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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film^ A partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droits, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. Tata o >elure, a 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 G I w COUNTER-CASE PUESEXTED ON THE PART OP THE GOVERNMENT OF HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY TO THE TRIBUNAL OF ARBITRATION CONSTITUTED UNDER ARTICLE I OE THE TREATY CONCLUDED AT WASHINGTON ON THE 29tu FEBRUARY, 1892, ■BE,T\vt;E>; HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pbelimin'ai!t Stati;mkxt Pago 1 Paht T. iNTBODrCTION CirAPTEii I. II]:\D (A).— Till' User up to the year 1S2I of tin- AVntcis of Bcliring Sea and other Waters of tlie North I'acilif! .. .. ., ,. .. ,, C'liArxKu II, IlnAii (11). — 'I'lir Ulinsc of Isjl, mul the pueuinstunces conuecteil therewith leading; lip to the Treaties of 18-i-l and 1H-J,'i riiAi'Ti-u II!, IIjiAi) (C). — The qiustiuii whether the body of water now Known as IJehring .Sen is ineluded in the phrase •' I'acifie Oc^ean," as nsed in the Treaty of 1825 between Great liritoin and liussin ., ., .. ,, ,, CiiArriin IV. IIi:An (D) — Thc> I'.-er of the Waters in ipiestion from 1S21 to 18G7 CuAPTKiiV. Head (K).— What ri-hts passed to ;]»■ United States inider tlio Treaty of (Jcssiou of the yoih March. imiT? ...;: '.:':,,•'• • ... Chaptik VI. I'oint .'. of Article VI."i-".'lh,- ihr Voj^id Siahs'iK-'uinht, and if so, what Iti-hl, of Proteetion or Pivpi;i;l,;< iiUhe.l-'viH'aU'<'enuvntiii^.jl4e Jshmds of the United State.s in nehrini; Pea, vvluVsi/ji AtM-^'.'irhtiijiKl;,,.it?3li. iJtJffijiipiA; :;-miIe limit ? , . CHAPTEII VII. ('ll\>ll)FltATIOX Ol .\l,I.Er)AlIO.N>, ill' I'acT ITT KOinVAKI) nV THE UXITEI) St.\TES in CONNECTION WITH I'olNT ■") ol' A TICLE VI Winter Homes ., ClIAPTr.)! VIII. Itl.l Aim I.ATION ol AlUirMKNI t'ONCLT'slMN . . 25 41 55 100 100 .•Section I.— The Fnr-seal is a Marine Animal, and I'elau'ic in its Ilnliits . . Section II.— Tlie I'nr-.'-eal is in no sense a Ilomestie .Vnimal .. .. .. Ill vSeetion III.— InlerminjKlinKol Fui-eals of (lifferent parts of the North I'acilic .. 118 Section IV.— Hclation of the Kur-scals to ihu I'lihyloir IslaiuU. Summer and 141 155 158 [uu] { iii ) I'AUT II. Cii.u-iKU IX.-~(;i:si.iui. f'oNsiiiiKAiioN- Aiir.riiNfi inr. (JnrsTioN .IF KiiotjtATioNS 1 Mi ri.NSIDIKAllON OK SlATKM KNIS VVt FOIIWARI) IIY IIIK UnITKII SiATK^ BKAKISU 1I1I1N TllK (iUESTH)N OF Till: NECESSITY lOU ItnaL'tAlIONS. CiiAi TEii X.— Diito mill Amount of the oliscrvcil nufircase m the Xumher of Seals CilAiTEii XI.— Allo;,'iitioii>. Miailo in the Ciisc of the United States ;,>,'uin.st I'ela-ie ScaUng, MTiil iUpliis'thiivto.. Ci.AriEU XIL-Jlaau^^enunt of tlie Piiliylolf bUinds hy llussia .m.l liy the UnilcJ T.cutes,. Historii'al Oiilhin' "f iiaian;cini'nt. CiLvrn.K Xlll.— Managemetit of the I'vihylolf Mands hy Russia and hy the United States — (loiitiniird),. .. •• •• •• •• Kxcessivo killinj; of .Mah- Seals. C.AllEU XIV.-MaMaj.e,ucnl of the I'lil.ylotf I.-hin-ls I.y Ru.sia and hy th' fr.ited States — (lonlimicd). . •• •• •• ••■ •" " Till' '■ Drivin;.; " "f Seals and its erteets. C'llAflEB XV.-.\Iaua«emciit of ihc riihylolf Islands hy iiiissia and hy ihe Vniled Slate.s — {lunliiiuri/),, .. •• •• •• ■• Aiiseiieu of i'roji. r Control hy (iovoniaient Agents. CiiAi'TKU XVl.-Mana^'eiiient of the Ihihylolf Islands hy Uussia and hy :'m. United Slute.5 — ycouiiiiiieil),. Inadoiiuacy of I'votectioii: Raids. I(i7 IKO ■i%v. C.iAriEU XVIL-Manaweaient of the I'rihylotf Islands hy Russia and hy the United Stales— (eoii/i'»«ri/) •• •• •• •• "" " I'oiulition of till' .N'atives. CiiAi'iii: X\11I. — liiE Si;ai..sicin IniiiisIRV ('o^cl.uslo^• .. .. ■■ •• ■• •• ■* t'liAriin MX. — UAMAiiEs .. .. •• ■• •• ■• 2'.IS .. 315 llie ApiH ndl\ to tliis Cnuntei-Casi isists ..f t e.ii'h of the Volumes, wo V.dunies, A 'I'ahle :>f Coiilonts is prefixed t<> Coiiiitcr-Casc presented on behalf of Her Britannic Majesty's Government to the Tribunal of Arbitration. PRELIMINARY (S'l'A'l'EMENT. A rUElilMIXARV stalfmciit as t(, the g(>noial scheme and constructioii nl' tlu' rdllowing; Ci)iinU'r-Cas(' may he oi' assistance in its perusal. For eonveiiieiiee nl' releren<'e. and in liio interests of brevity, it has been roiind desiralile in framing,' llie Counter-Case to follow the arrani,'e. meiit which was adojjted iii the British Case ; as, on iicnisal of the United States' Case, it was observed that the arranu'ement of the argument contained in the Kirst Tart of tlial Case; namely, that relating to historical and jurisdictional ([iies- tioiis, corres])on(K'(l in a general way with the sub-division of chajiters adopted in the British Case. In the following Conntei-Case, therefore, there has been placed at the head of each chapter the heading which will be found for the corre- sponding chapter in the British Case. lint inasmuch as the ])roposltions relating to cadi point appear in the United States' Case not unl'requently in more than one jiassage. there liave been added to each heading citations fVoni the United States' Case of the propositions put forward in argument on behall'of the United States bearing upon the su1)ject, with a reference to tlic page of the I'nited States' Case from whicii such citations are taken. In addition there has been placed immediately following, Jit the head of eacii chapter, a brief sum- mary of the arguments in reply whicli are advanced on behalf of the Government of Her Britannic .Majesty. Repetition of the points made in the British t'ase has, as far as possible, been avoided; fliough the reply to the United States' Case involves, of necessity, in some cases, refci'jnce to arguments ■wbieli had already been urged on behalf of (ireat Britain [110] B .^larL'-illill !•( Ii'irili'cv III till' (•u|•|•l■^l)lllUllll^■ pilS. t;ii::i's ill ihi' I'.iilisli t'iisc u'.r -Im'Ii. 'J'hc lii'si luiii' iii'iiits suliiiiillcd ill Artiflr VI ol' tlic TiTMly or llir 2!)lli I'l'liiiiiiry, l>-Ui.', mto lii^l ilr.ilt wilii miller llic v,ll■ll>ll^ lirail< aiMiVf rcl'i'llnl III ill Cliaplt'l-s 1 tn W 'I'll,' liriii iiiirslioii of Avliclo Vf, viz. : --'• Has ilii' I'liitfil Slates any ri^'lit, ami, il' sii, wlial, ri'^lit, (if ])riileeli(in or pinju'vty in tlie I'lir- M'al- lV.'i|iieiiliiii; tile islands nl llir United States ill jirlirin;,' Sea ulieii siieli seals are round oiitsiile till' iiriliiiary ;!-iiiilc limit:" lias lireii so Irialed in the I'liiled Stales' Case, tliat in jireiiariiif^tliis ('(.iinter-Case a Mimewliat dilleri'iit, fiuir-e to that inirsucd in relation to llie lil'st four (|m'sti(iiis lias lieeii reiulireil necessary. It Avill lie oliserveil tlial on pa-e >,■; ol' the I'liited Slates' Case, it is asserted thai, (jiiite imli'|.en- (hiilly III' (he jurisdiction over IJeliriiej; Sea, wliieh was eslahlislied or exercised liy lliissia, lirior and u]) to the lime of tli ssion of .Maska, the Ciiveiiimeiil ol' tin- United States lias a •' ri!,'lit of ]iroleeli()ii and jirojierty ill tlie I'ln-seals I'n iiiieiitiiii; the Priliyloir Jslands when round oul'-icic" the ordiii.iry :5-niile limit"; and it lui.ses this rii^ht '■' ujioii tlie estaMished jirineiiili's ol' the coliinion am' the eivil law, il|ion the ])iaetice ol' iiaiiiiiis, upon llie laws of natural history, and upon the eoiuinou interests ol' mankind." No ari;-iiiMeiils are adduced in the riiitcil Slates' Case based upon tlicfnvst of these suir^ested •jrouiids, vi/., ilie principles ol' llu; common and lli(> I'ivil law. I5ut in this Counter-Case, it is proposed ill the: liist instance to deal with tlio iiniirecejlcntcd iialur(> of the claim, haviiii,' regard to those ])rinciples, and also to reply to the arguments Avhii.i arc adduced, founded up.,n ail alleged practice of nations. This hiaiu li oi' the Case is treated in Chapter VI. 'I'lie laws of natural history and the eomnion interests of nianlvind have, it is sniiniitted, no hearing upon, or relevance in coiiiieelion with, the (jne^tion as to the; right of protection or |)i exciiisioii ii]ierty claimed hy the United State-, to the [ other nations. Jiut as tlie (io\erii- nieiit ol the I'lel- Her ISiilaunic Maiestv conti that ■d d as 1 and as hearini 1 to 11 upon le i.atiiral llisti tl ic common intenv-'ts of iiiankiiid, are wholly, or, to a greai extent, inaccurate, these suhjects arc dealt with in the various sections of Cliapter VI 1. niiy CllMpl Sen Appcnilil vol. liMs no MihlitionnI t licfii louiul iii'cc^siry to nirilxf ilisci'viilioiis ill ivri'l-ciici to CIS \ I and Vlldfllic Hnti-li Ca^'-; \i/.. Mclinii III' llii' llili Si, ill'; .III ;iissi:i rniiii I'^f'T Issii .11 IC VIU'lllllS '■< mt( iiliiiiis 111 till- I'niird Stiiti's >iiicc Ihi' yc:ii l"^'^'"'- 'I'llC illl(l\t' Mllljl'clS this C(iU!itcr-C;isi'. lir;Hi'i 1 ..r in I'ail I "t ■1' IC snl)| l.icH or Ilii' I'c-ulalioiis uf .-my) wlin'li arc iii'ccs' (I t1 IC waiCiv )vcr wliicli I 111 lend, vcrcrrcd t( llcLjulalioiis slioiild '•^ Article VII oi' till" 'IVcaly, is cnsidi red I'art II. h\n- reasons inoie c\ii !iei!ly slated in dciice wliieli will lie roiiiiil ill III'' lix.tliei-oiisidi'rationoniiis [loint liaslieci; l);il unl\ in dci'cr- COII'CSIM)! Al'I" treated ill lliis Coiniler-Case cnee to the »ish exiiiesscd by the United Slai. thai ai-unients iiim.ii all tlie .iiieslions uit . l-'l'- I •'■"''/• „i H liieii 1).> I the ArliitnUors n iaccd hel'orc the "rrilmii ha\e t'l ileal should h means o the Case aiu 1 Counter-Case. The l.iov;'niiiiei'l ,f Her IhitMiinii- Majesty have addiieed these ar-unieiits under i.rotest, and \\ithoiit i.icjii.liec to their eonlention outer upon or coiisii lation jiosed liiteri adjiidieated tijioii the that the Arhitrators cannot der the (jiiestlon of the [iro- al Refulat'oiis until Ihey have uiesfions cniinieia ted in Article Yl, uiion which they are hy the tcrin> "'■ the Treaty rciiuired to give a I'.'sl inct decision nnd upon the deternnnatioii o I' which alone depends I upon lli(> subjoi iiiestion \v liellier tliev shall enter if 1! I'giilatid dso till I'lirther evidence on this siihjei Her ilajesty s icrnnicnt reserve ri-ht l.sl I till Kiulil ine 11 (Iduce latiire th ir<'uiiieiits I'ontainei I in the Counter-Case on hehair nf the I'nilcd Slates render such a- course iieeessaiy or expedient. PART I. INTllODUCTION. MKI'ORI-: procccdiiiu: to discuss in dctnil tlip dis|iiitcil iii>iiits raised liy tlie United Stales' Case, it is deemed iieci'ssary to refer to tlie translations of tlic various Russian docuinonts used and cited in the Case jjrosented on tlie jKirl oi' tlie United Slates. 'I'lux' coiisisl foi' tlie must |);irt oT doeu- nient> I lie Ollici I'ccoimIs or Av(diives III' (lie Uussian-Aineriean Comiiaiiy, wliieli were liauded over to tlie L'liiled States liv that 'freatv. Itussia under Iliid Artiele doi'umeiits ar Depart mcnt of Slate at A\' 1 over to till 'I'reatyof U^d", liy virtue of the The orin'iiial posited ill the Archives of the isliinirtiiii. and li.ive not iieretorore lieeii made iiuhiie. 'I'iie translations are set out ai \t\>. I'.l 1i if tlie United States' Ajipeiidix, '.!(). il. (1 i|Uoied at pp. 11, 12, 13, It, 13, ICi, 17, is, I'J, .-)l, .-.', (iO, (11. G2, (W, (M. (i5, fiCi, CT, OS, ()'.), lO.'!, ami 101. of the Case. h's of the oriniuals arc ^iveii at the i of the A, I ix to the United i'lic-sinii end of vol. States' Case. Upon the first periis;il of the extracts incMiiled in llie United Sljitcs' Case, certain passages were ohserved which at oneci^ave rise to tlic imjiression tiiat the |iapers must have hecii lauliily trans- lated. The fic-similes siipplii'd in tlic Ajipeiidix \\('rc conseipienlly examined liy a co)iipetent Kussiaii seliohir in the coniidential ciniiloy- uient o ill ^laiestv's (ioM'riumml, and a l;iri;e niiiuhcr of errors and iiiter[)olations wi iliseovcred oi a mo.st importan tliest- were apparently purposi Mime lew ol 'less, hut the nr( majority wci if such a nature that tliev coiilil some iieisoii liail ili only he aceiiuntcd for on the supposition that liheratciy falsilied the trans- laviuiralde to the conlcntions 'I'lie matter seemed of so hitinns ill a sense of the United Stati much imiiorlance that ste])s weie taken to ohtai an iiulependent tianslation hy another ham wliii-li WHS complftcd in Octoltrr, iiiid entirely confirincd tlic prcviKUs iiii|)ri'ssii)ii. 'i'iic I'liitid Sillies' (idv.-niiiiciit in(le|M'n(ieritly (•nine to tin *le(U il' till 11(1 III let 111 llie Airent has lieu'iiinint,' 1)1' Niivenilicr, ^'ivcn llie ex|il;iimtiiMi ot' it in :i conininnic'itioii addressed in llw Ai'l>itr;it<>r> miuI Id llie Itritisli Au'ent (in the IDIiiol' tliiil iikhiIIi. 'llie I'nitcd Suites' Ai^'enf at the same lime uavc lint lee of the withdrawal of a eerlain nnmher nl' the ihi'ii- menls, and fiiniislicd revised Iranslatiniis n|' the others, lie,. Majesty's ( ioverniiient have ])l(Vl- siirc in iic'vi ■wledirini,' that these revised trans- lations, with liie exception ol' niie or two small errors i.l no moment, are perfectly accurate. Hi;' icreui. staleinenis and aruiiincnts in the Paso rounded on ihe oriu:iiial tramdatioiis, or ieh still n h, liii to he answered, and it will therei'ori^ dopondin'.,' ininly on tliein i'or support, bo ncoossai-y in llie proper place to driu atteu- siatioiis and orii;inai doenments. ihle, hv ;i mere conipai'lson ol' the tion to the t,> It it |ii rm'rect and the erroneous transiai Ions, to rorni an icciirate ojiiuimi o!' the ellict ot' Ihe illse I'tloll OL the lictilions and interpolated p:is>ai;es upon the arijumont contained in the Case lor the 1 nited States.* Attention will therel'ore he called, in connection with e:i(di hramdi of the suhjeel, to the maimer in which il (h-pcnds upon such intcrp(da. tions d errors. ^X\\ lie spurious pass!i"5es are evil eorivctcd, il wil uiiu'cd, and the erroneous translations he I'oiind that no evidence the rniliul remains to su]iport the contentions o States (») that the Uussian ( loveriinicnt and the Russian- American ('om])aiiy claimed and ■d exclusive iuns( lict ion as to tradi hiintim; in the llehrin-' Sea, and {h) thai the Ukase ol' 1^21 was merely de(daratory ol' prc- stinu' claims whiidi had heeii cnl'i for many vcars. The a lie: 1" '-existiiii. and their enforcement lor many years, so lar as they implied any extraordinary maritinie jiiris- (ii"tion, arc mei civ the creations of the translator. • For convonii'iici' of ri'lcreiicr. the ori},nn.il Iraiisliitlnna I'lirnisliril l>v tlif liiileil Statu have tjciMi iiriiiliMl in panillo coluiiins with till' ri'vised translations, and aif given in l\\c Apjii'ndix to this roiint'T-Cn'C- t.Apiu'ndix, vu!. i, pp. 11-S5.) [IIOJ c CHAPTER I. IIeai) (\).—Tlic User up to the year 1821 of the JVdIrrf of Bcliriiig Sea and other Waters of the North Pacific. TiiK United States' Contkntk.ns. (1.) Viiiti'd Stiito' Ca«>, II. 'J j — '^ By first (liscovorv. iiccup;ilion, iind pcriniinont polonlziition, till' shores anil isliind* iit' licniij; Si'a, the Aleutian eliuiii, anil the IViiiiiMihi iif Alaska becnime, probiilily as early ns 1801), an uiidi»|mte(l part of the territory of tho Kussinn ICnipire." (2.) L'nitcil Slates' Caso, p. 26 — •• While the title iif liiissia to the territory north and west iif. iind ineludint;, the I'liiinsuhi of Alaska, was nni- virsidly icco^ni/ed, her claim lo the Nortli-we>t Coast of tile Ameriean Continent .... was earnestly disputed by luure tiiaii one powerful nation." (;!.) United States' Cn.se, p. .'il!— " While the claim of Uus>ia lo the territory einbracin)^ the .Aleutian Islands, the I'eninsula id' Alaska, and the coasts and islands e'.' lierini; Sea was nnilisputed, the shines and the adjacent islands of the American Ciiniincnt south of latitude (50° .-is far as Cdifiirnia, were dnrin^; the latter part of the eii;lileentli and the first qua. I'M- of the present century tlie subject of con- flictiiij; claims on the part of Russia, Great Uritain, Spain, and the United States." (4.) United States' Case, p. I'i — •'Aftrr the Ukase or Charter nf ITD'.I, iriaiitin;; to the Uussian Ameriean Cnnipauy certain exclusive cantrol of trade anil colonization, its authorities, acting under the sanction of the Unssian (jovcrnment, did not permit foreijjn vessels to risit Ilcrini; Sea." (5.) XInited St.atcs' Case. p. 40— '•'riic I'kase of 17ilU, which set forth a claim of exclusive Unssian jurisdiclion as far south as latitude .')0°,ealli'd forth no protest from any foreign I'owers, nor was objection oll'ercil to the exclusion of foreign ships from trade with the natives and huutinji; fur-beariic.; iinima?s in the waters of Heriiu; Sea ami on tlie Aleutian Islands as a result of that Ukase and of the urant of exclusive privi- leges to the Rus.Mnn-Amcrican Compnnv." (().) United Slates' Casi p. (il) — " Prior and up to tlie dale of the treaties of 1824 and lH2."i, I'.ussia did assert .and exercise exclusive ri;;hts of coiainrrc ". Imnlini;. and fishing on the shores and in all the waters of Ueiinf; Sea. " Sl'mmauy ot BuiTisii Ueplt. 'llie title said in Contcnlion(2.)to have been " universally recog- nized," is not shown lo have been recojjnizcd at all durinf; tlie perioil in question. Ilcr only Cicttletnent north of tlic Aleutian Islands was Nushagak, with five Russian inhabitants, founded in UUH. Any title by discovery was iipen lo douhl. There was none by occupation or ci.'!t;nizfctiLn. Throughout the evideucc which relates to this perioJ, no ili - tiiictliiii, as ri'Kiinls tli;' till-' of Russia or its reco^'nitiou hy other nations, is ih-awu hatwccn co;ists uorlli and south ol' iatitilile CiO". The Uliase of 170!) |iur|iort-il to ;,'raiit llie RusMan-Anicrican Oimpany rif,'bls exclusive of otiicr Itus-ian -ullj^I■l^, hut not of foreitjiii rs ; such cxclasivc rights wcic only cxcr- cisal)le on laud; no cxcli.-iou of forci^'U \csscls from liehrin;; Sea, c.r from fm-huniin;,; tlierc, is slionnj and the only evidence adduced of the sancti .n of the K'.ssian Cioveniment to any sueli course, con-isls in the inter- pelations, since withdrawn, of a translator in cun- teniporary documents. The I'kase of 1700 was not notified to foreijin Powers, and had no ojieration as airainst foreigners. The onlv assertion hy Russia o( exehiMve rights iu Behriug S'M was in 18'il, ami that on paper merely. Contention thai Russiau title to easleiii shores of lichrinc; Sea was undisputed. No distinctiou in Kiissia'.s title at lati- tude GO'. No evidence of recognition of her title. See /.».rf, p. 1 i United States' Case, p. 21. TIIE lirst threo contentions, of wliicli, snvo lor tlic mention of hititudc (iO° in (he tliird, the second and third are for the present purpose .suh- stantially identieal, may he dealt with together; premising that, prior to tlic year 1821, no dis- tinction, as regards the title of Russia, had been drawn hrtween coasts nortli and soulh of that latitude; nor will any hint of sueli distinction be found throughout the evidcnee which relates to the period now in question. 'riicre is, prior to 1821, no evidence of recogni- tion hy any nation of the claim of Russia to the eastern shores of Bcbring Sea. Tlieiv outlines were unknown to gcogiaplicrs before the explora- tions of Cook in 177S and 1770, and there is practically no evidence of any assertion of '■ right of dominion" over tlieni l)y Russia prior to 1hi> Ukase of 17'.)'.), which apparently bases this riglit jou; '; disioyery l)y Russian navigators in remote t.i.mes." The t^'ansiation of that Ukase in the ijiU'^'i, and United Slates' Cases, wliicli was ta,kcH fvenv .r-ancroft's "Histoiy of Alaska," alleges " riglit of possession " by Russia ; but these words are wanting in tlu> original, of wliicli a correct translation is given in the present Counter-Case. 'I'he !iuthority of Cajitain Conk is invoked as proving the existence of '■ itiissian inllueuce aiul customs '' upon the eastern sliores of Behring Sea. Even if he liad found instances of lliissian " inllu- euce and customs," (his would not prove itussian occupation or possession of this very extensive line of coast. Hut liis narrali\c, on (he con- trary, shows that along the whole coast-line '[110] D 8 lio nu'l willi no l'ussi;\iis or oihn- clvilizod pi'iiplo, bill only with tribos of the native iiilial)i- tants. Ca]itaiii Cook liii'lbov states Ibaf llic Cook's Voyajre, Riissiaus be mot at Uiialaska wore — vol. ii, p. 496. " shMTii;(!rs to r\cr\- puit of ilic Aiuericaii cuast, except wlml bcs opiwsite this islauJ." Al Saiiinfanoodha, on (ho Island of TInalaska Ibid., p. 499. Captain Cook met a lUissian named Eralim GroijnriofF Sin Ismylod', uhoiii he dosoribi"S as the pfinoipal pf^i'son alnon^■sl liis couiilrymon in lliis and the noiii'liboiiring islands; ar.d with rcfoivnoo to tlio confinont iiortli of Unalaska, Captain Cook says : — "lli'tli Isiiiyldir ami llic ntlii>r.-< alliniicil, tliat liioy knew laithiii;,' fif llic luiiliiiriiL nf ,\.nirii(a lo llie unrth- wanl ; and tliat iiciilipi- Lii'iit''iiaut Syiitl, nor any otlier Rnssian, bad fVcT Hcen il. of late ]"i-oni what we could ;,'a(her from Ismyloir and liis eountrynieii, the Eup.«ian'< have iiirale several altemiits to ^cl a foolini,' upon that part of tliis continent, that lies contiguous to Oonalashka and the ailjniiiin;,' islands, but have always been repulsed by the natives; whoiu they describe as a very treacherous people." Caplain Cook further observes : — Ibid., p. '198. • 1 found that be [IsniylolfJ was very well aciiuaiiilefl with the ^eoyraphy of these parts, aud witi'. all the dis- <■. iveries that had been made in tbeiu hy the liussians." IsmylolT furnished Captain Cook witli Charts, li)itl., p. .")02. as to one of whi(di he writijs : — "The Rcconil cliavt . . . . cninpivheiidedall (he iliscoveries made by the IJussiaus to thi' ea^tv.ard o'' Kauils-jhadva. toward America; which, if wi^ excbl't. the voyicje "t ' Bocrin,^ and Tsclaaiki.tf, will amount In iiitle or nathin>;'.'' IJuss Tlii' wriler says, in eontdusion : — IbiJ., p. .^Oii. " They assured me, over and over a^ain, that they knew of no other i.slauds, besides those whicli W(!ro laid down U])on tliis chart; and that no liussian had over seen any part ol tlie, continrnt of Amerii:a to tliu northward, except tliat which lies opposite the rounlry of the Tschutskis." [Tlie country of the Tschutskis In-re wcutioued is the western siile of lleluinj,' .Straits.] Captain Coolc's view of the «,'xtout of liio liussian .sovereiniity on t!ie Amerioan coast is lik(;\visc sluiwii hy Iiis :u'tion in \:\V\u'j; \r>s~~r>-um for Givut Ih'itain :it (.'crtaiii jilaccs aloii- llial coast. ni>< instructions coiilaincd liii' I'ollowint,' clause : — Cimk's Voyage, vol. i, p. xxsiv. •Yim luv al-'i, with tli iisvul c-l' lli- ii.itiv.'.-, In t;ili(! l,osl ..r vi-^itcl by any ntlicr Kuropran I'nwrr; an^l In .lisliil.ntr aini.n.n llic inli.'biliuiti su.'li tliin','s a-- will ivniain as \\:,.v< and Icstiniunics ,.f your liavin- Iweii tln'iv ; lail if \.ai lin.l il..' c.milvirs M, .li^iuwiv.l aiv nninlial.ilv.l, vmi aiv tn lake l,.,s„-,i..M ..[ 111. an f-r IJis Maj.-ly, I'y scltiii;.; up !'i-"pi'i- marks anil in^iriiiti'ais. as lirst ilivjuv.jn.'rs aial i"is- sessurs." IUi^oun(l, and laint'(l and looK loruKii ])i)ss('ssion >r the count rv in Coo Inlet d at Cape Xewenhani, near ilie nioutii oi i ic Kouskokvini Jtivi'V, in liii-!n| !!ay. ilu last- named plac is on the eastern slniv ol' r.elirini. rniU'd Slates (,'; PI' 23. ^2^. Til,' I'ribylolV Islands Iheniselves were not discovered until IT'-ti and IT'^T. and a-, lale as Ihi.l., .Apprndix, 1821 it apjiears to l.avc lieeii uiiki:ovvii wlietlier vol. i, p. .-.H. ^j^^^^.^^ ^^.^^.^, islands to the northward, of lliein. I;i\ssia's so-called si'ttlcnicnt. .Vn- -,vitli livi,' lius.siali iulialiitaiils laiili'd States" I'iifo, p. '.'a. lilili^l (\1SI', .-\p| 'ix, V(ll. 11. 4l'. itiiil.. .Appunai \ul. lii. ■• U'liiti^d^'tuli'* No. 1 (18:11),' n. 44. Tiie only llussiau settleuiiiit, if such it can lie called, upon tl le eastern snore ol l?ehr inentioiiei 1 in the i'nited Stales' ('as iiil; f^ca i that ol' Nnshagak, in l^risUd liay, which aiipears not to have been established until IMS, and to have colli :iiued in 1^1'.) no nion that live l!u>siaii Itch to Sir .1. inhabitants. Jlr. JMaino hini--ell', in a desp L'auuccl'otc, dated ITtli Ueccmber, 181)0, ■',VL Uio time these TiviUics [uf l.s'.il and ISl'.",] were 'idialod, llierc was oldv line SeUlemeul. and tli.il uf Uii.<;iaus. 111! llie slunv-i of r,oUrin:4 ^ea. 'I'hc inabilily of the Hussian-.Xinerieaii Com- pany to maintain any cll"ectivo hold upon tho c!,'!!rAj!'''dix. l.'vritory ^vhieh it .daimcd, is i'r.Tly conressed by vol. i', 1.. 4y. ' (i,(, .Minister of Tinaiice in his hdler to the t^i'i' :\1m5 Appi'iidix, . . , . 1 ,1 , 1 (1,,, (Uli \iii''l m-'O vol ,, n 11 1\1 mister ol :Marine, dated tlie .Mil .Njn.i, L>-'». 10 III tlui ilisL-assion of tlie Couvcntiou of 182t Lyman's Avhicliwill 1)0 fnuud in " Lyman's Uiplomacjr of United States," 1 ho United States," it is cxi)lieitly stated :— ^nd edition, Boston, ' ' l828,»ol.ii,p.2a7. " \\K Iiavu said iiolliing of the cnast (o (lie northwuvd of Bristol Bay, liecauso it has never been iiroteudeJ, that till' Iliisriiaiis liai! aiiv settlements on that side." {'iww the official Piussian .Afaj) published in Uritish Case, 1802, whieh will he found in Annendix IV to Appendix, ,ol. ii, . _ "^ ' I'art I, p. 4. the hritish (,':isc, there is a luamiscript note in the followinEj words : — '■ I.a Cniiiiiiii^iiir lie ]ios^i'di' pohil it'rla1ili-,S(>meiis duns i4 ail Dovd dc la I'lv^iiu'dc Alaska, i|UoiiiUf n-i vaisscaiix vi-^ili'iil I'C'; r('''i(iiis." Nu Huasian settlement in or to the north of the Alaskan PeninsuLi l! is also to 1)0 noted that, when the y the Iiiissian-Aineriean Company on tlie Appendix, vol. I Treaty of 1S21: with the United States were ''"''^' referred to ;i Committee of llussian D.'gni- taries, this Conimittoe on the 21st July, 1S24, liniiicd (heir assertion to the statement: — Ukas( " 'J'liat .... Ilusoia lias established permanent .settle- nifiils, nut only on the coast of ."^ibeiia, bill, also on the Aleutian group v\' islands." Had lhoi'(> existed any settlements on (he eas(ern eoast of Ikdiring Sea, it is obvious, from the nature of the Iteport, that these wouhl have been mentioned. 'J'ho faet is, that upon the entire north-Avest coast of America from BchriuLC Straits to the Alaskan reniiisula, up to 1821 [)raetieally no tide by occupancy had been established at all, niul any titl(> liy discovery was open to doubt and dis])ii(c. JIad any olher Tower taken possession of any pari of (he coast which llussia did not actually oeeiiiiy. JUissia could not have successfully assciird any claim thereto; and if other nations Iiad ijiishcd Ihoir trade north of, as they did up to, I he Alaskan Peninsula, there was no ground on which llussia could have successfully main- tained any protest. 'i'hc territorial right by itself was not thought worth disputing; and North American Review. Dritisli Case, Appendix, vol. i, |i. 33. United State*' Case, p. 25. ir to the nsuLi. l^kaso of 1799, correctly translated. 11 for practical purposes tlio coast, as far soiitli as Bcliriiig Hay, was (hen considered as worthless as a float iiii;- iceherg. It is sii))nii(ted, therefore, that there is no foiiiulation for tlie assertion tliat — " liy liisl, iliscovci'V, iiii'Kpiilioii. iiH'l /icniiannU colonization tlie s/i.-)v.v and islninln of lliiimj S", llic Aluutiiiii cliain, and tlif peniiisMlii of Aluskii licciiiiic, iirobalily is caily as ISOn, an uiidi.sjiiitcil part cia, WO ni-ioidll.sly iKTluil llic ( 'nl|l]iJliy In C'lljny iln pi-nlU-f of 1(11 /«'.N7/'W/.s/n»i)i/.< iinw nxisliii;; on tlio UOllll-caslv 111 1. ills'. nC Alnnlicil, IVnIll till' al'nri-Miil n,")^ to Bcliriii;^ Slniit iiiiil livyniiil lliiil slniil, ;i.s wi'U i- mi Uio Ali'iiliaii iiiiil Kiirilc Island^ and llir (jIIiit islands siluutud ill IIk' nnitli-oa.slfni nriMii. ■■'_'. 'I'll!' ('niii]iaiiy may iiiaki' new iliscnvmics lail nnly tnlhc ll.Ulll nf ."i.", Ilnllh lalitudc, lull alsn snlllh nl' il.allll may iiii'ijr|inraln llm lcriitnri;'s ji dismvcis iiiln tlio Iiiissiaii dnmiiiiniis iiiidi r tlin cninliliniis laid dtliitr(l; bill as. arcnvdili- In llir ciaisliliUhJii ul' ih.: ('oiiipaiiy, til.' raiiilal caiiiKil In' williiliawii, ihe |i.irtii'S ti) wlini'! it is a"ii_'lir.l r.iiiiiol iva'.ize il.lml call niily taki! ill,- plaiv ..r ill,' ,1,-litiir and ..l.taiii thi'ii prr.lKT >liaiv , f ill,' pnilils wlu'li a ,livi>inii lak-^ |>la.-,'. At the ,'\piiali,.li ,if 111,- 1,-nii ,,!' iIk- piivil,--,'.s ,il' ill,- Ciiiipaiiy, tli,-ir slian- ,,1' till! ,-apital will 1m- |>aiil ,iV,-r In tlii'iii- '■ III. Ill -^raiiliii.u t,, lli,-C,iiiipaiiy U>v a p,-i;,«l,.i nwiily years, tlinaiijli.iiit lli,- ,-iilir,- t-.\l,-iil "l' liie Ian, Is aiul islaiMis ,l,-s,-lilK-,l al«.v, t/i, ,.,rl,isivr rhjhl lu all ,u,/,i,.u- iiuiis, iitddslrHK, h-iiih-, ,:^l,iblMi,iiiiti, and ri rir.i nf nno rouiiii-ux, we ,le,liiiv Unit these ailviiiita:..!es -.mil ]irivil,-:,',-s shall ii,,l h,' ,-iij,,y,il 1 y any ]„-is,.iis who may wish to iiiaki! v,iya-es I,, tln-s,- n-;,'!, :is i.ii tli,-ir ,,wii aeeiiiinl. ,ir hy any of tlms,.- wli,,, liaviii-^' hitli,iti> 1 n i.-ii'.ja,L;,-,l in thi-i lia,l,-, aii,l liaviii.L; llieir ships ami nieixhan- ,U/,! in til,, Si- ir'4i,,iis, ,-ini,- even ]ii)l,lin,\' slian-s in lliu Ciinipany. ivl'iis,- t,, j,,iii tin- lalin. ll i~, li',w.-\i-i', i,p,-ii 1,, these latter in-isiins, it tli,-y will nut jnin Ihi- I uiiipaiiy ill tin- iihiniier pn-si-iiheil hy the l!e,i,'iihitinii-<. t,, ,iintiniie tij e.\ereis,- tln-s.- imluslrie^ ami n, i-ii.jiiy the a,lvaiila,u<'S eiiiinei-leil theivwilh iiniler the same ,i,nilitii,ns as h,-relii- tnlv. lull ,.,//// I'lllil //,. iirrli-'i/ nf >/,.;,■ ,s/,//,.-j ;„ y,'/,.s.s/,/, iit'ter wlii,-h ilate m, one shall have tlie-^e privil,-ei-s Init the Cmipanv almie, iiii,i,-r tin- in-nally nf losing' i-verythiii;.^ thai i> i-^lal,li^he,l li-r its 1,,-iielil, - II. .Ml ( i.iiiN 4i.ill ne.i-ini/i-lhe r-'ianlnf 1 liiviims of lie- l;u.-.,-ian-.\niiiii an i p.iiiy iimler ,,nr pinlei'iinn as slalilish,-,! I'lr the mana.yeiiu'iil , i ill,- alliiiis ,-1 ih. Cmipany, ami all ii,ilie,-s is-^ii,il l-y r-,iuls in matters whiih eiiiii-i-ni lii,-r,imi,aii\' >liall l,,- -,-i\i-il mi thai I'.iianl, 111 ii-il 1111 nm- I 1' ill,- sharehehlers ■■ 111 I mirlieliiin lliis ,,iir lnip,-rial Chail.r. w,- ,,iili-r r niililarv ami i i\ il aiitliiiritie.- ami I inirls m,t ,iiilv not t,j pi It ll„- K iisin,u all tin- laivile;.:,- Liraiileil l,y lis, lull aUii. it' n,'e,'ssai'y, In iil'nlerl il limn any l.,sse» iir lianii uhiili may threat, -n it. ami l,i ai,l ami proteet the li,,al,l III .M.inau'einenl ill ,-v,iy way.'' l! is 111 In" iilisi-rvi'd Hull, ill till' riviisc tlii'i'c is 11(1 n'rcroiu'i- !o liiiiitiiii;' groiiii(ls i.r liii ntiiiii'. til t);issii"'('s 111 Ai'tii'lcs 1 and 10, in uliii'li tliosc \\ r ill till' iraiisUitioii laUcii i'nim Paii- ci'iiU. Vi'lrri'lllU', 111 See ante, p 7. ts ,ii',ls aii[ic;ii I'aci, to iiiiliislrios, traili'. and talilisliiiii'iits. ,\rtii'l('s 1 and 2, as j^ivi'ii in ianeiMi't. (lili'rr uKiirrinlly i'l'iiiii (In' s.-inic Vr'.ii'lcs 'iicy all('i,fu " j)i)ss('ssii!;i " hv as Lcnon ahovi l!iissia, iiivlrad <>\' iiuTi' " ri^'lit cil' ddniiiiion," r,iini(l('d ajiiiai'i'iilly (111 " disfiivcvy ; " (licy tuiiit tu sjicak ol' tlu'i'oasl ■• liryimd " .15l■lll'ln^■ Strait ; and tlii'V "iilj- laiiitiy indicate llial wliicii is now clcai'ly ostiililislicd. liiat llic l!iN-iaii ( ,''.\ I'niiiii'iif had in virw llicl'acl (liat ti'fi'ilnr.v on tin' I'oast to till' nil! Ill as x.rll as io I he smith ol' hititudc ."i,"! was si ill iinincoqionitcd in Uiissiaii .loiiiiiiious, and 14 ■^ miulit even have " liwoiiii' siilijcct " to otlicr Powers. Article TO, as now translated, allows traders to exercise tlieir industries as l)el"oro, "liiit ()!ily until tlie arrival of their ships in ]?ns>ia:"' wliicli uords, (iniitted in Maueroft, show thai Hu'-^iaii coniiiotition only was in view. It will ])i'. noted that this TTkase dealt in\- paitially with tin- i'ussian SetlhMuents on the Avliiile of the eiiast desci'ilied, witiioul distinction as to latitude; and in the ahs(M\ce of any dis- tin<'tion hctween the northern ami the soutiiern portions of tlie coast aiVcctcd hy thai docuincMit, the facts stated in Cha])ter T of the I'rilisli Case liave eijual weiii t in tlie consideration oC tlie e\istiMici> and extent of liussian jurisdiction over any and every part of tiie coast so claimed, and are sufTicient to demonstrate that foreii,".iers were allowed to trade there freely without molestation or intcrfer<>nce. In the discussion on the Ukase of IJS'JI, which took ])lace hctween Count Nessclrode, Count Licvcn, and tlie Duke of ■\Vcllini;'toii while they ■were attendin;^ the Conirress of Verona. Count Xcsselrode i,',ivi.' to tlie Duke of AVellinc;ton, a M(Mnoranduni, under date the 11 th ("i^h-d) Novcmhcr, ls22, in which, as already stated at p. l;> of ihe British Case, the following passage oceurs : — " l.os iiii'suic^ ill' iiii'riUiliiiii ct di' .siirveillaiwc inii Rrilish Case, sci-.>n( pvis,''. alois siiv la partic l!ussc ilr la cote d'Aiiu'riquc p^^^^j^^^'of' "' fvc Innivcmin I'litiorcini'ut ociiifnnni's aiix droits di'rivam d(; s;i souvriaiiirti'. aiiisi i|u'aiix ii.=-am'S L-tablis I'litir Exclus I Muaaian competition ouly was excluded by Tl:ase. Foreigners allowed to ti'ad<' freely over whole toast from latitude ii'i uortU-wurd. To this .Memorandum th(! Duke, in a note to Count l.ievcn, dated the 2Sth Xovember, 1822, promptly ohjccted : — •■■ Virona, ^^ol■,:mhcr 28, 1822. -M Ic (oiiile, "llaviii'i iiiMsidered tlio paper wliicli your Excellenry I"iritisli Case, gave nic la.-l uhU on tlic part of his Excellency Count i,^jl j ,,'05 ' ' Ni'.'^selrode on llie snlijeit of (pnr discn.isinn.s on thellussian Ukase, 1 must intonn ymi that I eaiinot consent, on the part of my Ciovcrunient, to found on that paper the ne'_"'liations for tiie settlement of tlic question which ha= aiiseii lietweeu the two (lovorninents on this .■'ulijcct. " We olijeel to tin! Ukase on the ground.s : — "1. 'fliat Jlis Imperial Majesty assumes thereby an exi.'lii-ive .siiveieignty in -North Amorici. of whicli wc are not pve].ai'ed to acknowledge the existence or the extent. l.'|inn this [loinl, liowevcr, the Menioranduni of Count Ki s^elrode iloes aH'ord the means ol' negotiation, and my (.lovermnent will be ready to iliscu.ss it either in Londor. or St. I'etersburgh whenever the state of the di.scu.=.sions (lieat lirilain will not acknowledge existence or extent of Kussiii's ex- clusive sovereignty in Ninth .•Vnieiica. rui 15 Exclusion of vesseU ol other imti.Mis from opR" soa, olyectod to. excluded Rritisii I ail-, Appciulix, vol. ii, nsscrlril I'.irl I, r 25. '.r freely ilude 55 ciin\vled;i;i- issiii's cx- 1 Nortli of llli' iHm IH-inll, ..•.. Thr srr I ■.:r..lUI,l CM wl.i.ll Uc ol.jcil In tUO ruu'sr i~ ih.ii His iM.i-riM MM.i-"y Hi.ivi.v .Ariudos fr,M„ iMMTlaiii .-.i^i'l' ■' -'- "' " l" U M., Nvs,ub "\V.' rulllrlM llial ll"' ;i--HMIl.lillll ol llli< I'OW.T IS contriirv to Wn: law of imlions, und w.^ cannoi fumid u ,„..,r„tiMtin„ upnl, . IKllKT io "hi.'l. H !< l«'-'"iM l.VO.dly W, ...nlcii.l tli;.l 11- l'o"i'i- "li:ili'\''i' ™» cx,.l,M,. atiollirv froiii ll.c n^' "I llir o,u.ii sra. A I'owi'r cat. rsv\w\,' itscll' n-nia llw iia\ i-alioii ,.t a crrtain coa'-t, son, &■■., l.y its own a. l .„• Hipi-.^.M.-iil, lail it oannot by riyhl l.c i'\(hid<;-l l>y iiunllKT. This w,; coii«id(n- aH tlii^ law of nalions aii.l uf raiHinl la-niialr iipoM a paper in xvhicli a ri'Jil. is as.sfrtrd iia'oiisislnil willi this prinr^plo. " 1 tliiuk, thi'r.'fore, tlml tlic l"-sl mod.' of proc.M-diug would )..■ that yoii shnuM .lah. vouv vradin.->! to iit-oliato upon tliu wholr sid.j'" 1. will.oul iv^latin- tl>o oLjccliou- able priiicii-lu of thr Tka-e, xvld.li wc . animt adimt. " Kvcr yours, &i\ (Sii^urd) " "WKLLlNdTON." Finally, on tlu- 2!)tl. Nov.-inhor, 1S22, tlu- D.ike rcrorts to m: G. Cannin;;, Hritisli Sccivfavy ol' State for Foroii,'ii AlVairs, that the :Mi'in()vandimi of the 11th (2;5r(l NovcMnhor) is withdvawii, and tiiat the Einpcfor of Russia is ready to negotiate upon — • "the whoK. ,,m-liou of tla^ Kuipcn.i's claiuis in Norlli Auierira, reservin- tli.Mu all if ilie rrsuU of thr u,-oliatmu should }i.il !«■ satislaeloiy lo l.ulh lunii.'.." That (he (iovcriuncnt i>f the Ti.ited States did not rceosnize as •• undisimted " the elaiin of Russia to the eoasts of IVhviuo- Sea, is also elear from tlie statement made 1)\ .Mr. Adams, tin- United States' Secretary of Stale, on tlie 17th July, 182:5, to liaron Tuyil, tlie llussiau Minister at Washini^toii, tliat— Viiilcd Sialos cuulost lius-sias vi^lil . lo .Ol'/ lurrilorial eslablisllincul, in c3taMi>hiia:iil on lhi> coiUiuml. A,n..rica British Case, p. 3 1. Mr. Adan.s reiterates this contention in a despatch lu ^\t. .Middlelon, tlic I'mtcd States ^llinisler at St. IVtersbur-h, dated the 22ud July, 182;i, in wliieh, relerrin- to the Ukase of 17'J'J, he declares that — -liussia liad iu -.vr hef.n-e '^«;/■^./* a vi-hl. of soveivi-nty over any pail of lla; Noilh Am. ricau C..nliu.>ut." In a letter of the same- date, addressed lo Mr. Hush, United States' Minister in London, Mr. Adams says :— "It appears upon exaniiualiou that these claims hav.' no fouu(lali..u in fact. Tlu ,'i:i!U of iHsoMrn/, on !h i, couti- * 'I'iH' ilnlic.i :\ri' in tin' ori-iaal Ibid , p. 2G. Sno " Memoirs of Jnlin Quincy Adams," vol. vi, p. 163. lliiil., Appi'iulix, vol. ii, I'art II, p. 4. lln^sia's lir.st na-vHioii of <;ovi'n'iiinM was in I TOO. l.nitcd States' Slate I'apcrs, vol. V, p. 44li. Appundis, vol. i, p. 51). tno] r i6 ni tit. chiiiiiiili/c III/ Ji'ii,-<.iiii, ('.-, irihifiil In lie' /.riiluiliili);/. t/iiil in 1741, Cojtltiiii Tflilrikiiff sail' jVniii the Km t/ir uwiinluiii iiill.il SI. Ellnn, in iiliciMt till' .'I'ltl; ili^'icr of iiiiitli liilitlulG. Till' S|)niii.sli iiavii.'iitiii^. us cuily a-< l.'iSi', Inul ili-invcri'il aa lav miilli H'* ."i7° 'M'. lli-r riyiil, ul'disooviiy l.iiitil'ul. " It m-vi'i' lias Iji'i'ii ailiiiitti'il I'.v lln' vaiiuus Kuminuu iialioUs wliii'li liiivc I'liiiui'd hrUli'iiuiiU in tliis lii'iiiis|ilit'i'U that till! iiciiiiiatiim nf an islaml ;;ave iiuy cliiiiii wliatt'Vcr to ti'iriliirial imssi'ssinti mi tlu' niiitiin'iit to wliiili it waa adjiiiiiiiii,'. The ri'Po;;iiizi'il iniiiciiilc has nilliui' lici'n tlio ruvi'isc." \m_'. Hill \vlwit"V('i' may iuivo liccn tlic claims of liussia, wlictlu'f admitted or not, in vrsjicct of tin- iioi'tli-wnst coast of Amci'ica and tho islands adjacent tlicfcto, no claim ii.'id ever been made prior to tlie year 1S21 to exclude vesscN of other nations from navigating the waters of ])olirinij Se;i, or to exercise juris- diction over the waters of that sea :is ninre clausum, or an inland sea. On the contrary, the ground or justification for the attempted iiitcrrerence l)y Russia in the year 1R:J] was the competition with the I'ussian- American Company by the vessels and traders of other nations. This is sufficiently shown by the authovitios quoted in Cliai)ter I, Head (A), of the Apiiendix, vol, i, {British Case, and bv the letters Nos. 1, 2, :}, !■, ''''• "■■^•• and .) in the corresponuencc ol the Juissian- Case, Appemlin, American Company, which contain numerous '•'"^- ^i VV- ^^^-^^ rdi'vences in the nature of complaints as to the presence of foreiii'ii coinni.'titors in trade. No claim prior U' )l-i iiaiiiiiis IVoni lii'luiil" Hoa. I The fifth contetition at the head of this Chapter, which may be conveniently taken before the fourth, is in. substance that the Ukase of 1790 called forth no protest or objection from foreign Powers, 'j'o this it may be answered, in the words of ^fr. ijriddleton, that — "this iikasf, wliii h is, in \\s/iiii,i* an ail. [ainly ilnUH'sti.', was iiovcv iKitilicd to any I'ihi'Iliii Stall' with injnii' lioii in i'esiu;cl its ]>i'(ivisiuiis. " In point of fact, Ui'r ^NFajesty's Government have been unable to discover thtit the Ukase of 1709 was communicated to any roreign (loviiii- jiient in any I'orm whatsoi'ver. ^forcovcr, as ajipears i'rom the ]iro\iviiiiis of the Ukase it--cir, it dealt only, as was jiointed Hiiiish Ca^f, out by ilr. ^riddlcton and by ilr. Adams, with ''''•■'" the rights of the Russian-. Vmerican Company, • TiiC iliilii-.s .ire in tiic original. Conti'iitinn Ihal Vkasc' nf 1700 as- sin'tcd rxcliisivo ri^hi.s. mihI was ari|uirsc(:d ill by foreign I'liuiis. I'Kasr in IViini donjfsiii ami luvcr nolilii'il lo foi-1-i^i.'ii Shitis. .Mr. -Miiliili'ioii til Mr. Ad.injs, .Xnu'iiean State I'apers, Forei;.'!! Iietatiini!!, vol. v, |). 461. Ante, pp. n-l.'J. ¥ I \i Imle iVoni I lUllll.lUV, |illllinll> U 17 to the r\clll>ioM of iitlii'l' l!nssi;in siiliji'rt-< : M fad. wliicli tlic coi'ivL't Inmsliilinii <.r llir lIKiiM- hriii'_'s nut more clcMrly. I'nitiMlStiUoVOiii', III siipiKirt of till' vii'W tli:il llir ( 'liai'li'i'S ?l!74.''2*l,'mVk "• ''"' l!ii-M;ili-.\ini'ric;iii ('..iiipaii.v w.'iv ih.I, ;ui(l iliil not |MiriM,i'i to \>r iiitrr,i:iliiiiial (IcK'Uineiit-^. Iiiit piiri'ly domi'slic mcIs, not iii- tciidi'd to all'i'ct riiri'iuii iiatioii>;, ivIim'imicc may he miidc to till" terms ol' tin' diK-iimcuts tlicm- sidvcs niul to those of the fkases I'Diiimeiited ,,l |;ii,si,Mi-.\iiiri-icjii (ipoii lieival'leral p. (i1 it sn/. fii eaeli ea-e, with i\rr|.i lli.ii '>l' '*•-'!. thesiiiL;'le exeeptioii of the Charier liiM'd direelly ■'"'"' '"''''"""''Y-niir.lSta:o,'Cu.,., ilIM.ii the Ukase of l^Jl, Ih.-ir tenus are -Ivictly vol. i. p. '.M. limited to the e\clil>ioii of Kllssiall sllhjeets only. The ohjeet ol' tlie Charteis was not ill any way to control loivinaiers ; hiU.in liie lirsl instance, to consolidate the niiinerous rival lliissian Com- panies which were comiietinu,' with cacii other, and hv (lieir competition ^ivini; rise to l'I'Oss ill)llses; and suhsei(Ueiitly to proti'cl the Consoli- dated Company. It is airain to he noted, tiiat the rn-hi. sii-c riu:lits specially ^a'anted lo liie l!n^-ian- Amcricaii Company 1iy tin' I'kase of 17',)',» wen; rii^hts to he exercised on land already ac(inirc(l or thereafter to he t i', p. ;v.'. (ii/lovilill, " M;.;tTalni," I'art I. r.'.blc of Cuiium.-. Tt is now ncei^ssary to deal with the conten- tions (1..) That, under the I'kasc of 17»!), tho Eiissiaii- American Company, actinn' under tho sanction of the I'lissian Uovcriimcnl, did not. pi'vmit tbrcii;ii vessels to visit HcdiviiiL;- Sea ; and (().) That, 11]) to the date of the Treaties of T^'Jl and 1^2"), Itiissia did assert and exercise exclusive riii'lits of commerce, hiintiiiii-, and llsliini^ in all tlie waters of I'.ehriiiL;- Sea. Neithm' of these alienations is supported liy the facts. Th(> domestic character of the I'kase itself has heen already sli'^vn ; and the report ol' (lolovuin, written in ^^'\■ .,^ to the "Company's colonies." speaks of the impurlanec of pre--enl int: a hi'tter appearance to " l'oreii;-iiers visilini;' tlies(; parts." No instance is to he found of llussia preveiitinu' foi'ei^;n vci^sids frmu visiting- lichriiii; Sea; anil it must he rememhcred that the. Ukase of IT'.'it applied c(|ually to the whole coast of America from lichrini; !sl raits to 18 hitiliiili' ."i,")". 'I'lii'i'i' well- ill all liiui's foroiijii M'ssi'ls trailiii'j: (() [ilaccs iioi'lli nl" latidiilc "°, wlii'i.' the rkasf \\a'< iiit<'ii(li'(l Id lia\i' llic KWW 'ijicratiiiii as in ni'liiinn' Sc:i ilscH". On llii' (illirr hand, lln' solitary instance in uliicli it is allcifi'd on llic part of the Unitrd Slates llial It issia ai'Inally asscrti'd cxclnsiM' I'iu'lils oMT lirlirinn- Sea piior to ISiil, is the I'mtccl Sinim' case nl' till" jiicroi'd- I'iniill contract in Isl'.l. """' Tin letters (dated Idtli Anril, l'^•J(i, 2:ird Apiil, ApiKiulii. vol i, 1-JH, nnd ;iKt, .Afareh, 1^21) are ivlieil npou as- ''1' '=*• '"-'"'' '** ' ili'l .Initiii;,' llie iiinililnte ciiMUdl wliicli ii'iissiii rliiiiiinl lliiitml Slntp»' Disalliivvimco ul l!ii'Ciir(l-rii;ui| nui- Imct involved rm iii.iritinii' j mis- diet Ion, iillil ;ir|iii>lly iM'lvi^ril iiViT Mclirili^ Sim |riiiir' l.i |S'_'I " ("inc, p. 45. I'roni the Tacts jillnded to in these letters, it l.cnir, April 23, appears that I'iecord, the Superintendent ol' Kaintcli.'itka, had made an aifrecnicnt with I'iirott, Hcvisc'dtniiisiatKui, an iai-Iishman, for ten years, from IHIO— App^'lix. vol i, "Willi IvIVrcMi 1^ 111 lisliiii|4 fur \vli;ili-s ;imiI cNll'iirliliu' nil IVulii llii'-ii' mill iilliiT iM.iliiiii aliiliKil-i 111! llif sllll|^^ iil K;iliilclMtli;i Mini uu tlicisii nl' nil l'.;iilrni SiliiTia, in tlio l;iirl)iiiir?i iiMil lays mid iiiiiiilii,'nl, tin' inlands." 'I'll is contract, was iindonhtedly disapproved hy flic Uiissinii Government, which, havinu; urantud is well kimwii [o yen. She liail en board Mr. Pigotl, with whoni ymi an' well a(i|Uainti'il, Tie was the siipereai'^'n ui nwiiir ; fur thi' carj,'i) was uiuIlt his control, ami he ilirecli'd tin? nioveinciits of lliii >lii|i. He had cuiiK' IVeiii Kaiiitc h;illi:i in ei.i;hti'fii davs. " Tlu'i'i' were at that lilia- twn nu'U-of-war on llie read- stead, and this lai't allurdcil nil' IVtM(iiiiiil iippurtuuitie!! of meeting rii;iitt, I'ur hr was aniuainted with the nfiicur.s of liotli 111' them. T/ni/ /mil ,iid hcjiuail Ili-liiinj Slrail-i in A'llyliiie .s'khm'/, and had bwii aiielioied there tnyLther. He said, ill a lic^itiitiiii; wuv, that //c A'"' Oan li-uiliinj Men. " I mii^t cuiitrss thai / !'■"< vinnij I'-licn / s'-.-i/, in a k'tlrr to l\lirliaol Michailiivituh, Ihul " sinjl, won-of-v":- vmih! hi' siijli, (. 1,1 /„ /nil "ii mil Ic lliis Iriiffi'-. To tell the Inilh. 1 did not lii'lii'Ve it at the lime ; Imt 1 was afraid that a wholi' ~i|uaili'un, ur at h a.st a I'laijile of frigates, would eoiiii' down iiiuiii ns. This |iiosiiei't frightuned me, Ijoth as Maiiagrr of tln' .Viuericaii Colonies and as a liussian. They wmiKl h.iv ratm iqi all our provisions, and co.-t the Einpcror a lot of nmury, without doing much good. » • ♦ » " What hope i.s thi've that a singh' frigate will be able to sto)! this traliir on our shores, abounding in .straits and excelli'iil liurbouf^, 'mil »< ircll kiimcn lo these Antiriains Ihnl 11,11/ mill) In mllrd I lir pilots of tlifse loasls? They will always lie on good ti-nn.-- with the natives " Oil the 1st i-'ehruary, 1820, the Goveruor- 20 General of Siberia wrote to Count Nesselrcle, Seerctary of State, a letter containing the following passages : — "(I.) Wi- lire familiar ii-ith thf ivmplainls made h) the American Comjiaii;/ in rei/ari! to the harterini/ carried on by citizoiK o{ the United States at tlicii' i.stal.ili.sliiiii..iits, and ^^^q'^^'^' "'" ' in rp:4m-d to tlipir supplying tin- natives with firn-arnis. T/icsc emnplaintti aic ivell ftinnded, hut nothiinj can lie done iv III-' iiiatter. It would be useless t" apply to the 1'iiited States' Ouvernnient to stop tlie trading i the coinniereial rules lit the L'niteil Slates do init allow smli interferenee on the part ol' theii' (iovei-unienl. T)u ",./// tliin'j to he dour /s for the Company to endeavour to stren.i;then the defences of the principal places in t!ie Colonics, and for the Go' inient, at least, imt tn faeuiir thi.-i /"nii/ii trade. Rut tlie establishment erf a whale lishery oii the eastern shores nf Siberia would undoubtedly favour it in a high degree. The establishm'/nt ol' a whale lishery wo\dd bo a pretext I'or, am! an enenuragcmcnt to, foreign trade. "(l!.) Although the far industry in Kamlchalka and Okhotsk, whii'h has been declining froiu various ca\iscs, has DOW become unim])ortant, nevertheless, the present trade and its prospects for the future are in the hands of iiussiaii traders. If an indu-^try in the hands of foreigners is e3talili.-.hed on the coast, the wliole trade will certainly pass into foreign hands. In this thiidy-po]iulated region it i.s impossible to establish an effective suiiervision ; more- over, /('/ic is the iiiqiortatiun oj hrandij, ram, 'e- V.iltul I * • » * " (-1.) .1/. Ilirord .>-.(;■/.<. in his letter, that, oirinij tn the smallne.'iit af our forei.s in that ]iart of the world, lo' caaiiot per ■ , t joreiijnern /rrtin irhaliiii/. In the first place, we mav not be ^o weak as he supposes. The occasional appearaiire nf a single jirojierly armed shiji may be Kulllcieut to keep ipiiet and disperse all llii'>e whalers. In the .second phcc, if they are able to get ]ios.sessiou of this industry by force, why shoulil this force bo sanctioned by a formal Agreement (" 'I'lic loIlDwiiiii' exlrtiet I'r dii ;i letter from the r.oaril (i( .Mtmauenieiit of the ]'tissi;m-.\.nierieiin Conii>a)iy lo C'ajjtaiii .MuravielV, Chief Manager of llie liussiati-Aiiicrieaii Colonies, eonei'ruing Pigott, is also itil cresting : — ' (Xo. 1-t!).) " F.l.riiar;/ liS, 1S22, " I'he Vi'dld )'•!)•'' iiiriire that ('aj)talii I'ii/ntt, vlio ii'a.i at n,j|)^ n g2, Kamtehatha, inleialcd lo .tail thence to oiir Colonies, and your despatch No. S of the ISth danuary, 1.S21, confirmed thfUi ill their bi lilt' thiu he proposed to vi>it waters belonging lo Russia. He haspaiil you a visit, as you re)iort, uiiiler stress of weather, and yon have done ri.glit in n-:-isting him; bat li'- would miver h.ave eoine to Novo- Arkhangelsk if Ic had iiol been forced to put into that, port ; v:hal he meant to do ircis to collcel furs secretly at. nihe,- pltirrs. It v:a.i uith this ohjec',and in order to get ii Barter ly United States' citizens .at riussiau eslabli'Slniients. I lie Olll juvisl Russia does not, prevent foreigners t'rom wlialiiiL'. 21 zens .it i. I'iic only >•. Ill' jurisiiictiou ti-anslalor's ■IK I- filloivil of Ku^siau over w.iliTs cmisists in iiiU'iliolatiou'? footliiy fur fhU ^jh/vmw ..,; fir Aleulinn. hhimh.or ■;' II"- „orthn;i islaiuh situal^-l i,i //■■ 'lindion of IHrin;/ SIrait, that ho iiinile his proposal, of whirh yuii liavi- ahvaily !^i*n inriiriiifil, with n-aiil to whaliii.'; ami lisliiii.i^ i'or !li« l,o,i,.|it of Kamt.'hatka aii.l Okhotsk ; in tho ni.-aiitiiii.-, ho has hec-ii a>kiM- MTiins.io:, from l>ol.''llo, M. llironl's friiMiil, to trade with tin,' Tslmklshi's [on the noithurii AsuUh- toast], anl to use the liu-^sian lla;,' while so I'li^agiMl." Soyi'fal i)iiss:i;;cs ari> (iiintcd IVoiii tlm ('(irri'- spoiuliMico of the Riissiaii-Ainerican ('oiui>aiiy in tho Case presented on Ix halt dI' the IJiiiled States, us piwiiio- tlie assertion by I'liissia of jiii'isiliction ovoi- waters; l)iit it will be found llial tliealleu'ed proof is supported only liy i'assag<'s wliicli are not contained in tlie oriLfinal doeiinients, and liave been interpolated. United States' 'I'lie (piofations are set out ludow, the inter- Cas... pp. 43, 44. j,q|,j,(,,i p^ssai^.'s lieiiit,' Panted in small eajiitais and nnilet-lincd and inclosed in hraekets. Thus at pp. Mi and \\; lh<: Tnited States rely on the following extracts from a letter dated the Dth April, 1^20. from the ]{ussian :Minister of l''inanee to the lln.ssian :\Iinister of .Marine; - ■ h ainirars of ih.' most impi.aalivc iir, l■^^,ily f- a ihi. prc-^orvatioii of our soveri'i^.'iity in the norili-wrstorn luirt of Anierii.-a J ANH qn tih: jsi.am.s anh u\tiks sitimk.ii Kr.TWK.KN tiikmI, to maintain then; LojUiimmi^ly two -hijis of till' Imperial ileel.'* Al'ter suu'nestint,' that two vessels should he dispatched dnrin-' that year, one to crtiize from Sitka westvviird and norlhward, the letter as (pioted pttrports to eontinne; — "The roiumanaer .... iiaviii- ilioioipjhly > xaniiiied the .-horesot ihe .\hMitian islands, the ooa.^^t of ICaniehatka, ll'or ri'viii'.l tr;infil:ition, HT .^pplal(lix, vol. i. p. 11.) ( I'or revised (r.insUitinn, see Apppndix, vol. i, p. I'J.) ihc Knrile l-laa.ls [ami nil'. i\Ti:Kvr.NiN.: wATiaisj , nuiv return for the win The ur lollie hailiourof IVlrojiavlovsk. other ship, howi'ver (sailiii;.; fiom l'elio|,avl ivsk. havin;,' exe Veninsula up ti :d tl 10 ea.stern eoast of till' Kamehalkii iVr of northern latitude, and the we last of .Villi riea from this latitude lo the Inland of I'l AMI niK iNrr.Kvi'.Mv. wmi-i:- i|'.i:u should pun ei d to Kadiak, and lioi there t" Sitka for the our a.iiiei iter. Tho ohjirt of the enii/.iu;,' ol l\v. isuls in th.' localities above mentioned is the proli'olio iif our C.lo I AMI iiii: ixiM.i-iiiN' Of V'||:i:ii;n vi:s>r,i.s l-NciAolU IN TllM'lle ■l; IMilsTliv INUIM INTl la'SlS iK IMF ll S-'AN CoMl'AN^. I '■ Tin: NATIVI IMI MM 1AM. ■ * This Ivpe, iucloM'il in tirackcti, iiiways iliM'otcJ an iiilcrpoln- tion of the kinii ninUioiiod in tlu^ liitroihuaioa. A r, fereiUT to ilie intcrpol.iliuiis woahl now lio iiiiiiinti'riul, smtc it not ll.iit il i.-. lUTC'syiiry to «liow to liow largp an nWal '.he '•:■.« of tlif fail.'J Stntci roMi ufoii ilicai. 