articles, described those species of timber
most in demand in this country, we mean to confine ourselves in this article to a few re-
marks on the policy of the regulations under which the trade in timber is conducted.
I. Importance of a cheap Supply of Timber. — It is surely unnecessary to enter into
any lengthened statements on this head. If there be one article more than another
with which it is of primary importance that a great commercial nation like England
should be abundantly supplied on the lowest possible terms, that article is timber. Owing
to the deficiency of our home supplies, most of the timber, with the exception of oak,
required for building ships and houses ; and most part, also, of that employed in the
construction of machinery ; is imported from abroad. Any individual acquainted with
the purposes to which timber is applied, but ignorant of our peculiar policy with respect
to it, would never, certainly, imagine that such an article could be vnade the subject of
oppressive duties, and of still more oppressive preferences. Timber is not to be looked at
in the same light as most other commodities. It is against all principle to impose
duties on materials intended to be subsequently manufactured ; but timber is the raw
material of the most important of all manufactures — that of the instruments of produc-
tion ! Suppose it were proposed to lay a heavy tax on ships, wagons, looms, or work-
shops when completed, would not such a monstrous proposal be universally scouted ? And
yet this is what is really done. The finished articles are not, indeed, directly taxed ;
but the principal material of which they are made, and without which they could not
be constructed, is burdened with an exorbitant duty ! To dwell on the absurdity of
such a tax would be worse than useless. Of all things essential to the prosperity of
manufacturing industry, improved and cheap machinery is the most indispensable.
Most individuals amongst us are ready enough to ridicule the contradictory conduct of
the French government, who, at the very moment that they are endeavouring to bolster
up a manufacturing interest, lay enormous duties on foreign iron, and thus double or
treble the price of some of the most important manufacturing implemei s. Timber is
however, of quite as much importance in this respect as iron ; and our conduct in bur-
dening it with exorbitant duties partakes as largely of the felo-de-se character as that of
our neighbours ! Indeed, as will be immediately seen, it is decidedly less defensible.
Some plausible, though inconclusive, reasonings might be urged in defence of duties on
iron and timber, were they imposed for the sake of revenue: but even this poor
apology for financial ignorance and rapacity cannot be set up in defence of the iron
duties of France or the timber duties of England. The former, however, are the least
objectionable ; they were imposed, and are still kept up, to encourage the production
of iron in France : whereas the duties on timber in England have been imposed for
the sake, principally, of promoting the lumber trade of Canada, and of forcing the em-
ployment of a few thousand additional tons of shipping ! We do not sacrifice the goose
for the sake of the golden eggs, but for the sake of the offal she has picked up.
2. Origin and Operation of the discriminating Duty in favour of American THmber. —
The practice of encouraging the importation of the timber of Canada and our other
possessions in North America, in preference to that of foreign countries, is but of recent
growth. It took its rise during the administration of Mr. Vansittart, and bears in
every part the impress of his favourite policy. The events that took place in 1808
having seriously affected our previous relations with the Baltic powers, a deficiency in
the accustomed supply of timber began to be apprehended ; and the ship owners and
i
I I
•■I
11' t'
\\-
Ut
1152
TIMBER TRADE.
Canada mcicnuni!) naturuny cnoiigli availed tlicmselvvs of tliis circumstance, to excite
the fears of the ministry, ond to induce them to change tlie fair and lil>eral system on
which the trade in timber had been conducted down to that time, by granting extraor>
dinary encouragement to its importation from Canada. Even as a temporary expedient,
applicable to a peculiar emergency, the policy of giving any such encouragement is
extremely doubtful. Supposing timber not to have been any longer obtainable from
the north of Europe, its price would have risen, and it would, of course, have been
imported from Canada, the United States, or wherever it could be had, without any
interference on the part of government. But, in 1809, a large addition was made to
the duties previously charged on timber from the north of Europe, at the same time
that those previously charged on timber from Canada and our other possessions in
America were almost entirely repealed ; and in the very next year (1810), the duties
thus imposed on Baltic timber were doubled I Nor did the increase of duties on such
timber stop even here. In 1813, after Napoleon's disastrous campaign in Russia, and
when the free navigation of the Baltic had been restored, 25 per cent, was added to the
duties on Europeui> timber ! The increase of the revenue was pleaded as a pretext *')r
this measure ; but \i'e believe it was really intended to augment the preference in fa* ur
of Canada timber ; for how could it be supposed that an increase of the duties on an
article imported from a particular quarter of the world, that was already taxed up to
the very highest point, could add any thing considerable to the revenue, when a con-
vertible article might be imported from another quarter duty free ? The various duties
laid on European timber amounted, when consolidated by the act 59 Geo. .']. c. 52.,
to .']/. 5s. per load.
Admitting, for the moment, that the peculiar and unprecedented aspect of things
in 1808 and 1809 warranted the giving of some preference to the importation of
timber from Canada, such preference should plainly have ceased in 181:3. So long
as the communication with the bridge is interrupted, we may be forced to use a boat
to cross the river ; but when the communication is again opened, and when there is not
the remotest chance of its future interruption, it would be a singular absurdity to
refuse to resume the use of the bridge, and to continue the costly and inconvenient
practice of being ferried over ! This, however, is exactly what we have done in the
case of the Canada trade. Because a fortuitous combination of circumstances obliged
us, upon one occasion, to import inferior timber at a comparatively high price, we resolve
to continue the practice in all time to come ! The history of commerce aflbrds no parallel
display of gratuitous folly.
The absurdity of this conduct will appear still more striking, if we reflect for a moment
on the peculiar situation of the countries in the north of Europe. The nations round
the Baltic have made little progress in manufacturing industry. They abound in
valuable raw products; but they are wholly destitute of the finer species of manu-
factured commodities, and of colonies. Nor have they ony reoi fi^ducement to attempt
supplying themselves directly with the former, or to establish the latter. Their iron and
copper mines, their vast forests, and their iir'<mense tracts of fertile a.^d hitherto unoc-
cupied land, afford far more ready and advantageous investments foi their deficient
capital, than could be found in manufa'>tures or foreign trade. Russia and Prussia have,
indeed, been tempted, by our corn and timber laws, to exclude some species of manu-
factured goods ; but it is not possible that they should succeed in materially limiting
our exports to them, provided wc do not second their efforts by refusing to admit their
products.
Of all the countries in the world, there is obviously none which has so many facilities
for carrying on an advantageous trade with the North as Great Britain. VVe have a
surplus of all those products of which Russia, Pt assia, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway
stand most in need ; and, on the other hand, they have a surplus of many of those
of which we are comparatively destitute, l^ie immense traffic we carry on with the
Baltic does not, therefore, depend in any considerable degree on artificial or accidental
circumstances. It does not rest on the wretched foundation of Custom-house regulations
or discriminating duties, but on the gratification of mutual wants and desires. It has
been justly remarked by the Marquis Gamier, the excellent translator of the " Wealth
of Nations," that no inconsiderable portion of the increased power and wealth of
England may be traced to the growing opulenrc of Russia But the Russian empire
is yet only in the infancy of civilisation ; she must continue for a very long period to
advance in the career of improvement, and it will be our own fault if we do not reap still
greater advantages from her progress.
Such is the nature of that commerce against which the discriminating duties on
timber from the north of Europe aimed a severe blow ! In 1 809, when this system
began, 428,000 tons of British shipping entered inwards from the Baltic. In 1814,
the year after the 25 per cent, of additional duty had been imposed on Baltic timber,
and when all the ports of that sea were open to our ships, only 242,000 tons of British
^
TIMBER TUADE.
l\53
shipiiing cntcri-il inwartls — Ix-iiiR little moro than tlic half of wliut it Bmouutcd to when
the system l)ef,'an. In IHUi, the IJritisli shipping entered inwards from the Unltic
amounted to 181,000 tons. It was materially au^^mented in IHIS and 1819, in con-
sequence of the failure of the crops in this country in 1817 and 1818; but even in 1819
the entries inwards were 55,000 tons under what they had heen 10 years before !
By diminishiii}.' our imports from the northern nations, the high discriminating duty
on timber necessarily diminished our exports to them in the same proportion.
Tlie following extract from the evidence of Mr. Edward Patzcker, a merchant of
Memel, given before the connnittee of the House of Commons on the foreigit trade
of the country, in 1821, shows the effect that the increased duties on timber had on the
commerce with Prussia : —
" 11.14 there been a Rrcat alteration in the timl)er trade between Mcmcl and tlii« country of late yearj » "
— " Since the war, a great alteration ; l)efore the war wc u«cd to have 1)50 to 1,0()0 Kngliih ships in 1
year, aiul sinoe the war we have had from 2(X) to .'iOO only."
" When you talk of 900 ships, do you mean 900 ships trading between Great Britain and Memel? " —
" ^es."
" Do you mean that number of cargoes were loaded in the year for England ?" — " Yes."
" How many cargoes were loaded for Great Britain during the last year (1820) i"' — " About 270 or 2«0
cargoes j there have not been more."
" To what cause do you nttrilmte that diminution in the trade ?" — " To the high duties in England •
for formerly the duties were only Ifis. and some pence ; now they are 31. 5t. in a British, and 31. Hs. in a
foreign ship."
" Has that diminished trade in timber produced a great alteration in the cirrumstances of the people
of Prussia?" — " Yes: for it is the only trade which we can carry on ; wheat and all the rest of our
articles cannot be brought here ; timber is the only one that can be brought, and the trade Oom Poland
has very much cciiscd in consequence of the diminished demand for it; the people cannot sell their gomi*
and we cannot take such quantities of timber as we used to do : and, therefore, they cannot take English
goods from us."
" If such an alteration was to take pli-ce in the duties on timber in this country, as to give the Prussian*
a larger share of the tri-de than they r.c present enjoy, do you think that would protluce increased friendly
feelings on the part o! the people of your country to the people of this country ? "_" It would. Theff
would certain/!/ take fur nwc guoils from hence, as they could get better rid of them. The Poles, also,
would take more of tt\t^T:,.- — {Jtepurt, Dtli of March, 1821, p. 107.)
The effect that the increased duties had on the trade with Norway and Sweden,
aggravated as they in some degree were by an absurd method of charging the duty on
deals, was still more striking and extraordinary. These countries had few products,
except timl)er and iron, to exchange for our commodities ; and as neither of these could
be advantageously imported into England under the new system, the trade with them
almost entirely ceased ; and they were reliictajitly conipel'ed to resort to the markets of
France and IloUand for the articles they had foimerly imported from us. In jjroof of
this, we may mention, that the exports to Sweden, which had amounted ii> 1814 to
511,818/., declined in 1819 to 46',65fi/. ; and the exports to Norway, which had in 1815
amounted to 199,902/., amounted in 1819 to only fi4,741/.* — (Lords' Jieport on the
Fonign Trade of the Countri/, ad of July, 1820, p. 34.)
This extraordinary falling off in so very important a branch of our commerce having
been established beyond all question by the evidence taken before the committees now
referred to, an approach to a better system was made in 1821, when the duty on
timber fiom the north of Europe was reduced fi-om 3/. 5«. to 21. 15s. per load, at the
same time that a duty of 10^. per load was laid on timber from British America. This,
however, was a comparatively inefiicient measure. It was stated, to be sure, at the
time, that the 2/. 5s. per load of e.<cess of duty that was thus continued on Baltic
timber over that laid on timber imported from Canada, was not more than enough to
balance the higher prime cost, the greater freight, and other charges consequent upon
the importation of the latter ; and that it would, therefore, be in future indifferent to
a merchant whether he imported titnber from Memel or Miramiehi ! In point of fact,
however, the discriminating duty continued in favour of Canada timber has been far too
high to allow of this equalisation being effected. So much so is this the ease, that there
have been instances of ship , 1 ading with timber in the north of Europe, carrying that
timber to Canada, and then bn i^^irg it to England as Canada timber ; the difference ot
duty having been about sufficient to indemnify the enormous expense of this round-
about voyaj-9 ! We do not mean to say that this has been a common practice ; but what
are we to think of a commercial regulation that admits of such an adventure being under-
Jiken with any prospect of success ? Admitting, however, that the duty had been adjusted
so as to have Iiad the anticipated effect, could any thing be more preposterous and alisurd
than to impose it on such a principle? There are mines of coal in New Holland; but
• Even at present, the official value of the total exports, including colonial produce, from the United
Kingdom to Sweden, does not exceed 160,(!00/. a vear. Our exports of all soits to Norway amount toal)out
].')0,00(J/. a year, while our imports hardly amount to 85,000/. In fact, were it not that Norwav tit'ds means
of paying us by drafts on Holland, into which her produce is admitted, she could import almoK nothing
from England. The injury done to our commerce with thete two nations, by our heavy discriminating
duties on the principal equivalent they have to give in exchange for commodities brought from abroad,
was placed in a very striking point of view by Lord Althorp, in tlie debase on the timber duties, the 18th
of March, 1831.
4E
■|!|P
if: l\\
li*
i
i^4i
ii
-!.
II 'i
i\rA
TIMHIill THADi:.
I;
^1
what sliould w.' tliiiiki were nn attempt inaiU' to impose such duties on coals from New-
castle as should render it iiuliU'orent to a London nieieliaiit whetlier ho imjjorted n carj^o
of coal from the Tync or IJotany Hay? N'ow, the case of tlie timher duties is, in point of
princii)le, precisely the same. We may obtain timher from countries so near at hand
that our sliips may make 3, 4, .5, and even G voyages a year to them • ; and we refuse to
admit it unless loaded with a duty that raises its price to a level with ♦.hat is brourrlit
from the other side of the Atlantic — a voyage which our ships cannot, at most, perform
above twice a year !
The following official account shows the extent to which the system of preference has
l)cen carried : —
An Account of tlio Hates of Duty payable hi Great Britain on tlie Principal Articles of Wood.
Timlicr.
Balteni, C>, and not cxiwdinK l(i feet
lonjr, and not excevdlnf; *^i inches
«hlck • - IHT I'^i)
Ifi, and not exceedlni; 21 rc^t limit,
and not «xcwdintf V| Inches Ihick,
per \'ii)
exceeding 21 feet lonx, oir if exrtieil-
ina 'H inches thick ■ per Vil)
Deali, », and unt above 11) fi«t Ions,
and not exceeding; 1^ inch tliliK,
per ViO
G, and not above 1 Ci feet lonffr antl not
exceodinK 3^ inches thick, per 120
16, and not exceettini; 21 feet loniz,
.■Hii ■ ■
Of
Of the
, Hrltish
ToreiKn riant -
Countries, atjuns in
Aiiuriia.
/-. «. d. L. I. a.
10 10
II 10 1 3
2.) 2 O
8 2 6
19 2
Timber.
I or
Torpipn
iCuunliTcA.
and not exceediiiff V^ inches thicV,
lier 120 i 22
21, and not aliove l.') feet lonf?, and
not rxceedinK 3^ inches thick, I
i.ir 120 .11
exccedinu 45 feet lonff, or auov,.* .1i
jer ft
liichea thick (not lielnii tlint>er ^
inches ftquare ur nnwarus) the load
ciintiilning SOculiic feet
and further, the 120
N.B.— There is no cinss of ilea's bronnht
from the uolimtcs of the same
dimensions as the 2 previous
classes ; hut the preference on those
th U do come corresponds to its
amount on other articlea. — (See
Taiufi'.)
Deal ends, under f> feet long, ami not I
exceetlinj; ."U IncheA thick, per 120
and exceeuing 3:^ inches thick, p<*r
2 10
6
COO
120 12 O
2 10
15
1 10
I.athwooil, in piece* under .*> feel InnK,
per fathom
.'i, and undi'r S feol long —
H, nnil imder 12 feet lonjs —
12 iHet lon^ and upwards —
^Lists, (J, and under H inches in diame-
ter • - • each
8, and under 1 2 inches in diameter,
each
12 Inchea In diameter or upwards
per toad
Oikplnnk, 2 inches thick or upwarils —
s wrs, under t inches in diameter, and
..ider 22 feet lonK • IRT 120
and 22 feet lonf; or upwards,
|ier 120
■l, and nntler Inches In diameter _
Staves, not exceeding 36 inches lonx —
ahove 36, and not exceeding 50
inches long - • per 120
above W, and not excecdnv; 60
Inches lon;4 . - per 120
aliove 60, and not exceeding 72
Inches long - - (ler 120
ahu.'M 72 Inches long - _
.V.B. — Stale, of the I'nlted Htiites of
Americ.i, of I'lorida, of the Ionian
Islmds, or of the Itrltish colonies, and
not exceeding IJ Inch in thickness,
arc charueahle with l-3dpart oiilv
of the alwve rates.
Fir, 8 Inches square or upwards, per toad
Oak do. . - _
I Iiienuineratod do. - —
Wainscot logs, 8 inches square or up-
war<ls • - • per lond
L. I, d.
•15
6 16 II
11) I
13 12 U
8
1 2
2 15
4
2 8
1 5
U II O
13
2 G
3
4 4
I 16
2 15
2 15
1 8
3 1.-
Of th
Hriil»
Plant
a' ions
.\nu'rl
e
1
n
•a.
T.
L.a.
15
1
n
4
,.
10
15
n
u
a
16
1 15
U 2
ii
1
1)
G
8
lu
10
10
5
c
12
So long as the loreigner can lay his finger on such a Table as this, it will not be easy
to convince him that our commercial system has lost so much of its exclusive character
as it really has done during the last few years. Having set such an example to the
Russians and Prussians, need we wonder at their having attempted to shut several of
our peculiar productions out of their markets? Coidd we expect that they were to follow
our precepts rather than our practice ?
3. Comparative Qualitij of Baltic and Canada Tiniber. — Had the timber of Canada been
decidedly superior to that of the north of Europe, something might have been found
to say in favour of the discriminati. g duty : for it might have been contended, with
some show of reason, that it was of the utmost consequence, considering the application
of timber to ship and house building, and other important purposes, to prevent the im-
portation of an inferior species, even though it might be clioaper. But the system we
have adopted is of a totally different character. We have not attempted to shut out an
article which, though cheap, is inferior ; but have committed the twofold absurdity of
shutting out one that is at once cheap and superior !
The committee of the House of Lords observe, in their Firs,^ Report on the Foreign
Trade of the Country, that " the North American timber is more soft, less durable, and
every description of it more liable, though in different degrees, to the dry rot, than
timl)cr of the north of Europe. Tiie red pine, however, which bears a small proper,
tion to the other descriptions of timber, and the greater part of which, though imported
from Canada, in the produce of the United Slates, is distinguished from the white pine by
its greater durability. On the whole, it is slated by one of the commissioners of his
Majesty's navy, most distinguished for practical knowledge, experience, and skill, that
the timlier of Canada, both oak and fir, does not possess, for the purpone of ship huihling,
more than half the ditrahiliti/ of wood of the same description, the produce of the north of
has
• According to the evidence of !»,.■. J. I). Powles, ai extensive ship and insurance broker, ships c.in
malcc SIX voyagen from Norway, 3 or 4 from I'russiii, and 2 from Ri)s.sin, in a season (Cmnmons' Heport,
p. 89.) '^
■^ip
TIMBKU TUADi:.
1155
Europe. The result of its (ipplication to otli<.r purposes of liuildiii^ is ilesciibod by
timber merchants und carpenters to bo nearly siniihir." — (]>. 1.)
\Vc subjoin tlie following; extracts from the evitlence o( Sir Robert Seiipings, the
commisNioner alluded to by the couimiitee, whose '^rent intelligence and experience
render his opinion of the highest authority : —
" Can you itato to the committee the result of any nbicrvatlniis thnt ynii or otheri in hii Majctty'i
•ervice liave made, on thedurabihly of timlur, the proiliicc of the North American coUmii-ii, or tlmlfer
imported (rom the north of Europe, iimihi'd to the same |uirpo»i'«V" — " About tl)i' ^ear 17!h;, there wire
a certain number nffrigaten built of the lir otlhc Il.'iltic, and thcii average ituriihiiili/ iras about I'.KiliT
years. About the year 1812, there were a considerable number of frJRHti's built also, of (ir of the growth
of North America, and their averane tliirubilily tran no/ nAl.K //lal lime."
" You have stated that Canada timber is uecidlarly subject to the ilry rot, and the dry rot is known to
have prevailed lately to a great degree in the navy ; has that |ircvailcd princiiiallv since the apijlication
of Candida timl>er to the uses of the navy >"— " 1 believe l/ie navi/ has svjjereii e'en/ cumitiertihh/ from
the hitroilnclum of Canaila litiiher, or timlicr of the growth of North Ann r.ea j ami i'n consciiueiii'v "froiu
experience, we have entirely di'scontinueil the use of it, except for deals and masts."— (p. M.) '
Mr. Copland, an extensive builder and timber merchant, hciiii; asked by the com-
mittee wiiat was bis opinion with respect to the coniparntive (iiuilities of American and
Baltic timber, answered, — " The timber of the IJaltic in general, speaking of Norway,
Hiissian, Prussian, and Swedish timber, is of very sui)erior qualify to thnt imported
from America; the bulk of the latter is renj inferior in quuUtij, much softer in its nature,
not so durable, and very liable to dry rot ; indeed, it is not allowed by any professional man
under government to be used, nor is it ever used in the lest buildings in London ; it in
only speculators that are induced to use it, from the price of it biing much lower (in
consequence of its exemption from duty) than the IJaltic timber ; if you were to lay
two planks of American timber upon each other, in the course of a twelvemonth they
would have the dry rot, almost invariably, to a certain extent." — (p. 56.) And many
passages to the same effect nn'ght be produced, from the evidence of persons of the
greatest experience in building.
Now, we would beg leave to ask whether any thing can be more absolutely mon<
strous, than to force, by means of a system of discriminating duties, a large ])ropor-
tion of the i)ublic to use that very timber in the construction of their sliips and houses,
which government will not tise for either of those jiurposes, and which tJie most expe-
rienced engineers and builders pronounce to be utterly unfit for them? This is not to
impose duties on a fair and e(]ual principle for the sake of revenue, but for the sake
of securing a preference to a worthless article ; it is not imposing tliem in the way in
which they may be least, but in that in which they arc i>crtain to be most injurious to
those who have to pay them.
It a])pears from the official account subjoined to this article, that, at an average of the
years 1828 and iS5ii), the reveime woidd have gained considerably more than 1,500,000/.
a year, had the same duty been laid on Canada timber that is laid on timber from the
north of Europe ; and this, therefore, may be considered as the amount of the pecuniary
sacrifice we consent to make, in order that our ships and houses may be inoculated
with dry rot !
4. Apologies for the discriminating Duty. — If .any thing ought, more than another, to
make legislators pause before enacting a restrictive regulation, it is the difficulty ot
receding from it. After it has been enforced for a while, a variety of interests usually
grow up under its protection, which may be niaterially injured by its repeal. ////,
however, that the persons so interested can justly claim, is, that sufficient time, and every
possible facility, should be afforded them to prepare for a change of system. Uecuuse
the interests of a comparatively small yjortion of the community may be injm-iously
affected by the abolition of a regulation ascertained to be in the last degree inimical to
the jjublic, is it, therefore, to be contended that we ought, at all hazards, to continue
to enforce the regulation we have so unwisely enacted ? To maintain the affirmative,
would be to give perpetuity to the worst errors and absurdities; and would be an
effectual bar to every sort of improvement. No change, even from a bad to a good
system, ought to be rashly set about : but when once the expediency of an alteration
has been clearly established, it ought to be resolutely carried into effect.
It if objected to the abolition of the discriminating duties on timber, that it would be
injurious to Canada and the shipping interest. We believe, however, that the injury
would not be nearly so great as has been represented ; that it would, in fact, be quite
inconsiderable. So far from the lumber trade — or the tradeof felling wood, squaring it,
and floating it down the rivers to the shipping ports — being advantageous to a colony, it
is distinctly and completely the reverse. The habits which it generates are quite sub-
versive of that sober, steady spirit of industry, so essential to a settler in a rude country ;
to such a degree, indeed, is this the case, that lumberers have been described as the pests
of a colony, •' made and kept vicious by the very trade by which they live." — But
abstracting altogether from the circumstances now alluded to, Mr. Poulett Thomson
showed, in his imanswerable speech on the timber question (March 18. 1831), that the
4 E 2
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i ^
I'JiJ;
' I
line
TIMBER TRADE.
BlM)litIon of tliu Itimlwr trade would materially benefit the renl interostfl of the colonies.
It is ludicrous, indeed, seeing that not one tree in a hundred i% fit for the purposes of
being squared for timl)er, to suppose that the discontinuanee of the trade could be any
serious lass. But the fact is, that when trees are cut down by lumberers, for export as
timber, instead of being burnt down, so great a growth of brushwood takes place, that
it actually cost* more to clear the ground where the lumberers have been, than where
they have not been. Mr. Uichards, who was sent out by government to report on
the influence of the lumber trade, represents it as most unfavourable; and obsi'rves
that, " when time or chance »hall induce or compel the inhabitants to desist from this
employment, ogriculture will begin to raise its head." The statements of Captain
Moorsum, in his Letters from Nam Scotiti, are exactly similar. He considers tho
depression of the timber market, although a severe loss to many individuals, a " decided
gain to the colony," from the check it has given to the " lumbering mania." — (p. 5;),j
The statements that have been made as to the amount of capital expended on saw
mills and other fixed works for carrying on the lumber trade, have been singtdurly ex-
aggerated. Mr. Thomson, who had the best means of acquiring accurate information o:x
this point, made the following statement with respect to it in his speech already referred
to : — " From the means I have had of calculating the amount of capital embarked in
these saw mills, I believe it is about .SOCOOO/. : I am sure I may say that if .«;0(),0(X)/.
were taken as the amount, it would be a great deal above rather than under the real
value; but, after all, this description of property is not to be sacrificed by the arrange-
ments proposed, even if they were carried to the fullest extent. I am ready at once to
admit, that the consequence of the proposed alteration may be, that it will diminish the
exports of timber from Canada to England, and affect the productiveness of the capital
vested in the mills to which I have referred ; but the committee ought not to lose sight
of the fact, that though in this one branch of industry there will be a great falling off,
yet the same amount of lalwur might be applied to much greater advantage on land in
the colonies ; and the mills, which will be rendered useless for their original purposes,
may be converted into usel^d auxiliaries to the agricultural and other pursuits of the
colonists ; so that the enormous losses that have been placed in so frightful a point of
view, will, as I have shown, be absolutely next to nothing."
So far, therefore, as the interests of the color arc concerned, it is plain they would
not really lose, but gain, by a repeal of the disc ting duties on foreign timber. They
would still continue to possess a rcspectabi of the trade ; for their timber,
though unfit for more important purposes, is well suited, by its softness and freedom
from knots, for the finishing of rooms and cabins, the manufacture of boxes, &c. ; and in
the mast trade, it is believed, that they would be able to maintain a successful competition
with Riga. It might also be expedient to assist in turning the industry of the colonics
into the profitable channel of agriculture, by giving their corn and flour a still more
decided preference than they now enjoy in our markets. In our opinion, it would be
good policy to admit them, at all times, duty free.
The ship owners would undoubtedly have more cause to complain of injury from the
equalisation of the duties ; but even as respects them, it would not be nearly so great as
is commonly supposed. The statement usually put forward by those who represent
the timber trade to North America as of vital importance to the shipping interest,
is, that it employs 1,800 ships, of 470,000 tons, navigated by 20,000 sailors. Kut
Mr. Poulett Thomson showed, in his previously quoted speech, that this statement is
utterly erroneous. The entries inwards of British ships from our possessions in North
America correspond with the sums now stated ; but, at an average, every ship employed
in the trade makes 1} voyage a year; so that, in point of fact, only 1,028 ships, of
270,000 tons and 11,427 men, are employed in the trade.* From this latter number
must, however, be struck off ships employed in other branches of trade ; for no one
pretends that the only trade we carry on with British North America is the importation
of timber. We believe that the number to be so struck off may be safely estimated at
200 ships, of 54,000 tons and 2,200 men, leaving about 800 ships, of 216,000 tons
and 9,200 men, to be affected by the change. Inasmuch, however, as about a third
part of the timber now brought from Canada woidd most probably continue to be
brought for the purposes already referred to, were the duties equalised, only 534 ships,
of 144,000 tons and 6,134 men, would be forced to change their employments. Now
of these, a half, at least, would be immediately employed in bringing from the Baltic
the same quantity of timber that is brought from America ; and as the price of timber
would be materially lowered by the reduction of the duty, the demand for it would no
doubt materially increase ; so that it is abundantly plain that very few, if any, ships
would be thrown out of employment by the abolition of the discriminating duties. It
kl'
k
* U is lingular that Mr. Bouchettc should have fallen into the common but palpable error on thii point.
— (See the Preface to his valuable work on British America.)
TIMBER TllADE.
1157
I' I
i
it material, too, to observe, tliat wlmtever temporary inconvenience tlic Khlpping interest
might sustain from tlio tiiaiige, its future eonse<|uences would be sinnuliirly advuii-
tageous to it. The liij;h price of timber employed in the building of sliips is at present
the heaviest dr.iwbaek on the Hritish ship owners ; but the e<|>i disution of the dutie!i
would materially reduce this price ; anil we have the nulhority of the best practical
judges for adirming, that were the duty (as it ought to l)e) entirely repealed, ships
might l>e built decidedly cheaper in England than in any jiart of the world.
It would he desirable, however, to secure the interests of so important a class m that
of the ship owners from any chance even of temporary loss or inconvenience from an
equalisation of the duties. And it in fortunate that this object may be attained,
not only without any loss, but with certain benefit to the public. 'Ilie expediency
of encouraging emigration to the colonies, as a means of relieving parts of England and
Ireland from that mass of paupers by which they are burdened, is no hnij^er questioned ;
and we incline to think that no more ett'ectual means of ))romoting eiiii;;ration could bu
devised, than the giving a bounty to the owners of ships landing emigrants in Canada, the
Cape of Good Hope, or New South Wales. AVe have already seen th;it the number
of emigrants to Hritish North America, in IH.'l'i, amounted to about fiS.OOO (a/^^\
p. 8H1.); and si r posing that a bounty of 'Ms. or 40«. a head were in future to be paid
on the arrival of emigrants at Quebec, it would more than indemnify the ship owners
for any inconvenience resulting from a new arrangement of the tinil)er duties ; at the
same time that the stimulus it would give to emigration would be of the utmost im-
portance to Great Britain and to the colonies.
5. Alteration proposed in the Timber Duties in 18;]1. — To suppose that the timber
trade should be allowed to continue on its iiresent footing, seems to be (juite out of the
question. We have already seen that the discriminating duties impose a pecuniary sa-
crifice of 1,500,000/. a year on the Hritish public, besiiles forcing the use of a compa-
ratively worthless article where none but the very best ought to l)e employed. We have
also seen that this sacrifice produces no real benefit to the colonies ; and that the benefit
it does produce to the ship owners is but trifling, and may be more than made up to them
without loss to the public. The existing government seems to liave been early satisfied
of the pro' iety of attempting to introduce a less objectionable system ; and on the 18th
of March, 1831, Lord Althorp moved that the duties on Baltic timber should be reduced
6s. a load on the 1st of January, 1832; 6s. more or the 1st of January, 1833 ; and 3».
on the 1st of January, 1834; making the total reduction \5s, a load, and leaving a
protection in favour of Canada timlier of SOs. u load. The only real objection to this
scheme was, that it did not go far enough ; that <* it scotched the snake, without killing
it." There is not the shadow of a ground on which to justify the granting of a bounty
(for such is the real operation of the duty) to force the use of an inferior and more costly
article ; and even if a reasonable bounty could be justified, one of 30s. a load is quito
excessive. But singular as it may seem, this proposal, moderate as it certainly was,
encountered a very keen opposition. Some of those who had previously expressci' their
concurrence in the expediency of some measure of the sort, thought proper to vote
against it ; and, upon a division, it was lost by a majority of 4G. Lord Althorp seems
to have been much discouraged by the result of this motion ; for, during the length-
ened period that has since elapsed, he has made no attempt to effect any modification of
the duties. But notwithstanding these unfavouri^ble appearances, we do not believe that
a system so destructive of the public interests will be u])held much longer. It were much
to be wished that the duties could be wholly dispensed with. Timber is about the very
worst subject for taxation ; but, at all events, an end must be put to the discriminating
duties. It is not to be endured, that so essential an article — that the prime necessary of
manufacturing industry — should be loaded with exorbitant duties, imposed, not for the
sake of revenue, but for the sake of those who either reap no advantage from them, or
none that is material.
I. Account of the Amount of Duties paid in the United Kingdom on Timber and other Articles of
Wood, imported from the British Provinces of North America, in each of the Years ending the 5th of
January, 1828, the 5th of January, 1829, and the 5th of January, 1830; and of the Amount of Duties
which would nave been paid on such Timber and other Articles of Wood, if they had been charged
with the Rates of Duty payable on similar Articles imported from the Baltic.
Year ending 5th of January, 1828 .
-. 1829 .
— 1830 -
Amount of Duty paid in the United
KinKdom on Timber, Deals, and other
Article* of Wood, imported from the
British Provincea in North America.
Amount of Duty which would have
been paid upon such Timbor, Deals,
and other Articles of Wood, if the; had
been imported from the Baltic.
£ s. d.
213,749 15 4
224,108 12 9
232,7t'9 17
£ s. d.
1,251,922 13 4
l,494,8fi7 4 1
1,580,795 9 4
I
r
i!.
''■.,■'
i 1
if
•
, t
1 I-
i
•1 !•; 3
1158
TIN.
,l!
II, Account of the Quantities of the different Species of Timber imported into the United Kingdom In
IS.'il ; specifying the Countries whence they were brouglit, and t)ie Quantities bruuglit from eacli.
IMasts,
Vards. cSc
i)L>ws|irits
under 12
Inches in
Diameter.
Masts,
Timber,
Wain. 1
Batten! and'
Deals and
IjntU-
Varil», «t
llow.sprils
Oak Plank
2 Inches 1 ... . .
Teak.
Fir, Oak, ft
unenvuner-
aled, 8
Inches
sci\iare, or
up^viu'ds.
scut
which im|)ortetl.
Batten Ends.
Ileal Ends.
wuud.
in Dia-
meter and
upward.*!.
thick or
upwards.
inciies
square
or up.
warJj.
Ul.hiti.tirs.Su.
GIMi.iiri.No.
Fath.
No.
Lm,I:J1.
iMuli. ft. ' (it.hiU.'irt.No.
Loads, t.
;.«i(i. jt.
Ut. ft.,
Russia ■
2,76H 1 2H |14,n7.-. '3
'^170
2,020
731 22
72 20
-
•
(i,4Srt 17
l,8iii 33
Sweden
1,!I9» 2 2!)
3,72.T I 12
S
2,8.W
5 11
7
70 2 20
•
,3,820 11
Norway -
8,43U 1 26
10,457 2 13
50
4,826
8 37
-
-
•/\.m 11
Oeninark
.
(1 14
.
.
-
.
.
•
570 2
I'ru&sia
30fi 2 2.0
4,550 4
2,254
510
2S2 4
2,058 .
20,807 3 S 1
100,91(4 U
70S 13
Germany
The NelherlaniU
U 8
3 2 8
.
40 13
21i; 12
390 1 27 1
4,154 a
.
1(1 I 7
2
2
.
.
7 1 19
387 2(i
12 15'
Other pi. ut' Kitrope
1 18
11 320
11
253 40
3 ,35
20 4 ! 21 20
213 27
West. est. iif Africa
.
.
>
.
- i23,077
i
E. I. C.'s territo-
1
1
ries and Ceylon
.
.
4
3 33 ,
i
Mauritlii.s
.
.
1
.
110' 1,37 18
New S. Walci and
1
V.DieinenS Land
-
•
2
1
.
- 1 38
735 20
New Zealand and
South Sea Islands
.
.
.
250 8
Brit. Northern col.
1,080 1 G 22,0SB 2 2
6,8 S9
3,140
3,UU .33
180 4U
51,147 2 27 '
418,879 ,-.9
3 4Ui
West Indies -
16
y
358 3 17 ■
27 is
Hayii
-
.
(i S
17.S. of America -
3 2 8 15 1 7
.
12
•
.
021 21
-
2,079 49
Isle <iuernst'v,.'er-
«ey, Aldeniey, &
Mia, for goods
Total iniport -
2 4
-
13,4.38
-
1 - • i -
5
14,.'.9S 3 51.915 7 11,373
4,703 1 2,.'i2'> 21 7i;,431 129 2.3,S.-,9 ,18 ,'.112,199 8
2,.')71 31i
III. Account of the Quantities of Timber and Hard Woods imported, exported, and retained for
lloine Consumption, with the Nett Uevciiue tliereon, in 1831 and wyi. — [Papers published iy Board
of Trade, vol. ii. p. ii2. and p. 27.)
Quantities imported.
>2uantitic
exported.
yuanities retained
for ijonsumptiou.
Nett llevenue.
TlUHBR.
Battens and batten ends -
18,31.
1832.
1831,
1S.32.
JS31.
1832.
1331,
1832.
great 100
i4,.vje
11, lis
61
51
11,6.37
11,782
109,S9S
Il(l,7'i7
Deal and deal ends
_
54,915
51,201
48;
1 ,005
49,489
53,151
530,611
51(,S.35
Masts, 6 aiiJ 'vnder 8 Inches in dia-
meter
- No.
9,000
1,781
128
5S3
8,047
0,776
)
8 inches an I under 12
^
4,138
3,1<)I
5S
2ml
3,9.S0
3,(125
!> 10,25^
11, U3
12 and upwards •
• loads
4,-'!,-:
6,216
20
100
4,125
6,o;7
s
Oak plank
.
2,.',2..
1,7.S9
-
6
2,280
1,829
8,470
7,2sn
Staves . - -
Kreat 100
7(1,131
03,528
2,907
1,831
70„3'I7
03,6,-U
,'10,29.",
49,ir,7
Fir, 8 inches square and upwards. Ids.
512,1.55
493,850
403
600
497,0>7
503,5.S2
465,607
4'. 3',f;
Oak, ditto
• _
23,5S2
30,176
4
13
22,673
29,5S1
30,8(17
Unenuinerated, ditto
• _
20, 1R3
.33,1 13
8
81
26,318
32,3 «)
6,526
8,151
W&inscot logs, ditto
Hard Woods.
Box wood
- tons
484
2 719
327
•
48
3
22
447
2,870
398
7,.S3(1
L.l,-iVi,rm)
1,1S5,2.30
2,031
1,S0S
Cedar
.
1,029
1,1, 37
-
21
1,017
l„3.Vi
1,421
2,717
.Mahogany
Rosewood
- -
11,542
1,2.53
1.1,801
832
403
57
791
1S3
12,175
818
19,293
838
47,9.T2
S,4S1
47,.')24
8,.-92
A. .'.9 ,874
6(),,0OI
TIN (Ger. Blech, Weisshlech ; Fr. Fer hlatic ; It. Lattn, Banda stagnata ; Sp.
Hoja de lata; Ilus. Blilcka, Suest ; Arab, liesas ; Sans. Trapti and lianga), a metal
which lias a fine white colour like silver ; and when frosli, its brilliancy is very great.
It has a slightly disagreeable taste, and omits a peculiar smell when rubbed. Its hard-
ness is between that of gold and lead. Its specific gravity is 7 "29. It is very malleable ;
tin-foil; or tin leaf, is about ^g'jjgth part of an inch thick ; and it might be beat out into
leaves as thin again, if such were required for the purposes of art. In ductility and
tenacity it is very inferior. A tin wi.e 0078 inch in diameter is capable of supporting
a weight of 34*7 pounds only w'thout breaking. Tin is very flexible, and produces a
crackliiig noi'jc when bent. It may be readily alloyed with copper, zinc, &c., forming
very valuable compounds. — ( Thomson's Ch'mistry.)
The ores of this meta'. are found in comparatively ew places ; the principal, and perhaps the only, ones
are Cornwall, Galicia, Erzgebirfo in Saxony, Bohemia, the Malay countries, China, and Banca in Asia.
They are peculiar to primitive rocks, generally in granite, either in veins or beds, and are often associated
with copper and iron pyrites.
Tin is much used as a covering to several other metals : iron is tinned, to prevent its rapid oxidation
when exposed to air and moisture : and the same process is applied to copper, to avoid the injurious effects
to which those who are in the habit of employing cooking utensils made of this metal are always liable.
The solutions of tin in tht nitric, muriatic, nitro-sulphuric, and tartaric acids, are much used in dyeing,
as giving a degree of petmaneiicy and brilliance to several colours, to be obtained by the use of no other
mordants with which we arc at present acquainted : tin forms the basis of pewter, in the composition of
which it is alloyed with lead ; when rolled into thin sheets, it is cilled tin-foil, and is applied, with the
addition of mercury, to cover the surface of glass, thus forming looking-glas.ses, mirrors, &c. ; and in com.
bination wiih sulphur ; it constitutes wh.it is called mosaic gold. — {Joyce's Chcm. Min.)
Tin Plates, known in Scotland by the name of white iron, are applicable to a great variety of purposes,
and are in . :-y extensivp demand. They are formed of thin plates of iron dipped into molten tin. The
tin not only covers the surface of the iron, but penetrates it completely, and gives the whole a white
colour. It is usu.ll to add about 1-lOth of copper to the tin, to prevent it from forming too thick a roat
upo.i the iron —(Thomson's Chamstr'j)
TIN.
115a
Historical Notice of the British Tin Trade. — The tin mines of Cornwnll Imvc bucn
worked from a very vcmofe era. The voyajres of tb IMwuieians to tliu Cassiterides, or
tin iylfinris, hth i-^'yitt.ioi.etl by Herodotus (lib. iii. e. 11,3.), Diodonis Sieuliis (lib. iv.
p. .iOl. ed. 1604), and Sirabo {Geop. lib. iii.). Some dilleronce of opinion lias, indeed,
been entertained as to the pnrtieular islands to which the I'lia-iiieians ai)plied the term
Cassiterides ; but Borlase (./tcoM/i^o/'/Z/c Svilly Ishvicls, p. ~'.i.), hiuchvr (J lerudote, tome iii".
p. 384. ed. 180'J.), and the ublest erities, agree that they are the Scilly Islands, and the
western extremity of Cornwall. After the destruction of Carthage, the British tin trade,
which was always reckoned of peculiar in-j. jrtance, was carried on by the mcreliants of
Marseilles, and subsequently by the Ron s. Besides Britain, Spain furnished tlie
ancients with considerable quiintities of tin. We have no very precise information as lo
the purposes to which they applied this metal. It has been supposed that the I'lianicians,
so famous for their purple dyes, were acquainted with the use of the solution of tin in
nitro-muriatic acid in fixing that colour. The best of the ancient mirrors, or speciild,
were also made of a mixture of copper and tin ; and tin was used in the coating of cop-
per vessels. — ( Watson's Chemical Essaijs, vol. iv. )
In modern times, the tin mines of Cornwall and Devon have been wrought with various
degrees of energy and success. Queen Elizabeth brought over some German miners, by
whom some of the processes were improved. During the civil wars, the mines were
much neglected. At the commencement of last century, however, the business of mining
was carried on witli renewed vigour; and from 1720 to 1740, the annual produce was
about 2,100 tons. The produce v.ent on gradually increasing, till it amounted, in the 10
years from 1790 to 1800, to 3,254 tons a year. During the next 1.5 years, the produce
fell oft"; and for the 5 years ending with 1S15, it was always considerably under 3,000
tons a year. But in the last-mentioned year, a considerable increase took jilace ; and
since 1816, the produce has been, with the except^n of 1820, always abo\e 3,000 tons
a year ; and in 1827 and 1828, it was very near 5,000 tons. The present average pro-
duce of the mines may be estimated at 4,500 tons a year. We subjoin from the papers
published by the Board of Trade and other authorities, an
Account of the Quantities of British Tin coined and exported, and of tlie average rrico of the same, in
each Year from 1820 to 1832, both inclusive; exhibiting, also, the Imports and Exports of Foreign I'in
during the same Period.
Years.
lirltish T
n.
Forci,:.
nTin.
i\ verage
Coined in Cornwall.
Coined in Devon.
Kx)iortcd.
Vrice
Imiwrled.
Exportct'f 1
pert
wt.
DliKki.
(•ii'(. lift. lilt.
nluck:
Cni.
;i-<. Ibt.
Cnl.
irs, Ih8.
/,.*.
</.
(>i(.
;rf , 11 1».
Inl. ./!■». III. 1
1820
1«,800
iO,fi39
2 18
.
.
.
25,852
1 15
3 13
6
1,309
5
3,017
1 21
1»'21
18,13.'',
M,8,'il
3 1
.
.
-
2!),2'<:;)
1 15
3 17
6
1,106
1) 25
652
3 23
K'i-i
18,720
5C, 78
3 13
fil
201
2 20
35,843
2 3
4 8
1,5,16
2 14
1,!;()9
5
1S'«
li2„T2G
(17,60^
1
80
252
1 4
26,364
1 27
5 .'•
6
6,161
1 24
5,.';02
1 21
Wii
28,1(!.5
87,125
2 i5
27!)
83fi
2 3
.36,890
13
4 I
li
6,420
1 14
4,709
2 20
ISM
25,0(13
77,(19!)
2 11
.18!)
1,180
14
34,2,37
3 1!)
4 !)
6
4,213
3 20
4,709
3 11
18'i!«
24,5.55
7fi,fi71
1 1
400
1,200
2 20
4.3,645
3 19
U
3,,19l
2 8
5,647
1 3
18i!7
.W,544
y,-..8S2
1 14
«U2
1,869
3 7
49,474
21
3 17
o
2,217
2 1
2,938
21
1S»S
!S,i)83
•)\;rm
3 19
547
1,7,19
3 23
41,426
2 13
.', 1,,
3, ,186
12
3,258
1 10
IS'2!)
25,7«1
83,iri!)
2 11
543
1,8^7
1 22
,3.1,215
8
3 14
6
2,674
3 21
2, 5 SO
2 21
18fiO
24,.-()«
8(),U7'.)
3 2G
589
■^,«li4
24
.10,425
1 8
3 10
15,5,19
2 5
10,r^6
5
1831
24,()1G
TC'JTl
1 y
4G2
1,651
12
21,762
2
8,IIM9
2 9
12,V25
3 10
18.V2
31,837
2 3
3 13
29,203
1 8
21,719
3 13 1
' mi
•iii
r
! :
\-
,(
! If
Account showinf; the Quantity of British and of Foreign (Banca and Malay) Tin exported to different
Countries in 1833, specifying the Quantities shipped for each. — i,Parl. Paper, No. 2.'3J. Scss. lbS4.)
Countries to which exported.
Russia • - *
Sweden - - •
Norway
Denmarlc
Prussia
Oermnny
Holland
Belgium ...
France
Portugal, Azores and ^fadelra
.Spain and the Canaries
(iiliraltar
Italy
Malta
Turltey
Morea and (ireek islands
British Tin.
ForeiRn Tin.
Cmt.
jr*. Ibt,
Ctrl. qrs. tbt.
3,7.M
2 2 i
5,014
1 16
506
2 3
18
21
lis
3 1
504
23
,132
2 6
659
2 25
162
3 7
1,468
3 13
687
2
4,285
2 10
42
2
15,745
2 10
8,986
2
i,5.>l
3 17
175
937
.19
3 23
48
20
2
3,OS7
3 IS
.5,388
21
180
!)5
3 27
3,J!)0
1,498
1 10
20
Countries to whidi exported. British Tin. Foreign Tin
.Vsia - . -
Africa
British N. American colonies
British West Indies
Foreign ^^'est Indies - -
l'nite<l States of America -
Mexico
Colon. bia
Brazil
Slates of the Bio de la Plata -
Peru
(Guernsey, Jersey, Aldemey,
and Wail
Total
14 2 !20
24,989 1 I 39,849 3 27
Prices, ^c— The priceg of tin and tin plates in the London market in March, 1834, were as tol.
lows : —
Tin, British, in bloclis
InKols
in bars
urain bloclis
bnikeix
ForelKn, Banca, In Imnd
StreiKhls
/,. ».
• per cwt. 3 15
_ 3 15
— 3 17
— 4 13
_ 4 18
— 3 2
3 :)
rf.
6
I)
6
4 E 1
Tin plates, per box of !25 shts.
No. I.e. 13j by 10 inches
l.X.
l.X.X. ICl •
IXXX
IXXXX.
No. II. C. 13^ by Oj inches
L. I. d.
per cwt.
112 ibi. 1 IS
140 2 3
(1
161 2 9
182 8 M,
208 3 1
rt
105 J 15
U
I*'
'i ■<.
'^ ■
i
I
■■Si
1160
TIN.
rw
i
Tin Plata, per bo . of 2i5 »lit«.
No. II. .\. l.li by 94 InchM
III. C. 12j by 9i inches
/.. : d.
III. X.
Double
IsDXXj'^OOshee
sheets
SDXX-t
SDXX.XX
133 Ibi.
2 1
n
!I8
1 13
liiG
1 Hi
II
1117
2 1!>
188
3 ,'i
VOil
3 15
'^30
.3 17
P.51
4 3
Double
it "=^
J XX.
ixxx.
txxxx.
IGj by m ini-hra
lUd slieeu
Taggers, 14 by ID inrhe«, 2/. 5».
14^ by 1I>1 inches.
98 Ibi.
ur,
147
ir.8
18!)
'-. .. J.
1 3 a
1 lu
2 .1 o
2 11
2 17
Wasters of No. I. C, No. 1. X , and No. XX. 3#. ppr Iwx
less than perfect ulates ; all other .oris of wasters (i<. iiei twi
I leu. Duty and snIppinK cliarices 6.1. per box.
The price of British tin, at an average, trom 1811 to 1815, inclusive, was about 7/ a cwt. Its fall from
1815 to 18i20, and its comparatively low price since, have bcca owing to a variety ol causes ; partly to im-
provements in the art of worlcing the mines, partly to the increased supply of inctal obtained from them,
and partly and principally to the competition of the tin of Baiica ami of the Malay countries. Previously
to 1814, we had in some measure a monopoly of the market of the world. But since then the Baiica
mines have l)een wrought with unusual spirit ; and their produce lia« been so much increased, as not
only ftiUy to supply the market of China, to which we formerly exported from 600 to 1,(H)0 tons, but
to meet us in every European market. It appears, from the foreguing Tables, that Malay tin is now
very extensively importcti, for warehousing, into England, at the same time that large tjuantiiit's aru
carried direct to Holland, where there are refining houses. Hence, notwithstanding the fall of price
and the increased pro<luce of the Cornish mines, our exports of tin have continued nearly stationary, or
have rather fallen off"; having been less in 1S31 and 1832, when the produce of the mines exceeded 4,(Xfl
tons a year, than in 1S20 and 1821, when it was only about i.',(XX) tons a year.
Dutff on British Tin. — All tin produced in Cornwall has been subject, from a very remote period, to a
coinage duty of il. a ton, payable to the Duke of Cornwall : the tin raised in Devonshire is subject to a
similar duty of 1/. 13*. 4d. a ton. This duty produces from 16,000/. to 20,0()(IA a year ; and is felt to be a
serious grievance, not only from its amount, but from the vexatious regulations under which it is col-
lected. Though the orders sent the miner were for tin of a peculiar description, he is not allowed to
smelt it at once into the required form, but is obliged to cast it, in the first instance, into blocks. This
regulation being complied with, it might be expected that the tin would be surveyed by officers at the
smelting-house, and the duty charged accordingly ; but instead of this the miner is obliged to convey it
sometimes as far as 8 or 10 miles, to one of the coinage towns, where it is, (and where only it can be)
coined ; that is, a small piece is struck off one of the corners, and the blm-k is impressed with the arms of
the duchy, and the duty paid. This useless ceremony being gone through, the tin has frequently to be
carried back, before it can be shipped, to the very place whence it was taken to be coined! Another
grievance is, that the coinage is only performed quarterly ; so that, however pressing the demand for tin
may be in the interim, the miner cannot supply it. There are also certain fees payable on the coinage,
particularly if it take place during the Christmas and Ladyday quarters ; so that if we aild to the duty
of 41. a ton, those charges, and make a reasonable allowance for the expense of carriage, and for the
trouble and inconvenience to which the miner is put, the whole may be modi»ratcly estimated at 51 a
ton.
It is surely high time that tliis tax, and the preposterous regulations connected with it, were abolished.
So long as we enjoyed a sort oi" monopoly of the tin trade, the duchy duty was comparatively little felt ;
but now that we nave to sustain a competition that has already sunk the price ot tin about 50 per cent.,
and that is every day becoming more severe, it is found to be quite oppressive. And it is not to be en-
dured that the existence of an ancient and important branch of industry, supposed to afford employment for
about 20,000 persons, should be endangered, that the Crown may gain'a paltry revenue of from I6,0'i()/. to
20,(KK)/. a year. This is a subject which calls loudly for the interference of the legislature; and should
another edition of this work be called for, we trust we shall then have to announce the abolition or com-
mutation of the tin duty. — (For further particulars, see an excellent little tract entitled the Tin Duties,
(ascribed to Sir Charles Lemon) published in 1833. There is a useful and instructive paper on the tin
trade in the Spectator, No. 217.)
Ti.v, Orie.ntal (Malay, Tima; Hind. Kalai; Siame.-?, Dibuk ; Burmese, Kpe-p'kyu, white copper),
in commercial language usually called Banca tin. It is found in several provinces of China; but
the most extensive and, probaiily, richest tin district in the world, exists in the Maiay countries.
This comprehends the whole of the peninsula, from the extreme cape to the latitude of 14° on its
western side, and to 11° on its eastern, and comprehends several of the small islands lying in the
route between the peninsula and Java, as far as the latitude of 3° south ; so that the whole of this
tin district has an extreme length of near 1,200 miles. By far the greater number of the mines
within these limits are as yet unwrought and unexplored. It was only in the beginning of last century
that the mines of Banca, the most productive at present worked, were accidentally discovered. The
whole tin of the Malay countries is the produce of alluvial ores, or what is called, in Cornwall,
" Stream-wjrk;" and from the abundance in which the mineral has been found by the mere washing of
the soil, no attempt has hitherto been made at regular mining, or obtaining the ore from its rocky matrix.
Malay tin, consequently, is grain tin, or tin in a very pure state ; that being the species which alluvial ore
uniformly produces. The mines, or rather excavations, arc perpendicular pits of from 15 to 25 feet deep;
and when the soil and a superstratum of common clay are removed, the bed containing the ore, consisting
of quartz and granitic grave), is reached. The sancl and gravel are separated from the ore by passing a
stream of water through the whole materials. The ore so obtained is preserved in heaps, and smelted
periodically with charcoal in a blast furnace. The mine or pit is kept clear of water by the Chinese
wheel. No cattle are used in any part of the process ; human labour being had recourse to throughout
the whole of its stages. The most imperfect part of the process is the smelting. The stream ores of
Cornwall, which are generally poor, afliiird from 65 to 75 per cent, of grain tin; whereas, owing to the
imperfection of the process, from those of Banca not more than 55 or 60 are usually obtained. The dif-
ference in the produce suggested, a few years ago, the practicability of sending the ore to England for the
purpose of being smelted ; and the experiment was tried ; but our customs regulations not allowing the
produce to be bonded and re-exported without duty, rendered the scheme abortive.
With very trifling exceptions, the whole tin of the Malay islands is mined and smelted by Chinese
settlers ; and before their skill and enterprise were applied to its production, the metal seems to nave been
obtained by the Inhabitants of the countries which produced it, by processes hardly more skilful than
those by which the precious metals were procured by the native inhabitants of America, prior to the
introduction of European skill and machinery. The following estimate has been given of the annual
produce of the principal states and places producing tin : —
Piculi.
East coast of the Malay peninsula —
Junk Ceylon - - -
Queda . . . -
Fera
8alangore ...
Malacca
- .1,000
- 2,(100
- 3,000
- 3,000
• 4,000
Total •
Piculs 17,000
West coast of the Malay peninsula and islands —
Sungora and I'atam - - .
Tringanu • . . . .
PahanK .....
Singkep .....
Danes .....
Pkuli.
3,nno
7,noo
3,0(10
5,0(10
3,'>,000
Total
riculi 5.1,000
This can be considered only as a rough estimate ; but we believe it is not far wide of the truth. At an
average of the t years, t826-37 and 1827-28 the exports of Singapore amounted to 16,342 piculs, or about
.^
Us
four
laiiij
the
lici
liti
l)L'tM
wlii
Ital
TOBACCO.
IIGI
n/O tons. Tlie most considerable port of exportation Is Batavia ; from wliich there U sent annually either
clircrtly, or throiigli orders from the Dutch goveriinicnt or the autliorities at Bancu,2,0()() tons. From'l'rinco
01 Wales Island tliere is also a considerable quantity exported ; and a smaller one direct tot hina in junks
from several of the native ports on the eastern shore of the Malay peninsula. J he great mans (or thecoiiJ
sumiJtion of tin are China, Hindostan, and tlie continent of Europe, 'i'he quality of the diHerentdescrii).
tioiis of Malay tin, although there may be some inconsiderable dift'erence in the quality of the urivinal
ores, seems to be derived chietly from the greater or less skill with which the process of smelting i.s con.
ducted ; and this, again, necessarily depends upon the extent of capital, and goodness of the machinery
employetl. The mining ojierations of Banca have long been conducted upon a lurger scale, and with more
skill, than in any other of the Malay countries; and conaequciitlv, the metal produced in this island is
superior by from 10 to 12 per cent. : in the market of Canton it is called " old tin," in contradistinction
to " new tin," the {)roduce of the other Malay courcries. Next, in point of qtiality, to the produce of
Banca, are those of rrini<anu and Singkep, which aie not more than 5 per cent, inferior to it. The tin of
the state of I'era, a coi iderable part of which is produced by the natives themselves, without Chinese
assistance, is the worst, and usually about 13 per cent below that of Uanca. The native tin ot China is 10
per cent, inferior to that of Banca, and is probably block tin like the greater p:,rt of that of Cornwall : and
like it, the produce of regular mining operations, and not alUvial. I'he produce of the Chinese mines is
said of late years to have greatly decreased ; proliably owing to the great increase which has recently taken
place in the produce of the Malay countries, and the cheapness and atiundance witli which it tinds its way
to China. It should be added, th;.t of late years, and chielly owing to the very low price and abundance of
German spelter (.^inc) in the Indian market, this commodity has oicasionallv been fraudulently mixed
with tin. The Chinese brokers of Canton, however, are sutticiently expert to detect the adulteration : and
it is believed that this discreditable practice has lately ceased.
The price of tin, taking the market of Singapore as the standard, has fluctuated of late years from 14 to
20 Spanish dollars per picml ; equal, at the exchange of 4s. [ht «:ollar, to 47.v. and tiT.?. per cwt. At an
average of these prices, the annual value of the wliole Ma'av tin will be idxiut i;4l),( (iO/. per annum.—
{Craii'/itrrl's History of the Indian. Arc/ii/ielago ; Dr. ILmjictd's MS. Stiitiitical I'icw of i/ic Island of
Banca J Singapore Chronicle ; Canton Register, Sjc.)
TOBACCO (Da. Tohah ; Du. Tahak; Vr. Tahac ; Gcr. Tuhnch ; It. Tahacco :
Pol. Tobaha; llus. Tahak; Sp. Tahiico ; Arab. Bujjerhhang ; Hind. Tumbuku; Malay,
TambruaM)), the dried leaves of the Nicotiana 2'ahacum, a i)lant indigenous to Ainerieih
but which succeeds very well, and is extensively cultivated, in most lunt-s of the Old
World. The recent leaves possess very little odour or taste ; but when dried, their
odour is strong, tiarcotic, and somowliat fa'tid; their taste bitter and extremely acrid.
When well cured, they are of a yellowish green colour. When distilled, they yield an
essential oil, on which their virtue depends, and which is said to be a virulent poison.
The leaves are used in various ways; being chewed, smoked, and ground and manufac-
tured into snutF. It is in the last mentioned form that tobacco is principally used in
Great Britain ; and, though the contrary has been often asserted, its use does not seeni
to have been productive of any perceptible bad consequence.
1. Historical Sketch of 2'obcicco, — Tliu taste for tobacco, though apparently admini-
stering only to a frivolous gratification, has given birth to a most extensive commerce,
and been a powerful spur to industry. Being a native of the New World, its
introduction into Europe dates only from the early part of the 1 6th century. Seeds (f
the plant were sent, in 1560, from Portugal, to Catharine de' ]Medici, by Jean Nicot, the
French ambassadi>r in that country, from whom it h«Ts received its botanical name. Tlic
notion, at one tine so general, that the specific appellation tobacco was derived from
its having been imported from i'obago, is now universally admitted to be witliout
foundatit Humboldt has shown, that tobacco was the term used in the Haytian
language IimK ignafe tlie pipe, or instriuncnt ina<lr use of by the natives in smoking
the herb; ami the term, Imving been transferrf 1 li\ the Spaniards from the i)ipe to the
herb itself, has been aduiited by the otlur nations nf the ancient world. — {Kssai Po-
litique sur la Nouvelli (.sjxiqne, vol. ill. i>. .50. 2d edit.) Tobacco is believed to h;ive
been first introduced into E ;;land by the ottlers wlio returned, in i ;86, from the colony
which it had been attemjUed to f4)und in Virginia, under the auspices of Sir Walter
Raleigh, in the preceding year. Harriott, whr accompanied this expedition, gives, in
his description of Virginia, an account of tlie tobacco plant, and of the manner in which
it was used by the natives; adding, i. it tlu- English, during the time they were in Vir-
ginia, and since their return home, v > le accustomed to smoke it after the fashion of the
Indian.s, " and foutid many rare and wonderful experiments of the virtue thereof." —
(^Ilakluyt, vol. i. p. 75.)
Raleigh, and other yoimg men of fashion having adopted the practice of smoking,
it spread amongst the English; as if ' previously spread amongst the Spaniards,
Portuguese, French, and other Conin il nations. But it made its greatest progress
in this country after the foundation of the colony at James Town in Virginia, in
1607. The soil of the colony being found particularly well fitted for tlie culture of
tobacco, considerable quantities were raised and sent home; and the numerous indi-
viduals interested in the colony contributed to introduce that taste for it which w s
dift'iised amongst all classes with astonishing rapidity.
James I. attempted, by repeated proclamations and publications, some of them couched
in very strong terms, to restrain the use of tobacco. But his eflbrts bad very little
efFect ; and the settlers in Virginia continued to experience a more rapidly increasing
and better demand for tobacco than for any other product of the colony.
During the earlier part of the reign of Charles I,, the trade in tobacco was inono-
I ■
'!■
< 1
f.|r!
n >i; .'
h f
'; i!
1162
TOR A ceo.
polised by the Crown. I'iiis monopoly was not, however, of long coiithiuance, and
totally ceased at the breaking out of the civil war.
Tobacco plants had been early introduced into England, and were found to answer
remarkably well. Their cultivation was, indeed, prohibited by James, and afterwards
by Cliarles, but apparently without effect. At length, however, tlie growing con-
sumption of tobacco having excited the attention of the government financiers, it was
seen that, by imposing a duty on its importation, a considerable revenue might be raised ;
but that, were it allowed to be freely cultivated at home, it would be very difficult to
collect a duty upon it. In 1643, the Lords and Commons imposed a moderate duty,
for the sake of revenue, on jdantation tobacco ; but instead of directly proliibiting the
use of native tobacco, they burdened it with such a duty as, it was sui)posed, would
occasion its culture to be abandoned. Tin- facility, however, with wliicli the duly was
evaded, soon satisfied the republican k'acK is that more vigorous measures were required
to stop its cultivation, and consequently to render its importation a source of revenue.
Hence, in 1652, .in act was passed, prohibiting the growth of tobacco in England, and
appointing commissioners to see its provisions carried into eflf'ect. This act was con-
firmed at the Restoration, by the act Charles 2. c. 34., which ordered that all tobacco
plantations should be destroyed. These measures were believed, at the time, to have
been principally brought about by the solicitations of the planters; but their real inten-
tion was not so much to conciliate or benefit the latter, as to facilitate the collection of a
revenue from tobacco ; and, considered in this point of view, their policy seems quite
unexceptionable.
This act did not, however, extend to Ireland ; and, of late years, the cultivation of
tobacco made considerable progress in that country. Had this been allowed to continue,
there can be no question, thiit in a few years the revenue from tobacco, amounting to
about 3,O0O,O00Z. a year, would have beer, materially diminished; for it would be quite
visionary to suppose that any plan could have been devised for collecting a duty even of
100 per cent, upon tobacco — (see potst. ) — supposing it to have been generally cultivated
in Ireland. No one, therefore, can question the wisdom of the late act prohibiting its
growth in ihr.t country, and of rigorously enforcing its provisions. Any advantage Ire-
land might have gained by its cultivation, would have been but a poor compensation for
the sacrifice of revenue it must have occasioned.
In some countries, as England, tobacco is principally used in the form of snuff; in
others it is principally chewed ; but in one form or otiier it is every where made use of.
So early as 1624, Pope Urban VIII. issued a bull, excommunicating those who smoked
in churches ! The practice of smoking was at one time exceedingly prevalent in this
country; but during the reign of George III. it was well nigh superseded, at least
amongst the higher and middle classes, l)y the practice of snuff taking. Latterly, how-
ever, smoking has been in some measure revived, though it is still very far from being
so extensively practised as formerly.
We quote the following statement as to the universality of the use of tobacco from a
learned and able paper on its" Introduction and Use," in the 22d volume (p. 142. ) of the
Asiatic Journal ; — " In Sjiain, France, and Germany, in Holland, Sweden, Denmark,
and Russia, the practice of smoking tobacco prevails amongst the rich and poor, tlie
learned and the gay. In the United States of America, smoking is often carried to an
excess. It is not uncommon for boys to have a pipe or cigar in the mouth during the
greatest part of the day. The death of a child is not unfrequently recorded in American
newspapers, with the following remark subjoined : — < supposed to be occasioned by ex-
cessive snv'king.' If we pass to the East, we shall find the practice almost iniiversal.
In Turkey, the pipe is perpetually in the mouth ; and tlie most solemn conferences are
generally concluded witli a friendly pipe, employed like the calumet of peace amongst the
Indians. In the East Indies, not merely all classes, but both sexes, inhale the fragrant
steam ; the only distinction among them consisting in the shape of the instrument em-
ployed, and the species of the herb smoked. In China, the habit equally prevails; and
a modern traveller in that country ( Barrow) states, that every Chinese female, from the
age of 8 or 9 years, wears, as an appendage to her dress, a small silken purse or pockec
to hold tobacco, and a pipe, with the use of which many of them .ire not unacquainted
at this tender age. This prevalence of the practice, at an early period, amongst tlie
Chinese, is appealed to by M. Pallas as an evidence that ' in Asia, and especially in
China, the use of tobaci for smoking is more ancient than the discovery of the New
World.' He adds — « Among the Chinese, and amongst the Mongol tribes who had
the most)* intercourse with them, the custom of smoking is so general, so frequent, and
has become so indispens l)le a luxury ; the tobacco purse affixed to their belt so necessary
an article of dress ; the form of the pipes, from which the Dutch seem to have taken the
model of theirs, so original ; and, lastly, the preparation of the yellow leaves, which are
merely rubbed to pieces and then put into the pipe, so peculiar ; that they could not pos-
TOliACCO.
1163
i
sibly derive all thi* from Ameiieii by way of Europe ; especially as India, where the
practice of smoking is not so general, intervenes between Persia and China.'"
This, however, is a very doubtful proposition. It seems sufliciently established that
the tobacco jjlant was fust brought from 15ra/il to India about the year 1017 ; and it is
most probable tiiat it was thence carried to Siain, China, and other Eastern countries.
The names given to it in all the languages of the East, are obviously of ]'2uropean, or
rather American, origin ; a fact which seems completely to negative the idea of its being
indigenous to the East.
Sources of Supply. Importation into Grcut Britain. — Tobacco is now very exten-
sively cultivated in France and otlier European countries, in the Levant, and in India;
but the tobacco of the United itates is still very generally admitted to be decidedly
superior to most others. It is much higlier flavoured than the tobacco of Europe ; u
superiority attributable iii some degree, i)erhaps, to a dillerent mode of treatment ; but
far more, it is believed, to ditt'erencus or soil and climate.
Previously to the American war, our supplies of tobacco were almost entirely derived
from Virginia and Maryland ; and they are still principally imported from these states ;
so much so, that of 33,107,()"9 lbs. of unmanufactured tobacco imported in 18:51,
32,712,108 lbs. came from the United States. j\Ir. Jefferson, in his Notes on Virginia,
has given a very unfavourable view of the eflects of the tobacco culture. It was,
indeed, well known to be a eiop that speedily exhausted all but the very best lands ;
and in addition to this, Mr. J. says that " it is a culture productive of infinite wretched-
ness. Those employed in it are in a continued state of exertion, beyond the powers of
nature to support. Little food of any kind is raised by them; so that the men and
animals on these farms are badly fed, and the earth is rapidly impoverished." — (English
ed. p. 273.)
Tobacco is extensively cultivated in Mexico, but only for home consumption. It
might probably, however, were it not for the restrictions under which it is placed, form
a considerable article of export from that country. Under the Spanish government, the
tobacco monopoly was one of the principal sources of revenue; yielding from 4,000,000
to 4,500,000 dollars, exclusive of the expenses of administration, amounting to about
800,000 dollars. No tobacco was ; Uowed to be cultivated, except in a few specified
places. Commissioners, or yuai -la.'- de tahaco, were appointed, whose duty it was to take
care that all tobacco plantations without the privileged districts should be destroyed. The
government fixed the price at which the cultivators of tobacco were obliged to sell it to
its agents. The sale of the manufactured tobacco was farmed out ; and cigars were not
allowed to be sold, except at the royal estancos. No one was allowed to use cigars of his
own manufacture. This most oppressive monopoly was established in 17G4. It has
been continued, from the difficulty of supplying the revenue which it produces, by the
present government. — (^Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, vol. iii. p. 4y. ; Poinsett's Notes on
Mexico, note 116. Lond. ed.)
Cuba is celebrated for its tobacco, particularly its cigars. These consist of the leaves,
formed into small rolls, for the purpose of smoking. Formerly their importation into
this country was prohibited ; but they may now be imported on paying the exorbitant
duty of 9s. per lb. Ilavannah cigars are usua'i" -• reckoned the best. Previously to 1820,
the cultivation and sale of tobacco were subjected to the same sort of monojjoly in Cuba
as in Blexico ; but, at the period referred to, the trade was thrown open. In consequence
of the freedom thus given to the business, the production and exportation of tobacco are
both rapidly increasing, though hardly, perhaps, so much as might have been expected ;
the culture of sugar and coffee being reckoned more profitable. In 1828, the de-
clared value of the tobacco exported from Cuba amounted to 8().S,000 dollars ; but
there is good reason to think that its real value considerably exceeded this sum. At
present, the total real value of the exports of tobacco from the Havannah and other ports
is probably not much imder 2,000,000 dollars. The tobacco used in Cuba by the lower
classes is chiefly imported from the United States.
Consumption of Duty-paid Tobacco in the United Kingdom. — It appears from the fol-
lowing official account, that the consumption of duty-paid tobacco in Great Britain has
increased from about 8,000,000 lbs. in 1789, to 16,214,000 lbs. in 18;?3 ; the duty having
fluctuated during the same period from Is. 3rf. to 4s. and :5s. per lb. There are, how-
ever, sufficient grounds for thinking that the consumption would havo been at least one
fourth part greater, had the duty been less. But, whatever difference of opinion may
exist as to the influence of the duty in Great Britain, there can be none as to its in-
fluence in Ireland. The subjoined Table shows that during the 5 years ending with
1798, when the duty was 8(/. a pound, the annual average consumption of duty-paid
tobacco was 7,337,217 lbs. Since 1798, the population of Ireland has been more than
doubled : and yet, during the 5 years ending with 1833, when the duty was 3s. per lb.,
the annual average consumption has been only about 4,266,000 lbs. ; which, making
allowance for the increase of iioinilation, sliows that the consumption has ^unk to little
I-
J
A 'mi \
i
;
^
(' ;
1161
TOBACCO.
more than a fourth part of wliat it amounted to at the former period ! This statement
warrants tlie conchisiun, that were the duty oii tobacco in Ireland reduced to Ij. per lb.,
t'.ie consumption would be so much increased, that the revenue would gain, and not lose,
ly the reduction.
Smuffffling. — The price of tobacco in bond varies from 3d. to Gd, per lb. ; so that
the duty of 3s. amounts to 1,200 percent, on the inferior, and to 600 per cent, on the
superior qualities. Now, .though the use of tobacco be a frivolous, it is, at the same time,
an innocent gratification ; and we do not really see any reason whatever for loading it
with such oppressive duties, even supposing it were jiossible to collect them. The more
the wants and desires of men are multiplied, the more inventive and industrious they
become ; and so far from preventing luxurious indulgences, a wise government should
exert itself to increase their number, and to diffuse a taste for them as widely as possible.
But supposing it to be otherwise, still the magnitude of the tobacco duty is altogether
indefensible : it is neither calculated to produce the largest amount of revenue, nor to
eradicate the taste for the article. Its exorbitancy is advantageous to the smuggler, and
to him only. With the exception of brandy and geneva, tobacco is the principal
article clandestinely imported. If, as one might lie half inclined to suspect, the duty
were intended to give life and activity to the nefarious practices of the illicit traders, it
has completely answered its object ; but in every other point of view, its failure lias been
signal and complete. " According," said Mr. Poulett Thomson, in his admirable speech
on the taxation of the empire, on the 26th of March, 1830, " according to all accounts
laid before the house on this subject, smuggling in this article in England, Ireland, and
Scotland, is v-arried on to the greatest possible extent. I have heard it stated, and I
have the fact upon the best authority, t' t numbers of vessels are constantly leaving the
ports of Flushing, Ostend, &c., carrying ' mtraband tobacco to this country. It is a fact
which was established in evidence before i k-^mmittee of this house, that seventy cargoes
of tobacco, containing 3,644,000 lbs., were smuggled in 1 year, on the coast of Ireland,
from the port of Waterford to the Giant's Causeway alone ! In Scotland, smuggling in
this article is also carried on to a great extent. There is no doubt," added the Right
Honourable gentleman, " that the only mode of meeting this system of smuggling
consists «« fairly reducing the duty upon the article. I believe, that were the duty upon
it reduced to Is. or Is. Gd. per lb., the public would be greatly served, and smugglinf
put down."
We question, indeed, whether, allowing for the clandestine importation, the consump-
tion be relatively less at this moment, in Ireland, than at any former period. Under the
present system, government collects an exorbitant duty upon about a fourth part of the
tobacco consumed in Ireland, the other three fourths being supplied by the smuggler ;
the duty being at once an incentive to his energies, and a premium to indemnify him
for his risks! A fourth part of the demand of Great Britain is, probably, supplied in
the same way.
Account of the Number of Pounds' Weight of Leaf Tobacco, manufactured Cigars, and Snuff, that paia
Duty in the United Kingdom, for the Year ending the /ith of January, 1834 ; with tlie Rates of Duty
and Total Amount of the same. — i,Parl. Paper, No. 212. Sess. 1834.)
1
1 Year ended
; 5th.Tan. 1S34.
Q.'tntiUei entered for Home Coniumptlon in
the United Kingdom.
Gross Amount of Duty received thereon.
Tobacco.
Manufactur-
e<l Toh:\cco
and Cigars.
Snuff.
Total.
Leaf Tobacco.
Manufactured
Tolmcco and
CiKars.
Snuff.
Total.
1
Uu.
20,626,800
14.'5,8es
138
20,770,806
L. : d.
.3,090,782 12 2
L. t. J.
61,726 8 .')
L. : d.
41 7 8
L. $. d.
3,15-.,SM 8 ,1
Kentucky and Carolina, per lb.
Virginia, ordinary
part blacks
middling and leafy
fine ...
Fine Irish and spinners
middling
fine long leafy
ordinary and middling
Lux, or stript leaf
Cargoes - . 100 lbs.
Prices of Tobacco, in Bond, in the London Market, March 1834.
rf. ». rf.
34 to 5i
3-0 '-
3i —
4| —
4$ — 5}
54 — 7
4f —
44 —
3) —
3J —
s,
it
s
5
—0
Maryland scrubs, per lb.
brown ani leafy
coloury and yellow
fine yellow
Cuba, in rolls
East India
Turkey
St. Domingo
Amersfoot or German
Havannah and Cumana
Cigars
s. ft. s. (I.
to
31 — 5
.'5| — 1
12—14
11 — 1 2
0—00
6—08
6—08
4i — 10
18-36
5 6 —13
Rates of Duty charged in the Year ended the 5th lif January, 1834.
Unmanufactured tobacco, the produce of, and imported from, any British possession in *. d.
America - . . . . - 2 9 per lb.
Unmanufactured tobacco, otherwise imported - . ..30 —
Manufactured tobacco and cigars - . . . .90 —
Snuflr . „ . . . , ..60—
TON. — TONNAGE.
1165
r^
Hi
Account of the Quantities of Tobacco retained for Home Consumption, flie Riitc» of Duty thereon j an<t
the Total Nett Produce of the Uutica, in (Jreat Britain and Ireland ; IVom ITS!) to lbj3, both inclusive.
— [Pari. Papers, No. 310. Scss. 18iU, No. 747. Seis. 1833, and No. 212. Scss. 1834.)
(irrat Hrltain.
Inland. |
1
tiuanlitlus
rut.ii lied for
Home Con.
Nett Revenue
of Customs and
Total Ralei of Duly per Lb. on
unmanuf.<ctured ToImcco.
QuantltlcH
entered fur
Home Con-
Nell ReTenue
of Customs and
Total Hale« of Diilj)
per 1.1). on iinmatiutac.
Of the Uoml-
>
•um|ition.
CxcLie.
American. | nioni of Spain
i and PortUKal.
•umpUon.
Eiclte.
lured Tobacco.
U«.
/.. «. ((.
Ui.
L. 1. d-
1789
8,152,185
408,037 4 1
\:3d.
3«.
2,7«.'i,441
128,704 8 4
It. IrUh curienry.
17110
8,9(iO,224
512,.383 7 1
•
3«. 6<<.
2,<!no,437
1.13,195 18 10
17U1
9,.340,875
585,966 9 1
•
2,.M«,013
117,4'.:0 2
179!i
8,979,221
582,096 7 7
•
I,767/>81
80,693 4 5
17<W
8,617,967
547,217 14 4
•
5,51.8,857
12.1,844 17 1
CJ. ditto.
I7U4
9,723,5.16
606,262 12 10
•
9,426,211
193,158 10 7
179.'>
10,972,368
659,989 3 4
•
7,874,401)
215,719 9
id. ditto.
J79fi
10,047,843
755,451 15 1
1*. 7rf.
"4*. 6rf.'
6,015,790
186,7,59 19
1797
9,822.439
813fl27 16 2
U. 7d. fi-'20thi. 4«. 6J. U-VOths.
8,14A,.',55
267,721 16 4
1798
10,286,741
867,302 14
U.7d. l'i-!^i)ths. 4«. 7d.4-2Uths.
1,894,121
21.5,317 12 7
It. ditto.
1799
10,993,113
799469 14 2
■ 1
5,876,172
288,028 4 9
It. 7-lOtlis ditto.
1800
11,796,415
987,110 8 8
- I
6,7.17,275
327,916 9
1801
10,514,998
923,855 3 5
1<. 7(/. 6-2nth». 4$.Gd, 18-t;0th8.
6,389,754
285,482 6 4
ISOit
12,121,278
928,678 9 1
li.7(/. 3.1-50ih». 4*. 7 J. IH-SOth-s.
6,327,512
309,738 9 2
f It. 7-inih«iM'rm.
land 3t. per 100 llii:.
i8af
125,89,570
1,028,563 16 1
Ij. -il. 1 4.. 8i</.
5,278/,ll
265,944 3 4
1804
12,254,494
1,060,319 18
l4.H/j,l. t 4i. lOH
5,781,487
314,007 5 8
it.^d, Brit, currency
1805
12,656,471
1,088,821 4 5
Ix.Sd. M.liOihj. 4i.lO./.19.20tlis
4,158,794
302,316 8 1
18116
12,435,035
1,185,830 14 1
2<. 'id. 13-2Uths. 5<. 4<<. 19.2Uths.
5,(>ri2,I86
359,867 6 4
1807
12,432,994
1,336,542 17 9
- > 1 .
4,531,049
315,417 4 3
It. Sd. ditto.
INOH
12,876,119
1,448,296 3 7
« -
.'>,S47.416
403,973 3 8
1809
13,054,870
1,325,154 5 7
4».l</.13.20tlis.
6,497,662
451,278 19 11
1810
14,108,193
1,599,376 18 9
6,221,646
444,198 5
1811
14,923,243
1,701,848 8 2
-
6,453,0^4
552,082 9 9
2t. id. l3-20tlis ditto.
181S
15,043,533
1,679,912 2 2
Sf. 4d. 13-20th>. 4«. 5(/. 18-2e(hs.
5,896,762
697,897 9 11
1813
13,648,245
■ Custonii re- \
conUdestroyed. J
1,. 58 1,684 I2 9
2«.8i(.3-16tlu. 4f.lU.ll-16tl»i.
5,944,817
746,006 2
2t.8i<.3-16l>u ditto.
1814
10,503,917
.
.
4,869,104
653,708 12 11
1815
13,207,192
1,764,487 7 10
St. id.
it..^d.
4,748,205
740,279 13 1
3t. 2i/. ditto.
1816
12,815,808
2,0.15,109 2 8
4,732,085
75O,.V0 7 6
1817
13,593,089
2,158,-500 3 U
4,778,469
757,316 8 3
1818
13,688,437
2,17.3,866 19 2
4,194,041
664,183 9 1
1819
12,911,285
2,285,015 8 10
4».
' U.
3,466,852
614,989 5 7
4t. (tlto.
1820
13,016,562
2,610,972 7 9
2,582,498
516,446 2 6
1821
12,983,198
2,600,415 7 8
2,614,954
522,168 6 9
ISM 12,970^66
2,599,155 15 1
3,30!) ,072
664,016 7 4
1823 1 13,418^54
2,695,009 15 »
3,546,126
7.10,507 12 8
1824 13,083,094
2,627,955 12 6
3,7l!),712
750,589 5 4
1825 1 14.510,555
2,530/il7 6 3
3t.
5t.
4,I60,IJI9
728,288 13 li
3t. dills.
1826 13,783,370
2,077,875 14 7
3t.
3,898,617
580,893 11
1827 14,704,655
2,223,340 IS 4
4,041,172
(.83,837 18 9
18V'S 14,540,368
2,198,142 18 2
-
4,013,915
5n5,6S3 4 3
1829 14,760,468
2,236,366
4,125,297
6l.1,.141 U
18,W| 15,170,719
2,309,287
4,122,782
614,978
1831 1 ld„riO,018
2,338,107
•
4,18.1,823
62'i,485
1832 15,892,792
2,428,532
4,342,676
652,566
18.13 16,214,159
•
'. '. 4,556,647
Regulations as to Importation. —Tobacco is not to be imported in a vessel of less than 120 tons burden ;
nor unless in hogsheads, casks, chests, or ciscs, containing at least 100 lbs. nett weight, if from the Kast
Indies ; or 4.50 lbs. weight, if from any other place; or 100 lbs. weight, if cigars ; except tob.icco from
Turkey, which may be packed in separate bags or packages, provided the outward package be a hogshead,
cask, chest, or case, containing 450 lbs. nett at least; and except Guatemala and Colombian tobacco,
which may be imported in packages of not less than 90 lbs. 'I'obacco is not allowed to be imported, unless
into the following ports; viz. London, Liverpool, Bristol, Lancaster, Cowcs, Falmouth, Whitehaven,
Hull, Glasgow, Port Glasgow, Greenock, Leith, Newcastle, Plymouth, Belfast, Cork, Drogheda,
Dublin, Galway, Limerick, Londonderry, Newry, Sligo, Waterford, and Wexford. A rent of /our
shillings is charged upon every hogshead, cask, chest, or case of tobacco, warehoused in every warehouse
provided by the Crown ; 2s. being paid immedi.itely upon depositing the tobacco in the warehousie, and
fis. more before the tobacco is taken out for home consumption, or exportation : it may remain (or five
years in the warehouse without any additional charge for rent. No abateiueut is made £iom the tobacco
duties on account of damage ; but the merchant may, if he choose, abandon the tobacco, which is to be
destroyed. The allowance of duty-free tobacco for each sailor on board his Majesty's navy, and for each
soldier on foreign service, is fixed at 2 lbs. per hinar month. Tobacco that has been ex])orted, cannot be
reim|K>rted, without being subject to the same duty as if it were imported (or the first time. Tobacco
cannot be entered for exportation in any vessel of less than 70 tons burden. — (See a full statement of the
regulations in Ellis's British Tariff" for 1833-34.) When tobacco is reshipped for exportation, an allowance
is made for shrinkage, from the seller to the buyer, of 30 lbs. per hhd. on Virginia and Kentucky, and
15 lbs. per hhd. on Maryland, on the landing weights ; the d rail of the former 8 lbs. and of the latter
4 lbs., with a tret on all sorts of 4 lbs. per 104 lbs.
TON, an English weight containing 20 cwt.
TONNAGE, in commercial navigation, the number of tons burden that a .ship will
carry.
The mode in which the tonnage of British ships is at present, and has hitherto been,
ascertained, is specified in the Registry Act, 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 55. § § 16. & 1 7. (see ante,
p. 977). This mode has, however, led to very inaccurate conclusions ; and as most
shipping charges depend on the tonnage, it has occasioned the building of ships of an
improper form for the purposes of navigation, in order that, by measuring less than
their real burden, they might evade a part of the duties. It, therefore, has long been
felt to be desirable that some change should be made in the plan of measuring ships.
But the practical obstacles in the way of any change arc much greater than is commonly
supposed. The accurate estimation of the tonnage of a ship is a very difficult problem
indeed ; and it is indispensable that any system to be adopted in practice be not very
complex ; for if so, it will either be wholly inapplicable, or it will be sure to be incor-
' }
I
i^
»f
ft
1
J' M
1
■il
;
'■i
; I'
i
1166
TOOLS AND MACHINES.
rectly applii'd. At host, tliorcfore, only an approximative measiiroineiit con bo ubtainca.
A committee of sL-ientiHc and practical gentlemen were appointed some time since to
consider tlie subject ; and at tbeir recommendation a bill bas been introduced into par-
liament, embodying a plan for tbe more correct measurement of ships. As it is probable
it will be passed into a law, we subjoin its more important clauses. As much, wo
believe, has been done to simplify it, as was, perhaps, practicable ; but it still appears to
us to be abundantly complex.
AVw Mode by which Tonnaec qf Vessels is to be ascertained. — The tonnngc of every »hip or veiscl
required to be registered, shall be measured luid ascertained while her hold is clear, according to the
following rule; viz. divide the length of the upper dock between the after part of the stem and the fore
part of the stornpost into (t equal parts. Depths : at the foremost, the middle, and the aftermost of
those points of division, measure in feet and decimal parts of a foot thedepths from the under side of the
upper deck to the ceilinj; at the limber strake. In the case of a break in the upper deck, the depths arc
to be measured from a line stretched in a continuation of the deck Breadths : divide each of those ."i
depths into 5 equal parts, and measure the inside breadths at the following points ; viz. at I.5th
and at ♦..Oths from the upper deck, of the foremost and aftermost depths ; and at 2-5ths and '^.Oths from
the upper deck, of the midship depth. Length : at 4 the midship depth, measure the length of the
vessel from the after p.irt of the stem to the fore part of the stornpost ; then to twice the midship depth
add the foremost and aftermost depths fur the sum of the depths ; add together the upper and lower
breadths at the foremost division, ,'} times the upi)«r breadth, and the lower breadth at the midship divi.
»ion, and the upper and twice the lower breadth at the after division, for the sum of the breadths ; then
multiply the sum of the depths by the sum of the breadths, and this product by the length, and divide
the final product by ;3,'j()(), which will give the number of tons for register. If the vcs.sci have a ponp or
4 dci'k, or a break in the upper deck, inca.<iuro the inside mean length, breadth, atid height of sui^h part
thereof as may be included within the bulkliead ; multiply these 3 measurements together, and, dividing
the (irodui't by 9i4, the quotient will be the number of tons, to be added to the result as above found. In
order to ascertain the tonnage of oiicn vessels, the depths arc to be measured from the upper edge of the
upper strake. — ^ 2.
Mode of ascertaining Tonnage of Steam J'^csse/s. — In ascertaining the tonnage of vessels propelled by
steam, insto.id of deducting the length of tiio engine-room from the length of the vessel, as is at present
by law estiibli.shed, an allowance for the same sliall be made by an abatement of one-fourth of the whole
toiuiage of the vessel, to be ascertained in manner aforesaid ; but inasmuch as tlie tendency of every
improvement in the construction of such vcissels is tn diminish the space occupied by the engine, it
shall be lawful, by royal proclamation, |)Ublislicd in the London Oaxette, to alter the proportion of allow-
ance to be made in respect of the engine-room, as shall be found just and expedient, according to such
diminution of space occupied by the engine as sliall from time to time take place in such vessels. — ^ 4.
F'lr ascertaining Tonnage <f I'esse/s irhen laden. —Vor {.he purjiose of ascertaining the tormagr of
all such ships, whether belonging to the Unite<l Kingdom or otherwise, as there shall be occa.sinn to
measure while their cargoes are on board, the following rule shall be observed ; viz. measure, 1st, the
length on ihc upper deck between the after part of the stem and the fore part of the sternpost ; 2dly, the
inside breadth on the under side of the upper deck at the middle point of the length ; and, 3dly, the
depth from the under side of the upper deck down the punip-wcll to the skin : multiply these 3 dimen.
8i(Mis together, and divide the product by 130, and the quotient will be the amount of the register tonnage
of such ships. — ^ 5.
Amount of Itegister Tonnage to be carved on main Beam. — The true amount of the register tonnage
of every merchant ship or vessel belonging to the United Kingdom, to be ascertained according to tha
rule by this act established in respect of such ships, shall he deeply carved or cut in figures of at least
3 inches in length, on the main beam of every such ship or vessel, prior to her being registered ^ (i.
The tonnage of goods and stores is taken sometimes by weight, and sometimes by measurement; that
method being allowed to the vessel which yields the most tonnage. In tonnage by weight, 20 cwt. make
a ton. In tonnage by measurement, 40 cubic feet are equal to a ton. All carriages, or other stores
measured by the tonnage, are taken to pieces and packed so as to ofcupy the least room. Ordnance,
whether brass or iron, is taken in tonnage at its actual weight ; as arc musket cartridges in barrels or
boxes, ammunition in boxes, &c.
TOOLS AND MACHINES. Under this designation are comprised all sorts of in-
struments employed to assist in the performance of any luidertaking, from the rudest and
simplest to the most improved and complex. But we only mention them here for tiio
purpose of making one or two remarks on the restrictions to which the trade in thcui is
subjected.
Importation and Exportation of Tools and Machines. — Tools and machines bnr '-i,
struments of production, it is obviously of the utmost importance that they sh( .is
much improved as possible, and hence the expediency of allowing their free imi .on.
Their exclusion, or the exclusion of the articles of wliich they are made, would obviously
lay every branch of industry carried on in a nation less advanced than others in their
maimfacture, under the most serious disadvantages. And supposing the implements it
employed to be superior to those of other countries when the exclusion took place, the
ab.sence of foreign competition, and of the emulation which it inspires, would most pro-
l)ably, in a very short time, occasion the loss of this Mijieriority. The injury arising
from the prohibition of most other articles is comparatively limited, affecting only the
producers and consumers of those that arc prohibited. But a prohibition of machines
stiikes at the root of every species of industry : it is not injurious to one, or a few
branches, but to all.
The question, whether the exjuirtation of machinery ouglit to be free, is not so easy
of solution. It is the duty of a nation to avail itself of every fair means for
its own aggrandisement; and supposing the machinery belonging to any particular
people were decidedly superior to that employed by their neighbours, and that they
had it in their power to preserve this advantage, their generosity would certainly out-
run their sense, were they to communicate their improved machinery to others. We
do not, however, believe that it is possiI)le, wh.itcvcr mcai^iires may be adopted in that
-
■'■>>
TOPAZ.
IKJI
view, for one country to monopolise, for any considcrnblu period, any material im-i
provemcnt in machinery or the arts : and on this ground wo think that the existing
restraint", on the exportation of machinery had hetter he abolished. Drawings and
models of all sorts of machines used in IManchcstcr, Glaspjtv, and Kirmingham,
arc to be found in most parts of tlie Continent ; and at Iloiim, Paris, Sec, numbers
of the best Eni^lish workmen are employed in the manufacture of prohibited ma-
chines. Now, it does certainly appear not a little ' .eposterous to prevent the export-
atioi. o o machine, at the same time that we allow (it could not, indeed, be prevented)
the free egress of the workmen by whom it is made ! The etl'ect of this absurd policy
is, not to secure a monopoly of improved machines for the manufacturers of England,
?^ut to occasion the emigration of English artisans to the Continent, and the establisli-
ittviit there of machine manufactories under their superintendence. 'I'hc prejudice that
must uise from this state of things to the interests of England, is too obvious to require
being pointed out. It is plain, therefore, that the exportation of all sorts of machinery,
on payment of a moderate duty, ought to be allowed. A policy of this sort would
afford a much more efficient protection to our mainifacturers than they enjoy at present;
at the same time that it would tend to keep our artisans at home, and make England
the grand seat of the tool as well as of the cotton manufacture.
For an account of the restrictions on the exportation of machinery from Great Britain,
see ante, p. 668.
Account of the Value of the Mnohinery exported from Orcat Britain, during the Six Years ending
witli lHZ'X — {l>ur/. Paper, No. ;57a Sess. 1830.)
VMn.
1894
lH!i5
132C
18X7
ISKS
isa'j
Ste.ini KnRJim
ami Harts cif
Htcani Engines.
Mill Work cf- II
Sorts nllDued hy
li.iw to be
ex))orted.
Mathinery of all
other Kindi
ftllnvrml liy I,aw to
beexiujrti'd.
I..
88,12.1
78,0'^7
l'^S,H2il
iii,n.->()
1.1.1,.')7.1
iil,.W8
■17,.'iI.T
t;i:,'ii7
('.ii,.'jn7
,'i;,ii.T
.V.'.lllU
.Machlnerv eiportcil
under Llcenre
from the Treastiry
or Privy Council.
Total.
L.
4 »,<J.'.8
4,172
n.i.w
17,I.')I
i!i,i;u
23,IUt
I..
12!I,B.')2
212,416
2.'53,9,V>
214,120
2S(i,.''.ia
TOPAZ (Ger. Topas; Fr. Topase; It. Topnzlo; Sp. Topncio; Rus. Topas). The
name topaz has been restrictct' 'iv M. Haiiy to the stones called by mineralogists Occi-
dental ruby, topaz, and sapphire , iiieh, agreeing in their crystallisation and most of their
properties, were arranged under nc species by INI. Home de Eisle. The word topiiz,
derived from an island in the 1. d Sea, where the ancients used to find topazes, was
applied by them to a mineral very different from ours. One variety of our topaz they
denominated Chrysolite. Colour, wine yellow. From pale wine yellow it passes into
yellowish white, greenish white, mountain green, sky blue : from deep wine yellow into
flesh red and crimson red. Specific gravity from .S'464 to 3 'Gil. — (Thomson's Che-
mistry, )
" Yellow Topaz. — In speaking of the topaz, a gem of a beaut'-ful yellow colour is always understood :
it is wine yellow of different degrees of intensity ; and the f>;ilcr an;' deeper the tinge, the more thestonir
is esteemed. In hardness it yit-lds to the spiiielle.
" There are few gems more uidversal favourites than t 'lo yellow topai", when perfect : the rich warn*
tone of its colour, the vivacity of its lustre (which it reta.iis even hy the side of the diamond^ and its
large size, compared with many others, are characters « hi^h deservedly entitle it todistinction ; it lieara
accordingly a higli price when of good quality.
" It is chiefly employed for necklaces, ear-dro|is, bracelet.', &c. in suit. No little skill and taste are re-
quired in cutting and duly proportioning this gem; the talle should be perfectly symmetrical, and not
too large, the bizel of siifUcient depth, and the collet side s'lould be formed in delicate steps. It works
easily on the mill, and the lapidaries arc in general tuler-iliiy well acquainted with it ; yet it is uncommon
to meet with one well cut.
" The yellow topaz varies in price according to Its beauty and perfection. A superLitively fine stone,
perfect in colour and workinanship, sufficiently large for an armlet, or any other ornament, and weighing
nearly 80 carais, was sold fir 1(K)/.
" Topazes have become more common since our intercourse with Brazil ; consequently they are less in
demand, and lower in pi ice. A fine stone of 6() carats may be purchased at from 20/. to .Ua/. ; and smaller,
calculated for ring stones, at from a/ to 5/. : but it is not usual to sell them bv weight.
" Pink Topax. — This is trade from the yellow, which, when of intense colour, is put into the bowl of a
tobacco pipe or small crucible, covered with ashes or sand : on the applicition of a low degree of heat, it
changes its colour frimi a yellow to a beautiful pink. This is pcrlbrmcd with little hazard; and if the
colour produced hftppens to be fine, the price is much augmented.
" Jied Topaz. —This beautiful gem, which very seldom occurs naturally, is of a fine crimson colour,
tinged with a rich ' -"wn ; it is extremely rare, a'nd generally taken to be a variety of ruby, for which I
have seen it offered tm sale. Its price, from its scarcity, is quite capricious; it has an exquisite pleasing
colour, very different flrom the glare of the artificial pink topaz.
" Blue Topax— is also a beautiful gem, of a fine celestial; blue colour. It has occurre<l of considfable
magnitude; the finest specimen known, I brought in the rough from Brazil; when cut and polished, it
weighed about 1 J oz. Smaller specimens arc not uncommon, and, when light-coloured, are often tJ'ken
for aqua-marinas, from which they may always be distinguished by their greater weight and hard-
ness, &c.
" JVhite Topax — is familiarly called Minns ^'ova. It is a beautiful pellucid gem, and is used for brace-
lets, necklaces, fee. It possesses greater brilliancy than crystal; and, from its liardncsF, has been used to
cover paste, ^c, and to form doublets. — {Ma^ve on Diamonds, S;c. 2d cd. p. U!8— 112.)
:!
H \\
^ 1
\ -J
md
li
1168 TOUTOISESHELL.— Tlllwn'IKS (COMMKUCIAL).
TOllTOISESHFJ.I- (I'r. Ecaille da Tortuu ; It. Smylin de l\trt,irwjn ; Ger.
Schilpad; Miilay, SUik hiirukuru), the bru\rii and yellow sciilos of the Tentitdo iinhricitu,
or tortoise, a nutivc of the tropiviil sens. It is oxtcnsivcly used in tU« inaiiurueturc of
combs, sniiif-boxcs, &c., and in inlay ini; and otliur ornumvntal work. Tliu bust
tortoisesliell is that of the Indian Archipelago ; and the finest of this quarter is obtained
on the shores of the Spice Islands and New Guinea. When the finest West Indian
tnrtoiseshell is worth, in the London market, 46b., the finest Kast Indian is wortii
60». per lb. Under the latter name, however, a great deal of inferior shell is im-
ported, brought from various parts of the East. Indies. The goodness of tortoise-
shell depends mainly on the thickness and size of the scales, and in a smaller degree on
the clearness and brilliancy of the colours. Before the opening of the British inter-
course with India, the greater jmrt of the tortoiseshcll which eventually found its way
to Europe, was first carried to Canton, which then formed the principal mart for the
commodity. It is still an article of trade from that city ; the value of the tortoisisliell
exported by British ships, in ISM and 18:52, having amounted to 19,017 dollars. At pre-
sent, however. Singapore is the chief mart, the exports from it in 1831 and 1832 having
amounted at an average to 208 piculs. The price at Singapore varies from 7.'jO mikI
900 to from 1,000 to 1,600 dollars per picul, according to quality. — {Crawfinil't
Indian Archipelago ; Sinyapore Chronicle! Canton Register.)
The imports of tortoiseshcll into Great Hritain from all places eastward of the Caj* of Ooo<I Hope,
except Cliiiia, were, in ICOO, 3iJ,lS9 lbs. j in 18)1, 30,!K)2i and in 1832, 39,004. — (/'o»/. Paper, No. iV,
Sesa. IKU.) The duty, which is 2s. )>cr lb. on the shells imported from foreign countries, and U. per lb
on those imi)orted from a British possession, produced, in 1832, 458/. \s. Id. nett
TOYS (Ger. Spielzeug, Speihachen ; Du. Speclgued ; Fr. Jouets, Bimhehts ; It.
Trastulli ; S]i. Dijes, Juguetes de ninnos -, lius. fgrushki), include every trifling article
made expressly for the amusement of children. How frivolous soever these articles
may appear in the estimation of superficial observers, their manufacture employs hun-
dreds of bands, and gives bread to many families in London, Birmingham, &c. The
greatness of the demand for them may be inferred, from the fact, that a manufacturer of
glass beads, and articles of that description, has received a single order for 500/. worth of
dolls' eyes ! — (Fourth lieport, Artisans and Machinery, p. 314.) Considerable quan-
tities are also imported from Holland ; which supplies us with several sorts of wooden
toys on more reasonable terms than we can afford to produce them. But of late years,
these have beei.> made in greater abundance in England than formerly. The duty on
toys, which is an ad valorem one of 20 per cent., produced, in 1832, 3,469/. 1^. Td.,
showing that the value of tlie toys imported for home use amounted to 17,345/.
TRAGACANTII, a .species of gum, the produce of the Astragalus Tragacanthu,
a thorny shrub growing in Persia, Crete, and the islands of the Levant. It exudes
about the end of June from the stem and larger branches, and soon dries in the sun.
It is inodorous ; impressing a very slightly bitter taste as it softens in the mouth. It
has a wiiitish colour ; is scmitransparent ; and in very tliin, wrinkled, vermiform
pieces ; it is brittle, but not easily pulverised, except in frosty weather, or in .^
warmed mortar. It should be chosen in long twisted pieces, white, very clear, and
free from all other colours ; the brown, and jiarticularly the black pieces, should ho
wholly rejected. — ( Thomson's Chemistry ; Dr. A. T. Thomson's Dispensatory ; Milburu's
Orient. Com.)
The entries of tragacanth for home consumption in 1831 and 1832, were at the rate of Ij.SSnlbs. a
year. In March, 1834, tragacanth sold in the London marlcet at from 11/. 10s. to 16/. per cwt., duty ifis.)
included.
TREATIES (COMMERCIAL). By a commercial treaty is meant a treaty
between two independent nations, for facilitating, and most commonly, also, regulating,
the commerce carried on lietween them.
Origin, Objects, and Policy of modern Commercial Treaties. — During the middle np;^,
and down, indeed, to a comparatively recent period, foreigners resident in a country,
whether for commercial or other purposes, were, for the most part, subject to very harsh
treatment. At one time, it was usuiil in England to make aliens liable for the debts and
crimes of each other ; and the practice, formerly so common, of laying lieavier duties on
the goods imported and exported by aliens than by British subjects, is not even yet, we
grieve to say, altogether abandoned. In France, and .some other countries, during the
]4th and 15th centuries, a stranger was incapable of bequeathing property by will ; and
the whole of his personal as w<'ll as real estate fell, at his death, to the king or the lord
of the barony. This barbarous law was known by the name of Droit d'Aubaine, and
was not completely abolished in France till a very late period. — ( Itobertsou's Charles V.
vol. i. note 29.) Previously to last century, the laws with respect to shipwreck, though
infinitely more humane than they had been at a more remote period, were calculated
rather to promote the interests of the sovereign of the country, or the feudal lords on
whose ten'itories shipwrecked vessels miglit be thrown, than those of the unfortunate
\>y
TRIiATIKS (C'OMMKIICIAL).
1H)9
owners or turvivurs. — (Sve Wkeck.*) The most serious olistnclex were llion, also,
opposed, by the prevalent insecurity, aiui the iirhitrary nature of the tolls which the
lords were in the habit of exacting, to the transit of commodities through the territories
of one state to those of another.
Under such circumstances, it became (»f much importance for commercial states to
emlcavour to obtain, by means of treaties, that protection and security for the persons
and pro{)erties of their subjects, when abroad, against unjust treatment and vexatious
exactions, which they could not have obtained from the laws of the countries in which
they might happen to reside. Thus, it was stipulated by Edward II., in l.'jy.?, that
the merchants and mariners of Venice should have power to come to England for 1()
years, with liberty to sell their merchandise and to return home in safety, " without
having either their fiersoiiH or good* ttopjwd on account of other people's crime* or tlihts."
— (AndersoH, anno V.V25.) The commercial treaties negotiated during the 15th, 16th,
and 17th centuries, are full of similar conditions ; and there can be no doubt that, by
providing for the security of merchants and seamen when abroad, and suspending, with
resjiect to them, the barbarous laws and practices then in force, tJiey contributed
materially to accelerate the progress of commerce and civilisation.
Commercial treaties were also negotiated at a very early period for the regulation of
neutral commerce during war ; and for defining the articles that should be deemed
contraband, or which it should not be lawful for neutral ships to convey or carry to
cither belligerent. These are obviously points that can only be decided by express
stipulations. \
Instead, however, of confining commercial treaties to their legitimate and proper pur-
poses — the security of merchants and navigators, and the facility of commercial trans-
actions — they very soon began to Ikj employed as engines tor promoting the commerce
of one country at the expense of another. For more than 2 centuries, those engaged
in framing conunerciul treaties have principally applied themselves to secure, either
by force or address, some exclusive advantage in favour of the ships and products of
their particular countries. Hence these com|)acts are full of regulations as to the
duties to be charged on certain articles, and the privileges to be enjoyed by certain
ships, according as they were either produced by or belonged to particular countries. It
was in the adjustment of these duties and regulations that the skill of the negotiator was
chicily put to the test It was expected tbat he should be thoroughly acquainted with
the state of every branch of industry, both in bis own country, and in the country with
which he was negotiating; and he was to endeavour so to adjust the tarift' of duties, that
those brandies in which his own country was deficient might be benefited, aiid those
in which the other was superior might be depressed ! The idea of conducting a nego-
tiation of this sort on a fair principle of reciprocity is of very late origin ; success in
circumventing, in over-reaching, or in extorting froni fear or ignorance some oppressive,
but at the same time worthless privilege, was long esteemed the oidy proof of superior
talent in negotiators.
In an able tract, attributed to Mr. Eden, afterwards Lord Auckland, published in 1787
(Historical and Political Remarks on the Tariff of the French Treat//), there is the follow-
ing outline of the qualifications necessary to the negotiator of a commercial treaty : —
" Besides a general knowledge of the trade and reciprocal interests of the contracting par-
ties, he ought to be precisely acquainted with their several kinds of industry and skill ;
to discover their wants, to calculate their resources, and to weigh with nicety the state of
their finances, and the proportionate interest of their money: nay, further, he should be
able to ascertain the comparative population and strength of each country, together with
the price and quality both of first materials, and also of the labour bestowed upon them :
for this purpose he should inquire into the operations of every class of merchants and
manufacturers concerned in the trade ; should consult their expectations on each of Its
several branches ; and collect their hopes and fears on the effect of such a commercial
revolution, on tlie competition of rival nations. A good treaty of commerce, inde-
pendent of the art of negotiation, is pronounced, by one who well knew the extent and
difficulty of the subject, to be a » masterpiece of skill.' " — (p. 10.)
Had Mr. Eden concluded by stating, that no individual, or number of individuals,
ever possessed, or ever would possess, the various qualifications which in his estimation
were required in negotiating a " good commercial treaty," he would only have affirmed
what is most certainly true. We believe, however, that be had formed a totally false
• The practice of conflscating shipwrecked property continued in France till 1681, when it was a1)olIshP(l
by an edict of Louis XIV. It was at one time common in Germany, to use the words of M. Bouchuud,
"pimr It's pn'dicateurs de prier Dieu en cha\re,qu'il se faMC hien des nattfrages siir leurs c6tfs ! " —
{TMorie drs TraHis de Commerce, p. 118.) And the fart, that the relebrafed purist Thomasius wrote a
dissertation in defence of such prayers, affords, if possible, a still more striknig proof of the spirit of
the period.
+ There is a (food collection of treaties as to this point, in the A|)pcnd'x to the excellent woik of
Lampredi, lie! Cnmwercio de' I'vjtoli Keutruli. —(See C'oN'iKABAiVD )
4 V
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1170
TH KATIES (COM M KUC! AL).
I'stiinatu, not only ul' the qiiulificntiunN of n ncf^otiatiir, but of tliu ol>jocts liv ought to
liuvc in vifw. It was tlic opinion of the Ahlxi Mnhly — (Droit I'uUii/ue ite VF.unijit,
tuine ii. p. MiX.), — an opinion in wliitli wu iirc dispoHi'd, with very iittlt- nioditiciition, to
concur, — tliiit wlien n few f^eiu-ral rules nre ngrec-d upon for tlie efiectual security of trailu
and niivi^atiun, including the importation und exportation of all commodities not pro-
hihited liy law; the speedy adjustment of disputes ; the regulations of pilotage, harbour,
and light-house duties ; the protection of the property and effects of mercliants in the
event of a rupture, &c. ; all is done that ought to be attempted in a commercial treaty.
It may, indeed, be pro|)erly stipulated that the goods of the contracting powers shall be
admitted into each otlier's ports on the same terms as " tiiose of tliu most favoured
nations," — that is, that no higlier duties shall be charged upon them than on those
of others, liut liere stipulations ought to cease. It is an abuse and a perversion of
commercial treaties, to make them instruments for regulating duties or prescribing
Custom-bouse regulations.
We admit, indeed, that occasions may occur, in which it may be expedient to stipu-
late for a reduction of duties or an abolition of prohibitions on the one side, in return foi
similar concessions on the other. But all arrangements of this sort ought to be deter-
mined by a convention limited to that particular object; and a fixed and not very distant
term should be specified, when the obligation in the convention should expire, and
both parties be at liberty to continue or abandon the regulations agreed upon. Generally
speaking, all treaties which determine what the duties on importation or exportation
shall be, or which stipulate for preferences, are radically objectionable. Nations ought
to regulate their tariffs in whatever mode they judge best for the promotion of their
own interests, without being shackled by engagements witli others. * If foreign powers
be all treated alike, none of them has just grounds of complaint ; and it can never be for
the interest of any people to show prefereies to one over another. Those, for example,
by whom we may be most advantageously supplied with foreign products, require no
preferences ; and if we exclude them, or give a preference to others, we incontcstahly
injure ourselves: and yet 19 out of 20 of the regulations as to duties in commerL'ial
treaties have been founded on this preposterous principle. They have been employed to
divert trade into channels, where it would not naturally flow ; that is, to render it less
secure and less profitable than it would otherwise have been.
A great deal of stress bos usually been laid upon the advantages supposed to be derived
from the privileges sometimes conceded in commercial treaties. But we believe that
those who inquire into the subject will find that such coneossions have, in every casi",
been not only injurious to the party making them, but v'l-o *•■ the party in whose favour
they have been made. The famous commercial treaty with I'ortugal, negotiated by Mr.