22 .VI |i. l(i tliL' iollowiiiL;' ijiiotiitioii is given from ;i icttiT, datnil tlic lOlli April, 1S:20, addivssed liy the Minisfcr of l"in;uice to tlio l}ua''d of Ad- !iiiiiistr;i(i(iii nf the rui^siau-Aincvican Com- yiaiiv : — "ll.iviiiu hiv llii' lifurf.l cil ihe Aiiicrioau Ctmiiiaiiy United Stutej' cxrluilr.l iill lMivi:iurs fniiii KamU'li;ilKa -111.1 (Jklidlsk. Case. p. 46. (I'or revised Jliiil j'riiliil'itcil llirm frnm i'iii.'nj;iii,i! in (raiU' [ami fii'iM tranilation lirNTIN'f; ANT) risMINO IN At.r. TliK ^VATI■•KS <1F F.A>rKi:N- see Appendix, — —^—^——— —^-—— —————— ^^^—^—— vol. i, p. I,).) '-^im:!;! \1, tlip (i.iV.rnnR'Ut fully cxik.'cN llial llif C'l'iiiiiany, cm i;< part, will Iml.l it5i.'lf iv>]"iii-iililr f"r sii]i|ilyiii^' those rc';.'ii)ns with all iipt'essaries f"lN' CnNi'l.rsluX. IT IS STATt:ii AS Tin: HtClslilN l)|- llI^^ Ibiil , p. 47. Ma .'i:sry TIlK l',\iri.i;iii;. IN VIF.W 1'!' I'll s~ii; i.i: IT rria: imi- I'l ii ■\t:iin S 111 ■ Tin < \\n :ia:, that m 1 i.'i iNIT ;acts INVm.VINll Tin n,'i:i: Ali.\ IISSIII IN III: NAVIHATMN I'll i: IT, ;aiik I it TiiKiaON .SUM :•- 111; |M|; l.liiN SLIl.TI ;i;ts in thk \v ATi:i :s AH. iijINlNi; (iR llnl- M'lTi l:V TIIF. I'liAST, s Of KlSSIAN 1 '.I i.'iNii: S WII.I, IlK A!'ri;"M:ii r.v tiik l\iri.ia.M. (iiivi:i:NMKNT."| Fuitlier, at p. 47, llicro is a quotation from a Ibid. li'ttcr addressed hy the Board to tlic Chipf |,.j"[,]"tJo^," 31aiia'4('r of tlic Colonies a( Sitka, dated the i23rd »ee Appendix, Aprd, 1820: — '■.... Basint;3'oiir own action upon this proccovliii^ of our Hii^hcst Protector, you, as Coiiiiu'.URlor of all oiir Ciiliiiiirs luusl ]ii'iihiliit with uijual .strictness all fuR'iL;iU'rs IVniii rny;r.;iiii_' in any intcicuurso or trade with native inha'iitanls, [as wi.i.i, as fihim \TSiTiNi; Tin: wattks I'UFnrr.N'rKii nv si:\-iinT:Ks anp i i'i:si:ai.s, hvki; wiinn iiiavR A\v^^ I mi: thkisIhn iNiT;riii:i;,-l." .All, I at [ip. to, H, and 12 from three nllicrs, dated the .'Hst Mareli, 1S21, the 201 li Septeniher, United Slates' Cue, ji. 49. (For roviscd translation, soo Appenilix, vol. i, ,.. I!..) Ibid, p. 41. ( I'or revised ti-;inslation, set- Appi'r.dix, vol. i, p. -JS.) 23 1S21, and the 28tli rebiuaiy, 3822, respec- tively :- ". . . . 'I'lic ]iriMciiilcs iuvirlvi'd in lliis iiclinii ni' the flnvr-niniriil y(jii. niiHl iilso (disurvc in (kiiliii;^ witli fni'i'iMurrs whii iiniy visit i)Ur Colniiic^. fl-siNi. AM. Till: T-dKiK .\r Ynri; ril MMANIi To l'l!l\T. TIIKM FKuM uril WATKKS.l . . . ." I ■ Wnii Tins iM;i;.-|nr> mt in ^"n.^ iiAsn vm \m:i. l;|; i:na|:|.I'. |i T' i A.-.'I'MK A NKW I'nsiri'iN. ANH |m >i\Mi riKMI.V ulT.'S I.H Tu Al.l. ATTI.MI'Ts n\ I UK I'M:!' "I' |.-,i|;| ],,-, IK;, T n INI rlN^.I. I I'liN nl I: Kh,lll> AM' l'l:l\l- Li;c:i;s. In ai.coiihani k with tiii: mi.i. "V Hi> Imitimai. :Ma.II-:sTV. \VI: WH.I. Nni |;i: I.KIT 'in rK"TKi T rSAII'Kl) TIIK I.ANh AM' U Ai'l.l:> KMM: VKI' IN Ml li \\i M ~IM' . M; vii.nir,-. A s'ji Aiii.'uN nr na'.ai. M>>r-i.-- i- iM'KU ,,K|,Kl:s Ti l I'lll rAlli: l nU A c Kl IXK I" THK i "A>T- "|.- N...Kiii-r.AMT:i;N .\-i\ ani. N. nn ii-\\i:>ti.i:n A 'ir.i:i'' '. Wr. I \N- xnw .-TANii I ION" Ml 1: iMi.nis. Axu ihiim: IT:"M (pll! WAITTIS A NIi I'nIMS Till: INTHrl'KIIS Wlln Tlll:i: \TI:N T' I IV Ni:i iT.'Ai.izi: iTi iiiNr.iTi- \Ni> Mirrs mm-c i.lait I'A i;ii i i'i\ I'iiMI'AN- l.V Ills |MiTI;l\l. MAi| MA. I" lliid., p. 42. (I'or revised tran>lation, si'c Appendix, vol. i, p. :24.) II i;-si:Ai.>, iiii\vkvi:k, sin. i: ru':: ,,\:\' Sm\it:i:ii; n lus iikkn I'I-I'A-kii to mkknmTIIKn mil CLAIM- Ml- .M-|;i.-iin-TiMN \Nli KX' I r>i\r. KH.irr- in iiii:.sr. \\ A Tril.-- WITH HIS STKHN.. IIANh. \\V > \S WVAA \\\' T,, liri'liK Tin: NTMIIKll or SK.AI.S KII.I.KI' ANNIAILY. ANI» .,., , pMIF.Nn.V AWAIT Till: N\Tll:VI. IN'TIKVSK IIKsri.TIN. ; nin;rriiMM, w iic ii »ti.i. ^ ni h i - an ai-i ni'\n i iiAiivr-: - IN Tin: n 1 1 in:] ' A letter i'rom tlie Board to tlie CliieC ^Itiiwuer. dated tlie :!rd August, 1S20. is not: eited in tin- United States' Case, hut appeals in the Appendix thereto; it eontains the rollowiiig ;— ■' You will iiorcuivo . . . tluit we . . . (In not, cduiitciuiiice any itileicour.so Willi lor(ii:^iicrs. | (ii; Tin: aii.mi.ssion- ok I roiiKUisr.Ks winiiN Tin: rm.' 'n.-is .u- mi'. ^MS^■l:,ss;M^- Append'ix.'vol. i, i-Mrpl ill cu-o id' ;ili-nlmr iiirr-Mtv. lli'ivLulWo, all SUI il tnuisirti..iis liavr i.'riiri-,iliy ivMilluil in serious liv-ios to u-. hNi. iiii: vi:ii\ riirsiNi i: "V ini:r.P;Ni:i;s in qii; \v\it:i:^ | |V> liKinMi: A MTAI, .jei-.sl |nN. MTKrTIXd TllK IXI.MINrK i,r llll' (■nMI'\NV.l" ApprUilix, vol. i t-. ,'i7. (For revised translation, sr ).. -M ) 'I'lic ineloMire to this last -quoted letter eoiisists „f ••orders IVoin the Uussian-Aineiiean Com- paiiy to its Ivadiak otliee, 3rd Auuiist, 1^20." ■^110] n Appendix, vol. i, p. :.'o.) 24 'I'his inclosm-c also is not cited in tlio United Sfpics' Case, Imt is given iu the Appendix, and includes the following : — ■■'I'lii' ili'coascil Miininof «iis fuMiiionlly instnictpil tn j'niteJ Slates' Case uli^aiii ;is Tar as pdssiblf IVoiii all iiiUTrn\ii'.-.(! -willi the Appendix, vol. 1, r.'iciu'iins visitiii'' uiir ( nlniiic-^ [I'm; iiii; s\Kr, up P- ^''' , 1^^^^—^—-^^^ (I'or reTised ri;i .-r.i;viM; immt "\ '>: v\i,i.m;!,i: i i;i\ iii'his in riif; translation. ?pe \V\ri:i:s Cl\ KIMVIIICII 'III: TIIMi!' VXI' IMil STI;V i:\IKNIls]. \vi' may well dispi'iisc with such ailiili'S nf luxiny as tliu I'ovi'i.Ljiiuis uiuloavoiir lo luaki' iis [nu'clias.' fmiii thi'iii." It is important to bear in mind lliaf the pas.sages above included in brackets have nothing corresponding to them in Ihe original documents. The original docunnnits, when read without tlic iiiter[iolated passages, far I'roiu constiliiting any l)r()i)t' that the Russian Government were as>erliiig any dominion over liehriiig Sea, dis- prove that allegation, and show clearly that all they desired or contemplated was to protect the trading on the eotist. When the position of the jiersoiis by whom tlies(; letters were written, and to wlioin they were addressed, is remembered, it becomes clear not only tiiat foreigners frequented Behring Sea in considerable imnibers, but also that Russia and th(> llussian-Amcricau Conipanj' recognized that tlu-'ir presence there was unavoidable, and that iiiierrerencc with them nuist be strictly limited to the ordinary territorial jurisdiction. Neither is any trace to be found of any action having been taken under the instructions issued by the Board of Ihe Company with the vif?w to excluding fore'ijncrs from trading in I'ehring Sea. FiPiiigiii IS liKni' iili'il IV'liring Sea ill imnil)i'r.s. It is submitted that the jirojiositious that were I'ormulated on p. .'Ui of tlie Britisli Case with roi'crence to the user of tlii^ walers of J5ehring Sea np to the year 1821, and sU]r|)orted by the evidence cited therein, have not lieen dis[)laced by any facts or arguments produced in the Case of the United States; but, on the contrary, that the further examiiiiition of the subject eslali- lislK"^ that, down to the year 1821, Jtussia neitiier tisserted nor <'\ercised in the iiou - territorial wati.'i's of the North i'aeilie, ineliidiiig the body of water now known as Hehring Sea, any rights to tlu; exclusion of other nations. llrO'ii l.'iL'I, l.'nssia assi'i'lcd imi ex- ' 'II iM' jiui :ilii limi ill I'li'hi iiij; Sra. 25 CTTAPTER [I. ITr.AU (H). — Till' iJliiise of 18:21, mn/ the cirriim- xlnnres coiuwled Ihereuuth hudiinj up In the Treailes nf \^2A mid 1825. gSoai Thk Us nil) Si\tes' Conikm ici.ns. (1.) Uniti'il States' Ca^c, i). 1!)— "It thuH appiarx tVinii the l'i>iT;;oiii^ ritiitioivi I'nt, j-o f.ir ns it wiiicfviicil the (■(■asts ami waters (if licniif; Sia, llic I'kasc f-f 1S'21 was nicnly (leclaraloiy of pio-fNi-iiuK plaiins of exclusivf? jurisdiotioii as t~ia>i- .Vnn-rican f'uin])any, tliat vij;oroiis protests were made liv thi' fj.ivernnient- of tile I'nitid States and (;reat liritain. .\nd tiie eiirrespiinnenee wiiieh urevv o'lt ol those protects s1h)WS that ihey were inspiri'd hy tlie claim if jnrisdiclioa over lari^e |),,rtions ol' the I'aeihr Ocean (as di--tina;nished from Berin'.; Sea), and hy th? e.intlieliri;' claims of tlie three naliiins to tlie coast ovir uhieh llussia ~tmj;ht to extend e.xcdasive antliority.'' i;!.) United States' Ci.se. p. ■'iCi — "Neither in tlie ]in)le-.ts, ne.'oliatiiais. nor treaties i- any lelereneo found to Herinu; Sea." SlMMAltV OK liltlTlsIl llri l.V. Illl KX- no Sen. Tile citations referred to i:i t'onlentioii (1.1 when freed from inler- polatiens, sho\,- no clain.s of exelus.\e jiirisdieiion o\ir I he coasts and waters i.f hehrin;; .Sea. Tliroujrliout (lie protesis and ne;.;otialioiis ri-ullin^ in the Treaties of 18L't and 1825. tiiere was only one fen arm under di-cussion. na.niely, tlnit delined in. tlie Uka-e of 1H21. The absence of all refereme to liehriiiL; Sea liy a distlni'live name, proves thai it was not. for any imrpose, separated from the rest of the delined area. The term " Piieilic Ocean " was used thronchout the proti'-ls and nenotialions to include Hehrini; Sea; and the !■ r;n ■• north-west eoa-t '' to include the whole west coast nf America from iiehrin^ Strait to ol north latitude. Tlie claim of Kassia lo maritime jurisdiction was that a^.'aiiist wliich the piolesK of lireat ISritain and the United Mates wire nni-t viuorons, and tli" llrst place in each Treaty wa.s as-igncd to ihi' clause liy which il was jjivcn no. 15:.B12 26 'riic " f(irci,'oin£; citations' mentioned in tho first of tlio al)ovc contentions as showing that, so i'ar as it concerned tlie coasts and Maters of Jiehrini;' Sea, the Tkasc; of 1S21 was merely (leclaratovy of ])re-existin_i.' '■lainis, are dealt -with in ihe latter part of the preeeding chapter. Tliey are the letters dat(Ml res;iectiv(-ly tlie 9tli, lUth, and l>3rd Ajn'i], 1820; 31st March and 20tli Sopteniher, 1S21 ; and -JSth I'ehrnary, 1822. The nrig'inal (h)cunients, as will lie louiul from .\p]iciiilix, vol i the correct translations, all'ord nc. urounil what- iijj'' .'„j .04' '"' e\er tor tiiis cnntcntion. 'I'iie presence of lureiiinei's in the llnssian ]i(issessiojis has already heen allnded to as the eliier inotiv(^ and iustilifation ('(irllic I'kase, and it has heen shown that it was donhtless in eonseiinenee of the complaints made on that liritisii ' ,11 Cas,'. ". 3'.i. score, tliat tiie 1 kase purijorteo to excuule , t'ureii;iU'rs from a|)pi'oaeliinL,' witliin TOO miles Cm^; Aiipomiix, of the wiiole (if the north-west coast of America, '■"'• '' P "'" lieninnini;' fnini Behrini;' Straits, 1(» the olst deuree of iKirthenx latitude. No valid u'ronnd for tlie distinction sn^fi;'estcd Uniieii States' , , , i !• i> 1 • (.'dsi:, lip. 41-49 lietwcen IIk' coasts and waters ot Jielirmi;- Sea and those of other seas can he found in the Ukase itself, wliieh, Hke the Ukaso of IT'.I!), asserts a claim to the whole of the coast- line speciii.'d. and regards the whole as suhjeet iij tile same jnrisdietion. The following- are the Avords of the Ukase — Contention tlial tlw UVasp of 1821 was lu^ to, I'l.'liriim Si.-.i, inurcly deolarutory of jiii.'-i'xisUuy claims of oxclusivo jurisdiction. 1'Ik;\-o iloL-.s not, distiiiiiuish lietwcou lieliiiM',' Sea imd v.-alfi-s outside. Throui „f r. "'I'lii- imr.-iiil- li' ('iiiiiiiicivc, whaliii'j, ;iHil tislicry, iiu'l of ;i!l citlirr indietiA ■11 all i-laiiils, |imH-, iiiiil ;.;ult's, iiu liuliii'.^ tlic wlhilc ot till- iiui-tli-in.-it aiii-it i'/ Aiinri"', hniiinini'i I niii l:,lirinii^ Sli-i'iU to tho olsl di'v'i'ec of nortlicrn liiti- t;al.'. also fr..ni llic Aleutian Maial ■ > t he castciii const (,rsiliciia.as well a- alnii^ the Kuiile KlaiaN linui iSelirin'j's Hliaitslo the Scmlh l'a|.e ot the l-laial .'t l'iu]i. viz., to tl.e 4."° 5(1' iiorllieiii latitude, i^ exelu.sively ,L.'raiited to .laiHsiaii sulijeel-.' . a)i|ilii-s to I'urth-wcjt (.oa.sl from jH-hiiie.; Straits to latitude 51° north. The letter from 15aron Xicolay to the ■^^al•(|uis liriti-U C, of Londonderry, dated the Hist Oetoher, 1S21, i,],', , hv wliieii tlii- L'kase was ofTieially notified to the Aji'L-niiix, Aol. 11, liritisii (liivernment, s\)i. aks of the sea Iviie. l)i'tw<'en the coasts Ihtis defined as a< Y. delliieil ii Ukase, df.scrilicil of I'acitif Ocoiui. facit luc elle ]l.irtie ssc--ieiis 111 .\ini rli|iie et en .\-i I'dei'aii I'acilaiie ^iv le linldelit And he concludes hi- hdter hy sayin;^' : • l,e< uflieiei- cniMiiiandaiit le- faliiueiils de LiniTh ;U>-r.. CIUI SCllI deMili.'s ;i veiller dan- l'( lei^ali racilii|Ue 27 ' of 1821 I, murcly I claims uf ail iii.iiiiticii ilc-^ (liaiM.siliuii-i su-iii.'iiliimiiL'rs (Mil rr;u I'ni'dn; ill' cuiuiHUiiccr :i li'-; mcUic ni vigunir (-■iivcis c(;ux (Irs iiMviies ('tniiigrK 'Hii scn.iciil sorlis (run Jos ikhIs do I'Kuiolir ;I|.1V' Ir I^Miirs. ISL':.', nil ,lrs Klill s-fiiis aiiri"< lu I" .liiill.'l. A il.ilir lU: ci's (■■iiuiiiiis iiiitiui iiiiviu^ no ixmrra plus Irgalcimnl i.irKiXlcf riguoi:iiice du iinuveau lli'u'l.iiinil." 'rinduglioui (jf r.cliiiu Ufgdlialiuii: J Si'H by disl British Case, pp. ")9-7C. .. no im iilioii iii(ti\r iir. I lietwccu outside. ISritisli Ciisc, Appi'Tiilix. vol. ii, I'.ivl^ I anil II. Ibiil., Tail II, It is iliilioult III iinderstfiiu! tlic -rimiul i'oi' the ;ilU'!;atiou liiat iirillii-'r in lln' i)rotosts, lU'U'oliiitions, nor Tri'iitics, is ;uiy vcrevcncc roimd to Jkdiriii- Sea. The fiu't tliMl, diiriu- tlu; wlioli" of tlic iH'^otiiitioir-; prior to IS^li .■mJ 1S25, no rofcrciK.'!- is made by any distiiu'tivo nnm(> to Boluin^- Sea, strouyly supports llie eontciitioii of JTcr ;N[ajesty's Government. The reason is oLvious. The whole area alfeeted by tlic Ukase was tlic subjeei, of discussion, and no distinction was drawn between the [lart of the raeilie Ocean north and that south of the Aleutian Islands. ITad any sueh distinction been i itcnded, it must have been repeatedly inentioued; and had it been desired to deal witli the wati'rs of IJehriu;^' Sea in an exceptional maunei', an express provision to that end must have been inserted. With I'eferenee to this ])oint, attention is invited to Chapter II of the I'.ritisli Case, and the eoirespoiidt'iice si-l out in the Appendix thereto. The Ukase of tiie ttb September, 1S21, which led to the jirotesls, nei^otiations, and Treaties, claimed the exclusive ritfiit io the pursuits of eeniineree, \\'.i;iliii mil Hsiiiii l;' on all islands. 1" jrts. and "ill ;'ludi th whole o th( nort]l-^^est coast of America from Beliring Strait to the ."ilsl degree of tlie noi'tlicn latituoe and the Aleutian islands. .M. lie I'oietiea. in bis letter to .Mr. Adams of the 2^1 h I'ebvuarv, 1822, claims--- I'licilii' ( liLMii I'xli-'iula Oil 111)1 ilewt'si cnust Iroii' lioliriuL; Strait tu liili- ludc r.l° north. I!rili>ii Casi', pp. 4S, 49. Uiiitoil Stall'-' Cast', Appniilix. vol. i. p. i;3;i. ■■///"/' /,•'■ /,'/.->A("/( y,iivsi -w/ii/i-s ill III' I'li'iji Devlin i.liiiil I'll lln iinilli-.'-' -.1 ii"i--l I'J Aiih I'n" J'lViii IliJir'iii'j Slii'ii litr sidi; III' .\'-i.i iiliii till' i.slaild.s ;iiljiicriil IViiiii till' sai!i.' snail III lla- -LJlli di'^ni;. Tlie cxteh; 111 ,-.'ii III' wliiili tlu'-i,' [(O.-iSi'ssiiins I'ni'iii tlir liiuils cipiiipii lii'iid- .ill till' L'onililioiis wliirli .ii'r ui'dinariiy iitlarlii'il til -hill .i'"~ (■ mi'i'- li'iiiii.'i's '), ami tlir Uussian i ■fiM'iiiliii'iil iiii,L;lit riiiisi'nui'iilfv judgi.' itsi'lr aullmrizi'd t" oxcvi'isi' iiiitin tlii.-i ^ai tin' I'i'^lit. ot' sowTciguty, and t'siu'ciallv that nT rntiroly iiiti'i'diiling the I'litraiux' ot' lul'cigiiei^. lliil it iiri'l'i'ii'i'il iiiily assrrtilij,' its ess.'iitial ii'dils, withoiil t,al^ill^ auv advanta'41' 01' locali'.ioti." [110] I 28 Th(> extpiit of wators tliiis liiuitcd lie claims as " shut seas (' mors fcrmc'es ')." Tlit> same limits arc citlicr expressly or iinpliofUy referred to throu^^liont tlic correspoiulenee.* Tims in the letter from .Afr. Adam:, to Mr. MiddletDii of tlie -lind Jidy, 1S2:5, the writer states til at — "tlio jirelonsiiiiis III' tlir Ini].iMi;il (luvrriiiniMil i'nIi'IhI tn iiii lUitisli Casi', eNihisivc tc^Tritoriul jun^.lictioii from the AM '"jr-c ./ AlM"-'"''*^. vol. ii, . , . ,, rail II, |i. 4. north liilHuJi-, vn the A^intk nutst, to thr lalUinii' '[I .il north i':i tin: loestcni roast o/ the Aiiurirnn VoiUiifitt ; luid tlii'y nysiinie till' vij^lit of inti".lir|iii'_' tji« imriijuthni mid tlu! ri-.licry of nil iilliiT naUiii.s in llir cxlciit iif IMH iiiilci' from tliu icliok of that roast. The I'lihrd Stul'.-i roii 'hI.hU no part of these rlii'tiis. Tlioir ri.uht of iiavigatini; and ol' lisliiii;,' is ]*vfoct. ami lins liocii in euiistaiit rxiiviso from tlii^ farlii-sl Uino-;, aftor llir l>caci> of ITS:!, tliroii'jhout the \vlio!i. of the Soiitlicrii llci'aii, ^nhjci't only to Iho ordinary fxccjilii 'IS anil (•Nchi>ii)ii,s of the territorial jiiris.liitious, wliich, so far as l!iis-,iaii ri,L,'lits are fonriM'nod, arc coiiliiicd to certain /V.i/i'/.»t norlli of llio "'"itli iloLtrer of laliluile, and have no existence on tin- rontiuonl of America." Uriiteil Slates .idmil. no pari, of IJii'-piun ilaiin--'. ■^fr. .Middlcliiii's iiiiinimi iijioii the siihjcjet of the I'kase, with its elaitn to close even ISeliring Strait, elearlv aiipeais in his ]\Iemorir' of the Hriiish Case, ". '0-6!. * Su' |t:utiriilail'.' in the cfirre^jiomloiu't* between Kiis^ia ant thr IIiiiliil Stales:— ,M.,ii. PolotiiM to Mr. .\ilams L'lul .\)iril, IS22. Mr. .Vilaiii^ to Mr. ^:i,l.l^■to;l, -JJail .July, 1823. .Mr. .-Warns tn Mr. I!ii-li, 2l'ii,I .Iiilv, 1S2:!. Miniorial I'V Mr. Mi.iaietini, l.^i nepenilier, ISl'3. In tlie corn ^ponilenee lii.tween (jicat Britain anil Hiusia: — Haron Nioiilay to ilie Marquis of I.niiiloiiilerry, .'ilst October, 1821. Count Nesselrode to Count I.ievrn, 7th ()ctol)cr, 1821. Messrs. 1'. Knilerliy and Mellish to Board of Trade, 27tli No- vember, 1821 . Mr. t;. Canning; to the Duke of WVllington, 27tli Scptemlier, 18'J2. Sbip-owners' Society to .Mr. I',. Canninu-, II lb .lane. 1821). Mr. Euilcrby to tlie linaid of Trade. 7lli rebruary, 1S24. And in llie corresponilence of tlie linssiaa - .American C'oiiiiiauy ; — .Minister of r'iiiaiue to iiiis-ian-Ainerican Company, IStli July, 1822. Count Ne«sclrodc to N. S. Mordvinof, 11th April, 1824. f This word is ill ilalics in the original fnited States' Case, .Appendix, vol. i, p. 135. Iti-itisii C.ise, Aiipeudix, vol. ii, I'art II. Ji. 4. ibid., p. 6 Ibid., p. 7. Ibiii., Appendix, vol. ii, Part I, p 1. Ibid., p. 3. Ibid., p. 13. Ibid, p. 21. ]bid., p. .-56. Ibid., p. 52. I'nited Stales Case, Appendix, vol. i, p. (I'i. Ibid., p. 14. '■', ■'4?j Vnilr.l St. Mr, nl.irCl lu -lllllUII,^ Wp ci|' II Slrail iicViM licl'iiri' shnl, 11)1. British Cuso, Aiippndix, vol. ii, I'nrt II, p. 7. iirl, of 20 lst(13ni) Dcivmli.T, 1S2:!, wliiuli contiiiii-^ tli.- follow ins; j)ass;i'j:(' : — •■Tl,,. rkiis,. cvrii -M.'^ to iIm' ^hi'ltnuj i>r '■/ " -''■'"' ,rhh-h A.(x nnxf Uoi till noir sin:! up. miil wliidi is ;a iIm-. l.icsmit the jirin.-iiiiil Mwl t,f clis.M.vcncs iiitdvstiii- mii.I u^rrnllnilK. sii.-Mivs Tl.rcMrn>iniM.rt.TriluiMl ll-lils U) tli(! (lUlaliw (.r Hill ,„;As /,■.„„ //,.■ .y."-./,MilM,ii ^n/ ny)y"«'''' '■""'''"■"'•^. ■H"' ''1^' l'i"liil'i'i"li "'' •Mti"'"''- iiiu' to lliu siiiiicMlistiuu'O from lUi.'so coasts, or I'nim tliosi' ..fall the iiitin-vciiiii;,' islaii.ls. arc iimovatioiis in the law of nations ami inrasiiri'S iuii'\aiii]iliMl. ' Ibid., I'll" I, !'• «!■ .Mr. (J. (.'aniiiii^', writiiio' to Sir <■'. l!:ii,'ot. Her :\rn,ii'sfy' . Ambassador at St. Potcrsbiirgh, on the l^fh .Inly. ls:>!., inclosed tlx- ilral't of a " Projet" of Conver.tion, wliieli Sir C. l^atjot was authorized to sign. British 'rrojct.' This " I'rojrt" eoiitained the following:— "Hi, :\ra,iL'S!,v tlic Kill'-' of till' I'liil'-il Kiiig.loui of Great ISritaiii .iii.l hvlancl, aii.l His :\ra.ir.ty lli.' Fai.i'cror of All till' l;u-diiis. lu'lii:,' ilcsiroiis of .hawiii;,' -till clnsor tlic t:is ol' rrii-iidshii. an. I ;4o.i.l iiiiiU'r-ta.iaiir.' wliicli unite, tlieni, by means of an A-rcenicnt wlilrli sh . si'tlle, niinii thu basis of ri'^iiiirocal oonvrnicnci', the dilVerent jioints .oinii'itcd witli tliP coninicrec, navijjation. ami lisl.iTies of their Mil.Jerts on the I'aiilic ( leeiin. as well as the limits rf their (lossessions and eslahlislmienls on the north-west, coast of .Vmerica ; their said Majesties have named their rienijiotenliarics to eoneliide a ( 'onv.ntion lor this pur- liose. tliat is to say : •His Maje-ty the Kiiej of the Tniteil Kin:.^doni of (heat r.ritain anil Ireland, \e.. iVe., \e. ; " And Mis Majesty the Knijieror of All the Kussiaa. i^'c.. &e., &e ; " Who, after l.aviiii; eoniniunieated to eaeh other their respcctivo full powers, found to lie in due and proper form, have a^-reed upon and eoncluded the lollowin;^ .'Vrtioles : — ■'AKTfCM.K r. •■ It is a.^reed between thu HiL;li t'ontractin;.; Parties that, their respective subjeets sliall enjoy the right of free . .„ ,, , ,. ,1 navi-atioii idoiv.; the ichul.- fxlent of Ihe. l\mfi,: Oa-an, 'Pacific tK'ean eonipreliendiii,^' the "'"'•^ •; .,, ■ n 7 • . m ■/ 11 it seawil,liin Behrin- Str.iits." roniprchcmhi,,) Ihe. ^0,. mlhm Bckrauj,^ SlraiU. and sliall neither be Innibled nor molested in carryill,^' on their trade and fisheries, in all parts of the .said oeeaii, cither to the mallnvard or southward thereof. •It beinj; well understood that the siud right of fishery shall not be exercised by the subjects of either of the two Powers, nearer than J inariiu; leagues front the respective possessions of the other. m 30 "AllTK i,i; II. ■■ 'I'll.' liiM' wliiili sc'li,ir;ilr> |Im> |i(i.ssi>>siiiiis I'f llic two lli;,'li Cniiliui'liii;,' I'.irlifs upon llic cimtiiiout iiiid tin.' lsl:i. Is nf Aliirliiit In tin' linitli-wcst, ^llilll ]«1 ilrawil ill Ihi' luaiiiici' rulluwiiij; : — " t'uilllllflH ill',' riMllI till' tWn pliillls (.r lllf ir.lall'1 I .iUlll ' I'riiici' i.r W'.ili',;' l-laiiil,' wlii.li fnnii tlic .iniithciii rx- liiiiiily tlii'i-Liif, wliifh liniiils li^' ill llu; iuimIIcI of ."-l." -10', .iinl I.ilwccii till' llil.slMiid l:!:lnl ilvylvu nl' wrst, Iniiiiitllilc (iiiriiili.m 111' ( liii'iiwiili;, tlir liiii' (if liniiliiT lirlwiTii lln- lirilisli mill lliissimi [iiissessiims ^ll.lll iisccml iiinllirvlv uluii;^ tin; (■liiiiiiiol fiillc'd rmlliinil Cliiimiul, lill it jitiikc- till' iii.ist (il'tliccoiiliiirnt lyiii^' in tlii' jiJtli di'^rui' nf iimlli latitmlt'. I'l'iiiii tills imiiil it sli.ill 1h' iMiricil uLiil timl CDiist, ill .1 iliii'Clioii jMiiilU'l t'l its \viMiliii;4s, ami al ni' uilliili tilt' .si'iiwaril base uf tlii' linmiitaili.s liy wliicli it i.-> liiiiunli'il, as I'ar a-- till' Il'Otli drurrc nf Imij^'itiidr vosl nl' tlir sail! iiii-ridiaii. TIh'IRt llir siid nu'iiiliaii liiir uf l:l!Hli dc'jli'c iif MCst l"ll;,'ilili'i', ill its i.\lrii.-ii.ii as fir as lIic l''r. i/.ni Ociiiiii, sli ill I'.'iin lln' liuuinliiy nf ilie I'.iilish ami lllis-iaii iiiissL'ssiniis nil the said ( '.•litilii-lil nf Aiiiulici li> till' liofth-wc'sl. "Aim CM-: III. •■ It \-, lll-VLltlll'li'~s, uudi'l>tnnil. willi IL'J^ald lu tlu' sti|ii'.latioii.s of llin iircrcdiiij; Aiticlii: — ■■ I. Tliat tlic .said lint' nt mast nii llir C'niil iliulit ul .Viiuiica, which furiiis ihi' liimiidaiy nf tin.' Kiis.siir;i [ins- wssiniis, .shall nut. in any cast', cxtuiid niovu tlian iiialiiui k'a,i,'ii(.'s in liiTinUh IVnin the .-ua tnwaids the intoiior. at whai.'Vrr distaucf tlir at'nresaid iiiuiiiitaiiis may lie. •■ -. That ^>|■iti^ll siiliji'cis .-hall fur ivii frculy navigiile and tiadu alniii; thr said liiir nf rn.ist.aiid alnii;^ thr iieii,'li- lllHll■in,^' islands. '■'■': That the iiavi.!4at lull and I'lniinierco of tlio.su rivcr.s nt ihi- niiitiiu'iit which cro.ss this line nf coa.sl shall Im opi'li til I'llitish siiliji-its. as well a- ihnsr iiihaliitili;^ n|- vi-itiii:; the intcriiir nf this cnntiiicnl. .i- tn tho.--c coining liniii the I'acilii; Ocean, ulm >hall tuucli at thcsti liitiliuk'S. ■ .\i;Ti(i.f; IV. "Thc]inrl of Siik.i I.r Xnvc An h.iiip-lsk shall lie, and sli.dl fur ever rcinain, o|icii In the i niunicvce of the sub- jects of His Ihitainiie. Majcsly. ■• akticm: \'. " With rejzard to the i^tlicr imrU ij ihi' iwHk-west coast I'J . I n/c/u", and nf the islands adjacent ihert'to, belonging to either of the two lliyli t'oiiti acting J'artie.s, it is agreed that, for the space of years Iroin the April, IblM 81 tli.ir ivspiMlivc vc-^.fls, unci llicw.' of llii'ir sulijuctH, slriU mMi.rui'Mlyt,'MJHyUi(,'lil"-il,v.il'visitiiiu', without hinarancu, ih- -nil-., iiiivriis, unci rtvvU of tlic saiil const, in [.luces n.il iiliv;i(lyn,rui,i,.il, Inr llif |iuri."-fs uf li-lM'iy •.iiid of coniiMcrcc witli llic nulivc^ '•! tin- (nuntiy. " It lii'inj^ nnili'i>t(ii"l : " 1. Tlmt llie siiLjccls of .itlifr c,C the H',uli f'ontrunting rnvlics KJiull net land at any sjiut whi^iv then' may lie an ostalili.-liiu.'nl ot ll thiM, wlllinul the |ii'nni-si..n cf the fliivcrnni- .ir otlicr anllaaily ot tlir i^arr, unlc'<.- tlu'V slaaiKl l.c driviMi UiitlliT l.y . '■L'. Tliat the saiil lil.irly (if cnnnrnTri; -hall nut inrUulc tlif Irailc in -]aritu(ai^ li.|U.a'>, in lii—arnis, swords, liavnot.s, iVr., .unnjinwilcr, or otliuv warlike stores. Tlie lli.,'1, Contraelin;,' I'arties reciproeally engaginf:; not to permit the alinvc-nuMitionod articles l.i !«• s(jld or traus- ierred, in anv nianun- wliatever, to Llie natives of the country. " It will l)o ohsorved that, in this first draft Couvi-nfiou, Article 1 ])uri)ortcil to ^xwc ,"i. Ill Aui,'iist lsi'4 tlie lliissiaii l'leiii|)(iteiitiai'ies delivered to .Sir ('. Jiuyot a '■ {'(iiitre-l'nijet," Cdii- taillill^• the rollowint; Articles: — • ■•Airricl.K \'. ■'1.1- Ifimlcs I'uissiiiiocs Ciiiilriiutauli"; --liiiiilrMl imi Uriiisli Case, ■.iiliv (|iir Inii'.-J siijcts n',><|icilirs imviuui'niiit lilMvinciil, Appcmtix, vol. ii, ■■Jiir tnuii' I'i'i.iiiliic ill' l'( Infill l';iiafii|iic, liiiil, au iimil '" ' I' ' • (Hi'iiii ^ml, Siiii-i I'Mliave i|ili'liiini|iii', el i|irils juuiriiiit. ilii droit ill' |)i'i lie 111 Imiitc iiiiT, iimis nm; cr lirnil iic [unirrii jiiiiiai'^ I'tru cxi'reu i|n"i la distaiin' ilr '2 liiMics iiiariiirs ilo:» ri'ilr-: 1111 |iu.s»e.^>itin.s, suit lius.sL'.s, .soil J'ritaiiiiii|iirs. " .\1;T|i I.K VI. " Sa IMaJi'-l.' Itaiiiiiiviir ilr Tniitfs lis K'us-k'-, vmilaiit Hji,)., ,,. 70 ini'iiii' ilmiiu.T iiiir ])i-eiivr ]iailii'iilii ri' ili' ,^r,s i';.'iirils ]iinii- lis iiih'n'ls lies siijcts ili' Sa Miijiste r.rilaliiiii|ur el riiiilif ]ilii^ iililr \t siiiM'i's (Irs rlil|v]i|-isi's, ijiil aiirairiil imur lltal lie ilirnin nr nil jia- II li'iiii (111 ('mitiiieiit .Viiu'ricaiii, cniisnit a r,- ijiii' la iilicili' ilc iiaviuiatimi iiicii- lidiiiu'c i.'u I'Artielu [iiVLTtleiit .sVU'ikIl' .sdiis K'.s mr-iiios iiiilidiis, all J)('troit ilu Bui ■il ili: ir ili'lmit.' ini)'' ct a !a uier situi'c uu The lle^■l)tiati(lns, Iiowcver, were l)r()k( 11 (ill', as lliid., p. 67. i'e]iorteil liy Sir C Hat;(il, '.vIki wrote tlia: on certain points diHerences !;a i ari'.eii which appeared to lie irrccaiicilalde. One (.r the points on u!... 1 tli" Russian I'leni- potentiai'ies rel'iiscil to yi; Id was tin; propo.sal, cndiodiod in Artiide ^' of the ISrilish " IVojet," ill so far as it permitted Hriti'di siihjecis to visit, for a staled ])rrio(l, the uailfs, Ikivciis, and creeks in placi's 111)1 already occupied on tin; north-west coast of America from Olf north latitnde to Hehriif.;- Straits, 'i'his coast they declared to ho the absolute and undisputed territory of Jlis Imperial Majesty, and they added that it was not the inleulion of iMs fniiierial Majesty to n'raiit to any i'owin- whatever r,,r any jn.Tiod of time the lihortv wliiidi was reiiiiired. Ikit the stipulalioii for the free navi.d'aliou of the hi^-li seas, wlii(di was afterwards emhodiod in Article 1 of the Treaty, was not 0110 of the points upon which dillVicnces arose, and tlie .Russian .l'lenip:itcnliaries do not aji[)car to have raised any Kiissia (lues not nbjoct to I'li'ili.sh ■ I'l'qjcl " (in gimiiid of i.'XCi'iiliiiiial rights ill r.i'hriii',' Sea, :i;s Iirili«li Case, Apiit'iidix, Tol. Ii, Part I, 1>. 6'*. Ibiil. ob'n'ctioii 111 the iiritisli |ini|His;il. mi the ','i il (lull liiissin possessed I'veept iniial rights nver ;lii. noii-territiiria! waters nl' Heliriiiu' Sea. Article VI (if \i|eir " C.iiiln-I'roji't " iiulieales that, they hail no elaiiii to evchiile foreitcn vessels frmn uateis smitli i.r ait nf lliissia. ' Unili'i! Stall's' Cns,'. p. 5.S. I '. lit' iciir,' (it l,'ii---iaii ili'jiiilaii.s. ApiH'iulix, vol. p. :i2 el seq. 10 I'li'llisli ,'XCeliliiiiial In the United States' Case Lircnt stress is laid ujiou the fact that Itussia, afler the execution of the 'I'reatv v.ith the I'liited Slates, and before the conclusion of the 'IVealy with (ireat Britain, soiiglit to ]dacean interpvehition upon the former 'rrcatv whidi is not inaeeonlwilh the inlei'pre- lationveiw put upon it hy Great 15ritaiii. 'I'his interpretation i;- ..•ontained in a lieport, dated the •jlst .Inly, IS-Jl, of the Cmifeiviice of a Special Committee of certain Jtu-^sian dii;uitaries, which Conference had hceii brou-hi loy,'ctl!er for llu! purpose of replying' to certain questions raised by the rvUssian-Ami rican Comiiany iiiion the Treaty. This document ha^ been produced fur the !irsl time in the U liled States' Case. It is in no sense aiv iiilcriiatioual document, i'urtlier, the questioiis jiut by the North Amevicati Company, to Avhich it purports to be an answer, are not, [)rodiiced. .Moreover, the translation of the llepoil eilcii hi the United States' Case is inaceuiati; in most 84 ini)ioi'tniit i)avlifulai's. Tlie translation givon in llio United States' Casi; is as follows, tli(> words United States' Case, pp. 54, 55. apprarini,' hot ween br.a'da-ts heing simple inter- (For revised trans- jjolations:— lation, see Ap- pendix, vol. i, p. 34.) '■ 7. Tliiit since t!i'' sovcroiyiity of llussiii over the .slmrrs id' Siliiiia | .\Nli A>n:i!li a ], as wull as over tlii' Alfuiiiiu Id^iii.U [anii iiiK iMi:i;vi:xiNii si:.\s ]. has lung siiH'e lift'ii ackudwlcilgi-il Uy all I'owofs, these coasts, islaiuls fAXn st;As] jusi iinmeil eeiild iiul have ihmmi ivfenvd t(i in the Articles !<{ the al»>vi;-nientiuneil ( 'unvenlien, wliieh latter ciincorns unly the disputed territiny nn the north- west coast of America and the .adjoininj; islands, and that in tlie I'tiil assurance of .such undisimted right Itussia lias lon;^' since estalilishod permanent ScltlciucMits on the coast of ."^ilieria, as well as on the chain of the Aleutian Islands ; coiiseipiently, American suhjccts coidd not, on the strengtli of Article II of the Coiivcntiou of the ,"pIIi (17th) April, liavi made landiiii;s on the coast, orcarried on huntini,' and (ishin:^ without the pcrnnssioii of our I omiiiaiuler.s or Uovcriiors. Tliesu coasts of Silieria and of the Aleuli.m Islamls are not washcil liy the Scattheru or Paeille Ocean, of which mention is nuide in .\rticle 1 of the t'onventiou, hut hy the Arctic (XeaiL ami the Seas of Ivam'-liatka ami (Ikhotsk, which, on all authentic I harts and in ,dl ;;roi4r,i] lilies, form no part of the Southern oi Pacilic Ocean." Trom tliis llcport, it iiuiy be gathered lliat the two rullowing points had been raised by tin' Comjiany; — 1. It was tliouglit that Article I ol' tlie Con- vention permitted citizens of the United .Slates to resort 1o the coast upon points not already occupied iipoit tlie shores of Siberia and tlie Aletitian Islands for tlie purpose of trading with the i-atives. 2. The Company desired to coiiline Ihc right of fishing and trading, granted to tlie United States for ten years hy Article IV, to tlie coast south of Cross' Sound. It was to meet the first of lliese points liiat the argument that I'xdu'ing Sea is n..: part of the raciiic Ocean, or Soiitli Sea, was for the lirst lime suggested in (lie above I'cjiort. Ui)on the second point, the Committee ex- Hoviscd irausla- ..,,.,. 1, 1 • 'i™. Appendix, ])resscd the opi'^on lliai iakiitat or JJidiring vol i,p. 3,'). Bay was situated — "in a l.ititaile ['I'f oU' norih| where tlie ri.L;hts ol Ihissia have never formed a suhjeC. of ilispulc, ami that this important cireunistaiice permits u> to include it in the j;eiler,d decLuaticui conccrniuu' the .Meiitian I.-l.cuds :in siitrscstion of the Coin- initloL', IJ.iroii 'rnyll, liussitiii .Minister :it Wasliiu-lon, -vas i ustriictocl by his Govenmiciit to iiroposc to -Mr. Adams that Cross' Sound sboidd 1)0 the northern limit, to which the ri-ht oi" fishint; and trading' tor the stipnlaled period oi ten years shoidd be eonllned. No copies, liowevcr, are rortheomini; ol' the instnietions given by the llnssian CJovernnRnt to Harou Tuyll, nor are any copies oL' the despatebcs from the Baron to his Govcrnnient, or tlie subsequent reports ol" the result oC the ne-otiatious, now produced. What actually took place between Earon Tuyll and Mr. Adams is best told by quotation irom Mr. Adams' diary. Mr. Adams' account ol' this transaction is as follows : — ■ i;ili, .1/„H(%.— lianm Tiiyll ili'' l:u~-^ian Miui-lrr, wriilc nil' a iKitc rwiuestinf; an iuiMU'ilialc iiilnvirw. in oiiiiseciuriii f iiislnicliinis ivccivL-tl yosliMilay fiuui his ( \,nvt. llu i-aiiic, ami, after intiiiiatin- that lie wa.s miilft sniiu' iMiibarrassmcut in rxccutiim his iiistructinns, said that the linssiaii-Amiiriraii Coinpaiiy, iiikhi Ifaniiiiu llie purimrt of thr Ni.nli-wi"4 I ■..asl ( niivciitiun luuulud.Hl last .linu' liv Mr. .Miililh'ldU. wen- rxtrrim'ly dissatislioil (,' a jut/' (l.e liiViits cris'}, ami, hy iiiraiis ..f tlii'ir iiilhluna', had im'vailuil u|iiiii his GuvcrniiaMit to s.-ml him thr^c instrm'- tiuii- ui"iii t\V(i ]iiiiiits. Oui' was, that hu should ilcliviT, ui„,u tho I'Xcliaiiuo of tho rutilicatioiis of tho I 'ouvfiitiou, iiii r\|.laiialory uolc. |iur|iorliii- that the IJussiaii C.ovcni- iiu'iit .lid not uiid.'rstaml that the ( oiivciitioM would :,'ivo lih.Tty to the citizi'iis of tin' Uiiituil State- lo tra.lo on the coast of Siberia aiidtho Aleutian Ishnuls. The other was, to propose a uiodilieatiou of thi' ( ■ouveutioH, hy whieh (;ur v,..iMd- sh.add l.e |.rohil>iti'.l I'roiii trading on the Ndrtli- west Coa.st north of latitude .".7 . With ro.uard co the former of tliese points, h(! left with me a minuti! ill writine. •■ I told him that we .shoidd lie disiio-ed to do everything to aieoiunioiblo tiie views of his (loverniuent that w.is in cinr power, hut that a inoditiealioM of tlu' (■ouvenliou hv a new 1 ■ouvenlion, .'/./ hi th; lud that the enuslruetion ol' the l 'ntivenlioii as eoneludea lu ir^eil to ther llepartments of the llovernmeiil, for hieh the F.x.'eutive had no authority to nipulate. that \v if on the eM haii','e of the lalilieatioiis he hv.'r lu lUe a Hole ■ft he purport uf that whieh he now informally [UU] 36 ;,'nvc nil', I >liMiilil L:ivr liliii :iii .iii^wcr ■if lli;il iijiviiit, iKiiiii-ly, tliiil till' (■■iii^lrniliuM nl' ikmIIcs ilrijcinliii^ Ihtc iilHiii till-' judiciary tiilmiials [llii> Kxiiciilivi' (invuniiuuiit, fVcii if ili.s|Hi, ihir u|kiii tliis iiali8 mil iippi'iir hi Mr. libiiiip's qiintaiinii fi'oiv Mr. Ad.iiiiH' (linry (Unilcil Stiitc-' Ci-e, Ap|ii'ii(lix, vol. i, p. 'J??! It Is iiiipiii't.'int, inasniiicli as it IiuIh :ei's tli.it the Uiiili'il Stit t' (lovi I'linit'iit \vi r.> nut (lis|iose(l to iicquiusce ID tlio propusi J coiisii'iictinD nf till' Treaty. A* •57 ijf lii> iiislnicliniis ; liul 111' Uiis iiwaiv (.1' llic ili~ii;ii.itiiiii of JllUVCrS ill nllr l 'ull-^lilllliMIl, all'l .if lllr il|ri)ln]irti ;|ry ul' llll' Kxi'ililivc In lliljlisl .-urll i|lli"iilri:itiou wlirtlii'i' 111 pii'Sfiil it slinvtly iit'li.'r\varil>, (ir III inrmiii liis ('null nl'ulial 111' liiH 'Iniir, ami a-li lluii- rurtlirr iii--inii lions iipiiii what lu! sliall ili'liiiitivcly ilo mi tin- --u'liii'c't. He llioi'd'ori' rt'niioslril mi; to cniisiili,'!' \vlial liail Mow jpa^^'.cl betwci'ii us lis if it liail not taken jilaiM' (' noii avi'nu'y, to ■wliicli I irailily assi'iiti'il, assuring; liim, ai I liail done lii'li'loroir, llial till' I'n-iili'iil hail tlii' hi;^li''^t ln'i'soiiiil conliik'ncc in him, ami in his I'MTlions to fostiT tlie liai'niony hi'twccn Ihr iwo coiuilrii's. I n']iort'.'il iniine- (latrly I'l till' I'ri'.siilcnt Ihi' snhstaiirc iil' this coiivi'Viation, anil 111' roiioinreil in tin; in'opriuty of the IJarun's final detcniiinatinii." Appi'nilix, vol. i, p. (j;i. -Vs will 1)(! soon from the above account of the nogo iMtioiis, no nolo wliatovcr was prosontod by Baron Tiiyll. In ])oint of fact, it is not clear tbat any note was oven written. The docnniont pnulnood by tbo United IStatcs, and piii'portini» to bo a copy of the note, is beaded " \ote expli(.'ative a prosent<'r," and would ajjpoar to lie nothing more than a draft ^litiuti- of a note. Till- rollouino- is the text of this draft note : — ' Null' i'\|iliialivi' a iivi'M'iUi'r an (lonvcrni'iiii'iil i|i'< I'llats-- I'liis lurs ill' ri'rhaii'ji' ilrs I'alilii'iition-i ilaiw Ir lilt d'l'carli'i- d'amaiit ]ilus sMri'mi'iil tniil niolil' ih' di-rns- sions I'litiiiL's. nil nioyi'ii do lai|iii'lli' noti' on rwoiiniiiUoit ]io>ilivi'niriit oxii'iili'cs ill' la lilii'i'ti! di' flm-^si'. di' iiiVho, I'l do loiiiini'i'i'i', stijUiK'i' I'll favour dos oiloyoiis drs Klats-l'iiis |iiiiiv liix alls, /i.i llts Alt nfn aif^. In. ri'.t,-^ ilc lit SiK'I'u'.'l III 'I'li'i't'l li:i >n>Mi :i.-iii arn'li'i'S, rar li'i ii'.irxil, In iSHu'ric sum haiu'iH'i's |iai' la Mi'i- dll'liolsk. la Mi i' do Kamtsi'liatka. il la Moi- (!la ialo. I't noil |iiu' la Mei' dii Slid iin'iitionmr dans rAi'liili' I" do la ('onvi'iiliiin dii "i fl7) Avril. ("ost aiissi |iai' la Mrr llll KaniUcliatka mi I'l Iri'iiii iha Nonl. i|iii' sunt liai,i.:ni'.s li's lies Vloulionni's. " l.'inli'iilimi do la Uiivsio n'osi |H.iiii il'i'iilrav ev l.i lilno navioatiiin do rOci'an l'acilii|Ui'. lOllo so honiorail a lain ■ roi'iiiinoilio niiunio liion ontondii lU ]ilai'i'' a I'alni do Unilo I'sjiooo i\r dmlo lo |iliiiriiio, ipio ilo|iiiis lo oil llll aili'un vaissoaii I'li'anoor no |ioiii'i'ait a|i]iroolior do sos ootos ot sos ilos, ni y fairo la oliasso on la iioilio una la di^tanoo du 1' lioiios luaiinos. ^'i' i|ui n'oiii|ii''ilii'ia pas il'ikcnoillir les hatinioiis i'iniiij;i'i's avarii'- oii haUii- par la lilii]ii'li'." It is stalod in Mr. l>laiiio"s dospMlch of ihe ITlli Di'ci'iiilior, lS!)it. that this Miirilo or ii-i^ 38 'M MciiiKraiuliim was not ])i'('soiit('il at tlio tinio of tl f vatilications, hut was ci ic oxcliaiin'c (il 1 catcil a iiii'lin'u-lit al'tcvwai'ds. Jt d to 1 DCS MOV ai)rrav iav(! nx'ii c'llircly inloniia [i ill) til. II any case, ncilhiT here, nor \n IIk^ convpi'sa- tidu \\itli 'y\\\ j\dains above rcl'crj-cd to. did JSai'dii Tiiv 11 siii;'L;'cst that iSclii'iii^' Soa was closed, or (i;at his Governjnent elainied a inarii'iii of 100 n'.Ies from the shores. Jlis arii'iinient was tiijit I ''Vr. Ill did not aj)iily to that sea, and that 1ii( ' Slates were remitted tlieii' to the ordinary i s oi' independent nations on the liiu'li seas. AVliat. In- says as to the reception of nil-- 111 (lislress assumes that sliips passiii;T; ;i,|(i |li|. 2 ]caf,nies is tri'ated as tlie limit of territorial jiirisdietion. To the above may he added !h(^ acconni of the same traiis'ietion which is uiven by the liiissiaii Avriter, 'riklimeiiien' : — liaioii Tiiyll, while aii:;iiiiii; that I'lclirilll; Jicil w. IS uiiiiMi'C ted li Treaty, iMipliediy adiiiils it iijieii 11 the world. .V- till- ( illOelltiiill llMil lliil Vel l>erll inlilieil. tile Kritisli Ca l]ier..l-. cm ihe I, 'I re-eiilaliiiii i.i' till' I 'nin|ialiy t lial tliev Appendix, vii wniilil lie injured liy iliat pari nf ilie CuiiveMticiii m v.liieh We liave lefeiTeil, imleli'd ilniuiiy tu lie iiiacle intu ilii' liiaUev liv !■ S|ieeial ( 'ciMilMi-;siiin. In llie I'luturnl el' the t ''iiiniii->iiiii, wliieli was a]i|ii(iveil l^y llie l'',iii|iianr, ii was deiliireil. /,././ II///'. that the iirnvi-inn nt tlie ( 'miveiitii'ii jiiaiiliui;- til the ■iiizeii-i iif tlie liiited States the ri;_'ht to lish ill llie wateis iit tlie ( 'nldiiy. and tn liaile wilh the ililial'ilant- nf llie eiia^t. Iini-I iml lie nuilei-.-tom'. u> ;^i\ iim 39. till riiihl 111 a|iiin eh the eiiast nl' Kasleiii Silu tlie .\liutian ami Kiiiile Islaiuls, wliieli had Imiti 1 ii lerii'jiiized liV llie nllier I'liwel'S as lieiliu nndel the exclu- sive iliiiniiiiiiii III' hiis^iii, and llial tlial |iici\i>iiin cmly aiqilii d til llie cli-|ill|eil lenilcil'y c,|| llie 111 il I ll-We ct llic' (_'niii|iaiiy. and tu cili\i,ile till' |.ii-.iliiliiy lit llie ( 'iiiiveiiliiia lieiiii.' \vniie.;ly Ullel|i|eli I'le lilissiiiii .MiiiislcM' Ici the United Stale sliiiiild lie iii--inieiecl lci iiiiiUe a liiinial e\|ilaiialiiry electa- I'ieliiin cm llie nei a-imi cif the e\eliali'.;e nt the latiliciitiiili^ (if the ( cinvelilion. The .Minister relmrled that lie did iml list rnetiiiiis, and ihat ihe .»ee 111- \Miy Ici eariyili!.' mil lliese i (nily N\ay in wliieh lie emiM cNjilain llie iiinvisiim in c|Ue-- limi III llie \\';i>liiie.;liiii Caliinel wa- hy .i \crlial iii/|e; he- iiddi'd lliat a lnriiial deelaral inn iiii;jlil L'ive ri-e tn .serinii- dis|iiiles, |ircveiii the ralilieatimi ■■<{ liie ( 'ciiiveiitimi, and liiiidiiie an elleel wliieli v.as nnl intended, hy iirmi-inu sii-|iii inns wliiili uiiiild ulherui-e never he elilelliiined. The ( imveiilinii wa- a iiiHiejlv r.ililied. ' so Ul«.M the f.uh\i'ci or the Itcpoft ol' Uic Coui- inittrc, and the iitt.-riii)1 ai iic-otiaiiou wl.idi vcsiill.'d rniin it, the rollowin- ohsci viitions arise : 1. 'I'liat the Itussian-Aiiiericaii C-as liiially ratilled in its ori'^inal tenus, without ex|)lanat,ioii or luodilicatiou. ."). Tiiat throii^-hout the protests and ncL^ntia- lions whieii [U'eeeded the Tivaties ol' 1S2J' and 1S2."), tile term •■I'aeilie Ocean" was used to include Hehrin- Sea. and il.elerm •North-west C'oasI "toiiudude Ihe whole west coast of .\nieriea from Hehriiii;- Sirait to ol north latitude. i;. That no distinction is drawn in ihe 'iVealv with (Ireat Ihilnin in l^iio between I'-ehriiiu' Sea and the rest ol I he raeilh' Ocean, though the atti'iition of the Uussian (loverniuent h;id been foreihh called to liic [loinl by the remoiistianees of the liussian-.Vmeriean Company (u])oii the conclusion of IhcTreatv with the United Statosi to the .■idvisabi'i::\ of evcliidiny,' certain parts of the coasts of Uehi'inu' S'a. It wonid seem \eis [ilain. thei'efore, that the claim to inaritime jurisdiction was the one to which both I'.nuiaiid and tiic Iniled Slates attaeiieii importance; that against it their protests, which were emphatic and iini|ualilied, were maiiilv (lirM'ted: and thai the\ demanded and obtained not a partial, but a total and uucon- ditie.nal withdrawal of it, [lldj .\1 40 From the eonsulevations roforred to in iliis clmijtov, it is submitted tliaf tlic conclusions claimed to have been established in the British Case, as stated at p. .")8, are I'lilly suppoi'ted, and that the J'avther evidence which has been adduced, clearly shows that the Ukase of 1821 — the iirst ami only attempt on the part of Hussia to assert dominion over, and restrict the rights of other nations in, the non-territorial waters of the Korth Pacific, including those of Eeliring Sea- was niade the subject of immediate and emphatic protest by Great Britain and by the United States. That thereupon llussia imequivoeally withdrew her claims to such exclusive dominion ami control. Uiitish Case, p. 68. Conclusions. Klissiii witlidvi'W lii;r i laim to control cf licliriii" Sen. 11 CMAl'TKI! lir. llKAI) (C).-' Till' ijucsl'iiin irhrfhrr llic IkkIi/ «/ inilir nciir binini rs IMniiiij Sva is iiirlmli'il in Hit' phnisr " Piirijii- Omni," '"< "■••■'''/ '" ''"" '!'>'''">!) "f 1H25 ht'lii-fnii (in-iil Urilaiii tniil Russia. Tin; Unitf.I) SiA..:t' C.isi knjidns (1.) rnitcd Slato" C^i-c. p. ^(i— -lly wliii'li tiTiii [iiortli-wist coiiM uf tl;i' Aim ikmii ( cii- tiiu'iitj it i- iiiUinU'd t.. ilc^iuniif tlii> "'i-' l»'t"i'('ii Princr William Smiml and \hv iii.mlli cf tlic C.'lim.hi.i Kivcr." (.'.^ Cni'od States' Cm-i', ji. r,-l— '■•Tlir.t tliL' t'lin • (iiTat (lican, cciinmnnly ralUd tbo Facilur Ociaii or SiMilli Srii." iisud in Article I (it tin' treaty of 18'Jl witli the rnilcil Siaio. and (lie tcnv. 'Tin' Ceiaii. romin.mlv called tiic I'acilic Ocean.' used in Article I nf llie Tr.atv of IX-.;') with (Jrcat I'ritain, did net apply li> and inch'nle Beiin'; Sea, is slnnvii liy a stndy nt tlio^ nia|;s. cliaits. ai'd \vr:lin};s iif naviffitcrs at tie tune ol and iirier te tlie ne;i(itiaticn and cclcliratinn ..i tnese 1re,i!ns. A list of tliesp maps and charts is appendeil luretn. and a caicful exainii ation of tl.e sane is invileil. It \\v\ lie sci'ii fioin tlein lliat the best i;eo-raplurs liave at all tiaies di-tin^iii-licd this body ol \v:,ier iVoiii the ocean lunir soiilli of it by oonf. ninu' iijion it s ane senaiate name, in most cases cilia r that ot Si a ol Ivaimhaika. iH'iin- Sea, North-eastern S-a, or Kastera Oucan." (;',.) Vliited Slates' Ciise, p. .'iT — '■ liy the \dva>e ol' IS'-M, Hn-sia had pahlicly clainud ceilam iiniisiKil inri-dictam holh over Herim,' Sea and over a portion of the I'acitie Ocean, vet in the rcsultini; treaties, v.lueh eonsiitutcd a ••oinpieic settlement of all dilfenneis ^riMwinu' ont nf this ukase, no veferenee is made lo (his jariMlie'tion so hir as t relateil to I'erinj; Sea,altlion},di it is expressly and conspicuously reiuiuaccd as to the I'acilic Ocean." (1.) fnited States' Case, p. iiS — •• It appears from (in examination of the correspondence aail treaties that the coasts, interior waters, \c., upon and in whii'li the I'niterl Slates ano On iit liritaiii wire allowed to trade for ti n years without restrictions, were limited on the we-t hy'Vakalat Hay and .Mount. St. l''.iias; thai is to say. that this ri'.;lit wasie-nieled to the eoasl-line. coneerain^' the ownership of wUich there may have been some possible di-[mte.''* • ■■.\rli.l. IV ..r 111,' Tnalv mI' ISJl, iiii.l Arlitlo Vll ef llii! ■rr.;il\, el lS2j." (,').) Vnited Slates' Case. p. (i'.l — "'I'lial the bn.lv ol water known as rniiif; Sea was not incliiiicd ill the phrase • I'acilic Ocean,' as used la ta.- tieaty of 1H25." (0.) I'nited States' Case, p. :."JT-- '■'I'liat lleriiif,' Sea was int luebided in ibe phrase ' I aeilio Ocean' as used in the treaty of IS'J.j." (7.) I'eited States' Case, p. ni>2— •'That the lindv of water now known as licrmn Sea was Mit inilii.leil in ilu' phrase ' I'acilic Ocean,' us usi'd lu the tualv of ISJ.').' 42 Si-.MMAiiv "I IiJinisii r.i.i-i.v. Ainmv tliiMiisclvis. It.ith, f.n- ten years, throw oixMi lo tin- subjects of till' Contvactinj; Power,-- the harbours (pii tije 'ii>.rth-west co.sl ; which coii.st is not ileliiiei! hv inler|)ietatiou elaiise ; and is !-ho«u by the pieliaiinaiv coriespimilenM', ami by .\rtiele lit of the Ifi-J.'j Tna'.y, lo lia\e reaci.e,! to liehriiifj; Wtniil. The throwiiii;- i"|i: a of the liarlmuvs assumes the rif;ht ot aiiproaeh lii. n to. and refutes the supiiasition that I'.ilniiiL!: Sea V .■ elo.od. Jill. IJ 'J he interiielatiou of ihe term •• noith-west eoasl " in Coiitcn- lam (1.) is row su^'^e>ted, willitalt reaM:il a»s;;;neil. alter three ether iiiterpritatioiis had hem jiur forward by the United Slates, and answered by (Jie.it Uritiiin, in thu coires)ioii(h'i;ce preeedm;.; the Arbitration 'I'realy. Two of the three do mil leappear in ihe I'nited Stales' Case ; and the survivor, whicdi forms Cuiitention (1.) is that ••north-wi'sl eoa-t'' in bolli 'IVeaties means what is called ill ti»' Trealy ol !S'J-> the •' li-itav." Ihil it did not mean this in tlie Treaty of IK'Jl : for no '• llsierc " is mentioned therein, or wa.s in ipiestion between tin- liurtics. Nor in the Treaty of IS'J.i could '•north-west coast'' have meant the "lisieie," as the ri^ht to use haibours is earefuily cxjiressed lo be reciprocal, ami to apply lo bolli l'o«er-. while the '■lisierc' was to belong cNcbVivelv lo Uus-ia. Farther, the second Ailiele.- of the Treaties bind Unssian subjects not to land, wilhmil permission, ai rnile,! Slati>.'aiai 15rit;sli eslabli>-liiiiei:ts on the '■ nniii-wcsl coa-t." Sizo ;i Ihe above con.stiueti' n of - north-west toast" is confirined by the use of the term " nurlh-westeni coast," manifestly to include the cast const of liehrini; ''ca, in a form of I'atent ]in pared by tlie Unssian (iovernnient. pursiiani 10 the blavu 'JniOe Trealy of ihe 2uib December, IN 11 ; aid bv tic ii.se of the term " iiorth-wesl coisl" in Treaties of Comnii ice between (Ileal lirilain and Uussi:,, dated the llth Jannarv, l!oulU Sra." ami '• tlir i'„-,t,,ii si,,i,, Oi'i'aii, CDiuiiiijiily ralli'il tlir raeUii' Ucraii," .as Case, p. .i2. iisrd ill Ihc 'i'lvalics, are sliouii by a study ul' till- conti'iuporaiiriiiis ^laps. Cliavts. ami uritiiio.s 111' iiavJoatDrs mil to liavr aji[ilii'd lo or to have iiicliiili.vl Jk'hriiio s;,,.,^ (I,,, lollowiiio- ol)si'i'\ations may lir made. Till' -Maps ami Charts, oF wl'.icli a list is •i'lvi'ii ill till' A))|ii'iidi\ lo 1 lie I'uiti'il Stall's" Case, are stiid to jirove that — ( niileiilioii llial ;ii"ij:ra]p|ieis e.xiluili' lleliiiir.; Sea IVoiii I'aeilie Oieaii. 4.3 "IW 1.CS1 -o-rMl.li.-iN liavr 111 Ml liiih- .li-lin;^iu4i.a l!ii linllv nt' Wal.T rilU]! tllr «r 1 'vill.i; >"lllll "I' 'I ' 'X '""ll'l- riiij; \\\><'n il sniin- Miiinal'- n imr. linilnl Slat... Tllis lisl dl' Mnps is tlic list illclnsc.l l.V Casr. Appondix, y |._ |!;;,i||,, |,, Sir .1 llliuil rauiiccroti' in liis li'tlrr '"■''''■■''■ „r til" ITlli Dcrcnilicv. l^'.H), Willi a sltilrmciil that it i'oi)i'('srnlccl — "a lai-v prip|Mrtii.M nf tli^' iiin-t autlii-iitir Ma)- lail.li-la.l aniiii- iiiii''l^ ,v.Mr> inini lu isj:. ill Civai lUilaiii, in tin' I'liil .1 Status, tlir N.llirilaials, I'Vama', yjiiiiii, (luiiiiaiiy, ami l.'ussia." lili, lUaiiios lisl ul .Maps vny iuaoinl'li-ti-. Appendix, vol. i, pp. f-G i-l set/. Size ami ]iusitinii .it nana- on ^lap3 1(1 llU CilllsiillTl'll. Many aiiUiciitii- Maps u'lvc r.rluiiiL Sen iicj disliiiutive iiann'. ll.id., viil. i, p. 91 licls rxiluil ilic Oi(.aii. I'liiM'il StaU's' Ca A (•viti(.isiii of lliis list oT Miijis will lie t'oiiiiil in the A]ii>fii(li\- ti) this Countoi'-Caso. It is siiiVicicnt lunv to point out that, the list is vury infoniplclc, anil thai a 'j;vrn{ many ^laps Avliich shouhl iiiiilimlilcilly liavr conic t;) the notice of the eoin]ii]cr arc oniillcd lluMclVoni, as in sonic cases bill a siutric iMap is (iiiotcd I'loiii an Atlas containing- oilier Ma])s so marked as to tell airainst the contention which it is endeavoured to maintain. ^'either has any attention been [laid liy the compiler oT the list to the relative sizes of the characters in which tlic names (jiiotcd liy him ap])car on llic .\raps cited, nor to the positions wliich tliesc names occupy. An (■xamiiialioii of these points, on such of the ,^faps included in the list as have lieen ohtain(>d in identical editions, show, in fael. that in a large pro]iorth)a of in.stances ihc names ;M'a of Kamlchatka, .^c, mentioiu.d in (|iioti.il C will cut ions, are .so placed as to rclcr merely to liniitcil portions of the liody of water now known as Hehrinn' Sea. .V lisl of .Majis contained in the .Vppendix' to this l.'oimtcr-Casi', in the compilation n\' which no spcciiil scdcelioii lias been made other than tlial rclatmi;' to their date of publication, appears in I'acI to show that, in more than lialf of the authenlic Maps relaliii.n' to the jieriod in nueslioii, JSehrini;' Sea apjicared without any distinetive name. 'rhoui;li descrihiil iiy -Mr. J?lainc as showiiii;' "llic opinion of a lari^c ])arl of Hie civilized world " diiriiio' the. ninety years [iriov to IS^."), il is Ihcrcl'iirc suliniiUed that this dcscriplion is inaccurate. It is in the Case of the United Similes fiirtlier atllrmed (hat the term "North-eastern Sea," or " I'liistern Ocean," is an alternative name for the body of water now nvnerally known as iJehrin^ ■[110] ■ ^- 44 iScii. It is iii'L'cssiirv nil llir |)iirt ol' tin- I'liilDd States t(i Mssmili- tins [insitiiiii. hrc'iusi' ul' till' mcntidii iiiadf of 1 lie " \(ii'tli-r,istt'ni Ocean " aiul " Xovtii-castcni Sea" in tlir lirsi ami third Cliailiits of the liiissian-Aiiiri'icau ('i)iii|)aiiy, in wliicli these terms ai'e eniployed in dclinin^" the liehl ot liie operations III' that Company; and the use ol' tiie terms nieutioiied in tliese Cliarters is referred to in the Case of t lie United States ns sM|)iiortin'j; its t'ontenlion. Hut on turninn' to tlie correet trans- hition of theC'liarter ol' IT'.H', it will lie i'ound that yinti;]i n. the ( 'iini]Kiny is — "liinij'.v ilii' ]irii|ii<.if :ill iiiiliisliii-; .iinl c-l,ilili-liiiH'iils lliHV i'\i-lill;4 (III lllr lllll■tll-l•M^tl'|■|l inilsl* i .)' Alllrlir.l, I'lulll llii' .il'nrv-iiid r.,"i' In i'.rliriii- Strait, ami licyeml lliul slniil, lis We'll us 1)11 tlie Alinlidii anil Knrilr Islmi'U. mul, llii iitli-r i^laiuh siliiiitiil in flu- Xiirtli-En^l: rn Oirim." Jn section 1 of the third Cliarter, the l!nssian- Amcriean Cnmiiany is I'd'erred to as boini-' — " I'stalili-lii I I'nr tradiiit; nu the rniitiiMiil nl Xiiiih- IJjiitod Stak'.- Wr^tt in Aiiiriic'ii mill on llu' Ali'iitiaii iiml Isurilc Klamls, Cnsi', )). 28. a- ill v\r\\- |.iil ul'llic Xmlli-K.lsliTii Si'a,"' iX;r. ' \ The above qnotntions are diNtriictiv(> ol' the el Ndrtli-Kastcni Sim " (nr Olm'ihi) conclusion emleavoiired to he stall It is iiii'aiis I'arilic Oci IHdvi'd e; ideiit rromlioih ptissaues that the term " Xorlli- Iviislorn (Jcian' or " Nortli-]!l,astern Scti '' was eiiiidoyed not as ;i sjiecial designation of 15elirinu; S.'i, hill as a synonym ol' l*;ii ilie <)ci'aii. The iMirile Islands are in the I'aeilic (jci.an. Imt whiilly outside Jiehrini;' Sea. With rei;ar(l to the altia'iiative Icriii " Maslern Ocean," two authorities are (]iioted in the Case ol' the Unili'd States with tlie object of sliowinu- thai bv this name lichriiii:' Sea was indicated, I'niii'.! Sint liy iiicliisinii ..I Kuril. • Ulaiulf llli'iviii. ■-li ril I Ircali liir.llid t',ii;ili( ,o\-c Jnssian Diseovei'ii m\ II H'lolie l)V I). Adams, Loudon, dated 1707. h'or details CiiM', \K 53. lliid.. ApiM.'nili.K 1 ). •2'm. spcclini^ tli"se, the Ajipendix to this Counter- A|i|)niirlix Case must be rd'erred ti). It may here be slated, '''' however, tlitit, in Coxe's work, '■ l];islern Oectm" is ;ii;'ain I'ound to be ;i synonym for the I'aeilic Oce.an, -•mil that llie names tipou llie u'lobcs imblished liy Adams do not appear to throw any liulit upon the matter. l-"roni the notes i;'iven in the Appendix', the liii'l , pp. I(i3, liH. meaning of the term " I'lastm'n (Jc(!au " (whi(di, though comparatively seldom used, is ti> b(> found on some Mn]is) is clearly shown to bi; svnonvmons with the rac'llc Ocean. Alteutioa ■p. !l. Ilrili«li C:i»f, AlMii'iiilix, vol. il •• t'nill'll HtillC:. N.v I 'I Hid)," |i|. 8S if!). ivs .mil ,uilir^i arr lluiir llic- Irs-i |iiirl .iT ill.' iiiiiiii SIM I'or hiivirij,';! s]HTi(i(; niiliir, .,'/., I'>MV n[ I'li-r.iv ami iliiH' ■r i.voiis. is icrticuhiily il.'.nMi In 'lie vv(i:il Hii-i;in .Maps tliui',' I liUilirl'alrd. Any ai'U'iiiiii'iit i'liiinilril mi llir ii-i' nl' a |iai'- liciihii' iiiiiui' liy i;('o;;'r;ijiiirrs may lir i- iiirlii-i\riy aiiswciTil liy the riillowin- i|nn1:itiiiii IV.iiii l.onl Salislmry's ili'spaK-li, ilalnl tlir :iM I'rliririry, is'.n : — •• I'.u! I am ii'il |.iv|.,uva Im ailiiiil iIh' jn-iiir .^1' .Mr. Illailii's cniilriili.iii Ihal llin wmils' I'arilia Oivalj' ili'I li'.t ill.-lll.lr lirlnillu' SriV. I lii'li.'Vr (liat ill luliilll.ll |.,lllalM., ill. Ml ami ii'iu, Hi'liiiiii;- Sill Win iiu.l i-> [.ii! "I' lln' I'a' ilii' Oi-i'Mii; iiuil llmtllm jultiT wiir.ls wnv ii-ml in milrr in :_'i\ii till' rulll'st iMllI willed si.n|ili Jjn^^ililr In lln- rlllilll wllirll ill.. ISiiii-Ii nc'-iiliali.is wcri! suLaiiiily n iliii^ uf a lij^lit. I'a-cly 111 iinvi';iiti' iiml li^ill in •■\riy |.;.rl "I il.aii.l lliniii'^li- ollt it-* clilivL' ('Xtclll. Ill |iioii|' III' llii. aru'iiliHiil tlial llii' wiinls ■ I'arilii; OiTan' ilu iml. ini-liuli' Hrliriir; Sra, .Mr. Blaiiir a.liluivs a Imi..' list nl' >ra|is ill wliii-li ii ilrsiiiiialimi ili^liiiil rnmi tlial i.r ■ I'liijilii- (In-iiii ' is iiivni L. lii'liiiir^ .Sen; I'illirr ■ Bfliiiii,^' ."^I'li,' '>t ' Sra nf Kiilii.^rlialka,' i.r !lie ' Sen nl' Ana. lir.' The iir^'iniii'iil will liiivillj- liavr any I'ni'ci. niilfss il is apiiliral.li. uilli i'i|i' I Irutli In all llir iitliuv nri..llis I.r till' WnlM. Dllt lln .illi.uill illspulr lli.ll. llii. Buy I.r liisray roiiii^ pall nl' tli.' .\llaiil ir ('.■.■aii.nr lli.it. llii. (iiilr III' I.yiiiis rnrnis part nl' llm Mi-ilitrrraiii..aii S..a ; ami y.'t in nn.st Maps il will In' rniiinl lliiit In iIi.ish pnrliiins III' tlie Iari.;(.r si.,i 11 si.].ai,ili. ili>i,-iialiiiii lias l.n n ■jivnii. 'I'liu ipirslinii whrllnr l.y till' \\..iil.- ■ I'a. iliii I )i-|.aii ' till' iu',t,'otiiitors luriinl tn iii.liuli- nr tn rxclmli! Bi;liriii,i; ."^i-ii (lupcmls iipnii wliii li Iniiiliim was i..ili.c..|iR'il In 111' till, inrrijot Mf,aj,'o at the linn'. Tin. iliil'' is nut ii ili>taiit niii., ami tlirro is n-i Lrrnnii.! Inr >iii;.^. sliiiL' llial tlii' ii-a;.;o lias rlialip'il sini'i; tlio .\ii;.,'lu-llu.ssian 'J'lraiy nl' l^lj." was siuiiL'il. Tl». (Ictcniiiiiatinii nl' this pnim will !..■ nins|, satisrni-lnrily asiTilainril hy ii.n-iihini; ili.' nr.liiiar\ l.i.nks 1,1' ivri'l'i'llrc. I iipprml In this ilcspalrh a li-t nl' s..iin! ihiily wnrlis lit this ila-s, nl' vaii.nis ilalis rrmu IT'.'.") ih.wnw, nils, ami iirintcil in varinns rMiuitrii'S, wliirh min- l.iii.. tn ^hnw lliat, ill ..'sl niury l.arlaiiri', tin; wni.ls ' I'a.-ilir Orraii' iln iiirlil.I. liilililin Sra." A|.in..ii(lix, Mil. i, pp. -"G . Orilisli Ciisi'. .Appeiiilix, vol. ii, Flirt HI, p. -1. iiiamh r Islanils arc ili.:iV('s 111) (Iniil)t wliatrvia' 1ml thai, a! ihr iliti- (iT till' 'ri'i'Mly, Hi'lifiii"' Si'.-i was. ,as ii siill is, I'l'nanii'il liy ..^cn^iapluTs ;is part nl' tlir rarilii! Oucaii. 'ilic laiin'nttui' nl' till' 'I'l-r.-ily nl' Ccssinn of I'tissia In till' I'nilcd Stiit(-s in ihn yi'ai' IM'7 is (-ntircly in ttci'nfdnnct! with llio cnnlcnlioii of llof M/ijcsly'sGovoriinicnt ; I'Driiilliat dnciiment, 4i; ii will lie ri.unil lliat tin- C'uiiiiniir.dcr Islinuls arc l'rci|irrlv (lc><('rilic(l a-' hi'inn' in lln' I'ai'ilif Oi'i'an. All atlrin|il is apiiaii'iiilv i.,a(lr in tin' Ci'-i' "I Ihc I iiili'd Stales (o suii|iiil't till- tliidrv tliat I'li'liiiiii;' Sia is a limlv of watrr ilistinct in Us naliiM' IViiin the racilic ( >iTan, li_\ tlu' Icrins in wliicli ll;i' ;;viiura|iliical skrtrli dl' lliis sea arc scl out ill llir niicniii- )la^cs. 'I'lic nr(i;;Ta[iliicai skclcli tliciv ^ivcii, iIhiiiuIi liricT. is, it is suli- niiltctl, c-scntially iiiisjcadiiiu' in its cliara<'tcf. On |i. 1.". Ill' l!ic I'nitcd Stales" ('ji>r, llic I'liitcd Si.'iu., I'cidnsiila 111' Alaska is ^Icvo'ilicd. ;i|ii)arcntly lor li\ 'fill's wliicli I'ullil l"ilt;l.ucs ll.-i'ill'V llic ii.itix.'- Iipi i.iiniii- llicil I'unls i\no-^ fi-mi' Ihr I'lhilh: ll.:.l.: /„ /,',•;.,/„/ J!„„" A> antliiirily I'm' tliis statement. lieidns' '•(lenu'iaiiliie," vul. xv, \,. I'OI, is cited; liul, on tlll•nin^■ to Iliis work, we lind llial tlie passiijjf flius parajiliva^ed actually reads as I'dIIows : — ■■..,. I.i-s iiiiihtii,i;iiis |.i'iiiiisnkiiiv-. di' I'Al.csk.i .... soul ruiiiii'cs (Ic (li>l;ciir.- rii clisl;iii(!( Jial- drs Sfillls ties I'.is. ilr< iiiiHiijjis— (11 liiis-c ']piiviii.s-.i ■ — ijiic k's liiildlicrM [•laliiiiii'Ul ell I'lli I l"'ui \i- li,iii-|.uil ill' li'Uis liiumii"' tl'i'ii ileidus. in I'act, makes no mention in this ci.nneetion of the I'aeilic Ocean or ol' Bristol liay : nor does he cunvey tin' impression that r.ristol May is no ])art oF tliat ocean. ilespcctini;' the connection of Jieluiiii;- Sea i\ith Ilml., p. 11. the ;ii;iin hndy of tlie I'aeilic Ocean, it is rurther slated in the sketch, \uth lererence to the .Mcnlian Islands, that — "llic -iniil- iir pa-iv-- Mi.aialiim lli.' i.-lamU aiv nf \aiii.u- \viillli>. llii-r ill till' la^ll■Il.v half l.ian-.: linicni!!;. iiaili'W ami lull IVw i.f ihriM a\ailali|r Im iiaviu'al inn. 'I'lic iiiii.-t iiii|iiirlaiil an- I'liiiiiaiv I'a-. II uiili- wiilr. and .\ii\iikta (ir 'Suveiity-lwi.' I'as-. IJ luili- widr." (.leiij^lal'liii'al skeltli uf I'.iliiiu;.: >>i i in United Stales' Case, ud-slfadiii-. 'I'liis, aiiaiii, is inislcailiny. The lavu'(-st (d' the Aleutian Islands are near th.c coast ol' Aineriea. in proceediiii;' wcslwavcK Ihey liecome smaller, and the opcnin-s hetween them wider, until they eiul at Attn [sland. nin2S into Behrin^' Sea ; UnlmnU Pius . . •• •• AUuliui I'ii-H I'nakM l'ii-« Uinmik I'ii.'H Adunnkh Islmd (wesU-rii of I'cx Island-) to Kaj^nndl Island Kannniil Inland to Cliu.'inadak Wand (2 opeidii},"') CliU-iiiadiili I.sliuid to Yunai'lva Inland Yuniislia Ishind to Amakl.ta Wai.d (2 ojienings) Anuiklita I'a-s .. Si^iuaui I'ass ., .- Andiu Island to Alka Wand Atka Is'and to lamina Wand (9 openings) lanuija Island lo Ulakli Island Illakh Island to Uftidakli Island AnialifinaU Isliind to Aincliitka Island Anieliilka Waml to Kyska Island (,1) opoiiin'j;*). . Kj>ka Islaiid to li'Ulclir Island liouldir Island to Simitclii Wands . . Scmitclii Island.H to Attn Island Atlu Island to Copper Island Copper Is'and to lielirin;; Island Btlrin;; Island to Kamtcliatka Total • • (jt'OHraphical miles. .. 1H.J .. '4 .. l.i 3 IH » 15 II as 12 J n 22 Mi 9 ■r6i 04 ,12 I.'- 190 20 •jr> G84 It is thus seen that, on the southerly limit of Behrinit forward l)y the United States in the eorrespondcn('e ])receil- ing the Arbitration Treaty, and answered by the British Government. In a despatch to Sir J. I'aimcefote, dated the aotli June, 1S!)0, Mr. JJlaine critici/.cs the Treaties of 1H21 and 182."), and says it is \iirlli-w('Rl fciast," was used |.liiiiii<;h- liiit iirc'Iiiiiiiiiirv iu'j;iitinliiiii,s tn in- l^hlll^' ciiiisl i'lciin liclinri),' Stniil ti> liititmii' "pI^ iii)i-tli Di'fiiiitiiii! ;•' f'lmtiMitioii M) pro- |i OU' north liitiludu. ID Rritish Case, Apppnil'u, vol. iii. " Unite.l Slates Nn. -.'(ISSO)," No.437, p. 504. !?iil on t)ic I Till DccciiiIht. I.^IIO. lie iiii;lu(k'cl ciglll IiiDI-c ilc<^li'r.s. Ibiii., " Uniieil S'.:ltl'l No. I ( IK'-l)," No. .'iT, II. 3C. ('niit<^nlinn (4.) limit? " nurth-wcst coast " to the " li.siero ' as licliiicd ill Treiitv nf IH2.5. Hut tlip 'Hsu'tc" i." nut mciilioni'd iii Trtwty of 1H24 ; nor liaii its linal limits hciMi pKir'JSi'd ; and iii'}."'- tiatioiis lor 'I'l'-aty of ItSlifi luul bi'c-n sii8[i('I|(1(m1 "plain" tliat tlipy both limited the "north- west const" to the coast between ."((f iuid 00° iiorUi liititiidi'. lUit, in another, dated the 17tL J)eeenil)ei', ls'.)l), where he di-;eiisses the lueanini,' ot' " I'aeilie Ocean " and "norlh-wcst coast" at leni,'th, ])(iiiit of intersection of the 1 list detjfree of west lono;itudi . l?nt that the words " north-west coast," its used in the Treaty of 182 1-, ilo not uu^an the "lisiere" so dt^lined, is evident from tliis one eonsidcration ; that tile limits of that •• lisii'fe,"' llnally tidopteil. and emhodieil in the Treaty n siispeni'cil. Tiiis Tre.aty l)("ars ilate tlie ITlli April, "i'^L'l. and naturally contains no mention of any "lisif-re." .( " lisiere" hail been under ilisenssion hctwecn the British and litissiaii ( ioveniini'iits, ot' which the boiiiidtiries were from time to time variously defined by''proji't" and " colli re-])rojt'l ;" hut no one of these definitions hail taken the shape finally aijreed on, even ;is late as the s|h Dceember, 1S21, when .Mr. (J. Caniii' ;• wrote to Mr. S. Caniiinn' as follows: — 'ivii llriliiin [iropnscs to adopt Artiili' IV of Ami'iiiaii Treaty. Willi its ririjjroritl libi'ity ot iii'ccss lo uortli-wcst ooust. Hr'tinli ('use, AppiMiilix. vol ii, I'uri I, |i. 74 ' '\>: lire t'oiilciit aUo to as.^iijii llio period of ti'ii year.< for till' im'/irofd/ lilierty of iieeeS'i and coiiinieiTO irit/i eurh otliii-'n fii-i-itiiriirt, wliii'li .stipulation may lie liest stil(j>d preeisely in I lie lerm.s of Ai'iielo IV' of tlie .Ainerieiiu Con- vention," liui tlie ■• lisiire " wus to beloii;; to Rii.ssiu This shows that Mr. Ctmning did net under- stand the term " north-west coast " to heconlined to tile " lisiere," the propo.sals ridatiiin' to which hiid one unvaryinj^ condition, ntimely, tlii.l it was lo hcloiif^ to Russia. Had the term been so c.oiilined, the earefuj provision of Article I\', that " the ships of tiotli I'owcrs, or whi'di bi.loiiir to tiie'ir citizens or subjects respcctivchj, may rcciprocaUij inijiieat, without any hindrance 50 \\hatcvpr, tlm interior s(>as," &c , bocomcs mean- in!j;lcs.s as far as any advantage to Russia is conccincd. iMirtlioi', Article II concludes thus:— " ncciprocally, the bubjocts of Russia shall not resort, without yipiniission, to any cslahlishmcnl of the United Stales vpon the mirth-xccst coast," Passing now to the Treaty of 1S25, Jlr. Hhiine, in the despatch of the 17(h Decemb,'>r, 181)0, ahove mentioned, says : — " I quote the first Articles of paoh Treaty, for, to all intents and purposes, they are identica'. in meaning;, thougli difVijriny somewhat in jihrase." If, then, the considerations set forth above liavo any weight as showing that, in the first Treaty, " I'aeilic Ocean " includes IJehring Sea, tiiey have the same weigtit as showing that, in the second Treaty, " 7acitic Ocean " includes Bebring Sea. Article 11, likewise, is in substantially the samn form iu each Treaty, thtit of 1825 concluding thus : — " Russian suhjncts shall not larnl without perrnission at any Uritiah cstablishuicnt ou the north-west coast." Therefore, " north-west coast " here, too, can- not m;;an tiic "lisiere," Aitielo III, ii' the original French, begins: — " La lii^nn de di'i.iarcalion cntre lea possessions des Ilautes Parties (.'outraetantes sur la cote du conline.nt et les iles de l'AiMrri'[ue nord-ouest, sera truc'e ainsi qu'il .--uit :" The line is then defined. It riuis from an initial jioint, described as being situated in 51° 10' north latitude, to the Arctic Ocean. Article iV defines the boundary between tho narrow strij) of coast already referrepen(lix, vol. ill. •■ United Statn No. 2 (1890)," p. 604. 51 in Article [II, but to the " lislorc." But tlu- word used in Article VII is "cote," not " lisierc ;" and tlie efVect of Contention (I.) is to destroy the rocipvocal character ol' that Article. Mcaiiiii^; ipf ■■ iiortii-wcsl cuiist." liritisli Cii it seq. c, p. 66 GrecnluiwH Uffmitieu uyivi's witli Hrilish coustnictiuu. Appenilix, vol. i, pp. 1 OS- 1 09. f^laveTiadcTrc'ityi.l IS-tl llcrlslol's Coiiiinrrcial Tro.itirs, vol. p. 5. Ibid., 11. :9. lliiil., p. :i5(i. Eccurrini; to the exiircssion "north-west coast " or " nortli-AVcst coast of America," i( is rarely (hat the expressimi in either i'orni is round as a i!:eoi,'rai)hical t(>rm, or that its precise si-nirication is s])ecially delhied in words. One instance is the definition given by (;reenlio\v, and quoted at )). 06 of the British Cas(>, which correspond, precisely with the i)ositiou maintained by (Ireat Britain. The term is not oil en found on ]\Iaps, but a soniewhal extended examination of those has resulted in the discovery of a few instances of its use, at (bites both before and after that of the Treaty of 1825. b'rom an inspec- tion of these Ma])s, it is riuite apparent that the expression was employed iu a very lax and gtnicral sense, and witlK)ut precision of meaning in respect tn lines of latitude and longitude. Moreover, the words "North-west coast of America" will Ix- found in the following instances > have been used i)y Itussia and the United States H- the purpose of defining international relations uimcr cireumstaiKvs which make it evident that they were undeiV.ood by the Contract iim' I'arties as including the eastern coasts '•: l?eiirini; Sea. For instance, b\ I'reaty of tl li)Wi Ueceinber, 181], between (Jn.-at liritain, .\iistria, Krance, Prussia, and Russia, for the suppression of the Slave Trade, it is provided -Article I\ j that - ,ij iH', i.i"". "''■'" ll"' iii"l'i'>' ii.^lit"!' .sranli 111' I'Kf'ivisi'il I'llioi, \\w -li';].-- 1 ! war nl'lli,' lii-li r.iiitiMctiiiy I'ailii'v" r.y M.-ctiou S .)f Annex (I?) to that Tivat\. •' li.siiiiciioiis' to Cruizers," this exemption is extended to vessels of the Ilussian-AinericMn Conuiany.aud such vcssc-ls arc to hav a itus-i.-in I'atcnl. '•\\hi<'li siiall prove their origin and destination." The form of I'atent, which is set out iu Jlcrtslcl's Ciiinmcreiail'reati'', recites this section, and ])roeee(ls: — • " rpun ihi-' ■jnaiiiil the .VilniiiiiHtviiliuii iif llu' lUis-iiiiii- Aiiicriiaii Cnnipiiiiy. I'l'iii- almm to ilispal.li ihcir sliiji iiiiiiinl , Imilt ill till' yiiii ,,r t,,iuiii;.;i', iiiiil iMimiiiiiiiili'iMiy l.i ill.' Soiili-W'i^tcrn tiwsl of Aliifiicii tn llir (.(jIuuIcn [110] P 52 suUli'il lluTo, \vii!i lilt' ii;,'lil tn fiitii- ;ill ['urts ;ilnl liarlidiirs, wliicli iiccfssily iiiny iviiiiiiv, nmsidtTS it con- riiviii;ilpli' In tlif iilinvf lili'd Aniili' (if tlie Inslvuction, 'Imt licsiilc> till' iiatc'iil .•mlluirizinj,' tin.- lioistiiii; of thu l'u.s,siiin flay liy iiiiTcliaiit-sIiips in L;cni.Tal, llii' said voHsel of tile (,'iiiiiiiaiiy sliiiuld l)e inovidcil with this .spucial patent to si'cuic her against the visit uf the cruizeis uf the Coiitvaetin;,' I'nwers.'' A N'iitic( I.S-tr. a ISiM i: Ameiic Hide 5^ This is .1 (loctimciil prepared by tlip Russian CfoVL'rntnent ■wliieli, under tlie term " Niivth- wcstern coasi," plainly iuchidos the casitevn coast of j'leliriug Sea; (or if not, it must lir.vc been intended that a vessel 1 .und for the eastern ooast v\' that sea was not to have a I'ateiit, and n'as to ho exposed liy its (iovornment to the risk of seareh, thouiih the Treaty authorized its exemption. 'i'he Troatv ol' the lltli danuarv, 1S1:1, between „ . ,' , , . / . . , ,rrT Ilerlslet's tii'eat I'ntaiu and i'ussia (Article \II) says — Comirnrclal Treaties, vol. vi, " It is uiidristiiiid that, ill ie,L.;ard In emiinierce and iiavi- !'• 'C?- ,£;atitm iii the IJnssiaii pnssessimis on the iini-lh-ti-iM mad "I' Aiiin ir:!, ilie ( 'iiin iHiinii . ■. iiii liidi'd al Si. I'et('is1iur;,di, on ihi' liilli (-."^th; t'eliiiiaiy, ISH.'i, einiliiiues in lone.'' In tliis Treaty. "North-western C'rii.ot' includes coast of lieliriii'' Sea. Treaty of 1843. The presumption is strong that "North-west coast" in IS 13 ineanf exactly Avliat " Xorth- westerii coast " meant wlicu used by llussia in isn. The Treatv id' the 12th .lanuaiT, IS.-ii), between , , ' lIllll, vol. X, '.) of (he I'liitcd S(a(es' Case, and is iiriiiled in fiiK in I'liibMl States" Appendix, ','"'""' ^}f* vol. i, p. ill . The Noliee which uas jmblisln.'d on \|i|iniii of the Governor. The Case of the Tniled States lin-lher inviles ;itleiitioii upon this point tn — " the expiess ileelaratiiins of the 1,'ii-i^i.iii ('loveriiiuiiil on the snlijeet iliirin;,' tlie iie;^oliatii.ii-^, ami il'ti'V I he Tivalies hail hoen eoleliraleil." Two quotations are t;'iven in this connection I'roni the correspondence of the liitssiiin-Aniericaii Company. Dniieil Staic>' The sciisi^ of tile first ([notation from a letter Case, pp. 53. 34. |y,,„j (]„, p,„s>ian Minister of {■inanee fo the (lur revisi'il iruu-- latiiiii,si'i>Appenilix. lieard of Ihe l!us-.i;in-.\nierii'iin ("ump'iiiy ul'llui vol.i, p.'-'i;,) isih.hily, l^L'L', is seriously allered hy an iiiler- polation :— "The Pules to Ik; jirolio-eil will iiroh.iMy ini|ily th.il it ■ mi loniter iieeessury to |iioliiliil Ihe iia\ i.uiilion ol' ''orei^oi ves-els I'or the dislaliee ne'iiliiiiieil in the I'Mict of llli Sep leiiilier, ]Hl!J, anil that we will not iliiiin jmi-ilieliu'i iver eoastwi-i' waters hevoiiil ihe limits mveplnl liy any other Marilinie Power | |iii: nir. wimiK <'V nrit eilA>l I.MIMi TIIK ol'I'N liiF.\N. ' )Vi:i,' M l. IMl:l,'|ili; \v\ii;i;~, iiiiw i;vi;i;, wn n\i;i; am. wati;i,'s iMi.o.rii r-v l,'i--i \N Ti i:i;noi;v, sr,;i \-, rii (iMlor- 5J. hi i::\i. Si > >. "I: nil. Si:a m KamlHaika, as wki.i. as in AM, (11 l.l>, iiws. AMI r.>rrAi:ii;s within mi: i'ii>si:ssi(ixs, ■ill!-: i:ii,ii; I'l Tin: sll.'l(Ti:~r cnNII.'nl, WIM. MAVAVS 111-; I'y till' iiilvoduclion ol' llic words " laciiin' thi' ii|icu ;>(•( ail." ami tlic addition ol' (ho concliidiiin' sciitciu'c, a |)assai;(' which (•oiii(>l('t(>lv siipiHirts Ihc view of Wry IJrilauiiic IMajcsty's {Jovc'i'iHiiciit, has hi'CDiiic tlic roimdatioii-slonc iijioii wliich the (■outran aruiniK'nt oT tlic I'liiti'd fSfalcs is based. 'I'hc second quotation in su])])i)rt ol' tlie I'liited United StaUs' .. , , , , ,. ■ i 1 ,• ii 1^ ,• Case, pp. 54, 5.'). Mates eontentiou is tal-eniiiu'(> of the (jxiotation with its iuler|iolations :- - ■since llir •.n\ClviL;llt\ 111' |;i|>-i;| ,,\rr till- ^lllilVS (if Siliili:! |ANh .\Mi:iarA |. as well 11- oMl lllc .\lcmiiill I-1mih1- |ani' nil': ixti:i:vi:nini, sias |, ha- 1i,um s\u,x- lii'i'u iUkllo\vlnl;_;,'il \:\ all IN.Wi IS. " The passage read without (he interp'-hitiuus uialerially helps the Firitisli conte.utiou. I'roiii the Tacts and ariruuicnl advauced in this cliapler. it is submitted that it is estahlislied - (11.) That the Conventions of 1821 and ]S25 deidared and recouuized the rights ol' the sulijcctsof (neat J?rilaiu and tlie United States to uaviuate and lisli In all jiarts ol' the uou- territorial waters overwbieli the ri\as(> purported to ext(Mid. (/i.) That the liody ol .ater now i:uowu as the liehiiiig Sea was included in the phrase " I'acidc Ocean," as used in the 'L'reaty of Ib'J.j hctAVceii (in at Britain and Eiissia ; and ('■.) Thai the constructions jslaced on the term Nortl i-west coast'' (U' " ]S'ortli-W(Nsl coast of Aiiicriea" in the Case of the United States are unsound. C01K:lll>inllr, 53 CIIAPTKl? IV. Head (D). — Tht I.'.^'t nf llic Walvis in question from 1S21 lo 1>07. 'I'lir. I'Mii:!! Stati;- IINTLMIOXS. (1.) Viiitpd Sliiti'^' fa-c. p. 1.1— "Tlu. I'liliiiotr l-liiiiil~, till' linr.ii' c.f Oil- .\la>k:iM si;il lievd, iiR. situated libs iluin 200 Italian mill's from tlji- Aleutian Chain on tlic south, and thus a sutiiciont jiortion of the casten, half c, I' Ikiinj; Sc^a was eovcreil l)y the Uka?c to enable Kussia Ir) proteet the hciil ttliik' there." (2.) United Slates' Case. ]). rn — '•The bmden is thus placed upon Grr'at I'.ritain to sliow that tliis juri-dicticni, reeoi;nizeil in tlie ysiou (if Ala-li.i to the United States, in as l';ir as was necessary to preserve to the Ki.ssian-Anieriean Company the moiio]ioly of the fur-teal industry, iind to prohibit the takini; on the land or in the water by any otht r persons or eonipanies of the fur-seals resortinii to tin.' i'ribilotf Islands. "Fointh. That hefme and after the treaty of !K2.'i, andup to the dali' td' the cess nf Alaska lo the Unilid State lirilish suhjeels aed Ilritish vessels ■.vere prohibited from ■•ea to hunt fur-seals, and that it doi s Ur iiot appear that the I'ritisli ( ioverninent e\er protested ajjainsi llie enforcenient of this inoliibition." (5.) United States' ( , p. It has also belli seen tli.it the ^reat source of wenlili uf the Uus>iaii-.\nierii'aii Company was the fur-seals ef the I'ribiloll' IslaiuLs in Herlu;; Sea. and that so jealously was tliis source of wealth guartled by the orders and authority ol the Imperial (iovernnieiit that fi reif;n vessels ' prohibited Iroin liuntiii^ seals in any part of Bering Sea, till 1« of the Aleutii Isl:. 1 till for the enf'oreeineiit of pro: ■liihil employed in patrolling that sen so lo mil erui.'.ers \\ere as it remained Uussian teiritorv. [110] Q 56 SlMMAIlY or lililTISlI KkPLV. Till' Iiiu.Um (idiTKit lif (111 (Ircit iiritiiiii of proving; thiit a jurisclictiiin nevi'i' ucquirrd liv l!ii>iia, (ir riiiijjiii/.'jd by otliiT nations, hns hoi'ii lo^t. Russia slioMi'd no forbciirnncc in not putting a stop to whaling. In 181(;, lift- I'di-oinii Minister wrote: " \W liave no ri^jlit to cxcUulo )'orii';ii ship^ IVom that imrt of the great oiiiin vihicli separates the eastern shore of Siiieria from the nortli-wcstern shore of America." ]!)■ the Treaties. Uussia did surrender l;er paper chiim to the eNeliisive IV ntrol of trailo in lielirinj; Sea. The Charters af'erwards "jraiited to tlie lia^si o-Anierican Company, like that whieli liad heen (;ranteil in ITflH. oidy pnr- ported to ^'ive this Company ]irivih';;es tn tlie exclusion of other Russian suhjeels. N.> Charter 1ml that of 1S21 afl'eets to exclude lorcigncr-i. T'he ^reat source of that Company's wealth was not the fur- sral, which was fonnerly "f less value than the otter. Tin re i* nn evidence of the cxehisioa of foreign ships from r.elivim; Isca, or from seal liuutint; therein, and the only evidence adduced that lin^sia directed such an exclusion consists of tlic intcr|i(da'ions, now withdrawn, of a translator in contempiu'ary doL'umcnts. Ill ISliL', tl Vovti Tlie above cited conf cut ions on bcliall' ot the United States, assci't in cllVet thattlic jurisdiction of liiissiii over Heliriiig Sea was cousistciiOy and sneeifleally exercised for the protection of the I'lir- ij„i(ed States' seal fishery; and tliat the ol)jeet of the Piiissiaii Case, p. 57. (loveiiiincnt in the alleged cxcltision of ISeh'.Ing Sea IVnin the elTcct of the Treaties of lS2t and Uml., p. 59. I'^'IT}, was the protection of the fur industry. 'i'iic iiritish Case litis already dealt uitli ihiiish Case, t!:c alleged exercise of jurisdiction by Itussia ''■"'''■ over Jiehriiig St-a, as a matter of fact, tind as regards the alleged object of thai juri-:- diction, viz., the protection of tlie fur in- dustry. lieferenc(> must be made to the docu- ments mentioned in Chapter IT of the 13ritish Case, where it is shown that tlie iinr|)ose of the Ukase of 1821 was to prevent illicit trading, and inteifcronce with the trade o'' the Iiussian-Amcrican Comjiany ; as well as to the facts fully set out in Ciiapler IV of the British C; se, which show that, both before and after the date of the Treaties of 1821 and 182."), foreign vcssel^ habitually rreqnented Rchring Sea for the purpose of exploration, trading, and l'ishii;g. Tiic iiistnictiiins s(>nt out by the I'ussian Ihid., pp. 84, 85. foreign Ollice in the year 1810, ar(> alone sndicicnt to nei;ative conclusively the iircscnt content ion of the f'nited States npon this point. \ot only was the limit of TOO miles, which it liad been endeavoured to establish by the Ukase, not enforced ; but, as appears by the instructions, Onilriiliuii lliat, Ku.ssia cxerciseil Jniiflilictioii in Ticliriiig Sen for prntcctii^ii i~f seals. Ill \f<2'2, the soa-iitli'i- wns niur liurtiiiit than Uic fur-scul. it was iiol" ('oiitoni|)lati'(l In proliiliil tlic a|i|iiM:icIi of (i)r('i^u vessels, oi' lo inlcrl'i'i-c wiili tln'in in any way, bi'ynnil tlic rrcd^iii/.cil liiiiil u\' ,", miles IVoiii tlio shores. United States' ft is rill'llief ass('i't"(l, on lieliall' nf i li.' I' iiileil C:i,e, pp. :!!), 40. Stales, tliiit " the reason wliy the iiniil of 100 inih-s uas chosen in 1S21," was thai tliis limit wonld liii.l., 11. 40. "seenre 111 the l!iis-.ian-.\ tiicriean fiiv ( 'oiiipany the moiiojinly of the Very liU'i'ati\e |ii'oiit* " e.'irried on hy them. It is ar^'ued that, as llu; Ililil., \i. 41. i'fihyloir fslands are silii;ited less llian iW Italian miles from the Aleutian chain on the smilh, a sudieicnt jiorliiai of the eastern half of Ht'liri;:; Sea was covei'ed hy the terms of tlu; l.'kise to enahle llnssia .o j.rotec.-t the ftn'-se.-i! ilshery. It is true that in the conversation with tlu" Oovernor-( Jeiiei'al of Siherin, i[itoled ;it [i. !'> of the I'uiled Stnti's' Case, relV'ri'nee is m.ade to llie "very lner;ili\i! traIHe" carried on hy tlie l!ns^i;in-.\nuM'ieaii I'lir ('o!U|iai\y; hnt it must he noted that I lie trade in fin'- .seal sliins was not the sole, or even the most, consi(h'r;ihle, it<'ni in that triillic. The 'ea-oiter was still \hi\ ehii'f ohjeet of the hunters and traders al this .late, and had conti'iiioasly lieen so from the lust. It: coininaaded a f;n' hiL;hi'r price ill the n\arket than any otiier skin. I'lie Ir.ilUc also inidnded foxes, martins, lieavers, hevirs, and (jther ftirdieariiiL;' animals; while the fiii'-seal >kins, I hou';ii ohtaiinl)!e in laryo nnmhers, eonnnanih'd ei ly a small price. Cowk wi'itcs of the j'nssians met with hy him in 111b : — (.look's " Vov.itii' vol. il, n. oDU. "Tlii'ir unv.t iilijoet is tlio .seii-liciivi'v . 10 ol' Sec «h(6-, p. 57. 11n' I'liilcd States' Case doss not suiipovt tlio inference whicli is s(ni!;lit tn 1)0 ^\l■t\^\n I'ron; it, tliat the limit of 1<>() miles was specially i-liosen toi' the pvoleetidii of the ruf-seals. This limil, itiorcover, ijocs luiich i'livther than was necessary if the protection of fur-soals had heen the chject of the Jlussian Ciovernment. The enforc<>inen1 of the lOO-mile limit would have ahsolulely preelnded iorei-ii vessels from navii;atini;, for any piiri)ose, in any part ot Heliring Sliait, ISchring Sea, the Se.-i of Okhotsk, and a lart,^e area of ocean south of the Aleutian Chain and alunL' the coasts of both continents. An atteni])t is made in the United States' Case, United States' in one of the passa;,'es set out at the head of this •'"'•'' I'- ^'• Chapter, to exjdain the undoiihted fact, rfdied nponby Great T>rit:>iii, that no restraint w;is ever ])lac(\l by Russia upon the free entrance of i'orei^,ii vessels into Behrint; Sea for the purposes of navi^'ation, and especially for the prosecution of the whale fishery. II is plain thai, in the absence of any public notifi'ation, the alleged special reservation in respect of fur-seals, (assuming that it ever had any existence in fact, or any legal validity,) nev.r could h;ive come to the knowledge of the seamen of various nations who from time to timi> visited these regions. Nor did llussia over atttMnpt to maintain in J>ehring Sea tt naval force capaljle of giving elVect to any such jn'ohiiiition by force of arms. Ju (he second place, attention is called to the fact that no evidence is forthcoming to sujjport the alleged reservation of the exclusive right of sealiii!; It has alrcadv been shown prior to the 'J'reatv of lb-2u, Uussiti possessed no such sovereiLTii ty ti le sliores ol liehxinit- Sea as Id enable her to exclude (h ^\()U nations ( e vessels ol Iter ■ven from th uast ;■ Ml of less had .slie power to exclude vessels upon Ihe high .seas. eilhii' from navigating thereon, or from the exercise o f any particiiliir i idustry. Neither in the negotiations nor I'rcaties ii.'-.si,\'.v .dlci^'t-d s|iotial re.scvvaliou nf I'ln-MMl lisliinu. wiiidd not lia\i' been knc'Wij tn --c.iiiiirn. No sniliriciii naval lorcf- in lli'lniiu Soa 1(1 'ji\c illirt if llif vr<.l\:i1iiin Sf c'viik'iKO ot rosiTValion >■* VVliiiliii,^ ill llfliriii!^ S(m laryi'b (i,'VC'lo]i(Ml al'lcr TriM.liis. Uriiisli Caw, p. 89. Quoted by A. II. Clark, ill *' I'isliprit"* unit I'isliiiif; Industrie: of the Unit'-'d States' vol. ii, 11)1 -JOj. '206. lUuiU ij 1)1 hy llus r.iilniii. |ii(i\ iiig loss of jiifisdictioii >i:t i\iK'r- not \ir nil (liv;l( United State* Case, p. .■)? 60 is llicn' any fc-XTvntioii ol' ti fight 1" cxcIihU! lbr('i'j;ii('fs rrwm the pafticiibif imrsiiit of si'.-il- iisliiiii^. Whaling', wliif'i was cxpivssly roi'l.iddni l>y tlic I'lviisc, was adiiiiltcilly curried ini willioiit ivsli'aiiit aftff till' 'rt'catli's, and tlu'i'c is aiuplo cvidi'iici' <)(' llir \-n-'^<- di.'vi'lopment of this iiidiisli'V. i;\ iilcncc on this inattci' 1ms alroady Iil'cii aihhircd in the licit isli Case; hut with fui'tlii'i- n'lri'cni'i' lo the oiicfatinns dl' whali'i's in years siihsriiiii'nt to ISK), l.hc loilowini;- passage may he qiiotod from an acc-oimt of tho lisliL'i'y hy Ivau IVti'ofi'. In discussing' tin- conditir)n of thn Tci'i'i- tory of Alaska \n'\ov to its cession to Iho United States, he writes : — I'lidri till tenii- hC tlir Treiit.v with i;ii;il;iiiil ini'l .\innirii U(. v.' ii)' Ua- luelliii,!; in', aint usually rcaidi I'uriii- Slrail in tlir lalter pail «i' ■luiu'. Tlirit taiiir ol plie.-i aiiaaiiits to atioul .'ai (.•ciit-i aliinv |,,i- Miaili'iis, in -ooil-. Tlity aro it-iially |i|.i\iik'.l with wlialiiiL; iiupli'muiits, ami nuiiinuil liy Kiiiiakas. A miil;U' wliali: will iiay the fxpeiiscs of tliu voyiige, iiinl UaM- tin- prolit< of llio liailo rluar." 'I'hat tradin;..;' was giint;' on within the li'.aits (it EehiiiiiiSei in the years imraedi:itelypre"edi it-- and rollowiu'j,' 1S21 , has tilrcady heen shown liy the euriespondeuee cited on pp. 20 and 21. There is llitis nn ev de.iee whatever of The exist dice, the ent'oreemeni,, "1 the reeognilion hy other nations of any restriction upon sealing!,'. It is emphatically denied that the liurdeit lies on Great Britain of provini;,' thtit I'ussia has h)st her alleged jurisdiction in liehring Se;i. The plain meaning of the Treaties indeed leaves nil ]ii)int to he proved; hut, in any ca.se, when it nation is couteiuling lor a jurisdiction [110 i 11 00 iucxci'ssdl' thai wliicli is lulniillnl l)y iiitcnKitimiai (•(iiiM'ni, (lie ciiiis nuist iv^l vsillillial iialinii (if proving the cxislciici' (if sucii juri^ilictii>ii liy iu- slanccs of ils exercise, or ol' ils reeogiiilinn by oilier I'owcr--. 'I'lie claims orihe Inilcd Stalescaniiot he .su[i|)ortc:l Jiierely l)y tlie negative Tact that, I'or many ycarsalter the Ukase anl the Treaties, thoro is no rreord of pelagic sealim;' in liehring Sea. On tliis j)oiiit. Lord Salisbury, in his despjitcli British (",i»f, to Sir .r. Pauncerote ol' the 2iid August, IV.X), •• i''",it',,i' siat,'.< wrote iu the I'idlowiiig words :— i^'"- ':' f„"^'"V' '^ Nu 1S2, p. r)!*), " It is iiii|iii,s>il.lr t..,'iiliiiil tliiit 11 I'lllilii- ii;_'lit lotisli. 111 tell Si'c also jSritisli st'iils, ur iHirsiic iiiiy oIIht lnwnii cir(ii|iiiliun mi lln^ lii^li •'*''• !'• '• soii-i can lie lii'M til 111' aliiniiliiin'il by a iiiitioii IViiin liio iiii-iT. la. 1 tliat I'nr a ciTtaiii niiiiilirr el' vrars it has mil .suil.i'.l llu' siil.ji'rts •'! that iialiMn in uxerciso it.'' • Ciintrllll'Ml '-^ liwd 101 Tri'ii' 'us. '!'h:it tlio absonci! of sealing-vessels I'roin Aiwciicc nf si'nliii^ - vcssuls from 1, 1 • c. .14 . 1., ;, 1,., I'.iliriiiu Sen was iml duo to Itus- J5eliring Sea was not due to any exclusion by ■ ,,v_",i„^j,„| Russia, is attested by tlie I'nited States' Case Uritisli Commis- itself; where it is siiouu that iiclagic sealing fZ'xm!'^"'*' was never atlonplcd as a jiraidical liidustiT until Unitml States' alter the cession of Ala d-.h .li.l iiMt Mi.n'iiilir lii'i- rliiin In cNi'lii'^ivc I'liulml <'!' Irii'l'', .ui.l (■^|rcriiilly 111' till' I'lir imlii-UV. in l'iiiiii'4 Scii.'' Pdsitivi' foil linniit ion of lliis assertion is stated to lie I'ouiiil in tlie alleL,'eil eircunistiiiiL'e that. Ilie Name cdiiIi-oI over tlie waters ol' liiat seil was cnlorceil ai'ler tlie date of tlie Ti'eatii'S its Ijelore. 'riie evidence olVereil in siqiimrl of tliis a'-seil ion consists (d' llie Cliarters i^i'ai'ted to the Itu-siaii- Anierieaii ('(liii)iaiiy in \^'1\> and 1^1-, and ->l and lsJ5. The nioditieutions lun-e icferred to are of great imiiorlance, and descrvo most careful con- sideration. Iliiil , Apiicndix. vol. I. |). I 6. Britl-ih C.isu, By Section 1 of tlie I'ules attaelii'd in llic I'kaso of the 7tli Seiifoniber, lS:i] — 111.' ].iir ('liiiiit'i- ..I' I.SlM ].m'pi.rls In ■'Xi'hiili' 1. .ii'i'jiii IS IViriii .oiiilii'liii;.; Nviili ('..luli.iiiy. By Article TI of the Charter of the Kith Sep- teniher, l^'^'J', tlie Emperor proceeded to grant to till' Ilussian-American Company — " llic pi'ivik'i,"-' 1)1' lauitiiiL; an 1 (i^liiiii;. A. /Ac i.rrht^i,,ii ../' ((// "llur lii'.-, as lias lici'ii I'cpi'atcdly })oiul('(l out, liussia at templed to exclude tlie suhjeets of loreign natiulis Iroin tlie whole ol (lie area tiiiToiu vel'en'ed to. in tlie lirsl C'luu'ler L;'ranted sul)se(iuently to the Treaties ol! ISSI and 1825, viz., that of the *2!)lh :\hreh. 1S2'.), there is a strikiuii' eluui^n' in ( lie ]anuuai;e used. liut (.'hiirtur III 1.S29 mily |)ui|'ort.^ to cxiliuli- ntluT liussiiui sulijci-ls. Art icles :; am 1 ;5 of (his CI inner an' a S United States' Case, Appendix, vol. 1, p. -28. "(ll.) The limits id' iiuvigiitinu ami iinlu.-lry cd' tl»' Cuin- piiiiy arc iletciiiiiiii'il ly the Tnalies cniii Unled with the I'liited States cd' Ameriea Ajnil ." (17), 1^21, and with Eii.^'laiid Fehniary IG (2S), ISlT.. " :l.) Jii all tlifi ] daces allotted li; llus-ia hy tliese treaties thi'iv shall he reserved U\ the Cnmjiaiiy the vi'^h; to pndil l'\ all the I'lir and lish industries. /./ //<< r.rhisiim e/' nil I'lln 1- Hi't.-liilil. siih/'ir/x.'' rr the liiissiaii Goyeruuieut liad considered itself entitled, in spite of the Treaties, to close ]?eln'ing Sea to tin; approach of rorei!:^nei'.s, it is inconceivable that the Charters should not have been so worded as to reserve the waters and coast of Btdirini; Sett, wliile o|)enin;;' to foreii^ucr.s tlio waters and coasts to die stadliward f)l' that if this distinction \\"as to he drawn at nn\ ibid . p. 08. time, it must of neccssitv liave been drawn iii)on I'casion, and tlii^ omission to do so be eoiue; more sigiiiCieant when the Charters of 1"^2!) and 184-1 are read in ennneetion with the jirotest^ of the Ifussian-Ameiiean Coniuanv airaiiist the terms of the 'I'reati id A\itli f le iiroceeiliiiii's ol. the Conmiiflee whi(di inves(in-ated thosi" com- ]ilaiiits ill 1S21. 'ihe Charter of ISII is eii iiallv siL;'nilieanl . Ihid., I^relion 2 sets out (he liouiidary-line wiiicdi was descrilied bv the 'i'r(>at v of I S2') lietweeii (ire:il 15ril; d llus Section ■'> is in tlie lollowiii"' ierms III all Ida d I.. I< Ussia \i\ the iilic.v. niriilioued delimilalioii llnav i. i^raiited to ihr <'i>iu|Miiy till' ri;jhl In rally mi tin- I'm and li-hiii;,' iiiihistries III till' r,,rhi!.iii,) nf nil llnssliiii w//i/ii7.s." • 'nllipaliy'.s (h.illel nt 1 HI I uld> |ltll- |iii|'l^ In r.xeliide nlhia i!ilssi,iil Ibid., p i'J .■uhjirls " III ibovc extrticis show conclusively that, after the Tic lies which resulted IVou the net;'oti;itioiis upoii I' (|UCstiim (d' the I'kiise of J.S2I, tin: • laii:; i > exclude foreiniiers fnun naviyat'iia', 111. di ir, and fishini;, asserted 1)\- l!iissia i, (hat 63 TJknsc, was (lefinilfly ahandonod and never revived. TIic rcrcrciice to fovci^Micrs disappciuTd from tlic Cliarlcr of tlio Company. It is J'lirtl.er lo be noted tliat the limits of the Company'.^; territories are clearly detl.ifd ii; eaeli ol' (lie tliriM' Charters (nioted above; and llioui,Hi they are not deserihed in identical terms in each Charter, the coast-line whicli is i^rantod includes in each case tlie whole Rnssian shor(> from the Arctic (Jcean lo I he Muttlieniinost limit. Unilcii St.ntes' C.1S0, pp. 08. 09 I'llipiiNll.s fur Vl'llrwal el' ( 'eln]i;tliys (.'hiirtci ill 18G0 uml ISUli du hdL sujjgt'st i.'.\fliisinii uf iMi'L'ignci-.'j. ll,ul., p CS. UiiiU'ii Statps' C':i-i'. .Apppiniix, vol. !. p. 7.5. l'.\tlii:-i\(> ijrivilcni.s le lie j,'niini'il |e ''eiii|UMiy oidy relate le'liiiul (iiel, .S(';l). l;e\'iiMi !.,n 111 |iii\ilrL:i's mi caNterii Cna^t "f I'.rlllinu' ^e,! Ki"isiil tiMn-'.iiiioii, .\iipilicll.v, viil, i, Flirt hi'r quotations are made at pp. fi8 and Cl) of the l.'nited .Slates' Case, as to all of which it may lie remarked that th." li icuments (|ii(ile(i arc of a pnrcly nuiiiici|),'il cha 'acter, alTectiiin- Kiissiaii subjects only. Two |ioinls, however, deserve nmre detailed notice : — 1. Ill the ])roposals for the rt'iujwn! of liie Comjiaiiy's Charier in isG.') and l.-^ili). there is no stignestion that powers should lie L;raiiied to exclude I'dreiuners, such as had been ur;intei| hv the Cli;a'!<'r(if 18L'l,and sub.M'quently ahaiidoiied in the I'harlers of ISL'9 and ]sA4, -. The letter of tlu- ^^finister of Finance, dated the I'.Mh .liine, ISO-J, alfords further ciMillrmation of the fact that the IJiissi.'iii ( iovei'iunelit was unaware of (he existence of any smdi s[iecial jurisdiction over the waters nf liehrini;' Sea as is now- claimed by the I'liiled States as the suc- cessors of th.al (l(ivenimei)t. The .Minister jimpiise^, in |)ar;mraph l."i, (o reserve t.i the Cnmpauy ilie exclusive I'ij^ht of eiie'airiuu' '.i the fur-trade as detiiied within the follow inu' limits ; — ■ nil Ih,. |,rllillslllll ef .\l:l-ka, K fk, ,llin._' a'; ils llorlliiMll limit a line (Irawii lieai Ciin 1 imii;la-is, in Keiiia |',,i\-, i,, tlic liead iif Liiki' Iiiiia a : eii all the i-^IamU lyiiiy alun.; llie ciia-il 1,1' ilial, |ii'iiiiisiila : uii tl|.. .\|,Miliaii. (Juimiiainlei , iiinl Kiirilr Islauils and tlio-r lyin-- in r,ciiir,''s .^e.,, and also aleii'^r ill,, wlinle wi'stian" cnasl uf Keriiiv's Sea.' JiUl to revoke — ill llle di-illicl lo the lii,||h-e,l~l oltllip luaiill-aili .1 • Viic idoi-iiotc, L'liili'il Stiiti'*' Appciiilix, vol i, p. ?7, ii (itivi.'ii-ly fi-i-oiicnis. 'I'lii- p:n!.,ii;o a* it st.iiids iIimIs, in ilm. roui'si-, uiili III/ till' sli.iro nf tlin l{n«!ii,nii po«5ioii of nil i-ifiToiiif to tliL' Asialic ^llla•l■^, inul rnitlcrs liw.itiiimli'ss nil. MiliMnpu'iit wnnU "on l.iml to ilii' la rlliiTii exiri'iii.iy o'' the Anirticiii (Juulau'iit." t Tlie I'Xiict liMiisl.itijii of ilu' Itiijsian t.xt is ' Ituai. " [IIOJ 8 64 Aliaskii. .iliiii;.; llic wIiipIc cc^ist tii tlif lii.iunliiy nl' \\u'. Bl-ilisli ]«i>His.siiiii-, al.-n III! Ihr islaiiil'^ 'viliu; .ilnn;/ lliis cijiiHt, ilirludiiin ill llial uuiiilici- Silka iiliil the wliulc Ivo]('sI:'aii ai(iii[H'lam), /'//7 tflsn, nn. htniK li> tlw iivrUirni 1:1/ ir in ill/ (1/ till .Iniii-icaii Cuiitiiicnt, Uii' jiriYiI(\m' 5,'niMlcd to tli(? ('(iiii]iaiiy i»t tlm L'xcliisivt' in'osieculiou of Uio Siiid iin'u;.-l IV ami 'lallif.'' 'I'liis is dcscriliL'tl in tlic United State's' Case as a (Icfision — "to c'Xlcinl tin' Cniiiljaiiy's iiiivili'u'rs (Uily to tliu veyioii Unilcd States' al'oul Hrriii',' Si'a." C-ise, p. 68. It is siij)]){)S(m1, ajjparciiily, that it coiita eviiloncc- of tlic exci'fisc dl' tlic extr. loi'diiiar Ji (licli Bo] irmii,' ?>oa wliicli is claimed 111 the L'liilcil States' C;ise ; l)ut, in fact, it fiiniislies evid I'liee to tlio eoiitrai'v d ea u (ililv he 1 iiartc to lieai- the eiiii'^truetioii thus placed upon it l)y au iiufour.dod siiiincstioii that, wlieu tlio Avritor mentioned the ■western si he meant to refer to tlie eastern. 'I'lie aeeiiraey of exjiression of the passage, as it stiinds, he 'learly a|)pai'eut on I'ollowiiiy lis deserii>lioii witli the aid of a Map. The passa-e shows that, so far from assertin- The proposed CIiavtcnMv.mM luve put, exclusive riL;'hls '"/o tin' rri/inii (tfioul llrlniin/ Si'ri," thr foasl^ smilli of licliiiiiL; Sea 011 jcsauio I'ootiii'' us thdsccir Hi'lirinj:' tiie writer aeliially proposed to alioUsh I lie exelusive ivilege of the (J()in| lanv iinon thi iIk f|. was in itself siiU'icieiit to enlille thi- suhjeets tif the United Slates " to fish in these seas, and to resort IliiJ., to the coast for the jiroseeiltioii of their law.'iil coninieree u It poll points not .already oeeiipied. was moreover claimei 'd oil the part of llie United Stales that such ri^'hts applied to •■any H'iil , part of the unoccupied coast of Is'ortli Anieiiea "; and Ihoiin'h llic North-west coast is several limes mentioned, :t is not in any v-'v (lelliu'd or restricted to any special ineaniiiLi;, iait ohvioiisly iiieliides I he whole coast of the eontiiieiit lo liie SO. CI. 05 noi'lii ol' l:ititu(l(! .-.I- |()'. It, is ;i ni.itl.r r)t' llislnry tli:lt,iu llic yc.'ll'S ilinnc(li;ilcly siiccc! liiii'.;- til.' " Li.'i'idl " iiicilcnl, iiiid siilisci|Ucii]ly. tin- vessels of v;ifi(jiis iiatii)lis, l)Ut lllDl'e |);ir( ieuiiii'lv lliose of (lie Ifiiited Stnfcs, I)e;:;':iii tii resorl (o and l'rei|i!C!it. tlie slioi-es of ihe Aleutian Islands anil the eontineiital sliores oi' Jielirin^' Sen, so soon as tlie exiu'ciieies of llie wlitile lisliery rendered it C'oin-eiiient for them so to do. Uniteil Smtos' Case, p[). til-C". Excopt ill iiitcrpoliilions, Ictlors of l'iissiaii-Aliii'ri(;rtM (.'uiiipjiuy ile not express even I lie iiiUiiitioii to exer- ci.su iiiiiriliiiic (■(iiilrol. The remainder of the evideiiee upon whieli the Case for the United States depcMids, in respeef of the period now under diseussion, consists of oxtraets from the eorrespondeiiee of the Itussian- Anierifiin Company. I'or i'\am|ile. at |i. (11, tiie folidwiim' pas^ai^i; from a letter, dated the ISth .\uL,'iist, IsJi, written hy (Jmnt >'esselrode to the .Minisler of ]"iiiaiiee, is i|Uoti?d : — United Stales' l''ast', p. 01 . (For roviaed tran^I.ition, see -AiniLMidix, vol. i, p. as.) "... it is Iti.s Maji'-ly's lirin ilcleniiinatioii topiolei'l the Coinp-iiiy's iiiiinv^is [i n Tin: iaicii ami ria:.^|.:i;VATi''N- np AM. MMaNl: ANIMALS, AMI To Si:ir|,'l: fn IT AM. Till: AiiVAM'Aors Tn \vnii-ii If 1.- i:Nririi:ii init h rut: riivurKi; AMI i'iiiviM;:a:s|," It is now admilled thtit the wcirds ^vithiu lir.'iekets are interpolated. -No cotnmeiil is reipiii-ed ujiou the extraet nliove tpioted, as the iiiler|Kd;tled ptissa^-e has been willidrawn : hut Avhen the oriifinal letter is examined, it will he found th.il it h id no relation whatever to the protection of se.als at sea, hut ridaled entirely to the (jikitiL;' of seals on the Islands of St. I'aiil and Si. (ieor^'e, and the Comm.'Uider Islands : tuid it has. therefore, 1,0 hearing;; upon the jireseitt arEjiimeiii. Ibid., pp. C2-6G. (For revised transKiiinii. see Apiiemiix. val. j, p, 33.') The letter of tlie Hoard, dated the -JOtii Mandi l'-."i:i. i'roni which several ipnitatiims are made at pp. (i:J-(i(i of the United Slates' Ctise, deserves nioi'e attention. The llr--l (inolalion is as follows; — ■Tilt' jinaiil 111 ,\iliiiiiii^lraliMH Kspiiilidly reiiiio-sls tllill. ill i'a.-e lllr illli'lr^t.s iil' tllr ( 'nliipallN l||||llil'0 il deviation IVoiii mii |ilaiis, vmir l''.\i'|.||riii'\ v ill ueviir Wtf sijilil id' I lie I'arl I'tiMT I iir IMI i:rsi< ui' im (\,\w\\\ aim: er\'ii-ia'ii vr Tin m.t-.im inir i n mm im-ii'iii sit:- l;ii! NHINi. I III' -I M, 1-1 \N||.. or I III |N,l,.'i ; "! \N |i IoM- MAM'iii i.iairrs. \\\'\ that iiinsnpKiiiily ili.. i'.iiniiial wateis mm 66 iini--, lie vi-ilr,l liy the ('niii]iaiiy's ( nii/.(.'i< c-iiiistuntly nnrl ill IV. Ty |Mit, ill oidir tn wnlrli uihI iniin llic l'iiivif;ii ir/inlns." 'I'liis is twice quoted in flu- United Slates' rniti'd Smies' Case, and sperial alteiitinu is directed to it at t-'««-, PI'- «'. ef'- p. (!;?, as a eomiiiunieatioii wliieli — " l!ii"\v> h;iifli li.u'lil iifiii 111'' ("iiiiiii'iviMl a-livity of tlir i;ii~~i:iii-Aliicli.-aii r.,in|,;ni>. aipl limy \'r accriilrcl iis iiiiii: alivr ol' \\tv iiu-ili(i(l> hy wliicli. iluiiiii; tlic last triiii of its rhait.'i, it (■iifericil itsi'OiUriil.iiitlioc'nlniiial Watfi's. . . ." Tiic value ol" this iiassa^c for the purpose for uliieU it is i|iiot(>d is, however, eiitiriOy destroyeil liy the disrovi'ry t!i:it tlie words wliieli have lieeii heie jiriided within hratdvots an> nier.' interpohi- tioiis in the text of the despateli, an I do not exist in tlie original lUissian. The seeond passaii'e is as j'ollovis : — [■■ •riii > Vi.i.M' 'ir.vr ni'.-i uvi: vNH Ki:i i' a i,i:i(ii:ii nr ii,i,i., p, 6;i. , ,,,,. (F<)r revised AM. ioi!i:i..N siiii'. .ki:n i.imn.. iiii: vovv.i:. \m. .0 mi. ^„„,,,,„„„, r.i.-lll.iN u\ TIIF >\MK Wins n|: slk\KI'. Inl: TIIK IM'-'K- m'O Alipc'lidlx, — ■ " — — ~~ ' ' " ~~ vol. i, [>. 37,) M MioN ui I i.MM \M.i:i:~ ''I 'ill: Al.Mil' il:ri/i:i;> \M' "'•' Tin: idi.dM.M. Ai rni'i;nn;s is ^-iiU'., Iv \-.iiTi ■. 1 k\. \mi A VAN.' I >;(i par' of this passau'e is to he foiii-.d in tiie oriii'inal Itussian. 'I'he tliird (inolation is of L^rcaler h'li-lh than Ini.d Si.-.us' , . I • .1 C':iM\ III). ()4-(!C. the ollievs. and reli rs to what is termed in the I'liited States' Case a '■ jiroteet i ve sidieine." ',1 he inaceuraeies of t!ie translation of this iiiissaire are liio iimnerons to he liere noticed, lint nriy lie seen at miei' liy a comparison witli tlie liti'ral translation in the .\i)iiendis' lo lliis ( 'imnter- AppMidix, v,.l. i, ' iHi. :!H, 39. Case. 'riii'onulioul liiis des]ir,(eli, wh<'n correctly transialed. liierc is no nieiilion whatever of the protection, of tiio fur-seals. It is true liiat in- structions are i;'ivcn to w;ileii until — •■thr I'.inTMi wlialfis l.av nrliiili- S..;i. vi/.. tlir laM [larl M"'!-. I'- 'f- ., (lar.TfiiMpli ;i. >ii' (it Air.;u-t nr tin' lir-iiiuiiiL' id' S'^iittanliri. ,,|^„ |.,^| ,„„.,,„,.a|,|, of desi'iitcli. hill thi only indicat'on ;;ivcii a- to ll hject of such watciiinn' is to lie found in the foilowinu' • 'I'll lii'ip watch iivf.' till' r'irci'Jii wliiilois ami tlic Knu'lisli- Miid., p. "0 men, Willi ri'giird to llic' liaac lan'ir.l "ii liv tlirai with l''"-'i-0''l" ■' em- r-avau'i'S." 67 \o evidence is olVercd Llial any liii-cigM .slii|i wiis! expelled liy Kussin. United States' Case, ji. 67. (I'or revised translation, see A|)|iendix, vol. i, p. 41) Mnt even if the pvcscrvfitioii of fiir-scals or I'liv-scal ilslicvit's liad lieoii spocially incntinncd as the objpcf tif (lipsc iiistviu'tions, it is denied (luit tliey cDidd have any \voi!,'h1 as evidenee for flic; ])iii'])ose for which Ihey art; quoted in tlio L'liited States' Case, mdess it eoiUd he shown that tliey wore aeled upon in praetiee hy the expulsion of a foi-eii;']! sliip. Of this, however, no evidenee is ofl'ered, and it is eonfithMitly asserted that no such evidenee exists. At p. (i7 of the United States' Case, tiio follow- inir (jxtraci is quoted from the letter from the Chief ^Manaifer of the Eiissinu Colonies to Benzc- man, dated liOth Tune, 1801 :— " !i. It lias come to my lI TW') \ KssKi.s. I'.ir or ANV rirni;i ls Wlll'll \'ir M \\ flNli IX llriMNi United Istalrs' Ca-e, ]i. ()7. (For revised traiislatiiiii, see Appeniiix, vol i. V -to ) It HJll he seen thtit the ])ass',ines printed in hraekets are not to he found in the oriuinal itiis- sian, while llie " instritelions hercwilh intdosed, which have hecn ai'.proved hy the lunp-jror " (see para'.rraph '.), levised 1 lanshillun). have not been produced liy the liiited i>tat(-s, nlthoULdi they are essential to the correct ;i))]n'eei!ition of the despatch in which they were iiieluscd. The I'rotdaination issued at Silka in ISIU is similarly made to serve as evidence in the United Males' (.'asc, hy the insertion id' tin' words " or watcr.s.'' Is'o siiidi words occur in the original, which is merely a notice to quit Itiissian Icni- tonj. ( 'olll lus|oM~ From I lie consider.'iliinis referred tii in this Chapter, it Is siihmilled llial the conidusiiHis claimed to lia\i' heen estahlislieil in the Pirllish Cilse, as stated at p. '.III. are fully snp[iiirtcd ; and that the fnrlliei' evidence which has hecn tnldnced clearly ■^llln^s that, with the t:rin\tli(jf eoninierce and increase uf liade s\it^ei[Ucnt l_v to [11(1] T " wm 68 the year 1821, vosscls of nations oliior lliaii Eussia without let orhindrancofroquinitcd.iraiUxl, and ilsliod in llic waters of lV>living Sea ; and lliat noaltrnipt was ovci- niado during Hw^ wUolc period to restrict llic use ol' those waters to vessels carrying the Russian flag. fi!) (']iAi''i'j;i: V, IIkad {'E).— U'li(if liii/kln iin.'^scd to the United Stntcf: under the Treattj of Cession of the 30^(i7 ? 'I'liK I'mi'i;!) States" Contexttons. (1.) T'liitO'l St.^t(^' Ciisp. p. 70 — " This trwity. w)iifli, priov to its fiinl consuinmntioii, liii'l been (li^^i'iissod in 'Jr' Scnnio of the riiitecl Sl;il<-s and liY llu' ])it'-s, \\n^ an asscrti'iTi \\\ two <;rcat nations iliat r.ns«ia liarl lierctofoiv claiiniMl tin' ovvmrslii]) of lU'i-iiK^ Sea, aMolilical considerations cnteied into thi' negotiations to a eertain extent, yet so I'ai- as revemie to th(.' Cieveiunient and immediate |Telit to its jieoph' were eoneerneil, it will .-qipear from a cafcful study of the incidents altendiie.' tlie transfer of sovereignty that it was tlie fur in(hi>try mia'c than all oilier tonsideiations which decided the United States to ]):iy the sum of 7,200,000 dollars required liy Uiis>ia for the ees^ioii and transl'ei- of her sovereii;ii rii;'nts and proiierty." (.J.) United States' Case, p. So — "The nnderstandini; which existeil in the United States, at the time of tlie purchase and eessiiai of Alask i, as to the scope and < fleet of the jurisdiction exercised by l!«s-ia over the waters of Reiiii'f; Sea, and the enhancd value which was theiehy jilaeed upeii the fur-seal herd of t! e I'rihilofV Islands." Si-MMAUV of Br.iiisii Ut.ii.v. The T'i\aty of isr,7 only assi^'iis territory, not sea. The value iif the fnr-seal herd was not taken into account in t!io purchase by the United .States. Cimluiitiim t lull Treaty of ISGT was Willi n-IVi'i'iicc (o I he coiil.ciitioii lli'st (^iiotoil itssertiuu ol' ownutsliip of lleliiiic..; Sea. United Stales' Case, p. 70. IVritish Case ip. !)I-10'J. ;il)i)Vi!, it is III 1)1.' oliM'i'vi'il lliiit iicitlicr tlio Tn'aly (iT ^H\~, not' any otlit'i- (kiciiniciit ptililislinl nr (■Diiiiiuiiiictitfd ti) roreiji'ii iKitioii.s in foniu'ctioii tlici'owith, !issi!vti'(l any flaiin to tlic iiwiit-rsliii) of licliring 8t'a. Upon this point, ultt'utiou is iiivi! I'll to tilt! observations coiitainetl in Chaptcv Y of the British Case. 70 'he cxtivicN fnuu llic ilclmtcs in CoiiuTcs'^, and ihifli look iiliu'i' iiriiir )<> I'li' llic iii'unliatHms CIHUll Iction ol' ihc 'I'rcnty. sliow conclii-iivi'ly it AMIS not suiqioscil hy tl\<' ailvisi-r- liv anv pi'TMin on tiicir btatis. }>. T'l and t 1 7(; oi' tlic Tnitcd States' Case to tlic llopiirt of a L'onmuttoe vclcri'nrr !•> made of i'onnrcss, and coiiions (|U(itatii)ns thni'lVnni. I'iiis Pv !ii'(! inad(] rt. lidwcvci', is not nnc lie at or about the tunc o f the Treat V, or the aciiuisition o ol' Conu'ress w I' Alaska, hut is tliiit oi' a Lonuni tteo hicdi sat in the year 188',) after the ircv'nt fontn)V(M'sy had n'is('i\. No reft'n'i\c(' is made in the Tniled Stales' Cas.' io liie rei)iu-t ol' any pi' evious Coni- inittee exist, and a ,f t'onuvess. Such reports, however, re of a direetly op])osit Thoe is, for o?camph'. the i'lcport ri liaiu'ro e teinh'ney. entioneii in ffs " llistnrv of Alaska" (p. •'',).-)), in the l(dliiwin'4' terms; to ]IU1 ■n„. inutiws wiii.li I.mI tlir I'nitccl Sti.U's' (iMVcrnniciit ,li;i,.. Ih.-in" [Itu-sia's Aiin'rlciui jiosscssioiis] " inv ill lnvii;!! |1,1,, ,lll|.',l ill ;l irpnll ..f tlir cnlllllUl I'T i iilliiiis iml.li.-lK-d ISlli Aruy, ISdS; •Thr; laiiiliilili' (li'>iv.' .>r rilizi'iis 1)1' till' I'll' till' |.rnlitir li-^lll lir- nl'tlu' Ucjiorts ipf ('omiiiittoc'.-< "f Cmiurcss Fiireijtii Allaii^ Cunimillcc. ISC.S. tiv-t. till' Al,i>iia, i..r)t):i sink's ol.ji'rl^ "f imnhiisi' fi'inii Itussiii, witliniii ivrii lui'iiliiiiiiii;- llir iifquisitioii "I' r.rliliiiL; Sm. i-lln: (''111 ■,t to -hiiiv ill liiivs, mid nv( TS of isiu; ll,.. Wr-l.