Methuen in 1 10% was almost universally regarded, for a very long period, as admirably
calculated to promote the interests of this country ; but it is now generally admitted, by
every one who has reflected upon such subjects, that few transactions have taken place
by which thesf interests have been more deeply injured. It stipulated for the free ad-
mission of Bri sh woollens into Portugal, from which they happened, at the time, to be
excluded ; but in return for this concession — a concession far more advantageous to the
Portuguese than to us — we bound ourselves " for ever hereafter" to admit wines of
growth of Portugal into Great Britain at §ds of the duty payable on the wines of
France ! Thus, in order to open an access for our woollens to the limited market of
Portugal, we consented, in all time to come, to drink inferior wine, bought at a com-
paratively high price ! — (See Wine.) This, however, was not all : by excluding one of
the principal equivalents the French had to offer for our commodities, we necessarily
lessened their ability to deal with us ; at the same time that we provoked them to adopt
retaliatory measures against our trade. It is owing more to the stipulations in the
Methuen treaty than to any thing else, that the trade between England and France —
a trade that would naturally be of vast extent and importance — is confined within the
narrowest limits ; and is hardly, indeed, of as much consequence as the trade with Sweden
and Norway. — (See ante, p. 644.)
It is visionary to imagine that any nation will ever continue to grant to another any
exclusive advantage in her markets, unless she obtain what she reckons an equivalent
advantage in the markets of the other. And if a commercial treaty stipulating for an
exclusive privilege be really and bona Jide observed by the country granting the privilege,
we may be sure that the concessions made by the country in whose favour it is granted
are sufficient fully to countervail it. Those who grasp at exclusive privileges in matters
of this sort, or who attempt to extort valuable concessions from the weakness or ignorance
of their neighbours, are uniformly defeated in their object. All really beneficial
commercial transactions are bottomed on a fair principle of reciprocity ; and that nation
,
j>
AiJ
Britil
possel
* This principle is laid down as fundamental by a very high authority. Sir Henry Parnell, in hit tract
Surks Avantages des Relations Commercia/cs enlrc la France et I' Angleterrc.
f
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act
TIIEATIES (COMMICIU IAL).
1171
will always flourish most, and have tlie fuiindatiunH of hi-r proHpcrity bt'Nt nccurcd, who
is a universal merchant, and deals witli all the world on the mn'ne fair and lihcral
principles.
The justness of these principles, we are glad to ohserve, is now bejfinninn t() he very
generally admitted. Stipulations as to duties and Custom-lionse regulations are disiip-
pearing from commercial treaties ; and it is to be hoped that, at no distant period, every
trace of them may have vanished.
A good work on the prlnvlplpi, style, and li'iKtory orcommo lal trcatli'i in a dcsldoratiiin. The n'nt we
have iiet'ii are Mancovnn l)c l-'wilfri/iu.i ComiiictriorHm, 4t(i. Leifinic, 17.'i.">. ; aiul Kiiiiclmiid, T/ii'orii- il,'s
Trailrs dc Commrrrt', IWino. I'arii, 1777. Hut tlu'«o are priiiciiially works of cnulitioii, and weri" writtvii
bel'ore the Bound iirini'ipleii of conimiTclal policv had lu't'ii nnlbldi'd. There la no ^ood coIUm tion oftri'a.
ties hi the EiiKliih lanKuanc; but Mr. Hcrtslt't k work io vahialilo, a.« I'ontaininK thi' rcriMit treatlt'ii in an
accemiiblc form. A work contalninK new tri-utlcM and state pa|>t'rii '\* aruuiiilly compilt'd at Ihi' Korvitgn
OIHcc ; It used to be diatrlbute<l to a few otticlul peraonaKea only, but it U now sold to the public.
V'e subjoin copies of some of the commercial treaties and conventions existing at this
moment between Great Britain and other powers.
Al'STRIA.
Convention qf Commerce anil Navigation between Ilia liritannic Mttjcaty ami the Em/ieror of Aiitlria,
siifiieil at London, JJecernher iil. 18J!l.
Article 1. From the 1st day of February, IH.jO, Austrian vessels enterlii); or departiiiR from the ports oi
the United KiriKdom of (ireat liritain and Ireland, and llritish vessels enterioK or departing from the ports
of his Imperial and lloyal Apostolic Majesty's dDniinions, sliall not be luhject to any other or liiKher
duties or charges whatever than are or shall be levied on national vessels entering or departing from such
ports respectively.
2. All arti<'les of the growth, produce, or maiuifac tore of any of Iho dominions >f either of the high
contracting parties, which are or shall be permitted to be imported into or exported •rom the ports of the
United Kingdom and of Austria, respectively, in vessels of the one country, shall, in .ike maiuier, be per.
mitted to be imported into and ex|K)rtcd from those por.s in vessels of the other.
3. All articles not of the growth, produce, or mainilm ture of the dominions of his Ilritaiuiic Majesty,
which can legally bo imported from the United Kingdom of (ireat lirituin and Ireland into tliu ports of
Austria, in British ships, shall l)e subject oidy to the same duties as are paynlile upon the like articles if
importe<l in Austrian ships: and the same reriprocily shall he observeil in the |ioris of the Unite<l
Kingdom, in respect to all articles not the growth, produce, or mamil'acture of the dominions of his
Imperial and Koyal Apostolic Majesty, which can legally be Imported into the ports of the United King-
dom in Austrian ships.
4. All goods which can legally be imported int" the iiorts of either country shall be admitted at the
same rate of duty, whether imported in vessels of the oilier country or in national vessels ; and -'11 goods
which can be legally exported from the ports of either country shall be cntitleil to the same l)ouiii,''e»,
drawbacks, and allowances, whether exix)rted in vessels of the other country or in national vessels.
5. No priority or preference shall be given, directly or indirectly, by the government of either country,
or by any company, corporation, or agent, acting in its l)ehall, or under its authority, in the purchase ol
any article the growth, produce, or manufacture of either country, imported into the other, on account of
or in reference to the national character of the vessel in which such article may be imported j it being
the true intent and meaning of the high contracting parties, that no distinction or dittl-rence whatever
shall be made in this respect.
6. In respect to the commerce to be carried on in Austrian vessels with the ISrItlsh dominions in the
East Indies, or now held by the East India Company in virtue of their charter, his Hritannic Majesty con.
sents to grant the same facilities and privileges, in all respects, to the subjects of his Imperial and Koyal
Apostolic Majesty, as are or may be enjoved under any treaty or act of iiarliament by the subjects or
citizens of the most favoured nation ; subject to tlic laws and regulations which are, or may be, applicable
to the ships and subjects of any other foreign country enjoying the like facilities and privileges of trading
with the said dominions. t », ._
7. All the possessions of his Britannic Majesty in Europe, except the Jlntish possessions in the Medi.
terranean Sea, shall, for all the purposes of this convention, be considered as forming part of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ,-,..», „ ,
8. That clause of article 7. of the convention concluded at Pans on the .Ith of November, ISl.";, between
the courts of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and lUissia, which relates to the commerce between the
dominions of his Imperial and Hoyal Apostolic Majesty and the United States of the Ionian Islands, is
9. The present convention shall be in force until the 18th day of March, 1836 ; and further, until the
end of tv/elve months after either of the high contracting parties shall have given notice to the other of
its intention to terminate the same ; each of the high contracting parties reserving to itself the right of
giving such notice to the other, on or at any time after the said 18tli day of March, 18;56 ; and it is hereby
agreed between them, that, at the expiration of lH months atter such notice shall have been receivetl by
either party from the other, this convention, and all the provisions thereof, shall altogether cease and
determine. . .„. l,. ^ .. ..x , ...
10. The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at London, within
1 month from the date hereof, or sooner if possible. . , ,. , . ™ , .
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, ar.d have affixed thereto the
seals of their arms. ,
Done at London, the 2l8t day of December, ABF.anF.EN.
in the year of our Lord 18'J9. Y^- 1 • Vf.sev Fitzgerald.
ESTERHA/.V.
Austrian ships may import from the dominions of his Majesty the Emperor of Austria into any of the
British possessions abroad, goods the produce of such dominions, and export gooils trom such British
possessions abroad, to be carried to any foreign country whatever. — {Order in Council, April 7. 1830.)
Denmark.
Convention of Commerce hettreen Great Britain and Denmark, signed at London, the 16//* of June, 1824.
Article 1. From and alter the 1st day of July next, Danish vessels entering or departing from the
ports of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and British vessels entering or departing from
the ports of his Danish Majesty's dominions, shall not be subject to any other or higher duties or charges
whatever, than are or shall be levied on national vessels entering or dejiarting trom such ports
2. All articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of any of the dominions of either of the high
contracting parties, which are or shall be permitted to be imported into or exported from the ports of t. >
4 F 2
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1
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1172
TREATIES (COMMERCIAL).
United Kingdom and of ncnmarlc renpcutivoly, in vps.scId of the one country, thall, in like manner, be
Imported into and cxixirted from those jxirts in vessels ol llie other.
3. All articles not of the growth, |»roijiict', or nianul'ui ture of tiie dominions of his Britannic Majesty,
which can leKally be imi>orteil from the Unitoil Kingdom of (jftat Hritaiii and Ireland into the ports and
dominions of 'lie King of Denmark, in Uritish ships, sli.ill he subject only tc the same duties as are pay.
able npon the lil<c articles if imported in Danish >hips ; and the same ri'dprocity shall he oliscrved with
regard to Danish vessels in tin- ports ofihi'^aid 1,'nilcii Kingdnni oftireat llrit.rn and Ireland, in respect
to all articles not the gr(>wth, produce, or manufacture < I the dominions of his Danish iMajesty, which can
legally be imported into the ports of the United Kingdoi. in Datnsh tihips.
4. All giKHls whici) can legally be importi'il ii..() the i. >rts of either coinitry, shall ho admitted at the
name rate of didy, whetlier imported in vessi'ls of the oth.T (ountry, or in national vessels ; and ail gotnU
which can be legally exported from tiie ports of either country, shall lie entitled to the same bounties
drawbacks, and allowances, whether expoiterl in vessels of the other cmintry, or in national vessels. '
l>. No priority or preference shall be given, directly or indirectly, by the government of cither
country, or by any compa ly, corpoi ' ,, or agent, ai-ting on its liehalf, or under its antlwrity, in tdo
purclia'se of any article the growth, produce, or manufacture of either country iin])orted into the other
on a count of or in reference to the character of the vess.'l in which such article was imported : it licnig
the true intent and meaning of the higli contracting parlies, that no distinction or diHercnce whatever
shail be m.ide in this respect.
(i. TUr high contracting p.irtics having mutually determined not to include, in the present convention
their respective colonies, in which are compreliended, on tlie part of Denmark, Ureeidaiid, Iceland, and'
the islands of Kerroej it is ixpressly agreed that the intercourse wliicli may at present legally he carried
on by tlie subjects or ships ot either of the said high contracting parties with tlie colonies of the other
shall nMoain upon the same footing as if this convention had never been c<nicluded. '
7. The present convention shall be in force foi- the term of 10 years from the date hereof; and further
until the end of I'J months after either of the high contracting parties shall have given notice to the
other of its intention to teriinnate the same ; each of the higli contracting parties reserving to itself the
right of giving such notice to tin; other, at the end of the said term of lb years; and it is hereby agreed
between them, that, at the expiration of V2 months after such notice shall have been received by
cither i)arty from the other, this coiiveiifion, and all tht! provisions thereof, shall altogether cease and
determine.
8. The present convention shall be ra*'fied, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Ix>n(lnn, within
I month from the date hereof, or soon, if possible.
In witiH'ss whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed thereto the
seals of their arms.
Done at London, the Kith of June, IS'il, Gkohok Ca.nninu.
W. Hl.SKISSON.
C. K. MoLTKE.
Separate Ariiicle.
The high contracting parties reserve to themselves to enter upon additional stipulations for the purpose
of facihtating and extending, even beyond what is comprehended in the convention of tf,:? date, th(»
commercial regulations of tlieir respective subjects and dominions, upon tlie pritici|>les either of rei.iprocai
or ei;ui\alent advantages, as tlie case maybe. And in the event of any articles or article being con-
cluded iietueen the said high C(nitracting parties, for giving vSTcu to such stipulations, it is hereby agreed,
tliat the aitide or articles which may hereafter be so concluded shall be considered as lorming part ,:i'tUe
aforesaid convention.
Adilitional Artirli:
Their liritannic and Danish M ijesties mutually agree, that no higher or other duties shall be levied in
cither of their dominions (their res)K'rtive colonies being excepted from the convefilion of tliis date), upon
any personal property of tlieir respective sulijects, on the removal of same from the dominions of tlieir
said Majesties reciprocally, either uiHin the inheritance of such property, or otiierwisc, than are or shall
be payable in each state, upon the like property, when rcmove.l by a suiiject of c uch state, respectively.
Fka.ntf.
Convention qf Commrrcr hrtirrrn llis lin'lannic Mnjest// iinil the Most Christian Kinp, together with two
additional /Irtiries llicreiintu annexed, sinned at London, January 'Zu. WM.
Article 1. French vessels coming from or departing for the ports of France, or, if in ballast, coming
from or dep.irtii.g for any place, sliall not be subject, in the j'orts of the United Kingdom, either on
entering into or departing from the same, to any higher duties of tonnage, harbour, light-house, pilofaKC,
C|uarantine, or other siniilarorcorre<|ioniling duties, of whatever nature, or under wliatever denomination,
than those to wliich I'ritish ves.^els, in respect of the same voyages, are or may be subject, on entering
into or departing froM such ports; and, reciprocally, from and after the s:ime period, liritish vessels
coming from or depirting for the ports ol the Unitt.l Kingdnm, or, if in ballast, coming from or departing
for any pl.icc, shall not be suliject, in the ports of France, either in entering into or departing from the
same, to any higher duties tif tonnage, harbour, light.housc, pilotage, (juarantine, or other similar or cor-
responding duties, of whatever nature, or under whatever denomination, than those to which French
vessels, in respect of llie same voyages, are or m.iy be subject, on entering into or departing from such
wirts ; whether such duties are collected senarately, or are consolidated in one and the same iluty ; — his
Most Christian Maiesty reserving to himself to r<'gulate the amount of such duty or duties in France,
actc-irding t" 'he rate at which they are or may be established in the United Kingdotn : at the same time,
with a view hing the burdens imposed upon the navigation of the two countries, his Most
Christian Majesty will always be disposed to reduce the amount of the said burdens in France, in
propoi'tion to any reduction which may hereafter be made of those now levied in the ports of the UnitKi
Kingdom.
2. (foods which can or m.iy be legally imported into the ports of the United Kingdom, from the ports of
France, i( so imported in French vessels, shall be suliject to no higher duties than if imported in Hritich
vessels; and, reiMprocally, goods whicli can or may be legally iniiiorted into the ports of France, from the
poi (b of the United Kingdom, if so imported in ISritish vessels, shall be subject to no higher duties than if
imported in French vessels. I'he produce of Asia, Africa, and America, not being allowed tone iinpoited
from the said countries, nor from any other, in French vessels, nor from France in French, llritisli, or
any other vessels, into the {lorts ot the United Kingdom, for home consumjition, but only h>r warelioii>iiig
and re-exportation, his Most Christian .Majesty reserves to himself to direct tliit, in like niaiiiier, the
produce of Asia, Africa, anil America, shall not be imported from the said countries, nor from any other,
III liritish vessels, nor from the United Kingdom in British, l'"rench, or any other vessels, into tlie ports
of France, for the consumption of that kingdom, but only for warehousing and re-exportation.
With regard to the productions if the coiintrie» of Furope, it is understood between the high cnntracting
parties, that such productions shall not be inipor*ed, in Kiitish ships, 'iito France, for the consumption of
that kingdom, unless "nch ships shall have been aden therewith in some port of the United Kingdom;
and chat his liritannic Majesty may adopt, if he shall think tit, i>ome corresponding restrictive measure.
P
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TREATIES (COMMEUCIAL).
1173
with regard to the pnxtuctiont of the countries of Eurore iiniiurtetl Into the i>orti of the United KitiKdoiu
In French vcucU : tho high contracting partiii reserving, tidwcver, to thcriiaelvei the power of making
by mutual consent, such relaxations in tho strict execution of the present article, as they may think
useful to the renpective interests of the <J countries, uimiii the principle of mutual concessions, altbrding
each to the other reciprocal or equivalent advant^iges.
,'j. All goods which can or may be legally ex|Kjrted from the ports of either of the 2 countries, shall,
on their exixirt, pay the same duties of ex|>ortaiion, whether the exportntion of such goods lie made in
Kritinh or in French vessels, provided the said vessels proceed, resipcctively, direct from the iwirts of the
one country to those of the other. And all the said goods nn cxporfcil in lUit.sh or French vesseU, shall
he reciprocally entitled to the same bounties, drawbacks, and other iillow.inccs of the same nature, which
are granted by the regulations of each country, rei-pectively.
4. It is mutually a;;reed between the high contracting patties, that in the intercourse of navig.itioii
between their i! countries, the vessels of any third power shall, in no case, obtain more favourable
conditions than those stipulated, in the present convention, in favnur of liritish and French vessels.
5. The tishing-hoats of either of the 'i countries, which may be forced liy stress of wtMther to seek
shelter in the ports, or on the coast of the other country, shall not be subject to any duties or jMirt charge «
of any description whatsoever; proviiled the said boats, when sodriven in by stress of weather, snail not
discharge or receive on board any cargo, or portion of cargo, in tlu; port.s, or on the parts of tlie coast
where they shall have sought shelter.
t). It is agreed that the provisions of the present coiivi'iition between the high contracting parties
shall be reciprocally extended and in force, in all the pos.sctsions subject to their resiiective dominions in
Kurope.
7. the present convention shall be in force for the term of 111 yi'ars, from the .Oth of April of the pre-
sent year ; and further, until the end of lU months alter either of the high contracting parties shall have
given notice to the other of its intention to terminate its operation ; each of tht^ high eontraeting parties
reserving to itself the right of gixing such notice to the other, at the end of the said term of ID years :
and it is ngreed between them, tha', at the end of the 1^ months' extension agreed to on both sides, this
convention, and all the stipulations then of, shall altogether cease and determine.
8. 'I'he present convention shall U rutilied, and the ratihcatioiis shall be exchanged in London, within
the space of 1 month, or sooner if possible.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, anil have allixcd thereto the
seals of their arms.
Done at London, thc'.'dth day of January, in the year of our Lord Ib.'ii.
(Ji'.oKui: Cannino. Li; I'kixcl du I'oLitiNAc.
WiLLIA.M HUHKISISON.
Adtliliimal Aitichs.
Article L French vessels shall be allowed to sail fi-om any port whatever of the countries umlcr the
dominion of his Most Christian Majesty, toall tliecoloniesor the United Kingdom (except those possessed
by the Last India Company), and to import into the said colonies all kinds of merchandise ilieing priHluc.
tinns the growth or rnanutaeture of France, or of any country under the dominion of France), with the
exception of such'sis are prohibited to be imported into the said colonies, or are permitted to be imported
only from countries under l 'le liritish dominion ; and the said French vessels, as well us the merchandise
iiniiorted in the same, shall not be subject, in the colonies ol the United Kingdom, to other or higher
duties than those to which liritish vessels may he subject, on importing the tame merchandise from any
foreign country, or which are imposed upon the merchandise itseli.
'J'he same fiunlities shall be granted, reciprocally, in the colonies of France, with regard to the import,
ation, in British vessels, of all kinds of mi rchandise, (being productions the growth and manufacture of
the United Kingdom, or any country under the liritish dominion,) with the ixception of such as are
prohibite<l to be imported into the said colonies, or arc |iennitted to be imported only from countries
under the dominion of France. And whereas all goods, the produce of any tbrc'gn country, may now be
imported into the colonies of the United Kingdom, in Uie ships of that country, with the exception of a
limited list of specified articles, which can only be imported into the said colonies in liritish ships, his
Majesty the King of the United Kingdom reserves to himself the power of uduing to the said list of
excei)ted articles any other, the produce of the French dominion.s, the addition whereof may appear to
his .Majesty to be necessary for placing the commerce and navigation ft be permitted to the suiijects of
each of the high contracting parties with the colonics of the other, upon a looting of fair reciprocity.
'i. French vessels shall be allowed to export Iroin all the culonies ot the Uniteil Kingdom (except those
possessed by the Last Indiiv Company), all kinds of merchandise whii h are not prohibited to be exported
from such colonies in vesieis other than those of (ireat iiritain ; aiid the said vessels, as well as the mer-
chandise exported in the same, shall not be subject to other or higher duties than those to which British
vessels may be subject, on exporting the said merchandi-e, or which are imposed upon the merchandise
itself; and they shall be entitled to the same bounties, drawbacks, and other allowances ol the same
nature, to which liritish vessels would lie entitled, on sueh exportation.
'i he same fae lities and privileges shall be granted, reciprocally, in all the colonies of France, for the
exportation, '.i liritish vessels, of all kinds ol merchandise, which are not prohibited to be exported from
such colonies in vessels other than those of France.
These 2 additional articles shall have the same furce and validity as if they were inserted, word for
word, in the convention signed this day. I'liey c-.hall be ratitied, and the ratitications shall be exchanged
at the same time.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotenliaricH have .signed the same, and have altixed thereto thi
seals of their arms.
Wone at London, Jan. 2G. IS'.'fi.
(;i;oiiciu ('ANsi.sci. \,v. Prince de Polic.nac.
Wll.l.lAM Hi;sKISSON.
A Treasury letter, dated 'Mlh of March, Ih^ii, directs that Frc cic!li vessels, and their cargoes legally
imported or ex|iorted on board the same, according to the terms of the ciinvention in the preceding pages,
are, from the M\ of April, WZit, to be charged with such aiicl the like dniies only, of whatever kind they
may be, that are charged on liritish vessels, and similar cargoes laden on l:i>ird tliereof ; and in like man.
ner the same bounties, drawbacks, and allowances are to be paid on articles evpoilici in French visd.s,
that are paid, granted, or allowed on similar articles exported in lirili>h vessel/.. And the nccessarj in-
structions are to be transmitted to the otticers in the ('olonies tor c.irrying iiitoetfect the stipnlaticins eon.
taiiied in the '■1 additional articles of the said convention, respecting 1 rciicli vessels and their cargoes,
ftom the Wi of October, 182G.
HANHt: TowNB.
Convention qf Commcrci' bclvrcn His lUilnunic iliijcsli/ and the Free lliinsialie. Republict (ff Luheck,
Hremcii, ami lUtmhurnli, signeil til Limdoti, Sept. .!i ISii;").
Artic^le 1. I'rom and after the d.ite hereof, lirilsli vessels entering or departing frcm the jmrts of tho
free llanscalic republics of Liibeck, lireiiicn, or llamliuigli; and Liiln'k, llrcmen, or Il.imlairgli
vcsels entering or departing from the ports of the I nited Kingdom of (.n; t llritnin anil Ireland; Miall
not be subject to any other or higher ship duties or charges than are or shall be leviid on ii< tional vessels
entering or departing from such iKirts resprctivcl.".
4 F 3
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1174
TREATIES (COMMERCIAL).
a. All goods, whether the production of the territories of the Tree Hanneatic republic* of Lubcck,
Bremen, or Hamburgh, or of any other country,, which may be legally imported from any of the ports of
the said republics into the United Kingdom of Great Ilritain and Ireland in Hritish vessels, ahall, in like
manner, be permitted to be imporled in Lubeck, Hrenien, or Hamburgh vessels j and all goods, whether
the proiluction of any of the dominions of his Uritatniic Majesty, or of any other country, which may be
legally exported from the ports of the United Kingdom in ISritish vessels, shall, in like manner, be per.
milted to be exported from the said ports, in Lubeck, Uremen, or Hamburgh vessels. And all good.i,
which may be legally imported into or exported from the ports of Lubeck, liremen, or Hamburgh, in
national vessels, shall, in like manner, be jicrmitted to be imported into or exported from the ports of
Lubeck, Bremen, or Hamburgh, in British vessels.
S. All goods which can be legally imported into the ports of the United Kingdom directly from the
ports of liUbeck, Bremen, or Hamburgh, or either of them, shall be admitted at the same rate of duty,
whether imported in British vessels, or in vessels belonging to cither of the said republics ; and all gowls
which can bo legally exported from the United Kingdom, shall be entitled to the same bounties, draw-
backs, and allowances, whether ex|H>rted in British or Hanseatic vessels. And the like reciprocity shall
be observed, in the ports of the said republics, in respect to all goods which can be legally imported into
or exported from any or either of the said ports in vessels belonging to the United Kingdom.
4. So priority or preference shall be given, directly or indirectly, by any or either of the contracting
parties, nor by any company, coriK>ration, or agent, acting un their behalf or under their authority, in the
)>urchase of any article, the growth, prociuce, or manufacture of their states respectively, imported into
the other, on account of or in reference to the character of the vessel in which such article was imported j
jt l>cing the true intent and meaning of the high contracting parties that no distinction or dittbrence
whatever shall be made in this respect.
5. In consideration of the limited extent of the territories belonging to the republics of Lubeck, Bremen,
and Hamburgh, and the intimate connection of trade and navigation subsisting between these republics,
it is hereby stipulated and agreed, that any vessel which shall have been built in any or either of the ports
of the said republics, and which shall be owniKl exclusively by a citizen or citizens of any or either of
them, and of which the master shall also be a citizen of either of them, and provided 3.4ths of the crew
shall be subjects or citizens of any or either of the said republics, or of any or either of the states com-
p'jcd in the Germanic Confederation, such vessel, so built, owned, and navigated, shall, for all the pur.
poses of this convention, be taken to be and be considered as a vessel belonging to Lubeck, Uremen, or
Hamburgh.
(i. Any vessel, together with her cargo, belonging to either of the three free Hanseatic republics of
I^iUbeck, Bremen, or Hamburgh, and coming from either of the said ports to the United Kingdom, shall,
for all the purposes of this convention, be deemed to come from the country to which such vessel belongs ;
aiui any British vessel and her cargo trading to the ports of Lubeck, Bremen, or Hamburgh, directly or
in succession, shall, for the like purposes, be on the footing of a Hanseatic vessel and her cargo making
the same voyage.
7. It is further mutually agreed, that no higher or other duties shall be levied, in any or either of the
. states of the high contracting parties, upon any personal property of the subjects and citizens of each
respectively, on the removal of the same from the dominions or territory of such states, joither upon
inheritaiicc of such property, or otherwise,) than are or shall be payable, in each state, upon the like pro-
perty when removed by a subject or citizen ol such state resiiectively.
8. The high contracting parties reserve to themselves to enter upon additional stipulations for the pur-
pose of facilitating and extending, even beyond what is comprehended in the convention of this date, the
commercial relations of their respective subjects and dominions, citizens and territories, uiwn the principle
either of reciprocal or equivalent advantages, as the case may be ; and, in the event of any article or
articles being concluded lietween the said high contracting parties, for giving effect to such stipulations, it
is hereby agreed that the article or articles which may hereafter be so concluded shall be considered as
forming part of the present convention.
9. The present convention shall be in force for the term of 10 years from the date hereof; and further,
until the end of la months after the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, on the
one part, or tile governments of the free Hanseatic republics of Lubeck, Bremen, or Hamburgh, or either
of them, on the other part, shall have given notice of their intention to terminate the same j each of the
said high contracting partias reserving to itself the right of giving such notice to the other at the end of
the said term of 10 years : and it is hereby agreed between them, that, at the expiration of li> months
after such notice shall have been received by either of the parties from the other, this convention, and all
the provisions thereof, shall altogether cease and determine, as far as regards the states giving and receiv-
ing such notice ; it being always understood and agreed, that, if one or more of the Hanseatic repul)lics
aforesaid shall, at the expiration of h) years from the date hereof, give or receive notice of the proposed
termination of this convention, such convention shall, nevertheless, remain in full force and operation as
far as reganis the remaining Hanseatic republics or republic which may not have given or received such
notice.
10. The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratification shall be exchanged at London, within
1 month from the date hereof, or sooner if possible.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have aflixed thereto the
seals of their arms.
Done at London, Sept. 29. 182.5. Gloroe Canning.
w. huskissdn.
James Col<ji;hou.v.
Mexico.
Treaty (tf Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, bcfvcen Great Britain and Mexico, sif;ned at London,
December 2t). 18l.'6.
Article 1. There shall be perpetual amity between the dominions and subjects of his Majesty the King
of the United Kingdom of Great Hritaiii and Ireland, and the United States of Mexico, and their citizens.
2. There shall be, between all the territories of his Britannic .Majesty in Europe and the territories of
Mexico, a reciprocal freedom of commerce. The inhabitants of the two countries, respectively, shall
have liberty freely and securely to come, with their ships and cargoes, to all places and rivers in the
territories aforesaid, saving only such particular ports to which other foreigners shall not be permitted to
come, to enter into the ^!',n,^ and to remain ami reside in any part of the >aid territories respectively;
also to hire and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of their commerce ; and, generally, the
merchants and traders of each nation, respectively, shall enjoy the most complete protection and security
lor their commerce.
In like manner, the respective shijjs of war, aiul post-olfico packets of the 2 countries, shall have
liberty freely and securely to come to all harbours, rivers, and places, saving only such particular ports if
any) to which other foreign ships of war and packels shall not be permitted to come, to enter into the
game, to anchor, and to remain there and refit ; subject always to the laws and statutes of the two coun-
tries respectively. . , . , . . .
By the right of entering the places, ports, and rivers, mentioned in this article, the privilege of carry-
ing on the coasting trade is not understood, in which national vessels only are permitted to engage.
3. His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland engages further, that the
inhabitants of Mexico shall have the like Ulierty of commerce and navigation stipulated for in the pre.
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TREATIES (COMMERCIAL).
1175
ceding article, In all his dominions situated out of Europe, to the full extent in which the aamo i. n««„i..» i
at present, or shall be permitted hcreatler, to any other nation * '' Pe™'tted
A.^"''j?'i"°5.?']l!;^']"ll'*^^l'l".'.l.^''j!".!;^^^^^^^ "" »'"= importation into the dominions of his Rritanr.ic
the saiil territories of Mexico, which shall not equally extend to all other nations.
5. No higher or other duties or charges on account of tonnage, light or harbour dues, pilotaee salvace
in case of damage or shipwreck, or any other local charges, shall be imposed, in any of the ports of
Mexico, on Hriti.-h vessels, than those payable in the same ports by Mexican vessels*; nor, in the ports
of his Hritanuic Majesty's territories, on Mexican vessels, than shall be payable, in the same ports on
British vessels. ' '
6. '1 he same duties shall be paid on the importation into the territories of Mexico, of any article the
growth, pro<iuce, or manufacture of his I'.ritannic Majesty's dominions, whether such importation shall
be in Mexican* or in Uritish vessels; and the same duties shall be paid on the importation into the
dominions of his Britannic Majesty, of any article the growth, produce, or manufacture of Mexico whe
ther such importation shall be in British or in Mexican vessels. The same duties shall be paid and the
same bounties and drawbacks allowe<l, on the exportation to Mexico of any articles of the growth pro-
duce, or manufacture of his Britannic Majesty's dominions, whether such exportation shall be in Mexican
or in British vessels ; and the same duties shall be paid, and the same bounties and drawbacks allowed
on the exportation of any articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of Mexico, to his Britannic Ma!
jcsty's dominions, whether such exportation shall be in British or in Mexican vessels.
7.' In order to avoid any misunderstanding with respect to the regulations which may respectivelv con.
stitute a British or Mexican* vessel, it is hereby agreed that all vessels built in the dominions of his
Jiritannic Majesty, or vessels which shall have been captured from an enemy by his Britannic Majesty's
sliips of war, or by sulijects of his .said Majesty furnished with letters of marque by the Lords Commissioners
of the .Admiralty, and regularly condemned in one of his said Majesty's prize courts as a lawful prize, or
which shall have been condemned in any competent court for the breach of the laws made for the preven-
tion of the slave trade, and owned, navigated, and registered according to the laws of Great Britain, shall
be considered as British vessels; and that all vessels built in the territories of Mexico, or captured from
the enemy by the shijis of Mexico, and condemned under similar circumstances, and which shall he
owned liy any citizen or citizens thereof, and whereof the master and 3-4ths of the mariners are citizens
of Mexico, excepting where the laws provide tor any extreme cases, shall be considered as Mexican
vessels.
And it is further agreed, that every vessel, qualified to trade as above described, under the provisions
of this treaty, shall be furnished with a register, passport, or sea letter, under the signature of the proper
person authorised to grant the same, according to the laws of the respective countries ithe form of which
.shall be communicated), certifying the name, occupation, and residence of the owner or owners, in the
dominions of his Britannic Majesty, or in the territories of Mexico, as the case may be; and that he, or
they, is, or are, the sole owner or owners, in -the proportion to be specified ; together with the name,
burden, and description of the vessel as to built and measurement, and the several particulars constituting
the national character of the vessel, as the case may be.
H. All merchants, commanders .of ships, and others, the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, shall have
full liberty, in all the territories of Mexico, to manage their own afliiirs themselves, or loconnnit them to
tlie management of whomsoever they please, as broker, i'actor, agent, or interpreter; nor shall they be
obllfiCd to employ any other persons for those purposes than those employed by Mexicans, nor to pay them
any other salary or remuneration than such as is paid, in like cases, by Mexican citizens ; and absolute
free<ioin shall be allowed, in all cases, to the buyer and seller, to bargain and fix the price of any goods,
imported into or exported from Mexico, as they shall see good, observing the laws and established customs
of the country. The same privileges shall be enjoyed in the dominions of his Britannic Majesty, by the
citizens of Mexico, under the same conditions.
The citizens and subjects of the contracting parties, in the territories of each other, shall receive and
enjoy full and perfect protection for their persons and property, and shall have free and open access to
the courts of justice in the said countries, respectively, for the prosecution and defence of tlieir just
rights ; and they shall be at liberty to employ, in all causes, the advocates, attorneys, or agents (.f what-
ever description, whom they may think proper; and they shall enjoy, in this respect, the same rights and
privileges therein as native citizens.
9. In whatever relates to the succession to personal estates, by will or otherwise, and the disposal of
personal property of every sort and denomination, by sale, donation, exchange, or testament, or in any
other manner whatsover, as also the administration of justice, the subjects and citizens of the iJ con.
trading parties shall enjoy, in their respective dominions and territories, the same privileges, liberties
and rights, as native subjects ; and shall not be cliarged, in any of these respects, with any higher imposts
or duties than those which are paid, or may be paid, by the native subjects or citizens of the power in
whose dominions or territories they may be resident.
10. In all that relates to the police of the ports, the lading and unlading of ships, the safety of mer-
chandise, gootis, and effects, the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, and the citizens of Mexico, respect-
ively, shall be subject to tlic local laws and regulations of llie dominions and territories in winch they
may reside. They shall be exempted from all compulsory military service, whether by sea or land. No
forced loans shall be levied upon them; nor shall their property be subject to any other charges, requi.
sitions, or taxes, than such as are paid by the native subjects or citizens of the contracting parties in their
respective dominions.
11. It shall be free for each of the 2 contracting parties to appoint consuls for the protection of trade,
to reside in the dominions and territories of the oilier party ; but, before any consul shall act as such, he
shall, in the usual Ibrm, be approved and admitted by the government to whicli h(^ is suit ; and either of
the contracting parties may except from the residence of consuls such particular places as cither of them
may judge fit to be excepted. The Mexican diplomatic agents and consuls shall enjoy, in the dominions
of his Brilanuie Majesty, whatever privileges, exceiitioiis, and immunities are or shall lie granted to agents
of the same rank belonging to the most favoured nation ; and, in like nianiur, the (liplomatic agents and
consuls of his Britannic Majesty in the Mexican territories shall enjoy, according to the strictest recipro-
city, whatever privileges, exceptions, and immunities are or may be granted to the Mexican diplomatic
agents and consuls in the dominions of his Britannic Majesty.
I'i. For the better security of commerce between the subjects of his Britannic Majesty and the citizens
of the Mexican States, it is agreed that if, at any time, any interruption of friendly intercourse, or any
• Sec additional articles at the end of this treaty.
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1176
TREATIES (COMMEHCIAL).
y snail tneinseivt's eeiecc J\ii tnose wno arc escauiisned in tne respective aominions and territories
llic 2 contractiiif; parties, in tlie exercise of any traile ur s|>ecial employment, shall have the pri.
•ga of remaining and continuing such trade and employment therein, without any manner of interl
lion, ill full eiijuyinent rl' their liberty and projierty, as long as they behave peaceably, and commit no
rupture, ahould unfortunately take place between the S contracting parties, the merchant! reaidinn
upon the coasts shall be allowed H niunths, and those of the interior a whole year, to wind up their ac.
counts, and dispose of their property ; and a safe-conduct shall be given them to embark at the |K>rt which
they shall themselves select. All those who are established in the respective dominions and territories
of the " ' "'-" '-~ ■""- ' - " ' ' ■ ' ' ....
vilegei
TUption, III lull t;iiju^iiii:iiL *-. uittii iiuciijr tiiiu |iiufn:iiy, as tttiig aa iiicj uciinTt- |iuA«;u«uiy, mm commit no
oltence against the laws : and th(>ir goods and effects, of whatever description they may be, shall not he
liable to seizure or sequestrutioii, or to any other cliiirges or demands than those which may be made
upon the like efiects or property belonging to the native subjects or citiiens of the respective dominions
or territories in which such subjects or ciiizens may reside. In the same case, debts, between individuals
public funds, and the shares of companies, shall never be confiscated, sequestered, ur detained. '
13. The subjects of his Britannic Majesty, residing in the Mexican territories, shall enjoy, in their
houses, persons, and properties, the protei^tion of the government ; and, continuing in possession of what
they now enjoy, they shall not be disturbed, molested, or annoyed, in any manner, on account of their
religicm, provided they respect that of the nation in which they reside, as well as the constitution, laws
and customs of the country. They shall continue to enjoy, to the full, the privilege already grunted to
them of burying, in the places already assigned for that ])Ur})oso, such subjects of his Britannic Majesty
as may die within the Mexican territories ; nor shall the funerals and sepulchres of the dead l>e disturbed
in any way, or upon any account. The citizens of Mexico shall enjoy, in all the dominions of liit
Britannic Majesty, (he same jirotection, and shall be allowed the free exercise of their religion, in public
or private, either within their own houses, or in the chapels and places of worship set apart for that
purpose.
li. The subjects of his Britannic Majesty shall, on no account or pretext whatsoever, be disturbed or
molested in the peaceable possession and exercise of whatever rights, privileges, and immunities they
have at any time enjoyed within the limits described and laid down in a convention signed between his
said Majesty and the King of Spain, on the 14th of July, ITSfi: whether such rights, privileges, and
immunities shall be derived from the stipulations of the said convention, or from any other concession
which may, at any time, have been made by the King of Spain, or his predecessors, to British subjects
and settlers residing and following their lawful occupations within the limits aforesaid : the 2 con.
tracting parties reserving, however, for some more fitting opportunity, the further arrangements on
this article.
15. The government of Mexico engages to co-operate with his Britannic Majesty for the total abolition
of the slave trade, and to prohibit all persons inhabiting within the territories of Mexico, in the most
elt'ectual manner, from taking any share in such trade.
16. The a contracting parties reserve to themselves the right of treating and agreeing hereafter,
from time to time, upon such other articles as may appear to them to contribute still further to the
improvement of their mutual intercourse, and the advancement of the general interests of their
respective subjects and citizens ; and such articles as may be so agreed upon, shall, when duly ratified,
be regarded as forming a part of the present treaty, and shall have the same force as those now con-
tained in it.
17. The present treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at London, within
the space of (> months, or sooner if possible.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed thereto
their respective seals.
Done at London, the 26th day of December, in the year of our Lord 1826.
William Huskisson, Sebasiian Camaciiu.
James J. Morier,
Additional Articles.
1. Whereas in the jircsent state of Mexican shipping, it would not be possible for Mexico to receive the
t\i\l advantage of the reciprocity established by the articles 5, 6, 7- of the treaty signed this day, if that
part of the 7th article which stipulates that, in order to be considered as a Mexican ship, a ship shall
actually have been built in Mexico, should be strictly and literally observed, and immediately brought
into operation ; it is agreed that, for the space of lU years, to be reckoned from the date of the exchange
of the ratifications of this treaty, any ships, wherosoever built, being bonufide the property of and wholly
owned by one or more citizens of Mexico, and whereof the master and .'Mths of the mariners, at least,
are also natural.born citizens of Mexico, or persons domiciliated in Mexico, by act of the government,
as lawful subjects of Mexico, to be certified according to the laws of that country, shall be considered
as Mexican ships : his Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland reserving
to himself the right, at the end of the said term of lU years, to claim the principle of reciprocal
restriction stipulated for in the article 7. above referred to, if the interests of British navigation
shall be found to be prejudiced by the present exception to that reciprocity, in favour of Mexican
shipping.
2. It is further agreed that, for the like term of 10 years, the stipulations contained in articles 5. and 6.
of the present treaty shall be suspended ; and in lieu thereof, it is hereby agreed that, until the expiration
of the said term of 10 years, British ships entering into the ports of Mexico, from the United King<iom
of Great Britain and Ireland, or any other of his Britannic Majesty's dominions, and all articles the
growth, produce, or manufacture of the United Kingdom, or of any of the said dominions, imported in
such ships, shall pay no other or higher duties than are or may hereafter be payable, in the said ports, by
the ships, and the like goods, the growth, produce, or manufacture of the most favoured nation ; and,
reciprocally, it is agreed, that Mexican ships entering into the ports of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland, or any ether of his Britannic Majesty's dominions, from any port of the States of
Mexico, and all articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of the said States, imported in such ships,
shall pay no other or higher duties than are or may hereafter be payable, in the said ports, by the ships,
and the like goods, the growth, produce, or manufacture of the most favoured nation ; and that no higher
duties shall be paid, or bounties or drawbacks allowed, on the exportation of any article the growth, pro.
duce, or manufacture of the dominions of either country, in the ships of the other, than upon the
exportation of the like articles in the ships of any other foreign country.
It being understood that, at the end of the said term of lU years, the stipulations of the said 5th and
6th articles shall, from thenceforward, be in full force between the two countries.
The present additional articles shall have the same force and validity as if they were inserted, word for
word, ill the treaty signed this day. They shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at the
same time.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed thereto their
respective seals.
Done at London, the 26th day of December, in the year of our Lord 1826.
William HuijKiaso.v, Sebastian Camacho,
James J. Mohibk.
An order in council, dated September 3. 1827, orders, that vessels of the United States of Mexico*
entering the ports of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in ballast, or laden direct from
any of the ports of Mexico, or departing from the ports of the said United Kingdom, together with the
cargoes on board the same, such cargnce consisting of articles which may be legally imported or cxi)orte(l,
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TREATIES (C OMMERCIAL).
1177
thall not be subject to any otlier or higher iliities or cliurgos whatever than are or shall he levied on
British vessels entering or departing from such ports, or on similar articles when ini|inrtecl into or
exported from, such ports in Britibh vessels : and also such articles, when exported from the said ports
m vessels of the United Htates of Mexico rccpcctivel.v, shall be ei. titled to the >aine bounties, drawbacks
and allowances that are grante<l on Biniilar articles when exported in Kritish vessels. '
N, B. — Treaties similar to the above have been negotiated with Colombia, lluenos Ayres, &c.
Netherlands.
Treaty between Hit Uritannic Majestif anil the King i]f the SelherUtnris, respecting Territories and
Commerce in the hast Indies, s'uficd at l.oniton, March 17. lUii-t.
Article 1. The high contracting parties er.gage to admit the subjects of each other to trade with their
respective possessions in the Kastern Archipelago, and on the continent of India, and in Ceylon, upon
the footing of the most favoured natiou ; their respective subjects conforming themselves to the local
rcgulntions of each settlement.
i. The subjects and vessels of one nation shall not pay, upon im))ortation or exportation, at the ports of
the other in the Ejisterii seas, any duty at a rate beyond the double of that at which the subjects and
vessels of the nation to which the port belongs, are charged.
The duties paid on exports or imports at a British port, on the continent of India, or in Ceylon, on
Dutch bottoms, shall be arranged so as, in no case, to be charged at more than double the amount of the
duties paid by British subjects, and on Briti.sh bottoms.
In regard to any article upon which no duty is imposed, when imported or exported by the subjects, ot
on the vessels, of the nation to which the port belongs, the duty charged upon the subjects or vessels of
the other shall, in no case, exceed 6 per cent.
S. The high contracting partier engage, tliat no treaty hereafter made by either, with any native power
in the llastern seas, shall contain any article tending, either expressly, or by the imposition of nneqii;<l
duties, to exclude the trade of the other party from the ports of such native power ; and that if, in any
treaty now existing on either part, any article to that ellcct has been admitted, such article shall bo
abrogatecl upon the conclusion of the present treaty.
It is understood that, before the conclusion of the present treaty, communication has been made bv
each of the contracting parties to the other, of all trciitics or engagements subsisting between each o'f
them, respectively, and any native powers in the Eastern seas ; and that the like communication shall be
made of all such treaties concluded by them, respectively, hereafter.
4. Their Britannic and Netherlanil Majesties engage to give strict orders, as well to their civil anil
military authorities, as to their ships of war, to respect the freedom of trade, established by articles 1, i,',
and .S. ; and, in no case, to impede a free communication of the natives in the Eastern Archii>elago, with
the ports of the 2 governments, respectively, or of the subjects of the Si governments with the ports
belonging to native powers.
5. 'I'heir Britannic and Ncthcrland Majesties, in like manner, engage to concur eft'ec'ually in repressing
piracy in those seas : they will not grant either asylum or protection to vessels engaged in piracy, and
they will, in no case, jiermit the ships or merchandise captured by such vessels, to be introduced, depo-
sited, or sold, in any of their possessions.
6. It is agreed that orders shall be given by the 2 governments, to their officers and agents in the
East, not to form any new settlement on any of the islands in the Eastern seas, without previous autiio.
rity from their respective governments in Europe.
7. The Molucca Islands, and especially Amboyna, Banda, Ternate, and their immediate dependencies,
are excepted from the operation of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th articles, until the Netherland government
shall think fit to abandon the monopoly of spices ; but if the said government shall, at any time previous
to such abandonment of the monopoly, allow the subjects of any power, other than an Asiatic native
power, to carry on any commercial intercourse with the said i-slands, the subjects of his Britannic
Majesty shall be admitted to such intercourse, upon a footing precisely similar.
8. His Netherland Majesty cedes to his Britannic Majesty all his establishment on the continent of India ;
and renounces all privileges and exemptions enjoyed or claimed in virtue of those establishments.
9. The factory of Fort Marlborough, and all^the English possessions on the island of Sumatra, are hereby
ceded to his Netherland Majesty : and his Britannic Majesty further engages that no British settlement
shall be formed on that island, nor any treaty concluded by British authority, with any native prince,
chief, or state therein.
10. The town and fort of Malacca, and its dependencies, are hereby ceded to his Britannic Majesty ;
and his Netherland Majesty engages, for himself and his subjects, never to form any establishment
on any part of the peninsula of Malacca, or to conclude any treaty with any native prince, chief, or
itate therein.
1.3. All the colonies, possessions, and establishments which are ceded by the preceding articles, shall be
delivered up to the officers of the respective sovereigns on the 1st of March, 182.'). The fortificatioiis shall
remain in the state in which they shall be at the period of the notification of this treaty in India ; but no
claim shall be made, on either side, for ordnance, or stores of any description, either le(t or removed by
the ceding power, nor for any trrears of revenue, or any charge of administration whatever.
16. It is agreed that all accounts and reclamations, arising out of the restoration of Java, and other
possessions, to the officers of his Netherland Majesty in the East Indies, — as well those which were the
subject of a convention made at Java on the 24th of June, 1817, between the commissioners of the 2
nations, as all others, — shall be finallv and completely closed and satisfied, on the payment of the sum ot
100,()(H)/., sterling money, to be made in London on the part of the Netherlands, before the expiration of
the year 1825.
17. The present treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications exchanged at London, within 3 months
from the date hereof, or sooner if pnysible.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and affixed thereunto the
leal of their arms.
Done at London, the 17th day of March, in the year of our Lord 1824
Georuk Canni.nu. Charles Wat kins Williams Wynn. H. Facel. A. R. Falck.
Portugal.
Treaty of Commerce between Great Britain and Portugal, signed at Lisbon, December 27. \'ii3.
Article 1. His Sacred Royal Majesty of Portugal promises, both in his own name and that of his
(uccessors, to admit, for ever hereafter, into Portugal, the woollen cloths, and the rest of the woollen
manufactures of the Britons, as was accustomed till they were prohibited by the laws ; nevertheless,
upon this condition ;
2. That is to say, that her Sacred Roval Majesty of Great Britain shall, in her own name and that of
her successors, be obliged for ever hereafter to admit the wines of the itrowth of Portugal into Britain ;
so that at no time, whether there shall be jx-ace or war between the kingdoms of Britain and France,
any thing more shall be demanded for these wines, by the name of custom or duly, or by whatsoever
other title, directly or indirectly, whether thev shall be imported into (ireat Britain in pipes or hogsheads,
or other casks, than what shall be demanded from the like quantity or measure of French wine, deduct-
ing or abating a third iwrt of the custom or duty ; but if at any time this de<luction or abatement of
rustomi, which is to be made as aforesaid, shall in any manner tie attempted and prejudiced, it shall b«
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TREATIES (COMMERCIAL).
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Just and lawful for his Sacred Royal Majesty of Portugal again to prohibit the woollen cloths, and tlic
rest of the British woollen manufactures.
3. The most exrellent Lords the plenl|)Otentiaries promise, and take upon themselves, that their
above named masters shall ratify this treaty, and that within the space of 2 months the ratifications shall
be exchanged.
Given at Lisbon, the 27th of December, 1703.
John Mctiiuen. Marchis Aleoretensis.
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Great Britain and Portugal, signed at Rio de Janeiro, the
VM of February, 1810.
1. Peace established.
2. There shall be reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation between the respective subjects of the
S high contracting parties, in all the territories and dominions of cither. They may trade, travel,
sojourn, or establish themselves, in all the ports, cities, towns, countries, provinces, or places whatsoever,
belonging to each of the 2 high contracting parties, except in those from which all foreigners whatso*
ever arc generally and positively excluded, the names of which places may be hereafter specified in a
separate article of this treaty. Provided, however, that it be thoroughly tmderstood that any place
belonging to either of the two high contracting parties, which may hereafter be opened to the counnerce
of the subjects of any other country, shall thereby be considered as equally opened, and upon cor.
respondent terms, to the subjects of the other high contracting party, in the same manner as if it had been
expressly stipulated by the present treaty. And his Britannic Majesty, and his Royal Highness the Prince
Regent of Portugal, do hereby bind themselves not to grant any favour, privilege, or immunity in matters
of commerce and navigation, to the subjects of any other state, which sliall not be also at the same time
respectively extended to the subjects of the high contracting parties, gratuitously, if the concession in
favour of that other state should have been gratuitous, and on giving, qtmrn proximi, the same com-
pensation or equivalent, in case the concession should have been conditional.
3. The subjects of the 2 sovereigns respectively shall not pay, in the ports, harbours, roads, cities,
towns, or places whatsoever, belonging to cither of them, any greater duties, taxes, or imposts (under
whatsoever names they may be designated or included), than those that are paid by the subjects of the
most favoured nation ; and the subjects of each of the high contracting parties shall enjoy, witliin the
dominions of the other, the same rights, privileges, or exemptions, in matters of commerce and navi.
gatioii, that are granted, or may hereafter be granted, to the subjects of the most favoured nation.
4. His Britannic Majesty and his Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal do agree, that there
shall be a perfect reciprocity on the subject of the duties and imposts to be paid by the vessels of the high
contracting parties, within the several ports and anchoring places belonging to each of them ; to wit, that
the vessels or the subjects of his Britannic Majesty shall not pay any higher duties or imposts (under
whatsoever name they be designated or implied), within the dominions of his Royal Highness the Prince
Regent of Portugal, than the vessels belonging to the subjects of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent
of Portugal shall be bound to pay within the dominions cf his Britannic Majesty, and vice versci. And
this agreement shall particularly extend to the payment of the duties known by the name of Port Charges,
Tonnage and Anchorage Duties, which shall not, in any case, or under any pretext, he greater for British
vessels within the dominions of Portugal, than for Portuguese vessels within the dominions of his
Britannic Majesty, and vice versd.
5. The 2 high contracting'parties do also agree, that the same rates of bounties and drawbacks shall
be established in their respective ports upon the exportation of gootis, whether those goods be exported
in British or Portuguese vessels ; that is, that British vessels shall enjoy the same favour in this respect,
within the dominions of Portugal, that may be shown to Portuguese vessels within the dominions of his
Britannic Majesty, and vice versd. The 2 high contracting parties cio also agree, that goods coming
respectively from the ports of either of them, shall pay the same duties, whether imported in British or
Portuguese vessels ; or otherwise, that an increase of duties may be imposed upon goods coming into the
ports of the dominions of Portugal from those of his Britannic Majesty in British ships, equivalent, and
in exact proportion, to any increase of duties that may hereafter be imposed upon goods coming into the
ports of his Britannic Majesty from those of his Royal Highness the Pruice Regent of Portugal, imported
in Portuguese ships. And in order that this matter may be settled with due exactness, and that nothing
may be MX undetermined concerning it, it is agreed, that Tables shall be drawn up by each governmejit,
respectively, specifying the difference of duties to be paid on goods so imported ; and the Tables (which
shall be made applicable to all the ports within the respective dominions of each of the contracting parties)
shall be adjudged to form part of this present treaty.
In order to avoid any differences or misunderstandings with respect to the regulations which may
respectively constitute a British or Portuguese vessel, the high contracting parties agree in declaring, that
all vessels built in the dominions of his Britannic Majesty, and owned, navigated, and registered accord-
ing to the laws of Great Britain, shall be considered as British vessels j and that all vessels built in the
countries belonging to Portugal, or ships taken by any of the vessels of war belonging to the Portuguese
government, or any of the inhabitants of the dominions of Portugal, having commissions or letters of
marque and reprisal from the government of Portugal, and condemned as lawful prize in any court of
admiralty of the Portuguese government, and owned by the subjects of his Royal Highness the Prince
Regent of Portugal, and whereof the master and 3-4ths of the marineis, at least, are subjects of his
Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal, shall be considered as Portuguese vessels.
ti. The mutual commerce and navigation of the subjects of Great Britain and Portugal, respectively,
in the ports and seas of Asia, are expressly permitted, to the same degree as they have heretofore been
allowed by the 2 Crowns : and the commerce and navigation thus permitted, shall be placed on the
footing of the commerce and navigation of the most favoured nation trading in the ports and seas of
Asia ■ that is, that neither of the high contracting parties shall grant any favour or privilege in matters
of commerce and navigation to the subjects of any other state trading within the ports and seas of Asia,
which shall not be also granted, i/uam proximi, on the same terms, to the subjects of the other contracting
partv His Britannic Majesty engages not to make any regulation whi.;h may be prejudicial or incon-
venient to the commerce and navigation of the subjects of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent of
Portugal within the ports and seas of Asia, to the extent which is or may hereatter be permitted to the
most favoured nation. And his Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal does also engage not to
make any regulations which may be prejudicial or inconvenient to the commerce and navigation of the
subjects of his Britannic Majesty within the ports, seas, and dominions opened to them by virtue of the
I'J Packets shall be established for the purpose of furthering the public service of the 2 courts, and
facilitating the commercial intercourse of their respective subjects. A convention shall be conckidcd
forthwith on the basis of that which was signed at Rio do Janeiro, on the 14lh day of September, 1808,
in order to settle the terms upon which the packets are to be established, which convention shall lie ratified
at the same time with the present treaty. ,.,. . .„,,
l!i. All goods and articles whatsoever of the produce, manufacture, indus* v, or invention of the do-
minions and subjects of his Britannic Majesty, shall be admitted into all th ports and dominions of his
Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal, as well in Europe as in America, Africa, and Asia,
whether consigned to Briti h or Portuguese subjects, on paying, generally and solely, duties to the amount
of 15 per cent according to the value which shall be set upon them liy a tariff or Table of valuations,
called in the Portuguese language paw/ff, the principal basis of which shall be the sworn invoice cost of
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TREATIES (COMMERCIAL).
1179
i
the aforesaid gooda, merchaiidiie§, and articles, taking also into conaideration (at (hr ai maybe just or
practicable) the current prices thereof in thu country into wliich they arc imported. This tariff or valu-
ation shall l)e determined and settled by an equal numlwrof Hriiish and I'ortugue»e merchants of known
integrity and honour, with the assinance, on the part of the British merchants, of his Hritannic Majesty's
consul general, or consul ; and on the part of the Portuguese merchants, with the assistance of the super
intendant, or administrator general of the customs, or of their respective deputies. And the aforesaid
tarift' shall be made and promulgated in each of the ports belonging to his Itoyal Highness the I'rince
Regent of Portugal, in which there are or may be Custom-house!). And it shall he revised and altered if
necessary, from time to time, either in the whole, or in part, whenever the subjects of his iiritannic
Majesty, resident within the dominions of his Hoyal Highness the I'rince Itegent of Portugal, shall make
a requisition to that effect through the medium of his Britannic M^esty's consul general, c/r consul or
whenever the trading and commercial subjects of Portugal shall make the same requisition on their own
part.
If any British goods should hereafter arrive in the ports of the Portuguese dominions without having
been specitically valued and rated in the new tariff or pauta, they shall be admitted on paying the same
duties of 15 per cent, ad valorem, according to the invoices of the goods, which shall he ciuly presented
and sworn to by the narties importing the same. And in case that any suspicion of fraud, or unfair prac-
tices, should arise, tne invoices shall be examined, and the real value of the poods ascertained by a
reference to nn equal number of British and Portuguese merchants of known integrity and honour • and
in case of a iflTerence of opinion amongst them, followed by an equality of vof.es upon the subject,' they
shall then nominate another merchant, likewise of known integrity ancj honour, to whom the matter shall
be ultimately referred, and whose decision thereon shall be final and without appeal. And in case the
invoice should appear to have been fair and correct, the goods specitied in it shall be admitted, on paying
the duties above mentioned of 15 per cent. ; and the expenses, if any, of the examination of the invoice
shall be defrayed by the party who called its fairness and correctness into (lucstion. But if the invcice
should be found to be fraudulent and unfair, then the goods and merchandises shall be bought npbv the
olticers of the customs on the account of the Portuguese government, according to the value specitied in
the invoice, with an addition of 10 per cent, to the sum so paid for them by the otfiicrs of the customs
the Portuguese government engaging for the payment of the goods so valued and purchased by the
officers of the customs within the space of -15 days ; and the expenses, if any, of the examination of the
fraudulent invoice shall be paid by the party who presented it as just and fair.
17. Articles of military and naval stores brought into the ports of his Uoyal Highness the Prince Regent
of Portugal, which the Portuguese government may be desirous of taking for its own use, shall be paid
for without delay at the prices appointed by the proprietors, who shall not be compelled to sell such
articles on any other terms.
If the Portuguese government shall take into its own care and custody any cargo, or part of a cargo,
with a view to purchase, or otherwise, the Portuguese government shall be responsible for any damage
or injury that the same may receive while in the care and custody of the onicers of the P('>rtugue8e
government.
18. His Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal is pleased to grant to the subjects of Great
Britain the privilege of being nssignantes for the duties to be paid in the Custom-houses of his Royal
Highness's dominions, on the same terms, and on giving the same security, as are required from the
subjects of Portugal.
On the other hand, the subjects of the Crown of Portugal shall receive, as far as it may be just or legal,
the same favour in the Custom-houses of Great Britain as is shown to the natural subjects of his Britannic
Majesty.
19. His Britannic Majesty does promise and engage, that all goods and articles whatsoever, of the pro-
duce, manufacture, industry, or invention of the dominions or subjects of the Prince Regent of Portugal,
shall be admitted into the ports and dominions of his Britannic Majesty, on paying generally and only the
same duties that are paid upon similar articles by the subjects of the most favouied nation.
If any reduction of duties should take place exclusively in favour of British (:oods imported into the
dominions of Portugal, an equivalent reduction shall take place on Portuguese goods and merchandises
imported into his Britannic Majesty's dominions, and vice versa ; the articles upon which such equiva-
lent reduction is to take place being settled by previous conceit and agreement between the 2 high
contracting parties.
It is understood, that any such reduction so granted by either party to the other, shall not be granted
afterwards (except upon the same terms and for the same compensaticm) in favour of any other state or
nation whatsoever. And this declaration is to be considered as reciprocal on the part of the Si high
contracting parties.
20. But as there are some articles of the growth and production of Brazil, which are excluded from
the markets and home consumption of the British dominions, such as sugar, coflee, and other articles
similar to the produce of the British colonies ; his Britannic Majesty, willing to favour and protect (as
much as possible) the commerce of the subjects of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal,
consents and permits that the said articles, as well as all others the growth and produce of Brazil, and all
other parts of the Portuguese dominions, may be received and warehoused in all tlie ports of his dominions,
which shall be by law appointed to be warehousing ports for tho^e articles, for the purpose of rcexport-
ation, under due regulation, exempted from the greater duties with which they would be charged were
they destined for consumption within the British dominions, and liable only to the reduced duties and
expenses on warehousing and re-exportation.
i!l. In like manner, notwithstanding the general privilege of admission thus granted in the 15lh
article of the present treaty by the Prince Regent of Portugal, in favour of all goods the produce! and
manufacture of the British dominions, his Royal Highness reserves to himself the right of imposing
heavy, and even prohibitorv duties on all articles known by the name of Bri lis h East IiuUan Goods and
West Indian Produce, such "as sugar and coffee, which cannot be admitted for consumption in the Portu-
guese dominions, by reason of the same principle of colonial policy which prevents the free admission into
the British dominions of corresponding articles of Brazilian produce.
But his Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal consents that all the ports of his dominions,
where there are or mav be Custom houses, shall be free ports for the reception and admission of all articles
whatsoever, the prc>duce and manufacture of the British dominions, not destined lor the consumption of
the place at which they may be received or admitted, but lor re-exportaticm, either for other ports of the
dominions of Portugal, or for those of other states. And the articles thus received and admitted (subject
to due regulations) shall he exempted from the duties witii which they would be charged, if destined for
the consumption of the place at which they may be landed or w.irchoused, and liable only to the same
expenses that may be paid by articles of Brazilian [iroduce received and warehoused for re-exportation
in the ports of his Britannic Majesty's dominions.
22. His Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal is pleased to declare the port of St. Catherine to
be a Free Port accurding to the terms mentioned in the piececling article of the present treaty.
23 His Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal is pleased to render Goa a hreeVort, and to
permit the free toleraticm of all religious sects whatever in that city and its dependencies.
9A All trade with the Portuguese possessions situated uimn the eastern coast of the continent of Africa
(in articles not included in the exclusive contracts possessed by the Crown of Portugal) which may have
been formerly allowed to the subjects of Great Britain, is confirmed and st<.'iired to them now, and for
cvor in the same manner as the trade which lias hitherto been permitted to Portuguese subjects in
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thf portil and »vm of Aaia is coiiflniieil and sfciirLiI tu thcni bv \ irtue ut° the (ith aiticli! nf the |ire>ent
tr':ity.
-'i. Ills liritaniiic Mnjesty cotiscnt-. to waive the riglit nf crcutin^ factories or incoriwrated bodlei of
lirirish merchants, within the (loniiimtni of ]'ortugal : prnviilcd, however, that this shall not deprive the
lulijeets of lii» Kritnnniu Majesty, reHuliriR within the doniinionn of I'(irtii|(al, uf the full enjovment, ■«
individual eii;|aKed in eomuieree, of any of those riKhts aud privileges which they did or iijgnt |io8seai
UN meniliers of ineorporatrd commercial liodieH; and also that the commerce and trade carried on by
Jiritish subjects shall not be restrl(;ted, or otherwise atl'ected, by any commercial company whatever, pos-
sessini; exclusive privilcKes and favours within the dominions of I'ortuital, And his Koyal Highness the
Prince Kegent of I'orlUKal does also engage, that he will not iiermit that any other nation or s*ate shall
possess factories or incorporated bodies uf merchants within his duniiniont, so long as British lactorlet
shall not be established therein.
'ill. 'I'he two lii!{h contracting parties agree, that they will forthwith proceed to the revision of all other
former treaties subsisting between the 2 Crowns, for the put pose nf ascertaining what stipulations con.
tairied in them are, in the present state of nffUirs, proper to be continued or renewed.
It is agreed that the sliiiulations contained in former treaties concerning the admission nf the wines of
I'ottugal on the one hand, and the woollen cloths of tJroat llritain on the other, shsU at present remain
unaltered. In the same manner it is agreed, that the privileges and immunities granted by either con.
tracting party to the 8ul)j'.'cts of the other, whether by treaty, decree, or nlvara, shall remain unaltcrc<l,
except the power granted by former treaties, of carrying in the snips of either country gomls of any
de-cription whatever, the property of the enemies of the other country, which power is now mutually and
publiciv renounced and abrogated.
27. I'he reciprocal liberty of commerce and navigation, declared by the present treaty, shall be con.
sidered to extend to all goods whatsoever, except those articles the property of the enemies of either
power, or contraband of war.
i'8. Under the name of contraband or prohibited articles shall be comprehended not only arms, cannon,
aripiebns.ses, mortars, petards, Lioiiibs, grenades, saucisscs, carcasses, carriages for cannon, musket-rests,
bandoliers, gunpowder, match, saltpetre, l)all, pikes, swords, head pieces, helmets, cuirasses, halberts,
javelins, holsters, belts, horses, and their harness, but generally all other articles that may have been
spcciHed as contraband in any former treaties cnncluded by Great Britain or by Portugal with other
|)ower.s. But goods which have not been brought into the form of warlike instruments, or which cannot
ecomc such, shall not be reputed contraband, much less such as have been already wrniiglit and made
uj) for other purposes, all which shall be deemed not contraband, and may be freely carried by the sul)-
jects of both sovereigns, even to places belonging to an enemy, excepting oiily such places as are besieged,
blockaded, or invested by sea or land.
2!). In cas3 any vessels of war, or merchantmen, should be shipwrecked on the coasts of either of the
high contracting parties, all such parts of the vessels, or of the furniture or appurtenances thereof, as also
of goods as shall be saved, or the pro<luce thereof, shall be faithfully restored upon the same being claimed
by the proprietors or their factors duly authorised, paying only the expenses incurred in the preservation
thereof, according to the rate of salvage settled on both sides (saving at the same time the rights and
customs of each nation, the abolition or modiflcation of which shall, however, be treated upon in the
cases where they shall be contrary to the stipulations of the present article) : and the high contracting
parties will mutually interpose their authority, that such of their subjects as shall take advantage of any
such misfortune may be severely punished.
oO. It is further agreed, that both his Britannic Majesty and his Royal Flighness the Prince Regent ol
Portugal shall not only refuse to receive any pirates or sea-rovers whatsoever into any of their havens,
ports, cities, or towns, or permit any of their subjects, citizens, or inhabitants, on either part, to receive
or protect them in their |)orts, to harbour them in their houses, or to assist them in any manner what-
soever ; but further, that they shall cause all such pirates and sea-rovers, and all persons wrio shall receive,
conceal, or assist them, to be brought to condign punishment for a terror and example to others. And
all their shi|>s, with the goods or merchandises taken by them, and brought into the ports belonging to
either of the high contracting parties, shall be seized, as far as they can be discovered, and shall be re-
stored to the owners, or the factors duly authorised or deputed by them in writing, proper evidence
being first given to prove the property, even in case such eit'ects should have passed into other hands by
sale, if it be ascertained that the buyers knew or might have known that they had been piratically taken.
31. If at any time there should arise any disagreement, breach of friendship, or rupture between the
Crowns of the high contracting parties, which God forbid (which rupture shall not be deemed to exist
until the recalling or sending home of their respective ambassadors and ministers), the subjects of each
of the 2 parties residing in the dominions of the other, shall have the privilege of remaining and con-
tinuing their trade therein, without any manner of interruption, so long as they behave peaceably, and
commit no ofi'ence against the laws and ordinances; and in case their conduct should render them sus-
pected, and the respective governments should be oliliged to order them to remove, the term of 12 months
shall be allowed them for that purpose, in order that they might retire with their effects and property,
whether intrusted to individuals or to the state.
At the same time it is to be understood that this favour is not to be extended to those who shall act in
any manner contrary to the established laws.
32. The present treaty shall be unlimited in point of duration, that the obligations and conditions ex.
pressed or implied in it shall be i>erpetual and immutable ; and they shall not be changed or aff'ected in
any manner in case his Koyal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal should again establish the seat of
the Portuguese monarchy within the European dominions of that Crown.
33. But the 2 high contracting parties do reserve to themselves the right of jointly examining and re-
vising the several articles of this treaty at the end of 15 years, counted in the first instance flrom the date
of the exchange of the ratifications thereof*, and of then proposing, discussing, and making such amend,
ments or additions, as the real interests of their respective subjects may seem to require. It being un-
derstood that any stipulation which at the period of revision of the treaty shall be objected to by either of
the high contracting parties, shall be considered as suspended in its operation until the discussion con.
cerning that stipulation shall be terminated, due notice being previously ^iven to the other contracting
party of the intended suspension of such stipulation, for the purpose of avoiding mutual inconvenience.
3^ The several stipulations and conditions of the present treaty shall begin to have eflicct from the
date of his Britannic Majesty's ratification thereof; and the mutual exchange of ratifications shall take
place in the city of London, within the space of 4 months, or sooner if possible, to be computed from the
day of the signature of the present treaty.
Done in the city of Rio de Janeiro, on the 19th day of February, in the year of our Lord 1810.
Stranopord. Conor ue Li.niiares.
Agreement between the Jiritish and Portuguese Commissioners, on Four Points connected with the Exe.
cution qf the Treaty qf 1810. Signed at London, Wh qf December, 1812.
1. The official certificate of regist, , signed by the proper officer of the British customs, shall be deemed
sufficient to identify a British buiil .s.'.;> ■ and on the production of such certificate she shall be admitted
as such in any of the ports within the doi 'nions of Portugal,
• These ratificatieiis >■, ere exchanged ',n Lonlon, on the IPth of June, 1810.
TUKATIKS (COMMERCIAL).
1181
2. Upon the importation of any good* from the Unite<l KliiKilom, intoanyof the porn In theiloniinioni
of I'ortiiKul, all mich goc! i ahall be uccumpanled by the original rocketK, ulijnod and aculed by the proper
ottlccri nl' the Hritiuli ci .-loiijii nt llie port ol' sliipphiK, and the oocki'ts beloMKing to each ship >hall be
numbered proKressivelv, the total number titatcd on the Mist and laiit roeket, by the proper ottievra of
cni>tomii, at the tiiial elearaiice of e.irh veiiNel at the Ilritish port : and it is t'lirther HKrewl, that prior to
the Hiial elearani'e by the <iearcher« at the shlppiOK port, the eockets for each ship must be colleeled ami
fastened together, tu wliirh shall be annexed a paper, with the number of the e.^'kets, sealctl with the
(ittlcial seal, and signed by the searchers j the eoeketg, »o ciilleeted, shall be prndueed, together with tlie
manifest sworn to by the captain, to the Portuguese consul, who siiall certify the same on the manifest ;
the coi-kets, thus secured toKotber, and the manifest, so authenticated, to be returned to the seanlicr, in
order to the final clearance of the ship.
5. It Is aRrccd to place the Portuguese merchant on the same footing with the liritish, both with regard
to the duties of scavas'e and package payable to the cor|H)ration of London, and the duties payable on
shipiiing to the coriioration ot the 'I'rinity House in London. Tu cflbct this, and at the s;iuie tinur to pre-
•erve the chartered rights of the corporation of London, and of the Trinity House, it will be necessary
that those duticB should, in the first instance, lie paid as at present ; and in all ca^es where it shall appear
that the Portuguese merchant shall have paid more than the British, the diflt'rence to be returned without
expense, in such manner as the Hritish government shall direct.
4. The importer shall, on making the entry at the Portuguese Custom. hou»e, sign a declaration of the
value of his goods, to such amoinit as he shall deem jiroper ; and in c.ise the Portuguese examining
offlcera should be of opinion that such valuation is insumcieut, they shall be at liberty to take the goods,
nn paying the importer the amount, according to his declaration, with the addition of lu per cent., and
also returning the duty paid.
The amount to be paiti on the goods being delivered to the Portuguese ollicer, which must be within
1.^ days from the first detention of the goods.
Ix)ndon, 18th of Ueceinber, 181.,'.
H. Frkwiv. a. T. Sm. Pavo.
\V>i. BuK.N. A. L U.\ Costa.
rniitisiA.
Convention of Cbmmercc between His Britannic Majcsti/ and the Kinit of Prussia, siuncd at London,
April '2. 18-.'4.
Article 1. P'rom and after the Ist day of May next, Prussian vessels entering or departing from the
ports of the United Kingdom of Great Hritain and Ireland, and British vessels entering or departing from
the ports of his Prussian Majesty's dominions, shall not be subject to any other or higher duties or
charges whatever, than are or shall be levied on national vessels entering or departing from such \K)tti
respectively.
2. All articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of any of the dominions of cither of the high
contracting parties, which arc or shall be permitted to be imported into or exported from the ports of tnc
United Kingdom and of I'russia, respc<:tivcly, in vessels of the one country, shall, in like manner, be
permitted to be imported into and exported from those ports in vessels of the other.
3. All articles not of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the dominions of his Britannic Majesty,
which can legally be Imported from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, into the ports of
Prussia, in Hritish ships, shall be subject only to the same duties as are payable upon the like articles if
import«l in Prussian ships ; and the same reciprocity shall be observed in the ports of the United King,
dom, in respect to all articles not the growth, produce, or manuficture of the dominions of his Prussian
Majesty, which can legally be imported into the (wrts of the United Kingdom in Prussian ships.
4. All goods, which can legally be imported into the ports of either country, shall be admitted at the
game rate of duty, whether imported in vessels of the other country, or in national vessels ; and all goods
which can be legally exported from the ports of either country, shall be entitled to the same l>nuntie8,
drawbacks, and allowances, whether exported in vessels of the other country, or in national vessels.
a. No priority or preference shall be given, directly or iiulirectly, by the government of either country,
or by any company, corporation, or agent, acting on its behalf, or under its authority, in the purchase ot
any article, the growth, produce, or manufacture of either country, imported into the other, on account
of, or in reference to, the character of the vessel in which such article was imported ; it being the true
intent and meaning of the high contracting parties, that no distinction or ditt'erence whatever shall be
made in this respect.
6. The present convention shall be in force for the term of 10 years from the d^e hereof; and further,
until the end of lii months after either of the hit:h contracting parties shall have given notice to the other
of its intention to terminate the same ; each of the high contracting parties reserving to itself the right
of giving such notice to the other, at the end of the said term of 10 years: and it is hereby agreed
between them, that, at the expiration of 1'2 months after such notice shall have been received by
either parly from the other, this convention, and all the provisions thereof, shall altogether cease and
determine.
7. The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchangetl at London, v/ithir
1 month from the date hereof, or sooner if possible.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed thereto the
leals of their arms.
Done at London, the second day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight himdred and
twcnty.four. GnonuE Ca.n.mno. W. Huskis.so.v. Wehtiibh.
An order in council, dated May 25. 1824, directs that from May 1. 1824, Prussian vessels entering or
departing from the porto of the United Kiiigdom of Great Britain and Ireland, shall not be subject to any
other or higher duties or charges whatever than are or shall be levied on British vessels entering or de-
parting from such ports; that all articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of any of the dominions
of his Prussian Majesty, which are or shall be permitted to lie imported into or exported from the ports of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in British vessel?, shall, in like manner, be permitted
to be imi)ortcd into and exported from the said ports in Prussian vessels ; that all articles not of the
growth, produce, or manufacture of the dominions of his Prussian Majesty, which can legally be imported
from Prussia into the poits of the L'Tiited Kingdom in Prussian vessels, shall be subject only to the same
duties as are payable upon the like articles if imported in British ships ; that all goods which can legally
be imported into the ports of the United Kingdom, shall be admitted at the .same rate of duty, when im.
ported in Prussian vessels, that is charged on similar articles imported in British vessels; and that all
goods which can be legally exported from the ports of the United Kingdom, shall be entitled to the siimo
bounties, drawbacks, and allowances, when exported in Prussian vessels, that are granted, paid, or allowed
on similar articles when exported in British vessels
A Treasury letter, dated October 1.1. 1824, directs, that with respect to pilotage and all other duties
charged on vessels belonging to Prussia, Sweden, and Norway, Denmark, Hanover, and Hand)urgh,
which have entered, or which may enter, the ports of the United Kingdom, either from stress of weather
•or from any other causes, it was the intention of the Lonls of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade,
that such dues should not be higher than are charged upon British vessels, and that it is only to the case
of goods imported into this kingdom, and not brought direct from the country to which the vessel belongs
that the equality of duty does not apply.
I
I I
,
1/
w
^ ]'■
1182
TRKATIES (COMMERCIAL).
All order In council, dated May 3. \H23. atati-a, that Ilia Majeaty ia |>lL<asi-d to declare, that the ahipa of
niid i)clniiginR to the dominlona of liia Majeaty the KiiiK of Hruasla are entitled tu the privileKt'a Rraiitcd
by the law of navigatli>n, and may import lYom the dominioiia of hia Majesty the King of Hruaaia, into
any of the Kritish poKsosaiuna nl>road, Rooila the produce of auch iloniiniona, and may export gooda from
siii'li Britiah poaicaaiona abroad, to bc'carried to any foreiKii country whatever,
KUBSIA.
('nnventi'(fH between Ilia Britannic MnJcs/y and the Emperor qf Jiuaiia, signed at Peterihvrgk in
Fcbruaru, \m>.
Artiric 1. It ia agreed that the rcapectivc subjerta of4he hi^h rontracting parties ahall not be troublea
or molcatcd, in any part of the ocean commonly called the I'ncilic Ocean, either in navigating the aaine,
in fishing llicreln, or in landing at auch paria of the coaat as ahall not have been already occupied, in order
to trade witli tlie nativea/linder the reatrictiona and coiidllinna apcciflcd in the following nrticlea,
2. Ill order to prevent xKc right of navigating and tiahing, exercised upon the ocean by the aubjecti of
the higli contracting pnrtiea, from liccimiing the pretext for an illicit commerce, it ia agreed that the aiili-
Jects of hia liritnnnic Majeaty ahall not land at any place where there may he a Kiissiun eatabliahment,
without the pcrinisaion of the governor or commandant; and, on the otiier hand, that Ituaaian aubjecti
ahall not land, without permission, at any liritish establishineiit on the north-west coast.
3. 1 he liiie of demarcation between the poascsaions of the high contracting p.-irtics, upon the coa«t of
the continent, and the islanda of America to the north-west, sh all lip dr awn in the manner foiluwing : ^
Commencing from the southernmoat point of the island calluJ I'rinceof Wales Island, which point lie*
in the parallel of 54 degrees 40 ininutea north latitude, and between the l.'ilst and l.'ijd degree of west
longitude (meridian of Greenwich), the said line ahall ascend to the north along the channel, aa far as the
point of the continent where it atrikea the.Otith degree of north latitude; from this laat nieiitloned point,
the line of demarcation shall follow the aummit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast, ai far as
the point of intersection of the 14Ist degree of west longitude (of the same nieridiaiO ; and, finally, from
the said point of inti raection, the said meridian line of the 141st degree, in its prolongation as far aa the
Frozen Ocean, ahall form the limit between tlic Russian and Uritiah possessions on the continent of
America to the north-west.
4. With reference to the line of demarcation laid down in the preceding article, it is understood ;
1st. That the island called Prince of Wales Island shall belong wholly to Itusaia.
ad. That wherever the summit of the mountains which extend in a oirection iiarallel to the coast, from
the ."ifith degree of north latitude to the point of intersection of the 14 1st degree of west longitude, shall
prove to be at the distance of more than 10 in.-irine leagues from the ocean, the limit between the Hritlsh
fiosseasions and the line of coast which is to belong to Kusaia, as aliovc mentioned, shall be formed by a
ine parallel to the windings of the coast, and which shall never exceed the diatancc of 10 marine leagues
therefrom.
5. It is moreover agreed, that no establishment shall be formeil by cither of the 2 parties, within the
limits assigned by the 2 preceding articles to the possessions of the other : consequently, liritish sub-
jects ahall not form any eatalilishineiit either upon the coast, or upon the border of the continent comprised
within the limits of tfc Uussian possessions, as designated in the 2 preceding articles; and, in like
manner, no < blishment ahall be formed by Russian subjects beyond the said limits.
t). It is u I t(iod, that the subjects of his Uritannic Majesty, from whatever quarter they may arrive,
whether froiu ,.io ocean, or from the interior of the continent, shall for ever enjoy the right of navigating
freely, and witliout any nindrance whatever, all the rivers and streams which, in their course towards the
Pacilic Ocean, may cross tlic line of demarcation upon the line of coast described in articled, of the pre-
lent convention.
7. It is also understood that, for the space of 10 years from the signature of the present convention, the
vessels of the 2 powers, or those belonging to their respective subjects, shall mutually be at liberty to
frequent, without any hindcrance whatever, all the inland seas, the gulfs, havens, and creeks, on the coast
mentioned in article ,J., for the purposes of tishingand of trading with the natives.
8. The port of Sitka, or Novo Archangelsk, shall be open to the commerce and vessels of British sub.
jectsfor the space of 10 years from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of the present convention.
In the event of an extension of this term of 10 years being granted to any other power, the like extension
shall be grante<l also to Great Britain.
9. The above-mentioned liberty of commerce shall not apply to the trade in spirituous liquors, in fire-
arms or other arms, gu|ipowder, or other warlike stores ; tiie high contracting parties reciprocally en-
gaging not to permit the above-mentioned articles to be sold or delivered, in any manner whatever, to
the natives of the country.
10. Every British or Russian vessel navigating the Pacific Ocean, which may be compelled, by storms
or by accident, to take shelter in the |>orts of the parties, shall be at liberty to refit therein, to provide
itself with all necessary stores, and to put to sea again, without paying any other than port and light-house
dues, which shall be the same as those paid by national vessels. In case, however, the master of such
vessel should be under the necessity of dis|>osing of a part of his merchandise in order to defray his
expenses, he shall conform himself to the regulations and tariffs of the place where he may have
landed.
11. In case of complaint of an infraction of the articles of the present convention, the civil and military
authorities of the high contracting parties, without previously acting or taking any forcible measure, shall
make an exact and circumstantial report of the matter to their respective courts, who engage to settle the
same, in a friendly manner, and according to the principles of justice.
12. The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at London, within
the space of 6 weeks, or sooner if possible.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed thereto the
seals of their arms.
Done at St. Pctcrsburgh, the 28th [16th] of February, 1825.
Stratford Canning.
The Count de Nesselrode.
Pierre de Poletica,
The Two Sicilies.
Treaty (\f Comtnerce and Navigation between His Britannic Majesty and the King of the Two Sicilies,
signed at London, September 26. 1816.
Article 1. His Britannic Majesty consents, that all the privileges and exemptions which his subjects,
their commerce and shipping, have enjoyed, and do enjoy, in the dominions, ports, and domains of his
Sicilian Majesty, in virtue of the treaty of peace and commerce concludeo at Madrid on the 10th of May
(2'id of May), 1667, between Great Britain and Spain ; of the treaties of commerce between the same
powers, signed at Utrecht, the 9th of December, 1713, and at Madrid, thel.3th of December, 171.') ; and
of the convention concluded at Utrecht, the 8th of March, 1712-1713, between Great Britain and the
kingdom of Sicily, shall be abolished ; and it is agreed upon in consequence, between their said Britannic
and Sicilian Majesties, their heirs and successors, that the said privileges and exemptions, whether of
persons, or of flags and shipping, arc and shall cuntinue for ever abolished.
THEATIl'S (COMMEUCIAL).
1183
power
S. HI. Sicilian Majc.ty engage, not to eonthuie. nor hereafter to grant, lo the .ubjecl. of anv otli.-r
, )wer whatever, Hieprivilegeii and exeinptioim almlinhed by the preient lonvintii.n
3. His Sicilian Mi»je.ty pri)mi«e» that the .uhj.vuof hit Hritannic MajcMy .hull nc.i be .iil.loctc«l willnn
hi. dominion., to a more rigorou. i^.tem of examination and search by the officer, of cu.limu »ll..n t „'
to which the .ubjertu of his »aid Sicilian Majcty arc liable. cu.tom., than that
..._, — ..... „,„ ,, gviii.,,,,, n„„ ,„p itritiHh
lis iloininioim iiixiii the Maine fiHitiiig a. the niott
n.l property of tlw said Uritish .ubjeiis, but also
iiy traffic, and the taxes or other charue. navable
Hirtation nhall lie in.i.le, o i ; .-
to
dut
4. HiN Majesty the King of the Two Sicilies promises that British commerce n Keneral and Iho liriti.i.
.ubject. who carry It on, .hall l)e treateti throughout his dominioim u "irm, ami ii,e Hritish
favoured nations, not only with respect to the iwrsnn. am'
with regard to every species of article in which they ma
on the said articles, or on the shiiiplng in which the inipii
5. With tespect to the personal privilege, to be enjoyed by the suljii l> »fhls Hritannic Majesty in tlie
kingdom of the Two Sii'illes, his Sicilian Malcsty promises that thry »hall have a free and unilmibtcd nul t
to travel, and to reside in the tcrritoric. and dominions of hi.'* said Majesty, subject to the same iirecau
tion. of |K)llce which arc practised towards the most favoured nations, 'lliey shall lie eutitu'd to occuuv
dwellings and warehouses, and to dispose of their personal property of every kind and description liv
»alc, gift, exchaiigo.or will, and in any other way whatever, without the smallest loss or hinderailce being
given them on that head. They .hall not be obliged to pay, under any pretence whatever, other taxes or
rates than those which arc paid, or that hereafter may be paid, by the most favoured nations in the
dominion, of his .aid Sicilian Majesty. They shall be exempt from all military service, whether by land
or sea; their dwellings, warehouses, and every thing belonging or appertaiiiiiiK thereto for objects of com-
merce or residence, shall be respected. They shall not be subjected to any vexiitious search or visits No
arbitrary examination or inspection of their books, papers, or accounts, shall be made under the pretence
of the supreme authority of the state, but these shall alone be executed by the legal sentence of the com.
pcteiit tribunals. His Sicilian MaWsty engages on all these occasions to guarantee to the .ubjects of his
Britannic Majesty who shall reai(le in his states and dominions, the preservation of their property and
personal security, in the same manner as those are guaranteed to his subjects, and to all foreigners bc'long.
ing to the most favoured and most highly |irivlleged nations.
6. According to the tenor of the articles 1. and 2. of this treaty, his Sicilian Majesty engages not to
declare null and void the privileges and exemptions which actually exist in favour of Hritish commerce
within his dominions, till the same day, and except by the same act, by which the privileges and ixemp-
tions, whatsoever they arc, of all other nations, shall be declared null and void within the same
7. His Sicilian Majesty promises, fnmi the date when the ;;"iieral abolition of the privileges according
I the articles 1, 2 and (i. shall take place, to make a reduction of lO per cent upon the amount of the
ities payable according to thetariU'in force the 1st of January, IHlti, upon the total of the merchandise
or production of the United Kingdom of (Jreat Uritain and Ireland, her colonies, possessions, and di-
pendencies. Imported Into the states of his said Sicilian Majesty, according to the tenor of article 4 of the
present convention ; it being understood that nothing in this article shall be coustrued to prevent the
King of the Two SicUie. from granting, if he -iiall think proper, the same reduction of duty to other
foreign nations.
8. The sub^e<^t9 of the Ionian Islands shall, in consequence of their being actually under the immediate
protection ot his Britannic Majesty, enjoy all the advantages which are granted to the commerce and to
the subjects of Great Britain by the present treaty ; it being well understood that, to prevent all abuses,
and to prove its identity, every Ionian vessel shall be furnished with a patent, signed by the Lord High
Commissioner or his rcprcientative.
9. The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications thereof exchanged In London, ulUiiD
the space of (i months, or sooner if possible.
In witness whereof the respective pleiiipotcntioiics have signed it, ami thereunto alHxcd the seal of
their arms.
Done at London, the 26th of September, 1816.
Castlekeagh. Castf.lcicala.
Separate and Additional Article.
In order to avoid all i! iiibt respecting the reduction upon the duties in favour of British commerce,
which his Sicilian Majesty has promised in the 7th article of the convention signed this day between his
Britannic Majesty and his Sicilian Majesty, it is declared, by this present separate and additional article,
that by the concession of 10 per cent of diminution, it Is understood that in case the amount of the duty
should be iiO per cent, upon the value of the merchandise, the effect of the reductum of 10 per cent. Is to
reduce the duty from £0 to \H ; and so for other cases In proportion. And that for the articles which are
not taxed ad valorem in the tariff', the reduction of the duty shall be proportionate ; that is to say, a
deduction of a tenth part upon the amount of the sum payable shall be granted.
The prcr,ent separate and additional article shall have the same force and validity as if It had been In-
serted word for word in the convention of this day — it shall be ratified, and the ratificat on thereof shall
be exchanged at the same time.
In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed it, and have thereunto affixed the seal
of their arms.
Done at London, theSfith of September, 1816.
Castlereagii. Castelcical*.
Ti;HKEY.
Capitulations and Articles of Peace between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire, as agreed upon,
augmented, and altered, at d{ffirent Periods, and,Jinally, conjirmed by the Treaty qf Peace concluded at
the Dardanelles, in 1609.
SULTAN MEHEMED,
MAY HE LIVE FOR EVER.
" Let every thing be observed in conformilij to these capitulations, and contrary thereto let nothing be
done."
1. The English nation and merchants, and all other merchants sailing under the English flag, with
their vessels and merchandise of all descriptions, may pass safely by sea, and go and come into our
dominions, without any the least prejudice or m(lle.^tatioll being given to their persons, property, or eflects,
by any person whatsoever, but they shall be left lii the undisturbed enjoyment of their privileges, and be
at liberty to attend to their ad'alrs.
2. If any of the English coming into ourdominlons by land be molested or detained, such persons shall
be Instantly released, without any further obstruction being given to them.
3. English vessels entering the ports and harbours of our dominions shall and may at all times safely and
securely abide and remain therein, and at their free will and pleasure depart therefrom, without any oppo.
sition or hinderance from any one.
4. If it shall happen that any of their ships suffer by stress of weather, and not be provided with neces.
sary stores and requisites, they shall be assisted by all who happen to be present, whether the crews of our
Imperial ships, or others, both by sea and land.
5. Being come into the ports and harbours of our dominions, they shall and may be at liberty to pur.
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1184
TREATIES (COMMERCIAL).
I'M
chaae at thrlr picaiiirc, with tlieir ot^n inoiiuy, pnivi-ioim ami till other iiccLMkiiry artii'lot, aiul toprnvido
tlieiiHplviM with wiit(>r, without liiti'rruptioii or hiiiileraiict' I'roiti any oiic.
K. I rally ot'thi-ir iihl|)» he wrecked upon auy ol'tlic cohhim of our doniinloiiii, all heyi, cadlt, govcriiori,
commHMclaiitit, and nthcm our Aervantii/who may be mar or prcHent, iihall Ktvothcin all help, protection,
and asHlttanee, and rentore to them wluitaoevor uooiIh and ellictit may he drjvon a<<h<ire ; anil in the event
ol' any plunder hein|{ cominilted, tliey thall make diliKcnt search and inquiry to Hnd out the property,
which, when i-ecovered, xhall be wholly restored l>y them.
7. The nierchanti, Interpretersi, liankem, and othcrx, ol'lhe laid nation, iihall and may, both by sen and
land, come Into our domliilonii, and there trade with the moat nerl'ect aecuritv ; and in coinlnK and gohiK,
neither they nor their attendants ahall receive any the len^t oO'tructlon, muleatiitlon, or injury, either in
their peraona or property, from the beya, cadia, aea captalna, aoldlera, and othera our tiavea,
17. Uur ahlpa and Kalleys, and all other veaaeU, which may Call In with any KoKllali ahipa In the aeai of
our dominiouK, ahall not give them any molestation, nor detain thciii by demanilinK any thing, but ahalt
■how goml and mutual IrleiKlahip the one to the other, without oucaaioning them any prejudice.
li>. It t'lie eoraaira or galliota of the Levant be found to have taken any Kngliah veaiela, or robbed or
plundered them of tlicir goodi and cilecta, aUo If any one ahall have forcibly taken any thing IVum the
Engliah. all ponalhle diligence and exertion ahall, be uacd and employed for the dlacovcry of the property,
andintlictiMgcimdigii luiiiinhment on tlioaewho may haveeoinniitted luch dcpredationa ; and their ahipi,
gooda, and.cll'ecta, shall be restored to them without delay or Intrigue.
21. Uutiea ahall not be demanded nr taken of the Kngliah, or the mcrchanta aailing under the flag of
that nation, on any fiiastrea and acquina they may Import Into our sacred dominiona, or on those they
may transport to any other place,
:)ii. Knglish meichanta, and all othera sailing under their flag, may, freely and unrestrictedly, trade
and pui'cnasc air aorta of merchandise ^prohibited commodities alone excepted), and convey tliem, either
t>y land or sen, or by way of the river Tanaia, to the countries of Muacovy or Kussia, and bring back
thence other merchandise into our sacred dominiona, for the purposes of tralHc, und alio traiiaport
othera to Persia and other conquered countries.
28. Should thcshlpa bound fur Constantinople be forced by contrary winds to nut into Caflh, or any other
place of those parts, and not be diapoaed to buy or sell any thing, no one ahall presume forcibly to take
out or seize any part of their merchandise, or give to the shii>s or crews any molestation, or obstruct the
vessels that ate bound to those ports.
4U. On their ships arriving at any port, and landing their goods, they may, after having paid their
duties, safely and securely depart, without experiencing any moleslailon.
41. English ahips' bound to Constantinople, Alexandria, Tripoli of Syria, Scandcroon, or other porta of
our sacred dominions, shall in future be bound to pay duties, according to custom, on such goods only ai
they shall, of their own free will, land with a view to sale { and for such merchandise as they shall not
discharge, no duty shall be demanded, neithw ahall the least molestation or hliiilerance lie given to them.
44. Knglish .and other merchants navigating under their flag, who trade to Aleppo, shtltl pay such
duties on the silks, brought and luden by them on board their shipa, us are paid by the French and Vene-
tians, and not one asper more.
£.1, The Imperial fleet, galleys, and other vessels, departing from our sacred dominions, and falling in
with Engli^ ships at sea, shall in no wise molest or detain them, nor take from them any ihing whatao.
ever. Uiiglish shiiis shall no longer be liable to any further search, or exaction at sea under colour of
search or examination.
70. English ships coming to the ports of Constantinople, Alexandria, Smyrna, Cyprus, and other port*
of our sacred dominions, shall pay MO aspers for anchorage duty, without an asper more being demanded
of them.
Ti. No molestation shall be given to any of the aforesaid nation buying camlets, mohairs, nr grogram
yarn, at Angora and lUghbazar, and desirous of exporting the same from thence, after having paid the
duty ol'S per cent., tiy any demand of customs for the exportation thereof, neither shall one asper more
be demanded of them.
7n. That it being represented to us that English mcrchanta have been accustomed hitherto to pay no
custom or scale duty, either on the silks bought by them at lirussa and Constaiitinojde, or on those which
come from I'ersia and Georgia, and are purchased by them at Smyrna from the Armenians; if such
usage or custom teally exists, and the same be not prejudicial to the empire, such duty shall not be paid
in future. , , ...
(JV. //. — These capitulations may be found entire m Hcrtslet's Treaties : and in Chitty's Commercial
Law, vol. ii. pp. 2yO— 311. Appen.)
Treaty between Great Britain and the Sublime Porte, concluded at the Dardanelles, the 5th of
January, 1809.
1. From the moment of signing the present treaty, every act of hostility between England and Turkey
shall cease.
a. In return for the indulgence and good treatment afforded by the Sublime Porte to English merchants,
with respect to their goods and property, as well as in all matters tending to facilitate their commerce,
England shall reciprocally extend every indulgence and friendly treatment to the flags, sulijects, and mer-
chiiiits of the Sul)lime Forte, which may hereafter frequent the dominions of his Britannic Majesty for
the purposes of commerce.
a The last Custom-house tariff eitablishcd at Constantinople, at the ancient rate of 3 per cent., and
particularly the article relating to the interior commerce, shall continue to be observed, as they are at
present regulated, and to which England promises to conform.
10. English patents of protection shall not be granted to dependants, or merchants who are subjects of
the Sublime Porte, nor shall any passport be delivered to such persons, on the part of ambassatlors or
consuls, without permission previously obtained from the Sublime Porte.
Done near the Castles of the Dardanelles, the Mh of .(anuary, 1809, which corresponds with the year
of the Hegira 1223, the 19th day of the Moon Zilkaade.
Seyd Mehemmbd Emin Vahid Effkndi.
Robert Adair.
U.MTED States.
Convention of Commerce between Great Britain and the United States qf America, signed at London, the
3dnfJuli/,\8\5. * '
Article 1. There shall be between all the territories of his Britannic Majesty in Europe, and the terri.
lories of the UnitcJ States, a reciprocal Ul)eriy of commerce. The inhabitants of the 2 countries
respectively shall h«ve liberty freely and securely to come with their ships and cargoes to all such places
ports, and rivers ir the territories aforesaid, to wliich other foreigners are permitted to come, to enter
uito the same, ond to remain and reside in any part of the said territories respectively ; and also to hire
and occupy houses and warehou,5es for the purpose of their commerce ; and generally the merchants and
traders of each nation respectively shall enjoy the most complete protection and security for their com-
merce ; but subject always to the laws and statutes of the 2 countries respectively.
2. No higher or other duties shall be imposed on the importation ir^to the territories of his Britannic
Mi j«ty in Europe, of any articles, the growth, pro 'ucc, or manufacture of the United States, and no
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higher or other diitioi iliali b« Impinwl on tho imuortnllon Into tlio Unltml itHr*, of any artwk'i i
growth, |>i<Mhici', or niaiuilii(!ture of hm Ilritannlr Miijcsty'* tcrrilorU* In i:uri>|)o, (lian arc or (hu^l
imyublu on thi- likourflcli'*, hciiiK "le Kfivtli, procliico, or iiinMiil'acturc ol aiiv otlu'i- IbrciKn ooimtry ■ i
shall any lilahfr or otln-r ilutlw or flmrKcu Ih' nniio«i'il in oitlicr of tho two Vountritn on llu- txiiortiiliiiu
ol any urtlcifi to his llritainiir Miiji-ily » ti'rritorim In Kuroiic, or to the I'luifd StitiN, rmpiiliNfly than
kiirh an arc payablu on the cxiiortation 'if the like articlm to any othtT lori'iKii mmitry ; nor fiha'll any
lirohililtion l».' Imposed npon tlic exportation or iniimrtation of any iirticlcM, the nmwih, prcxUii e ir iri
nntaeturu of the Uniteil .stated, or ot hi?t Kritannie Majesty's territories in Unrope, lo or Irom t'hi. g,,,,!
territories of his Hritaniiie Mnjesty in Kurope, or to or Ironi the taiil Unltnl .Sti.ten, wliicli ihall iiot
eipially extenil to all otiier n itioO!*.
No hlKhuror other duties or cliargca shall be Imposed In any of tlio porta of the United States on llrltisli
vessels, than those pnyabl' in the same ports l)y vessels of the United States j nor in the iiorts of ary of
his lUitannie Majesty's territories in Kuropo on the vessels of the United States, than shall be payabic in
the siiine ports on liritlsh vessels.
The same duties shall be paid on the importation Into the United States of any artieleK, the growth
produce, or inaniifaeturnof his Hrltannle Majesty's territories in Kiirope, whether siieh Importation shall
be III the vessels of the United States, or in Urilish vessels; and the same duties shall be paid on the
iinportalion into the ports of any of his Uritannie Majesty's teriitories in Kurope, (jf any articles, the
growtli, produee, or manulaeturo of the United Stales, whether sueh importation shall be In Itritisli
vessels, or in vessels of the United States.
The same duties shall be paid, and the same bounties allowed, on the exportation of any artieles, the
growth, produee, or manufacture of his Itritanniu .Majesty's territories in liumix', to the United States,
whether such ex|>ortation shall be in vessels of the United Slates, or In Uritish vessels ; and the iamc
duties shall be paid, and the same bounties allowed, on the exportation of any artieles, the growth, pri>-
(luce, or manulaeturo of the United States, to his Hritaniiie Majesty's territories in Kurope, wliether such
txiiortatioii shall bo In Hritish vessels, or in vessels of the rnite<l States.
It Is further agreed, that in all eases where drawbacks are or may be allowed upon the rc-expnrtatlort
of any goods, the growth, produce, or manufaeture of either country respeetivelv, the nmouiit of the
said drawbacks shall be the same, wliether the said koo<1s sIwiII have been origiiially 'imported in a llrltish
Of American vessel; but wJieii such re-exportation siiall take place from the United States in a Hritish
vessel, or from the territories of his Hritaniiie .Majesty in lairope in an Aiiiericin vessel, to any other
foreign nation, tho 'J eontr.icting partiis reserve tir tliem»elvei», respectively, the right of regulating or
diniiiiUhliig, in such case, the aiiiount of the said drawli.iek.
'I'lie intercourse between the Uniteil States and his liiitaimic Majesty's possessions In the West Indies,
and on the continent of North America, .sli.ill not be allected by any of the provisions of this article,
but each party shall remain in the eoinplote po-session of its rights, with respect to such an intercourse.
,J. His iiritannic Majesty agrees that the ves.sels of the United States of America shall be admitted
and lios|)itably received at the principal .settlements of the Hritish dominions in the K.ist Indies, viz.
Ciilcitlla, Madras, ISumhai/, and I'liiuc iif H'lilcs' Island, and that the citizens of the said United .States
m.iy freely carry on trade between the s.iid principal settlements and the said United States, in all articles
of which the importation and exportation respectively, to and from the said territories, shall not tie
entirely prohibited j provided only, that it shall not be lawful for them, in any time of war between the
JJritish government and any state or pov>er whatever, to export from the said territories, without the
special permission of the liritlsh government, any military stores, or naval stores, or rice. 'I'lie citizoni
of the United ' atcs sh.ill piy for their vessels, wlicii ailmittcd, no higher or other duty or eliarge than
shall be payal)le on the vcssi's cf the mo>t favoured Kurope.iii nations, and they shall pay no higher or
other duties or charges on the iinport.it ion or exportation of the cargoes of the said vessels, than shall be
payable on the same articles wl.en imporied or exported in the vessels of the most favoured European
nations.
Hut it is expressly agreed, that the vessels of the United States shall not rarrv any articles from the
Kaid principal settlements to any port or place, except to some port or place ir the United States ot
America, where the same shall be nnladen.
It is also understood, that the permissiDii granted by this article is not to extend to allow the' vessels rW
tho United Slates to carry on any part of the coasting trade of the said Hritish territories; but the vessels
of the United States having, in the first inslaiiee, proceeded to one of the said principal settlements of
the Hritish dominions in tlie Kast Indies, and then going with their original cargoes, or any part thereof,
from one of the said principal settlements to another, shall not be considered as carrying oil the coasting
traclc. 'i'he vessels of the United States may also touch for refreshments, but not lor commerce, in the
course of tlieir voyajje to or from the Hritish territories in India, or to or from the dumiiiioiis of tlie
Kmperor of China, at the Cape of (iood Hope, the island of St. Helena, or such other [ilaces r.s may ho
in the possession of (ireat Hritain, in the African or Indian seas; it being well understood, that, in a||
that regards this article, the citizens of the United States shall be subject in all respects to the laws and
regulations of the Hritish Kovcrnmcnt from time to time established.
4. it shall be free for each of the 2 contracting parties respectively to appoint consuls, for tho !>. fTtion
of trade, to reside in theilomiiiions and territories of the other party ; but before any consul shall a>,i •%
such, he shall in the usual form bo approved and admitted by the government to which he is sent ; and
it is Mereby declared, th.it in ease of illegal and improper conduct towards the laws or government of the
country to which he is .sent, such consul may either be punished according to law, if the laws will reach
tho case, or be sent back, tho olliiiided gevcriinient assigning to the other the reasons for the same.
It is hereby declared, that either of the contracting i)arties may except from the residence of conEulii
siU'h particular places as such party sJiall judge lit to lie so excepted.
.'}. This convention, when the same shall have been duly ratified by his Hritannic Mrijesty and by the
President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of their Senate, and the respective
ratifications mutually exchanged, shall be binding and obligatory on his Maje.-ty and on the said United
States for 4 years from the date of its signature; and the ratitications shall be exchanged in6inonth«
from this time, or sooner if possible.
Done at London, the od of July, 181;).
l"ui;i). J. UouiN.sov. John Q. ApAMa.
I-Ie.nhy GoiLBiiu-'J. H. Cl.w.
William Adams. Ai.bekt Galati.v,
This convention was subsequently prolonged by conventions for that purpose in 1818 and 1827.
TREUISOND, anciently Trapezus, from its resemblance to a trapezium, a town
of Asia INIinor, on the south-cast coast o*" the Black Sea, hit. 40° 1' N., Ion. 39*^' 44' 52"
E. Population variously estimated at from 1.5,000 to "0,000. The town is built on
the declivity of a hill rising gently from the sea. It is a place of great antiquity; and,
from the year 120:3 to the tinal subversion of the Eastern empire by Mohammed II.,
in thel.'jth century, was the seat of a dukedom, or, as it was sometimes called, an empire,
comprising the country between the Phasis and the Ilalys. Its fortifications are still of
considerable stiength, at least for a Turkish city. The fpace included within the walls
A. G
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'l\h
1186
TRIESTE.
is of great extent ; but it is principally fiiled with gardens and groves. The liouscs ar«
mean in their outward apjjearance, and comFortless within. — ( Tuurnefort, Voyage du
Levant, tome ii. pp. '231 — 23!).; Kinncir's Joimiey thimgh Asia Minor, Sfc. p. 338.)
Harbour. — Trebisond has two ports, one on the W. ami one on the EI side or a amall peninsula, or
point of land, projecting a short way into the sea. That on the east is the best shcltL/red, and is the place
of anchorago for the largest ships. It is, however, exposed to all but the southerly gales ; but it does
not appear, that, with ordinary precaution, any danger need be apprehended. The ground, from i to i a
mile E. from the point, is clean, and holds extremely well. Ships moor with open hawse to the N,, and a
good hawser and stre.im anchor on sli ire, as a stern. fast. At night, the wind always comes off the land
Captain Middleton says that the only om\ weather is from the N. W. ; but that, though the swell he eonl
Biderable, it does not cause any heavy strain upon the cables. — (Nautical Magazine, vol. ii. p. isi.)
At Platana, near Trebisond, and (jultc as exposed, Turkish vessels have from time immemorial rode in
safety the whole winter; a satisfactory proof that the dangers supposed to be incident to the roads along
the coast arc wholly visionary. — [Ibitl. p. 214.)
Navigation of the Black Sea. — We are happy to have this opportunity to state that Captain Middleton
who has been repeatedly in the ISIack Sea, agrees entirely with Tournefort — (see ant!, p. 860.) — as to the
groundlessness of the notions that have got abroad of its navigation being peculiarly dangerous. lie
shows that the " thick weather," supposed to prevail in this sea, is " quite imaginary."—" There are fogs
in it occasionally, but fhese never last long ; and, like fogs every where else, are unaccompanied by much
wind. Gales sometimes occur, but they rarely amount to storms, and their duration is short. Except on
its northern coast, it has deep water all over. It may, in fact, be considered a sea almost without a
hidden danger." The only difliculty attaching to its navigation consists, as formerly observed (oii/e
p. 8(iO.), in making the liorphorus. But this, also, has been much exaggerated ; and ships able to keep
out to sea, and properly navigated, quit it without encountering any considerable risk.— (For further
Darticulars as to this interesting subject, the reader is referred to Captain Middleton's paper in the 2d
volume of the Nautical Magazine,— & useful and excellent publication, well entitled to the public
patronage.)
Trade. — In antiquity, and in more modern times, previously to the conquest of Constantinople by the
Turks, and the exclusion of all foreign vessels from the Black Sea, Trebisond was the seat of an extensive
trade. Any one, indeed, who casts his eye over a map of Asia, must be satisfied that this city is the
natural emporium of all the countries to the S. K. of the Black Sea, from Kars on the cast, round by
Diarbeker to Amasia on the west. Erzeroum, the principal city of Armenia, is only about 135 miles S.E.
from Trebisond. Us iiicri.hants arc distinguished by their superior attaiinnents, and by their enterprise
and activity. For a lengthiMied period, they have derived most part of their supplies of European com-
modities by way of Smyrna or Constantinople : nothing, however, but the impossibility of obtaining
them at so convenient a port as Trebisond, could have made them resort to such distant markets a' those
now mentioned ; and it may well excite surpri.-e, considering the period during which the Black Sea has
been open, that efforts were not sooner made to establish an intercourse with Armenia, Georgia, and the
north-western parts of Persia, through this channel. We are gl.-'d, however, to have to state, that
within these few years this has been done ; and notwithstanding ti.e difficulties that necessarily attach
to every attempt to open new channels of commerce with semi-civilised nations, the experiment has proved
more than ordinarily succes.sful.
The policy of Russia has recently, also, given to Trebisond an importance it did not formerly possess. Pre.
viously to 18:il, foreign commo<lities were admitted at the low duty of .O per cent, into the Russian port
of Redotitkali', and others on the coast of Mingrelia, whence they were distributed over (Jeorgia, and as
far as Persia. But a ukase, issued at the epoch referred to, put an end to ;dl the immunities with respect
to duties enjoyed by the Russian provinces to the south of Mount Caucasus, and extended to them the
&ame customs" regulations that obtain in the other parts of the empire. Considerable de<luctions are, it is
tr(ie, made from the duties charged on certain articles imimrted into these provinces, provided they be
carried in the first instance to Odessa, and there reshipp?d for Mingrelia; but those that go direct to
the latter are subjected to the same duties and conditions as if they went to Petersburgh or Riga.
Printed cottons, and some other important articles, are in all c'.»es prohibited.
The opening of a port on the S.E. extremity of the Black .'^^u, to which goods might be !,ent direc' from
Europe, h. Ill be thence conveyed to Armenia, Persia, &c.,h- ji, under these circurnstancis, become a i object
of a <"-„jd deal ot interest to the commercial «orld. T'lere can be no doubt, indeed, did any thing like
oruer or regular government prevail in the rurkish i)rov.nces of Asia Minor, Armenia, &c., that Trebisot.d
would speedily bec-.v^e a considerable emporium. A', present, however, and for a long time back, these
beautiful provinces, in common with most other part- of the Turkish empire, have been in a state of cx.^
trcme disorder; and, owing to the imbecility and ij;norance of the government, there seems but little
pro.spect of improvement so long as it is sufi'ered to exist.
The prim pal articles of import are manufactured cottons, mostly from Great Britain, sugar, coffee,
rum, salt, tin, wine, iic. Cottons are sold at long credits ; sugar, coffee, &c. are sold at shorter cre<iits,
and are mo' e regularly paid. The exports consist of silk, sheep's wool, tobacco, shawls and carpets, galls,
and drugs of various sorts, box wood, nuts, &c. There are very rich copper mines in the mountains to the
south of Trebisond ; but they are but little wrought ; and the Turks are so i)hn<l to their own interests,
as 10 prohibit the exportation of copper, as well as of corn, and wax. It is ditlicult, therefore to obtain
return cprgoes. More than half the articles imported, are destined for Persia. In IA>2, no fewer than
9,181) packages passed tlirough Trebisond for Tabrecz ; and it is believed, that of th sc, fully 8,000 con-
sisted of British manufactures.
Money, Weights, and Measures, .eame as at Coiistai.tinople; which see.