-iii \V.,il.l; tin- ivl'usiil ol' t!iis-ia to ri'Ucw the ('l,;iii.ior ilio i;ii~-iiiii-Aiiicri'-ini Kiiv I oiiiiiiiiiy in ,1,„ riinuUliip of llussia lor 11m' I'liitiHl Stnt.'S ; tln' lu'Ws- siiy nf ,,irvi'iitiii'4 till' triinsl'i'V, l.v any i.ossililc rliin , of til.' imltll-wist slot' Aliii'liiii to nil uiirii'-inny I'owi'l-; ,r lirw illilllsllial illti'lrst> oil tin' I'.iritii' ,-^lllV to tllP MllUVUllUV ol' l.llV oiiipir liiiid; 1111.1 liiiallv. to I'ai-ilitatc and socuri' of an illiliniilid Aliii'viraii cnniniLTCe w l'o\\. IS of.la|>a:i and Cliiiia.' ' ri' on tho s.-a ami till' a(lvaiila^;i's ith llu! liii'iiiUy A-ain, the Committee of AVays and Means, fin'i'ed a Kesolution tatives, direetini; an tiers rel;itin2; to the 1S7(), was r( to uhieli, 111 i''^t of tlie House of IJepresen investin'atiou m to certain ma lease hy the fnited States' Ciovernment to tiie Ak'iska Comnieveial Company, pr esented ;i icport extract Irom wliic h the followiui^- is an ■ Whi'ii 111" proiioMlion to laiirlia.-r tlui Ala'-ka Ttaiiloiy n, I I'A. Do Iroiii lliissia \va: Iprl'oiv (Jiaajn'-N, tin', iiiiiiositioii to il- wa.s rh liasnl on all.;,^od liani'iiiu'ss and wortlili'sims-; .,(■ |l„. trviiloiv to ]«■ ar,,iiii.'cl. U wa'i siiiipos^d that llioiaji tlioic nii'^lit I'C niiiny (.olitiral roasoiis for lliis 44tli (Jonjr 1st Si's' No. (l?3. I'i. 71 A C'oiiimiU.pc, ill 1876, suy.s llial scil isliuids were iiuL coiisidurcil in pur- chuso. adililiiiii 111 ilir Aiiicrii'iiii Pmilir [idsscssions, llii-ru wvm iiol ciiiiimerciiil ov rcvi'iiuc mlviiiitai^'us, 77/- niln, „i t/ione si'i/ Is/idiiL ifi'-s lint mil si,/,, v,/ III „li Hn^siii l„iil ihrired hiif littl, r,,;:,iii, f,;,„i il,ci„^ iiiiliii/ II ,s,/,„ „„/ sii/Jiiient jiili/ tin riiiiliiii/iiit ijjKimr.t ,;/ iiiilliltiiiiiii,,, tlir i,//l,-;i,t tiiit/inrlti/. I'mli (litli'll'llt ivsiilt. !■ mil' .system, howuver, wn liiivc n very United States' lOtli Census Keporl, ]8S1. Jll II. \V, lii)ti, ill ia>si, ivpiiii,. tliiit the Viiluu of tliu rui-si.Ml imlii.'ilry wiia not taken iiid acco\iiit ill I ill: purchiiHe rnui Rus.'-ia " Tlie Seal Islands of .Alaska," by Henry AV. F.lliott, Wa^hingtun, Government Printing Ofiie 188 -Mr. 11. \V. Kilioti, in his ddlcial J!c|)oH on the seal i.slMiKJs of Al;i-~i\;i, wrilos as rnilows ujioii tliis |)(iiii( : — •■.'^Tl:.\.\(,t: icNiiKAN'T. Ill TiiKll; \'.\i.li: IN- isr,-.— Cnii- siilriiiij; lliiil tlii-^ ii-tmii" |lli;ii ai'cniiii^ lium the I'lii-^cnl iliiNi-tfyJ 'isllie (inly one made tu tlie (idvpriinieiit hy M iska. .sinee its tiaii.srt'f. unit l/,,it il ims III I'll- tiihrit. tutu • i,f,„iiit, nt Ill-it, I'll tl„ iinisl ,ii;/,„l ,„ti;„:it, ,-i i,/t/i, /„/,,■/,„„■, ■ V Vi'-'v.,/.'//-, (,„,,;,„, it is in i(,|.lf Iiigldv cifilitidile and uiteicstins ; t(i .'^enali.r ,-iuiiiiirr tlie IVieiKU of tlie siti':ii I.I' this teiTili.i-y ill ISCr.deli-at.'d tlie task nfi ■ilii 1, pp. 58, C9. tlir |.riiii-ilial arL;iiiiieiil in its favour. JCverylliiiiy tliat \va: Wl-itteii ill straii-e loiiL;ifs was earefully tianslated fur iii, nieiiticiii wliieli coiilil lie rmiiid of Ala.ska'i clicjico liits of value. Ilniri' his interest.* Jl is the eiiihi I le seraped tojiether, h specrli on the snhject possesses this linieiit i.f everythiiin |l„it roiild ivni;^' ijii- I'iiintrsl .shade aiitheiitirily, l.y M „( the eager friend- of tile jnirehi whieli gave the lea.st idea of resources in Alaska ; l/ieir/mr, ,-li any vahiahle iialiiial 'I'li, III .111 III III ill,/ III! tliis I. Ill „iiil,;s iin i-f/irmc, vliiihca- tn tin snil i.^/amts. III.- jHi'-siiil Hsil/.tlir i,l,iu,ntli„ii-,i n/iniiiiiln iit Imnir il nbi-niiit r.liifirr In Ih, I'nhi,!.,,- /,/,i,„/, ,„;, l„ „.J, iiiomit.itr Hrilish Case, jXppenilix. viil. i, p. SI. rite aJKivc triors csjiwially to ;M>. S (•oiiclii(liiio simiinni'' tiniiiLMs ^Ii'. Siuiiiici' (lid. ill fact. make a ivt'civnce toilio fiir-sc-il in tlic liody nf liis onition. thimo'li in a .siiiiilc parayraiili nnlv Ills hiiin' s])i.('i-li: Init lh(> ponisal id' thai s|)(-i'(di. and tiic .a!)s(-ni<> of a my nioiilioii ion ol |iiinciji,i! the rnr-scal in iiis f('ca|iitiilaf |iiiiiils, shou llic rchitivoly .•■ ■wliitdi he attaclii'd to tho fiir-soal fisluTV. Til the same liciiuH IMr. |-,lli,,(( nlso writes: — mall iiniiortauct' " Seal l-l:ill(l.< of /Wa.-ka." 11. •.'."). ■ Il "ill !"■ h-niriiilirieil l.y m; "en ratilyim; (he iienotiatioii 1 h'lis llliliO(l\ 111 tl •ill. it was iiiiidi. iiiiiiliA \sww aiivlliiii'j 111 my people, that when ue '<'l">'el I (li.\einillem iniilllillly ajipiirelit that li.e alioiil lli(. -iil,j|.,.t ol i;iN-iaii..\ii„.|i,;i. Kvny ol' the I'nili-d .'^ta(es' Case :— " The lliissians made no ell'ort to th lime of the transfer, sinijilv hei hoi. I :hese islamls, at ans.. tli.v dill not then Mr. Klliolt idso testihc.- thai did not value llic .sealing imiiistry. ;ilue their sealiiiu iiMuslry- it w.is ..f smill conse.iiiem-e ,10tli Cong,, 1,1 Si.ss,, ^kin I'lilv luiii'.; Worth I'miii I ilolhirs ill 11. It, Uep&rt London. No. 3883, p. '39. Thcv failed to Jiroiierly il.'Velop th.' mark,'!, as ill. hiive ilone under mir ("iovernim'iil. Mii 5tHli Cong,, 2nil Se :\rr, C. A. AVilliains, in his evidenue, o-ni'ii liofore a Committee (jf Coiiiiress, s;ii(l : — " 1 do not think, v.lieii th.' (iovernment imule the |,ur,.dinsi. liom 1,'u-sia, that any on,' oulsi.le of a iloz.ii lieoiil.-. i>evlia|is, v,ho had heeii ;iei|naiiileil with M'aliiiu' H. K, Report h,.ivt,,roie, ha.l the di-htesi knowle.le their heiiii; any No. 38»3, p. SS. value ill th.ise islands, ..r that th,- (hivernment was -oiiig to ._'el aiivtliinir of value outside the mainland of Aliiska," Dr. W. II. Dall, wlm is s)ie(dally quoted as .Ml. Willianii- does mil think lliat more than a dozen peojih' km^w lliat. the imrchiis,' wnilaini.d any- i! value uiitsiili Ihi- iii.iin- id. an atilhofilv on Ah'is lh(! United States Cixse, wrole ii letter to eorreet eoiMain statements jtKrihnted to him in the disetission avisino' iVotu ;i iiaper hy Mv, W- Palmer, read before the Hicdo^Meal Socieiyat W.ashinytoii. In this letter Dr, Dall says :— I ll I lilll IIJ>'lltillll> "lll.lll \.lllll' ' Inrcst iinil 'IITIUli," sG7, Itussi.'i had, in I'act, cxciiidi'd the V(,'ss('ls ol' other nut ions Troiii licliriny- Sua. 'I'liu siM'oiid, that the languuL^'o of tlie Tn.-aly of ISO? dosi'rilx's, and imrporls to cjonvcy, sonic sp(?( 111 riu;li til -t(.'i'ritorial waters of Hclirin;^ Sea. As to tlie 111 ;, the considerations cont.'iiiu.'d in till! ))roeeedins; ('ha]iters liave eslalilislied that, jiriorto I^'liT, Uiissi.i liadnot, atany time,e\eluded from ]5eliring' Sea the vessels of foreiy;n nations. As to I lie second, a rel'erenee to I he ]ani,'ua^e of the Treaty — wliieli is set out at ]i]). '.If to '.)[■ of the JJritish Case — shows that llussia was eon- veyini;' territories whieli were thru admitted to form jiai't of the Ivussian I'lnjiire, hut with no more than tin' nriliuarv territorial i-i:.;hts. ( 74 ) CIlAlTEll VI. I'liiiit ."> ol' Article VI. — Has the l.'iiilcd Stntrs mill Rifflit, mill If so, irlint lUyht nf ProtfC.lion III- Pnijirrli/ in Ihc Fiir-amls fii'ijiiciitiiiij Ihr Islmuls lit llir UiiiU'il iStiitcs iii IMirlnij Sra, nlii'ti siirh xriilx ui'f: found ouls'ulu the oriUniiri/ '.i-iiill'' liiii'il '.' Tin; 1,'mti:ii Siati>' Conti.stiuns. (1) I'niii il Siiiii^.' C.i-i'. p. .■)" — • I'.v llic i:hii-v of IS'Jl Uu^sia li:iil puhlicly daiiiird ci'ilaiii uim«Uil juiixliction Imlli uver Bfliriii^' S<'a and over a piirtidaiiVlIu' Pacifii' Oi'tan I!ii>sia iirvirsimi^lit til pruvi'iit vi'ssi'l- f'niiM pas>iii^' l!ii(iui;li liciinj; Sea in order to rciidi tlif Arctu- Ocimii ; nnr did >1h' always siriftly inlurcc tin- pmldbilion id' wlialiiij,' wiiliin tliu distance nl' In" ndirs I'lDni its sliorcs ; Imt, f« far as tlic t■llr-st•al^: ari' cDnccrniii. it will lie made tii aiipear in what Ibllous that tlie jaii:.dictiou in quesUon was always exercised iiir their prutietion." (2.) I'luted Slates' (lase, \). ».')— '■ In deteiininin;; what i-ii;ht of prutectiiM, (ir pro|jerty this (iovernnieat has in the lar-seals rrecpientinj^ the islands of the United Stales in lieiin.i! Sea when .sueli seals arc fiinnd initside of the ordinary .'i-ndle limit, it is nut com- pelled, neither docs it iniriul. to lest its case .altiiiiether upon the jurisdiction i.ver Hiring Sea established or exercised by Knssia prior and np to the time of the cession of Alaska. It asserts that, qnilc indeiiendcnily of this jurisdiction, it has a ri^ht of protection and pru- peity in the lur-scals frKpantin^ the rribiloff Ishimls when fmnid outside the ordinarv :!-nule limit, and it basis this ri;;lit u; tic rstablishcd principles of the conimoa and the civil law. niiiui the practice of nations, upon the laws of natural history, and niion the coaonon interests ot mankind." (3.) Cidtcd Slates' Case. pp. 'JDI. •232— "It may be laid do«n as a principle, established by intcr- nalinnal usage, that any nation which lias a peculiar inlcrc't in the continued cxisienec of any valuable Iimiine produi't, locatcl in the lii^di seas adjacent to its coasts or territorial watiTs, may aiopt such measures iis arc essential to the prcsiMvation of the specie-, without limitation as to the distance from Inid at which such necessary mcastircs may bo enforced." (4.) Uiiitid Stales' Case, p. 237 — ''This ha-tv review ol' the le^jislation of near a score of nations elearlv establishes the princijiie announced that any nation, havin;.; a peculiar interest in the eoiitimied existence of animal life on the hi^h seas, adjacent to Its coasts or territorial watiT.n, may adopt siieli measures as are essential to its preservation, without limit as to ihc distance from laud at which such measures may be ( nl'oreed.' (5.) United Stales' Case, pji. I'n,",, 2'.lC.— "The I'liitcd Stales, upon • e evidence herevvitb submitted and rererrcd to, el.iiin tliat the I'ullowin^ propositions of fact have been fully cstablislieil : That at all times, when in the water, the iilenlily of each individual can be istiiblished with ci itaiuty, anil that at all times, whether during its short cxeiiisii us from the islands in search of food or its loii;:er v\ inter mij;rntioii, it has a lixcd intention, or instinct, which induces it to return tJheeto." 76 (li.) I'luiiii States' Ciisf, |ij). iO:i, uCO— "Tlic rnitcil ,St;il('»' fioviTiiiiiciit will cliiim : l'ii>t. Tliiit in vii'W I.I' liii. fads aiiil (irciiinstanci s oial lii-lii d liy tlie uviiliiiec, it liiiH mcli a pmijcrtv in the Alaskan' seal ticnl ..... at ciitillis ii t. irc'iiM' lln' IhkI fnirii licHUiitlicjii. i]i the iiuiiiiii'r i;iiiii|ilaiin(l of, liy an rinploy. iiii-rit ('I' vucli ri'ascdiahic rorcc a* iiuiy hv ncc'>sar\'. Sccciiid. 'I'lait, iiif-|ii'ciivc III' till,, dislinct n;{lil iil'|H(i|nTiy in the htnl Ik id, tin' I'lillvd States' (iovd-iiuant has liir itself, and li>i' its |ic'i|ilc. an inleic -1. an inilnstiy, and a eiiininiree: .... ami that nn part dl' llie lii-U -ea. is, rriplivi title n^^ia in l!at acts of pidteeticHi hy Uii-sia, had there heen sacli.ciinld in no way he atiiihutcd tn a jnri^dicliun foainled on prc- scripli-e title, (,r iimiI as eviili'iiee of sueh title, if they wotilil have hern iipially Jii^tiliable witlinat it. The t'niled Slates can lit will of protection in sens iated where it has no jnii-dlction. For, on the unajipniin' ■H'li, all nations are einia! and iialejiemleiit, ami c.iiinot interfere with each other's ships, except I'm- piraev. The Treaty, rij^htly construed, docs not '^ive power to the Trihiinal to decide whether the United States have jurisdiction, I'er iiny iiiir|.ose. over waters outside that purt of Bchrinc Sea where the riiilcd S-atcs claim aim to jurisdiction of any cxcl usive jnrisilielion. No el kinil. ijcycmil that limited area. iKel'licen made lierorc the 'ricatv was sljri,..,] ; .,„(i ji refers no (piestions to itration, except such :is hail then arisen hetween tin Cimtractini; I'owi The words in which the nht (;f ids of claim to this widelv-extcndcd pri prolcciioii are stateil, are oiHiealt of inte TIk [•timmon law " referred to cannot he that of Kniiland. which has no force i law, di '1 nations. •'Civil law," whether .lencitini; K used ■pule pposiiion lo criminal law, is inapnro- priatr luTc. 'I'he riijl.t elaimcd must depcnil national law. of which ••the practice cf nations" enn only atlord evidence, and which rceo'^ai/is all the '• interests of nian!>inil " of wliieli t'tie Trihanal can take cojfiiizanec in dealinicwiili riudils as distin-ui-hed frian One of till The exela can 1 iilaliiMc pur).. es of tl.i ■ Hshi !-niile limit is tliat ..f )e no projiirlv in rree-swimmin:; setils, which an id proved in I'haptc/ \il to he ./(;•«■ ««/« therclbre, fix iniUiiis even hy the law of tlie Unit, d States. Still less is the pro|)crty vested in the I'nited Stiles' (.ioveniniei.l ; and their lessees neither have nor claim any interest in lliesc animals. II the ideniilieaiion of each seal and its annual return t.j the I'riiiylolV Ishinds, he assumed as I'ai'-, thev show no tiile without proof that the seal was tat, ■ rcda al hell. its departure: ami that it inteaded i.. ri'inni, not oiilv the islands hut to some spot wlicre' it would he under ol of its own The laws of seve'ti Ihitish Cilo ten other countries (including Itussin). or re'ferreel to in the rniteil States' Ca. the p.irpo-.. of siipporlili;,' ih.' alleu'e' i;f Se..tlanil, Ireland, and app; teclioli. II (jiioted e-ntly for jniisd at in no instance is it show ti that cx-te'iTitoritd ictioii over nu'.: ertud or excrcitet fiioi X 76 Iti till- nnostioii now to be discussed, and in tiu> cuiitcntioiis of the United States above quote:!, the protection s])i ■n III', uiielliei- ex- it' nn-iit; pressly or iin))liciliy, IS a prorecuon as (n n^ni,, it is in no Avay dependent on tlie exercise l)y tin Ailiilrafors ol' the jiower oi' niakiiiij Ecgu- itio.is iriven them, in a eerlain ( vent, 1)V til Treat\ ol' tin' :2!}tii I'elirnary, 1«!)2. IT, Tor llio sake of brevity, thi' passages in which the conti'nlions occnr ai'e not, in every instance, set out at sud'icient hniit'tii to sliow tliat ilie claim is one of rii;'lit, a peiaisal ol' tlie context, or a reCereni'c to their ]>]ace in ihe aruinnent, will nirike it abundantly clear. I!ii;'hl III' protection is ipiit(> distinct from sted property, and when invohniL;', as is sug'^^es in tie' Ifiiitcd States' Case, the adoption ol' '■ nee, >s\rv measures" (Contention 3), and the employment ol' "reasonable t'oive " (Conten- tion (i). i]:l))lies jurisdiction ovel- the waters to ihich the rinlit extends. .Iuri--dict ion may exist, lithoii: property, and ])ro[i"rty withoni jurisdic- tion. I'hus, in terrilori.al w.iters. evcrv nation has a jurisdiction, which justilles the exclusion of foreigners from lishing ; yet. l>y the law of li.ith (lre.it Jkit'iin ami the United Slates, a fish s\\ iniining ;it ! irgc in such waters is not the subject of ]n'opf vty. it will be oliscrved that, by tb.e second of the ci 'iteiitions set forth at the head of this (.'liaotm'. right of protect 1011 over iiic fur-seals {i jnrisilietiou eiifitling the United States fo jirotect them) is claimed independently of the jurisdic- tion over IJeliring Sea, described in Contention (1.) \hicli is allei;'cd to 1. and transferred as an " nimsnal jurisdictioi have been exercised liy 1! to (he United States in urilier, liv Coiilentioii ((p.). "no part of liie high sea" is excejited from this right ■>!' protection, lint if it betriie, as |M'o[ioiindcd in (.'oiiteiitioiis (:2.) and (().), when read togetln'r, that, on gmieral principles, nations havini;- "an interest, an indiist ry, and a commerce" in fnr-seals, jiave :i rinlit to pi'otect lliose .■miinals, exereisibli- over the high sc.as generally, then acts b; I'lissia. had there been such, instiliable bv virtue, of such a right, would allord no evidence wliafever ot the unnsiia inrisiliction " over one purtion if those seas alle-ed to ha\ 1 leeji exerciseil Ijy 'act. (he two ar^iinieiiis are nnitua SSIM. Ill slnictivc. l!ie right attached to llussia liy virtue ol The protrctiiiii .spokLii ef in tlio Con ti'iilioii is .■! proioctioii :i^ nf right. lJl>lillCliilll lirlwr.-.' ll'.^lll (it pielei;- limi :inil I ■jieily. lli^lii ,if ]iri.leclinn . I.iiiiieil, imlo- lirllllrlll lit till' jlU'istlillilin '■'.■r i-li' Scii nllejinl In U.iyi \i. .nipiiii'd from l!us--i;i. .\,. |„a' I c'l' the lli;^ll M'll i> eMi'|ili imm llii< riijlil nf liniliitii \n lit pniliTl lli.'ll Ii.mI till ti.winilil Mllinil iiiMviilriiiT if l!ussi;i'sjiirisdii liiiii iiM'i I'li'liiiiii; Tli'Mi' (ill! be liO li^lit 111' |jnil.i'i-liiin in -r,i« wlii'Vi' tlii'iv i.s 110 jurisiliiM lull. A'Iniir.nltv Case- vol. ii, p.'ulO. her iiiliMTN;! in ilic l'iir.;i>a!s, iis, exercise would aH'ord 111) e\i(leiiee oi' any title to an unusual jnrisdielinii. Vet, in C(inlentii)ii (l.j, llie allei^a- tiiin lliat llussia exercised jui'isdictinii \\,y llie protection of fur-seals, is relied on as the main l)root' of her ])rcscripti ve title to Jielirini,' Sea, iind of the unusual jui'isdiction arisinu- from that title, 'i'lial JJchrin^;' Sea was used as ;i passaLfc to the Arctic Ocean, is tlierc expressly adniilted; that the ijrchiljition against whaliuij within 101) miles from the shore was not strictly enforced, is also tlic're admitted; nor is one instance of its enforoement even allcLj'ed : hut it is -aid, that "so I'ar as the fur-seals are conci'ined," the unusual jurisdicliou was always exercised. That riu'lit of protection implies Jurisdiction over the waters where it is to he exercised, is cleai' fi'ipui the follow inu' pro[iosilions : — (1.) That, on the nnajiprojii-ialed sea, all nations are equal, and independent of one anothei'; (I'.J That, in tiiU( of peace, a vessid tlicr.'on cannot he foreilily iuiia-fered with liy a forei^'n i'ower, oxcejjt for jjiracy ; and {^^^ That fishing is not pii'acy. The last of these ])ropositions is too elementary to uei'd support. 'J'ho other two, if ;iutlioriiy lie supposed uee(>ssary, are illusl rated hy i.oiil Stowidl's .ludu'iuent in the case of •• Le l.ouis,'" alreadv cited upon another jioint in the British Case, p. 151, in which it was held that ;; l-'reixdi ship could not he condemned as a |)irat(> Wn- heinu' einj)loyed in the ."slaM' Trade, and forcililv resist imr the search of tin." Jirili li '■ruizers. that ease, T^ord SI owell sni( !l)i.l., p. ■J43 I'liciii tin: lir.-l i|n.'s!ioii, \ilii'lliir ll»> li'^lit uf srarv li ■xi-.t.s ill liiue of poiici", I liiivu lir iiUsorvB, tlmt l. wi> plllH llrs ol' l.ulilii; I.I iii'inlly Hirii'4iiizt.'il :ix r,lllil:Mllrlllill. One is l!)r lierl'i..! i uli.iliiv illnl iihli'iii iiiIeiH 11 iif dl di.stinri Slal'>-<, l.'i'lil I'lilini ive iiiii^'iiiiiiilc cliMles liijilislin dell iif ri.ylll ; ndiltivu illiliei'ilily, whciju'r |"iiiiaiient 01' ca-siiiil, jjivt^s iin tuUlitionuV rijilil !o I'le iii^ire |ni«rii':d liLMulilioiiv. and any iidvaiitaei! seiznl n|ioii ih.it. Ljioiiiid !.-> u\<'\v ii.sii.p.itioii. Tills is till! ^.^reat I'onttiial.oii i>l' |ailili.' law. wlii'li it ni.iiiily ••■iih-eiii.s flni pr.ici' i.f iiiaiildihl. I'olli in lluir imlilic .iinl |iiivali! (.iipiniii, ■ le |i|i-irve iin inlad III it nl) niiUoii-i ii 111,11 i'.|U.il, ,ill h-.vt: an i i^nal li-lil to the iniiiitorniliteil ii-e i.f the inia|i|ir(i|iriati'd jiarls el' tli oci'iin for their liavif;a- liiiii. Ill jilmr-i vlii.i no tticijl aiiHiciili/ r.-iJx, w/iin- //{I- .■iiilijivf.'i ii/' ((// sldtM iiuxf I'pon II J'liiilin'j i>f ciiHii' iijii'ilih/ mill indepcnihnre, no one il"te, or wiij «f itg tl.r .<„h iui.-. (I i-ii//ll III •jnis III' miiilliti: III' luiiii^c (tii/Ziuri/i/ VI 1 1 Dodson'fl Tlic liulit (,r viMUiti.ni Admiralty Cases lii'ilr.; ill lliis I'li'-rlll c.isi' i AiTiisfcl in tinii' dl' JH'ilrr. llil- • |Ui'-ii"ii Jii-i~. liiiw it i^ i.i Ic lc;,Mli/(Ml ; Ami Inukiim to wlial 1 li.cvi' Ji-riihcil .IS till' Uiiciwii existing l:i\v ciT pnirlii'i', it vol, ii, p. 2-ia. nations cviiloniocl \i\ nil iiiillioiily an iiiiiil Iji' ii{hiii llir i,'ioiMnl til. it till' caliliiii'il vi'SHi'l ii to l:lk. II A./"//'/ piLito. or i'Im- sonic m-w uioiiml is t.> In ii-;;iniil oil uliiili lliis i-i^lit wliii !i liiis In in ilistimtlv iili.iillcil Hot t< lllo . I rll|Mllon \i-l LioiuMally ill linn- ol' [ii'iiro can Ipc Tlic iiiicstion tlicii comes to lliis: — (an Ibid., p. 247. '1 ,\- II,;. /■•iiiiih* vcssi'l 111 Ic-ally lie, I li'cnicil I'ii.H ^■. inlciiiii^. as ii iiiiist ilo. il' it I'c -o all llic pains !'l pcliallics of pi III Itnlli It wants soinc 111 I he ili aiii.^nisliin,:^ I'caliiics if ilial olli-iicc, Il ;s not llc' act ol' 111 i-liiiotcis. enemies ol tin liiimaii race, iciioiincinu CM ly loiinliy. anil ra\a;_;iiiu i \ciy country in ils I oasis anil \es-cl- iiiili-ciiaiinali l\ . ami llnicliv cri.'iitiiN;.' Ml i:iiivci~.il Iciior ami alanu I ala llic nialiiiiiily of llie pl.'ictii ■■ ulial it liiiiy, it is not lli.il i4' /■!, 11111* in lc:^al IfaiW,, p. 9t6 nlpi:ition. Jli'f .Maji'slN's ( itivrniinrnl ios|ii'f1 riilly |ii'o(rst lll.ll llic iilli--liiin wlirlhcl- llir Lnilril Sl.'lli'S liii\(' any jiirisdictiim outsidi' .lirliriiii;' Sci; — nr, 111 s|ic;il< iiiorr sti'ii'liy. diilsiili' tli;\( |iarl n\' jirliiiiiu' Sea ill mIiIi'Ii tlic I iiilcil Staler cl.iini I'isdicliiin — is not rcTcrrcd Id lliis exclusive Jill' liiuii Tribunal liy the terms ni' (he '.rreaty of IMIii. W'licii (lie iiuesliim stated at llic head (if this (diaptcr spcilvs nl' .1 lin-jii (,|' |ir(itce|iiiii licymid llie iirdinary :i-inilc limit, il is .issiimcd lliat llic |i,iri 111' !lelii-iiio Sea ill wliicli exclusive juris- dic(ii)U is claiuied is the euly area willi wliicli llic two l'(n\crs .-irc cnncenied. I'm, {irevinusiy Id llie Treaty Ili' IMIl', iid el.iiiii dI' jiirisdicliDii, exidiisivc (ir iitlieruise, heyiiud the liiuiis nl' lichrinu' '''ea, had been made \i\ llie I iiiled .• wliicli liail aiisi .1 .it il.s d.ilc : anil llii-c inchii'.il no claims csiciiilin,^' I'cyoinl |l I' spccilicil alca L'nitod Siati'H' rth in ,Mr. I51aiiie"s dcsiKitch ol' the 17lh Deeen- Ciic, Appcmlix. her, I'-'.in. 'I'licri. (iiiesliiiii '< is |irD|iDsed i'. the viil i, p. ■.'^fi lull DWIIIO' IDIIU ■ Wliat are imw llie lielits iit llie I'liiled Slut, s ii.i In (lie rm-seal lirilierii.s in llie waleis of tlic I'lcliirii: Sen inil-ii'c of llie iiriliniir_\ tciiitoiial linui uliellici -iicli ii;,'li's ijiiiw out of tlie 1 e.-.-iioii hv llussi.i iM any .-pccial ii;;lits ur juri.sdiition la lil ly In 1 in suili lisliciies or in Till' italicf iiri' iii tlii> origiii.il. 79 tlic wnlcM'.s III' Ililiiiiiy Si'ii, r.r (.iil ipf tlir uwiii i>lii|p d' tin' Im'cdiii.u-isliiiiiK Mild ilii; liiiMt^ dl' tlir s.jiils ill ic-ciriiii^ lliillii r Mild iviiiiii - ilicii yoiiii;^ ilinv.iii, ;iinl ^niu'^ciiil I'lciii llir i-l:iud-. Iipv Iniid. iii' out nf ;iiiy nllin- I'lift nr iiieidili' cijliiii.-uti'd with till' ridiiliijii of llio.-' sciil li^lini.'s lo lli.' teiTitoriiil )iii.«si'ssioiirf of tin., ruiti/d States." ■I'llr lllih' :• Mll.dl plolcith I Sl.dr- >i'Clio|| I' lllr "Illy rl.iilll IM lli'ld il' ll'liriii" Sim lor Iiii-mmIs.' 'riic wfltiT ]»i'O('('0(ls ill fli(> same (li's]iatrli : — •■'I'lh' iv|„;i!,d a^M-rlioiis iliiii ihr ( ;o\. rumi-iil of 1I1.3 I'liilid Sliiii ~ .Irinalids lliat ill.- I'.rliiiii- S..'a !«• pro- Iliillliri'd ,».(,. r/.//'s/(„(, aiv wiliioiil r.iiiidalioii. j'li.' (loViTMlllclll lia-, 11. Acl- (lain. I'd il, and UrVil desired il. ll r\|iii-^ly disavows it. Al, llir saim- liiiir. lln' I'liili'd Stali-i clof■^ no; lack alpiindanl aiillioriiy, arroidiiii; lo tl,.. aliIi-1 iv\]ioiii-iils of inli'iiiiilional law. I'or lioMiii;.' a Muall sc-tioii ol' til,. H.-liiiiiij- S..a for till. |iio|,ciio!i .if ill., lur- ..-(■al-. lonliollinL; a i.oni]iaralivi.ly n-tri. Ic! ana orualn for ilial on.. s]M.(ilii. |.iii]i.i-.. i-. Iiy no mraii^ lli>. r.iiiivaK.iiL oi drclariii;^ til.. .-i.a, or aiiv |pail llirirol', mure i/aii-^io,).' I'liiti'il .Sl;itrs' C.-i-i', .-Viipi'iiilix, vol. I. |i. -21)3. Diiii., |. 'jyi In .-Ml |.;irlii'r j)as>:iL;i' in llu' same ili's[i,'it(di, Mr. lilaiiir stales: — '■ II (oval I'.iilain .an niainl.iiii lior |iiwilio:i tluii rirlnlii.j; Sc-a 111 til., linii.or ili.. tivaliu.-* with l!ii<.-ia ol' |.Si'4 and l.'^L.'.'i wa.s in. liiiird in lln' I'arili.- n...|.an. tii.- I i.Hi iiiiin.Ml ol' till, rnilrd .Slalu< lia~ ir. wrll-.^ioiii.di-.l laiiii a_L:aiii-L liur." Ill rcplyiiiL;'. nii ihc 2l.st I'rliniai-y. \^'^^. : nvd Sali,-.liiiry. uilli nM'rrciicc tu tiir i[iii,'>liiiu ihus jinijiiiscd, .»aiil : — ■ ■■'riii' lii^l il.iusc. ■ What aiv iiou llir ilAil- ol' iho I'liiii-.l Slalom a^ to l!ii. ;ii!"i al li-ilii-rii.^ ill llir ualrr- III' till. !'.. liiiiiL; .'^ra oulsidi- ol lli<. oi.linary li-rritoiial limiN :' i.s 11 i|Ui.sliiili wliic'li woiil 1 111. viiy ].r.i|i..rly i. i'li iid i.. ilic di'i'i.-ioii of an al l.iiraloi. Iliit till. ~iili. iiii'ii! ilaii-e. wliicli a.<,-iuliio.- that ^u.li li.ilil- loiilil liaxo ...iiou 11 .nn of tlio o\viH'isIii|i 111' till. lii-.i-dinn-isIamU and llio lialiils ol' tlu'M'als ill ii.-orlii|..i lliiivlo, invohc.s an assiiiii|.lioii as in till. |iii..-rri|iliol|.< 1. 1 inlrllialioiial law al llio |iri.^.|il liiui.. to wliii.h llir Maji'^ly'^ 1 o,vi.niiiii.|il at.. 11. .1 |iri iiaivd Ilii'.. ji, 2,'),5, ^'i''- lilaiiK- aiiswi'ivd nil ilic lull A pril. 1 s;)i . l)i'(i|iovino (^lui'sliiiii "1 ip its pi'i'scnt riU'iu, ami Sir Hull. |i. .tuj, ,1. I'aiuR'criitc a.s'i'iiti'd in a Mi'iiinranilinii, il.ilril tlic .'irij .Itiiic, ISDI. Till' i'i.'.'ri's|iollili'llci' nil I 111' iiKiihis r'li rnil'i a 11 nil Is I'lirllii'i' I'viilriH'i' id' llir limits id' till' claim iiiaile hy till' I'liili'il Stall's, Ibiil . [I, .'in;. On till' Itli hiiic. I VII, Mr, Wii.arlnii. .\cliiiL;' Si'i'ri'l.ary I'm' lln' I'liili'il Stall's, wmli' Ik Sir .1. I'aillli'd'id!', W'tll rrriTl'tU'r In i.iU'il Salislilir\ 's 11(1 J V 80 ri'iiiiiro-.iirui tin: l!ii^ aiiDlhcf ,„,. ; ,,:'3i..>. |)rii\ i-iou of (hi' iiiiiiliis rirniih : — "As to tlir lliii-.l (lausc of your ]iroiK'^iti'iii- ' •»'> iliroctL-il to say tliat thr- coiitt-iitiou iictwi'i'ii lln' Uuiti'd States and CiiViil liritain has relation soh'ly lo the respec- li\e ri-lils of Ihe iwo (liAeninieiils in tlie waters of l;.hiiii;4 S'/a oiiiside of till or.liiiiry Icrrilniial liiiiiH. and Ihe sti]Milaliiiiis lor the eo-o|ieralion of Ihe Iwo ( lovern- iiieiil . iluriu- tlii< .sea'-on have, of eourse, lie- same natural liijiilatioli.' Siilijot't to the altovi; pi'otost, Iho ijroitmls 011 wliii'li i]iis claiiii t'.i imitci'livc jiirisilictiim is lii:uh' will iiiiw 1)1' cimsiilci'i'd. 'liii'V arc fuiir. viz., Hie I'stahlisheil [iriiiriplos of the I'uimuiiii and civil law, t!i<' pnicticc of ii.itioas, thr laws of natural lii-tory, and llic I'ouiniiai iini'iTsts of ninnkind. In \\lii\i sense the (I'l'iiis '•(•oinnion and elvil law'' arc hnv used, is not very idoar. 'riu- (j.\|)rcssiim "ciininniu law" is teidinical, and is W(dl undin-stood liy ilie lawyers of liic United States and (iri-ai liritain ; Imt it iias 110 ;i|i])li- cation to the i|uev:ioii now under diseiission, exci'iit in so far as any -vneval ))rinei|)les e;m he deilueed IlierelVom. " Civil law'^ is an exiir'ssion sonietimes used with rel'er.'iiei' lo ■■ itu'iaii law." ;illl sonietimes ill ojijiosit ion to the e.Npression " eriniiinl law." It is ))V(ilKihly intended to he used in till- latter sense, hut in m ither ease l.as it .inv aii|i!iealion here. The i'i;,'lits of nations niiisf he delennined hy the iirineiples ol' inti-rnalional law. The ■• priKdieeol' nalions" is only iiniiorlaiit ,ts evidenee ol" that !:iw. Ilius hrine'iii'.:- tin' eliini once more to llie same lest . Tlie la\'is of natural history are not material to Ihe .iiie-timi of jurisdietion. These '^'^^ " Jj',",''''-,|;;"J|,7,^ would i)e more matei'ial to the i|Uestiiiii of Four ^'rounds of cdaim. f'oinnioii .mil civil law." Meanin;,' of t'-rins. Iiifil.l- of ii.ilions nui-.l he deferiiiiued hy iiiterii ei'in-il laxv. of whieli tin' •liraeliei of nations" > meii evidence. I.aw.s a.f niitilliil tHstoi^: a!t"«lMviiiil. 81 eliriiii; l('in;n ''oniiiKiii inlc'iv'sis III' iiiiiiikiiiil " now ill (lUc-tiiiH ,in ly suclnis iiilci- iialiijii;il law nM.ii"ui/i's. Aiiihdrilii s >li(i\v ilirit tlio nviliiniry ■J-lllili liniil .l|)|llirH 1.1 lisllillL;. Iraliill;,' ])]•', j)t'l'ly, W I lie i|iicstioii wlicllii'i- :-i>:i!s ;in' .V/vi- iliilin:-! wrvr >:T! .iisly ill (;i>j)i!!i', lull in nil l)i'oL;i')!liiy i.o siicli ciimciil iciii will iri^c. 'i'lic <'\'raiir(liii:ivy ;'lli'u;;*i(>i! lli;i( m';i!s niiiy ill :iiiy li't,nti!iiiitc si'iisc 111' vi'i:;ir(lc;l ris donifstii' ;'.iii .::.ls \\ill Dl- (liscilssi'd ill il Mll)-C(|UIMlt, Cllllij^T. Tin; ■• coin moil i!lI^i•c•^tso^ ilia iikii 1(1 " now in ijiicsi J.iii, arc o:iiy micIi .-.s iii(ci-ii;i! idiml ];i\y •■ccii.^iii/rs. \\ lia( llicii arc llic [)riiici)ilcs ol' iiitci iia; ' i::al \;i\\ apiiliciMc to tlic (|iics(io!i. Soii.c hiir of tliciii is (•i)iil:i;n"(l ill ;li<,' jia>saL;'c jii'.f i>\:iiniric(l (Contention 2;, Avhcrc-'llicor.linary .'j-iiiilc liniit " is twice !)iciitioiic(l. Wiilioiif stayiiii;- to cilc authorities s!lo^vin^■ I'lat the ;;-milc ■/,,,[[,• is \\,,\y coiinuonlv' rc.;j:a riled liy otlin- natiiwis bc^i.irs ;li . Liiitcil Stales as llic !iinil. roi' !no~i jiiirp'.^e ., ul' ierrilorial jiirisiliiii'.n, i||;. ^^ll^l\^i^^^ antli ui; i"s may 1;" eiic:l IIS vliowinn' fhal !ixllill^• i-- i.mc of I iiosc jiiir[)oses : 'Sir. \Micatoii, ill speiskinii' of'Mliose poilions of liie ^ea wliicli Masli the coasts oF any ])articii!m' Siai:'. witiiin \\\i- disiaiu'p' o!' u marine l.'aii'iic. or as I'a.- as a cannon slmi uill reach IVdiu ihe shore," siiys : — Whc'jtiiiiV •• Inlrr- " ' "'' I'iiy-iral jiiiwi-r el' cxcri-isilig an eXi'Iu-ivi- [ivip- iiiilioiMl Law •' y^.l■^y an.l Jin-isilicli,,!!. ,iii,| ,,f ,.x..l,„l,ii- ^I.,. a.:i,.a „( 'illiiT iialiciiis wiiliiii tlii'M' liiniiv. oi-'. .,, .. .:,| 'I'-:!'''' I ' III I hr naaiil j„,ui-r may |ii-rl!.i, , i^l iKi lintlii-1- lliali t'l uxclllcU' tlif latimi iiT uiiiui' uali.pUa Id llii! injury ul' llu' Staic ;.r v,!;!.!, ili^ ri;^lii i< , 1 ,!;,, 1. |f, is ii|ii)n this ;,'i-ouiul i' i'lr.l ill.' i ijumiiiiity 1)1' ti ninitviil .^-i.ii- i...,,! lIic cxncis. ,,i ,;.;,! Uestilily hy on.' I.clliuert'iit I'nwcv a-niiiist niKillicr witliiii tliesi' liiiiits. 'I'liis I iaiiii lias, 'lowcvf!', Iiirn sniiictiiui-i ••xt<-mli'il 111 I'xriii.li uilic) ii.ai..ii< fiiiiii i'„' "-,, ,' ,,f 'ill.' uati'is ^■,l^llill^ ti I, 'III ill war. as. t'l.r i- .,.)iii|.|.', ,.. ■ / in l/if jMfiii wlii.'li i.> jjeiicrai' !■ ■'' ' ill that ili>: (IlaiKi'.'i I'liitioii), ■.ic. ls;i. ."Sii' .ioliii 2\k'liuU saV'S : — I'miiiii'ii llrll llll' ^ lllCI'l' |{. r. :'ii'.'ly-iiii:' Cl'^l'.S of I'lMlliiv. all:l!re...^.i.^;.: !ii!iii;al li;jlit, Mnatcil !.i li'vaii • iM III, I" I,,' y\r. Slirldoii AiiiMs siy- I'm- ~(.iii.' liiiiiti'il ].iir|»iM-.-., 11 i^iifi'liil ii;4lit i I' jiiii-ili'- Mnmiiiig's _" Luv n,:i> iiiia v^■■n :r..i' I, \■v^y ,\r\iu\\>- ym^'^vs) .,f ,\nu»uu.u. :- '^^-^ ..li'il I.i a M:ll" Ml 1 -|nrl ul' ihr inill "I' liii' f .\;\tions," 111 Amos, 111), ■iliali'.v Miliniiiiu- il- "wn r..,!-l liii-. Tlir i.ui]" f.ir wliii-h llii.-* jiivisiliiMinii mi. I .liiiniiii.in hilVi' liri-ll v l,-,u,l- ..a I'li-loiiis laws: .:i)llii- .■\M.-lii.ii «il' )iailiniir aiul li'^lilli.iiiM. (Iiu-. ; an 1(1)1', I in^.tiTtiuM ,f till, tnii- |mi\ rnaii vii'lutiuii III tinii' i if war lirlw.'cai .ulli' r Slab ■rii,. .li-^laiuc fiHiii llif i-iia4-liiM' 1" wiiirli tliis niialiluMl laivi;,'!.'!' I'-Xti'llils lia-i lii'i'ii vjiioii^ly mcasiavil, lln' lu^^t lii,'\aiem ilist.iiici'- ("■iii:i tlial "1' a lalil -I,,.: ur i.r iiianiic li-'a; [111- I'lMiu till' -ln'i. l! is sultiiiill.Ml lh:il ili<' autlun'itic'^- <'iti'!l and armiiiK'iitx liiMii-lil i'.ii-wavil siiiipurl 1 Ih- iivoihim- tioii tiial Mil' •Mill' rii^lit "I' ill'' L'liitfd States ii l!iili«:i Cas' 1 I), Hi'l, I'r.iii. I.' ^!> ,-t 111' flic iMMtiTliiin 111' seals is that iiir'idnit ti) I ■vrit'inal |!;isv,.v..i(in, iiii iiidiim' till' I'iu'lii til il ilii' siili'ii'iis ol'iitlu'r natiiiiis i'riiin lisli ill li'i'iitoi'ial ualri-- 'I'lir lir\l (|U('-.tiiai 111 lir ciin-idi'Vi':! is WJh'tllcr till' lliiili'd Slates iiave a pnipertv in the I'lir- ils rreiiueiitin:;' t he I'fihviiilT Isiail Concuisioiis. 'ii.lirily in I'lir-si'; The I'Mlldivinu' i:ni;-lisli and I'niled Stale- autlMi-itie- ave snllieient to simw tliiit animal-. Mii'li as seals are f, rrc niitiir/r ; and lliat. as sneli. tlie\ lire rry iiiilli 'y. ■Ill lliili-- "liiil' aiv /;..' ,1. '/»,-. iiMl ail liavr an (»auM^ ali-u'iile |iro|i,'ily. '• .\-. in ili'ii. iiiiiies. " ill'. 7.1". IT/'.) •■Ami ill liawUs, ilnvi-v lii-r.ai-, |ilirasiiil-. |iallii.l,yrs. i.- i.llivr tuwl- \vi.iili aiv al lai,L;e ami linl n- lainn'ir 111' /lid II 'ifiii'ff:, all! 1. a> .--UlIi ■ Di.'L-t,- Tit., lii.ns. K. ii. p. l:;^. (I" II. :.ii.) \A ../ Iiiii;- Ul II" ti-i'li V,-t.a man IliaV ll.lM^ .l i|Ualiliril or ]lM.lMS«rll-y ipfe- |.i'llv ill llviii, a- if ili'i'i. .Vi .. art' I. urn' (7 !■„. IT'i.) it lia\vk-. .Vi., are I'Tlaiiiii'il. Si, il 111 il>,liaiUiil:4i-, 111' llili'l' I'liwls ale I'll "i.., iluvi"^ ill a il' VI' mIl'. Vuiiii'.i lu'l'iilis, live.. 11 llii'ir lii'^l-." 7 I ' Full ill I' III III ," iVi- Aial el .-mil I liihg.'< tiimu 1 1 III 'lii.--i'i|, felnliv ii;av be tte.l.' ;- •■■■. \X< I'.iinnu! lliil, it il'-er, I'liwl'-. .Vi'., lame iir ii-i' .iniiil. attain llii ir ! lilii'llv, •Mill liiive im hirliiialiuii tii mUini. I lie pin- sliall he Uist." (7 * ". 17//.) 83 Blackitnnc-. c'llilinn ' llllirr iiiiiiiiiil«, l]i:it .ii<' ikiI of a taiiii' iiu,vol.i:, p.aaC. „, ,,„,,, ,„,, ,.i,|„.|. ,„,, ,|„. ,,i,j,,,.|^ „f iivopcrly al all, or .1-., I'iili luiiliT our "llii-i- ilivisioii, naiiii'Iy, lliat nl' i-l, aihl al olliiT tiini's not, sulisisl," Il)iiTj|i(;rty ijiiiy subsist in nniiiials firir ii'/tfrtf, jt' r liiilttUri'tiii h"iii'tiil» : liy u liia:i's irilt'iitintif and MialiiiiLi llii'in laiiir liv all . imln-lry, aii'l riliiratioii ; or \' \\v\y iialnral lilu'ity.'' » ■ • • ■ In all ihi'so I'lL-nluirJ. vc laina'd from llir uildm-s of their naliii-o, 1 lie pro|ri.-rly is not ali^olnlo. Imi dif.a-ililo : a |iio|..-rl\ . Jial may lio di-tioy.-d if lia-y r.-iiino llii-ir anriiail w ildm--^. and arc lound al lar;.'o." » ♦ » • "A i|na]ili(d pn)]piily may ids., suli-ist with i.-lali.iii to aninials /wvr /i///i',v/. ,;ill,,„,- iinjinl'iil'in. on ai'i-ouiil of tjiiar ov.n iii.diilily. As. \vlnii liawk^. luToiis, i,r ollirr birds laiild in my tri'is, or raliliiU or oilier .■lealiires make tlioir iic^ls ■11- burrows in nn laud, and liave yoiin%' ones llicre : I li,i\i' .1 i|iia!ilird prnpr ily in iho-i- yoiiii'.; oiir^ ;;I1 siirli lime as iliey laii lly or run a«ay. .nal llicii my propel ty e.\pires." ' .\nini;ii- /'■ /•> /e'^'/■'l, ~.. Iniej a~ ibey al. lerlailiii'd by KeiitV " Comincn- ,,,,. ,„,, ,,„| .^. ,,,■ ,„.,„ ,„,,, ,,1.,,, ji,,, ,.,„],i,.,-l „f a tarips, Olli coition, Uo'loii, ISa.S, ipialilied indpi-lly; bul wlieii tliey are alnilidoned. or vol. ii, p. 432. ,v-,;ip(. and relurii lo their iialural libi'i'.v and feio-ity, uiiboiil till' iiiiiiiivx eiirrtfiiili. the priipein in tlnMu e(;i-.-. WliiU' tills ([Hidilied property i-ontiniii's, ii is as niiiih under proteevioti of law as any other property, and eveiN iiiva^i^n "\ il is reilri's-od in the same niiinne'r. 'The dltliiMilly ill as. 'rlaiiiili',; with ].reei>i(in the a]ipli'"ilii'ii ..! the law aii^is fidiii ilie want of .-ouie reiiain dilermmate slaudald or rule, by whiih lo d.ter- mine when an .■iiiimal is /'. .n ,:/ ilimiito ,ii'li',-(i. " If an .iiiimal beloiiL;- I" the 1 la<. .a' lame animals, a>. for iiistanee. lu il Ia~- ol' lidi-es. ~hfe|.. or eattle, he is then eleiiily a sul.jrrl i.f ab-olnle pi.ip.rly; but if he lieloii^s II. till- . la^s of aninrds wbi.di are wihl by nature, and owe all their temporary ilo.ilitv lo the diseipline of man, sueh ns i\wv. lish. ainl s,.\iial kind ..f fowl, iheii tho iniimiil is the siibjeei ..f .|iialilieil pioperly, and whieh eoiuinues .so lonj^- (.id,\ a-, the lameiioss and douiiuiou lemaiii.' No siiu^cstiiiii in I'nite.l Stales' (use llial. e\en ill llii'ir own law, ihe rule Is iioi as laid il.iwii b\ Kent. Il would >iM'iii iisidrss ti) iniili i;'y authorities, ;is llii'i'c is ill) siio'o.,.^ii(iii tlirdiiu'iioul llio United • Tlir ilnhcs lire in tlio ori'dnal. [110] Z S(mIi'>' {';!■-(• llcil. cvrii in I heir nwii I'lw. llir nilc i^ mil .'I-- laid ilown hy Kciil. r>u( iii(!.'|ii'ii!l('nl!\ 111' llir (|Ui'stii)ii wlii'llii'r rin->;'aK :,l lar'^i' in Hciivint;' 'I'a c-in l)i' llir -.ulijccl-. dl' |)n)|iiTl y at all, ni tilli' In llicni is ■•■iiiwii. 'I'iic laus 'pj'thi' I'ailril Slates set oiil in l!ii' A|ijii'nili>: in llirir Case in no 'vay sii|i|iiirt liic \ i(M\ liiat Iho (idVcriiiiK'iil have any iiropca'ly in Inr- liii' \^i\\ dl' llir .".nl .Man'li \^(i\), callrd "A Ursnliilion ninrc cHiciriilly to ii'dli'i'l I lie I'lU'-scal ill .Vlaska," it was resolved — A]pavl fnim till' i|iir'sli(iii of pinjicrlv ill si'iils, nil liilc til ilinii is sliiiwii. 'I'lii' I'liili'd Slates' laws iililv IcsiTM- till' i-lli'itils fill' llir liiJVcnililclll. ■tlial //.. A/.',,,/. „/ ,sv. /'„,./ „„,/ ,sv. (,;,„,,, ill Alii-ka I'nitcil Stiilos' ''isc, AppiMlilil, ol. i. |i. '.!■>. Ilil lllrV a!v iii-ii-liy, di'rlaiv.i a -^jiciaal 1V-.|\MI|M|| lu|- ("A'Tlllllrlll ]Mn |IIIM' It is Id lie iidted llial iinl iiiiii;' is said in tliis U.'sdlnlion aliiiul Uelii-inu; Sea, or llie I'lir-seals llieivin. Siniilavlv the l/iw ol' llie Isi Jiilv. iv.vr 1 lil\ alllliDllZi'S .1 1^711. ealled "All A. a 1- I ]iri".'eiil liie lv\leniuiia- Ibid., |i. ;i3. liM.-f III llir ri^lll In lakr I'lll-srals on llir islaiiils, aii'l .mmiiI \r~srl-. lllrlr I'm llir sliill-. lidii dl' I'lir-lieariiit;- Aiiinials in Alaska " (set'iion t), mil iiillion/es a lease 1)1' — ■llir |-iL;lil In iaira,L:r ill llir Iiil jii'dlesied a',;irnst till' sliiji wliicli llieir (liivi'in nieiil, ill lin acll of llie eonlrael, had ])lll on \,, :; 1 is'.m^ llieir liii-ines' l)v ar'iveiii''' lo ihe uKhIik rirriidi. I'- '.Said (■ ullllrs llial liir li'^llt '.r Ikr I'llilr.l slalr. Ml' il- ],■-..:• Ill liil.r llll-vi :iK nil -aid Islands Willlill Hill' iimiiK.slii'iird .inii-diriiiin is liryoiid disiMili', and init Mlliji'i I III c|iii'-liirii irr iiiliir'-h-iii r 1 ' V l!;i^l;ii..l iillii r riiivi;,in Sluli'. t'lf' iHn'i It i''it tiii'lh>i*fi It iiiit I,, If I, i I!: I III l.il.i .1" I X "II l/l l„ /..■ .■^■I.i.iillrd t; III hllf.ilinil, il It. iiinl li;i- IIM Irhilmii In lln' i'..ii|iMi(|nii lli'lVViTlj Ihi' t'.Vii c.pMllllifS hi lliill (li^|.ll|c' (;ir;ll IMliiill iilliriiis iiijil llic I'liilcil Sliiti'.s (^•lli(•^ llir li'^lil 1. 1' l-'.ii'jli'^I. !iii'l ( 'aiiiicliiiii j.crnoliiT-; Im sl.-iU'.'litri- Iih-^'m! - i!i ' ■iiir ] ;ilt ' dl' lichiiiiir ■'^I'li. iiinl lliis C.iiiiiiiniv icsprctrully iii-i-^l.- lliiil:. till' iiui'i-iiPMil lutwmi ilii' tuii ili'ViiiiiiiDiN M'l tuvlh ill till' l'li-.iiliMirH !'|-(M'l;llll;ltiii||, ill Ml r.ir 11^ il liri.jliliils Mlirl (^'uiiiiiiinv fnuu 1;iluii'' i!< lawl 111 m!M|;i 111 M-iil--Kllis. H lU iiiii|i.iii\ , mill ciilllrilM'llliiill 111' lllii \r>lc.l li'jlll- if illi- ( lllijci-l.-- il til ^Irul liiss. '■ It il lll.iy 111' lIs^lllHi'il. ;.■ Kiil;1:i1|'! lia- i,-^i lii'il, Llpl tllii 'inVl'I'llIlU'llI lllW ilillii-il. lll:ll llli' Cl-li'lll liil-li'ill lif Itl ii.'lillii'J Si'i I-, imt Ihi' iii:irilii Iniiliil'V 111' till' I'liiti'il .Sl:i(i'~, liUI i-^ I II' ' lil'_;li -I'iis til.' <' iiii|uiiiy i'i'<[u' ll'iillv ■iiiliiiiits tlint it \< lint ciiiiiiu'lciil liir (hi'.it lliil^iiii nml till' I'liili i| Sij'.i'-^ :iliiiii'. itr jiir iiiiy iilji.'i' luii (InVi iiiiiu'iil-', 111 ili'tii iniiH' uliii ~li.'ill 111' ]i"lliiillc ij Up ll;ivi;^iili' llmsc v.-.ili'i-. 111 III iiHihiliil li-hiii'4 111' liiKiii'^ si'iils nil till' lii;;li .-i':i< ; :iliil tile I 'nliipiiliy li'^|i('rtrillly |iiiilit'S mil In lln; TFnllnUl'lllili' till' SiTli'liiry iif llh' Tl■^'il^lll■y tllilt il- ll'^lli-l ll;lM' I nil iiM'l'iiiilvl'l li\- -.lill ALIll'ellll'Ill llI'lUil'll till! two liiiVllllllU'llt- //,../ /' ./., llll- I, Jl'l,.,l. ■tl.-. n-lii.j, ;t ,\ i,,ilht„'rjil II, loll- hi, h lnh'tti'j ■■'iitl-. n-lifii II I-. it,iiitii,i:ni tl, ini.r ii,, tuti' utiri ih f'li.ih-iiii It-;/;, //„ I'll II, J ,v/,«/n, //,/,■,/,// ;.,ji,.i;,„i „. 'J f'liiii t'liiit/. ill fiili ,' I') i,i-i''i.i l/ti: •/tH^lt'nil IK /., lilt- l-ijill It: Itfll'tl .11 '/ !//"'»//. Ill Itl III' Ktflhiitil 1,1 „i-lill III,' III, iif I'tiililfVnill /lilt, i/ttt:-i III il ^1,111/ lit,' M"/ iiitlti.-ti';l i:i; I'lht^l'i, iiillill'l." I'll'' \'i|iiiit;iiy nliiiii nl' lii'' -i':iN In :lii' ishimls i|fii'<'iiii| in.iki' llii'iii llii' ■ulijri 1 111' i>ro|K'i'ly. I'H'l'nri' cullcilKlill'^' ihi-- ]"ii'| inn (iC till' ('li:i]it('|- it, is iii'ci'ssiry to v,iy :i I'ru \'. uril.s mi i 'miiriitioii [').), ■wllii'il ll.ls Iwii p1ii|liisil iiill> !>'' I'lR'l 111' ;| Niiinnuliat lidiil anil N\v('i'|)iii^'clKiraclrr, vi/., llial tin- iilnitity oCciU'li M-al can !ir (-.laliiislicil with ccrlaiiity, and thai al all I iiiii's ihifaiu' its wiiitci' nii-rat inn 1 ho mmI lias a li\i'il iii!i'i:I idii or insiiiR-l wliicll IlKllU'i's ) t 111 I'l'liirii. AssiiMiin th of ai'miiiii'iil Hilly, llll' acciirary iil' liirsr ju'iiiMisi- tiiiiis, lliry in im ui'.y lirini;' tin' rasn williiii llir anlhiprilii"- i-ili'il al)ii\r as in ihr cniiilil imis; iinilrr whii'li iii'iijii'ity is aciiiiirril in animals nf uilil iiatiii'.': fur ill llll lliis (]] ihi' seal initsf In' iili'iiliiiril. mil Hilly as I'miiiiiLC I'l'iini ihi' I'lilivlnlF IslaniK. hill a- havinu' lii'i'ii laiiu' nr r:'rlaiii;'-il uliili- ihi'ir: anil r2) ils inlrnlinii iiiiisi liii'imf. Hilly 111 I'l'iurn Ih llii- islaii'ls, which r\i'ii wilil anil iini'i'.'lainu'il si':,Is wcn.lil iln nl' ilmii' nun ncciiril. lull I" iiiiirn t^ th'- cunli'iil and can.' ni' llii'ii' iiwiicr. Kf) Tl i^ MiliiiiilliMl tlial llic iilxivc ;uitlii.rili(-s and ;n'j,iiiiU'iit- Mipi).!!': ill- iii'oniisitiiiii llial llii- I'liiicd Stilc'^ liavc iidl. iiur lias any citi/cli nl' llic I'liiii (I Stall's, any iinipcrl tlirv Inv.' li'Tn rciluccil (jill'lUHioil. Uritisli fasD, lllti) piissc; y in I'ltr-si'als unlil sion, anil tliat ir,n, I'rnp. ifi. till' |i)'ii|:ri1y si) acijl il ciiilnri's sii \t,]\'j: mily :\- ■lainiMl ill I'liiiliiil. ;t is atli'inpli'il in tl.,- riiitnl Slali's' f'asr ti i|i|i rt Ihi" ■■laini to tin.' ri-lii «\' 'ivutri'l lun lu tlir I'm-soal.^ DM \i|Min iIk' urouiii tsidc 111!' orilinavy .".-mile limit. 1 lliat ntiicr natiiins lia>c' |>a~s(Ml lau- l'\ trrrilciri.al w.'itcvs. 'I'hc roll.iwiim' list sli,,,vs tlic nrili'i' in wl'icli tlii'sr laws art' trcalnl in tlic riiitnl St.at.'s" CaM- anil Ihm'i' ; — (.'uiihii til, II tliji iiil' iii.ilioiMl iisii;.! >l,.l,li>lli- till' li.VlllI I'l |iVulr(11011 clliuirll. alKlan (A.)- (1!.) -Neu- Z il Islanils. calai (('.)--("aiii' oi' (liiiiil llt)|)i'. (I).) — Canada. (E.'; Ncwioiindl and. (I".) -.i.aii Mayni Sral I'isliriy. ((i.) — IJiissia : -Wliiti' and Caspian Seas. (11.! — Urnn'iiay. ([.)— Chill'. (J.) — Aru'ontine lii'inililic. (K.)— .Ta]),in. (L.y — linssia :— Cmunianilcr and Itolilirn Islands. (y\.)^ Tn-land. (N.)— Si'dtland. (().) — Ccylini. (I'.) — Ansti-.ilia. (Q.) -Franci'. (i;.)— I'aly. (S.) — Norway. (T.)— Panama. (U.)— "Mi'xi'jo. {\.) — Fiilklfind I.fliinds. An Ordinani't issi is qnotrd, cnactini:^ str it i'oi'i\latiniis aij.am st si'al-lumtiui' IjL'twi'cn pci'ilii'i 1 dati's, " witliiu the Jiuiits of this Colony (1 its drpcndencies.' l":ill,liili'l l.-laiiils l.;i\v is liliiili'l In ill.' ( ■iiloliy Mini :|s ili'lii'llilrlMirs. United StalP^' Case, p. L>L'I. Ibiil., Appendix, vol. ii, p. 59:). Uritisii Coniniis- sioner-*' Uppoi-t, p. i'J'J. 87 In ni'ilcr to suirtrcsl tllat (Ik; provi^iiiiis of this ()i'iliii;iiic(' iiro cxtriidcd In iimi-ti'rrilni'ial waters, Captain liiidiiindjii, a iiaviifalor and scal-liiiiitcr, i.s (|ii()1cd as an aullini'ily I'm' llio slalpinoiil " undrr (latli" tlml this OrdinancT is enrDrccd outside the :!-Miile limit. rt will lie I'diiiid, iiowevei', (. allidaN il, t hat Captain Hiidiniitiiii oid\ sueaisasto what vv.as his " undei'standinu' " i>i' tlu' ( )i-dinan('r ; and as to any instance oT ihe enroi'cenieni of ihis law airainst lorei Liners oidside the ordinary limit of jnrisdiction, he olVeis ni evidence whatever. The Oi'dinanee, with I'd'crLMna! to the closu season ther(.'l)y established, enacts (sect, 1) as follows : — Uiiitcil Stnii's' •' .Vh |"i-ip]i sliiill kill nr r;i|iiMri', iii- iilti'iniit lij Uill iir Appendix, vol. i, oMiitinv, i.liv -eal i'-;ihi,i llv: tunllH vl' llii.-: (:<,l,mo nii'l Us p. 4:)5. , / ■ ■ •• Tlie terms of the Ordiiianfe ai xpressly ennlined to the limits of the ( 'olony, and at no time since the I'alklaiid Islands have helon^ivd to Great liritaiu, whether hel'oi r after the makinij of the Ordinance in ([neslion. has any atteni])t heen made to iiiicrfei'c wii li the c.ipi nrc (if seals onlside the ordinary lenalnrial waters. fioniTs' linuort '"'^ ''"'' 1^ ""''''l '" ''"' I'I'ltlsh L omnilssioners P- 15G. lte])orl. (15.)— .VrH- 'Ac.. % 4l fe f/. 1.0 I.I iiWll 12.5 1^ I 1^ 1^ III t Id 1.8 L25 iU 11.6 V] (^ /.^ /: /^ ''4V^ ? Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRHT WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 t Ihesc words convey llic iriu' iiicaniiit; of the Act. The .'vet is {iriiitcd in lidl in tin- United States' Apiicudix, and i( \\ill lie seen tliat tiiis nnsinter- jFivtalion ol' its nieaniiii;: is the only foundation for the wliole aviiUinent wliieh is liased on New Zealand leu:islation. 'i'lie e\|iii'ssions cited fi'oni the New Zealand Ael--. as, for instanei-, " the wiiole Colony or oidy iii jiarlicnlar parts thereof," "waters or ]ilaees speeilied-' (in i{ci,'ulations), " within the jurisdic- tion of (he (lovernnient of the Coloiiv,"' are all limited hy the delinitiou of tiie area of the Colony in the Act of ISt!!!, (juoted ahove. S[iecial attention, iiowever, is invited in the United Stales' Case to the reference to the Act of ISSi, which, hy section o, eni|io\vers the (jovernor in Council to make, alti'r, and revoke I'ei^nlations which shall have forci' and cITcct only in waters oi' places speeilied therein. It is alk'''ed tliat — Uiiitcil Slatps' C'liM', .\|>|ii'iiilix 1, p. l.lCi. Uiiiti'd Slates' t'asi', |i. J-'-' el stq. Seel lot! -) of New /ralmiil Acl, 1878. St'ctimi a III' New /e.iliinil Aet, !H84. Soetiiiii G (if New Zcilanil All. 1887. I 'lined Slales' Cllsi', Appeiiilix, vol. i, p, -l:i7''/ Afvy. I'liiied Stale>' Case, |i. 2-.>a. Ibid., A|i|ieiidix, vol. i, p. 4;i9. "iilmosl uiiliiiiilnl iuilliciiily is ilnis cimrcnvil u]iiiu tlii> K.\('i:utivi> til I'.-^lalilisli AnM- sfiisi.ns, iiinl lu iiiiilci' I!e,L;iilii- tiull^ I'l'SlK'clilli; ill.' ]nill'llll.'',''•.' '^I''.'!;"'^''- ' ' vol I, |). 4J7. which are traced iinai^inary boundaries of the Colony, wliicli are asserted to lie desiijimted in the Act of 18(;;5. The delinitiou of "waters" in thai Act, upon wliii'h the ari^iinient rests, is in itself sullicient to prove the error : — "' Wadi's' |ari'oiilin,i.' In tin' ilcfinitinn] iiu'iiii.s any wilt, IVi'-ll. HI' lirackisli watel's in llir I'l^hini/, m' mi tin- ina^/.t nr I'liifs lliiii'i/': iiiiliiilis arlilirial wali'is, Iml ilm's ind iiirluilc valcT.-j till' [iiiiiii'ily iit any |iiiviite iiiisnii." Itidiiiitiiili id "wali'is'' in lislicry .\rls iillly illilllili'-^ " W.llil-i ill llli' fidiiiiy, .11 nil iIm' I'.iaHls 111- hiiys llu'liiid'." lb;,;,, ]). 438. If "v\alers in ihe Colony " iuclildeil the ocean to !! distauoe of 7<)l» miles from the siiore, it would 1kiv<' hepn inineiiessary .and ahsiird to proceed to mention "waters on tlit' coasts or bays " of tiie Colony. 89 tliiitoil Plates' Ca^f, p. 2LM. {('.) — Cii/tr of (Inail llopf. It is stalled ill (lie I'liitcil Stales' C;is(.' lluil — "in l!ii: ri)l(jiiy ol' llii: Ciipii of Cumi Iiii],c ri':iliii',' i.i j.niliiljiu.d ,u, till' i'nn|;,-riis mill in llio \V!iIiin iiilj;i(X'nt tljcivto, nxi:c],t iiiiilcr >trii,L;''nl Vf-iil:ilhin.-;." Ibid,, Appendii, vol. ii; |). 57(i. Ibid., p. 5117. British C'oniiiiis- ^ioncrs' Kcpoil, Ibid,, p. ISJ. <\,r ..] ( 'u,| |fn,,r illlllU'll tu i;,.;^ui, Uif i iluins ari! anils. Tile ('\i(lciic(; (ilViTcil in Mqijiurl nf llieso aiici,'ati(iiis t'()nsi.-,ls of Hk; I'ollDwiii'^- st;i!e- UKMils: — ^\'. C. J!. Slnniii— ■ i am till, I, all.liiaiL;li I know nolliiiicj iilionl it. that iL",'u!ali.iiis III' siiiiii! kiiiil have Ik'uu uiaJc in t!ir L'uloiiy ol' llic Cii]).; Ill' (liKKJ ]|ii]ii'." (i. Comer. — The ronkorics — '■ nrij in tin' pu^^s.-^sinii oi- mnirnl ,,f a r'Hiipaiiy, a> I was then iiil'iiri I. wliirli has (lie cxfliiaivu rii,'lit to laliu seals there. Wriliil 11. i| ilaiv In i^ii tn lliii.^t! vnokerie?. lic'i^aiisft scaling; was piuliiliileil, and we wonM not lia\e heon alliiweil to lake them in tin' waler-i ailjaeeiil. therein." Tlie l!('!,nilatii)iis in fofce in lliis Colimy an; ol' llie clmracierwhieii npiiears rrmii llic (ioM'ni- iiKMil Nolicc wliicli is priiiieil in ijie .Xiipeiidiv to llie I'ritisli Ci)inmissi(iii(>rs' i!e[ior|. I!y iliis ^\iilii-('all persons art! |ir"liii)iteil " from (lisliirhiiifj the seals on llii' said island" [in Mossej liay], and arc warned from Ircsjiiissin'^- I here. The Goveriimont, Aneiit slates tliat there is — " lilarliially im j.iir.Miil nf the aiiiiii,il< i' tlir ualer no these (Minsts The .sy.-teni nf killiii;.' the .^i aN is tho. same thri'iiuh'iiil all the mlnnial i^laiuls, iiaiiirly, wuh • elide,' hy 111111 landing' in heats." As a mailer of I'ael. the lenislaiinn al ih.' Cape- of (iiHiil Hope is entirei\ <'onlineil to llie prnietr- tion of seals on the ishiiids. T'nilril Slnlps' Cer, p. L>2J. (I).) — ('illlllflll. Turning' froni ilie I'ltr-seal in the dlher \arii'lit's oi' seals, il is aileu'ed in liie United Slate's' Caso that, as reii'.irds the liair-seaj in llie North AtlaiitiL- — "they have ihrewii ahniii thi'in upen the hi-h seas the ^guardianship iif I'liilisli slaltlles Canadian -liiliitea prehibil all persons, willmiit presrriliin.i; any marine limit, I'icim dislitrhiii;,' ur iii.imiiiL; all sedentary seal .eheiipa diiiin;; the time ef lifhiiii,r f..,r seals, nr from hiiulrring or fri^'hloiiiiie the shoals of .seals as thi'V enter the li.sheiy." 90 '1'\m onlv Cnnniliaii Sttitiitc rcforrcil i<> is the Ciiiiiiiliiin Siiitiit<- icfcmd in m Fisli.-ri.'. Act of Ism;, xvliicl. iindnuhtcdlv aiVcvts TnitrJ St.trs' (;.«., aH«.>ts ,,„ jmisilll'll.ill MVtT Idll-l^liiTS (.Mlslilr ('aiKiiliaii subjects n|i(m tlic liiijli seas, and all liiiiluiial wiitci-s. persons uitliit'i tlie tenil.wial wahu's -f Canada, [^j^"'!.^^^^^^^^^^^^ but asserts no jniisdiction over I'lirei^n sul.jei'ls vol i. p 441. outside those Avtiters. (E.) — Xrirfoiin'lliinil. 'I'lie laws of Newrouiullanil (piotivl in the I'nited .-!ta1(>s' Case are nuinieinal ltei;ulations 'I'lir Xi'v.luiiiiilj.iiiil Liw.^ (inoteil also ui:diu Mil such iissiTliou. . . Ciiili'il Stales' only, and nial Article XXl of the liiissian Code of Pri/.e Law Appfi'lii. vol. ii, of is(il) limits th: ^dictioiial waters of i'li to .'{ miles iVoiu the shore. So far as the Casj ssia lian I'.irl il, p. '.''J Sea is con a hiiih sea icd, it IS not rcLfarded bv nations as (II.) — I'nKjuivj. The laws of l'niu:uay which retrulate the takiuLT of seals upon the Lohos Isi.ands do not extend bevond the ordin.-irv territorial juri-dic- >|'"ler^' lUpon. p. WJ. rillt;llUV l..l\V^ lire lint ^liOWll Id ilnti-ll (•( exlelid l,e\(illi| tenil i ili.i 1 lilrlilt tion, and have no a])plicatioii *o pelairic scaliii bevond that limit. Seals are taken on the Ca-e I'li.tel Slali' !'• ds llot'S lull. d til e Stale— Ihiil.. \ el Iipeihliv. vol I, p. iVJ. periiiil; vi-ssc Is (if anv kiml In uiie iir 111]- of 111!' s;iiil i-laiiil-i, uiiil iliK'S nnt iillnw any Wurks In t'lilisli'iieUil llial inii'lil IVi^liU'ii tlio .M'sils iiwav." {I.)— Chile. TIio United States' Case savs: — Till! flovcrnmenl.s of Chile and tlio Argentine Iiepiililie UnitpJ Siaipi have also recently given protection to tIiofiir-.jeal3 reinirtiiif,' *^ '•'''• P' ^il*. 91 tn llirii (ciii~ls in llii' lii.pi' lil' rcsloiiii;,' ilii'ir .■ihuosl cM.r- mitnitcd iiioki'iiijs." United States' Case, A|i)>cn Mini fnll'iLrilcl.s dnliiiciloil in t'llili- .n,- allnwrd In rll-M^i- ill llin |illl>llil nil huid nr Ml Rril (if Mi-mI- nr snM-wnlvi"-, ntlrl>, and '(.■lllinnnilL.'ns' /,! tlie viiii.'il.<. i'i!,i,iih, ,ii(il lirriliirii'l mil, r.< «\ llm l.'njnililii', !i> klid dnwil ill Alliili- lil I nt ill,. I ivil C,,,!,.. " Nn -lli|i- r: n;4M;^r ill lllr |illl^nil In wllirh tliis ••idillMIn 1- mini- CM r|il lllns,. I'llill'Mll Vi'"i'U \\ llicll MIC ill |in~-c-i>inn n| tile l| llilfilil Ml inll- lci|lliriMl liV lllc ,\m\ i'^Ml inll l.MW- t.. lie cnnsidcicn m< -mil. I'niciL'li \o-cl- liciiiL,' ali-nhilcl\ |iii.|ii!>j|i.l limii cii'^^Muiii;.; ill ilii- indii-tiv. ■ .\ri. 1'. rm- the |iiiipnsis nf llii- ilrdiiMiiec, Mi: ((X'.s/s. i.sli'iitU, ,i„il lirrifiiriiil I'-itlir-i nf (,'liilc sIimII lie eniiiiidci-cd a- divided iutii .,• iiimii\ /nii. - as llicic .iic MMiitiliie (InSi'liiliii'llU ill lllc lle|illlilir. ■' 'J'/ii i'l,„l ,,/",. 1,7, :,„„ d.i// '„ thiif „/ II,. ,;. I'f ihat iiatimi, Iml lii'twci.-ii (lilVtil'cMt iialiniis liy iiilriiialiiiiii'.l law. " Allirh' .'■:':'■. Till' ailjaii lit •^I'a, tiia ilislaliri' (if 1 iiiarinp lcaj;ui'. iiirasiircil flinii lnw-watcr inarU, is llii! liiiilorial sen, ami tiiiiUi- tlii> iiiitidiial (luiiiiiiinii ; liiit imlii'i- ailiuiiii- stiali'in for tin.' iiiir]iiisi's nf lln' siiiirity of tin' Statn or llio caiiyiii',' out of li-^i'iil IJi'^iil'il'oii'*. I'xli'iiiis to a tlistiiiiw! of 4 iiiai ill'' li'nmic'S, liicisiiiril ill tlic s.iiiif iiialiiu'r. No |ir(i]ii'ily in li>li. i'l'liiloiial M',1 : I nialiiir li'aj,'Ui-. " Aitirli' I'll I. Si'a fisliiiiL; i< I'lvi', liul in llir Inrilnrial seas llw ri,i;lil, of lisliinn isi'iijnyiil i.nly by Cliilcaii fitizi'iis or (loiiiiiili.'il rori.'ii,'iirr5. (,1 .) — .(;(/"»////(' Rijiiihlic. The Ai'i^t'iiliiit' ricjuiblic is iickI rofernMl to in the liiitcd Stnli's' ('.ISC lis li.-iviiii;' "recently niM'ii |ir itrel inn tn the I'ln'-sciN resort inu' tii liii-ir const.." Km il is nut allcued ilial (lie laus l,nv<- [("'^''J, ^j"'"' Mil evterriloriiil (i|ier;ition mi loreiLtni'i's ; nor . -ire the l.ius tlicniselves set forlli ill llie I'liiled Sill's' Case or Aiipendix. .Ariji'iiliiii' Tjnvs arr iml i'\rii alli'^i'il (ill riiilcil Slates' ( a-i) In have I'Xlia-li'irilmi.il npri.il inn nil imriLini'i-. I K.) — ./((/)'/ (I. It is al-o slated that ••the .l,-i|iaiiese (Iomtii- iiieiit has taken steps toward the restoration and iircservation of the I'lu-seals at the Kiiiile "i"l- islands." The extract I'loin l!eL;nhilions ni' l^s.") referred to h_v way of \ I'l'ilieat ion. and set Cortli ill the Appendix, relates to islands uilhin the l"it'''"!:itai,.^'<''i«'. ' ' ' Apiii'iiilix, viil. I, ti-riitory of dapaii. and no other law is set I'ortli p. 44U. Ill- mentioned ; noi is it .'illeL^ed in the Case that any ol' the .lap.inese laws rtdatiiig to seal lislicrics h:ue an extei'iitorial operation. I''iirtlicr, tin; lie'^nlatioiis of I'^s." do not appear t i he now in I'oree. fill' the lull nl'lcial .Meiiiorandiiin snjipliei .I.i|iani'-i' lli'^'iilaliiiii- ii'lVniil In ill I'liili'il .>^lali's' Case irlali'il nnly In i-laiiils. anil an' im 1iiii'.;i'r in fnrcr. the 1 Ith Peeeniher, IMIl, l.v tin nrlisy . 1' Hritiull ("nnunin- sioniTft' Hi'port, the .l.ip.'inese < lovernineiit , in ;insw('i' to a |i. ICd. Pireiiliu' askiiiL,' for •• copies of 'iny printed docil- "''•'• !'■ '■''■*• ineiits or Keporls referiint;- to the fur-seal lishei'ies, or einhoily !!"_;■ I'eu'iilat ions provided for these lishevies,' sets foith^^tlie M'veral ile-nla- ">i'l'. P- '«•• tioiis in force at the present time," amoii^' wliicli tliOM" of l^ss") are in it ''iven ; and it slates that !):! ■ la)>llIli'Si' (!uVi'nilllfPll -lillrllMl ill,. I,. ;HV III) llli'ilMs iif i||iT|vi||._' ■ r..|vii;li Milh'l- Mill- I'MlJluli il liilliH f'i"'i''" iiri! Ill iii(''iii> i,\' cliiTkiii',' '• InrriLm |)ii:icliri-s " '•.iiitsiilc ilir line (if Icnilorril limii, lixi'll liv lilt lli'l'lKltidlial 1; Till' li'ii-^i.di l.'..^iil.ili..ii- .i|i|i|y ..Illy I'i lclril..|j;ll U;llrl- l-'.isr, p. L'iU ^^'■) — /?"■>■'.■'■".■ ('om,niiiii/rr iiikI I'nlilicn /., Ill II 'Is Tlir I Jii«i;iii l!c-iil;iti(,iis of issi ;,!•(• jiniiliMl I iilii..l Stalps' :il 1'. IKi ol' tin- Mritivli Cisc, !ill(l tlic I'Xtfllt III' JMl'isiliclioii clMiini'il liy llii .•i< Ii|>. II.'MIT. ft. is (li ssia is I'lilly (Icait with CTC SJKIUII lliat. llli l!i'i;-iilaliinis applii'd (inly ti tlw •'territorial waters of Russia." IV i^ II., 'iyi-l,i\v uimIit •Tlir S,m| I'i- MTii-^ All, IHC,;-!," villi i.Trii..ii.il .i|irr.i|j,,ii „|| |,,ivi.,'ii( Ilml.p. 1'32. ailV I Vc'-lllWS Vvilll >l|c|| ,,|| -IMti.lll ill iiuiili' liy lirilisli (JiiviTiiiiii'iit ii I'lir^iiiiiil |.. Tiriilv. (M. )_/,■,./„„,/. As ci Iivlaiiii, tlic liritish ( ii'vor assiiiiicil to jiut in lorcT' auaiiist 1 "0\i'riilil('ill h;iV(r orciu'iicrs >yr-la\vs iiiadc under "Tlie Seal I'isln Act, i-^c alVectiuv' waters outside territoii.i! Iiiiiilv And .■dijioii-l, tliis Act is relied on in till' rniied Slates' Casi- as ;iulliori/in- t he asser- Uiiii (,r jurisdiction over foivi-neis ontMde IIiom- liinils. no liye-lau havin- that elVect, exists, anil it would ho eonlrarv to I hi act ice of Itritish ( loverninent that any such livc-l.i lonld lie mad c, unless 111 nnrsiMiK Treaty uilli tne |> all'celed. .wer whose siilijeets inas' h' aail.ii iciii.iiU^ ihiv I'lMll. {\.)—.SVfl //,/„,/. Similar riMnarks apply to '■ Tlic Scotch II liery Act ol' ivcii/' ;,||,1 ,,, .,11 erriiiL; other Ael> ol' till' liritish I'.arliaiucnt wliicl espressly liinilcil to lirilisli siilijccts ••nitl llshcry hycl iws an'ccliiiu;' iion-teri iiori.il waters 1. Ill Icrins not, lorize i !' ■ lille .il' ilii' r.i'iii^li I iMViriiiiii'iil I" llli' ('.'Vl.ill |.r:lll li~|:,.l-i,.s is iiosrripli lie Ic'^-islalioii all'ectiiiL;. (he ni':]y] li^h Ccvl •lie.l llle Casi- of Ihe reilel ll.i.l., p. -ji.-i. Stales as an exiinple of || le CVerciM' of evti lorial jurisdiction npon ihe hiirh seas. 'I'l claim of Ccvloii is not lo an execptionil exlenl of water forniiini- part of the hi-h seas as Incideiihil lo the territorial soverei'^ntv of th,. island, hut is a claim to the products ,,f c'rlaiu siil)rier;,'ed portions of hmil, whi-li hive hc-ii troa'.ed from I line illimeinori;il hy til ■ sai'cc>jcels (if iii(p|K'rtv ami Jiii'i' (licti (|>.)_J„.v/,„//rl. Till- Aiislraliaii I'carl l'i>lnM'y Acl-; :iic cuii- l'(wsc(tly liiiiili'it ill tlii'if oii.Talioii tn Uritis Mlllici'ts. AiiJ'Inili.iii Alls ;iiv liiiiitfd lu I'.nlisli Slllljl-Ct.^ I'nitcil States' t'lisf. \<- 234. As to France, the riiili'il Stiitcs' Case says Iblil, |). 'Jaa. that till' Dci'iviMiftlu- mill May, ls()2- iiit so I'ai' ii> 1" I'll 1,1,- ill I. •rill- lliiil iiii'lci .rrliiMi iuii-l:mic-> ll>liiii|4 iiii.i;lil !"■ I -(M lirvmpl :'• mill'- IViiiii sill l.r |.;cp|lil.il.-.l CiVlT llll'll-' 'I'liis Dccivr, nl' wliicli Ai'ticlf 2 only is set ioflli in the A|>|M'n(liN to tin' I'nitcd Stulcs' (" ISC, IS sjivcii at Iciiutli ill tiic Apiicnilix tn tins Coiintcr- Casc. Article I lias I lie rdlinviim' para-rapli :•- Appon.lix, v,.l 1,1'S j.rillllllS -Mill hllll- llnli-rlMl, ililll- ll'S llli'l- i.'cs ciitiv !(.- lolc- .Ir Kiaiiti- I'l ic'Ur'^iln l!(iyauiiii-l'iii p. 111. il,. 1^1 Ciamlr-Hi. laviir (■: iriilaialr. Ir- |ircscril ili'ilis (Ic ('i.llV.'llllnll ilii _' \oui, is:;;i, .-t ,lii Iv'i'.ylcinc'iil liiti-i- iili.'iial .111 L':'. .Iiiiii IM i:' Ins shows I lial ireiicli -nliiects onlv are llleeteil; llie (idvcrninciil i id, ami could. hind its si.lijeets on y hy the Convention of iSi'.l. Article -1 is as follows : — ■■•■Siir la ariiiaii.lr cl.- lauil'li'Miiiiir- i .■-111.' .'-l .'.1111111. 111. I..' I al I lilt. I. '1 la ('(.lis. Tva- ti..ii ,1.'. I'..i,.ls ..II .1.' 1.1 |..'.li.' 'I'- l..'i"..ii-d.' iias.sa;;.' l.'Air.'l.'' .riiit.r.licli..li '■-! |.ri- j'ar 1" l'i«'l.'i M'' liiii.'. 11 is not alleged in the T'niled States' Case that the power thus ij,MV( auainsl foreii;-ners, an has 1 lecu at: ted on as Ailiel(> - was IK I il is siiliinitted that )t iiiteiiilcd to authorize liyc-laws till"' iorciijrncrs lieyo ltd territorial limits. 'I'l le constriu tion which siipiioses the Decree to lines il to assert an ajudy to I'ofciirntMs assi •iiithorily to prohihit lisliini;' to all nations, iinliinited in the selection of the kinds of lish to which the prohihilioii may apply, either as to thc'.r hciiii,- "located" near I'rcnch coasts, or as to their heing those in which rrance has "an 95 •'niiicc diily Icuisliitcs I'm- forejijiirrs wilhiii .'i mile:-. Apprndix, vol. i, p. ll;i. Stalciiuiit 1 riiitcil Slati's' Casi' as li' AliiiTMii ciaa! lislichi-.. is not Miilicil liy pailiinil.irs ..r > -.idi'iKc. Uuiic'd Stall's' Case, p. L'3i. intcrfst, an industry, rind n coinnn'iTis" nnd assunu's lliat tlic |)r()liil)iti(m may extend lu men" "fishes of passasfc," in wliidi tlie intcn-st of France is only tliat wliieli it lias in ccunniDii with oiIkt nations, and niiiy a|)i)iy to every jiarl of tho iiijjh soas. Assuinini? the Decree confined to I'rencii stihjccts. no dilllcnlty is caused hy tliis absence of restriction. 11' (!Xtended to forei;,'ners, it iroes beyond anytliint; for whieli the United Slates contend even in the present case. 11' all nations made correspond in;; laws, some as to one lish and some as to ,-iiiol!ier. L;ivini,' elVcct to the same l)y " necessary m<'asnres " and " reascjiiahle force," the danijers of the sea would he airgri- valcd in no slii;ht decree. 'I'hi' evtent to which riance claims to Icijis. late for fore!;,'!) fishermen is now rcjjidaled hy the Law of th(! 1st ^rarch, 1«H8. Article 1 says : — " 1.11 |M'i'hi' est iiiliTililc aiix !i;itraii\ rtr.'iii^'crs ilaiis los (■au\ Iciiilni-ialos ilr la Kr c I'l li,- r.\l^i'-rir. cii il(;i;i\ il'uiic liinitc i|iii usl lixi'i' a '■'• iiiilli-. uiariiis an l.ii.:'' il'' la laissc di' Int-isu iilfl'." The I'nited States' Case proceeds ; — " .NiiMiciiias laws have alsu liruii ciiatlcil li_v Kraii'i' to jinitnl ami ic^rulalc tlic coral lislicrit-.s ni' Alucriii, Imtli as t" iialivi-s aiicl I'divij^iiiTs, ami tlic cdial linls .so ic^iilatcil cNtciiil at soiMc ]H]iiU.s as lav as 7 miles into llic sc.i." This is not verilu'd hy p.-irlicidars or (>videncc. Ibid. Iliid., Apppii'llx, vol. i, p. 47(i. (R.)— //«/(/. The United States' Case, alter si'ttiiii;' lorlli tliat there are ijoral heds at various distances oxeeedin;; ;i miles fioin the coasts of Sicily and Sardinia, says: — " .\t pivsciil all ccpral li-^liiiii; is pridiilatccl nii ili,-sc banks liv l!o,v;il Dn ic!\ inv a ilc^iL;natcil ]iciini|." The first of tho laws set out in the Appendix, viz., that of tho Itli ilarcli, 1S77 (Article 1). says:— "'I'hc I'lc-cnl law rci;iilalcs tin' li.-vliciii's in llic wali is of tlic |iiililii' iluiiiaiii. aii'l in llic Icnitorial sea. , . . The provisions cipiitaiiicil in the I\lerehant Jlaiine {\«\r. ami in other laws nlaliiij; to tliu water pnlicc ami navieatiun, remain iiiielcni-ccl, as icganls the lieatiiieiu ol' foreij;ners. ami as regards jiiant-s in the pulilie ilomaiii anil the terri- torial sea." LllO] 2 C 90 Tim i>vovisin'i'< ri'fcnvd and clscwlicro arc not irivon ; nor (IncR the T'nitcd Stall's' Case say tririldi'iaj waturH. 97 Unitod S(n!P>' C'llSI'. ApiH'tiilix, vul. i, ii'ili' I'll p. 102. Apprmlix, vol. i, p. 113. It is ^^(l1•tIl oliscrviiit,' (lint. jiltlKniLrli Mc-.ii-an Icui^liitiiJii i> .■iddiici'd in the I'liilrd .'«,■ \\w nriiiw-watcriiiiiili. N'l'ViTtiii'li'SM, lliisstiiiiiliitiiiii>li!ill liuvc no I'll'iTt, i'.\oi']itiii,i; in wliul may ii'Iate to tlie oliscrvaiicK aiiil aiiplicatioii of tlic Ciisliun-lioiisc Iti'u'iilalions and IIh' mi'iisuri's for provi'iitiii:,' .siiiiiirglin;;, ami cdininl In- i.r- ti nihil III ol/i'i- ijiii.itiiiii-i iif I ii-i/ iiiiil. criiniiiiil Juri^i/ii/iv/i or iif iiilii-ii 'litnal miiri/inu- Imr," Aiilliorilii's i|iiulril to sliow thai laws "I I ii.ilioii alfi'itl- noiii' hill its own Miliji'cis, anil forriniii'i-s wliosi' jiiTsohs or iii.ipoiiv may lie within its li'iiiloiial jiiiiMliitiijii. Til connection with this In-ancli of the si'liject, viz., the si'opo ;iiid (>irect of the leiiislatioll of other nations, ii is cssentiiil to keep in iniiid the well-known rule of international law, tiiat the laws of a nation atfeet none but its own sub- jects and the siihjects of other nations whoso liei'sons (u- jiroperty may be within its territorial jurisdiction. No nations have more consistently afllrnied this nile than the United States and fireat Hritaiii, and a lari^e number of citiitions miLrlit be ^iven cstablishini,' this proposition, but a few- will siifTice. 'J'wo distinijiiished Amerienn jurists may be quoted. yiv. Sedcrwick writes : — ScilKwick, "Inter- " .V^i a noiicral jiiciiinsilinii. llii' viili' i,-: i;r,,,il that no prctatioii and .,:,.■ i i , *i , .. " , Applli-ation (if ii'i'"""' '•■* "ouiiil to ii'spiMM the laws ol aiioihiT iiatliiii, .SialulonaniU.'oiirt o^fi'I'l as to piTsoiis or pro]ii.Tty whiiiii ihc limiis of ihu Vo^V ^'^'I ^'"'■''' '■""■'■■ '''''■■" '^ ''"• ■■'■"^■''''' '■"''■ "'■ '""• I'l". •iiiil ihi- 100 1857, p. (0. ■ 1 , ,. , . ... ' IS tin; laiigiia^'i' 111 iho i^ivat, nviliaiis. • VhhkIhI. ii/ilur' suy.s JJoilonliuro |I»ii Stat., ili. :!, s. 1, p. 71, ' r.nlrn lt;-ritorium hr/ciii dunx liccrc ncmiiii, ii/rjur si J'ccerit ijiiit, imiiiiHr. I'i HO). jwrrrL i/iiipjir ihi i:cs.. lU'l. Iil. \:W. VM : oi. KHil], * i^ii'i ./I t''ni A('»r ('/( ptrnf'Hntii, .s/ if* fihtmi Jtti'ii in'i'ts .•if null III Jilimliii' ill iiilil iiUr xliiliifiiUs lirritiiriiDii,^ Aiiil -M miv-i lloiilli'iicpii : '<)| sir I rii^lit im lii\v» iiiiiili' liv It Siiv rcii;!! li.iM' aiiv loiir iir n ulliiiiilv cXcTpl williiii till liinli m1' lii> ilniiiiiuciii,' I I ri.iiillfnilis I'liii. (In p. I.i Mr. .lll^ti('l• Slon- stritrs IIh' >;iiii(' )iri)]ii)>i1ii)ii ii;:i' ol' I 111' - '■ III I Mills 1,1 iiM.iiiis whicli niiKliliilc till' liilsis iipiill wliirli Slor\, " Co III! ri':i''iiiiiii;,M on lln' suIiJitI iinisl inri'Msiuily irsi, ami larics on tin- lliniii till' ('N|ii'>'Hs III' liK'il ailiiii''<|itiuil, hv fiiiiiiil iiii|iii<>.ili|i' til ai'livi^ al any |iri'ii'i|i|i'.s In ^'I'Mi'" lln' Hini'low. l!o-ion, I li'ji ut iialiuiia. or III n"jiiliilr llir ilur iiiliiiiiii>lia'hi|i INS.i, >. I'd, p. '-•J 'I'l! • writri' |iriM'i'i'ils to ([lliile llic li;i>s;in-('s i'l-oin lliiil., liddi'iilim .;, X'lict, ;inil JiiMillriiois, jilri'.'iih ciloil p. •-';■. ))V Mr. Si'il'nvick. 'I'll if I'ji'j-lisli l;iiv is !H) less cli'iir. Si" |>. I!. Ma\; ;i wiiil\ \\lii('li is Jlii! MaHHi'll nil ilip stMiuLird ;iuiiiontv oil tiic interpretation „i' '• l"i''n'f;:''"'"» "f .Niatateii, °Jnili'ilitiiiii,I.Malua. IMH:). cimp. vi, .Sliiliilcs, writes ; " .\iintlii;' i;i ni'ial |jri'-iuii|>tiiiii i< thai ihr i.i';,'i.~laliiri.' ill"-- Mill iiiii'liil 111 rxri'i'il its Jim isijiilii.ii. '■ I'liiniiiily. llir li';,'islaliiiii of a I'lmiilry is li'iTiliiiial, Till' L;i-liMal mil' is llial . .//■./ Irn-ilurimii jus ilinnli ICS. ■ihn-: I. I-; liijl: iliii II rriliiriiim imii ulilif/iiiil. Till- liNi" I'l' a natiiiii apply In all ils siiliji'i'li ami In all thiii'^> williiii its ii'iiitmii's. iiirlmliii^' in this nspri'ssinn iml niily is pnits anil watris wliirli Inini, in Knulaml. part nf I'p- ail.iai'rul I'nimty, lull its uliips. wlictlii'i' imui'il nr niiai'iii.'l, an rr.uanls I'liniinal. polirr. ami. iiiili'i'il, all ntliiT nialli'i* I'Xcupt .snnir ipii'stinns nl' pi-rsnnal status nr ;apni;l\. lu ^lli.•Il, I.v lI: .1' I'oinilv nl iialmns llir law nt ll.iir nwu K'Uiiliv, nr till' III- III I iii-'iin nr I'liiili'nil •' ■■ Il i- !;ui' this lini's mil rmiiprisi' the wlinlr nf tl.e iH'^iliiiiali' jiirisdii'tii II 111' a Stall'; for it, has a ii\';it tn iiai il- Ii'-islalinii nil its -iiliji'i'ls, natural nr iialiiializi'il. ill rvi i', iiait n'' till' v.iirM ; ami, imlt'i'il. mi sia-Ii laalti'i's ]iri - iiial status nr 'aiiai-ilv il is miili'istiinil always ti li s': 111.,, with thai I'Xri'plinn, in the iili.si.'iii'i' nf an lllll'lllln ih.ul y r.xprcssi i| nr In lu' illli'lTI'll I'illll'r I'll r I'rniii till' nliji'i'l nr siiliii'd-iiiail that r, il> I ili'.;ila;.;i'. nl histmy nf till'. I'liartliiriit, the iiii'Siiinptinn laent .Inrs not ilrsi;,'!! its .'slatiili'S In npeiati' nil tlii'li,, lii'v.^:.s, iiiilii:iilii' nict'S ami siiviivi"< mIici liiivi' iri) |nilitiriil ip|-"/iini.;iilioii, n iiiition LiiH iiii JmiMlii limi civi'i- iilii'iici'M cdiiiiiiiltiil liy ii I'lUi ij^iiur out of Its liiiitipry, iiiilinliiif,' its ' sliipiiM III' i^niltyiil' piracy, iipplii'ii only til rnliliriy ii' .Viiniiiaii vi-,.siN, ami nut t'l rnKln ry in I'lili'iiiii M-i,,i I, i-viii li\ an .\iiii-iiran cili/.ni." The " ZoUvcnin,' To the ;il)<)\' (|U'p,,itioiis iiiav I»' added the p.gs. lullowiiig L'\li ii'l Iroiii fiii' .Iii(li;iiicnt of Dr. Liifcliii!''!: 1. ill (lie case of (lie " Zollvi.'iviii " :— " In riiilcavduiiii'' III put a ronslnirtidn ini a ^tatutl•, it lllll-t lie In.llll' ill lliinil lieu I'ar lllr |iu\Vrl (if llu' llliti>ll li';;i>laliiii,' i'.\t('m|s. lof uiiIo.'Js llic \upiiN aiv ~(i clcav that a ciintiaiy cipiislrni'liipii can in im way Ipc aviiiilcd, I most prcsiinic thai tlir Ii;.,'ip.lalurc dill not inti-nd tn ■^i> licy(pnd tlii.-t )POWiT. Till' laws ipf (lival lliitain alli'd lid ipwri siiIpJi'iIs p'vciywiiiic — Inicign.is ipidy wliun witliiii lui I'W II jiirisilicliipn.' Couclubiuns, It is stiluiiiticd lluit ;iii ('xaniiiialioii of tlic Colonial and roiviuii laws fclVircd to in the United States' Case shows tjiat inUTuational U.saire in no way cstablislie.., iiiul in no iii.stanee sanetioiis, the iirineijile asserted l)y the Tnited State,s, l)iit, o:t the contrary, eonfinns the following propositions at |). IGO of tiie Ihitish Case :— "The ii;,'ht of the stlhjcets ol' all nations to navigate and lisli ii-. (he iion-tenitorial waters ol' the se;i. now known as Jk-hring Sea, remains and exists tree and unfettered ; and eannot be limited or interfered with, exeept with (he coacurrenee of any nations alVeeted. "No regulations all'eetiug lU-iti.sh subjects can be established lor the protection and presiTvation of (he fur-seal in the non-lerriloj'ial w.aters of Bchring .S(«a without (he coiicurrcucc of Great Britain." [IIOJ 2 D 100 CUAPTEll VII. CONSIDKR.VXION OF AM.KGATIONS OF FACT PUT FORWARD BY THE UxiTKD StATKS IN CON- NKCTiON (ViTn Point o of Article VI. Section I. — The Fur-sml is n Murine Animal, and Pclayir in its Hahitx. The United Staiks' Cdntentioss. (1.) Cnnolii^ions, United Slalo' Oisc, p. 295— " Tiki' '.lio Alnsknii fur-seal .... is essentially a land .i:iiiiial, which resorts tri the water only lor looil and to avoid the riijour of winter." (2.) United Ptr.tes' Casi', p. ;!00— "That in view of tlie faets .... it [the United Stales] has such a pro))! rty in tli" Alaskan seal lierinciiil iIociimk iils ami acts. Tht! fiiod of tliu lur-siMl is cnliMy .Icrivcd fi-n.n tli.' v,.;,. anil little, if any. (if it is obtained even in the vicnnlv .if tin- P|-il)vliilf Islands. Contention iiuvd ami nii],icix'd animals, that it is seareely eonceivaWe that it is intended seriously to ni;unt;iin it. It was certainly not to 1)0 anticipated that if would he neeess.ary, in opposition to such a statement, to point tnit that the hahits and organization of the ftir-seal, with that of otiier pinnijieds (the siih-ordor to which the fur-seal helongs), art! directly the converse of those formulated in the iiropositioii just (pioted : — That the fiu'-seal resorts to the land only for or in connectioa with its reproduction; (hat its stav upon the land is hut temporary, and is governed by the requirements of reproduction ; that it, remains on or about the land for a portion only of the year; that, during the remaining, and much the greater part, of each year, it is not only aiiuatic but pelagic in its habit; that, in eonnec- (ion with this mode of life, its whole form and organization is fitted for existence in the sea; and (hat it is provided with fins and not witli feel, as indi-ed is imidicd by the very name of the zoological sul)-(n'der under which it is ineluth'd.* It is scarcely necessary to -o further than the limits of (he Case presented by the Unit.-d * In tlic npenin;.. parafri-.iph of liis ii.,.|,ni,.:il rlnr.i. terizalion iif tlic animals nf the suti-nnlcr f'inni;,r-li'), l'ro(,..,ir AlUii piv s the fir«t ami mo acctiracv of the -cueral statement that the rur-s.al is 'pela-ic in its mode of life cannot proiierly be disputed. It may b.- necessary, however, in view of the confident assertion by the I'nited States thai the fur-seal is "essentially a land animal;" and the Ib,d dependent susgested inference that the I'nited States has some property right in the fur-seal as Ibid.. ,. =iOu •' the natural product of its soil, made chiefly a\ailable by its protection and expenditure ; " to adduce some further evidence as to the marine or p(;lagic nature of the animal. I'lofessor J. A. Allen, the Curator of the American Museum of Natural History, is specially r(>ferred to and relied upon in the United States' Case in eonneetion with the natural history of tli(- fur-seal. He is well luiown to naturalists Uarcly lands i;xcpiit on the brcediuy |)lacei. , p. 21)5. All ,aitlioiilii'> ulis.- ihi' tui-scal as llMlilR'. Ildl tuiTP-stiiid. rrolcssor .1. A. Alien in liis ■' Moiiogiiiiili." I rem his excellent " :Monograi)h on the North J^^ American I'innipeds." H is therehm (?ra])li fit' Nortli it .■Vnicrioan I'iniii- importance to quote the terms ui which, in llu ',^^0,,.. 1. mduograjih naim-d, he characterizes this -roup of animals, lie writes;— .•n,,. /',,-»//«'/- »r J'u<„ii« •!'„,. v\xM.\'\\VA 111'' ^''.'l^ ■ii"l \V;ihu.-cs, arc iniiniiniily viHn;^iiizr,l l.y ivrnil .-^ystenmtic wnl.T.s «s rnnslilutin- a siib-onl.T uf lli. .ir.kT Fn;v ,„■ ( ■„nnv(.roiis Mmiuimls ^'liev iiiv, in .-hmt, trac I 'ii.niv..i u. .„„„/,7/,,/ /;.,• Kti "'iii'ili' <..'■-'■/'", 111"! li'iv>' ain.sui|"i-"tly |„rii' son'.otini.;s lernicd ' Aniiihibi.m.s Ciunivoni.' T/n,,- „-/,„lr l\„-m .-.s rncllji,'' JW li/r In tlu ,■„,. ,;v:/n.l, ,l.n„„t ,,, //„,V In', horn,. H.r. ih,>l '<"■''" '""' •'^''■'■'■"'« ("■'/"'■ S 7)„/y,/,,«.S i;,i'j.i,iK.^ M,.ml.rs, itr.), Ilnlr Mies im nwr. ,„• /,»., Iisli4i!.r in yauivl fui-m, miil thdr /""is '(" 103 Allen's " Moiio- (.'rapi, of North Auicricaii I'iuiii- pt'da," J). 1. InnixfuriiKd inln mr'ciniiiiiiii i.rijiiiin. As lluir iniinii iiiipU'--i, III,, I ,u-r jiii-j,„,l,,l, (H.Mii.-ially s|.CMkiiiL'. tin' l««ly iiiav I'l' llllll|i;ircil In iw.j (.■ur, jcillnl li.i^allv Ill colli nistiiiL; lliciii uilli tli(^ ipi'diiiiiry or UTiL'slriiil iiiiiiiiiniiU, \vc mile tliiil tlif Ipiiily is milv c-xcu|itiiiiiiilly niiscil, iiml ilic liiiilis all' iiinliiii'il williiii till' cciiniih'ii iiiti"_iiiiiiriit lo U'yuiiil ihi' kiifi'S iJiiil (■lliuw.s, umiI ,',; Inn,; li, on/,/ n diijlil iliijrii HI n:ini(lili j'lir t,i-i(^liiiil liiviiiiiuliuii " 'I'lii; cxi.iliiiL; I'iiniiiprds i;(iiitaiii llirce very ili-liiicl uiniMi- Lji<,ii|i< nr rmiiilii-s, dilliTiii'^ i|uitr wi.lily I'lviii .iidIi 'illii'V ill iiii]ii.il:iiit ■ liMiiR-tri- ; tJii'S.' arc III.' Walriisc^ nr U'litl-,1 iiiil,i\\\\,- laiiil :-iaI (rr (II, i. /,/,,. and tlir carli'ss sial.i or ritiici'li-V. . . .' I'rotossnr J. A. XW IlL-pUlt . Oil 111 Ills .S])('P illl 'i'!i(> Inniriimvc !il)()Vt' quotod may l)c rontrnstcfl witli that iiscil l)y I'riilVssor Allen in the \m\])vv specially prciiaiTd I'di- tlie iHii'iinse-i id' (he Case nf the I'liiteil Slates. Jle I I'.'idessor Allen') 1 lieiv Avnti .11 s iiiilous :- 1)1-. W. II Ha I.'iiittMi States' iiiiiiiiiii si'ids. till! ouiml sir. 1(1 llid wnli' ^^r'; -^I'l,',™''"'' '""1"' » »idl-iii;irki;d jircniji oC tlii' nmiivoroiis iiiiiiiinialia, eDiistiiiitiiiL; 11 -ulp-nidir (J'i„,u)i,;li,i} ••( llic nidct Ccr- vol, i, p. ;iG7 T lev lire i-aniiviiic- IK/I illi,- liii;ii/l"li,,ii II • il,mli/li.s.i luiiil "/I "U s]iii iailv .'/;.■ I,/,, n, Ju.lil i,„iiii,,i i,„- I If, ■i ciu I,, li.'ll Cna-t I'llcil of Ala-lia II- si'ii llsi !|. and wli.is" li'iiuini.iiy si.j.iuiii lai llic land i~ niilv ii'iulrnd ,\|lpClllilX I, I I, p. li,--,. I" ilijr l>V till' limliUl 111 i.Julniiss iiud inuisinir ui il,. W II Ijnw.i, K.C.I',.. I'.l!..s;. SirW. .11. V K.C.n., F.IJ.S ipcteiit autliorit\ on this siil I. a., a spcpi.illy i,|ect, 111 Ins 2 E 101 l-l it'll Jll .llUhl'l ,/;„ ill the '• i;i;c\vli4i:i'Ji;i ISrilniiuica." s[)i'ai>-.a> illoW.' tlie/' Thu unliiiiilsof tills gruii),;'!-.' all ^([UMr in lllrir tll'idc .irlilKsi,i'i,.liu- llu!-r.'iilrr iBiit of lliwr lii.i.' Ill I \\r wairr, .-wminiin.u; an nil li-ili, irnsl:u-rali- I ,li\iii.- with ^n-at I'ai'iliiy, Crfiliii- mainly ami olhor iiiaiun! a iiiiiails, ami pr.i'ji-i'-=in.^ nil ;li(ii.', Iio'.vc; laiul with ililliculty. Tli.'V ahvay< cniiii! on viT. i:'V ''»■ imv|«)si' of briir^iii:,' l'"i'ili tl"="" Ciiptain oiiiiiU'Ctioii J'.ryaiit. wlu) li;i(l Imi^ I'xperitMU-i" in 11n> I'rilivlolY with I lie iiiv-scal lsl;i!i;ls, anil \\lni>i' i:vi( Iciu'c, C'linlaiii'.'il in a vcf.v ri'ci'ia staliMii.Mit mai Ic bv him in ('< rtiiiii Ih tl 11' nrcs.'ii t Av'iilivitioii, K iironuiirnllN ui.;.mI in the Case ol' t rilis as foUous : — he Unite;! Sla'cs. 'I'll;' fur-seals ruMiii l.> 1 lliL' I'lihyloll'Islaiuls uurlii:,' tin; Cupta Ihvaiil. -oaK rn-ovt t' I'riuyloHs snli.'ly for suhumi- iiK.nths r.jr llio .si.U; lanpnso nt v]«'<'^»'''-'l''"- (^^^^i^^Wu .\Vu ailic- ii,'i'i-sliiili: until tile yi)Uii:4 ai. iilih' t(i lake in the water. i;nrtMl Seals" I'all- Ma^. Ceiiiii. Zonl., vol. ii, No. l,p. Uo. r 111 ;i (MM' Tlic lad tlial I'lir-seals tiiv cipalil rireilitnt of lunlidn wliili' nil lai-vlv Ilic ivsnll ..I' tlie -ivater i»)\mt nf arlivr tain Allen'- " .Mo tlic land h h of Noilli I'l AiiRMiiuii I'liiia motion « II icli cjiiifacti'ia/.i' tlii'si' ;ini!iia Is at ■d-,'" i'- IS' la !■ lower, '■ I'.iieyrl pa'iiia Billamiii':! il. XV, all times, and wliieh is e(HiaU,v of even iiim-e ^^^ -^^ marked at se;i, uhere in paflienlav the dolpliin- liki- leaps oi' the rur-seals h;ive I'l'eii rreiineii dilVereiit froni .niytliinii,- in th , -i-t;; llv noied :is entirely more leisurely am I he liaiv-seal.-- us Report.' fioii, if niav he of 1'!' ^.i, ICO. interest further to iiuoli rniled Sttites' Special Mf. 11. \V. Klliolt. Il .\uvnt. 11 IS iihserxal I011S -peelin- the lisli-like ami essnilially a.piatie hahll of ihe liir-se; ire as follows : — Ml. II. W. Klliuit. all 'Willi ra [.iilly. Willi till' exei^l.titei ,,f Ihe JJllp 111 iiiav he sail tl ilarl iiiiilei the water v, i h ihe \eh.eil\ Ihal., ;). 1.= iif a liiril nil tlie win;,'; i ■iiiliinei'.;. '1. riiiiniiej alini;. heliiu- till' siiifaee. i;iiiiliie-' lluur em tliev -wiiu the\ are invariai'ly liiiiizoiitiillv ahi'Ui '-' "!■ f.'el. lliplieis I'l hy an oar, ami \<\n\ the fuiv, i'cel, risuio to In either very fieiiuelil nr el irse with the liiiel rllillL; •helliselves sul.'lv hy hicathe at inleivals whieli are 1 I hat il is s.i wid.' .11'. II iliilMi-silil.' Ill see the spcedili- aiiiinal wl.eii he ri.ses a seeuiiil time. "lliAV loll-- tiave.iii leiiiain iimler w.iler-.wlleail laliiii;.; a I'resli breiilh, is a i.n.lileiii which 1 lia.l m.l th- leail lo :.,ilve. hy in-titiitiu-a .-series uf (•Niieriineiil- at lli- i-l,iml-.; hut 1 aill illelillea t(l think that, if the Inilll Uele 1,11(I\M1 ill le-aril to their ahilily of tt'ii";-' wilhmil risiii;-; to ;-h-like hahils lrI''iitiiL', il woiiM !"• coll ,.|.;vi| :i-itniilliliM.:,' VU tli'ir uuivciiii'iit ■ ill Uiili r. wlwtlici- lliry uiv ir.ivcl.iii;.' ti> siiiiic irlijoilivc |.'iiia fir :iiv in >-|inil, nw cjiiick anil in. i':ii.-i. TIli'V sl.;i'p ill ilir wall T a liieal ilral, Imi, limli; lliaii is ^I'licrally Kii]iiii..-iil, sliouiii;^ iluit liny uu iii;; rmu uii Liliil to rr,-f — viTV clL-ailv lait.' l.ciii;Ui 111' ri'Mii'l III bii'i'ilili',' islaiiiis Stati'iiieiits ill Uiiilril Slates' (' i-stiijii(xl. Uiiilccl states' Caso, p. 00. In the C iM' III llie id'il Slat I's M'ly iniil)inMii)ii>; .•iiiil I'vcii ciiiit i-adii'Inrv slaii'iiiriils art.' iii;i(l'' i'i's]ii'cliiiL;' tin' liMutli ol' liiiic in t:\-\i year diiriiin' wliicli \]w riii---rai i'c--i. ■••li iii|iliiiiiinis nil- imIs an- ii it oiilv iiili-ih,i%lia(i lii'tuc'ii till' lia;i->iMl> and toriv-Uial raiiiivnriiu-. iiiai:;iiia ill .-.Uiii'tiii-i' and airaii.s ul' liiioinuliiiii, Imt al-u in Kal.it for llii'y s|ii'iii| hilly half llirir livis mi land.'' Tt is I'iseu iHTi" sail I II". t— Ihid., pp. 12J, 12:j. ■ .\ii i'\.niiiii,iliiiii nf liu' I.i'iIm slinwiii,' ihi' ,iii:i!i;d killiii,' iif .--lal.-i nn .Sl. i'liul Ul.iii.l inr .-^rx. la! vim-i 'jiiiM'-; I'liiii hisivi.'ly tlio jiic^i'iii'ii nf suals mi tlic i^l.iiiils I'll- ai liM:lil nimitlis iif tlic Vi'ar, iiiid llial tlicy Innu 'a I'.ii I liii'ii killi'd llii'i'i' ill ■•WW iiiiiiilli nf ilir viar." l',:ll.ioii-s ii|iiiii uliii li larmii'niis slalvinmils liascd. ■ .S||av.-i III liilL;laliiill. I h'.' .aiinarcn 1* oliii'id (d' thcsi' statrmi'iil-^ i-i 1'' to show lliat, I'oi' the greater part if raidi yi ar, the si'als ivmtiin ashoii- iiiioii the lirrrdiim-i'-lanr.-- ; liiil ii is snlimitli'd that -.mdi -.tatiMin'iil-- of a iicm ral kind an- rs^rntiallv mislcadin',;', ai.d this 1 or si-vrral rcasoi As in 11 11- ca^r III all inii''n'.foi'y animals, crrtain inilividn.als ai-c roiiiiil to :irri\r loiin- lud'oi'i' t lir mas.s of thidc mil ill almost cvcrv vi'MV ; wliilo ollicrs, citlirr rrom indiviihial I'l'i'i-ntnci tv or 1 ii'can-ii' of au'r t'liilr.l Slalr-' t-'aac, pp. .'JS.'), .ISO. wi'.ikni'ss, or woimd-i, ar," in a similar manin'r lidl lirhind. Siiidi •■strays'" should not, Iioui'mm', ill ,i!;y ca"-!', 1)1' ri'n'arih'd as indiratinu' thi' d.drs of till' ]i.'riod oi' till' arrival and drpartiiri' of the main hody of animals. Tin" Talih's (|iio!rd as .\li[)i'ndiN (I'l) to llic lii'port of till' I'niti'd Stairs' ('onimissioiu'r<, and ni\iiii;' I hi' lirst .-irriwaN of si'als at the I'riln loll' inlands for a nninhrr of il I ulu in 11 II" fa"-!' o f till yi'ar.s, show this ^'riH'r fnr-si'iU; ;ind, if tlu" I'.'trlii'sl datos ,if arriv.il jiiiild III' acci ptril as iiidii'atinn' t 111' opcniiiLf ot 10(5 tlic licvioils < ,r unival liT 1^'' !''als :>s a wlmlc, would Ik- cntiivly inisK'adin'j 'I'l'.c suliji'ct is iiiitbcr coinplic that M'als 111' (lilVciviil sr\cs a itcd liy Ilif fact lid !'.ui'> do not \i' siiiiulliiiroii.-iv at aiTi l(!avc tlii.-'C islands at the lM';M"diilL;'-islaiHK or llic same tnnt'> luis h l)i'co;n('s [losj.ihlc to make u-.'iici-al statcnicnl" Jiicji, llioii-li in ■■•. nicai iiin> based on I'act. I'onM'v no iva 1 idea of till" :ivora;,'c linio spnit 1)V Uic si'als upon Iho land this reason it ill 1,,' round that the particulars -ivcn m the Uuilcd Slato' Case as to the dales ol' the arrival and ilepartin I' the various sexes and ;i-c,-. of M'aK do not eorresi)ond with the above ,u ielu'cucral allegations, thou-h, even ii; these statements, extreme hmi ts rather tliau iucvaijo ones are in mos 1 eases tali; u. rims it is >lated in the Vnited States' Case l,.,t the lm!l> arri\e in -'the latter part of April ScXlS illliVr Mil 1 h:,\i: :il (liUcM-liI Tims ii'.'i,'VC'.Mli' ilixtcs do iiHi represent iieliiiil lesideiicc. l';Ulirul:irN "i\cll ill T'uiU'! Sliilc ('j.-e (111 ii(ilenii(sl"'iid villi c|U"n'd or lii:t lew days o f ,Mav," an ;l benin to leave the Ciiiti'il Si.-\li> lulili'lltKHlS ,l;n:(;saho,;' the 1 st August, and "continue !;'oiiii. Cast', p. lOfc I till the ear word-, would maLe iv part of October. This, in other 11)1.1., ]'■ "'- the stav of the Imlis about the islands from three to four months cows, it IS s tated- Bulls iffinri Ibid., pii. toy. 1U3. Id isliind.- le! :l 10 i niniitbs ; " l,i"jiu til ii\'\" ir I'lvnr Isl .iuue ;" 1 ihr laltii- I'LU-t (it May or ■th,. mviit liiiijiirily, lidwcvcr, (111 imt hiiid "J" '■■■> l,,u,., ,,art (.!■ .lull"; and llic airiviils ■ nutiniic iiii ini.li!'.!- iif •Inly." Ill till til llii Thev an- stated to remain on the islands till Il.l.l., i-. 120. about the nil Id extreme Xiiveinher. Thus, as an limit lor the stay of the cows, the above iionths to live montlis show- a ]ieriod ol lour ii and a half. Similarly ll are stiid to — le '• l>a baclielors,'' or V(Uinj;' male sea's li,. virinilv (if llic islauil- si.uii a Iter the " licuiii 111 aiiivc ill I „„.■ l,„\l. liav taken iili their imsitniiH ii,.i.ii ni riiokcii.-, hul llie ;.:veater iiiiuilier aii|iear luNvanl l! latter |iarl nf May." lliid CdW.S. 4 td 5), lllOUtll: III rei;nrd to the depart uro o C this class, it is said that this- ally tilUe.-i 1 il.iee at tlie .. liu' IS leave the islaiiil.s, th.ne^li a few haelieloiri tiUvay- I'lUiiiil alter that iterin 107 Bachelors, 5J months at moat. I'Miiciirr j;ivcii in I'liilud Slati's'Casc .sliiiws ,'^till sliipitfi' ivs(jil tu tiicdd- ili" isliiiuls. Mr. Fowl(;i-. So tliat, !i.s nil oxrrcmc limit ol' limo for tlio .stay of the l)acliL'l(U's, wo liavc, iutcordiiij;: to thu statements here made, about liv(? months and a lialf. ]{ut the cvidcuco of tliose j)LT.sonally laniiliar with tli(! breeding-islands, even that which is appcMuh'd to th(! United States' Case, invarial)ly gives shorter limits of (imi; for the sojourn of any eiinsiderahU- nund)ers of the seals on the Islands. Tims, .Mr. Fowler, the ai,'eut of tlie lessees, states : — United St.ites' Case, Apppiidix, vol. ii, p. 25. '• 'I'lic I'ul! .'1 he a;;aiii take- to the water." Mr. hValis John I'ratis, t\veiitj-l\vo years on St. I'aul Island :— Ibid., p. lOS. '• The enws alilie.ir ahniil the lOth .lune. ilnd they are all nil ihe rookeries. diout the middle ot .Inly 'I'hii haehelors come in May, .... ami they eoiitimie eoinini,' tillduly The. uws iiml b.iehulors hegiii to leave in Oetolier mid Novemlier, Imt their j^oilig is re;_nil.i ted some- what hv the weather. " [llOj 2 P 108 Di'. I,. A. Xcivcs, Mi'cnt (if Icssops : In. Nc.v.'s. •■ l-'r(ini til'' tiiii.' llir )mi11s liiiiil i>iil ill Mwy till tlicv nnitod Stall'*' CilV.' Ml ."-'I'li'llll'il. ^f. , '. ", ., I vol. n, ]i. "^I. ^Fr. I';ik'iiiiei', Ticm^iii'v Ai;'oiit : — .Ml. l'";ili'iiiiof. '■ III' [till' Ipiill s';il] lia< '■iiiuc I'liili r than lunin'ily I'l Ibiil., p. I6fi. till' islaii'N, liiiviii;.; iiriiviHl in May 'I'ln'V 'li'liart ill .UiuM-l ami .'^(■liluliilii.'r." All till! alinvo ])i'no(ls (if sttiy on tlic isliuuls wciiild, lm\v("Vin', lie vciy iniiti'fially fi'diici'd if the ]i('i'iiul of >1;iy ■/!' llii' iiiain limly nl' si-iils 111' oauli clii.ss wcfi" ilmie (.'ikeii iiitii tu'coitiit; and it is niorcovrr to be fi'iiiciiiliiM I 'hat, as aliovc statiMl, llicy refer only to tlir |iiM'iod8 during' which tlic seals are found on or alioiit. the islands. As a matter of faet, the old liiiUs are the only .seals ^vhieh remain continuously for any leniftheneil jieiind ashore, all other classes spending;' a eoiisiilertihli'])ortioii of the tinse in the adjticeut \\:iter. It is besides more than ])riil)al)ln tluit many of the haehelors, as well as the virLi;in Rritisl< Cciniini'--- ... "■ ,1 1-11 11 1 sioiiiTs' Ui'porl, COWS, it ;hey liaul out upon the islands .-it rill, do .,., i^^ 71;, so for very brief jieriods only. In fact, the evidciiee itroves that the dillVi'ont May».ir.i. 44tli ^ _ ^ Loiigro^s, 1st classes of seals resort to the islands ai, dilfereiit Srss., 11. K., Ex dates and for diilerent periods. Moreover, „[' l^-"^^- "l^. !•• ■»• the classes thtit are tishore, v/ith tht; e\-ce|)tiou of the hreedintj,- seals, it is jirobable that ;it least one-third tif their number are at ;uiy uiveti tinn; disportin;.; tliomsclvcs in the waters iinine- diately adjacent to the rookeries. Hut while it is true to s;iy ihat the g'reat body of the seals coiiuncnee to coiiu' asli'jro iu Mny and .luiie, and to leave in September ;ind Oetohei', it will be seen that no siliii'le class of seals resorts to the sliore for the agt^rei^.ati! ])eriod thus included. In fact, I'rofessor J. A. Allen, iu liis article rniie'i S.aics; ( nsc, .Aiipciiilix, specially preiitired foi' the United States' Case, vol. i, p. 370. says oi' the eared seals (Olarlilfi) J4'eiiei'ally : — ■ Kveii llicBi'staKMiirnlsiln lint priipi'ily ri'|iii'si'iil Irilglli 111' slay ul' main li'illv uf Si'.lls. Iii'livi'lnal ,«i'iils, mnreuvi Tiincli linn- in tin' walri- i' at till' islaliils. •1'. s|ii'iiil vrli wliilr "Tlii'V arc p'lly^aiiiiiu^, ami rosoil to tlir land .n laiTil. wlli'lT tlli'V ~|"'llil iiluiUfl iiiiltiiUHlllshj (ihniil (iili'-l/iin/ iif //ic >/C(ii;" Priil'i'ssov .MU'ii i;i\rs t niimlli.s as avi'l.l'jr linil' "I' lr>iili'ni'i'. It is thus established that on the diila as given in the Case of tin; United Stiltes, no siate- iuent to the elVeet, that (he fur-seal spends even ,..,,. ' liiili'ii Stall's htilf of the year ashoie can be sulist:mtialeil. ( a«i', np, m). y-Jl Unilcil Stall's' iiiiiti'lilinti .IS In li'iiijlli 111' stay llilis ilispi'iiM'il by r\ iili'iiri' in I'liili'il ,'^lati's' ( 'a.«i'. 10!) .\lUlj| U'liylll nt IVMll In l|lvr.(lilr' From !i sfiuly '.f tlic innsl trust wnrt liy iml)- lishcil oh^crviilions. imtjilily tlm-c ,,1' lir; ;\nt, l-.lliutl. ;iii(l .\i;iyiiaril (ui-iti'is ulio, in IVMi'iiii;; their (.lliciiil Ilt'porls. Imd no reason \\,v nn'lnly liiniliuii- or evtenilinu' Hie perioil duriii- wliieli tlie I'nr-siMl naturally resoi-ts to ili(. land), tlio lirilish Coinniissimieis report as I'dlldus: — British Coiiimis- nionors' Kcpnrt, piira. 30. ■ Willi l.-r.|vll(r to ll„. Irii-lh ,,r 111,. |,,liM.| ,|iiiii,.^r "lii. Ii 111.. l'iu--.-,calsrisc.rLtii(lii'-,li.in':-tli,-l.iv.iliimi;i:ilcs l'"U'iii I'l anivr at tlic I'Hliylnlf Isl.iinls at N.iiyiii- il.u.-i in May, ami ivmaiii r.iiiiiniinii-.ly uslimv |nr al.uii! ilir •; iii.iMlli..<, iilU'r v.liiili ilu.y aiv lixvd fiDia all dmii- .ai llii; brcci.ili'.jr rniikfri(!'<, and uidy iircasicinally riliuii li tin; Hh(irf~. Til.. lavcdiiii,' friiialrs arrixi' lur the ni'i-! |iait nearly a nmntli l.ilrr, liraiiu',' their y.mn.,' iinna'dial. Iv (,!i landiii-, and iciaainiiii; ,i-li..i,.. i,.a!..iHiy --.•.arded l.v ll;e males, f,,r si-\,.i.al wifks, at'l.'r wlii.li ihi.y tid<(^ every ii|i|i(iitiinily to |,|ay ill the wiUfi- clu-,- almi,;,' the Iumi'Iim, lilidalpnii; a luunlli l.il,.!' tln-y als.i liruin l,, have tiir idilids in si.,i|.,li nf )'.,.,d, aiid nn'.^rale fi llii-ir wiiilcr hahiuit. Til.. y..iniL; mali.~ and ila ymiiii; I'l-males nun,, a^linre lali'i' than the liiwdinj;' .si'als, ami al ni,ir,' iin-iilai- ilui-s, an,| 'haid(ait' hy tlii.lns,dv,.s. Lastly, tli,. |ai|,s ,,| the v,-ar, linin in .lun,. a.iid .liily, ...niinem .■ I,, '|,,.d,' la' hi,! to;,',-lhi'r iiuay linni tlieii- nielliers, tewanls ih,. nd.MU' i,r emi III' Aii.iinst, and after that lVe,|n,.nt tli,. hearlics iii great iinnihei's, nml hath,' ami .s«ini in Ih,' -inf. T!i,-v remain iin lli,' islaial., until < lri,,l,|.i-, and ,.v,.n \u', ..ml.,'!., hi'ili;^ .aimimr lla- Ia-1 tn hax,-," il imhistry, in all Slate pnhliealioiis "t ih,. I'niti'il Siati's aial AcU of •'on,i;ress, ,m11ia1 a lislierv. iliiiU'il StiiUs CaM', |i. ;iUI). Di't.-iiN respeclinL;' tlic laiidiiii; anil dcpartiiro id' tlie various classes of .seals will be round in |i.araL;rap!is 171- and Iss ,,|' ,|.,, Hnti^ji Coiiiniissioncrs' Iteporl. From tlie ijuolations and rel'iavnces ^iveu .-iliove, it is cle.-ir I hat the fnr-scal has nry.v been considered liy nut Ufali>t.s -a land animal ;" and almost inniinK-ialile cii.aiions in support id this statement )uiL;lil lie tnade. it will, however, Inae lie siilliident to show, in addition, that in liie ollicial puldictitions and ii a product or the .soil, its is now, and I'm- ihe lirst time in history, -ravely asserted. The indttstiy -row in- (Hit of the eainure of the fur-seal is in no ollVct 11 " iixlicvy ■' ill ;i si'ii^c !llKlll)'A'l>ll'^ t'l tliut ill Hiich lliis term is i isc11 wllic'll llie rui--se;il ■d IViiiii (lie sea. ami im l' .vtlou (il (lllstl'V is III- iniiiil tint the isIsIn is entirely it I'l'Diii [•■.lod ti'tiruly ili-rivfil tinm the sea. tile lilllil. 'I'lie (|Uaillily cnlism iiidividually, and also late,' ill llii^ Ciiiiiiter-(Vi>e ■d l>y tiie seals lie, is di'all witli (p. l.'-j) : and it is there >lio\vn 111 aiiiDiiii 1 111 iiiaiiv inlUi'iiis ul tnii-- aniiiitiiiy. It i-- still riirther worthy oi' veliiav k that lull a small iiroponidii ol' llii- I'ooil IS iiiiivei 1 even rroiu llie lieiu'hlioiirhood of tin I'rilnloir Islands, I'^.r it is adnulted ill the United Stall ll s' Ca-e tlitil the hulls do not, I'eed diiriiig till' perioi I in wliieh 'hey reside iipDii S.mIs rlo not foL'il wliile rosertiiig te tlif 'luedilig-island.-. tile islands; and as to the other seals I'rc- (IMciitini? the islands, the j?ritish Conimissioiicrs on or of opinion thai tliey also do not feed wliils ilnuit the islands. In siioport ol' thi^- heliei' liritlsl. C Ihev (luole the i'aet that the rookeries I pi d were seareln'd in and hauling ItPiiort, ar.i5. -212, 2i:]. vain for anv trai'es ( if cxereinen niiinher o t, and that, liaviiiu,' killed a eoiisii lerahh f seals ol' all deserijilions, and examined the contents of tlii'ir stomachs, no trace ol' i'ood ^\l\■■ I'oiind. Coiitiniied ohservatioiis in I ^'.1- .\llllC'Ulli.N, vol. ciitirelv support this o|iinioii. 144 It is. therel'ore, < to jnslit'y ihc application to t vidciit that no gi-ouiuls exist lie fiir-soal of the dcsiL'.nalioii oi' land animal •when admittedly it derives its entire siNtenance from the ocean, and lasse-i tlii're two-tl.ii'ils, if not mi: existence. ( ,aiellisinlis. Ill Section II. — Tho Fur-umf is in no sense II Di)iiii:sUr Animal. 'I'm. l'»ni:ii Static' ('untim joni. (1.) Uiillcd Sillies' f'liM', |). 'J'.l.i — "The K'lil i» liiiinotii' ill i s liiiljiti ami iiiidily cuiitrolli?!! by iimii while oii the hind." (2.) Viiited Stales' Case, p. Ill — "The Kiilni(t (if a |MirtiiMi ef the «iiiphn iiiah' life is uii(h)ulileilly a henefit to ihe herd, :s it Is witli (itiii r duiiie»tii.' and |iidyj,Minoii.s animals." (See ;ils.i |)|i. 117 |o I'l". " Ceiilrol :ilifl Doiiii siicat|,,n,"j SiMMAuv iiF liniiisii l!i;ri.v. Thmiph fiir-»euls are to n cirlniii di';;ree e iiitroll.ihli' when on land, Ihis lesulu from iheir Inlph'-sneBs while there, and sneli control lia^ noliiine trm>i, llifit tln' Miiimals iii-f " vwulily (•oiilrolli'il liy ni:iii winlc on i'k' Cnsf, p. •.'U,'). Iflllil. Drili^li Ciimniiii- 'I'l iilv srnsc ill which llic asscilicm lliiil (he »i"n>'r'' Hq.ort, • .,111 I""'"' •"• sc'ilsarcrc-idily conlnillcd wlulc on l;\n(l liv niiin, is liiiit rcl'iTivd f(i \>y tiic Uritish ConiniisHioners, who write:— ■ WmIIi! ri'soitiiiji til I'l' iriiiiiiniii.^ I'H tln' I'Hi'l. 'ln' f'"' seal i-i iiniflirally ilrl'i'm;il(s,s." And ulscwht'iv : — ■ A. livr ami .i^rai.'l'iil a< a li-li in Ha' uaOr. lin' tiir sra] lliiil., imrii. 704. !•! at lii'.>l. 1 huii-y aial auUuani in il< naiviaiinil.s mi lan.l." 'I'iio disc with whicii it is possibh- to drive liodics of seals on liind, \vlii(.'li is tin- jiriiieiiial lU'ijunient used to show Iht ir "(h)inestic" eharaeter, iherel'ore depends in reality ni)on the unlitnessof tlie animal Tor pronression hy land, and the conset^uLMit inipossihility of its eseape fnna the drivers hyllii^ht. The fur-seal endeavours, and for the ureater part ol" the year with success, to avoid nuinkind. "Shin is uiiahh." to herd if, ]n-ovide it with I'ood, or protect it i'nnu its many natural enemies, But the fuv-scal, while on shore, (Munot find freedom and safety l)y iliiJ^Iit or hy resistance. It is thus hecause the fnr-si'al is incapahle on shore of speedy or jjroloni^ed locomotion or exertion, that it can he, and is, l)rou;j;ht temjiorarily under the control of man. Hut it is to he noted iliat it is absolutely uncontrolled and iineontrollahh! hy man wl 'u it chooses to jn'oceed to s(ni, as it invarial) ' does for the i,'rcater ])art of the year. The irthcr cirenmsfauce, also adduced iu the O. of the United States, that, after heinu; driven t he vicinity of the killinn'-nrounds, such hodies ( seals may without diU'iculty he kept to"cthc' ill the time for klllin;;' arrives, (h'pcnds in par' .>n the same fact, and in part on tho additional circumstance that the seals are then completely exhausted. Even when eventually IM. i."a.. 710, turned away from thekillinijf-grounds, the spared seals are often iu too exhausted a state to return voluntarily to the sea for loui; limes. Neither is it dillicult to show hy rccordeil oh-cr- vations that the allcf^'ations made to the eflcct that the seals do not show fear when api)roaehed hy man on the islands are unfounded, or, at least, so nmcli exaggerated as to convey a wholly Avrong impression. When on the breeding-islands they Control mil iliiiiu'itiiatioii. Till- .seal (■(iiiliollalilr un ilul'L'UCi.'k'as III I. mil liecauhi' Wlit.Uy iniiaaiUullalili- ulsrulini ( iri'iilnsi.iiici'S |irnninin^ a li'ni|iiirai'y cmiti'iil. Seals i'l'arful of man. im <,'llOl. III. Ills (Vlilll ^IIIIImiI' -llliji r|. lire (•(•rtiiinly lint mi w.iiy ;is wlicn ,i1 t.i. 'I'licy »vr, ill I'Mi't, |i,irl:ciilail\ (iccii|)i('(l lit llii.i r wild niiiinals. miijcr micI' circiiiiisl IIHTS to Mllllr ('\!l'lit Ci'nmiH 111 p. 6:1 . cmliolilciii'il iiy iiiniil.i!-. Mr. Illlinit \n'it'-~ mi lliis [Miiiil : — I""''' lll'l ll'" .■.IHI|illlll..|l,I,i| ,| ||„. |.X,.,..llil|- llllllllill 1,1" III.' »im1s, Wlli.ll .|-<,.||llllc.| ll.-rlllrr lllUlllllllv, lllill,,., t||,.||| ImiM.' (iii\ i-ii'ss iTaiiiiv alariiicil 'I'licy arc ncM'rtii Air. Milldlt. ill Ills cviilciicc licfdi'c a Cmi siiiiial {'iiiiiiiiiitcc, sa\s : — •lllli Collir . ■ Tlic IViimI.s mv I'Xiri'.lillJjIy lillliil. Tllr lilMJc ill .S.«, II 11 i.'r|«iii .\., (;2;), |i^ ;h. viiv liiiM, iiinl will iKit Inivc iiiilr.i ilrivcii (ill. lint IIim iVniaj.-i will. I, iii\-.r||', lUMJili'il. niiiM iliivr .■vitv -vul 1)11 lliiK I^ImiiiI In iwii w.iv^, willnnil kill 111',' 'Mil . Air.'liil, ill cviilciicc licfd,!' anntlicr Cniiiiailti of ('(lll!;i' css, he savs : — Oih Coiiur. " I--'! iiii\li.«ly i|i-.tiirlp ihi'iii jlli,' lii-ri'iliii^ wais] In •-'ml S,..,, ir I! Ili|iiirt No. .'iSf-c' 1:17 r\i;.-^., Illll'.ll'4 illl'lll Willi lilC-ill'llls 111- rlllllS nl' .lli.lll; I l|l liril.ll .■M'll. ,il|.l l||,.y will v,i,,M l.il;,. ih,. .il^nil :l|l'l Ir.lW." .Mr. II. A. (Iliiliion. (I iVci'liiiiciil Ai;Tiit "II 1! I'rilivldir Isiaii.is. al' I) sivs : — liiiil., Tlir sr.il is il s.Mlsilivr aiiliilll, ,111.1 il .I.irs In. I lil<, Ijc liisllllliuil. illlil il must II.. 1 l.|. ilisllllliril. h lllcV Ml-U lli.-y will im! .j(i lliiMv il'riliyliiir Ishimls] at .ill." lliiil., I'l^ i;;), 'Jii. Ill tlic >;iiiii> l!c|iiii-i, .Messrs.'!'. I-'. M origan and .1. II. .Mnllltiiil n'ivc lil kc sl.'itcliicii!' I'rol'cssiir .1. .V. A!!cii (|iiiitcs (.'a])t.aiii r.ry.ant as follow.s : — llrili^li C'diiiiiii- ^iltnt'rs' IJf|.(irt paiii. .-..•il, Hull. •■(■.ilislaiil iMiT is:i|si. iK-c,- saw list lliiiii,t;-|ill. -s iii..i!ilii.n-ly ai.|.ririrli ilic l.ivr.liiiH-:;riiiui.ls as lli, |irr-.i.ljs .Mils, ('iini|.. Zi)ol., I'lli' 111' till. s,.:i|, wlii. Il ■.mhiM ivsiill llii'icl'iiiin mIv vul. ii, I'ai-t I. p. il'!, p. .)/. ,, .,i|,.ys many nf ili.. \..un.4.' Il.anm Xorili llslvllllll llkCW ISC .s;|vs : — Il.iil., p:ii-a. ;!33, ' 'I'lw yiilllii; iilics alv .iilni siinithi.iv.l l.y tlii' ..M win !\V">'--;',', "*,''"' llii' latl.T, l'ii.jlil..ni..! ill si.iii,. wav, riisli ,nit im,, the .si \ fjill, Mil. |). l-'JO. .Ml, r ^iiili an al, 11111 InimliviU ui' ili-ail luips aiv I till juips aiv I'liiiiil (111 One of tlic uitiiosscs cited Iiv lli(> Tiiilcil Sttitcs sars lliat the se;i!.s- iiiicil Swies' iiirli laiiii r. Iiiii, wilh ii'iK'nti'il iliivini:. ,111. 1 Case. .Appendix, In li'.nii tin' Kia.l anil wlial is ux|u.i'ti'il ul' i! vol. ii ifin 1. 11 liio liilliiivi-iin.iiiiil." &■«■ pp. '2'.0 ft . I'lie so-called '•domcstieat um ' (iiiis rcsultiiiij Iroin repealed driviii;^ is I'liUy explained by tliu n ilc't;iils n-ivcu in ;iii(4lii'r pn-c witli \v^\n'r\ 1(> tlie inctlKxlsMiul ivsullsol' such driving. Su Car (Vom lia\ in^' lifid tlicircoinpiU'aliv.- UAil- ii(.,s wliili' nil land in>|)ivssi'd iiiion iln-ni l)y any jjiv.wss (if '• doincsticatidn,'^ it is indivd more than jinihahh- that tin- nortlirni Ini-soals, liko othiT animals uhcn ivsiilcnt whrrc they liave rroin time inumnnorial been I'Acnipt i'l'oni attack, wcr:- at Inst entirely inai)prchrnsive ol' dan^vr. Thii-. of the I'lir-scal of the Soutlu ni lleinis- ])hcrc. Captain Moi'ivll writes: — •• Vl.rli llir-r .Mliliials alv luv ill.- liv-t lillC vi-itnl 1 iV U„in,,l Sl:il<'s" „„„ . „.v onu- „.. n.n,,. .,.,.vh."-i"H .T .lan^rr In.n; ^J; 'M>P;-''^' ,l„.ii iirw ,:^i;,-l- lliaii .liu ill.' imiIm-s ol' San Salva.lnr • -1 wh.n lii'-l vi^ih-.l l.v il,.' Si.ai.ianU; ami i1h' . uiilhlnire ul 111.. |.<...r .-.-aU i> n'.iiiiti.l in lli.' siiih' iiiaici.-i' as tlirirs „.,i— liv i..Mirvy an.l iiiiir.l.r. In la.t, llicv will li.' still vhil.' Ili.il .■..iiipaui. ins avc -lairjlili iv.l ainl skiini.j.l.' V similai' iniliression is conveyed hy liu' ■• Mmiric;in ori-inal l!n])awniiiu--ronn(ls, as coin))ared with lacir timidity at other times. In a mani'.'-r 'piite coniiiaralile t.i that iMiiployeil in Uilliii- seals u|ion Ihi" lireedli'U'-islands, tlie -ea-tiirtle in othi'r jiaris iif the v.ovld is iai (liMnanils made for kilij to llicmschc";. If t! ics(> i- southwaiil. Ml'. II. W. Idlioit, i„ his :\i lished ill l^^l, uriles ;is I'olh id' eoiilrol w hieli mai oilnL;'rap||, pull, ows on I he amount 1 IS eapable the fiir-'^eal :- exereisin"'over Unilpcl Sintp.s' fi'Msiis I!(-]Hiri ■■ 1 ;iiii tic., lo say that it is net wiihiii tin' [.nwir nt liinnaii liiaiin^rnicnt to [.rniiii.ti' tlii.. end |;ni uwivn^r 111 tlir luiialrr ol' smU] to tliu .-li-IiU.st aiiinocialdr de-n'o over its juv.'icnl e.Mnii and coiidilioii ns it .stan,l> in (in; st.ito iit uatniv, In ivtol'oro descrilipd. Il caniini I'iiil to lie I'vidcnl, f roni inv dotailod Imliits and life ..!' iho liir-sual on thoso "isli so luiL,'i' a ip.nl. nf nanati.in of (ia- inil.s ilunii: ii;v war, that could man have Ihe .sanio sii]ii!rvi,inn and conlnd over tlii.i aniniiil diiriii: a .scasnii wliirli he lia.i at Ids coininaiid whjl,. (!„.■ the wholi visit thu land. Ik; nd-^ht iniM-raso, as 11.' womM so iii.iiiv cattl niniilu'r — onlv lindlrd li\- ti cause them to nmlliiiiy and I', to an ind. (iiiitc them. J'liit (In where the I'ui'-.scal 1.1 taken, 1 I'll' iinil the means nt I'eedinj,' •use ill i|iiesiion, nnha-liinatclv, is one si.v monllis ont of ev ly denianils I'ur I'nnd, at least every year, far lievoiid l!ie reach ['""] ' 2Jj: 110 cvyu cci-iiiz.iucL' of any miiii, \vIilT(! it i-- :'.ll ili'- t""" ,-x\«y'v<\ tci ui;iTiy Iniowii powerful ainl d.'strnrliw iiaUiral .■iMvnucs 11.], 1 pnihiiMy many others, .•. •'• br killed, when tluy am within our reaeh, and prevent their bciiy disturbed on the breediiit,' rookeries or driven from the islanils." il I' n,,. ,,i.,,^,,,,it Tiriti-.li Ciimmis- It is only diirinn' the eonrs- <,\ llf,- ])ies('iit ^.^^^^^^. ,j^^^,.^_ iiHiniry tliat tli(- mi-rat imi vonli ^ have been made i.ium. 171. kiii.wn, and lln (jiiestion wliieb lias been emi- sisti.'utly asked of sealers I'roiii llie earliest, times lias been answered. With refereneo to tliis, I'rofessor Allen, writim,' in ISSO, says:— "Of Iho lile of the..:o animals wnde alw,. .t iVmi the '• Mono^T.ii.h "f , , , North AniiTinin i,v!ands but little is known, nor is it known v.lieie lluir ,.„„„m,,i,_- ,,.410. prineipal fcedin,L;-grouuds arc." On anollierpaii-e o!" the same work lie writes :— "K\eep! (hiring the season of reproduction, liuve Uiiil., p. :l;!5. ..nimals ajii.ear to lead a wandering life, but the estent .md liii. ■ surplus ma le. ^ mav i;e kill L'nilcil Stntfs' C':isi', p. 154. .Si'c pp. 'J ;s ,.< vcy C(l Willi o sriclllilic .A iilriicf :ii|i|lK.ri| in ..|l|i- I'lirl 111' i-oliliMiliiili llial I III' -i-al is ,1 (loincslio luiiinnl. ;nlvaiitaye, as in th(; ca.se ol' other •■domestic'' animals, is deeisi\-e'y ne;;viti\-e(^ liy observations elsewIuMv defailiMl, and ]iar(iciilai-ly hy Ihe f.-ict that tlio fur-seals dilTer entirely IVom domesli!; animals of polyn-amoiis haliit, in the impossihilily in tlK.'ir ease of (he artificial sideetion of the stronger and liner males loi' hreedim;' purposes. It will he noted (hat neitlier the L'nilcd Slates' nehrini;' Sea Coimuissiouers, nor L'rtd'cssor .1. A. .Allen, ill their lleporls, veidure li, *'"'•'• I'- ■'■■"■ ■■doincslie" ehtirtu-tcr of the fur-seal is alilrmed. that of Dr. K. von ■Middendorf, of II tissia, who writes that these.al "was crcaled for a doine-t ie aiiinnil;'' hut it is xery idcar that the writer did not appieeiate the meaniiiL;' id' the word • iloini'sl le. II e w rites : — It is, in r.ii I, ilie liiii^t iiM'TiiI III' all if 1./ IIH--1II' aninail.s. sliu-r ll fl'iiuirs ,1,1 o'l-i- !(«ki) l-laiaU, vospcctivi'lv, arc inliidy cl;siinct IVnm (.'acli oilier." railed States" Case, p. Ofi— ■• 'I'lic-c i«(i herds of riir-scals do imt inlcnniiiuaM ach kcrp- :n<; to :K own siilc 'd' I'criii.; Sea .and tin' I'ilcilic or.aii." railed States' C.isr, p. :!-J:l — ■■ !u winter the lin-seals niiurale into the Noitli I'aedn- Dcian. The hcnls li-oin the ('oinamni!er tsh'iids. llolilieii I'.eil'. and the Kniile Fslaials move sontli .■doiiu: tlic Japan eoa-t, while the lienl hel,in;;inu to tin' I'rihilnC Islands h avcs lieiiiej; Sea hv the eaMciii pas-es ol' tin' Aleutian chain. 'Itn' fni-seals of tlie l'riliii..f Isjaitds ilo tail mix with tli"-e of the C'onunaader and Kurile Inlands al any time of the yc:ir." (i. I'nilcd Slal.'s' Case, p. illli— "'Hiat Its [ihe fur-seal's] course when .ilisent fioai thcs(. islands is nnifafin and confined plie.eipally to w.i'crs anja- eetit. 'I'll it it iii'vcr niin„de^ with ::ny otiica' held Thai at ail times whiai in the water, the idenlily of each indiviilii il can lie estalilished witii certaintv, and. ibat at all times, wliethei- ilufin« lis shovt exuiiisiuns from tiie islinids ill seai-eli of food or its \i,uf(vv winter mi-ratiun, it li IS a li\cd inteiilion. or in.tiiiet, which in iul■e^ i- to retinal ilu re.n." Sl'MMAI.V OF Hiiirisii Hkpi.v. riie w.ird " lierii " i- anplicald ■ to seals (if at all) only when oa the i-lands. and" then nnlv to cacii rookery senaiaiely, or til hodics of setils driv n liii;ether. It is e tirely iheoriict and inisleadiiii; when applied, as la tlie I'lated States' Ca-e, to an indefinite poitioll "f the f.;.