Arrivals.— \n 18;52, there arrivid .it Trebisond, (! .ships under the British flag, of the burden of "18 tons. _
{Varl I'apcr, No. 7.')<3. Sess. 1833.^ — During the same year, there arrived 19 foreign vessels, of the burden
of 4,+ i8 tons : of these, 10 were .\ustrian ; .0 Sardinian ; and 4 Kussian. The total imports may, perhaps,
be valued at about 300,000/. The exports aro comparatively triHing.
TRIESTE, a large city and sea-port of tho' Austrian dominions, tlie capita! of a
district of Illyiia, siti'nted near the N. E. cxtreitiity '/f tlie Gulf of Venice, lat. 45 38' ,S7"
N., Ion. 13° 46' 27" E. Population 18,000. It is divided into the old and new
towns. The formtr is built upon elevi'tod ground ; the latter, which is lower down, is
laid out with great^-r regularity, and .s p.trtly intersected by .i canal, into which vessels
not drawing more than 9 or 10 feet v ater enter to load and unload.
Harbour. — The harbour of Trieste, thmigh rather limited in size, is easy of access and convenient.
It is protected from southerly gales liy the Molo Tcresiano, so called from the Empress Mafia Theresj,
at the extremity of which the new light house, mentioned below, has been constructed. The port, with
the mole, forms a crescent IJ mile in length, being a continued quay, faced with hewn stories, with stairs
and jetties for the convenience of embarkation. On the north side of the port is a dock or harbour, ap.
propriated exclusively for vessels performing quarantine. If is walled rrund: and is furnished with
hotels, wan houses, and every .>i"rt of accommodation required for the use of passengers and goods.
Ships under J(iO tmis burden lie dosr to the (|ii,nys ; those of greater rue mooring a little further out.
Mai
Fort
Mr.
Trieste
TUILSTK.
1187
The principal defects of the port aro, its limited size, niul it« being cxii.>sed lo the N.W. winds, whicli
sometimes blow with much violence, and throw in a heavy sea. 'Ihe gales, Imwever, are seldom of lonit
continuance; and the holding ground being good, wlun the anehnrs are b.iekid and proper i)reeautiung
taken, no accidents occur. J'he tide at Trieste is scarcely perceptible : but the depth of water is in.
fluenced by the wind, being increased by a long continued sirocco or S. K. wind, ami iliminished by the
prevalence of the E. N. K. wind, known by the name of Pm-o. The access lo the port ii not obstructetl
by any bar or shallow ; and there is good anchorage in the ro.ids, in from li to 8 and 10 lalhcmis water.
A good sailing vessel may beat in by night or by day, except it liloiv hard from the N K. or K N. K
when she had better anchor in the Hay of Hoses, or I'irano, where she will rule in perfect safety. '
Pilots. — Ships bound for Trieste are under no oblijiation to take pilots ; but those entering tli'e ])orl for
the first time would do well to take one on making the coast of Utria. Boats are always hovcrnig off
I{o"igno; they are not manned by regular pilots, but by lishermcn, who, though unlit to be trusted with
tl. lanagemcnt of the ship, know the biarings of the jilaces and the depth of water. The fee usUiUly
paia them for pilotage is 20 dollars ; in addition to which, they are supported at the ship's exijcnse during
the performance of quarantine.
LigliNiniiscs. — The light-house at the extremity of the Thcresian mole is Iflfi feet (Eng) high. The
light is intermittent ; and may be seen, 6upp( sing the eye ol the observer lo be elevated 12 feet above the
level of the sea, about IJ nautical miles, or from I'irano on the side of Islria, and the shoals of (irado on
the Italian coast. A light-house has also been erected on the point of Salvore, bearing from Trieste \V.
by S., distant about IH miles. The lantern is clcvatcil about lo j feet above the level of the sea. Trom this
point Pirano Bay op^r , where vessels may anchor in safety in all sorts of weather.
Money Merc." *.de accounts are usually kept at Trieste in what is commonly called convciiticn
money, from an agreeinertt entered into with respect to it by son'.! of the German princes, in 17i)>. The
current coins that are legal tender are dollars, i dollars or florins, and zwanzigers, or pieces of i'O kreut.
zers. Ten dollars arc coined out of the Cologne marc (;J,fiU8 gr. Eng.) of pure silver, so that the value
of the dollar is 4*. 3d. sterling.
The florin, or i dollar =: 2*. IJrf. sterling; zwanzigers, or pieces of 20 krcutzers (f)0 to the marc',
= ^d. sterling. Hence it follows that Is. sterling = 28J kreutzers (.tiO to a florin) ; and the nounil ster-
ling = 9fl. 24|kr., or, as it is commonly taken, ilfl. 2.")kr. All contracts are either expressly declavcd, or
are understood, to be in silver money ; gold coins, not being legal tender, pass only as merchandise.
We!,i\'f and Measures. — Those chiefly in use at Trieste are those of Vienna and Venice. The com.
inercia! ! .mnd contains t quaitcrs, Itiounccs, or ;J2 loths : it is = 8,(l,)y English grains. Thus, 100 lbs. at
Trieste -". ISdti lbs. avoirdupois; or !)0j lbs. of Trieste = 112 lbs. avoirdupoi.s.
The principal dry measure is the stajo or staro = 2v;-l Winch, bushels. The Vienna metzen, which ii
sometimes used, = 1"2j Winch, bushel. Tlie polonick = 8t)l Winch, bushel.
'J'he principal liquid measure is the orna or einier ~. 40 boccali ;:; 1,5 wine or 12J Imperial ga''wi
very nearly. The barilo = 173J English wine gallon.^.
'I'he orna of oil contains ,0^ caffisi, and weighs about 10" commercial pounds. It is = 17 wine or 14'16
Imperial gallons.
The ell woollen measure = 2(V6 English incites. The ell for silk = 25 2 English inches.
Trade. — I'rieste has no command of internal navigation ; but Leing the most convenient, or rather
the only sea-port, not merely of the Illyrian provinces, hut of the duchy of Au-tria, and the greater part
of Hungary, she jiossesses an extensive commerce, 'i'his has been increased by the facilities allorded to all
sorts of increantile transactions by the privilege ofiiurlu franco conferred on the town, and a considerable
extent of contiguous country, L';ider this franchise, all goo<ts, with but very lew exceptions, may be im.
ported into and exported from the city free of all duties whatever. Foreign products, when taken lor
consumption into the interior, are subject 'o the duties mentioned under the head iarijf', in a bubsequent
part of this article.
F..r>iorls. —These are very various, consisting partly of the raw, and partly of the manuf.ictured ]>roducts
of Austria Proper, lllyria, Dalmatia, Hungary, and Italy ; with foreign articles imported and warehoused.
Among the principal articles of raw produce may be .specitied, corn, chiefly wheat and maize, with rice,
wine, oil, shumac, tobacco, wax, &c. ; silk, silk rags and waste, hemp, wool, flax, linen rags, hides, furs,
skins, Sic. ; the produce of the mines makes an important item, consisting of quicksilver, ciiniahar, iron,
lead, copper, brass, litharge, alum, vitriol, &c. ; the forests of Carniola furnisli timber, for ship buiKling
and other purposes, of excellent quality and in great abundance, with staves,cork wood, lox, hoops, &c.;
marble also ranks under this head. Of mai.ufactured articles, Ihe most important arc, thrown silk,
silk stud's, printed cottons from Austria and Switzerland, coarse and fine linens, and all sorts of leather ;
under this head are also ranked soap, Venetian treacle, liqueurs, &c., with jewellery, tools and ulen>ils
of all sorts, glass ware and mirror.=, Venetian beads, refined sugar, ami a host ofOther articles. Of
foreign articles imjiorted and reshippcd, the most important are sugar, coHee, and dye stud's. Trieste
is also a eonsider.ible dvp6t for all sorts of produce from the Black .Sea, Turkey, and Egypt.
It is not i)ossible to obtain any accurate account of the quaidity and value of the exports ; but Mr.
Money, the British consul, who has carefully inquired into the subject, suppo,ses that they may amount in
all, exclusive of those shipped for Venice, I'iume, and other Austrian ports, to about 1,K!0,U(X)/. a year,
which he divides as follows : — jt'
Raw Produce, \'\z. — (irain, rice, oil, honey, wax, shumac, tobacco, &c, - . r^>(),iMQ
Silk, hemp, wool, rags, hides and skins ... . ,3K0,81X)
Metals, mineral and other products ; as, quicksdver, iron, lead, copper, brass, zinc,
litharge, argol, antimonv, arsenic, alum, vitriol, potash, turpentine, marbles, &c, • 230,000
Timber, plank, boards, &c. ..... 180,(XI0
J(/n»f/frt(/«;r.? of silk, cotton, wool, linen, leather, \c. . - . . idiVlOO
Soap, candles, Venetian treacle, and medicines .... M),0()0
Tools, machinery, arms, &c. - - - ... 2j,(KX)
Household furniture, musical instruments, glass and glass wares, porcelain, &c. - 20,000
Foreign Articles reshipped for exportation, exclusive of those for Lombardy and tlie
Papal States - - - - • - -
Total
300,000
,1'1,NK),GOO
Mr. Money f\irthef supposes that these articles arc distributed amongst the countries trading witli
Trieste, as follows : — £
• - . - - - 380,000
. 300,000
To Turkey and the Levant
Egypt
tJreece, the Ionian Islands, and Malta
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Ports in Trance, Sardinia, and 'J'uscany
Spain, Portugal, and Barbary
Great Britain
Ports in Ihe North of Germany
Ihe United States of America
South America and the West Indies
4 V,
Tolrtl exports
- 130,000
- .350,000
- 100,000
- 120,000
- 220,000
. l.-)0,000
- 30,000
. 20,000
£\,Hi),<m
I
t
il
FfT r-
i
liH«
TRIESTE.
Perhaps fliesc estimates are a little below the mark. We have been auured by high mercantil«
authority , that the entire value of the exports from Trieste to foreign countries is not uiiUcr '2JiW,i)ihl,
a year.
7>«/)or/*. — There is a great ciilTerence between the imports into and the exports from Trieste; the
value of the former being certainly not less than 4,()()0,()(K)/. sterling. The excess of imports is explained,
partly by the fact that large quantities of foreign goods imiiorted into Trieste are subsequently transhipped
by coasting vessels to Venice, Kiunio, and other ports, partly by the residence of Knglish and otnor
foreigners at Vienna, and partly by there being an excess of exports as compared with imports from otiior
parts of the empire. The great articles of import are sugar, cotton goods and raw cotton, oil, codie^
wheat, silks, indigo and other dye stud's, valonia, &e. The following 'J'able contains all the information
that can be desired as to the import trade of Trieste in 1829, 1830, and 1831 : —
Statement of the Quantity and Value, in British Money, Weights, and Measures, of the principal Ar.
tides imported into Trieste during each of the Three Years ending with 1831, specifying the Quaiititj
and Value of those furnished by each Country.
aiitity
Countries from
which imported.
Articles.
1
ISliO.
1
18,10. I
1831. 1
English
iWeiglit or
Measure.
Quantitj.
\'alue
Sterling.
English
Weight or
Measure.
Quan-
tity.
Value 'w^l'i'fo,
Steiling. .-Measure.
1
Quan-
tity.
\'alue
Sterling.
Great Britain •
CnfFM)
cwt-
2n,xm
.■?s,yoo
cwt.
2B,29n
51,442 c«t.
12,990
L.
25,470
' huj;ar - -
—
7'^,7SS
so:',9S,-5
—
92,9(12 129,(140! —
7(1,.')()1
J)l,878
Kum -
gallons
3:i,sa)
4,r,.')i) ! gallons
.11,2(1(, .1,3S0 ; gallons
41,'.iOO
5,1(10
Spices
-
.
l.'i,3il() 1 -
. 17,150 1 -
.
9,.-00
Indi^f} •
lbs.
6.'),000
24,170
lbs.
70,000 25,900; lbs.
52,.100
13,501)
Dru/^
-
.
1(1, la)
>
. 18,451 1 •
•
17,S1((
Iron
cwt.
I2,niin
(1,0110
cwt.
25,000 1.1,0(10 . cwt.
19,000
9,500
Tin -
»
4,000
22,S77
— ■
7,500 .11,000 1 —
.1,000
15,700
Totton Kooils -
•
•
34.''i,o(in
•
4fil,(K)OI •
.
310,0(10
\\'ool!en f;oods
-
,
X,IOO
.
! '.
13,500 1 -
.
11,550
Hardwares -
packages
liiO
(!,()(«) i packages
1.15
7,750 1 packages
110
6/)(IO
Kirtheuwarc-
—
.^IK)
.1,0(10
—
.150
3,900 —
180
2,160
America, V. S.
Ci>Hl-e
cwt.
.111,7'.; I
72,(1(10
cwt.
51,597
92,885 cwt.
25,U80
58,9,^1
Siig.-ir .
—
l.l,1,.')7(i
2l9,9fi«
185,921' 2'i9,2S0
-..
153,fK)8
19.1,7.')6
('otton
—
i!(i,S(;o
«(),.-)0()
32,750 90,SI)D
~
33,400
10O,l(K)
Kum
j^allons
40,0(10
4,400
111'°"^
4f.,8fiO 5,080
gallons
42,180
5,3'20
Tea -
11,01)0
1,400
700 S.J lbs.
3,000
360
Uruil •
SuifMr . -
cwt.
119,0.fO
22.5,412
cwt.
189,200 2fil,2.'i01 cwt.
lfil,'^'^0
200,120
Ctfee
—
4.5,.'<.'.U
S(),11()
—
78,290 143,142 —
36,290
82,400
Hides .
■
.
7.1,100
•
. ' fi5,120 -
.
76,510
Dyeing woods
cwt.
52,972
2(;,9(1()
cwt.
.1(1,084 14,770 cwt.
45,842
18,700
Drugs -
-
-
4S,00l)
-
. (11,000 -
21,000
West Indies ■
Suj,Mr
cwt.
7I,12.>
1.15,000
cwt.
8I,',00 125,(:o0 cwt.
(16,204
90/.()0
Codue
—
19,201)
.1i),C0()
-
21,300 41, 'MO —
10,50f)
21,380
Pimento
—
1,742
5,770
cwt.
1,579 4,110 --
1,650
3,S00
Hum
{jaUons
.'>,9.50
y.w
gallons
4,000 700 gallons
6,100
1,100
Levant •
C.ittoii
cwt.
.->2,7(;()
on,soo
cwt.
.15,830 105,950 cwt.
51,310
150,300
Currants
_
s.'j.cno
fii,i,'i()
_
1(11,500 125,100 —
90,800
«'1,200
(innis .
—
7.4iil
.1.1,720
_
(1,918 2!l,012 —
6,448
28,420
Kurs
sVina
80,1101)
•1,0(10
skins
75,000 7,000 ; skins
108,(K)0
7,6.18
l(),,5fl0
(iails
cwt.
.'>,4S()
14,000 1 cwt.
7,712 'iO,l.10 cwt.
18,'ilO
\'aIonia
.-
90,000
40,000 —
lOO.OOO 41,000 —
130,000
60,000
Wax
—
.o.iimi
.15,000 —
(1,000 3H,00() —
5,500
.19,000
mack Sos
Wheat
quarters
54,01.')
94 ,.154 quarters
103,178 1(17,190 quarters
113,100
198,900
K(;>1'« -
Coltou .
c«t.
li^<,^Hr>
44,.1'>0 1 cwt.
17,910 5.1,100 1 cwt.
2(1,'A-|0
69,124
< J rain
ipi.irters
!M,mi)
70,400
quarters
(15,000 78,000
quarters
49,(HK)
68,000
Pulse .
—
70,000
80,000
—
45,(H)0 (10,000
—
3(),(X)0
36,000
Seed -
—
(iO.OlU)
85,000
—
1(1,000 23,000
—
12,000
2I,6(HJ
Madder
cwt.
Ijl'i.T
1,794
cwt.
(1,088 12,140
cwt.
3,900
6,400
Sicily •
Fruits
-
10,000
- 12,000
.
9,(11 10
Na|ile«
Oil
tuns
'6,700
20-,oiK) 1 tuns
9,900 ."0(J,OnO 1 tuns
6,700
!i3 1,0001
Malta ■
Cotton
cwt.
StIO
2,S0O : cwt.
950 2,850 cwt.
COO
l,.'s(/0 '
Fruits .
1,000 '• -
l,.'i()0 -
2,.1()0
Italy .
Heipp
cwt.
so.ni'o
1fi,0''0 i cwt.
.15,000 42,(K)() cwt.
30,000
,15,000
Kice
411,111,0
.18,0110 i —
51, (KM) 41,000 —
54,000
42.(100
Silk, raw
_
4,iK)n
1S,0(M) i —
8,000 ,15,000 —
9,000
4(),()(X)
Sweden
Codlish
—
47,l«)0
24,000 i —
CO.OOO 40,000 —
20,000
12,000
Fraiicn •
Wines • •
.
uncertain
2,000
3,000
.
2,000
Silks
100,000 \ ■
- ' 120,(KH) 1 •
.
100,iJU()
Spain
Lead .
CKl.
is^iwo
IO,(K)0 cwt.
14,000 8,'^00, cwt.
7,000
4,100
Fruits
.
.
5,000 ' -
- ; 5,000 -
.
4,000,
Portujfal •
SuL'ar
cwt.
2-.,0(lf)
,17,0110 cwt.
75,000 110,IK)0 cwt.
60,000
92,000
(■ottio
l.^iOdO
29,01 10 i —
18,800 35,000 1 _
12,000
'^1,100
Cocoii
~-
2,.''i(IO
2,100 —
5,2(«) 4,.'.00 ; _
6,000
5,600
Sumatra .
Pepper
_
fi,'KIO
9,500 1 .
. r . . !
10,.S00
1(1,()(H)
(iretce -
Oil
tuna
l,(iO()
50,000 tuns
^500' 7fi,noo' tuns
1,100
35,0(K)
Wax . -
cwt.
2,')U0
17,.'i()0 cwt.
3,000 19,(H)0 cwt.
2,500
16,0(10 1
FiRS .
.
.
3,(Kin 1 -
- 1 3,.'i00i -
.
3,000
Currints
cwt.
_jl2,300_
29,110 cwt.
18,500 12,000 1 cwt.
37,000
2l,0ll()i
Cuii
Kl.r
He
Ir
I.B
I.ii
f
I.ii
Lo
Ma
Ma
Tarijr — Trieste being a free port, goods destined for its consumption, and that of the adjoining terri.
tory, pay no duties whatever, and are exported and imported without notice by the customs. Hoods
brought from the interior for export at Trieste, are charged an export duty on passing the Custom-house
line. Ooods imported at Trieste, to be conveyed through the Austrian dominions to those of any other
power, are charged a small transit duty. The principal foreign goods taken for consumption in the
interior of the empice, pay the duties specified in the subjoined Table.
Hec Tabic in next page.
Ounpowder, salt, and tobacco, being articlee monopolised by govprnment, are not allowetl to he im-
porteti into 'I'ricste except for sale to the government or its contractors. Vessels arriving with gunixiwiler
(111 board, deliver it at the arsenal, and on their clearing out it is returned to them free of expense. The
utmost vigilance is exerl(>d to prevent the introduction of tobacco; but with very little ett'ect. The only
articles, the ex|)ortation of which from the Austrian dominions is at picfcnt prohibited, are gold and silver
in bars, and silkcoouons.
they
the
not 1
fact,
regit
bv;
state
very
dut'i^
W
pnli(
emit
suci
thci
it n
exp(
(•<
Alls
met
mm
TRIESTE.
1180
til«
Htl.
the
led,
ipcd
hor
ihor
Hee.
tlUI)
S^ atonient of the Custo.. Dutl. on ^ho ,i;r.nH..^.Uc;.s^i...ponoa ,Vo.„ T..e.t. .Uo the Interior „f
Articles.
Almonds, for every 1(10 llw. weight of
Vitniia (t.'qual to I'^fSJilUs. avuirda-
pois) ...
Asphor, do. - • . .
JJarlev,do.
Heans, French, do. .
Uot>t>iiu't» for every lb. weight of
ViL-nna ....
Caiisia* du- • • . .
Oinnamon, do. • * .
riovefiy do. • • . .
Cod and herrings, for cTery ItX) lbs.
weight of \'icnna - • -
Cocoa, do. - - . .
Toflec, do. - - . ,
f'otton u'oolj do* * •
Figs, do. - ..
Frankincense, do.
<>nlls, do.
Gums, mcdic^n.'il, do.
others, do. • . .
IFare skins, do.
Hemp, do. • • . .
Hides, for every hide
Indif^o, for every 100 lbs. ueight or
Vienna - - - -
I.insee<), do. • . .
Liquorice, do. - ...
Madder root, do.
Maize, do- - ...
Moliair, do. ...
Nankeenb, do. • . .
Oats, do. - - - .
Duty in
Currciirj.
H. kr.
r, n
1 1,0
11
13i
in
(1 n
1 ,10
1 3
2
•a n
SI
2 ."iD
1 12
7 .11)
1.-.
6 TiO
(1 IS
12
5i
7 30
IS
4
n 20
17
1 12
1(1
11
I.. ,.
12 n
2 (i
o n
5-4
1
o :.-2
(I .1
2 1-2
2 2 n
2 2
.'i
2 l-S
l.-i fl
O 1 <i
O l.T
O 1 7-2
2 li-H
.J-S
U 2-2
1
2
2
15
7'2
S
s
o (;-s
2 1-S
1 1
4-1
Articles.
Oil, olive, for every 100 lbs. wtinhi of
\ lenna - . . .
['c'lipir and pimento, do,
Kniiins and currants, do.
Kicc, do, - - . .
Hum, do. . . '
Hvo, do. • . I
Miiiniai-, do.
^illc, raw, do.
^(Hia, do. - , ,
>*|>irils, do. ....
^ujjar, rftinnl, rrnslied, and raw, for
. v.Tj Kllllbs. wiitilil of \itnMa .
hui;,ir, r.Aw, wliiic, lor tlic u*- of iliu
rilnitri. in tlie interior, do. . . I
Sugar, olIiL-r qualities fur same use, '
i^uljilnir, do. . ' . ' ',]
'Itii, do. ■ . . . .
Tin, do,
T« iat, nmli', to No. r,n. inclusive, do! I
water, u> .No. 12. do. . . I
mule and wan r, al.ove those
numliirsre,|Mctivelv,do,
\ alonn, fur everj lo,ad u( 1 10 Uj!. l
\iei);lii of Viemia . .
'*•;.',•,>'■"''"■> ♦oreverj 100 lbs. wciaht
ot \ u-nna . - I
Wax, while, do. . . ^I
Mhe.at, do, . . .
Mocdsidjun),', do. . .1
" ool, do.
Dutv In
Amount in
1 urrtiuj.
N
erliuK'.
/■■/. kr.
r.
'■ rf.
4
H
20
2
I)
4
H
.',1
1 <l'6
1.1 21
1
fi S-4
11 ir,
1. 1
II u
si;
yt
1 .-)•(!
II 11
11 .l.
A (I lij u
21 I 2 2
14 oil S
tl
.'•1
.10
o
20
8J
Olio I
4 !l i; I
O I ll-li I
II !l O
S 2 O I
(J I
2
tr 1 4
,1
III
2
1
4
22^
u
li
4'N
.10
1
N.B --It is observable, that in Austria almost all articles (except Midi as are rated «r/ i-fl/orm) are
charged by weight, including even gram, and lui-iids, wine, oil, si-iiits, ^e. t«(wrt///; ufl
Tariff of the Customs Duties on the principal Articles brouf;bt fioin the Interior of the Austrian
Empire to Trieste for Sliipineiit. ^w.aiuau
Articles.
Alum, for 100 'bs. weight of Vienna
Antimony, do. - ...
Arpol, do. . ....
Arms of all sort*;, ft>r ever, florin vahie
Arsenic, for 100 llis. weiglit of Vienna
Barley, do. - - • -
Kra.ssj do. - ....
Cinnabar, do.
Clock'*, waiclies, ^c. for every florin
va!uu - - - •
Coppur, for mo lbs. Mei^ht of Vienna
Corkwood, do. • -
Colton manufac;ures, for cveiy lb.
weight of Vienna - - " -
Cutk'vy, for eviTv florin value •
Flax, for 100 lbs", weight of Vienna
Fruits, driul, do.
(ilass wares, dr.. ....
Do. crystal and uiinor-, for every ]
florin value - - - • i
Hemp, for lin» lbs. wei;;ht of X'ienna i
Iron, unwrouiiht, do. . . - :
tools, Xv., tlo. - -
Lend, do. - - - • [
Linen maimfaciure-s, table linen, 5:c> ;
for every lb. \';enna
Litharge, forlOO lbs. weight of Vienna [
Locks, do. • - - - - !
Mai/e, do. ... - ,
Marble, do. - ...
Duly ill 1
furrcncy.
11.
Ar,
■^.
WA
>'\
l'\
"i
III
13i
J'}
.\ mount in
Sterling.
/.. .1.
II
II
Articles.
,10
4i
u
4^
II II 2-,1
112
I) 7-1;
1 5i
0-1
1
1-7
0-1
II I
II II 2-1
II ii'i;
If.
O ()!,
It .'>
1|
I) r>
23
o
2,
II 114
Hi
^1'
o-ori
yri;
10 I
0-.l|
oil
.Musical instruments, for every florin
va'iie . . . .
(tats f'-r 100 lb,-*, weight of \'ienua .
Oil, olive, do. - - . .
I'itt h and tar, Co, . . .
Potash, do. ... . .
Oi;it'k>ilver, do.
Ka^s, linen, do. - . .
Kicc, do. - . . ,
Kve, do.
Shuiiiac, do. . . - .
iSilk, raw, dcj.
thrown, do.
suiflh, Hic, for ever, lb. weight
of X'ienna ....
Skins, lamb & kid, for 100 lb:;, weight
I f \ii nna • ...
'^tavi*s,pipe, &c.,f trcvc;r\ florin value
Siirnr, rt-tiiu'd, for lUO lbs. uei^^bt of
Vivinia - - - .
Timber, slij', lor every florin value
otlier v., Ms
\'itno', for H'O l!)r,. ut irht of \'ientia
Wax, tlo. - - - .
M'lieat, i!o. . . . - - 1
Win;-, eouinion, do. - - - 1
Woods, ro-e, olive, do. - . '
box, do. . ... I
A\'ool, do. • • • - . '
I)u
V in
Amount in
C urrenry
Sterling.
fl.
kr.
L.
: d.
O'l
11
02
111
4
•',
II
I-S
IH
7-2
,17-^
1 3
I
2
2i
II'
09
1)
0-,l
1^
C II-6
4.)
II
4
10 \^
22
,10
2
5
li
of
,1
,17 \
7 Z
<ll
01
IS^
71
,1
1-2
l>\
0-2
II
1
II
2S
1)
10
1
u
1
(1
4
2
O'S
II
^1
2i
l|
1
2 0'
A'. B. — Trieste being without tlic line of customs, those duties on exportation are payable on goods-
entering the territory or liberties of tlic port, whether for consuniption or for exportation by sea. The
duties on raw and thrown silk are tantamount to a prohibition.
St>nii!gling. — In con.scquenro of the prohibition of tob;\cro, and of the high duties imposed on refined
sugar, coflije, ^c., tliese artiele.s are very cxtensivtly sniuopled into the .\u8trian dominions. Mo.st Jiart,
too, of tlic ciitton goods sent from this i:ountry t<> Trieste and Venice, are ,'>old to smugglers, by whoirv,
they are introduced into the interior with very littlcdilHcully. It would be absurd, indeed, to suppose, seeing
the extent to which snuipgliiig is practised in England and France — (see «H/i, p.lO;';.).^ — that it should
not be in a flourishing coiiditidii in Austria, whose frontier is so much more difficult to guard. It is, in
fact, carried on to a very great extent : prohibited and overtaxed goods being introduced with the greatest
regularity, either liy defeating the vigilance of the otlicers, or, whicli is saiti to be the more common case,
by making them iiatties to, anil gainers by, the fraud The transit of foreign goods through tlie Austrian
states gives consideralile facilities to the smuggler, lint, independently of tiiis, their introduction is so
very easy, th.it nothing li'it tl.c repeal of the existing prohibitions, and the etiectual reduction oftho
duties, can give any considerable check to .smuggling.
We would fain hope that the Austrian government is becoming scnsilile of this truth. Its commercial
policy is, in many respects, far from illilieral ; and the alterations recently made in the tiirifl" have
contributed to facilitate importation. The slightest reflection must, indeed, satisfy every one, that in
such a country, restrictions on injjiortation can be of no real advantage to the home jiroilucers ; and that
tlieir only eU'ect is to divert trade into illegitimate channels, to de])ri\e the pulilic treasury of the revenue
it might derive from i.ioderate duties, and to eiirith those who despise and trample on the law, at the
expense of the sober and industrious citizen,
('onsiiiering the va>t variety of valuable and desirable products furnished by I.ombardy, Hungary,
Austria Proper, anil the other Austrian ,States, it is not easy to estimate the extent to which their com.
merue might be carried, under a free svstcm that should devclope all the resource* of the country. Av
4 G 3
\V
lif
I i
■i !
1190
TRIESTE.
present, however, there ia, in Austria and most otherpartsof the Continent, a strong disposition tobclicrc
that oiir recommendations of a freer system of comniereiaf policy are dictated solely by selH^h, interested
motives. 'I'hey natucally attach greater weight to our practice tlian to our professions. So long, indeed,
a.) our present corn laws and timber duties are sulf'ered to pollute our statute book, so long shall we
make but few practical convert-; 'o our doctrines. Such a moililication of the forn^er as would render
our ports always open to the ii irtation of corn under reasonable duties, rombmed with the equalisation
of the timber duties, and the inuiction of the exorbitant duties on olive oil and cheese, would show that
we are disposed to practise those liberal doctrines we so freely recommend to others ; and would do more
to extend our trade with Italy and Austria than any measure it is in our power to adopt.
Shipping. —Since the loss of Flanders, the mercantile navy of Austria has been confined wholly to the
ports on the Adriatic. But it i.s, notwithstanding, very considerable; and engrosses at this mcnnent a
very large share of the trade of the Mediterranean and lllack Sea. Tlio oak limber of I'arniola and the
Dalmatian coast is reckoned about the very best in the world ; so that the Austrian ships, being built ot
it, are very strong, at the same time that they are particularly handsome. Tliey arc also well niannec'
and provided. 'J'he seamen are expert, temperate, and orderly ; and Mr. Money says, thai the laws fur
the regulation of the merchant service are excellent.
Hy far the greater number of vessels of large burden belong to Trieste. The rest belong to Venice
Fiume, Ragusa, and the Uocche di Cattaro. On the other hand, the smaller vessels employeil in the
coasting trade, which is very considerable, are more equally divided ; Venice having, probably, as many as
Trieste, while a good number belong to the ports of Istria, Hungary, and Dalmatia.
The foreign trade of this port comprises all voyages beyond the limits of the Adriatic; and maybe
divided as follows : —
1. The Levant trade, including the Ionian Islands, Greece, Constantinople, Smyrna, Odessa, &c., the
ports in Syria, Cyprus, Candia, and Egypt, more especially Alexandria.
S. The powfw/e or Mediterranean trade, in the west, comprising the coast of Barbary, Spain, France,
and Italy,; being principally carried on with Marseilles, Genoa, and Leghorn. •
3. The commerce on the ocean, which the Austrian merchants have attempted with considerable sue.
cess. Several ships sail for Brazil, the United States, England, Hamburgh, &e.
The number of Austrian vessels at present employed in foreign trade is believed to be about 780, of the
burden of aliout 15J,IXX) tons, manned by about 15,(l(X) men and boys. In the coasting trade about '2(J0
vessels are employed, averaging 4() tons each. The tishing trade is inconsiderable.
There has been no sensible increase or diminution in the tonnage for the last 5 years ; but there is every
Srobal)ility of a gradual increase in future, proportioned to the anticipated improvement of trade in the
lediterranean, which has of late years been interrupted and depressed by political events.
The following Table shows the number of ships, and their tonnage, arriving at, and sailing from Trieste
during each of the 3 years ending with 1831, specifying the number and tonnage of those under each flag.
Movement of Shipping at Trieste, d
uring
each of the Th
ree Years ending with 1831.
Flag?.
1S2S.
18.30.
1831. 1
Arrived.
Sailed.
Arrived.
Sailed.
A
rrlved.
Saile^l.
Shins., Tontui'^t.
ahiiif.
Ti>tit'ni;f'
Ships.
Timitilise.
Ships.
Tiiimaire.
Ships.
48
Tonnnue.
Shivs.
Tonntiee.
American
An
Ifi.sT.T
m
I'-.l'i'^
11,(129
12,10fi
38
9,.M7
.1.')
8.S7.')
Austriiin
Sl.-i
(i7,V,\
373
74,1(!.0
3.1 1
72,7(14
311
6a„320
436
8.S,3.-.2
4S9
96,S10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
160
Brili^l^
V20
•2'-',77fi
i2n
'22,77fi
IfiO
2.S,7I3
KiO
28,743
129
22„337
1'.'9
22,337
I)ani^h
11
!i,10.>
11
2,.1O0
I.S
3,37 t
14
2,413
13
2,160
18
3,073
IJntih
'i
'ISI
u
4S1
7
1,12!)
3
fiI3
6
1,69S
10
2,V23
Fruncii
8
l.'^H.I
8
1 ,3.SS
11
1,4.32
7
832
7
961
6
SV)
(irtek
4.T
.•5,'IW
41
3,Vi'i
.'>1
3,7<l(i
49
3,.''>7(i
63
7,076
57
6,9
Hanoverian
S
I, .'570
5
SDO
4
(171
4
aw
4
470
r.
77(1
Ionian
3,-5
3,to6
3.1
.3,782
IS
l,7'.iS
19
1 ,9»S
22
2,06.')
23
1,9S3
PortuRuese -
.
•
.
2
41.')
2
41.'i
2
141
2
Ml
l.T
77.'i
r,
37(i
21
1,S03
10
fi7(i
39
3,237
11
1,1. -19
Russian
II)
1,.171
10
l,3nfi
Ifi
3,032
11
1,883
11
2,97.')
16
3,31.'-,
W
4,011
•M
3, MS
W
3,7.'.!)
.31
4,118
2.5
4,131
19
2,91.'i
Sicilian
67
U.H.S.O
71
1.3,01.'>
KIS
17,01fl
ins
17,8S.'>
7(1
10,4,J2
69
10,117
Siiani>h -
r,
■til
7
(ilO
11
H.'iH
10
813
12
666
12
6(16
Swedish
v«
4,3.W
iiS
fi,U,'if)
2(i
s,o:i!)
21
5,28'J
11
1,983
20
3,51(1
Turkisli
1
10
1
40
4
8!)
3
(il
3
66
3
66
Tuscan
Total
.•5
617
3
423
«
Cl.'J
5
787
(i
648
8
859
79S
M.-„01'2 Siifi 1.5.^,110
8!l(l
1")7,SS8
819
1,02,487
9(j'l
I.VJ.llS
9,32
166,1,39
Customs'" fii'gulalion.i. — The rustinn-housc at Trieste ha» nothing wliatevrr to do with the entry,
reporting, &c. of vessels. When a ship arrives, she is reported to the Ileallh Olfice ; which publishes a list
of arrivals and departures, with a >t. dement of their varp cs, as tlioy appear in the manifests. Ships are
cleared by the same ofiice ; the masters being as,si«ted liy the consuls of the country to which they belong.
As soon as a ve-sel has piM formed c|uarantiiii', she loads or unloads witliout any interference or insppr.
tion by the customs" uHic.rs, or h> .niy one else. Goods uii jsceptible of contagion inuy be landed during
quarantine.
Being a free port, the 'londing aiwl warehousing system is, of course, unknown at Trieste.
Pori C/iiirgfu. The—- are i)aid at the office of the harbour master on clearing out. They arc the i
whatever rnay be the ship's stay ; and are, perhaps, the most moderate of any in Europe.
Piirt Charges paid by Austrian ami Foreign Ships,
Auiltian, and fori i'^nprivilcneilshipi H^ kr. j Foreign ships not pririltKed
I same,
Anchor.ims per Ion admeasureni««t
I.iKlll-hnuse
Car^oduly, \wv ton wfii^lit »if ({oDim
iV.n. — If (jrain, per 20 st 0'>.
l.ist, irwilfi I'l^s liiari liiilVa curun
C'ompaiative SlatcKient of the firt Charges paid at Trieste, tujliei'llvl'ly^ In ^ j^Iat^vp
Foreign Shi|
\nchoTant', li^ht -1 ous-e, and cargo as abovp, per
ton ndmea.sureinent ■•> i per ton weight of
goods - - ...
New tonnaj^e duty, per t . admeasuronient
AI>lioraKgii>,|ia>'at>le hy >.ilps deparlinu in iial-
■ ' ■■ "' 'iiill't
Fl. kr
ID
n 1(1
,. ,1. ... .... ■ ... . „n.(t.... I'll I.IL..V.-. ..-i.t;! ..•■ ij, li. n [Nativp nnd (irivilegril
lid A Fort ign .ship not privileged, ciiili of .'ilMI ''' mi ihirdell, villi litllkud I'Hlgocs,
Sfllire and prii'ilrfjfiil : Ft. lir
Anrhorace and light, as al)0»', ,300 toDs at 7
krculzers per ton adnie isnrenienl • .3.') O
rargodutj, .300 lon-s, a' 1 kteuKirs • 15
Total
.'<0
or iil.niil \t. !»/. «J rlinR,
I'orfian, not r^rii'llr/rfit
Anrl). , e, liithl and caruo
Toi ■ •
ranniiyi duly, 300 Ions,
""."yll'IU 'If «•'<"'
, at (II |(Hllllt-fli
fl. kr.
I'lllll I.3II
lit alim Vil. IM<. elnrllnf)
tf the ship depart In ili.ml "( wIlli Iniiii ihat^ t a nruo,
there i.-. a further rharnc of 9 kreutters per toil, cir i'l lliitiii?;
making in all, 175 florins.
Twporlnlinns nii-l Arrifnis iif 18.!,!.— (lie following statement is inloresfiiig.as II exhibili Hie |irinclnal
Ml I les imported inio Trieste from .America, the \\ nst Indies and Western Eiirojie, in IH'M, i)ipcify|lid
the .piantities furnished by each country, and the ships 'oy which the sftme was imported. I( sIloHi llini
Auititaii ships are pretty extensively employed in the Transatlantic trade.
tin
TRIESTE.
1191
Principal Importations and Arrival* during 1833,
at. n-wiiitfu.-ln 1 llrliLh veuel; colliw, 158ton»[ cotton. 41
l)alea ; luKwnod, 3 Ions. '
.Si,iii,i(n(._In « American vcsmIj : pepper, fl.'iO tonn.
Ortat Brtiaia. — In 42 British, 1 Sardiniiui, and 1 Ausirian
vessel : cotrec, *i tons Jainaira, 162 tons ilaTannati, 8S
tons St. Jano, IfiS tons Rio, 7 tons Wurlnam, 5 tons Jlocha,
7 tons Chiribon, ami M tons Triane ; sugar, HIi casks ri-
lined, 4,!(.0B casks crushed, 4IK) boxes white Ilavanniih, iH.'i
cases Baliin, ina cases I'ernamliuco, IIG tierces while, and
65 cases muscovado Brazil i cocoa, l.i tons; cassia lixnea,
155 tons; cinnamon, .lions; pepiicr, 'iM tons; pimento,
b'i tons; K<"K<'r, 5'J Ions; cochineal, 4 serous; ruin, (liiS
puncheons, indiKo, !il>S chests and » serons ; logwood, 30
tons; .\icaraKUa wooti,*^l tons; tin, 3,7 (i'J ioKOts, 423 barrels
bars, 1,144 boxes plates; iron, 377 Ions; lead, 1.^1 iiiKoU;
cotton, 71!) bales American; nankeens, 'ili'lllO liieies;
manufactures, .0,1* 12 packani-s; herrin){«, 1,«2U barrels; pil-
chards 1,IpOO iiarrels ; hides, 4 1 ,7(14.
VMtcd Slala In 21 American and C Austrian vessels: cof-
fee, 20.1 tons Il.ivannah, 1 1 1 ton~ St. .Taijo, .''.ID tons Hio, 1 1
t.ms iJerbice, 71) tons Mocha, 1S7 tons Porlo llico, .K.'i tons
St. DominKo, and 1I>1 tons Triage ; sujfar, 47 casks crushed,
30t> boxes jellow Havannah, and 4i)7 l>a({s Manilla; cocoa,
Utons; pepper, .1(10 uns; pimento, .'il) tons; cassia li^nea,
87 tons; indif;o 131 chCsts ; rum, 2lil liuncheons ; logwood,
ass tons; Nicaragua wooil, 147 tons; fustic, UOtons; nan-
keens, 4.1011 pieces ; cotton, ,1,!)1 1 bales; hides, 2'J,(.5ii.
Vrazilt In 42 British, 4 American, I Hamhurgh, 3 Danish,
I French, 1 Neapolitan, 3 Sardinian, 3 Spanish, 1 Swedish,
and 11 Austrian vessels— (28 vessels from Hio, 2U Bahia, 10
I'emambuco, 1 I'ara, and 2 from Santos) ; collic, 3,704 tons
Rio, 124 tons Bahia; sugar, 2,203 cases, 2(i7 barrels, 1,511
bags white, and 602 cases muscovado Kio ; 7,lyl cases, 145
barrels white, and 2,087 cases muscovado Bahia; 2,310
cases, l,80(i barrels, 54 bags white, and 127 c.-lscs muscovado
Pernambuco; and 'J,061 hags Santos; cocoa, 116 tons I'ara;
rum, 1.18 puncheons; cotton, 3(;2 ba'.es Bahia, .'0 bales
Vara; fustic, 45 tons; hides, ,19,483.
Ciiin. — In 2 British, American, 1 Belgian, and 2 Spanish
vessels — (U vessels from St. . I ago, and 2 from Matanriis) ; c-of-
fee, 1,192 tons St. Jago, 231 tons iMatanzas ; sugar, 172
boxes white, 1,(121 boxes vellow Mataii/as, ICS lioses while,
819 boxes yelljw St.Jiigo; logwocxl, iJtons; fustic, 117 tons.
Quarantine is strictly enforced at Trieste, and the establishments for facilitating its performance are
complete and eHicienL The Hoard of Health at this port is the central or principal one (or the Austrian
States; and maintainsan active correspondence with all the principal ports, both in the Mediterranean
and elsewhere. There are 2 lazarettos, — that called .^i. "crcsa, or Lazaretto A«oi/», is appropriated to
vessels from the Levant and Kgypt, which are, for the most part, suhjci ted to the long (>r full quarantine
of 40 days. It is spacious, and properly guardetl ; having a sutticieiit number of military and medical
officers and assistants ; with extensive quays and maguiincs for housing and airing goods, dwelling
houses and apartments for resident officers and passengers, &c. It is, in fact, one of the mo.st perfect
establishments of the kind in existence. The other, or old (/VfrA/o) lazaretto, contiguous to the great
mole, is appropriated to ships and passengers performing a quaraniine of not more than '^H days ; and,
though inferior to the former, is sufficiently capacious and convenient. The sanitary offices, including
that of harbour master, are near the centre of the jiort ; where also are moored vessels under observation
for a term not exceeding 8 days. Here also arc facilities for coniniuincatiiig viva voce with persons under
quarantine ; and spacious warehouses, with adequate guards and other officers. But, notwilhstanding these
conveniences, if a vessel arrive having an infectious malady on board, she is not allowed to enter either
lazaretto at Trieste, but is sent to an i.sland near Venice, (ittcd out for the purpose, where assistance may
be aflbrded with less risk of propagating infection.
The ordinary Board of Health consists of a president ; two assistants, one of whom is a doctor of medi-
cine j and three provisors, two of whom are merchants.
Quarantine Charges payable at the Port of Trieste, by all Ships.
""""ll'-'---U< 1 trench, 22 Austrian, 4 NeaiKilitan, 7 Ro.
■nan, and 4 .Sardinian vessels rollce, '.II tons St. .laco, 2(S
Ions Rio, 4 tons .lainaica, (il tons I'orin llico, (16 ions St. llo-
iningii, and .1 Ions Iriage; sugar, iMfi casks relinwl, 100
cas« white BlhiaccK-oa, .1 tons; pepper, i,3 tons ; pimento,
.11 tons; cloves, 21.3 packages; cinilcmon, I ten; cassii
lignea, 1 ton; cochineal, 21 serons; cotton, 270 bale. ; Ion.
wiwd, ,16 tons; Nicaragua wood, 85 tons; rum, .V. pun-
cheons; minkiens, 4,0(K) pieces; lead, 'J,168 ingots; hides,
ZJc.ri(«iiir._In 4 French and 1 Swedish vessel; coHee, 21
tcjns Havannah; 216 tons St. Jago; sugar, JO boxes while
Havannah ; jH-pjier, 8 tons.
(iWrullar ami Mall,,.— In 6 British, 9 Austrian, and 1 Roman
vessel ; cortee t Ions Havannah, 3 tons I'orto Rico ; sugar, 20
ca.ses white Bahia, 16 cases muscovado Brazil; cocoa, 81
tons ; pepiier, 23 Ions ; pimento, 5 tons ; rum, 4 puncheons ;
logwoojl, 41 ions; cotton, 1'25 bales; hides, 1,68.1.
Amiin.— In 9 Spanish, 1 Austrian, and 1 Ru.ssian vessel ; cof-
lee, 18 tons l'..rto Rico , lead, 8,701 ingots; hides, .'KKJ.
Portugal. -InJ British, 7 Austrian, 1 Danish, and 2 Sardinian
ve.sels: cortee, 'Jl tuns Rio; sugar, 167 cases Bahia, 1,)3
caiies rernaniliuc^o, 121 cases Rio, and 201 barrels white, ISO
cases inu.covado Brazil; cocoa, 220 tons; cotton, 3,303
bales; cassia lignia, 1 ton; hides, 13,,1iJ7.
Hrttn/iur^./i.—ln S.Vuslrian, and 3 Bremen vessels; sugar, 12
cisks reliiied ; (ish oil, 1,741 barrels; calf skills, '231 bales;
zinc, 14, l'J2 bars ; herrings, 51 barrels.
Holluiul.—li\ 2 Austrian, and 1 Daiiih vessel ; sugar, 1 13 casks
rehned, 1,6 casks crushed ; tobacco, 151 bales ; cheese, 117
packages ; sandal wood, 3,127 iiieces ; tin, .'>0 ingots.
Nurtrax) — In 1 British, 4 Hanoverian, 1 Danish, and 1 Dutch
vessel ; stockhsh, 1,.";03 tons.
Sfirfi/c'ii... In 2 Swidiih vessels; tar, 2,311 barrels.
-Statement of taiij,', Fmlimil, S^ Co.
Arrival.
In pratique ;
Kntr>' with or without cirgo, ships
10(1 tons and upwards
M to 99 - - - .
15 — 49 . - - .
In quarantine :
For the interrogatory of master
For do. of guardian on admission to
pratique - . - -
Fl. kr.
1 30
I
17
1 30
31
Sterling.
f. d.
3
2
OS
3
1 1'6
Currencj,
Vei'artnyp.
In nraticiue :
Bill of health, ships 100 imv ,'(i 'inwards
,'iO\cll|') .
15- 19 -
Cci'lificaleof goodsshipped in pratique
In quarantine ;
I'atent . . . . .
Pay of the guardian on board during the
Vtjttoirinance of iiuarantine, per diem
His provisions do. . . -
Fl. kr.
15
30
U
17
1 8
A
Sterling.
1.
il.
I
I
r,
3-6
6-8
2
3-2
I
.1'2
8
Quarantine Dues pni/able on Gooils. — Non-suscoptible goods \i.n\ <\d valorem at the rate of (i kreutzers
per 1(K) florins or 1 mille. Susceptible poods pay an extra t liargc, anorriing to taritt', or to cirnimstances.
Besides the above ad valorem duty, goids not susceptibli' \iay 4 kreutzers \\\d.) per every 1,0(>0 lbs. weiglit
of Vienna. Grain is subject to an extra charge of about ;* per cent.
Brokers, Commission Merchants, Brokerage, cVc. —There are a few exceptions to tlii' tVcpdow generally
enjoyed of settling and exercising any trade .it Trieste. Brokers, for example, an' limited in mimber,
and appointed by the Chainber of Commerce. They are obliged to give srcuriiv, a\e uniler various tc-
gulationsj nnd may not themselves trade as principals. They are of .! classes ; 1st, nroiiers iVr tlie sale
and purchase of merchandise, who arc again sululiviilcd into natruular classes, nccording to the articles
they are conversant with, as grain, oil, cotton, drugs, hides and leather, colonial nnuluce, matuifactures,
&(\ ; 2d, bill brokers, or exchange agents ; and, ;3d, .'hip and insurance broker?. Such anilinriftd brokerd
are alone allowed to extend contracts, certiiicatcs, surveys, or other documents; and they arc (onsidercil
as public functionaries, whose depositions are iecri\!'ci as le(?al evidence.
Any one may be a commission merchant or factor, but he may not issue printed circulars or lists of
Iillces i nor will his books, howevet regularly kept, bo considered as evidence in a court of justice, unless
le is matriculated, for which the possession of a certain amount of cajiitid is required. 'I his, however,
is little more than mere form, and a great deal of business is done by persona acting both as merchants
aiui brokers, without being duly authorised.
The usual rate of a merchant';; or factor's commission on the purchase of goods is 2 per cent. On sales,
I per cent. ; del ntdcre is sometimes added,
A merchant's commission for collecting freights, and doing other .shipping business, is 2 per cent, on
the inward cargo ; ami by riistom of the jilace, the house to which a ship is cnnsigned or rrcummended
j)y the I liaiterers, is enlitlcd to a commission of 2 per cent, on the outward cargo, whctlier it has or has
not been instrumental in procuring the goods that are laden outward.s.
A broker's commission for freighting a shin, or procuring a charter, is 2 per cent. This doet not include
the charge for writiiiH charter, or for any ctlier services performed in the cl''«rancc. In cu»c of general
-1 r. 1
11
(i
. .1
\
1.'
\ M
fir 1
li
1192
TRIESTE.
eargoea, when the broker has to collect goods froindifTlTent merchants, he charges" percent. commishKu.
A bill broker's commitsion (courtage) is sometimes 1 per niillc, more roinmoiily i per mille. Hriiktj,ij..u
for the sale or purcliase of mcrchantiisc varies from j per cent, to 1 i)er cent., accoriling to circuinstiince^,
and the nature of tlic article.
Insurance, — The insurance of ships is carried on to a considerable extent at Trieste. The sccnrity is
unexceptiniiable, the terms more moderate than in Knf?l;uid, and losses are said to be adjusted prdiLptly
and lihcrally. The opi>res<ive duties on policies of insurance in lOnglaiid have been the cause that imibt
insurances on ships for the Adriatic, that were formerly cflcctcd in London, Liverpool, &c., are now
cttticted at Trieste. The insurance of houses is universal ; and that of lives Is also, of late years, practised
to a considerable extent. House insurance is carried on by joint stock companies, of lunitcd respon.-.i.
bility.
lianlcntplry in not of very frequent occurrence at Trieste. The laws with respect to it do notdillir
much from those in force in most other countries. l"raiids are punishable by imprisonment ; l)ut lure, us
elsewhere, they are very dillieult to detect. Honest bankrupts are discharged, on making a complete iiis.
closure of their afKurs, anil a surrender of their assets I'roperty settled on a wife Is not afl'ected by tlie
debts of the husband ; a regulation which, it is evident, must le.id to fraud.
CoDimiiniciithins by Laud. — The intercourse lietween Trieste and Austria, Hungary, &c. is necessarily
all carried on by lanil. 'J'lie ro.ids leading to Vienna, and to the Hungarian towns, particularly the first,
are kept in good repair, and th.- tolls are moderate; but owing to the rugged nature of the country, tlio
ascent is in some places very cimsider.ible. The diligence from Trieste to Vienna, 3i() Knglish milfs, per-
forms the journey ill 7i! hours. The draught horses employed on the roads arc excellent; but, in sonic
of the mountainous districts, bullocks are used.
Repeated surveys havabeen made of the country between Vienna and Trieste, in the view of forming a
canal. Hut the dilHculties in the way of such a project seem to be all but insuperable. The ground is not
only rugged, but the subsoil of the country stretching nortliwards lo a considerable distance from Trieste
is so very porous, that, unless precautions were taken to obviate it, the water in the canal would speedily
escape. A rail-road has been proposed, anil it might, no douljt, be accomplished. lint the expense would
be so very great, that it is extremely problenialical whether it would ever yield any thing like a return.
We subjoin a statement of the
R.-ites of Land Carri ige from Trieste to various Place.s.
From Trieste to
Lubian, per 100 ll>s. weight Vienna
(= lliSilbs.avoiril.) - - -
(irat/, do. -
Vienna, do, - - - .
Trasue, do. - - - - -
l.eiii>ir, do. . - -
Dresden, do
iterlin, do. - - . .
IJresIaw, do
Cuvniicy
.Amount
I'lurins.
in Slerlini;-
/■v. kr.
L. J. (I.
4 'I
1
1 1.'.
1 .^
ii 4.5
! r, (i
4 (,
1 .S 1)
fi 4-1
1 1.1 (1
li \r.
1 VI r,
U I.-i
1 (1 l.S (i
.'-. 4.1
1 it (i
From 'J'rie.ste lo
.Vn^^huru, jirr If") !l>s. wt. Vienna
(= li.l'i M.<. avoiril.) .
^^ur^'nl!levL^ do. . . .
.Mniiii'l), tlci. - - - .
Innspna'k, Aii< - . . •
I.iiidan, do. - . - .
/nricli, do. - - ...
.Milan, (ur 100 kiln^s. franc's
Curr.'ncy
Floviii.;.
H. kr.
4
n
10}
.■0
nn
."0
o
.•XlMOUI't
in SlL-rliii;;
L.
il.
y
Oil
!l
I) <) (i
10 u
u H r,
Careening, Stores, ^-c. — Timber at Trieste is excellent, worki.ieii goo,!, and their wagi'S moderate;
60 that it is a very favourable pi ice for careening and repairing. Water is verv good, but rather scarce ;
so that, if a largo supply he requ.red, due notice inu-t be given. .Sliips are served in regular rotation lieef
is very good, hut rather high priced. Hutler and cheese are de.ir; mil luel is excejsively so. On the
whole, therefore, Trieste cannot be considered as a favourable place tor the provisioning of a ship. Sub-
joined is an account of the
Average Prices of the principal Articles of Provisions at 'I"rie..te in 18 il.
Articles.
Beef, fViNh , ner 11). weiiiM of N'lcnna
(s= 1**2.1.'> lb. avoirdU|iois)
Do. Sidled, per barrel, of about
200 lb... avoirduiiois - - -
Torlc, sailed, do. . . . .
Bisrnit, per 100 livres A'ei "tian
weiRht (= lOl'i lbs. avnirdu|iois) -
Bread, ppr lb. wei;;ht of \*ienna
Butter, do. . - . - .
riieese, do. ... .
I'nces m
('urrencv.
n
kr.
Hi
1)
n
Trires in
Sli'rlini;.
3
,1 10
10
o
!-4
1'4
I) 10
Articles.
Ciillw, per lnoibs. w; l;;bt \'i.nna
'= I'^.l'. Ilir.. avoirdnpoi.,)
Flour, wbe t(, do.
I>o. niai/e, do. ...
I>i!, per orna, <'qual to 1 1
Itice, pr 100 lbs. we'-.it
I\)t itoe-, do.
IW';:et di.es (a.s-orlo.'J, do,
Suijar, relined, ib
'I'ea,
■'.OKI-. Im.
t of \'ienna
I'tic "s in
(Currency.
. 1"'
III.
.'ii:ht ofX'ic
//.
•■5.1
7
4
21
II
2.T
IVici's in
Slerlinj;.
I: I ,1.
.TOO
14
,S I)
2 2 (I
1 ?,
.1
10
2
O fi
Average Prices of Wheat, and other sorts of Graui, at Trieste, during eanh of the Ten Years ending with
ISjl, per Imperial Quarter, and in Sterling Money.
Or.aln.
IS22.
182.1.
1824.
1825.
1S2C.
IS'27.
1S2S.
1S2'J.
». </.
.14 4
21) .1
2S 1
21 1
I.") .1
18.10.
IS.11.
Wheat
Mai/.e
lUe
Barley
Oats - . •
t. d.
.11 C,
111 1
22 4
IS 2
17 5
t. ,1.
27 10
19 fi
20 11
17 .1
13 111
J. ,1.
2.1 2
17 2
10 11
11
n 10
». </.
21 2
1.5 f.
l.l 1
10 2
n 7
.. <(.
2.') .1
10
10 7
14 1
10
1. il.
.'51 7
IS
21 '1
11 II
1.1 2
1. il.
.IS U
211 .'i
2S ,1
20 1
Ifi 2
a. ,1.
32
21! !)
24 2
18 .1
l.'> 2
31
21 r,
28 8
17 2
1.'. 1
Banking. — There are no p'lblic banks at Trieste. The Bank of Vienna has an office here, but it is
merely for the exchange of its notes for cash, or, more frequently, of large notes for sin.ill ones. 'I'hcse
notes, being guaranteed by government, are legal tender, and in general circulation, but no other company
is allowed to !■•■ ue notes" to be ufed as a circulating medium. 'I'hcre is not, however, any deficiency n'f
currency. Banking business is transacted by private comiianies, or by individuals, who 'are subject to
certain regulations, and are obliged to lay before compet-nt authority an attested statement of thecapital
embark d in their concerns. Their business principally consists in procuring bills of exchange from other
jilaces for the use of the merchants of Trieste, or in discounting, (in which latter ojieration tliey have
many private competitors,} at the rate of from 4 to (] per cent, per annum, according to the nature of tlie
paper oflcred, and in proportion to the scarcity or abundance of cash.
'J"he priiieipal bankers of Trieste arc of undoubted solidity, and do not indulge in dangerous .speculalioii,«;
and notwithstanding the apparent want of gr.'at banking establishments, the bbsincss of buying and
selling, and of making payments and remittances, whether in bills or specie, is transacted at this port with
great facility; and there seldom arises any distress, pressure, or stagnation, from want of money or
credit.
It is not usual for respectable bankers to give interest on deposit.s. The jiartneis in joint stock com.
panies, banks, Kc. are, in general, rcMionsible only to the extent of their declared capital; and the
individuals composing them are only liable each lo the extent of their sl>are. 'i'lie same individna'. is
frequently a general merchant, a partner in a banking house, and a member of an insurance company.
Mi ihcse businesses may at present be said to be prosperous.
^■1
TUINITY-IIOIJSE.
1193
Credit. -Ooodg ImimrtL-d Into Trirstc arc jomotimcs soUl for roaily mnncv, a (Ilscnunt hvnta usim'I*
understood and •'l.lo*-«J '» /"i^h case, ol i! or iij ,,er cunt. Hut thf> arc lon.moidy sold at J nio tl,/
credit, that m, by bills ot that date ; occasionally, but nirelv, they are sold at (i montln """■•,
Kills thus (.btained, though oirurinp no other Kuarantee than the sitjiiatiire of tlu' it'rawer or accpi.for
may be discounted or insured at a moderate rate by companies who dedicate themselves to this brni •iVoI
business, and who, Irom their extensive dealings, are rooiI judRes of the ris!;. 'Ihis practice his biHonin
almost universal ; and it not only lacilitates sales, but has a tenikiicy to prevent baiikriintc ies as it U
difHcult lor a bouse long to conceal its insolvency ; and its credit is, by this iiiude of trial, soon ascertained
rorcs. — Ueal tare IS allowed on most articles of export ; and on all articles of import exceot cotton
and sugar. The tare on Hrazil sugar in chests depends on their length and size, but in gentral it amount*
to from 15 to 18 per cent. ; on Brazil sugar in bags tlie tare is 3 per cent. ; on Havannah sugar a t ire is
allowed of 6i lbs. English per box, being Horn l,i to U per cent. ; on Jamaica sugar the tare is H per cent
Tare on American cotton, 4 per cent. '
The answers to the Circular Uiicrics by Mr. Taylor Money, consul general at Milan, are among.t
the most valualile that have been received, and relleit the greatest credit on his industry and talent tor
observation. We have been largely indebted to them.
TRINITY HOUSE. Thi.s society was incorponited by Ilunry VIII., in 1515,
for the promotion of commerce and navigation, by licensing and regulating pilots, and
ordering and erecting beacons, liglit-lionses, buoys, &c. A similar society, for the like
purposes, wa.s afterwards established at Hull ; and also anotiier at Xewcastle-uiion-Tyne,
in I.5;J7; wliicli S establishment.s, says Hakluyt, were in imitation of tliat founded by
the EiTiperor Charles V. at Seville in Spain ; who, observing tlie numerous shipwrecks
in the voyages to and from the West Indies, occasioned by the ignorance of seamen,
established, at the Casa de Cuntrutuciou, lectures on navigation, -nid a pilot-major for the
examination of other pilots and mariners; iiaving also directed books to be published on
that subject for the use of navigators.
Henry VIII., by his charter, confirmed to the Deptford Trinity House Society all the
ancient rights, privileges, &.Q. of the shipmen and nuiriners of England, and their several
possessions at Deptford, from which it is plain that tlie Society had existed long pre-
viously. The corporation was conlinned, in 1C8,5, in the enjoyment of its privileges
and possessions, by letters patent of the 1st of James II. by the name of the IVIaster,
Wardens, and A.ssistants of the Guild or I'rateniity of the most glorious and undivided
Trinity, and of St. Clomcnt'.s, in the Parish of Deptford Stroud, in the County of Kent.
At first, the corporation appears to have consisted of seamen only ; but many gentlemen,
and some noiilemen, arc now amongst its members, or elder brethren. It is governed
by a master, '1 wardens, 8 a.ssistants, and :U elder brothers: but the inferior members of
the fraternity, named younger brethren, are of an unliiniled number: for every master
or mate, expert in navigation, may be admitted as .such. 15esides the power of erecting
light-houses, and otlier .sea-marks, on the several coasts of the kingdom, for the secnrily
of navigation — (see Lir.iiT-Housi'.s), — the master, wardens, assistant.s, and elder
brethren are invested by charter with the following powers ; viz. the e.vamination of the
mathematical seliolars of Christ's Hospital- and of the masters of his Majesty's ships ;
the appointment of pilots to conduct ships into and out of the Tlnnncs ; the amercement
of such unlicensed pers(,ns as i)resuine to act as masters of ships ot war, or pilots, in a ])e-
funiary fine; settling tlie several rates of pilotage; granting licences to jmor seamen, not
free of the city, or pa;;t going to sea, to row on the river Thames for their supjiort ; jire-
ventiiig aliens from serving on board English ships without licence; hearing and deter-
mining tiie complaints of oilieers and seamen of British ships, subject to an ajipeal to the
Lords of the Admiralty, &c. To this company belongs the Ballast OHice, for clearing
and deepening the Thames, by taking up a suflicient quantity of ballast for the suj-'ply
of all ships that .sail out of the river, for which they pay certain rates, — (See Ballast.)
The corporation is authorised to receive volimtary subscriptions, benefactions, &c. ;
and to purchase, in mortmain, lands, tenements, &c. to the amount of ,'JOO/. per annum.
The ancient Hall of the Trinity House at Dejitford, where the meetings of the brethren
were formerly held, was pulletl down in 1787, and an elegant building erected for the
purpose in London, near the Tower.
Trinity House Revenues, tjc. —The gross revenue under the management of the Trinity House amonnis
to about l.'3;»,0(ifl/. a year; but the nctt revenue is laiher iiiulir J that sum. It arises from the mics
pavable to the corporation on accou'!'- K ligl,it-lu uses, hwn nt;e mui 1 ei,c(.iiage, and 1 allastage ; and fri.ni
the interest of money in the funds, and the rent of freehold projicrty. In 18 1, the receipts were as under : —
_,
L.
s.
./.
!,. s. il.
/.. «. d.
Light-h(nit(s TotftI sums received on accotmt nl lifrlu-honses
1 7!).'<!lil 11 Hi
DetUict commiwion on rolU'i-tion
(1,171
t
^47„-'AT C 43
Cliarfjcs on .ii'comit of ni.iinieiiani'ei &c.*
41,118
!U
Nett lij^llt-honse rcvtnue . . -
-
3t,nCG 5 fi
Biini-rrffc ami iicacmiftf^s — pross <imount of - - •
-
-
1 i'i,(is-i Hi Hi
IlfiUu't commission on collection
C.harues - • ...
Nett Luovape, beaconage, and revenue
7Rfi
T.l'.ifl
tj
IS
i^Ji
] S,ys5 4 11
.vol 12 Oi
■ Balhtfiufic _ ^ OSS amount of
.•^o.'^.in
1/
!l
1
Deduct dmvyes - ...
W,711
1.')
u
■
. Nell liallaMnse revenue - - - -
•
Ct-\[iH 1 10
[ Rent i:f Land -.miX house*, diviilemls on account of funded iirojierlv,
1
10, ens 2 3
&c., all charges ilevlucted . . -
'
1
Total nett revenue • - -
_
-
1
6'^A'^'-> I 73 i
• This inchidcs a sum of 10,174/. laid out on tiew light-houses and 1,01,";/. of incident::! rliar;?c.i. _
+ See Par/. Paper, No. 88. Sess. IK',.!. For an account of the lighthouse revenue, sec thi.. worK, p. i-K.,
foi buoyage and beaconage, .sco p. I'.'O. ; and I'm l;:illas'a^;e, sec p. f)0.
:|i
> *
^iif!
m
I,, \
: !i^^^
%.
':),«■
-\'.li
\ '
n
1194
TUIPANG.— TRUCK SYSTEM
; 1
By far the greater portion of this Inrgc sum is laid out on pcnilons to poor dinnbled teamen, and on
the maintenance of (heir widowK, uiphan.H, Kc. Wc have seen the number of persona so rehcved stated
at .'ijiXHI i and wc bcliuve tliat the fund is lioth Judiciously and economically administered. Still, how-
ever, aa we have remarked in another articli' — (/in/i, p. 7/JS.) — it does appear to us, considering the vast
importance to a maritime nation like this of keepinx the charges on shippintt as low as possible, that it
would be Rood policy to provide otherwise for the poor persons now dependent on the Trinity House, and
to reduce the charges on account of lights, ^c. to the lowest sum that would sulflcc to maintain the
establishment in a proper state of etHciency. >fo one, certainly, would wish to see the poor seamen dc.
privcd of any part of the pittance they now receive ; but a larger amount might be given them from other
lourccs and be, at the same time, less felt by the public. Kvery one knows that nothing contributes so
much to facilitate a commercial intercourse by land as goml roads and low tolls ; and good lights, buoys
beacons, &c., and light charges, have precisely the same influence at sea. '
TUIPANG, oil SEA SLUG (Bkfie de Mer), a species of fish of the genus IMu.
thuria, found chiefly on coral reefs in the Eastern seas, and liighly esteemed in China,
into which it is imported in hirge quantities. It is an unseemly looking suhstance, of a
dirty hrown colour, hard, rigid, .scarcely possessing any power of locomotion, or appearance
of animation. Sometimes the slug is as much as 2 feet in length, and from 7 to 8 inches
in circumference. A span in length, and 2 or ;} inches in girth, is, however, the orii
dinary size. The quality and value of the fisli, however, do not by any means depend
upon its size, but u{)on properties in it neither obvious to, nor discernible by, those who
have not been long and extensively engaged in the trade. In shallow water the animal
is taken out by tiie hand, but in deeper water it is sometimes speared. When taken it
is gutted, dried in the sun, and smoked over a wood fire ; this being the only preparation
it receives. The fishery is carried on from the western shores of New Guineii, and the
southern .shores of Australia, to Ceylon inclusive. Indeed, within the last few years it
has been successfully prosecuted on the shores of the Mauritius. The whole produce
goes to China. In the market of Maca.ssar, the great staple of this fishery, not less thar.
</i!rt^ varieties are distinguished, varying in price from 5 Spanish dollars a 7)/cMZ(lf».'3^1l)s.)
to 14 times that price, each variety being distinguished by well known names! The
quantity of tripang sent annually to China from Macas.sar is about 7,000 piculs, or 8,333
cwt. ; the price usually varying from 8 dollars a picul to 110 and 115, according to
quality. — (Crawfurd's Indian Archipelago, vol. iii. p. 441.) There is also a considerable
export of tripang from Manilla to Canton.
Besides tripang, ^sh-maws and sharks' fins are exported to China from every maritime
country of India.
TllOY WEIGHT, one of the most ancient of the different kinds used in Britain.
The pound English Troy contains 12 ounces, or 5,760 grains. It is used in the weighing
of gold, silver, and jewels ; the compounding of medicines ; in experiments 'in natural
phil()Soi)hy ; in comparing dirt'erent weights with each other ; and is now (by 5 Geo. 4.
c. 74.) made the .standard of weight.
Tnov Weight, Scotch, was established by James VI. in the year IfilS, who enacted that only one weight
should be used in Scotland, viz. the French Troy stone of 16 pounds, and lli ounces to the pound. The
pound contains 7,(i()y grains, and is equal to 17 oz. 6 dr. avoirdupois. 'I'he cwt., or 112 lbs. avoirdupois, con-
tains only 103 lbs. W oz. of this weight, though generally reckoned equal to 10+ lbs. This weight is very
ne.irly identical with that forraorly used at Paris and Amsterdam : and is generally known by the name
of Dutch weight. Though prohibited by the articles of Union, it lias been used in most parts of Scotland
in weighing iron, hemp, flax, and other Dutch and Baltic goods, meal, butcher's meat, lead, &c (Sec
Weights a.nd Meascres.)
TRUCK SYSTEM, a name given to a practice that has prevailed, particularly in
the mining and manufacturing districts, of paying the wages of workmen in goods instead
of money. The plan has been, for the masters to establish warehouses or shops ; and
tlie workmen in their employment have either got their wages accounted for to them by
supplies of goods from such depots, without receiving any money ; or they have got the
money, with a tacit or express understanding that they were to resort *o the warehouses
or shops of their masters for such articles as they were furnished with.
Advaiitacjes and Disadvantages of the Truck Si/stem. — A great deal of contradictory
evidence has been given, and very opposite opinions have been held, as to the practical
operation and real effect of this system on the workmen. Nor is this to be wondered at,
seeing that every thing depends on the mode in which it is administered, and that it may
be either highly advantageous or highly injurious to the labourer. If a manufacturer of
character estal)lish a shop supplied with the principal articles required for the use of the
workmen in his employment, and give them free liberty to resort to it or not as they
please, it can, at all events, do them no harm, and will, most likely, render them mate-
rial service. The manufacturer, having the command of capital, may, in general, lay in
his goods to greater advantage than they can be laid in by the greater number of retail
tradesmen in moderate-sized towns; and not being dei)eiulent on the jirofits of his shop
for support, he is, even thougli ho had no advantage in their piu-chase, able to sell his
goods at-a cheaper r.tte than they can be afforded by the majority of shopkeepers. Some-
times, also, a factory is established in a district where shops either do not exist at all, or
are very deficient ; and in such cases the master consults the interest and convenience
of those dependent on him when he provides a supply of the principal articles rctjuired
TRUCK SYSTEM.
1195
for their subsistoncc. It is easy, therefore, to see, that tlie keeping of shops by masters
for tlie use of their workmen may be very beneficial to the latter. But to insure
its being so, it is indispensable that tlie masters siiould be above taking an advantugu
when it is within their reach, and that their conduct towards the workmen should not
be in any degree influenced by the circumstance of the latter dealing or not dealing with
their shops.
Such disinterestedness is, liowever, a great deal more than could be rationally expected
from the generality of men ; and hence, though many instances may be si)ocilied in which
the truck system was advantageous to the workmen, those of a contrary description were,
unfortunately, far more numerous. It is obvious, indeed, that a practice of this sort
aflurds very great facilities for fraudulent dealings. Under the old law, a manufacturer
who had a shop, had moans, supposing he were inclined to use them, not possessed by
any ordinary shopkeeper as respects his customers, for forcing upon bis workmen inferior
goods at an exorbitant price. They arc at iirst sup])lied on liberal terms, and are readily
accommodated with goods in anticipation of wages, till they get considerably into debt.
The pernicious influence of this deceitful system then begins fully to disclose itself.
The workmen cease to be free agents ; they are compelled to take such goods and at
such prices as the master j)leases ; for, were they to attempt to emancipate themselves
from this state of thraldom by leaving their employment, tliey would be exposed to the
risk of prosecution and imprisonment for the debts they hiid incurred. It is not easy to
imagine the extent to which these facilities for defrauding the labouring class were taken
advantage of in various districts of the country. In many instances, indeed, the profits
made by the shops exceeded those made by the business to which tlM<y were contingent ;
and thousands of workmen, whose wages were nominally 30s, a week, did not really
receive, owing to the bad quality and high price of the goods supplied to them, more
than 20«., and often not so much.
Abolition of the Truck Si/ston. — A system of dealing with the labourinpr classes, so
very susceptible of abuse, and which, in point of fact, was very extensively ubused, was
loudly and justly complained of. A bill was in consequence introduced for its suppres-
sion by Mr. Littleton, which, after a great deal of opposition and discussion, was passed
into a law — 1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 32. — ( See abstract subjoined.)
Those who opposed this act did so on two grounds; — 1st, that it wrs improper to
interfere at all in a matter of this sort ; and, 2d, that the interference would not be
effective. The first of these objections does not appear entitled to any weight. In sup-
pressing the truck system, the legisliiture did nothing that could in anywise regulate or
fetter the fair employment of capital : it interfered merely to put down abuse ; to carry,
in fact, the contract of wages into full effect, by preventing the workman from being
defrauded of a portion of the wages he had stipulated for. The presumption no doubt
is, in questions between workmen and their employers, that government had better abstain
from all interference, and leave it to the parties to adjust their disputes on the principle
of mutual interest and compromised advantage. Still, however, this is merely a presump-
tion ; and must not be viewed as an absolute rule. Instances h.tve repeatedly occurred,
where the interference of the legislature to prevent or suppress abuse, on occasions of the
sort now alluded to, has been imperiously required, and been highly advantageous. 'I'hose
who claim its interposition are, indeed, bound to show clearly that it is called for to •
obviate some gross abuse, or that it will materially redound to the public advantage ;
and this, we think, was done in the completest manner, by the opjionents of the truck
system. Regard for the interests of the more res[)ectable part of the masters, as well as
for those of the workmen, required its abolition ; for, while it continued, those who
despised taking an advantage of their dependants were less favourably situated than
those who did. It is ludicrous, therefore, in a case of this sort, to set up a cuckoo cry
about the " freedom of industry." The good incident to the truck system was in prac-
tice found to be vastly overbalanced by the abuses that grew out of it ; and as these
could not, under the existing law of debtor and creditor, be separately destroyed, the
legislature did right in attempting to suppress it altogether.
It was said, indeed, that this would be found to be impracticable ; that the manu-
facturers would enter underhand into partnerships with the keepers of shops, and that the
system would really be continund, in another and, perhaps, more objectionable fornx.
This anticipation has, we believe, been in some degree realised ; but the system has not-
withstanding been in many places abandoned, and is nowhere practised to any thing
like the extent to which it was carried previously to the passing of Mr. Littleton's act.
It will not, however, be completely rooted out, till all small debts, however they originate,
be put beyond the pale of the law. We have already vindicated the expediency of this
measure on other groimds — (see CiiEnix) ; and the influence it would have in effectually
destroying whatever is most pernicious in the truck system, is a weighty additional re-
commendation in its favour. Were all right of action iqion debts for less than 50/. or
100/, taken away, no master would think of acquiring a control over the free agency of
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119G
TRUIFLKS.^ TUNIS,
hh workmen, by pottIn*jr tlicin in (kl)t io hiui ; and no workin.ni wonlil, under such cir-
cumsliinees, subnnt to he direeled in liis clioit-e of sh()|)s or |,':oo(!s. The cii ^' tjf tlio
Scotch colliers ailorils a eurions illnslriition of u lint is now stated. Down t<) 1 VT-I, these
persons were vvnWy afisrn'jjfi i/tt hu't or |)raHhal shives ; tiiat is, they and their descendants
were Innnid to perpelnal s.Tviee at the works to which they heh»n;;ed, — a ri^rht to their
lahonr bein;; ac(|nircd by any new proprietor to whom the works were sohl ! The
15 (ieo. :$. c. *JH, was passed for tlie einanci[)ation of the colliers from this state of
bonda^ro. It, however, failed of |)rac!ieal!y aeeoni|)lisliin«r its object; for the mastcis
speedily contrived, by makin^jf them advances in anticipation of their wa^res, to retain
them as completely as ever under their control ! To obviate tins abuse, the :3;) Geo. ;j.
c. 5(u was passed ; wliich most properly took from the masters nil title to pursue the
colliers for loans, unless advanced for tl»e support of tin. colhv r and Iiis family duriii<r
sickness. This act had the desired efU'Ct ; and the colliers have since !)een as free as any
other class of labourers. —(See my edition of the U'vitlth of iXft/itmsy vol. ii. j). 18(). )
In fact, were small debts put beyond the jjale of the law, it would not be necessary to
interfere directly with the truck system,; for it would not then be possible to pervert it
to any very lojiirious purpose.
The followiu'^ are the ])rincipal clauses in the act 1 Sc 2 Will. 4. c. 37., entitled, ** An
Act to prohibit the Payment, in certain Trades, of Wages in Goods, or otherwise than
in the Current Coin of the Realm :" —
I. In all contracts lu'reificr to l.o inrtdf for the IilrliiR of Jiny
tHictr in anj of the trades herein-afur fniiuievaitsl, c»r for
artUiL , .... -
the performance liy anv artiliciv of any lalMiur in any uT I'l
bald iM'lt's, tile wiiK'"* "f snch .irtilicer shall he math; imyahle
only in the current coin ot this realm, and not olherwi^- ; any
contra 't to the contrary hjinj^ illcKal, null, and void.
ii. If such I onir.ut t ont tin any stipn'ationH ;h to the niannei'
in which the wau't"- '-h.dl lie t-^iienda', it is void.
3. \VrtK**« '"»'*t l>f]>''il '*' 'l^t? worknuni in coin only. Pay-
ment in uoodi i.lc^.d .0x1 voiil.
4. Artllicers may recover waKe-;, If not paid in the current
coin.
5. In an action hr'ni^ht for wn;{es,no s'-t-utWh iH Ik? allowed
for ^oodt sui»])lieU hy the empluyi.-r, or by any si, op in ulnch
he is interesud.
6. No cmplnyer shall h we any action or suit in equity
against his aititiicer, for j^ood-. supiili.**! in liini on nni.unt of
waKcs, or supplied hy any -«hop in wh;ih he has an int^-veit.
7. If the artili' i,(ir hV wire or children* hecomechartjeaUo
io the pari>,h, thr overseers may recover any -.v.iKes earned
within the 3 preceding month--, and not paid in ca-h.
8. Nothin;^ in this ;u-t is to invalid. ile tin- naynieiit of wayrs
in banlt notes or druits on any banlcLrs within 1 j miles, if ur-
tificer consents.
U. Any eni| lover of any artificer In any of th.- Ir ides herein-
after enumerated, who ^h;^ll, l)v himself or hy the as; ncy of
any other per.-,on, directly or indirectly enfr in:o any eontiact,
or make any payment herehv deciarcil illiT^al, shall (or the (irst
ol*ence fotfelt a ^um not exceeding 10/. nm les tiian .'i/., and
for the second otience an. sum not exceedirfi *l)/. ni>r less than
ID/., and for a third oirttnce he shall Iw miilty of and^demean-
our,and he punished by tine only, at tlie discV- ti-ni ut ihecourt,
so that the lines shall not in anv case exceed KKJ/.
10. Oilences shall he inquireu of aid tine^ lecovoiod before
SJuslices, and the amount of the fine-i nIi dl l:e in Mie di-^cre-
tibn of such justices, or inciv-^esof iiii-ileiie inour, of the court
before which the otfence may he tried ; and in cavj of a scc'>nd,
oirence,it sliaiU)esuilicier.tL'viden<)eof the previous eonvici
if a certiticale, signet.! hy the otiiccr liavinj; the custody ot
record, be produced, stating in a compendii-UH form the rem i
nature of the otience. IHit a second oi- third ciilenee-shdl only
be punished as a lirst or second otience, if comnntted \vi:hin
10 days after the jirior conviction; and a fourth or any sub*
sequent oftence shall be puni-sbed its a third oflcnce. iiut no
second or third oll'ence shall be iiroseculed after nmrc titan 2
years from the commission of the itext precdinK oftence.
11. Justices ma> conqtel ibeattendattce of witnesses, tai there-
quest of tlie parties. I'enally for noit-artendance without excuse,
and afier pmof of due service of sum nons at the Usual place of
abode for snch persons, '^4 hours at the least before the lime
appointed for appearante, a commititu-nr to some pri-on witltin
the jurisdiction of the justices, withour .ad or mainprize, for
not excettding It days, or until auch jie i^n shall bulunit to be
examined.
Sections from I'i. to IS. inclusive, re^ul^iiP proceedings,
19. Act only to apply to thefoMowiiif; trades . - Making, cast-
injf, convertinjf, or inaiuifacturinj; of ir<tn or steel, or any parts,
branches or procLN-.es thereof; workinij im> irnnes of i o;d,
ironstone, limestone, salt rock; or working or ^ettinu stone,
slate, or ciny ; or makin;; or jin paring salt, brii^ks, tiles, or
quarries; or making or n<anuficturin^ any kinds of nails,
chains, rivets, anvils, \c., keys, Sic, or any" other articles or
hardwares made of iron or s*eel, or of iron aiitl steel combined,
or of anv plated articles of cutlery, or of any goods or wares
Hiade of brass, tin, lead, pe-vter", or other metal, or of any
japanned goods or wares whatsoever; or making, spinning.
throwiniT, doubting, wlndlnir, weaving, combing, knit'ims
ble.uhin'', dyeing, nrinting, or otherwise pn partig anv kind*
of woullen, \,u>sr.tl,yarn, stui!', kersev, bnun, fusiian', eoth,
serge, cotton, letther, fui, hemp, tla\, moli.iir, or >i k inaini.
factures wbah'iever, or cny manuliuiures whatsoe\ir ttiadnif
the said liut inerMioned materials, whether the same l.eot U;
not mixed otie with another; or making or otberui-.!- i""«'p.''rl
ing, ornajneutiiiL', or (i.dsliing any g' 'ss, iMvct laii', chin;!, or
e.irlhenware whatsoever, or any paits, braiu hes, or p.('i'i'.vses
tliercof, or any matt-rials u->ed in anv itf such last meniioiit"!
trades; or making or prepar.utc of h"Vu', thread, silk or coiifui
lace, or of lace m ide of any mi\ed inareiials,
yi). Not to exleud to ai:v doniL.st^c servant, or Fcvvant In
husbandry.
'■il. No nite eng.igcd in any of the trades or occunaiiouH
enumerated, or his fithtr, sov.'or briiiitei, sh dl act as a ui-Ocu.
'^'i. (jountv mai;i-tvies to act in ca:je--> wh^ru tl.u-.e ot' to-.vns
are disnualllied as abi.vi-.
'i^. Not to prevent any employer from snpplyin;; or conti.-u-t-
ing to supply to any arliiicor an'v incftlcine or medie d a;t<-iid-
ance, or any fneI,or any mateiials, tooN, or implements to be
by suc'i artdieer employed in hii tradL- or oceui>aiin'-, if su( h
artihcers be employed "in mining, or any buy, corn, i-r other
provender to be consumed hy any liorse or* olher beast of burden
enmloyed by any such a.tificef in bis tr.itleantl o#t-iipalion ;
not from demising to any artificer employed In any of the
trades or w.-upations enmncratcd the w-ltt.U? o/ anv' part at
any tenement at any vent; nor tiom supplying or cu'iitrariing
to supply to any such artiMcer any 'u ■^'dn*:,^ed or pri'pMved
undiT tlie roof of any such iiriploy< i , • d there tonsunted by
such artifieer; nor from making cv i ,.',ffr,icting to make any
('i luetioii trom the wages d' ;iny artilieui for anv s\\c]\ i-ent, or
III <licine or midical attendj'tr ■, or fuel, materials, ;o.)K, im-
ple.oenis, hay, can, or pruv^ ( der, or sueh vieinals, or for any
money advanced to such artituer tor any .-uch p.irpose; lait
such 'dc'Iu'tjnn shall n-it cxecd the truevila,' ,,l" smh fo; '
materials, tools, impIomeiUs, b v, corn, anil provetider, ana
shall not be in any c ise made fiurn the wages nf stieb artiflc^T
unless the agreenient for such deduction shall be in uritintf
■i"d .signed by such artitii'er.
*2I. Not toprevent any such empbt\er f<-')m advancing to nny
. h artificer any money* to be hy hlmeo,,- -Miiited taany fiierdly
suiielv or hank for savings, or for his r ief in sickness, or for
the education of any child of such ariiiiccr, nor from deduct-
ing or coiilr.u'ting to dtduct any numey ft mi the wages of siuh
artificers for the etlucation of ' any sucli ebid, provided the
agreement for such deiluelion bhall" be in wni ng and signed by
such artilicer.
'i.'}. Workmen, labourers, and other pcrsims in anv manner
engaged in any emp'oyment or operarlon, in or about tl;e
several trad"s and occupations ntciresaid, shall he deemed
"artificers;" .and all masters, baiiilis, foremen, nianagtrs,
clerks, and other persons engaged in the hiring, t niplovnient,
or superintendence of the labour of an> such artificers sliall jm
deemed to be *' employers ; " and any ninney or oiher thing |jad
or contracted to be paid, or given as a remuneration fiT any
labour done or to be tfone, wlulher witltin a certain time (»r to
a ci-Ttain amount, or for a time or an antount uncertain, --hatl
be deemed to be the ** wages " of such labour ; aiul any agree-
ment, nndetstarding, device, contrivance, collu.sion, or arr..n(;e»
nient whatsoever on the subject of wages, whether writt' nor
oral, whether di'ect or indirect, to which the emp'ovcr and ar-
tificer arc parties, or are assenting, or by which they are nu..
tually bound to eaeh oih<'r, or wbereity "eitlier of llieni shall
have endeavoure<i to in)i)o?.e an obligation on th'.' ofher of
them, shall be deemed a *' contract."
TRUFFLES, a sort of vepjetable production, like a tnusliroom, formed under frrouii I.
A few have been found in Nortliainptonshirc ; they are pretty abundant in ^taly, the
south of France, and several other countries. They arc reckoned a great delica y. ilie
pates au trnffi'S (TAngouVine are highly esteemed, and arc .sent as presents to very distant
places. — ( Rces^s Cyclopivdia, )
TUNIS, the capital of tlie regency of the same name, on the northern coast of
Africa, the Goletta fort l)eing in lat. 3G^ 48'
Tunis is somewhat in the form of a horseshoe.
iO" N., Ion. 10'^ 25' 45" lO. The bay of
Its western extremity, Cape Carthage,
TUNIS.
1197
/
is Mtunftd iiJ>out 4 miles N.K. from tlio (iolcttn ; nnci its eastern cxiromity Vnv>
Znfraii, l.cnrs irom ( npc Cnrtlinfji' K. l,y S„ dist.mt nl.oiif I.J niilis. Tin- bay is ahouit
IC miles cicci), iiiul has pond hiulioi:;,^. all ovtr, in »V(.in lo to 4 liitlioii.s Matir. Jt is
oxposod to thf \. and N.K. pnlis ; hut tlicy si'ldoni oiTiision aiiv (lamiifro. 'rmiis lies
on tlie west sido of tliu bay, biiiij; ( paiated fmin it by a larpf " lagoon, Imvinp, wli.ru
deqifst, about 7 fiet water. The ))ort is at tbt- Golitta, or clianml, iiassnip tliroti Ii
tlie narrow l)clt of land siparalinfj tlic lapoon from tlu> sia ; the eiilranee to it is b\^a
canal, in which tlieif is at all times l.'> feet water; and ships may use it on i)avinn alio
of ;i dollars a day. It is not, however, mueli resorted to; all'vessils of eoiisid.rablo
burden loading and miloadinj; fuini their moorings in the l)ay, by means of lifrhtcrs.
The popidati(m of Tunis Ik.s been variously estimated ; and may'prohably amount to
100,000, being the most ]>opidoiis of any African city after Cairo. 'J'he streets aru
narrow, unpaved, and fdthy. The btuldinps, thoupli of stone, are mean and i)oor ; and
the inhabitants present the ])icture of poverty and oppression. There is a fort at thu
Goletta, of c()nsideral)le strength.
r>rtrfc. — NolwitIist.Tii(!in(j1lu' v.iriotis (li-nwliacks nrigiiiR out of tlio nature of the ({(.vcrnmcnt mid
the iKUoraiioc nud prcjuiliccs ol llie peoiile, (■(unmcrcL- aud industry ,nrp in a more ad\ anceil stati- in
Tunis, than innuyothfr part of Northern Africa, Kjopt excepted. Though sulijcct to droucht* the
dimalf is, on the whole, ixcellent. The soil utill prcseives that cxuLcnint fertility lor wimli it wai
famous in antiquity.
Non quicquid I.ibyris tcrit
I'ervens area iness.bus. — (.Vf 'icr. in Thyesl.)
Tt feldotn receives any other mainire than that of sinnctiines hurniuK the weeds and stublile • and yet
-ji despite of its slovenly culture, the crops are luxurinnt ; and there is gcncri.lly a considerable excog
itf wheat and biir'ey for evportalion. Com is principally shipped al liiserta, .-iliout U) miles V\ of
Tunis. Olive oil is one of tl<e principal iirtirlcs of export. It is of various qualities ; some good and
lomo very indiflerent. Siisa is said to be the best place for its shipment. .Soap of an excellent ouHlitv
is largely inaiiufHCtiircd in the vcKcncy. It may l.e had cillii i soft or in wedges. '1 he soft is made o'f
liarilla and pure oil, and is nuicli esteemed, 'ihe li.nd soap is made from the lees of oil, and is reck-
oned very slrouR. 'J'he priiiciiial scjap-works are at .Siisa. Little, however, is prepared on a speculativis
anticipation of a demand for exportation; but any quantity may lie had by coiilractiiiK 'or it a Itw
months liefore (lie jieriod when it is wanted. A sort of woollen sciill-caps are largely exportid. They
are in extensive demand all over the Levant, and are nowhere made in such perfection as here.
Ivory and golil dust, hides, wax, morocco leather, siionge, barilla, coral, dates, ostrich fcatherB, &c. are
among the .oticles of export.
'J'he im|i(irts from Kurcjpc consist of woollens, coarse Ocrm.Tn .''ml Irish lliuns, cotton stufTs, hard,
ware. Migar, collce, spices, tin plates, lead, :>Uim, dyestiill's, wine, silk, Spanish wool, \c. '] licte \*
very utile direct tr.ici. lulweeii Tunis and 1 ilanil ; lint a goedile.,1 is imlirectly carried on, through
the ^nterveiition ol .Malta ami (iil.riltar. M.nsiilUs has pr^l ally the largest sli'rrc of the trade with
the regency. In l.s.:i), there entered the difl'ereiit ports of Tunis IPJ ships, of the burden of £li,717 tons,
exclusive of those enga.ved in the trade with the other African states and 'J'nrkey.
Kxelu.sive of the trade by sea. a considerable trade is carried on between 'J'li'nis and the interior of
Africa, by means of caravans. These import slaves, gold dust, ivory, feathers, drugs, &c. 'ihey carry
back cotton stiiflii, linens, hardware, sjiices, cochineal, \c.
Naval and military stores imported into Tunis pay no duty. Other articles pay a duty of ," per cer...
«rf )'fl/»n'»/ on a ratid tarifK Obstructions .irising out of monopolies, \c. are occasionally thrown in
the way of exportation ; and in general it is neccssiry, before proceeding to ship, to obtain a tisl<cii(,
or licence to that ell'cct from the bey. That, however, may be, for the most part, procured without
much ditticuKy.
Mcnp)/. — Arcounts .ire kept in pListres of 1 fi carot-ns or 52
»si>er«. The piastie is worth aliuut 1*. If/, stcrlilig. 'llie .isvt'V
l8 an imnKin.^r> mom-y. The value of toroif;!! luins dcpeiulti
un till' state of the e\ haiifie.
IVfif^litg. — (idUl, silMT, and pearls are \ieif,'he(l l)y the oiin' e
..f 8 nieticals ; 16 of Il^e^e ounces nialve the Tunis pound =
7,77.3'.'> knp. trrs. Tlu principiil cnninnrcial weight is the
r^niaro, containinR loo Hi-., or ru'.tuli, lieiu); eiiuivaleut to
Ul'O.'i Ills, avoird , or "lO" ; kilog.
Mfti*ureii, — The princii'. ' I'uvn measure is the cM'^iy divided
int" I'i whihrf-; and tlie wit. [ia into Vi sahas. (ti;e cali/. =
lU Ji'iierial hushels.
The wine measure is the miUcToIle of Marst ilS s = H-l
Imp. u;a'lons, or fil'.'iS litres. It is divided into lis niilrts.
RrxNs OF r.vuTHAor,. — The famous city of Carthage, one of the greatest emporiums
of the ancieii' world, long the mistress of the sea, and the most formidable enemy of
Koine, was si'nated near the cajie which still I)ears her name, about 10 miles N.E. from
Tunis. Such, however, have been the alterations on the coast, that the port of the
city, within whose aiujile expanse whole navies used to ride, \y now wholly filled up ;
antiquaries differ as to I's Mtnafion ; and the sea has in some places receded from 2 to .3
miles from the ruins of the buildirgs by whicli it was formerly skirted. The common
sewers are still in a very perfect state, as are several cisterns, public reservoirs, and
other rctnains of that sort, with the fragment of a noble aqueduct that sujiplied the
city with water. 15ut besides these, and a very few Punie inscriptions that have been
dug up, there is nothing left to iitlest the ancient grandeur and magnificence of the
city, or to identify it with the illustrious pi. !e by whom it was founded and occupied
till its destruction by Scipio Nasica. Ther re no teir.ples, no triumphal arches, no
granite columns or obelisks covered with Ph. .lician ehaiacters, and no ancient enta-
blatures. These have all fallen a sacrifice to Inutile attacks, or to the destroying hand
of time.
Nunc pR=siin, vix rdiqui.-'s, vi> rmin.T fervans.
Obi uitur, propviis 11(11 agiiitceiii minis.
The principal oil mrasure 1» the met.al or mcttar ^ .V12.'i
«ine(!a'liin,, or 1!I-,VJ llrcs; hut it is of different dimrnsions
in dilleieiit parts of the ((ruiitrv ; and is larger at husB,
whence most of the oil is exportrti, than nt 'J'unis.
Tlie pic, ,ir principal loiK measure, is of 7> sorts; vi/,
t! e pic. iMiullen measure = i!(i','i Kng. iiichi . : llie pic silk
iiiea.<ure = 21 S do. ; and the pic linen mi.isure = 1K(; do.
For fuitlier particulars, see tliat ehaptir of i'Adrr'i 7ri(i',Yi
in lliirlKirij, \r. lone of the most learned and excellent works
of the kind in lie Kiiplish languacej, that treats of the Vim--
doni of Tunis : Mdr^iU'a Accmiiil cf TiiiiM, passim ; .Imkitin't
Cim.iiufce vf titc M^iiiterrammtf jip. 5i— ijlj. ; Kittij'i t'utn-
biit, SiC.
I
t '
^r
V.
!l 5
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r,%
^;^r-
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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1.0
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40 12.0
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12.2
1.25 nil U
6"
im
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FhotDgi'aphic
Sciences
Corporation
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6^
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33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO
(716) •72-4503
&
'^
1198
TURBITH. — tUllPKNTINE.
Such mutilated fragments uf buildinprs a.s still remain, are evidently the work of
a later age ; of those who occupied the city between tlie |)crio<l when a colony was sent
to it by Augtistus, and its final subversion by the Saracens in the 7th century.
TURBITH, oil TL'Rl'ETII, the cortical part of the nxit of a species of Ci»nro/fu7tt,,
brought from different parts of the East Indies. It is a longish root, about il.'^ thick-
ness of the finger, resinous, heavy, of a brownish hue without and whitish wit!'jn. It is
imported cloven in the middle, lengthwise, and the heart or woody matter taken out.
The best is ponderous, not wrinkletl, easy to break, and discovers to the eye a large
quantity of resinous matter. At fi..-.t it makes an im|)ression of sweetness on tiie taste-
but, when chewed for some time, betrays a nauseous acrimony. It is used in medicine,
but only to a small extent. — (Lewis's Mat. Med.)
TuRBiTii (IVriNEiiAi,), the name given by chemists to the subsulphatc of mercury.
TUKIJOT { Pleuronectea nuiximus), a well known and highly esteemed species of fish.
Very considerable quantities of turbot are now taken on various parts of our coasts, from
the Orkneys to the I^and's End, yet a preference is given in the London markets to those
caught by the Dutch. The latter are said to have sometimes drawn as much au 80,CXX)/.
in a single year, for turbots sold in London.
Fresh turbots, however taken, or in whatever ship importetl, may be imported free of
duty. — (Sec Fisii. )
TURMERIC, the root of the Curcuma longa. It is externally greyish, and in-
ternally of a deep lively yellow or saffron colour ; very hard ; and not unlike, eitlior in
figure or size, to ginger. That should be preferred, which is large, new, resinous, diffi-
cult to break, and heavy. It is imported from Bengal, Java, China, &c. ; but some of
a superior quality is said to have been brought from Tobago. Small (juantities of it
have also been grown in England. It has a somewhat aromatic, and not very agreeable
smell ; and a bitterish, sliglttly acrid, and rather warm taste. It used to be in con-
siderable estimation as a medicine; but in Europe it is now used only as a dye. It
yields a beautiful bright yellow colour ; which, however, is extremely fugitive, and no
means have hitherto been discovered of fixing it. It is sometimes employed to heighten
the yellows made with weld, and to give an orange tint to scarlet ; but the shade im-
parted by the turmeric soon disiijipears. The Indians use it to colour and season their
food. — {Lewis's Mat. Med. ,- liancroft on Colours, vol. i. j). 276.)
The imports of turmeric from all places eastward of the Cape of Oood Hope were, in 1830, l,8()7,"()*lha. ;
in 1831, l,292,Oi2Hlbs. ; and in 18 ;!2, 1,<Mj4,()4,"i Ihs.
Its price in bond in the London niaikct, in March, 1834, was — Bengal, per cwt., 15*. to \0s. ; Java, a4j
to SfM. ; China, 25*. to 26*.
The duty on turmeric is 2*. 4rf. nor cwt. on that brought from a Rritlsh possession, and 10*. per cwt.
on that from a foreign country. Tlic only effect of this injurious distinction is to force the use of an
inferior article.
TURPENTINE (Ger. Turpentin ; Fr. Teribenthine ; It. Trementina ; Rus. Ski.
ptdar ; Pol. Terpentyna), There are several species of turpentine, but all of them
possess the same general and chemical properties.
1. Common Turpentine, is a resinous juice which exudes from the Scotch fir or wild
pine ( Pinus sylvestris). The trees which are most exposed to the sun, and have the
thickest barks, yield it in the greatest abundance. They begin to produce it when about
40 years old. The bark of the tree is wounded, and the turpentine flows out in drop.s,
which fall into a hole, or sort of cup, previously dug at the foot of the tree, holding
about 1^ pint. It is purified by being exposed to liquefy in the sun's rays, in barrels
perforated in the bottom, through which it filters. In the United States, the collection of
turpentine is confided chiefly to negroes, each of whom has the charge of from 3,000 to
4,000 trees. The process lasts all the year, although the incisions are not made in the trees
till the middle of Rlaich, and the flow of the turpentine generally ceases about the end
of October. The boxes are emptied 5 or 6 times during the year ; and it is estimated
that 250 boxes will produce a barrel weighing 320 lbs. Turpentine has a strong, some-
what fragrant odour, and a bitter disagreeable taste ; its consistence is greater than that
of honey ; its colour dirty yellow ; and it is more opaque than the other sorts. We im-
port it almost entirely from the United States.
2. Venice Turpentine, is the produce of the larch (Pinus Larix). It is obtained by
boring a hole into the heart of the tree aliout 2 feet from the ground, and fitting into it
a small tube through which the turpentine flows into ve.s.sels prepared for its reception.
It is purified by straining through cloths, or hair sieves. It is more fluid, having the
consistence of new honey, a yellowish colour, and is less unplea.sant to the smell and taste,
than the common turpenti.ie. Genuine Venetian turpentine is principally obtained from
the forests of Baye, in Provence ; but much of that to l)e found in the shops comes from
America, and is, perhaps, obtained from a different species of fir.
3. Canadian Balsam, or Turpentine, is obtained from incisions in the bark of the
Pinus Balsamen, a native of the coldest regions of North America. It is imported in
casks, each containing about 1 cwt. It has a strong, not disagrce.nble odciir, and a
TUllPENTINK, OIL OF. — TYUK.
1199
i
■
I
bitterish taste ; is transparent, whitish, and has tlie cunsistence of copaiva Imisam. —
(See Balsam.)
4. Chidii, or Ci/prus Turju'titine, is of)taine(l from the Piitncia Tveliinthus, a native
of the north of Africa and the soiitli of Europe, and cultivated in C'liios and ("vi)rus.
It flows out of incisions made in the bark of the tree in the month of ,)uly ; and is sub-
sequently strained and jjuritied. It has a fragrant odour, a moderately warm taste,
devoid of acrimony or bitterness, and a white or very jiale yellow colour; it is about as
consistent as thick honey, is clear, transparent, and tenacious. From its comparative hi^h
j)rice, Chian turpentine is seldom ))rocured genuine, buing for the most part adulterated
either with Venetian or connnun turpentine. The different sjiecies of turpentine may l)e
dissolved in rectitied spirit, or ))ure alcohol ; and, by distillation, they all give similar oils,
which, from their bcnig- distilled (and not from any resemblance to alcohol, or spirits
properly so called), are vulgarly termed spirits of tur]>entine. If the distillation be per-
formed with water, the produce is an essential oil, the common spirit of turpentine ; and
if the distillation be carried on in a retort, without water, the product is more volatile
and pungent, — a concentrated oil, as it were, — and is called the ethereal spirit of tur-
])entine. The residuum that is left, in both cases, is a brownish resinous mass, brittle,
capable of being melted, highly inflammable, insoluble in water, but mixing freely with
oils : it is the common rosin of commerce. — {Lib. of Entert. Knou-letJf/c, Veyetable Suh-
stnnrcs ; Thomson's Dispensatory. )
The ciitrieii of turj)cntiiic for linme consum]ition in 18.JI ami 1832 amounted, at an .ivemRe, to
.IS'-'.SS'Jcwt. ayear. It h almost enlirely importwl from the United Slates; so much so, tliat of jl7,8'JiJcwt.
imported in IfWJ, 317,0'J5 were supplied by them : the residue came flrom France.
TURPENTINE, OIL OF (Ger. TerpenthiUl ■ Fr. Ean de raze, Iluile de terihen-
thine; It. Acqva di rasa ; Sp. Ac/varras), the essential oil drawn from turpentine by
distillation. There are two sorts of this oil : the !)est, red ; and the second, white. It
is very extensively used by house painters, and in the manufacture of varnish, &c. The
distillers have been charged with using it in the preparation of gin. Oil of turpentine
is very often adulterated.
TURQUOISE (Uer. Tiirhiss ; Fr. Turquoise; It. Turchina ; Sp. Turquesa), a
precious stone in considerable estimation. Its colour, which is its principal recommend-
ation, is a beautiful celestial blue, which migrates into pale blue, and is sometimes tinged
with green. Specific gravity, .'{-IST. It is destitute of lustre, opaciue, and docs not
admit of a very high polish. It is much worn in necklaces, and in every part of orna-
mental jewellery, from the size of a pin's head to that of an almond : it contrasts beau-
tifully with brilliants, or pearls, set in line gold, and appears to most advantage when cut
spheroidal. — ( Mawe on Diamonds, 2d ed. p. 1 29. )
Real turquoises are exclusively furnished by Persia. The mines whence they are obtained are situated
near Nishapore. They are the property of the frown, and are farmed to the highest bidder. 'I'hey bring
a rent of from 2,000/, to 2,700/. a year. — {Frnser's Travels on the Shores qf the Caspian, i)p. S'KJ— ^'347.1
TUTENAG, the name given in commercial language to the zinc or spelter of
China. — (See Zinc.) This commodity used to be smuggk-d from China (the export-
ation of unwrought metals from that empire being prohibited) to Ilindostan, the Malay
Archipelago, and neighbouring countries to the amount, it is sujiposed, of about
50,000 cwt. a year. In 1820, the British free traders introduced German spelter for
the first time into the Indian market. In 182G, the importation of tntcnag from
China into Calcutta ceased ; and it liiis now been totally sui)crstded throughout India
by spelter. Of this latter commodity there were exported from Great Britain to i II
places eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, except China, at an average of the 3 years
ending with 1832, 49,946 cwt. a year, besides the qtiantitics furnished by Hamburgh,
Rotterdam, Antwerp, and other continental jiorts.
TYRE, the principal city of Phoenicia, and the most celebrated emporium of the
ancient world. This famous city was situated on the S. E. coast of the IMcditer-
ranean, where the inconsiderable town of Tsour now stands, in lat. ^^° 17' N., Ion.
^5° 14' .35" E. Tlie trade that is at present carried on at Tsour is too trifling to deserve
notice ; but as this work is intended to give some account, however imperfect, of the
ravolutions in the channels of commercial enterprise, we may, perhaps, be excused
for submitting a few statements with respert to the commerce carried on by so renowned
a people as the Tyrians.
Tyre was founded by a colony from Sidon, the most ancient of the Phoenician citie.s.
The date of this event is not certainly known, but Larcher supposes it to have been
1,690 years before the Christian era. — ( Chronologie d'Hdrodote, cap. ii. p. l.Tl.) It
is singular, that while Homer mentions Sidon, he takes no notice of Tyre, whose glory
speedily eclipsed that of the mother city ; but this is no conclusive proof that the latter
was not then a considerable emporium. The prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekici,
who flourished from 700 to 600 years before Christ, represent Tyre as a city of un-
rivalled wealth, whos« " merchants were princes, and her traffickers the honourable of
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the earth." Originally, the city was built on the main land : hut having hcen besieged
for a Icngtliened period by the Biibylonlan monarch Nehiuhadne/zar, the inhabitants
conveyed themselves and their goods to an island at a little distance, where a new city
was founded, wliicli enjoyed an increased degree of celebrity and commercial prosperity.
The old city was, on that account, entitled l*ala;tyre, and the other simply Tyre. Tiie
new city continued to flourish, extending its colonies and its commerce on all sides, till
it ^as attacked by Alexander the Great. The resistance made by the Tyrians to that
conqueror showed that they had not been enervated by luxury, and that their martial
virtues were nowise inferior to their commercial skill and enterprise. The overthrow
of the Persian empire was effected witli less difliculty than the capture of this single
city. Tiie victor had not magnanimity to treat the vanquished as their heroic conduct
deserved. In despite, however, of the cruelties inflicted on the city, she rose again to
considerable eminence. But the foundation of Alexandria, by diverting tlie commerce
that had formerly centered at Tyre into a new cl.annel, gave her an irreparable blow ;
and she gradually declined till, consistently with the deimnciation of the prophet, her
palaces have been levelled with the dust, and she has become " a place for the spreading
of nets in the midst of the sea."
Commerce, Colonies, ^c. of Tyre. — Phoenicia was one of the smallest countries
of antiquity. It occupied that part of the Syrian coast which stretches from Aradus
(the modern Rouad) on the north, to a little below Tyre on the south, a distance of
about 50 leagues. Its breadth was much less considerable, beinf, for the most part
bounded by Mount Libanus to the cast, and Mount Carmel on the south. The surface of
this narrow tract was generally rugged and mountainous ; and the soil in the valleys,
though moderately fertile, did not afford suflScient supplies of food to feed the population.
Iji!)anus and its dependent ridges were, however, covered with timber suitable for ship
building ; and besides Tyre and Sidon, Pha-nicia possessed the ports of Tripoli, Byblos,
Berytus, &c. In this situation, occupying a country unable to supply them with suf-
ficient quantities of corn, hemmed in by mountains, and by powerful and warlike neigh-
bours, on the one hand, and having, on the other, the wide expanse of the Mediterranean,
sfudded with islands, and surrounded by fertile countries, to invite the enterprise of her
citizens, they were naturally led to engage in maritime and commercial adventures; and
l)ecame the boldest and most experienced mariners, and the greatest discoverers, of
ancient times.
From the remotest antiquity, a considerable trade seems to have been carried on
between the Eastern and Western worlds. The spices, drugs, precious stones, and other
valuable products of Arabia and India, have always been highly esteemed in Eurojio,
and have exchanged for the gold and silver, the tin, wines, &c. of the latter. At the
first dawn of authentic history, we find Phrenicia the principal centre of this commerce.
Her inhabitants are designated in the early sacred writings by the name of Canaanitcs,
— a term which, in the language of the East, means merchants. Tiio products of Arabia,
India, Persia, &c. were originally conveyed to her by comjjanies of travelling merchants,
or caravans ; which si-em to have been constituted in the same way, and to have per-
formed exactly the same part in tlie connnerce of the East, in the days of Jacob, that
they do at present. — ( (Jan. xxxvii. 2'). &c. ) At a later period, however, in the reigns of
David and Solomon, the Phaiiicians, having formed an alliance with the Hebrews,
acquired the i)orts of Elath and Eziongeber, at the north-east extremity of the Red Sea.
TIere they fitted out fleets, which traded with the ports on that sea, and probably with
those of Southern Arabia, the west coast of India, and Ethiopia. The ships are said to
have visited Ophir ; and a great deal of erudition has been expended in attempting to
determine the exact situation of that emporium or country. We agree, however, with
Ileeren, in thinking that it was not the name of .any ])articular place ; but that it was
a sort of general designation given to the coasts of Arabia, India, and Africa, bordering
on the Indian Ocean ; somewhat in the same loose way as we now use the terms East
and West Indies. — (See the chapter on the Navigation and Commerce of the Phceniciuns,
in the translation of Heeren's work. )
The distance of the Red Sea from Tyre being very considerable, the conveyance of
goods from the one to the other by land must have been tedious and expensive. To
lessen this inconvenience, the Tyrians, shortly after they got possession of Elath and
Eziongeber, seized upon Rhinoculura, the port in the Mediterranean nearest to the Red
Sea. The products of Arabia, India, &c., being carried thither by the most compendious
route, were then put on board ships, and conveyed by a brief and easy voyage to Tyre.
If we except the transit by Egypt, this was the shortest and most direct, and for that
reason, no doubt, the cheapest, channel by which the commerce between Southern Asia
and Europe could then be conducted. But it is not believed that the Phoenicians pos-
sessed any permanent footing on the Rod Sea after the death of Solomon. The want
of it docs not, however, seem to have sensibly affected their trade ; and Tyre continued,
till the foundation of Alexandria, to be the grand emporium for Eastern products, with
TYRE.
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wliich it is uhundanily supplied hy caravans from Arubia, tJie botfoin of the Porsiui
Gulf, and from Babylun, by way uf Palmyra.
The commerce of the Phoenicians with* the countries borckriiig on the Mediterranean
was still more extensive and valuable. At an early period, they estal)lished settlements
in Cyprus and Rhodes. The former was a very valuable acquisition, from its proxiniitv
the number of its ports, its fertility, and the variety of its vegetable and mineral niol
ductions. Having passed successively into Greece, Italy, and Sardinia, they proceeded
to explore tlie southern shores of France and Spain, and the nortliern shores of Africa.
They afterwards adventured upon the Atlantic ; and were the first people whose flag was
displayed beyond the pillars of Hercules. *
Of the colonies of Tyre, Gades, now Cadiz, was one of the most ancient and important.
It is supposed by M. de St. Croix to have originally been distinguished by the name of
Tartessus or Tarshisli, mentioned in the sacred writings. — {DeTEtat et du Sort dca
Anciennes Colonies, p. 14.) Ileeren, on the other hand, contends, as in the case of
Ophir, that by Tarshish is to be understood the whole southern part of Spain, which was
early occupied and settled by Phoenician colonists. — (See also Jluet, Commerce drs
Antiens, cap. 8.) At all events, however, it is certain that Cadiz early became the
centre of a commerce that extended all along the coasts of Europe as far as Britain, and
perhaps the Baltic. There can be no doubt that liy the Cassiterides, or Tin Islands
visited by the Phoenicians, is to be understood the Scilly Islands and Cornwall. (See
Ti.v.) The navigation of the Phoenicians, probably, also, extended a considerable way
along the western coast of Africa ; of this, however, no details have reached us.
But, of all the colonies founded by Tyre, Carthage has been by far the most celebrated.
It was at first only a simple factory ; but was materially increased by the arrival of a
large body of colonists, forced by dissensions at home to leave their native land, about
883 years before Christ. — {St. Croix, p. 20.) Imbued with the enterprising mer-
cantile spirit of their ancestors, the Carthaginians rose in no very long period to the
highest eminence as a naval and commercial state. The settlements founded by the
Phoenicians in Africa, Spain, Sicily, &c. gradually fell into their hands ; and after the
destruction of Tyre by Alexander, Carthage engrossed a large share of the commerce ot
which it had previously been the centre. The subsequent history of Carthage, and the
misfortunes by which she was overwhelmed, are well known. \\'e shall only, therefore,
observe, that commerce, instead of being, as some shallow theorists have imagined, the
cause of her decline, was the real source of her power and greatness ; the means by
M'hich she was enabled to wage a lengthened, doubtful, and desperate contest with Rome
herself fur the empire of the world.
The commerce and navigation of Tjtc proliabl y attained their maximum from 650 to
550 years before Christ. At that period the Tyrians were the factors and merchants
of the civilised world ; and they enjoyed an undisputed pre-eminence in maritime affairs.
The prophet Ezekiel (chap, xxvii.) has described in magnificent terms the glory of
Tyre ; and has enumerated seviual of the most valuable productions found in her
markets, and the countries whence they were brought. The fir trees of Senir(Her-
mon), the cedars of Lebanon, the oaks of Bashan (the country to the east of Galilee),
the ivory of the Indies, the fine linen of Egypt, and the purple and hyacinth of the isles
of Elishali (Peloponnesus), are specified among the articles used for her ships. The
inhabitants of Sidon, Arvad (Aradus), Gebel (Byblos), served her as mariners and
carpenters. Gold, silver, lead, tin, iron, and vessels of brass ; slaves, horses, mules,
sheep, and goats ; pearls, precious stones, and coral ; wheat, balm, honey, oil, spices, and
gums ; wine, wool, and silk ; are mentioned as jjeing brought into the port of Tyre by
sea, or to its markets by land, from Syria, Arabia, Damascus, Greece, Tarshish, and
other places, the exact site of which it is difi^cult to detcrmine.f
Such, according to the inspired writer, was Tyre, the " Queen of the waters," before
she was besieged by Nebuchadnezzar. But, as has been already remarked, the result
of that siege did not affect her trade, which was as successfully and advantageously carried
on from the new city as from the old. Inasmuch, however, as Carthage soon after began
to rival her as a maritime and mercantile state, this may, perhaps, be consi ic .i as the
era of her greatest celebrity.
It would not be easy to over-rate the beneficial influence of that extensive commerce
from which the Phoenicians derived such immense wealth. It inspired the people with
whom they traded with new wants and desires, at the same time that it gave them the
means ot gTatifying them. It every where gave fresli life to industry, and a new and
powerful stimulus to invention. The rude uncivilised inhabitants of Greece, Spain,
t Kins Calpe and ^^cn» Abyla, the Gibraltar and Ceuta of modern times.
+ There is, in Dr. Vincent's Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean (vr 1. il.
pp. 6M— 158 \ an elaborate and (like the other parts of that work) prolix commentarv on this chap' er of
e&ekiel, in wbicii most of the namesof the things and places mentioned are tatUfactorily explained. ~ (bee
also Uetren on tht Fhceniciant, cap. iv.)
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and Nortliom Africa acquired some knowledge of the arts and sciences practised l>v tho
Phceiiiciuns; and the advantages of which they were found to be productive secured
their gradual thougli slow advancement.
Nor were the Pliocnicians celebrated only for their wealth, and the extent of their
commerce and navigation. Their fame, and tlieir right to l)e classed amongst those
who'have conferred tlie greatest benefits on mankind, rest on a still more unass^iilahie
foundation. Antiquity is unanimous in ascribing to them the invention and practice of
all those arts, sciences, and contrivances that facilitate the prosecution of commercial un>
dertakings. They are held to be the inventors of arithmetic, weights and measures, of
money, of the art of keeping accounts, and, in short, of every thing that belongs to the
business of a counting-house. They were, also, famous for the invention of ship htiil(lin<T
and navigation; for the discovery of glass — (see Glass) ; for their manufactures of
fine linen and tapestry ; for their skill in architecture, and in the art of working metals
and ivory ; and still more for the incomparable splendour and beauty of their purple dye.
— (See the learned and invaluable Work of the President de Goguet, Siir L'Oriyine des
Loix, Sfc. Eng. trans, vol. i. p. 296'., and vol. ii. pp. 95 — 100. ; see also the chapter
of Ileeren on the Manufitcturfs ami Lund Commerce of the P/iaeiiicians.)
But the invention and dissemination of these highly useful arts form but a part of
what the people of Europe owe to the Plia-nicians. It is not possible to say in what
degree the religion of the Greeks was borrowed from theirs; but that it was to a pretty
large extent seems abundantly certain. Hercules, under tlie name of Melcarthus, was
the tutelar deity of Tyre ; and his expeditions along the shcres of the Mediterranean,
and to the straits connecting it with the ocean, seem to be merely a poetical represent-
ation of the ])rogress of the Phoenician navigators, who introduced arts and civilisation,
and established the worship of Hercules, wherever they went. The temple erected in
honour of the god at Gades was long regarded with peculiar veneration.
The Greeks were, however, indebted to the Phoenicians, not merely for the rudiments
of civilisation, but for the great instrument of its future progress — the gift of letters !
No fact in ancient history is better established than that a knowledge of alphabetic
writing was first carried to Greece by Phoenician adventurers : and it may be safely
aflfirmed, that this was the greatest boon any people ever received at the hands of another.
Before quitting this sul>ject, we may briefly advert to the statement of Herodotus
with respect to the circumnavigation of Africa by Phcenician sailors. The venerable
father of history mentions, that a fleet fitted out by Necho king of Egypt, but manned
and commanded by Phoenicians, took its departure from a port on the lied Sea,
at an epoch which is believed to correspond with the year 604 before the Christian era,
and that, keeping always to the right, they doubled the southern jiromontory of Africa;
and returned, after a voyage of 3 years, to Egypt, by the Pillars of Hercules. — (Herod.
lib. iv. § 42.) Herodotus further mentions, that they related that, in sailing round
Africa, they had the sun on their right hand, or to the north, — a circumstance which he
frankly acknowledges seemed incredible to him, but which, as every one is now aware,
must have been the ease if the voyage was actually performed.
Many learned and al'le writers, and particularly Gosselin (Recherches sur la Gio-
graphie Systematique et Positive des Anciens, tome i. pp. 204—217.), have treated this
account as fabulous. But the objections of Gosselin have been successfully answered in
an elaborate note by Larcher (Herodote, tome iii. pp. 458 — 464. ed. 1802. ; and Major
ilennell has sufficiently demonstrated the practicability of the voyage ( Geographij of
Herodotus, p. 682. &c. ). Without entering upon this discussion, we may observe, that
not one of those who question the authenticity of the account given by Herodotus, pre-
sume to doubt that the Phoenicians braved the boisterous seas on the coasts of Spain,
Gaul, and Britain ; and that they had, partially at least, explored the Indian Ocean.
But the ships and seamen that did this much, might, undoubtedly, under favourable cir-
cumstances, double the Cape of Good Hope. The relation of Herodotus has, besides,
such an appearance of good faith ; and the circumstance which he doubts, of the navigators
having the sun on the right, affords so strong a confirmation of its truth ; that there
really seems no reasonable ground for doubting that the Phoenicians preceded, by 2,000
years, Vasco de Gama in his perilous enterprise.
Present State of Si/ria. — The principal modern ports on the coast of Syria are
Alexandretta, Latakia, Tripoli, Beyrout, Seyde, and Acre. The commerce which they
carry on is but inconsiderable. This, however, is not owing to the badness of the ports,
the unsuitableness of the country, or to any natural cause, but wholly to long continued
oppression and misgovernment. There is a passage in the dedication to Sandys' Traveh,
that describes the modern state of Syria, Asia Minor, Egypt, &c. with a force and
eloquence which it is not very likely will soon be surpassed : —
" Those countries, once so glorious and famous for their happy estate, are now, through
vice and ingratitude, become the most deplored spectacles of extreme misery ; the wild
tewU of nwnkinde having broken in upon them and rocted out all civilitie, and the
I
VALONIA — VALPARAISO. 1205
pride of a steme and barbarous tyrant possessing tlie thrones of ancient and just dominion
Who, ayming onely at the height of grcatnesse and sensuaiitie, hath in tract of time reduced
m great and gootily a part of the world, to that lamental)lo distresse and servitude under
whicii (.0 the astonishment of the understanding beholders) it now faints and groneth.
Those rich lands at this present remain waste and overgrowne with bushes, rcceptnclcs of
wild beasts, of theeves and murderers ; large territories dispeopled or thinly inhabited •
goodly cities made desolate ; sumptuous buildings become ruines ; gloriotis temples cither
subverted, or prostituted to impietie ; true religion discountenanced and oppressed ; all
nobilitie cxtinguislied ; no light of learning permitted, nor vcrtue cherished ; violence
and rapine insulting over all, and leaving no securitie save to an abject mind and unlookt
at povertie."
lliose who compare this beautiful passitge with the authentic statements of Volney
incomparably the best of the modern travellers who have visited the countries referred
to — will find that it is as accurate as it is elotjuent.
u.v.
VALONIA, a species of acorn, forming a very considerable article of export from
tJie Morea and the Levant. The more substance there is in the husk, or cup of the
acorn, tlie better. It is of a bright drab colour, which it preserves so long as it is kept
dry : any dampness injures it ; as it then turns black, and loses both its strength and
value. It is principally used by tanners, and is always in demand. Though a very
bulky article, it is uniformly bought and sold by weight. A ship can only take a small
proportion of her registered tonnage of valunia, so that its freight per ton is always high.
The price in the London market, in March, 1834, varied from 12/. to 15/. per ton.
Tlie entries of valonia for home consumption in 1831 and 1832 amounted, at an average, to 14(i,846 cwt.
a year. Of l.:4,307 cwt. of valonia, imported in 1831, I01.',22fi were brought from Turkey and Continental
Greece, exclusive of the Morea; 17,04.') cwt., mostly at second hand, from Italy and the Italian islands;
7,4(il cwt. from the Ionian Islands ; 3,116 from the Morea and the Greek islands; and 3,859 cwt. ttova the
I'hilippinos.
VALPARAISO, the principal sea-port of Chili, in lat. 33° 1' 48" S., Ion. 71° 31' 8"
W. Population uncertain, perhaps 6,000 or 7,000. The water in the bay is deep, and it
affords a secure anchorage, except during northerly gales, to the violence of which it is
exposed ; but as the holding ground is good, and the pull of the anchor against a steep
hill, accidents seldom occur to ships properly found in anchors and cables. There is no
mole or jetty ; but the water close to the shore is so deep, that it is customary for the
smaller class of vessels to carry out an anchor to the northward, and to moor the ship
with the stern ashore by another cable made fast to the shore. I.iarge ships lie a little
further off, and load and unload by means of lighters. The best shelter is in that part
called the Fisherman's Bay, lying between the castle and fort St. Antonio, where, close to
a clear shingle beach, there is 9 fathoms water. In the very worst weather, a landing
may be effected in this part of the bay. — (See Miers's Travels in Chili and La Plata,
vol. i. p. 440., where there is a plan of Valparaiso. ) The harbours of Vtildivia and
Concepcion are much superior to that of Valparaiso ; the former being, indeed, not only
the hest in Chili, but second to few in any part of the world. But Valparaiso, being
near the capital, Santiago, and being tiie central depot for the resources of the province,
is most frequented. The town is inconveniently situated, at the extremity of a moun-
tainous ridge ; most of the houses being built either upon its acclivity or in its breaches.
I>arge quantities of corn and other articles of provision are shipped here for Callao and
Panama, but principally for the former. Exclusive of wheat, the principal articles of
export are tallow and hides, copper, the precious metals, indigo, wool, sarsaparilla, &c.
It appears from the accounts laid beforethe reader in another article — (see ante, p. 943.),
— that the produce of the gold mines of Chili had materially increased during the 20 years
ending with 1 829, as compared with the previous 20 years. At present, the average
produce of both the gold and silver mines may, we believe, be taken at about 175,000/.
a year. There is a great want of capital in the country ; and the anarchy and insecurity
that have prevailed since the commencement of the revolutionary war have been very
unfavourable to all sorts of industry. There can, however, be no doubt that Chili has
already gained considerably, and that she will every day gain more, by her emancipation
from the yoke of Old Spain. The trade we carry on with this distrjit country already
amounts to above 1,000,000/. a year ; and there can be no doubt that it will become far
more extensive. In 1831, the declared or real value of the exports of British produce
and manufactures from this country to Chili amounted to 651,617/. ; of thirj sum, the
exports of cotton goods amounted to about 460,000/., those of woollens to 158,000/.,
4 H 3
i\\n
,. V
p
u
i i
1204
VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.
i!
linen to 19,000{. &c. Chili also imports spices, tea, wine, sugar, coffee, tobacco, &c. A
small part, however, of the imports are re-exported for Pern.
A counti-y with a scanty population, whivli imports so extensively, cannot he in the
wretched condition that Mr. Miers and otiier disappointed travellers would itave us
believe. The candour and good sense of M. de la IVrouse are above all question ; and
every one who compares his remarks on the condition of Chili with what has now b<!en
stated, must sec that its commerce, at least, has gained prodigiously by the revolution.
" The influence of the government is in constant opposition to that of the climati'.
The system of prohibition exists at Chili in its fullest extent. 'J'his kingdom, of which
the productions would, if increased to their maximu.n, supply all Europe ; whose wool
would be sufficient for the manufactures of France and England; and wliose herds, con-
verted into salt provisions, would produce a vast rcvenae ; — this kingdom, alas ! has no
commerce. Four or five small vessels bring, every year, from Lima, tobacco, sugar, and
some articles of European manufacture, which the miserable inhabitants can obtain only
at second or third hand, after they have been charged with heavy customs duties at Ciidiz,
at Lima, and lastly, at their arrival in Chili ; in exchange they give their tallow, hides,
some deals, and their wheat, which, however, is at so low a jirice, that the cultivator has
no inducement to extend his tillage. Thus Chili, with all its gold, and articles of
exchange, can scarcely procure sugars, tobacco, stulFs, linens, cambrics, and hardware,
necessary to the ordinary wants of life." — (Perouse's Fot/a;/e, vol. i. p. 50. Eng. ed.)
Instead, however, of 4 or 5 small ships from Lima, in 18.31, 43 British ships, carrying
8,281 tons, entered Valparaiso only, besides several at the other ports! All sorts of
European goods are carried direct to Chili, and are admitted at reasonable duties. The
advantages resulting from this extensive intercourse with foreigners, and from the settle-
ment of English adventurers in the country, have been already immense, and will every
day become more visible. It was impossible, considering the ignorance of the mass of
the people, that the old system of tyranny and superstition could be pulled to pieces
without a good deal of violence and mischief; but the foundations of a better order of
things have been laid ; nor can there be a doubt that Chili is destined to become an
opulent and a flourishing country.
Monies, Weighlt, and Measures of Chili are the same as those of Spdn ; for which, sec Cadiz. The
Quintal of 4 arrobas, or 100 lbs., = 101 -Mlbs. avoirdupis. The ranega,orprin-ipal corn measure, containi
,W9 English cubic inches, and is therefore = l-.')99 Winch, bushels. Hence 5 fanegas = 1 Winch,
quarter very nearly. The vara, or measure of length, = 33°384 Eng. inches.
VAN DIEMEN'S LAND, a large island belonging to Great Britain, forming part
of Australia, lying between 41° 20' and 43^ 30' S. lat., and 144° 40' and 14H° 20' W.
Ion. It is supposed to contain about l.'>,000,000 acres. — (See the Mercator's Chart
prefixed to this work.)
This land was discovered by the Dutch navigator Tasman, in 1642, and was named
in honour of Anthony Van Diemen, at that time governor-general of the Dutch posses,
sions in the East Indies. Previously to 1798, it was supposed to form pr it of New
Holland, but it was then ascertained to be an island. It was taken possession of by the
British in 180.1 ; and in 1804, Hobart Town, the capital, was founded.
The surface is generally hilly and mountainous ; but, though none of the land be of
the first quality, there are several moderately fertile plains, and a good deal of the hilly
ground is susceptible of lieing cultivated. On the whole, however, it is not supposed
that more than about a third part of the entire surface of the island can be considered
arable ; but about a third more may be advantageously used as sheep pasture. As com-
pared with New Holland, it is well watered. The climate, though very variable, is, gene-
rally speaking, good, and suitable for European constitutions; and it is not exposed to
the tremendous droughts that occasion so much mischief in New South Wales. Wheat
is raised in considerable quantities. Wool, however, is at present the staple produce of
the colon) .
Van Diemen's Land, like New South Wales, was originally intended to serve as a
penal colony, and convicts are still sent to it ; latterly, however, it has received a very
considerable number of free settlers. In 1830, the total population of the islaiid, ex-
clusive of aborigines, amounted to 23,169, of whom about 10,000 were convicts. The
disparity between the sexes is not quite so great here as in New South Wales.
The prosperity of the colony was formerly a good deal retarded by the enormities
committed by a banditti of runaway convict.s, known by the name of bush-rangers ; and
more recently by the hostilities of the naties. Vigorous measures have, however, been
adopted for the suppres.sion of such outrages, by confining the natives within a limited
district ; and it is to be hoped that they may be effectual.
Hobart Town is situated in the southern part of the island, on the west side of the
river Derwent, near its junction with Storm Bay, in lat. 42° 54' S., Ion. 147° 28' E.
The water is deep, and the anchorage good. A jetty has been constructed, accessible
to the largest ships. The situation appears to have been very well chosen ; and the
pi
VAN DIEMENS LAND.
1205
town has been judiciously laid out. In December, 1882, tlie district of Hobart Town
contained 10,101 inhabitants, of which were, /rte, males a,850, fcniaks 2,776 ; convUt*
males 5J,699, females 77«>. The population of the town ilstlf, ut tlie epoch referred
to, waa about 9,600. 'i'he houses are supjiosed to be worth, at an average, 50/.
a year. There are several printing esUiblishments in the town, and no fewer tl'iuii 9
or 10 newspapers, some of them very well conducted. There is also a IJook Society
a Mechanics' InsMtutc, and several respectable schools and academies. The Van Die-
men's Land Hanking Company, the Derwent Hank, and the Commercial Bank, have
each offices in Ilobart Town. They are joint stock companies.
Launccston, the second town in the island, is situated in the northern p.irt, at the head
of the navigable river Tainar, which falls into Port Dalrymple. Its p()))ulation may
amount to alwut 5,000. It has a considerable trade with Sydney and Hubart Town,
and recently it has begun to trade direct to England.
Trade of Kan DUmen's Laud. — Imports. - Malt liquors, ruin, brandy, and wine,
form the principal part of the imports into the colony. Next to them are piece goods,
hardware, tea, sugar, iic.
Account of the Exports from the United Kingdom to Van Dicmen's Land during each of the Five Ycari
ciulioK with ItiJl.
Article.. 1 ,g,;7.
1828. 1 1829.
18.30.
1S31.
IJriilsh and Iri&h produce and mariuHictures, Dettarcd tatite,
A|il''"'el>>lopb, and lidberdathery • ■ . L.
Iteor and ale - - - • - -
Cahinet and upholstery waves ...
(.'otton inanut'(C(ureA - * - - -
(il.i-ss and earthenware > • > .
Iron, steel, and li.ird wares • • ■ -
i.eil' ei' and saddlery ...
I.lnent .... . .
M.eeu .... - .
bilks .....
Suap and candles . > - . *
SliitiiniL-rv - - . . ,
Woolltn goods . . - . .
All other di tides ... . .
Total - - L.
Foreign and colonial produce, ituauhtiti,
Stitt'p ... . - number
Spirits, br.-mdy • - • ■ proof gals.
gt-neva - - - - - —
rum - . . - . —
of the British North American colonics . . —
Tfd . . - ■ • • lln.
WinM - - ■ - piilliuis
18,068
7,(i.-.5
,'i40
11,107
3,.VJ1
8,717
1,959
4,099
.336
94()
.3,070
3,0(i7
6,724
16,1.32
23,.351
«,2S0
168
11,288
6,185
12,928
3,820
2,518
2„190
1,90"^
8<0
3,16'.
A,.387
2(l,.',y2
13,674
6,010
315
4,931
3,519
7.378
1,9S6
1,246
IIIS
1,9,^6
5.'.!i
1,770
4,218
8,liW
26,119
7,253
1,.3.',6
»„T«.-.
4,872
10,8.39
3,5(i9
3,1. ',8
193
2,291
899
1,9'S-.
7,91')
15,1,14
.36,018
2,.'i4(l
41.2
19,018
5,07S
16,oll
2,(;'0
3,."40
80
5,2'' 1
929
2,.547
8,376
17,124
8G,IK)6
1(M),751 j 65,981
91,130 1 1I9,U4 1
306
12,891
3,-57
79,178
7,865
2,4 l(i
53,532
605
35 ,.352
4,IJ0
77,132
3,553
.30,158
7,315
4,231
21,441
SfiO
15,198
115
1,776
1,758
20,201
2,076
16.081
2,273
l,f.71t
58,983
2,036
18,118
Exclusive of the imimrts from the mother couiilry. Van Diemen's I.and imports sugar fiom the
Mauritius, wine and fruit fioin the Cape, tea from China or Singapore, piece goods from India, tobaccu
ttom lirazil, and lieef, bacon, cheese, horses, &c. from New South Wales. According to the stuteinent In
the papers published by the Hoard of Trade (vol. i. p. 251.) the total value uf the im)iorts in IK.'jii, was
2.i5,'-i'8/. ; of which, Ij3,4'i8/. wag supplied by Great lintain, 93,i5U. by British possessions, and 8,5(i<'t. by
I'onign states. f
Exports. — Wool forms by far the principal article of exjiort, and next to it is wheat, principally gent
to Svdiicy, whale oil, whalebone, timber, mimosa Itark, live sttx'k, iK>tati>cs, &c. The increase in the
exiHi'rts of wool is quite extraordinary. It is almost wholly brought to England.
Account of the Imports of Wool from Van Diemen's Land into the United Kingdom from 1827 to 1833.
both inclusive.
Years.
Lbs.
/••ws.
Lbs. 1 Years.
Lbs.
Years.
Lbs.
1^27
1S28
192,075
528,846
1829
1830
925,.320 i 1831
993,979 1 1832
1,359,203
951,131
1833
1.547,201*
In 18S1, the imports of whale oil from Van Diemen's Land amounted to 848 tuns ; and during the same
■ar, S*J,26i cwt. of bark were imported. The total real value of the articles exported in ISdO was esti.
yea
matcHl at l^O.IXiO/., distributed as foUov.s : —
Articles.
Amount.
•*"'<;le». 1 Amount.
Wool ....
Wheat
Oil ■ • • ■
Whalebone
Flour - ...
Live stock ...
Potatoes • - - -
B.irlev ntid oats . . -
L.
48,000
40,000
17,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
4,5IH)
500
Hides • ...
Seal skins
Opossum and kangaroo ditto
Mimosa bark ...
Timlier - - . -
Unenumerated goods
L.
600
40"
400
2,000
1,000
41,600
Total - - /,.
170,000
Coins, Wtighta, and Measures, same as in England. The Spanish dollar circulates at
4s. 4d.
Shipping, gfc. — In 1830, there belonged to the island 26 vessels, of the aggregattf
burden of 2,151 tons.
■ I
; I
1 »
i
I 4
»n
.1
» The imports of wool from New South Wales in 1833, were 1.969,S08 lbs. ; making the total import.
fVom Australia in that year, 3,51(<,8G9 lbs.
4 II 3
1206
VAN DIEMENS LAND.
Arrival* at Hubarl Town in 1833. —There arrived during the year, 51 ihlpi, of the burden c ' 18,214 toni i
S5 brlgi>. ol' 4,3UI toiia; and iAI ichuonera, of 1,!)48 toni : inakiriK in all, lUJ vuueli, of the burden ufi^JicA
torn (if thi'av, wiTt! t'rdm Kngland 41, New South VVaii-a .15, India and China J, 8wan Kiver 3, New
Zealand (), flahery U, M»uritlui 6, Launccatun 10, and Deaulutiun laliuid 1.
Revenue, {v. — The customs (liitius colluctod in flu* colony nmoiint to al>out .W.OOO/.
a year, and the whole ordinary revenue is about 70,(H)0/. ; to wliicli tins to be added, the
revenue derived from the sale of land, and other sources. Government contributes about
120,000/. a year in aid of tlie colonial revenue, to defray the expenses of the convict
establishments, fee.
For the regulations as to the granting of land in Van Dicmen's Land, &c., see
SVDNEV.
Immigrantt.—Otthete there arrived at Van Dlemcn't Li.nd, during 1832, men 926, women 760,
children 41ti ; in all, S,1JI.
Pricei qf Provisions at Mobart Town, December, 1832.
JUcf. per lb.
Mullnn,(lo.
V'ealtdo.
Pork, do.
Turkey
Hrcul, the qti«rtem loaf
«. rf. : d.
- (I 9 to O 10
. (I A)_ O 6
. » H _ O 9
- S — O 9
.90— 10 O
. in U — 14
U 8
The aTcrage pricea during' the year 183S were—
I. d. I. d,
8tRll-re(l beef, per lb. . • • o H to o li
Mutton, do. • • • II 4(— 71
H _ O u
I'orit, do.
Veal, do.
Hay, from 4/. to 9/. Oa. per Ion.
O 9 _ u 10
By companns theie prices with thoie of Sydney {ant>, p. 1104.), the greater cheapness of the principal
necessaries of life at the latter is obvioat; house rent is also higher at Ilohart i'own. But it would
appear that waRcs arc rather higher in Van Dicmen's Land than in New .S«>uth Walt's. Drunl(enne>a is
the ^reat vice of the free, as well as of the convict population ; and it is this, and not the facility of ac.
quiring land, that renders it so ditficult to procure good servants in Australia. Lieutenant Breton sayi,
that the iVee women sent to the colonv bv government have proved no great acquisition, except by in-
creasing the population ; but we hardly think that this can be the case.
Encouragement to Kmigr ants. — iiosernmcnt has recently come to a resolution to advance, by way of
loan, a sum not exceeding 2(1/. each, to a given number of young and married agricultural labourers, in-
tending to emigrate to Australia with their wives and families. The following arc the conditions as to
this advance : —
deirription of the party on whoae account the money ii to be
paid, and enrjosinff a prunuH^iry note, which he will l,e re<
quired to si^n in acknowlett^mfnt of hi>i <leht ; — which nnte
must he witnessed by the captain and chief mare of the veuel.
Hut arrangenienlH will Iw made, hv which the n.ivment ot'thit
order will not take place in the colony, until tlie'captaiii shall
have produced the parties, on whose a'ccount it is to lie made,
lieforv the olticer appointed for that )iurpoie ; and they ihall
have enteretl into afresh oliliKatiun for the repiymcnt of the
advance in.'ule to them. For it is the intention of his Afajesty'a
Kovenimcnt, and cannot lie too clearly undt-rsto<id by all |>er-
Hona who m.iv accefit this loan, that repiyini-nt of the debt (in
such proportions, ami at such intervals, as may not he unsuit-
able to the circumstances of e.»ch emi(;Tant) shall lie strictly
enforced, bv means of the ample powers which the laws of the
colony render available for that pnri>ose.
(iovemmcnt apents for emlKration have been appointed at
I.iverimol, Ilristol, Dublin, t'nrk. Limerick, Hrttast, and
tireeniK-kj who have been instructefl to aHbrd Kraiuitous in-
formation to all iiersons applyinfr to them, as to the best means
of carrying their schemes of emi^atlon into ertect. Parties,
therefore, w ho may reside in the nt iuhbourhood of these agents,
are reiiuested to apply to them either iiersonally (or if by letter,
post paid) for information on this subject.
All applications for the assistance of uovemment must be
matle by letter oidy, addressed to K. W. Hay, Ksq,, 1'nder
Secretary of State, l..ondon ; and should the numlier of appli-
cations lie f^eater than the funds at their di.sposal will enable
them to comply with, priority of date will form the rule of se.
leclion amoni; applicitions in which there shall apiiear no
other ground ofdistincllim.
Downing sueet, (ith April, 1831.
Conditiont under rt'hieh Oovernmetti wilt malcf adi'awet to '
Emigranit to Nfw South M'Mttt and Van Dimten't Lntid, — No
advance will be made except to younR anil marrlnl agricultural
labourers, who intend tak in^ their wives and families w ith them ;
and a strict inquiry will lie institutwl into their character and
habits of inilustry, before the assistance they solicit will be
granted to them.
No 1 family will be allowed an advance exceeding tOL ;
and it will lie useless therefore for p.irties, who mny not possess
she remainder of the sum requisite for defraying the exjiense of
their {Kissage, to apply for assistance.
Every jierson <lesirotis of receiving the proposetl advance
must till up, and send back to the Under Secretary of .Male for
the ('oloni.il Department, the Ketiirn hereto annexeil. (Oopies
of this Ueturn may l>e had from any of the agents for emigra-
tion mentiontnl lielow.) If the infonnation contalne<l in this
Hetum, aiul the answers to the inquiries which may be ad- i
dressetl to the parties who certify (he correctness of ;he return,
ahall be considered Stttisfactory, the applicant will receive no-
tice to that effect. He may then proceed to make his agree-
ment with the owners or masters of ships proceeding to New
Kouth Wales or \'an Diemen's Land ; an i as soon .is any ship
owner or master shall notit\ jin a form which will be provided
fbrthat purpose) that the emigrant has tpken the other neces.
aary stejis for engaging his p<%ssai{e, an order will lie grante<l (or '
the payment, in the colonv, of '.£()/. to the agent or master of the
Tesael m which this emigrant may arrive. The emigrant will
of course be able to obtain a corresiMinding deduction from the
amoimt to be paid by himself in this country. I
The order for payment will be intrusted to the master of the '
vessel in which the emigrant is to proceed, and will consist of
a tealed despatch to the governor, containing the name and i
Cr.sTOM-HousE Rp.GrL.tTioNS, Rates of Pilotage, Harbour Dues, etc.
Ciigtom-hoiite Refintationi<
(Hours for public business from 10 to X daily, excepting on
Saturday, from 10 to 12.)
L. : d.
Entry of a British vesael, not colonial, with mer-
cbanilise - * - - -110
Entry of any foreign vessel • - -300
rerinission to tratle - - ■ -110
Dues on each bond - - • - 10 6
Dues on port clearance and fee - > -076
Transports are free from port charges.
Coloniul IVtnh. — Entry, and clearance to the out-
ports - • - - - 4
Fee on ditto - - - -USD
Entrv and clearance to the fishery or to the out
aeitleinent - • • - -OtOO
Fee on ditto - - • -020
Clearance of an open boat ■ • • -010
Annual licence for a boat - - - - 2 (i
Dulltt. — On brandy, per gallon - . - 10
On Hollands or geneva, per gallon - - 10
On rum, per fcallon, the produce of the West
Indian colonies - - - -076
On British gin, per gallon . . .076
On tobacco, per lb. • • - - 1 <i
The duty on all spirits, either British or foreign. Is in-
creased In proportion to strength. If over proof, according to
Sykes's hydrometer.
On ail merchandise of foreign produce or manufacture, an
»d vtilorem duty of .^i {ler cent, on importation, agreeably to
the .'ict of 4 <ieo. 4. c. VS., with the exception of wine, which
is luhjected to a duty of 15 per cent. Ooods of Briliah manu-
facture are not subjected to any duty .
/.. I. d.
HVinryii^'^.— On landing each cask, bale, or package 9
On landing iron, per ton ■ • -090
On landing salt, per ton - • . - 3
On landing timber, per 1 ,n00 feet - - (I 1 ij
On shipping each cask, bale, or packa(;( ■ - I) (3 ,1
On shipjiing iron, per ton • . - 3
On shipping salt, per ton - - • -010
Colonial produce, when landed or shipped, la not subjected
to any charge, except for a sufferance.
/,. .. rf.
Fees. — A sufferance to land or ship goods - .010
A warrant to remove goods from under bond - 1
On landing each cask or package of spirits or wine fi
On the registry of vessels not exceeding 40 tons - 4
On the registry of vessels above 40 tons, per ton -010
To the chiefclerk, on the registry of vessels . - 10
On Indorsing change of master - - • 10
WnrehouMe Rent and Charlies. — A government order pub-
lished the 7th of February, iHW, fixes the following rents on
spirits and tobacco, in the king's bonded stores, viz. —
1st. All spirituous liquors, Is.Sd. per tun of i^i2 gallons,
for every week, or any period less than a week, during which
the same shall be deposited.
2dly. Tobacco, 6d. per ton for every week, or any period
less than a week, during which the same shall be deposited.
.Uly. The amount of all such warehouse rent, in respect
of any cask or pa-^kage required to be delivered, must be paid
t>efore the same can be so delivered.
4thly. No allowance whatsoever will at any time be made,
In respect of, nor will the government be answerable for, any
losa by fire, leakage, robbery, or casualty of any kind.
Goi'crmnnrf Order, iSth cf February, 1829. — Rcpraentaliont
having been made to the lieutenant govcmor, of the Incon-
t
V
C
ft
81
VANILLA. — VENICE.
I '207
*tiil«ir« urn) dtlaf attinillnn lh» •lowing umI •ntlawlnn of
tfooiU tn the hnnilMl warfhuutt^. ft IC'^^K "' nipti hmt tivvn
appolntMl Id Iw *in|>li>^«1 iinilfr thn Ktnr k'f^Nfr fnr tliU nur-
|i4i«« rxrlimivi-ly, mikI Ihff fulluwliig %*»\v of t'tiiiri{<^ will h*
uulrtnl in lir jiatit : —
lOJU
fur Sfiirilt. — TtT lill)«> | |>>|Wi "C litlnrlieni), pAill, nl^ir.
intf !lt/., unttnwhtu l4. III/.
T'rr I |i IN.', liiiK>liv«<l, or liarrv', itowInK M., unttow-
Inu V<.
IVr i-A*» i-nntalnlnK .1 or more UorcTi iHiltIm, hIowIiik 3tl.f
UllktDMllltf i'l.
I'rr la'i- tunulninK a )•«• (|iianlll> lliun .1 Unieii, tiawliiK Vif.,
unHinwtHit .'V/.
tor i;£,i
At Purl nttrymflt.
Frocntlinn ahuirr Wlilrlimil lUach.
7 fcPI and undrr
Abnvi? 7 ft*!, |Hr Unti
t t. ■/.
« A (1
(I N li
nrmAinliiB
ui... m,irt-
|>iail llauih.
/.. i. d.
I IM 4
U 4 4
IliK 'M.
In r
itiHUTo. — In lari^ Mron*, rai-h* utoMinK CJ., unitow*
it%f*, Pii<-h, KtnwinK ■^•'•> iiiuliiwinR 4if.
In kt'M-'i I'iK'h, Hlowltig i</., uii^'iitt iiiK ."V/.
In b.i^ki'tHi ruIN, or iii).Ul MjrnnHi ktowInK Id., untfow-
Intf l.f.
In ri»n*eflin*nre of Ihii n-r.^ntfi-in-nt. It in lf» In* umliTxtoiKl
th-it n't InlM'urvrt are In l4* adiiiiiKd into, or imh)) o\p<l iii, the
bondiil wHTiihiMiiif, cxd'pt Ihi' ^tori kcfiH.'r'4 M'"'^'
ImkmIh jnti'ndeil tn In* WArelt«>\i!iL'd uiuli-r T)und niiiit be
lanilfd bfft're 1'^ n'llnck. ]
Hnnrn of JitlfnilAni't' nt the Ciislom hou^e t|u;)y, from H '
ti'i'lnrk till t from Ihv l'<t of St^iituiiilx'r in thi> riOih nl' April, i
and IVoni U till I frnni ihe lit ot Mtiv till ilif M>t nf .^u»ll^t.
If the plln« dmi no! I>\>r.| ihr mv\ nuuidr lb» nildilla
vr<Minil ai llif llmid« ill liror^r I own, or, ihv or.itlur noi ih r-
inlltinH hi> Komtj <>ul^ul(', it hr I r not r<«dv lo i.li,>« the
I'hnniK'l liv kcri'lNK liK Ixul In Itii' fiir « ii» uolll lliu tldii i
Ih- iHMrdpd, b .h^il tbrfi-lt i Ihr pllot.i|Ei> iim.inN.
Kor <'vi-i- Miiobrr of liu-nr* lirlow li, nj i harice U to
to b«
. . - - .larice .,
mail)' ; t>,i \ 4 I'oit anil upwanU, I tool |> to Iw , turmtl
I'olo,,,.,! vi<^HiU An eieinitte«l front ihi- otisnirni < f )nlol«||p,
unli-^> the ni.tktir nhall itiaae Uw alKtial tor a pilot ana accvtii
hi» ^•r«ll.l.^
IlilrUmr Duri ul Ihr Orrwrn/.
t. «. 4.
For monriii;; and unntnnrinR a T»tMl wtthln Ihe
hnrlMinr, iwr re;:i»ier Ion . . •001
Tor i>.t(-h r(5niov;d uf the tliip within Ihe harbour,
(n'r n'Ki^tir ton - - 1
pri>r I • I'i "VIoc
lU to r^ u'clovk.
. „ . <''ibinial vwspli uniler Soion', |>er rPglMer, tolK" eiempied
'I'l'* apimlntcd dji\^ for opt'iiinu the UtinlliiK wari-bnii^e for front llie p>i>infni of tin* furijc'",,.^ tint-., unlti,4 the ftitvlom uf
th" ilvllvi'rjr of KotcNi arc, .MutiiU^H anil ThurMliiv^ in t-v<rs the hdrbuur iiKuitfi be !iiil>i-.II<^.i> rfipiiii-d.
vtvk, at I o'r ocli, «»'t whit'h tiny*, tin* tliiiks inti't ht- juinl 1
'lock. 'I'obacco id iMUid on thekuitiu tiat!., frtiin t At Port Datrumple,
' ' /.. I. i.
For each remoral of a Otip or reswl from nnchornKe
ur intH)iiitf{<t, 10 other anchorugt; or iiiouTitiKt,
nntltr VIHI lotti . . . ■ IS
ViHl ion«,ind undir .IIMI . . . ■ 1 1) O
.'IKI lnn> and undtr 4011 . ■ . • I 10
lOll ttinsanil tinibr MK) - • - • « O
Uf) tons and upwuriU ■ - • • ■ ^ 10 U
Rtiln i\f PIMagt at Ihe Dtrnifnt.
DrauKht of water.
Into.
Oiil.
L. 1. ,1.
/ . .. ,1.
10 ' t and
under
■ .1 11 1 1
. ^ ^ 4
? ' "a
II tiitin
.
li ditto
■ • •
- .1 H .■»
•i 1.1 u
l.ldiiio
. * •
. .T I'l li^
!l IS lit
UditiiJ
* . •
- 4 f, .tj
- 4 III n:
■/ r, 4
I'l ditto
•
.1 17 SJ
I'i cIllIO
. •
- ft 17
4 11
17 ditto
■
• 7 1 4\
A 11 11
IS ditto
•
- 8 I.T Hi
6 14 7i
I'ltliito
• •
- 10 1 1 (,
H fi 1(1
W ditto
- • ■
- 13 3 3
lU 4 <J
Kai'h vetMl entering the harbour «rlU tie charited with
V rt'itinveit.
X'fvM-U tielnnfflnK to the port are nnt to pay harliour duet.
No v>.^^rU tn he lU'emed coioiiial that are' not re||Utercd in
Van Uit;nieii*s Land.
These tlctails have boon principally ticrivcd from An Accniinl qf Van Dinneu's I.anil, iniMiihnl at
Hobart Town In ISJJ; and imrlly from Lieut. Uretun'ti book, and liiirurcnt I'mifaittfutaiy Fupers.
VANILL.V, tlic fruit of tlie Ejnihndi-um Vanilla, a species of vine extensively cul-
tivated in ]Mexico. It has a truilin^r stem, not unlike the coininun ivy, but not so woody,
tvhicli uttaclies itself to luiy tree that fjrows near it. The Indians ]ir()|)agate it by planting
cuttings at the foot of trees se'ccfed fir that purpose. It rises to the height of 18 or '20
feet ; the (lowers are of a greenish yellow colour, mixed with white ; the fruit is about
8 or 10 inches long, of a yellow colour when gathered, but dark brown or black when
imported into Europe i it is wrinkled on the outside, and full of a vast number of seeds
like grains of sand, having, when properly prepared, a peculiar and delicious fragrance.
It is principally used for mixing with and perfuming chocolate ; and is, on tliat account,
largely imported into Spain ; but as chocolate, owing to oppressive duties, is little used
in England, vanilla is not much known in this country.
Vanilla is principally gathered in the intcndancy of Vera Cruz, in Mexico, at Mi-
santla, Colipa, Vacuatla, and other places. It is collected by the Indian.s, who sell it to
the whites (yenle de razon), who prepare it for market. They sjiread it to dry in the
sun for .some hours, then wrap it in woollen cloths to swe.it. Like pepper, it changes
its colour in this operation — becoming almost black. It is finally dried by exposing it
to the sun for a day. There are four varieties of vanilla, all ditt'ering in price and ex-
cellence; viz. the vanilla Jina, the zacate, the rt'zacute, and the vasiira. The best comes
from the forests surrounding the village of Zentila, in the inti;nf1ancy of Oaxaca.
According to Humboldt, the mean exportation of vanilla from Vera Cruz may amount
to from 900 to 1,000 millares, worth at Vera Cruz from 30,000 to 40,000 dollars. —
Vanillu is also imported from Brazil, but it is very inferior. The finest IVIexican vanilla
is extremely high priced. All sorts are subjected in this country to a duty of 5s. per lb.
— (Sec Humboldt, Nouvelle Espagne, 2d edit, tome iii. pp. .'»7. 46. ; PoinaetVs ^otet on
Mexico, p. 194. &c.)
VELLUM, a species of fine parchment. —(See Parcii.uent.)
VENICE, a famous city of Austrian Italy, formerly the capital of the republic of
that name, situated on a cluster of small islands towards the northern extremity of the
Adriatic, in lat. 45^ '25' 53" N., Ion. 12° 20' 31 ' E. Population about 100,000. The
commerce of Venice, once the most extensive of any European city, is now compara-
tively trifling ; and the population is gradually diminishing both in numbers and wealth.
Her imports consist of wlieat, and other sorts of grain, from the adjoining provinces of
Lombaidy and the Black Sea ; olive oil, principally from the Ionian Islands ; cotton
stuffs and hardware from England ; sugar, colTee, and other colonial products from
England, the United States, Brazil, &c. ; dried fish, dye stuffs, &c. The exports prin-
cipally consist of grain, raw and wrought silk, jiaper, woollen manufactures, fruits,
cheese, &c., the products of the adjoining provinces of Italy, and of her own industry ;
but her manufactures, so famous in the middle ages, are now much decayed.
4 II 4
l'«
i
J
■
■^
«p
I'iOS
VENICE.
!
I
! ^
¥■
Puit. — I'Ua Ulaiuli un which Vuiilce U built llv wtthlii a tinu uf long, luw, iinrruw Ulaiiilt, running
N. and H., and encloilnji wh.U li tcriiu-d the lagoon, or ihiilluwi, that •urruuiid the city, aiul iruarato tt
t'ruiii th(' iiiiilii land. 'Hic prliicliml I'litrniicf Iroiii ilic ica to tliu I.-ikoom in at Malamocco, about U Iimuuo
S. lYfiin tilt- city i but tlicro aru oilier, tliouBh lc«» frc()ueiitiil, ciitrniicf, iKith to th« S. and the !>r ul
tliia one. There la a bar outnldo MnluiiuM'co, on which 4heru uru nut nioro than 10 IW't at liiKh wntvr ut
tpriiiK tide* ; but there la a channel iH'twci'u the wcAtrrn point of the bar and the vIIIukc oI' San I'lclro
which haa 10 feet water nt iprinKi, and 11 at neaiNi. Menliant vciieU uaunlly moor oll'ihe ducal palace:
nut i^nietlincithey come Into the urand canal which interia'ta the city, and sometimea they moor in the
wilier channel of the Oludecca. \ esacla coming from the r uth for the moat part make I'irnno or
Itovigno on the coaat of htriu, where they take on board pilots, who curry them to the bar oppoalfe to
Mulamocco. Hut the employment of l»trian pilola is quite optional with the maaler, und la not, a* i«
iiimetlmea rcprc*entcd, a compnlaory regulation. When one la taken, the uaual fee from I'irano or
Kuvlgim to the bar la 'Ju Auatrmn dolfaia, or about 4/. On arriving at the bar, ahipa are cimducteil nrroia
it anJ Into imrt by pllota, whoac iluly It la to meet them outside, or on the bar, and of whuac acrvlcea they
niUHt avail themaelvca. — ( Kor the churgea on account of pdotagt', ace post.)
Money. — Formerly there were varioua mcthoda of accounting here ; but now ncconnta are kept, ai at
Genoa, in lire Itallanc, divideil into centeaimi, or lUOth parla. The lira Is auppoacd to be of the aame
weight, llnenesa, and, conacquently, value aa the franc. i(ut the coina actually in circultitmn, denominated
lire, arc respectively ei|ual in iterllng value to about 5d. and i\d. The latter arc coined by the Austrian
government.
H'eiglits and Mcaauira. —'V\\c commercial weights are here, as at Genoa, of two sorts ; the pe$o tofii/e
and the peso groaso. The French kilogramme, called the ilbbra Italiana, ii also sometimes introduced.
100 lbs. peso groaso = 10.'3'18(i lbs. avoirdupois.
_ 11.7 two lbs. Troy.
— 47°<)!)8 kilogrammes.
— !)S'4K.5 lbs. of Hamburgh.
— <J(i'.'i(i<) lbs. of Amsterdam.
100 Ibi. peso sottile = G(!'4S8 lbs. avoirduiiois.
— 8(17ii8 Ilia. Troy.
— 3012) kilogrammes.
•w (I'ilUti lbs. of Hamburgh.
•» (iO"J8ti lbs. of AmstcrdHm
The moggio, or measure for corn, is dl' 'de<l into 4 staje, Id quarte, or 64 quartaroli. The staja = 3 27
Winch, bushels.
The measure for wine, anfora = 4 bigonzi,or 8 mastelli, or 48 scchii, or 11)2 bozze, or 768 quartuizi. It
contains 137 Kngliah wine gallons.
'i'he botta = :> bigonzi. Gil ia sold bv weight or measure. The botta contains 2 migllajc, or 80 mirl of
S'> lbs. peso groaao. The niiro = 4028 Kngliah wine gallons.
The uraccio. or long measure, (or woollens = Sti-6 Kngliah inches ; the braccio for silks = 24'8 do, The
foot of Venice = 13't)8 English inches. — {NcUcnbrfchci; and Dr. Kelly.)
Historical Notice. — Venice was tlie earliest, and for a lengthened period tlic most
considerable, commercial city of modern Europe. Her origin dates from the invasion of
Italy by Attila in 452. A number of the inhabitants of Aquileia, and the neighbouring
territory, flying from the ravages of the barbarians, found a poor but secure asylum in
the cluster of small islands opposite to the moiitli of the Brenta, near the head of the
Adriatic Gulf. In this situation they were forced to cultivate commerce and its sub-
sidiary arts, as the only means by which they could maintain themselves. At u very
early period they began to trade with Constantinople and the Levant ; and notwith-
standing the competition of the Genoese and I'isans, they continued to engross the
principal trade in Eastern prodiict.s, till the discovery of a route to India by the Cape
of Good Hope turned this traffic into a totally new channel. The crusades contributed
to increase the wealth, and to extend the commerce and the possessions of Venice.
Towards the middle of the 15th century, when the Turkish sultan, Mahomet II.,
entered Constantinople sword iii hand, and placed himself on the throne of Constantino
and Justinian, the power of the Venetians had attained its maximum. At that period,
besides several extensive, populous, and well cultivated provinces in Lombardy, the
republic was mistress of Crete and Cyprus, of the greater part of the Morca, and most
of the isles in the Egean Sea. She had secured a chain of forts and factories that ex>
tended along the coasts of Greece from the IMorca to Dalmatia ; while she monopolised
almost the whole foreign trade of Egypt. The preservation of this monopoly, of the
absolute dominion she had early usurped over the Adriatic, and of the dependence of
her colonies and distant establi.shments, were amongst the principal objects of the Ve-
netian government ; and the measures it adopted in that view were at once skilfully
devised, and prosecuted with inflexible constancy. With the single exception of Rome,
Venice, in the 15th century, was by far the richest and most magnificent of European
cities ; and her singular situation in the midst of the sea, on which she seems to float,
contributed to impress tliose who visited her with still higher notions of her wealth and
grandeur, lannazarius is not the only one who has preferred Venice to the ancient
capital of the world ; but none have so beautifully expressed their preference.
Viderat Adriacis Venetam Neptunus in undis,
Stare urbem, et toto ponere jura mari.
Nunc mihi Tarpcias quantumvis, Jupiter, arces
Objice, et ilia tua mcenia Martis, ait :
Si Tiberim pelago praef<>rs, urbem aspicc utramque,
Illam homines dicas, hinc posuisse Deos.
Though justly regarded as one of the principal bulwarks of Christendom against .the
Turks, Venice had to contend, in the early part of the I6th century, against a com-
bination of the European powers. The famous league of Cambray, of which Pope
Julius II. was the real author, was formed for the avowed purpc;' orofTecting the entire
subjugation of the Venetians, and the partition of their tcrrit >i(» The emperor and
VKNICK.
I '209
As.
us
llU
{mntu
the kiiign of Iruiu-e und Spuiii joimnl Uii« powerful confudvrocy. Hu«, owimr Ichi, to
the valour o» the VeiietianH, tliuii to diswiuions amongst tlivir fntnikv the Kuuue «■*
•pwdily (iJsMilved without iiiuterially , eukeiiinK the power of the rtpublie. From (l„it
period tlie poluy of Viniie was coinparalive'y jmifie und cautious. Hut uot»itii
itunding her ertorts to koip on pxnl terms with the lurks, the lattir iiiva.li.l Cynr "
in 1570; and conquered it afler a gaUant resistance, continued for 11 yearn. 'I'l
Venetians had the i)rincipal share in tlie decisive victory (rnineii over tlie I'urkH ui I.epnn..,
in 1571 : l»ut owing to the discordant views of the confederates, it was not properly
followed up, and could not prevent the fall of Cyprus.
The war with the Turks in t'andia commenced in 16-15, and continued till IfiTO.
The Venetians exerted all their energies in defence of this valuahle island ; and its
acquisition cost the Turks ahove 'J(K),U(K) men. The loss of Candin, and the rapid
decline of the connnerce of the repuhlic, now almost wholly turned into other channels,
reduced Venice, at the close of the 1 7th <-entury, to a state of great exhaustion. She may
be said, indeed, to have owed the last l(X) years of her existence more to the forhearance
and jealousies of others than to any strength of her own. Nothing, however, cotild
avert that fate she had seen overwhelm so many once powerful states. In 1797, the
» maiden city" submitted to the yoke of the contpieror: and the last surviving •vitness
of anti(iuity — the link that united the ancient to the modern world — stripped of inde-
pendence, of commerce, and of wealth, is now slowly sinking into the waves whence
she arose.
The foundation of Venice is (Usiribcil l)y Oil.lioii, c. 3,'.. ; and in his (Xth cliapter he haiti-lixiiiriitlv «lc.
Kicted her |>ro»pcrity in the year l'.(/0. Mr. II,.iliiin, in liiit work on the Midil/f ./i>,v» ,\i>\. i. iii.. 47()_4s7.>,
as given a hriel account ol the chanKCs of tin Vinctian KovtrtiniiMir. Her hihtory otiiipieH a roii»Klirul)lt;
span ill the voluminous work of M. Sisniondi (,i. he JlaliaH H,/iul'liis ; l)iit hia di taiU an to hir trade
and commercial policy are siiiKuJarly nuaKre ami iniintirii,linK. All i.revioin hintonex of Vii.ire have,
however, been thrown uito the sliaile by the admirable work of M. Darn lliat,i,rc </«• la Itei.ulKique da
/VwMC, 'id I'd. 8 vols. 8vo. I'aris, IS'Jl.) Havinjt had ac-cc«» to Kunuine konrces of inftirinalidu, inH(Ti'ii>iblu
to all hi* pretlecessors, M. Uaru'« work is an suinrior to llicirn in accuriuy, an it is in most otlier uualitie*
required in a history.
Trade, Naoigution, and Mamifmtures of the Vemtiuns in tfw \5tfi Ceutiiri/. — The
Venetian ships of the largest class were denominated galeasse.s, and were fitted up for
the double purpose of war and commerce. Some of them carried 50 pieces of cannon,
and crews of 600 men. These vessels were sometimes, also, called argosers or argosies.
They had early an intercourse with England ; and argosies used to be common in our
ports. In 1;J'J5, Edward 11. entered into a commercial treaty with Venice, in which
full liberty is given to them, for 10 years, to sell their merchandise in England, and to
return home in safety, without being made answerable, as was the practice in those
days, for the crimes or debts of other strangers. — {Anderson's Chrun. Ikductiun, Anno
1325.) Sir William Monson mentions, that the last argosie that sailed from Venice
for England was lost, with a rich cargo and many passengers, on tlie coast of the Isle
of Wight, in 1587.
In the beginning of the 15th century, the aimual value of the gowls exported from
Venice by sea, exclusive of those exported to the states adjoining her provinces in Lom-
bardy, was estimated, by contemporary writers, at 10,000,000 ducats; the profits of the
out and home voyage, including freight, being estimated at 4,0C0,0C0 ducats. At
the period in question, the Venetian shipping consisted of ;3,C00 vessels of from 100
to 200 tons burden, currying 1 7,000 sailors ; :300 ships with 8,000 sailors; and 45
galleys of various size, kept afloat by the republic for the protection of her trade, &c.,
having 11,000 men on board. In the dock-yard, 16,000 labourers were usually employed.*
The trade to Syria and Egypt seems to have been conducted principally by ready money ;
for 500,000 ducats are said to have been annually exported to these countries ; 100,000
were sent to England. — (Daru, tome ii. p. 189. &c.) The vessels of Venice visited
every port of the Mediterranean, und every coast of Europe ; and her maritime com-
merce was, probably, not much inferior to that of all the rest of Christendom. So
late as 1518, 5 Venetian galeasses arrived at Antwerp, laden with spices, drugs, silks,
&c. for the fair at that city.
The Venetians did not, however, confine themselves to the supply of Europe with the
commodities of the East, and to the extension and improvement of navigation. They
attempted new arts, and prosecuted them with vigour and success, at a period when
they were entirely unknown in other European countries. The glass manufacture
of Venice was the first, and for a long time the most celebrated, of any in Europe ; and
her manufactures of silk, cloth of gold, leather, refined sugar, &c. were deservedly
esteemed. The jealousy of the government, and their intolerance of any thing like free
discussion, was unfavourable to tlie producl'on of great literary works. Every scholar
is, however, aware of the fame .which Venice cnrly acquired by the perfection to which
• Thia U the statement of the native tuthoiitiis ; but there can be no doubt that it ii much ex-
•egcrated ; — l,(iQO would be a move reasonable number.
I ,
,. I
fl
i'
»,
;.|
'II
1210
VENICE.
•he carried the art of printing. The classics that issued from the Aldine presses are
Btill universally and justly admired for their beauty and correctness. The Bank of
Venice was established in the 1 2th century. It continued throughout a bank of deposit
merely, and was skilfully conducted.
But the policy of government, though favournhlc to the introduction and establish-
ment of manufactures, was fatal to their progressive advancement. The importation of
foreir > manufactured commodities into the territories of the republic for domestic con-
sumption was forbidden under the severest penalties. The processes to be followed
in the manufacture of most articles were regulated by law. — " Dia VanniSe 1172, un
tribunal avoit cte crce pour la police des arts et metiers, la qualite et la quantitc dei matieres
furent soigneusement diterminees." — (Daru, tome iii. p. 153.) Having, in this way, little
to fear from foreign competition, and being tied down to a system of routine, there
was nothing left to stimulate invention and discovery ; and during the last century the
manufactures of Venice were chiefly remarkable as evincing the extraordinary perfection
to which they had early arrived, and the absence of all recent improvements. An unex-
ceptionable judge, M. BerthoUet, employed by the French government to report on the
state of the arts of Venice, observed, " Que Vindustrie des Vcnitiens, comme celie des
Chinois, avoit dte pr^coce, mais 4toit reste'e stationnaire." — (Daru, tome iii. p. 161.)
M. Darii has given the following extract from an article in the statutes of the State
Inquisition, which strikingly displays the real character of the Venetian government,
and their jealousy of foreigners : — " If any workman or artisan carry his art to a foreign
country, to the prejudice of the republic, he shall be ordered to return ; if he do not
obey, his nearest relations shall be imprisoned, that his regard for them may induce him
to come back. If he return, the past shall be forgiven, and emplojment shall be pro-
vided for him at Venice. If, in despite of the imprisonment of his relations, he perse-
vere in his absence, an emissari/ shall be employed to despitch him ; and after his death
his relations sliail be set at liberty ! " — (Tom. iii. p. 150.)
The 19th book of M. Daru's history contains a comprehensive and wcll-digcstnd account of the com-
merce, manufactures, and navif^ation of Venice. Bui it was not possil>le, in a work on the general history
of the rejmblic, to enter so fully into the details as to these subjects as their importance would h.n-e jus.
titled. The Staria Cim'le c Politicndel Commcrcio tie' Veneiiiiui, di Carlo Antonio Marin, in 8 vols. 8vo,
pul)Iished at Venice at different periods, from 179S to 1H(;8, is unworthy of the title. It contains, indeed,
a great many curious statements ; but it is exceedingly prolix; and while the mo^t unimportant and
trivial subjects are frequently discussed at extreme lingth, many of great interest are either entirely
omitted, or are treated in a very brief and unsatisfactory manner. The commercial history of Venice
remains to be written ; and were it executed by a person of competent attainments, it would be a most
valuable acquisition.
Present Trade (\f Venice. — From the period when Venice came into the possession of Austria, down
to 18;J(), it seems to have been the policy of the governuient to encourage 'I'rieste in preference to Venice ;
and the circumstance of the former being a free port, gave her a very decided advantage over the latter.
Latterly, however, a more equitable policy has prevailed. In 18J<), Venice was made a free port ; and has
since fully participated in every privilege conferred on Trieste. Rut, notwithstanding this circumstance
the latter still continues to preserve the ascendancy ; and the revival of trade that has taken place at
Venice has not been so great as might have been anticipnted. The truth is, that except in so far as she
is the entrepdt of the ad'oining provinces of Lombardy, Venice has no considerable natural advantage as
a trading city; and her extraordinary prosperity during the middle ages is more to be ascribe<l to the
comparative security enjoyed by the iidialtitants, and to their success in engrossing the principal share of
the commerce of the Levant, than to iiny other circumstance. Still, however, the trade is far from
inconsiderable. But, unfortunately, there are no means by which to ascertain its precise amount. The
statements subj^iined are to be regarded merely as rough approximations; they have, however, been ob-
tained from the best sources, and come as near the mark as it is perhaps possible to attain. By far the
largest part of the exports Irom Venice are made through Trieste by coasting vessels, that are every day
passing between the two cities. The smuggling of prohibited and overtaxwl articles into Austrian
Lombardy is also practiseil to a great extent. !t is believed that fully 2-jds of the coflee made use
of in Lombardy is clandestinely introduced ; and sugar, liritish cottons, ,\!id hardware, with a variety of
other articles, are supplied through illegitimate channels. The facilities for smuggling, owing to tlio
nature of the frontier, and the ease with which the otticers arc corrupted, are such, that the articles pass.
ing through the hands of the fair trader aDiirds no test of the real extent of the business done. It Is to
be hoped that the Austrian government will take an enlightened view of this important matter. It can-
not but be anxious for the supiiiession of smuggling; and it may be assured that this is not praclicuble
otherwise than by a reduction of the duties, 'llie regulations as to the payment of the duties on guoiJs
destined for the interior, the clearing of ships, &c., are the same at Venice ad Trieste ; which see.
Shipping. — There belonged to Venice in 1832—
Vessels.
No. 1 Tannage.
Men.
1,114
GIG
In foreim trnile ....
coasting do. • - ...
11)1
107
«I,S41
8, am
■^1 1 1 Jii.iilE*
1,7C0
Fishing boats are not of a size to be rated as vessels of tonnage ; but Mr. Money thinks that not loss
than 16,(KK) of the population subsist by fishing near the port and over the lagoon. The tonnage of
Venice has not recently been either on the increase or the decline. Its inconsiderable amount, compared
with what it once was, is a striking proof of the decline of this famous emporium.
mt
VENICE.
Arrivalt of Ship* In the Fort of Venice during the Ye«r» 1889, 1830, and 18.11
1211
Under what Flaf.
1829.
»»30. 1 1831. 1
Number
of Ve»-1«.
Tonnage.
Number
of Vrtsels.
Tunnatie.
Number
of VvMeli.
Tonnaiie.
Brltlth
Hanoverian
Ionian . - -
Aiulrian - • • •
French . . - -
Dutch
Hweilijh
Daniih • . • -
Neapolitan
Papal ....
Sardinian . - -
Oreck - - - •
Tuscan . . . -
Riiuian
Turlilsh
lU
103
" 4.5 '
1/.37
108
44
23,273
9!)
318
978
12,.'.6'i'
Ii2
3'i6
122
26
• 2
1.'.7
4
4
8
3
30
5
S
4
1
4
3,520
320
29,401
369
1,009
1,IM9
.367
7,6.10
409
625
920
51
615
1
170
1
2
7
S
S8
4
8
7
S
1
3,098
80
35,829
87
458
1,I«S
440
6,609
5.S9
488
434
461
200
A steam-packet has been established between Venice and Trieste ; but it ii of indifferent construction,
and has not succeeded su well as might have been expected.
Shipping Charge! in the Port of Venice on Ships of different Nations, of the Burden of 300 Tbns.
Description of CharRC.
If .Austrian, or of a
Nation haring a Tieaty
of Keciprocity with
Austria.
If of a Nation not
bating a Treaty of
Heciiirocitv wtth
Austria.
PiMage.
From the bar to the place of Rnallj' moorinff
Out of the port of departure ....
Tonnage Dutif,
One Auitrian llvre (S<l. rteriing) per ton
(Originally levied on all ships not Austrian.)
Clearing Chargti.
If to a port out of the (iulf of Venice (but if to a port In the Oulf,
U. 3iii. less in all cases) - - ...
Qmrantine Charga.
If performing 7 days, beinK the usual time for vessels from England -
Total of ordinary charges ...
If in long quarantine, all ships pay extra
If departing in ballast, or with less than i a cargo, all ships, not
Austrian, or not under tieaty to be charged as such, jiay extra
tonnage duty, 45 cents (about 3ii/. sterling) per ton, Uing, on a
EOO ton ship - - • • - •
Tolnl of extreme charges ....
AxtAirinn
Livrei.
1,1 57
61 57
Free.
2 30
39 27
L. f. d.
2 I 0)
2 1 0|
• ■
I 61
1 6 2
A.atri'in
t.ivrrg.
61 57
61 57
300
16 78
53 .38
L. $. d.
2 1 04
2 1 Oj
10
Oil 2^
I 15 7
Ifll 71
25 74
5 9 91
17 2
493 20
25 74
16 8 Kl^
17 2
Free.
135
4 10
190 45 1 6 6 Hi 1 6,53 94 1 21 16 0^ |
I.MroRTH. — A Statement of the Quantity and Value in British Sterling Money, Weights, &c. of the
riifl'orciit Article:) t'lirniiihod by each of the subjoined Places, and imported into Venice, during the
Years 1829, 1830, and 1831.
Placet.
England
Articles.
English
WVlght
orMias.
Ionian I>lands
Norway
France(.MarseUles)
Portugal (Lisbon) |
Amer.dlahia&Rlo)'
Alexandria ■
Ancona
Naples -
Sicily
Puglia
Odessa
Trieste -
CofTee -
Outton wool •
l>>e woods
Fisli,hernngs,
pilchards •
Indigo .,
I mil -
iManuf. cotton
Sugar -
TiiiniHl plates
Olive oil
Pitch and tar
Stmklish
foHi'e -
'innanion
Pepiier
Collee -
Sugar - •
I).
1829.
1830.
Qiian.
lity.
("ollVe -
(!ottun wool
I.lnseed, &c.
Indian corn
Do.
Linseed -
Olive oil
Wheat - -
Colf'ee - -
Cotton wool •
Gr.iin, wheat
tnaixc
linseed, &ۥ
Indigo .
Iron -
Manufact. silk
wool
cotton
Storkflsh
Sugar . -
9,500
4,219
6,322
2,151
Value In ' English
Sterhng. Weight or Quantity.
" , Measure.
13,684
value
quarters
tons
121,202
4,20(1
35,733
f barrels
Ib7
tons
sup. value
tons
value
tons
tons
cwt.
10,000
2,109
1,500
'7,500
'65,489
385
3H0
11,200
3,'^(i7
18,100
49
713
5,524
173
889
Value in
Sterling.
English
VVeight
orMejs.
L.
751
1,132
quarters
tons
quarters
cwt.
quarters
lbs.
tons
sup- value
930
l,lll>
10,6.35
55
1,0111
4,(iC0
4,988
20,3/0
'2,762
H,7S6
21,(IS8
1(1,256
l(l,9.'.9
9(i9
1,113
21,7(10
1,S2I
55
1,831
13,1.31
9,S01
2,776
220
5n,(M)0
17,4(13
1,100
207,083
2,607
1,734
1831.
Quan-
tity.
value
barrels
lbs.
tons
.up. val.
tons
value
tons
tons
cwt.
lbs.
1,813
1,404
12,188
107
' 010
* ,100
.3,741
15,277
79,841
9,315
41,010
,W,563
12,8IMI
652
5,9(iO
7,170
9,1'.'0
80,(100
23,(MK)
90,(«K)
ft 38
46,272
quarters
tons
quarters
cwt.
quarters
lbs.
value
sup. vat
,511
512
'2,r6'7
fi,5f,2
7,610
l,(i27
1,205
5,928
172
286
3,1(10
196
1,1 W
11,9.50
34,161
65
1,240
6,968
9,8119
3,591)
2,961
6,S13
31,586
10,228
2,064
1,6113
14,500
4.33
2,102
Value in
Sterling.
z.
996
1,526
642
3,7.36
16,686
1,212
8,1.35
50,000
30,483
854
238,080
2,583
658
108
293
2,184
15,117
43,218
127
3,695
5,226
6,682
6,820
70,510
1 1 ,976
53,981
17,900
1,548
3,078
4,219
100
75,000
18,000
80,000
6,.W0
«3,181
1
Ji
f 5'
I'l
4
If
,1
■!f.
• With the above exceptions, Trieste may be said to have wholly supplied Venice in the year 1829.
1212
VENICE.
EzpoHTH. — An approximate Statement of the Quantltle* and Value lu BritUh Weight*. Money, &c of
the principal Article* exported from the Venetian Province!, during the Yeari 18St9, 183U, and 1831.
Articles.
1S^9.
1830.
1831.
EnKlish
WeiKht.
Quantity.
V'.ilue
Poundii
.Sterling.
GnglUh
Weight.
Quantity.
Valu.
Touiidii
Strrling.
Engliih
Weight,
Quantit}.
Value
I'uunda
Sterling.
Dnoki
value
.
7,272
Talue
.
3,667
value
.
5,3i2
Hrli'k And xron«
twt.
10,44»
.■57S
cwt.
87,763
4,)t62
cwt.
135,418
7,'i02
Cittle (tor V'enics) -
Talue
10,fi32
value
-
7,142
value
-
11,482
rremi of t mar
CWU
576
l,70C
cwt.
9:
27S
cwt.
4
15
Cutton nianiifactiirM -
135
5, (!.'>!)
—
17b
6;)Hi
^—
477
17.7(i')
Oraiit: wht at
—
1 20,354
.'.S,4H«
^
55, OSS
25,4,14
^
52,414
24 ^>0
nidi^t!
„
1»,!«)7
(.,4.W
..
3(1,210
lr.,310
^
3.1,587
lo,12H
rice
_
31,I,'.H
3(),ii'J5
—
24,.)6I
22,liSl
^
25,274
2,1„139
fcO'US
:i«7
mi
..
.1S6
429
_
361
40^
Hcmpi va*
7!)?
l.lOi
70h
1,104
_
1,8.W
2,.'.7fi
ri-ne*, i^e. -
—
2,(>'^li
4, so
..
412
759
^
V5H
'I7li
cL.ih, .^i-.
—
;)3ii
4,9.13
«.
1,713
13,l«60
.^
8,0:0
19,.127
Iron hun and iit.ites - •
_
i,s.-.u
l,Sli3
2,960
2,H27
_
1,947
1,979
Iwau'ii (stcM 1)
__
9iP4
2,007
__
1,845
2,861
^
1,118
3,0.11
nianuf;u*ltirt;!i ■
—
i,r,9.r,
S.HM
—
2,179
6,177
..
20.S
.I'jO
Oil of low qu.iUiy
.101
'i.T.n
—
79
696
..
87
79!)
hiik, r.iw
l>4
H.'-m
«
I'^S
8,417
^
2.11
I4,9')l
li^'wing
„
U47
!ll,0--5
^
940
85,4112
_
40 1
40 0:7
spun
2S3
2t),'JS7
^
131
1>,7H5
..
314
2.'',078
niaiiufacturet
.
-
.
...
41
6,828
^
UO
1.'>,0I7 1
S-iUfcU lUli
cwl.
7,435
.'i^-nx;
_
1,31S
!)U8
2,171
l,t.04
'limlwr, i!to. - - -
value
•
4«,2.13
value
11,432
value
9,129
Wan, iiMnufarturwl - •
cwt.
9.',S
7,7(il
cwt.
190
1,443
Woollen, manufactured
1,M\
54,S(;3
7(i3
iV.'.IU.l
cwt.
1,004
29,799
\'en!ce tieacle
__
121
1,K12
^
37
5Sfi
I'nper
—
19.2'il
71. mi;
—
24,.'.SS
90,826
rwt.
21.9.'iO
8l.2-i2
4
Banking EstaWsliments The olil iwiik of Venice was fouinlcd so far back as 1 171, being the most
ancient e&tallll^lllnollt of the kind in Kuro|)e. It was a bunk of deposit ; and such wis the estimation in
which it was hAI, that its paper continueil to bear an agio us compared with coin down to 1797, ulioii
the bank fell with the govcrnuicnt by which it had been guaranteed. At present there arc no vorpoiatu
banking estabh.shmcnts in the citv ; and no bank notes ure in circulation. There are, however, several
private banking houses, which buy, sell, and discount bills; and make advances on land and other su^
curitics. Tliey arc under no legal regulations of any sort, except furinally declaring the amount 01 thejr
capital to the authorities v.hen they commence liusiiicss. The legal and usual rale of interest and dii.
count is H per cent. It is not the practice to allow interest on diposits. Uills on London are usually
urawii at 3 months, and on Trieste at 1 month.
Brokers, Commission, Sjc. — The number of brokers is liinitcil, and they are licensed by government ;
but the business of commission merchant and factor is open to every one. Defurc, however, commencing
any trade or profession at Venice, a petition must be presented for leave to (he authorities ; but tliis is
more a matter of form than any thing else ; Its prayer being rarely, if ever, refused.
Tlic usual rate of commission and factorage on the purchase or sale of colonial produce is 2 per cent,
and on manufactured goods 3 per cent., inclusive of broker's commission, 1 per cent. A ship broker's
commission on the freight of a whole cargo is 2 per cent., and on a general cargo 4 per cent liy the
custom of the place, merchants charge 2 per cent, on the inward, and 2 |>er cent, on the outward, freight
of all sliips consigned to them ; and this, though they had dime no more than rcH^ommcnd the master to
a broker ! A bill broker's commission is | per niille. Merchants and bankers charge a commission 011
internal bills of ^ per cent, and on foreign do. of 1 per cent
Insurances are cill-cted by companies and individuals. The government charges no duty on the
policies.
Communications with Lombardy arc elTected by flat-bottomed vessels, which, passing through the
lagoon, enter the canals and rivers, and make their way through most part of the country watered by
the I'o and its tributaries. The ireiglit of goods from Slilan to Venice, distant about 170 miles, is about
\l. per ton. The principal priMlucts they bring down arc grain, silk, hemp, and flax, cneesc, rhubarb, Htc,
TJic country to the north of Venice attbrds large quantities of deals, which are shipped lor Malta, Sicily,
and the Levant
Quarantine is enforced here the same as at Trieste. Ships ctmiing from without the Straits of Gibraltir,
provided there be no infectious disease on board, arc admitted to /jnitiqiit' on perlorming a short quaran-
thie of 7 days in a part of the lagoon, al out a mile from the city. Long (juurantinc is performed a little
farther nif. The l.izaretto, and establishments for passengers, &c. perlbrming quarantine, are among the
best ill Europe. Ships having foul bills, or coming from suspicious places, are sent thither from Trieste.
— (For the quarantine charges, see ante.)
Provisions, Ships' Stores, Sfc. — These articles may all be had at Venice of excellent quality, but not
cheap, with, perhaps, the exception of bread. Water is conveyed to the city by lighters, and is, conse-
quently, pretty dear ; fuel is very scarce, and very high priced. We subjoin an account of the
Average Pricea in Sterling Money, per Imperial Quarter, of the several Sorts of Grain at Venice fortlio
Ten \ears ending with IhJl.
Vears.
Wheat.
Maize.
0:lt9.
ll:e.
Vears.
Wheat.
Maize.
Oats.
Ryt.
L. t. d.
L. 1. d.
/.. 1, </.
(,. ». ,/.
L. 1. d.
/,. .. <;.
L. t. d.
L. : d.
1828
1 8 8
1 2
11 4
1 1
1S27
1 19 10
1 2
14 9
1 3 11
1883
1 6 3
I 8
13 4
1 4
1S28
1 19 3
1 14 I
n 17 6
1 .•> 3
1881
1 2 10
17 10
n 7
17 7
1S29
1 19 .">
1 7 3
17 1
1 8 10
1825
1 5
Ifi 9
11
14 11)
is.-.o
1 13
1 10 6
Hi
1 6 5
1826
I 7 3
15 9
9 9
(1 17 5
1811
1 17 4
1 6 10
16 4
1 12 4
Tarn. — On goods leaving the IVrc port nf Venice for the In-
terior of the A iistrian stiles, the Oustom-houseiillows no tares i
but caws, casW, anil ottier coverings gn into the scnte with their
contents, and the diit> is levied on the gross weight. Wine,
spirits, 8cc. eonsutneil in this city, being liable to an cxrl->e
duty to cover the inuniciiMl exfienses, have an allowance, if in
Iron-lMiund casks, of 18 per cent, on ttie weight ; and if not in
Iron-liiiuiul casks, of 12 |>er cent. The tares allowed hitween
merch,'ints are as follow : —
Cotton wool, I'rrnanibuco and Bahia • - 2 per cent.
KoAt Inili.i, &c, - - - "4 —
Siigiir, Brazil - . .
.1 atnaica, muscovado
Uourboti, brown and yellow, and East India of
all colours - - .
refined, cnuhel • - -
Brimstone - - - -
Italian hemp • . - •
.Madder root - - - •
Hung:irv potash - - - •
On other arliolet, real tares are usually taken.
■ 15 to IS per cent.
14 _
These details with respect to the present trade of Venice have been mostly derived from the well-
illgcsted and vcrj valuable answers returned by the consul-general, Mr. Money, to the Circular Queries.
m
Si
VERA CULZ.
1213
VERA CRUZ, tlie principal sca-port on the western coast of Mexico ; Int. 1 9° 1 1' 50"
N., Ion. 96^^ 8' 45'' W. Pcpulation (supposed) IC.OOO. Opposite ti.e town, at the
distance of about 400 fathoms, is a small island, on which is built tlie strong castle of
St. Juan d'L'lloa, which commands the town. The harbour lies between the town
and the castle, and is exceedingly insecure ; the anchorape being so very bad, that no
vessel is considered safe unless made fast to rings fixed for the purpose in the castle
wall : nor is this always a sufficient protection from the fury of the northerly whids
(los nortes), which sometimes blow with tremendous violence. Humboldt mentions, in
proof of what is now stated, that a ship of the line, moored by 9 cables to the castle
tore, during a tempest, the brass rings fiom the wall, nr.d was dashed to pieces on the
opposite shore. — {Nouvelle Espagne, ciL 2de, tome iv. p. 59.) Its extreme unhealthi-
ness is, however, a more serious drawback upoi Vera Cruz, than the badness of its jiort.
It is said to be the original seat of tlic yollnw fever. 'I'he city is well built, and the
streets clean ; but it is surrounded by sand hills and ponds of stagnant water, which,
within the tropics, are quite enough to generate disease. The inliabitants, and those
accustomed to tlie climate, are not sulyect to this formidable disorder; but all strangers,
even those from liavannah and the West India islands, are liable to the infection. No
precautions can prevent its attack; and many h.we died at Xalapa, on the road to
Mexico, who merely passed through this pesliitntial spot. During the period that the
foreign trado of Mexico was carried on exclusively by the/o/«, which sailed periodically
from Cadiz, Vera Cruz was celebrated for its fiiir, held at the arrival of the ships. It
was then crowded with dealers from IMexico, and most parts of Spanish America; but
the abolition of the system of regidar fleets in 1778 proved fatal to this fair, as well as
to the still more celebrated fair of j'ortobello.
A light-house has been erected on the N.W. angle of the castle of St. Juan. The
light, which is a revolving one of great power and brilliancy, is elevated 79 feet above
the level of the sea.
The distance in a direct line from Mexico to Vera Cruz is about 70 leagues ; but
by the road it is al)out 9:5. Mexico being situated on a plateau elevated aliout
8,000 feet above the level of the sea, and the country being in many places very riifrgcd,
the road originally was so bad as to be hardly practicable, even for mules. During
the last 30 yeai"S, immense sums have been laid out on its improvement; and a con-
siderable part of it has been completed in the best, and, indeed, most splendid mi\nncr ;
but in many places it is still rough and unfmishcd, and does not admit of carriages being
used. INI. Humboldt seems to think, that were this road completed, wheat and flour
brought from the table land of Mexico might l)e shipped at Vera Cruz, and sold in the
West Indies cheaper than the wheat and flour of the United States. But we agree
with Mr. Poinsett in regarding any such expec'nt'on as quite chimerical. Though
the advantage on the side of Mexico iki respect of sujjerior fertility of soil and cheap-
ness of labour were decidedly greater than it really is, it would not balance the enormous
expense of 300 miles of land carriage upon such bulky and heavy articles, more especially
as the wagons would, in most eases, have to return empty. It is plain, however, that
the advantage of getting the produce of the mines, and the peculiar productions of the
country, as cochineal, indigo, sugar, vanilla, tobacco, &c., conveyed with comparative
facility to market, and of receiving back European goods at a proportionally less expense,
will more than indemnify all the outlay that may be required to perfect the road, and
will be of the very greatest importance to the republic ; but it is quite out of the question
to imagine that Vera Cruz is ever destined to become a rival of New Orleans in the
exportation of corn and flour.
For a considerable period after the town of Vera Cruz had thrown ofT the Spanish
yoke, the castle of St. Juan d'Ulloa continued in possession of the Spaniards. During
this interval, the commerce of Vera Cruz was almost entirely transferred to the port of
Alvarado, 12 leagues to the south-east. Alvarado is built upon the left bank of a
river of the same name. The bar at the mouth of the river, about 1^ mile IjcIow the
town, renders it inaccessible for vessels drawing above 10 or 12 feet water. Large ships
are obliged to anchor in the roads, where they are exposed to all the violence of tlic
north winds, loading and tmloading by means of lighters. Alvarado is supposed, but
probably without much foundation, to be a little healthier than Vera Cruz, 'i'he trade
has now mostly reverted to its old channel.
But within these few years, I'ampico has risen to considerable importance as a com-
mercial sca-port. It is situated about GO leagues N. N.W, of Vera Cruz, in lat,
22° 15' 30" N,, Ion. 97° 52' W„ being about 104 leagues from Mexico Hitherto it is
said to have been free from fever. 'I'he shifting of the bar at the mouth of the river,
and the shallowness of the water on it, which is sometimes under 8, and rar^y above
15 feet, arc serious obstacles to the growth of the port. Vessels coming in sight are
boarded by pilots who conduct them, provided they do not draw too nuuh water, over
the bar. Those that cannot enter the. port load and unload by means »>f lighters ;
: i
$
■! 1
I-
, V
1214
VERA CRUZ.
mooring so that they may get readily to sea in the event of a gale coining on from
the north.
Exjwrts and Imports. — The precious metals have always formed the principal article
of export from Mexico. During the 10 years ending with 1801, the average annual
produce of the Mexican mines amounted, according to M. Humboldt, to 23,000,000
dollars — ( Nouvelle Espagne, tome iv. p. 1 37. ) ; and in 1 805, the produce was
27,165,888 dollars. — {Id. tome iv. p. 83.) But during the revolutionary war, the
old Spanish capitalists, to whom most of the mines belonged, being proscribed, emi.
grated with all the property they could scrape together : and this withdrawal of capital
from the mines, added to the injury several of them sustained by the destruction of their
works during the contest, the interruption of all regular pursu'.ts whicli it occasioned,
and the insecurity and anarchy that afterwards prevaile<l, caused an extraordinary falling
off in the produce of the mines. Within these kw years, however, a considerable ■ m-
provement has taken place. Tlie efforts, and the lavish expenditure, of a few of the
companies formed in this country for working the mines, have been so far successful,
that some of them have been got again into good order, and that a large increase of
produce may be fairly anticipated, provided they are permitte«l to prosecute their oper-
ations without molestation. But, as wc have elsewhere stated (see ante, p. 803.),
some of tlie parties who sold or leased the mines, began to put forward claims never
heard of before, the moment they perceived that there was a reasonable prospect of
the companies succeeding ; and in some instances they have not scrupled to enforce
their claims by violence ! It is to be hoped that the Mexican government will exert
itself to repress these outrages. If it have power to put down, and yet wink at or
tolerate such disgraceful proceedings, it will make itself responsible for the conse-
quences ; and will merit chastisement as well as contempt.
The total quantity of gold and silver coined in tlie difTercnt Mexican mints during tlie 4 years endiiis
with 1829, was —
In 1826 - 8,fi08,278 dollars. | In 1828 - 9,982,905 dollars.
1827 - 10,619,217 — I 1829 - 11,787,1*} —
{Pari. Paper, No. 5a&. Sess. 183.3.)
Besides the precious metals, cochineal, sugar, flour, indigo, provisions, leatlur, sarsa-
parilla, vanilla, jalap, soap, logwood, and pimento, are the principal articles exported
from Vera Cruz.
The imports consist principally of linen, cotton, woollen, and silk goods, paper,
brandy, cacao, quicksilver, iron, steel, wine, wax, &c.
According to the statement published by the Mexican government, the value of the imports and
exports at Vera Cruz and Alvarado, in 1824, was as follows : —
Dollars.
Imports from other Mexican ports . . .... 284,0S7
from American ports ...... . 4,;)()0,5fi8
from European and other foreign ports .... . 7,437,.'i7o
ToUl
12,082,030
Exports for other Mexican ports
for American ports
for European and other ports
Total
. 202,042
- 3,02'-^422
- l,'U)8,0S.i3
. 4,592,557
This account is exclusive of the imports by government on account of the loan nego-
tiated in London.
According to Humboldt, the imports at Vera Cruz, before the revolutionary struggles,
might be estimated, at an average, at about 15,000,000 dollars, and the exports at about
22,000,000 ditto.
It must, however, be observed that this statement refers only to the registered articles,
or to those that paid the duties on importation and exportation. But exclusive of these,
the value of the articles clandestinely imported by the ports on the Gulf, previously to
the revolution, was estimated at 4,500,000 dollars a year ; and 2,500,000 dollars were
supposed to be annually smuggled out of the country in plate and bars, and ingots of
gold and silver. A regular contraband trade used to be carried on between Vera Cruz
and Jamaica : and notwithstanding all the efforts of government for their exclusion, and
the excessive severity of its laws against smuggling, the shops of Mexico were always
pretty well supplied with the products of England and Germany. — (Zfum&o/tf^, Nou-
velle Espagne, tome iv. p. 125. ; Pointett's Notes on Mexico, p. 133.)
M. Htmboldt states, that the total population of Mexico, exclusive of Guatemala, may
be estimated at about 7,000,000. Of this number^ about are Indians, the rest being
Europeans, or descendants of Europeans, and mixed races. But notwithstanding this
large amount of population, the trade we carry on with Mexico is very inferior to that
VERA CRUZ.
I'il.-)
^
JB
- 728,858
States of the Rio de la FlaU
• XJy.STO
nil
Chili
. r>5i,dl7
. 848.S50
Peru
• 40»,U03
. 1,238.371
whi«^ we carry on with Brazil. Tlie following is an account of the real or declared
value of all suru of British produce and manufactures exported to the States of Central
and Southern America in 1831 : —
Mexico • «
Guatemala . .
C'oloinbiu
lirazil
The imports of British goods at second hand into Mexico and Colombia, from Ja.
maicii, and tlie other West India islands, are no longer of any considerable inipurtuni-c ;
but considerable quantities are imported from New Orleans.
Mexico being, with the exception of the United States, the richest and most populous of
all the American countries, the smallness of its trade with England may justly excite sur-
prise. It originates principally, we believe, in the want of good ports and large cities on
the coast, and the distance and difficulty of the roads from Vera Cruz and otiier ports to
the healthy and elevated part of the country. 'I'hese circumstances, coupled with the ob-
staeJes which the restrictive policy of the Spaniards threw in the way of the importation
of foreign products, led to the establishment of manufactures in the interior. Previously
to the commencement of tlie revolutionary struggles, some of these manufactures were
in a very advanced state ; and were sufficient to supply the population with most of the
clothes and other articles required fur their consumption. They have since declined
considerably ; but as it is pretty certain that the wealth of the inhabitants has declined
still more, this circumstance has had little effect in increasing importation.
Revenues. — The revenues of Mexico have been, during the years (endtd .'30th of January),
1896 - 13,715,801 dollars. 183() . H,49l!,18!) dollars.
1827 - 13,.h9,iM — 18JI . 18,92S>,Siyy —
IS'JS - 1(),4!H,299 — 18j2 . lti,41J,(J(J0 —
1829 - 12,W3^,.J85 —
Of these sums, about } have been produced by the customs duties. The latter amounted, I'n 1832,
to 8,8U^',9;.'0 dollars, liuring the same year, the duties on imported cottons were 1,1.5(),(XJ() doll.ir.s, and
those on the exportation of the precious metaU L(J9,4T2 dollars. The total receipts of the Cuitum-huuse
of Vera Cruz, in 1832, were 2,9r)2,299 dollars, and those of Tampico 1,428,992 dollars.
Port Charges. — Foreign ships pay in the port of Vera Cruz — doIi. naU.
'i'onnage duty, &c. (per ton) - . -21
Pilotage on entering . . • . 15 4
— on leaving . . . - 19
A Sth part, or 20 per cent., is deducted from the duties on all commodities brought from a foreign port
in Mexican ships. The Mexican Congress is, at this moment, engaged in discussions respecting a moiii-
fication of the tariff
Monies, IVeinhts, and Measures, same as in Spain ; for which, see Cadiz.
Duties, *c. at I'era Crux. — The Mexican government issued, on the Itith of November, 1827, a new
taritr, to wtiich the following regulations were prefixed: —
Segulations as to the Mexican Tariff!
Vessels of all nations in amity with the United States of Mexico will be admitted to entry at the privi-
leged |>ort8 of the republic, upon payment of the duties, and subject to the regulations to be observed at
the maritime Custom-house, according to this taritT.
The anchorage duty is abolished, and all vessels arriving from foreign ports are to pay 2 dol. 1 real per
ton tonnage duty.
Foreign vessels will not be allowed to trade coastwise with the ports of the republic.
All vessels putting into any of the ports of this republic, by stress of weather or for refitment, will be
allowed the requisite time to complete their repairs or provisions, and will oidy have tr pay such chargei
as are customary.
All vessels on their arrival are to present Iheir manifests by triplicate, specifying the marks and numbers
of the packages, with the particulars of their respective contents.
The duties will be levied on all goods according to their specification in the manifest, whether they are
landed or not; and any article that shall be found not specified in the manifest, or any alteration in the
quantity or ((uality, will subject such goods to seizure. *
* The weights and measures designated in the tariff' are those used in Mexico; and any article exceeding
the maximum annexed to the same shall, for every | of such excess in measurement, pay ^ increase ot
the duty affixed to the said article.
All articles not speci.'ied or enumerated in the tariff shall pay a duty of 40 per cent, on the valuation
that may be fixed on the same at the port of entry; and fur every such valuation, 3 brokers shall be
appointed, 1 of whom is to be chosen by the importer, and the other 2 on the part of the Custom-
house.
The averia, and all other duties lately payable in this republic under various denominations (excepting
the State duty), are abolished.
The importer shall be liable for the whole amount of the duties ; ^ of which is to be paid within 90
days from the day the goods are landed, and the other ^ within i)0 days after the expiration of the
latter perio<l. No article will be allowed to be taken out of the Custom-house until the duties shall
have been paid, or security given for the due payment of the same, to the satisfaction of the proper
authorities.
All articles imported prior to this law taking effect are liiide to the international duties as before.
After the duties have been once paid, no deduction or allowance whatever can be made on the same,
excepting in cases where an error may have occurred.
No article will be allowed to be re.ex|K>rted without previous payment of the import duties.
All goods that may arrive damaged shall be examined in presence of the proper authorities, and an
allowance made according to the damage such goods shall have sustained.
AH goods arriving direct from the place of their growth or manufacture, in vessels under the Mexican
flag, are to pay l-5tn less duty than in foreixn vessels.
The tariff may be altered at any time, whenever the Congress shall deem it expedient so to do; but no
alteration which may be prejudicial to commerce in general shall be put in force until 6 months after
iuch alteration shall nave been decided upon.
•1 ^
1'-
h -\
I
RM:
It I
1216
VERDIGRIS. — VERMICELLI.
4i
The kaiii contained In the preceding articles are not intended tu interfere with an)- leparato trt'^ity ot
commerce wliich has or may bo entered into by tiiis nation.
Theac regulation* are to be put in force within GO days from the date hereof.
Articles admitted into Mexico Dutyfree.
Carta upon forei|$n conuructlon.
Woollen frames tor hou>et.
Prinled Iraolis, maps, and music.
Aniseed*, cummins, and caraways.
Hum and molasses.
HuKar. raw or retiiied.
rottVi} and chocolate.
Rice.
I.eatlier.
BoolA and shoes.
S.i'Idlery of every description.
Halted and dried meats of all kinds
\.xiA.
Wax, wrought.
I'hilosopliic.il, mathematical) and opti-
cal instruments.
Slates of all sort!..
Instruments fur affricullure, mines, and
nitilicer."..
CardinK wirt'.
Plants and >eeds
Articles prohibited to he imported into Mexico.
I Tallow. I Flour jind wheat
I Soap, hard or soft. I \'ennici'lli.
Epaulets, gold and silver lace, Kalloons,
Ac.
Tap'is of cotton.
Sh.iwls of sillf or cotton.
Jietls, Iwddinx. ami lied linen, made up,
of every kind and description.
Copper, in sheets or pigs.
lA'ail, in sheet, pigs, or shot,
lliscuit.
Cotton thread, under No. 20.
Stone ware.
Trunks and iH>rtmanteaus.
Woulk'n clotfis, coarse and ordinary.
Parchment.
Wearing apparel of every description.
Common salt.
Hats, common, stuff, and leather.
Tobacco, in leaf or manufactured.
IV. n. — Gold and stiver ore, or in Ingots or dust, arc prohi-
bited under i>enalty of seiiure.
ExjKirt Diillet. — AU article*, the BTowih and priKluce of
this n;pulilic, arc free of duty on exportation, exccptln); gold
in coin, or wrought, wl>ich uavs S per cent, ad vatortm ; silver
in coin, or wrought, which pays 3i |wr cent, ad vulorem.
Notices to Masters qf Vessels and Passengers proceeding to any Mexican Port.
Notice is hereby given to all masters of ves-sels proceeding from London to any port or ports of the
United States of Mexit^o, that the p.issi-iiRors tlicy take out should be provided with passports, 8igne<l by
bis Excellency the minister of tlic rcpubiir, othcrwi.se the vessels will be liable to detention on their
arriv.Tl at ttiose ports, and the passengers on boiird unprovided with such p.issports will not be i>ermitted
to land in the ports of Mexiro. No plea for tlie want of them will be admitted.
Masters of vessels proceeding to and from those States are required to have on board alt neccssarr
p.ipers and vouchers, which, according to tlie orders conveyed through his Kxcellency the Mexican
minister plenipotentiary at the court of his lli>t'innic Majesty, to this consulate, ought to consist utj be.
sides (he regular ship's papers, all tlie invoices ot shippers, with the corresponding bills of lading. Aler.
chandise found on board, which should not appear inserted in the invoices certified by the consul, or that
otherwise is falsely described, cither in quality or quantity, shall be considered and dealt with as contra.
band
A bill of health, certified by the consul, will also be required from vessels on arrival, by the authorities
at the Mexican ports.
■J'hc above regulations are to be in force from the date of this notice, Nov. 28. 1830.
Notice is hereby given, that the Congress of the United States of Mexico decreed, the 12th of October
of I he last ye.ir, that the Mexican envoys and consular agents must henceforward charge for each passport
to Mexico 2 dollars, and for each certification and signature 4 dollars.
£0, Austin-friars, Uth of Jan. IBJl.
The Vice-Consul, J. SCHEIDNAGKL.
11'
VERDIGRIS (Gcr. Griinspan ; Fr. Vert-de-gris, Verdet ; It. Verderame ; Sp.
Citrdenillo, Verdele, Verde-gris ; Ilus. Jar), a kind of rust of copper, of a beautiful bluish
green colour, formeti from the corrosion of copper by fermented vegetables. Its specific
gravity is 1 -78. Its taste is disagreeably metallic ; and, like all the compounds into
wliieh copper enters, it is poisonous. It was known to the ancients, and various ways of
preparing it are described by Pliny. It is very extensively used l)y painters, and in
dyeing ; it is also used to some extent in medicine. The best verdigris is made at
Montpellier ; the wines of Languodoc being particularly well suited for corroding copper,
and forming this substance. It is generally exported in cakes of about 2.5 lbs. weight
each. It is also manufactured in this country, !)y means of the refuse of cider, &c. ;
the high duty of 2s. jier lb. on the foreign article giving the liomc producers a pretty
complete monopoly of the market. The goodness of verdigris is judged of from the
deepness and brightness of its colour, its dryness, and its forming, when rubbed on the
hand with a little water or saliva, smooth paste, free from grittiness. — (^Thomson's
Clicmistry ; Rees's CyeJopcedia.)
VEIIJIJICE (Ger. Agrest ; Fr. Verjus ; It. Agresto ; Sp. .(4</ra2), a kinil of harsh,
austere vinegar, made of the expressed juice of the wild apple, or crab. The French
give this name to unripe grapes, and to the sour liquor obtained from them.
VERMICELLI (Ger. Nuddn ; Du. Meelnsepen, Proppen ; Fr. Vermicelli; It.
Vermicelli, Tagliulini ; Sp. Aletrins), a species of wheaten paste formed into long,
slender, hollow tubes, or threads, used amongst us in soups, broths, &c.
Vermicelli is the same substance as maccaroni ; the only difference between them being
that the latter is made into larger tubes. Both of them are prepared in the greatest
perfection in Naples;, where they form the favourite dish of all classes, and the principal
food of the bulk of the population. The flour of the hard wheat {grano duro) im-
ported from the Black Sea is the best suited for the manufacture of maccaroni. ... Being
mixed with water, it is kneaded by means of heavy wooden blocks wrought by levers,
till it acquires a sufficient degree of tenacity ; it is then forced, by simple pressure,
tlirough a number of holes, so contrived that it is formed into hollow cylinders. The
name given to tlie tubes depends on their diameter ; those of the largest size being
maccaroni, the next to them vermicelli, and the smallest fedelini. At Genoa, and
Sonne other places, the jtaste is coloured by an admixture of saffron ; but at Naples,
where its preparation is liest understood, nothing is used except flour and water ; the
VERMILION. — WALNUTS.
1217
|. c
best being made of the flour of hard wheat, and the inferior sorts of the flour of soft
wheat. When properly prepared and boiled to a nicety, Neapolitan maccaroni assumes
a greenish tinge. It is then taken out of the caldron, drained of the water, and being
saturated with concentrated meat gravy, and sprinkled with finely grated cheese, it
forms a dish of which all classes from the prince to tiie beggar arc passionately fond.
But the maccaroni used by the poor is merely boiled in plain water, and is rarely eaten
with any condiment whatever. The maccaroni usually served up in England, is said,
by those familiar with that of Naples, to be a positive disgrace to the name it bears.
When properly prepared, maccaroni is nutritioas and easy of digestion. The lazzaroni
pique themselves on the dexterity with which they swallow long strings of maccaroni
and vermicelli without breaking them ! ( We have derived these details from an excel-
lent article on maccaroni in the Penny Magazine for the 10th of August, 1833.)
VERMILION. See Cinnabar.
VINEGAR (Ger. Essig ; Du. Azyn ; Fr. Vlnaigre ; It. Aceto ; Sp. and Port.
Vinagre; Rus. Ukzus s Lat. Acetum). — (See Acid (Acetic), for a description of
vinegar.) A duty being imposed on vinegar of 2d. the gallon, its manufacture is
placed under the control of the excise. A licence, costing 51., and renewable annually,
has to be taken out by every maker of vinegar, or acetous acid.
All places for manufacturing or keeping vinegar must be entered, under a penalty of SOI. No vinegar
maker Is to receive any vinegar, or acetous acid, or sugar wash, or any preparation for vinegar, without
giving 12 hours' notice to the excise, under penalty of 1(X)/. Any person sending out or receiving
vinegar shall, unless the duty on It be paid, and it be accompanied by a permit, forfeit aOO/. All vinegar
makers are to make entries at the next Excise^offlcc of the quantity made within each month, and arc
bound to clear off* the duties within a month of such entry, on pain of double duties. — (Sec 58 Geo. 3.,
c. 65., and Bum's Justice of the Peace, Marriott's ed.)
Account of the Quantity of Vinegar charged with Duty in the United Kingdom, in each Year from
1820, with the Kett Revenue accruing thereon.
Yean.
Oallens.
Nett Rerenue.
Yean.
Gallons.
Nett Revenue.
Years.
Gallons.
Nett Revenue. '
iiaUoiu.
L,
Oallont.
t.
CMllam.
L.
1820
2,497,468
40,586
1825
2,340,812
45,518
1S,W
2,097,404
17,862
1821
2,754,004
43,802
1826
3,028,891
25,136
1831
2A''!MI58
19,318
1822
2,604,639
46,638
1827
2,1167,864
24,746
1832
2,911,755
22,988
1823
2,406,563
47,124
1828
2,082,867
24,476
1833
2,860,601
1824
2,360,426
46,3 U
1829
2,558,798
22,541
Rate of duty previously to 1826, 4<f. per gallon ; since then, 2</. The manufacture is almost wholly
confined to England ; the quantity produced in Scotland and Ireland not amounting to 100,000 gallons.
VITRIOL. See Copperas.
VITRIOL, OIL OF. See Acid (Sulphuric).
ULTRAMARINE (Ger. UUramarin; Fr. Sleu cToutremer ; It. Oltramarino ; Sp.
Ultramar ; Rus. Vltramarin), a very fine blue powder made from the blue parts of
lapis lazuli. It has the valuable property of neither fading, nor becoming tarnished, on
exposure to the air, or a moderate heat ; and on this account is highly prized by painters.
Owing to its great price, it is very apt to be aJulterated. It was introduced about the
end of the fifteenth century.
USANCE, a period of one, two, or three months, or of so many days, after the
date of a bill of exchange, according to the custom of different places, before the bill
becomes due. Double or treble usance, is double or treble the usual time ; and ^
usance is ^ the time. When a month is divided, the ^ usance, notwithstanding the
differences in the lengths of the months, is uniformly 15 days. Usances are calcu-
lated exclusively of the date of the bill. Bills of exchange drawn at usance are allowed
the usual days of grace, and on the la.st of the 3 days the bill should be presented for
payment. — (See Exchange.)
USURY. See Interest and Annuities.
il
w.
WALNUTS, the fruit of the Juglans, or walnut-trCe, of tvhich there are several
varieties. The walnut is a large, handsome tree, with strong spreading branches. The
fruit is a pretty large, smooth, ovate nut, containing an oily kernel, divided into four
lobes. The nut has been always held in high estimation ; it was called by the Romans
Jovis glans, the acorn or mast of Jove, and hence the name of the tree. The walnut tree
is indigenous to Persia and the countries bordering on the Caspian Sea. It has long
been introduced into Great Britain ; but the fruit seldom ripens in the more northerly
parts of the island. Previotisly to the very general introduction of mahogany, the wood
of the walnut tree was extensively lised amongst us in making of furniture ; and it con-
tinues to be largely employed for that purpose in many parts of the Continent. It is
4 I
-'"l
1218
WANGHEES — WAREHOUSING SYSTEM.
'!
much used by turners ; and is superior to erery other sort of wood for the mounting
of guns ; a circumstance which caused great devastation anxMig our walnut plantations
during the latter years of the war. Great numbers of walnut trees are annnally con-
sumed in the Haute Vienne and other departments of France, in the manufacture of
the wooden shoes or clogs used by the peasantry. The nuts are either gathered when
ripe, being served up at desserts without any preparation ; or they are plucked green,
and picklMl. — {Point, HUtmre FhilmophiqHe da PUtntet, tome vii. p. 213.; Reet't
Cyclopadia, Sfc")
Account of WalnuU imported, exported, and retained for Home Uie, during 1831 and 1839, with the
Nett Duty thereon, and the Rate of Duty.
Ymr>.
Impofls.
Exporu.
H«talncd for Honi*
Use,
Duty.
Rale of Duty.
mi
1833
Bulk.
83,578
16,913
AuA.
160
661
Ihuk.
24,3*7
15,229
2,458
1,518
Per Bmth.
'it.
i$.
WANGHEESk sometimes called Japan Canes, a species of cane imported from
China. They should be chosen pliable, tough, round, and taper ; the knots at regular
distances from each other ; and the heavier the better. Such as are dark-coloured,
badly glazed, and light, should be rejected. — ( Milbum's Orient. Com. )
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. By this system is meant the provisions made for
lodging imported articles in public warehouses, at a reasonable rent, without payment of
the duties on importation till they be withdrawn for Itome consumption. If re-exported,
no duty is ever paid.
1. Expediency and Origin of the Ifarehonsing System. — It is laid down by Dr. Smith,
in one of his justly celebrated maxims on the subject of taxation, that " Every tax
ought to be levied at the time and in the manner that is most likely to be convenient for
the contributor to pay it." — ( Wealth of Nations, vol. iii. p. 368.) No one can doubt
the soundness of this maxim ; and yet it was very strangely neglected, down to 1 803, in
the management of the customs. Previously to this period, the duties on most goods
imported had either to be paid at the moment of their importation, or a bond, with suffi-
cient security for their future payment, had to be given to the revenue officers. The
hardship and inconvenience of such a system is obvious. It was often very difficult to
find sureties; and the merchant, in order to raise funds to pay the duties, was fre-
quently reduced to the ruinous necessity of selling his goods immediately on their
arrival, when, periiaps, the market was already glutted. Neither was this the only incon-
venience that grew out of this system ; for the duties having to be paid all at once,
and not by degrees as the goods were sold for consumption, their price was raised by
the amount of the profit on the capital advanced in payment of the duties ; competition,
too, was diminished in consequence of the greater command of flinds required to carry
on trade under such disadvantages ; and a few rich individuals were enabled to mono-
polise the importation of those commodities on which heavy duties were payable. The
system had, besides, an obvious tendency to discourage the carrying trade. It prevented
this country from becoming an entrepot for foreign products, by hindering the import-
ation of such as were not immediately wanted for home consumption ; and thus tended
to lessen the resort of foreigners to our markets, inasmuch as it rendered it difficult, or
rather impossible, for them to complete an assorted cargo. And in addition to all these
circumstances, the difficulty of granting a really equivalent drawback to the exporters
of such commodities as had paid duty, opened a door for the commission of every species
of fraud.
But these disadvantages and drawbacks, obvious as they may now appear, did not
attract the public attention till a comparatively late period. Sir Robert Walpole seems
to have been one of the first who had a clear perception of their injurious influence ; and
it was the principal object of the famous Excise Scheme, proposed by him in 1733, to
oblige the importers of tobacco and wine to deposit them in public warehouses ; reliev-
ing them, however, from the necessity of paying the duties chargeable on them till they
were withdrawn for home consumption.
No doubt can now remain in the mind of any one, that the adoption of this scheme
would have been of the greatest advantage to the commerce and industry of the country.
But so powerful was the delusion generated in the public mind with respect to it, that
its proposal well nigh caused a rebellion. Most of the merchants of the day had
availed themselves of the facilities which the existing system afforded of defrauding the
revenue ; and they dexterously endeavoured to thwart the success of a schenA«: which
would have given a serious check to such practices, by making the public believe that it
would be fatal to the commercial prosperity of the country. The efforts of the mer-
chants were powerfully seconded by the spirit of party, which then ran very high. The
political opponents of the ministry, anxious fur an opportimity to prejudice them in the
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM.
1219
public estimation, contended that the scheme was only the first step towards the intro-
duction of such a universal systeni of excise as would inevitably prove alike subversive
of the comfort and liberty of the people. In consequence of these artful misrepresent-
ations, the most violent clamours were everywhere excited against the scheme. On
one occasion Sir Robert Walpole narrowly escaped falling a sacrifice to the ungovernable
fury of the mob, which beset all the avenues to the House of Commons ; and, after
many violent and lengthened debates, the scheme was ultimately abandoned.'
The disadvantages of the old plan, antl the benefits to be derived from the establishment
of a voluntary warehousing system, were mast ably pointed out by Dean Tucker, in his
" Essay on the Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages of Great Britain and France
with respect to Trade," published in 1750. But so powerful was the impression
made by the violent opposition to Sir Robert Walpole's scheme, and such is the force
of prejudice, that it was not till 1 803 that this obvious and signal improvement
the greatest, perhaps, that has been made in our commercial and financial system
could be safely adopted.
2. Regulations as to IViarehoHsing. — The statute of 43 Geo. 3. c. 132. laid the found-
ation of this system ; but it was much improved and extended by subsequent statutes,
the regulations of which have been embodied in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 57., which
took effect on the 1st of September, 1833.
This act empowers the commissioners of the customs, under the authority and direc-
tion of the Lords of the Treasury, to nominate the ports at which goods may be ware-
housed without payment of duty, and the warehouses in which particular descriptions of
goods may be deposited. It also fixes the time during which goods are allowed to re-
main in the warehouse ; and prescribes the regulations as to their removal from port to
port, their sale and stowage in the warehouse, the remission of the duties in case of
loss by accident, the allowances for waste, &c. But as this statute is of much import-
ance, wc subjoin a full abstract of it.
Abstract of the Act 8 & 4 Will, ♦. c. 57. for the Warehousing op Goods.
Commencement qf Act—- Act to commenre the 1st day of September 1833, except where any other
commencement is particularly directed. — ^1.
Treasury to tip/wint wnre/wusing Ports. — It shall be lawful for the commissioners of the treasury to
appoint the ports in the U. K. which shall be warehousing ports for the purposes of this act ; and it shall
be lawful for the commissioners of customs, subject to the directions of tnu commissioners of the treasury,
to appoint in what warehouses or places of special security, or of ordinary security, as the case may
require, in such ports, and in what diflTercnt parts or divisions of such warehouses or places, and in what
manner any goods, and what sorts of goods, may be warehoused and secured without payment of any
duty uix>n the first entry thereof, or for exportation only, in cases wherein the same may be prohibited
to he imported for home use ; and also to direct in what cases (if any) security by bond shall be required
in respect of any warehouse so api>ointcd by them. ^4 2.
Warehotisc of special Security by Appointment. — Whenever any warehouse ^hall have been approved
by the said commissioners, as being a warehouse of special security, it shall be stated in their order of
appointment that it is appointed as a warehouse of special security : provided, that all warehouses con-
nected with wharfs for the landing of the goods to be lodged therein, and enclosed together with such
wharfs within walls, such as are or shall be requireil by any act for the constructing of such warehouses
and wharfs, and being appointed to be legal quays, shall, without any order of the commissioners of the
customs, be warehouses tor the purposes of this act, for all goods landed at such wharfs or quays at any
port appointed by the commissioners of the treasury to be a warehousing port, and all such warehouses
shall be warehouses of special security. — ^3.
Bonds given previous to Act to continue in force. — All appointments of warehouses made under the
authority of any other act in force at the commencement of this act shall continue in force as if the
same had been made under the authority of this act, and all bonds given in resjicct of any goods ware-
housed under any act in force at the commencement of this act shall continue in force for the purposes
of this act. — fj^
Commissioners to provide Warehouses for Tobacco. — The commissioners of customs shall, out of the
monies arising from the duties of customs, provide from time to time warehouses for the warehousing of
tobacco at the ports into which tobacco may be legally imported : provided, that for every hogshead,
chest, or case of tobacco so warehoused the importer or proprietor thereof shall pay, for warehouse rent,
such sum or sums, not exceeding any sum payable under any act in force at the commencement of this
act, and at such pcriotls and in such manner as the commissioners of the treasury shall direct ; and all
such sums shall be paid and appropriated as duties of customs. ^ ^ 5.