--e.d- i.f ilie Xorth Pacific, tiieiv eiititle.l '-tlie Alu^k in scd lierd.' No (ii-iineiiiai, as iieiwceii the far-seais rr-iriiii}: In llie two sides 111 the Norlli I'acilic. has hen lol'ore lice:; ki'.r.in to iiatnralist»; and llie distinction now for the liisi na.e elide ivoured to lie estahiislied in the Ca-e of the Tnilcl States is wholly iitisiipinrtcd hy naturalists. 'Ihe iille',;cil liistiiiction is liascd on the ela-^iii'_' of skins liy far- dcalirs; hut such elassin^ and the diU'riaics of price risultinu'. a'" i'" evidence of dillereiiee of kiml in tiie fur-seal or in other iiniinids. T'.ie criteria emplnycd hy fur-dealers in clnssinj; the skiii~. ihen;;h impertaiil in tlie tiade, are in iheiiiselv. s sli;;lil and liiMicult of ilelinition, and the evidence s(i\eii in the Case of the United Stales in this point is roiillictinu'. In the particular ease of skim I'roni the I'riliyl.dV and Comniaiider Islands, cxpi rieaced ilealers actuilly oIimtvc a Inrf^e pereeiitie.;o of skins from each source which w.nild lie classed accordini; to ipiality as ciunini; from the other. 'Mic iiilermiiinlinat of fur seals frcipnntin;; the two sides of the North I'aeilio is pn- sr prohahlc. It must at one time have (lecurrcd, and no reason enii lie assiyne 1 I'lr its alleged ce-satioa. 119 Suoli iMteriuint'lin- i- vMuv iiiImittMl to ho prolmhle. nr is :i--i'il..l I , oicur, liy many of tlu' otUeiiils on u.v rijl)yl»ir Islands (luli]|^' i«c nty ycais pa-t. It lia-* not liei'ri denied till n.iw in tl.c Casu of tin- United Smtts. Inti'i-riun;;lin^ is shown l,y actual I'Npi rinani to liavi- Dccuricil as lictwecn the Islands of St. I'aul and St. Guoi-c. Tlic evidcriw (juoted in the Case „f the fnitcd Stall's is aloni' snllieicat to show that rur-sials from Ijoth sidi . of the l'ac'iliciritorridi);,'lc. dnrnii; ilic si ncr, in tho vieii.itvof the .Vlontian Islands, I'ortlicr cM.h.iico. now adduced, shows that iiitcrniiii^dini; occars hi'twccn the seals of (he North I'aoiHe };,.nerallvj .(h to the nmlh and to the south of the Aleutian ^sland,^, 'J'h- pn.p.siii.ni that the identity of individual .seals ea:i be estahlished wlien at sea, is uhsohitely unsupported hv Mpiiiiiiii. mill td)joct i.f contention r.f Uuited States. 1m lOllijulls ll.se ut llic Wulil eld. Tak IIIL till le .statcmcnls madi (• 111 tl le ahovc quotations I'l'om the Unitt'd States' Case, it would appear that the po.sitioii sought to ]»• inaiulaiiicd ill this iiiatte'- niav he outliiietl lollf there is a distiiief ively " Alaskan seal herd ' never mingles with oilier fur-seals. That the -That 'wl I it'll identitv of eaeh animal can ai all times he estahlished with the course d' the " Al;i certainty in the water. That herd ' whenahsent iroin thel IS luiilorni le iireediiig-islands, and is c ou- fiucd iirincipally to walei's adjaecnl to the coasts of the United .States, and that at all times the nave a li\ei IMhylolV Islands intention of rf>tiiriiinf' to the The hiirdcn uf [irDof of tin devolves upon the I'liited S| tions Jiositiou iniliealed i se general proposi- lIC' tiie tlieorv of ai s assumed III oi'dci (o support 1 <'M'lnsivi' i)i'oi)ei'|y in fur-seals. Great iniporianee is ttpparently attached to it, Inr it is not onlv adv inced ill ihe i the leno'thened iilH-ning pau'( discLtssinii on ihe conditii seal lile, hill is rre(|ueiitly reiterated. Hefore entciiiit; iuld ;|]iy delaili fion (if file siihji'cl dealt with in tl it is desired l.i dr.'iw .'itlcnliou lo tl tils ol examina- lia anil elsewhere made of tl le wort applied to the liii'-scajs ,,r (| ^i^f Jiter, le use hoi't. "herd" as ern part of the .North I'aei it is siilimittetl, IS a, term whieli connoles charact to ll crs eiiiii'elv foreiii'ii iiHtwii hahits of til aiimui II time [lossiliii' 1,1 des-'i'ihe || at aiiv e I iir-scj as !"viv.\ herd," llii s can (iiii\ h lie Hheii it is fein agirrei;:ite(l iijioii the hi'eedin;r.i.s|,'iuds tl Id and efcii leu, 111 any recogni/ed u.s(> of the ter be math' to apply only to aiiv individual hr m, it could rool 'eeiiuii'- kery or haiiliiig-orouud, of which uiiou tli I'rihylolV Islands al [110] one there are maii\-. 2 I 120 It is tlicrc't'orc siiuply iiii aliusc of laiit;'uaii'e to ani)lv tliis siii''l(' tcrii) even to the seals when '■^ ' ,. Sec Captiiiii upon the nmnorous and separate hveiMlm;^ Bryant's opinion, col<)ni(^s of the I'riljvlolT Islands, and niiieh more ""'j'h Ca»<>. so to atti'ni])t to diMiote by it the same animals liritisli Connnis- when, durmg- the !^reat(>r jiart of each jear, tliey ^^,^^^^ ;)0!), 221, ar(> foiiiid to he seatlered over an extent ol" ocean '2'2-2. whieh stretches from the vicinity of the TrihylotT Islands to the coast of California — some .S.OOO miles — anil, to a lesser extent, from on(! side of tin; North i'aeilie to the otiier. No evidence lias li(>en adduced such as to warrant the nse of this term, and the jnstification oi' its empioyment will he soui,'ht in vain in the facts liron^ht forward in the Reports of the Commissioners of either the United States or fireat Britain. As licarini;- npon the i^eneral contention above stated, it may in the iirst place he pointcid out that nalnralists j^enerally, including tiiose who have devoted special attention to th(> suhjeet, and who 1iave hci'u most critical and minute in their work <<[ comiiarison and se])aration, have uji to the present tim(> foiuul no reason to draw any distinction hetweeii the fui'-scals taken in tiic (■astern and western* parts of liir North Pacilie Tl. • seals so fouiul have been universally included Under a common sjjecillc name, and no dillV'i'ciiee even of a sul)-speeilie ordei' hiw been foniul to h(! '■■liable as bctwecii tiiem. 'rims, alter referriiii^' ,1 th<' eoiiipaialive want of kiiowledui nl Ihi! ■ ilarii's of tlie Smillieni lleii!is]iliei'(-, i'rofesMir ,1 . A. Alien w rites: — Teviii whnlly iiiiipiilicMblo lo fur-scab < twn sides nf Niirlh Paoilie ; fli.iili;li ihese li.-i\c Imi;^' lurii wull luinwii. " Tluwc "f 111!' Xnrtliiru am iinii:ii hotter kimwii, l!ie iiiily ilniilii^ still c'xisliu;,^ liaviiiu rclatinn Ici lluise nl' .ra|Kiii, l.'.-pc.tiu- ;ill til"' ulluT-, llierc lias li,.,.|i I.m i1i.' la-l .■i;.;liL vrai- iiii alinust )itirl'i'rt uiiaiiiiiii'.y nf n|.iiiii. l -h f.ir as llie inu -lii'ii iif s|jci/ii'S is couceiiieil." '• Mono^rapli nf' Xorlli .\iiior:i';iii l'itini|u'tl>," p. 'JOj. Til.' fi |.r..-, 1 nil Naturalists difler in opinion whether the Sir \v. II. I'Iow.t, fur-seals e!' the Norlll i'acitu' should, or should Hrita,mic.T''''voi.xv, Udl be classed as "eiiericallv (lllVerenl from p. l^JS; Hritish ' ' ' CotiuiiiBsiuiu-rs Ihose of llie Southern Oceans, and m conseipicnce it(.p„ri, Appfiulix. ,,r this dilVerence uf oiiinidii, the names Oinrin '/.'^'X^w .!. .\. ursinii and Cnll'irliiiiiis iirsiniii have been em- .■\l|(.n. ''Mond^'raph , , , ,1 -V' tl i> I' I' ,v. Ill Nui'ili AiiiiTicaii |,l,,ye,l 1„ ,leii,.|e llie North l.'acilic Itir-seais |,i„„i|„,,,,,i. ,,. 153 . e(illecl!\elv. \'>\ nalnralists '^'enerallv. moreiiver, IJniird Siau>«' ' ' . . . ', I Case, Appenilix, \]w animal in ipiestioii is relerred to as tHe vol. i, p. 3?'i. "Northern fui-seal." or "fur-seal of the North I'aeilie" (si'c i'liiwer and Allen, as cited in the tnai'4in),and nm as the " Alaskan " fur-seal, 'riie I'liMed States' ('<)iniiiissi()i\ers, in (lieir llcport. I '.'I I ski (lill'er 121 I'niteil States' Imvc 1 Case, p. 31 a I'liitoil Stali'>' (,'ui I'rnlV. iili'iililv. lllM.T-lnlieiS 1111(1 !■ .Midi ihlllllt spnitic I'-ml, p. 322. !;-iil.. Appi'iulix, v.il. i, p 372. Tlif fiii-ilo.ilm' is ilt'iioi lllect nil MS ]irii\ii:;^ ilisliiK'linii ilrawii in I'liiti'il Siiitis' fasi'. lowoviT, iiivrii1"il still niimlior imiuc, viz.. I!. crincr '^''•'i rur-scnl." 'i'lii' nttciiii)!, tlicrcCon", in t 11" cour-;,' (it t!i f til al■^•uln(•nts now ])n)(liic'C(l, to evolve ;i now mid special name for applieafion to those rui'-scals I'ound in the eastern part lA' the North Pacific, and to denote them as a "hevd," must ho con- sidered as sini,'nlarl\- imforliinati!. Tile United States' Ijehriii"' Sea C oininissioners Slate that the l'iir-se;il oC the Xorth I'aeilio constitutes hut a sini^'le species, writing;': — ■ Tlh' N'uiiliiiii l'iii-.,( ;il (('fillijylniins I'l-^niiis) is all iiili:ii'il,iiil (if I'xiiiiL; S,.;i ami il,,. Sea dC Okliotsl;. wIk.ic it bri'cds (111 I'dfky ijliuids. OhIn loiii- Invcdiii-.; culdiiiijs iiiv K-iinwu, iianifly, 'I ) mi tlic I'rihil.if Fslaii'I .. hcldii-iii,!,' Ill llic I'liilcd .State,-;: {2) the (• i.tT I-^Ia licIi.iiLiiiiL:' td r.'iis-iia ; C'^) on KnbiK^.ii liccr, licIoiiLriii',' l. iw>ia, am :i|iaii.' 1 (4) 1)11 tlio Kiii-il,j I.slands, 1 icIllll'-'Ull' l« rrol'cssor T. A. Allen similarly characterizes the "Northern fur-seal" as a whide, as consti- fiitiiid-a siiid'le species ; and omitting' all i-efurence to the existence nf tli' hvecdini;'-,;! i 'es on liohlicii licef and the Ivurile Islands, deliii(>> its ihitat as- 'llic i^laiuls in liiriiiu' Sea; at piv^iiil cliiclly llu; I'liliil'd' au'l ('(iniiiiaiirlcr l.~laiiil<, niii^ratini,' .-^(Hilliwa^l in winter aldii;,' thu Anierioan roast to ( 'alil'oniia, mid iiIoiil; llie .\>inlio coast to the Iviuile Islands." In order, howevi^r. t" cslalilish the constant dilference which it is eoiisidei-cd neeessarv to lirove as hetucen the seals round on ihetwd sides of this ocean, not the skilled naturalist, hut the fur-dealer and riirrier, are chielly ajipe.aled to in the United States' Case. 1 1 will, therefore, he. a|)pro|)riate in ilie first place to examine the naliiri> of ihe (■\ idenci! oldained from such li'il skiii.9 of .same animals taken in diflovent ,suiToiiii(lin(,'s rrcipicinly |ids.„.ss dillereiit eoinmeii i.d values. ipL-s ..r iliis See also .\ppeiidlx, vol. ii, p. 239. it is a fiict vi'i'v Mcli k recod'nized. that skins nnwn and wi<, tl even oi the same aniiinl taken in diirereiit localities under dill'er"nt cei- dilions o! climate, and dilfciv'iitlv hav.dled and d, are classitied vory diU'cn^iitly rom a eom- meicial point of view. 'Mii.s applies to skins of almost .-ill kiinls, hut is specially noteworthy in the case of su(di fiir-heariiiii; animals as the otter, mink, marten, and beaver. 'I'hiis in tlic il'iidson's Bay Company s fur salt; of ^Farch 1S!)1, No. 1 marten ski lis Irom I'ort Ceorp;e, &c., were sold at 23s. to 2 !•.?., from h;ast Main '20s. to 20.V. tid., from York Faelorv at l\i.s.. fidiii '• >'(.i1li-Wo.st " at 12.V. Or/, to 12s. (»(/., and Itivor District at ll.v. Cxi. ill from Muckcii Similiirlv, aiul at the saiiu; C(imi)auy's salo .laiuiary 18il2, No. 1 l)ca\ i-r-skiiis I'roiU t'ort George sold at (i2s., IVoni .Moose Itivcr anil KarL Main at 4").';. (»/. lo I7.v., Iroiu York l^'actory at ;i0.v. (ir/. to M-^-., and ''roiii Di^li'ict al 'Ms. Vxl. .Mackenzie River ■^iieli dill'(-i'enees in \aliie depi'i d or iniiin (lillVrcaces o r coll I'lisit V tl< Comiaiiiciiil viiluivs tliiis ilepeud sliulit iliflinwices in I'uv, iiol on oil iiist^iiil (lilii'iTiKi's 111' kiuil. li'Xl are >te.. observed in tlie skins as liroiiii'lil to United State nnvket, tlie above comparisons beiiii;' in till easi- Apiiemli; No. 1 slss. 't is rurtlier noteworthy, as an iiide.N; ot the iinonnt to which the mode of tre;illn^- a skin may illeet its market vakie, that the -' Mori h- west " Ibid, pp. 573. 575. •Xiirlli-Wfsl.'' iiiid "AlasUu'' .-kins nre ilillcii'iitly ilcli sKiii'-. hem beiin:' tl lose of seals taken at .oa, and beiiiniiing, under the contention held in the United States' Case, solely to tiie same "herd" as those doriveil from tlu; I'riliyloll' Islam^, are iiiioted bv tlie same witnesses at about half III' iinci! fi ■ the latti le evidence ai tiiallv aiidiiced in the Case of (■lianiiU'i I'l ililli'iclicfs III st the Initi'd State> on this particular matter, and in support of the i;eneral conlention as to the (;„ij„i jj,.,tr,' kMucimI in llii' United Sliiti.' ins (,'ilSO iin till' cvulonii' n nf rniTii'is. sential dill'cri'iice bet ween the rribvlolf and Case, pp. a-i. u."; Cmiimander Isl.-iiid "herds," may be sn::ima- ri'/ed as follows : — ^f■■. fV. E. Mtiiliii, who i-. lirsl ([iioted, and is mii-t dellnite as to the dill'erences in tiie skins, says (hat llien; are marked dilVcrenees between the Cojiper (Commander) Island catch and that from the I'ribyloir islaiiils. Me enumerates these, and adds that tliev are such as to enable — ; exiii;lit:nriil in liauiUili'. fmni tliii oLhor l.i ilislinguisli the United State«' Case, Appendix vol. ii. p. iCD. "tlial liefore llio .skins arc diis.si.'.l llie luo may be ivadily dislin'jinslicd from fui.ii oilier." 1,1 ihetruil lie, tlie skins of I'nr-seiils ileiiu'il troin the Nortli Lins ••lie iliTiilid iiMiler tlie niinie< of '• .Muskii? anil " .N"orlli-»est Cal'li ;" meli names respeo iniplMiig ilial llie skins Island-, m arc taken at sia, as ti oli\ely nine from Ihe I'libvUilV or Ciminiand'.'r le casi' urav I'l 12a United States' Caso, Appendix, vol. ii, p. r,73, Ibid., p, 557. Ibid., ^fl. G. Rice say.s tliiit tlu; (lillcrcnce.s are— ■'.siiili as lu , iial.lr ain- |.i i>..ii >kiilr,| ii, i|n; iMisiiio.-i " to (li.stin,<,'uisli (hem ; I,„t adds— "■|'l"' Miami, r i„ ^liirli ll„i -kins aiv (ii~tiii,i;iii.shua is (lilliiiilt 1(1 (Irsriil,,. In any ]..-i-.s,ju not iicrustomo.I to liaiKlliiii; skins." lie Ciii'llici' only i)rof(.s.M's to distinj^'iiLsli tlic skiii.s — " in till' r.i« slati-," Al/ml Fnist'r, lIioiii;li referred to in this eonnoe- tioii, profess/ s only (o l)e able to distinguisU Xortli-west oteii from " Copper " and rrihyloff J'ateh collect ively. iledoes so by means of the'sbot and spear marks found in the skins of the seals taken at se;i. pp.551, 552. //. .^._ ^, 'eviiiyloii holds tliat the difTei '(>nce IS sucli as to enal)le any one skilled in the business to distinn'iii.sli tl le skins. pccially in bulk. Uo further adds, however, tliat the skins tlie market in sejiarale lots, and are not found min!.'led. lie admits that the dilTerer > is— "ilillinili tu .Icscril..' In ,i i,,.|.s.,i, iiii,ie,.ii.sti.iii.il lu liandle skins." Ibid., p. 57'i IV. C. Ii. St( iiij) siiys that the ditTerenc OS are- ilillinilt tn iliv-rribo .s„ thai tlay ran In' ii:i.|,r.-t(wl by iiy poi-s,,n \vli,, has n,, |aaoli,aI knnulnlu,. ,,f furs." Ib;d,, pp 580, 581. /•;. 7>,,>/, III skins ilali's' Case nil says that he could easily sejiarate Commander Island and PribylolT Isl.-md skins, hut that as a matter of fact i'ikn are not till Actual iiietlioils lit ilisi iinlinn on niv coiitradiiluiy. .■lii'il niinj,4ed. in the however, the dill case ol \ery yonn;,'' nnininls civuces are not well marked. Several of the ucnilinien (juoled in this con- nection, and whose evidence is ijiven at leii-th in d, arc narrower toward the neek and flank, and have lieen on the average smaller than tliose iroiutlu- I'riliyloU' Islands. A list of all the leadiiiL,' buyers of seal-skins in the world is given in the United States' Case, Ap])c.ulix II, p. 5G(5. They are thirty-nine in nuniher. Of these, as many as possible have been seen, and thirty have actually been interviewed, and their opinions have especially been re(|Ui'st(>d Appendix, vol. ii, on the subject of the allei,'eddilVerenees between •'•'' skins fronr the Commander islands and from the l'ril)yl(>ir Islands, with tlie result that they are une.nimons in sayinir that the only dilVerences which exist are that the fur of tlu' I'ribylolf skin '^rows somewhat (dos(;r or dens(>r, that fiie sizes of I'ribyhiff consignments run a litt.le lar!;'e". and 1liat (he flaying and curing in tiieir case is bett(!r lii-,f(n-med; that these are tlie dislinelions which I'v.iilncc the aill'erenec of price ; tliat, concerning the other alleged variations: a-^ to colour, they have iiolii-cd that dijiiiers were li^hler on llie averan'c, but that Alaskas have lieeii at times I lie lighter; that as to shape of skin and the lengtii of fur, they eitlier ih-ny ai\y dilVcrenee or say it is too trivial for notiei-. it is also a noti'woi'tliy circnnistanee thai AIe-;srs. I/imiison nnd Co., who, as Tiondon au'ents of the lessees of both the I'ribylolV and Com- mander Islands, dis])Ov(> of all sral-skins taktni on both liMMiijis of islands, up to the year 1SS7 made no distinction in sale catalogues between I'ribyloir Island ami Commander Island skins. In that year, for the lii'st, time, (he words "Alaska" and ''('opiiers" were printed on thi' oatalon'iii's, and since iliat time also a separate catalogue is ]n'odiici'd by Messrs. Lainpson for each description. Prior to that date, in .March each year, " Alaskas" and " Coppers " \,-ere sold in the same cntalogues without any distinction beiii'' made on the face of the catalogues. "vidcncc iuklucwl Couiitfi-Casi', IhiH bull lillrli'lliji'S S'l sli^lll tli;\l Nl;ilis fLula Cmiiininidcr ;iiiil I'lilivinlf Islmids nut .scp;n;il''Iy i .il.il.igiird till 1S,S7. 12.-, 0))iiiioii-i i)f ])i'lM,^ii' llr Appcnilix, vol. pp. 36-38. TllO t( I'stiriKinv fif tlic mon who liavi' liiintcd •X|)i .I'MlIC, IS ill I lioti ■;illv to II 1 sides o ':1 sr ilcr*' f the Nortl •ir.'i't Ih.-it I Ik sr;ilsMli(l sciil-sluiis aiv llli(lis|iiii,'uis|ial)l(' ; uiiilc. wlicii any (lillVrciu'c is ivfcnrd (o, it is in iv^inrd III depth of cdldiii' of rill- oiilv that seals on the Asfatie side are darl some elaillim;' rliih iis'ii-iiiNJ lor dilHivii, >kins, others say li-hter, tliaii those on the Amorienn side. Such diirereiiees met witli in individual <'.it(di(>s mi-lit very well di'iiend on the dilVtrent seasons oj' the year in wliieli these were made. Snc'ii'i'ron' al re.'uiv (iiioiei I'rilisli Coiniii 1' dill'ereiu'ps uliieh h(> h;is nolec attriluil 1 soleh- .,' piir;i • Report, lon;,'er residence ashore ol" th(> Prihvh ,435, Jiiilcfmiu ■1 l']l!lVUlllill II 'Ml.ilir, li-lii,( '[lliilOll: lu •:ll-' 'pj' two ^i(|l■S ol' r ■^i.iiiv added th.'it ■als of Iiohhi to lll(> [V se.als, and Island, in omiianv, wiiieli. Okhotsk .Sea, havi" even lon^'er hair and wool than those of the Comni.-inder Islands, That t lie Alaska Comniei'cial C for many ye.-irs, was the Iiksi'c of both th,. rommandor and I'rihyloir Islands, lielieved the, lower prices obtained for the skins from the I'ormer were dne to inferior methods of treat- ment, is shown hy the fact that (hey al one lime sent their most rxperieneed ioreman (Wehsler^l from the l'ri))ylolf to the CoMimander islands to imjirove the method of iiandlin-- the skins there. The |iMssa^(\s in the Unite,! Stahvs' (,'ase ahove iioled,;ire ;dl those u hieli pi'ol'ess (o ^-ive direct evidence, based on dilFeri (nces in character of the skins, as to the allc;;ed c ^ (if I he si'.als resort in'4- for brcedini. ■omplete distinctness purposes to the Commander ami Pribylolflslands respectivel\ The npinloiis of a number of pi'rso)is are subse- <|uenlly (pioted, but o m ivferriii'' to tl lese. -iven in the Appendix- to the I'nitcd States' Qi it w ill liefoiind that such oiiii facts dilV pmions arc not the -lilt of any pei'sonal invest i;;'at ion of the actual on the ire, indeed, chiellv based •xpl erenf nr.irket values ([uon>d i'or the two classes skin.s, a circumstance uliieli has just been ll will further bo noted that all th question !i e opinions in ipeared for the first t line in connection with tin; present Case, and date IVom a very laic period in the discussion of the IJchriie^ .Sea (|uestion, beinu,- subsoqucut to the assertion of a claim to a r!-Iit of property in seals; and (hat no such separation of the fur-se:ils freipienf- ini;' the two sides of the North I'aeifk; has lu-reloforp been assi rted. un \s .'luains ,t tlio ()i)iiiioiis thus now advaiRM >ly |jiihli.sl'''il "jii ill tlii< United Sl,it.'>' C'iim>, some (>xniMi) DiiMishnl statciucuts (Hi tlif s:uin' subjr of ret. iiiiii> iif I'liilnrsiiili ^' ;iiill]iir.s anil ollii'inl^ ijii iMlrniiiiiHliiit; 'jf ^'"I'lli I'atiliu ilcrivod from olliclal docmiu'iits (il tlu" rnitud States, and sliowiii^' a i)eiii'r in liu' inlerniinu'lini. of seals fi'oni the I wo '^rdiips o r inlands, are lien :ivrn. Sneli inliTelianuc el' seals lielween the vai'iinis l,ivcdini;-i>lMi'es may he siippeseil to (leenr in two v\ays: i'lrsl, in eiinvsiiondeufe with natnnil and were found freiineiiting the shores and iniel-'. of tlio coast of l?ritish Coliiiuliia. A further reference, with the same meaninsr, is Uall's Aluslsa, found in the I'ollowinr,' passa,i;'e Irom Ur. Ualls work on Alaska : 'I'll.' niunlwi- of ih.' -imI liail uivally ini'rra>nl u|i 1/ ISi'.S, lull in lliat yiMr noi li >s lli.ni "aMUll) Wriv killnl on SI. (li'i.i-ur's.aml ir.li.i 1 Si, r.iul's.hy till- Ira.irrs. Al llii- nilr llii'V wiaiM >i"ai Ir cxlrnnin.itril or ilii\fn tn llir Kuril.' ur (■..luinaiiili 1 IslimN.'' ;^^•r. Elliott, in his lleport, after askiiiu;- a , ., Ml • r .1 * Census Ueport, (piestion as to the ])ossil)le accessions ol seals to ^ ^.g ' the Commander from the J'rihylolf Islands, replies to his own interrogation as fidlows : — "Coitainly, if the L^n.uiul on i-itlit-r rxaiiii^ ov Cii|iii(,T Ishiiiil, ill llic Comniaiulcr finiuii, is as well suili.'il I'nr ihp, wauls of the breeding fur-seal as is that exliiliiled hy the I'riliiliiv Islands, then I say ci.nliucntly that we may at Caiitain Scamrmin. Mr. Klliott. 127 imy liiiii' iiiilc II (liiiiiiiiitiiiii h,ii\ iiiiil lii iiiif;iM(.|iliitiHii tlifiv ; fdi' f liiivc rlouily s| (■lia|jlHi- I. II tlic lii,l,ils (if lli(.„. iiiiiii.iN, lliiil llr N" |inrtiiiihiilv ;ilUicl.i;i| to ili,. ivhihtIu,. i.Iikvs uI' |1 HI II rmn's|iiiiicliii'; iiiwii. ill my ■\ .lie mil R'lr '''"''■ '"'I lliiit liny :.iili(i liiinl willi an iiistimlivu "I'l'l'-' i'lli I ill" liliK-s i.r lliat Hnminl us ii wliulc." •(4th VuujT., Ut S('s»., H. U 'lie siiini' writer, in liis '■ Iteport on llic ('(iiiili- Kx Doc. No 8:1, u|)oii P{)ssil)I(! Movcnii'iits ol' IhcFur-scjils ill tlir I'litnrc," treats the sulijeel at some leni^lh, reaeln'n^' very similar conclusions, and iidduiL;' : — ll H llol II iilikcly tlinl sunu' seasim iiiiiy urcii nil iiiniK'iiso miiiilifr .il' tlii' I'lir-swils wliicli liav. iluiiiiij the last I'l iiM or liM' yciiis oil Ihu Pribilov Isliiiids shiiiilil bi' cldkrti'il lidiii tlioii- usual fw(lin<,'-riuiKi' liy llu Hhiftiiif,' (jf sdidiil-. .,|- lisl), to.._ sn as to luiii- lIuu TOUlllls III til til anninil i|iiilo lIusc lu the Asiatic s.-al- K\n\u'^. ami the scent I'roiii these nuikcries wiiuM act as a puwerfiil stiuiulnnt I'ur them tu hmil there, whiTc cmi- (litidiis f,,i- their lireediiiq may ]„■ as lavimralih- as ilesircil hv liieiii " Mr. Miller, lu a Ueport on an invest igat ion on tlie Alask.i Comiiicreial Company liy a Coimnitlee of Con- gress, dated 1S7U, My. ,T. j'. iliHcr, President of the Company, .says that the seals upon the IVihvloir Islands— 44th Cong., 1st Scs8., H. !{. Kcport fi23, |). 4 |). 4.1. ■ maintain jusl al.uul (he nalural larlv : Ihrv ilo imi incieasc ver\- rcju- eem til mi'^late Uiii ill reply to ;i further question as lowhcth supposed nt a former period to havi thcv \\(>re not been driven from the Prihylolf Islands to the C'omi:ia',dei' Islands, adds : — "fh. ii'jt v.cre at line time. Some of them went nver (here, ami \vhe|.' lla.. otlier- Wcllt We do not |;110\V. because they ilo increase upon tlie iiiissian islainls; .so Iii.-itory sliow.s." Mr. fiuyuitzky, In a Congressional Report, on the "Fur-seal Fisheries of Alaska,"' dated 18^9, :,Ir. 8. M. Buynitzky, Governmc-nt A Islands, o-ive'i tlie folio gent, on the PribylolV will"; evidence : — SOlli Cong., 2ii(l Sess., H. U. th lieport 3S»;), p. 15 ■'(,/, What, it 111 ill your ,ju(l;,'iiient, t'rom your exneriencc of isiness 111 these islands, would be tl pen ic cllbct of oiieiiiiiL,' uji the bu.sine.ss, tliat is, removiii" thu rostrii I that everybody could j^n in t'l tions id kill fur-.s A. The probable elloct would bo to drive the seals from these islands to the Ih [110] 2 L I group. 128 ■■(I Tlial is.ariviny tliom In'm tlw Auiori>an islands „v>t''h tl,.. Ku'^siai, islnu.ls ?-.'!. Tl.i.t is Uh' nmst pro- l,al,K- ..fVfct. Tiial Mas ,on,-,.,le,l at lla- linK l.y all wh„ stu.lir,l llio HU.Hion. S,.,-,vlav.v l!n.itw,.ll know thai v.ry woll." Mr. Geo. E. Tini,'lo, long .-onnocted with the g^^,^ ^onp.. J'rihvloir tshinds ill dilVcvoiit .•opacities, also said 2nd Sess II. « ' . RcuortJooo^p. lol. bol'oiv tlic same Comimttec :-- ■11. What v.ill hr tho ,.|r,-d if IV strili-rllt incasuivs ,„,. ,",,,1 tak.a, tH i,r„tL..t th.. s.als l.y the (iovmi.uoiit '- ,1. 1|- inoiv sliiii-viU uifasuivs aiv imi tak.M., it is nuly a ,,m.slinii „riinu^whHi tlR.s>^ s,Mis^vill hr ,liivr„ ulliu.atrly to s«ck smuo otluT home \vhciv they will ii.>t he i„nleste,l. Tliev will net e.aitimie le 1- hai-isse.l; and if this iiiai-ati.tins is runtiau, d. thrv Nvill, ,1. my oi.iuiu,,, either !..■ Gradually ..M,.fi,ui.ated or will l-av. tiie islands ,,erinanei,tly atal land at. some other pkar. They may -n ei, the Kuv^an .•,i.Ie." In th- saiitc Tioporl Mr. C. A. Williams, one of 11i(- Directors oF tli•'" ""' "''""'" H'i*-. I'l'- "■ '«. iv^imellliat the ,unnueiieeineiit et seal lite en the I^-laiuU • uf'Bevinu aiul ("PI''-'' l'l'>l'''''ly '""'< l''^"''' ''>■ '■"""" "'' ,1;. i,:dis,aiiHinale killing en tlicse islands, ll'rd.ylnllj .livertinn tlie seal tnau their nsnal haunts an.'i laakiii;,' ih.'iii seek scaiie ulliev leealities. •y. Was iliore a lai;4e imndier nf srals wlueh h'l'l the I'rihih.v ^renji and went evrr tu the iiassian islands.'— A. Vntl cmild hardly expeet them to -„ in a h.uly. Tline l,ad hardly l"-en sealiii- or seal life to any ext.-nl on the C.nmiander Islands or {.'opiier and Bering. It had not Hltraeted the aitrntion nf the l!u,-sians, hui allei the indiseriminat,;, killit.g on the Islamls uf St. Paul and .Si. (leor-e, it was notieed that seal-life i 'eased laplly „„ tl l"her i,-Iands, and the supposition is a natural ono that they \v,ae diverted Inan the i-lands .ai whieli they liad heivlnfure lieeli umlisturlied ami -nu-hl uther plaees." The slate-,, (Mils made hv Mr. WiUiains to the rnite,! Si.-,it-' Congressional Connnitle.-' of IS^S dilVer very ^n,';i;:':i':vo44 \vid(dy from thai made in his (h^jtosiLon ol liic 2nd April, IS",)--'. In this latter he says :— . Thrn' is no inurmin.L^lin- .T th. hud^, and the -kins „r th" iwohndsof the I'rihiluf and ( ■ili(y III' iiitiTiiiiimliiiLi. Till' relative )ii'opiiniiiii iif soiils I'l: oil eiuli of the I'riliylofis vary. cxiiLMl wmilil liiivt; no .lillinilly ia iit ulicci tliruwiiii,' im;1, iViiiii llir i-ali li iiikiii 111! ili.. CLiiimanilc'i' Islamls any skins 111' iIri I'viljiliif liiTil, ami c/ir ,•.,■<./ ; ilcjinni'nl nnili r-iamls IViiin ]iiTsiiii.s whiiliavc liail liini,'iv\]iriirn(f in ilir i-\aMiina- timi III' l.lir living;' animals lliat tin.' 1.hij li vils -u ilill'rr a> In lii'liiMi,' tn si'|ianiti .spcoii'S ol' tlio sanm ,i;iinns, ainl ran vcailily 111- ilistiM'4nislii;il f'roni oacli ntlu'i'." Til as, tlie o]iiiii()ns previously iiublislicd liy tlioso A\lin have n'iveiitlio greatest amount of attention to tin- lialiijs of tlio fur-scil of tlio XoHli Pacific, arc siiU'iciciit to sliow that thinv is a i^cncral nj^rce- 111 Mit ill r('s])cct to (lie priiiiii favk probahility of intcicliangc and migration of seals tiet weeii the lirinci|);il breeding-iilaccs. 'I'lie known fact that the r(dali\c ]irii|iorli()ii.s of .»(>als found on St. Paul and St. (!eorgo Islands of the Pril)ylolf group vary from year to year, is interesting as showing that the animals are by no mcan.s avor.se to change their biveding- placi's in accordance with circumstances. ft nv generally admit t<'d that the sa me seals do not return neees.sarily or (;veii usually to the same breeding-ground y(\ir after year. ^Fr. Klliiitt (juotes an evperimeiit made bv the liussiaiis, in which lOOyomig males were marked at one locality on St. I'aiil I.-laiul. Next year some of the s<'m1s .so marked wen- included in tlu^ calch Irom -'exery part of the island." In T-iK.), a^'aiii, a similar c.vperimiMit was made cm the same island, and, respecting the 100 .seals then m.-irUeil, 1 t is said :-- ■.\]ii miii'iil. ' I iDiii lit in'.rninn'4linu' ;,ili!niv,l. p. 31. "Ol' this ninuluT, ilnrinu llii' -uianiii- nf 1S71.', whin I was ihcrc, tho native's rouinl in llnanlrivinj.; ut T.'.nnii >,.als I'lHlii lli!' iliiri'icnt haiilili,i,'-j,'iiaiiiiis nf St. I'aul u|i In tin' killing- iiinmls, luii nn N'lvasi.Klniiih inuKi Census Ui'port, ID niilcs iiortli of l.nkannoii [thr jininr, ai \\lni.-li the si'als hail lii'cn inarki'il], ami two or thri'i' rnmi Kn^lish ami iil.stoi nioki'rii'.'i, mih'.'i wivt hv watn inr or two \vi takrn on .'^t. fu'or^i' l>laml.."ai milrs to thr suiitli-ia^l.aml n .1 oiii' I'voni bakaniii'ii wa.-i I'or.nil .uimn;; tlio>" ilial wi it ihi\rn nji li'Mii llnri-'." 'rii(> sanii', nr ;i \vv\ simil.ir, e\[ii'iiment is ri'ferred to by C'jiplain Hrytuil. In the Coiigressional liepiirt on ilir I'm-..,..-!! ilsh, ries iif ,\l,iska, Dr. II. 1|. M, sttites thai— lik iiOtli Coiig., 2iiil Sosii., II. I{. lti'port3883, p. lliS. Tim -rals iirc I'onn.l inilis.riiniiiati.'lv on tl 11' two ishniil-i ; that is, soals lioi'n on St. (!i_.or •f .ire I'liiiml St. I'aul, ami Aiitirt rriiiu .siieli ilelinid e.\[ierimen(s, and 130 ovor widoi' arcns wIkmv, so far, such cxiKn-iiiicuts Imvc not 1)0011 possiblo, iiironiiutioii as to clianu;os ill tlio resort of soals as between one and another of tlie various breeding-islands in the North Paeific, ninst depend largely ni)on the opinions of those mIki have bad occasion to study the habits of the seal, and upon the geniu'al facts uliich sn<'li persons have noted. Alter detailing the above experiments, .Mr. Elliott says:— ■ 'I'Ik'^1' i'X|irriliii'iils wiiulil li'iiil 111 jiviiM- vii'V cn^^rnllN 1Inite|iiiiiL:. liny liavc- inilliiiiL; in llnir iiiiii'l< Iml ,: See .-ilso 44tii •ji'iK'iiil instiiK.iive aliinvijiiitiiiii n!' lln' liliicss uf tlw land, Conir., 1 «t Ross., II 1 111 I ■ .■ II. K. Kcport lis a wliuli' ; ami iiu sjiuiial linuliu-s or (li.;tcriiuiialiiiii In jj„, ggg pp. 82 s;j si-lcrl ail) cHii- |iailirular sput. linl cvi'li ilir |ilai i- ul' llirii liiilh." Ho then [iroeoeds to point out that the smell of the rookery-grou 'ds constitutes probably the (diief incentive to landing. The ovidcuce of th(! fur merchants already referred to, is also of considerable importance in this (!ouucction, and goes far to demonstrate beyond doubt th.at there is I)otli intermingling and interhreedijig between the seals frequenting the PribyloiV I.slands and (hose l'rc([Uenting the Commander Islands, as the following extract will show. "William C. 13. Stjini]), the head of a fur house established seventy years, and a m.'iii with tliirly years' experience in the fnr-scal l)U>-iness, states as follows: — ■ 111 iii\ upiiiiiiii llicii' i.s Mil ab.-iijhUo liiH' III' ilcinaiv.iliuii Appendix, viil. li, lirlucrii ihc CiipiiiT Ulaiiil MJiiiis anil .Vla^kas, ami in p.24.'!. int-| frtilij; till' i-iiiisij;iiliii'ilts liiaili' i;u-|i Veal I'li'lii llii' rriliylull' [.•-lanils llniiui;li Jlrssix. IjinilMuli ami Cn., I \\.i\v t'liuinl a ii'il.iiii pirnilitaj;i' iit' skills, wliifli wnv rac-^ilnili- III' t'lijiiiiT IslumI skins, ami in llic salin' wa\ in iii,^pcclinj,' riiii>i'_'iiini'iils 111' Cipppi'i- Island skins. I liaxr smi skins wliii li, li,iil I sri'ii tlii'iil i'l-:i'\vlirir, I -li-iiilil li.i\i' cl.isscil as .Maskas, ami afsu;, ii'ihiiii nuniliri ni iIh' intn im'iliali' (Irjjrii's 111' siniilaiily," 'I'liis evidence is corroborated by I weniy-nine of the principal dealers in fur of the world ; ami one of tbein, Mr. Henry Poland, who, besides being a member of a fur bouse established 108 years, is a uatiu'alist, and the author of a work on " Pui bc[iring .\i\i'uals, ' makes the following stalc' nicul : — ' flial, ill llir cliirclcia IS I li ur iilisrlAril lii-Uvcc'ii liu' Ibid,, p. S.'iUj jMiiska ami Cuppi/r Island seals, liiere aie Hut Uiu ubglilcsL The evidence cil' lur-dcideis lun- elu.siveiy pnives iiilormiiigliiij; nl seals 111' liutli sides uf the I'aeifie. Ami I'Voii iiiilii'at<'S ils iiniowiil. " Mniid Lifo," Wallace, ISOO, pp, 5S, CO. rrofcsMjr Alliii Ikim'.-- iir;_:iiini'nt in sn]iiii)rl 111' I'liili'd Sliiti's' rdiiti'ii- lioii-i III! I'vidi'iK'c (if I'lU'-dculi'i's. 131 ,'tMiiii.ls wliiih wniiM Ii'iiil iiiir lo infer iliat llicy v.i'iv ;i lislillrl -.I'ccii's, llii- ,,ili:ili..iis .pI' iliiiule. I'l.nil. .V''.. v,.m|,l !'■, ii! iny ii]iiiiiMn, :-uitirii'iit in .k nnl U'V lin- .lilli r.'iircs [ ll.lM' lllClll innrd. H smviiil: llllS, I spl ii'hU I'lTni till- lii'iiit "l' ^ i''\v "f ii Nalnialisi 'I' n|>MIIOII til. II ll well ii-. liMin 1 llhit I'l' a iiii'ivliaut. and I am l' llie I'lilivl.ilV Islands innsL iifliii niiLrralr I" llir (jpiniiiaiidrr Islands, and (('.' rir.A. A seal wiiuld s 1 Idsc llic dilii-ivnies in tin- i-lian'.;i'(l suniiiindin;4S,'' Niiii- (if !li(' fur itici'cdiaiit'^ ix'wv (stiinatcs id' tlw; uumlicr III' seals ol' cacli class fniiiKl ninnir^ ts oi' the otlicr class, and slate that coiisinniiieii this ainouiit varies IVoin :.'0 to 10 jiei' cent Thus, llie (existence 111' a slicrht avera'4 rence rcediiaii/iM 1 hv f lu'-dealers iii ill'. their elassiiic; (inn III' slvins, may he eniplnyed as the means of shii'viiiL,Mhe existence, and In a certain exlent even tlie anmnnt, nl' tin; intei'miiiL^linLr. It is, moreover, quite in accordance with the kuowr I'acis id' 1,'eoii'i'apliical distrihutioii to lliiil, ni diirei-ent ]inr1ioMs ol' the ranue ni' the saiiii! animal, :\ ])re])onderance id' individuals ten lini^ toward some dilTerence in sj/c, colour, ni' ether (diaiaeters, wliieh do not heeonie ahscilutely neculiar to the district, or constant, unless in tho ^cnt of tlie creation of some iin]iassanle narner. ill rur'iher support ol' the theory now en- deavoured to he upheld hv (he I'liited States, aeenrdiii!;' to which there are entirely distinct seal " lierds " resortiie.;' respect i\ely to the PrihylolV and ('oniniander Islands, and never cenuiiiiii.;'liiii^' to tiie slin-hlest extent, l'rores>i)r .T.A.Allen (as alri'ady mentioned "i is also hroiiulit I'orwaril. In his Iveport specially prepared in rt ol' the ('as ll' the rnited States, h. writ! I'liiti'il Stiiti's' Til"'!', A]iiiLMiiii^ viil. i, p. 40G. A- yt, r\|irrl ,di-ls liavr !■■ dilc l" iiiaki dievi c.iinliansuii nl' ih.' lun animals [...., tlie Inr-swds ivs.iriiiij^ t(i llie twii ymni's ul' islands], lull llie dilli'ii iici'S alli'.i;ed hy fiinii'is as distiii;j;nishing tin' ri'|iri'srntaUvrs nf ihe t\Mi hrids |..iinl In tliidr hi'iiig sfpaialile as suli-siit'idcs, ill iitlar words, as \v.dl-iiiai\rd vcneraiiliii.' pliasi's, and lluis lieoessiuilv distinct in lad'il.il ami miei'atiiiii." rriil'essor Allen does not sjieak I'roni personal knouleilu'c, even of the kind jiosxihlc I'min til;) 'xaimntdioii i if salted skins, lull is iruided hv the- (Miiniiiercial classilical ion of the skins li\ furriers, of wliiidi the nature and scope has already heeii pointed out. lie has not expressed any similar [iW] il ] :VJ <)]iiiiiiiii ill pi'rvioiis scicutiiic \vritini;'s on tlw I'lir- si'ul iiiid ils coiiiiciicrs. On tliis (iccasioii, how- ever (;ni(l it is this ]);issiii^(; whicli is iiu'or[ioi"it('(l Avitii the disc of till- United Stiites), he writijs riiriher ;is lollnus : — " Till' (■|p|iiiMiiiiil''V I'ljiiiU Ill-Ill is i>\ iili'iitly iii>liiiil mill Uiiilcd States' s.'li:initi. I'liilii till' riil.ilnr Ihlilliils luMil. T.i Miplin-.' llial L'ase, p. 06. till' twii liuiils iiiiiiuli-. ami thai llii: saiiii' aiiiiiial may at iiiir liiiir In- a iiii'iiilii'i- 111 nil'' lii'iil alul al aih:llir|- liiiii' of till- utiii'. is iiiiitiaiy in wiial i> kiinwii (A tin- liaMN «( liiiu'l'ai': ; M"'Mials ill i^iMii'la!. " It US anpear ilui t I'n A! eiiiliMvoiiis to feini'ofee ilfijuntents dei'iveil I'l'mii till' li'ade elassiliciitioii of skins liv an tipiieal fo a cerlai'i so-caUed estiihlishril iitini'i|)lr oi' \alaral llistni'v. 15nt elscu iii'i'i' in the |ii'evii)iis seienliiic "wi'itin^s of the same autlior, ani|i]e cvideiiei* is loniid that tlie |ii'iiiei]iies w'nieh lie seeks now to a])|)ly so viuofniisly lo the I'ltf-seal ol' the Xortii i'aeilic, did not |ii'event liiiii I'rmii sii|)|ii>siiin' that this animal 1fei|iieuted the coast ol' Calironiia lof In'ccdiiiu' |iitr])oscs, as well as the i^l'iliylolV Islands. In like ;' ■iiinet' he dues not seek, oven in the special arliele annexed to the (.'aseof the United Slates, to iifove that the walfiis, the liarliiiiir-seal, of the sea-lion rt'eiiuentinn' o|i]iosito sides )!' Hehfin:;' St>a do not iiili nor does the a|i])lieation of tiny such iifineiph lead litm to deiiv that Steller's sea-l 11)11 ei|iiaU\ I'esiii'ts to iicliriiit;' Sea and the coast of ('alir.inii'i, thei'c ovei'la[)|iim4' the i'am:e ol' a totiiUy distinct both pi,! species ol sc;i-li(iii: ami lirceiiiim- in as ui'U as on iiilenui'dialc slalimis of a si:itahle ehaiac'ei'. 'This is, houcvei', a well-known fact. whieli may he vcrilied hy feference to -Vllcn's _Moli;i;i'apll. Tl:.' I iiileil States" ('oinmiss loiiei's ai'e also rel; ri'i'il to on tins j rniled Sillies. 'I'liev Wl'ite : — is iioini ill the Case ol' ill Mr cmli'iivinirs le sup inlt lllis li' appeal to •;i'iii'ial iiro]iositiiiii: lUlt di.irs not riPiisisti'Ully apiily tlir.-i' ill other I iisi's. Till' I'liili'il Stall's' ('"iiiiiii^-iiiiii'is liki'Wisi' aililiii'i' llii'iui'tioal av^ii- llli'lllS. Ill till' Vl'Sllll III' |ll "'rii.' I'iii--.'als 111 till' I'liliiliil l-laiais iln iint liii\ willi llinsi' III till' I 'iiniiiiainli'i anil Kinilr Islainl- al any liiiir III' till' yi'ar In sumiiirr tin' Iwn lnail- irniain ciiliii'lv clisliinl. si'|iaralri| liy a walrr inlrrval ut '■I'ViTal Iiiiii'Ih'iI mill's; ainl in lln'ir winlii' ini'.'ial inns llmsi' rnim ilic I'riliilii"' Ulamls I'.ill.iu ihi' Ami'iiran (nasi in a mhiIIi- I'iistcily iliii'i liiiii. wliili' tlmsi' t'riiiii tlii' < ■nmmainli'i' ami Kiii'ili' Islands t'ulliiw tin' Silu'ijaii ami .lapaii niasls in a siMilli-wi'stcily ilin'rtiiiii, tin' two lii'iils liriii;^' si'|iai'at('il ia wiriti'i'liv a wali'f intrnal III' -I'M'ial (lioiisaml niili'S. Tlii-i ri'^iilaiilv in lln' niMViamnls i,r i|],, difli'ii'iit In'nls is in laiii,. |i, yc. Ibid., ii)!. a23, 3-J4 133 CliuniftiT iif a "law" of N.iUu.i History. AllscMCl' III' s]ii'l.ilic llillrll'lICi' shiiWS luli'i'iiiiii'^IIii.:. ' 'iwinictcT (if Idi'al ilillri.iii r- r.iuml in all animal'^. " is). nil) I,ill'," \V.illuci\ isyil, p. (il). " Anir'.i'.l C'i)liM-a- tioii, ' Di-ildarii, l.s:>'.>,|ili I.'), I. ',-),'- obudiuiici' (o tlic wrll-kiiiiwM law llial inii/nilui-if ftai^nuls folloir i/cjiiiilf /yii/is ill inli/riiliiiii. mul rrtiirn //./(r ;.,■ year to I hi: srniir ]il(icc to lircol.* WiMv il iii.t for lliis law there wiiiilil Iii,^ III! .sutli lliiiiu: a^ slaliility of sjn'cius, fur iiitcrlirrnliii;! ami cxisteiicc, nmlcT iliviTs.i pliy.-iiu.uraiiliii- coiulilimi^ wiailil ilrslmy all --in'iilic iliaiarliT-i." Tlu' CotiunissioiuM's tli(Mi n^tiiu rclVr lor jirnfiT to tlu; tividc (liirt'rciiL'i's made in classing and st'lliiii,' flic skins. It will lie noticed that in Uiis (;asc, as in that of J'rorcssof Allen, no jicrsonal knowlcdifc is claimed, and it is indeed known that the United States' Commissioners never visited the Com- iiiander fslands. Neither arc any authorities quoted, Avitli tlu; exception ol' the i^eneral allusion above made to the furriers' classillcation of skins. 'J'h(> whole statement is, in fact, a mere assertion, whi(di it is endeavoured to suiipcrt hy rererence chiclly to a ' well-known law" of natural history. 'I'lie "laws" of natural history in reality cm- body merely the purport of tlu- majority of the facts r)hserved. J'urthcr (jhs(>rv;itions may result in the essential modirujatiou of such laws, which, while it is admissihi(! to n-fcr to them by way of analoL'V, cannot be em])loyed as destructive (jf obsei vat ions of fact. 'I'iie existence of some reconnizcd dilfereuce between the seals freqiicnt- in^' the two sides of tiie North Pacific, mi^^ht bo sui'h as to justify a reference to the law here Sj)oken of by way of explanation. ]}ut it may he l)oinled out that there is here no ditVerence of a s])ecilic kind reciuirini^' expl.anation, nor evim any proven constant varii'tal dilferenccs; and that the very absence of such spcciru- dilfereuce, in aecord- an:'e with the law invoked, ^-oes far in itsell' to prove that intermin^'liiiLr and interbreediui;' has been at h-ast suHiciently constant to prevent any such siiecilic diversity from arising', in other \\i)i-(N, the natural eiinse(|uences result ini^ I'rom separation ari- not observed. Thai local dilferenccs in animals of the same kind occur in consei|Uenee of diversity in (diniate, food, and the etnironment generally, is well knowr, : and Ibis h;is alr(>ady l)eeu shown to be the case in the matter |)articularly of the skins of certain fur-bearinn' animals. Such changes, more- over, often result in a short time, ever, in the life- time of an individual or durinn' a simple chani^c of coat; but that in ordinary cab, they can hi' depended on as a means of dislint,niishing * The iialks arc in the original. 134, animals liclonu'iiiL;' 'o localitius wliicli aiviiot only separated l)_v no iiupassaljlc barviciN, but arc situated witliiii an area of wliieli all parts arc erpially favourable to its existence, is entirely denied. 'I'lu; liii,^ldy teehnii'al eliaraeter ol' I lie aru'ii- ments used liy the jirineipal autliorities (pioted in supj)()rt of the contention oi: the United Stales as (o tile ri^id si'iarafion ol' I lie seals IVeipientiui^ the I'l'ilivloll' and Coiniiiander Islands respccti\ily info (wo " in;'iils," would necessitate, i'or their discussion in detail, a rel'erenct! to so niai\y authorities, and to so largo a body of literature, as to render sucii discussion [uit(> inappropriate in this Counter-Case. They appeal to such laws as those of the distriliution of allied species in .separate' areas, and those of animal migration, rather than to the facts in respect to tlu.' fur-seals which are here more dii'cctly in point. It is, hoMcver, perfectly obvious, under any hypothesis, that the fur-seals of the two groups of islands (between Avhicli it is now attempted to no h.arrier whatever, either of land, or such as might .arise from the tem|(erature of the water or of ihe air, to rendei' it didieult for seals from one of these groups of islands to reach the other grou[) ; but, on the contrary, all the circuir.stanecs are such as to alford the greatest facility for such inter- conununieation by mai'ine animals. 'I'hei'c is therefore no assignable reason, cither of a prao tical or of a tiieoretieal kind, why such inter- communication as piiisl at one lime have existi-d should havi; ceased to-day. But if is umu?cessary to ridy upon abstract prinei])les. or on the more or less v.alid deduc- tions from these, to whicdi an ap[)eal is ehielly made on the point here inider discussion in the Case of the United .Slates. It is of course (piile inipossihle to follow out IIk; courses of individual seals at sea; but in addition to the opinions quoted on a jircA ions ])age, from jiersons more or less familiar with seal life in the Nen'tli raeilie, a considerable body ol evidence res])(;etini;- the Kiir-s, .lis uf tlic Nortli I'acilic iiri.u'i- iiiilly from :i cnininoii source. No rt'iisoii can tir ;i-si;^iicc| I'dv iiilrr- nintioii of conniuuiiciilioii. I5r> Evidfiicu tiuoled in the Case ol' tin- United Sliiles Ls ainiii' Mifliniuiit. In kIiow that iiiterniiuglinL; iniisl uccur. fiiitccl Stall's' t'iise, |). 97. Ihid., Appondij, vol, i, |), 40C. Ibi'l., AppciicIU, vol. ii, p. 'ilS. Ni'L'alivc L'vidfiicc |iiovu.- iHithni;.^. Cnited States" Ciisi>, pp. 9G, 97, .'iiiil A|>pi'iidix, vol. ii. niiitcd Sl.iti's' C;ist', Appendix, vol. ii, pp. L'O.'), a07, -Jld. Statciiiciil^ l\v llir l'irili>li I ■niniiii.s- Hitinpr.s IVom in\rslii;aliiiii^ in IM'.U. actiml (lislriljutioii of tlie fur-seal at scti 1ms nu\v been C(jlleftcd. Thus, ('vcn in tli(> Caso of the I'liitctl States, it Is stated only that "between i)arallels [sic] 171"^ west and 175° east seals are ncldom seen ; " oc, in other words, that seals arc seldom seen in the vicinity oi a middle part of the length of the Aleutian chain, about \-H) miles in length. Takini;' into eonsideration the pelai^ic habits of the seal, the vast extent of its range throughout the i'aeitie, and the faet that it often wanders far in pursuit of food fishes while at sea, the statement thus made, even if established, would only go a very small way towards proving the absence of intermingling in tliis particular region. As a matter of faet, the statement is erroneous. Ii! the evidence quoted by the United States on Ibis point, it is elsewhere shown that seals which are supposed to beh)ng to the Commander Islands have been noticed in the same region to a point 30 miles cast of the Scniiehi Islands, in the Aleuiiau chain; while others mpposecl to belong to the I'ribyloff Islands have been similarly observed at Amehitka Island, the distance intervening being only about ItO miles; which, in the case of an animal constituted as the seal is, may be regarded as ])ractically obliterating the gap in distribution itjjon which it is endeavoured to insist in the Case of (he United States. !^[ost of the evidence quoted in the Tnited States' Case on this subject is purely negative in character. 1)(>ing to the elVect that certain individuals did not sec liir-seals when making voyages along the Aleutian Islands, or between San I'rancisco and Unalaska. As the witnesses cited were not looking for seals, and are thererore scarcely likely to have observed or noted them ludess in large numbers, their evidence; can be considered as of but liMIe real value; though some of the seamen exj)i'i'ss tlie opinion that the seals from the two sides of the I'aeilie do not mingle. 'I'he evidence of some natives is also offered, but it will be foiiiid on examination to be of a vague and indefinite character, and when the language in which the declarations are exjjresscd is scrutinized, it is dilVicult to belie\(' that thev are a correct reproduction of the (>xpressions used. A discussion of (lie ascertained facts relatinj: to the disti'ibutiun ul' the fur-soal at sea, and [110] 2 N 136 on tlio I'ommiuijlin!,' oi' tltosc of tlic two sides of the North Paciric, will be fouiul in tli(> llcport British Commis- of tlio Hritisli CommissioiuM's, wlio personally 'i7"'2oaS, invostigatod tlicsc matters by {'rui/.injj; uloni,' the ■'SI. 457. whole cliain of the Aleutian fslands and visiting the Coniniander Islands. The result of their inouiries is shown in the '!''''■', P'"';'''''"'',,, ' Nos, 11, lll,iiii(i IV. Jlaps aeeompanyini^ I hen- lleporl, and tln^y Avrite : — '•Till' loiiiiiiirativi' |ir.-)\iMiity d tlic liioiiliiij,'-i.slaiKl3 Ibid , para. 27. fiVi|Ui'iile(l liy tli(! si'iils iiiTtiiiniii;4 In tlicsi' twn migration trai.-ts ilnriii^ tlie sinmiicr iiisuns a icitiiiii iiitorri'latinii ami iiilriuliaiij,'e nl'scaN lu'twcni tli^ two j;r(ai]is. to an extent lint fully known, ami wliicli dcailitless varies imicli ill ilifluiriit years." "Wliih" expressing themselves a.s unable to observe any general dillVi'ence as between the appearance of the seals seen by them on the two groups i)f l)reeding-islan(ls, th(>y quote evidence to show that some such slight difl'erence, whatever its cause, probably docs exist, and add : — "Till; aiai.iiiit nl' ilitciviiiiiicctinn lictwcni the two Ibid., para. 456. i^nmijs is ilciilitluss, liowcviT. snllieieiii to pivveiii any vc'iy slril I licm is atl'onlcil liy a eiinipurison el' the liiaeiaius eNe- No. V, wlieri' 1,'iveii. ami reinesentine the niiiiilier of M'als UiUeil each year on the two gidilps of i-lail^ls. ''".loii'^li alfeeti'il liy otliei' causes as well. Ihi^ iiuiuln r may lii' lakeii in n Very neiii'ral way as a leeovil of the slate of the rookeries as a whole, anil the eorrospondenie of the lines in the two diagrams is tlins si,i;iiilieanl of e.iiim'elion or ..I' eo- oiierating causes." Since llie date of the Keport of the British Commissioners, inform.'itiini obtained from ])elagic sealers and seamen cnuauvd in navigtiting in xarions ])arts of the Nnrtli I'acitlc has residted in the aeeinnnl.-ilioii of an I'verwhelminii' ainount, of eviilenee sn])])orting the jxisition that no consliint se]iaratiiin exists between the seals fre- quenting the two sides of this ocean. ^fnny of the sealing-vesscls witliiii. the last few years, have sailed through Itehring Se;i from the vicinity of I lie Prihyjoff Islands to that of the Coiv.mander Islands, on the Asiatic side, during the si'ininer months. Their evidence is, that on ( nm lu.-i\e In.,, I e>i,lem Interniiii'/liiiL,' lioih lo the iinilh ami .south of the Aleutian Islamls. l.'iT Aiipendix, vol. ii, V[>. 23-27. sueli voyagi's somIs i:;iv(; Ijccii iibsci'vcd on cvci'V line (l;iy (liti'inj,' tin; jjassai^P. It wmilil lie ina|)[)r()j)riaf(' to iiifludc these statements at leiiytli ill tliis place, and rereronce is therel'in'e inado to the Ajipeiidix, wliove the statements ol' iio less tiiau 57 hunters and seamen will ho found wlio give evidence njion the point. Furthei', during the sununer, and generally in fluly, a certain number of sealers have crossed from tlie American to the Asiatic side, to the southward of the Ahnitian chain, particularly in li^'J2, when the modus vkondi then in foreo deterred sealers from sailing tlirough J5(diriiig S5(!a. Similar ohservat ions proving tlie presence of seals in all longitudes to the south of the Aleutian fslands are recorded bv a number of these men. whose evidence will also hi 111 till Ibid , pp. 27, 2s Apju'iulix. Keference may also be made to the Ibiil, p. 208. log of the "Triumjih" in this connection, wliere the seals actually killed each day on the way westward are noted. :\ra 'y )f fi ic sealers wlio hav(! fre([nented the Asiatic side of the Pacilic, and partiiMilarly the region in the vicinity and to the south of the Commander Islands, returned in the autumn to the ea.stward, shaping a course parallel to, but south of, the Aleutian Islands, while others made! a dircH't course to Victoria or to San rrancisi'o. These witnesses al state that seals wen bv them all the wav a( '!)ss the ocean (n each of tl le ahove courses. heir evidence wi II bi' lud liitcrmiii! 'M'A iiUllli Iliid. l.ilili pp 27-29. 11 A ppei Information has I'urther been obt; lined sliowing tl le la titiide of nils are found verv riae since that during the winter month the Sandwich Islands, Ii lyidely distributed in the racific. This would a]i|)c-ar to indicate that, at this season, a consider- able nuiiib(n' of the fur-seals eonu'regate in the vicinity of iiaiiks and i^hiitds in that ceiilral part of the I'aeitie, in ad'lilion to the greater numbers round during the same season along the J?riti>h C'olunibian and .Japanese coasts. In respect to these seals it is impossible to s:iy whether they iniiieipally resort to the rribylolV, C lande Kiii'ile, or l!(/bl'en Islands dm the season of jii'Dcrealioii. Ibid., pp. 2S-27 Ibid., Tl le evidence on this iioinl wi found in the Ap| leiuli.K. A f e\v (leuret s north of the latitude ji to seals were seen bv W; PS311, wlio sa.vs : — ];i8 " I have cros-icil fniui Sun l-'iMiujisucj lu VukuhiUiia iiiaiiv (iiiic's, unci have tiikcii iiiiiiiy iliU'crciil cciiii--i.'.-. In I'liirsc.-; iiiiidi' I'roni ISri' til 4-"'' Iiavr svuii wu\< uti'iMiil uii cvi-rv day all till' way airm-i in .l.iMiiary, Fclirnaiy. ami Maivli." Ca])tniii Adolplic Cavlsoii states tluit lie crossed AppDinlix, vol I'l'diii Yokoliaiua to Sail Fraiieiseo in tlie luail- sleaiiicr "(iailie," makini; a ('(iiirse l.'j" north. p. 128. and lis luiirc or less cvcrv ( lav th nioiitli ol' ,)amiar\. lie I'etiirucd in tlic lieirin >\' l''(diniai' V on a eoiii'se :5() rtli a!,Miii saw seals tiliiiost daily diirinu; tin vovatte. Mr. J. .Al. A[ae 1S92, was shown the track ol' th' sealiiin'-sch tin, wliilc ill Victoria in .rune ibid., vol. i, p. 136. a chart on which was marked .M: 'Pay I lieeii sei yior, it to look I'or t'ur-seals north which had of the Siiiiduich Islands. Jler captain rejiorted that in Xo\cinber and Ueceinher 181)1, he had seen .seals J'oi' six weeks Iietwecu latitude 30 and 40° north, and in about the longitude of the Sandwich Islands, liiit that the weather had been too roiii^li to licniiit ol' a boat beiii^' lowered. Captain AVilliani (Jrant, (|Uotiii!.; from his diary, Ibid, vol. li, p. 112 says that on the 3i'd IJcceinber, 1890, when on the steam-.sliiji " Tartliia," iu latitude -l^" 2!)' north, longitude 157" 3")' east, large schools of seals were i'or sc'veral hours seen I'roni the .ship. They were lieadiiig for the sou ill. "When captain of the barque '■ (ieorge '' he had on three different trips seen seals at about the same place. Caiitaiii .Mtir.shall, of the mail stcani--! Kiiipri India,' vovaares between Voko- "i' Ibid., p. 214. hail 1 VaiH.'ouver, rejiorts having seci n-cat numbers of fur-seals in latitude 40' 41' north, longitude 143'" to 145" west, on the iHtli April, ]S!)2 ; and amiin same vear, lietweei the 19th L'dthMav in thi 1 latitude^ ."I^ and lO" north nl lon^'ifiides 1 tO and l(i!) east. Still I'lirllier, in coniuK'tion wi th the subject of intermingling of fur-seals Iroiii the two sides ol the North I'aeilic, .Mr. A. (". IVilger "ives tl Int I'lliiini;!!!!',' uuai fhiin: ■■li.ut. le following statement respecting' the occasional pre.M'iicc of fur-seals in the vieinily of Uehring Stiait, in respect to which it is impossible to decide whether they have arrived there from the eastern or western pari of Hchring Si'a. Mr. I'olirer savs :— " 1 liavi! .