Potver to revoke or alter an Appointment. — It shall be lawful for the commissioners of the treasury by
their warrant, and for the commissioners of the customs by their order, td revoke any former warrant
or any former order, or to make any alteration in or addition to any former warrant or any former order
made by them resjiectively. — ^6.
Publication qf Appointment in Gazette. — Every order made by the commissioners ef customs in respect
of warehouses of s|)ecial security, as well those of original appointment as those of revocation, alter-
ation, or addition, shall be published in the London Gazette, for those appointed in Great Britain, and
in the Dublin Gazette for those appointed in Ireland. — ^7. ,. ■, .
Warehouse-keeper may give general Bond. — Before any goods be entered to be warehoused in any
warehouse in respect of which sec\irity by bond is required, the proprietor or occupier of such ware.
house, if he be willing, shall give general security by bond, with 2 sufficient sureties, for the payment
of the full duties of importation on all such goods as shall at any time be warehoused therein, or for the
due exportation thereof; and if such proprietor or occupier be not willing to give such general security,
the different importers of the separate quantities of goods shall, upon each importation, give such secu-
rity in respect of the particular goods imported by them respectively, before sucli goods be entered to be
warehoused. — ^8. , , .. t ..u
Sale of Goods in Warehouse by Proprietor to be valid.— It any goods lodged in any warehouse be the
property of its occupier, and be bond fide sold by him, and upon such sale there shall have been a
written agreement, signed by the parties, or a written contract of sale made, executed, and delivered
by a broker or other person legally authorised on behalf of tlie parties respectively, and the amount of
4 12
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X
I'
/I
h'
1220
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM.
|}
»l!
rjA
^•M
the urice stipulated in the laid agreement or contract shall have been actually paid or iccurcil to be (laiil
by the purchaser, every such sale shall t>c valid, although such goods shall remain In such warehouse ;
provided a transfer of such goods, according to such sale, shall have been entered in a b<Kik to be kept
fur that puri>o3e by the omcer of the customs having the charge of such warehouse, who is hereby
required to keep such book, and to enter such transfers, with the dales thereof, u|)on application of the
owners of the goods, and to produce such book upon demand made. — ) !).
Stowage in iVarefioute to qffbrU e»iy Access. — All goo<ls warehoused shall be stowed in such manner
as that easy access may lie had to every package and parcel of the same; and If the occupier shall omit
so to stow the same, he shall for every such omission forfeit the sum of 51. ; and If any goo<ls be taken
out of the warehouse without due entry of the same with the proper officers of the customs, the occupier
' of the warehouse shall be liable to the payment of the duties due thereon. — ^ 10.
Goods fraudulently concealed or removed, forfeited, Sfc. — If any goods warehoused be Oaudulently
concealed in or removed IVom the warehouse, the same shall be forfeited ; and If any Importer or pro-
prietor of any goods warchousfll, n,' any person in his employ, shall by any contrivance fraudulently
open the warehouse or gain access t» the goods, except in the presence of the proper officer acting in the
execution of his duty, such importer or proprietor snail forfeit and pay for every such offiince the sum
or liOOl. — ^ 11.
Kxamination on Entry and landing. — Within 1 month alter any tobacco shall have been wareho\ii«i><|,
and upon the entry andlanding of any goo<ls to be warehoused, the pro|ier officer of the customs sliall
take a particular account of the name, and shall mark the contents on each package, and shiill mark thu
word " prohibited " on such packages as contain goods urohiliitcd to be imported for home use ; and nil
goods shall be warehoused and kept in the packages in which they have been imported, and no alteration
shall be made in the iMickages or the packing of any gootis in the warehouse, except in the cases herein
provided. — i 12.
Goods to be carried to Warehouse under Authority of Qfflcers of Custotns. — All goo<l8 entered to be
warehoused, or to be re-warehoused, shall be carried to the warehouse under the care or with thcautlio.
rlty or permission of the proper officer of customs, and in such manner, and by such |>ersons, and by
■uch roads or wavs, and within such spaces of time, as the said officer shall authorise, permit, or direct ;
and all such goods not so carried shall be forfeited. — ^ 1.*).
Goods to be cleared in fi Years, and Ship's Stores in 1 Year. — All goods which have been warehoused
shall be duly cleared, either for exportation or for home use, within 3 years, and all surplus stores of
ships within I year from the day of the first entry thereof (unless further .time be given by the commis.
(loners of the treasury) ; and if ^ny such goods be not so cleared, it shall be lawful for the commissioners
of customs to cause them to be sold, and the produce shall be applied to the payment of warehouse rent
and other charges, and the overplus, if any, itaid to the proprietor; and such goods, when sold, shall
be held subject to all the conditions to which they were subject previous to such <'ile, except that a fur.
ther time of 3 months from the date uf the sale shall be allowed to the purchaser <br clearing such goods
from the warehouse ; and if the goods so sold shall not be duly cleared within such 3 months, the same shall
be forfeited : provided, that if the gooils so to be disposed of shall have been im|>orted by the East India
Company, or be of the description called " piece goodg," im|)ortcd from places within the limits of their
charter into the port of London, the same shall, at the requisition of the commissioners of customs, be
duly exiiosed to sale by the said company at their next ensuing sale, and shall be sold for the highest
price then publicly offbred for them. — ^ 14.
In case qf Accident, Duty to be remitted. — 1( any goods entered to be warehoused, or entered to be
delivered from the warehouse, be lost or destroyed by any unavoidable accident, either on shipboard or
in the landing or shipping of the same, or in the receiving into or delivering from the warehouse, the
commissioners of customs shall remit or return the duties payable or paid on the goods so lost or
destroyed. — 4 15.
Entry for Exportation or Home Use. — No goods which have been warehoused shall be taken or de.
livered firom the warehouse except upon due entry, and under care of the proper officers for exportation,
or upon due entry and payment of the full duties payable thereon for home use ; except goods delivered
into the charge of the searchers to be shipped as stores, and which shall and may be so shipped without
entry or payment of any duty for any ship of the burden of 7U tons at least, bound upon a voyage to
foreign parts, the probable duration of which out and home will not be less than 40 days : provided that
such stores shall be duly borne upon the ship's victunlliTig bill, and shall be shipped in such quantities
and subject to such directions and regulations as the co i , j missioners of customs shall direct and appoint,—
4 16.
Rumjor Stores and surplus Stores 7nay be shipped tvithout Entry. — Any rum of the British plantations
may be delivered into the charge of the scanner, to be shipped as stores for any ship without entry or
payment of any duty, and e ny surplus stores of any ship may be delivered into the charge of the searcher,
to be reshipped as stores for the same ship, or for the same master in another ship, without entry or
payment of duty, such rum and such surplus stores being duly borne upon the victualling bills of such
ships respectively ; and if the ship for the future use of wliich any surplus stores have been warehoused
shall have been broken up or sold, such stores may be so 'livered for the use of any other ship belong.
ing to the same owners, or may be entered for payment of duty, and delivered for the private use of such
owners, or any of them, or of the master or purser of such ship ^ 17.
Duties to be paid on original Quantities, except in certain Cases. — Upon the entry of any goods to he
cleared from the warehouse, if the same be for home use, the person entering such goods inwards shall
deliver a bill of the entry, and duplicates thereof, in like manner as is directed in the case of goods en.
tered to be landed, as far as the same is applicable, and at the same time shall pay down to the proper
officer of the customs the full duties of customs payable thereon, and not being less in amount than
according to the account of the quantity first taken of the respective packages or parcels of the goods in
such entry at the examination thereof at the time of the first entry and landing of the same, without any
abatement on account of any deficiency, except as by this act is otherwise provided; and if the entry
be for exportation or for removal to any other warehouse, and any of the packages or parcels of the gno<ls
be deficient of their respective quantities, according to the account first taken, a like entry inwards shall
also be passed in respect of the quantities so deficient, and the full duties shall l)e paid on the amount
thereof before such packages or parcels of goods shall be delivered or taken for exportation or removal,
except as by this act is otherwise provided; and if any goo<ls so deficient in quantity shall be such as, arc
charged to pay duty according to the value thereof, such value shall be estimated at the price for which
the like sorts of goods of the best quality have been last or lately sold, either at any sale of the East India
Company, or in any other manner, as the case may be. — ^ 18.
Duties on Tobacco, Sugar, and Spirits to be charged on Quantities delivered, except in certain Cases.—
The duties payable upon tobacco, sugar, and spirits respectively, when taken out or warehouse for home
use, shall be charged upon the quantities ascertained by the weight, measure, or strength of the same
actually delivered ; except that if the sugar shall not be in a warehouse of special security, no greater
abatement on account of deficiency of the quantity first ascertained as aforesaid shall be made than shall
be after the rate of 3 per cent of such quantity for the first 3 months, and 1 per cent for every subsequent
month during which such sugar shall have been warehoused; and except, that if the spirits (being any
other spirits than «um of the British plantations) shall not be in a warehouse of siiecial security, no
greater abatement on account of deficiency of the quantity or strength first ascertained as aforesaid shall
be made than shall be after the several rates of allowances following ; viz.
t
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM.
1221
For ntty 100 (alloni, h;ilroinM*r ptoKt; «|f ,
Kof any lliiiii eitvcdlnK IK liiolilhi wU nu< •■.
ccolliiK V je»r« . . .
For »nj iliiK ncNdInK < inn
4 iillnnt
A Ralloni
For »Tcrj 100 Rillom, hjilromrter proof j tIi.
Kur any tlinv not rsrt'e<ltnKf) months • . 1 gtUon
For nny lime exceeding (i nioiilhH and nut e&cectl*
ingWrnnnthi - • . 1 galloiu
Fur any lime tficeviiing IV months ana not ax-
cccdiiiK IH monllis • • - ,1 Kniloni
rrovldcd that no abJtement ihall Iks made In re.pcct of any .leflelency In quHnlily of any ipiriti occuiioncl
cithiT by leokaKc or accident, and not liy natural cva|K.ration, hi whatever warehouie il,i a«m^ ™»L i
except ai by thii act is otherwise »iMH:iullv provldwi. — ^ 1"». warenouie the lame may be,
ImporUrnmy enter Qoml» for Home V»e, *r , ulthoun'h not actually irarehouud. - If after any boo.Ii
have iK-en duly cntoretl and landed to be warchou.tHl. and before the same have l)een deiK).ii«l iViTh!
warehou.c, the importer shall further enter the same or any part thereof (or home u»c or for exDortatlnn
Hi from the warehouse, the xoodi >o entered shall be consideretl at virtually and constructlvlilv warn
hou»e«l, althouKh not actually de|>08ite<l in the warehouse, and may be delivered and taken for homo ii.n
or for exportation, as the case may he. — ) 'M. ■■"■•". mt
Oooih maybe n-moved to ot/ier Porta to be rnmrehouird.— Any goods which have been warehoused
at some |K.rt in the V. K. may be removed by sea or inland carrinKc to any other iwrt in the same in
which the like goods may be warehoused upon im|>ortation, to iw rewarehousetl at such other port and
again as often as may be required to any other such port, to be there rcwarehouse*!, subject to the reuu
lations hereinafter mentioned 5 viz. Vl hours notice In writing of the intention to remove such goSds
shal be given to the warehouse offlccr. 8|KH:ifying the particular gooils intended to be remove.1. anilthe
marks, numbers, and descriptions of the packages In which the same are contained, in what ship imiKirted
when and by whom entered inwards to be warehoused, and, if subsequently rewarehoused when and
by whom rewarchoused, and to what port the same are to be removed : and tliereuiion the warehnuw
ofilcer shall take a particular account of such goods, and shall mark the contenU on evcrv iwiikatte iii
preparation for the delivering of the same for the punM.ses of such removal, and previous to the deliverv
thereof may cause the prooer seals of otHce to be aHlxe. thereto : providetl that tobacco, the protliicc of
the British possessions in America or of the United States of America, and purchased for the use of hia
Majesty's navy, may be removed by the purser cf any ship of war in actual service to the norts of Hochn
tcr, Portsmouth, or Plymouth, to be there rcwarehoused, in name of such purser, n a warehotiic
approved for that purpose by the commissioners of customs. — ^ 21. "-iviiuuifc
Entry (if Goods for Hcmovnl.—BctoTe such goods be tlclivered to be removed due entry of the same
shall be made, and a pro|ier bill of such entry, with duplicates thereof, be delivered to the collector or
comptroller, containing the bcfore-mentionea particulars, and an exact account of the quantities of the
ditferciit sorts of goods ; and such bill of entry, signed by the collector and comptroller shall be the war
rant for the removal of such goods j and an account of the same, containing all such particulars shall
be transmitted by the officers of the port of removal to the officers of the iiort of destination ■ and unon
the arrival of such goods at the port of destination due entry of the same to be rewarchoused shall in
like manner be made with the collector and comptroller at such port, containing all the particulars and
accounU l)efore mentioned, together with the name of the port from wliich such goods have been removed
and the description and situation of the warehouse in which ihey are to be warehouscti • and the bill of"
such entry, signetl by such collector and comptroller, shall be the warrant to the landing' officer and the
warehouse officer to admit such goods to be there rcwarehoused, under such examination as is made of
the like goods when first warehoused upon importation from parts beyond the seas ; and the iiarticular*
to be contained in such notice and in such entries shall be written and arranged in such form and man.
ner as the collector and comptroller shall require ; and the officers at the port of arrival shall transmit to
the officers at the port of removal an account of the goods so arrived, according as they shall upon
examination prove to be, and the warehouse officers at the port of removal shall notify such arrival in
their books. — ^ 22.
Bond to rewarchotue, which may be given at either Port. — The persons removing such goods shall at
the time of entering the same give bond, with 1 sufficient surety, for the due arrival and rewarehousing of
such goods within a reasonable time, (with reference to the distance between «hc respective ports, to be
fixed by the commissioners of customs), which bond may be taken by the collector and comptroller either
of the port of removal or of the port of destination, as shall best suit the residence or convenience of the
persons interested in the removal of such goods ; and if such bond be given at the port of destination a
certificate thereof, under the hands of the collector and comptroller of such port shall, at the time of en.
tering the goods, be produced to the collector or comptroller of the port of removal 5 2.1.
Bond how to be discharged. — Such bond shall not be discharged unless such goods shall have been duly
rewarchoused at the port of destination within the time allowed for such removal, or shall have been
otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of the said commissioners, nor until the full duties due upon
any deficiency of such goods shall have been paid, nor until fresh security have been given in respect of
such gooils as herein-after provided, unless t>uch goods shall be lodged in some warehouse in respect of
which general security has been given by the proprietor or occupier, or in some warehouse in resiiect of
which no security is required. — 4 24.
Goods rewarchoused held on Terms qf the first Warehousing. — Such goods when so rewarchoused
may be entered and shipped for exportation, or entered and delivered for home use, as the like goods may
be when first warehoused upon importation, and the time when such goo<ls shall be allowed to remain
rcwarehoused at such port shall be reckoned from the day when the same were first entered to be ware-
housed. — ^ 25.
On Arrival, after Forms of rewarehousing. Parties may enter to export, IfC.—lt upon the arrival of such
goods at the |>oit of destination the parties shall be desirous forthwith to export the same, or to pay duty
thereon for home use, without lodging the same in the warehouse for which they have been entered and
examined to be rewarchoused, it shall be lawful for the officers of the customs at such port, after all the
formalities of entering and examining such goods for rewarehousing have been duly performed (except
the actual labour of carrying and lodging the same in the warehouse), to consider the same as virtually
or constructively rewarchoused, and to permit them to be entered and shipped for exportation, or to be
entered and delivered for home use, ui>on payment of the duties due thereon ; and the account taken
for the rewarehousing of such goods may serve as the account for delivering the same as if from
the warehouse, cither for shipment or for payment of duties, as the case may be ; and all goods so ex.
ported, or for which the duties have been so paid, shall be deemed to have been duly cleared from the
warehouse. — ^26.
Removal in the same Port Any goods which have been warehoused in some warehouse in the port of
London may, with the permission of the commissioners of customs first obtained, be removed to any other
warehouse in the said |)ort in which the like goods may be warehoused ; and any goods which have been
warehoused in any other ixirt may, with the permission of the collector and comptroller of such port first
obtained, be removed to any other warehouse in the same port in which like goods may be warehoused,
under such regulations as the commissioners of customs shall direct — ^27
Goods and Parties subject to original Conditions. — All goods which shall have been removed from one
warehouse to another, whether in the same or in a difTetent port, and all proprietors of such goods, shall
be subject to all the conditions to which they would have been subject had such goods remained in the
warehouse where they were originally warehoused. — ^ 28.
Goods sold, neu) Oiuner may give Bond. — If any goods have been warehoused in respect of which
general security by bond sliallnot have been given by the proprietor or occupier, and particular security,
M in (uch cate is required, shall have been given by the importer of luch goods, and the good« (hall have
41 3
i]
:i
%
^i
■•• 1 1
u
M
u
1222
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM.
been iold or dlipoard of, to that Iho orlRlnal tjondor shall be no longer Interettrd In or have rontrnul over
iurh gooda, It ahall be lawful to admit fVcih terurity to bo given by the Imnd of the new prupriclor of
iuch gooili, or iierioni having the controul over the laine, with hia lutHclent lurcty, and to cam cI thi>
bond given by the original bonder, or to exonerate him and hli (urety to the extent or the fVcth tecurltytu
Btttut (>/ Knnover to be tn force until Bond he given bff new Owner. — If the perion removing uny good*
from 1 port to another, and who ihall have given Imnd In reiuect of tuch ri>mnval and rcwan-hoiMinif,
■hall continue to be Interested in such goods after the same have In-en duly rewarehouaetl, nml muIi
Roods shall have been so rewarchoused In some warehiiuiie. In res|)ect of which security Is ri'C|iiired, and
the proiwlctor or occupier of the same shall not have given general security, the bond In respttt ol nucli
removal and rewareliousing shall be ronditioiittl iind continue in force, for the rewarohDiiMug of sud,
Booils, until fresh bond be given by some new proprietor or other i>erson, In manner hereiii-bel'ore pro-
vided. — ^ 30.
To sort, separate, ami repack in same or equal Packages. — It shall Imj lawful In the warehouse to sort,
fcparute, pack, and repack any gooils, and to make such lawftil alterations therein, or nrr«nK<inchts
thereof, as may l)e necessary either for the preservation of such goodH. or In order to the sale, sliliiiiu'nt,
or legal disposal of the same ; provided that such goods be ri>i>acked In the same packagex in which the
same goods, or some part of the whole quantity of the same parcel of goods, were inijiorteil, or in iiackuKus
of entire quantity equal thereto, or In such other packages as the commissioners of customs shall permit
(not being less In any case. If the goods be to be exnortetl or to be removed to another warehouse, than
may be required by law for the lm|iortatlon of such goo<l8) | and also in the warehouse to draw oil' any
wine, or any rum of the British plantations Into repute<l nuart bottles or reputed pint bottles, tor the
purpose only of being exiwrtwl from the warehouse j and also to draw ofFony such rum Into casks con.
talning not less than 2() gallons each, for the purpose only of being disposed of as stores for ships; and
also to draw ofTany other spirits into reputed quart bottles, under such regulations as the commissioners
of customs shall from time to time direct, for the purpose only of being exixirted from the warehouse;
and also to draw oH'and mix with any wine any brandy secured In the same warehouse, not exreeilln^;
the proportion of 10 gallons of brandy to KM) gallons of wine ; and also to till up any -^asks of wine or
spirits trom any other casks of the same, resi)ectively securi>d in the same warehouse ; and alto in any
warehouse of sjicclal security to rack oft'any wine tVom the lees, and to mix any wines of the same sort,
erasing from the casks all im|K)rt brands ; and also to take such moderate samples of goods as may Iw
allowed by the commissioners of customs, without entry and without payment of duty, except ns the same
may eventually l>ecomc payable, on a detlciency of the original quantity. — ^ 31.
!^o Alteration in Goods or Package fiiit acconling as the Cotnmissiuiwrs direct. — 'So alteration shall he
made in any goods or iwckages, nor shall any wine, rum, brandy, or spirits be bottled, drawn otl', niixul,
or filled up, nor shall any samples l>e taken except after such notices given b^ the respective importers or
proprietors, and at such times and in such manner, and under such regulations and restrictions, as the
commissioners of customs shall require and direct. — ^ 3'i.
Repacking in proper Packages Whereas it may hap|)en, that after the repacking Into proj)cr p.icknges
of any parcel ot goods which nave been unpacked and separated or drawn off from the original package in
any of the cases herein.before provided for, there may remain some sur|>lus qMantitics of the respective
parcels of such goo<ls, which may not be sutticient to make or fill up any 1 of such proper imckages, or it
may happen that some part of such goods, when separated from other parts, may be such refuse, or in so
damaged a state as to be worthless, or thai the total quantity of such parcel of goods may be reduced by
the seliaration of dirt or sediment, or by the disixirsion of dust or otherwise : and whereas the duties
payable on such goods may have been levied at a rate having regard to a just allowance for the state in
which such goods are iin|Xirted, and It Is not proper that any inanufacturing process should be pcrforincil
in such warehouse to the detriment of the revenue ; It is therefore enacted, that atXer such goods have
been repacked In proper packages, the commissioners of customs, at the request of the importer or pro-
prietor of such goods, may permit any of such refuse, damaged, or surplus goods not contained in any of
■uch packages, to be destroyed; and if the gno<ls lie such as may be deliverc-d for hoinc use, the duties
■hall be Immediately paid uj^n anv part of such surplus as may remain, and the same siiall be delivered
for home use accordingly ; and If they Ite such as may not be so delivered, such surplus as may so remain
(hall be disposed of for the purpose of^"xportatioii In such manner as the commissioners shall direct ; and
thereupon the quantity contained in each of such packages shall be ascertalnetl and marked upon the
same, and the detlciency shall be ascertaineil by a comparison of the total quantity in such packages with
the total quantity first warehoused, and the proix>rtion which such deficiency may bear to the quantity in
each package shall also be marked on the same, and added to such quantity, and the total shall he dceuicil
to be the Imported contents of such package, and be held subject to the full duties of importation, except
as otherwise provided by this act : provided that it shall be lawful for the commissioners of customs to
accept the abandonment, for the duties, of any quantity of tobacco, coffbe, pepper, cocoa, lees of wine,
and also of any whole packages of other goods, and to cause or permit the same to be destroyed, and to
deduct such quantity of tobacco or cc'^be, or pepper, or cocoa, or the contents of such whole packages,
from the total quantity of the same importation, in computing the amount of the deficiency of such total
quantity. — ^ S3.
No Foreign Casks, Sfc. to be used for repacking. — No foreign casks, bottles, corks, packages, or materials
whatever, except any in which some goods shall have been imported and warehoused, shall be used in the
repacking of any goods in the warehouse, unless the full duties have been first paid thereon. — ^34.
Silks, Linens, S(C. to be delivered out of lyare/iouse, to be cleaned. — It shall be lawful for the coinmis.
sloners of the customs to permit any stufl^ or fabrics of silk, linen, cotton, or wool, or of any mixture of
them with any other material, to be taken out of warehouse to be cleane<l, refreshed, dycti, stained, or
calendered, or to be ble-ached or printed, without payment j)f duty of customs, under security, neverthe-
less, by bond to their satisfaction, that such goods shall be returned to the warehouse within the time
that they shall appoint ; and It shall be lawful for the said commissioners, in like manner and under like
security, to permit any rice, the produce of places within the limits of the East India Comi>any's Charter,
to be delivered out of warehouse to be cleaned, making such allowance for waste as to the said connnis-
•loners shall appear to be reasonable li'J5.
Copper Ore may be taken out (\f Warehouse to be smelted. — It shall be lawful for the importer or pro.
prietor of any copper ore warehouswl to give notice to the proper officers of his intention to take such
ore out of warehouse to be smelted, stating in such notice the quantity of copiHjr computed to be con-
tained in such ore, and delivering to such officers sufficient samples or specimens for ascertaining by
proper assays, at the expense of the proprietor, such quantity of copper, and giving sufficient security by
bond for returning such quantity of copper into the warehouse ; and if such officers shall be satisficti of
the fairness of the samples or specimens of such ore, and of the assays made of the same, and of the
security given, they shall deliver such ore for the purpose of being smelted : provided that if any copper
ore Intended to be so smelted shall be imported into any port where such ore or where copper cannot be
warehoused, the same may be cnteretl as being to be warehoused at the port at which the copper alter
amelting is to be warehoused, and such ore shall thereupon be taken account of and delivered for the
purposes aforesaid, in like manner as if the same had been warehoused : provide<l also, that all copper so
produced by smelting shall be dceme<l to be copper imported, iind shall be warehoused as such."— S 3i>-
Goods in Bulk delivered. — No parcels of goods so warehoused which were imported in bulk shall be
delivered, except in the whole quantity of each parcel, or in a quantity not less than 1 ton weight, unless
b/ ^1 scial leave of the proper otncers. — ^ 37.
■■
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM.
1223
nilMlucKT) .-icu.loint iliHri IVmn time to tlmo (lim t _ rw i1imiih,ui,|,iiik iiuiinvr a. l|it> com.
Ufcrenie and Inerratf mag be atlowril. unc/i-r Hfauliilioiu of the Tr^aiu^ u .i,.ii i ■ « ■ -
u( the .Kiuutity of a..y ..-rticuUr ...rt. ol\^^i^ "•'•• t-^U"Vt ■\, J ."i^ fZ^^^^
payMe >M..ler tlili act for cleflcii-ncleo .fiall, u|m.i. thf r«,>..rtatl..n <i at y Z^ » Krf^'^i^. "''' "' ''"'"
«f .uih de.Tc«it : providcHl. that If .uch gm.,!. 1« I.^IkcmI in warohmi^^,7 p^'?,"'^;' ^J^'*',^"" •'■'■".'"\^.
be chMrK«l for aiiy mnount whatever of dfHcici.cy of iliyuf .u.h ll<«.U o the ".ilrtliLm Vi, '"',"'' '''""
tn cane, whore .u«|>u:ion .hall ari«^ that part of'.uch K.«hI. ha. iSTcn damliK^^^^^
•hall any .uch Kood. (u.ile.. they b« wluc or .pirlU) bt" laoa.uriHl. couiiti^l wZj il or^aui^rr' "'"
jKirtation, except In luch ca.ci of «uii>lcion. — f.ii). ""iii-u, wtigiiwi, or Kaugwi lor ex.
Alt<ma»a-i /or IVutle i)f Winf, SpirUi, \c. in U-ar<-ko,u,-i not </ special f^criuity-Ynx ms «i,„.
•pint., com*, cocoa nut., or pcpiicr I<m1k«I in wurfhouni'. not of iiitial mfuritv \\u' fi.ll If.L^i '
"ItTJ^' "!*"'•' *???"• '" ^^^V^^":L '" *';i'' tiineUuring which .udl «o^ . Juve ronimca w^cho:^^^^
•hall be made upon the exportation thereof; vit. «••■•«• mi Hvinouic,
Wina, upwi CTtry caak I iWs.
t'ur any UnM net eicewllnii 1 ;«ar • I |.llon
For wiy limi) exocciUng I i*m, and not «acM<llnK
V i*m • • t R.ltona
For an; tlme«icec<llnn t jMr. • SK.IUmi
Kfiiriu, iHMn ««ery lUO gulloni liydramiiter proof; vU.
For any <inM not «ci«ulna C moiitlu • - I naHon
For any time nccnMag 6 inontlui and not |cx-
CMdlnn 1% nonttu • ■ t gallant
i-vwllii* IH nimtht . . 3 -^i,,-,
F«rnuy il„» «ic«edlnK 18 months and no! rx- ''"""'"•
> nillna 'i yv,ut . .
,. ,?' ""> "'"« >'«ce«UnK « yei\n . 1
Lollee, civM nut., i)«i.|«», fur w.ry loo lu., and
•o ai pruiMirdun tar any Um <iuuuUy " ™ • ""f
4 iiallunt
5 K*llunt
iU».
. . . .1 » - .• „ "H^rchandise no wartliouKwl in rftiiK'ct of any ilefl-
ciency cauiod by such eml)cizlcinent, waste, s\>oi\. or destruction, and tlu- .Inmagc <)cca8i()np.l bv .ucli
cnibeixlewcnt, Ac. of wi-h Koods or mcrchamhse shall be repaid and made k<xxI to such imiiortcr con
aiguee, or i>ropnetor by the comnussioners ol customs or excise, under such order, a. siiall U- Hiveii b»
the commisHionera of the treasury, or any 3 of them. — ^ 41, *' ' "'
On Entry outwarth Burnt for riue skipping and landing shall lie gieen. — U|i.)n the ontrv outwardi of
any goad* to be exported from the warehiwise to parts beyond the seas, and before cocket be Krnjited the
person in who«c iiiune the same be entered shall give security by bond in douWc the value of such a^Z
with 1 »u«cient surety, that such good, shall be duly shippetl and exjiortetl, an<l shall be landed at the niace
for which they be entered outwards, or otherwise accounted for to the satisfaction of thccommluioneri
of customs — \ 42.
Bond for Bc(f and Pork exported J, urn Warehouie. — Upon the entry outwards of any aalteil beef or
called pork to be ex|iortcd from the warehouse to parts beyond seas, aiul before cocket be granted the
person in whose name tlie same be entered shall give security by liorkl in treble the value of the guoda.
with 2 Bufllcient sureties, of whom the master of the exporting shij) sliali be I, that such beef or pork
shall be duly ahiiiued and exported, and that uo part tJiereof shall be consumed on boarti such ship and
that the same shall be landed at the place for which it be entered outwards ; and that a certKicate of buch
landing shall be proiluced within a rcaMnable time, according to the voyage, to be tixed by the conimis-
•loners of customs, and mentioned in the bond, such certificate to be signed by the otticcrs of the cuatomi
or other British oflicer, if the goods be landed at a place in the liritish dominions, or by the British con-
sul. If the ^ods be landed at a place not in the British dominions, or such goo<ls shall be otherwise
accounted for to the satisfaction of said commissioners ; and such master shall make and sign a declaration
that such beef or pork is to be laden on board such ship as nierchaiidiso, to lie carried to and Landed at
parts beyond the seas, and not as stores for the said ship ; and if such ship shall not have on board at the
time of clearance outwards a reasonable supply^or stock of beef or ]M)rk, according to the intended voyage,
borne upon the victualling bill, the master of such ship shall forfeit the sum of VX)l. — ^ 43.
Itettrictiom oi to the Isle qf Man. — No goods shall be exported from the warehouse to the Isle of Man,
except such goods as may be imiwrted into the said island v/ith licence of the commissioners of customs,
and in virtue of any such licence first obtained ^44.
Goods removed from IVarehouse und<-r Care qf citttoms^ Qfficert. — All goods taken from tl)e warehouse
for removal or for exportation shall be removed or carried to be shii>ped, under the care or with the
authority or permission of the proper officer of customs, and in such manner, and by such arsons, and
within such spaces of time, and by such roads or ways as he shall authorise or direct ; and all such goods
not so removed or carried shall be forfeited. — \ 45.
Ships to be not less than 70 Tons for exporting warehoused Goods. — It shall not be lawful for any
person to export any goods so warehoused, nor to enter for exportation to parts bc}<ond the seas any
goods so warehoused, in any ship not of the burden of 70 tons or upwards. — ^ 46.
Goods landed in Docks liable to Claims for Freight as before landing. — All goods or merchandise
which shall be landed in docks, and lo(<ged in the custody of their proprietors, under this act, not being
goods seized as forfeited, shall be subject or liable to the same claim for freight in iavour of the master
and owner or owners of the res^iective ships or vessels, or of any other jicrson or persons iateiested in the
freight of the same, as they were subject and liikble to before landing; and the directors and proprietors
of such docks are empowered and re<iuired, upon due notice in that behalf given to them, to detain and
keep such goods and merchandise, not being seized as forfeited, in the warehouses beloDging to the said
docks, until the respective freights to which the same are subject and liable be duly paid, together with
the rates and charges to which the same shall have been subject and liable, or until a deposit be made by
the owners or consignees of such goods or merchandise, equal in amount to the demands made by the
master, owner or owners of the ships or vessels, or other persons, on account of freight ; which deposit the
directors or proprietors of such docks, or their agents arc directed to receive and hold in trust, until the
claim or demand for fk'feight upon such goods shall be satisfied ; upon proof of which, and demand made
by the persons, their executors, &c. by whom the said de])osit has been made, and the rates and charges
due upon the said goods being paid, the deposit shall be returned to them by the said directors or pro-
prietors.;— ^ 47.
Warehousing Ports, §-c. — Certain ports only are warehousing ports ; nor may all sorts
of goods be warehoused in every warehousing port. We subjoin a list of the ware-
housing ports in Great Britain and Ireland, and a specification of the goods that may
be warehoused in each, classed in tables.
T
\i
%
'i li
lU I I
?1l
i
I
.1
i
-;.
4 14
1224-
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM.
in
Arundel — (Joodn In Table C.
Bamttaple — All goodi exce|)t (ol>acco, East India Koodi> and
goods in Table F, other than suuar.
l«ford — (ioods in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B,
and Kuods In Table C.
Boston - Wine and spirits In Table B.
Brldsewater — Wine and spiriu in Table B, and wood and tar
In Table C, rum, and fallow.
Bridpart — Hum, brandy, wine, hemp, iron In bars, tlml>er,
barilla, alum, tallow, ashes, hides and skins, sugar, currants,
and oth<>r fruit.
Bristol — Kast India Roods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D,
K and F.
Chepstow — Timber, deals, hemp, linseed, stares, tallow, and
tar.
Chester — Rum in Table A, and wine end splriu in Table B.
Chichester — Wood, pitch, tai, and iron in table C, and wool
in Table E.
Colchester — Hum In Table A, and wine and spirits In Table
B.
Cowes — Ooods in Tables A, B, and D ; and timber and d<. als
in Table C.
Dartmouth — (ioods in Tables A, B, C, and D (exrcpt to-
bacco).
Dover — Goods in Table B (except tobacco), and timber and
wood In Table C.
Exeter — All goods except tobacco. East India goods, and
Soods enumerated in Table F, other than su^ar.
mouth — Goods in Tables A, B, C, .ind I).
Gloucester— Spirits in Table A, wine and spirits In Table B,
tallow in Table C, and barilla in Table E ; sugar not East
India, and all other goods not Kast India produce, and not
in Table F.
Ooole, near Hull — All articles, except tobacco and snuff.
Uriinsby, ditto — Goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E (except
tobacco).
Hull — East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D,
and E.
Ipswich — Wine and spirits in Tables A and B, and barilla.
I^ancasler — Goods in Tables A , It, C, and E.
Iiiverpool — East India goods, a> i>l goods in Tables A, B, C, D,
E, and F.
Ix>ndon — East India goods, and goods in Tables A , B, C, D,
£, and F.
Lynn — Rum In Table A, wine and spirits in Table B, and
timlwr and w»xl in Table C.
Maldon — Wood goods.
Milford — Goods In Tables C and D.
Newcastle — (ioods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E.
Newhaven — Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B,
and timber and wood In Table C.
Plymouth- (ioods in Tables A, B, C, D, and E.
Pool — (ioods in Tables A, B, C, D,and E (except tobacco).
Portsmouth — Goods in Tables A, B, C, and £ (except tobacco),
and bides in Table D.
Rochester _ Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B,
and timber and wood goods in Table C.
Rye — Wine in Table if, wood in Table C, and clorer seed in
Table E.
Shoreham — Wine and spirits in Table B, and goods in
Table C.
Southampton — Spirits in Table A, wine and spirits in Table
B, goods in Tables C, I>, and E, and East India goods re-
moved for exportation to Guernsey and Jersey.
Stockton — Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B,
timber and goods in Table C, clover seed and green fhiit in
Table E, |>otashes, sugar, coliTee, hides, &c.
Sunderland — Goods in Tables A, B, C, D, and £ (except
tobacco).
Swansea— Goods in Table C.
Weymouth — Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B,
wood in Table C, almonds of all sorts, barilla, clover seed,
currants, figs, oil of olives, salad oil, prunes, raisins of aU sorts,
and liquorice Juice in Table E.
Whitbv — Goods m Tables and D.
Whitenaven — Goods in Tables A, B, C, and E.
Wisbech - Wood goods.
Yarmouth — Rum in Table A, wine and spirits in Table B,
hemp and iron in Table C, and goocls in Table E.
Scotland.
Aberdeen — East India and all other goods.
Borrowetoness — Timber and wood in Table C.
Dumfries— Wine in Table B.
Dundee — Wine and s|iiritsin Tables A and B; iron, pitch,
tar, timber, and wood, in Table C.
Glasgow — Kast India goods, and goods hi Tables A, B, C, D,
anil E,
Grangemouth — Fustic, hemp, iron, logwood,mahogany, pitch,
rosin, staves, tar, fallow, tow, turpentine, timber, and wood,
in Table C, and Max in Table E.
Greenock — East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D,
and E.
lielth - East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B, C, D,
and E.
Montrose — Wine, spirits, and sugar i and goods in Tables C
and D ; ashes, butter, cheese, coH'ee, feathers, hams, hides,
honey, spruce lieer, s«eds, vinegar, and yarn.
Fort Glasgow — East India goods, and goods in Tables A, B,
C, and E.
Irkland.
Dublin^ East India and all other gooO<; '.Deluding sugar in
Belfast s Table F, and excepting the other articles enu-
Cork i merated in that Table.
Coleralne — All goods, except East India goods and tobacco.
Drogheda
Oundalk
(lalway
Limerick
l^ndonderry
Newry
Sligo
Waterford _ . .
Wexford — Wine, sugar, hemp. Iron, tallow, foreign spirits,
and vinegar, cotfee, cocoa, .rice, pepper, ginger, and pi-
mento-
All goods (except East India goods, and the
articles enumerated in Table F, with the
exception of sugar).
Tabm a.
Annattoor rocoa Cocoa nuts Sugar
Cassia fistula CotTee
Not lieing the produce of^ nor imported from, any place within
the limits of ttie East India Company's charter.
Angostura bark Indigo Pimento
Cotton wool Mahogany Htim
Ginger Molasses Wine
Imported from the West Indies.
Cocoa nuts Indigo Pimento
Coffte Mahogany Rum
Cotton wool Molasses Sugar
Ginger
The growth and produce of, and imported direct fVom, any of
the territories or dominions of the crown of Portugal.
Tabi B a
Rice
Shrub
Brandy Rice Tobacco
Geneva, & other Shrub Wine
spirits
Not l>eing the produce of, nor imported from, any place within
the limits of the East Inoia Company's charter (spirits and
wine excepted), or not being imported from ^he West Indies,
(^ucoa nuts Indigo Pimento
Colt'ee Mahogany Rum
Cotton wool Molasses Sugar
Ginger
Bein^ the growth or proiluce of, and imported direct from, any
of the territories or dominions of the crown of Portugal.
Spirits and wine
Being the produce of any place within the limits of the Ea<it
India Company's charter, and imported otherwise than by
the said Company.
Tabib C.
Kelp
Linseed
Mahogany
Marble blocks
Oil of turpentine
Pitch
Brimstone
Cork
Hemp, undressed
Iron, in ttars or silt,
or hammered Into
rods, & iron drawn
or hammered leas
than j of an inch
square.
Rapeseed
Rosin
Staves
Tallow
Tar
Timber
Tow
Turpentine
Womt
Zaffre or cobalt
Not being the iirnduce of, nor imported from within the limits
of, the East India Company's charter, nor imported from the
West Indies.
Tablb D.
Blubber of British
fishing
Whale Hns of Bri-
tish lishing
Indian deer skins,
half dressed or
Not being the produce of, nor iiniHirted from within the limits
of, the East India Company's charter, and not being im-
IKirted from the West Indies.
Tablb E.
Hams
Harp -strings
Hones
Jalap
Jesuits' bark
Jet
India rubber
Indigo
Isinglass
Juice of lemons
Limes .ind oranges
Juniper berries
Lamp-black
Plai'i linen (except
sail-cloth)
Linseed cakes
Liquorice powder
Maccaroni
Madder, ground
Mahogany
Manna
Mercury
Mohair yam
Molasses
Oil nf almonds
amber
aniseed
liay
cajeputa
carraway
cassia
castor
cinnamon
cloves
jessamine
juniper
lavender
linseed
mace
marjoram
nutmegs
olives
oranges
palm
pine
rock
rosemary and
rosewood
salad
sassafras
spike
thyme
turpentine and
walnut
Not being the produce of, nor imported firom within, the East
India (Jompany'i charter, and not being imported Oram the
West Indies.
Hides
Oil of British fishing
Oil of spermaceti, or
head matter
Train oil, and all
other fish oil
Alkerme*
Almonds
Anchovies
Angustura bark
Aniseed
Annatto or rocou
Arrowroot
Ashes
Balsam of all sorts
Barilla
Beads of amber and
of coral
Bees' wax
Black or Dantzic
beer
Bristles, undressed
Buck wheat
Cantharides
Car))ets, Turkey
Cas^i.T Hstula
Catlings or lute>
striiif^-s
Cheese
Chip hats
Citrate of lime
Citron In salt and
water
Clover seed
Cochineal and co-
chineal dust
Cocoa nuts
CofTee
Copal
Cotton wool and cot-
ton yarn
Currants
Elephants' teeth
Essence of bergamot
and of lemon
Essence of British
America spruce,
imported from
thence
Euphorbium
Feathers for beds
Figs
Flkx
German sausages
(ilnger
Ginseng
Granilla
(ium Arabic
Guaiacum, and
negal
Se-
shaved, and skins
and furs of all
sorts, nottanntd,
tawed, or in a.iy
way dressed
Oils, chemical and
perfumed, not
otherwise enu-
merated
Opium
Orange flower water
ointment
Ottar of roses
Pearl barley
Pictures
Pigs' chops and
faces
Pimento
Pitch, Burgundy
Pljttingofstrawor
chip
Pots, melting
Prunes
Ouicksilver
Radix serpentarlK
Raisins of all sorts
Rape cakes
Rhlnehurst
Rhubarb
Rum
Saccharum satum
Sall'ron
Sal ammoniacus
gem
limonum, or
acetosella
prunella
succini
Saphora
Sarsaparilla
Senna
Silk, raw, thrown,
or waste
Smalts
Straw hats
Sui'cus liquoritiB
Sugar
Tapioca
Tar, Barbadoes
Tomsal
Toys
Verdigris
Vermicelli
Vermilion
Vanelloes, and all
other goods un-
manufactured
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM.
CorkSi ready made
Cuttle shells
Dice
Eau de Cologne
Enamel
Esiwnces of all sorts
Extracts of all sorts
Feathers, ostrich
Tabu F.
Aitatea, rough and Columbaroot
fiolished Coral of all sorts
mond paste
Aloes
Ambra li{)uida
Ambergris
Balsams of all sorts
Beadii of all kinds
Beer Benjamin
Bottles
Bugles of all kinds
Cambric
Camphor Candles
Cantnarides
Cardamoms
Ca'ds Carmine
Cassia buds, lignea,
flstula
Castor
China ware and
porcelain
Crystals Cider
Cinnamon, import-
ed under licence
Citron water
Civet
Cloves, imported
under licence
Clocks Cochineal
Cocculus Indicus
Coloquintida
Inkle, wrought
lareofall kinds
I^pis lazuli
Mace, imported by
licence
nianna Mercury
Metheglin
Morels
Musical boxes
Musk Myrrh
and others, not Nutmegs, imported
otherwise enume- by licence
rated, dressed *'
undressed
Sal llmonura and
succini
Scammony
Silk, raw and or-
ganzined
SnutV Soap
gpikenard Starch
Stones, beuiar
Rtoraz of all kinds
Succades Sugar
Threadsof all kind
Tobacco
Tortoiseshell
Treiicle of Venice
Truffles Turbith
V anelloes Vellum
1225
YS"*'l«'<« vinegar
JVatrhesof all sorts
Watch glasses
W aters, mineral
and strong, of all
sorts
\yires
Yam, mohair
Flowers, artificial
<iamet&
Gauze of all kinds
Ginger, preserved
(flass of all kinds
Grains of Paradise
and of Guinea
Gum opo|>onax
Hair, human
powder
Hats and boimets
of all sorts
Jalap Jet
Jewels, emeralds, ru-
bies, and all other
precious stones, ex-
cept diamonds
Nux vomica
Opium Or molu
Ottar of roses
Paper Pearls
Perry Pictures
Plate Platina
Platting of all sorU
Powder of bronze
and of brass
Powder, not other-
wise enumerated,
which will serve
for the same use
as starch
Quicksilver
Radix ipecacuanhas
and rhataniie
Resina jalapce
Rhubarb Saffron
'':1.icru',i\e??rpr'o"vfs,oT^\\^^l-,etoS.-<-''PUon,
Imported for the\.ur,K>srrf ix^o^t^^iS^tTy'l'liTlIiS
goods may l« de,H>site<\ only in wwehouses endi,^' b^'''^5
surroundcl with wails, or in other warehou^w Tini'lac«
of special security, especially to be approved^X cc?imT
sioners of the treasury. ' ct.-nmu-
Warbhol'sb Rknt.
Rales for warehouse rent on goods; deposited in the kinir'i
warehouses at the several outports. vii._ "*
On iarue cases and vats containing toys or other merchan.
eiS; *"" P*^^»«« "* "'ne and othSr Ifquids, per w«k, 0?/"
Packages of baggage, small packages of presents ; vii. boxes.
ke«s,jars,«c.,r per week, M. e.,cb. All other packages not
before described (excet tobaccol, per week, id. each.
tor every hogshead of t.)bacco deiiosited in the kinu-s ware-
house at London, 2.. ; and for every hogshead taken out of the
same, ^«. For every hogshead of tobacco warehouse.! in the
kings warehouse at the outports, Ud. per week. _ (rrouiiru
Or(6r», Nov. «. .8!i4, and March iJ. iSo.) l"-«""'J»
Quantities Of the Principal Articles Of Fore-gn Merchandise remaining in Warehouse under the Locks
of the Crown, in the Ports of London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Hull, on or aliout the 5th of Januarv
1832 and 183.3. — (.Papers published by Board qf JVarfg ^jia p "' January.
66.1
Articles,
Alkanet root
Annatto
Ashes
Barilla -
Borax
Bristles •
Cassia lignea
budi
Camphor
Cinnamon
Cloves
Cochineal
Cocoa
CofTee
Currants
January,
1832.
Figs
Fustic
GalU
Ginger •
Hemp
Hides
India rubber
Indigo
Iron, bar
Lac dye -
Lead
Logwood
Mace
Madder
lbs.
cwt.
casks
cwt.
lbs.
chests
lbs.
casks
lbs.
packages
packages
lbs.
chests
lbs.
serons, &c.
casks
bags
lbs.
tierces
barrels
bags
bales
lbs.
cwt.
caroteels and butts
cwt.
drums
packages
tons
cwt.
bags
cwt.
casks & bags
cwt,
bundles
cwt.
number
lbs.
chests
tons
bars
cwt.
lbs.
chests
cwt.
tons
lbs.
cwt.
casks
cwt.
casks
cwt.
casks
tons
lbs.
packages
tuns
casks
cwt.
casks
chests
lb I.
Molasses
Nicaragua wood -
Nutmegs
Oil, castor
olive
palm
Opium
Pepper
hags
Piece goods of India, calicoes, pieces
silks _
nankeens —
Pimento • - casks & bags
lbs.
Quicksilver - - _
Raisins - - - cwt.
18.'?,506
336,175
14,005
1,606
147,820
12,788
166
89,351
426
82,234
2,327
28,085
1,258
12,237
1,147
886,099
775,992
32.3.261
77
3.603
13,485
454,187
17,097
1,195
77,789
13,207
4,692,008
57.673
630
5,634
84,463
5,030
5,591
90.5
1,676
2,.351
4,51fi
127,660
1.S57
26,418
28,401
129.683
544,255
36.834
5,974
26,790
1,635
545,368
7,8.30
5,336
5,591
77,795
9,018
217
2,528
24
24,644
1,634
866
874,486
118,177
3,488
9,860
895
3,241
983
10,674
254,479
60,429
599,580
133,685
1,219,240
21,561
540,735
107,535
16,204
January.
1833.
Articles.
683,905
232..328
12,882
135
33,568
27,776
14
452,02.5
248
352,942
1.611
1.154
2.511
12.113
890
404.854
820,849
335,387
136
1,168
2,772
401,527
17,440
1,683
132,429
2,969
5,087,989
37.652
2.60 »
2,148
77,586
12,431
899
917
1,112
808
288
32.479
336
11,440
23.881
158.321
214.822
29,670
6,301
13,411
037,738
6,813
5,084
7,524
2,761
28 ,938
177
5,081
210
7,672
1,708
502
228,516
65,710
225
1,132
172
2,285
1,211
81
20,517
478,7.50
73,951
489,009
181,738
846,085
18,174
483,220
24,189
34,291
Raisins -
Rhubarb
Rice
Sago -
Saltpetre
Sarsapariila
Shellac
Shumac -
Silk, raw
thrown
Smalts
Spirits, brandy
geneva
January,
1832.
Steel
Sugar
Tallow
Tea, black
green
Tin -
Tobacco
Turpentine
Turmeric
Valonia
Wine, Cape
French
Madeira
Port
Rhenish .
Spanish
unrated
Wool, cotton
sheep's ■
Zinc
' packages
lbs.
chests
cwt.
bags
cwt.
chests
cwt.
lbs.
bundles
cwt.
chests
- cwt.
bags
lbs.
• gallons
puncheons
hhds.
• gallons
casks
cases
• pimcheons
hhds.
gallons
cwt.
- hhlK
tierces
barrels
bags
chests
boxes
cwt.
casks
lbs.
cwt.
casks
cwt.
hhds.
packages
cwt.
casks
cwt.
bags
cwt.
gallons
pipes
hhds.
gallons
hhds.
cases
gallons
P.i!'<a
hhds.
f^ aliens
piiies
hhds.
gallons
casks
f -lions
butu
hhds.
gallons
pipes
bhds.
bales
cwt.
lbs
bags
cwt.
January,
1833.
plates
casks
41,695
16,149
669
42,967
12,2,55
20,696
2„326
35,821
91,3,37
519
1,05,5
311
7,083
3,122
2,067,194
755,788
194,172
612,420
772
2,283
13,035
92
.35
58.932
10,525
1,365,181
11,456
1,528
66,642
4,436
2,060
136,272
10,373
15,600
281,513
38,261
12,565
42,256,432
11,264,^92
3,800
40
146.544
8.780
270
41.062
3,050
6,121
11,477
17,607
488 ,UU
412
1,436
340,681
536
1,493
395.548
300
316
2,246,904
925
1,4.38
48,529
169
2,596,214
795
2,2,59
172,559
243
653
10,081
34,708
2,078,248
2,506
37,163
3,698
18
35.228
17,583
450
45,907
14, .580
1 8, too
: 1,529
68,865
123.791
746
2.101
244
11.138
4,877
2,095.530
89.575
294,092
723,697
1,148
3,864
27,5.W
99
178
51,967
8,281
694,618
9,952
516
55,268
3,018
1,688
93,953
7,521
42,226
S63,703
61,375
6,250
42,067,145
11,279,163
2,197
4,223
959,176
7,612
23
42,263
i3,571
8,466
10,844
9,430
222,985
595
588
352,569
858
1, 4.30
361,594
354
442
1,576.837
499
1.099
47.037
43
2,241,538
1.133
3.293
132,978
143
307
8,123
102,110
811,474
3.751
.<2,825
3,933
26
* f
If
■X'
I '
I
I I
:i
i
i
• \
»■
1-%
1226
WATCHES. — WATER.
' WATCHES (Gcr. Vhren, Taschenuhren ; Vr. Montr cs ; It. Oriudi da taaca, o da
aaccoccia ; Sp. Rehjes dt faltriquera ; Rus. Karmanniie tsckasU\ portable machines
generally of a small size and round flat shape, that measure and ii.dicate the successive
portions of time ; having, for the most part, their motions regulated by a spiral spring.
When constructed on the most approved principles, and executed in the l)est manner a
watch is not only an exi :edingly useful, but a most admirable piece of mechanism.
It has exercised the genius and invention of the most skilful mechanics, as well as of
some of the ablest mathematicians, for nearly 3 centuries. And, considering the small-
nCss of its size, its capacity of being carried about uninjured »n every variety of position,
the number and complexity of its movements, and the extraordinary accuracy with which
it represents the successive portions of time as determined by the rotation of the earth
on its axis, we need not wonder at Dr. Paley having referred to it as a striking specimen
of human ingenuitji.
Spring watches are constructed nearly on the same principle as pendulum clocks.
Instead of the pendulum in the latter, a spring is used in the former, the isochronism
of the vibrations of which corrects the unequal motions of the balance.
Uitlorical Notice. — The invention of spring watches dates from about the middle of the Ifith century
and has been warmly contested for Huygens and Hookc. The English writers generally incline in favour
of the latter. Dr. Hutton itiys— (Mathematical Dictionary, art. fVatch), that the words " Rob. Hooke
invenit, 1658," were inscribed on the dial plate of a watch presented to Charles II. in 1675. But Montucia
afHrms (Uistoire des -Matkcmatiques. tom. ii. p. 413. ed. 1800), that Huygens made this " belle dt!couvcrte"
in 1556, and presented a spring watch to the States of Holland in 1657. Compurliig these statements it
certainly appears that the claim of Huygens to the priority of the discovery it the better established' of
the two. We do not, however, believe that either of those distinguished (icrsons owed, in this respect,
any thing to the other. The probability seems to be, that the happy idea of employing a spring to regulate
the motion of watches occurred to them both nearly at the same time.
Improvement qf Ifatc/tes. — Owing to the facility with which the longitude may be determined by the
aid of accurately goin^ watches, it is of great importance to have them made as perfect as ixMsiblo. In
this view liberal premiums have l)een given to the makers of the best marine watches, or chronometers
by the governments of England, France, Spain, &c. In the reign of Queen Anne, {larliamcnt ottered
a reward of 20,0001. to anv one who should make a watch, or other instrument, capable of determining
the longitude at sea, within certain limits. This magnificent premium was awarded, in 1764, to the
celebrated John Harrison, for a marine watch, which, being tried in a voyage to Barbadoes, determined
its longitude with even more than the required accuracy. Uther premiums, though of inferior amount,
were subsequently given to Messrs. Mudge, Arnold, Earnshaw, &c Since 18'J2, 2 prizes, one of ;jO(V. and
one of UOOl., have been annually given to the makers of the 2 chronometers atljudged to be the best, after
having been submitted to a twelvemonth's trial at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. And to such
perfection has the manufacture attained, that some of the chronometers employed by navigators, though
carried into the most opposite climates, have not varied to the extent of 2 seconds in their mean rate of
going throughout the year.
fVatch Manitfacturc. — The watch-making business is carried on to a great extent in London ; the
artists of which have attained to an unrivalled degree of excellence in this department. There are about
14,000 gold and 85,000 silver watches annually assayed at Goldsmith's Hall, London — i^Jacob on the
Precious Afetais, voLiL p. 413.) — the aggregate value of which is, probably, not much under 600,00(M.
The manufacture is also carried on to a conciderable extent at Liverpool, Coventry, Edinburgh, &c.
Watch movements used to be extensively manufactured at Prescot in Lancashire ; but latterly, we
believe, the manufacturers have been withdrawing to Liverpool.
On the Continent, watches are principally manufactured at Paris, Geneva, and in NeufchateL Some
of the French and Swiss watches are excellent j but, generally speaking, they are slight, and interior
to those made in London. Paris and Geneva watches are largely exported to foreign countries ; and are
every where in high ettimation, particularly among the ladies.
Watches impressed with any mark or stamp, api)earing to be or to represent any legal British assay
mark or stamp, or purporting by any mark or appearance to be of the maimfacture of the United King,
dom, or not having the name and place of abode of some foreign maker abroad visible on thCalVame and
also on the face, or not being in a complete state, with all the parts properly tixed in the case, may not
be imported into the United Kingdom, even for the purpose of being warehoused. — (3 & 4 yVilL 4. c. 53.
4 .58. See ante, p. 662.)
IVatches in China. — Pretty considerable numbers of European watches are imported into China; and
we anticipate, now that the monopoly is put down, a large increase of the trade. It may be worth men-
tioning, tnat those among the Chinese, as well as among some other Extern nations, who can affbrd it,
uniformly u>ear watches in pairs! This sort of extravagance is not, however, confined to watches, but
extends to a variety of other articles. Shawls, for example, are invariably worn in India in pairs of
exactly the same pattern ; and it is hardly possible, indeed, to find a native dealer who will sell a
•ingle shawl.
In 1832, there were exported from Great Britain 18,678 watches of British manufacture ; of these,
13,379 were ulver, 4,187 metal, 435 gold, 671 being without cases. The duty on foreign watches and
clock* is an tid valorem one of 25 per cent., and no account is kept of the numbers of each imported.
In 1832, their aggregate value amounted to 25,332/. : the total value of the foreign clocks and watches
exported during the same year being 1,054/. — (Pari. Paper, No. 490. Sess. 1833.;
WATER. It may be thought unnecessary, perhaps, to say any thing in a work of
this sort with respect to a fluid so well known and so abundant. But, beside, being an
indispensable necessary of life, water is, in most large cities, an important commercial
article. It is in the latter point of view, principally, that we mean to consider it. —
Inasmuch, however, as the mode of supplying different places with water, and its
price, necessarily vary in every possible way, we shall limit our remarks on these sub-
jects to the metropolis only. The few remarks we iatcnd to offer of a general nature
will apply indiflTerently to any populous place, the suppiy of which with water occasions
a considerable expense.
1. Quality of Water. — Dt. Ure ha* made the following sUtement* with reipect to the quality of
water : — " Water," says he, " Is a very tran*parent fluid, possessing a moderate degree of activity with
regard to organised lubstances, which render* it friendly to animal and vegetable life, for both which; it
i*. indeed, indiipcnsaUy neceuary. Hence it acti but ilightly on th« organi of Mnie, and ii therefore
WATER.
1227
•■*^.i? ^*^* "^i"'fu *"** ""' 'T"- .^' «PP«a" to POMc»« roniiderable claiticity, and yieWi in a per
ceptihle degree to the pressure of air in the condensing machine "^
'•Native water is seldom, if ever, found perfectly pure. The waters that flow within or upon the
surface of the earth contain various earthy, saline, mct:.llic, vegetable, or animal partic^les. acVordina
to the substances over or through which they pass. Rain and snow waters ire muc>i nurer than thMn
although they also contain whatever Boats in the air, or has been exhaled alonir with the waterv
vajwurs. " "">viy
•' The purity of water may be known by the following marks or properties of pure 'vater • —
" 1. Pure water is lighter than'water that is not pure.
" S. Pure water is mure fluid than water that is not pure.
" 3. It has no colour, smell, or taste.
" 4. It wets more easily than the waters containing metallic and earthy salts, called hard waters and
feels softer when touched. '
" 5. Soap, or a solution of soap in alcohol, mixes easily and perfectly with it.
" G. It is not rendered turbid by adding to it a solution of gold in aqua regia ; or a solution of silver
or of lead, or of mercury, in nitric acid ; or a solution of acetate of lead in water. *
" Water was, till modern times, considered as an elementary or simple substance ; but it is now
ascertained to be a compound of oxygen and hydrogen."
2. Supply of Water. ^ London was very ill supplied with water previously to the
early part of the 17th century, when the New River water was introduced into the
city. This exceedingly useful work was planned and carried into effect by the famous
Sir Hugh Middleton, who expended his whole fortune on the project ; having, like
many other public benefactors, entailed poverty on himself and his posterity by embark>
ing in an undertaking productive of vast wealth to others, and of great public utility.
The New River has its principal source near Chadwell, between Hertford and Ware,
about 20 miles from London ; but the artificial channel in which the water is conveyed
is about 40 miles in length. Sir Hugh Middleton encountered innumerable difficulties
during the progress of the undertaking, which it is probable would have been abandoned,
at least for a time, but for the aid afforded by James I. The New River Company
was incorporated in 1619, 6 years after the water had been brought to the reservoir at
Islington. The undertaking yielded very little profit for a considerable number of
years ; but it has since become extremely profitable ; so much so, that an original 500/.
share has been sold for 13,000Z. !
The Chelsea Water- Works Company was formed in 1723, and (with the aid of 3
smaller companies, none of which are now in existence) it, and the New River, supplied
all that part of the metropolis north of the Thames with water, down to the year 1810.
In that year, however, 3 new companies, the East London, West Middlesex, and Grand
Junction, were established, under the authority of different acts of parliament. At this
moment the metropolis is supplied with water by the following companies : —
New River,
Chelsea,
East London,
West Middlesex,
Grand Junction,
Lambeth,
Vauxhall, or South London, and
Southwark Water Works.
The following statements with respect to these companies are taken from Mr. Wade's
valuable treatise on the police of the metropolis. The Report of the commissioners ap-
pointed by government in 1 827, to inquire into the state of the supply of water in the
metropolis, is the principal authority on which they are founded.
" The New River Company get their supply from the spring at Chadwell, between Hertford and Ware.
It comes in an open channel, of about 40 miles in length, to reservoirs at Clerkenwcll. There are 2 re-
servoirs, haviiig between them a surface of about 5 acres, and an average depth of 10 feet. These reservoirs
are 84J feet above low water mark in the Thames ; and, by means of steam engines and a stand-pipe, an
additional height of fiO feet can be given to the water, so that all the mains belonging to this Company
are kept full by a considerable pressure of water. The highest service given by the New River ii the
cistern on the top of Covont Garden Theatre. The aqueduct by which the water is brought has only a
fall of 2 inches per mile j thus it wastes, by evaporation, during the drought of summer, and is impeded
by frost in the winter. At these times the Company pump an additional supply .>om the Thames, at
Broken Wharf, between Blackfriars and Southwark Bridges. 'l"o this, however, they seldom have re.
course; and their engine, erected since the works at London Bridge were broken down, has worked only
176 hours in the year. The New River Company supply 6(),600 houses with water, at an annual average
of about 1,100 hogsheads Cach, or, in all, about T^.OOO.OiX) hogsheads annually.
" The East London ff'atcr fVorks are situated at Old Ford, on the river Lea, about 3 miles from the
Thames, and a little below the point to which the tide flows up the Lea. By the act of parliament, tlii»
Company must take its water when the tide runs up and the mills below have ceased working. The water
is pumped into reservoirs and allowed to settle ; and a supply of 6,000,(X)0 ga'.lons is daily distributed to
about 42,000 houses. This Company supply no water at a greater elevation than 30 feet, and the usual
height at which the delivery is made to tne tenants is feet above the pavement ; they have 200 miles of
iron pipes, which, in some places, cost them 7 guineas a yard. This and the New River are the only
companies which do not draw their supply of water entirely from the Thames.
" The IVest Midrffcie* derive their su^)ply of water from the Thames, at the upper end of Hammer,
smith, about 9) miles above London Bridge, and where the bed of the Thames is gravel. The water ig
forced by engines to a reservoir at Kensington, 309 feet long, 123 wide, and 20 deep, paved and lined with
bricks, and elevated about 120 feet above low water in the Thames. They have another reservoir on
Little Primrose Hill, about 70 feet-higher, and containing 88,000 hogsheads of water, under the pressure
of which the drains are kept charged, in case of fires. They serve about 15,000 tenants, and the average
daily supply is about 2,250,000 gallons.
" T/ie Chelsea fVater Works derive their supply from the Thames, about J of a mile east of
Chelsea Hospital ; and they have 2 reservoirs — one in the Green Park and another in Hyde Park —
the former having an elevation of 44 feet, and the latter of 70. These reservoirs, till within these few
months, had never been cleaned, nor had there been any preparation made for that purpose in their con.
struction. About i of the water served out by this Company is allowed to settle in these reser.
voin, and the remaining } are lent directly fl-om the Thames. Latterly, the Company huve
i t \
! >
Im f
• V
.m
i ;
1228
WATER.
been making preparations for filtering the water ; and also for allowing it to tettle in retcrvoirs, at
Chelica, before it is delivered into the mains. The Chelsea Company serve about 13,400 houses, and the
average daily supply is 1,760,000 gallons.
" The Grand Junction Company derive the whole of their supply from the Thames, immediately ad.
joining Chelsea Hospital ; thence it is pumjied, without any filtration or settling, into .3 reservoirs at
The Lambeth Company take their supply from the Thames, between Westminster and Waterloo
Bridges. It is drawn from the bed of the river by a suction pipe, and delivered to the tenants without
being allowed to subside ; there being only a cistern of '1(H) barrels at the works, as a temporary supply
unt'il ihe engines can be started. The greatest height to which the Company force water is alwut 40 feet •
the number of houses that they supply is l(i,0(X), and the average service is 1,'^44,0U0 gallona daily. '
" The South ImhiIoh, or I'aiuchaU Company, take their supply from the river Thames by a tunnel
which is laid 6 feet below low water mark, and as far into the river as the third arch of Vauxhall Bridge'
At that particular place, the bed of the Thames is described as being always clean, and without any of
those depositions of mud and more offensive substances that are found in many other places. Uesldcs the
greater purity of the bed of the Thames here than where any other Company on the south side take their
supply, the Company allow the water to settle in reservoirs. The Vauxhall Company supply about
10,000 houses with about 1,000,000 gallons of water daily.
" The Southwark Water Works (the property of an individual) are supplied from the middle of the
Thames, below Southwark and London Bridges ; and the water thus taken is sent out to the tenants
without standing to settle, or any filtration further than it receives from passing through wire grates uiid
amall holes in metallic plates. The number of houses supplied by these works is about 7,000, and the
average daily supply about 720,(KX) gallons."
The results may be collected into a Table, as follows : —
Companies.
Services.
Averave per Day,
Gallons.
(iallons Annually.
Average per
House, Gallons.
1. New River ....
2. East London
3. West Middlesex .
4. Ciielsea ....
5. Cirand Junction
6. Lamlietli - . • •
8. Soutiiwaik
Total -
07,000
42,000
15,000
12,400
7,700
IG.OOO
10,000
7,000
13,000,000
2,260,000
1,700,000
2,800,000
1,244,000
1,000,000
720,000
4,056,000,000
1,872,000,000
702,000,000
649,120,000
873,600,000
388,128,000
312,000,000
221,540,000
182
143
150
142
.363
77
lUO
102
183,100 t 28,774,000
8,977,388,000
157
Average per house north of the river
Averaice per house south of the river
iy6gaUoiu.
93 ditto.
It would appear from this Table, as if the supply of water were either excessive on the Middlesex side
of the river, or very deficient on the Surrey side. But this discrepancy is more apparent than real The
inhabitants in the northern district are, speaking generally, decidedly richer than those in the soutliern
district; they have, particularly in the west end of the town, larger families, and a much greater numl)er
of horses. There is also a much larger expenditure of water upon the roads in Middlesex than in Surrey
Still, however, we believe that there is a more liberal sui.ply in the former than in the latter.
Monopoly qf the Water Companies. — The sanction ol parliament was given to the 3 new companies
formed in 1810, not so much in the view of increasing the actual supply of water, as of checking inono>
poly, and reducing the rates by their competition. But these expectations have not been realised For a
while, indeed, the competition of the several companies was exceedingly injurious to their interests and
occasioned the total destruction of some of the inferior ones; but no sooner had this happened than the
others discovered that their interests were in reality the same, and that the true way to promote them
was to concert measures together. In furtherance of this object, the 5 companies for the supply of that
part of the metropolis north of the river proceeded to divide the town into as many districts binding
themselves, under heavy penalties, not to encroach on each other's estates: and having in this way gone
far to secure themselves against any new competitors, their next measure was to nAAjire and twentu net
cent to the rates established in 1810 ; and these have, in several instances, been still further augmented!
The benefits that were expected to result from their multiplication have, therefore, proved quite imal
Binary ; and though the supply of water has been increased, it is neither so cheap nor so good as it might
nave been under a ditterent system. '^
The following statement of the rates and profits of the 5 principal Water Companies in 1820 and 1827
is extracted from the Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the suddIv of watpr
in 1828 : — vv 3
Comparative Returns of 1820 with 1827.
Years.
Houses.
Average
Kate
perHouse.
Gross Annual
Income.
Gross
Expenditure.
Nett Proat.
Remarks.
L. t. d.
1 L. ; d.
L. t. d.
«.
West M
ddlesez.
1820
10,350
47
24,252 6 10
U.OOO
15,252 6 10
1827
14.600
51
37,000
13,000
24,000
Grand Junction.
182a
17,180
57
20,153 11 7 8,916 6 5
24,702 5 10,674 8 4
Che sea.
11,237 5 7
1827
7,809
61
14,027 16 8
1820
8,631
35
15,1,50 7 11 12,255 11
2,894 16 11
1827
12,409
30
18,589 16 1 12,632 2 9
East London.
6,057 13 4
1820
32,071
22
35,358 14 9
16,336 1
19,022 13 9
There was also a non-permanent
1827
42,000
21
45,442 19 5
New
14,060 6 3
Uver.
31,392 13 2
exiiPiKliture in 1827, amountins
to 23,217/. 18«. 2d.
1820
52,082
85
67,275 2 4
48,109 18 4
19,165 4
1827
60,600
28
95,657 15 10
69,204 13 3
36,453 2 7
South i ,ondon.
1820
5,200
IS
4,708 3 4
-
•
Incomplete.
1827
10,000
16
8,293 2 7
7,991 13 7
301 9
Lam
>eth.
1820
11,487
16
0,3.35
8,552
783
1827
15,987
10
12,370
9,500
2,870
Southwark.
1820
1827
"6,900
. a 1 . ■
1
.
1 Returns incomplete.
f
WAX.
Total North of the Thames.
1229
Years.
1820
1H«7
Houses.
110,314
H3,,118
;(iross Annual Income. | Uross Kipcniliture.
L. ,. d.
in«,i90 ^ .'i
%'i\flm 16 4
/.. : d.
91,fil7 Ifi 4
l()!l,ltil 10 7
•Veil rrofii.
11I,U3I
Total South of the Thames. — ncturns not complelc.
The truth U, as we endeavoured to show in the article Companies, that certain restrictioni mmht in
almost all cases, to be imposed on companies for the supply of water to a large city These an- ii< t u I
dertakings that can be safely trusted to the free principles that may generally be relied upon If thrr."
be only one set of springs adjacent to a town, or if there be certain springs more conveniently situated for
supplying it with water than any other, a company ac()uiring a right to such springs, and incorporated for
the purpose of conveying the water to town, would thereby gait! an exclusive adrantage ; and if no limits
were set to its dividends, its partners might make an enormous profit at the expense of the public mA
without its being possible materially to reduce them by means of cimipetition. What has happened in
the case of the New Kiver Company sufficiently evinces the truth of what has now been stated Had its
dividends been limited to any thing like a reasonable prolit, the water that is at present supplied bv its
means might have been furnished for a small part of what it actually co>ts. But in cases of this .sort
priority of occupation, even without any other peculiar advantage, goes far to exclude all regular and
wholesome competition. A company that has got pipes laid down in the streets mav, if threatened bv
kr rfimnanv. lower its rates ro ran tn makn tlm latf..*- ,..:»i..i- V ....... \
— ■ .... ,1 I i«v ii. 'r i — ;"■••■"".•"■•• '""■'>^" I'lTiuu, aiui IS sure 10
be in the end effectually suppressed. We are, therefore, clearly ot opinion, that no company ought ever
to be formed for the conveyance of water into a large city, without a maximum being set both to the rates
and the dividends ; giving the company an option, in the event of the maximum rate yielding more than
the maximum dividend, either to reduce the rate, or to apply the surplus to the purchase of the companv's
stock ; so that ultimately the charge on account of the dividends may be got rid of.
We are glad to have to add, that we are supported in what is now stated by the He/iort of the Select
Committee of the House of Commons on the supply of water for the metropolis, printed in 1821 It is
there said — " The public is at present without any protection even against a further indefinite extension
of demand. In cases of dispute, there is no tribunal but the Boards of the companies themselves to
which individuals can appeal ; there are no regulations but such as the companies may have voluntarily
imposed upon themselves, and may therefore at any time revoke, for the continuance of the supply in its
present state, or for defining the cases in which it may be withdrawn from the householder. All these
points, and some others of the same nature, indispensably require legislative regulation, where the subject
matter is an article of the first necessity, and the supply has, from peculiar circumstances, got into such
a course that it is not under the oiieration of those principles which govern supply and demand in other
cases.
" The principle of the acts under which these companies were instituted, was to encourage competition ;
and certainly in this, as in other cases, it is only from competition, or the expectation of competition, that
a perfect security can be had for a good supply. But your committee are satisfied, that, from the peculiar
nature of these undertakings, the principle of competition requires to be guarded by particular checks
and limits in its application to them, in order to render it effectual, without the risk of destruction to the
competing parties, and thereby, ultimately, of a serious injury to the public." And the committee pro.
ceeds to remark — " The submission of their accounts annually to parliament, for a few years, would
necessarily throw light on this part of the question."
We think that it would be highly expedient to adopt the suggestion of the committee, by calling upon
the companies to lay annually detailed statements of their affairs before parliament. 'I'hey should be
obliged in these statements to give an account of the rates charged by them, and to make a special report
as to every case in which they have withdrawn water from a householder. It is to no purpose to repeat,
in opposition to this proposal, the common-places about competition securing for the citizens a sufficient
supply of water at the lowest prices, in the same way that the competition of bakers and butchers secures
them supplies of beef and bread I The statements already made show that there is no analogy whatever
in the circumstances under which these articles are supplied. If aman bedissatisfieilwith any particular
butcher or baker, he may go to another ; but it ts not possible for him to change his water merchant,
unless he also change the place of his residence. No water company will encroach upon the district
assigned to another ; and supposing an individual unlucky enough to quarrel with those who have the
absolute monopoly of the supply of the district in which he resides, he must either migrate to another,
or be without water, unless he can get a supply ujion his own premises ! Such being the actual state of
things, it is quite ludicrous to talk about competition affording any real security against extortion and
abuse. Even the publication of the procp'- "ings of the companies would be a very inadequate check on
their conduct ; but such as it is, it is pcriiaps the only one that can now be resorted to ; and as it would
have considerable influence, it ought not, certainly, to be neglected.
3. Qualiti/ of the London Water. — All the companies, with the exception of the New River and East
London Companies, derive their supplies of water from the Thames ; and in consequence of their taking
it up within the limits to which the tide flows, it is necessarily, in the first instance, loaded with many
impurities. But the reports that were recently so very prevalent, with respect to the deleterious quality
of the water taken -from the river, have been shown to be very greatly exaggerated. The statement of
Dr. Bostock, given in the Report of the commissioners, shows that by far the greater part of the im.
purities in the Thames water are mechanically suspended in, and not chemically combined with, it ; and
that they may be separated from it by filtration, or by merely allowing it to stand at rest. Most of the
companies have recently made considerable efforts to improve their water ; and though they have not
done in this respect as much as they might and ought to have done, a considerable improvement has, on
the whole, been effected : and notwithstanding all that has been said to the contrary, we have been
assured, by those best qualified to form an opinion on such a subject, that, though not nearly so pure as a
little pains would render it, there is not the slightest foundation for the notion that its impurities have
been such as to affect, in any degree, the health of the inhabitants.
4. Water for Ships. — Various improvements have been made in the art of preserving water on board
ships. Of these, the principal are the charring the inside of the casks in which the water Is kept, and
the substitution of iron tanks for casks. The latter, being made of the required shape, may be conve.
niently stowed into any part of the ship. In men.of-war, the iron tanks serve as ballast ; the water
being brought up by a forcing pump. Water is found to preserve better in them than in any other sort
of vessel. Drii>-stones may be employed with much advantage in the purification of water. When
water is taken on board from a river into which the tide flows, it should, of course, be raised at
low ebb.
WAX (Ger. Wachsj Fr. Cirej It. and Sp. Cera; Rus. Wosk), a vegetable product.
Several plants contain wax in such abundance, as to make it worth while to extract it
from them. But bees' wax is by far the most generally known. The honey is first
! '
t
I;
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i
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1280
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
pressed from the comb, and the wax is then melted into cakes. It has a slight odour of
honey, is insipid, and of a bright yellow hue. It is brittle, yet soft, and sonicwliat
unctuous to the touch. It is often adulterated with earth, pea meal, resin, &c. The
presence of the former may be suspected when the cake is very brittle, or when its colour
inclines more to gray than to yellow; and the presence of resin may l>e suspected wlan
the fracture appears smooth and shining, instead of being granulated. Wax, wlu-n
.bleached or purified, is white, perfectly insipid, inodorous, and somewhat translucent • it
is harder, less unctuous to the touch, heavier, and less fusible, than yellow wax. It is
sometimes adulterated with the white oxide of lead to increase its weight, with wiiite
tallow, and with potato starch. The first is detected by melting the wax in water, wlu'n
the oxide falls to the bottom ; the presence of tallow is indicated by the wax beiu" of
a dull opaque white, and wanting the transparency which distinguishes pure wax ; "^md
starch may be detected by applying sulphuric acid to the susjiected wax, as the' acid
carbonises the starch, without acting on the wax. — ( Thomson's Chemistry, and Dr.
A T. Thomson's Dispensatory.)
Notwithstanding the large supply of wax produced at home, a considerable qiuntity is imported from
abroad ; and there can be no doubt that the imiHirt would lie much greater, were it not for the mngnitiiilo
of the duty, which, notwithstanding its late reduction, still amounts to 1/. 10.«. per cwt The total <iinn
tity imported, in 1H3I, amounted to 7,203 cwt ; of which 3,Hif2 cwt. came from Western Africa, 1 V,! cwt
from Triiwli, Barbary, &c., 910 cwt from the United States, and the rest from Russia, Germany.'iic.
Account of the Imiwrts and Exports of Wax, the Quantities retained for Home Use, the Rates of Dutv
thereon, and the Nett Produce of the Duty, in 1831 and 1832. — (Papers published by the Hoard of
Trade, vol ii. p. ty.) •'
^V.M, unbleached
bleached
ImporU.
1S31. 183'2.
Cn4. Cwt.
7,(10.11
1!>SJ'
■ l,S19
Export*.
1831. 18,-52.
Cwt.
1,878
50
Cni.
5} 2,436
Uet.1ine<l for Home
Consumption.
1831. lS3i2.
Cwt.
10,(H)'2
Ul
Cwt.
326
Rate of
Duty.
Pnxhice of
Dutv.
t- '• 'I. l- t. ,1.
1 10 10,!ir.'2
X O I' S2.1 II
The price of wax varies (duty included) from 51. to 10/. a cwt
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Weights are used to ascertain the gravity of
bodies, — u qudity depending partly on their magnitude, and partly on their density.
Measures are used to determine the magnitude of bodies, or the space whicli tliey
occupy.
(For an account of the weights and mea.sures used in foreign countries, and tlieir
equivalents in English weights and measures, see the notices of the great sea-port towns
dispersed throughout this work. Thus, for the Russian weights and measures, sec
Fetersburgii ; for those of China, see Canton; &c.)
Neither the magnitude nor the weight of any one body can be determined, unless by
comparing it with some other body selected as a standard. It is impossible, indeed, to
form any idea in respect of magnitude or weight, except in relation to some definite
space or weight with which we are acquainted. We say that one article weighs 1 pound,
another 2 pounds, a third 3, and so on ; meaning not only that these weights are to eacli
other as I, 2, 3, &c., but also that the weight or specific gravity of the first is equal to
the known and determinate weight denominated a pound, that the second is equ.il to 2
pounds, and so on.
Standards of Weight and Measure. — Standards of lineal measure must have been
fixed upon at the earliest period, and appear to have consisted principally of parts of the
human body, — as the cubit, or length of the arm from the elbow to the tip of the
middle finger : the foot ; the ulna, arm, or yard ; the span ; the digit, or finger ; the
fathom, or space from the extremity of one hand to that of the other, when they are both
extended in opposite directions ; the pace, &c. Large spaces were estimated by niea-
sures fornxed out of multiples of the smaller ones ; and sometimes in day's journeys, or
by the space which it was supposed an ordinary man might travel in a day, using a
reasonable degree of diligence.
But lineal measures can only be used to determine the magnitude of solid bodies ; the
magnitude of bodies in a liquid or fluid state has to be determined by what are called
measures of capacity. It is probable that, in the infancy of society, shells, or other hollow
instruments afforded by nature, were used as standards. But the inaccuracy of the con-
clusions drawn from referring to them must soon have become obvious ; and it early
occurred, that to obtain an accurate measure of liquids nothing more was necessary than
to constitute an artificial one, the dimensions, and consequently the capacity, of which
should be determined by the lineal measures previously adopted.
The determination of the gravity or weight of different bodies supposes the invention
of the balance. Nothing is known of the steps which led to its introduction ; but it was
used in the remotest antiquity. It seems probable that, at first, cubes of some common
lineal measure, as a foot, or the fraction of a foot, formed of copper, iron, or some other
metal, were used as stiindards of weight. When the standard was selected, if it was de*
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. i23i
sired to ascertain the specific gravity or weight of any given article, all that was nccev«rT
was to put It into one (rf the scales of the balance ; and as many cube., or parts of ^bJJ
on the other, as might be necessary to counterpoise it. i"i"-».
Weights have, however, been frequently derived from grains of corn. Hence in
this, and m some othc- European countries the lowest denomination of weicht is n nmin
and 32 of these grains are directed, by the ancient statute called Compositio Mcmumrum
to compose a pennyweight, whereof 20 make an ounce, 12 ounces a pound and s^
upwards. '
In every country in which commercial transactions are extensively carried on the im
portance of having weights and measures determined by some fixed standard becomes
obvious to every one. But as the size of different parts of the human body differ in
different individuals, it is necessary to select some durable article, — a metallic hkI, for
example, — of the length of an ordinary cubit, foot, &c., and to make it a standard with
which all the other cubits, feet, &c. used in mensuration shall correspond. These stan-
dards have always been preserved with the greatest care: at Home, they were kept in
the temple of Jupiter ; and among the Jews, their custody was intrusted to the family of
Aaron. — {Paucton, Metrdogie, p. 223.)
The principal standards used in the ancient world, were, the cubit of the Jews, irom
which their other measures of length, capacity, and weight were derived ; and the foot
of the Greeks and Romans.
In England, our ancient historians tell us that a new, or rather a revived, standard of
lineal measure was introduced by Henry I., wlio onlered that the ulna, or ancient ell,
which corresponds to the modern yard, should be made of the exact length of his own
arm, and that the other measures of length should be raised upon it. This standard
has been maintained, without any sensible variation. In 1742, the Royal Society had
a yard made, from a very careful comparison of the standard ells or yards of the reigns
of Henry VII. and Elizabeth kept at the Exchequer. In 1758, an exact copy was
made of the Royal Society's yard ; and this copy having been examined by a committee
of the House of Commons, and reported by them to be equal to the standard yard, it
was marked as such; and this identical yard is declared, by the act 5 Geo. 4. c. 74.,
to be the standard of lineal measure in Great Britain. The clause in the act is as
follows : —
" From and after the 1st day of May, 182o (subsequently extended to the 1st of January, 1826), the
straiKht line or distance between the centres of the 2 points in the pold studs in the straight brass ro<l
now in the custotly of the dork of tl»o House of Commons, whereon the words and figures ' Stanhard
Yard, 17fi(),' are engraved, shall be the original and genuine standard of that measure of length or lineal
extension called a yard ; and the same straight line or distance between the centres of the said 2 iHtint*
in the said gold studs in the said brass rod, the brass being at the temperature of m" by Fahrenheit's ther-
mometer, shall be and is hereby denominate*! the ' Imperial Standako YAHn,'a.nl shall be and is hereby
declareil to be the unit or only standard measure of extension, whcrefrom or whereby all other measures
of extension whatsoever, whether the same bo lineal, superficial, or solid, shall be derived, rampute*!, and
ascertained ; and that all measures of length shall be taken in parts or multiples or certain proj^rtions of
the said standard yard ; and that l-Sil part of the said standard yard shall be a foot, and the liJth part of
such foot shall be an inch j and that the ix>Ie or jierch in length shall contain 5) such yards, the furlong
2iO such yitrds, and the mde 1,7()0 such yards." — ^ 1.
The superficial measures are formed on the basis of the square of this standard ; it
being enacted, that
" The rood of land shall contain 1,910 square yards, according to the said standard yard ; and that the
acre of land shall contain 4,8'10 such square yards, being IGO square perches, poles, or rods." — ^ 2.
Uniformity of Weights and Measures. — The confusion and inconvenience attending
the use of weights and measures of the same denomination, but of different magnitudes,
was early remarked ; and there is hardly a country in which efforts have not been made
to reduce them to the stime uniform system. Numerous acts of parliament have been
passed, having this object in view, and enjoining the use of the same weights and mea-
sures, under very severe penalties. But, owing to the inveteracy of ancient customs, and
the diffictilty of enforcing new regulations, these statutes have always had a very limited
influence, and the greatest diversity has continued to prevail, except in lineal measures.
But the statute of 5 Geo. 4. c. 74. seems to have, at length, effected what former statutes
failed of accomplishing. It is, perhaps, indebted for its success in this respect to the
moderate nature of the changes which it introduced. We have already seen that it made
no alteration in the lineal measures previously in use. Neither did it affect the pre-
viously existing system of weights : both the Troy and the Avoirdupois weights having
been preserved.
" The Troy weight," says Mr. Davics Gilbert, President of the Royal Society, " appeared to us (the
runmissioners of weights and measures) to be the ancient weight of this kingdom, having, as we have
reason to suppose, existed in the same state from the time of St. Etlward the Confessor ; and there are
reasons, moreover, to l)elieve, that the word Troy has no reference to any town in France, but rather to
the monkish name given to London, of Troy Novant, founded on the legend of Rruta Troy weight,
therefore, according to this etymology, is, in fact, London weight. We were induced, moreover^ to pre»
serve the Troy weight, because all the coinage has been uniformly regulated by it ; and all medical pre-
scriptions or formula* now are, and always have been, estimated by 'Iroy weight, under a peculiar tuh*
division, which the College of Physicians have expressed themselves most anxioui to preterve."
»
i?
i>i
< i
I,
t
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I
1232
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
It wa» rcfolved »herefore, to continue the use of Troy weight ; and also, on account of the accur.rv ,,
the Troy standanl, Ui r.uac the Avoirdupois weight ft-om this TmsIs. <«-<.uracy o
" We found," said Mr. Oavies Gilbert, " the Avoirdupois weight, by which all heavy goods havp hoot,
for a long time weighed (probably derived «Vom Avoirs (Avcrial, the ancient name for goods or chat^l.
tor a long iime weignca ^prooauly ncriven irom Avoirs lAvcriai, ine anctcnt name for goods or chattnl.
and Polds, weight), to l)c universally used throughout the kingdom. This weight, however seems nn» i
have been preserved with such scrupulous accui^.y as 'Iroy weight, by which more precious' articles h\vn
been weighed; but we liad reason to believe that the |H>und cannot differ by more than 1 2 or 'i urain«
ftom 7,000 grains Troy ; some being in excess, and others, though in a less degree, in defect, but iii no rnj.o
amounting to above I, 2, or 3 grains. It therefore occurred to us, that we should be oHering no violonro
to this system of weights, if we declared that 7,000 grains Troy should be hereafter considered as thn
pound Avoirdupois." "
Jn accordance with these views, it was enacted, — " That from and after the 1st day of May ISSi thn
standard brass weight of 1 pound Troy weight, made in the year 1758, now in the custoily of the clerk
of the House of Commons, shall be, and the same is hereby declared to be, the original and genuine stan
dard measure of weight, and that such brass weight shall be, and is hereby denominated, the Imiicriai
Standard Troy pound, and shall be, and the same is hereby declared to be, the unit or only staiuiard
measure of weight, from which all other weights shall be derived, computed, and asccrtainetl • and that
l-12th part of the said Troy pound shall be an ounce : and that 1.20th part of such ounce shall be a pennv
weight; and that l-24th part of such pennyweight shall be a grain ; so that .'■),760 such grains shall be a
Troy pound ; and that 7,000 such grains shall be, and they are hereby declared to he, a pound Avoirdunois
and that l.I6th part of the said pound Avoirdupois shall be an ounce Avoirdupois, and that l-16th part
of such ounce shall be a dram." '
The measures of capacity were found to be, at the period of passing the late statute,
in the greatest confusion; and a considerable change has consequently been made in
them. The wine gallon formerly amounted to 231 cubic inches, the corn gallon to
268 -8, and the ale gallon to 282. But these are superseded by the Imperial gallon,
which contains 277 -274 cubic inches, or 277^ very nearly. It is deduced as follows:
" The standard measure of capacity, as well for liquids as for dry goods not measured by heaped
measure, sh^il be the Gallon, containing 10 lbs. avoirdupois weight of distilled water weighed in air at
the temperature of 62° of Fahrenheit's thermometer, the barometer being at 30 inches ; and a measure
shall be forthwith made of brass, of such contents as aforesaid, under the directions of the Lord High
Treasurer or the commissioners of his Majesty's treasury ; and such brass measure shall be, and is
hereby declared to l>e, the Imperial standard gallon, and shall be, and is hereby declared to be, the unit
and only standard measure of capacity, from which all other measures of capacity to be used, as well for
wine, beer, ale, spirits, and all sorts of liquids, as for dry goods not measured by heap measure, shall lie
derived, computed, and ascertained; and all measures shall be taken in parts or multiples or certain
proportions of the said Imperial standard gallon ; and the quart shall be ^th part of such standard gallon
and the pint shall be j^th of such standard gallon, and 2 such gallons shall be a peck, and 8 such gallons
shall be a bushel, and 8 such bushels a quarter of corn or other dry goods, not measured by heaped
measure." — ^ 6.
We subjoin a Tabic showing the contents of the different gallons, both in measure and weight
Imperial gallon . . •
Corn gallon • . - -
Wine gallon ...
Ale gallon - - - -
Cubic Inches.
Avoirdupois Weight.
Troj Weight.
277-274
268-8
231
262
Lin, ot. dr.
lU
9 10 If
8 5 61
10 2 111
Ut. o». dml. «rt,
12 1 16 16
a 9 7 12
10 1 9 22
12 4 6 8
Heaped Measures. — The greatest blemish, by far, in the new act, is the continuance
and legitimation of the practice of selling by heaped measure. We are astonished at the
toleration of such a barbarous custom. All articles that may be sold by heaped measure
ought to be sold by weight. In Scotland, indeed, the use of heaped measure was legally
abolished above 200 years since ; and the present ill-advised attempt to revive a practice
productive of nothing but fraud has been universally rejected in that country. The
clauses in the act as to heaped measure are as follow : —
The standard measure of capacity for coals, culm, lime, fish, potatoes, or fruit, and all other goods and
things commonly sold by heaped measure, shall be the aforesaid bushel, containing 80 lbs. avoirdupois of
water as afbresaid, the same being made round, with a plain and even bottom, and being 19| inches from
outside to outside of such standard measure as aforesaid. — ^7.
In making use of such bushel, all coals and other goods and things commonly sold by heaped measure,
shall be duly heat>ed up in such bushel, in the form of a cone, such cone to be of the height of at least
6 inches, and the outside of the bushel to be the extremity of the base of such cone ; and 3 bushels
shall be a sack, and 12 such sacks shall be a chaldron — (8. It was further enacted, by stat. 6 Geo. 4.
c. 12., that from and after the 1st of January, 1826, all such heaped measures shall be made cylindrical,
and the diameter of such measures shall be at the least double the depth thereof, and the height of the
cone or heap shall be equal to jths of the depth of the said measure, the outside of the measure being the
extremity of or base of such cone. — ^ 2.
Measure of Weight, or Heaped Measure, to be used for Wheat. — Provided always, that any contracts,
bargains, sales, and dealings, made or had for or with respect to any coals, culm, lime, fish, potatoes, or
fruit, and till other goods and things commonly sold by heaped measure, sold, delivered, done, or agreed
for, or to b<! sold, delivered, done, or agreed for, by weight or measure, shall and may be either according
to the said standard of weight, or the said standard for heaped measure; but all contracts, bargains,
sales, and dealings, made or had for any other goods, wares, or merchandise, or other thing done or agreed
for, or to lie sold, delivered, done, or agreed for, by weight or measure, shall be made and had according
to the said standard of weight, or to the said gallon, or the parts, multiples, or proportions thereof; and
in using the same the measures shall not be heaped, but shall be stricken with a round stick or roller,
straight, and of the same diameter fl-om end to end. — (5 Geo. 4. c. 74. \ 9.)
Models. — The 12th section of the act directs models of the standard weights and measures to be kept
in the different counties, cities, burghs, &c. for the verification of the weights and measures in use in
such places.
Contracts for Sale, f^c. by Weight or Measure. — All contracts, bargains, sales, and dealings, which shall
be made or had within any part of the United Kingdom, for any work to be done, or for any goods,
wares, merchandise, or other thing to be sold, delivered, done, or agreed for, by weight or measure, where
no special agreement shall be made to the contrary, shall be deemed to be made and had according to the
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
1233
Rtnndanl weights and mcasurcii asccrUincd by thii net; and in all cases where any sneriul flttrcrmcnt
shall be made, with relereiue to any weight or inensure eMabli«heil bv local cuHom, the ratio .Jr i.roiH.r.
tion which every such local weight or measure shall bear to any of the said ^tandar.l weiglitsor inea«urot
shall be expressi-d, declared, and siiecitied in such agreement, or otherwise such agnenu iit dIiuII be null
and void. — J IT).
Kti-.liHif tiiiffhts and Mranurcs niai/ fx' used, hcing wjnrtcrf. — And as it is expedient that iierson*
should be allowed to use the several weights and measures which they may have in their iicwsciisioii
although such weights and nuiasures may not be in coiilbrmity with the stamlard weights and inea»ures
established by this act; it is therefore enacted, that it shall bo lawful for any person or persnns to buy
and sell goods aiHl merchandise by any weights or measures establishcdeithcrbv local custom, or founded
on special agreement: provided that, in order that the ratio or prnportion wlii'ch all such m'eaMires and
weights shall bear to the standard weights and measures established by this act shall be and becoxnc a
matter of common notoriety, the ratio or proportiun which all such custdiiiary measures and weights
shall bear to the said standard weights and measures shall be painted or marked u|kiii all such custumary
weights and measures respectivelv ; but nothing herein containeil shall extend to permit aiiv maker of
weights or measures, or any person or persons whomsoever, to make anv weight or measure, at any time
arter the 1st of May, 18'J5, except in conformity with the standard weights and measures established under
this act. — \ I(«.
Falne or ili/icii'nt If eights, Jlc — The 'Jlst section declares that all the powers, rules, and regulationg
in force by former acts for preventing the use of false and dcHcient measures are to be applied and put iii
execution, excejit such a.s arc expressly rcpealeil or altered by this act.
Iiwariiilile or Natural Standards. — As the staiulards adopted in most countries have
been in a great degree arbitrary, it has long been the opinion of scientific men, that, to
construct a more jR-rt'ect system of weights and measures, some natural and unchangeable
basis should be adopted. It has, indeed, been contended by Paucton and liailly, that
the measures of the ancients were deduced from a basis of this sort ; and that the
stadium always formed an aliquot part of the earth's circumference, that part diHl-ring
amongst dii!erent nations and authors. But no learning or ingenuity can induce anvone
to believe what is so obviously incredible. The ancients had no means of <letcrmining
the earth's circumference witii any thing like the accuracy re<}uired to render it the
great unit of a sj"stem of measures ; and, what is equally decisive, no ancient autlior ever
makes the slightest allusion to any such standard.
In ujore modern times, however, the idea of seeking for a unit of weight and mea-
sure in some unchanging natural object lists been jjractically carried into ettect. The
standards that have been usually proposed for this object, have been some aliipiot part
of the quadrant of the meridian, or the length of a ])endiilum vibrating seconds in some
given latitude. The latter has been in so far adopted into the existing system of
weights and measures established by the act of 18'J3, that the length of the standard
yard, as compared with that of a pendulum vibrating seconds in tlie latitude of I^ondon,
is specified in tlie act as follows : —
" Whereas it has been ascertained by the commissioners ap|X)inted by his Majesty to in<iuire into the
subject of weights and measures, that the said yard hereby declared to be the Imperial standard yard,
when compared with a pendulum vibrating seconds of mean time in the latitude of London, in a vacuum
at the level of the sea, is in the pr.oportion of ;3<) inches to a> inches anri l,.')yj teii-tliousandth i)arts of an
inch : be it therefore enacted and declared, that if at any time hereafter the said Imperial standard yard
shall be lost, or shall be in any manner destroyed, defaced, or otherwise injured, it shall and may be re-
stored by making, under th" direction of the Ixird High Tieasurer, or the commissioners of his Majesty's
treasury of the Unitetl Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or any 3 of them for the time being, a new
standard yard, bearing the same proportion to such pendulum as aforesaid, as the said Imperial standard
yard bears to such pendulum."
TABLES OF ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, ACCORDING TO THE NEW OR
IMPERIAL STANDARD.
Troy Weislit. Dccigraniines,
. ()^ Grains . = 51||
.Si - - =i.'05i
IMPERIAL TItOT WEIGHT.
The standard pound containing 5,760 grs.
Fitiich Grammes.
1 Grain = ()()fi48
24 Grains - . 1 1'enny weight = Ij.w'J
20 Pennvweights - 1 Ounce = 31 1027
12 Ounces - . 1 Pound = 373'2o30
Troy weight isused 'n the weighing of gold, silver,
jewels, &c. It is also used in ascertaining the
strength of spirituous liquors ; in philosophical ex-
periments ; and in comparing difl'crcnt weights
with each other.
apothecaries' WElCllT.
Fr. Oram.
1 Grain
- = ()()6-l8
20 Grains
- 1 Scruple
- = 1'2<H3
3 Scruples
- 1 Dram
- = 3'888
8 Drams
1 Ounce -
- =. 31-102
li Ounces
1 Pound
- = 373'2.33
Diamond >\Vigbt.
If) Parts - 1 Grain
■I Ciraiiis - 1 Carat
This weight is essentially the same as Troy weight,
but diff'erently divided. It is chiefly used for me.
dical prescriptions; but drugs are mostly bought
and sold by avoirdupois weight.
Diamond weicht. — Diamonds and other pre.
cious stones are weighed by carats, the carat being
divided into 4 grains, and the grain into 16 parts.
The diamond carat weighs 3j grains Troy : thus,
4
IMPERIAL AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
Fr. (iram.
1 Dram = 1-771
16 Drams - 1 Ounce - = 28 346
16 Ounces - 1 Pound - = 45."? 544
28 Pounds - 1 Quarter = 12-699 kil.
4 Quarters - 1 Hundred wt. = .50-7ii6 —
20 Hundrctl wt. - 1 Ton - - 1015-920 —
The dram is subdivided into 3 scruples, and each
scruple into 10 grains ; the pound, or 7,680 grains
avoirdupois, equals 7,(X)0 grains Troy, and hence 1
grain Troy equals 1-097 grains avoirdupois.
Hence also 144 lbs. avoirdupois = 175 lbs. Troy,
and - 192 oz. ditto = 175 oz. ditto.
The stone is generally 14 lbs. avoirdupois weight,
but for butcher's meat or tish it is 8 lbs. Hence
the hundred weight (cwt.) equals 8 stone of 14 lbs.
or 14 stone of 8 lbs.
A stone of glass is 5 lbs. A seam of glass 24
stone, or 120 lbs.
Hay and straw are sold by the load of 36 trusses.
The truss of hay weighs 56 lbs. and of straw 36
lbs. The truss of new hay is 60 lbs. until the 1st
of September.
The custom of allowing more than 16 ounces to
the pound of butter used to be very general in
several parts of the country.
K
Tr
i.1|
\
11
1231
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
wool, wr.Kiiir.
Like nil other bulky articles, wool i» wciglied by
avoir(lu|xiis weight, but the ilivlsiotiit difler ; thu-i.
7 I'ouiuls
1! (loves
2 .Stone
r: 1 Clove.
= 1 Stone.
- 1 Toil.
lij Tods
2 Wey*
n Sacks
^ 1 Wey.
= 1 SiK k.
= 1 Laat.
A pack of wool coiitaini 240 lbs.
CIIBK8E AND UI'TTEB.
' 8 Pounds
:H Cloves
42 ilo.
C() I'ound.s
1 Clove.
1 Wey ill Ivssex.
1 ill), ill Suffolk.
1 rirkiii ol' ISuttcr.
IMPERIAL LU.NO MI'.AHURE.
12
Inches
.'J Keot
.11 Yards
40 I'oles -
I'urlongs
Miles
(ieographical, or^
f>9;i Kng. Miles j
K
CJ
1 I'oot - i
1 Yard - =.
1 Pole or Rod l:
1 Furlong - =:
1 Mile - - -
1 League - =:
Fr. ."Mi'trf*.
o-.;ow
()tlH4
.'■.•O'.'ill
20l-l(i,2
l(iO!C;>l ».";!)
4827 i)!?!*
1 Degree - - 1U20-7442
Besides the above, there arc the palm, which
equals ,'3 inches; the hand, 4 inches j the span, i)
inches ; and the futhoin, (> t'cet.
I.MFEIIIAI, HVPERPICIAL MEASURB.
144 Inches
9 Square feet
30J Square yards
40 Square poles
4 Uoods
Fr. Sij. Metres.
1 Square foot = Odlf.'!'
1 Sijuareyard = Oh,;iil
1 .S)uarc pole ~ 2.")-2!)lti
1 Kooil = 1011(i(it)2
1 Acre = 404t)-l)t>4H
The inch i.« generally divided, on scales, into
lOths, or decimal parts ; but in squaring the di-
mensions of artificers' work, the duoilecimal system
is adopted ; the inch being divided iiitii 12 parts or
lines, each part into 12 seconds, and each second
into 12 third.a.
Land is usually measured by a chain of 4 poles,
or 22 yards, which is divided into 1(K) link.*. Ten
chain.') in length and 1 in breadth make an acre,
w h'.ch equals IfiO square perches, or 4,840 square
yards.
CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE.
i
1 Cubic foot -
1 Cubic yard -
1 Load or ton
Fr. Cubic Mi'tres.
•()28;j
•7645
_ f 11326
- i 1 4157
1 Ton of shipping = 11S!)2
1,728 Cubic inches -
27 Cubic feet
40 Feet of rough
timber, or
50 Feet hewn do.
42 Cubic feet -
By cubic measure, marble, stone, timber, ma-
sonry, and all artificers' works of length, breadth,
and thickness, are measured, and also the contents
of all measures of capacity, both liquid and dry.
IMPERIAL LIQUID AND DRY MEA.SURE,
Deduced from the Standard Gallon, containing
10 lbs. weight of distilled water, temperature 62°,
barometer 30 inches.
it
2S
51
c
£
1
2
i.
4
~8
32
128
256
5 oz.
8-G6,'.
1
i
1
1
2
4
lbs. H
34-G,yj
4
8
%
1
2
2i
69318
1
1
4
16
32
5
138-637
16
4
—
10
V77-S74
32
H
16
61
1-
i i
1 -J
III
8 2
20
A54-548
64
256
i
1
80
l-ii8.77
!iil*-191
16 8
64 32
3!d0
5-1347
8872-763
l,0aij256
640
10-iifi!)4
1774.'i-.Vi6
2,018
.'>W
12S
64
and the inner diameter 1H|. 1 he depth U Hj, and
the height of the cone, for heaped iiu-aKure, is il
inches. The contents of the Imperial liea|M<d liti»lii<l
are 2Hl."i-4H87 culiic iiuhes. '1 he sulKiivisiomi .mil
multiples arc in the same proiiortion.
OLD MEASIUKS SUPKllSKOKI) BY TDK
IMPKlllAL SVSriiM.
OLD WINE MRAStURC
I uh. In.
2 Pints
4 Ouarts
42 (iallons
2 Tierces
6J (iallons
2«H-.^ .
.077.-. -
2;31
.">G14 feet
11 ^''-'H —
S42I —
Fr.I.ttrc*.
= <r47.-;i
- (I'.mi.;
= .') r,H:>
= I.'»H!lii7.J
= .)17!U4.)
= 2;W I. ".oil
= 47ilii'ilS
= ll.)J-HO.J(i
1 Pint
1 (Juart
1 (i.illdii
1 TitTco
1 I'uiu-hcon .
1 Ho},'>lK'a<l -
Hogshds. 1 Pipe or llutt ^HHi —
2 Pipes 1 Tun - - .'Ji'tisj —
The pint is subdivided into h.ilves and quarters ;
the latter is called a i;ill. A ruiullet is 18 gallons,
and an anker <J.
('(inrrrsion of Old tVinc Measure into Iiiijiciial
Mrasiin: — 'i'lie old wine gallon contains 2 ;1 cubic
inches, and the Iinperi.il gallon 277274 ditto. Hence,
to convert wine gallons into Imperial gallons, multi.
P'y ''>'5-^'?.'--i' °'' ^y *''" » ""'' '" convert Imperial
gallons into wine gallons, multiply by the reciprocal
fraction !^i^|—, or by 1 ■20032. Hut for most prac-
tical purposes, wine measure multiplied by ') and
divided by (i will give Imperial measure with siitli.
cient accuracy, and conversely.
\. Jl. — The multiiiliers and divisors employed
to reduce old wine, ale, HiC. measures to Imperial
measure, servo also to reduce prices by the former
to the latter.
We subjoin, from the very complete and valuable
work of Mr. Buchanan, of Kdinburgh, on Weights
and Measures, a
Table of Fnglish Wine Gallons, from 1 to 100, with
their Kquivalents in Imperial (iallons.
.M
i
"■a
c
%
^ in
alls.
i
It
w5
c
■s
II
i
|.i
i
iti
I
0-8.1311
26
21-66(188
51
42-18866
76
6,1-31613
2
1-66622
27
22-19,199
,')2
43.12177
77
14-11951
3
2- I9H33
28
2.1-.12711
.'.3
4I-1.')488
78
64 98265
4
3-33244
29
21-1602^
51
44-98799
79
65-81576
5
4-I6.5,'i5
.10
21-99.1.13
55
15-82110
SO
66-61887
6
4U9S67
31
2.V826II
.>(;
46-65121
81
67-4819S
7
5-83178
32
26-6595.'>
57
47-487.12
82
68-315(1!)
S
6-66189
13
27-4!l-.i(i6
.'.8
48-.12(H3
83
69-llS-.ill
!l
7-4UJSOO
31
2S-32:i77
.')9
491.V354
SI
69-98 1.Ti
10
8-,33l 1 1
3.-1
29-I5S8H
(id
19-98665
85
711-81413
11
y-16422
36
29-99199
III
59-11976
86
71-617-,1
12
9-997.33
37
.1()-8«I0
62
51-65288
87
72-481 li;5
13
1(I-83.I14
3S
31-(i,-|82!
(.3
5218599
88
7.1-31376
14
II-66.T,').')
.19
3'2- 191.13
61
,'j3-319I(I
89
74-111187
15
12-19666
10
33-32111
(i5
51-l.')221
90
74-97998
16
13-4i977
41
34-l57.'i5
66
54-98532
91
75-SI.:(19
17
14-16289
42
3I-99IJ66
67
55-81813
92
76-6lll-^il
18
14-996(111
43
.15-82377
6.S
.')(i-65151
93
77-17931
lil
1.')-S29I()
44
3(i-656SS
69
57 48465
91
78-31212
20
16-66222
15
37-48999
70
,'>8-31776
95
79-ll,-.51
21
I7-I9.'.,33
46
.18.12310
71
,')9-l.'.0S7
96
79-97865
22
18-32844
47
.19151126
72
.')9-9S,198
97
8()-8II7(i
23
19-161,')5
48
39-98932
73
(1II-M71I)
98
S1-6IIS7 1
21
19-99166
49
4l)-82243
74
6|-6.1(I21
99
8M7;9S 1
2.J
20-82777
.'.0
41-65555
75 62-4S3,12|
Kill
83-311119
Hence, supposing the former denominations to
be preserved, a tierce of wine = 3;> Im|>erial gallons
very nearly ; a puncheon = 70 ditto very nearly ; a
hogshead = 52i ditto very nearly ; a pipe or butt =
105 ditto very nearly; and a tun = 210 ditto very
nearly.
OLD ALE AND BEER MEASURE
The dimensions of the Imperial standard bushel
ore as follows : -. The outer diameter 19} inches,
2
4
8
9
2
2
1'
, 2
12
Pints
Quarts
(iallons
Gallons
Firkins
Cub. In.
1 Pint - - 35-25
1 Quart - - 7()5
1 Gillon - 282
1 Firkin ale . 1-30.T
1 ditto beer - I 468
1 Kilderkin . 2937
Kilderkins 1 Barrel - 5875
Barrel 1 Hogshead 8812
Barrels 1 Puncheon 10-750
Hogsheads 1 Butt - 17 624
Butts 1 Tun - S5248
feet
Fr Litres.
= 0-.i77t'
= 1-1.-..T2
= 4l).'(l8
= 3(i9il6!)
= 41-r*72
- 83 1744
= 166 3*88
= 249-5232
=332-6876
=499'0464
=998-0928
1
1(
2
V(
3
3-1
4
4-(
,1
1 5-1
6
' 6-1
7
7-1
8
8-1
li!
lo-l
II
III
12
12-2
13
1.1-2
14
11-2
16
16-V
17
17-2
18
18 -.11
19
I9-3-
20
211-3
21
2I-.1.
22
22-3/
•2,1
'23-3'
21
2t-|(
«
2VI2
k'eys
ConverSi
Bushels. ■
cubic inci
2218-192
bushels ill
or by -969
Winchestl
fraction '^
poses, mt
vide by si
In some
the fairest
convenien
used, it is,
proportior^
The averd
at 60 lbs.]
FrencX
France :
n
WEIGHTS AND MEASURKS.
1235
Conversion of Old AU- nnd Heer Mcasuri' into
tmperiiil Mrn.turt: — 'i'lli' old i\}i- K'I'Ioii ('(imaiiis
'■2Hi c-uliic inches, and tliL- Iiiipi-rial staiularil )ial-
luii 'i'l'Tii ditto. Ilciicf, to I'oiivcrt ale K-tHo"^
into Imperial gallons, multiply by . .1^^. , or by
rol7()44;i; and to convert Imperial k^H""* i'do ale I
gallons, multiply by the reciprocal rractiiui — ' f' ' >
or by •!(tt,j24ll. l.'niess extreme accuracy be re- '
quired, the llrst .'! decimnls need ordy be used.
And Cor most practical purposes, ale measure mul.
tiplied by 'iD and divided by do will give Iin|ierial
measure with suHicient accuracy, and conversely.
Tabic of PInRli.sh Ale Onllons, from I to 100, with
their Equivalents in Imperial (>allon.s.
' ei
' .= i
ci
ei
J' jl
c
S.
•a
II
5*2
1
li
% il
I
"n
". U).3
<, a-
•1^
•a::.
'7:
U,::
1 lOKlJl
•ll\ W- 11.11(1
m"
,'>l-S(,!l'^7
^^■'l<^r^^H\
•/ 'i.uT,\m
■^7 '^7 liidio
,'.V
.■.'^■ssd.ll
77
7S.11'^I1;
,1 .iMr.il.T
■^S ^•177^'>
.'.,1
.M'KI 1.1.111
7S
7I(1'^!)47|
•» 4-()(iMX
^'» 1 'IWV.Wlw
.'ii
.'illl'iOII)
7il
Sll-11ll.-iVfi
.'i ; s-os.'i'^'v
.TO .Klv'ill.ll
.'i.'i
.•..■■•..07 1.-,
Ml
sl'."(;.i,-)(ii
(i ' wwni
.11 .11-.'.W.1S
.'.()
.'id'II.MI'l
HI
s^ isiiiKi:
7 ■ 7-U'.l.11
.Ti .12'ilVI'^
.'.7
■i7'J71'il
S'i
S1-,"!l7ll.Si
H s-i.i(i.i(;
.1.1 .1.1-.'i(:'^l7
,'iS
■iS'iiss.-is
K.I
SMllli'H
!l !l-l,-|,1ll)
.11 .11-.'.7!'.'.l
.'»!(
(lii.(»i.'i(li
SI
SV 11171,
10 I0I701A
.1.-) .1.-|-.MI(1.5(I
(10
(.l-(l'.i'^ll7
S.'>
sirlis;s
11 ll-lN71!t
.1(1 .1(1 (11.1(10
111
112(1.11(71
Sll
S7-l(l'iS.1
VI I'^-'^lH.'il
17 .17-i,.1(i(;.'i
li'^
ii.1-ii:ii,7ii
S7
ss 1S'(S7,
l.T l.1'^^l.-|S
.IN .1H-(1 17(111
(..1
llfli7.1S(l
ss
S!l' l>l!l!l'^
II ll-WHf.V
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111
(i.'i-d'jos;.
Ml
'.lll'.'illillH
l.'i l.'r'i'i.'iC,;
III llinS17S
ll.S
(;(i-lo7s'j
!lll
IM-.MIOl
IB l(;-^7'^71
11 11 dUSS'^
ml
I17-l'^l!ll
1)1
IC^ .Villi.','
17 I7W.I7(i
1'^ l'^7l.'.S7
(17
lis 1 ll!)S
ll'^
!l.1'.')li,SII'.l
IS is-.-)i)(;so
1.1 ^^•^T,'^'^\
lis
i.ylv.iiM
!l.1
lll-..S,'il 1
M llP-.lilS'i
11 1171!W(1
li'.i
70 1711(17
!ll
ll.'i-dll'ilS.
'^Cl '^ll-.T 10(111
1'. I.'r7r,7llll
70
7M!I.11'^
ll.'i
'.I(i-(.I!IW
■i\ 'ivshva
-Ifi 1(1-7S1II7
71
7'^-^l((l(l
{111
'.17-li.1(l'^7i
'i'l V«-,17 1'.IH
17 •I7-SII1()!I
VI
71-V'^7'^o
<)7
;(S-i,,'..i.ivi
W 'ITt-TMlWl
IS IHNISH
71
71 VllVi
ilS
!I!M17(I.1I1:
'l\ •21IO!I07
1!) lyx.Viis
71
':>^'^r^vt'^
l)!l
1(IIII1S7I1'
't:< u'l'iaiii
M .'j(l-S.')V'21
7-'»
7ilV7S.1l
100
III1-701I.'.
4 Gills
2 Pints
2 Quarts
'2 Pottles
2 Gallons
4 Pecks
4 Bushels
2 Cooms
5 Quarters
2 Weya
OLD ORV OR WINCIIIDSTER MEASURE.
Cub. In.
()7-2
Pint
<luart
I'ottlc
<iallon
Perk
Kushel
Coom
larter
].'J4-4 - -
2t)H'S - =
.5.'!7t) - =
2150-42 - =
4-977 feet =
i) <».-j4 — -
or Load 4!)770 — :^140!f;i721t)
1 Last - !)9-540 — =2818-74432
1 Quart
1 Weyc
Fr.Mtrcs.
()-.V»0.")3
1 10107
2-20214
4-40428
8S0a5(i
3.")-2J4;J()
14<)!».?721
281-87445
pons M, beans ft), clover fi8, ryo and rannry .M,
and ra|ie 48 llin. In noine places, a load of corn, lor
a man, U reckoned :> buihcU, and a cart load V)
bunhels.
Tabic of Winchester Quarters, from 1 to 100, with
their KqulTulunts in Imperial Quarter*.
%
■A
|i
li
it
p ll
= 3 3 —
.— a
3 2.
c a a --
s ■
j2^
t-- -za
S ~
■la
;=' -u
'T
ll-'.lll'll.'l
•li\ 2,'>.2ii.'i(W
'il lli-lllsii
7d -.1-d77'l7
•i
1-II1SSII
•il ■^d-17,'pil7
-'l2
.'HI- II 121
77 71-111712
,1
V'llPSII
•IS 27-1 ll'i'i
.',1
'.I'.ISddll
7S 7'idldS7
-1
1S777!I
V!l '^Sll.1'111
;, 1
'i2-.1'>dll
7'l 7(l,-iSd1l
ft
IS 1721
.111 2IIIIS1I1
.'i,'i
.vimi'i'i
SO 77 ■•,Vi7ti
fi
.')-S Kills
11 .1llli.-.2Sd
■ll
,'il-2S'ld1
SI 7S-,-)2'i2l
7
i;-7siiii
yt
I|-Ii'^2.-Il
.i7
,'i'i-2,iSlS
S2 7!l-l!lld.i
H
7-7->''.''S
1.1
Hli|ll7,'i
,'iS
-||.-227'I1
SI Hll-ldllO
!»
H-7'^MI-i
,11
1.'!ll.l?(l
,'i'i
'i7-lll7,'17
SI SIl.l.Vi.',
i 10
!).|1!II17
.1.^
.11 'l,-|ll,l,'i
lid
,'iS-|dl,S2
S,-i , S2-li'.1lKI
! "
lU'lKllKV
.-td
11 lionoii
(11
.Mrl.1ii-.'7
Sll S11721I
\'i
ll-(.. 11,111
.17
.1,VSdll.M
(.2
dlrldi71
S7 sl-llisii
11
r^-iiii'^si
IS
id.s.isiiip
(11
i;i-ii7-il(l
ss S -.■11111
1 M
I,1-,'>7-iV(l
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17-SIIS11
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1S-777SS
ll'i
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dd
d1-iis.Vid
m SS2l'ldS
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(.7
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17-1 Mill,')
11
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d-ril22lll
111 iiii-l,-is,-i7
I'l
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11
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ll'i Il2-d'i7l7
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70 7dllll1
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i\
•.i.l-2dd7.l
III I7-,'>02IIII
71 '
7r7i'iiis
nil i !l.'i-ll7.'>2,',
•i't
■^I-2.1I.1S
.'ill IS-1721,"i
7,*i
72-7IIS.'i.1
IdO I'JK-!III70
The Winchester bushel is 18J inches wide, and
8 inches deep. Corn and seeds are measured by
striking the bushel from the brim, with a round
piece of light .v'<od, about 2 inches in diameter, and
of equal thickness ucr-i m,^ end to the other. All
other dry goods are heaped. I
Conversion of Winchester Bushels into Impel ial \
.Biii/je/s. — The Winchester bushel contains 21;)0-42
cubic inches, and the Imperial standard bushel '
2218192 ditto. Hence, to convert Winchester |
( ,0.\L MH.VSIRE.
Coals were formerly sold bv tlierlialdron, which
bears a certain proportion to Winchester measure.
4 Pecks - - =: 1 Du.^licl.
3 llushels . = 1 Sack.
3 Sacks . . = 1 \at.
4 Vats - . = 1 Chaldron.
21 Chaldron - =: 1 Score.
The coal bushel holds 1 Winchester quart more
than the Winchester bushel ; its contents being
2217'ti2 cubic inches. It is llij inches wide fiom
outside to outside, and 8 inches deep. In measuring
coals it was heaped up in the form of a cone, to tlie
height of at least t> inches above the brim ^according
toa regulation iiassed atCiuildhall in I80ii>, the out-
side of the bushel being the extremity of the cone,
so that the bushel should contain at least 2814-9
cubic inches, nearly eipial to the Imperial heaped
bushel. Hence the chaldron should measure 58 ti4
cubic feet.
Hut the sale of coals by measure hns, in conse-
quence of the frauds to which it led — [ace ante,
I). 2<Ki.i, — been abolished; and they are now sold
)y weight.
Of H'omI Fuel, Enslish Measure. — Wood fuel is
assized into shids, billets, faggots, fall wood, and
cord wootl. A shid is to be 4 leet long, and, accord-
ing as they are marked and notched, their propor-
tion must be in the girth; viz. if they have but 1
notch, they must be Hi inches in the girth ; if 2
notches, 2.3 inches ; if J notches, 28 inches ; if ■%
notches, .'33 inches; and if 5 notches, 38 inches
about. Killets are to be 3 feet long, of which there
should be 3 sorts ; viz. a single cask, and a cask of
2 ; the 1st is 7 inches, the 2d 10 inches, and the
bushels into Imperial bushels, multiply by ;
2l.'>ll-|'^
221S-1!I'2,
I 3d 14 inches, about : they are sold by the 100 of 5
j score. Faggots arc to be 3 feet long, and at the band
24 inches about, besides the knot of such faggots ;
511 go to the load. Bavins and sjiray wood are sold
by the 100, which are accounted a load. Cor<l wood
is the bigger sort of fire wood, and it is measured
by a cord, or line, whereof there are 2 measures;
that of 14 feet in length, 3 feet in breadth, and 3
feet in height. The other is 8 feet in length, 4 feet
in height, and 4 feet in breadth.
MEASURES OF WOOD.
1,000 Billets of wood - = 1 Cord.
10 cwt. of ditto . - = 1 Cord.
1 Cord of wood - - = 4 Chaldron of coals.
100 lbs. of wood - = 1
or by -9ii9447 ; and to convert Imperial bushels into
Winchester bushels, multiply by the reciprocal
fraction '^'^!^'}f'f , or 10315157. For practical pur-
poses, multiply Winchester measure by 31 and di-
vide by 32 for Imperial measure, and the contrary.
In some markets, corn is sold by weight, w-tiich is
the fairest mode of dealing, though not the most
convenient in practice. Even where measures are
used, it is customary to weigh certain quantities or
proportions, and to regulate the prices accordingly.
The average bushel of wheat is generally reckonetl
at 60 lbs. -of barley 47 Ibg.- of oats 38 lbs.— lOO lbs. of wood - = i Quintil of wood.
French System of Weight: and Measures. — The new metrical system established in
France subsequently to the IlevoKition. is founded on the measurement of the quadrant
4 K 2
s'
f I
'I I
I
<r I
S! •'
123«
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
of the inori(Iiiiii, or o\ the distance from tin- |wlc to tlie oqimtor. TliiH diHtancc liaviiij^
Ik'i'ii (iL'teniiiiiud witli tin- j^rnUost earc, tin- tuii-millidiitli part «>f it was assuini-d as tin.-
>;jV/t, or unit of length, all the other lineal measures lifing innltiples or Hiibinultiiiles
of it, in decimal |iro|iortion. 'Hie nietre eorresponds pretty nearly to the ancient
l-'rencli (/M«c, or yard, hoing equal to ;J-()7H41 French feet, or ;j"JHI English feet, or
.•}!)'!J7()H Knglish inches.
'I'lio unit of wuiKlit is tito Krammr, wliirli ix u
riiliii; ccntlinfetrc, or the KMIth pnrt oC n iiiilro of
iristillcil water of the tcinperaturc of meltiiiK ice ;
it WLMKhH ITi'tii KiiKliih Troy Kraiiii.
Ill order to cxiiri'rt.s thu iluciiiial |>ro|)ortion, the
rollowliiK v(M-ai)ulury of iianu-H hiis l>cvii ailoptcil,
HI which the torina for iniilti|ilyiii(; are Oreek, and
thoso fordividlnK ore Latin.
i'or inultlpliem, the word
Ih-ra prefixed nieiiiia
Ucilo
Kill)
Mi/ria
tU tiniiM.
1(1(1 —
t,(NH) —
1(I,()0U —
; On the contrary, for divlaur*,
the word lycri exprcsaea the Kith part.
Centi . - l()()th —
Milli - . l,0()(lth —
Thus, liccttmvtrc means 10 mttrcg.
liecimHve — tlie lOth part of a metre.
Kiloifrtimmc — I.IKX) grammes, *ie.
The an' ia the elument of s(|iiare measure, bciiiB
» gqunrc decamiitre, eipial to 'S'JiiH EiiKlish iierchci*.
'1 he slire ia the clement of cube measure, and
contains STrSll cubic feet Knglish.
'I'lic ti/rc is the element of all measures of ca-
pacity. It ia a cubic decimetre, and ei^uals '.''lU.'j
KuKhah pints. IIN) litres make the hectolitre, which
eiiuals !iJ6'4U) wine Kidloi'^t t i.''838 Winchester
bushels. ;
SvHTiiMG |!9i;el, or lii.NAHV SvsriiM. — This new
■system has the metrical standards for its basis, but
tlieir divisions are binary, that is, by S?, +, 8, Sec. ;
and instead of the new vocabulary, the names of the
ancient weights and measures are used, annexing
the term ushcI to each. Thus the half kilogramme
is called the livre usuelle, and the double mfetre, the
toiac usuelle.
The following Tables show the proportions be-
tween the new or metrical French system and the
Ki'glish system : —
Comparison of I-'kk.nch and E.mulisii Wkiuiits and
Measures, containing the New or Metrical
Weights and, Measures of France, with their Pro.
portion to tho6c of England, both according to
the Decimal System and tlie Sy.st6me usuel.
French.
Millimetre
CentiniMre'
Oecimfetre
Metre
Decamfetrc
Hectombtrc
Kilomt^trc
Mvriamfetre
DECI.MAL SVSTK.M.
Lung Measuren.
KnKli^h
- - ()-039.J7 inches.
. = ();3!i;571 —
- - 3'9.37l() —
- -. 39;J7100 —
- :- 32 80916 feet
. = 328-09167 —
- -.. l()93't338!J() yards.
. = 10<»-J<J-.J8iK)0 —
or 6 miles 1 furlong 28 iioles.
Measures of Capacity.
Millitrc - . • - 006103 cubic inches,
t'entilitre - - = 061(h28 —
Decilitre - - = 610^80 —
iiyrc(acubic > _ f 6102803 —
decimetre) J * < or 2"1 135 wine pints.
Decalitre - - = 61028028 cubic inches,
or 2'(H2 wine gallons.
Hectolitre - - = 3'5317 cubic feet, or
26'419 wine gallons, 22 Imperial gallons,
or 2839 Winchester bushels.
Kilolitre - - = 3.'>'3171 cubic feet, or
1 tun and 12 wine gallons.
Myrialitro - - = 35317146 cubic feet,
Supfrficial Mcasurcn.
Centiarp . = 11960 s(|. yards.
/!/■(• (a »«iuare decamfetrc) = Il9ti(i*> —
Di'care . . = llitii1M«iO _
Hectare . - - Il9.i0 4(»i4 —
or 8 acres 1 rood .!;» iicrches.
Svlkt Measures.
I)l•(^i.^l*re - - = 3.').'!17 cubic fee'..
■SVM- (a cubic metre) - - .35-.il74
Decastere . - — 353'17tt
IVeiiihts.
Milligranmie . - - 001,04 grains,
CentiKramme - - - ()'154.1
Dt'cigrammc - - = I'.'H'H
Uramme . - = 154'i4()
Di'cagramme . - = 1,>J3402
or 5'&4 drams avolrdupol^,
Hectogramme - - = 3'21."»4 oz. Troy, or
3',527 oz. avoirduiHiii-
Kilogramme - = 2lb8. 8oz. 3dwl. 'Jgrs. 'Iroy,
or 2 lbs. 3oz. 4'428 drams avoirdupois.
Mynagramme - - = Gfi'TWi lbs. Troy, or
22018,") lbs. avoirdupois
Ouintal - - =; 1 cwt, 3(irs. 25 lbs. nearly.
Millier, or Uar • — \) tons 16 cwt. 3 iirg. 12 Uik.
(iraminus.
Kilogramme 1,000
SVSTE.MK USIJKI..
Comparison of Weight.
Troy WelKlit
Livre usuelle
Hair
Ouarter
Eighth
Once
Half
Quarter
Oros
5(X)
e.'io
125
62 5
31-3
15G
7 '8
3-9
I.lw
: 2
: 1
dwt. Kr.
3 2
1 13
IH'5
9'25
45
2'25
1125
0-5
12-25
I
Avointii|Hiik.
I.lift. 01. dr.
3 H
1 lOi
8 13J
4 (ii
2 3i
Si
2i
Comparison of Linear Measures.
Atesures usuellcs.
Toise usuelle
Pied, or foot
Inch
Aune
Half -
Quarter
Eighth
Sixteenth
One third of an aune
Sixth
Twelfth
Knglish Measure.
M*trc9. Keel. Inch. VntU..
. 2 =
- 01 =
- U =
- 0? =
- 0^ =
- f'i?( =
- n<i =
■ 0§ =
- <*i =
- ^ =
6
1
3
1
1
6
1
1
11
11
11
5
O
3
7
9
li
105
!»
101
lU
Comparison of Measures of Capacity.
Litres. KnK. Winch. Hu&li.
Boisseau usucl - 125 = 035474
With halves and qeartcrs in proportion.
Paris Pintc. English PiiU.
Litron usuel - - 1074 2^
With halves and quarters in proportion.
Ancient Weights and Measures, ^This subject is involved in considerable difficulty; and to enter fully
into it would be quite inconsiatcnt with our objects and limits. But the following details, abstracted from
the best authorities, may be useful to such of our readers as have occasion to look into any of the ancient
authors.
r*»m OF VAHioiis »v<
(tUferei
Attic o()olua ■
Attic drachma
Ix<Mer mina
Oreatcr mina -
Medical mina •
ialent - (M) mime = j
Old Oreck drachm
Old <ireekmina
Egyptian nii!ia .
Ptolt-maicminaofCleo.
patra
Alexandrian mina ol
DIoscoridoa .
lioman denarius
Denarius of Nero
I'apyriui
thnice
Pound of 10 M. .
12 oz. .
SlttlPrUBE MEASIKEH OF
%it -
Palm
•Span
Lesser cubit
•Sacred cubit
Fathom
Ezekiel's rcc<l
Arabian pole
S(-h(rnu8
•Stadium
•Sabbath day's journey
Eastern mile
Par.isang
Day's journey
GRECIAN MEASURES OF
///
Dactylos
Doron 7
Dochmci
Dichas
Orthodoron
.S|)ithame
Pons
Pons
Pygme
Pygoii
Pechys
Orgya
Stadios J
Dulos J
Milion
WELD, OR DY
Guadarella ; Lat. Lt
stem from 1 to 3 fee
Europe ; and is cult
ployed in the dyeing
the growth of nearl;
fail from so many ca
profitable, and is on
in Essex. Weld is
yellow. It is, how(
to degrade and interl
WKLI).
ICC liaviii^
lU'd as tilt.'
Iiimilti|ilcs
r aiK'iuut
ill fet't) or
) i«|. yardit,
) —
» —
nibiv t'cet,
grains.
D av()lr(lu|i(iir
oz. 'I'roy, or
!. av<)ir(lu|i(ii.-
t. '.'urs. 'Iriiy,
lit aToirtluptiiii.
Ibtt. Troy, or
». avoirdupois
25 lbs. nearly.
. .) iirn. lii 11)^.
.VM)irilup<iib.
I/lis. oi, dt-
I 1
8
5 4
2
5 I
25
25
s«rM.
ish Pleasure
c«t. Inch,
f) 6
i'.lrl».
9
1 1
1
1|
3 11
3
1 11
n
11
\^i
5
105
i2
I'l'.
1 3
!)
7
lOi
3
Hi
apacity.
'Inch. Hiisli.
35474
ortion.
Ennlish Piiil.
2i ,
)rtion,
d to enter fully
abstracted from
^ of the ancient
■rftti.it OF v*«iovt ».wirvr weiohth (aecordina to
il(ffi-yrnl Aulhuiilkt).
Attic oIh>Ius
Attic draclima
lA^mer tnina
(ireator inina •
Meillral mina
Kii«ll»h TriA (Imtnt.
Hi; fhri.tlanl.
Ml Arbulhnol.
.".I !» Clir.
>Ki Arl).
I!!l I'.'Uii'ton.
(Mr.
Chr.
ArU
I'auc.
«r. Arb,
r.5,iKi»
Ar,,m
((i,<J(H)
- - (>,!l!^t
■J'alont - m niiniE = J cwt. KnKJinli.
Ill I/, 1. ■ . C I4<> ' Kmk Troy Kr. Arb.
Old n reck drachm -j (i'2 .'» = Koman donariii.s
Old Jireek inina . ti,42,0 Do.
Kgvptian mina - . H,:i^ic, »<».
j,atra . .j8,!)8.) Do.
Alexandrian inlna of J
DIoacoridcit -
Koinan denarius
Denarius of Nero
I'apyriui .
Oil nee
round of 10 oz. .
IS ox. .
( JMKJS Do.
C 511J = J Horn. or,, rhr.
? fi25 = 1 Uoin. ox. Arb.
HOMAN Mi;»HlR|,l
Dlgitin traiiAvcrHiiH
I'licla, the ouiK'<>
I'alniiiH inliKir
I'es, the fiMit
I'alinipei
CubltUK
Oradus
l'iiii»ii«
Sladluin
Milllnre .
MOMAV nilV MICASIBKH. —
Hemina
.Sextariim
"K I.KMlTII.
I In linn.)
C,l-1
C 4151 (I
•< 4,J7-i.' A
C 4312 I'l
4,1
(5,1
4,150
^,!»HI
i,24(>
i,1744
Pauc.
Do.
(hr.
Aril.
'auf.
Chr.
Chr.
Arb.
I'auc.
Modius
Xestes
Chenix
Modiinniifi
1237
— ArhuUiniil ntut
Kiii{. In.li,.,
0!Hi7
'J!ll)l
lllilll
V.iitt Kivi.
1 ■211H75
1 V*ii,
'.'•4ni
l*at'«H.
ll<Hi7
• I2(l'«75
- !iti7
'.trbiit'iiiu/ ami Ili/llnn.)
r-nu I'inli.
lulls
Kuk. I'ri k.
|(I|4I
\rr\i iiHV >ii:AHiiRr»i.
Kll(!. Pints.
0'<i!l03
1 48«)
Willi h. Ilu>h.
•ir.wiNii iiiiv MnAM'ltKs iirroriling III .rosii>liiis\
Knit. I'liilt
scKiPTUap. MGAsi HKs OK LP.Ndm. — lArbulhnnt anil
• lluttOH.)
InrhlN.
(•■742.';
2'!I7
Sill
EnK. Kct'l.
l-4H,'i
1-7325
Vatdii.
2'31
3-465
4-(!2
4(i-2
- 231
■ 1,15;-.
Milw.
i-SS6
4-1,58
3;j-2()4
Dlvit
I'alin
Span
Lesser cubit
•Sacred cubit
Fathom
EzekiePs rce<I
Arabian pole
Schcenus
Stadium
Sabbath day's journey
Eastern mile
Parasang
Day's journey
Oachal
Cab
(•ioiner
Seah
Ephah
Latech
Coroiii
(homer
noMAN Mr.AHl Rl'.s FOR l.ltvlHnH. •
llutlim.)
Hemina - . .
Sextarius
Coiigius - . .
IJrna
Amphora
Culeus
(rl!M!»
.-i-;<74
- 7-ol.';2
Kn«. I'tTk.
l-Kil.'-.
Winch. Hush.
1 -(llNil
5 4«()7
VJnarler
l-.!70/
• {.Irhtil/iniil and
V'm. I'ints
- ()-."<975!)
- ri!l51S
- 7-1712
\('lnc(ial|.
,-J-5S57
- 71712
llhda.
2-27f)C
(iRECIAN Nr.ASVRES
Dactylos
Doron 7
Dochmei
Dichas
Orthodoron
S()ithamc
Pons
Pous
Pygme
Pygon
Pcchys
Orgya
Stadios 7
Dulos i
Milion
OF LENGTH. ■
Hutton.)
-{Arbuthnot ami
ATTU >ir:.\siRi:s for l.igiiins.
Indies.
0-75.546
CotyUis
Xestes
Chous
Metcotes
- 3-02187
- 7-.'5;)4ri8
- ' 8-31015
- 9-0ft)62
■ 12-0875
EnR. Feet.
- 1-00729
- 1-I32a3
- 1-25911
- 1-51093
Eng. Paces.
- 1-00729
- 100-72916 \ Coron
- 805-8,333
Eng. Pintu,
0-.5742
1-148;;
(i-S900
Wine liall.
- 10-3350
JF.NVISII MEAHt'RF.S FUR IIQI'IDS.
Capli
! LoB
Cab
, Hin
; Seah
liath
EiiK- Pints.
0-8611,'
11483
4-59,33
Wine (i all.
i72r.
3-4450
- lO-.^J-W
Ilhils.
1-(H05
WELD, OR DYERS' WEED (Ger. Wau ; Du. Wouw, Wouwi: ; Fr. Gawk; It.
Guadarella ; Lat. Lutecla), is an imperfect biennial, with small fusiform roots, and a leafy
stem from 1 to 3 feet in height. It is a native of UritJiin, Italy, and various parts of
Europe ; and is cultivated fcr the sake of its stalk, flowers, and leaves, which are em-
ployed in the dyeing of yellow, whence its botanical name Reseda luteola. Weld requires
the growth of nearly 2 summers before it comes to maturity ; aud the crop is liable to
fail from so many causes, and is besides so exhausting, tiiat its cultivation is by no means
profitable, and is only carried on, in this country at lea.st, to a small extent, principally
in Essex. Weld is preferred to all other substances in giving the lively green lemon
yellow. It is, however, expensive ; and it is found, when employed in topical dyeing,
to degrade and interfere with madder colours more than other yellows, and to stain the
4 K 3
11!
i
' '1
if'
\l
if"^
; ;
I
1238
WHALEBONE. — ¥'HALE FISHERY.
parts wanted to be kept white. Hence quercitron bark is now employed in calico
printing, to the almost total exclusion of weld, it is still, however, employed in dyeing
silk a golden yellow, and in paper staining. — ( Loudon's Ency. of Agriculture ; Bancroft
on Colours, \o\. W. pp.95 — 100.; Bees's Ct/clojiccflia.)
WHALEBONE, a substance of the nature of horn, adhering in thin parallel lamina;
to the upper jaw of the whale. These vary in size from 3 to 12 feet in length; the
breadth of the largest at the thick end, where tluv are attached to the jaw, is about a
foot. They are extremely elastic. All above G tcet in length is called size bone.
Wiialebone bore anciently a very high price, when the rigid stays and the expanded
hoops of our grandmothers produced an extensive demand for this commodity. The
Dutcli have occasionally obtained 700Z. per ton, and were accustomed to draw
100,000/. annually from England for this one article. Even in 1763, it brought 500/. ;
but soon fell, and has never risen again to the same value. Daring the present
century, the price has varied between GO/, and 300/. ; seldom falling to the lowest rate,
and rarely exceeding 150/. I\Ir. Scoresby reckons the price, in the 5 years ending with
1818, at 90/. ; while at present (April, 1834), it is stated to be from 130/. to 145/.
This is for what is called the size bone, or such pieces as measure 6 feet or upwards
in length; those below this standard are usually sold at half price. It may appear
singular that whalebone should rise, while oil has been so decidedly lowered ; but the
one change, it is obvious, causes the other. Oil, being the main product of the fishery,
regulates its extent ; which being diminished by the low price, the quantity of whale-
bone is lessened, while the demand for it continuing as great as before, the value conse-
quently rises. — (Polar Seas and Begions, p. 321., Edin. Cab. Lib.)
It may be worth while to remark, as evincing the ignorance that at one time prevailed
with respect to the whale, that, by an old f.'udal law, the tail of all whales belonged to
the queen, as a perquisite, to furnish her Majesty's wardrobe with whalebone ! — ( Black-
stone, vol. i. p. 233. )
WHALE (COMMON), the Bulana mysticetus of Linnasus, a marine animal of tl-e
cetaceous species, and the largest of all those with which men are acquainted. The whale
has sometimes, it is affirmed, l)een found 160 feet in length ; l)ut this is most probably
an exaggeration. In tin Northern seas, it is at present seldom found above 60 feet
long : being now, however, generally killed before it arrives at its full growth, this is
no proof that the animal may r.ot formerly have attained to a much larger size. The
bodies of whales are covered, immediately under the skin, with a layer of fat or blubber,
which, in a large fish, is from 12 to 18 inches thick. In young whales, this fatty matter
resembles hog's lard ; but in old ones it is of a reddisli colour. This is the valuable part
of the whale ; and the desire to possess it has prompted man to attempt the capture of
this mighty animal. The blubber yields, by expression, nearly its own weight of a
thick viscid oil (train oil). The common whale is now rarely found, except witliin the
Arctic circle ; but at a former period it was not unfrequently met with on our coasts.
There is a good account of the common whale, and of the manner in which the fishery
is carried on, in Mr. John Laing's " Voyage to Spitzbergen ; " one of the shortest,
cheapest, and best of the innumerable books published on this backnied subject.
The Physeter macrocephalus, or black-headed sjjermaceti whale, is cliiefly found in the
Southern Ocean. It usually measures about 60 feet in length, and 30 in circumference
at the thickest part. The valuable part of the fish is the spongy, oily mass dug from
the cavity of the head ; this is crude spermaceti ; and of it an ordinary sized whale
will yield about 1 2 large barrels.
WHALE FISHERY. We do not propose entering, in this article, into any details
as to the mode in which the fisher^ is carried on ; but mean to confine ourselves to a
brief sketch of its history, and value in a commercial point of view.
It is probably true, as has been sometimes contended, that the Norwegians occasionally
captured the whale before any other European nation engaged in so perilous an enter-
prise. But the early efforts of the Norwegians were not conducted on any systematic
plan, and should be regarded only in the same point of view as the fishing expeditions
of the Esquimaux. The Biscayans were certainly the first people who prosecuted the
whale fishery as a regular commercial pursuit. They carried it on with great vigour
and success in the I2th, 13th, and 14th centuries. In 12Ci, a tithe was laid upon
the tongues of whales imported into Bayoime, — they biding then a highly esteemed
species of food. In 1388, Edward III. relinquished to Peter de Puayanne a duty of
6/. sterling a whale, laid on those brought into the port of Biarritz, to i.idemnify him
for the extraordinary expenses he had incurred in fitting out a fleet fot the sei v'fe of
his Majesty. This fact proves beyond dispute that the fishery carried on from Biarritz at
the period referred to must have been very considerable indeed ; and it was also prose-
cuted to a great extent fjom Cibourre, Vieux Boucan, and subsequently from llochelle
and other places. *
• Sec MJmoire surfAntiguit^ de la Piche tf ia Baleine, par Noel, 12nio. Paris, 1795.
Hi
WHALE FISHERY.
1239
The whales car^'i.ed by the Biscayans were not so large as those that are taken in
the Polar seas, and are supposed to have been attracted southward in pursuit of her-
rings. They were not very productive of oil, hut their flesh was used as an article ot*
food, and the whalebone was applied to a variety of usefid purposes, and brought a very
high price.
This branch of industry ceased long since, and from the same cause that has occ.i-
sioned the cessation of the whale fishery in many other places — the want of fish.
Whetiier it were that tlie whales, from a sense of the dangers to which they exposed
themselves in coming southwards, no longer left the Icy Sea, or tiiat the breed had been
nearly destroyed, certain it is, that they gradually became less numerous in the Hay of
Biscay, and at length ceased almost entirely to frequent that sea ; and the fishers being
obliged to pursue their prey upon the banks of Newfoundland and the coasts of Iceland,
the French fishery rapidly fell ofK
The voyages of the Dutch and English to the Northern Ocean, in order, if possible,
to discover a passage through it to IntUa, though they failed of their main object, laid
open the haunts of the whale. The companions of Barentz, who discovered Spitz-
borgen in 1596, and of Hudson, who soon after exploretl the same seas, rejjresented to
their countrymcri the amazing number of whales with which tiiey were crowded. Vessels
wer'» in consequence fitted out for the Northern whale fishery by the English and
Dutch, the harpooners find a part of the crew being Biscayans. They did not, Jiow-
cver, confi'ie their ettbrts to a fair competition with each other as fishers. The Muscovy
Company obtained a royal charter, prohibiting the ships of all other nations from fishing
in the seas round Spitzbergen, on pretext of its having been first discovered by Sir Hugh
Willoughby. There can, liowever, be no doubt that Barentz, and not Sir Hugh, was its
original discoverer ; though, supposing that the fact had been otherwise, the attempt f j
exclude other nations from the surrounding seas, on such a ground, was not one that
could be tolerated. The Dutch, who weic at the time prompt to embark in every
commercial pursuit that gave any hopes of success, eagerly entered on this new career,
and sent out ships fitted equally for the purposes of fishing, and of defence against the
attacks of others. The Muscovy Company having attempted to vindicate its preten-
sions by force, several encounters took place beween their ships and those of the Dutch.
The conviction at length became general, that there was room enough for all parties in
the Northern seas ; and in order to avoid the chance of coming into collision with each
other, they parcelled Spitzbergen and the adjacent ocean into districts, which were
respectively assigi.ed to the English, Dutch, Haniburghers, French, Danes, &c.
The Dutch, being thus left to prosecute the fishery without having their .ittontion
diverted by hostile attacks, speedily acquired a decided superiority over all their
competitors.
When the Eui-opeans first began to prosecute the fishery on the coast of Spitzbergen,
whales were every where found in vast numbers. Ignorant of the strength and strata-
gems of t'..e formidable foe by whom they were now assailed, instead of betraying any
symptoms of fear, they surrounded the ships and crowded all the bays. Their capture
was in consequence a comparatively easy task, and many were killed which it was
afterwards necessary to abandon, from the ships being already full.
While fish were thus easily obtained, it was the practice to boil the blubber on
shore in the North, and to fetch home only the oil and whalebone. And, perh.ips,
nothing can give a more vivid idea of the extent and importance of the Dutch fishery
in the middle of the 17th century, than the fact, that they constri cted a considerable
village, the houses of which were all previously prepared in Holland, on the Isle of
Amsterdam, on the northern shore of Spitzbergen, to which thej gave the appropriate
name of Smeerenherg (from smeeren, to melt, and herf/, a mountain). This was the
grand rendezvous of the Dutch whale ships, and was amply provided with boilers,
tanks, and every sort of apparatus required for preparing the oil and the bone. But
this was not all. The whale fleets were attended with a number of jirovision ships, the
cargoes of which were landed at Smeerenherg ; w'aich abounded during the busy season
with well-furnished shops, good inns, &c. ; so that many of the conveniences and
enjoyments of Amsterdam were fonnd within about 11 degrees of the Pole ! It is par-
ticularly mentioned, that the sailors, and others were every morning supplied with what
a Dutchman regards as a very great luxury — hot rolls for breakfast. Batavia and
Smeerenherg were founded nearly at the same period, and it was for a considerable
time doubted whether the latter was not tie more important establishment. — (De Reste,
Histoit2 des Pcchcs, §f. tome i. p. 42.)
During the flourishing period of the Dutch fishery, the quantity of oil Tiade in the
North was so great that it could not be carried home by the whale ships ; and every
year vessels wore sent out in ballast to assist in importing the produce of the fishery.
But the s Diie cause that had destroyed the fishery of the Biscayans, ruined that which
4 K 4
I
I
\
'A.
i'
1240
WRALE FISHERY.
was carried on in the immediate neighbourhood of Spitzbergen. Whales became gra-
dually less common, and more and more timid and difficult to catch. They retrefited
first to the open seas, and then to the great banks of ice on the eastern coast of Green-
land. When the site of the fishery had been thus removed to a very great distance
from Spitzbergen, it was found most economical to send the blubber direct to Holland.
Smeerenberg was «n consequence totully deserted, and its position is now with difficulty
discoverable.
But though very extensive, the Dutch whale fishery was not, during the first TfO years
of its existence, very profitable. Tliis arose from the circumstance of tliu riglit to carry
it on having been conceded, in 1614, to an exclusive company. The expense inseparable
■from such great associations, the wastefulness and unfaithfulness of their servants, who
were much more intent upon advancing their own interests tlian those of t'^^e company,
increased the outlays so much, that the returns, great as tb.ey were, proved little more
than adequate to defray them, and the fishery was confined within far narrower limits
than it would otherwise have reached. But after various prolongations of the charter of
the first company, and the formation of some new ones, the trade was finally thrown open
in 1642. The effects of this measure were most salutary, and alVord one cf ihc most
striking examples to be met with of the advantages of free competition. Within a few
years the fishery was vastly extended ; and though it became progressively more and
more difficult from the growing scarcity of fish, it proved, notwithstanding these disad-
vantages, more profitable to the private atlventurers than it had ever been to the company ;
and continued for above a century to be prosecuted with ecjual energy and success. The
famous John de Witt has alluded as follows to this change in the mode of conducting
the trade : —
" In tliis respect," says lie, " it is wortliy of observation, that the authorised Greenland Company
made heretofore little profit hy their fishery, because of the great charge of setting out their ships; and that
the train oil, blubber, and whale fins were not well made, hiindlal, or cured ; and being brought hither
and put into warehouses, were not sold soon enough, nor to the Company's bosi ad' antige. Whereas
now that every one equips their vessels at the cheapest rate, follow their fishing d''- tiMitly, and manage
all carefully, the blubber, train oil, and whale fins are ein|)loyed for so nun .. isei .veral countries,
that they can sell them with that conveniency, that though there are nui,' . .' ' : that formerlif
sailed out of Holland on that account, and consequently each of thetn could ., , \u.ic w) many whales as
heretofore, and notwithstanding the new prohibition of France and other countri'.'s to import these com-
modities, and though there is greater plenty of them imported by our fishers — yet those commodities are
•M) much raised in the value above what they were whilst there was a company, that the common in-
habitants do exercise that fishery with profit, to the much K'cator lienelit of our country than when it
was (un<ler the management of a company) carried on but by a few."^(yv«(7 Interest of Holland, p.63L
8vo ed. London, 1746.)
The private ships sent by the Dutch to the whale fishery were fitted out on a prin-
ciple that secured the utmost econoi.iy and vigilance on the part of every one con-
nected with them. The hull of the vessel was furnished by an individual, who commonly
took upon himself the office of captain ; a sail-maker supplied the sails, a cooper the
casks, &c. The parties engaged as adventurers in the undertaking. The cargo being
brought to Holland and disposed of, each person shared in the produce according to his
proportion of the outfit. The crew was hired on the same principle ; so that every one
had a motive to exert himself, to see that all unnecessary expenses were avoided, and
that those that were necessary were confined within the narrowest limits. This jirs -tice
has been imitated to some extent in this and some other countries, but in none h;is it
been carried so far as in Holland. It appears to us that it might be advantaf. 'ji.sly
introduced into other adventures.
When in its most flourishing state, towards the year 1680, the Dutch wlii.!. '^•' -ly
employed aboiit 260 ships, and 1 4,000 sailors.
The English whale fishery, like that of Holland, was originally carried mi b- iii-
exclusive association. The Muscovy (^oinpany was, indeed, speedily driven from ii.
field ; but it was iminediately succeeded by others, that did not prove more fortunate.
In 1725, the South Sea Company embarked largely in the trade, and prosecuted it for
8 years ; at the end of which, having lost a large sum, they gave it up. But the legis-
lature, liaving resolved to support the trade, granted, in 17:52, a bounty of 20*. a ton'
to every ship of more than 200 tons burden engaged in it ; but this premium being in-
sufficient, it was raised, in 17 19, to 40s. a ton, when a immber of ships were fitted out,
as nuich certainly in the intention of catching the bounty as of catching fish. Deceived
by the prosperous . pjiearance of the fishery, ])arliament imagined that it was firmly
established, and in 1777 the bounty was reduced to 30s. The effects of t' ' reduction
showed the factitious nature of the trade, the vessels engaged in it havini< i ien oif in
the course of the next 5 years from lO,') to 39 ! To arrest this alarmin;^ i' 'Ine, the
bounty was raised to its old level in 1781, and of co»n-se the trade was soon .itoret' to
its previous state of apparent prosperity. The hostilities occasioned by the American
war reduced the Dutch fishery to less than half its previous amount, and gave a propor-
tional extension to that of England. The bounty, which had in consequence become
very heavy, was reduced, in 1787, to 30s. a ton ; in 179y it was further reduced to 25s. j
WHALE FISHERY. ,24 1
andjn 1795 it was reduced to 20... at which sum it continued till ,824. when it
It appears fronr. accounts given in Macpherson's Annuh of Commerce (vol iii
p. 511., vol. IV. p. im), that the tocal bounties paid for the cncouracenKm nf tho thl "
fishery u. the nUerval between 1750 and nss'. amounted to noT^r ,577 ^S"
It will be seen from the offic.al account which follows, that there are no means of ?„r
nishmg any accurate account of the sums paid as bounties from the year 1780 to i«ia
inclusive; hut it is, notwithstanding, abundantly certain that the total bount es „aid
during the period from 1789 to 1824 consideraMy exceeded 1,000,(XX)/. Here t d
we have a sum of upwards of two millions ano a half laid out since 1 750 in promoting
the whale fishery. Now we believe, that if we estimate the entire average value of the
gross produce of the Northern whale fishery (and it is to it only that the precedine
statements apply), during the last 3 or 4 years, at 375,000/. a year, we shall he alwut
the mark. But had the 2,500,000/. expended in bolstering up this branch of indus^iv
been laid out as capital in any ordinary employment, it would have produced I'^SOOO/
a year of nett proht ; and deducting this sum from tlie above, there remains only 050 OOO/'
to replace the capital wasted and ships lost in carrying on the fishery, and tJ afford «
char national projit I Whatever, therefore, may he the value of the whale fishery as i
nursery for seamen, it is absurd to regard it as contributing any thing to the public
wealth. The remark of Dr. Franklin, that he who draws a fish out of the sea draws
out a piece of silver, is ever in the mouths of those who are clamouring for bounties and
protection against competition. But we apprehend that even Franklin himself, sacacious
as he was, would have found it rather difficult to show how the wealth of those is to
be increased, who, in fishing up one piece of silver, are obliged to throw another of equal
value into the sea. We subjoin •
An Account of the Number of Ships annually fitted out in Great Britain fnr fho v«rfhn«, wi,„i„
nsSrisl''' ^'°""'''' ""' "^'^"^ "'*"•'" '•"'"' *""' "' "'« Bounti^*pk"/on'l'hei? Accrnt^rot
Years. Ships. Tons.
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
I79fi
1797
1798
17H9
18()0
I 1801
1802
1803
: 1804
I 1805
I 1806
I Ifil
116
116
93
82
60
44
51
60
66
67
61
6^
79
9a
92
91
91
46,.';99
33,232
33,906
2(i,98;J
23,487
16,.»6
11,748
13,833
16,371
18,7.M
19,360
17,729
18,5(i8
23,r..i9
28,(K)S
28,034
27,.570
27,697
Men.
Bounties paid.
4,482
4,520
4,6t)7
3,210
2,250
l,(i01
1,910
2,2a5\
2,633,
'2,683
2,4:W
2,544
3,129
3,806'
3,597";
3,(i36',
.3,715j
The documents
from which the
amount of boun-
ties paid in these
years could be
shown, were de-
stroyed in the fire
at the late Cus-
tom-house.
Vears.
Slilps. I Tons. I Men. | Bountiw paid.
1807:
to
1813 J
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
ihcre are no documents in this office by
which the accounts for these years can be
1 rendered.
112
134
130
l;i5
140
140
142
140
124
,120
112
36,576
43,320
41,767
43,548
45,040
45,093
45,092
44,864
38,182
37,628
35,194
4,708
5,783
5,542
5,768
5,903
6,291
6,137
6,074
5,234
4,984
4,867
£ s.
rf.
43,799 11
41,487 14
42,746 13
43,461 6
45,806 1
43,051 8
44,749 18
42,164
S2,;J47 4
32,980 2
29,131 15
It is not even certain whether the expenditure of 2,500,000/. upon bounties would
really have had the effect of establishing the whale fishery upon a solid foundation, but
for the occupation of Holland by the French, and the consequent hostilities in which she
was involved with this country. These did more to promote and consolidate the British
fishery than any thing else. The war entirely annihilated that of the Dutch : and our
government having wisely offered to the fishers of Holland all the immunities enjoyed
by the citizens of Great Britain in the event of their settling amongst us, many availed
themselves of the invitation, bringii :; with them their capital, industry, and skill. In
consequence of this signal encouragement, the whale fishery of England was prosecuted
with greater success than at any previous period : and at the termination of the late war,
in 1815, there were 134 valuable ships and about 5,800 seamen engaged in the Northern
fishery, and about 30 ships and 800 men in that to the South.
After peace was restored, the English capitalists and others became apprehensive lest
the Dutch should engage anew with their ancient vigour and success in the whale
fishery. But these apprehensions were without any real foundation. The Hollanders,
during the 30 years they had been excluded from the sea. had lost all that practical
acquaintance with the details of the fishery, for which they had long been so famous,
and which is so essential to its success. The government attempted to rouse their dor-
mant energies by the offer of considerable premiums and other advantages to those who
embarked in the trade. Three companies were in consequence formed for carrying it
on ; 1 at Rotterdam, 1 at Harlingen, and 1 in South Holland. But their efforts have
been very limited, and altogether unfortunate. In 1826, the company of South
Holland was dissolved, while that of Harlingen despatched 4 ships, and that of
i
i
1242
WHALE FISHERY.
Rotterdam 2. In 1827, Rotterdam sent only 1 sliip, and Harlingen 2; and in
1828, 1 solitary ship sailed from Holland — a feeble and last effort of the company of
Harlingen !
Such has been the fate of the Du^c!. whale fishery. The attempts to revive it failed,
not because the ships sent out were ill calculated for the service, but because they were
manned by unskilful seamen. In the early ages of the fishery, this difficulty would
have been got over, because, owing to the fewness of competitors, and the scanty supply
•of oil and whalebone, even a small cargo brought a high price ; but at present, when
the fishery is prosecuted on a very large scale and at a very low rate of profit by the
English, the Americans, the Hamburghers, &c., no new competitor coming into the
field could expect to maintain himself unless he had nearly equal advantages. Tlie
Dutch have, therefore, done wisely in withdrawing from the trade. Any attempt to
establish it by the aid of bounties and other artificial encouragements would be one of
which the ultimate success must be very doubtful, and which could lead to no really
useful result. During the 20 years preceding the late French war, the fishery of Hol-
land was gradually declining, and had, in a great measure, ceased to be profitable. It
would be folly to endeavour to raise anew, and at a great expense, a branch of industry
that had become unproductive at a former period, when there is no ground for supposing
that it would be more productive at this moment.
We have already noticed several changes of the localities in which the whale fishery
has been carried on at different periods ; within these few years another has taken place
even more important. The seas between Spitzbergen and Greenland are now nearly
aban loned by the whalers, who resort in preference to Davis's Straits and Baflfin's Bay,
or to the sea which washes the coast of West Greenland. The Dutch fishers first began
to I 1 "'^t Davis's Straits in 1719; and as the whales had not hitherto been pursued
into . ; t recess, they were found in greater numbers than in the seas round Spitz-
bergen. n about this period it was usually resorted to by about 3-lOths of the
Dutch shi]v... It was not till a comparatively late period that Davis's Straits began to
be frequented by English whalers; and even so late as 1820, when Captain Scoresby
published his elaborate and valuable work on the whale fishery, that carried on in the
Greenland seas was by far the most considerable. But within the last few years, the
Greenland fishery has been almost entirely deserted. The various discoveries made by
the expeditions recently fitted out by government for exploring the seas and inlets to
the westward of Davis's Straits and BaflHn's Bay, have made the fishers acquainted with
several new and advantageous situations for the prosecution of their business. What
further revolutions the fishery may be destined to undergo, it is impossible to foresee ;
but there can be little doubt that the same results that have happened elsewhere will
happen in Davis's Straits, and that it will be necessary to pursue the whale to new and,
perhaps, still more inaccessible haunts.
The sea in Davis's Straits is less incommoded with field ice than the Greenland and
Spitzbergen seas, but it abounds with icebergs ; and the fishery, when carried on in
Baffin's Bay and Lancaster Sound, is more dangerous, perhaps, than any that has
hitherto been attempted.
The following Table gives a view of the produce of the Northern whale fishery during
the 3 years ending with 1827 : —
Years.
No. of Ships despatched.
No. of AVhales captured.
Quantity of Oil.
Quantity of Whalebone.
1825
1826
1827
110
88
501
510
1,155
Tons.
6,597
7,087
13,179
Ti.iuj.
m)
390
732
It appears from this and the previous Table, that the number of ships sent out has
declined nearly one half since 1 820. The bounty was repealed in 1 824, and the ships fitted
out have since fallen off in the ratio of 112 to 88 or 90. This is a sufficient proof of
the insecure foundation on which the trade had previously rested.
The whale fishery has for a lengthened period partaken more of the nature of a
gambling adventure than of a regular industrious pursuit. Sometimes the ships do not
get half a cargo, and sometimes they come home clean. The risk of shipwreck is also
very considerable. It appears from Mr. Scoresby's Tables (vol. ii. p. 1.31.), that of .58G
ships sent to the North during the 4 years ending with 1817, eight were lost. This
period was, however, uncommonly free from disaster. It would seem, too, that the
risk of shipwreck is greater in Davis's Straits than in the seas to the east of Greenland.
In 1819, of 63 ships sent to Davis's Straits, no fewer than 10 were lost; in 1821, out
of 79 ships, 11 were lost ; and in 1822, out of 60 ships, 7 were lost. But IS.^O has in
this respect been the most disastrous. — Of 87 ships that sailed for Davis's Straits, no
less than 18, or 22 per cent, of the whole, were totally lost ; 24 returned clean, or
without having caught a single fish ; and of the remdnder, not 1 had a full cargo, only
WHALE FISHERY. 1243
Table exhibits a detailed account of the fishery in 1832 : — "^'OOO/. The following
Account of the Northern Whale Fishery in 1832
sent — ' ' ■- "- ' ' "■ ■■ •• ■
r the Northern Whale Fishery in 1832 • exhibiting tho v..™i . ™
out by each Port, with the N»">ber of t-J sh ukc^^nu\h^7„t»tTof^or^^^^^^^^ ^'"P^
Ports.
Hull
Whitby .
Newcastle
Berwick
London
Peterhead
Aberuecn
Dundee
Montrose
Kirkaldy
Leith
Totals
No. of Ships.
30
1
4
1
3
11
6
9
3
S
8
81
Tonnajje.
9,938
1,509
309
1,151
3,076
1,823
2,929
964
1,609
2,761
Fish.
539
29
121
22
44
159
93
240
28
98
UK)
26,393
1,.'56,1
Oil.
Tunt.
4,603
235
1,019
185
265
1,244
833
1,<X)2
2.57
785
1,282
12,610
Bone. 1
Ttml.
Crvi.
251
11
11
18
55
6
9
10
12
14
63
8
i3
9
104
10
13
7
41
10
68
17
676
120
676 tons of whalebone, at 125/., 84,500/.
Estimated rn/ue. — 12,610 tuns of oil, at 20/.. 252 200/
making in all. 336,700/.
There has been a somewhat singular change in the norta from miiioh n.« « u . . »
In London were undertaken all the discovf ries whicned to it^ establ shm^^^^^^^ ""•
complete monopoly was enjoyed by the great companies formed in .hit ni^li^. ^'"\ '?•■ ^owe time a
1780 and nuO the metropoli/sent Jut 4 times the .rumber ofTessJu th'at'sX fVomany X" '^n'""?
n Sru^uV'ird liV'Jnt'i^h'aS^s^^J^^^^
tS'Jn '/sSs' ^"""'- '''"'' ""'^ ""•^^ "•""' ''"""'^ «ba^^on'^\V^?l'aeX,oyingTn%%^^
Hull early became a rival to London, having sent out vessels at the- v»rv f^m^^^^ t. x-.i. ^ u
^ver s' nc'^prere?ved?the"Xtt^^ fiJs" wl^llthingUtln^BHS "'' *°*" ''""'"'"'■ «"'' ""
Whitby engaged in this pursuit in 1753, and carried it on for some time with more than common sue
cess ; but her operations have smce been much limited. Liverpool, after embarking in the ?m"e?rak"ni
with spirit, has now entireW relinquished it. Meantime the eastern ports of Sc^otland have steadU?
Ciirried on, and even extended, their transactions, while those of the country at large were diminishing
The increase has been most remarkable at Peterhead ; and indeed this town, as SaredTneciX
with London, must derive a great advantage from avoiding, both in the outward and homeward voyages.
600 miles of somewhat dithcult navigation. «:>v«"u yvyanKa,
The follovjing summary has been collected from Mr. Scoresby, as the average quantity of shipping fitted
out in the diffbrent ports for 9 years, ending with 1818; and the comparison of it with the number se?S
out in 1832 will show the present state of the trade : — f "" oi wiin me nuraner sent
Average of
1810—18.
1832.
■
Average of
1810-18.
1835
England — Berwick
. il
- 1
Scotland -
- Burntisland
-
Grimsby
- la
.
Dundee
- 9
Hull -
- 53^
- 30
Greenock
- ^
-
Liverpool
- 1|
-
^
Kirkcaldy
- 3^
- 5
London
- I'S
. 3
Kirkwall
- §
-
Lynn -
- n
-
Leith .
- ^
■ H
■ n
. 8
Newcastle
■ ''i
-
. 4
Montrose
- 3
Whitby
' ^1
.
- 1
Peterhead
- 11
91|
39
!f
Scotland — Aberdeen
- lOf
.
- 6
•H
Banff -
8
9
-
-
Total .
- 131§
J,"
42
81
Hardly a ship now goes to Greenland.
We have already seen that, as a source of national wealth, the whale fishery is of
exceedingly little importance. Neither does it seem to be of so much consequence as a
nursery for seamen as is commonly supposed. The number employed in the Northern
fshery does not exceed 4,500 ; and it may be doubted whether the casualties to which
t ley are expo.sed do not, in a public point of view, more than balance the increased skill
and hardihood they acquire in so perilous an occupation.
There seems no reason to apprehend any deficiency in the supply of oil from a falling
off in the fishery. We have seen from the foregoing statements, that the fish oil im-
ported in 1832 amounted to 12,610 tuns. But at present nearly half this quantity of
olive oil is annually imported ; and as olive oil is loaded with a duty of 8/. 8s. a tun, it is
obvious that if this duty were reduced, as it ought to be, to 2/. or 3/. a tun, the increased
quantity imported would go far to balance any falling ofiT in the supply of train oil.
When a coarser species is required, rape and linseed oil may be advantageously sub-
stituted for that of the whale. Tallow may also be applied to several purposes; to the
exclusion of train oil. Although, therefore, the whale fishery shouiil decline, we need
not fear that any material injury will thence arise to the industry of«the country : and
it would be most impolitic to attempt to bolster it up, either by resorting to the exploded
'■I
f ;
;«
%
I
19U
WHALE FISHERY.
system of bounties, or by laying heavy duties on oil or tallow imported from other
countries.
Tlie South Sea fishery was not prosecuted by the English till about the lieginning of
tlie American war: and as the Americans had already entered on it with vigour and
success, 4 American harpooners were sent out in each vessel. In 1791, 7.'; wlialc
ships were sent to the South Sea; but the number has not been so great since. In
1829, only 31 ships were sent out, of the burden of 10,997 tons, and carrying 937 men.
Tlie Macrocephalus, or spermaceti whale, is particularly abundant in the neighbourliood of
the Spice Islands ; and Mr. Crawfurd, in liis valuable work on the Eastern Archipelayo,
(vol. iii. p. 447.), has entered into some details to show that the fishery carried on there
is of greater importance than the spice trade. Unluckily, however, the statements on
which Mr. Crawfurd founded his comparisons were entirely erroneous, neither the ships
nor the men employed amounting to more than l-5th or l-6th part of what he lias
represented.
But errors of this sort abound in the works of those who had better means of coming
at the truth. Mr. Barrow, in an article on the fisheries, in the Supplement to the.
Encychpcedia Britannica, states the number of ships fitted out for the Northern whale
fishery in 1814 at 143, and their crews at 7,150; and he further states the number of
ships fitted out for the Southern fishery in 1815 at 107, and their crews at 3,210. In
point of fact, however, only 112 whale ships cleared out for the North in 1814, carrying
4,708 men; and in 1815, only 22 whale ships cleared out for the South, carrying 592
men ! How Mr. Barrow, who has access to oflScial documents, should have given the
sanction of his authority to so erroneous an estimate, we know not. In the same article,
Mr. Barrow estimates the entire annual value of the British fisheries of all sorts at
8,300,000/. But it might be very easily shown that, in rating it at 3,500,000/., we should
certainly be up to the mark, or rather, perhaps, beyond it. — (See Fish.)
We annex a detailed account of the progress of the Southern whale fishery since
1814.
An Account of the Xumber of Ships annually fitted out in Great Britain, witli their Tonnage and Crews,
for the Southern Whale Fishery, and of the Bounties on their Account, from 1814 to 1824, botli
inclusive.
Veara.
Ships.
Tons.
Men.
Bounties paid.
Years.
Sliips.
Tons.
Men.
Bounties paid.
1814
30
8,999
794
£
5,600
1820
68
19,755
1,827
£
9,100
1815
22
6,985
592
8,000
1821
55
14,398
1,396
8.300
1816
34
10,332
852
4,500
1822
44
11,432
1,022
7,400
1817
42
14,785
1,201
10,000
1823
59
17,669
1,536
6,800
1818
58
18,214
1,643
6,600
1824
31
9,122
796
7,300
1819
47
14,668
1,345
9,100
An Account of the Number of Ships fitted out in the different Ports of Great 'Britain (specifying the
same) for l;.e Southern Whale Fishery, their Tonnage, and the Number of Men on board, during
the Three Years ending the 5th of January, 183C. ,..-, ..,
Ports.
Year endinf;
5th of January, 1828.
Year ending;
5th of January, 1829.
Year ending
5th of January, 1830.
London -
Greenock -
Khips.
Tons.
Men. 1 Ships.
Tons.
Men.
Ships.
Tons. 1 Jfen.
31
2
10,158
216
874
28__
21
7,000
niL
604
31
10,997 1 937
nil. 1
Office of Registrar General of Shipping,
Custom-house, London, Dec. 16. 1830.
JOHN COVEY,
Reg. Gen. of Shipping.
American Whale Fishery. — For a lengthened period, the Americans have prosecuted
the whale fishery with greater vigour and success than, perhaps, any other people.
They commenced it in 1690, and for about 50 years found an ample supply of fish on
their own shores. But the whale having abandoned them, the American navigators
entered with extraordinary ardour into the fisheries carried on in the Northern and
Southern Oceans. From 1778 to 1775, Massachusetts employed annually 183 vessels,
carrying 13,820 tons, in the former; and 121 vessels, carrying 14,026 tons, in the
latter. Mr. Burke, in his famous speech on American afiairs in 1774, adverted to this
wonderful display of daring enterprise as follows : —
" As to the wealth," said he, " which the colonists have drawn from the sea by their fislieric;, you
had all that matter fully opened at your bar. You surely thought these acquisitions of value, for they
teemed to excite your envy ; and yet the spirit by which that enterprising employment has been exercised
ought rather, in my opinion, to have raisM esteem and admiration. Andprav.Sir, what in the world is
equal to It ? Pass by the other parts, and look at the manner in which the New England people carry
on the whale fishery. While we follow them among the trembling mountains of ice, and behold them
penetrating into the deepest frozen recesses of Hudson's Bay and Davis's Straits ; while we are looking
for them beneath the Arctic circle, we hear that they have pierced into the opposite region of polar cold ;
that they are at the antipodes, and engaged under the frozen serpent of the South. Falkland Island,
which seemed too remote and too romantic an object for the grasp of national ambition, is but a st.igc and
resting-place for their victorious industry. Nor is the equinoctial heat more discouraging to them than
the accumulated winter of both poles. We learn, th«t while tome of them draw the line or strike the
' ('
WHARF. — WHEAT.
1245
coast
toil*.
' l~'' "i" "*''*'■■*'"» ""** linn sagacity of
hajTW ..ursueU by this recent ,H>op.e , a \^^o.i^^^lm'^ Z^Zil: Z ^tlS;;;^^
The uiifortiinate war that broke out soon after this speech was cklivered, ehecko.l for
a while the progress of the hshcry ; l)ut it wa,s resumed with renewed viirour iix7
peace was restored. The American fishery has been principally carried on from Nan-
tucket and New Bedford in Massachusetts; and for a considerable time past the Thn
liave mostly resorted to the Southern seas. « Although," says Mr Pitkin " (' t
Britain has, at various times, given large bounties to her ships employ'etl in this fishery
yet the whalemen of Nantucket and New Bedford, unprotected and unsupported bC
any thing but their own industry and enterprise, have generally been able to meet
their competitors in a foreign markiiU" — ( Commerce of the Vniled States, lid ed v 4fi >
The following statement may not be uninteresting. "^
Account of Vessels at Sea, from the ^"^|,«"j',,^»«^'{'»jj,«'jni;|j'y«l in the Southern, or Sperm Whale Fishery,
Owned in Massachusetts*
At New Betlfonl and Kairhaven
Nantucket
Kduartown - -
Falinouth
I'lvmouth
Salem
Fall River
Hnciiester - • -
AVareliani
Dartmoutti
Holmes's Hole
Total aliscnt from Massacliusettt
re$Ml,.
UO
!>7
S
r>
2
U
1
1
1
1
1
At New London, Con.
Itrislol, K. I.
Wanen, ditto
Newport, ditto
Hudson, New York
I'iniKlikeepsie
New York
j Sat; Ilarliour
i I'ortsmoulli, N. If.
Owned in other Slates.
166
Total
Owned in Massachusetts
Total
Vrateh,
IN
10
.">
1
1
1
1
I
166
•i03
The produce in oil, of the sperm whale fishery, in 1832, was as follows:
Barreli.
Imported in ships from the Pacific Ocean,—
At New liedford and Kairhaven ... 30,476
Nantucket ... . 30,1.'iO
Newport - ... 4,1'^0
Plymouth . • - - '^,120
Imported m shim from the Brazils, —
At New Bedford . ... 5,5S0
New London .... 703
Nantucket ... . 407
At Sag Harbour
HriRtol
Warren
Sent home liy various merchant ships
Taken in the Atlantic by small vessels
Total of sperm oil In 1832
Imported in 1831
French JFfiale Fishery. — France, which preceded the other nations of Europe in the
whale fishery, can hardly be said, for many years past, to have Lad any share in it. In
1784, Louis XVI. endeavoured to revive it. With this view lie fitted out 6 ships at
Dunkirk on his own account, which were furnished with harpooners and a number of
experienced seamen brought at a great expense from Nantucket. The adventure was
more successful than could have been reasonably expected, considering the auspices under
which it was carried on. Several private individuals followed the exami)le of his Majesty,
and in 1790 France had about 40 ships employed in the fishery. The revolutionary war
destroyed every vestige of this rising trade. Since the peace, the government has made
great efforts for its renewal, but hitherto without much success. At present there arc
only from 12 to 15 ships engaged in the fishery.
(This article has been principally taken from the Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 14.,
to which publication it was contributed by the author of this work. )
WHARF, a sort of quay, constructed of wood or stone, on the margin of a roadstead
or harbour, alongside of which ships or lighters are brought for the sake of being con-
veniently loaded or unloaded.
There are 2 denominations of wharfs, viz. legal quays and sufferance wharfs. The former are certain
wharfs in all sea-ports, at which all goods are required by the 1 Eliz. c. 11. to be landed and shipped ; and
they were set out for that purpose by commission from the Court of Exchequer, in the reign of Charles 1 1,
and subsequent sovereigns. Many others have been legalised by act of parliament. In some ports, as
Chepstow, (51ouce8tcr,&c., certain wharfs are deemed legal quays by immemorial practice, though not
set out by commission, or legalised by act of parliament.
Sufferance wharfs are places where certain goods may be landed and shipped ; such as hemp, flux, coal,
and other bulky goods ; by special sufferance granted by the Crown for that purpose.
WHARFAGE, the fee paid for landing goods on a wharf, or for shipping them off.
The Stat. 22 Chas. 2. c, 11., after providing for the establishment of wharfs and quays,
makes it lawful for any person to lade or unlade goods, on paying wharfage and cranage
at the rates appointed by the king in council.
WHEAT (Ger. Weitzen ; Du. Tarw ; Da. Hvede ; Sw. Hvete ; Fr. Froment, Bled,
Ble ; It. G ratio, Formento ; Sp. and Port. Trigo ,- Ilus. Pscheniza ; Pol. Pszenica) a
species of bread corn ( Triticum Lin. ), by far the most important of any cultivated in
Europe. We are totally ignorant of the country whence this valuable grain was first
derived ; but it was very early cultivated in Sicily. It is raised in almost every part
i : \
I
1246
WHISKY. — WINE.
of the temperate zones, and in some places as high as 2,000 fcet above the level of the
Bca.
1/
El ,
The kinds of wlieat sown are niimerouii, but they may be classed under 4 heads :
viz. cone or bearded wheat, which, however, is now little cultivated ; white whuat, of
which there are innumerable varieties, the white Dantzic being considered one of the
best ; red wheat, which is seldom sown where the climate is good and early, and the land
, in proper condition ; and spring wheat. A greater number of people are nourished by
rice than by wheat ; but owing to the greater quantity of gluten which the latter
contains, it makes by far the best bread. Rye comes nearer to wheat in its bread-
making qualities than any other sort of grain ; still, however, it is very inferior tu it.
The finest samples of wheat are small in the berry, thin skinned, fresh, plump, and
bright, slipping readily through the fingers.
Being very extensively cultivated on soils of very various qualities, and frequently with
very imperfect preparation, the produce of wheat crops in Great Britain varies from about
1 2 to 56 bushels per acre.
The counties most distinguished for the quantity and quality of their wheat are, Kent,
Essex, Suffolk, Rutland, Ilertfordsliire, Berkshire, Hampshire, and Herefordshire, in
England ; and Berwickshire, and the Lothians, in Scotland. In the northern counties it
is, speaking generally, of an inferior quality ; being cold to the feel, dark coloured, thick
skinned, and yielding comparatively little flour. In the best wheat counties, and in good
years, the weight of a Winchester bushel of wheat is from 60 to 62 lbs. In tlie Isle of
Sheppey, in Kent (where, perhaps, the best samples of wheat sent to the London mar-
ket are produced), this grain, in some favourable seasons, weighs 64 lbs. a bushel.
Where the climate is colder, wetter, or more backward, or in bad seasons, the weight of
the bushel of wheat is not more than 56 or 51 lbs. It is calculated that the average
weight of the bushel of good English wheat is 58^ lbs. ; and that the average yield of
flour is 13 lbs. of flour to 14 lbs. of grain. — (See Mr. Stevenson's very valuable article
on England, in Brewster's Encyclopmdia, vol. viii. p. 720. ; Loudon's Enaj. of Agricul-
ture, §-c.)
For a view of the regulations with respect to the importation and exportation of wheat.
Sec, see Corn Laws and Corn Trade. The price of wheat in 1833 was 52*. llrf. per
quarter.
WHISKY, a spirit obtained by distillation from corn, sugar, or mola«ses, though
generally from the former. Whisky is the national spirit, if we may so term it, of Scot-
land and Ireland ; but that distilled in the former is generally reckoned superior to that
of the latter. — (See Srians.)
WINE(Ger. Wtim Fr. Vin ; It. and Sp. Vino; Port. Vinho: Rus. Wino, Wino-
gradnoe winoe ; Lat. Vinum ; Or. Oivos ; Arab. Khumr), the fermented juice of the
grape, or berries of the vine ( Vitis vinifera).
The vine is indigenous to Persia and the Levant ; but it is now found in most tem-
perate regions. The limits within which it is cultivated in the northern hemisphere
of the Old World vary from about 15° to 48° and 52°; but in North America it is not
cultivated farther north than 38° or 40-'. It is rarely grown at a greater altitude than
3,000 feet. From Asia the vine was introduced into Greece, and thence into Italy.
The Phoceans, who founded Marseilles, carried the vine to the south of France ; but it
is doubtful whether it was introduced into Burgundy till the age of the Antoni'.es. *
Tlie species of Vitis indigenous to North America is very different from the Viti' vinifera.
In favourable seasons, the vine ripens in the open air in England ; and in tb i eleventh
and twelflh centuries, considerable quantities of inferior wine were made ^.om native
grapes. Vineyards are now, however, unknown in this country ; but the 'grapes raised
in hot-houses, and used in desserts, are excellent.
The vine grows in every sort of soil ; but that which is l»:jht and gravelly seems best
suited for the production of fine wines. It succeeds extremely well in volcanic countries.
The best wines of Italy are produced in the neighbourhood of Vesuvius : the famous
Tokay wine is also made in a volcanic district, as are several of the best French wines ;
many parts of the south of France bearing evident marks of extinct volcanoes. Hermitage
is grown among the debris of granite rocks. The most favourable situation for a vineyard
is upon a rising ground or hill facing the south-east, and the situation should not be too
confined ;
— ^^— — apertos
. Bacchus amat colles.
The art of expressing and fermenting the juice of the grape appears to have been prac-
tised from the remotest antiquity. The sacred writings tell us that Noah planted a vine-
\l\
• The ancient writers give the most contradictory accounts with respect "n the introduction of the vine
into Gaul. — (See the learned and excellent work or Le Grand d' Au88y, Vie Privic del Franqaia tome ii.
pp. 329—333.) The statement given above seems the most probable.
WINE.
1217
yard soo'i after I'le (k-lugc — (Cfin. ix.
: -iv r .. "•''^O'); a"*! « modern Latin poet inKeniouslv
represen , ...e v ne as a g.tt from 1 eaven, to console mankind for the miuTiTentai ed
upon tnem by that grand catastrophe! nuuntu
Omnia vastatis ergo quiim cerncret arvU
Dwolota Dt'in, nobis IVlicia vini
Dona (ledit ; trintos lunninum t|uo inunerc fovit
"el'<l""»''i inundi solatus vltc ruinam !
" . ^ ,,,. a„ . . ''«""■'•"• Prcrd. nmticum, lib. xi
%r.Mo/ JKinc. -liiere are many varieties of vines; and this circumstance com
bined witli dirterences of soil, climate, mode of preparation, «cc., occasions an cxtivmo
variety in the species ot wine. 15ut even l)etween places immediately contiunons
to each other, and where a cursory observer would hardly remark any iliffcrcnce the
qualities of the wines, though produced by the same species of grape, and treated in the
sair.' way, are often very ddlerent. A great deal evidently depends upon the aspect of
tl)< vineyard ; and it is probable that a good deal depends ,)n peculiarities of soil Ihit
V .latever may be the cause, it is certain that there are wines raised in a few limited
districts, sucli as Tokay, Johannisberger, Constantia, the best Hnrgundy, Champacne
claret, &c., that no art or care has hitherto succeeded in producing of e(|ual goodliest in
other places.
Ancient Wines. — The wines of Lesbos and Chios among the Greeks, and the
Falernian and Cecuban among the Romans, have acjuired an immortality of renown
Great uncertainty, however, jirevails as to the nature of these wines. Dr. IkMulersoii
thinks that the most celebrated of them all, the Falernian, approached, in its most
essential .characters, near to Madeira. In i)reparing their wines, the ancients often
inspissated them till they became of the consistence of honey, or even thicker. These
were diluted with water previously to their being drunk ; and, indeed, tlie habit of
mixing wine with water seems to have prevailed much more in antiquity than in modern
times.
Modern Wines. — The principal w;"cs made use of in this country arc port, sherry
claret. Champagne, Madeira, hock, Marsala, Cape, &c.
i'o;<,— the wine most commonly used in England,— is produced in the provinceof Upper *
Douro, in Portugal ; and is shipped at Oporto, whence its name. When it arrives in this
country, it is of a dark purple or inky colour ; has a full, rough body, with an astringent
bitter-sweet taste, and a strong flavour and odour of brandy. After it has remained some
years longer in the wood, the sweetness, roughness, and astringency of the flavour abate •
but it is only after it has been kept 10 or 1,5 years in bottle, that the odour of the
brandy is completely subdued, and the genuine aroma of the wine developed. When kept
to too great an age, it becomes tawny, and loses its |)eculiar flavoi;r. During the i)rocess of
melioration, a considerable portion of the extractive and colouring matter is precipitated
on the sides of the vessels in the form of orust. In some wines this change occurs
much earlier than in others.
A large quantity of brandy is always mixed with the wine shipped from Oporto for
England. Genuine unmixed port wine is very rarely met with in this country. We
have been so long accustomed to the compounded article, that, were it possible to pro-
cure it unmixed, it is doubtful whether it would be at all suited to our taste. Accord-
ing to Mr. Brande's analysis, on whicii, however, ow'mg to the differences in the quality
of the wine, no great stress can be laid, jiort, as' used in England, contains about ii;3 per
cent, of alcohol. In 1833, 2,596,530 gallons of port were retained for consumption in
the United Kingdom.
Oporto Wine Companj/. — The quality of rlic wine ship|)ed from Oporto has been materially injured by
the monopoly so long enjoyed by the Op. rto Wine Company. This company was founded in 17ai), during
the administration of the Marquis Pombal. A certain extent of territory is marked out by its charter
as the on!; district on the Douro in which wine is to l)e raised for exportation : the entire and absolute
disposal of the wines raised in this district is ])laccd in the hands of the Company ; who are further
authorised to fix the prices to be paid for them to the cu''. i.tor«, to preuare them for exportation, and to
(ix the price at which they shiill be sold to foreigners! It 's obvious tliat a company with such powers
cannot be any thing else than an intolerable nuisance. Wh:^, could be more arbitrary and unjust than to
interdict the export of iill wines raised out of the U;nits of the Company's territory 'i But even in its
own district, its proceedings have been most oppressive and injurious. The Company annually tix, by a
iiat of their own, 2 rates of prices • one for the vinho de fei/oria, or wine for exportation, and the
other for vinho de rt, no, or wine for home consumption— at which the cultivators are to be paid, whatever
may be the quality qf 'heir wines ! They have, therefore, no motive to exert superior skill and ingenuity ;
but content themselvvs with endeavouring to raise, at the least possible expense, the greatest supply of
vino de feitoria, for which the Company allow the highest price. All emulation is thus eH'ectually ex-
tinguished, and the proprietors who possess vineyards of a superior quality invariably adultoratc their
wines with inferior growths, so as to rctluce them to the average standard. " In this way," says
Dr. Henderson, " the finer products of the Douro vintages have remained in a great measure unknown
to us ■ and port wine has come to be considered as a single liquor, if I may use the expression, of nearly
uniform flavour and strength ; varying, it is true, to a certain extent in quality, but still always approach-
ing to a definite standard, and admitting of few degrees of excellence. The manipulations, the admix-
tures— in one word, the a(/u//frff^iV>n«— to which the best wines of theCimo do Douro are subjected,
have much the same eflfect as if all the growths of Burgundy were to be mingled in one immense vat, and
sent into the world as the only true Burgundian wine. The delicious produce of Romance, Chambertin,
and the Clos VougeAt, would disappear, and in their places we should find nothing better than a second*
rate Beaune or Macon wine." — (History qf ArrienC and Modem Wines, p. 210.)
\ .
i(*
M
124.8
WINE.
' Not only, liowrvor, have the Opnrto Wine Company <lctcrlur,itc<l the qunllly, Inil they hnve uUo rained
the price of their wine* to an eniiriiioiis helKhl. .Seriiri^l MKuiiiHt the eoniiietitiuii ul' their couiilrynirii
and enj<iyln){,il(iwii tolH.'ll.n nearlyaliHultite iiuino|M)ly(irthe liritiHh inarkeli liy incaiiKorihi' hixli iliiticH nii'
I''renuh wiiieit, thej' hnve I1lle<l their jHH'keta at our expenite. At the iii-ry momrnl w/icn Ihr I'dHi/iiiny hnvi-
been nhippiiia wine fur h'.nnliiml at Mil. n i)i/ie,l/ie!/ have frei/iieii/'f/ ihipiieil the mmie irmr to iil/nrioinilrna
at "Ot. ! — I Pteetiuiiixt ll'iltmms on tlie Wine Triiile.) Anil the uiithentie TahlcH piihliiihcil liy llallii hIiuvv
that the priee of wine had l)een trehled or i|uadriiple(l under the niunaKenient ofthia eorporation \Hssiii
:nout|n me auuses uinereni ui the conHiiiiition oi me « ompnny nave iieen earru'U or late years lo
■nious extent, it m long Hinee ilit injuriouii elleetH on the eiiniineree ol' thiH eountry were dinlnu'lly
ed and pointed out. So tar l)aek as I7ii7, the Hoard of Trade laid a nienuirial lal'ore \\\* Majesty
loil, in which they state, " With rei<|>eet to many partieuhir rcKUlations ol' tlie Oporto ( imipariy
Stnlialir/He iur le Itiiifaume ile I'ortitffat, tome i. p. 1.07.)
liut thoutih the abuses inherent in the constitution ol° the Company have been carried of late years lo
. an enormous (■••*■■■■' -* ' ■ i.. :..i...i ..■,■..... >■ r .1.; ...
{)erceivcd 1
n council^
which we think justly objected to l)y the' merchants as' hiKhly grievous and iippn ^' ive, we have not
thoUKht it necessary to enter into a minute desi'riplion of them, beini; of opinion th..l one general and
I'alnl objection lies asainst them all j viz. — that ///(•// tilt eontrifiutc to esliihli.i/i in tlie I'omjinny a iiiuiiu.
jmlu nffdiiml uoui- Miijenli/'ii sulOertii,J'iom which hi/ treaty lliei/ have a liuhl to he ej'ciii/itetl."
■lilt notwit'liHti'.ndinK this authoritative expusitiim of the injury done to the I'inglish liy this monopoly,
and the ex|ieriencc which every Nubseiiuent year allbrde<l of its mischievous inlluence, such lias been tin'
invcteriury of ancient prejudice, that it was not till the session of lH.il that we took the only step by which
we could hope to rid ourselves of its evils, as well as of a host of others, by eiiualisiiiK the duties on I'rench
and I'ortuBuese wines, and putting an end to the absurd and injurious prelerencu in favour of the latter
catablishv<l by the Mcthuen treaty.
Lliigland and liraid are the only countries to which any considerable quantity of |)ort wine is exported.
Our imports amounted, at an averages of the lU years ending with lH:i.i, to '»J,1'.^1 iiipi's a year ; ol which,
however, a |Mirtion is subse<|iiently ex|Mirti><l j while the exports from I'ortugal to all oilier countries,
llrazil inclusive, have not recently amounted to .'1,(KN) pipes. It has been supposed, now that there is no
discriminating duly in favour of port, that its consumption in this country will gradually fall oil; its
place being Hlled by l''rench and other wines ; but though such a result be not improbable, it derives no
conllrmation from the pretty gradual decrease in the ((uantities of port retained for home use since 18U7,
the French wines retained for the same purpose having Ueclineil still more rapidly.
Sherry is of a deep amber colour ; when (i^ood, it has a fm r.rc.nmtic odour ; its taste
is warm, with some degree of the aj^reeable bitterness of tlie pcu^ii 'ernel. When ik-w,
it tastes harsh and fiery ; it is mellowed by being allowed to remain -1 or 5 years or
longer in the wood; but it does not attain to its full flavour and perfection until it is
kept for IT) or 20 years. It is a very strong wine, containing about 1<> per cent, of
alcohol. It is principally ])roduced in the vicinity of Xercs, not far from Cadiz, in
Spain. It is very extensively used in this country as a dinner wire. Ory sherry, or
amontUludo, when genuine and old, fetches a very high price. l'erli<t|)s no wine is so
much adulterated as sherry. With the exception of Alar.sala, the consumption of sherry
lias been far more influenced than tiiat of any other wine by the reduction of tlie duties
in 1825. In 1833, the quantity retained for home consumption amounted to 'J,'J'10',()H.'>
gallons, being iiuyrc than diiuhlc the (juantity retained for consumption at an average of
1823 and 1824! — (Scti post.)
Claret, — the term generally used in England to designate tlie red wines, the produce
of the Bordelais. Of these, Lafitte, Latour, Chateau-Margaux, and Maut-lirion, are
so generally esteemed, that they always sell from 20 to '25 per cent, higher than any
others of the province. The first mentioned is the most choice and delicate, and is cha-
racterised by its silky softness on the palate, and its charming perfume, which partakes of
the nature of the violet and the raspberry. The Latour has a fuller body, and at tlie
same time a considerable aroma, l»ut wants the softness of the Lafitte. The (^Iiatuau-
Margaux, on the other hand, is lighter, and possesses all the delicate qualities of the
Lafitte, except that it luis not quite so high a flavour. The Ilaut-Iirion, again, has
more spirit and body than any of the preceding, but is r</ii ;li when new, and recpiires to
be kept G or 7 years in the wood ; while the others becoi.ic fit for buttling in much less
time.
Among the second-rate wines, that of Rozan, in the parish of St. Plargaiix, ap-
proaches in some respects to the growth of the Chateau-Margaux ; while that of Gorce,
ill the same territory, is little inferior to the Latour ; and the vineyards of Leoville,
Larose, Bran-mouton, and Pichon-Longueville, in the canton of Paiiillac, afford lijrlit
wines of good flavour, which, in favourable years, have much of the excellence of 1' j
finer growths. In the Entre-deux-Mers, the wines of Canon and St. Emiiion, in the
vicinity of Libourne, are deemed the best, being of a full body and very durable. When
new, these wines are always harsh and astringent ; but they acquire an agreeable softness,
and are characterised by a peculiar flavour, which ha.s been not unaptly compared to the
smell of burning wax. The aroma of the first growths is .seldom fully develojjed till
ak, . they have been kept 8 or 9 years: but the secondary qualities come to perfection a
year or two sooner. The colour often grows darker as the wine advances in age, in
consequence of the deposition of a portion of its tartar ; but, when well made, and
thoroughly fined, it seldom deposits any crust.
(These particulars are borrowed from the exfl' nt work of Dr. Henderson, on Ancient
and Modern Wines(p. 184.). We have given, in u v -evious article — (see Bokdeaux),—
fidl and authentic details as to the trade in claret. We beg, also, lo refer the reader to
that article for some observations on the wine trade of France, and on the injury done
to it by the restrictive system of commerce. )
WINK.
1219
Thorp ii gciiprnlly « very eood aiipply of riarot
alMiut LV, ptT Iwignhrar "'" -' • ■
nri' I'iilli'd i:arK'> <>r nhii
((■III III iMiiitl at uliout ;
im.i-.K .•ian..H .nay'... .mu„r;t''l.,-',;';nir.-v';?.'' ,';;t: '1 ,';:r,:;;r'.Vi;:. «:;::,'^:«,, j; ';»«
!,0.,. IHT .lozc.,, i but ,mm.|« «1- v,.ry wrll Havour;..! wiife in»y I J bi.'ghVlt -.li *■■'
r/.mn,,«7/.r, — s(. oalli..! fn.in tlio ,.r..viiKi. of IV.iiuc- <.r wl.i.li it is the iiroduce ' _ i,
on. »» the most .los.rv..lly .stccnad ..l' tlio Kro.ul. wiiic-s. Tl.. « iiu. „,• ( l.,.,,,;,.,^,,,..
artMhvi(lf<l iiitotl.o 2 Kraiul classes .>l while an.l red wh.es; aiul e.uh „f these ,m:ii.. ii.to
still and sparkling : but there is a ^reat variety in the ilav.iur of the picidme of dillereiit
vineyards. Sillery is universally allowed to he the hest oJ* the still wines. It is dry <,»•
n li«ht umher f(»lour, has a coiisideralde hody, an<i a eliariniiif,' aroma. «« I o etinis "
(says M. Jiillieii,) " le spiiitueiix. le cliarinant hoii<|iiet. et les verliis loniniies dunt il est
jioiirvu, liii iissiircnt la priorite sur tons les aiitrcs." — ( 7'.7H«/r«/(/i<V ,/,• tn,,, !,» li„n<,hl,»
p. HO.) Dr. Henderson agrees with M. .lullien, in eonsideriiif,' il as one of the' whole'
soinest of the (,'lianipagiie wines. The sparkliiifrwiiK's are, however, the inosi ii,.|iiilar at
popular, at
least III this country. Of tliese, the wine of Ay, ,T leaf,'ues south from IMieiiiis, is, perhaps,
the hest. It is lifrhter and sweeter than Sillery, and has an exquisite flavour and an.n'a.
That which merely creams on the surface ((limi-mnussiii.i) is preferred to the full froih-
iiif,' wine (!/ruH,l.mo„.isr„.v). Heing bright, clear, and sparkling, it is ns pleasing to thJ
eye ils it is grateful to the palate.
" Ceriili mlranti (•oiicolor ut vitro
Latex ill auriiH, KfiiniU'iiH aspiri,
Sciiltillct exilltilii ; uKilio iiiilcci
^ NariliiiH illcix'hraH prupiiict
" Siicci latontiN pr(Mli(nr lialitiiK !
Ut spiima iiKitu lactea tiirhidu
I'ryKtalliiiiiiii lii'tiH rclVrre
Mox ouiilis pro|ii<rc't iiilorcm."
Ilautvilliers, olmut 4 leagues from Uheiins and 1 from Kpernay, used formerly to
produce wine that ecpialled, and sometimes surpassed, the wine of Ay. Jlut it is no
longer cultivated with the same care ; so that, though still very good, il now only rank*
ill the ^d class.
The hest of the red wines of Champagne are those of Verzy, Verzenay, TVIaily, Himzv,
and St. Hasle. «' lis ont une belle coiileur, du corps, du spiritueux, et surtout heau-
coup de finesse, de seve, et de bompiet. " — (.///////•«, p. 27.) The Clos .St. Thierry, in
the vicinity of Ulieims, ))roduces wine which, according to M. Jullien, unites the colour
and the aroinn of Hurgundy to the lightness of Champagne.
The province of Cliamjiagne produces altogether .about 1,100,000 hectolitres of wine-
of which, however, the finest growths make hut a small jmrt. ''he jjriiicipal trade in
wine is carried on at Ilheims, Avise, and i'.pern.iy. The vaults i.i which the vintages
are stored are excavated in a rock of calcareous tufa to the depth of ;K) or 40 feet. 'I'hose
of M. Moet, at Kpernay, are the most extensive, and few travellers |)ass through the
place without going to sec them. The briskest wines (ijraiuls-moussm.v) keep tlit worst.
— (Jnllkn, p. IJ4.)
liuriiniuly. — The best wines of this province, though not so popular in England as
those of Champagne, enjoy the highest reputation. " In richness of flavour and per-
fume, and all the more delicate (jualities of the juice of the grape, they uiiquestionahly
rank as the first in the world ; and it w.is not without reason that the dukes of Hur-
gundy, in former times, were designated as the pr'uinn t/cs Imns ring." — ( Jfint/irsoti,
p Ifil.) M. Jullien is not less decided : — " Les vins des premiers crus, lorsqu'ils pro-
viennent d'une bonne annee, reunissent, dans de justes projiortions, ioutcs k.s qnaliti's rjvi
cmiHfUmnt leu vins parftiils ; ils n'ont besoin d'aucun melange, d'aucime i)reparation, jiour
attendre leur plus liaut degre de jjerfectioii. Ces operations, que I'oii (pialifie dans
certains pays de soins qui uidcitt a la qualite, sont toujours luiisiblcs aux vins de
Koiirgogne. ' — (p. 104. )
Roiiiane-Conti, Cliambertin, the Clos Vougeot, and llichebourg, arc the most cele-
brated of the iiKn wines of Burgundy. Cliambertin was the favourite wine of Louis XIV.
and of Na]>oleon. It is the produce of a vineyard of that name, situated 7 miles to the
south of Dijon, and furnishing each yej\r from 130 to 150 jiunchcons, from an extent
of about 0"5 acres. It has a fuller Iwdy and colour, and greater durability, than the
lloinane, with an aroma nearly as fragrant.
The white wines of Hurgundy are less numerous, and, consequently, less generally
known, than the others: but they maintain the highest rank among French white wines,
and are not inferior to the red either in aroma or flavour.
The entire annual produce of wine in Hurgundy and Beaujolais may at present
be estimated, at an average, at nearly ;J,000,000 hectolitres, of which about 750,(XX)
suffice for the consumption of the inhabitants. Since the Revolution, the cultivation of
the vine has been greatly extended in the province. Many of the new vineyards having
necessarily been planted in comparatively unfavourable situations, a notion lias hcen
gaining ground that the wines of Burgundy were degenerating. This, however, is
4 L
n
V
1250
WINE.
I
li.
not the easv. Uii tliu contrary, tliu quantity uf bom cru$, instuad uf boing liiminislivd
has increnu'd considcrubly ; tliougli, as the siip|i|y uf interior winev litis increaseil in a
still greater degree, the line wines hear a less iiroportion to the whole than they did
previously to the Uevolution. — (Jitllien, p. !K). )
The principal trade in linrgundy is carried on at Dijon, (ievrcy, ('lialons-sui'-
Saone, &c.
Desides the above, France has a great variety of other excellent wines. Ilerniitagi-,
Sauterne, 8t. Pery. &c. are well known in England ; and deservedly enjoy, particu-
larly the (Irst, a high degree of reputation.
Account of the (junntity and Value of the Winps cxportc<l <Vom France In 18S1 ; dlittngulahing hctwccn
thu8c of the (iiri)ii(lf und thuse of other DcpartincntH, and between thoaeexportiHl in (iiaksHnd Hultloii ;
and ii|>(Tlt'yinK the yuantlty and Vuluc of thoiu ient to each Honnlxy. — {Adminiitratiun des l}outtni:i
for IH.Jl, i>. i.'4il.)
r'ountrim tu which exponed.
Wine In Cuka.
1
Wine In Hotiicii.
__ 1
()rthe<
Quantity.
lironde.
Valui'.
Of other Iltpartinenlj.
(irthvOlronde.
Of (itiier Ileiiartiiiii,.:
Quantity,
Value.
Quantity.
Value,
Quantity.
Valiii",
Frttiut.
I.ilrfi.
Frinict,
Litrr»,
fVilncJ.
Lilni.
Friimn,
I.iirr:
KiiHfiin
t,7H'M7S
7SI,i.'.H
!)0I,1.17
180,831
41,191
88,1)82
410,3!l4
4|ll„TP|
SwMteti ....
8»,(t7'^
4S,I40
.TV 1,97 3
(i4,.19.1
10,128
20,25(1
11,1.18
ll,l.1S
Nnrwiiv • . -
•iW.Wi
I'iri,(IS7
,1S,10!>
11,(122
1,12(1
2,252
5,117
5,117
OtfiimaVk ....
nos.HVfi
V<K),OI'i
.VJ3,4,3H
118,(188
8,782
17,564
7,881
".SSI
PrimHln
•i,r>H\-i'»
(1S1,'^70
I,V,TV,979
24(i,.19ll
10,37(1
20,752
199,119
199,1 It
Hanw Town*
7,0,1.'., 102
l,S!)!i,'.,',g
.1,Sl'V,.'i(i'V
1,1(12,112
12,315
84,690
liO.I'ii
ii(l. ?1
HoU.iml
l,7Si,.'.7»
1,1.'>H ,11^,1
3,(.11,.111
728,2(12
7,58(1
15.172
14,7.12
il.TVil
HulffiniTi
KiiKlanil
H»»,7fi.'>
,'>,M,(ii)7
N>it,9ll
17(1,988
4,288
8,576
.18,'V81
■■'^,'isij
i,HN,rii)(i
.■|,70".4(H)
337,li(ifi
(17,1.13
292,838
585,676
570,(181
5;{i,i,,||
PxrliiRal
•vu
74
4,171
831
114
22S
lilo
l<»,
Spiilii
i.i,yix)
■>,5H7
431 ,,171
8r,,31 1
23,210
40,420
13„196
l.l.Tll,
Au!itria
.33,011i
(i,(llCV
IHI
180
18,81!)
IS.M'r
Sardinia ....
4,03'^
1,331
«,'J3.1,(i56
1,247,131
597
1,194
38,.1.10
.1>i,.-.-,ii
The Two SIrilles
.
.
3S,t4S
7,(190
.
^^,'ty^
i.1,V.-.i,
TiHcnny, fttfHlon<ii Farma,
Koman State*
.
,
4(lfi,in4
81,281
.
.
24,9.10
24,'),'H)
Switycri.md
.
,
7,<ll3,fi7S
l,402,7.1(i
.
.
31,287
.ll.W
Germany - • -
.
.
s;i,i/.7i
178,715
.
•
277,88'.i
•i",\\t
(Iriwe ....
.
.
19l>,4lili
.19,293
.
.
1,790
i,"!lli
Tiirlccy
.
.
174,I17H
34,9.1fl
.
.
19,51!)
ill.'pl'i
Bjjvpt ....
AlKien
,
, ,
(i,1(i,7SS
127,.1,18
.
.
13,378
i.i,.i;s
.
.
{i,7'V,1,»0,1
l„144,7(il
.
.
25,845
2.'.,m;,
BarlKtry Stalm
.
.
-
.
.
2,381
2„-;,si
RnKllnh |)()sHeAslon» in Africa .
704,017
'.i.'.2,4G5
,189,3'i,1
117,8(15
72,661
Hfl„1»2
2,125
2,1'tt
• ttlipr ciiuntries on tlie cuast of
Afiica
.
r,4,018
12,804
.
1,848
1,SIS
India, Knitlish poMCt'iionn
Spanlsli do.
4S,8s'l
IH,170
8,875
1,775
>2
667,404
1,6.14
1,(131
lO.Mti
C,til4
.
!
8,904
l)\it>'h <lo.
.
2.1,(I3B
0,12'7
.
2,611
2,(;ii;
Frent-li do. -
.
.
.
- -,,.o
24,452
285
■«i
China
.
_
.
.
.
285
ws
17nited States
l,f.4<l,S4,'i
.'>t1,14!J
3,'27S,987
6.15,797
'4,16,900
873,800
.1.14,174
.131,171
Haytl
•iOZ.VlG
f.7,131
■Vill.'lCfi
58,393
7,091
11,190
7,692
~i,im\
Enjflisli iio«»es»ion« in America
Spanish do.
.
2,7(10
!,r,u
110
220
1
6lfi,014
•im,M\
".1.3,sl.1
1.10,7(13
53,298
106,596
14,92!)
11,'itt'
Danisli do.
)9.'),71H
(i4,,W7
2fi<i,90l
.1.->,3S1
1(1,091
32,188
8,0'VO
S.liJII
Bra/ll ....
XM.IM
4.1,780
2,22.1,0.11
41.1,0()K
47,851
95,702
22,019
■^'i.l.i'l'
Mexico
br),r,w
1S,318
41,043
8,208
2,19,018
478,0,16
7,803
7,>iu,1|
<'olomliia . - .
7, USD
!i,fi33
IS.lUl
3,(i32
3,730
7,160
9,272
9,(7'^
Ptrn - ...
80,74.'.
2fi,t«46
.
.
15,(153
31, .106
f:hili
."tUiisfi
l'^,'J3I
.
-
27,202
54,404
1,200
1 ;im
Kio de la I'lala
l,'5(l,!tS4
4.1,VII.1
121,910
2.1,188
17,097
31,194
11,151
11,1,51
(tuarieioupa
fil(i,'^87
!i()3,37.1
2,()fi;),.'.,lfi
413,907
4,1,ti21
91,242
10,242
'1,1.1s
Martinico • ...
480„f7(i
l,1S,.1i(4
2,3(10,428
472,()8r.
43,987
87,974
14,618
Bourbon
7.1.1, 1 7,1
!iSfi,TO7
1,122,9,1.1
.10l,..87
47,554
95,108
15,2112
V,,'ii,i,
SeneRal - - - .
«,1li,N,'il
7S,1HI
18.1,212
37,018
3,940
7,880
5,7!)3
.'>,7'i.'i
Frunt'h (iiiiana -
SU7,»35
I67,18,'>
323,891
(11,778
6,796
13,592
15,273
li,'i7.V
St. I'ierre and Miquelon
Totals
.
39,(M7
7,9.12
• -
-
109
\m
<,t(;,fil.1,116
ll,44S,r>4<J
50,769,137
ioIt53,8^7_
1,880,958
3,761,916
2,558,162
'l,!)M,m:
-, I
Exclusive of the above, there were exported from Fr.inco, in the same year, 2,753,4!W litres of vim de
/iquetirs, valued at 4,l.i0,'i)0 francs.
J'he total produce of the vineyards of France is estimated at about 35,0(X),000 hectolitres (770,()0(),0(iii
Imp. gallons), worth .'»10,(M)(),0(K) francs (2l,f!()0,(KX)/,). We beg to refer the reader to the article Bobdeaix,
for an account of the iiiHuence of the French system of commercial policy on this great department of
industrj".
Dispute as to the Comparative Merit of Champagne and Burgundy. — The question, whether the wines
of Champagneor of Burgundy were entitled to the preference, was agitated during the reign of Louis XIV.
with extraordinary keenness. The celebrated Charles Coffin, rector of the University of Bcauvals, pub-
lished, during this controversy, the classical ode, partly quoted above, in which Champagne is eulogised,
and its superiority vindicated, with a spirit, vivacity, and delicacy worthy of the theme. The citizens
uf Rheims were not ungrateful to the poet ; but liberally rewarded him with an appropriate and nuini-
flcent donation of the wine he had so happily panegyrised, GrC'ueau wrote an ode in praise of Burgunilv;
but, unlike its subject, it was flat and insipid, and failed to procure any recompence to its author, 'I'fic
different pieces in this amusing conti'oversy were collected and published in octavo, at Paris, in 1712.-
(See Le Grand d'Aussy, I'ie Privie des Francais, tom. iii. p. .'3U,, and the liiotiraphie Vnivcrselle, torn. ix.
art. Coffin (Charles). ) Erasmus attributes tfie restoration of his health to his having drunk lihcr.-illy of
Burgundy ; and has eulogised it in the most extravagant terms. An epistle of his, quoted by Le (iranil
d'Aussy, shows that FalstafT and he could have spent an evening together less disagreeably than might
have been supposed : — " Ia: premier qui enseigna I'art dc f'airece vin (Bourgognc), ou qui en fit prcsiMit,
ne doit.il point passer plutut pour nous avoir donnd' la vie que pour nous avoir gratifi^ d'uiic liqueur," -
( Vie Privde des Franqais, tom, iii, p. 9,)
Consumption of French Wine in England. Discriminating Duties. — Owing to the intimate connection
subsisting between England and France for several centuries after the Conquest, the wines of the latter
were long in almost exclusive possession of the English market : but the extension of commerce; gradu-
ally led to the introduction of other species ; and in the reigns of Elizabeth and James 1 , the dry wliile
wines of Spain seem to have been held in the highest estimation. This, however, was only a temporiry
preference. Subsequently to the Uestnration, the wines of France regained their former asi-cndancy
All but I
wine in
and Chi
its flavo
that the
obviousl
to be se
rank so
has bcei
only fet
Most of
Made
the SurJ
in both
advance]
kept for)
in bottlcT
they ard
•Thei
were veri
is highly]
Ull.r.'ll
ll,l.-,s
llip. ;l
'■ill.l.^l
liir,
.1S,.V.II
M,W
I'.iAl'j
l.i,.i;s
'^■si
'i,va
l.SIH
I,li3l
w,
.wt,i;i
hWi
14,929
S,(MI
7,10,1
I ,'^1)0
n,iM
llJ'r
WINE.
\'25l
a Hxwl anil Invariable rate ol duty. "nni luuiuritii, ut
ofrieh onen but we also provoked the retidiation of the I'leueh, who lorlhwilh excluded uui.t ol our
articles from their marketn ! -""i.. iimsi m our
liquors. But, would we lay aside prejudice, it would not he diHIciilr to prove that nothiiie ccuiiTi e nw.n'
innocent ; perl>ap», more advantaKcoiis. Kach new acre of vineyard planted in Iraiice, iii order to sii ply
EuKland with wine, would make it requisite tor the French to fake an equivalent in KiiKllsh loik s v
the sale of which we should be equally benefited." ' i-ot,ii»n t,oo(i.s, by
In consequence of the preference so unwisely given to the wines of I'orlucal over those of France
_ a preference continued, in d.fiancc of .very principle of sound policy and coininon sense down to'
]8,il, — the imports of French wine were nr many years reduced fo a mere trifle ; and notwilhstandintt
their increased consumption, occasioned hy the reduction of the duties in IH'J."), the quantity made use
of in 18^3 did not exceed i^'Jl-VifX) gallons; while the consumption of Portuguese wines amo.ints to about
2,()0<),(K)0 Imperial gallons ! This is the most striking example, perhaps, in the history of commerce of
the influeneo of customs duties in diverting trade into new channel;!, and altering the taste of a people
Alt but the most opulent classes having been compelled, for a long series of years, either to renounce
wine, or to use port, the taste for the latter has been firmly rooted ; the bi'ver.ige that was originally
forced upon us by necessity having become congenial from habit. We hive little doubt, however
now that the discriminating duty in favour of port is abolished, that the excellence of fhe Frencf!
wines will ultimately regain for them some portion of that favour in the Knglish market they formerly
enjoyed.*
Madeira, — so called from the island of that name, — is a wine that has long been in
extensive use in this and other countries. Plants of the vine were conveyed from Crete
to INIadeira in 1421, and have succeeded extremely well. There is a considerable diflerencc
in the flavour and other qualities of the wines of Madeira : the best are produced on the
south side of the island. Though naturally strong, they receive an addition of brandy
when racked from the vessels in which they have been fermented, and another portioti
is thrown in previously to their exportation. This is said to be rccjuired to sustaiti the
wine in the high temperature to which it is subjected in its passage to and from India
and China, to which large quantities of it arc sent; it being found that it is mellowed, and
its flavour materially imj)roved, by the voyage. It does not, however, necessarily follow
that the wines which have made the longest voyages are always the best. IMiicli must
obviously depend on the original quality of the wine ; and many of the parcels selected
to be sent to India are so inferior, that the wine, when brought to London, does not
rank so high as that which has been imported direct. But when the parcel sent out
has been well chosen, it is very much matured and improved by the voyage ; and it not
only fetches a higher price, but is in all respects superior to the direct importations.
Most of the adventitious spirit is dissipated in the course of the Indian voyage.
Madeira wines may be kept for a very long period. " Like the ancient vintages of
the Surrentine hills, they are truly finnissima vina, retaining their qualities unimpaired
in both extremes of climate, suffering no decay, and constantly improving as they
advance in age. Indeed, they cannot be pronounced in condition until they have been
kept for 10 years in the wood, and afterwards allowed to mellow nearly twice that lime
in bottle : and even then they will hardly have reached the utmost perfection of which
they are susceptible. When of good quality, and matured as above described, they lose
♦ The mischievous operation of the Methuen treaty, and of the discriminating duty on French wines,
were very strikingly exhibited by Mr. Hyde Villiers, in his able speech on the irith of June, 1830. It
is higlily deserving of the reader's attention.
4 L 2
?
V\
■«
1252
WINE.
all their original harshness,' and acquire that agi-eeable pungency, that bitter sweetishneM,
which was so highly prized in the choicest wines of antiquity ; uniting great strenrrth
and richness of flavour with an exceedingly fragrant and diffusible aroma. Tlie nutty
taste, which is often very marked, is not communicated, as some have imagined, by
means of bitter almonds, but is inherent in the wine." — (Henderson, p. 253.)
The wines of Madeira have latterly fallen into disrepute in England. The growth
of the island is very limited — not exceeding 20,000 pipes, of which a considerable quan-
tity goes to the West Indies and America. Hence, when Madeira was a fashionable
' wine in England, every sort of deception was practised with respect to it, and large
quantities of spurious trash were disposed of for the genuine vintage of the island.
This naturally brought the wine inco discredit ; so that sherry has been for several years
the fashionable white wine. It is diificult, however, to imagine that adulteration was
ever practised to a greater extent upon Madeira than it is now practised upon sherry.
It is not, therefore, improbable, that a reaction will take place in favour of Madeira.
The quantity entered for home consumption in 1827 amounted lo 308,295 gallons,
whereas the quantity entered for home consumption in 1833 only amounted to 161,042
gallons.
Malmsey, a very rich luscious species of the Madeira, is made from grapes grown on
rocky grounds exposed to the full influence of the sun's rays, and allowed to remain on
the vine till they are over-ripe.
The trade in Madeira wine is carried on at Funclia'., the capital of the island, in lat.
32' 37' N., Ion. 17° 6' W. Weights and Measures same as at Lisbon.
Teneriffe wine, — so called from the island of that name, -- resembles Madeira, and is
not unfrequently substituted in its place ; but it wants the full body and rich flavour of
the best growths of Madeira.
German JVines. — The wines of Germany imported into England are principally pro-
duced on the banks of the Rhine and the Moseile. The Rhine wines constitute a distinct
order by themselves. They are drier than the French while wines, and are characterised
by a delicate flavour and aroma, called in t le country giire, which is quite peculiar lo
them, and of which it would, therefore, be in vain to attenrpt the description. A notion
prevails, that they are naturally acid ; and the iiferior kinds, no doubt, are so : but this is
not the constant character of the Rhine wines, which in good years have no perceptible
acidity to the taste, at least not more than is common to them with the growths of
warmer regions. Their chief distinction is their extreme durability. The wines made
in warm dr/ years are always in great demand, and fetch very high prices.
The Johannisberger stands at the head of the Rhine wines. It has a very choice
flavour and perfume, and is characterised by an almost total want of acidity. The vine-
yard is the property of Prince Metternich. The Steinbe ger ranks next to the Johan-
n'sberger. It is the strongest of all the Rhenish wines, and in favourable years has
much flavour and delicacy.
The produce of certain vineyards on the banks of the Moselle is of superior quality.
The better sorts are clear and dry, with a light pleasant flavour and high aroma ; but
they sometimes contract a slaty taste from the strata on which they grow. They arrive
at maturity in 5 or 6 years ; though, when made in a favourable season, they will keep
twice that time, without experiencing any deterioration. '—(Henderson, p. 22(J.)
Tokay, — so called from a town in Hungary near which it is produced, — is but little
known in England. It is luscious, possessing at the same time a high degree of flavour
and aroma. It is scarce and dear ; and very ap^ to be counterfeited.
Marsala. — In. Sicilian white wine called Marsala, from the town (the ancient Lily-
boeum) whence it is shipped, and near which it is made, is now pretty largely consumed
in England ; tbe entries for home consumption having increased from 79,686 gallons in
1823, to 312,9i>3 in 1833; an extraordinary increase, particularly when it is considered
that during the same period the consumption of most sorts of wine has been nearly sta-
tionary. Marsala is a dry wine ; the best qualities closely resembling the lighter sorts of
Madeira ; bu the increasing demand for it seems to be owing as much to its cheapness
as to any p culiarity of quality. It is, however, an agreeabL dinner wine. Marsala
has been brought to its present state of perfection and repute by the care and exertions
of 2 Englishmen, the Messrs. Woodhouse, established in Sicily, who have an extensive
factory in the neighbourhood of Marsala. The wine is shipped in large quantities for
America ; whence a considerable quantity is again conveyed to the West Indies, where
it is not unfrequently disposed of as real Madeira.
With the exception of Marsala, very little wine either of Sicily or Italy is imported
into England. The wines of those countries are, indeed, without, perhaps, a single
exception, very inferior to those of Frjince. The natives bestow no care upon the culture
of the vine ; and their ignorance , obstinacy, and want of skill in the preparation of wine,
arc said to be almost incredible. In some districts, the art is, no doubt, better under-
stood tHan in oti:ers ; but had liie Faleriiiun, Cecuban, and other famous ancient wines,
to T^th
sively
WINE.
1253
not been incomparably better than the best of those that are now produced, they ncter
would liave ehcited the glowing panegyrics of Horace. '
IFines of Greece and Cyprus.— Tha soil in most parts of Greece and of t'e Grecian
islands IS admirably fitted lor the growth of the vine; and, in antiquity, thev produced
some of the choicest wines. But the rapacity of the Turks, and the insecurity of person
and property that has always prevailed under their miserable government, has cffectuallv
prevented the careful cultivation of the vine ; and has occasioned, in many places its
total abandonm-nt. It may, however, be fairly pre; • med, now that Greece has emanci-
pated herself from the iron yoke of her oppressors, that the culture of the vine will attract
sonie portion ot that attention to which it is justly entitled j av^ that, at no distant
period, wine will form an important article of export from Greece.
Nowhere, perhaps, has the destructive influence of Turkish barbarism and misgovern-
ment been so apparent as in Candia and Cyprus. While these 2 renowned and noble
islands were possessed by the Venetians, they supplied all Europe with the choicest
dessert wines. Bacci «riirn.s, that towards the end of the 16th century, Candia sent
annually 200,000 casks of malmsey to the Adriatic ; whereas at present it hardly pro-
duces sufficient to supply the wants of its few impoverished inhahhants. — (Henderson,
p. 243.) The wines of Cyprus, particularly those produced from the vineyard called the
Commandery, from its having belonged to the Knights of Malta, were still more highly
esteemed than those of Crete. In the earlier part of last century, the total produce
of the vintage of the island was supposed to amount to above 2,000,000 gallons, of
which nearly ^ was exported ; but now, the wine grown and exported does not amount
to T^jth part of these quantities ! The oppression of which they have been the victims,
has reduced the peasantry to the extreme of indigence. The present population of the
island is not supposed to excet'd G0,000, — a number insufficient to have peopled one of
its many ancient cities ; and small as this number is, it is constantly diminishing by the
inhabitants availing themselves of every opportunity of emigrating. Recently Cyprus
has passed into the hands of Mohammed Ali ; but unless the Pacha establishes a dif-
ferent government in it from what he has established in Egypt, the miserable inhabitants
will gain nothing by the change.— (There is e. brief but good account of Cyprus in ^iwHetr'a
Travels in Asia Minor, ^c. pp. 176 — 197.)
Cape Wines. — Of the remaining wines imported into England, those of the Cape of
Good Hope form the largest proportion ; the quantity annually ontered for home con-
sumption being about 540,000 Imperial gallons. The famous Constantia wine is the
produce of 2 contiguous farms of that name, at the base of Table Mountain, between
md 9 miles from Cape Town. The wine is very rich and luscious ; though, ac-
tiardin,"; to Ur. Henderson, it yields, in point of flavour and aroma, to the muscadine
wines of Languedoc and Roussillon. But, with this exception, most of the Cape wines
brought to England have an earthy disagreeable taste, are often acid, want flavour and
aroma, and are, in fact, altogether execrable. And yet this vile trash, being the produce
of a British possession, enjoys peculiar advantages in our markets ; for while the duty
on Cape winft is only 2s. 9d. a gallon, that on all other wines is 5s. 6d. The conse-
(jueiices of this unjust preference are doubly mischievous ; in the first place, it forces
the importation of an article of which little is directly consumed, but which is exten-
sively employed as a convenient menstruum for adulterating and degrading sherry,
IMadeira, and other good wines ; and, in the second place, it prevents the improvement
of the wine ; for, while the legislature thinks fit to give a bounty on the importation
of so inferior an article, is it to be supposed that the colonists should exert themselves to
produce any thing better ? It is not easy to imagine a more preposterous and absurd
regulation. The act enforcing it ought to be entitled, an act for the adulteration of
wines in Great Britain, and for encouraging the grovth of bad wine in the Cape
colony !
Consumption of Wine in Great Britain. Tiufier, — We have repeatedly had occasion, in the course of
this work, to call the reader's attention to the injui ious operation of unequal and exorbitant duties. Per.
haps, however, the trade in wine has suffered more from this cause than any other department of industry.