«ri;ii Kskimii wearing rlutlu-s made of liir-.scal Ibid., p. 90. .vjun^ wlion iKii'lli of radiiiiii:; .'Stniil^ whin liadiii'' tlicre, Uiiiforinity ui mip;i'iilioii routes mily l.ruo in ;i ;,'eucral way. llnitcii States' Cane, p. 29G. United Slates' Case, Appendix, vol. i, p. 406. Uritisli Commis- sioners' lleport, pani<. ?G, 209. Seals iniha'iiced liy localily of fish food supply. 139 mill f onrc saw a fm-scal lassuuil when north of Ki^t Cap! ; ami cjii (he saiiii- cniizr the cMptaiii in my prf^fiicu Mini a lui— *ual IVnlil the ili'ik nf thl> \c->cl. a hnat Was liiwcnMl, and ihi^ Mial was g.it. The mate also sliol them, f don't know whole thi;su ^oal-i tame from, Imt am siirn that llicy wori' fur-^i'al-. I lia\c knouii liir--i'al- I'or nearly tweiitv years " or llic rcniaiiiiiii;' allegations made in liils coniioction in tlio Ca-^c ol' tiic ['iiited States, and I'fcited a1 tlie l)egilnlill^• oi' this chaijloi', .soiiio ave subsidiary to Die ifeiiei'al contentious dealt witii above, wliiie others arc treated at i^rcater Icnotii in subseqnent liaises. It may hen' ho added, however, that tin; statement — 'tliat il~ [till' fiu'-si-al'sl cniiis,. when ahsunt fn thi ids is aniforni and contined prinei)ially in tlie walers n(l|iirenl In the eoi ■t (if the r State- iliiel I ('an (inlv he adniilted with coiisidei'- ahle inodiliealions. As a genera' projiosition, the iitiirormity of I he migration rentes of the I'tir-scal is not ([Uv'stioned, hut the actual routes tollowed hy the seals at sea are largely inllneneed hv the ahundancr food (islics, amongst which the herring a])j)eai's to be one of tlu- most important, and a rel'ereuci.- to any of the piLblishiHl records of herrinii- miirrations will sli 1l< erratic and apparently inexplicable these ol'tei Winter home of the fur-se.d is adjacent; to the coast of I'.ritish Colundiia. British Coniini;,- siorars' Ueport. p.irns. '27. '.'S, lyj, unl Map No. II. United States' Case, p, '296. 'I'iic ' fiisf, |i, S',1 — "The I'rihildf I"lnnil« .'in' tlw hniiio of the Aliiskiin fur-X'ftl (('(iHiirhiniix iirsi'iiiis), Tliry avi' peculiarly iiJaplod by i('a>^ inlcnth'd to designate all fur-seaN found in the eastei-u [jart of the North Pacific. \\'hilc it is ailmitted that tlie me.iler part of these -eals are now born upon the Pribylofl' Islands, it is shov\n that seals formerly rcsiirted to various places on the west coast nf North .America, and elsewhere, (or the pur]io of the fur-seal ut llio breedii.!; season. Sl.nilar cliniatie and pliysiea lealure. are tc. ' Ik- foinid in n.any iitlier iilaces in tlie -NcntU I'licific. The Hlalenient tl.at tlie fur-e.,U nn-lit remain in tl.e vicii.ily of the IVibvUilf Islands ilncu-liuat the year if the "inter wore less iisuions, is uiiimi.ortant ; f"r their slay is admitted, uii'ler the actual circmnstanees, to be im- possible. The ex|,.r>sion "home" or '-sole borne,'' ..s applii'd in tlie l'„«e of the United Stales to the I'ribyloll Islands m eouaeelion with tlie fui-seah found in the eastern part of the P.ieitie, even on tiie assumjitiiin tlial all are born there, is ioadmissihle. A iiii:,'ratory animal eannot be said to be 'Mt lionie," only whin in its Ineedin- iuva. I lie home of anv sjieeies is tiie aiea over .vliieli il liahitnally live" Animals iiiav have winter as well as siiinmer homes, a- stated by hr. Merriam and other naturalists. The prineipal ■'«i,i!er home" of the fm-eals of the . nstern n.irt of ihe Noitli I'aeilie, is that part ol the ^ea lyiiij; (.11 the eoast of llritish Columbia; and there enormous niianlilie- of food ri>hes. which would otlierwisc be availabl.' for the support of the inhabitants are con- sumed bv the seals ; whieh even enter the inner waters aloii- tiie' coast and prey upon the food Kshes there. Ion Some of llio assertions aliovc forintiltitc(l liave ah'iwly 1);'iMi in ]);irt dcall Nvitli, bein^^ to a certain extent involved in oliicr contentions l)roui;lit (•(.rward in tlic [Jiiited Slates' Case in regard to seal life. It has lieen shown that the term " -Vlaskan seat lii'nl,"as eni])loyed iit the Case ol" the United Stales, is intended !o denote all the I'ur-seals found in till- eastern jiart of the North I'aei tie. Most of Eiiimt, Census these seals are doubtless liorn niion the PriliylolV Report, p. 41. 11 , •' MonoErraph of r-lands, anil the youiio- remain on and ahoiil x^Hh Amrriean thi'M" islands till sucli time as ilieir size ami Pinnipeds," p. :!S7. stieauil, enables then, to ,,ernianently assuiee ^;;|^;,^;;- jl;"""'- tlieir natural ]iela-ie habits. After leaving' ihe Parti, p. 105. islands, they appear to remain entirely at sea till ;;;;j°X^-;, at least the middle uf duly in the iu'\t yi;ar. rinnipeds," p. "si; In regard tn the fur-seals of the Southern llemi- Uniied Plates' C'.-iie, Apiu'iidix. sphere the yoiiiiL: anin als never ai;am eonie on vol. i. pn. li'i;, a;;, shor.' duriiii; the lir-i year of their lives, and there i- iimeh reason In believe that similar einaonstanees olitain in the Nortli L'aeiHe. 'I'liiis, liryant says of the youn;.;; females : — ■■ Al Ibis slaiio IJM'V [the female I'll]..-] lea\o llie i.slilid f.il ihe wililei, and \(iy lew a|ipear n. leluiii \" llie island mil il diey are three years cdd. II i.- .idmittcd Uuit the largei nmiibei- (if ;lio I'lU-sciils el" the ca.steiii part of IliP Noitli raeifie resort to lln' Priliyloff Ishmds to bieed. '■ .\Ioiio].:raph of North Ameriean Pinnipeds,'' pp. 401, 40i!. In the United States' Case many authorities are cited with the object of provin"' that the 1)11 th of the iur-beal at sea is im]iossible. 'I'lie IJritisb Commissioners repiu't practically in necordanet! with ihis view, or to the elfcet that S 143 I'dnncily lucil il otliur iiliups nloiii; XoiUi-wcsl eoa>t, ami ))iobMli!y i^till ilii so. such l)irtli, if possihio, is so iiirvociueiit ;is to !)e of no jivactical iiiipoitaiicc ; Miom,'li llio fact that tlie S('a-ott(-'r hriiiiis I'orth its yoinicjc "'^ massos oi' floatini; kelp sluiw.s it to lie not iiii])ossihlo that tlic fiir-scal may at times also do so. In ri'yarcl to tli(> bivth of riir--i'als at otlici' ])lac('s ;iI(iiil;' tin- Aiiii'i-icaii co.'isi besides the Prihyloll' Islands, tlu^ I'li'ilisli Cominissidnei'S; liowe\ cr, write as follows : lirliish Coiiiniis- sioiicrs' llt'port, piiia. •147. " Il is i'\iiiciil lliat many yrais hmh a cipnsiili.ralilf iiuiiiliiT ■'!' I'lii-srals lii'il ill various plai-rs aluii^ tin; \Mport. It is Inrther poinled oiil b\ the Urilish (.'om- 1""'' missioiiers that, I veil apart iVom the asci'rtaiucd lacls-- " it woiilil lu'iiiliiiissililc to in-i'ilii'ati' lli caNii.nal Iiirlli n! yiMlli^' iilnil^' llli' wIiiiU' oai'lit III' ( si lin|iii:;lcil liy tile riir-sciii. I| is fiiitlii'r Iiiiniu mil by llir arliial twisli'iici' of hi'i'i'iIiiiL,' I'liiiki'iios .sitiiati'il almii; nr near In tlio iiii'^i-.i- [IKJ] ■> l> 144 ti.iii ...uti' of ill,' lur—-'al nii tlic woslvni ^idc ol' tlic I^irit'ic, 1.11 til.' Kuril.' lsl;niils aihl nii IJ.ililn-ii IsIhihI." These I'acts ^ii.-iiticularly \vli(>ii taken in coii- neetiiiii with tlni'. ith the Inr-seals. .Iiidi,'e Swan, after reeordini;' various observations made by hiui, writes : - ■ l! M'lMii.-i us ]iiviii;roiis, to my niiiiil. ti) sm|i|iiiso that all lla- Kiir-Scals nl' the Xcivtli I'ai'ilie ,\'" In llu: rriliylov l-laii'ls. as 111 >illi|invi' tiiai -'ll tlii' salmon go In llie Cnhuiil'ia anil Kra-rf'.-. Kivcr or In tlio Villain." Conunenting' on Jiidi;'e Swar's slatemei\ls, and additional f:ietsaihlneed by Professor I). S.. Ionian, the well-known i(dithyol.iL,ist, I'rol'essor Allen himself ufites: — ■ ■riiL'^t oiisrrvalinii.- a \\oil<. Tli.'v sr.'iii in >liow that al li'ast a cCMlain nii-nlHi' nl' Iih-mmN i.pair In mtIuiIciI |ilarus sniU'il to 1 leir ihumIs as i'ai- south as llic latitudo of I'apu VhUtcry, to hriii.u; forth tlioir young." {•Aideuue ;i])|ieiided to the I'nited Slates' ', 'ase ri,;tt.il Si:.tf»' Is suirieient to show that fur-seals are found in 'J'l^Vi/pp'ni'll-'lso, the vieiiiity of Cape {''lattery, not only in the winter aiul sprinn', but also in smaller numbers diirinu' tlie nreater jiart oi ihe summer. N>'arly all tin- -Makah Indians of Cap(> Mattery stal<' that seals are obs(>rV(;d there till .litly. Further evidence to the same elfeel is eonttiiiied in the .'iliiii'ndiA to this ('ountei-('as( , and is siieli us lo .AnpiMiilIx, vol. ii, . in) *'7 '*'J show that I'ur-seals are found to the south of th" "' ' Aleutiiin Islands duriie^' .Inly. Atinaisl, and Sep- tember; while Indians slate thiit they ;ire lobe seen olV the cotist of Viiueouver Island till lite sumiuer. Sic. 145 Hritipli ('{Jiiililis •^iontTs' J{('|if>rt jifiras. £(J-nO, pp. BK 3"). S()l)l(> IViCls --llowjlLi' till' vi'sdi'i (if l'in--S(': N (() ni'W ])!;k'i,'s anil iiirir atli'iiiiils to funii wrw viiokiTii's arc qiioli'd in tlir l!i'|ior! of tlw Ji-iti^li ('nniiiiissii)ii('rs. i'linliii' inli'ivNliii"; p-iiliriil.-lrs rc'latiiig lo tlic cstahlisliin ■()!' iirw niolu'rii s have .'••iiicc l)ci'iiol)faiiiciI. 'riirsc rrfciMo Mo.isliir, AppoDilix, vol. ii, l':ik'ikai, Slii-i'ilni)i. and Ki'tny TsImimIs of tin; Kiii-ilo (h'liu]); liitlcni llncks nil' llic ii.iUli- wcsl coa-t ol' Xipnn fslaiiil ami Si. lima !-';;iiil, ill llir Sia 111' Okliotsk. Tlio ))artit!ular local iiy in wliirli (lii> -ral- may b'> bcg'oftcii, tiiniii^Ii ini|)ia'taiic(' scums ti l)o aUaciicd (o this in the Case ol' tlic Uiiitcrl Slates, docs not aiipcar ;•» In- one ol' any s|ieeial interest. ill connection Avitli a claim to "' propeiiy " in si.'als as siicli. The statements made on the ]i:nt oi' the rnited States in this mat I.t appear to lii^ prompted by a disinclination to admit that any fiinclioii neccs.sary to the existence or iiropaii'a- ('Miii.,11 I'leijii. iiil\- |„aloiiiu-l III. .^eii. (ion of tile i'lir-seal species i.s or can be iierfoi-aie 1 Wlinv liru'iiUc'ii. rnitoil S.alos Case, p. '>'J'>. beyond the territorial limits ol' that I'ower. It may be siilliciciit licre to say that the views now upheld Ity ]!r.\aiit and Allen on this siibj.':'), and (liiolod ill the United States' Case, are dia- itietrically opjiosed to those I'ormerlv mainiaincd sinnpis' Ki'porl, paras. i'Ja 297. |»' Si'c also I'l Ziiol. Sue, I. SSI. p. ;;hO. ''•■llihlsiw evi.|i'lli;e I" Ihis rjli I'l. IWtUl, Cnnm, - i,_v ,:„.,„; mid ihat a sullicieul l.ody oi inde- ilellf evid. nee iias lieeii olii.ai led to show tli.'if coiti 11 ireijiiciilly occurs at sea. This eircimisl;inei> is also ([iiite in accord witli v.'mt is know n of t he I air-seals. As this point hav Ijeeii raisi^d in the discnssii n by the fnited Stales, it iiia\ l;e .iddeil Ih.at, in cmineetion with other ets relalini; lo seal i:l'<' oblaincil Ironi jiclatci.- ealcrs. no less the.n .'<•> ot these men aHlrni that they ha\c witnessed ih.; act al sea, and main' not nnlv llif |'r'li\ InlV mill I niiiiuaiid. r ishind--." r 'I'lic Jtviti'di Coniiiiis'.ioiicrN lik.'wlsc ])oiiit old vcr\ (doMily. tliiit Hic iMdiitiou and tin- uuiii- haliitcd ciiaractcf of tin- lin'.'din<;' irsorts id' the rur-M'al, not only i.: tlir Noi'tli I'ariHc, liut •,'. and la.rtien- ">!. % pp. 1 1, 12- lailv other insular al■la^ in tlie norllicaai part oi til." North I'aeilie, are nii eipiaily well adapted in rev|)eei of (diinate for the re-.idenee of the riir--eal dnrinu' the In'eoditm' season. -(ilatiiili and i[\wi lla 'hift le.i.-'li. ■ Spei'ial pvoiiiiiic'uci'' givMi to climate in Uiiiti'd SUilos' Ciisc. iN'i'illi The .SI I uili'ii StUP«' t'iKf. Jlf). in. (S'J-Ul. VDI. I, [1. OJ In vii'W. however. (iT spei'i.al proininenee uaveii to arn'iinients hused on alh'iied peiaiUurities of Hie climate of the I'riliylolV Islands, in the Case of |i,i,i . .Apai'ii.ti; the Cnited .Slates, and .Meleorolouie.al 'lehh ([iioteii ill siipjiort of these aruiinieiits. it iiriy he widl to show here; — 1, 'i'hal the northern fur se.al is tMleranl of verv <'oiisi(hM'ahle. or even id' ure.il, dillereiiees of flinrate in resjiecd lo ils l)reedin^■-plaees. 'J. That a larije area of the northern ))art of the -North I'aeilie. inidiidiim' many islands and lonu' strelcdies of coast, alfords (diinatie conditions I'liit liii- sIh.\ui 1<. 1 ri.iiH'ou- 147 so similar at tlio l)i'pc(lini; soason of tlio soal, as to be for all iimeiical i)iii'])oscs identical, from this point of view. On this i^ciicral suljjcct tlm British Commis- sioners write : — Britisli Commis- sioners' Heport, para. 247. Sec also para*. '.'76, 523. Aleutian IkLukIs afford simil.ir conditions. "Tlir i-oiil Mild humid smui'iii chiiiiitu Mv.xy ili.iulilless in itsi'lf liavc liccii toii^'i'iiiid til llir .sciil, liiit ill tliis ru:^|ioct, and ;ds(i in ilic tcmjicratmu uf the .sua surniiiiidiny thoni, wi'll-iiiarlvcd ilillrrniri's nouiir as liuUvofii tlic Iwn yriaips [CciiiiiiaiidiT and Priliylnl) ], while aliiiiist any ol' tlu! uiiMic'imis i.sliiuds 111' lliu .Mi'iiliaii chain aOiird .surrouudin".s so similar in tlii' niattL'r of flimali; that they would un- duulitedly haw alliinlnl .-.nilalilc lirredin^'-iilaccs if siini- Inrlv uninhaliitL'd." United .States' Casp, p. ,'J31. iNc'ithcr i.s the fur-si-al .-strictly limitrd hy condition of elinialr. Thr srds thus nut. wh.illv dcpi-mli'iit (.0 ill.' rrihylull' \>\ 1- .Appendix, veil. pp. l.JT ft .in/. The United States' Commissioners also admit that "limited areas" on the Aleutian chain may aflbrd the eomhination of physieal and climatic conditions whicli they conceive to 1h; ncce.s.sary for the hreeding of the fur-seal. It is lielieved, however, tlitil these j^entlemen spoak thus cautiously in the tihscnce of ))ersonal knowledge of the Aleutian Islands, whereas the whole length of the cluiin was inspected hy the IJritish Commissioners ; and i( may further be pointed out that, from the nature of the breeding habits of the seal, even limited areas sucli as those referi'ed to, woi'.id he amply snflicient for the aecDminiuliition ui' very large breeding culonies. It must alsii be renienihered that, even at the present lime, breeding colonies are known to exist, not only on the PrihyloU' and Commander Isliiiids, but iilsii nn I'obhen Island, in Ihe Okhcitsk Sea, and on sdine uf the Knrile Islands: !ind that, therefore, the actual summer tempera- ture and (dimatie conditions (if any of tliese ])laces must la- admitted (n be eounenial and favcinrable to the fur-seals ;\ I the iireeding s:'ason. The imporlanee nl' this fact lies chiefly in shoM ing that, with proper protection from disturbance. ne\\ culimies may be formed; and that, in the event uf the abandonmeni uf one lirecdin^-plaee liy the seals, tithei' and suitable ones may hi' found and occupied. .\ Meiuoiainluni ,iihl .series nl' Tables reiatinu' to the cliin.-ilie conditions oi' the places in (luestion, ha vi- been lurnishcdby Mr, C. Car|)mael, Directin'ol' the ^letenrological Service of Canada, and are printed in the Appendix. These show, in rcu'.ird to temperalure, Ihat during the incmths May Id ( )ctiiber, iiudnding the [lerind lor which '[IIOJ ^ 2Q 11.8 tlie fur-seals resort to the various breeding- islands, tlie I'ribylolV Islands are from 6 to 15 degrees cooler than Uohben Island; whilo the Commander Islands, with the whole of the Aleutian Islands, are intermediate in this res|)ect. The Kurile Islands generally closely resemble Robbeu Island in temperature. It. is also shown, from observations at Sitka and r(]rt Simpson, that the mean tem))eruture of the whole west coast of America south of the Aleutian Islands, as far as latitude iM'' iiO', r, I'ribylolV, and Aleutian Islands, with the west coast of Anil rica to the south of these islands, are all notably characterized by cloudy skies and fnHjuent rain; though the actual amount of |)reci])itation is much larger alo .g llie continental coast to the south of the Ahnilian Islaiuls. Ill fiuther support of the fact that the fur-seal is tolerant of V(;ry considerable dixcrsity of climatic conditions, and in order to show that I'le [)oiiit now insisted cm by Professor .1. A. AH en as to u'v limitation of thi hreciling-places of the fiu'-^e; of the eastern tlie Xol'lh I'aeilie to the i'l'ilivlo (Is nut well taken, the analouy in this respect of thecl(] li(}d animal, Sleller's sea-lion, nn>v ') l'n>ili(iu lakcii by Prefcsstpr Alk'ii and lih'd ill IbiiU'd Stairs' C.iw' iml, Icii.iblc. notf^d. I'espi'cling the i'lir-sial, this writer says, referring to In'ceding-places of lliis animal in Califonua : — ".Siii-li an a-*.-iiiji]itinii is (luiicly ii|p|.iisi_'il Id what is United States' kiKjwu of thu hiilijts mill iM>liiliUti(iii nf niarhie HI'l', and III \V('Il-^ri)iindi d i)rinri|ili's ol' ^'cn^^aaiiliii; dislrilMiliini, Case, AppeiaJix. vol. i, |i. ^U0. nanii'ly, lliat a I'lir-.-cal livi'i'iliiii; cm an arclic. i^-land. whiili it annually tiavi'ls tlamsai^U nt luih's lu icauh, wiaild a]-ij ( hi")>c tiir a lili'cdiii,u--latinn an i.--laiid in snh- tro|iical lalilililc.H." Ibit on aiKdlier page id' the ^anie Annex to the Ih oiinlladirl> it liy his iwn Case of the I'nii'il States, he i;i\es the hahilatof slali'iiicnls. Slidler's sca-liou as^ • slmn'S and islands of {\\f Norlli I'milin fi-mu I'lLTiii:^ Ibid., p. a?'-'. fJUait sniiiliward In IJalit'urniii ami diipiui." 110 AlUllu.'V "f lllr Allr Cas I and lint, S ; ininioii)" Marine J\Iaiiinialin,''p. 16S, riiili'.i 8tiitos' Case, Appciulix, vol. i, p. .'J7.''. And writes rui'tlici' as follows : — " FiiniR'rly ffii;liti'iMitli ii'iiUiry) iilHiiulaiil. almit; tlii! coast of KaiucliiitK-ii I'ripin i\\<> Kiirilr I.--laii(1s iKn-iliwaiil. Tlicii-c is still a .siiiull cdlmiy at ihi' Farallmi ],-laii(l>, (ifV tlic coast of ('aliloriiia, ami otlicr coiisidiTalili' inliiiii<-s ul till', I'liliilnf, Cniiiinaiiilrr, and utlicr small isl.iiids in lii'viii,:,' So!i. It is also (ound in jireatcr ui- less nuniljcis in sonic of the Aleutian f-ilands, and at a frw points on till' Alar-kan roast, prin'-ipally of tlie Alu.itian (liain." fii llic s;inu! way, ilu' son-ottci', a rur-bcarini? animal wliicli is in many I'csjji'cts cotnparahlo witli the fnr-scal, tlioui^'li its habit a1 lias now bc'comt' conijiarativoly restricted in I'onsequence of persistent hunting, was foriiverly abundant not only about the I'rihylolV Islands, but also us i'ar stnilh as the 2Sth deij'ree of latitude on the Araeriean coast. Tlie theory of the restriction of the fur-seal to the I'ribylolT Islands as its sole possible breeding-plaee is, therefore, iiot in auy May supported by the appeal to the "prineiples of i,'eoi;ra[diie rlistribution " liei'e made. I'rol'essor Allrn, indeed, explains that it has now been diseovered that the fur-seal el tlu.' (.alil'oruiau eoast is a dilVerent animal fnini that of tho Niirtb I'lU'ille; but this iu no way alVerts the Ihet that many regions about the northern part of that ocean :ire naturtiUy adapted by (dimate to hi .'oino the breeding' resorts of the Xofth I'aeitic lur-scal proper. British Coiiinii.-- sioiiDi's' Iti'port, paras. 171-2l'.i. iiii'diiiM resorts and soiuhfi 11 t'i'cdiiig ivsiiiis ail' L'(Hially nce.-sai-y to (he I'ui-si'al of the North I'aeilie. Thij seal is niii;iatniy and has uvo homes. Ibid., para. 'JS. Art(>r a full examinal inn and diseussiou of th(> habits and niigiatious of the fur-seal, the ISi'itisli Comniissiiiiiei's thus sum up the I'esult of their iuve'stigations : — "The fur-seal of ilie Xoith I'ai'ilie inay ihns he saiil. ii! eaeji raso [/.r., in lliuiase of the seals frei|m.'iil,inLi; llie two sides of llu' I'aeilie], to havo two luihitats or liiiiin.-.s hetween whi' h it liii;^iat''s, hoth n[Ually iieeessary to its e.xisleiie',' under present, eireiimstaneos, the one riciiucnli'd ii suiijiiii'V, the other I hiring;' the winler. If it weie |Ki-.~iM,' ' i I'onlino the fiir-.seal to the vieiiiily of the norlhern islands resorted to ihiiiiiLj the hreedinj.' season, or oveii wilhiii tlie limits of lielirin;^ Soa, the .spe.ies woidd lieeome ■■Ntim-t in a sin,!;lo year ; hut if, in any \\:\y, il wore t', lio de.liaruiil from reat'hine' the islands now ehielly resorted to for breeding (nirposes, it would, aeeordiiii,' to oxiierieiiee recorded elsewdierc, siuedily seek out other ]daces nfoii which to y;ive hirth to ils yoiuii,'." -.50 'l'li(> prccisr iiie;u\iiiu' ol' tliesc reinnvks is very clcaily indicated by the innp illustvatintr the icsdi'ts and iniuiation-roiitos oi' tlio I'lir-soalf, vvldcd. is arr..nd..d t., (lu. .•oport <.itod. A less ^^^^^ ooniplctr, and, as the cvidoncc colk'Clcd in tlu; Map No. U. llpnnvt of till' iiritish CDniuiissionovs sliows, less United States' . , , ,. L p 1.1 -\^ t\. Case, Map ^o. Ill iiceuvate ini!,'i'ation cliarr of a part ol the JNortli I'acilic, is appended to the Uniteil States' Case. Bnt a reference even to this map will show the snhstantial aecuiracy of tin; .statement made hy the Uritish Commissioners as 1o the resort, dnriuir nearly six months of the year, of Ww. j,'roater part of the seals of the eastern part of the ^'orth I'aeific to the waters adjacent to the coasts of British Colnniliia. Some importance appivtrs, further, in the Case of the United States, to he attached to a state- ment which is made in the following"; terms :— ■TIr' sciils uviai'iitlv considin- thrse isliuid.s llidr sul.' Ibid, p. 123. , . ,. 1 .„ ,^^ Sep also p. ^va, l.niuc. and (inly lca\.' tliuiu Ir.mi l.oiut; lurowl so to do. IC tlir cliiuatf ivnuiUfd tlifV wcudd willioiit Jnulit iviiiain (111 or in tlir vicinity ul' llic Piil.ilur IsliUids during llir fiilire year." Professor J. A. Allen writes to a similar elYect, as follows : — If cUmatu poriuiUfcl, ll" iii'vpr ^'fi vciy i.ii fic'iii i.slauds. .-■oals iiii;-;lii tin: lircpilillg- ■■ II is ..vidrut Iron, ul.at ^v,■l<^o^v ol' s..al life ,h<^^^]n■,v, |'^;'' .■ ^PP™'''''' llial writ' till' rlimalc sulliLU-ully iiiil'l iu winter tluy woul.l uiidoulitedly l«iss tlio wliole year at, tliesu isliiiids. Owiii-, lii.wever, lo llie iurleineiu-y nf llie winter iiiuntlis tlir Hir-i'als are forced to mi.matc -,,utliwaid in <^eavv li of fddil and a niililer climate." A like opinion tis to the cause of mi-r.-ii ion is United Smt also recorded l.v the United States' Commis- Case, p. 324. Ijritisli Commis- sioners, and the Bvitish Commissimiers express ^loners' H(.i...rt. paras. 2S*. i.'O.S. tlieiiiselves in a similar iiianiu-r. 'I'lie inquiries of the Hritish Commissioners do not I -ad to tin; concltision that the seals have over in tuiy coasiderable numbers remained on or about the islands even in tiie mildest winters, 'i'lie table referred to in the United States' Case, United States' ,. , 1 , ji Case, Appendix. Appendi.N; II, i,'ives no jirool that more than a ,„,,;, ,;.',, ^. lew stra^'^lers have remained liite in the year on the islands. A< a problem in natural history, it miitlit he (d' interest to discuss the originatinu,' causes id' th-.i migratory habit of the ^orth I'acilic fur- 151 United Sintoa' Cam; p. \'24. seals, jiard'ciilarly as lliis lialiil is very cyci'])- tidiial amoni;' laamnials, and stanrls in (lii'i'i;t coiiiipctioii with till' marine anil pehe^'ic natnr.' ol' tlie i'ur-seal ; lint it is not relevant to tlie (|n's- (ioiis here at issue, I'or, as is stali'd in llie (,'ase ol' ilie I'liiled Slates : — ■ lint climate docs mil iicrniit, and tin fiicliJ nil inn iivo lioie in point . "Thr I'.iil c'xi-ts, Imv.TVi.T, lliiit On: Aliwkiiii sL'rliiiii liial till- Priliylnlf Islands iiir I lie "only linnn''' ol .. llio fiU'-SOal is ilaii Ijasidi'ss. if di.' lialiils dl' the atiinnil lie apiH'uled to, wliellier ill eoniieel ion with :i elaini to [irnpei'ty ri^lil or to a])]iro|ii'ia((> I'ejjulations I'or is pre ;er- vation. :'. i^ tlieaelnal haliils :'s tln"-o rsist. ami are imposed by llie necessities oi' the I'ase, tliai. iiiMst 1)0 eonsidiM'ed and dealt with. 'I'lie statenieii! made in the Case of the United Stales to the elVeet that the I'rihylolV Islands i'niii nii th.' :'.hl .\iail, ISSH, I ^anl : of A^'riculture, ■Snim;iiviiitlailnui>l'^ of iiutr liav.' lai.l .s|i.M.'iul stii^s.^ u|...ii Div. of Ecmi. „ , . , ,1-1.1 Ofnitlml., liull, till' •'.■ilruii:.,' liNuii' alU'C-'tinll wliirli |a'i.in|it.>< IiiuIn Ui l.uvi' j^.^^_ ^^ jj till' .-..nth iimi rctiiiu in lluir ia- liiiLj-^niiinil.-;. To lao tfoot-note). tlii.s ii.Niilrtiialioii i- foi'ci'il ami niinrn'^ary. I'.iiili ili'srit tlii-'ir wililrr honied l.rrau.si' llii' 1 1 siipi.ly fails; lircaii^c tliu iliiiialii^ ronililions l.ii'onii' iinsniU;il to lln'ir ih'l'iI ; licj'ausi' till' ajiproai'li of till' lncrilin;,' srasoii oivl'^! risi; to ph\siolo;^'i(al ivstli's.sni'-s; ami )«r asr tli.'V iiiln'iit an irrt'sistiMr inijailsi' lo nrnvi' at lliis |iailii'ulai tiiiir uf lliu yiMi'."— C. !l. M. [u (•(iiicliiiliiitj qiiostious ili'till llic (liscus-iioii 111' till' ^'I'liup of with ill this Cli!ii)t('r, it is dpsii"il)li' U) ih-aw tittciitioii to the i'tict that the winter lidtiii' nr liiihittit nl' tho fiir-soal, lieiiiic, as it is, chii'tly in tho vicinity of the const ol' Uritisli Coliinihiti, all'ords lo the residents of tiiat cotist an cxcelh-iit ;,'roiind of claim til iiarticiptito in llic pfonts dorivwl from the huntiiii,' of tlie rnr-sotil, in so far at least as any sneh claim ctin Le liiised on the liahits and hiinnts of the animal. This ilependa not so miieh on the mere proximity of the seals to tiiis coast at the season me'iitioiied, as on the enormous quantity of food fishes whic-h the seals consume (here, wiiich, if not thus taken, wtmld lie tivailalde for the direct support of the inhahittmls. The inroads of the seals upon the lisheries tire, in fact, of a most serious kind ; and any claim which necessittites the tilislentioii Irom settling of the people so atlected in liu' sole interests of a Corporation or (loveriimeul which, profits liy the killing' of the seals upon their di'^tant liroedinti-ishuids, must he considered as essenlitdly unjust. The kinds, urv done tf) lisheries liy seals uf all even when in compara tivelv linn he th. ilier.^ [•11 What, 1h ^lll;lll must; :'t of vast l)odi(;s of fur-seals known .mo'reuale on the coast of British ('olmnhi.-i, from which, without enuntiii!,' the pela;:ic catch Kimniioiis (luaiility of food tiahos coii- .suiiiL'd by SPals wliPii in tliuii winter liomc. Aiiiouni of fi.sh consumed. .■\clua I tolls ll.'-^iillinj,' ilaniii'^'i' to fisliprii'S. prope ihiiut ri,()00 skins arc taken each year I5ritisli Commis by the Indians ventiiriiej; to sea in their dum-out canoes, and. therefore, at no i^real disliuiei! from land y Keport, ."jtiy. ir)3 Baltic. Iceland. Deniniirk. Massaclmsottg. Appi'iidix. vol, i, p. 177. Il>ld. IIm.I. Ibid. Diiiicd States' Ca«i', Apppiidix vol. i, p. ^-J!. Actu.il quantity (if (i.sli i l.'nited Stairs' t-in^us lii'hort, p. (i^. liotls i'sliiii;ili> t;.OIM),000 ti A\ illidiih I'lidi'dvoitfin;,' to cite iiimirroiis .•nillini-itics (111 the (laiiiiivjc (InlH' In llir f.iod li'-!irs hy seal-, (lie Idllduini;' iiiiiy hr (jii-idd .-is (•\:;lil|)lcs of this \vcll-illidcrs!(i(i(l I'act : — 'I'liii fi^lirrics of Sl('s\vic'l<-II(dst('iii, on i1h\ n.iltic, ill l^'^T. wi'i'c so daiii.i^'cd l)y sisals lliii it, was i'caivd (licy iiiiy;lij lie aljsolutely I'liiiu-d, and nirasiircs had to be fakcii lo di.'sti'oy llii' srals. Ill Iceland so iiaicli dani!it;'(; lias liccii done to llu! .salinon lislieries liuit s)ie(nal sditiiloiy jiro- visions liuve been introdiie(;d, enabling' persons "(() shoot or fni;'htun" .seals eomiiiy iietir tlie fisliorios. fit IJeninai'k, in order to save tlu; fisbini? industry, rewards liave been oITerod for eacli seal killed. The bay lisbiiii; in Essex, .Massaehtisetts, in ls;)2, w.is so sei-iotisiy injured by seals that the .■iiitii. .rides oll'cred a reward ol" 1 dollar I'or eaeli ■al killed. Dr. Alfred Xelirinir, I'rol'c sor of Zooloti'v ill the iloyal A-rieuKiiral Colletje of Herlin, like- \visi> in a letter addressed to Dr. :\[erriam, tiiid in ler." relerrei reply to his "Cireiilar letter" (els(;\vl to) s|)eaks\vitliaj)i)roval of the imrsiiit of the fur- seal \vli( re, ill ils winter (jiiarlers, it is destnietivi! to the lislieries. With special icfei-i'iiee to the destruction of food lishrs caused by the fur-seal of the .Xorth I'aeiiie, .Mr. .M . W. Illliott slates his I full- i,ro\vii male elief lliat a consiinies per (iUMn .-ibotit •10 lbs. of Us!:, adult females at least 10 lbs. or J-' lbs., and the rapidly growini;' pups or youll^' bacladors not inutdi, if any, less, lie adds: — '■ Tlii-K r.iiv, tlil-i L;iv;!t l.ii'Iy i.f J.IMHI.IIIMI m- "i.OllO/KKl lii'iirly .'ulivi- iuiiiiia]-^ wiiii.li \\r kimw fni tin; .si'al i;-]aiiils iini.-^l ciiiisuiiic an I'licnaoti:! aiiiiuiiil id' siuli fouil eviTj y.'ar. Tliry iMiiina avi'i-a^e less than tO 11.,.;. of lisli nit-I; |"T iliciu, wliirh u'ivcs till ClillSl|lll)iliiill, us c.vliiliiti/il lis [KT liy tli"ir a|.jM.tii,, nf onr il.lHJil.ODI) lu,> '■/ M ncrj lliid. (i'o<)t-nott') .. i,-,i J . 1 11 .1 ' II till' si'.-il-i can •_" 1 iloiihlc tl tliciu \vi iitliiiL; as it .iL'L'iiiM II' iin.inliiy wliicli I orcilit till I lirinly ■ar. Al 1 iiiiii|iiat(.' icaliza- liidii'Vi' llial liiry cat it every timi liy !clithyii|n-i-.u laul li.-jlicnmai as tu wliat Iiavec tlio I'lir-.scal liusls iiii- aiiniiMlly miikiiii; aiiiniij; the niil, lu iTin;,', anil .saliiiiiii h ;licni." >: either ,nre ihe depredations of liie fur-seal oil the Hrilish Coliimbian coast eniiivlv eonflaei t) IftJ. such flsli's ii-; at (■crtaiu scfisfins fri^quciit tlio open sc;i, \'. 'ill" I'oirs (iliiiiiiu'd liv li-h ibiio. Ilir l'.iili-li ('(iin!iii>si(inci's (111 tlic I'na^-t, of liritish (',.luinlMii.r..w. ill fact, that tlic fiir-scaU riviiiinit Dix-,,, llnlvancc, llccnic Strait, Oli.-uTV.ati.ry ,. • liil. I. (^icci Cliarliitli-s Sniiiul (si.iiicUincs c\cu ,i,„„,r.,' u,.,,,,,.,. Ijnil,- to tliclicailol' Klliu'lll'- Inlet), the Strait ol' I^ras. 177-17!). 'I'll.':,, and in former yeai--; resorted evcii li. the ^^^^^^ ^^_ Cull of (;,M,ruia. Mr. .1. \V. Maekay fnrtiar AM'lie, as 1 nnili f.dlou-s: - llir .lilillu, IIUIIll"'!/ .1' llic; N'liin;.; .uiiin;i 1-. li h ll,i,l., i.:ira. 18a. 111.. Iii'.>!iiii \v;i|.|-s iiel Ir 111,- li,ill'-tM'' le.ks una ivclM vliirh I'linv.' ill.' wi-teni slmr.- «( V;Uii(Mivcr Ishiii.l iiml ,f ill.- i.tlier inlands wliifli li.- «vr a limited iiortiou of the year lliev frequent the simres and territorial water-; of th.' I'rihvlolT Islands for lirecdiii-' inirpo.scs. CiiiK-lusioii^ 155 CIIAI'TKi; Mil. iii:(.'\i'ii'i,r,.\'H()N or Ai;i;r.Mi;Ni. 11 is suliinillcd tliiil. wilh rcrrivncc (o tlic I'lvo ]ioii!fs sliitrd in Aviiclr \ 1 (,!' Ilic 'I'lvaty of ArliilKiliiiii, ■•nil! tlio Tacts lioariii'^' llicrcmi, the .•ir^-Mincnt'^ and fiiiisidci'atidiis in llic loroijoin^ ('lia|itci-s iiavi' cslaldi.dicd : — ('iiAiii:; I. — As i-('i,'ards |||i> user id' tin- valcis ('(■ Ki'lii-iiiu' Sea an. I otluT waters d!' ihc Xorfli I'acili'' ii|) ((. 111!' year is:;) — 1. 'I'lial ill!" ]>vii|i()sitioiis lliat were I'oriiiiilatod on p. ."!() (jf (lie lii-ilisii Case with rcl'ia'cncc to (ill' usi'i' dl' tile wati'i's (if lii'iirin'^' Sea up to IJio year 1S2\, and supported hy tlic !'\ idciicc (died tlioi'cin. iiavc iimI liccii displsccd liy any liifis or ,'U'L;iiinciits prodnccd in ; lie Case <<\' the United States; ])ii(, on the coiitraiT, that llie I'mlhc-r oxaniiiiation <■'{ the sid)ject eslahlislies that, down to the yeai' 1"-l'l, Hii'-sia neither asserted nor exercised in the non-territoiial wateivs ol' the jS'ortli I'aeilie, inelndin^' ilie hody (d' water noM- known as M(dirin^' Sea, any riyhts to the ox- olti^ion dl' otl:er nation--. CiiAi'TMi Tl. — .\s re^■;lvds tlie f'kase ui' T-2], and tile cirenmstaneis eonneeted llierewith, h'adinii' up to (he 'i'leatiivs of 1 ^^2 1- and 1 s-J-)-- '2. '1 hat tlie eoixdnsions elainn'd to liaM- lieen estal)lislied in (he iSritisii Ca'-e, a^ stated at p. ."if;, are I'nlly snp|)orlcd. ami that the I'tirtiier evidence Avhitdi has I'oen a llir (iiicsfi.m wlictliiM- tlic liody of wali'i- iiow ld in llie [ihrase •' I'aeilie Oeean/'as used in the Treaty of IS^.'. between Great Britain and llussia ; and (f.) 'I'liat the eonstrnetions iitae-d on the term "Nortb-Mest coast ^' or " North- west coast of Anieriea" in tlie ea-c of the United States arc unsonnd. CiiAi'TV.u lY.— As regards the nser of the ;vaters in question from ls21 to 1^07 — t. That the conelusions elaiuu'd to have been established in llu' British Case, as stated at p. iW), are fnlly sujiported ; and that the fnrtbei' evidenei- whieh has been adduced clearly shows that, with the -roAvth of eomnierei' and increase of traile llie year 1 "^21, vessels of nations subsequently to other than Bussia, uithoul let or hindrance, fre- quented, traded, and llsbed in the watei's of Behrini? Sea; and that no attempt was ever .uado durin- the whole period to restrict the use of those waters to vessels carryim,' the J!ussi;iii lla^\ Cii.vT'TKii V. — As regards the question m hat rin'hts passed to the I'nited Sta*(!s nn ler the; Treaty of Cession of the liOth .'March, lsC.7— ."). That ttie contentions of the UrJted States are based uimju two assumptions, both of which are entirely erroneous. 'ihe lirst, that prior to the year ISHT Bussia had, in i'act, oxcluilcd the vessels of other ntitious from Jiehring Sea. The second, that the lan-nage of the Treaty of 1S()7 describes, and purports to convey, some special ri'j,-hts in the non-territorial witers of Hi'hriiiLi,' Sea. .\s lo the I'lrst, t'..e considerations C(jnta:iieil in Ihe lirst four Ch: ;■* ■ ' have established that, \min- to 1«(m, I'rssia had not, al anytime, excluded from li'hr.e- o: the vessels of foreign nations. As to tlic s 'I'oirl. a rr-rofciio • to tho lauu'utiLjcj of the Tivafy — wliii'li is si't oui at pp. !)1 1') ',» I- of llic )*iitisli (.'a-i — -:|iM\v.s llml: Russia was <';)ii- vcyiiiiji' (on-iloi'ii'N which wi'Vf ihi'ii adniitli'l to foriii p-na i>\' \\u' Jlussian i'jnpiiv, liiit wilh no iii'fi'c thai! 'hi' or.linai'y tori'itiii'ial ri^'hts. ('iiAi'ri:i: \'I.-As fo the qu(-.!i,m wljcthcr the iJiiili'il Slaii'S jiis aay. aiiil, ii' so, what riiflit of |ii'.jrccfi'.ii sir ia-:;|n-.-t,\ in liic t'lir- srals rrcqiiiaitiii';' tlic islaii'.Is i.T iichriiii;- !Soa \\hi';i sucli si>;i!s an' Idui^I d-.itsido the ordinary o-iuilc liniil — ('/.) That ilw uulhoi'iri(!.s (-ited, and ai-giiiuents hi'oufrht i'oi'ward, sii))]iort thi! jinipiisition tliat the sole I'ioh; oi'thr J'aili'd StaU's ia n,'>|iL';'r of ihL' pnjiwiiou of seals is thai incid.'at {■. U-rvi- toriai po-s>'>siiiii, iucliidiiiu' \in: li^hi lo jircveut the siihjcrls of olIiiT Jialiou-^ i'l'oiu lishinu' iu Irn'itiu'ial u.-.lcis. I,//.) 'J'hai ill' United Stales have not. nor lias any eili/.en u\' tlie United States, iiiiy properly iu I'lU'-scnis nnlil they lia'.e liem rediieed iiiti) ])0'-session ; and thai the j)ro[)erly so iie(pur(jd endures so l.jng cnly as tliey are retained in C'liitroi. (r.) Tiiat an exatniiiation <■!' tlie Colonial aiul l'oreii;-n laws rel^ rred \r, in tiie Uniied Slates' Uase sliuws tliti! iulernation'.il usa'_;'e ia no \\av c-lahjisle's, and in no in>taiit!e saiielions, Ihe principle asserted liy l!:e U'nited States, lull, snhjects of all aalions to navii,'ale and tish in li d' l! I' inMi-lerritorial water.- Ill the se.a iitnv UnoWii ,",s lleiiri ri'j; fiea, reiniin.i d e.vists tree and uiileLtereii ; and cannot In limited or interlVrod with, e\-( eui'ri'r.ce (,1' ;inv nations all'eeied. 'pt witli the e )U- X: I rei;il ;dions all'eetinn' iirifi isii >ul)jee(s can he cslaldished for the proleetio'i anil pieser- vatiiin I.!' till' ['ar-sr,ai in i!ie ii n-terrilori;',! waters ol' I'eiiriii^' aea wilhiaii the eiiiua el' Great Jjritain.'' iri'encL' Uii.\r'n;i! \'ll ■nrils the allen-at ii)ns of i'aet pal I'orwar.l hy the Uin'ied States iu eonneelioii with .I'oiiit ."> oi' Arliele \[, it, is suijinifled — SKcriox hal I'l, Lrrai aids exist (,) jiistlTy ippiieaiiou to the fiir-si'ul of the desii ■nation 15*^ r,r 1:;!;(1 niiimiil, wli^'U jalmittodly it dovivcs its orlii;- siisti'ii.'iucc IVoin tlic (i:'(>mi, niul jinsscs (li.M'.> 1\vfi-lliiv(ls il' ii'it mnro, of its i,"xisl(-uci'. Sk. Trnx !l."-'l"Irit then' is no jiisf- ^Toinid t'uv Ihi" (V'lilriiiinii llinl (111- seal is dmiu'slic in it^ linbits. Si'.t IMX 111.— Tlial fur :\^r;hvl)i'E Islands for lireedimi' pur|iosc^s. CONCi-l SloN. 'i'he alioM' pr.>i)ovilioas. which -i'' -upplemeatal (., ihose staled in Chaiiler X. ol iho Hrilish t'aso. (h-mo;-,-.trale. in the swhnii-sion oi' Her :klaie^ly s (i,,-.,o,;nneni, -hat the Ire poinN state,; in \,-liele VI ol' ilic Treaty of Arbitration nuis! b- i! •i and inleivsN of the I'liited Slates in fui'-si^als fri'(pieiitiii- mioj, islands do not dill'er from the rights and interests o! any other portion of maiddnd, e.xeept in so f:ir as the lerritori.al possession ol' t hose ishrnds hv I In- Unite, I Slates i;'ivi's to their nationals the e\- cln-ive riL;'hl ri\ed Iroiu the laet thai l\^^. si'als eoim'iTii'ale in lari;e nnnihers on those islands, ihei-ehy yi\inn- the oppoiM unit \ I'dr iheir slaiiii'hler. In the ne\i plae.', il is (,, he ri'iuemheivd ilm; the ohjeet of it 'i^ailaiions \assumiiii; any l!.>i;iiia- tions I I lie made) should he the [ireservaliou of the fur-seal iiiduslr\ for tlie henelit iiol of (Ji,. I'niled Slates al aie, hut of all those w| IO ina\ i nni mo Ihul it profitable to imv-iu- ilii- iiulrstiy in iion- Icn-itovinl waters. \o sueh rvegulationscan lie just or enVctivc unji.^s nccoiupanieil hy .•..nvspouiliiii;' und eorre- l;itiv.. control over tlie islands and over 'lie time, method, and extent of slaughter uinm^ lliem In- th(< na.ionals of tin- United Stales of, .Vnieriea. To enrore(> llo-iilation-. wliieli would shut out British siilijccts at certain seasons, and from jivesenlic,! areas, from the pursuit of pela-ie scalin-, and at the same liin(< would leav(> tU(< slaughter of seals on the islands to he pursued aeeording to tlie nu're will of the lessees of lii.Ke islands or of iheir (io\erp.ment, would he to otahlish Tlen'ulations one-sided in their eharaeler, ;nid, then^fore, unjust and :;l-o inelVeetive for the olijcet in view, ne.niely, the preservation of seal life. It will he shown later, tl'.at the action of the lessees upon the islands, hot h .as to times, methods, :,ud extent of slaughier, has heretofore cxereisod ;. more serious elTect in eausiu- the diminution nf seals in J'.ehriag Sea than the p.dagie s.>aling. It is suhniitted, therefore, that no llegnlatlons aiiplviie^ In pelagie sealiu- 'uily ou-ht to bo r„neulate,l indess and until the United Slates „f America have e-.ial)lished i,ropev ;ind eilVctive lle;;ulafions applicable to the islands. I Ml, rrwi.se, the result xvould be that the Ueglda- li,,us would restrict iielagie scaling by r.ritish subjects, for the benellt of th.' railed Slat.-s. ulii'lst leavin- th- action of (heir nati.mals in territorial waters and or, the islands wifbont eiiutrol. r,u1 it further follows that any Uegulations, I . |,c at 'uwv just and otVeclive, niu-l bind till w!o luive the righl to resort to liehrin- Sea ill^ [lursuii of fi;r-seals. .\ccordinu- to the express terms of the \ iltb Article of the Treaty, the aiilhm'ily of the Arbi- tratovs as toconcaiiTcnl tleg'.ilali(ais isco.iUncd to l!c-uiatious outvide the jurisdictional limits of the rcsp.'Ctive (loverumeuls of (Ireat T.ritain and the Uniled Sta'es of America. It is clear iliai such llcuailalioiis would rcipiire do-.ncstic h'gislition by (Ireat Drilaiii and llio Uniled St,-;l.-. re-pcctively to make them biudini; even ou iheir re-.pi'ctiM. uationals, hut that (loiicHtic legislation h\ (Irral ISritaiii coulil not bial the nationals of the United States of If) I. AinciMi':!, iK'itlier couhl l('a'i>i;ilii)ii by llic I'liili'il Stiito^ dl' Amoric.'i l)iu(l Iho iKitioiials ol' (Ircat. Britniii. Equally oliviuiis is il tl.at the ]fi;'i>,lalioii of iH'itlii'i' comih'V could biiul tlic subjocf^i ol' any oi lirr counli'V. It '.voiihl t lion; fore ]u' oppii to thi> nationals of Chile, rici'ir.auy, llollani!.. .lajian, I'ussia, or of any other J'ower, to (!isvcn;ii'i'l any l!e;;ulations ma(l(> ; and if their couvejiienee and inlerest jioiuted in tliat direction, to ))nrsnel!ie fur-seal lisliinn' industry a* times v. hen, iiiid in ■: urr.mcM' and iuuUm' eireuiiistanees in winch, thi; like ]HU'suit would he forbidden to Ihe nationals ol' (treat; Ilritain and of tie.' United Stales of jVnicriea rospcetivly. It nia.y be anticipated also that oMiiers of hoth Uniti'd .States' and Canadian sealinu--vessels HMidd sail their :1s niuier the tlai;' of son fjfher n;ition, so as to olitain iuHuunity rroni such licii-ulations. '.riiese r( suits, it will h.- ;uhnitted, h:;v,' not heen contemplated hy .-itlier of tin; two L;-reat Powers jxirfies to the Treaty, nor would 1iiey he eonduei'.'e to lli.'ir resperlive interests. That the adhesion of otlnr ]'o\',-ers Im^ lii.'en regarded hv Great I'rifain and th.e I'niteil State A OS 01 Anienea res pi';'l:\-iMy as iui]i(irt,i:;t, sliown hv ;he ooncluilnii;- wor.Is of the ^'iith Ai tlie Convo.iti .liieh --Tia- ri"..>li )i'e r,.';'re(> to ci. Contraetirnj I'arties fuj'lhermo opei'at(> in .-rcm'inu' ihe ailhesion of other I'nwers to such Pie.'i'ulat ions." No (ither !' owrr lias l.ir exin\ wlllii);;'ue>s lo lie jurty to any si'heni(> of Ik'g'uhi tious such as t!i<' Arbit n'.iiirs nuu'lit ne'er :iu to l)e ri^flit a'ld proper; and it is ajipnrea; I liar. to is-U'' and t.i eafor ce con-uiici t i: CLT. i.'itions outside tile Jurisdictional limits of (hvat lirit.iiii ami the Uuileil i^tafcs of A.merica, whieli would become bindiuL;- niion their re-peetive nationals and ui;nn thiaii only, would tend lo prevent ratliei th.iii fo promote ihe adhesion ,i! tlier l*'-\vers in thr future. It is submitted that, il'aiiy J!ei;'iilatious are to li,> prescribed, they ou,u:hl I.) b(> so framed .as luilv (d come into operation tiiroiiu'li the insirunii'ntalit v of a Conxeiitiou, at \vhieli all lh(! I'dWii-. inle- resled shall hi' repre.-.euted, and at which |irop-r pro\isious for tlieir (Miforeeincnt bindiiiLf on the iialii'ii.als of all siieli I'l.w i in ^hill be I'orniulali'd, 162 or tliMt nu-y should 1m> conditionnl upon tin- :i:l!ii'siou or sucli olliov Powers. Itisl'uvt!u'rsul)!uitk'dtlial/ni view of tlu; -mil intrni;\(i()n!\l iutcivsts iiividvod, it is lltliii- tlutl Ihc Unit.'d States oi' Aincvica should oxpi-oss llicir wiliiui;iu-ss lo I'rami' pnipcr and jiisl c.u- cunvid; Uc-ulations apidicahle lo )lu" islands and their tonitorial waters. The position here taken on the ])ari ol' (ireat nritish Case, p. u. i'.rif.iie is that I'.lready taken in tl'.e ori-inal Case. It is there stated :- - • Kiuullv. tli:it \\liilc' tlrc-at liiilaiii lias tioiii the lirst s!ivni',nu-lv alrl .■oilsislrlUlv uppusril all 111.' f.MV-'in,^ lAotiioiiM iml.'ii-^i.'iis and i-Iaims. sin' lias llinmdioiU l„.,.li ravnuval.lv .li^i.nM.il tu the aa..|iti"li nf //o/m.-? ,n,Mvaiv> nr,-(mlr..l -I Hi'' I'm— mI li-lirvv. sliniild tlirso l.r |,„i;i,l In i.i- iic(rsiilimi''.l aii.i ini]iaitial eNi.'CU- ^ \\," llie e.irre-poud.'iiee on this jioint, the initiM Hir,t.e tliat siudi Pve-ulafion- he— - |,iv-.;;1h.,1 l.y lhi> lii.ui. ■riil.iiiul. a- will cir.niallN |,l,.l,iliil ali.l |.v.v.-m lln' Vai.tmc aliywliiMv uii.iU tla: lii-li .-la- .if anv -.'al^ l.i.l.iii:^iii:.' t.. tli.' said l»!iil." 11, T Majesty's (oiverMnient resliectfullN (irutest Ilia! 11. J power to impose on tlie t'ontraetini;' Tarli's a Lilal pr.iliihilioii oi' pida-ie sealini;- is ,.,,ulrrrel on the 'I'rihunai hy ll'.e Avhilratiou Treaty, whether the av-eiit ot otlier nation:, he or !)■ not mad(> a emiditinii ..i' sueli .inoliiliition. Ailiel.' All (mp.iwers tlie Arl.ilrators to— •■.a.t.Tiniii'wlial iniuainciu lli'.unlat i.'U- .'Ui.-ii!.' lli.' juvis- .li.li.iliid liliiil- "t llii^ ivslurtiw (H.vrllilii.'Uls aiv ll.re>- .saiy. aii.l ..vr, wiial wal.'i- siii I, l!."^ulalinii- -li.iul.l I'M. Mai.' 'I'he [lower Ihus eonlerred relates to the only ar.'a in dispute, vi/.., th.' waters ot Hehrini; Sea .aslwanlot the line of ih'marealioii specdiied in Ih.' I'r.'aty ot C's-iou of 1^(1", and e\eludes the Mi|ip..>;iioii that proliihiliou e.iuld have lie.:i ni- l.'lal.vl. 10^ UniUid States' Casu, Apiioiulix, vol. i, p. 284. Till' olijrct of lii-^iilalioii';, ;i>; Ijiid down in AiMicIc \ tl, i.s 'Mliu propi'i' |)i'()ti'elii)M ami ]ir,'- .scrv.'ilioii oT the I'lu'-swil ;"' nol its rcsci'vatioii I'di' tlic riiilcd Siati's' (JuvcrniiH'iit and llicir Jcs.sui'.s. Till- ('(H'rosixiudcnico \vhi(!h resulted in the Ai'hilratioii Treaty sliows tliai llie cDiislnieliim of that 'iVeaiy now ivlird on !iy CiriMt lirituiu accords witli tJie inlentions of both Powers at the tinu; its ]ii-ovisions were framed. Mr. Blaine, in Ills despateli of the Ijlli Do'ciiiljer, 1-OD, .says :^ "Tiir i'm-iidiMil will ask tiiu lloveriiiiitiiit of Gre.U liriliiiii I.. ii-ioK t,i the; ili.-ilaiici; uf 20 iiianne leagues — wiiliiii wliicli no ship shidl huver aiound ibr Islands of St. Paul luid .St. Guui'ge, I'rom tho IStli May to llie ],"jtli Oflui.f-.- ul' rach year. Tliis will inriw an Llluitivu inoJu of ]n-(.'sin-vinf,' iIk' .sual lisheried/.c //i<; use o/' t lie (■i'rili:n/ worhl. — . . TliLi Uintcil .Status desires only siieh control over a liiiiit n-e^ssary lor the preservation of tho si':d species ; hut sui il rct'eivnce ougiit not to contain Words [!]()] 2 L 16i api'riiriii,:; 1.1 ;illi'iliiitr s|«'i'i;i! ami aliii'iriiiiil liirljU in llio niallri' 111 tin' I'liilcd Slates,'' In a h'llL-r I'roiii Mr. Wliarfon to Sir J. Pauiiccfotr. (l:ilc(l llic 2.'.lli .rune, ]si)l, lUis passage is ([uolril, hihI tlii' writiT adds : — • I am iiuw iliiviU',1 liv iIh' I'lvsi.l.'iit l(i siilauil liic I'ol- United States' l(,»iu-, wlii^-1, lie Ihinks av,.i,ls lli.- ul.jecli,,.! in-.-,! l,y tinsc. AppenJix, vol. I, p. 319. Lunl Salisliiiry." 'I'lifn Ibllows the (.•lausc which now loniis Ari ii'I(! Xl t <>r Hie Tn^at y. • Lastly, it is to In; ivmcmhercd lliat, if ])n)toc- tioii is to 1)1' ijivcu to whirli the I'lutod States has now no loi^al ri-ht, and if such, iinitcction involvos injury to tlie existing legal riijhts of Great Ei'itain, the question must arise, as to the tonus ajid condilions upoii uliieh sueli proleetiou should he airordt'u. tSiihjeet to llie f()reL;()ill^• ohservations, the scheme and scope of any ]!eij:ulations outside the jurii-dictional limits of the respieetive Goverii- niciils miulit, it is siihniittcd, emliracethe foUow- ini; suhiects, or some of tlu'm : — 'I'he iiiainteiiance of a zone of jirotected waters Rritisli Cominis- , ,, , ,. . , 1 sioncrs' Ucport, rouud the hreedin-' islands. ^ ,55 ^j^ The pro\isi(m of a close season. n,id., § 155 (c). Provision that no sealinii'-vessel shall enter Bchrini,- Sea in each year liefore a ^■iveu dale. Prohibition of the use of rilles in shooting seals at sea. Prrdiihitioii of nets as a means of capture .at sea. I'mvi-ion that all sealiug-vessels shall he liei'nsed, and shall carry a distinctive tlag. On the other liaitd, in order that Pegulations of this nature, or any other Herniations, may- he elVective for the proper preservatioti of seal lifi', it is necessary, in the ojiinion of Her Majesty's Covernment, that Pegulalions should he enfureedhy the l.'nited States on (he hreiMliiig- islauds dealing with tin' following suhjects : — Ijimitatiou of the nund)er of si'als to ho killed in each year, such limit to he suhject to periodical review hy independent (iovernment .Agents, h: regard to the .actual condition hreediug-islands. I']irective provisions to ]ireveHt raiding and disturbance upon the islands. And such subsidiary provisions as may be con- sidered necessary for the ell'eetive carrying out of these siitiifesticnis. i s. 105 UiiiteJ Stales' Case, pp. 2S3-2fi-), British Coniniis- aionerB* Report, para. 132 Ibici., para 137. United Stales' Case, .\|ipeiiilix, vol i', !•. -i"!. Ill till' l.'iiili'il .Slates' C:isi', I'oiir jn'opo-i! i I'm" " 11 liiniti'il [n'(iliil)itii)ii " ."uv M'p.iratrly discu^M';!, find (.'aoli in tiu'ii is discariliMl as useless. My tliu tfrm"limiti'd[)n)liil)itioii," i( is)(r(il)al)!yinlo:i'lcd to dcsiynato tiic " t'oiujuri'i'iil: Jlrniilations " nu'ii- tiniipd ill tiio 'iVualy of Arbiti-atioii, but, as Iris alr(>a(ly Iiooii shown, pvoliibitioii is not ri'giilatiou. Till- main ."iru'iinu'iil oC tin; L'nitiii Slates is IjaM'd on the assiimpliou (sliowii to be ei'ro::e nis) tliat tlic decrease oi' seals on or in iiie lu.'i^lib.u.r- boiid of llie I'l'iliylolV IvlaiiiK. is attviliutable enliiT'ly lo pelan'ie sealiiiy, and cm liio rufthei- assumption tliat ]iei;ulati()iis should be fninied in tile sole iiilcii'sl ol' the oh iiers of liie L'ribyloll;' [-lands. M is .sliowii in the Keiiort ol' the Hritis'i Cini- niissionei's that no sin^-le nieasurc or preeauliou is in itself equally a])pro|)i'ialo to the several modes of lalviiijj,' seals, or separately eapable of afrordin;^ adeiiuato safcc^uards in Ilio interests of seal life. But it is furtluM.' shown tliat, l^y a juilieious eombinaiion of (dioeks of various kinds, an i.'iHeient system of eonlrol may readily be established, so as to embraee the whole industry based upon the takini; of fur-seals, and readily .'idaptablo iu its nature to varyin!^; eireumstances. The method adopted in the Case of the United Stall's of diseussiutr and eondemniii!;' scparatidy certain mi-asures e.pplieable to sealing' at s.'a is insullicient and ineonidusive. Xo doubt total ])i'ohiliitiiiii of pelau'ie sealiiii;' wiaild be f.ivoiirablo to the owners of the fribyh'Tf Islands as leavin;^ them unatrceted, v.iiile disposinu' of ihe eompe- titiouof their rivals (the sealers) on the high seas ; but such prohibition would b(> nuiuifestly unjust to the other interests concerned. It is therefore scarcely necessary at this stage to Ibllow in any detail the arguments advanced in tlic United States' Case against tlie several modes of rognlution there selected for diseussion, ir 'o indicate how erroneous are the grounds on which the suggested regulations are there condemned. Por instance, a chse season as ap[)lied to sealing at s(-a is sup[)osed to besulliciently condrniuedby jiointing out (bat dilVercnces of opinion exist; amongst the m ilnes^es as to the time of yeai- which it should cover. A^ain, I'rofcssor Huxley's opii: ion is reli.'ri'cl lo a>. in favour ol toial [iroliiliition nf pelagic sealing; but on red'erencc to liis Nlalemcnt, it will b' si.'eii that he is cai'i'ful to point out that, 100 iini!,':' llu fi.ruin>laiiL'('s dl' tin- cast-, t()t:il iivn- liiliiti-'U is iniiK)ssil)lo, and, to use \u> nwii lnim-iiaL;'(>, iv ■•oul(iriIii' (lucstioii." '!'!,<• ])iMli()sitiou tliat a ]in)t(rtivc /.oiii- sliouUl hi.T an^. p. 1G3. ] this piviposal in \\;ird- already (iuntcd. ill the Case of tlio Unitod States, frnquont. allnsiuus nni mado to the opinions cxpn's.-i'd in letter.-. ])y eertain well-known naliiviilists as to life lie-t mode of preserving and ])roteetini,' the Viir-i'al. The method in wliieh thest' opinions we!.' obtained, and tlie data upon wliieh they werr'iiased, recpiire some notice. m Article IX of the Ti'ealy .:!' Arliitration it is ])rov;ded that — "i';i(li (MiviTiiuiiut. sliiill ii]ijiiiiiil IW" (.'(iiuini.s.-ioiieM to iiiv.-.ti;^atu cciiijoiutly witli llii' (,'niiiiiiis.^iouurs dl' lliu elliL-r ('...vi'iiuiion!: iill llio fai;t..-i liiiving rulntion tn seal lil\' in r..'1'rinii Si','1, aiiil tin: iiiciisuri'S iitco-sarY I'ur ils iPM|]ar pliiti'Otinll iUlil JllVSlTVatidll. "'I'hc f'liir Cnininissioiicrs sliall, sn Car as tlicy may 1 c alili! !■' n;,'rvL in ench of tlio two Covcriinieuls, and lliry shall also ri'i"irt, eithor jointly or si'Vi'i'ally, to rarli (ioVLTiMiiciil iipea any ]ii>iuls iiimn \vW\ih tliuy may Iw unalili: to agl■(;^^ "Tlir-i! li'i'p.irts shall not Iro nuuh; puhlic until liav shall !..■ siil.miUra tu iliM Arl.ilvalnrs, f 1 il, .sliall ai'in-ir thai th' i'oiitin','rniy of thfir liuin^; u^ud l.y the Ailiitrators ra'.ninl aii^u." In view of theahovi' pn>\isions, and pari icuhu'ly ol' the last-mentioned one, which enjoins the ]irivai\ of tlie lleporls, the Ih'ilish 1,'oniniissioners iiave ;in;sevved the strictest reticence; with regard net only to tlie Joint l!e])orl, hiit also in the matter of their Several Report, and have mjt disclosed in any way tin; cotudiisions at which they have arrived on the \arinns points. However, Dr. U. Jlart ]\rerriain, one of thi.