We have already endeavoured to point out soire of the ellbcts resulting from the inequality of the duties,
or from the preference so long given to the inferior wines of Portugal .'vnd Spain over the superior wines
of France. But the exorbitani'e of the duties was, if possible, still more objectionable than the partial
principle on which they were imposed. It appears from the subjoined Table, that during the 3 years
ending with 1792, when the duty on French wines was 3s. 9rf., and on Portuguese Us. fid. per wine gallon,
the consumption in Great Britain amounted, at an average, to 7,410,947 gallons a year, producing about
'KX),()(,0/. of revenue. It is probable, had the increase taken place gradualiy, that these duties might have
been doubled without any material diminution of consumption. But in 1795 and 1796 they were raised
to 8,v. 6rf. per gallon on French, and to 5s. S^rf per gallon on Portuguese and Spanish wine ; and the con-
sequence of this sudden and inordina^ increase, as exhibited in the Table, was, that the consumption fell
from nearly 7,000,000 gallons in 17'».">, to 5,73^,383 gallons in 179t), and to 3,970,901 in 1797 ! But this un-
answerable demonstration of the ruinous cfibct of heavy and sudden additions to the duties did not pre.
vent them being raised, in 1804, to lis. H^d. on French, and to 7s. 8rf. on Portuguese and Spanish wine.
They continued at this rate till 1825 ; and such was their influence, that, notwithstanding the vast in.
crease of wealth and population since 1790, and the general improvement in the style of living, the total
consumption of wine, during the 3 years ending with 1824, amounted, at an average, to only 5,248,7^
gallons a year ; being no less than 3,162,180 gallons under the annual consumption of the 3 years ending
4 L 3
! i 1
' 1
I t
I
U '
1254^
WINE.
with 1792! It may,
consiiinptioH of wine i
Had Mr. Vansittart (
but no sooner had . .
resolved upon the cffbctual reduction of the wine duties. In pursuance of this wiseilcteVmVi'ia't'io'i?
Mr. Robinson took, in ISiK, nearly !>0 per cent, from the previously existing duties ; and notwitlistantlini;
the spirit duties were at the same time reduced in a still greater degree, the consum\)tion of wine in
Great Britain has been increase*! from little more than hlSlMXX) to about .'3,2(H),0(M) Imperial ga'lons while
the loss of revenue has been but inconsiderable. We are, therefore, justitied in affirming that this measure
has been very successful, and tliat it is a most valuable example of the superior productiveness of low
duties.*
The duties, as reduced l)y Mr. Robinson, were 7s. 3d. per Imperial gallon on French wines, 4s. lOi/. pt r
do. on all other foreign wines, and 2*. 5rf. on those of the Cape of (ioud Hope. They continued on tins
footing till the equalisation act (1 & 2 Will. 4. c. 30.), which imposes a duty of 5s. 6rf. per Imperial
gallon on all forcgii wine, and of 'Js. tW.on those of the Cape.
But the equalisation etfected by this act ought not to have been brought about by adding any thing to
the duties on port, sherry, &c., but e-tclusively by reducing those on French wines to their level. The
subjoined Tables show tlmt the consumption of wine in the United Kingdom was about stationary from
IS.'ii to ISjI i and the addition of Hrf. a gallon, that was then made to the duties on all sorts of foreign
wine except French, from which 1*. 9rf. was deducted, appears to have sensibly affected the consumption
of 1832. Considering, indeed, the increasing wealth and population of the British empire, and the more
generally diti'useil use of wine, the small increase of the quantities retained for consumption is not a little
surprising. A good deal is, we believe, ascribable to adulteration. It is certain, however, that the
duties are still too high ; but they are principally objectionable from the mode of their assessment. The
trade will never bo placed on a proper footing till the duty is imposed on an ad valorem principle. The
imposition of the same duty on inferior and cheap wines, worth Id/, a hogshead, as on the choicest Hur.
gundy and Champagne, worth .'id/, or CM. a hogshead, is so utterly subversive of all principle, that one is
astonished it should be maintained for an instant. Its absurdity would not be exceeded, were the same duty
charged on small beer that is charged on gin ! The effect of this apparently equal, but really most unequal
duty, is to exclude all low priced wines from the English markets ; and to dei>rive the middle clas.ses ot the
gratification derivable trom their use. Commercially speaking, Bordeaux is much nearer I<ondon than Paris :
and, but for this preposterous system, the cheap wnies of the Gironde, Languedoc^ and Provence might be
bought hero at a less price than in most parts of Franco. Were it necessary for the sake of revenue to
continue the present system, it might he reluctantly submitted to; but it is abundantly certain, that
a fairly assessed ad valorem duty would, by increasing the consmnption of the middle classes, yield a much
larger amount of revenue than is produced by the constant duty : and it is not to be endured, that t'le
trade of the country should be deeply injured, and the enjoyments of the great bulk of the connnunity
materially impaired, for no purpose of public utility, but merely that injustice and absurdity may be priv
longed I It is said, indeed, that the imposition of an ad valorem duty would lead to the commission of
fraud ; but we have been assured, by those familiar with the customs, that such precautions might easily
be adopted as would prevent any dangir on this head. And though it were otherwise — though a few
thousand gallons of wine were admitted for home consumption at a somewhat lower duty than they
ought to have paid — the injury wouUl be of the most trivial kind, and would hardly, indeed, deserve a
momor.fs attention, In the United States, most duties are imposed on an ad valorem principle; and it is
not alleged that any real difficulty has to be encountered in their collection.
Consumption qf IVine in Ireland. Duties. — In 1790, the duties on wine consumed in Ireland were con-
siderably below the level of those imposed in Great Britain, and the average annual quantity of all sorts
retained for home consumption in that country amounted to about 1,160,000 Imperial gallon.% producing
about 138,000/. a year of revenue. Had those to whom the government of Ireland was intrusted possessed
the slightest knowledge of the merest elements of tiuancc, or of the condition of the Irish people, they would
not have attenipteil to add to the public revenue by augmenting the duties on wine. Owing to the limited
number of the middle classes in Ireland, an increase of duty could not be expected to be pro<luctive •
and though it had yielded .V^OOO/., or even 100,000/. a vear additional trvenue, that would have liotn
no compensation for the injury it was sure to^o in checking the diffusion of that taste for luxuries and
enjoyments so essential to the improvement of the i)eople. But those who had to administer the affairs
of Ireland were insensible to such considerations ; and never doubted that 2 and 2 make 4 in the arith.
inetic of the customs as well as in Cocker! Such, indeed, was their almost incredible rapacity, that in
the interval between 1791 and 1814, they raised the duty on French wine from Xl. ~s. a tun to 144/. 7*. lirf. ;
and that on port from 2'.'/. ■Is. Sd. to Vol. lis. ! This was a much more rapid increase than had taken place
in England ; and as the country was far less able to bear even the same increase, the consequences have
been proportionally mischievous. In 181.5, the quantity of wine retained for home consumption in Ire.
land had declined, notwithstanding the population had been doubled, to (>08,0<K) Imperial gallons, or to
about Aalf the quantity consu-.ied in 17iKI; anil in 1S'J4, the consumption had fallen to 467,000 gallons,
while the revenue only amounted to 18;j,0()0/. !
It Is unnecessary to "make any commentary on such statements. But it is mortifying to reflect, that the
legi--lature of a civilised country like Great Britain sliould have obstinately persevered in such a system
far about J of a century. We venture to allirm, that those who ransack the financial annals of
Turkey and .Spain, will liiid nothing in them evincing in every part greater rapacity, ignorance, and con.
tempt for the pul)lic interest, than is displayed in the history of Irish taxation from 1790 to 18UI.
Tlie reduction of the duties in 182.) has nearly rfou/i/crf the consumption of wine in Ireland, and has
added considerably to the revenue. The duties are still, however, oppressively high as compared with
the means of the population ; and hence, notwithstanding the population of Ireland has more than
doubled, and the wealth of the country been materially increased in the interval, the quantity of wine
retained for home consumption in 1790, exceeded that retained for the same purpose in 1H,W, by more than
.)9d,0iH) Imperial gallons! The Irish are particul.irly attached to French wines; and supposing the duty
were fixed on an ad valorem principle, so that it should be :li. Cut. or 4s. a gallon on the finer wines, wo
have no doubt wliatcver that the consumption would be speedily doubled or trebled, not only in Ireland,
but also in Britain. We sulijuin
An Account of the Quantities of all Sorts of Wine retained for Consumption in I rf,l\nd, during the
Four Years ending with 1832, and of the Nelt Revenue accruing thereon.
Years.
Hetained for
Consuinptiiin.
Revenue. | Ye.r,. ^^:^^.
Uevemie.
IS'2!)
IS.'V)
Imp. Gnll.
7!I'','.H)!)
7.'i7,ll7l
L. 1 1 Imp. Hull.
181,111 1 IH.-.l 7.'7„1S1
17'i,:)iil 1 Itt.Ti 7(ifi,.X".!l
1..
17!l,'i7(i
I'.Ki Iti'J
«.
Vears.
Fr
K
Gu
178!)
•17,
1790
'ill
1791
•i.'il
179'^
3o;
1793
ii.')i
1794
9!
179.')
11
I79B
M
I
Kx<
1797^
ex
/
4,8
1798
4.
1799
,')
isoo
8.
ISOl
14
ISIW
Vt
ISIO
19
181)1
'i
1805
h
1801)
15
IK
1808
1809
|1S10
1811
1812
1813
1811
181,')
181B
1817
1818
1819
18'.!U
18'il
Wi'i
wa
Wii
1821)
3
I81i7
r
18'«
■(
WB
:
1830
2
1831
•i
18.T2 'I
Years.
Rates of duty same in Ireland as in Great Britain, since 1814.
IS '23
is»l
182.'>
I8'2i;
1827
1828
IS'2!)
1830
1831
18,32
• An article in the Edinburgh Review, No, 80., contributed to bring about this measure,
excellent tract on the Wine Trade, by Mr. Warre, published in 1824.
See also an
uiil..
WINE.
1255
on the m-ne Trade .irf'i). some curious details on thrsubkct '"" ^""'"* '" '"' '"'"^''''■' Pamphlet
The imposition of the duties on an ml valinem principle. l>v allowinir cr<.ni,i„» • . ^.
price, wouW put an eBectual sto,, to the practices^f thVallLTterator ^The i Tease'o''th' T'^"' " '^
reigns of William and Anne first gave birth to this discreditable fratcrnitvffn.?, '"''"'''■■' ''^' "'^
p^eSi^oSr' ''"• '"'-^ ■' "''" " *'" '=°""""'= '° «"-'"' - '-K - trara&aiS"^^^^^^^^^
portance than any thing they could expect to make '.y adulteration!" "'"^' """^ '"^-
Account of the Quantity of P'rench and other Sorts of Wine rpf'iinnil rr,r »».«» n . ~ •• • .,
iiK.TA.x from 1789 to 1832 ; specifying the Produce ot" tr!>yand^h"eXce?"ri^';rtheV^on':^*"
Vears.
1780
17U0
I7yi
i-ya
17<)3
17114
17M
1796
1797 j
1798
1799
1S0()
1801
isna
isos
1801
1S05
IHOii
1807
ISOS
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
181.')
1S16
1817
ISIS
IS 19
18-^0
Wil
ISV2
18'i3
1824
1825
1821)
1827
1S28
1H29
1S30
ISSl
1852
Uuantitit s retained for Home
(■'onsuniption.
French. Other Sorts. Total.
H-'lHC
Ga//u;iJ.
24U,3.'54
'25U,S3'J
303,727
'2.')G,ir.0
'J!),ll«
118,587
50,881
Excess of
exports,
4,874 Rals,
45,3(i7
5i,r.i(i
8.3,171
141,693
129,280
192,1.36
21,804
63,983
156,002
160,114
186,944
125,266
190,917
63,221
77,312
186,747
36,880
301,024
126,625
147,671
266,421
215,846
182,175
165,791
177,758
183,296
204,901
534,015
Imp. Gall.
.356,846
340,171
451,361
316,941
266,085
228,413
203,252
►fine I
Gallons.
,5,580,366
6,245,9.83
7,407,1.37
7,778,522
6,634,750
6,700,102
6,808,534
5,681,502
(•3,975,775
4,715,290
4,726..505
7,615,400
6,86l,(,;7
6,22(;,4r;9
7,989,330
4,818,915
4,.501,.W5
5,780,233
5,762,223
6,221,590
5,682,821
6,614,.3.59
5,797,6.53
5,0.59,178
4,531,821
4,904,783
5,667,411
4,291,182
5,466,951
5,873,06(1
4,762, 7.'i I
4,837,78)
4,S.')0,778
4,797,401
5,108,114
5,274,831
8,121,978
Imp. Gall.
6,093,968
6,921,6.39
7,129,4(i4
5,104,802
5,410,686
5,226,170
4,995,951!
H-ine
Gallons.
■5,814,665
6,192,313
7,658,276
8,082,219
6,890,910
6,799,220
6,927,121
5,732,383
3,970,901
4,760,657
4,777,631
7,728,871
;,006,310
6, .355,74 9
8,181,466
4,840,719
4,.'i65,.')51
5,9.36,235
5,922,,337
6,408,534
5,808,087
6,805,276
5,860,871
5,136,490
4,718,568
4,911,663
5,968,435
4,120,807
5,611,622
6,1.39,190
4,978,6011
5,019,960
5,016,569
4,975,159
5,291,110
5,479,732
8,653,995
Imp. Gnll.
6,1.50,811
7,262,110
7,58(),(i25
5,121,743
5,676,771
5,1.54,883
5,199,203
R.iles of Duty.
Nett Kevenue.
i"«-S
French,
deira. ^^g.! §■- | Cape.
Sort's! •■"'™'^''' Other Sorts. Total,
Wine Wine , wine \ Wiiur Wine
Gall. Gall. Gall. Gall, j Gall.
3 9 2 5jl ^^c,\}^ 4 1 .^i,g;
IJ 4
6 5
h' 4 "li, 5
i: 5 8i 7
8 9J 5 11' 5 9j
8 5'8V5'8
8 10 5 11
10
5 8
3
4 6?
7 6J1 6 3
.< 11+ .-1 loll 7
6 Hi 6 10f, 8
U .3J 7 7 7 6V.)
11
7 8 7 7
6 1
6 3
6 10
7 6
7 7
16 5 7 s ' 7 7 ' 9 45' 2 6^
U 5 7 -^ 7 7 ' 9 44 2 6^
i 7 8 7 7 ; 9 5 2 6j
Wine
Gall.
3 9
5 4
G 11
7 OJ
fi 11
7 I
6 KH
7 6
7 7
t.
.36,549
41„3,V2
43,117
59,693
30,.308
14,487
55,579
25,253
L.
684,969
779,209
S73,.351
959,951
660,377
I 780,5.36
1,375,143
1,13:,270
36,232 1, 47,432
7 7
7 7
7 7
33,247
31,316
42,311
84,686
61,514
72,103
.34,123
81, .386
94,813
89,1.39
126,936
1,. 3.39,4 14
1,661,510
1,924,871
1,908,310
1,870,3.")8
2,069,2.52
1.779,899
1,922,480
2,225,(il5
2,245,058
2,226,800
721,
820,
916,
,019,
690,
795,
,4.30,
,1.09,
,518
,.')(i2
,769
,645
,6S6
,023
,722
,523
r The nett receipt*
I of dut> on Freni-h
ami otlier di'scrip-
1 tion^ofwinecannot
' 1/0 separately stated l
fcT thi^se years, in J
consequence of the
destructf " "'
customs
Lfire
ni^se years, m J
iquence of the |
uction of the
>ms records hy 1
6 0,40
10 2 4
7.3,185
122,662 I
76,046 I
87,475
155,370 I
126,667
106,892
97,486
104,425
1IK>,9S2
117,20'
166, is I
.VUowances
in Iland
I Per Imperial Gallon.
>7 3 I 4 10 I 1 10 I 4 10 I 2 5 I
I equal to the former duties per wine
5 6 I 5 6 I 5 6 I 5 C I 2 9
4 10^
I0T,2!V'
102.'(J
i.3t;,ii2i
113,880
95,1.39
70,0.3.5
55,368
1,959,655
1 ,972,637
1,5.34,252
1,9.36,244
2,086,010
1,675,429
1,711,503
l.n I:,1I04
1,6 s' I,. '.88
1, Ml 1,484
1,S.. 0,751
1,M8,869
fur >iock 1
1,162.825
1,.TM,II10
l,.-.7ii,0'l.S
1,178,522
1,2.56,468
1,285,273
l,.321,fi62
1,383,665
1,.372,661
1,692,826
1,967,213
1,992,097
1,931,872
2,141, .3,56
1,8 14, .323
2,003,866
2,320,428
2,331,197
2,353,7.36
2,361,113
2,313,615
2,169,871
1,9 11, .352
rCustoms
\ records
t.dc>tro\ed
2,032,840
2,0li5,299
1,610,299
2,023,720
2,211,.3SI)
1,802,097
1,818,396
1,797,191
1,794,013
1,907,466
1,967,9.')3
1,815,053
1,021,044
r94,(X)9
1,270,118
1 ,426,550
1,. 506, 122
1,292,102
1,. 351, 607
1,. 356,208
1|519,643»
I
' J
f
tl
'1
I
Account of the Quantities of Foreign Wines retained for Home Consunipti<in in the U.nited Ki.vudom,
distinguishing each Sort, during the Ten Years ended 5th of January, IK (Imperial Measure.)
Ye.irs.
Cape.
French.
Portuguese.
Madeira.
Spanish .
Canar)
■ tienish.
Sicilian, &c.
Total.
1
Galls.
Galls.
Galls.
Galls.
Galls.
Galls.
Galls.
Galls.
Galls.
; 1823
.555,119
171,681
2,4!t2,212
.323,731
1,078,922
123,0,36
20,670
79,686
4,845,0(0
1 ISH
595,299
187,417
2,512,313
297,179
1,217,031
117,128
25,976
77,085
5,030,091
1825
670,6.39
525,579
4,200,719
372,521
1,8.30,975
167,108
107,2:i;t
1,34.699
8,(HI9,542
1826
630,1.36
313,707
2,8.33,688
286,275
l,622,.5.SO
131,115
66,991
140,318
6,0.)8,413
1,827
698,431
311,289
3,222,192
3IKI,295
1,908,.331
1*2,9,38
76,161
156,721
6,826,361
1828
652,286
421,169
3,.307,021
272,977
2,097,628
137,5,53
86,905
186,537
7,162,376
1829
579,74 1
.365„3.56
2,681,751
229,.392
1,964,162
101,699
76,396
219,172
6,217,652
18.30
5.35,255
.>OS,294
2,869,608
217,1.38
2,081,123
101,892
68,322
252,513
6,4.34,445
1S3I
539,584
25t,.3(i6
2,707,731
209,127
2,089,532
94,117
57,888
2.'.9,916
6,212,264
1S32
514,262
228,627
2,617.405
159,898
2,080,099
72,803
.38,197
251,251
5,965,542
* Thii includes 142,613/. of additional tUity collected by the excite on wine in dealers' itouks.
1256
WOAD.
Account exhibiting the ^^unntities of the different Sorts of Wine Imported Into and cxporte<l fttim tlic
United Kingdom in 1833 : tl)e Quantities of each Sort retained for Home Consumption ; the Hate* of
Duty ; and the Gross and Nett Kevenue accruing thereon.
Species of Wine.
()uantltii3S
imiMrted into
the I'nitol
KinKtloni.
Quantitien
exiiorteci from
the United
Kingdom.
Qu.intities
iretaineil for Ilomr
Ccnsumption in
' theU. Kingdom.
Cajie
French -" - -
Madeira
I'ortHKUese
Spaninh
Khenish
*'anary - - -
Fayai
Sicilian, and other
sorta * - -
Total
Ottllonu
■i.vi,.iin
!i7'i,,1fifi
.1111,057
a,2M,-.i3
3,5(iS,.M()
5l,.1fil
2,')3,5'I2
U.tiU
50.1,4 IS
Onttoita.
I6,4.1fi
•111,5 10
i!0'J,lyl
a43,.-i77
73'J,.1<)fi
12,173
148,'J15
UlU
1411,917
Oiff/ont.
515,1<JI
a3'^,5.'>0
II! 1,01^
U,r'.'.M),r,M
2,21ti,(IS5
43,7.'-.S
CS,SS!i
73U
312,9'J3
7,443,811
I,fii3,'i!m
fi,'207,770
Grow Amount Nctt Amount
liiit. I "♦' Ke'e""e | of Hevenue
^' I received thereon, received tlivreon.
Rates of ,
I. </.
'i U
5 t)
Kcreivod from the excise for additional duty on « ne 1
in dealers' stocks - • - - 1
L. I. J.
75,103 13 5 I
(i9,N08 18 fi I
47,902 4 '^ I
732,937 6 2 :
611,773 8 3 '
12,760 19 1
20,032 12 6 ,
203 4 U
I.. I. (/.
74,1171 12 9
«.3,l(il 13 1
44,177 7 6
713,.V.7 5
Clii,().lfi 15 10
12,1155 6 9
18,944 15 5
2U3 4 6
87,829 1 5 86,104 19 11
l,fiS8,3Jl 8 , 1,629,219 2 1
4,010 18 6 ! 4,niO 18 B
l,li'J2,962 6 fi 1,633,8.10 7
Pn're of Wine in London.
March, iS34.
■ The following is an account of the price of wine in bond in London, in
I..
«. L.
».
/,.
J. L. 1.
I'ort, 1st cla«i, old
per pipe
44
to 55
jWarsala
per pipe
per Ituit
11
to 16
2d and .3d do.
—
34
— 40
Mountain
16
— .35
ii^ht and common
—
25
— .33
Tent
per hlul.
20
— 26
Sheri>-, 1st mialitv, old, high llav.
, per butt
62
— 80
Claret, 1st prowth
—
40
— 4S
2d a>-.d .3d quality
..
42
— 56
2d and 3d
—
20
— .18
4lhand5thdo.
—
20
— 35
car«o, and iufcrlor qualities
4
0- IS
common, consif^od
—
15
0-18
Burgundy, red
per hhd.
40
_ 45
Madeira, East India, fine
per pipe
38
— 55
white
—
4H
_ 50
do., very line
60
— 80
ChampaBiie
per Ant.
1
S - 2 14
do., middliui; and common
—
20
— 35
Sauterne, 1st quality, old
per pipe
.30
_ 40
West India, 1st quality
__
40
— 45
2d Browih
16
_ 25
2d and 3d do.
—
20
— 40
Hermitage, red
—
2S
_ ,3S
direct London particular
_
40
-50
white
—
.30
— 40
2d quality
—
.•50
— 3S
Moselle
per aam
10
— 20
inferior
^
18
— 25
Hock
—
20
_ .'i(|
TeneriHe, best old
_
20
— 26
Cape Madeira, best
per pipe
l(i
- IS
cariro
_
10
— 14
2d and 3d quality
—
14
0-15
Lisbon
—
20
— 28
common
—
10
- 13
Bucellas
—
26
— 36
Pontac
—
15
- 20
Measures. — .According to the sy^em of wine measures that prevailed down to 1820, the gallon con-
tained 2;il cubic inches ; the tierce, 4ii gallons ; the puncheon, 8* gallons ; the hogshead, 63 gallnns ; the
pipe or butt, 12fi gallons ; and the tun, 'i52 gallons. But in the new system of measures introduced by the
act 5 Geo. 4. c. 74., the Imperial standard gallon contains 277'274 cubic inches : so that the tierce = 35
(very nearly) Imperial gallons; the puncheon - 70 (very nearly) do. ; the hogshead = 52^ ivery nearly)
do. ; the pipe or butt = 105 (very nearly) do. ; and the tun - 210 (very nearlyj do. — (See VVeioh rs and
Measures.)
A very great quantity of wine is sold to the consumer in dozens ; muoh more, indeed, than is sold in
any other way ; and yet there is no regulation as to the size of bottles, — a defect which has occasioned a
great deal of abuse. No one doubts the propriety of making all gallons, bushels, &c. of the same capacity ;
and why should not similar regulations be enforced in the case of measures so universally used as bottles ?
Wine the protluce of Europe may not be inipoited for home consumption, except in liritisji sl.ips, or
in ships of the country of which the wine is tiie produce, or of the country from which it is impoited,
on forfeiture thereof, and 1(10/. by the master of the ship. — (3 & 4 H'ill. 4. c. 54.)
No abatement of duties made on account of any damage received by wine — (3 «i 4 U'i/l. 4. c. !>2.)
Wine from the Cape must be accompanied by a certlHcate of its production. — (See niiti, p. (ifiO.)
Wine exported to foreign parts, from the bonded warehouses, must be shipped in vessels of not less
than 70 tons burden. — (.3 & 4 »V//. 4. c. 57.)
K'l'ne for Qfficers of Xavy. — For the quantity of duty-free wine to be allowed to officers of the navy,
and the regulations under which it is to be allowed, see ante, p. 6(i7.
Rt'i;itlations as to mixing, bottiinp, 8;c. in Warehouses. — 1. Wines, when deposited in warehouses of
siKH'ial security, or in warehouses situated near the places of landing and shipping, and declared in the
order of approval to be substantially built, and capable of affording general accommodation to the trade,
may be allowed to be fitted up, fined, am' racked, as often as the owners may deem necessary, the loes to
bedestroyed without payment of duty, thequantities destroyed being correctly ascertained for the purpose
of being eventually detliicted from the otlicial accounts.
2. Bonded brandy may be allowed to be added to wine in the bonded stores for its preservation or
improvement, and the whole to pay ciity as wine upon being taken out for home consumption, provided
the whole quantity of brandy contaliinl in the wine, at the time of entry for home consumption, do not
exceed 20 per cent. ; and that a ])roinr s.iinple for the purpose of ascertaining the strength be allowed to
be taken out by the jiropcr otticers.
3. Wines may be allowed to be mixed with wines of the same description as often as necessary for their
preservation or improvement ; pi'ovided that wine so mixed be kept separate from other wine, and that
the packages containing the same be branded as mixed wine, and the brand or other marks of the original
shipper be effUccd. — {Treasury Order, 20th of May, 1830.)
Wine may be bottled for exportation in a bonded vault appropriated for the purjiose, upon giving 24
hours' notice; but no foreign bottles, corks, or packages may be useil, excei)t those in which the wine
may have been imported and warehoused, unless the full duties shall have been paid on the same ;
and not less than 3 dozen reputed quarts, or ti dozen reputed jiint bottles, shall be exported in each
package ; and if any surplus or sediment remain, it is to be immediately destroyed in the iiresence of
the officer, or the full duties paid upon it. — (3 .S: 4 Wiil. 4. c. ,")7., and Customs Alin. 3l8t of Deo. 1828.)
The brands or marks on the casks into which wines or spirits may be racked at the bonded warehou.ses
are to be ettaced, and no other brand or mark to be ret ed thereon than those which were on the casks
when originally imported. — {Treasury Order, 2yth of .luiie, 1830.)
WOAD (Ger. n'aid ; Dii. Wtcde ; Fr. I'fstel, Guide, Vouvde ; It. Guadone, Guado,
Glastro ; Sp. Pastel, G/asto), the Isutis iineturia of botanists, a biennial plant, witli a
• The other sorts are quite lufiing, and do not deserve notice.
WOOD WOOL.
1257
fusiform fibrous root, and smooth branchy steir, rising from 3 to 5 feet in height. Woad
is indigenous to most parts of Europe ; anc". was extensively used from a very remote
period, down to the general introdupti^r. of indigo, in the dyeing of blue. It is still
cultivated to a considerable extent in France ; but in this country its cultivation is
chiefly restricted to a few districts in Lincolnshire. After being bruised by machinery,
to express the watery part, it is formed into balls, which ferment and fall into a dry
powder, which is seld to the dyer. Woad is now seldom employed without a mixture
of indigo. By itself, it is incapable of giving a bright and deep blue colour ; but the
colour which it does give is very durable. The best methods of conducting the fer-
mentation and preparation of woad are still so very ill understood, that the goodness of
any parcel of it can never be ascertained till it be actually used ; so that it has the dis-
advantage of being purchased under the greatest un "rtainty as to its true value. At
the proper age, indigo plants yield about 30 times as much colouring matter, and of a
far superior quality, as an equal weight of wond ; so that there is no prospect that any
improvement that may be made in its preparation will ever under it, either in goodness
or cheapness, a rival of the former. — (Loudon's Envy, of Ayriculturt ; Bancroft on
Colours, vol. i. p. 167.) We have previously — (see Indigo) — given some account of
the efforts made by the woad growers to prevent the use of indigo.
WOOD. See Timber.
WOOL (Ger. Wolle ; Du. Wol; Da. Uld ; Sw. Ull ; Fr. Laine ; It. and Sp.
Lana ; Port. La, Lda ; llus. Wblna, Scherst ; Pol. IFdna ; Lat. Lana), a kind of
soft hair or down. The term is not very well defined. It is applied both to the fine
hair of animals, as sheep, rabbits, some species of goats, the vicuna, &c. ; and to fine
vegetable fibres, as cotton. In this article, however, we refer only to the wool of sheep,
— an article which has continued, from the earliest period down to the present day, to
be of primary importance — having always formed the principal part of the clothing of
mankind in most temperate regions.
Species of Wool, — It has been customary in this country to divide wool into 2 great
classes — long and short wools ; and these again into subordinate classes, according to
tlie fineness of the fibre.
Short wool is used in the cloth manufacture ; and is, therefore, frequently called
clothing wool. It may vary in length from 1 to a or t inches : if it be longer, it
requires to be cut or broken to prepare it for the manu^actare.
The feltinc/ property of wool is known to every one. The process of hat making, for
example, depends entirely upon it. The wool of which hats are made is neither spun
nor woven ; but locks of it, being thoroughly intermixed and compressed in warm v/ater,
cohere and form a solid tenacious substance.
Cloth and woollen goods are made from wool possessing this property ; the wool is
carded, spun, woven, and then being put into the fulling mill, tlie process of felting
takes place. The strokes of the mill make the fibres cohere ; the piece subjected to the
o])eration contracts in length and breadth, and its texture becomes more compact and
uniform. This process is essential to the beauty and strength of woollen cloth. But
the long wool of which stuffs and worsted goods are made is deprived of its felting
properties. This is done by passing the wool through heated iron combs, which takes
away the laminae or feathery part of the wool, and approximates it tt 'he nature of silk
or cotton.
Long or combing wool may vary in length from 3 to 8 inches. The shorter comb-
ing wools are principally used for hose, and are spun softer than the long combing
wools ; the former being made into what is called hard, and the latter into soft worsted
yarn.
The fineness of the hair or fibre can rarely be estimated, at least for any useful purpose,
except by the wool sorter or dealer, accustomed by long habit to discern those miimte
differences that are quite inappreciable by common observers. In sorting wools, there
are frequently 8 or 10 different species in a single fleece; and if tlie best wool of one
fleece be not equal to the finest sort, it is thrown to a 2d, 3d, or 4th, or to a still
lower sort, of an equal degree of fineness with it. The best English short native fleeces,
such as the fine Norfolk and Southdown, are generally divided by the wool sorter into
the following sorts, all varying in fineness from each other; — viz. 1. Prime; 2. Choice;
3. Super; 4. Head; 5. Downrights; 6. Seconds; 7. Fine Abb; 8. Coarse Abb;
9. Livery ; 10. Short coarse or breech wool. The relative value of each varies, according
to the greater demand for coarse, fine, or middle cloths.
The softness of the fibre is a quality of great importance. It is not dependent on the
fineness of the fibre ; and consists of a peculiar feel, approaching to that of silk or down.
The difference in the value of 2 pieces of cloth made of 2 kinds of wool equally
fine, but one distinguished for its softness and the other for the opposite quality, is such,
that, with the same process and expense of manufacture, the one will be worth from 20
to 2i) per cent, more than the other. Mr. Bakewell showed that the degree of softness
V
1*1
if]
'i'}
'k'
1258
WOOL.
depends principally on the nature of the soil on which sheep are fed : that sheep pastured
on chalk districts, or light calcareous soils, usually produce hard wool; while the wool
of those that arc pastured on rich, loamy, argillaceous soils, is always distinguished by
its softness. Of the foreign wools, tlie Saxon is generally softer than the Spanish. Hard
wools are oH defective in their J'eltiiiff properties.
In clothing wool, tlic colour of tlic fleece should always approach as much as possible
to the purest white ; because such wool is not only necessary for cloths dressed white,
but for all cloths that arc to be dyed bright colours, for which a clear white ground is
required to give a due degree of richness and lustre. Some of the English fine woolled
sheep, as the Norfolk and Southdown, have black or gray faces and legs. In all such
sheep there is a tendency to grow gray wool on some part of the body, or to produce
some gray fibres intermixed with the fleece, which renders the wool unfit for many kinds
of white goods ; for though the black hairs may be too few and minute to be detected
by the wool sorter, yet when the cloth is stoved they become visible, forming reddish
spots, by which its colour is much injured. The Herefordshire sheep, which have white
faces, are entirely free from this defect, and yield a fleece without any admixture of
gray hairs.
The cleanness of the wool is an important consideration. The Spanish wool, for
example, is always scoured after it is shorn ; whereas the English wool is only imper-
fectly washed on the sheep previously to its being shorn. In consequence, it is said that
while a pack of English clothing wool of 240 lbs. weight will waste about 70 lbs. in the
manufacture, the same quantity of Spanish will not waste more than 48 lbs. Cleanness,
therefore, is an object of much impoi-^ance to the buyer.
Before the recent improvements in the spinning of »irool by machinery, great length
and strength of staple was considered indispensable in mos c >mbing wools. The fleeces
of the long woolled sheep fed in the rich marshes of Ke. and Lincoln used to be
reckoned peculiarly suitable for the purposes of the wool-comoer : but the improvements
alluded to have eflTected a very great change in this respect; and have enabled the
manufacturer to substitute short wool of 3 inches staple, in the place of long combing
wool, in the preparation of most worsted articles. A great alteration has, in consequence,
taken place in the proportion of long to short wool since 1 800 ; there having been in
the interim, according to Mr. Hubbard's calculations — (see post) — an increase of
1 32,053 i)acks in the quantity of the former produced in England, and a decrease of
72,820 in the quantity of the latter.
Whiteness of fleece is of less importance in the long combing than in clothing wool,
provided it be free from gray hairs. Sometimes, however, the fleece has a dingy brown
colour, called a winter stain, which is a sure indication that the wool is not in a thorouglily
sound state. Such fleeces are carefully thrown out by the wool sorter ; being suitable
only for goods that are to be dyed black. The fineness of heavy combing wool is not of
so much consequence as its other qualities.
The Merino or Spanish breed of sheep was introduced into this country about tl;e
close of last century. George III. was a great patron of this breed, which was for
several years a very great favourite. But it has been ascertained that, though the fleece
does not much degenerate here, the carcase, which is naturally ill formed, and affords
comparatively little weight of meai, does not improve; and as the farmer, in the kind of
sheep which he keeps, must look not only to the produce of wool, but also to the
butcher market, he has found it his interest rather to return to the native breeds of his
own country, and to give up the Spanish sheep. They have, however, been of consider-
able service to the flocks of England ; having been judiciously crossed with the South-
down, llyeland, &c.
Deterioration of British Wool,. — It appears to be sufficiently established, by the evi-
dence taken before the House of Lords in 1828, and other authorities, that a consider-
able deterioration has taken place in the quality of British woolj particularly during
the last 30 years. The great object of the agriculturist has been to increase the weight
of the carcase and the quality of the wool ; and it seems very difficult, if not quitu
impossible, to accom])lish this without injuring the fineness of the fleece. Mr. Culley
says, that the Herefordshire sheep that produce the finest wool are kept lean, and yield
H Ih. each; he adds, " if they be better kept, they grow large and produce more wool,
but of an inferior quality." This would seem to be universally true. The great ex-
tension of the turnip husbandry, and the general introduction of a larger breed of sheep,
appears, in every instance, to have lessened the value of the fleece. Speaking of the
Norfolk fleeces, Mr. Fison, a wool sorter, says, that 25 years ago the weight was 2^ II)s.
a fleece, and that now it is 3 lbs. or 3 J lbs. — {Report, p. 356. ) But according to a Table
furnished by the same gentleman, containing the results of his experience, it appears
that of 15 tods, or 420 lbs., of clothing wool grown in Norfolk in 1790, 200 lbs. were
prime, while, in 182M, the same quantity of Norfolk wool only yielded 14 lbs. prime!
— (Ibid. p. 207.) The statements of other witnesses are to the same effect. — {I hid.
WOOL.
1259
pp. 388. 640. and 644. ) According to the estimate in Mr. Luccock's Treatise on
EnylUh JFool whicli lias always enjoyed the highest reputation, the produce of all sorts
of wool in England, in 1800, was 384,000 packs, of 240 lbs. a pack. But Mr. Hubbard,
a very intelligent and extensive wool-stapler at Leeds, ha- shown, that, supposing
Mr. Luccock's estimate of the number of sheep to be correct, the quantity of w<h>1 now
produced cannot, owing the the greater weight of the fleece, be estimated at less than
463,169 packs; being an increase of 20 per cent. ! It is, therefore, probable, notwith-
standing the decline in the price of wool, that, taking into account the greater weight of
the carcase, and the greater weight of the fleece, sheep produce more at present to the
farmer than at any former period.
Number of Sheep in firetit Britain. — It is not possible to form any accurate estimate
either of the number of sheep, or of the quantity of wool annually protluced. With the
exception of Mr. Luccock's, most of the statements put forth with resj)cct to both these
points seem much exaggerated. 15ut Mr. L.'s estimate, which is considerably under any
that had previously ajipeared, was drawn up with great care ; and is supposed to approach
near to accuracy. According to Mr. Luccock, the
Number of long woolleii shoci) in England and Wales in 1800, was
of short wooUud ditto - - . .
Total numl)cr shorn . .
Slaughter of short wooUed sliet'i) per annum
Carrion of ditto --..,.
Slaughter of long woolled ditto . - -
Carrion of ditto - - - ...
Slaughter ot lambs ... ...
Carrion of ditto .....
Total number of sheep and lambs
4,1.';:^.';()8
l+,«;i+,y99
4,S!21,748
1,180,413
59,020
1,400,S«)
70,0<28
19,007,607
7,140,S56
£6,148,403
In some parts of England there has been an increase in the number of sheep since
1800, and in others they have decreased. But we have been assured by competent
judges, that, on the whole, the number has not materially varied in the interim.
During liiu last half century a very decided increase has taken place in the number
of sheep in Scotland, and a very great improvement in the breed, particuliirly in the
riighlaiuis. In this district, many of the proprietors have let their estates in large farms
to store farmers, who have introduced the Cheviot breed of sheep, in the place of the
small black-faced heath breed that was formerly the only one to be met with. We may
remark, by the way, that a good deal of unmerited odium has attached to the patrons of
this system ; for, though it be true that, in a few instances, the peasantry were rudely
ejected from their little possessions, there can be no doubt that i; has, on the whole, been
decidedly advantageous. Besides rendering large tracts of country more valuable to the
proprietors and the public generally, the condition and habits of the peasantry have been
materially improved. Instead of loitering away more than half their time, as was their
former practice, they have now either become the servants of the large farmers, or have
resorted to towns and villages, and been metamorphosed into industrious tradesmen,
fishermen, &c. A very small proportion of the whole has emigrated ; and the country
is more populous at present than before the sheep farming system began.
In the General Report of Scotland (vol. iii. Appen. p. 6.), the number of sheep is
estimated at 2,850,000; and, allowing for the increase that has taken place since 1814,
we may, perhaps, estimate the total number of sheep in that part of the empire at this
moment at 3,500,000.
According to Mr. Wakefield, there is not a single flock of breeding sheep in the
whole province of Ulster. — (^Account of Ireland, vol. i. p. 341.) And though there be
considerable flocks in Roscommon and other counties, we believe that, if we estimate
the whole number of sheep in Ireland at 2,000,000, we shall be a good deal beyond the
mark.
On the whole, therefore, if we are right in these estimates, the total number of sheep
in Great Britain and Ireland may be taken at about 32,000,000. This estimate is
10,000,000 under that given by Dr. Colquhoun for 1812; but that learned person
assigns no grounds whatever for his estimate, which is utterly inconsistent with all the
really authentic information on the subject. It is curious enough to observe the Ger-
man statistical writers referring to Dr. Cohjuhoun's statements, as if they were of standard
authority. They would be about as near the mark, were they to quote the •' Arabian
Nights" in proof of any disputed historical fact.
British Trade in Wool, — From 1660 down to 1825, the export of wool was strictly
prohibited. A notion grew up towards the end of the 17th, and continued to gain
ground during the first half of last century, that the wool of England was superior to
that of every other country ; that long wool could not be produced anywhere else ;
and that, if we succeeded in keeping the raw material at home, we should infallibly
command the market of the world for our woollen manufactures. In consequence,
1260
WOOL.
innumerable statutes were passed, — the enactments in some uf which were tlie most
arbitrary and severe that can be imagined, — to prevent the clandestine exportation of
wool. Mr. John Smith was one of the first who, in his excellent work, entitled Memoirs
of Wool*, exposed the injustice and absurdity of this system, by proving, that whatever
advantages the manufacturers might gain by preventing the exportation of wool, were
more than lost by the agriculturists. But in despite of Mr. Smith's reasonings, which
were enforced by many later writers, and which experience had proved to be in all
respects accurate, the prohibition of the exportation of wool was continued till ] 825,
when Mr. Huskisson happily succeeded in procuring the abolition of this miserable
remnant of a barbarous policy. The improvement of machinery, by enabling short or
clothing wool to be applied to most of those purposes for which long or combing wool
had been exclusively appropriated, had annihilated the only apparently tenable argument
on which the prohibition of exportation had ever been vindicated ; and even this, it will
be observed, applied only to a small proportion of the whole wool produced in England.
Down to 1 802, the importation of foreign wool into Great Britain had been quite
free ; and, being the raw material of an important manufacture, the policy of allowing
it to be imported free of duty is obvious. In 1802, however, a duty of 5s. 3d. a cwt.
was laid on all foreign wool imported. In 1813, this duty was raised to 6s. 8d. ; and
in 1819, Mr. Vanslttart raised it to the enormous amount of 56s. a cwt., or to 6d. per lb. !
Had English wool sufficed for all the purposes of the manufacture, such a duty would
have been less objectionable ; but the very reverse was the case. The use of foreign
wool had become, owing to the deterioration of British wool, and other circumstances,
quite indispensable to the prosecution of the manufacture : and as our superiority over
the foreigner in several departments of the trade was by no means decided, it is plain
that the imposition of a duty which amounted to about 50 per cent, upon the price of a
considerable quantity of the wool we were obliged to import, must, had it been persevered
in, have ruined the manufacture. It occasioned, indeed, during the period of its con-
tinuance, a considerable decline of the exports of woollens, and was productive of other
mischievous effects, from which the manufacture suffered for a considerable period after
it was repealed.
The evidence as to the absolute necessity of employing foreign wool, taken before the
Lords' committee, was as decisive as can well be imagined. Mr. Gott, of Leeds, one of
the most extensive and best informed manufacturers of the empire, informed the com-
mittee, that, in his own works, he used only foreign wool. On being asked whether he
could carry on an export trade to the sjime extent as at present, if he manufactured his
cloth of British wool, Mr. G. replied, that, in certain descriptions of cloth, " /i« could
not make an article that wotdd he merchantable at all for the foreign market, or even for the
home market, except of foreign wool." We subjoin a few additional extracts from the
evidence of this most competent witness.
" Can you give the committee any information with respect to the competition that
now exists between foreigners and this country in woollen cloths ? " — " I think the com-
]>etition is very strong. In some instances the foreigner has, probably, the advantage ; and
in others, the superiority of the British manufacture, I think, has greatly the advantage ;
that would apply, I should say, particularly to the fine cloths of Great Britain compared
with foreign cloths ; in some descriptions of low cloths, the foreigners are nearly on a
footing, and in some instances, perhaps, superior to us."
" Speaking of the finer cloths, is the competition such as to render an additional duty
on the importation of foreign wool likely to injure the export trade." — " / have no doubt,
speaking on nig oath, that it would he fatal to the foreign cloth trade of the cnuntrg, I
would say further, that it would be equally injurious to coarse manufactures of all kinds
made of English wool. The competition now with foreigners is as nearly balanced as
possible : n.nd the disturbing operation of attacks of that descrij)tion would necessarily
enable the foreigner to buy his wool cheaper than we should do it in this country : the
result would be, that foreigners would, by such a premium, be enabled to extend their
manufactures, to the exclusion of British manufactures of all descriptions."
In another part of his evidence, Mr. Gott says, — " If 2 pieces of cloth at I0«.
a yard were put before a customer, one made of British wool, the other of foreign
wool, one would be sold, and the other would remain on hand : I could not execute
an order with it. If any person sent to me for cloth of 7«. or 8s. a yard, and it were
made of English wool, it would be sent back to me, and I should resort to foreign wool,
or foreign mixed with British, to execute that order."
On Mr. Gott being asked whether, in his opinion, the price of British wool would
have been higher, had the duty of 6d. per lb. on foreign wool been continued, he an-
swered, — " My opinion is, that the price of British wool would have been less at this
• * This learned and accurate work contains a great deal of hifomiation with respect to the progress of
manufactures and conunerce in England,
WOOL.
1261
time ; the demand for British wool would have been very much less. Jiritiih munu-
facturea would have been thut out of every foniyn market ; aud tlic stock of wool would
have accumulated, as it will do if ever that duty be imposed again." — (Mr. Gott't
Evidence, pp. '292, 293.)
The view taken by Mr. Gott of the clTcct of the importation of foreign wool on the
price of British wool was supported by the concurrent testimony of all the marufacturing
witnesses examined by the committee. Blankets, flannels of all sorts, baiic's, carpets,
bearskins, &c. are made principally of English wool; and the command of foreign wool
enables the manufacturers to use a considerable quantity of English wool in the manu-
facture of certain descriptions of cloth, which, if made entire y of it, would be quite
unsaleable. On Mr. Go-dman, a wooUstapler of Leeds, being asked whether, i. a duty
were laid on foreign wool, >' would force the use of English wool in the manufacture of
cloths, from which it is now c iaded, he answered, — " Certainly not : we could not get
people to wear such a cloth ; they want a better, finer cloth ; it is so nnieh handsomer in its
wear, and so much more durable." — ( Report, p. 24 1 . ) Mr. Francis, of Ileytesbiny, declared
that there was no demand for cloth made wholly of British wool ; that it was principally
applicable to the manufacture of blankets, baizes, &c. ; and that the exclusion of foreign
wool would only injure the manufacture, without raising the price of British wool. —
(p. 268.) Statements to the same effect were made by Mr. Webb (p. 270.), Mr. Shep-
pard (p. 294.), Mr. Ireland (p. 319.), and, in short, by every one of the witnesses
conversant with the manufacture.
The history of the manufacture since 1828 has completely confirmed the accuracy of the
statements made by Mr. Gott and the other witnesses. Its progress from that jjeriod down
to the present time has been one of uninterrupted prosperity ; and so far from having been
injured by the immense importations that have been made of foreign wool, the price of
British wool is higher at this moment (March, 1834,) than at any former period ! We
believe, indeed, that it has now attained an unnatural elevation ; and that its extreme
high p rice, by making a corresponding addition to the price of cloth, will react on the
manufacture, and will, consequently, by occasioning its depression, lower wool to a more
moderate level.
Foreign Wool imported into Enyland. — A very great change has taken place, within
the course of the present century, both as respects the quantity of foreign wool im-
ported, and the countries whence it is derived. Pnviously to 1800, our average
imports of wool did not much exceed 3,000,000 lbs., ostly brought from Spain;
the wool of which has long maintained a high chara r. In 18(X), our imports
amounted to near 9,000,000 lbs. ; and they have since goni -n gradually increasing, till
they now amount to between 25,000,000 and 40,000,000 lbs. Instead, however, of
being principally derived from Spain, as was the case down to 1814, the greater part of
this immense supply of foreign wool is now furnished by Germany. The late king of
Saxony, when elector, introduced the breed of Merino sheep into his dominions, and
exerted himself to promote the growth of this valuable race of animiils. His praise-
worthy efforts have been crowned with the most signal success. The Merino sheep
seem to succeed better in Saxony and other German states than in Spai.i ; anu have
increased so rapidly, that the Spanish wool trade has become insignificant compared
with that of Germany ! The importations of German wool were quite trifling during
the war — amounting, in 1812, to only 28 lbs. ; but since the peace they Lave increased
' vond all precedent. • In 1814, they amounted to 3,432,456 lbs. ; in 1820, they were
.13,442 lbs. ; in 1825, they reached the enormous amount of 28,799,661 lbs.; but
aiis being a year of overtrading, they declined, in 1826, to 10,545,232 llv;. They have
since, however, recovered from this depression ; and, in 1833, amounted to 25,370,106 lbs.
— (There is a very good account of the German wool trade in the Foreign Quarterly
Review, No. xi. art. 8. )
The breed of sheep that was carried out to New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land
has succeeded remarkably well ; and Australia promises, at no distant day, to be one of
the principal wool-growing countries of the world. The imports into Great Britain
have been rapidly increasing. In 1833, they amounted to 3,516,869 lbs., while the
imports from Spain only amounted to 3,339,150 lbs. The Spanish flocks suffered
severely during the campaigns in Spain ; and the best Spanish wool does not now bring
more than ^ the price of the best German wool.
V'
1262 WOOL.
I. Numlier of Shccj) anil Quantity (if Shrep'it Wo«il prmlurnl in EnKland, nccontlng to Mr I uccocV.
'rnblei, reviled by Mr tluhtwrd, oiid made a|>|)licablc to l8m
18<X).
1
1828.
Numtii'r nf
NiiinU'r of
XN'fluh
I \iimli*r \iiinl»T of
Nunilwr WeiKh
\uintier nf
County •
Shiirt Wo„l of
' of l.on^ W'iMil
of nl
1 I'.U'k* ..r
I'lii'k^ uf
Mierp. Klevci*
P«ik». Miffp.
I'liiln. I'li-ori-
SlM.rtW..ol.
I" 'OK WihjI.
6,Ui6
Northumberland
538,1(12
^t
' U.Xi:} ' -
.">
6,167
,
Durham
159,385
5
3,t>20 1
5
" •
,'i.SlK
Ditto . - -
.
9
h7,2(H)
2,520 8
.
2,380
Cumberland
;)78.4<K»
ii
.5.915 -
- - 5
7.SS3
WcHtmorland
22,i,7i.'5
3,'.'.i2 1 .
. 5
4,(;(io
York, West Hiding -
,'W.),12'.'
var.
ri,)i78
•
- - 5i
4,;;!iO
4,.3,S9
Kiist ditto
Mifi-U)
5
(i,.')'80
m m
(i
7.(i.i(i
North ditto
3fu,32ti
var.
5,939
-
- . 5
5,708
1 ,!NI-2
Holdcrncss
•
8
.
81,000
2,800 H
" •
2,S(M)
Other part of Yorkshire
-
8
■ «
14.310
477 8
.
477
I^ancatiter
310,(XK)
3J
4,522
•
- 4
5,812
{'hc'ster
(i;"),(K)0
var.
926
•
1,218
Derby -
362,4<X)
3
4,5,30
-
(i
9,060
NottiUKham
1 255,147 var.
4,112
-
■• - (i.J
.
6.910
Lincoln * . . : li.'3,(348 | .ij
2,83,3
-
(i
.
3.0<ll
Ditto, rich land
■ f>
a m
1,241.625
'^v'idl 9
■
4(i,5(il
Ditto, marshes .
- ! 8
-
87,.50O
' 2,916 9
•
3,i.'81
Ditto, niiscellane- >
oils land - - S
- : 8
-
.'505,6,')7
l(;,S,-i5 6
-
12.tHl
Hutland
.
5
-
114.000
2,370 6
.
'•'.M.-.d
Northampton -
.
6
-
6'H1,(KI0
16,000 6
.
1i>,0(jO
Warwick
182,9(i2
3
2,287
.
"3,33J ]"
8.5-+
Ditto
.
5
.
160,(H)0
"
I^eicester
20,000
3J
291
•
11,100 ]'•
10,013
Ditto
.
7
••
380,528
*
Oxford .
3(H,584
var.
5.303
.
- . 5
-
6, ;45
Hucks
222,9t«
3
2.787
fc
. 5
-
4,(1+5
Gloucester
355,000
var.
5,400
.
_
6
-
8..'<75 1
Ditto
.
8
.
200,000
6,6t)ti
8
-
O.diKi j
Somerset
mo,in)
SI
9,388
-
-
5
5,215
5,'il6 1
Worcester
;J30,504
4,820
.
-
•**
-
6.5+1
Monmouth
177,(il9
var. ,
1,431
•
.
4
-
2.!»(i0
Hereford . - .
mmn)
2 '
4,2(K)
-
..
4
2,77s
5..".,55
Shropshire
Staffbrd
Ditto
422,im
24
4,3!t7
■
-
4
2,;J44
+,!«!()
183,120
p
7
1,525
3,720
113
]H
-
3„%3
Bedford - - -
204,000
5
"4,250
.
~t
"
4.2.50
Berks -
30<),<i00
P
4,1.51
-
-
.^i
4,471
Huntingdon
Ditto
108,000
2,(X)0
87,.50()
"2,.'552
^2
. 1
4,480
Cambridge
(57,744
4
"l,128
-
-
^
1,270 '
Ditto
-
8
-
41,688
1,390
8
-
1,.390
SuHblk - - ■
497,000
24
5,176
•
.
'^4
4
8,801
Norfolk
683,704
2
5,697
-
-
4,273
8,546
Ditto
.
7
.
38,500
1.123
"
1,203
Essex - - -
519,000
3
6,486
-
-
4
8.650
Hertford
2'/7,0(H)
44
5,297
-
.
5
2,885
2,885
Middlesex
45,000
4
7.">0
-
-
5
937
Kent
524,475
34
7,00t>
-
.
"H
-
10,380
Ditto,Romney market
-
7
.
1^5,000
5,400
6
« _
.5,010
Ditto, the marsh
-
7
-
108,330
3,160
6
-
2,93+
Surrey - »
283,0(X)
3
3.,540
-
-
3
4,127 i
Sussex, downs
316,800
2
2,540
-
-
•3
3.960 ,
Ditto, lowlands
547,()(X)
3
6,S37
-
.
3
6,837 1
Hami)shire
51fi,6(K)
3
6.457
-
.
3
6,457 '
Isle of Wight
61,000
a
8(10
-
-
4
1,016
Wilts, downs
583,500
6.ti84
-
-
25
6,(i8.5
Ditto, pasture - -
117,500
3
1.460
-
.
4
1,958 ,
Dorset - - -
6.i'2,240
H
9,880
-
.
3|
9,878 .
Devon
43«i,850
4
7,280
-
.
5
2,275 !
6,826 i
Ditto
>
8
.
193,7.')0
6,458
8
. 1
6,4.58 1
Cornwall
Total -
203,000
4
3.382 - - 1 - -
7
t
5,920 i
14,854,299
193,475 ! 4,1.53,.308
131,794
120,655 I
263,8+7 )
18(
X)— Short fleeces - - 193,475
1828— Short
fleeces
lC0,fi,-.5
I^iig fleeces
131,794
Long fleeces
C(;3.847
32.';,269
384.502
Short and long, skin and 7 ko 7nr,
lamb's wool - -j •'"•'"•'
. Short and long,
lambs* wool
skin and
69,405
383,97*
4.'i3,9()7
Part of Wales not included 1 „ gan
in the above Tables - j "'*"''
■
Increase from 1800 to 1828 - 69,933
Wales, ta'-on as liefc
re
9,262
463,lf)9
1800 — Packs of long wool
463.169
ISOO — Packs of short virool - 193,475
l;il,794
1828 — Ditto ditto . - 120,055
1828— Ditto ditto
-
S63.847
Decrease - 72,820
Increase -
i;;2.o,53
WOOL.
laU) — ToUl quantity of ilmrt w.iol
Ditto ditto of long wuul
I83H — Total quantity of short wool
Ditto ditto of louK wool
1263
IW),475
131,7iH
2tU,H47
32.'i,i2(j>J
IncrcoM' of wiKil
liicrcaiic of klcln and lamlM' wool
rrft.liW fleer**
H),71I0
Total Incrcatc . . r>!),')3;i
AT. B. — The wool from ulaughtered iIkm-u and rarrlon not mentioned In tliU Table ; but allowed for above.
11. Account of Sheep and I^rtibn' Wool imported into Great Britain fVom ForelKii Partu in the under-
nu<ntione<IYear«; iiitecifyinK the Countries whence it waa brought, and the Ouantity brought from ca.li
witli the Hnte« of Duty and the Produce of the Duty. ^ J "K"i iruui lain.
1
Counlrln flroin
wlili-li linpnrtvd.
1810.
IH'iO.
IHit'i.
I8.1U.
18.12.
18.13.
Kati'H of Duty rhariivalili-.
Lhl.
Un.
Uu.
IJu.
Lhl.
IJit.
Ilussln, SweiliT,
iiml Ncirway -
'iO,.'i().T
7.'>,(il4
1,9!).'.,9(X)
2().1,'i11
S.'i.'i,(iH()
l,4n.'i,()8'i
I'litll.'i.luly 1S01
Frt>ni .'i.luh JSIM,
I'rev.
lli'iiiimrk •
.V. 1,7 11
IM,()-i7
l.l,.'>'i7
1117,101
1.11,1110
179,717
7l.1,'il(l
.102,848
S1.1,988
.17'^,I90
.1ll.'i,379
to.lune IHOI
'». 3d. per cwt.
(fiTiiMity
"7N,S,Vi
,'.,ll,1,l4'i
28,7<i!i,litil
'i(l,()7.1,SN'/ 1
19,H.Ti,V'^,''i
2.S,3TII, 111(1
5i. Ilk/.
Thi' NfllierliiniU
•i,H-^
isi;,n,-.i
l,ci.'i!),'<43
11.19, 1'^l i
2(l!l,lll
811,011
- .'■ April ISO.'i.to
10 May 18(10
— Idllav 1800, to
.'i.liifv 1809
Krmirf -
-
li.KI.WMI
■1,1(1, i;;h
■l.'i.d'.ll
1,973
'.!.V.l,8 1 1
.'ii, 1 id. 8-2nihii.
I'lirluKiil
,1,01S,UI11
!!,'., IS7
li.'i.1,7ll.1
4i;i,9i'<
193,.) II
(;.'(l,9liH
S|viln\<:anaries
(ilhrallnr -
.'),!t.'i'^,(l)7
^,H.',\
H,'^ii(;,i'^7
l!l,V.'ill
l,(;ii,.'ii.'i
J 2,(i2(l,C.'^1
3,r..19,l.-,()
Ol. 4i(. '.^..Kiilii.
Italy
iilA'.t
V,KI,'i
'i'i^,t:>^
9,l(il
78,.'i.'i'^
8.'i."i,.'ilO
I'l.Vliril 1S11
0«. 8i/. tier i-wt.
Mafts
•III.OIO
.'i,0.'iO
72,1.11
-
6ti4
4,MI3
— l.'i April 1S13,
Innian Uliinds •
-
.
V'l.'.PSI
til 'i ,lulv I81<|
7l. llil.
Tiirkfy
-
lH'J,.'iHl
.'>1.1,1M
•
17,992
,1l!l„'.9l
— S.luly 1819, III
: MiiriH'co
■
•
■
1 1.IC.'i
10.">,li89
(III. 1819
li/. IK-rlli.
! Alibrnev, anti
1 M.in
41,107
in,oi.'i
22,2riB
7,74.5
13,.'.16
.K),374
liritritisli
( If Foreign
1 Emt Imlles
701
8,(l.'i(>
New llolUndnml
1 \-aii !).'» I.nml
1(17
!m,4i.5
3V3,99.'i
1,967 ,.1(19
2,377,0.')7
3,.'>16,8(;9
Per II,.
{ CniHMif O.llopv
23,717
l.'?,S(i'J
27,(ilU
.13,107
83,2.'i7
93,32,'-.
From 1(1 (lit.
Brlll'.h North
1819, to .'■
AnuTlcan rol<>-
.1.111. 1873 1,/.
6./. per lb.
nipi, West In-
From :, Jan.
Mn, fi I'liilwl
I8'^3, to 10
Swies nf Ame-
Sf|ii. I8V4 .1./.
6cJ. —
riiM
4,111
1,477
80,.'.,18
0,038
628,91.'.
<139
.1.1.'.,n49
From 10 Sept.
•
-
-
-
IS'ifl, to 10
I'eru
.
.
14,313
a,74i
23,191
H,(il0
lift. 18'^ 4 \d.
.U. _
Chili
•
14,792
2
From 10 Dec.
! Klu <lt' la Plata
,10,3.'.9
207,111
18V4, to .'i
1 anil Jlratll
llfi.lT.I
73,0.16
331,302
20,.'i89
1.1,4^6
2,049
.luly 18V.'i 1(/
1.;. _
: I'riie
M,H37
From ,') .Fuly
1825, frvc.
i'/. per lb. on
wool not of llie
Total import
value of U. tier
lb.
1(/. per lb. on
wool of the
parts
in,nu,i37
9,789,090
43,79.'.,281
32,313,0.'i9
28,142,489
.18,076.413
Quantitips rc-
1
value of li. per
rnnsuinptioii -
-
7.r.91,773
41,101,636
31,.'>22,859
27,666,V)0
39,066,620
b. At upwards.
' Atnoiiiit of duty
1 /-. ». d.
/,. .. rf.
1 L. 1. d.
/.. >. </.
L. : d.
L. ,. d.
' nreived - ^
.T/,.W(I 4 ^
IHl.HfiO 19 (>
163,799 10 74
120,420 8
102,031 2 3
1.17,8,« 1 8
III. Account of the Quantities of British Wool and Woollen Yarn, exported from the United Kingdom
In 1833 ; specifying the Countries to which they were sent.
Woollen and
Woollen .ind
Worsted \ arn
(iiuludini;
Wool or
Worsted Yam
Countries to which exported.
Wool.
Countries to wbich exported.
Wool.
(inclndiilK
Wool or
^\■o^^te<l
A\'orsted
\ arn mixed).
Yarn mixed.
IJi:
I.hs.
1.1,1.
Lt,i.
Russia ....
88,-86
Other parts of Africa
168
Denmark ....
.
7
llritish colonies in N. America
884
1 1 ,,108
Prussia - - - -
.
2,003
Hritlsli West Indies
194
Hermany . - - •
8,428
^ns.'i.oio
Forrign West Indies
t'niteil States of America - •
.
112
Holland - - ■ -
173,172
49(l,4.')8
105,214
283,993
BelKium . . . -
3,273,498
119,(H0
Mexico ....
.
2,5.'.0
France - • - -
1.424,208
3,28'.J
Colombia - . - .
.
47
Portugal, Azores, ;.nd Madeira
144
2,49(!
Peru ....
.
l,23i
Spain and the Canaries
.
.Ml
Isles of (lUernsev, Jersey, Al-
Italy ....
•
.10,019
dernev and Alan •
C„',62
23,010
70O
Caiie of (iiHHl Hope
-
1,120
Total -
4,992,110
2,107,478 ;
I
IV. Price of Southdown Wool per lb. from 1784 to 1833, both Inclusive.
Years.
Price of
Wool.
Years.
Price of
Wool.
Veara.
Price of
Wool.
Yean.
Price of
Wool.
Y'ears.
Price of
Wool.
<. d.
$. d.
t. d.
4. .(.
». d.
1784
8)
1794
1 1
1804
1 10
1814
2 2
1824
1 2
1785
9
1795
1 3
1805
2 3
1815
1 11
1825
1 4
1786
9
1796
1 4
18O0
1 10
1816
1
1826
10
1787
11
1797
1 3
1897
2
1817
2 7
181(7
9
1788
1
179H
1 3
18118
1 9
1818
2 6
1828
S
1789
1
1799
1 9
180<.l
3
1819
1 7
1829
6
1790
1 OJ
Hi
18(KI
1 5
1810
2 4
1820
1 5
18.10
10
1791
1801
1 7
1811
1 5
1.821
1 3
1831
1 1
1792
1 4
1802
1 7
1812
1 8
1822
1 3
18.12
1
1793
lU
1803
1 8
1813
1 11
1823
I H..
18.13
1 5
1264
WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE.
I'ricoi of Wool In the Lomloii Market, March, I8'H.
•
•puilth
r..
<.
,1. L.
«.
</.
I^mnna • •
per lb.
t
6 loO
4
Hfipnln .
..
t
(1—0
3
(i
Hnrlfi •
- _
•i
(i —
3
(t
C/H'.rct
- .-
i
!» -
3
(i
Ht'vlllv
. __
%
—
•i
U
rortiiual
• ..
1
7 -0
■i
Innib'i wool
. ^
u
1
<J —
1
10/
Qtrmnn
-
1
1
fl —
0-0
9
3
• —
3
-
K —
3
(i
(!
eltM'tnral
. —
4
—
A
fi
Austrian,
Buheinian,
iniina
•it'iindA
ti-rtia ■
;• =
3
V
fl —
fi — ()
_ (»
4
3
3
(i
H
1)
' hikI
llunffarian
lainlW
piece)* -
; -
•t
U -
r. —
i
1
(i
. ^
U -
V
■J
Auitrallan
bet tlnckn, n
uperlor fittt'cet
—
^
(1-0
4
r>
Auilrtlliin — coaHnutJ.
•tfonilN - • p<^ lb.
Inferior llnckt • . . —
Van Dlt'nivii's Laiul
111!' rliir • • • —
mlilillliifi - . . —
coiiiMng • " • —
■ii|K!rlur • • —
r»ne • • • —
lirllUli llmva
Norih At Hnuth Down hoggeti —
hiilf-lirHl iluto - • • —
ditto vwi'H clothing > • —
Kent (lutfi'i'H - ' • —
t-onil)ltiK Hkinn • • • —
fittio fl<uinel wool • • —
illtlo III inki-l illtto • • —
I.t!ict!>iti!r Hi>i*c«)i - - —
In Vdlk Devonfl - • —
tlltto Down • • • —
ditto Mcilno • . . —
Koat>' wool, Turki'jr • ■ —
t- •• </. I.. ; i.
IJ 1. tu 3 10
'i 3 - II V ij
I n _ n 1 9
O 1 III -. II -l I
II II _ II II
'i i; _ (I .^ I •
1 0-0 1 11
« .. n K 1
(I -i II - 'i »
1 III - II 't II
'^ I - II II
l< 1 H - II I III
O I 8-0 I 10
O 1 3-0 I (i
O I li — II V
(t 10 — II o
O 1 (I _ II II
I II — II I 4
I U — 1 (i)
WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE, the art of forming wool into cloth and stuffs.
This has always ranked as an important branch of national industry; and, until it was
recently surpassed by the cotton manufacture, was decidedly the most important of all
the manufactures carried on in England.
Rise and ProgriHS of the British Woollen Manufacture. Ej-porta, — There can be
no doubt that the arts of spinning wool, and manufacturing the yarn into cloth, were
introduced into England by the lloinuns; — the inhabitants being previously clothed only
in skins. From the period of the Romans quitting England, down to the lUth century,
there are no notices of the miinufacturc ; and those relating to the period from the lutli
to the Ifitli century arc but few and imperfect. It is certain, however, that t!ic> niaiui-
facturc of broad cloths was established soon after the year 12(X), if not pre\ii,us!v. _
(Smith's Memoirs of H'ool, vol. i. p. 17.) But the woollen manufactures of Flanders
l)eing at this period, and long afterwards, in a comparatively advanced state, English
wool was exported in large quantities to liruges and other Flemish cities, whence fine
cloths and other products were brought back in exchange. Edward 1 1 L took the most
judicious measures for improving the English manufacture, by inviting over Flemish
weavers, fullers, dyers, and others, ntnd protecting them from the assaults of the rabble.
Shortly after the first emigration of Flemings, or in 1337, an act was passed, jiro-
hibiting the wear of any cloths made beyond sea, and interdicting the export of English
wool. — ( Ibid. vol. i. p. '25. ) But in these turbulent times such restraining acts were
little better than a dead letter; and this, indeed, was soon after repealed. — {Ibid. vol. i.
pp. 32. 3.9.) From this remote period the manufacture has always been reg-rded is of
primary importance, and has been the object of the especial solicitude of the legi' ature.
It may be doubted, however, whether it has derived any real advantage from the num-
berless statutes that have been passed in the view of contributing to its advancement.
With the exception, indeed, of the prohibition of the export of English wool, which was
finally put a stop to in 1660, the other acts, being mostly intended for the regulation of
the manufacture, could not be otherwise than mischievous; and the benefit derived by
the manufacturers from the prohibition was more apparent than real ; inasmuch as it
occasioned a diminished growth of wool, at the same time that it was impossible to jire-
vent its clandestine exportation. Mr. Smith has proved that the manufacture made a
far more rapid progress di'ring the reign of Elizabeth, when wool might be freely car-
ried out of the kingdom, than it ever did during any equal period subsequent to the
restriction on exportation. Foreign wool began to be imported in small quantities in
the 13th century.
At first, the manufacture seems to have been pretty equally distributed over the
country. In an insurrection that took place in 15'25, more than 4,000 weavers and
other tradesmen are said to have assembled out of I..aiieham, Sudbury, and other towns in
Suffolk. The manufacture had been previously introduced into Yorkshire. In 15;53, an
act was passed (34 & 35 lien. 8. c. 10.), reciting, " that the city of York afore this time
had been upholden principally by making and weaving of coverlets, and the poor thereof
daily set on work in spinning, carding, dyeing, weaving, &c. ;" that the manufacture,
having spread into other parts, was " thereby debased and discredited ;" and enacting, as a
remedy for this evil, that henceforth " none shall make coverlets in Yorkshire, but inha-
bitants of the city of York ! " This may be taken as a fair specimen of the commercial
legislation of the time. Indeed, it was enacted, nearly at the same period, that the
manufacture should be restricted, in Worcestershire, to Worcester and 4 other towns.
Worsted goods, so called from Worsted, now an inconsiderable town in Norfolk, where
the manufacture was first set on foot, were produced in the reign of Edward II., or
perhaps earlier ; but Norwich soon after became, and, notwithstanding the competition
of Bradford, probably is still, the principal seat of this branch of the manufacture. In
«n act of Henry VIII. (33 Hen. 8. c. 16.), worsted yarn is described as "the private
WOOLLKN MANUFACTURE. 1265
commodity of the city of iVorwicli." In \614, a «reat improvement took place in th«>
woollon m.imihutiiro ot tiie west of KhkIuiuI, l.y tiie invention of what is called medley
or mixed cloth, lor which (iloueestershire is still fumoiis. During the reiirn of Charles
II., there were many, thoiifrh unfounded, complaints of the <Ucay of the manufacture •
and l)y way of encoura^'iiig it, an act was passed (;H) far. •_>. »t. i. e. :).), orderinir that
all persons should he buried in woollen shrouds! This act, the provisions of which were
subsequently enni.ced. preserved its i)lace on the statute book for more than 130 years'
Towards the end of the 17th century, Mr. Gregory King and Dr. Davertnt— 1
(Ddi'entiHt's Works, Whitwortirs td. vol. ii. p. '2'.V.\.) — estimated the value cf iJ»e wool
shorn in Kngland at 'i,(XX),(KK)/. n year ; and they supposed that the value of the wool
(including that imported from abroad) was quadrupled in the manufacture; making
the entire value of tlio woollen articles annually j)ioduced in England and Wales,
8,(X){),(MX)/., of which aOout 'J,(XX>,();X)/. were exported. In 17(X) and 1701, the official
value of the woollens exported amounted to about ;},(XX),(XX1/. a year. Owing to the
vast increase in the wealth and population of the country, the manufacture must have
been very greatly extended hning the last century ; but the increase in the amount of
the exports was comparatively inconsiderable. At an average of the 6 years ending
with 17H9, the annual ollicial value of the exports was :},5'14,1C0/. a year, being an
increase of only about .'540,(1(X)/. on the amount exported in 1700. The extraordinary
increase of the cotton manufacture soon after 1780, and the extent to which cotton articles
then began to be substituted for those of wool, though it did not occasion any absolute
decline of the manufacture, no doubt contributed powerfully to check its progress. In
180'i, the official value of the exports rose to 7,321,012/. being the largest amount they
ever reached till last year, when they amounted to 7,777,952/. Durinp the last 3 yearn,
indeed, every part of the manufacture has been in a state of unexampled improvement
and extension. It is i)robable that the extraordinary rise in the price of wool may give
a temporary check to the manufacture ; but it cannot be of long continuance. During
the 5 years ending with 1833, the official and the declared or real values of the wooUeo
manufactures exported from the United Kingdom have been as under :
i
lS-29.
l«.m 1 1831.
1832.
1833.
Official value of woollen manufactures
exported ...
Declarctl or real value of ditto -
£
5,.37'2,190
4,(i(il,i'i!)
£ £
r.,ri.-,8,709 (ifivtfir»
4,8r)l,',884 5,2!27,70I
£
f),.')44,.'>76
5,239,992
£
7,777,952
e,289,64!)
Vuhte of the Manufacture. Number of Persons employed, — The most discordant
estimates have been given as to both these points. For the most part, however, they
have been grossly exaggerated. In a tract ])ublislied in 1739, entitled Considerations on
the Running (Smuggling) of Wool, the number of persons engaged in the manufacture
is stated at 1,500,000, and their wages at 11,737,500/. a year. Dr. Campbell, in his
Political Survey of Great Britain, published in 1774, observes, — " Many computations
have been made upon this important subject, and, amongst others, one about 30 years
since, which, at that time, was thought to be pretty near the truth. According to the
best information that can be obtained, there may be from 10,000,000 to 12,000,000
siieep in England, some think more. The value of their wool may, one year with another,
amount to 3,000,000/. ; the expense of manufacturing this may probably be 9,000,000/.,
and the total value 1 2,000,OCX)/. We may export annually to the value of 3,000,000/.,
though one year we exported more than 4,000,000/. In reference to tlie number of
persons who are maintained by this manufacture, they arc probably upwards of 1,000,000.
Sanguine men will judge these computations too low, and few will believe them too
high." — (Vol. ii. p. 158.) But the moderation displayed in this estimate was very soon
lost sight of. In 1800, the woollen manufacturers oLjected strenuously to some of the
provisions in the treaty of union between Great Britain and Ireland, and were allowed
to urge their objections at the bar of the House of Lords, and to produce evidence in
their support. Mr. Law (afterwards Lord Ellenborough), the counsel employed by the
manufacturers on this occasion, stated, in his address to their Lordships, on information
communicated to him by his clients, that 6'00,000 packs of wool were annually produced
in England and Wales, worth, at 11/. a pack, 6,600,000/. ; that the value of .the manu-
factured goods was 3 times as great, or 19,800,000/.; that not less than 1,500,000
persons were immediately engaged in the operative branches of the manufacture ; and
that the trade collaterally employed about the same number of hands. — {Account of the
Proceedings of the Merchants, Manufacturers, §-c. p. 34.)
It is astonishing that reasonable men, conversant with the manufacture, should have
put forth such ludicrously absurd statements. We have already seen that the quantity
of wool produced in England and Wales, in 1800, did not really amount to 400,000
packs ; and the notion that three out of the nine millions of people then in the country
were directly and indirectly employed in the manufacture, is too ridiculous to deserve
notice, though it was generally acquiesced in at the time. — ( See Middleton'a Survey of
, 4 M
Ii:
I'
'if
! :i 1
1266
WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE.
Middlesex, 2d ed. p.
p. 236.)
644. ; Adolphus's Political Slate of the British Empire, vol. iii.
Mr. Stevenson, who is one of the very few writers on British statistics to whose state-
ments much deferencs is due, has given the following estimate of the value of the woollen
manufactured goods annually produced in England and Wales, and of the interest, &o.
of the capital, and the number of persons employed in the manufacture : —
Total value of manufactured articles - - - ^18,000,000
Value of raw material ... - ^e.-^O.OOO
Interest on capital, sum to replace its wear and tear,
and manufacturers' profits - - . 2,400,000
Wages of workmen - - ... 9,600,000
^18,000,000
Number of people employed, 480,000, or perhaps 5C..,o m. "
But even this estimate requires to be materially modified. Taking Scotland into
account, and allowing for ^the increase of population and of exportation since Mr.
Stevenson's estimate was made, the total value of the various descriptions of woollens
annually produced iii Great Britain may, at present, be moderately estimated at from
20,0CA000/. to 22,000,000/., or 21,000,000/. at a medium. We have further been assured
by the highest practical authorities, that Mr. Stevenson's distribution of the items is es-
sentially erroneous; and that, assuming the value of the manufacture to be 21,000,000/.,
it is made up nearly as follows -. —
Total value of manufactured articles ... ^21,000,000
Value of raw material .... ^7,000,000
Oil, 8<;rp, dye stufft, &c. - ... 1,4.")0,()00
Wear and tear of capital, and profit - . 4,2;jO,00()
Wages . . - . - . 8,300,000
^21,000,000
At present, the average wages of the people employed may be taken at about L' j/. a'year,
making the total number employed 332,000. And, however small this may look as
compared with former estimates, we believe it is fully up to the mark, if not rather
beyond it.
Most of the innumerable statutes formerly passed for the regulation of Mie different
processes of the manufacture have been repealed within these few years ; and the sooner
" every vestige of ths remainder disappears from the statute book, the better-
Wo
Woi
Vears.
Quan
Llia
1820
3,
IS'^1
U.
ISW
I'^
ISW
(i,
Wil
12.
IS'W
7«,
Will
ISl,
1»'J7
2.'.5,
ISM
43(1.
IS'^il
.■>«!),
IS30
1,1(W,
l.S,-51
l/'ifi.
1S32
2,Wl,
L Account of the Quantities of each Description of Woollen Manufactures exported from the United
Kingdom in 1833 ; s^ ..cifying the Quantities and Total Value of those sent to each Country.
Hcsiery,
viz.
Stockings,
Woollen
or
Sundries,
■
Countrin to which
eiported.
Cloth
of all
Soru.
Vapped
Cnat-
Dut^ls,
&c.
Kersey-
merea.
Uaiies
of all
Sorte.
Stuffs,
Woollen
or
Worsted.
Flannel.
lilanliets Carpets
and and
Blanket- Carpet-
ing, ing.
Woollens
niiied
with
Cotton.
(-onsistiiig
ofllosiery,
Rugs,
Coverlids,
Declared
\ alue. ,
Worsted.
Taiics,
&c.
1
i iecea*
Piece:
Piec!>.
Piece:
Pieces.
YnrJ:
Yarilii. ! Yaril.1.
Yardi.
Uos. Pair.
L.
/,.
Rutsia
4,891
131
551
9
28,.TO9
11,009
1,060 13,132
MH
26S
451
9o,07V
Sweden
tifl
.
2
.
"1,222
140
328 325
300
128
46
5,212
Norway
6sa
15
72
125
3,26:,
3,075
1,550 SO
2,589
608
.3(18
\'l,M\
Denmark
4'i
.
25
8
8S5
2,215
180 1/)9R
85
131
■i,m\
Pruuia
3
.
1
-
10
520
.
.
70
26
ISO
German;
17,790
5,530
15,5('.2
486
451,922
312,860
5,638 68,696
297,654
5,763
6,63S
631,916
Holland
13,fi69
9,929
964
10,912
69,971
550,7x9
5,796
28,613
34,479
18,5S'-
1,1-5
282,1M
Belgium
1,051
1,886
1,035
1,955
.■58,978
131,452
7,150
9,126
212,055
17,185
1,880
I((8,G3i
France
2,937
161
80
279
20,268
16,955
2,240
7,675
26,517
237
612
55,'Jll^
Portugal, -^res, and
Madeira
1
13,329
238
759
6,637
20,061
7,Ti!>
5,486
6,426
68,786
110
1.976
119,3,58,
Spain and the Caniurlet
2,987
19
507
919
49,903
10.793
7,700
8,705
19,174
85^
821
111,'J7tf
Uibraltar
1,932
1ft
437
98
1,918
12,395
2,000
1,176
13,761
i;i6
311
19,1.W|
Iialj
Mafu • . -
12,483
•
617
17
90,337
10,120
4,924
40,761
79.379
2,137
1,185
■m,'<ii\
977
.
130
-
3,917
4,220
2,850
4011
2,6(M
.35
3S0
12,l(iS
Ionian Islands
130
16
33
19
284
605
70
516
498
152
111
•i,m\
Turksy and Contl-
naaial Greece
1,134
63
34
18
5,960
6,980
fiO
13,840
1,260
'in
309
20,10!
Morea and Greek
iriandi
63
.
.
.
TO
307
.
.
.
.
.
914
Isles G uemiey, Jersey ,
Aldemeyand Man -
2,346
76
4
235
3,625
37.552
13,463
15,5.30
195
786
1,622
35,7'^2
East IrnUea and China
127,696
370
24
199,665
76,625
21,8,30
2,484
64,164
1,777
2,1(15
9(il,.133
Ncur H.)lland
3,453
7*8
320
139
4,482
21,421
161,626
11,110
12,510
3.,'j5I
1,569
51,IS'i
Cape of Good Hope -
Other paru of AMca
4,163
612
690
1,1<M)
C,898
30,018
16,809
2,537
4,981
795
5«!»
42,i;iH
252
1
91
111
1,032
8,351
3,2(KI
120
'
4i;
1,312
7,189
British colonies in
North America
38,547
231
355
348
61,451
501.215
277,645
147,9,T5
45,763
23,3S>
17,677
37(1,878
West Indie*
7.981
415
225J
5,480
11.457
53,.1S0
107.1,11
1,119
5,978
2,57'
6,S.;(,
l(li(,|()l
Foreign West Indies ' (i,0«
.
73'
134
8,S70
10,67t
I39,77(
5,S55
lO.O'.l
11.
1,.117
,W,84»
ITnlt^States of Amer.
»71,503
96
2,217
474
511,701
211.157
, 2,239,219
220,875
415.912
,148,61,
> 20,5111
2,2fi,'.,107
Brazil
24,190
36
801
13,310
50,770
5,530
73,562
4,454
148,312
191
) 3,90^
274,5(19
Mexico and the Sutes
of South America ■
36,934
■
7,810
2,079
37,325
13,957
23,529
53,485
107,547
3,26-
3,317
382,516
Total _
597,189
19,513
3l,795i
45,036
1,690,559
2,0'.5,072
3,128,1061 6fi7..377
ll,605,05(
232,76(
,1 78,2.3(1
fi,'^91,43i
It a capi
and the
liable
Duri
the estal
barbaroi
survivet
coniiscat
Charles
and nat
began
in the
articles ,
faithless
for whi(
thieves
hendec
midst
burned
site con
The 31
mariner
people
apparel,
men.
their pe
be half
Such
crimes
any thii
The la
the rlRoi
If BTiy pc
■■W I J I
I W W HW
WRECK.
1267
es,
1
(U,
1
C ^clarcd
\ alue.
S|
451
4(\
93,07'^
n7fi
149,3.'>«i
8-24
111,970,
Sll
19,4.Wi
,4S.'.
•m,''li
mo
\'i,m
m
a.ai'j
309
20,102
.
914
,(i9V
35,7'/2
MiW
961,533
,.'i(;ii
M,IHS
,'iii:i
42,i;04
1,31'^
7,189
7 r,77
37r,,»78
n,x:,t
1(12,101
I,.1I7
.VJ,84»
l,.VI4
2,2«,407
3,90^
274,3li9
3,317
3S2,Mli
II. Summary Account of the Quantity and Declared Value of the Woollen Yarn : and of the Quantitietof
the diflbrent Descriptions of Woollen Manufactures, with the Total Declared Value of the same- ex-
ported from the United Kingdom, \n each Year from 1820 to 1832, both inclusive. '
I \Voollen and
Worsted Vain.
WoollL-n Manufactures.
Vears.
Quantltj.
Dec).
Value.
Cloths
of all
Sorts.
C.>,lt- jKersey-
inits. '""P
Uullels,! "'"'
StufTM,
Woollen
'^;.." Baizes. I Wor,t«l.
1B20
IS21
1>*2'2
1S23
1821
IS'24
lS2(i
1827
1828
1S2>)
IS.TO
1S31
1S32
Llia. I
3,924i
9,1211
12,51.')!
IJ.123!
12,li|ll
7«,%1
131,IW'2
255,70Si
43(1,722
589,558
1,108,(1^3
1 ,592, 155
2,20l,4U4
t. 1
810
1,917'
1,127,
2,188l
14, ii;?!
22,791'
37,932
5(i,2l3
73,(1 18
122,4311
158,111
235,3071
Pieces, ,
288,700
375,lfi4
120,197
35(),0'^7
107,720
.381,880
328,559
371,9(15
3.35,1(12
3(13,075
,388,2«9
4,3(i,113
39(>,6(il
Vleces,
5»,r,44
ri9,fi22
(i7,757
5l,22(;
51,585
45,2(18
1 1 ,800
51,(190
4o,riii;
)(i,18(i
'-2,377
1.3,892
'2,3,153
Pieera. \
115,827
133,010
1.39,317
,1.35,883
'155,117
I 173,548
' 122,900
I Kill, (.23
131,091
I 8(i,242
I 8.S878
i 59,909
75,8581
Flannel.
Piecen,
828,1(01
1,02^,312
1.078,4281
1,150,1.33
1,212,403
1,138,808
1,(25,308
1,258,(;()7
1,310,853
1,3(I7,5')8
1,252,512
1,187,404,
1,800,714
Blankets !
and
Blanket-
iiiK.
2,5(19,105
3,504 ,S.>"
4,503,«12
4,3I1,9!)7
3,105,!)(;i
2,959,51)4
2,423,120
2,518,887
2,539,7(i(i
1,572,920
l,til3,099,
1,57 2 /)58
2,.301,750:
Vnrilti. I
1,288,4091
1,424,238!
l,92t;,71I;
2,l3l,(i.32;
l,990,((4l!
2,l(i'i,8,34j
1,082,5821
l,899,(iO()
2,097,542
l,839,!)(il
2,l7(i.3'Jl
2,54(1,328
1,«81,810
Carpets Woollens
and i mixed
Carpi't- with
ing. I Cotton.
I
YiiTila.
52(1,124
7(i4,922
884,922 1
778,42ii
848,842 1
888,324 1
90.3,597
1,195,9.39
1,197,917
811,538 1
«72,8(I9 I
(i78,(i5« 1
690,012 1
I
Hosier;
Tiz.
Stock-
Inin,
Wooll.
or
Wntd.
Run-
dries,
consist-
ing of
Hugs,
Tapes,
&c.
V'arrfj,
407,71fi'
n27,8(((i
,120,32S,
918,4(19
,.39,3,443
,79.3,301;
,531,5171
84fi,7(J8
981,152
,074,077
,0!I9,518
,000,001
,3.34,078
Dt. Ptm
59,9G0
107,779
1.3fi,597
106,420
I 1.3,123
10li,498
71,9!i2
148,117
159,463
91,285
111,146
143,774
152,810
L.
.39 ,,337
38,986
47,042
44,61<J
43,361
45,335
37,223
43,.559
48,314
41,918
54, ((.38
64,648
55,443
Toul
Declared
Value
of
Woollen
.Manufac-
tures.
L.
5,.586,1SR
(1,462,886
(i,488,167
5,636,586
6,043,051
6,185,648
4,966,879
5,245,649
5,069,741
4,587,603
4,728,666
5,23«,0I3
5,244,479
WRECK, in navigation, is iisnally understood to mean any sliip or goods driven
ashore, or found floutin}; at sea in a deserted or umnanageable condition. But in the
legal sense of the word in England, wreck must have come to land ; when at sea, it
is distinguished by the barbarous apiiellatiuns of flotsam, jvtguin, and ligan. — (See
Fl.OT.SAM.)
In nothing, perhaps, has the beneficial influence of the advance of society in civilisation
been more apparent than in the regulations with respect to the persons and property of
shipAvrecked individuals. In most rude and uncivilised countries, their treatment has
been cruel in the extreme. Amongst the early Greeks and Romans, strangers and
enemies were regarded in the same point of vie^v. — {Hostis apud antiqtios, peregrinus
dicehatur. — Pomp. Fcshis ; see also Cicero du Offic. lib. i. c. 12.) Where such in-
hospitable sentiments prevailed, the conduct observ.'d towards those that were shipwrecked
could nov be otherwise than barbarous ; and in fact they were, in most instances, either
put to dea*h or sold ^s slavp« liut as law and good order grew up, and commerce and
navigation were extended, those who escaped from the perils of the sea were treated in
a way less repugnant to the dictates of humanity : and at 'ength the Roman law made
it a capital offence to destroy persons shipwrecked, or to prevent their saving the ship ;
and the stealing even of a plank from a vessel shipwrecked or in distres.s, made the party
liable to answer for the whole ship and cargo. — (Fund. 47. 9. .'3.)
During the gloomy period which followed the subversion of the Roman empire, and
the establishment of the northern nations in the southern parts of Europe, the ancient
barbarous practices with respect to shipwreck were every where renewed. Those who
survived were in most countries reduced to servitude ; and their goods were every where
confiscated for the use of the lord on whose manor they had been thrown. — (^Robertson's
Cliarles V. vol. i. note 29.) Jiut nothing, perhaps, can so strongly evince the prevalence
and nature of the enormities, as the efforts that were made, as soon as governments
began to acquire authority, for their suppression. The regulations as to sliipwreck
in the Laws of Oleron are, in this respect, most remarkable. The 35th and 38tli
articles state, that " Pilots, in order to ingratiate themselves with their lords, did, like
faithless and treacherous villains, sometimes willingly run the ship upon the rocks, &c. ;"
for which offence they are held to be accursed and excommunicated, and punished as
thieves and robbers. The fate of the lord is still more severe. " He is to be appie-
hcnded, his goods confiscated and sold, and himself fastened to a post or stake in the
midst of his own mansion house, which being fired at the four corners, all shall be
burned together ; the walls thereof be demolished ; the stones pulled down ; and the
site converted into a market place, for the sale only of hogs and swine, to all posterity."
The :51st article recites, that when a vessel 3vas lost by running on shore, and the
mariners had landed, they often, instead of meeting 3vith help, " were attacked by
people more barbarous, cruel, and inhuman, than mad dogs; who, to gain their monies,
apparel, and other goods, did sometimes murder and destroy these poor distressed sea-
men. In this case, the lord of the irountry is to execute justice, by punishing them in
their persons and their estates ; and is commanded to plunge them in the .sea till they
be half dead, and then to have them drawn forth out of tiie sea, and stoned to death."
Such were the dreadful severities by which it was attempted to put a stop to the
crimes againil which they were directed. The violence of the remedy shows better than
any thing else how inveterate (lie disease had become.
The law of England, like that of other modern countries, adjudged wrecks to belong to the king. But
therlpourand injustice of this law was modified so carlyas the reign of Henry I., when it was ruled, that
If anv person cicjpod alive out of the ship, it should lie no wreck. And after various inodiflcations, it was
4 n 2
i
Mi!
• \
I i
•f '
1268
YARD. — ZAFFER.
decided, in the reign or Henry III., that if Roods were cast on shore, having any marks by which they
could be identified, they were to revert to the owners, if clnimcd any time within a year and a day. By
the statute 27 Edw. 3. c. 13., if a ship he Jost and the goods como to land, they are to be delivered to the
merchants, paying only a reasonable reward or.SALVAiiR (which «eo) totho.se who saved or preserved them.
But these ancient statutes, owing to the confusion and disorder of the times, wore very ill enforced ; and
the disgraceful practices previously alluded to, continued to the middle of last century. A statute of
Anne (12 Ann. st, 2. c.l8.), confirmed by the 4 Geo. 1. c. 12, in order to put a stop to the atrocities in (|iies.
tion, orders all head officers and others of the towns near the sea, upon application made to tliem, to sum-
mon as many hands as arc necessary, and send them to the relief of any ship in distress, on forfeiture of
low. ; and in case of any assistance given, salvage is to be assessed by 3 justices, and paid by the owners.
Persons secreting any goods cast ashore, arc to forfeit treble their value ; and if they wilfully do any net
whereby the ship is lost or destroyed, they are guilty of felony witliout benefit of clergy. Hut even this
statute seems not to have been sufficient to accomplish the end in view ; and in 17.03, a new statute
(26 Geo. 2. c. U).) was enacted, the preamble of which is as follows: — " Whereas, notwithstanding the
good and salutary laws imw in beuig again.st plundering and destroying vessels in distress, and against
taking away shipwrecked, lost, or stranded goods, many wicked enormities have been committed, to tlic
disgrace of the nation, and the grievous damage of merchants and mariners of our own and other coun.
tries, be it," &c. : and it is then enacted, that the preventing of the escape of any person endeavouring to
tave his life, or wounding him with intent to destroy him, or putting out false lights in order to bring
any vessel into danger, shall be capital felony. By the same statute, the pilfering of any goods cast ashore
is made petty larccry.
By statute 1 & 2 Geo. 4. c. 75. it is enacted, that any person or persons wilfully cutting away, in.
juring, or concealing any buoy or buoy rope attached to any anchor or cable belonging to any ship,
whether in distress or otherwise, shall be judged guilty of felony, and may, upon conviction, be trans-
ported for 7 years.
(For an account of the sums to be paid to those assisting in the saving of wreck, see art. SALVAfiE in
this Dictionary ; see also the chapter on Salvage in Mr. Abbott's (Lord 'lenterden'.s; work on the Law of
Shipping.)
Numocr of Shipwrecks. — The loss of property by shipwreck is very great. It appears from an examin.
ation of Lloyd's J.<st from 1793 to 182!), that the losses in the British mercantile navy only amounted, at
an average if that period, to about .0.57 vessels a year, of the aggregate burden of about (iri.OOO tons, or to
above 1.40th part of its entire amount in ships and tonnage. The following account of the casualties of
British shipping in 1829 is taken from Lloyd's List : —
On Foreign Voyages — 157 wrecked ; 284 driven on shore, of which 224 arc known to have been got oiF,
and probably more; 21 foundered or sunk; 1 run down; 35 abandoned at sea, 8 of them afterwards
carried into port ; 12 condemned as unseaworthy ; (3 upset, 1 of them righted ; 27 missing, I of them a
packet, no doubt foundered. Coasters a?id Colliers — 109 wrecked; 297 driven on shore, of which 121
Known to have been got off, and probiibly many more; (17 foundered or sunk, 4 of them raised, ti run
down ; 13 abandoned, 5 of them afterwards carried in ; 3 upset, 2 of them righted ; 1 (i missing, no doulit
foundered. During the year, 4 steam vessels were wrecked ; 4 driven on shore, but got off; and 2 sunk.
Of the prMigious number of ships that are thus annually cngulphcd, many are laden with valunlilc
cargoes ; and besides this immense loss of property, there is also a very great loss of life. It is believed,
that a little more strength in the building, and care in the selection of the masters, would obviate many
of these calamities. And nothing, we are assured, would contribute so much to improve the fabric of
ships, as the adoption of the plan we have elsewhere recommended (p. 1024.}, of allowing them to be built
in bond, free of all duty.
During the last war with France, 32 ships of the line went to the bottom, besides 7 fifty-gun ships, 8G
frigates, and a vast number of smaller vessels. And the losses sustained by the navies of France, Spain,
Holland, Denmark, &c. must have very greatly exceeded those of ours. Hence, as Mr. Lyell has ob.
served, it is probable that a greater number of monuments of the skill and industry of man will, in the
course of ages, be collected together in the bed of the ocean, than will be seen at one time on the surface
of the continents. — {Principles of Geology, 2d ed. vol. ii. p. 2t;5.)
Y.
YARD, a long measure used in England, of 3 feet, or 36 inches. — (Sec Weights
AND Measures.)
YARN(Ger. Garn ,- Du. Guren ; Fv. Fit; It. Filato ; Sp. Hilo ; Port. Flo; Rus.
Prashd), wool, cotton, flax, &c. spun into thread.
z.
ZAFFER, OR ZAFRE. Aftei* the sulphur, arsenic, and other volatile parts of cohalt
have been expelled by calcination, the residuum is sold, mixed or unmixed with fine
sand, under the above njime. Wlien the residuum is melted with siliceous earth and
potash, it forms a kind of blue glass, known by the name of smaltz — (see Sjiai.tz),
— of great importance in the arts. Wlicn smaltz is ground very fine, it receives in
commerce the name of powder blue. ZafTer, like smaltz, is employed in the manufacture
of earthenware and China, for painting the surface of the pieces a blue colour. It suffers
no change from the most violent fire. It is also employed to tinge the crystal glasses,
made in imitation of opaque and transparent precious stones, of a blue colour. It is
almost wholly brought from Germany.
Account of the Zafi'cr imported, exported, and retained for Home Consumption, with the Nett Duty
thereon, in 1831 and 183-2.
Ye irs.
Imports. 1 Kxports. j .^^l^:^^. \ Hu,,.
1831
1832
;./.i. i.ht.
227,512 115
2(!!l,9.15 448
1.1,1. i L.
227,982 9.00
2()3,!'52 1 417
The duty was reduced, in 1832, from Os, id, to 1*. a cwt.
ZEA. — ZINC.
1269
ZEA, INDIAN CORN, OB MAIZE. Sec Maize.
ZEDOARY (Ger. Zittwer ; Fr. Zidoaire ; It. Zcdoarla ; Sp. Cedoaria ; Arab,
Judwar ; Hind. Nirbisi), the root of a plant which grows in Malabar, Ceylon, Cochin-
China, &c., of which there are 3 distinct species. It is brouglit home in pieces of various
sizes, externally wrinkled, and of an ash colour, but internally of a brownish red. Those
roots which are heavy and free from worms are to be chosen ; rejecting those which are
decayed and broken. The odour of zedoary is fragrant, and somewhat like that of
camphor ; the taste biting, aromatic, and bitterish, with some degree of acrimony. It
was formerly employed in medicine ; but is scarcely ever used by modern practitioners.
— ( Millmrn's Orient. Com. )
ZINC, OR SPELTER (Ger. Zink ; Fr. Zinc; It. Zinco ,- Sp. Zinco, Cinck ; Rus.
Schpiaiiter ; Lat. Zincum), a metal of a brilliant white colour, with a shade of blue,
composed of a number of thin plates adhering together. When this metal is rubbed for
some time between the fingers, they acquire a peculiar taste, and emit a very percejiliblc
smell. It is rather soft ; tinging the fingers, when rubbed upon them, with a black
colour. The specific gravity of melted zinc varies from 6'861 to 7-1, the lightest being
esteemed the purest. When hammered, it becomes as high as 7 -1908. This metal
forms, as it were, the limit between the brittle and the malleable metals. Its malleability
is by no means to be compared with that of copper, lead, or tin ; yet it is not brittle, like
antimony or arsenic. When struck with a hammer, it does not break, but yields, and
becomes somewhat flatter ; and by a cautious and equal pressure, it may be reduced to
pretty thin plates, which are supple and clastic, but caimot be folded without breaking.
When heated to about 400", it becomes so brittle that it may be reduced to powder
in a mortar. It possesses a certain degree of ductility, and may, with care, be drawn out
into wire. Its tenacity is such, that a wire whose diameter is equal to -^th of an inch, is
capable of supporting a weight of about 26 lbs. Zinc has never been found in a state
of purity. The word zinc occurs for the first time in the writings of Paracelsus, who
died in 1541 ; but the method of extracting it from its ores was not known till the
early part of last century. — ( Thotnson's Chemistry.) The compounds of zinc and copper
are of great importance. — (See Brass.)
Manufacture of Zinc, ,^c. — There used to be 2 smelting-houses for the preparation of zinc near Bris-
tol, and 3 near Swansea, h-t they have been all abandoned, with the exception of 1 of the latter. The
material used by the English manufacturer is blende, or black jack (sulphuret of zinc) ; it is commonly
found with lead, and is procured. of the best quality in Flintshire and the Isle of Man. Uesides its em>
ployment in the manufacture of brass, bell metal, and other important compounds, zinc has of late years
been formed into plates, and applied to many purposes for which lead was tbrmerly used, such as the roof,
ing of buildings, the manufacture of water-spuuts, dairy pans, &c. Foreign zinc, being less brittle, is
better fitted for rolling than that of England.
The duties on spelter, which were formerly prohibitory, have been reduced to 2/. a ton on that formed
into plates, or cakes, and to 10«. on what is not in cakes; and, in consequence, considerable quantities
are now imported, partly for home use, and partly for re-exportation to India and China. Foreign zinc is
principally made at Gleinitz, in Upper Silesia ; whence it is conveyed by an internal navigation to Ham.
burgh. The freight from the latter to Hull and London is nominal merely ; the wool-ships being glad
to take it as ballast. Haiiiault, near Namur, has also some part of the spelter trade. A good deal of
spelter is shipped from Hamburgh for France and America.
Zinc is produced in the province of Yiuian, in China; and previously to 1820, large quantities of it were
exported from that empire to India, the Malay Archii>elago, &c. But about that time tlip free traders
began to convey European spelter (principally German) to India • and being, though less pure, decidedly
cheaper than the Chinese article, it has entirely supplanted the latter in the Calcutta market : latterly,
indeed, it has begun to be imported even into Canton. — (See Ti.tknao.) During the 3 years ended with
1832, the exports of foreign siieltor from this country for India and China were, in 1830, fi-;i,3jn cwt. ; 1831 ,
.Ol.OOO; 183'J, 37,499. And, exclusive of these, considerable quantities were exported from Amsterdam,
Rotterdam, &c. We subjoin an
Account of the Zinc or Spelter imported, exported, and retained for Home Consumption, and the Duties
thereon, in 1831 and 1832.
Years.
« Imjiorts.
v.„™.. Refnlncd for
fcitports. Consumption.
Duly.
1831
1832
V.irt. Cwl.
76,413 62,684
68,764 49,740
Cwt.
2(),.526
2."),214
I„
10, ur,
r),784
1-
>v
i 4
I I
The price of sjieUcr declined within the last 3 or 4 years, from about 151. to 9/. a ton ; but it has recently
rallied, and is now (April, 1834) about 11/. lU*. a ton in bond.
THE END.
London :
Printed by A. Spottiswoode,
Ncw-btreeUSquarc.
■A'
msmm
-^2-1
f
SUPPLEMENT.
OCTOBER, 1834.
N. B.—Wc intend publishing a larger Supplement in Spptcmlier or October, ISI.T; and we earnestly
entreat our various friends at home and broad to transmit to us, through Messrs. Longman and t'o., such
information a.s they conceive may enable us to correct, add to, improve, or supply any article. We
shall carefully observe any stipulations as to the use of such communications.
i
ABATEMENT OF DUTIES. — No ab.ttemcnt is to be miulc, on account of
damage on the voyage, from tlie duties payable on the following drugs, viz. cantharides,
cocculus Indicus, Guinea grains, ipecacuanha, jalap, nux vomica, opium, rhubarb, sar-
saparilla, and senna. — (4 & 5 IVitl. 4. c. 89. § 5.)
ALE AND BEER. — In consequence of the complaints, wliether well or ill founded,
of the inconveniences arising from the increase of beer shops — (see Diet. p. 14.), a ma-
terial change has been made in the mode of licensing houses for the sale of beer. Under
the act 1 Will. 4. c. 64. — (Diet. p. 14.), the commissioners of excise, or other persons
duly authorised, were bound to grant licences, costing 21. '2s. a year, to all persons not
excepted in the act, empowering them to sell ale, beer, porter, cider, &c. to be drunk
indifferently either on or off the premises. But tlie act of last session, 4 & 5 Will. 4.
c. 85., has made the obtaining of a licence to retail beer to be drunk on the premises
contingent on tlie applicant being able to produce a certificate of good character, sub-
scribed by certain persons rated at a certain amount to the poor : it has also raised the
cost of such licence to 3/. 3s. ; and reduced the cost of a licence to sell beer not to be
drunk on the premises to U, 1 ?. We subjoin a full sibstract of the act : —
Persons applying for a Licence to sell Beer to be drunk on the Pvctniscs, to deposit a Certificate of good
C/iaracte>;^c. — livery iicraon applying for a licence to sell beer or cidei by rctaM, to be <lrunk in the house
or on the premises, shall, in addition to the application setting forth tlie particulars required by the act
1 Will. i. c. 64., annually produce to a id deposit with the commissioners ofexcise, collector, or other person
authorised to grant sucn licence wit! in the |)arisli or place in which the person applying intends to sell
beer or cider by retail, a certificate si «ned by (i persons residing in and lieing and describing themselves to
be inhaliitants of such parish, place, i.ic, and respectively rated therein to the poor at not less than & , or
occupying a house therein rated to tl e poor at not less than 61., none of whom shall be maltsters, common
brewers, or persons licensed to sell s\ iritnous liquors or beer or eider by retail, nor owners or proprietors
of any houses licensed to sell liquor , beer, or cider l)y retail, stating that the jicrson applying for the
licence is of good character, and a the foot of such certificate one of the overseers of the parish,
township, or place shall certify (if thi fact be so) that such 6 persons are inhabitants respectively rated as
aforesaid; and such certificate sha! respectively be in the form of the schedule annexed to this act :
provided always, that in any parish, township, or district maintaining its own poor, in which there are not
10 inhabitants rated to their relief to the amount of (il. each, or not occupying houacs respectively rated to
the poor at (U. each (not being maltsters, common brewers, or pjtsons licensed to sell spirituous liquors or
beer or cider by retail), the certificate of the majority of the inhabitants of such parish, township, or dis.
trict maintaining its own poor, its arc rated to the amount of til. each, shall be deemed to be a sutticient
certificate for the purposes of this act ^ 2.
Penalti/ on Overseers. — Any overseet who shall, without duo cause, refuse to certify that the persons
who have signcii the certificate are respectively rated to the poors' rate as aforesaid, to forfeit not more
than 5/. — 4 a
Beer drunk in Sheds. — Any pers m licensed under the act I Will. 4. c. CA , to sell beer, cider, &c.
not to be consumed on the premises, ',t>ho shall employ, permit, or sutt'er any \)erson or persons to take or
carry any beer, Ike. from his hou.se oi premises, to be (Irunk or consumed for his benefit or profit, in any
other h'luse, tent, shed, S.c. belongin ; to, or hired, used, or occupied by such licensed person, such beer,
&c. shall be held to have been consul icd on the premises, and the iierson selling the same shall be subject
to the like forfeitures an<l penalties au if it had been actually drunk or consumed in a house or upon prt>-
miscs licensed only for the sale thereof — ^4.
Billetting. — Provisions for billettiiig soldiers under mutiny acts to extend only to those licensed to sell
beer or ciilerto be drunk in the house or on the premises, and not to extend to those licensed to sell beer
not to be consumed on the premises. — \ 5.
Justices to regulate tlie Opening and Closing of //ottsc,*.— Justices in petty sessions ».>> authorised to fix
the hours at which houses and premises licensed to sell beer under this act shall be openetl and closeil ;
but any person thinking himself aggrieved by any such order may appeal at any time, within 4 months
fhim its date, to the justices in quarter sessions, on giving the justices making the order 14 days' notice
of his intention ; and the decision of the justices in quarter sessions shall l)e final : provided, however,
that the hour to be fixed for opening any house shall not in any case be earlier than ii o'clock in the
morning, nor lor closing the same later than 11 o'clo t night, or before 1 o'clock in the afternoon on
Sunday, Good Friday, Christmas Day, or any day appointed for a public fast or thanksgiving ; ami the
hours so fixed by the justices, with reference to the districts within their jurisdictions, shall be taken to
be the hours to be observed and complied with under this act as fully as if the same had been specially
appointed by it. — ^6.
Constnttles, Sjc. to visit licensei Houses. — All constables and officers ofpolicc are authorised to enter into
all houses licensed to sell beer or spirituous liquors to be consumed upon the premises whenever they
ALE AND BEER.
■hall think proper ; and if any person licensed as aforesaid, or any servant or person In his employ or by
his direction, shall refuse to admit such constables, &c. into such house or premises, the i)ersoii liavinK the
licence shall for the first ofl'ence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding .5/. , toRcther with the costs of con.
viction, to bo recovered within 20 days before 1 or more justices; and it shall be lawful for any i or
more justices, upon a'ly person beinB convicted of such oH'encc for the second time, to adjudge (if tlu'y
think (it) that such ofl'ender be disqualified from selling beer, ale, porter, elder, or perry, by retail, tor
2 years after such conviction, or for such shorter space as they may think proper ^7.
Penalty for making or tising false Certificates. — Persons certifying any matter having reference to this
act as true, who knows the same to be false, or using any certificate, knowing the same to be forged, shall,
oniconviction of such oft'ence before '2 or more justices, forfeit and pay the sum of 20/. ; and every licence
granted to any person making use of any certificate to obtain the same, such person knowing such
certificate to be forged, or the matters certified therein to be false, shall be void to all intents and i)ur-
poses ; and any |)erson using such certificate shall be disqualified for ever from obtaining a licence to sell
beer or cider by retail. — ^ H.
No Licence to be granted witliout a Certiftente. — No licence for the sale of bror or cider bv retail to be
consumed or drunk in the house or on the premises shall be granted, except u\»m the certificate hereby
required : pr(>vide<l, that in all extra-parochial places the certificate required by this act niav be signed
and given by inhabitants rated to the poor at G/. in any adjoining parish or i)arislies. — ^ y.
Retailers to produce their Licences on Requisition of 2 Masistriites. — In (!ase any complaint be laid
before 2 justices against any licensed person for an offence agauist the tenor of his licence, or agaiint tliis
act or the act 1 Will. 4. c. fit., the said justices may require such person to produce his licence liclore
them for their examination ; and if he wilfully neglect or refuse so to do, he shall forfeit for such (.lIL'iice
any sum, not exceeding 5/., the said justices shall think projier ; and such per.son may be convicted, pro-
ceeded against, and dealt with for such offence in the same manner, vuitatis mutandis, as is directed by
the act 1 Will. 4. c. (ik with regard to ))ersons guilty of a first offence against said act; and the penalty
imiwsed for such offence is to be applied in the manner that a penalty for a first oflL-nce against said act
is directed to be applied. — ^ 10.
Continuance of Powers, c^c. — The powers, provisions, and penalties of 1 Will. 4. c. G4. to apply to
persons licensed under this act, and to their sureties, 8ic ^11.
jict 1 Will. 4. c. fit. to contitme in force, except as hereby altered. — \ 12.
Duties on Beer Licences under the \_fVill 4. c. 64. repealed, and neir Duties granted in lieu thereof.
— From and after the passing of this act, the duties payable on excise licences for the sale of beer by re-
tail under the act 1 Will. 4. c. 64. shall cease, and in" lieu of such duties there shall be paid upon the
licences hereby authorised to be granted the duties following; viz.
For and upon every licenfe to be taken out by any person for
the sale of lieer by retail, not lo lie drunk or consumed in or
UDon the house or i>reniises where sold, the annual sum of
For and upon every licence to lie taken out by any person for
the sale of beer by retail, to lie drunk or consumed in t)r
upon the house or premises where sold, Ihe annual sum of
3/. 3«. — Sec. 13.
The duties to be under the management of commissioners of excise, and to be recovered and accounted
for under the provisions of the act 1 Will. 4. c. 64. — ^ 14.
Not to affect Duti/ on Licences to retail Cider and Perry. — Nothing in this act shall aflbit the amount
of duty payable uiider the 1 Will. 4. c. 64. on licences to retail cider and perry ; but every such licence
shall specify whether it be granted for the sale of cider and perry by retail not to bo drunk in the house
or premises where sold, or for the retail of the same to be drunk in the house or premises where sold. —
S 15.
Licences under this Act not to authorise Persons to sell Wine. — No licence granted under the act
1 Will. 4. e 6*. and this act shall authorise any person to take out or hold any licence for the sale of wine,
spirits, or sweets or made wines, or mead or metheglin ; andif any person licensed under the act 1 Will. 4.
c. 64. and this act shall j'ermit or suffer any wine, spirits, &c. to be brought into his house or premises
to be drunk or consumed there, or shall suffbr them to be drunk or consumed in his house or premises, he
shall, over and above any excise penalties to which he may be subject, forfeit 20/ \ Iti.
Penalty on unlicensed Persons. — Such persons selling beer and cider by retail to be drunk off the pre.
mises, 10/ ; to be drunk on the premises, 20/. — ^ 17.
Board over the Door. — Every person licensed to sell beer, cider, or perry, by retail, under theauthority
of the act 1 Will. 4. c. 6i and this act, shall, on the board required by the former act to bo placed over his
door, paint and keep thereon, after the words "licensed to sell beer or cider by retail," the additional
words " not to be drunk on the premises," or." to be drunk on the premises," as the case maybe, on pain
of forfeiting the penalty imposed by such act for not having such board over the door. — \ IH.
What is rettiiling of Beer, SiC. — Every sale of beer, or of cider or perry, in any less quantity than 4|
gallons, shall be deemed and taken to be a sale by retail. — ^ 19.
Penalties for selling Spirits or Wine without Licence. — "Persons licensed to sell beer or cider under the
act 1 Will. 4. c. 64. and this act, who sell spirits or wine, sweets, &c. without being licensed, are liable
to the penalties imposed by the laws of excise for selling spirits or wine, sweets, &c. without licence ^ 20.
Certificate not to be required for Houses in certain Situations, if Population exceed 5,(KK). — The before,
mentioned certificate shall not be required as to any house situated within the cities of London and West-
minster, or within any parish or place within the bills of mortality, nor within any city or town corporate,
nor within the distance of 1 mile from the place used at the last election as the place of election or polling
place of any town returning a member to parliament, provided that the po|mlation, determined accord-
ing to the last parliamentary census taken in such city, town, &c., shall exceed .'),0U0 : provided, that no
licence for the sale of beer, ale, porter, eider, or perry by retail on the premises in the cities of London
and Westminster, or in any parish within the bills of mortality, or in any such city or town corporate, or
town returning a member to parliament as belbre mentioned, shall be granted after the 5th day of April,
1836, uidess the house or promises specified as those in which beer or cider is intended to be sold shall be
of the value of 10/. per annum ^ 21.
Service of Summons. — Summonses or orders not legally served unless by some jconstable or other
peace officer. — ^ 22.
Co?nmencefnent. — Act shall coirimence and take effect ft-om and after the 10th day of October, 1834. —
Fortn qf Certificate referred to in \ 2.
We, the undersigned, being intiabitants of the parish {or township, us the case viui/ he] of antl
respectively rated to the poor at not less thanfi/. per annum, .md none of us beini; maltstL'rs, common brewers, or persons licensti!
to sell spirituous li(i\iors, or being licensed to sell heer or cider by retail, do hereby certify. That A. li., dwelling in
street [/itrt sitecift/ the street, tarn, ^c.\ in the said parish [or township, &c. ] is a person of good character.
[Here insert the tlay of signing the certiflcate.]
(Signed) E. r.~
, I.' K.
I,. M.
N. O.
I'.Q.
I do liereliy certify, That all the above-mentioned persons whose names are subscribed to tliis certificate are inhabitants of die
parish [or township, Stc.) of rated to 6/. to the relief of the iwor of tlie said parish.
^[Hrre slate Ihe resilience of each of Ihe per
sons signing.]
(■. D.
[Overseer of the parish or township, &C.1
Dale.
APPLES. — COAL. 8
APPLES — Duty on, reduced from 4s. to 2«. a bushel. —(I &5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 15.)
BARILLA. — The duties on barilla used in the bleaching of linen are to be repaid
to the persons using it, under such regulations as the commissioners of customs may
issue. — (4&5 inil. 4. c. 89. § 14.)
■ BOOKS. — Under the late law, such books as might be imported were admitted, pro-
vided they were of editions printed in or since the year 1801, on payment of a duty of
51. a cwt. ; but this duty is now reduced to 21. lOs. a cwt., with the additional proviso,
that the books, besides being printed in or since 1801, are \n fordi/n liriiuj lumjmujes.
(4 & 5 fpll. 4. c. 89. § 1.5.) This condition was inserted princi|)ally to obviate the
risk of dictionaries, or the class l)ooks used in our schools, being supplied from the Con-
tinent; the booksellers contending that the 21. lOs. a cwt. of duty was insufficient to
balance the influence of the paper duty, and the peculiar burdens incident to the getting
up of books in this country. It ha^ been alleged, indeed, that it will not ellect its jjur-
pose; because, as is contended, botli Latin and Greek are living languages; the former
being spoken in certain parts of Hungary and Poland, and the latter in Greece ! But
the intention of the legislature is too obvious to admit of its being defeated by any quib-
bling of the sort now mentioned. By a living language is meant a language spoken by
a nation or people, and not by a few learned individuals ; and the dialect of the modern
Greeks is abundantly diflerent from that of their ancestors. The duty of 1/. a cwt, on
foreign books jjrinteil prior to 1801 ought to be reiiealed ; it throws obstructions in the
way of their importation, at the same time that it is (juite unproductive of revenue.
Smuggling (jf English Books from abroad. — Very coiisiilcrablo loss is sustained l)y literary men and
Ixjoksellcrs, by tlic clandestine importation of English works jirinted abroad, of which the topyright has
not expired. 'J'here is hardly, in fact, one of our popular authors, copies of whoso works, printed in
France or America, may not be readily procured in London ; and iis those by whom they are printed liavo
neither copyright nor paper duty to pay, they are ablu materially to undersell the native .irticlc. It is
surely unnecessary to sav, that every practicable effort should be made to hinder such an inva.^ion of pri-
vate property ; and in this view we beg to suggest, that the permission given to persons coming from
abroad to bring with them single copies of all prohibited works, ought to be withdrawn. It opens a door
for smuggling and fraud ; and there is neither sense nor justice in allowing any individual to invade the
rights of another, merely because he has been across the Channel. A si)ccific' penalty, recoverable by a
summary process, ought also to be imposed on every individual oflTering such bonks for sale. This would
be much more effectual in preventing such practices than the existing law. — (See Did. p. HI.)
BOTTLES (STONE). —In 1812,aduty of 2s. 6d. acwt., increased in 1817to 5s.,
was imposed upon .stone bottles. The average nctt produce of this duty has not recently
exceeded 3,500/. a year. But, to collect this insignificant sum, the manufacture had to
be placed under the surveillance of the excise, and those engaged in it subjected to various
troublesome and vexatious regulations. The duty did not extend to Ireland, so that a
drawback had to be granted on bottles exported to that country, and a countervailing
duty charged on those imported from it. This unproductive and troublesome duty was
imposed at the instance of the gla.ss bottle manufacturers, who contended, that if stone
bottles were exempted from duties, they would be used instead of glass bottles, to the
injury of those engaged in manufacturing the latter. But the purposes to which stone
bottles and glass bottles are applied, are so very different, that it would require a much
greater reduction of the price of the former than could possibly be occasioned by the
abolition of the duty, to make them be substituted, to any extent worth mentioning, in
the place of the latter. These views were ably enforced by the Commissioners of Exci.se
Inquiry ; and, having been adopted by government, the duty has been abolished. —
(4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 77. ; see also Fifth Report hy Commissioners of Excise Inquiry.)
It is to be hoped that the duty on glass bottles may, also, be speedily put an end to.
It produces about 110,000/. a year. We noticed {Diet. p. 12.'j0". ) the propriety of enact-
ing and enforcing some regulations as to the size of bottles. The bottle is, in fact, a very
important measure; a great deal of wine and other liquors being sold by the dozen.
But there is, at tiiis moment, the greatest discrepancy in tlio size of bottles; and it ap-
pears to us that it would be highly expedient, in order to obviate the numerous frauds
arising from this source, to enact that all bottles be made to contain not less than a
certain specified quantity, and to place them under the acts relating to weights and
measures.
COAL We are glad to have to state, that the duty on coal exported in English
ships has been repealed ; and that the duty on all descriptions of coal exported in foreign
ships has been reduced to 4s. a ton. The increased exjiortation of coal this measure
will occasion, cannot fail of being highly advantageou.s. Ships that might otherwise have
had to go out in ballast, will now have an opportunity of taking with them what may
prove a profitable cargo ; at the sjune time that the cost of conveying the mineral abroad
operates as a premium in favour of our own manufactures. The fact, too, that there is,
in South Wales alone, a supply of coal sufficient to meet the present demand of the empire
for more than 2,000 years, shows the futility of imagining that the measure can be in-
jurious, by its hastening the exhaustion of tbe mines.
A 2
4 COxMPANIES (PUBLIC SCOTCH). — CURRANTS.
COMPANIES (PUBLIC SCOTCH). — The following Table can hanlly fail of
being interesting. It was drawn up by Mr. Gray, accountant and stock-broker, Glas-
gow, and may, we i>e]ieve, be safely relied on. It shows the periods when almost all the
great joint stock associations now existing in Scotland were established ; the amount of
paid tip capital held by each ; the dividend thereon ; the i)eriod when the dividend is
paid; the amount of each share; and the prices the shares brought on the 1st of
January, 1834.
DeKrijiOoii of Stock.
When
furmetl.
Capital
paid in.
Dividend.
When
piyalile.
Shares.
Prices,
1st January, 1834.
Itaiikt.
/,.
/,.
«.
>/.
/.. «. </.
Bunk of Scnllaml
1 (;!).'>
I.IKHI.IKMI
fi iier cent.
.\prll. Oil.
83
a
8
ill paid
■ .'iii
Royal Hank of Scotlaiiil -
17V7
2,INKI,(MKI
6j|' _
.lan..Fuly
lull
—
Kil ft Oex.dlv.
HritUh l.inen ( :utn|>any
ITKi
,')(» 1,1 1011
8 _
,)une, Die.
1110
—
235
Comiiieriial Bank
IHlll
rOO.IKIO
B
.Ian. .luly
.OOII
100/. lid.
llift
National Hank
ISM
.'jOO.CXK)
5 —
•Ian. July
IIH)
10/. -
13 Hi ex.dlv.
(TlaMK*>w ('iiion B:ink
IS.TO
401),(KH)
2J -
tlune
2,')0
.10;. —
53
Westt-rn Uank of Scotland
1832
(ilH 1,001)
Number
.lune
200
u
30/. —
34
tnturance Companift,
of Shares.
Caledonian Fire Insurance Co.
isn.'i
1,0(M)
.
July
100
10/. -
13
Hercules Insuranre Co. -
1 HDII
7,.'>flO
ft iier rent.
.\prll
100
10/. -
10 10
North liritish Insurance Co. -
isim
50,000
6* _
June
100
10/. -
15
InKuranre ( 'o. of Scotland
ISlil
lOO.IKK)
August
10
all i>ald
(i 5
Standard Life Insurance Co. -
ISM
1IH),(IIHI
ft Iier cent.
A ugust
10
I/. -
1 4
Scottish Union Insurance (,'0. -
lK-^4
2.')<l,0fl0
5' _
January
20
1/. —
15 ex. dlv.
Kdinburuh Life Assurance Co,
ISM
&,IKM)
_
.January
1(K)
10/. —
11 11
West of .Scotland Fire Insu. Co.
18'.<3
100,000
4 _
,luly
100
10/. -
Far
MUcettiiHtmtt,
Glasgow Koyal Exchange
Do, Has (Company
1827
1,172
1/. 1«. per share
Whitsund.
ftO
n
42/. —
31
ISIS
4,4.';0
10 per cent.
Feb. Aug.
WhiU. .Mart.
2ft
all paid
55
Do. Water (^ompanv
Do. Cranstonhill ^V'ater Co. -
1S()7
2,881)
50
91
ISdS
7,2tiO
.
Whitsund.
25
12 10
Do. New Clyde Shlpliing Co. •
Do. Old Clyde Shipiiinu Co. -
1821
1819
.020
fiOO
U. per share
a. 10*. —
May
.March
10
24
—
I'ar
.35
Edinburgh <ias Company
Do. additional for New Stock •
1818
4,500
10 per cent.
Feb. Aug.
2ft
_
r>i)
.
.
25
ft/, paid
24
Do. Water ( 'otniiany -
Do. and Dalkeith Hallway Co.
1819
5,100
5 ]«r cent.
June, Dec.
25
I)
all paid
.32 ex. dlT.
18V6
1,200
50
_
00 y
Do. and (ilasgow I'n. Canal Co.
1817
4,810
.
Mar. Sept.
50
—
fi
Do. and (ilasKow do. (allocated)
Do. and Leith Glass Company •
1817
4,810
.
Mar, Sept.
9(i
I)
__
48
1821
10,(NI0
.
February
20
I^/.paid
4
Do. Equitatile i.oaii Company •
I*lth Gas Company -
Forth and Clyde Canal
182.1
3,(K)0
5 per cent.
April
20
1(1/. _
9 10
1821
750
C _
Ju'y
20
all paid
.30
1768
1,297
2ft<. per share
Whits. Mart.
100 IH
_
550
Monkland ('anal
17fi8
'2,020
Feb Aug.
7
8
6
__
Gamkirk Railway -
Monkland & Kirkintillock do.
1826
1,380
2 per cent.
Martinmas
50
—
1824
1,.'.40
5*^ -
Whits. Mart.
2ft
—
28
Hhott's Iron Company -
1824
2,000
2i _
February
50
30/. p.aid
15 Oto ir>
CORN LAWS AND CORN TRADE.
An Account of the Total Quantity of Quarters of Foreign Wheat that have paid Duty for Consumption
in the United Kingdom, under 9 Geo. 4. c. 61)., since that Act came into force in 1828, till ,5th of July,
183+, and the Total Amount of Duty received thereon ; and showing, from the Total Quantity of Quar-
ters, and the Total Amount of Duty so received thereon, what the Duty was per Quarter at an Average
of the whole Period ; — and.
The same Account for Foreign Barley, Oats, Uye, PeasI and Beans, Wheat, Meal and Flour, Oatmeal,
Maize or Indian Corn, Buck Wheat ; and the same Account for all these, the Produce of, and iin.
ported from, anv British Possession in North America, or elsewhere, out of Europe. — (i'ar/. Paper,
No. ,068. Sess. 1834.)
-
Foreign Com, Meal, and Flour.
Com, Meal, and Flour, the Produce o^and Imported
from, British Possessions out of Europe.
Quantities charged with
Duty for Home Consump-
tion, under Act 9 Oco.4. c.CO.
Hates of
Quantities charged with
Rates of
Amount
(Duly taken
Duty for Home Consump- Amount
Duty taken
of Duty
on the
tion,undcrAct9Geo.l.c.«0. of Duty
on the
from the passing of the Act
received
.Average of
from the passing of the Act received
Average of
(15th of July, 18281,
to the 5th of July, 183t.
thereon.
the whole
(15th of Julv, 182S), thereon,
to the 5th of July, 1834.
the whole
Period.
Period.
Ijuarters,
L.
Tr
Quarien,
L.
3 7
Wheat . -
4,834,796
1,605,414
6 8
419,594
75,803
Ilarley
1,074,986
248,517
4 7
313
23
I 6
Oats -
,463,.336
433,170
5 11
8,973
294
8
Hye
142,626
26,667
3 9
Peas - -
221,628
80,278
7 3
5,540
519
1 10
Beans
184,959
96,831
10 6
Indian corn
102,216
1S,S23
3 8
211
26
2 5
Huck wheat
.3.5,123
10,540
6
Wheat meal and
Cni.
Per Civt.
Cwt.
Per Crvl.
flour
1,894,591
18,3,173
1 11
.368,744
26,334
1 5
Oatmeal
6
2
8 4
1,813
78
10
CURRANTS. — The exorbitant duty of 44s. 4d, a cwt. on currants has been reduced
to half that amount, or to 228. 2rf. a cwt (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 15.) But this re-
duction, considerable as it is, is not enough. The duty ought not to exceed 10*., or
at most 12s. The price of currants in bond usually varies from 20s. to 25s. ; so that the
duty, as fixed by the late act (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89.), will still be equal to about 100
per cent, ad valorem. But such a duty is obviously oppressive ; the more especially
as currants, if low-priced, would be largely consumed by all clas.scs in this country ; and
as they form the principal equivalent the inhabitants of the Ionian Islands i.nd of the
Morea have to offer in exchange for foreign products. We are Sjitisfied, too, that had
the duty been reduced to 10s. a cwt., it would, in a few years, have yielded more revenue
%»•
FIGS. — IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION.
S
than it will ever yield at its present rate. Such a reduction would have hrouplit currants
within the command of a much greater numlier of persons ; and would, in fact, have gone
far to render them an article of general consumption ; whereas, the duty of 2'i». '2d. will
still confine their use to the wealthier classes.
It has bron aaiil, that a mlurtion of the duty from 44«. 4<f. to \0s. a rwt would not hiivc made a cor.
re8|iondinK reduction in the price of the article ; and that the meaiture would have redounded more to
the advantage of the urowcrH of currants than ot the cimbumers in this country. 'I'hat nuch niiKht have
been in some degree tne case, at the outset, we admit ; but the greater advantages derived by the misers
of currants would have made them be produccil in much larger quantities, lo that at no distant perimi we
should have rea|>ed the full advantage of the reduction in the rate of duty, at the hame time that our
trade with the Ionian Islands and the Morea would have been increased pro|H)rtHinally to the imrease
in the im|H>rts of currants. However, we are grateful for what lia-i been done ; and it may l)c fairly pre-
sumed that the bcnellciul ctTect of the reductions already made will lead to others on u stiUgreater »'cale.
FIGS. — The duty on figs has heen reduced from 21s. 6(1, to 15s. a cwt. Nearly
the same may be said of this reduction as of that of the duty on currants. It is too
trifling to have much effect on consumption ; and there can, we apprehend, he little
doubt that a duty of 10s. would, by stimulating the latter, be more productive of revenue
than a duty of 15s.
FLAG. — Any of his Majesty's subjects hoisting the Union Jack in their vessels, or any
pendants, &c. usually worn in his Majesty's ships, or any flag, jack, i)endant, or colours
whatever in imitation of or resembling tliose of his Majesty, or any ensign or colours
whatever other than those prescribed by proclamation, 1st of January, 1801, shall forfeit
for every such offence not more than 500/. (sic in orig.) — (4 & 5 Will, 4. c, \'.\, $ 1 1.)
FUNDS. — The act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 31. directs that the " Four per cent, annuities
created 1826" (^Dict, p. 588.) be paid off. The holders of every KX)/. of such 4 per
cent, annuities are entitled to receive, in lieu thereof, 100/. new ;5^ per cent, annuities,
or, if they dissent from this, 100/. in cash, and proportionally for every greater or less sum.
The interest on the new ^^ per cent, stock created under this act, is to be paid half-
yearly, at the Bank of England, on the 5th of January and the 5tli of July each year;
and the new stock is not to be redeemable till the 5th of January, 1840. The annuities
so to be created are to be added to the existing New H^per cent, annuities, — ( Diet, p. 587. )
Bonds and contracts to transfer a given amount of 4 per cent, annuities to be deemed
satisfled by the transfer of an equal amount of new 3^ per cent, annuities ; but lenders
of 4 per cent, annuities, on contract to replace, may demand 100/. in cash for every 100/.
annuities so lent. Trusts, &c. as to 4 per cents, shall extend to 3^ per cents. Com-
missioners for the reduction of the national debt may advance money to pay off dis-
sentients.
FUNDS (AMERICAN). — The subjoined statement will not, we hope, be im-
interesting. It gives a view of the most prominent facts with respect to the public funds
of the principal American States ; exhibiting, amongst other particulars, their respective
amounts, the periods when they are redeemable, the objects for which they were created,
and their price in London in August, 1 834.
Account of the United States Debt, and of the separate Debts of each State.
Funds.
U. Sutes .5 per ct.
Alabama do.
Do. do.
Illinois 6 per cent.
Indiana do.
Louisiana, Wll- 1
son's Loan, 5 >
per cent. i
Do. Baring'sLoan, 1
5 per cent. J
I When
Capital. I redeem-
able.
Dtilliirs,
Do.
do.
Mississippi G tier ct.
Do. do.
.■jon.oiio
3,rAm,tttm',
lOO.IHK)'
iiUO.OOO
1,800,000.
I
1,666,607,
7,000,000 .
500,000 .
I
500,000
500,000
500,000,
Objects of Trice in
Creation* London.
Bankine
capital
95
96
100
99
I03i
105
110
Funds.
Capital-
New York pi r ct.
Do. do.
do.
do.
6 Tier ct.
Whtn
redeem-
able.
do.
Chenango 1
Do
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Canal,5|ter"ct.
Ohio 5 per cent.
Do. 6 per cent.
I'ennsviv, 5 iter ct.
))o. do.
Ilo. do.
Do. do.
Do. do.
Do. do.
Do. do.
Do. do.
Virginia do.
Do. 6 per cent.
' lioUitra. Ytars.
' l,.|(IO,(KMI IH37
7>,Vi\,'i;i>\ 1X15
S7",0(J0 181(i,IHI7
150,000, lv',1)
'^,0!(.1,5(l()
I 8.50,0(101
! I,000,MI«I
t>>,17
1,SI5
1850
ISII 7
I «.'.() s
1815
■100,(NI0| 1850
■l,ni)(),U(l<lt 1850
I,,1i)0,IMKI
.'71 10,1 U HI
I,()(K),0(H),
5,ooo,(XJo w>\\h:<\
I85(i
1,858
IS«0
18fi.l
1815
1850
1851, 185 !i
1814
Ob)ecl.s of
Creation.
Canals
Canab,
rail-roads,
ftc.
!i,.Tio,(;(;i
V,(HHI,OIHI
800,00<l
500,000 .J
400,0(J)
Price in
London.
95
107
113
114
lot
I04i
105
105i
100
IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION The commissioners of customs,
agreeably to the powers given them to that effect by the 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52. § 1 35. —(see
Diet, p. 669.), have appointed the undermentioned places, within the several ports of the
United Kingdom, at which vessels coming into or departing out of such ports shall
bring to, for the boarding or landing of customs oflicers. Every master of a vessel fail-
ing to comply with the provisions of said act in this respect forfeits 100/.
A3
l|
IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION.
Pott:
Ahkrvitwitii
Ahtrdmey •
Ai.nHoftouuii
Ahukobl •
nARNtTAVLB
UitAirMAHrs
AmIuH-li
ViiHintif -
Carmtrwn
PnUhely •
lltirmoiitH
Bbbwick -
niDBrORD -
HdHTON
Ubiuubwatbr
UBini.INOTOM
Hriupuht •
liniSTOL •
Cariiifb
Cardioan
Cari.ui.r •
ClIRPHTOW -
('lIBSTKR -
('iiiciiKarBR
Cl.AY
colciib tbr
Cowiu(East)
Dartmouth
Salcombt •
Drat,
DOVBR
^ Futktfone
Ebrtrh •
Teif(nnwtith
Falmouth
Favbrbiiak
UUton
FowBi -
OiX)UCB«TBB
Orimbbv •
Goor.B
OWRBK -
Harwich
Hull
Iitracohhb
Ipswich
Ibi.b op Man
Darini Haven
Peet ■ .
Ramacy
Lan-cartrr
PtHtltim '
Vlverston
I'BIUH
lilVRRrOOL
(.I.ANBI.LV
LvMB
LvNN
Maldon
MII.FORD -
MlNRHKAD
Nbwcasti.b
Shirlih ■
lltifthiu>ok
UNOLAND.
Statiunt /iir brinffing to*
(Irnvciwnil Heoch, buluw the CuMom-
house*
On Ihu Imr. or n little niKivc the ,|un>tlon
of till' rlvtTH Hlivilol .111(1 VBtwlth.
A little to the westward of the town, in the
river Ilovey.
Orforil hiiveii, the entrance of the rivem
(Ire (iiut Aide.
Tile (liirH on the e.iH(*Tn side of the river,
Itetwt'en tile revt'iuie wateh-home niui
the Iliiiie of Norfoiii'H Uu iv, in the har-
iMxir of Kiiilehain]>lon.
Sliern and watch-lioti^e, Apjiltnlore.
t>itiM)sitc the town, nt tryaru Huads.
U itiiln the hariioiir.
In the rondittead opposiie the town.
In the liny off the town, n|)iiositu the Hell
Tower,'aiui at Aliennenni.
At the entrance of the harbour, hy the
(iimiiiet Hock.
In the harliour.
In the harhotir.
At the entrance of the harl)Oiir> near the
|tier head.
Skern and watch-house, Ani)Iedore.
HohHnle.
Jletween Ilotestall Point, on the coant of
the Ilrl^tol Channel, and HIack Hock,
aliout a mile within the mouth of the
river Parrott.
The luiv or harbour.
The oiiter buoy, distant about 30O yards,
nbre.'iAt of the harbour.
Piil and Kinirnroad.
IViiriih Roads, a little to the eastward of
the mouth of the river Tall*.
At I'wilcain, a Utile inside the bar or har-
bour's inoutJi.
Fislier's Cross.
At tlie entrance of the riv r Wye.
Dowpnol, t> miles from iluyluke.
Cockiiuhh harlmtir.
Ilinckney and Clay harbour.
c;oln Klver, off Mersia Stone, Alersea
Island.
Roailste.Td of Cowes, extending from east
to wi'st about '2i miles.
Between the mouth of the harbour and
Sandiiuay Point.
At the mouth of the harhoui snani
Point.
In the Downs, in open roadstead.
The outer harbour.
In the harbour.
At the PnssaRe Way, Exmouth.
At the Point.
In the harbour, off Kiln Quay and watch-
house.
Between the mouth of Faversham Creek
and the Horse Sand in the East Swale.
At the mouth of Milton Creek in the
Swale.
Near the Custom-house, not far firom the
entrance of the harbour.
At the outfall, near the entrance of the
harboiur.
Hull Hoads.
Duri;an Koads, just at the entrance of the
river Hel.
In the harliour, between the Guard and
Walton Ferry.
Hull Koads, between the east end of the
citadel and the entrance to the Huinber
dock to the westward.
In the harbour.
In the harbour, between the Guard and
Walton Ferry.
■In their respective bays.
Glasson Dock, on the river I.une.
Sea Dyke, entrance of the river Wyre.
Pile Fowilrv, near the Isle of Walney.
LeiKh Slatie, or Ix.-i);h Swatch, which
channel is formed by the sjiit of a sand
call.'d Marsh End, leadinn from the east
end of Canvv Island, and nearly opposite
to a windmill, called the Hamlet Mill,
situate upon the Clilf, about ^ a mile to
the westward of Southend, and aliout *2
miles from Lei(;h.
- At the entrance of the respective docks.
- The basin within the pier 01 colib of Lyme
HeKis.
. Nottingham Point, intermediate sjiace be-
tween Common Strath Quay, where the
estuarv narrows into a river, about 3
miles below the town, or near as circum-
stances iiermit within thi' point.
• B.trrow Hills, opposite 131ackw.ati r River,
Maldon.
- In the haven, opposite the towi. of Mil-
ford.
- The entrance of the harbour.
. Opjiosite the watch-house, at the entrance
of the river Tvne.
- Low Lights, North Shields.
- At the entrance of the harbour.
Purtt.
Nbiviiavkh •
Nbw PORT (Wales)
Paiihtow -
Pknzancb -
fil. Michatft •
Plymouth
Pdolb ■ •
PoRTIMOIITII
llAMKnATK
Mttr^nti- -
Haiuhvirh
H< rllKSrRR -
IIVK
HittfiiiffH •
EtiMflnmnte
ScAHDUHOUUU
Scii.lv -
SnORBIIAM
Southampton
SoUTIiWOLD
Stockton -
St. Ivbs -
Hiii/lr
SuNOBRLAND
SWANSRA •
Neuth -
Truro •
Wklu -
WBVMOItTH
WlllTHV -
Whitehavbn
Hitrringinn
Workuif^iin
JUjrlfpoii
Wiubbach
woodbridob
Yarmouth
Abbrdxbn
Peterhead
Newburgh
Stonehaven
A vb -
Banff
BoRROWSTOS'KSS -
I'lverkexthing •
Ca.miirltown
Dumkbifs -
DUNDKR
Newlmrgh and
Perth
(iLABOOW -
URANdRMOUTH •
AUna -^
Kincardine
Uhbe.vuck -
Rofhany
Oban
TiAermori)
Inverarn
Slalloni for bringing to.
In the stream between the piers, and the
tide surveMirs watc hhousc.
At the wali'hhouse, I mile from theLut-
tom-house.
Il.iwker'n Cove, within the harlxiur.
tiwavas Lake.
HI. Michael's Mount Knads.
Within tiie line of the breakwater, vl/.
the Sound, 1 ■.ilwaier, and llainoaze.
At the eulraiue of the harbour, bi'twecn
South Diep, omiosite llrownsea Cimtie,
and the Kssex liuoy, opiHjsite the castle
stables. „ . .
Between Blockhouse Point and the north
end of his .'Majesty's dock yard.
In the roadstead, within I mile of the
Spii Iluov.
In liie harbour.
In the harbour.
At the entrance of the harbour.
hbecmess.
The outer channel, and in Stag s Hole, In
tile hllier clianiu-l.
In the open rofulste.ad.
In the ojien ritadstead-
Entrance of the harlKiur, opposite the
liKht'huuiei at the end of \'iiicent's
Pier.
Near the entrance of the harbour, in the
western branch, opiKisite the cuitoms
watch-house and Kingston Wharf,
lichen buoy, or Burslidon buoy.
Opposite the jetty, near the entriince of
the hartiour.
Ninth buoy, or opposite Cleveland Port.
In the bay, within i a mile of St. Ives
iibr.
The same.
At the entrance of the harbour, near the
wutrh-bouse on the South pier.
In the h-trbour.
Briton Ferry, near the entrance of Neath
Klver.
Falmouth harlmur.
Between the entrance of the harbour and
Wells Quay.
Wevmouth iloads.
"The harbour.
In the harbour lietween the tongue and
bulwark.
^In their respective harbours.
At the liKht-houses about 3 miles below
the station at Sutton Wish.
Bawdsey Ferry, the entrance of the river
Deben.
Yarmouth Koads, between Nelson's monu-
ment and the haven's mouth — on the
Brush, a short distance within the haven's
mouth, at the south-east angle of the
river.
SCOTLAND.
That part of Alierdeen Bay which falls
within a line beginning at the eastern-
most point of the Girdle Ness, and run-
ning north 11 mile, to a iioint due
east of the centre of the Broad Mill.
The bay.
Within the river Ythan, opposite to the
village Newlmrgh.
Stonehaven Bay, within 800 yards of the
entrance of tlie harbour.
South Quay at Ayr.
The I^egai (Juays.
The harliour.
The harbour.
The harbour.
The harbour.
The harbour.
■J Caroline Koads, IJ mile to the eastward
J of the h.nrbour or Dundee.
Entrance of tiie harbour.
Entrance of the harbour.
Alloa roadstead.
Kincardine ro;idstead.
From (iravel I'oiiit, to the eastward of the
town of tireenock, in the county of He»-
frew, to Kenipock I'oint, bi ing the
western point of (Jourock llay, inciiid-
ini therein C,irtsdvl.e B.iv, Greenock
Koads, the anchorage at the tail of the
bank, and Gourock Bay.
Rothsay Kav, lyinK and beinp within
Bovany Pohit, on tlie east of the town of
Rothsay, in the Isle of Bute, county of
Bute, and .Vrdiiialish Point on the west
of the said town.
, Oban Bav, in the county of Argyle, as lies
within Fishing-houte I'oint on the
eastern side, and Currick Point on the
western side of the said bay.
The Bay of Tobermorv, lying and being
within I.eidig I'oint to the south-east,
Portinore Point to the north-west, and
the Isle of Calve on the east of Tober-
morv, Isle of aiull, countv of Argyle.
The riadstead of Inverary, lying iind being
off the town of Inverary, in the county
of Argvie, and extending i a mile
north-east of the quay of the said town.
LISBON. — OLIVE OIL.
viz.
Piirli.
LiKkgllitheail
Invriink.!!
1 M V 1 N K •
KiHKAr.nv
Altrnhiiir unit
lliirtllhlitilil
Pitti'tttrren
V»»iirt •
H em iftt •
Met/, It .
Li'vrn
hiif .
yliiatrtithfr
Sf. .tnitirw't
KlUKWAM.
Stmmni'ia
liKirii
Ihinfuir -
I'lilitrrow
I.FUWICK •
Arhroalh
I'linr (ii.A»uow
SrORHAWAY
Sl-ItANRARR
I'lirl fiilrirk
TilLHSO
^t.ithtu far Mnglng !«.,
• L<Hlii(il|ilii'ul l(<inil>, Al thi' caul end nfllio
(riti.iii (Aiiiil, lyltiu iiriil Iiimmk within
Arclri»hnl({ Point, on the wiNtem slilc of
I.ni'ti|jll|iheAil and Kilnmrv rnlnt, uli
till- f.i»iiTn ililt; of tliu »aul locli.
- Thi> ti.irbour.
• Till' Itartiour.
- Knlranif of tin- liarlxiur.
I IlurntUlinul RuiuU.
. Klrknldy ll.iy.
->Lnrf;o Hiy.
[ Knirancu lo their rOTjicttlve harliouri),
St. .\n(lr('w'H liav.
'I'liL- Hay, or Kirkwall Knails, i'xl.niillnn
alonK the lie nil. In u north-east ilirer-
tlon, t(» Thief* Holm, ami in ;l westerly
lUrection loUuanterniNs Skcrrt, theme
In a southerly dire^tluil lo the LeKal
UU'1^1.
The hay i-.illecl l'.iirs>on Unidv
lletween the inarteilo tower and chain
|iier at Newhaven.
Tn the harhour.
In the harlioiir.
In the hav, opposite the riistniTl-hoiise.
Within tlie liar, at the entrance of (he
river South Ksk.wldi'h K called the Still.
The harhour.
I*ort (il.is(;uw Uoads, or roadstead, com-
inenclnu at the lilack and uhite die-
i|uered luioy, on the ea.st point of the
hank called tiie I'erch, distant IVcini the
harbour alinut '^1)0 yards, ami extending
hi a south-easterly diri-t lion hv the
course of the river l' lyde to the old ruins j
called Newark Castle.
The harlKiur.
The liarliour of Stranraer.
'I'he harbour.
'i'luirso Hay, within llolhum Head to the
anchorage ground at Scrabster lloads.
Porii.
Wick •
Haitihohr
f'laHf Ti'ivnumI
SlillltifU for hriilning to.
U'iik Bay, when il reast or within ih«
heiid land called the Old .Man of Wick.
IKELWD.
I'lallr Towntrmn M the entrance of the harUuir< of Tn
(••■iikHitim .J. Townseii.l,II,vlllmore,( rm)k Haven,
llir,' Hill III -S Ih're Haven,
rBAiIe
and
"t'oathui Stn. )}''"'""*''' "oixl*. in lklf,i,t I.oui;(,,
foi.RBAi.sK • I'ort Kush Hay, outsi,!,. the h irlwur.
<-oBK (lipvK) - Between the Spli Imoy Aiid the town of
t ove.
Writ Pauiige ■ Helwem Ferry Toint to the southward iiiiil
Horse Heail to the norlh»t.sl.
- I'liper Cove, on the ejisti i n side of the
ivtrlMiur.
• Within the entrance of the li.irbnur, be-
tween Hlackliali Head to the eastward,
ami Kerrv I'oint.
- North t rook, at the entrance of the
Hoyne.
• In the river Hoyne, opposite (Jueen-
horouuh.
• riueon-house, betweiii the harliour liiiht-
house and the end <i( the .North Wall.
- Soiiliers I'oint.
- To the eastward, or under the shelter of
Mutton Isl.lnd.
- Tarbert's Itoails, to the soui hward of Tar-
liert Island, iii lhecount\ of Kerry.
- (ireenc.-lstle, situate on tlie north tide of
l.ou:jh Foyle.
- \Varren I'oint Roads.
- Hallyheury Has or .\ndliy's Town Bay.
- (Ksler Island.
- AnchoniKeof Killil.e(,'..
■ In the river, abreast of W.ird Town-
house.
- Moyne I'ool.
- Killala I'ool.
] [ rassn^e.
- 'I'hc h ,1'bour.
- The inihorime ((round at Annauh Head,
in I'lcw Hav.
- South Hay, aliout 10 inilen from Wexford.
Kitimh '
YoHghaH
nRUUIIKDA •
iiiteeiibtiri^uifh
Huin.iv -
DiNIlAI.K •
liALWAV ■
I.IMHniCK ■
LoNDONI>IIRRy
Nkwrv
Stritngforit
Smoo .
hitliht'gt •
tliiHifahainwii
lliilliiiii •
Killiilil
WATRBfORD
\'fn> HoS»
Dtingilri'itn
AVestpokt
WKxr:)RU -
LISBON. — In return for the privilege conceded to the Portuguese under the
Methuen treaty {Dht. p. 1177.), of admitting their wines to entry for consumption in
Great Britain, at 2-3ds tlie duty charged on French wines, British woollens were ad-
mitted into Portugal at a duty of 15 per cent. Tliis rate of duty w.is afterwards ex-
tended to all British articles; and, since 178'J, it has been charged according to a tariff
or valuation fixed that year. But, with the exception of goods from Brazil, all other
foreign goods consumed in Portugal paid a duty of .'50 per cent. These distinctions are
now, however, at an end ; the subjoined decree liaving fixed the duty on all goods ad-
mitted to consumption in Portugal, without regard to their origin, at 1.5 percent. This
regulation was a good deal complained of here, but without reason. Having judiciously
equalised the duties on French and Portuguese wines, we had no riglit or title to expect
that the Portuguese should continue to render us the stipulated equivalent of what we
had ourselves withdrawn. In so far, too, as we are concerned, the change is not really
of any material importance, and will not sensibly affect our trade with Portugal. Wc
join the decree referred to: —
II. Good)) admitted to consumption hy the present decree,
if imported in I'ortuKuese vessels from the country in which
they are protluccd, or in shins of that country coming direct,
^ will pay V) per cent., levied upon the taritt valuation, anil
Sect. 1. Live nii;s, Runpowder, i\ud foreif^ olive and turnii* i. where there is no tarill", ml nitiirem. In the contrary t .ue,
oil, are excepted Irom the foreL'oiiiB article. I will pay the duly hereby established increased l,v J of the
Sect. 'i. Tne iinpoitatiou of ^raiit will be reijulated by a same duty.
'-' ' -■••' - •' ' ' -' " o. ....:•!„.,. Sec,. 1. \'ine(!ar, wine, brandy, and all other spirits will pay
.TOO reis per bottle or jar. Thedei reeof the 7th of Ilecemlier,
lS'.i,>, remains in full force as n-j,Mrds nnn, wliatever place it
comes tVom. 'i'he yomls comprehended in this paragraph re-
main subject to the clauses of the preieiling article, as far as
they are applicable.
Palace of Secaaidail,:!, l"Sth of April, 18.U.
.subjt
I. All Koods and merchandlsCjOf whatever nature and origin,
and under whatever Hag they may he imported, are admitted
into the t'ustom-house of Lisbon ami ( >porto, to be despatched
for consumjJtion.
siiecial law ; and in the iiieaii time the existing dispositions
tnereunto relating will continue in force.
Sect. 7i* Tobacco, soaji, and orchilla weed, continue subject
to the laws and conditions of the state contracts.
Sect- 4. Wine, vineg.ar, brandy, and other spirits of whit-
ever ipiality they may In-, are only admitted in bottles or Jars
of half a c'lmililiit Lisbon measure, and in boxes contalninff y
dozens of bottles each. Hum, however, is admitted in casks of
any size. i
OLIVE OIL. — In consequence of petitions and representations from the woollen
manufacturers, setting forth the serious injury they sustained from the oppressive duty
of 8/. 8s. a tun laid on olive oil (Did. p. H62.), it has been reduced 50 per cent., or to
41. Is. a tun. — (4 & .5 Jf'itl. 4. c. 89. § 15.) The reduction does not, however, extend
to oil brought from Napli!s or Sicily ; but liis IMajesty is emi)owered, if he see cause, to
reduce the duty on such oil to 41. 4s. a tun, 1)\ an order in council. Tiiis exception is
understood to have been made in the view of facilitating the negociations now in progress
with the King of Naples for a reduction of the exorl)itant duties laid on pilchards and
other British articles imported into his dominions. It is to be hoped that these nego-
ciations may be sjietidily brought to a satisfactory conclusion ; for tlie largest portion by
far of the olive oil made use of here being brought from Naples (Gallipoli, see Diet.
p. 86";5. ), the continuance of the higii duties on it goes far to nullify the measure. Those
who take into view the importance of olive oil in the arts, particularly in the woollen
manufacture, atui are aware that the revenue derived from it has not exceeded 50,000/.
A 4
8
POST-OFFICE. — SEAMEN.
a year, will probably join with us in opinion, that the duty should cither be repealed, or
reduced to, at must, '2l, Ui. a tun.
POST-OFFICE The inconveniences complained of in Did- p. 9.%'., with respect
tn the transmission of newspapers by post, have been almost entirely obviated by the act
4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 44.
It relates partly t(i the roiivcyancc ofncwsnaporn t(i snil IVom the eolniilefi, and imrtly to their convey-
ance to and t'roin foroiKn part*. At prrnent, liit eacli Ih charKctl on all HrltUh and Iriiih newitpapert tent
b)'imckct to anv of the coIoiiIch ; and 'M. on all colonial newitpa|H!r8 itent hy packtt to (ireat liritain and
Ireland. But thesic charueii are to ceaoe on the Iht of ()ct()bpr, IKH; and IVoin and alter that date the
rost-ortico is to receive British and Irish newspapers duly stainiH-d, and to convey thcni to the colonies
free ol' postage ; and the colonial postmasters are tn receive ni'\vs|mpcTs printed within the colonies, and
to transmit them hy packet to Great Britain and Ireland ; the (teneral I'ost-otllce being bound to deliver
them to their address within the kingiloni free of |Kistai{e. — ^ ^ '/ and .'I.*
The following clauses relate to the conveyance of iiewspaiiers to and tVom foreign parts : —
NrwaiMfjcra lu uml/rom Funu'fin I'aitu From and alter the 1st day of Octol)cr, IK.'U, the Post-offlce
shall receive any printed ncwspa|>crs duly stam|>ed for conveyance by packet boats from (ireat Britain and
Ireland to any lorciKii port, and forward the same accordingly free ofiMiHtage; and ncwspaners printed
in any foreign kingdom or state, and brnnght Into the U. K. by packets, shall (// printed in the lan/fuagf
of t/ir foreign kinfiilom or stntf jfroni wAirh the same shall he furtrarded, but not otherwise) be delivered
by the Ucneral Post within the U. K. free of iMistage : provided, that before any newspapers to or from any
foreign port lie conveyed or delivered fVec of postage, under the provisions of this clause, gatisfuctory
proof be laid before the postmaster-general that printed newspapers sent IVom (Ireat Britain or Ireland
are allowed to pass by po.it within such foreign kingdom or state free of postage, and also that newspapers
addressed to ony person or place in (Jreat Britain or Ireland from the same are allowed to pass by post
within it tVec of postage ; and it Is hereby declared, as to every newspajier put into the post-ottice within
Great Britain or Ireland for conveyance by packet, addressed to any foreign kingdom or state in which
printed British newspajiers are not allowed to pass hy post free of postage, the ]Ki»tniaster-general (until
»uch satisfactory proof be laid before him) and his deputies shall demand and take Crf. for the convey,
ance of every newspaper to any foreign \wr\, to be paid when It is put into the post-ollice , and as to every
new8|>a|>cr addressed to Great Britain or Ireland, and brought into the U. K. from any foreign kingdom
or state in which such newspapers arc not allowed to nass by post free of postage, it is declared that the
postmaster-general (until such satisfactory proof belaid before him) and his deputies shall demand and
take for the conveyance of every such newspaper by post 2rf , to be paid on delivery thereof to its address,
over and above any postage charged thereon by any foreign Fost-oltice, provided such paper be in the
language of the kingdom or state from which it is forwardcHi, — ^ 4.
lie-imposi/itm itf Postage,— The pnstiiiaster.general, with consent of the Lords of the Treasury, Is autho>
rised to re-iinpose the iluty of postage in the event of the conditions as to reciprocity not being conijilicd
with ^ 5.
Newspnpers to be sent in Covers, open at Sides, ife. — Every newspaper sent by post under this act, must
either be sent without a cover, or in a cover open at the sides ; notliiiig Is to be printed on the paper
after it has been published, nor is any writing or mark to be made upon such paper, or the cover thereof,
other than the name and address of the person to whom it is sent, nor is any paper or thing to be enclosed
or concealed in such paper or its cover. — ^ fi.
IJmitntion of Time for Pottage. — Newspapers to be posted within 7 days after date of the same j other-
wise may be detained, or charged with po.slage as a letter. .— ^ 7.
Newspapers addressed to Persons who have removed may be re^directed, and sent to them free (\f Eilra
Charge. — But if any news|)aper shall have l)een o|)cned or used, it shall, on re-direction, be charged with
the rate of a single letter, trom the place at which it shall be re-directed to the place at which it shall be
ultimately delivered. — . ^ 8.
Postmaster-general, with Consent of the Treasury, may contract with Editors, S/c. qf unstamped Pub.
lications for forwarding the same by Post, on Payment (fa yearly Sum for each Publication. — ^9.
Power to Search — The {lostmaster and his deputies may examine ond search printed i>apcrs sent
in covers, open at the sides, and in case any words or communication be found to he printed on any
such paper after the same was published, or any writing or mark be found on it or the cover thereof
other than the name and address of the person to whom it is sent, or any other paper or thing be enclosed
or concealed in or with it, or any printed words or communication be found upon its cover, or in case any
newspaper brought into the U. K. from any foreign kingdom or state be not printed in the language of
such kingdom or state, every such packet shall be charged with treble the duty of letter postage ; and as
to every paper or packet going out of the U. K., the postmaster-general or his deputies may cither detain
it, or forward it by {lOst, charged with letter postage ; and in case any newspaper printed and posted in the
U. K., and sent by post under this act, shall appear not to be duly stamped, it shall be stopped and sent to
the commissioners of stamps at London or Dublin.
The other clauses are of no importance.
Inland North American Postage. — The act 4 Will. 4. c. 7 places the regulation of the inland postage
of the North American colonies, and the appropriation of the revenue arising from the same, wholly in
the power of the provincial or colonial legislatures.
RAISINS. — The duty on all raisins, without distinction of quality, brought from a
foreign country, has been reduced to 1 5s. a cwt. ; and to half that sum on those brought
from a British possession. — (4 & 5 JHll. 4. c. 89. § 15.) This measure will, no doubt,
materially increase the consumption of raisins. The tax ought, however, to have varied
with the quality. A duty of 1 ,5s. a cwt. is not too much on Malaga muscatels ; but, to
be in proportion, the duty on Smyrna blacks should not exceed 5s. a cwt.
SEAMEN The reader will find in the body of this work, p. 1015., a notice of
the corporation established by the act 20 Geo. 2. c. 38. for the relief and support of
maimed and disabled merchant seamen, and of the widows, children, &c. of such seamen
as were killed or drowned in the merchant service. But, as the funds at the disposal of the
corporation have been very limited, it has not been much heard of. Under previous acts,
6d. per month was deducted from the wages of all seamen in the merchant service ; the
produce of which assessment was paid over to the trustees of Greenwich Hospital, in the
benefit of which institution such seamen were to be allowed to participate. But this
• N. B. —The old regulations still continue in force as to all newspapers conveyed to and from the
colonics otherwise than by packet.
S£AM£N.
9
arrangement lia» latterly been much ohjocted to, and a|)])arcntly not without good reason ;
for it iippeurs from the othciul returns ( />i(^ pp. lOin, 1017. )< that, tliongh the con-
tributions from merchant sliips to Green<vieli lIoHpital in IS'JH and IH'J!) exceeded
20,U(X)/. a year, there was not on the cstuhlishment u single indiviiluid who liad been
exclusively employed in the merchant service ! The heavy expenses attending the col-
lection of the duty were, also, much objecteil to.
lie/Hiut of the fuL a Mouth firrenwich Diifi/, — To obviate these complaints, the
4 8c 5 Will. 4. c. .'}4. directs that the contribution of (iit. ])er month by seamen in the
merchant service to Greenwich Hospital shall cease from the 1st of January, IHU.') ; and
that 20,000/. ,a year shall be advanced from the consolidated fund to the Hospital, to make
good the deficiency caused by the cessation of such contribution.
New Estalilinhmeiit for Support of Merrhant Svoincn, Sr. — And to provide still more
cfFectually fur the relief and support of maimed and disabled merchant seamen, and
of the widows, &c. of those killed or drowned in the merchant service, the act
4 &5 Will. 4. c. ,52. has been passed. This act repeals the 20 Geo. 2. c. ;)8., except
in so far as it relates to the establishment of the cor))(>rati()n of president and governors
for the relief of maimed, &c. merchant seamen, and of the widows and children of
seamen killed or drowned in the merchant service ; and it also repeals as i lueh of
the act 37 Geo. 3. c. 7.'5. as relates to the wages of seamen dying while employed in
ships trading to the West Indies. Having thus cleared the way for a new system, it goes
on to enact : —
Praiilent and Governors empowered to relieve dimthled Seamen, Hfe. — Tlicsaid proHulciit ami govoriiorH
and their successors are mithorised to provide, in their hosi>ital, for such bcainen as are rendered incapa.
Me of service by sickness, wounds, or other accidental inislortunes, and those who sliall l)ecoine decrepit
or worn out by age, or to allow them certain peiisioiis, or otherwise, as the president and K»vernors deem
meet and most for the ndvantaKCof the said charity ; and also to relieve the widows and eliildreii of such
■camcn as shall be killed, slain, or drowned in the said service; and also to relieve the widows anil
children of seamen dying ul'tcr having contributed during a term of '■21 years to the funds of this corpor.
ation ; provided such children are not of the age of H years, or if of that aKC or upwards, not capable of
getting a livelihood by reason of lameness, blindness, or other infirmities, and are proper objects of
Charity; and also to relieve the widows and children (such children being proper objects of charity) of
luch seamen as at the tinic of their death shall have been receiving or been entitle<l to pensions, under
and by virtue of this act, from the fund hereby to be creatctl, as decrepit or worn-out seamen : provided
thot no widow shall be entitled to any beneHt under this act, who shall not have been the wife of such
seaman or pensioner before he became entitled to relief under its provisions : provided nevertheless, that
no seaman shall be entitled to any provision or benelit of this act, on account of any hurt or damage re-
ceived on board any ship or vessel, unless he produce, or cause to be produce<l, a certiticatc of the said
hurt or damage from the master, mate, boatswain, and surgeon, or so many of them as were in the vessel
to which he belongcnl at the time of his receiving such hurt or damage, or of the master and i of the sea«
men, if there be no other otticcr, or in case the master shall die, or be killed or drowned, then of the
person who shall take upon him the care of the ship or vessel, and S2 of the seamen on l)oard the same,
under their hands and seals, thereby signifying how and in what manner such seaman received such hurt
or damage, whether in tighting, defending, working, loading, or unloading the said ship or vessel, where
and when he entered, and how long he had served on tioard the same ; and the parties so signir)g and
lealing such certiticate arc hereby required to make oath to the truth thereof before .some justice of the
peace, if given in Great Britain or Ireland, or the chief officer of the customs of the port or place where
there is no justice of the peace, or before the liritish consul or resident in any foreign country where
such certificate is executed (who are respectively authorised and rcHpiircd to administer the same without
fee or reward; ; and in case of sickness, whereby such scama'n shall be rendered incapable of service, a
certificate signed, sealed, and authenticated in like manner, signifying that he was healthy when he
entered on board such ship or vessel, and that such sickness was contracted on board the same, or on
shore in doing his duty in the service of the ship, and not otherwise, and expressing the time and place
he entered on board such ship or vessel, and how long he had servcKl therein : and tl)at no widow, child,
or children of any seaman killed, slain, or drowned in the said service, shall be relieved or entitled to any
allowance by virtue of this act unless she or they, or some person on her or their behalf, shall producea
certificate, signed, sealeil, and authenticated in like maimer, signifying how and in what manner such
seaman lost his life in the service of the said ship or vessel, the time and place he entered on board, nnrl
how long he had served therein ; and that no w idow,child, or children of any seaman in the said service shall
be entitled to any relief by virtue of this act, unless she or they shall pro(iuce, or cause to be prixluced, a
certificate under the hands and seals of the minister and churchwardens and overseers of the poor of the
parish, township, or place, or any 2 of them, or under the hands and seals of the minister and overseers
of the poor of the parish, township, or place, or any l.' of them, where there are no churchwardens, or if
in Scotland, by the minister and elders, or if in Ireland, by a justice ofthe]>eace for the parish, township,
or place where such widow, &c. shall at the time reside, and if such widow, &c are some of the people
called Quakers, then by any 2 reputable persons of that jwrsuasion, of the parish, township, or place
where such widow, &c. have a legal settlement, or do inhabit and reside, to be attested by 2 or more
credible witnesses, that such widow was the lawful wife and real widow, and that such child or children
was or were the lawful child or children of such deceased seaman as aforesaid, and that such child or
children is and are under the age of U years, or if of that age or upwards, not capable of getting a livelU
hood by reason of lameness, blindness, or other infirmities, and is or are proper objects of chanty ; and
that no seaman shall be provided for by a pension or otherwise, as decrepit or worn out, unless he have
served in the merchant service for the space of 5 years, and have during that time paid the monthly duty
out of his wages, imposed by the act 20 Geo. 2. c. ;38., or by this act required to be henceforward paid
and deducted, as the case may happen, for the uses and purposes herein provided. — ^ 2.
Forgery of Certificate. — Forged certificates to be null and void ; and those knowingly using them to be
liable to the punishment of an incorrigible rogue. — ^ 3.
Courts. — The president and ,0 assistants to make a court, who are to meet weekly. The court may
apply the monies of the corporation, and appoint the otiicers and their salaries, and do all other matters
and things necessary. — ^4.
All Masters and Owners of Merchant Ships or Vessels, &c. to pay 2*. per Month. — For cfTecting the
ends and purposes aforesaid, every master of any merchant snip or vessel belonging to any British subject,
and every owner, being a British subject, navigating or working his own ship or vessel, whether the said
ship or vessel be employed on the high sea, or coasts of Great Britain or Ireland, or in any port, bay, or
creek of the same, shall, from and after the 31st day of December, 18j4, pay Us. per mouth, and proper-
says*
10
SEAMEN.
tionahly for a lesser time, durini^ the time he o» they shall be employed in §uch mert-hant ship or vessel,
for the uses and purposes afori.'3aid : ]tro\ ided always, that sucli masters or owners, or their widows and
children under H years of .'>;ie, or being objects of charity as aforesaid, shall heentitleil to a proportionate
increase of the pension or allowance, by this act provided, accurding to thediU'erence between the amount
of the monthly duty paid by other seamen, manners, and pilots, in case such master or owner shall have
paid the '2s per month for a period of 5 years or 61) months before any application to the said president
and governors I'tr relief under this act; but in case any such master or ouner be killeil or tlrowned,
or -become deci'-pit, maimed, or disabled, before he or they shall have paid such increased rate
of 2v. per month 1 )r the full period of ;> years or tiO months as aforesaid, then such masters or owners, or
their widows and children, shall be entitled to such smaller pension or allowance as the said president and
governors, or the trustees to be ap|)ointed, shall think fit. — ^ n.
All Seamen, or other Persons serving on hoard .inch Ships or J'essc/s, to pni/ \s. per Munt/i. — Every
seaman or other person whatsoever who shall serve or be employed in any merciiant snip, or other private
ship or vessel, belonging to any ]5riti:?h subject, whether employed on the liiHh sea, or coasts of (ireat
Britain or Ireland, or in any port, bay, or creek of the same, and every pilot employed on brard any such
ship or vessel, .jiiall, from and alter the .'Jlst day of December, 1K.J4, pay l.v. per month, and proportionably
for a lesser time, during the time he or tlvy sliall be employed in or belong to the said ship or vessel, for
the use: and purposes aforesaid : provided that this act shidl not be construed to extend to any person
employed in taking tisli, in any boat upon any of the coasts ef (-.eat Britain or Ireland, or the islands of
Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, .Sark, and Man, nor to any person employed in boats or vessels that trade
only from place lo i)lace within any river of (jreat Hritain or Ireland. — ^ ti.
Musters of Ships to keep in their llantts l.v. per Month out of Seamen s Pay. — The master, owner, or
commander of every such merchant or i)rivate ship or vessel is hereby required to deduct out of the
wages, shares, or other profits i)ayable tc seamen or other persons employe<l on board such ship or
vessel (other than those hereby exie|)tedi, the said mijiithly duty, and shall p.iy the same, together with
the amount of the duty owing from liimself, to such olHcer or oilicers as shall be lawfully appointed at
any of the out-ports for collecting the said duty of I*, per month, if such seamen or other persons be en.
titled to any such wages, shares, or profits. — (".
Appointment of Iteceivers. — President and governors, with the concurrence of commissioners of
customs, to appoint such persons to receive the monthly duties at the out-ports as they may think lit,
making them a reason;i'jle allowance for their trouble, which is not, however, in any case, to exceed
b per cent, on the gross sum collected. — ^8.
Muster Roll. — '...very ma.ster is to keo]) a true and faithful muster roll of the crew of his ship, specify,
ing in writing the name of every one of the crew, inci:iding apprentices, with the various particulars as
to the ])lace of each person's birth, th^ place and time of his entry to the ship, the place and time of his
discharge from or leavir)g the same, and if hn be discharged or left, with the other particulars specified
in the subjoined formula, in the event of his being hurt, killed, &c. : —
A List and Account of the Crew (including the Master and Apprentices) of the Ship of the
Tort of whereof is Ma.ster, at the Period of hc'r Departure from th Port of
in the United Kingdom, and on her lleturn to the Port of in the United
Kingdom, and also of those who have joined the Ship at any 'I'iinc during the Voyage.
Afen*s
Names.
Place of
Dirth.
Place
and Time of Entry.
Place and Time of Dis-
charge, or leaving
the Ship.
U'hen and
where receiv-
ed hurt or
damaged.
When or
where kilfed
or drowned,
or died a natu-
ral Death.
What Clothes
or other Ef-
fects any de-
ceasetl l\Ian
has left.
i^
m
Pay.
Month.
Year.
Day.
Month.
Year.
Ls,d.
Duplicates of this accoui t are to be delivers •. to the collectors of the duties it the port where the
vessel discharges ; and anj master or connnander neglecting :o keep such muster roll, and neglecting or
refusing to deliver it to the collectors of the duties, shall forfeit for every such oBence the sum of .O/.
The collectors are to transmit to the president and governors the duplicates received from such vessels as
do not belong to the port of discharge ; and the latter are to transmit them to the same. Collectors
neglecting to transmit such duplicates iu'iur a penalty of 51. — ^ 9.
Masters to tlediiel Penalties from fVafirs. — 'I'he master of every ship coming within the provisions of
this act shall deduct out of the wages of the seamen thereof the amovnit of all forfeitures incurred by any
such seamen, and every master is hereby required truly to enter the same in a book to be kept by hiin Cor
that purpose, which shall be signed by the master and the person next in command, both of them certify-
ing that it contains all the forfeitures which have been incurred by the seamen of the ship during the
voyage, to the truth wliereof the master shall make oath when required before tne oKicer of the i)rcsi-
dent and governors in London, or before their collectors at the out-ports ; anil the said book, or a true
copy thereof signed and certified as aforesaid, shall, within I calendar month alter the ship's return from
her voyagi, be delivered to the said olHi'i^r liy the master, together with extracts from the log-book of the
entries therei i of the causes of the several forfeitures ; and every master v. ho shall refuse or neglect to
deliver such account shall forfeit ami pay the sum of '2i)l , 10.
E.ramination of Masters, liic. — Collectors may suiimioii masters of vessels, and examine them upon
oath as ti, the truth of the muster mils ; masters refusing to appei.r or to answer, to toifeit 10/. — \ II.
/{egii/al/ons as to (lovernmenl Ships — Sccre'aries, ^•■, of public government ollicis t'. give in a list of
ships and vessels employeil in their service, and of 'iie s"ainen or other persons employed n ^uch ships or
vessels; and the treasurers, \c of such oHices are to p;iy no wages or freight to any ma.'>ter, {<(• until he
produi'e an ai'ipiittanee sigiieil by receiver of dutie. . — § IJ.
Pai/ment <;/' iJnfies. — The said monthly duties are to be paid at the ;.o-i where the .ship or vessel
unloads her cargo, Itefore she lie eteareil inirarils and all otIi<'ers are inte.dicted from granting any
cockets, transire, ^.c ,'()r permitting any vessel to go out of any port, unl 'ss it . ppcar l!;» the ac(|uiltances
of the collectors of the said didies that they are not more than .i montln in arrear of the same ; every
officer acting contrary to this regulation to forfeit Itil. But masters or owners may agree with the
tru-tees and collectors lor half-yearly paynieiits, — (■ 1;5
Pri'rention of Deldi/ To i)reveMt unnecessary delay, it is enacted, that if masters fiil to produce
proper acquittance or certificate of agreement, tidewaiters to be continued on board at their expense. —
^ 14.
Penalties by this act recoverable before a magistrate. — ^ I!).
Appointment if Trustees, l<fc. — From .uid after the 1st day of October, IS.Il-, it shall be lawful for the
owners, masters, and commanders employed mi board ships and vessels belonging to any of the out-ports
to assianblc and meet at any time and place within the datnc tliat shall be appoiided by atiy 5 or mere
SEAMEN.
n
of them, by (,'iving 10 days' previous notice, to be fixed at the Custom-house, wharf, quav or oth
pubhc place; aud such persons, or the greater part of them, being so assembled, are aiithorUed fri
time to time to iiomiuale and appoint, by an instrument in writing undrr their hands and «-,■ il< n
to be trustees for such out-port, for receiving, collecting, and applying the said dulies, which i ' '
continue to act until the'^iith day of l)ecend)cr, IHC;. and until new trustee* are nominated uk
other
from
) persons
truslees shall
and that within M days atU-r the 'iiith day of r)eceniber in Mcii suc\\''"edinK"yoar7ti'i'e'o»^"iVr"\n,^^^^^^^^^^
at such out-ports shall have power to meet and choose 1,") persons to be trustees for ti.e veir eiiMiiri'' bv
an instrument in writing under their hands and seals, or the iimjority of them so assembled havinu lmVcii
previous notice in the manner before directed J which said respective trustees shall cnntiMR. iroin time
to time until new trustees are nominated, \c. as aforesaid ; and the said instrument s'kOI be sent free of
expense,'to the president and assijtants or committees of the said corporation, who are riiiuiriil'to con
firm the same under the common seal of the corporation, without fee or reward, within 1". days aOer tho
receipt thereof; which trustees when so confirmed (and whereof yi'c,- shall be a (luonnm ^hall h ive the
same powers and authorities to make by-laws, and to revoke or alter the same, and to receive and anplv
any sums of money which shall be contributed, devised, or l)e(pieathi"d bvany well-dis|)(Ked persons for the
purposes aloresaid, and to apiioint receivers and other (jllieers, and to e;)lle(t, receive, pav, and aniilv the
said duties of ili. per month and U: per month ,so to be allowed and paid hv (he seanuMi or other' i)er
sons serving on board any ship or vessel belonging to such persons, at 'such out-port°, accordiniz
to such rules, orders, and regulations as are or shall be established bv virtue and in pursuance
of this act, or have been established and eoMtiiuied under the provisions 'of the act 2(i (ieo 'i c !H
so far as the same arc not inconsistent ■ .,! or repealed or varied bv the jirovisions ot this act; and*
the said receivers and other officers slia.. have the same powers and authorities as the other receivers
and officers ai>pointed in pursuance of this act, and shall be liable to the same penalties and for.
feitures : provided always, that if the instrument of trust be not sent to the president and assistant or
committees within HO days after every appointment of trustees, tlie trust therebv cr(>;ited shall be con-
sidered void, and the trustees appointed under it as discharged from the same; and that the president
and governors shall have power to appoint a receiver or receivers for the port or place from which such
instrument of trust has not been sent, for collecting the forementioned duties and allowances payable at
su 3h port or place aforesaid ; and the said president and governors shall have power to demand (mm the
outgoing trustees of such p'-rt or place an account in writing of the former man.ajsement of such void
trust, and also to demand p; v. ■■•■nt from such trustees of any balance which inav at the tiiiii' of such default
be in their hands, who are iu.eby rwpiired to pay the same to such receiver appointed as aforesaid logo,
ther with the books of account and other books belonging to such trustees relative to such trust, —
Ij lf>.
Appointments on Default. —These arc not to be revocable within 5 vcars. — ^ 17.
Former Trustees. — I'rustees previously appointed at the several out-ports to be subject to the provi,
sions of this act. — ^18.
Trustees in Bristol. —The corporation of the Merchants Venturers of Bristol are ajjpointed trustees for
the duties, &c. received there; and empowered to hold lands, &c. for tlie purpose of this act ^ li).
Hull Trusteer.—'i'hc guild of the Trinity.house of Kingston-upoii-Hull appointed trustees for the
duties, &c. received there ^ 20.
Grecjiock and Olr.'giuw, Sfc. — The ports of (Slas.gow, (Ireenock, and Port Glasgow, &e to be deemed
one united port, and master? of ships belonging thereto to elect trustees for coUectnig duties, if,Q _
% 21.
Transmission of Accounts. — Trustees of out-ports to transmit accounts of the yearly receipts and ex-
penditure to president and governors. — ^ 22.
Transtnission of Muster liolh. — Collectors api>ointcd by trustees or cori'orations aforesaid, are ejtccpted
from sending duplicate of muster rolls to the president and assistants. — \ '23.
Sections 2-i. and 25. enact that no seaman shall be entitled to the bci'eht of this act unless he pays the
duty ; and that those seamen who have served longest shall be lirst proiided for.
Maimed Sea?Hen to be provided for at the port where the accident iiappcns. — \ iiCi.
Disabled Seamen having served and paid 5 years to be provided for where they have contributed most.
-^27.
Seamen shipwrecked, or made prisoners hi/ the enemy, may be relieved. — ' 28.
Where regular Certificates cannot he obtained, others vnuj l)c admitted. — In all cases where the certifi-
cates directed to be produced by this act for tlic purpose of entitling parties to relief and support cannot
be obtained, such other certificates as shall be satisfactory to the president and governor., or trustees re.
spectively shall be received and allowed, so as to entitle the party produi iijg the same to the pensions or
other relief provided by this act. — ^ 29.
Wages of deceased Sea?nen to be paid to the Trustees. — All sums of money due for wages to any sea-
man, marinor, or "ther person engaged on board any British merchant ship in any |iort or ports in (Jreat
Britain or Ire' id, who shall have died on board during the v, ■ age, shall, within :> months after the arrival
of sudi ship 111 .my port of Great Britain and Ireland, be paid to the trustees of the said port appointed in
pursuance of this act, or to the receiver or collector or otiur authorised agent of tlus.iid president and
governors, where there are no such trustees, to and for the use of the executors or administrators of the. sea.
man or other person so dying ; and in case no claim .shall be in ide on the said trustees by suili executors
or administrators on account of such wages, within 1 year after thi' same have been paid over, then the said
trustees shall remit the same to the collector or receiver,or other their authorised agent, of the presiiknt and
governors at the port of London, in such manner and times as the said president, Ac. shall din it, t.i am! for
the use of the executors or administrators of the seaman, or other person so dying ; and in case ni, claim
shall be made on the said president, .S:c. by the executors, &c. of such seaman, on ;iCcount of such wages
within 1 year alter the same shall havebeeii first paid over to their collector, then it slidl be lawful for them
to direct such wages to be paid over vbut without interest for the same) to the widow, , r if there benowiilow
claiming, then to the lawful i>sue respectively, or such i)ersoiis as by virtue of the statutes of distrihuticm
of intestates' cIliM'ts shall lie entitled to the same; and if any master or commander of any merchant ship
neglect or refuse to pay over to the said trustees, or the receiver or collector at the port afore s:iid, all such
.sums of money witliintlic time before limited, he shall forfeit for every such oil 'Ce double the amount of
the sums of money due to any seaman or other person for wages. — ; .X).
Wages if not demandri in :\ i/ears by representatives to go to the use of the president and governors,
or the trustees of the respective ports — ; .JI.
Payment to Seaman's Hospital in London. — President and governors to pay ,') per cent, out of duties
received by tiiem from seamen in the port of London to the .Seaman's Hospital Society in th.at port —
>j 32.
Deductions from gross Amount. — It shall be lawful for the receiver or collector or other authorised
agent of the president and governors .at the port of London, and he is hen l.y autlioricd, to deduct and
receive from the gross amoiuit of such sums of money .as shall be derived from the uiu I lii.ied wages of
deceased seamen, received by him in respect of such wiiges, .) per cent in satisf ictiori of all expenses and
trouble he may be put to in the receipt, collection, or transmission thereof.— (j J3.
The contributions lO the new fund will, most likely, amount to about .>i,000/. a year ;
so that, if it be (ll.screetly and economically mana;..ced, it will afford the means of suitably
providiiifr for a large niaubcr of disabled mereliant sciimcu, as well as for the wive?
12
SLATE — STEAM VESSELS.
and children of those who have lost their lives in that service. The distressing con-
sequences of those accidents and casualties to which seamen are so peculiarly liable, will
thus be materially reduced ; so that the service will, in fact, be rendered less hazard-
ous, and more respectable.
SLATE. — Slate and chalk laden on board any ship or vessel bound for foreign parts
shall be deemed ballast ; and all such ships or vessels having on board only slate, or slate
and chalk, shall be deemed to be departing in ballast ; and if, on the return of any such
ship .>r vessel, any slates or chalk be remaining on board, they shall be deemed to be
her ballast. — (4 & 5 mil. 4. c. 89. § 3.)
SMUGGLING. — The 85th clause in the act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 53., for the prevention
of smuggling (Diet. p. 1061.), authorising justices to sentence seafaring men, convicted
of smuggling, to serve in the navy for 5 years, has been repealed. I'ersons convicted of
such offences are now to be committed to the house of correction, to hard labour, for not
Jess than 6 months for the first offence, 9 for the second, and 12 for the third. —
(4&5 fViU.4. c. 13. § 2.)
SPIRITS The reader will find, in the body of this work (art. Spirits, p. 1075.),
a statement of the smuggling and other pernicious consequences resulting in Ireland
from the oppressive duties laid on spirits previously to 1823 ; of the good effects of the
reduction of the duty to 2s. lOd. the Imperial gallon in that year; and of the influence
which the addition of 6c^. to the duty in 1831 had in reviving that illicit distillation, the
preceding reduction had gone far to put down. The view we took of the necessity of
making a fresh reduction of the duty was approved and strongly recommended by the
Commissioners of Excise Inquiry ; and has, we are glad to say, been acted on by govern-
ment; the act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 75., introduced by Lord Althorp, having reduced the
duty on British spirits, entered for home consumption in Ireland, to 2s. 4d. a gallon.
It was conteiuied, when this measure was before parliament, that the reduction should be extended to
all parts of the empire; and that, by confining it to spirits used in Ireland, a new temptation would be
created to smuggle from that country into England and Scotland. This no doubt will be, in some degree,
the case ; and we hope that no long period will be allowed to elapse till the measure be generalisetl. We
do not, however, think that there is much probability of its giving birth to any considerable amount of
smuggling ; and it is not to be denied that the reduction was much more urgently required in Ireland
than anywhere else. Scotch whisky carried to Ireland is admitted for consumption at the low duty.
Spirit Licences. — The act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 75. made certain additions to the duties on spirit licences,
which are now as follows ; —
From the 10th of October, 1S34, retailers of spirits whose premises are rated under
L.
10/. per annum, shall pay 3 3
At in/, and under iid/. _ 6 fi
!i()/. _ li.'i/. _ 9 !)
2.V. _ .^(1/. _ 11
30/. — 40/. — la 1!2
4(1/. _ 50/. — 14 3
50/. and upwards — 15 15
J.
per annum of licence duly,
_
—
6 —
_
6 _
—
The spirit licences of grocers in Ireland, not selling spirits to be consumed on the premises of said
grocers, not to be afTected by this act. .— ^ 8.
All houses licensed at the passing of the present act to continue to bo deemed of the same value, so
long as the present persons hold them, and the premises remain unaltered ; afterwards, their annual
value is to be determined according to the mode prescribed in 6 Geo. 4. c. 81. ^ 9.
STA IICH. — The injurious influence of the duty on starch, the nett produce of which,
in 1833, was only 91,517/. 18s. 2^d., was most ably exposed, and its abolition strongly
recommended, by th'^ Commis.sioners of Excise Intjuiry, and we are glad to have to add
that, agreeably to this recommendation, the duty has been abolished. — (4 & 5 Will, 4.
c. 77.)
STEAM VESSELS.
Account of the Number and Tonnage of Steom Vessels ; distinguishing the Cou ntries to which they
belonged, winch entered Inwards and cleared Outwards, stating whether they conveyed Goods or
Passengers, or both, in 18).3and lS;ii. — {Pari. Paper, No. 320. Sess. 1834.)
Countries to which
the Vessels belonged.
Year ending Mh January, 1S34.
With Goods only.
With Passengers only.
With both Goods and Passengers.
In.
»./».
lai
4
Out.
In.
Out.
In.
Out.
United Kinjjdom and
its dependeoties ; —
From and to fo-
reign parts
Coajitwise -
France
Holland
United KinRilomand
its depinidencies : —
Fri-m and to fo-
reign parts
C«(i.stwise -
France
Holland
sda
13
63
1
Tml,.
63ri
C,5.M
7a
Torn.
317
26,174
Ves-
sels.
966
1,711
44
13
Tons.
SI, 906
167,1 16
3,128
3,653
Ves.
sets.
771)
1,714
5S
-
Tons.
.'.0,1,33
167,269
4,176
KiS.
479
9,521
47
4
Tuns.
7.S619
l,459,'.lli.T
3,3S 1
1,121
uls.
5'0
9,466
2,'i
16
Tons.
81.471
1,458,646
1,800
4,496
Vear ending 5th January, 1S33.
7
54
4
,340
5,K(1S
•iHS
9
155
631
23 ,,336
sto
1,S15
16
•i'J
61,151
185„337 I
1,022 1
8,149 i
711
1,809
371
. 1
43,084
184,495
2,654
375
S,2U9
02
8
53,.3,3li
1,21*8,111
4,61,4
2,24^
392
8,,36'-.
3')
3'i
54, .398
1,29.3,817
2,529
10,116
Note — Vessels with passengers only arc not compelled to enter and clear at the Cu«tom.house.
SWEETS. — TARIFF.
13
SWEETS. — An excise duty was imposed on sweets — that is, on home-made wines,
mead, or metheglin, &c. — manufactured for sale, so early as leOO". In 180:5 it amounted
to 49s. ii barrel; the produce of the duty varying from th;4 year to 1816 from about
21,000/. to about 3:},000/. a year. Hut in 1816 it foil oiF to little more than half its pre-
vious amount. This sudden decline was doubtless occasioned by the great increase in
the consumption of Cape wine, conseciuunt to the reduction of the duty on it, in 1814,
from about 6s. to about 'is. 6<l. a gallon. In 1817 it was attemiited to revive the manu-
facture of home-made wine, by taking a third from the duty on sweets ; which amounted,
after the reduction, to about Is. O^il. a gallon ; and in 1H'J() it was further reduced to
()(/. IJut the ease with which the article may be made by private individuals, and the
decisive check given, by the introduction of t'ape and other cheap foreign wines, to the
use of home-made substitutes, prevented these rechictions from having any material in-
fluence; and in 18;3'2 the duty had dwindled to '.i,T2ll, Under these circumstances, the
Commissioners of Excise Inciuiry wisely reconnnended the abolition of the duty, which
hits been effected by the act 4& 5 Will. 4. c. 77. — {Fifth Report hy Commissioners of
Ejx'ise Inquiry, p. 18. &c.)
SYDNEY.
Population. —There is, in the Diet. p. lOi'O., an account of the popuKition of tho colony of \ew South
Wales, according to the census ol'i82'-(, accompanied with an intimation that doulits were entertained as
to its accuracy. These have since lieen fidly tontirnied by the returns ol)tained under a census taken
on the '2d of September, 183,3. It appears from them that the |)opulatioii of the colony of New South
Wales, exclusive of aborigines, amounted at that date to(J0,'2t)J ; of which were —
Males
Ftniales
Frie,
l,'i,475
36,318
Coni'ict,
21,845
ii.O'JS
M.iles
Females
V.",'J43
4.1,(iS8
l-./.T.T
fio/Zoi
Of the free population, .'i.Sft'; males and 4,94'i females were under 12 years of age. The total po)>ulation of
Sydney, in September, 18;J\ was ll),'i!'J, of which l.i,*!)? were free.
The census of 18^:8 made the population of the colony only ofv")it8. The total immigrants from the 1st
of July, lHi!8, to the olst of Deeemlior, 1833. li .ve been, men e.-Wl, women i;,:)"3, children l,84t) ; in all,
6,fi90. Now, if we add this number to the populaticm as given by the censtis of 18'2H, it would follow, had
that census been accurate, that the col )nial births, during the intervening ."i years, had exceeded the
deaths by about 17,(»(iO. Hut an increase of this sort, taking the magnitude of the female population
into account, is evidently impossible; aid shows that the |>opulation had been materially underrated
in 18'v.'8.
Wages in New South Jf'aiis. — Kvery one in any degree familiar with such sulijects is aware of th e
extreme difficulty ol obtaining accurate accounts of ihe rate of wages. Hut in the case of colonies, this
difficulty is materially increased ; it l)cin|< he object of those interested in the encouragement of emi.
gration, to set its advantages, of which high wages are prol)ably the greatest, in the most striking light,
and conversely. Hence we did not venture to lay any details as to the rate of wages at Sydney before the
reailer, except those given by the late Emigration Commissioners ; and a, thesegentlemeii mentioned that
their statements had been obtained from the colonial agent, aiui other authentic sources, we had no doubt
of their accuracy. — [Vicf. p. 11(),'3.) We regret, however, to be obliged to say that this contidence, though
apparently well founded, seems to have been not a little misplaced. The Itcv. Henry Carmichael, one of
the professors in the Australian College, Sydney, has shown, in his valuable tract, entitled flints to Emi-
grants to New Soul/i Wales, that the statements put forth by the Emigration Commissioners were " cal.
culated very seriously to mislead ; " and that, in point of fact, they have misled very many individuals,
who, on arriving at Sydney, found the wages far below what they had been made to expect.
A committee, consisting of the most intt'llij;ent iiersoos of
the clas.s referred to, have drawn up a re|iort un the eli||;il>ilitv
of .New South \V'ales .xs a iil.iie of resort for emiKraot me-
chanics, in wllicli, amoH); othi-r tliinf^s, they declare that the
airount of tile rate of wages (see Hid. ji. 1 10.1.), piihllslied t).v the
Emigration Commis-sioners, " is exirav;igaut and ridiculous."
•'Common labourer^," they say, *' do not earn more than U.
to yis. per week, with rations .and lodgings ; mechanics, out of
Syilney, do not average more than 1.')/. to Wl. pi r annum, with |
rations, tSic. ; mechanics of the highest «iualilicatitms, in Syd- |
ney, do not avenge more ll.an '^/. per week the Near round, i
Agricultural lalmurers, capable of managing a tarm in the i
capacity of hailltT, not more than 1.5/. to 'UM. per annum, with '
rations, and hut to live in; and persons of higher grades and .
simitar occupations cannot get more than 40/. to CO/ per an-
ruiTi, aiul rations." I
In corrolioration of the accuracy tf tlu-se statements, SVIr.
Carmichael gives the substance of a letter from \>'llllam 1
Wl'liersoti, Esq., collector of in.eriial revemte, and secretary
of the Emigrants' Friend Society, dated tlie ISth of .tune,
lS,-33.
** tiood mechanics can earn, in Sydney, from .li).t. to 10.,. per
week, without l)oard or lodging ; aiid in the coimlry, from '^(1/.
to :^IW. pcraimuin, with h.iii^e and rations.*
*' L'onnnon labourers in S\d ley obta'n al)ont 14*. per wck,
without lioard or lodging; and iil tlie country, about Vil. per
annum, with house (or rather hat) and ration's.*
'* W'.ages given to farm servants vary will, their qualiticat ions ;
fiO/. totttt/., with a house and rntir.ns, may be considered the
highest wa^cs given to overs(.ers of a superior description, and
SO/. ti» 25/. to llio^e of humbler pretensions.
" Their being married or single makes, in general, no differ-
ence in tlie rate of wages, unless where tl'e fcmab-s are ex -
pecte<l to perform any domestic duties : lint rations are usually
given to tlie wile and children of a married overseer as well as
to himself.
" Good ploughmen, or sl.e]»herd.s, obtain from 15/. to 20/.,
with a house and rations.
** Wages of dttmestic servants are —
Of a single miin - - from t.l2 to 7..20
Of a single womfin - - — 8 |- 16
Of a married couple • - — 20'- .10
" N.li. — A married pair of emigrants may easily lind a small
house, containing 2 apartments, toacconniHxlate them on tiieir
arrival, at a weekly nut of from 7^. to lOj. ; and an uti-
marrieti man may lodge antl lioard for IO.i. tit/, per week."—
(CanuidiiitVs Tract, p. 32, .13. Lond. e<i.)
These stalemenls certainly differ very widely from those of
the Emigration Comn.isvioners. The greater mildness and
salubrity of the climate appears to lie the principal, or rather,
|)erliaps, the only recommendation in favour of emigrating to
Australia ratht-r than to ("anada or the I'nited States; but
whether this be a sufHcitnt counterpoise to the vast distance
of Australia froii Europe, the heavy exjiense of the voyage
thither, tlie chaiic«.s of drought, and the hlgti iirlceand general
bad quality of the land, is a point as to whldi we do not pre-
sume to decide ; but it is one tliat deserves the serious attention
of every one who is projecting a visit to the antipmles.
* The rations allowed to free labourers may be rated per
week as follows, viz. —
/./).». oz. Lbs. oar.
Four - • 10 o Tobacco - - 2
Heef and mutton 10 o S.dt • - 2
Tea ii - - 2 Soap . - 2
Sugar i' -.10 Slillct - - 7 quarts.
\ This latter (the milk), being given in lieu of tea and sugar.
So that lalmurers, if well-behaie*! and iiiduslrious, are sure
to raise themselves above the station which they occupy at
home.
TARIFF Instead of the ciustoms duties on the undermentioned articles, imposed liy
the act ;} & 4 Will. 4. c. .56., given in the first column of the Table entitled Tariff iu
the Dictionary, the act 4& 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 15. has substituted the following: —
14
TEA — UNITED STATES.
Apples, dried - - . the huslicl
Jlooks ill iho forciKii living lanfjiingon, heiriK of edi-
Jions printed ill or since the je.ir ISIIl, Imiind or
unlHuind - - . . the <wt.
Bottles ol eartli or stone, viz. empty - the dozen
full
Urnnze, viz. all works of .art made of lirnnze, thccwt.
other ni.anul'.iLtures of liroil/e, for every 10(1/. of the
value • - . . .
Cassava powder or st.nrrh, the produce of and im-
ported from any ltriti?.h pussessiun in America
„ therwt.
rurr.ints .... the cut.
J,'S» „ - - - • thecwt.
• irapes, fnr every 100/. of the v.ilue
Mats .and maltinf,', for every 10(1/. of the value
imported from anv Itritish liossession, for every
100/. of the value - . . .
Oil, viz. animal oil . . , thecwt.
eoco;i mil oil • - . tliccwt.
olive oil .... tiieum
tlic produce of or iiiijinrled from anv part of ttie
dominions of llu-Iviu:; of the Two. 'Sicilie-, after
.•Slstof-Vufust, IS.31 . . the tun
L.
O
2 in
o
Free.
1 O
W
1
n
1
2
'i
1)
1.'.
.')
II
II
m
u
u
.■5
i!
fi
II
1
,T
1
■t
impnrtcil in a ship InlonRinR to any of tlie
suhjects of the Km^ nf tlie Two Sicilies,
after .list of .Au);ust, Is.'il "'"
t. ». tl.
^ 'the tun 10 10
Mi/c. — See art. Oi.iVB 111), in tills Sni)ii/c"if'''- . , ,
lialm oil - - 'thecwt. 13
8 8
I ainiell" icli, the prodU(e of and importi'd from
the Ml I <i possessions ill America - tiiei'wt.
l'ianlain^, ilried, the produce of and imported from
tile Uritish possessions in -Vnierica, for every 100/.
of the value ..."
IVars, dried - . . the hiishel
riums, commonly called French nlums and iininellos
' thecwt.
rrunes .... the cwt.
Ilai^ins ... - the cwt.
tlie prmhice of and imported from anv Drilisli pos.
fesslnn - . - thecwt.
Seal skins of llritisli takinir, impnrlcd direct from the
lishery or from a lirilivli plls.e^■ill". ''"^ •'"'• '■'''"^
Spirits, viz. liqueur^, tlic produce of and imported
fr.im the llriii,h possessions in America, viz.
not 1)1 ini,' of ureter streni,tl! than thestrength nf
proof hy Svlie's hvdromeler - IhcKallon
1
.5
«
1
7
15
1)
7
fi
1
!)
beiny of (ireuter strenglll
the gallon 13
TEA. — The coinmis.sioners of customs have, by a minute dated the 10th of July,
1834, issued the following regulations with respect to the warehousing of tea, and its
removal from tlie original port of importation to any other warehousing port, for the
purpose of being warelioused for home consumption.
I. That the warehouses vhich may he anproved forthe deposit fi That the ofTlcers he auttiorised, under the Tilth section of
.. .,.!'-''' V"^' '■'"''.";' *'''J' "PP'opri ited to that luirpose. ' the HeKUlalion Act, to draw .samiiles of tea, not evceediiiK .1
'i. 1 hat the . article lie we.jjhiil and fxamined at the lime of " • ' • •• ■ ■ . ■
importation, the oltieers lakiiiK cai e that all the packages iiii- i
liorled in each vessel be " scrilied" willi a progressive iiiiin- '
tier, Hitli 111- initials of the ves^e^s and m,a,ler's names, and '
the gross landing wei^dlt; and Hint the dutv he charged
according to the cpiantity and ipiality then .ascerlained. '
3. That no iiackages he allowed to he divided into smaller ! 7. Tli.at the removal of teas from Uie original ports of im-
packages (except tor the piii|K)se of stores), nor the mixing ■ iiortation to anv other warehousing port in the L nited King-
ol tea, ot any sort or sons, hepermiltid in the warehouses, | ' ■ ■ ■ -• ■ - ....
either for home consumpuoii or exportation.
4. That the paikages he sorted and arranged in the warehouse !
hy the occupier, according to their respective "chops" or l
" heils," so as lo enahle the olli. ers to select from each the
required numlier of pai kagw for taring, and to ascertain the I
proper tare to he allowed on the packages in e.acli " chop" i
or " hdi" and that the ml- to be observed, as to number
of chests to be turneil out in each " chop " or " bed," be- ,
ing of the same size and description of tei, he as follows, >
ounces of each description and <juality, unless under special
circumstances, such samples to lie disposetl of as the Hoard
may s.e lit to direct. And that the merch.'Uits or proprie-
tors ol the gooils be .illowed to take the like (pianttty as sam-
ples, under the 31st section of the General Warehousing
Act.
t viz.
1 to
5 chests nf the same size and
description of teas - 1 turned out.
. .T
ditto
4 or .5
ditto
. 5
ditto
■ 6
ditto
- 8
ditto
- 10
ditto
- I'i
ditto
. IB
ditto
dom, for the imniose
consumption, do take |ilace under the re|?uiatiuiis and eon-
dilions specified in the (ieneral Ordersol^ the 1 Ith of .hiiie,
18.11, and M of November, 1S32, in regard to the removal
of articles the produce of the Kast Indies ; and that tea so
removed he allowed to be deposited in warehouses or Hours
which may have already been ai»proved for other giKids.
H. AV'hen tea, or other K.ist Indiag ....s, shall he importtsl into
either of those ports for the Ol.isgow market, and translii|iiied
into craft properly se<-ured, for removal to (ila>gow in charge
of the olHcers of the revenue, uniler such regiiMlions tor the
security of the revenue^ as nl.ay appear neeessarj- in such
cases, the examination of the goods, tor the purpose of ascer-
taining the duty thereon, may take jilace at Glasgow instead
of the port of importation.
In a'l other cases, goods shall be examineil at the time of
importation, for the purpose of lixing the amount of duty to
wliicli they may he liable, and the duty so ascertained shall
be assessetl on ttie go(rils at whatever future period tliey may
be delivered for home consumption.
Tuder these ■arrangements, there will be no objection to the
goods lieing reniove<l from the origin.al port of importation to
any other warehousing poris in the rnited Kingdom, for the
purpo;rt! of being re-warehousid for home consumption, under
the same regulations and restrictions now a|))tlicable to the
removal of articles the produce of tlie East Indies.
fi to -in — 40
41Sto SO— SO
81 to iai_if(i
Vii toWKi — aio
•201 to .100 — .TOO
.■501 toiOO— .'>(I0
iOl to SIIO_SO0
801 and upwards
And that, in addition to the tare, an allowance for draft be
maile of 1 Ih. upon each iiackage exceeding 'iH His. gross, to
he deducted from the foot of the landing account.
5. That tea entered for exiiortation lie previously weighed,
and any deficiency of the laniling quantity charged with
duty, unless such tea be deposited in a warehouse of special
security.
The ports of London, Liverpool, Bristol, Hull, Newcastle, Leith, Glasgow, Greenock,
Port Glasgow, Dublin, Belfast, and Cork, have been declared ports into which tea may
be imported and warehoused.
VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. — Population. — Including military, the total populiilion
of Van Diemen'sLand amtmnted, on the 1st of January, 1834, to 'M,55l. 7'hi' males are
to the females in the proportion of 2i2 to 9, and the free to the convict popululimi nearly
as 18^ to 1'2^, Tlie total estimated value of tlic articli-* of colonial produce i xporteil
from the colony in 1833 was 152,9G~1. ; of whicii 81,H8I/. worth were --liippod from
Hobart Town, and the residue from Launcestocu which is rapidly rising in jioiiit of
commercial importance. Tlie total imports into the island during the same year, con-
sisting chiefly of British manufactures, were valued af '.]5ti,894l. ; of whicli those im-
ported into Ilobart Town were sujiposed to he worth 249,312/., and those into Lauu-
ceston 103,082; (Hobart Town Almanac for 18:)4.)
UNITED STATES (TRADE OF). — The following statemi^nts in relation to
the trade and na\if;atit)ii of the I'liited Stiilpn during tl"' ;i years ending ihe 301 h of
September, 1833, have been extracted from the otiiciul returns ))riiited by onicr jf
Congress : —
I. .Statement Hhowliio tht- Quantity nnrt Value of the Cotton WtxM annually exported from the I 'i II '.(d
States, since 185.'!
Years.
Kea Island.
ISVI
ISM
\Hi:>
ISM
I. hi.
U,.11),iii/i
ll,'/.'./i,(;,T»
l'.;,I.'i«,iiss
Hi.(;<ii,»78
.'l,!)('^,8.'i'2
l.'i.l in,;uH
(Hher Sorts.
\alue.
IM.
11.T,.1l!l,-?.1!l
|,\1,l'JI,|liO
j(il,.'lHII,.'lH'^
l.T.i,S4.1,>lll
II«,.Wi,.'.(i.1
«!l,16y,.T17
».//iir«.
V!0,I.'J7,ISI
■2l,OW,0.'.8
»P,ll.'i,.'.iO
•il.o 17,101
1fi,3l(l,li(:i
i'y,ivir,;i\ I
?-i,.liO,.0»'»
Years.
I
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. —WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 15
It appears from this statement, that thouph the quantity of cotton exporttnl from the United States m
18'J;) (lid not much exceed half the quantity exported in 1833, its value, owing to tlie exorbitant price it
then fetched, was greater than at (ireseut.
II. Statement showing the comparative Vahies of the Articles, arraUh't'd in Classes, ex]>oited from tlio
United States during eacli of tlie S Years ending the 3(Jtl» of September, 183J ; with the Total \ahie c»l"
the Imports during thn same Years.
Ariiclts.
Products of the ^ei
the f.)ri'st
:iiiitnnU
VcRi'talilufoiKl
Tohtfco
Cott'in
()tlu?r .vvi* ultuval jinxlucts
;\!;iiinf.U'iurL'-
{'nttoii inaiuir.u'tuic:>
OiluT ilo.
(told aiitl silvi-r coin
All (tilic-r arti< Il'->
Total donie'itii' iirntUuts
foreign do.
Imports int o the TJnltctl S tatfj*
Toial
isni.
lS.T.i.
1^,-.,1.
/),., ,.r,..
lUlinl.
11. Hurt.
l.^stMT'i
'i,.'>:<\,'<:\s
'i,U'i,\i,'.)
l,v;(;:.,i77
■l,.1l7,7!lt
1,'.1M'.,.".."1'I
■i,hi^,'ir,ii
.i,i;'.i,.v'i
3, '>.''•, sso
I.i,'.i'.ir,i7^
s,-..-,.Mvi
:i,'^.".'Mi.s
i.viv.r.ss
.'),',*;''',", ii!l
.'i,t; ■,-i'i<
ur>,i-,'\.\[f>
."l,;^:i,i'.S'i
3'1, I'll, til-,
•i-C.,\ !,•)
1 .!i,7ii:
."■'.!-. ,-i"S
■i,"i;!i,i.-,,-i
•^,7.-)",s.-..1
'^,s.'.7,i:'ii
1,1 ;i;„->l.-,
I,;; 1,'iri
V.1^.''17
r.:i:,,\ii\
i.i,-.,iiii
.'■sd.'iU
!i,l^■•^,171
i,iiii,tiii
.1i;i:,M'i
l,lii'.i,'.i'j'^
s:,(i,iiH
!l,1.1,.)ll
(;i, ".7 7,(1 -I?
C.I, 1.-17, 17(1
7II,3I7,IMS
w,iar,,r,M
'il,(I.T,l,17.T
iii,'.si,7ri,'>
Sl,,-)l(l,'is,1
K7,17ll,'ll.1
"11,1 111,1.1.1
111.1, I'll, rn
|iu,ii<ii.i,',>i;i:
IIIS.lls,.1|l
111. Acrfiuiit of the Imports anil Kxports of Tea, CnlVc', am! Siijr.ir into ami from the rnilnl States,
during the J Years eiulin^' the,, it h of Sopt.-mbir, Ks;,;, with the (Ju.iiititUs left for CoiLsmriptioii.
Arti'les.
.Imports.
K.\ ports.
Left for Consumption.
l.i.ll.
18.12.
1S.1,-.
1.S.11.
IS.Ii,
IS.!,!.
1S.11.
1S5'2.
IS.1.1.
Lb».
12,!ii,,llt.-
7'i,(l .7,1 o.
s.i,(;.->7,(;'.i
7,.V2.1,21U
rD:\ -
Cortee
Sugar, Iirown
wl)ite
Lla.
,'i,i>'.!,si;7
si,7.''7,.isri
ys,.'.7(i,!i'.is
10,137,72fi
r,i„.
!l,'.iiiii,i;oi:
ni,7'.!'2,.T<iy
UO,l 17,717
(i,.1,14,67l
11,li,1'J,S'r^
il'.l.'.i.Vi.O'^ll
s.-.,(isa,nii
11,II!)!I,(ISS
.V^i,lS(i
fi.o'.ii,!;',!'.)
17,W7,S.17
.V^7l,.-.79
IJt.1.
i.'J7iMi;>
■<r<,2:,],\.',s
li,«),n7('
.1,^')S,S7ci
l,7f^,77!l
2i,s!ir,ii I
'^,(K)I,121
•»,l-.'i,8(19
r.hs.
■t,6-.(;,fisi
7.'),7ll".7.'-:
si,'/7;i,.. 11
5,ie3,H;
H,li27,l 1 1
.Vi, 171, 171
.V,,s.s7,'ii:
.1,075,G'J(i
IV. Navigation of the United States during the 3 Years ending the 30th of September, 183,3.
1S.11. 1S.T2.
1.S3.1.
.Amtric.in tonnacc entered .... '.i'ii.:iyi
— saikKl . - - - !)72,-.ll4
Foreiirn lonnaiie entered - ... '2Sl,!ltS
- sailml - - ... 271,yul
'.n'.\i,-i>.
'.i7i,m;'>
.T.I1,II.1S
oS7,.J0.)
•r..ii.<.
1,111,111
1,1 1 Ml
ri(;,7(i.'i
•1'J7,U3H
V. Aninant of the registered, enrolled, and licensed Tonnage of the United States, on the 31st of Decem-
ber, 1830, 1831, and 1832.
Rei,'isierccl
Enrolled and lict'iHetl
Total
Tims.
7"<!ll*.
Tont.
.57(i,171
Cl.^.-r'l
t;'.i(i,tM
(;t7,.i!ii
C.Mi.ilS!)
l,l'Jl,77ii 1 l,2(i7,«l'>
i.t.m.i.'id
WAREHOUSING SYSTEM. — Tlic act 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89. § 20. has tin- al-
lowing important proviso : —
The commissioners of customs shall remit or return the duties pay.able or paid, on the whole or any
portion of wine, splrit.s, or other tiiiid, which shall be lo>t liy any uiia\ uidahle accident in the vvarcliousi;
in which it was deposited accordintr to the |iriivi.-i(ins in the act > \ 4 Will. 1. c. ."jT , or any other act to
be passed for the warehousing of goods ; and tlie duties upon the following art it Ics, fA7Ju4v7<'i/ /n (/'<»»('.
fidiisfs of sj'triii/ sccurili/, viz. wine, curvanls, raisins, t:gs, hams, cliece, and mahogany, when taken oul
of warehouse for home use, shall be '.'haiged upon the qiiditlilics actually (tclhhrcd.
WEIOH rS AM) MEASURES. — TIic act 1 ami 5 Will. 4. c. 4!)., passed during
last session, repeals some of the clauses in tliu acts ,5 Geo. 4. c. 7 4. and ii Geo. 4. c. 12.,
establishing the new system of weights and measures, and enacts otlier,s in their stead ;
it also puts an end to t':e iniseliievoiis practice of selling by heaped ineasure. It sets out
with repealing the provisioll^ in the acts referred to, that re(|iiire liiat all weights and
measures shall be models and cojiies in shape or form of the standards deposited in the
exclu'ipier ; and those allowing the use of veighls and measures ti.it in confonnity with
the Imperial standards establislu'd by the said acts; or that allou ;;i<ods or merchaiuli'-e
to be bought or so|d l>y weight •; and measures established by local custom, or founded
no speelai agreeuulli. — :5 1. It then goes on to enact ; —
11 iv^A^v nml Measures stnmprd at llic Iuchi'(/un- ilir/arril Icpal. — Weights and measures verified and
stamped at tlie exdiequer as copies of the standard weights and measures, coricsponding in weight and
capacity witli those establislied liy the said acts, shall he dcL-nied legal weights and meaNure.-, and nia\ be
tiscii fur comparison as copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures, although not similar in
shape to tliose required under the provisions of tlie said acts — \ '.'.
Suihrinhitiliiiix (\Oicrr of 1-:j< /iffiiirr •iiai/ verify and sta/ii/i If'cifi/its, SfC. — The auditor or comiitroller-
gelleral, (H- other siiperinti'nding olllcer ol' the exi lieipier, may compare, verify, and stamp as correct
StaiKtavd nicHsliriH of a vard, standard weights, and standard measures of capiicity, any weights and me.u
siires ivjilcll I limiK|i(iiid ill length, weigFlt, .and capacity with the standards, or parts or multiples thereof
rcsiiucHveU, (leiiiisiteil in the exciie(|Uor under the act 5 (Jeo. 4. c. 74 , though such weights and mca-surw
llliiy hoi be inotlula or copies in sliapu or form of tlic itaiulards so deposited. — 1 a
t
ii
16
WINE. — WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE.
Abolition of Htapcd Measure. — From aivl after the Ist day of January, 1835, so much of the taid act*
as relate to heaped measure Is hereby repealed, and the use of heaped measure ;s abolished and all bar-
Kaiiis, sales, lie. ma<le by heaocd measure after the said 1st day of Jauuarv, IHao, shall be null and void;
and thereafter no weight made of lend or of /lewter shall be stamped or used. — \ 4
Cojiirs of the Imperial Standards to be provided, Use. — At the general quarter sessions next after the
passmg ot this act, the magistrates of every county or county of a city in England and Wales and in Scot-
hind the justices ol the peace at meetings to be called for the imrjiose by the sherirt's and the magistrates
ot each royal burgh, within 3 months after the passing of this act, shall respectively determine the num-
ber of copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures which they deem requisite for the comparison
of all weights and measures in use within their counties, counties of cities, and burghs respectively, and
shall direct that such copies, verified and stamped at the exchequer, be provided for the use of the same,
and be deposited at certain central and convenient plaoes, under the care of an inspector or inspectors of
weights and measures, to be by the said magistrates appointed and dismissed as occasion may require.—
\ r>.
The next (5 clauses relate to the furnishing of copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures
to the different counties, cities, Hcc.
Stone Height, Hundred Ifeigbt, and Ton. — From and after the 1st of January, \S3r>, the weight de-
nominated a stone shall in all cases consist cf 14 standard i)ounds avoirdupois the weight denominatcjl
a hundred weight shall consist of 8 such stones, and the weight denominated a ton shall consist of 20 such
hundred weight ; and all contracts made by any other stone, hundred weight, or ton, from and after
the 1st day of January, ISl'i, shall be null and void.
All Articles to be sold ',by Avoirdupois IVeieht, except as herein stated. From and after the 1st day of
January, 18,35, all articles sold byweight shall be soldbvavoirdupoisweight,exceptinggold,silver,pIatina,
diamonds, or other precious stones, and drugs when sold by retail: and such excepted articles, and none
others, may be sold by Troy weight.
All Weights ami Measures to be stamped by Inspectors. — In England and Wales the magistrates at
quarter sessions, and in Scotland the justices of the peace at a meeting called by the sheriff, and in Ireland
the grand jury of each county and county of a city or town, shall procure, for the use of the inspectors,
stamps for the stamping or sealing all weights and measures used in such county, which stamp shall be
the stamp for such county, and no other shall be considered legal ; and all weights and measures used for
buying and selling, or for the collecting of any tolls or duties, or for the making of any charges on the
conveyance of goods or merchandise, shall be examined and compared with one of the copies of the Im-
perial standard weights and measures provided under theauthority of this act by the inspectors appointed
as aforesaid, who shall stamp such weights and meiisures wlien examined and compared, if found to cor.
respond with the said copy, the fees for which examination shall be ac( ording to the scale containeil in
the aimexed schedule ; and all persons who, after the 1st of January, 18,35, in England and Wales and
in Scotland, or after the 1st of July, 1835, in Ireland, shall make any weights or measures other than those
authorised by this act, or shall sell or use any weights or i.ieasures not stamped as aforesaid, or which
shall be found light or otherwise unjust, shall on conviction forfeit a sum not exceeding 5/. ; and any
contract, bargain, or sale made by such weights or measures shall be wholly null and void, and all such
light or unjust weights and measures shall be seized, forfeited, and condemned.^ \ 14.
Regulations as to Fiar Prices. — In Scotland, from and after the 1st day of January, 183.5, the fiar prices
of all grain in every county shall be stri;ck by the Imperial quarter, and all other returns of the prices of
grain shall be set forth by the same, without any reference to any other measure whatsoever ; and any
sheriff clerk, clerk of a market, or other person oHiiinding against this provision, shall forfeit not more than
5/. nor less than 1/. — i^ 1.5.
The inspector;; are further directed to give security to the extent of 100/. for the due and punctual perform-
ance of the duties of hisothce. Power is granted to magistrates to examine weights and measures, to order
such as are light or otlierwi.se unjust to be forfeited and destroyed, and those using them to be subjected
to a penalty not exceeding al. ; and a similar penalty to be imposed on (hose refusing to produce wights
and measures for inspection, or obstructing the magistrates. All persons Airging or counterfeith.js any
stamp or mark used in the stamping or marking weights or measures, incur a penalty of not more than
50/. and not less than 11)/. each offence ; and persons knowingly selling cr uttering the same, forfeit not
more than lU/. and not less than 2/. each offence. — \ IG. &c. The schedule of fees is as follows x —
Schedule of Fees
For examining;, coitiparin,4, and stamping all wooden measures,
witliln tn ;ir respective jurisdictions —
To be taken liy all Inspectors of Weiffhts and Measures (except
those aiMiointcd for tne rities of London and AVestminster, or
under tne ^Vuthoi'ity of the Founders' Company}, and by ull
Weighniastcrs .,i Ircl^uid.
For examining, comparing, and stamping all brass weif;ht<i,
within their respective jurisdictions -
rf.
fi
11
a.
For each half hundred weiyht • - - 1
For eitrh quarter of a hundred we-ght - -
For each stone - - - - .
For e.icli weight under a stonn - - - _
For examininff, comparing, and stamjiing all iron weights, or
weights of other destriptions not made of bra&s, within their
respective juriwlict ions —
s. d»
Karh half hundred weight • • - 6
Kach quarter of a huntiretl weight - - - .T
Fur t!ach stonei and all weights under a stone - 2
WINE. — The Oporto Wine Company,
has been abolished by a decree dated Lisbon
are the principal clauses : —
Art. 1. All the privilejjes, antlioritie«;, prerogatives, and
jmmunitiesof whatever nature ordeiioniination granted to the
Mine ("nmi)any of the Alto Uouro, and to the junta of its ad-
ministration, from the tinie of itse^tablishment to this day, are
alioli>hed>
Art. 2. The free disjKKal of their vinevards and wines is
accordingly restored to tlie cultivators of tiie rpper and Lower
Diniro, as to those r>f all other part* of thes^' kingdoms.
Art. 3. All imposts hitherto laid on the wines of Oporto,
with the exception of the sutisidiolitterario, and of the duties
on consumption in the city of Oporto aiid its district, as well
as that of Vly^ilO rees on each pipe exported from the Foz of
the Douro, are abolished.
Each bushel 6
Kaoh half bushel 3;
Each neck, and all under - - - • 1
Each yard 6
For nxamtniug, comparintr, and stamping all measures of capa-
city of liquids, made of cop|ter or other metal, within their
respective jurisdictions —
Each five gallon
Each four gallon
Each three gallon -
Each two gallon
Each gallon
Each iialf gallon
Each quart -
Each pint, and under
rf.
8
4
H
4
2
il
O-i
described in the Diet. art. Wine, p. 1247.,
, 30th of May, 1834, of which the following
Art. \. The suhsidio litterario shall he received, as in every
other i)lare, by the reteivt-r general or his tlep\itiea.
Art..O. The duties on consuniiiiion shall he rwe'veU in the
same manner; hut those on exportation will he paid ai the
(Custom-house of the city of Opoite, on the manifests which are
to be iiresented by the sellers and exporters, undek the [>enalties
ordered in such cases.
An. 7. All ordinances and regulations whatever contrary to
the pri?sent decree are al)oli-hed, as if they wer*' ex])ressl,v
mentioned. The ministers of the intt tor and finance are
charged with the execution of tlie present decree.
WOOLLEN MANUFACTUKE. — The exemption from the export duty of \0s.
per cent, enjoyed by woollen goods, or goods of wool and cotton or wool and linen, ex-
ported to places witliin the limits of the East India Company's charter, has been repealed
by the 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89- § 18.
Piiiitod by A. Si'oTriswmiDE, New-fctrect-Square, London.
he said acti
;iml all bar-
II and void;
xt after the
and in Scot-
• magistrates
lie the num-
2 compariRo"
octively, and
of the same,
inspectors ot
ay require.—
ind measure*
he weight de-
denominatert
^ist of 20 such
rom and after
the 1st day of
ilvcr.platina,
cles, and none
Tiagistrates at
and in Ireland
the inspectors,
stamp shall be
isurcs used for
liarges on tlie
lies of the Ini-
;tors appointed
f found to cor.
e contained in
md Wales and
her than those
!said, or which
ig 5/. ; and any
d, and all such
, the Jiar prices
of the prices of
jcver ; and any
it not more than
? rereived, as ir. every
s deputies.
lU iM' received in tlie
I will I'e paid ni the
e iimnifests which ate
•A, undev tlie i»enaltics
whatever contrary to
' they wer*' expressly
inr and finance are
It decree.
)rt duty of 10s.
<\ and lint'H, cx-
is been it'pealfd
mctualperform-
^1
uasures, to order
1 to be subjected
produce w-ights
interfeitii-B any
not more tliaii
r^
amo, forfeit not
i
ollows : —
1
11 wooden measures.
f
lions —
1. d.
. 6
.03 ,
. a
*'
. fi
')
M measures of capa-
metal, wiihin their
^
.. rf.
- 1 8
- 1 4
V.
. 1
SC-
. H
. ♦
. . 2
A'
. 1
t
. . Oj
1
'iNE, p. 1247.,
) the following
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[I.ONDON, .JaNIUUV 18:'.') ]
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Do. ofQiici'ri r.liz!ibc(li 10
Un. of .1,1111(11 I Id
(Ur.) AiinHlmif 111!' Ki'iiin of (ii'orKf '"■ '"
———— Sdnt llritinh I'nt'U, friiiii JohmiII
III Hi'ulllp 1,1
AiiiiimI niii|;i»|>liy iiiiil Oliiiuary H
Ili'lr(ipi|urcl I'lir 18.11 lu
Ariiotl'ii Kli'iiiciiiH of I'liyHio N
Uiikrwt'll'ii (ii'oioKv - II
I'llllOsoplliCill CoiiviTujlioiiii A
ll.ijliloii oil Ki'iilH iiiid Ualcii .. 14
llriilliiim'i DooiilolnKy 4
Ulnoinfli'ld'n Urcfk rinlmiicne o
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Uowillt'r'ii Faiiilly Sli,ik«|M'iiiv n
— — — Gilibi>ii'» UdiiiHii Kiiiplre.... II
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Urewry oil Suspension Bridges s
Uruuiniond's Letters to a Youim Naturalist .. 10
First Steps to Uolany lU
Uunlop's noniaii Literature; History of Ficliou IS
Dynioik's llibliutliica I'lassica B
Ediiibur;;h (Ja/.ettter aiid Atlas 9
— ■ — Keview, Index to 4
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Keith's Maihenullral Works, '^c H
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F.piloi I'll", by Diibiii* II
l.arlilll'r'^ C.ihinei ('yi'l"Piidi.i a
l.ci 's (.Mr>,) Ml niiiiii of I'lvier 3
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Picliiri' of l.oiidiin (Untioii's) 7
Ki'i cc's Meilical Giiide 8
Koby's Traditions of Lancashire 7
Sandl'ird's Lives of eiiuiu'iit Female Worthies.. 13
— iin Woman I'j
Scrcipe's Political Economy 4
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Steel's Shipmaster's As^i^tallt 4
Suiid.iy Library, edited by Dr. Dibdiu 7
Tardy's French Pronoiinciiig Dictionary IS
Turner's History of England 9
Sacred History 14
Turluu's Driti>h Shells 13
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Wallace's Life of George IV 10
W'ardiaw's Sermons 8
WiO'en's House of Uusseil 12
Jerusalem Delivered of Tasso 12
Williams's Select Views in Greece 6
Withering's British Plants 6
Wood on Kail-Roads 10
Wordsworth's Poetical Works 9
Description of the lakes 9
Wortley's (Lidy E. S.) LondMi .a r ight, &c... 9
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