- Tnited States' Commissioners, has sul)initt(;d to cei't.'iin iiafuraliKts a " Cireidar letter" hearinij,' on the suhject-matter prepared ior the consideration oT tills Tribunal. In the iutrodn<'tory parai^'raph of his " (.'injular letter" Dr. .Merriani writes an- follows, datinu from \\'ashini;ton, April :2iul, f-UiJ: — ■■'I'iie (liiV(n'niiiciu oj' i!h; I'niti'd Stntis liaviii; t-vloi-ti'd iiiu as a natiuali~t t" invc^rtigatc and vi-port nj mi ir.fi A tlio pniiditinii iiC tlic fiir-si'iil iiH'krrics on tin; I'lil'vluf Islirri'ls ill lli'liriii',' .Scm, willi f-|KTiiil rurcn'Mcn \,, the. causes of (li.'croris'! mi'l IIim iihmsiiivs iiciM'ssary Tni- ilu' rcwtni'iitlnii mill |icniiiiiieiil. |pii's'o Diciilinii i.s iiiado of thi i'l'iM.'inmit oiitcrcd inti) 1)v tiic (jo\T'rnnieiit.s ot Gi'cat JSrituiji :iud the T.' of the in tl '^.'d Slates ill r('S])cft in lln' jniiit (duimctor ivi'stio'atioii oI'IIk! facts of seal lifc; and, ic aiisciici- o f ot! sntir(;i';-i (d' iiifiu'iiiation. till' nat iiirilisls to wlioin fhc; adi (liTsscd won SC (■.\])lail!UlO!lS ■vvci'O 1(1, it is sill iiiittcd, naturally assume as corri'i t (h 'Is statni l.v Dr. iloi I'd llii' iiii'ri! Tact of the suliinissioii ol' the questions at issue rospcctii le- ilie lur- incfliiids apjiropriato I'ov its iircsci'Viilioii, to tli judgmont oi' well-in l'nrin;.'d naturalist tioii can lie takei ol' the -'Cireiilar letter," it is I'l s, no exeept Hut on e.Kainiiiini,' tlie Imdv lit o he a pi'eeis ol' the inure iinportaut <sor C'oniit 'i'onunaso Salvadoii, points onl that, in addition lo the (3ireets atlrihnted to ])elan'ie sealing', he helieves th(,' IciUiliLi' upon the islands to have liccu loo ^reat. Dr. Leopold von Schreiuik, in hrief terms, roeords his fall anavemeni with the statements ])resonted to him. Dr. IfcMiry If. (iiL;'lioli, likewise fully au,a'ees with Dr. Morriam, hut tak<'s occasion to dep loo the killini^ of "pu|)s" oil the islands, which, it will Ik.' rememhei'cd, was allowed to continue till I'^Dl. Dr. lltuihael IManeiiard, points out tiial the killing' ol' younii' males on land i'cijuiri's I o he reL;nlali}d and sevcn'cly limited, as well as the killing at sea. Ih; helieves the matter lo he diio for an Inierualional (.'oniinission. Piofesser Wilhelm Lilljohord and Daron A. E. Nonhaiskicdd, ]v it that the pi'ijleclion required cleaidy divides itself into that on land and that of seals at sea, where near to or con- nected with the hreeding rookeri<"s. Tiv. A. von ^riddendorf, states that intca'n I'ional protection is necessary. Dr. Emil lloluh, likewise Ixdieves that |n-o- \0\c. Irctidii inii-t !)(' accorded c(|ii;illy at sen and oil llic l)m;diii^'.islaiids. [fc mii;^cs1s an inlcr- iialioiiiil Coiiijrc.ss. T)i'. Carlos l!cr^', in a few Hues, ayrccs entirely witli Dr. JLu'riain's (•onclii^ions. Tlio stafeiiieiils made liy two other iiatniviiists, to whom it does not. appi'ar that Dr. Mc:ri;uu's "Circular letter" was sent, must, in concliision, he mentioned. 'i"licse arc Professor T. |[. Huxley .and Dr. I'. L. 8ela have inm-c ivoiiilil tliaii tlu-sc. ["lion any discus'.inii hcUnv the Ti-il)iina1 upon tlic suhjcd cf llca,'u]ations llcr ?.lajcsty's G<.v..'i'nmri;t ^\■\]\ rui'-r, ir ))i'^^v<■^■^vy, to :i Su])i)!('- ;ncv;aiT lli'l)!)i't ol' llic Ei'iiisli Comini-sioncrs, uliiiii isr,(av ill fDUi'NC of pi'(>pai'ati(>n. a'ld will, i( ;. iH'licvcd. 1)1^ pirM'iilcd 1o JIcv Majesty's G!.\ ■iTiuiciu l;v tlic 31sl .Taniiavy, lf--l)3. ',;;(■ siK'crcdiiiir cliapteis liavc beer, pn-paird in urdci' I'-iat the Arliitmtors may be init in pes-.-Ksioix of the tiTU! facts iimterial to tbe con-'u!evatioii of the (inesfinn orPvO'^ulations, and of tl- voply on belialf of Ifev iifaji'.sty's Govern- ment to the arguments and rdlei^alions of fact comaincd in t be Case of vbe United States with refer, nee U, pclai^'ie, sealing; and tlie maiiai;ement of ill- islands in tlie past. 107 Co:Nsii.i:i;ATi(.N' or Stam i:>:i;nis it'i vi v.wwuii liV'iiiK I'mt;:!) JStati;-; lihAiUMi ui'o.v Tin; Qiic-iTroN ()!• Tin: Ni:ci;ssrrv nu! Regi'la- TJ^'NS. CJlArTKi! X. D'llc iiuil Anil, Hit! cf ilir oh.- ircd D'Tmisc in Tun r.Nirnii Statis' Cunt; Nxrcxs (1.) ViiilMl Still. -.' fii-c. p. ICI— "I.'i.ilir \\\\> f:iiii'i! ill ni.ml;ns, iii l,-i\st np ..i the veiir !Ski/' vtnn- -..v.M iMi;,!i-iim;o that tiii.c llu' ilmra^ liiK b.tniut rj.'M' I villi II' Iri.iii Miir U> Yi':ir, Iwitli .It ihc ruiiiii'iic- iUifi in lin- milers . i' tl..' I'licilic Ocnr.i niirl licrinii; .^va." (3.) Uiiiuil Matis' disc. ]-. J'jri— "Thill llii.i clri-n:i-i- It-- II >\,i;i li ,- ,1 CI,.,.. I ( SI ell pi !airi. sialini;, ar.il i; at l!;f i xtti-iiiii ..liini if iliis stai lin.i wili f, itaiiJy v.Ai:- j.lntc u i ■ .••\\i\" ( I.; UiMi' I Stall's' Casi.', p. l«.j- "Thr I't rri'tisv ill tl,i' Ural huiJ In* il.u,- IkxIi propurlioi.aii ti lliu iiicnuii' ul'thc .stnliiif; fUft.'' Sl-.MM.UIV •!!■ lilllli !I /!lPI V, It i- iii!iiii:iil tl.-.t a ilrniMM- \-. K.a, i,.-, niiil ali"i.: i , ri,l.;,iiiir fvluails h.-i» niciiniil ii- .i uMiit ,r i-xn-.i.,- I.il--i ' ■ ■■ i-iiminini 1' • ; u as i.a.l i,.,.l . , ., U„. ij.I,„„i, .,, ,,, I,. I, s>,lll|,MI. 1. I..: 1-!.-, :;: , i,:,, ,,, „l,,..,i„ l|:,. ..,,„,.,„ • "I llii.(.i,U. ii»i:,i-h a-l.";;!- Htlli;^|)l-(.-^^s.^ll^,l 1 im-™,,, sti.l ii..m: iniiikiit ill Iss.J, The ca. ■ ' Till' nttciipf t 1 iT!it-,u-l till- (iaii- if fnt il; til llii< li'. !t ;■> y^w \W iir.un.nt of (Icrrcasp or, tlio VvWnl-AY I-l.iml,, i,.ul \hv .■v.douce iTliud on liy till- I'luu'.l St:it>s to i>iove its irvrtit pro- poviicms is iin'onect or ini'iMivliisive. Tl.cn' has boon no decrcusc ol' m-;i1.s »t sen com-pondii ■,' with lint f.iinul on tlio I'ra.vlnir Islands, tlio nun.iHT nt soa liavin- im.iiovlioiuil.lv. il' ""t iu'lnally, n,cri-a-.-.l m ate y, ars ; an liT.'ct pruliillily duo I" tlio .listurlia:.co inoidint tokillii:'' on tlio 'island-. Tin I'nim (li(> qnid;\tii.'i\s -ivou aliovc, if tipiicurs 1.» I)c alllnucil ill thr Case of the Liiited Stnlos fiial iiH> seals MHMvascd in nunilicr mi (''•« i'ribyloll' Ishmds niulci-tliccoiili-ol or tli(> Viiitcd ^ _ Stales' Govern nu'ul :\t least np to the year 1>^1 ; ^'as'i'.'p.'lor tliat, from the year l.SM) ',o the y.^ar iSHi-^.". ilie !iunil)er remained .■.lalioiiavy, 1)UT. that in l^^Si ii decr(«a.S(' lieiinn,* wliiidi in subsei[iienl years eon- tinned and Iiecanie o-roaler; tlial sueli decrease wis oli:.erved no! alone eel ol' the dininui- lioii oC the singly "'" scal-sliius which lias stirred i he lessees of these islands to agitato Vor the iiiteri'erenee and protection of the (iovernment of the I'nited .Slates, fr mt whom liiey derive these special rights. Tlie lessei's cor.itilaiued of the operations of pelagic sealers, and attributed the decrease '-f' seals observed on the breeding islamls enliridy t . pelaLrie ■-ealin;; ; and, in eonsetiiience of these e.,inpl:iints, the United States endeavoured to iiat a !>to]) to pelagib sealiiiif by means of the euu-o of vessels on the bidi seas. Vs to the diininutioii in the uinnber ol -eals, iie ikitisb idid I'niled Slates' Conimissioiiers n-jreoto the lollovslnu' proposition in their joint ■ pi'i",; — ■Wii lin.l lltat since the Alaskii inuvlia^o a oKivknl xi>id„ p. 3"j. ..ihiiiiuli.m ill tin-' nmnlier nt' *;il- on wnl imi.itnally ro.soitlii^r l.i tin' i'liliylfll' blnuds lins t.iK'-'ii place; tint ii liiislmuu .iiniulnlAe ill oiSji I, nml lli.iL it l: the iv^iili .j[ .••e ivaiv'. liilliiiL; I'V iiinli." til ei„i,.avi.tiriie.; to arrivi! at the line eaiiscs ,,r this diuiinntion, it is m-eessaty in Hie llist liiil.'il SI, in.ilizeil ml ex) il nil' d.iilliM liriti on h.iln Ikitisli ami I' .^ioln•t^' lllti'd luliiiit ituen s t'lruiniH ■use. • rill' '!ati 9 ilo no! prrri-clv (•orri'«pi,i.d, bnt niv i'nilcl Seitis a- leic tlnti'd. '*i' rn liv tin ^ \ r,!) j)I;ici> !(' ;!••(•. 'I'iahi (■r)r''('C'lly the il;.;i' ;it uliU'li til.' (liiniiiiiti')ii ('i)iiiiii(iiri'(l, .'iiiil llic ;i!n'iiinl dI' ilis' (lilllilUlti'ill. l']:!iii iliis point, llic (•(inclu-iiiiii ;ii'r;\>!l ai l>y (lie J'.fi(i.sli {,'ijiiniiis>i() llt'port ill ilii' folhnvinij (i.Tm^.: iiiM-ioiu'i's is (■>;[)ri.'-:;:'i! in tlu'ir lirili.-ilj (JiiniiJiisdi'iiU'ra IjcUi'M! de- riuiiac lo h.ivo lii'i'ii ])V.iclii'.illy r OUtilHInllS IMIiIlT I'llilcll Silllfs' ciiilnil. Hritisli ('(imnii*- ^iolle^■s■ licport, p.m. .-,7. "A ciiticil iiiv.-li-iiii'il nialti'v, t.f>L;i'l,lK'r wiili till' rvjiKMicc iifKiriiii'.ly oliLiiinuil fi-iuji ta.iiiy s->iii.i-i idi'l ,;u i-xui]iin.Uii,ii cjI' lliii I.umI iKa;iil.-5 I'l' llin ninkcrirs :i!i(l linnIiii,L;-^ri)ini.l. ..,, ,.Iii! I'riliylnil I.-^!:uiil-:, \'':l'U in tl) I'i'licVl' lil.l! lllrlC h.ls lir.'ll il lllMlly fiUlillltililS 'li'tcvli'Viitiiiii ill tii'j I'uiiiiilinii c)l' ili{^ viiikfiics mul iluc i-pn.-i in (l"> 'iniiiluT 111' sual-i licniriiling Upj i-LuiiLs rn.iu tli.- liiii_ ..'. -.vl.icli llii'su |iii.ssi-il nmliT tlic- ((lutrul ui t!ii^ I'liit.'il Sla!.'.<, iiml tljijl. akhmi;;!! iliis <\,-r>,- ■ - ; '■';• !:•■,■ iiri-ii iiilt'nii|itc'il, or ui'oii vi'Vi'i : . , \\\ I'aviiur.ilili: vi- lis, il was m;V'Miln'l<- '■ ..t llic iii.iiu [".'VsistOllt.'' iJfilvnse ■11 I-lililil.- Sl.'l'inll-; I.rl'nlT pc hr'-'ii" .-iiMlill" (i) llu! aUi: '!■■ \Cc 111 ;iii (".■I'-c 111' fill' f.'iiitcil SUiics to LTiiiiicft the coni- iiii'iici'iniMit ii!' till' filiscrved iloci'casv' on tin* i.slniids \v)i!! ilint ol' (In; iiicniaso of |i.'!:>u'ic M'.'uin;', ir v.ii hi- f-miul, (in uddit on ! ) tl ;fi;rT;il I'vidwico of di'lci-iiratioM durlui 1 i-niiHT A'cars ni iiu> ! luiuii .-■'.•it Ivit; aftci' ii-;iiin' near acdril 'lair a! Ailiii-li ilio sc;\r;'itv ol' vounu' sells liad lii-i.Tiiuc Midi as 111 Imui ill lakinn' tlicir '• qiuila,"' llic nriii>i' • sionoi's state ih:i. this sfa;i'(> in ilocliue liad Ijci !•( ar h.'d- liiiil.. ]'ar;i. fiSg. " lit'i''il'i.' tlli' lielilj'Jc si'iililii; '•'Hi.-.iili;'niMi.' iluv.'li![uiii'iii. :i: mi'K'i ;iiiy viiliil liyi'iiili. I'll' iiiiv siii'li ic-nl!.'': I V ill tiikiiii,' •■ (:|iiot;i "!i T 11- (ipiiuoii aiinvi; ,>x|)ri'' si' d is I'ltrtJior iiniu'd !iy fliecxaiiiiiiation oi' thi'i'viilcnccjittnchcd to till.' Uiiilfd Sfnkvs' Caso, ami also hy the iiulc- pciidcil: iiivesliL;atiiiiis oi' ?ilr. 11. W. Klliolt. Mr. Jiriiott, it will l)n rcMucmhi'Vcd, was Ecnt in imrsiiaiu'c of 'i Sppciiil Act oC Congross to thi> islands in ls()(t, to asei-rtaiii llii> condition of the voolvci'ios, his iii'cvious invcsligations li-xviii'^ specially (jualilii'd him I'or this inqiiiry.* * II Mill lie fiirilicr KiLcmlttriil ti:;it Oio rupiirt tlicii iiniil.' Iiy Mr tlliott 1,.T. iii'viT I'eon piili'ialieJ liy l.!ii' IJiitc^l .*;iiitt>' Govrnmirnt. 'I'lio i-ilr.icH in Drilisli (.',is», Appi'inlix v.)l. iii, " I'lllli'li ;-;t.lt,'n>!er .iiiii M.miMir IIoimII." 170 |;i tr.'itiiii;' 111' the c:u:si's iiiultimcol" coiu- m.'iu'omrnl oF llic iloeivasc, :Mr. EUioU alludes but:, to oxccssivi' killini;- on tlic Maiuls anil to pchiL^ic !":ilinii', ai'.d «\' llu> uiriuL':' lie wriii's as rollout : — niiml.i-rs i.r VMiiiiu- nial' s,':ils wliu/h I -nv lln.v.^ i" i'^i-' .. United Stales \Vl„-n,li.l this\n.vk"iM.'.re;isci;ii(! .l.-lviMi..n.s,. iimik 'il No_. 2 (ISfU)," ;ia-uiT I'i'lliiws ; — '•(!.> l-'r"in .>\,'i-ilri\ in- w iili'mi !irfi!;!',i^ ii ^ \v;iniin:j lii-t lu'LHiu ill 1^^7I'. ■\vr\>v'\ Ui'mi uulil !><>;-. ili"ii ^"'I'li-niy ivii'".v,-.l ;i;jiiu with iiirr(M«fil n'.rV'jy I'l'iiii >■<■•"• '" >■'■■"'• inilil the uid h aLiiililly iviu.Iii'l, tlii- :-Mnii .-I IS'.Mi." KUiott liMiT^ this (lill.inltv \:«k U> 187'.l. Au'l ruvllier on as ro!!\vly .iiul -L.-ailily ll,iri., p. jT ii],].!'!',! 1.) that ' ihiviii..'' as it iiro.yirH-icd ill IST'-'-Hl' iil"'ii 111" ■ tJivat ri'son.- nl' Zapa'liii". Sniilii-wi-=l Point, ami l'n!av!Ha. tUiai llii' \nv?i:u'. rinhWUnit «\ L-.\liaastioii, ,,1111]!. t.: L'xiiau-lii.a k\ tlic Mirplu- »\\\>\'\y <>i yimii.i; iiial. :"ua!~-, woiiM la'i I'O (.Iwrvcil— it wi.aiM net liave liaiij".-mMl.'' !m- .111 cviduiic:^ ot an iuili'])C-.ulcut. diai'iiplor, (he British Cominission'-Ts also sliow Ilia', as oai'v as IST'), Ihc air:! oi' "dfivinu'" on the is'.atals hud to he extctidrd, in oi'der to scciuv 1hf '■• f|U'ita-" and as or.rlv as 1>>8;> llic standard ii,.iij-i, fdmaiis- woidit of skins had to'lM. lowc.v.1. in "'^d.T ;;^;■•^^«'■i'"■•• l;)^nabi■ the "quntti" to Iw nuunlaiiii"!. Or. iliiN iinrticiiliv symiitoiii, intivkinc:' a '■t'l',.- i'l pniirri.ssiv.- d.-crra'^.s Dr. It. M. :Mfi:utyi-;' writi"^: linih.'i i.viilLUC:(. In tliis i'tli'i;( .\;,, , :; tin- BV/J:- liti-TiMM- !, and liav. cHii^.ianlly ,1, . 1 .iiin.. 1, ' ■' -'M'"!7| tiicy|ll,; Iv.ial.wi ; , „ I • ,1 It. Ii., jOi.i I i.iitr ,,„ , . ,u-..i,l ..', , .:v.. Li^T skn., ;.s (I., ^^^^j ^^^^ _ „_^^^^_.^ .j :ijlij. (liiwii ; l.Mi. '.■.■■ v.-i'l-cutia!'' . Ko. ;j>s;!. p. 1 1?^. ;,;, , .,i....i. i!u' riVC""'!!' ;"-l-iill IIk' i.ll''!! i' ■ -I .'.la i!!i-r ill fizi'.'' Adiiiiili'ii vKlin-li. II 111 '(.naiml •-t/i ..f -kins in 1881!. 1', i'ilii'i' I'acf- la'aiimr dinrtly tm lliis point „^; I,. ;::■! ai pp, :;;52. tJ33 n{ tWs Counfc;' I'av and in Ih'' J>i']iort, oi' the British Com- i.;.n-ii (Vnum- nii-sioiiors on this suhicct. so that it is un- j,,,.,, ,,<)4_;.o3. nci'i'ssary Innv to I'olluw it tii vi'i'Uii'r K'ii!,'th. In tin- rndea\dur made, in lli<' '■'•■isf <'!' the riiUcd ^tatc-;, lu ri\ thu ^vhld^■ icspousihilily lor an i.h-i'rvfd decivasi' of .si'iiis on tlir i'l'ilivlolV Vhl^uds uiioii thi' jH'lugic si'ali-Ts, the aruiinicnts I-.- ,. ! iwo l'oni'i1''d '! so lont,' a train of mi 171 I'(rTllC ill ii .il these dat.i. i'i.'l. l>iil:i :i~-um.il I'V I'llltuil M..U- ilii[il> llllll uliiii-lAril ilrclC.ISi- miisi !»• due til Killiiiu -'inu' veiirs IuCmi.- iIm- li.rlVi-,. iiiitnistw(irl!iy iiiita, Unit if is not possibl;- liorc to coiitrovcrl tlhiu in lou-ical oi'il<'i' wiilioiii passin;^; iii vuvimv ncivly a!! Ihc tujiics rclatiiin- lo seal lifV uliich ari' (!ca'l wilh in 1liis (jjimtor- Ca>e. The Id.-^s oI' seals kilicil at sea is gn-atly cxaiitfcfatc'd, and liy|io(liciifal llnnrrs arc tlius arrivcil al loi I lie lota! niimijci' oi' srals killi.'ii at s(';i, uliit'li, as c'lNcwhcrc sliuwn, arc crrom.'ons. The pn;]iia-tii, and that the date assigned in the Case of the Uniteil States (18S1), on the anthoiaty of retrospective statements only, is crroneoii:.. t. Il is further shown by the ofileial Jiejinrls of the I'nitcd States, that the decrease observed and complained of in 1^''.> and in i'ollowing years occurred in " kiliahle'' yoini'^' males. It is Ihus apparent, in couformity with the positiiin assumed in the Case of the I'liiii I States itsidr, tha; any scarciiv of seals observed lelan'ic sealiu'j'. on the Pribyf.lV Islands, if due |i> | ited from the kill the ini caiuuit ! aninK'J.s a; s, a in been the elVoct of the kilUiitf of female' if such siriK' year, out must VdVtm. , or of nursing I'uuiales, three or f(nu' vcar» befnrc the plained of a.ctunl scanitv ol killabici corn- Thus, i noe;l adva '"■ islands became mauifest. nice with the coutcntion now by the 1 -ill 1 Statrs. (lie rliHieiilty iu .dilaliiing the ■ .pii.i i " in ISSl. must iint be iitlributed to any killing at sc;i in that y:i\\ liut 17-' ir.iisl li.ivr l)i''(;n ('(i)is('(]iu'iit on --ucli Killiiii;' i'.i 18^1 ;ni(l ill ju'cH'cdiiii;' ycai's. The arciirju'V ol' stalislii-s ol' seals kil!i\l al >i,,li;siir.-. in rniU'.l Sl.ilc>' Case ilsulf sen -ivcii ill ili(- CaM> (,r till' United States is not ^i"w tln.t ullc-.'d lirsi (IrciiMse was , , , -1 , . ,. Iinl 'III" lO I'll.l'^ii' ■ the wh.iile uuiulier oC sea!- killed at si'a (still eiiiploying' the li^^•n^es given liy the United States) had heiMi eoinjiara- lively iiisignilieaiit. Thus, till' iliniimitioii in '" killahles " claimed to have lieen Ih'st oh-erveil on the islands in !1SS4, must have lieen due to tin- loss ol" at most O.tiOO male piqis in the \ears li^7!), 18S(), and J>3Sl.* When it is honie in )nind that liie leijal "(luotti " u|ioii 111',' I'rihylotr Islands in eacli year was l()0,Ot)ll, the iiiil'onnded nature ol' the coii- leiition now held hy the Unit^'d States in res|ieet to the elleetol' pelanie sealing- heconies siitlleieiilly aiiiKii'i'iit. i5ut ii! tlie lu.'W eonteniioii alluded to (hero aeeepted merely I'or i)ur[ioses of discussion) is iiisearded, ai'.il llie facts disclosed in the nllieial lle'porls of the I'uiteil Slates are re^'arded instead, the extraordinary eharai'ter of the ;;c(u>atioii h veiled aijainst jielagie sealinu'- and jielau-ie sealiuL^' alone, heeomes still iiiort; apparent. I'liese facts show that the diilieulty in securini,' the " (piota " on the islr.nds was felt as i.'arly as :^7'-', or at ;i date two years before niiii \essel dad entered U<'liiing Sea for pui'jmsos of [ielaii'ii? e'llinii'. If therefore the scarcity (^f yoimn' males I], ell apii;\;'eir1 on the I'liliylol'' Islands he ailllluited to l^illin^■ ;it sea, it iiiiisl liaM' resulted fiMiii such killiiiL; in lb7ri. |s7''>. and IS77, which in those yi'ars (a-siiniiii'^' the li'^nr.'s jirinted by the ("iiitrd Stales) amounted only to l,{j.l(i; 2,012; and 5,7(111 s"als in all; and 'iii'- enliiely outside the area of I'ehriiiL;- Sea. II must further he rememheii'd that Ihe iiniiihei' if .skins eonhiiiutiii;^' ihe ^'orlh-ucsl Cateli as I'.iil !l i:onvr| d.11,1 111- ■■Mijiliiyi'l, tliis I'lTi'lllfS si ill lllnl'c "I'N iiiMs. • Tlii:- iJf 01 the n.'-iiii.ii>ui;i itat «// tin- m-.-,!s k.it'il "X fiii mic KioBui fpnialis, aiwJ tU.»t the -■(>xc^ uf ili" M)iiii;r ' st wcrf. .I,.,.,-v.l i;..--.„ r,, I (lilli'li'lh.r or I'.lilisll Uiiiifii .Sl.ilus' .sliiti-ii 'ijTish I'unm.iy- T.-iblc (c; ■ Uc|nirt, lis K. ll„I. ('.■ I;. ( ica-i- li.M'il ill I'liitol Sliilu n" I'lovioiia 'it!ii:i,il II. I;.. .■.: •_'n,l ; It ''mini St.ilL'^'i-liin.ili- Iff !lio. ;iiiiiiiii of tlri;i".i-c. stndvl oil 111,, pari of tliv I'liitrd Slati's is !;ii avu (o ilicliulc ;ill sl.iii-, l)ivni-!ii !;y v.-'sscls i-, r.T-ili<; |)(ii'ts. ami thn! of llirsc a con.'sid.'rahU; iiroji titiuii (parliciilai-lv in the earlier years) was dcrivod i'roiii raids iiiadc ii|)iim (1;c I\ unl,. and Ci);>inianilpr Islands. I'lirtliiT, lliat lli.' scarcily of yoiinc^ male seals tijxni the I'lihyliili' [-lands, so far (Vom •'slalilisliiiii,' u, ncral dec'id.cncc ii; seal life, has l)o;'n coiintiT-lKdancod, aecordinu' I ) a i;i\\\t mass of triistwortliy ovidcnw, Ly an inercasin;:: al)iia- daiic.' i)\' sea.ls a! sea. The (lill'creiii'i; adually (-cisiiniif lietwron (lio fii^Mires M.iv,.,i f„r pela-ic si-alini,' in the Case of iUr I'liitcd Slates niul i.. Ihe llepov) of l! 1(5 British Coniniissioners, result eliielly from the absence of i!;:la respect ini:i' the catciies of \c>s:ds enjjai^in:,' in i'or years luvvious to \'<>o. snilini;' I'r.nn I'lufed States' norts and this indie-liy, ,al)l rea.^oaal)ly accurate ajiproxiniatious ('xist for the (latoh of Canatliau v( and fr lat year onward correct st; liislics are avai!:ihle for tin vessels. lie wliollv inilrusiwortii liar.-.cter of the iiit'orni if ion availahli States' lli cani'.ol; >]ieet to ]' lie heller Iratcd than hy a for I le year liritish (, llie statement r;'['erenc<' to the data sujiplicd }2, and quoted in tlie Repoit of on-.missioners. 'riierrfori', the --eivral ;;'iyen hv llu ]?r iiish C oiirnissinne; niucli more accurate than i hat printed on the )f t h led Siiles, which h.ii neverthe ihove as a li:isis of nri^Uinent. 11 ployed It must not he rorz'otii'u, in tl that till position now taken and the d;i lis cDunee: ion, tlxed ni rpspi'et to ;i decrease of seals I.-,- the I'lrted iiUites are hoth uliollv i;e\v. As L ite as V^-,"^, the Spc'cial 'treasury Ai,'en!s on V.u- Trih Isia .d •ported ;Uiiii'.e;i de .M,(i I' li'.iliil, ill C„i,:., of s.-als tlierc, and the whole of the I now hrouuht. forward on ihl.-, jioint rests, not on e cont(>nipo;an"ous Ilepiirls of AuM'ni-,, I,ut oil j'ct respective afilil'ivits and opinions of a yery laic date, to'^-cther with certaui ob^'rya: ions on the islands themselves, made in '['•'.)[, which are Mihsei|iienlly referred to. As to tho amount of t!ie deerea-e, n iient appisar.-^ to iiavi leeu arrived at li luissioiiei-s. ill the Ca.so of the United States ' ext.u-injnation " of the seals is spok (Ml ol as th heini;' a certainty in the near future under fl present conditions, so that it may he assuiu -A Hint; the decrease is helievedt o !),' very LiTcat. Th.is i-,, in 171 lact, clscwhciH' nroiTL'il in iu t'.ic Case ris " iho .Minnii-u', dcMTonsf." Tlu' UiiilL-,l Stales' Com- lui'-siniu'vs wiito : — •• II iiiiiy lin'ier"iv 1h' acct'iUod as im nmli^pulra {.\':i L'niica St.iU'.-' l!i;;; tUr sciil i».pula!wii of llu- islands i,-; -natly lulow Ci^-, p- 33H. wUv.i it w.is I'or UKiny yoar.-i," ami like-wise spralc of iiruxiiii;.^- •' ccimmurfial cx'inetiiiu"' under the preM'ut (•nnilillons. It is iUMiHn'torcinarlc, liow'Vfi', that ilio UiiitwlSUitL-s' ('(iiuuiis.sinncrs stale ilieii- lielicl'thal — -,w4, if net. all, of tliu iMilili^lica cstiiaules ui tlic Xaiucvical data uiitraotwoitby iiiia'rr uf .-■■■lis !iitla;il^i fi-aui'l on tla-.ic. i.^laial.s an- II. It, Slat Con-., ,.N,,,-.r.ilc.l lusliort, i.iu-cau.say\vitli madi m-iv u,',%'3o/i',''ji. <■(.■!■! ,u:.:v that tliPi'o an: rt;\VLT i-c;i!,s la.Ta now than livi ..\lso II. 1!., oOih ycai-a^ tl-aiu lie could atton.i.l a coiui.an-^un liy na.aii.- ^;™^;.', "y"'!;'^'-'*"'' of an actual or ratluv an a.53uni(.-d tun.sus." np.'ssj, 333.' The iiuitii-rical ,statciiicnt-5 thus n-puiriatecl liy llu- United States' Coiniiiissioiicr.s are tlio.so of tile areredlled Agci:ts ol' tlu-;r own (iuvernmcnt on tlio rribyldir Islands ; liuL in distrustinL; Uiesc fmiires, as v.tU as in atti-iliuting cxa^^wration to llu- fonner estimates ol" ntmiber, tliey are in aeeerd with the J'riti.sh Conniussioners, who, liriiish Coman-- . iLoncri lloiiorl, wiiiing of the islands alone, and Mitlioiit eeu- p^r,,,. :.--', ;i.-.7,:iG.s. 1-Apl.iJuin,^ llio e.\.l^j;i^vatcd cstimalus of duon.'ase. SKl: sa\' ■in- the minihev of .seals inet with at sea, ■'"'' n'<^^cir.lly .'.to. 'A Ktiidy of the availilil; imblLslicd data, madu in Il)iil., pnr.is. ro, 91. ronncrtioii with a pi-r.^oiud fxaniinatioii of llie variou.- liU'i'i'iin^.,-'.'vonnil-! thcni.solvr.s, lias cunvinri'd n.", ':o\vover. lliat ^onio, if ni't all, the cstiniati.-; of tin- total nundioi- ipf Koah; niadi,' in the earlier years ot tlio lerni of the AlaKka Conmiuruial (Aini|iany Iiavo boon greatly oxai,'f,'erat(.'d,\vli:' reports made in ISDO, iiowcner accarali- ti. tlR-ni.selves, laivi-, becaa^se conijiared wilh tlie-.c oveidrawa e.ainiates, e.\a'4,t^eratcd the amount of tlio doerea.si;. The alarnun;; fnreiasls as to the condition of the brcodin;,' i.shuuls, leased npo!, lepovtv made in ls;i(i, have, forlnnately, net lietii seiii..! by the f.iet; in ISli'l, a:; iiei'L^onally ob,-;ovv('d bv ul P I .'i 1 , snh-'('i)niinissi()iicrsl);iS(!lli(.'irslaf.i.'monts n; lo llic irrr.'il nnil rjyral (I(i(MT;i,-:; of seals (iw tin- l'ril)yl..rr jslamls cliicf^y iip'ui llir (■\istriicr nnil (liinr,: -ioir. (if wliat tliiy (■■ill tli" '• yellmv-i^i-a.vi zone." or, as named by llic British Coininis- bioiiers, the " ^la-vs limit." A nitlicr Uill- mavki',1 /.i/iir- or lituil of Uu's kind, iiidicafcil by ii (iillV'rcat and shorter iciowth of L^ra-;-. i> olservabli.' al)oii( most ui' the I'Odkery or lireedinic ;;i'oiiiii!s of tlie .seal.-, as a strij'. dilVerini; in cwloiir from th(! rest, and e.vlendiii;,' b(-yoiul the edges of the i,'rou!id iu actual occiiiiation by tho seals ; and, fiir'.lier, in many places, rock-; Idivj; resorted t'l by the S'als h.avc liceoi.;;' ];:)iishe(l ou the aii'jles aud elites. 'I'he.s>> fratiiro:; attraclrd ihe attention of both the J!rili.^ii and Vnilcd Slates' Coniniis.sioiier.-., and were jnvestiu-afiil liy them. In onhM' to support the paificular cijntontiou held liy the UiiilHl Status, it i.s necessary to assume that tin seals at one and the same time oeeupird the i;roii!id ('(■miihtely io the (aiter mariA-iu of the " gravs limit," and lh;ii thii occurred within recent yeai-s. It is natur:dly easy to lind jiative>, ani! others \vh.o li.ive bi'Cn upon t!ie C.is,.,,,|,.33U-3H. ,,.^,1 Alsd lirifisl Coirimi-isidiKr:.' Kpport, p|i. .184- islaiids and ha'.o only lately had their atiinil ifin 'd til the m.'ilter, expr(>«>inL;- the (ipininu that liesiili n I Im'iI ;iI 1i\' Hi ilisli t'iiraini.s>ii'iu-r; Hritisli Cuninii>- this was the case; but it is sulmiitted, in vieu III' ti'e facts hei'eir.after .-lio\in, that evidenc- uf this kind is of nn ])raelieal value. 'I'lie v.-hole snbjeet. above lirieliy alhided te. has been very ;'e.refully studied by the l.ritisl! Cotumissioners, and, thouL.di their Ueiiori mii>! iuir,i«. .?./ / -:10.). siollPr^' Itcpon, be referred io for details, it may be sttilod tl they helie-.-e tlie '■ 1,'rass limit " to mark only ihi ma-viiimni average ran^e d!' oscillation of the bree;iinn' rookeries, and she,\v that ii is ofti Si reaclieii (jr iiassed the present lime. ]; :ir'ie irly d'.u-ini;' the latter [lar; oi' the breedin '.lasses ol fh wnti' ■ — Ibid , fara. 395. "It iii:iy Uioivibre h:' ;l:it('ii, in ci.iK I'.hlii:;,' t:,. ■,■.:■.- siilt'valii.ia of ihi- sul.jf::!, lluil neither \\.v cxlrnt. <•'.' ti. sisil-|'"li.N!K'ii \c<'ki uer lluit (jf tlie •c;rii-.s liiniis' in tli, vieinily el' lliu iirueiiini^-'^iaiihi,. cui lie Ini.steil to I'm' tl.r piii|K).-^e ul' .U'ivin;.,' inlbniiuUeu iis n> liiaM'ts in i.U\; < ; positiuu i)f ;.;i'(in!iil etcupiod liy ■■viil.s in rccuiil yi.;ii.s lu- contrastvil with lluit u;. present rctupii'd, Far li^.'-.j , an e 1)U taken to imiicali' in aiiv reliabk' manner llic luinietieal ilfin-easc in t!i..' S'jal.-j in tlieso yijars, m- li, L;.,! -' z 17G |,li<>' I't llu' ailliiial tlrlaiW nu lliU .Mll'j.'cl, wlikll an iiiU^lli.^.Mil Miporvisiuii uMlu' iiMiliories wciiiKl liuvi; cxuctcil as a iiiatiiT of priiiK! iiiiii.niuiu'i', liiil wliidi are uiilnr- uimitrly waiiliii-, aiM .,111 ..,ily W in pavl siipiiliuil liy iIR•illl■^talalUl^i■Mls cr cMllaU'ial iiIiHcrvatioiis wliii'li litivo lii'i'u pR'Scived." jLi'.J.-M. .\l;ic(iuri, al'U'i' a paticul anil scicntiHc invostigiition of tliiw subject in 1«!)2, Ims ivai'licd conc-liisious which tally hci- out the statement juMt (juoted. Afti'i' (Iclailini; his ol)sen-ati()iis, he writes : — ■ Wli' u nil 11. ,' i.lim.^ 1 wa- ■■'■■■■>iu aial a^^ain told lliat Amipridix, vol. i, Uk.. ycHnw .uaass aiarlod tli. liuiil to whi.l, y tlitiii lor iiiany yoar:<, wliilialu-ii' an' otli.T pails ut i; llial rxhiliit iiimiistakabli' cvidnav llial swils liavo lieni on il witliiii a few ycar^; and in y>'t ..llaT rasi's siiuls won; seen in gifiit mimiieis in IS'Jl and ISH:.- liaulod-.ml to ll,,. r^trouie ed-(! of tlir "louiid dolin.'d l.y yrllow i^iass, and 111 not iv few in.-il;inccs a loiijj way ln^yniid it. "AVlieii the i-ookfl-ics ..11 St. I'aul l>land wrre la.st visitL'd in Si']di'nilMT, il was tound that al all tljo larger rnokerii's, fm-U a-< lii-vt, Tolstoi, and I'.lavina, ilio seals hud liaulud-oiil as lar as there was any si;_;n., of theio ever having been liefure, and in niaiiy '"ises mncdi farther ; phul.iLrraplis showing; this were taken at all the principal rookeries." iMiiliinnd I'V uh-.rv.ilions in ]^'X2. Auothev matter to which special attention is (Irawr. hy llie lifitibh Cominissiouei'.s iu respect to the whole nuuiher of seals, is the necessity of t akin I,' into account ohsorvat ions made at soti, as well as those inailc tiixii: I lie lircedintj-islands, in order to arrive at a true er)n('lusion respecting the increase or decr(\ase ol' .seals on the whole. Tliev state, that atltnitiou has horctofore hcen too .■xclu.>ivelv ffiveii to thu islands alone in this Rriiish Coinmis- l.)h.-*ervalion!< at se.i, as well as oil islands, ninst !«■ considered in judj^ino ,,[ iuerea-e nr decrease. r.'spect, aiul quote much evidonee of a i;eneial |,,„ ,J3_ kind, to slow thai no u<;crca.se correspouding with that ohscr ed ou Hie islands has hceii met with •it sea 1'hev have also, for the purpose of lb;,! , panu. i>23 * , ■ . • il • II -iac-4UG. arriving aL i^i'catcr certainty 'u tins maiAer, instituted a oomptirison of the actu-il muuher of seras taken at sea relatively to the nunihcrs o£ hoats and the nitmhers of men employed for :lvo years, 18S7 to TSUI, holh inclusive. T.io ,'.'_iifc:i thus ohialiied show a practical uniformity ci catch during these years; though at the I!»J ■ I'ara. aU3. :amo time nearly all tin; evidence shows that the s.^als are vcarlv hccoiniii^' moiv wary ai;d dilTi- Slalislics show no decrcasi: at sea. I.vldc sho- liuh I 177 l!i'iti-h Comtnis- ~iiiiii'Vi' |{i>|iort, |..iia. 407. Il.i.l., |);iMs. -lO?- •4'Ji; Sci' :ll«() Kvi'li'Mcp, 189l'. .•\li|iiM(lis, vol. ii, VV 140-15G. 1 S'J2. Slalislit> Ini }H'.i:! Illii illclcasr. as oil icil ill \\ sivr. l.vlilrllcc citi sliiiw iloiTi'i ll'dU I'M ihi il iiy I'liiU' LSI' .11. SI 'a 1 ' mu'.^ti.m. .1 Sl.ltiS In liiDws linli' Vn'iiei St.itrs' Case, pji. 10;) -l"'.: cull (if .-iiiiiro'icli, Miiil t!ii> .^l.'ili'iiK'iit-i 111' liilirui liiiutcrs ])niv(? Hint tlicy \i>.ii:il!y l.i" ;> fiii-'luT I'mm Iriiiil (luiii ln'Torc. 'I'll'- catt']!!". ni.'uli' liy (';iii:i:li;u! M-.'iliir-;' Vi'i-cls in \^',y2, n-i i'iiiii|);ir(';l witli tliosi- ol' l^'.ll, sIkav a (l('['i'(':is(.'!l iniiiilirr of .s!\ii\s ill pr.ijioi'lioii 1 i llic imrr.Iji'i" of vc^si'l.'-; oinployrd. 'I'liis ('irciiiiiit.'iiifi^ is, liowovci', I'lilly affi)iuit(! thai (here has liei.'ji a siihslantial inen'as^A in the niniiher of .seals in:.'t \viili .'it sea inl'^Ji) as e-inipared with IhOl. l! will ho iioled. that nearly all the statements Hiioti'd in ihe I'ase of the United f-'tatcs respeet- iiig the scarcity of .seals on tlie open sea, aro derived ;Vi,ra Iiuli.uis, wiiose knoulcd!2:e is chiefly fli.al ohiaiiU'd in canoes ii\ tho vicinily of tlio coast, and Iherefore corresponds generally with that given liy siinilar witnesses to th'< i'riiisii Commissioners, and .iil'ords little, if any, real iiiformntion as to the i^cncral aliumlauce of seals at sea. Tliese Iiidiar.s, inhaliiling tho const of the coiitiuert, are in most, ir not in all eis;"s, neccss.arily ijiiorani, of i'no cnovni'.ns aaniiul slaughter of f;eal.s made on th.e hie..:dini;'-?s!ands ; IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 A O % ^k i^ 4f 1.0 UK* I I.I 25 itt li£ 12.2 2.0 1.8 — 6" L25 lliu IIIIII.6 V] 'VQ ^;. ^^ > .-^ V %\r'>> .^'^'^ PhotDgrapMc Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 873-4503 ""^V I ^ fx I ITS ;iiul, fill- tliis vtayin, llic lact tlmt ihcy, atlrilmti" any s^caicity nf sy tlu-m in Uie acis (I iliciv rivals, llic ii('la;^'ic scalers, (of wliieli l)e statements ])reviously ;dtribnled b> them. The greater jii'ojiorliotiafe niauber of seals now nie! with at sea, as c;>m]iared with those on the ])r.-ediiiu--islandv, Is lar^n'ly explained by Ihc di-hirbances to seal life iiicideni to ihc methods praciisi'd on the islands; of whi-di evidence is lir.ti.h < mmn... I . 1 ■ • sioiier^ K('iiiir!, qiiiifiMl by the Uritisb C'omuussioiicrs, and il is |,„ra, 4j7-44u. said lliMt — • i!..' '.'riicnd cffecl i.f tlio-i' I liniv.^o'^ in liahit- of llm sp.il- i- (- iiiiiiiiiiiz'^ till' inuinMr In lie h'i'II iit any ni:i> lilin; on ill. liiv^lin'., isliuiils, wliil. ll.o iiMTii." iiiiml.cr to bu s,.i.'n ;il -^.,1 U ill loiisl I'l-oiioi-lioniiii'ly. tlioii-h. ii.Tlia]'-'. in fiKv ,,t il -'•iicnd diMivn.-i' in l„ud iim.iU'r of wids, iioi lb,.! . lura. -14 J. iilisi hill !v. iiicif;iHiil." \[clli.i(ls iji.iilisi.l ON llii' islands ilrivi' till- si'ids to wii. I: will, in adilili.iii. bi' I'oinid, th-,i i'l lb;' Inroe nn sid' leslimenycoliecled in I^'.tli, and jn'csenb'd i'\ Ihe Ai)l)endi'v lo Ihi- ('iiiinicr-l'Mse. in rc[i!y l.) l.'iiited Stales' ('(inleii ion-, bolh whib - acd In.lia'.!-; aiv aIino-1 iiiianinioiis in dcnyin;: the exlstencr of !i decreas.' of M'als at sea; and thai ;n:in\' I'Sin'rii'iieeil nii'M albrm Ibeir '.creali r :d)iiii- d.aiic!-. Thai, while ibe liidiiiiis s.-diiiu: IVnin the (•.>;i-.t believe ibi' se;''s (o be h"-' nninerouv in I ;"i\iniily I'l the shon-. ibey rJlrilmte ibis i.i li.-.ri to a chaiio-c in Icibils ir'sullin;,' IVoiii per .'-i-'/iil bnntiiiLr. in pari lo the :',l)sencr< of lariic r;in'; "T small lisli, siu'li as lii'rriiios. "When .s.n.;.li lish ar.' alnindant on lii" coast, the si'mIs ;i'c more niiiiii-rons, and are found even \'> enter till' inlets and bays in jiiirsnit of such lisb. I'i'.'.iiily, ill revicA\ino' the wboh- of Ihe lads joiil evidence eoUceled by tlii'iu on the nature and nnoMi.d of tlie decrease in th le.'ii. ill i1k' 111 liii, a .uv.hIimI ivdii. ti.>n in Ilji.', par,i. at ,;ilr ini.l.'iico .sliow.-' incH'.i.M- im n . ilolMi'Msc) ill <.^ madv in ll,<- Case of thr UniU'd Slates aijaiiisl I'rUujU- .i{ fciiiiilc, mill ciflh,. licl|ilis< yiiiiii;; tluT.iiy Kit to pL'i'isli." (1^.1 t'liilctl Stales" Vnw, p. I'.lll— " i'lii- White liiinlcT .... lusfs ;i girul m:i»y seals wlilch lip killn cr Mouiiils." (14.) I'liit'd Stiilcs" ('use, p. I.l.j— " It U a I'liiiMTMilivc cvtiiiiiitf 111 ^!iv timt Mii'i I'.iiiiti'iH IiisO two mil nl' i'V< TV tliivr Wills sliiit liv tlirlll." SrMM\i:v (ir I'.itlilsii Ui.pn. Pelagic stalinj; in the Xoilli I'licifK' is in no wav iiualnunMs tn tlie niftlioils eniplovfil in llif SihiiIh in lleiiiisplii'n'. 'llie niotliod nf liillini; wnls iisliinc on tin' Piilivlofr I.Iamls aiv similar to tliosi' liy wliirli ilcplclion lias l.crii lirni.jlit ahiiut in tin' SoutinTii IIiiiii«]i|i(iu. The actual loss cf seals si'ol at sea, due to the sinking of tlio Imdy liel'iire it ean be leeovered, is very smull. The minilier of r.Ually wounded seals wliieli escape rapture is also very unall. The sulistitulioii of ihe shot-ffuu for the rilli'. liy reiiderini; close appr.iaeli to the si'al necessary, has ;;ivatly rediieed this .iiid other hisses. The percentage of females allefrud in the f'asi' o, the United ."states to lie taken at sea, is ^jniitly e.\a.^i,ferate('. T'lm statements there made depend eliiellyon the exa.iiin ition of cureil skins. lint it is in iicuicral inipossihle to disliiii;ui-h the M'tes of the animals faim which tliev are taken. The liilliiii: of .inimals of t)ie female sex yielding; proluets of commercial value is not /"/■ .«,■ re|irelieiisiiih. ; and the larijer |i)iiporliun of female s.,:il, found at sea in lale years is the dinct result of the excessive killing of males upon the hrccdin^-islam's. Ihe killin;; of ^'ravid or iiursin;; feniah> a" sea, in eoanuoii with other sources of joss iueiiieiit t 1 pelagic sealiiii;, is iiiueh exiiirnerateil in the Case of the United Stales : but the killing of such fe> all s can.aiid shonld lie, ohviated .as f.ir as pos-ihle in any c .mnioii scheme of Ite^'ul.itious a(,'reed upon for the seal lishery as a whole. The eontontion that yoiins seals have died fiom starvation upon the I'riliyhiir Lslamls, in eonseipuniee of ihe killiiU' of their mothers it siii, is niiieiiiililc, iind it is hiised upon ii consiileriiliic morliility of "pups'' on St. Tiiul IsLmd in ISItl. 'Ihe dciitli of youii;,' sciils upon the ishinils duriiii; till- lireedinir sciisoii hiis lonj; hccii known to occur, iind liiis always heretjforc In en exiilaiiied hy other ohvions causes. The eircunistamcs altcndiiip; thi> niortiilily of youn;.; sciils in IK'.tl show that it cannot he iillriliuled to the ki'.lin;.' of Ihe nio'hers iit scii. The rei'inrenccof a!i eipiiil inoitalitv in IS'.lL'.when priiclically no se;ds were killed in llehrinj.; Scii, fully eonl.rms this eiuiclusion. The theory ndviinccd in the I'ase of the Unileil Siiiti s iTsje ct the cause of death of the "pups"; depends on tiie nssiim|.;ion that the femides ;,'o to very ;;ie:it di-tance.s from tlie islnnils In se,.reh of food while sueklinu'. whn-h is here disprovnl ; and it is lurllier di.nied hy the hesl authorities lai the fur-sciil. ]S2 IJcfDrc disciissiiii,' till' in:iiii cduIimiI ions of (lie riiilivl !St,it('s ;is to |i.'l,i-ic scMliii-, it "ill 1)1- convi'iiiciil (o cipmiiiriil upon tlir ii;ir;illi'l iitlcniplrd to III' ili;i\Mi in the two pa^sii'^r- i;i->l itliox c cili'd IVoni tilt' I'liitfd Stales' (';im-, Ih'I ui'i'ii |)i'lll^'ic •-r:iliiiL;- Mild tin' r("-lllls of sc-.liiii,' ill tllO SmiiIIii'III ll('lllis|dlrl'i'. 'I'lii' (Icsli'iictioii of seal- ill till' soiilli is fiiitcl Slat V Cist' pn, '2l>. -06 alliiili'il to ri'iirali'dly and Ml Icn^'lli in lln'Casc ii,i,i.'. Apiii'iuiix, of ihr rnilcd Stati'S. as tlioimii coniM'i'tcd in vol. i, p. ysii, et pas.vtm, sonic way with ]ii'laLcii' scaliiri'. In view of the atti'uiiits thus niadi' to jiai'alii'l till' I'oiidilloiis and prohahlc ri'sults of )i('lMi;-ic scaling? in the North I'Mcilic, with the di'striii'tioii of fur-seals ill the Soiitlii'i'ii Iii'iiiis|ilii'n', it ciiii- iiot he to;) clearly understood that there is liothini;- in coniinon lielweeii the two modes of takiiiu' seals. The huntini,' indis- criminate slauuhter ol fnr-scals in the Southern llcmispherc. .Mr. "Williams himsidf artnowledu'ed the siinilarily exist inu' hetween the meihods llist iii'aetised on the islands and those employed in No pir.dlrl ran Iru'itinnilcly he ilr^wn llulWi'ril lllc .'I.IU'jIllcl' of .Sl'ills ill tliu Suiillii'iii lii'mi~iilii.'n' .'iiiil pt'Li^'ic .si'.diii',' ill (liu North I'.ullii'. ■J'lhiiit'llKiilspMclisciloii the I'ribylod I>l;iiiils iii'i' siiiiiliir til lliii.-^c jinic- tiscJ ill llic Soulhuni llciuispliuii;. till! Soiitlicni llcinisjilierc, ;in(l, acconliim: to Jlr. IIm'i'I iiisDti, wlio \v;is also r, parly to tlic enormous slauirhlcr of 1S(!S : — I'UUott's ('ensiis lii'port, p. S^. II, H., 44lh Conn, lat Si'SS., U('p(irt No. C23, |). 133. IVliisic spalin;; is a new iiuhi-slry uf IdLiil oriL'iii. " Mui'.Mu'i iiirii Ijill.-.l (,1,1 K,■,•ll^i, cAV-!, nr iiiiyiliin;,' liii'V cami; u'jn.ys. 'I'lu' iika win to i;pL ,ill tli.v i.'.iiiM." Ji<'s|ii'(:liiiM- (lie (iri-iii (,r j)cla'^i(! .scalin:^' ami its Idta! diversity fioiu any modi' <■!' sraliii;^ pnicli'-i'd 111 till' iSoiiilii'i'ii lli'iiiisplii'i','. ihc British Commisioii!'!''; liavr acciiniiilarril iiKiiiy facts, 'i'lic'v wi'iic: — Ilrili^V Commis sioniT^' Kc'pcirt, |>.ira. CS. •^ U iiii'.- Inn; i,(' iiailiciilarly iint,'! tlj.-it, tli,' iiulii-liy [|ii'l.i'.;i,- ..r.iliiiL'l tliiis cli;viliij)r,l ill <',iiisi'i[iH!iii'o 111' [iivni- liar Idial ('(imliliim.", had iiuvi-r c-l.si'\vlii!ii' ajiiicaii'il as a t'iu;t()i' 111' 'jiiiniiii'ri'ial iiii]i,)rtaiifi', and iliat in -.,1 far a; we liavr li,'i II alili; tiidisciivri' 1,y ini|Miiiis s]i,'ii,illy ■liliTtr,! til llii.-i imiiil, 110 Vessels rallying' hiiiiliri I'nr the ]iiiriinr,i ,1 .<,ij,), .slaii.i;hteled llii! seals theie niily nil shitie and at tile lii-eediiii.:-|ilaees. and this wilhiail anv ivvjieri f,,r ih,. ri'jiil- ,,|' teriilmial dmiiii'iiiii oi- ),ii.|„'rly nver I he i>lan.U they l'iv,iii,nli-d. The 'sealing' Heel ' einiiliiy,',! ii. the S,iiiihern 11,'hii |,h,'iu has, iherel'i.iv, at im time lireii oi' the >,inie ehararter with that enj;a;,^eil in pehigic staling in the ^S'lji'th raeili,'," I.oiif; liel'iire its lU'Veliiiuneiil the seals .111 the I'libylnir Islands hail mi .several neeasinns liei-nnie niiirh n- dmeil. son PcHiaps till' most important iioint omitti'd from till' I'liitcil Stall's' ('.-isc. in ('(iisiicel ion with the conli'iitiiin mm lirlil in respect to tlic eir,'cr ol' ]i('la'u'ic si'aliiif,', is the fact that on iiikiv than one ( ecasion dtirin^' the lliissitiii ri'ijiiiie, ;iiwl Iliiil., paras. ;S'J- niaiiv year-; hel'ore any sc'iis were t.aken at sea. t!ie supply of .seals on the Pribylnll' M,-iiuls fell SI) short that eoniniereial i.'\lerni;i;,-it iiiu actually tliR'atcned. In the-e ri'eonled eases 111' dearth wis due citlier Id uani id' e;ire .■iiul iiriiper rcsirielions in the sl.'umliter on ihe islands tlienisehi's, nr to i~,i\\\r n;iliir;il e.'iiise, such as that nf eliin.'itieally iiiir,t\ miralde xcars. It is the result ol' experience that, liy ine.ins of excessive slaiiL;liter or dis! iirliaiice mi ihc islamls. the seals may uitliniu diHiciillv Ijc seriiHisly redi'ced in nuiiiher, or driven a\va\ to .si';i or to new lireediiiL;: resorts, while no •-ucli exjierienci' i- ,;vallalde lo siilisiantiale the new eoiilenlion achanced as aj^ainst scijin- al sea. Ill his statement, printeil in the .Apiiendix lu the Tiiiled States' Case, Professor Huxley on [1 10 1 ;j ,; 181 tlic ^iil)ji'ct 111' llir i)i>.ssil)ility of (Icstrdvin!; tho Mvil'^ wIh'm nil ilicM' lin'c(liiiu:-isl;m(ls, writes: — ■• 111 llir r.,,r o( il.i' liu-H'iil lishciics, ill,' lii'.Htnictivi' United Stales' iij;viirv..r 111,111 is |,n.],.,tcnl (11 l!i.' I'lil.yliiir lsli;ii.ls. ll ^'ase- Al'l":''"''"'.'. is nli\inlls lli.lt lIlO M'ills luigllt 111' llcstrdVl'd .iinUliiviii iiWiiv rdiiiipli'tci / ill l\vi> or tlivri! si'iisoiis." ol. 1, lip. 411,412. 'I'll!" Hiilisli Ci)iiimi>--imu'i's rccunl a very siinihir Miiinioii on tliis Miliji'd, and add : — ■ 111 sciiliiij; ill. .-ifa ll"' I'niiditiciii.s lire (Mlc;.:cvioally UrUisl, Cimnnln- ilill'i rcul, fur it i.s cvidi'iil tliat liy rciisdu nf tlu' very ^icn(■rs' Iti'imrt, ,,,,,.. , ,., ' . .1 .1 ■ paras. 117, IIS. lIHlll'ill 111 llUlllllli; llic lUMllts Illll.sl lire Tl'll.sl'. {illicl llljll'js ' liriiiL,' iiimil, in :i r;iiiii iiiiu'li .yriMtrr llimi ili.i'- "l .my ili'ciiMsc ill till' iimiilirr iif .si'iils. mill ilmi tlinr i,-- llii-irrim^ iiiliiiriil all aiiliiiualii/ liviiii'ilili' 111 ii".^iiliiliiiii .--uniiii'm Id |.ii\riil tlu' |iii.-.'-ilili'ilcstni(.'tioii 111' till' iiiUusliy il jmicli.si-il iiiilv al sea." 11 is .■ipiiMrr;:! IVoni flic (|Ui)(:ilii)ns placed at tlir Iic.id ill' (liis rhaptcr, (liat it is inainlaiiu'd on till' |i;ii't of llir 1,'iiili'd Slates that j)elaj,MC seaiinij is tile s(jIi' cause oi' the deci'oased niimher of .seals now I'ound on or about the I'rihylnlV Islands; and, as slmuii elseuliei'e, tliiit liiu siauL;liter ol' seals upon tiie islands tiieinselves has had no olVeet in lii'inu' UL,' ahniit siieii deefease. In siipjiort III' this pniposilion, :\ ieni;'thene(l indict nieiit ol' the r.ictiioils and results of pelanie scalinn' is rrjinicd in llic Case ol' the I'liiled States, ol' which the I'ldlouini^ arc the ni:itcrial alicuations ; — (ll.) Thatol' I'ur-spals killed .at sea with fire-ai'ins ijniioil Statps' at least CC. per cent, arc lost, and that this loss t:^'"'. lU'- '"". i9C, occurs in two ways: (1) hy the seals sinkinij; lieTorc tlicy can he secured, and (2) hy I'atally- woundcd seals (escaping. {h.) That from SO to !)0 per cent, of the seals ibkl., pp. I'.i7. 236 killed at se;i arc I'ciuales, and that of these at least 75 per octit. an; cither !irci,'nant or uiirsinn;. (V.) 'That, ill coiisci[itciice of the killing;' of ibid,, p. ■ill' Hursinc,' females at sea, dead '• |)ups'' have heeii found in iiierc;»siiii^ nunihers on the I'l'ihyloll' rookeries every year since |i(d!iL;'i(! sealiiin' lieiiim in Hehrinij; Sea, and that such "jmps" died from starvation. ''.'liesc a!!<'i;'.'ilions dirci'tcd jiLjaiiist iicl;ii;-ic scaliiiL,' arc ein))loycd hy (lie ruifcd States to support the furliun' statement — ll i^. Iiuwcvi'f, iii.iiiil.,iiiii'il 111 ilii' I'liitiMl StaU's' Case lliat \irhv^u: .sr.iliii'j is llie Mile i-.iusc nf ilcni'&isi: (iljsi;i\uil oil I'liliyliifT Isl.iiiils. I'lla^iie snaliiif; is lliore i;iiiiduliiiicJ,Mliii|IS nil wliii-li tliis ili'miiici.iliiiii iiru lia>i('(l a\v uiilnii', 111' gri-'iitly i'X^i;^gi'i-,iti'i|. "Whili- il is luit (Iruicl that (Iicri- is or m ly he ii ini'a>iii'iM)l'fru(Ii in miiiic of I he (•(luli'iilion^ 1 1ms lbi(! , |i|.. 147, L'SB. lu'll |,y 111,, riiitnl . lpy -inking', ln'liiru ilm diilc ■il r.rilisli C. iiuiiii.'-rticjm-i'.s' IIijhii-i, v.lmlly luiliii.-MMirlliv. li'i'iii.iiks i.r llll' lliiii-h ( Miiiiiiis^ium'r.s (111 I Ills (■\ iilrllCl.'. Iliiil., para CIS. (".) Thai of fui-seulu Lillrd iit .s-rn with firc-di iiis at l"iisl (iCi jicf rent, iirr lo.ti, mid tint llii< /r;.«« ornirs in tin, inii/s : (]) In/ thr .■otlif'(ir','il st;itpiiicnts :il)ii-, (' icIiM'i'cii to, llic lirilis!) Coiiiiili'^M'iiiicrs .•iddiicc !i iiKiss 111' cNjirrt ti'sli.nniiy, uliii'Ii will Mills. 'qiii'iitly 1)1' !i1Iii(1(mI Id, iiiul wliicli, willmul :i siiiulr cxccjitioii, cMitii'cly Miiil spcciliciilly coii- tnulicts till' theory allmlrd |o. .\\ a later dale, limvcvrr, i:i l^'.)i', llii> I'niti'd Stales lias olitaiiii'd IVn:ii vai'ioiis son ices a coii- siili'ialili' minilicr ol' allidavils and slati-nn'iits ili!( ndi'il til lirai'olit llii' tlii'iuM ol' cxci'ssivc losses ol' V als at sea, all ol' vhieli have seen the iii^lit i'oi- the llrs! time in the Casi- ol" the I'llited Stat s. Of aiiioiii;- the dofiimenls a)i[K'ildi'(l to it, iind resjiectin'.; the eharaeter ;ind \alue ol' whirh some ci'itieal remai'ks will sul)se(|U(Mitly he made. 'I he liiifed Stales' (' .mmissionei's j)reseiit no diiTel evidence on this suhject, and their (i|iiiroii is not quoted in support of the assertions made in thi' Caso itself of the L'nited States. I'niicil Stnic* III !.s'.l'_'.ii(\vc\ iik'UCL'iiiU.iiiii'il liy I In rniluil iStiitC's on this miiilri*. riie rilllril Stillc-' ('i.limiis,-iii|i(;rs nil nut uniitfil ill .--iipiiiill 111 llie stiiti' llllllt 111! llli> .silhjci t in lllr I'niti'i Sliilcs Case. J'l'oresso!' .i. A. Al hiiwever, ]iiiiaiiner.(l_\ Ciisc, p)!. ;i7(i, ayt. cited. lieiiiL;' upon this as npoii most other suii- liiiii., p, lyi. jcci .. perfectly deliiiitej thoiiL,'h claimiiiLi- no ]ierviiiial experieiice or speci.al -oiirees of iiifiii-ma- I'ml'i'ssHi .\lll■n'^ ili-iinite ft.ituiiipiil. tioii ill addition to those tieessiliie to the iialil He Ml i'viiiu>!\. or now siihmitled in connect ion til the Case of thi' Cnited Stale.. lie charaeteri/es statements to the ell'eet that not mole than ."i per cent, of seals shot are lost as "ali-iird,"" and i,'oes on to >ay that — • "(ililv -iiii'li M-ids as air instantly ilisal.liil oaii lir Mriirnl, ll.i'l., A|i|ii'ih!a, il rvni iiialiv (if lliiM' liiu.'^t lie lust, lii.-!i it is killiil. lie proceeds to ;iruaie that further irreat losses innsl arise from Moiinded seals wliitdi are not taken, and ci.aielndes that aliont <'.() per eeiil. of the seals killed at sea are lost hy siiikiiiL;- lielui'r reeo\ery :iliiiie. Il is only liy ii;-niiriim- the uell-known facts as to the recovery ot fur-seals which have lieeii sliet in the open sivi. tlitit the ari:iim('iil that they sink imii.ediatcly can |iii;>ilily lie bronyhl J'orward. A^'ith refci I nee to this (jiiestion, .Mr. A. I!. Alexander, J'ishery tlxpert to flic I JiitiMl States" I'ish Coinmission. stivs; — rlie lafl: ale i ] |iesiil to tin- ('•inlill li.ai (7.). anil te I'iiiIVsmiv AIIi-v - It lIl'IIHIll. Kviilim 1' 'if Ml-. Ali'\aiiil(i. IS I llitt'cl Htiilcn' CUM', A|l| t'llrlix, Vol, ii, |>, afio. " III -l"i)iiim, llii' -I'.il ■ lii.i'l i~ 1" lii-«.il>l iilhl tlic >lrc|, !■ « ill I l|i|i:lMilU' |.i \\(i|k ill" li"ill iM II- In ;l|i|i|.i.,. || lllllll lIlMt ililrdiiili illKJ ii\\f (III' lllllltl'l' MM <'|>|>l>rtUllily tl> nIhhiI till- <.m| ill ill,. l,a.-U nt' llii- ii'-ik, Wiirii "k ^IkiI tlll'V lilKi llHI'^i T til -.ink til. Ill wllill -IimI ill til. I'ili.., tihlt i^. ir :i -..il li.il.~ iij. ill ||..' watiT, il . I...ly l.c.ii|._. in ;i miImiii.||;.iI :iii.| limi, i.i] {n.^iii .|i. ;iii.1 il' it l... iiis|;iiil|y killl'il liy llic ,||,,t it «i|| at Hill.. Milk. Il is ill. 11 lliiit tlic H nr 10 fiiiii f^alli< ii iln.-il i'nv ;i siidl- ciciilly JiMin- liiiic to (,'ii;il)li' tlimi In ]>,■ s,'i'iir,'ii, ir liiry ;ii-i' looked !irii'r;i( oiico .•il'ici' lirin^- sliof. •Soincliiiit s, liDwcvci', ri sccoiul .^iivil will In- smi t'ldsi' ;it li;iii:!, Mill! iii.-iv hi' liivd ;it lii'r,ir(' the I'lidciivoiir to .'.I'ciiri' the iirst, whicii in the iiicnu- f iiiic occnsioiinljy .siiik.s. 1 'iidcr ordiii;iry I'ir.'iiin- .sl;iiiiTs, ;i vcni i.s |,ii.!,|.|| up lis .soon ;is pnssihlc Jil'lcr il is siiot, and notliin^- more is kiiouii of the l,.||._'i!; of linic it would llout liuiii that It llo.'iti'd iinti! st'i'iircd. .'sculs ai'r, nioivovci', OL'ca.sionally shot i'roni llic dock of I he schooiic]' il.'icir. ir I ho vossi'l is iiiidtT way, a ]ioli' heavily loaded at oae ejul aiul with a small da^' .itt.'ielied to llieothi'i', is al niice tl.fowu ovel-liiiard, whieh marks tin' iio.sitimi of the seal. .V hoal is lowered .is soo'i as possili!,', and, with v,>ry few exci'plioiis, ihe seal is seem-cil, even iniilerlhe.e (.'iivniiist.'iiiees. The hoats eiiiployeil in se;ili;m' aiv lii^'ht, swift frail, willi how-shaped ends, .•md 1 1 ar'ini'ii sit Dili' laclu'.^' each way, ready, at a wor,! IVoiii the hunter, to make artei- any si'.i! h;' i.iay hi!. it i- .■idr.iilled 1)\ ;ii! ill,, (i.'hi-ic sealeis, ih.'ii a small i)ei'ccntay;i>ot' seals is lost asahovi' deserihed. or ill othi r ways, a' , lor ii;v,aiice, when a woiiiided .seal ^-iKS olV 1,1 uindwar,! fist rlhaii it e.iii he I'i'lliiwed hy ihelriaf ii; a choppy sea, Slee])iiii4' .sc:iis .M'ldon:. ir ever, sink when shot, and proliahly t hre •-roiii'th.; ,,f tl;,' seals shot ar.' ••sleeper." IVIh'ii " I ra\ elleis " happen |o ]„, shot ihroii-h the \vind.i)i]:e they if; nerally sink, find, in eoiKseniRMice of this lacl, experienced [llOi ye llii.i:. p;'. r-!;i. IRS scnliMM i;THc'nilly try I" slxiot ■ li'.ilV till' cMrcass, ;iiul. in onliinry '• mmIIiiu,' wrjitlicr,"' tlic |)ivcis(> spot vlicrc 111!' M'lil lias Im'i'ii killed is easily I'diiiuI )iy ll;e Ijii'iliics risiiiu- to the surl'aw, or liy Cue blood staining' the water. 'Ilie evidence (if a ^•<•llel■al kind aetiially (iiioted or iiersonaliy ohtaiiied liy the liiitisli Coniinis- sioiier- ill reirard to tlie loss ol' seals killed at. sea liy wliite Inniters. may lie siiiiiiiinri/.ed as follows : (''■iJiiii, J. It. ll'ii.irji. — N'ul i>MT «i jpov ffiil. liisl nr Britisli Comtnis- sloiiers' Ut'port, t!*''''!"'- pnras. CIC, C22. .1/,- /(". /•:-■■;,/./,<.- .VvcTll'.T Inss (I.KJH ll.it r.\nv(l li |M-r tflll. Cfjil.nil II. !'. ,'<,. mini.— f/iWi-V rniist, imi nviT ij 1"T (.•lit. -AUiskiiii iMiiKl and lli'liriii;,' Sr;i 11..I .iv.T -1 jn-T IVjil. ('.■rl.'ni ir. ')'/.,, (,■//. ^ll.,i.s II. .1. (An-.'.l I'. Jiur ci'lit., ami til.llll'tilll.-^ lull. Il \\'AS. Mr. //■. .l/;'n....— I'f.ilMi.ly li"l "^''l' - I"!' i''''lt- .1/,-. .1. /,'. I/m',,.. -.\1 111.. St ..Illy I'. .T . .-lit. Mr. C ./, A'. A' //. — .Vvclii,:.'.: !..-> ].• .Imli :'• |"'l rMit. ('.i/,/.ii,i ir. /'.//'. — I.u.-is 11.. I III. .11' lliiiii •". I'l'i' '■'■111- Cijil'ili, ir. K. Il'ibr.^l.iii's iii.l iiH'if lliiiii :■' l..'1'.i'Mt. Mr. ('. .y. '■....— I.. I.-.-. I ..r ."> pfl' rent. Ci/.liini T. X. Mil'JiiiH,,!. -.\vi'll|..'l' l.iss ;U prr ri-llt. Mr. II. I'rnrl.rr. — Iji.-s :'. 1'. I I"'"' '■'•"t- Mr. U. Ji'nlirrl.s.— l.n^s :l l.i .". |..r i.i-nt. Mr. li. 7'/i"/-iyi*"'-— '-"'^ •"' '" ■' !"■'■ '''■'" Mr. M. I.i.,iilh,r:/{\yh\\ lliivi' ..Hht .^riili'is;, oi.iiciivivd in slatiiii! llial a man L.-iii- '2 .nit ..I' :!n killcl w.niid l.i; cui- siiliM'.l a 1 vliiiiiti-l. S;iy 1; \ifV (-•.■lit. Ciijttiiiii /,'ov«././'.— N'l.t (.v.'V 7 |.cr .•'■lit. l.'-^t. ,V,,//fra' J>i.v,ri(illaii .■/' (■/./..//". -I. "-■. avcra.jcl liclnw () per. .•lit. Cn.liiiit ri' - KliZ'i /;'(/"•"(■./-."--" to'.'.!! Iialiil--' iiii'dit !..■-.■ 'J.'! )KT n ill. With I'xp.li.ii.c.i lililii.-Ti I..,-- liii:4lil. roacli ." per (•cut. 'I'lie I'ollowiiin' additional slatemeiits of the same kind, iiielildiiiij; e.vperienee in IbWl, are round ill the allidavits appended to this Counter- .Ariiciali-x, veil, ii, I'l' ^-'"■ Casi; : — C,i/,t,nii C. h /.'/.'//.'.--Never iii.'iv than I ..r ."■. in Ulii. C'diitiiiii /.'. ". /..'/.■.//(/.■/■. — Ni.l iii'a-c liiaii 1 ill Lin. ?r. 07.. ",■//.— I'l-nlill t(i ."> pel .■.•111. CV"'" l-"i':/>'l'"- .W'/.."//.-'.\l.(.iil lialf (it I I'lT ■■(■lit. ./. ,S7(,>/'/.v- -Firsl years iiboiit ■"< p.T mui. ; lS!)l-'.t2 lu.ss tliaii I i'.'!' I. lit. < ieiicral st/itcmciils as l.i pnijiortidii (/t iseals tliuff lost l.y wliiti; Imutoin. i.-y ii.iliiirtiiiii Imutois. ''>'lih':,l T. .l/-//-r„„ hrlUr.ll I 111. I .'• |.i-l- n'llt, r„i,t,i;:, /,'. M.Ki.l. — iM I.Tiin .„;il. i,.l,.ii 111 |.,at f-';! |piT rriil). I'liflxlii J. /('. r«/./.- .\..l IU..1V ll.ali I ill iHii •A ./! Hiihiiniliiiiii. -Nil! I ill lOK. f'djiliiia If. ll.JiiiUx. — Niil iiiniv ill, 111 :! ill 1(1(1. 'I. ('. H,;iiii; — 'S„\ I I,, |,s. I'"l''i(iii ./, f,'fi,/,//„. — \,i| ;, |i, !• n-iil. ''■'J'hlwl r. /■: JH//„„,^ S"\ lllnll. lli.lll .•, |„1 Clllt. t;i/,l,iiii I!. Si,,//. — .", |i,.|- iTllI, /'■i/i/i'iii /!. I(',i/ii: — ;; |ifi niii. Ci'/l/llill ('. All/J,(l.\ — ." I'r, (I Ml. '' lliii-fhr, I, ^-Sii\ :, |ii.|- (Till. f'„/,/.. ., .1 X /rii/'M, -lii.lHVll 111 MII.I 1." |ilT (Vlll., Illclmlilli,' I'.i.Miiilnl .sciiis. ('iiji/iiiii /'. K. yt,«hl, I.- ." |iiT crlil. /f. /' I'lixiiii. — III |ir|- ci-iil, /•'. 'iiiiLii: V\,,\i\ 7, 1.1 111 jii'i- ciiil. \l', f'llllllir-: ,'> |i. I iwlll. ./. /('. rV- "•. -."l llrl' iilll. nrltlsli Coiiiliiis- nioiiiTs' Ki'porl, pari*. .'1^4, (i04. Cni.l eveliisiM.ly to ' iJliim- with shiit-;,'lllis. 'J'he lillo is iiiuv seldulll Useii I), \'i'liile luilitei's, ;iii(l the spejii- never. The .-[lear is still eiiijilnved hy some 111' the iiulian liiiiiler-;, Imt the shot... uii is liou- more enmnioiily used hyilieni also, .iiid liy some trilies Ikis lieen re;;ulirly emjiioyed lor Ilii.l., |)anis. 503, m;iiiy \ears (liv ilie llaiilas .sinee 1^1(1). .M,,st f,il, .518, -..v.'. .504. ,■ , 1 , , . . 1 , 1 . . 5,')7; nl.ii I'.llioit'.* "' ""' J^l:"><'"l>'lds noted llflow HI eoiuieillon uitll iiniiiliers losi jiy Indian hnnleis ihus alsij rtd'er to se;ils killed w illi ^iiiis. Ill order to iinih'rstaiid the luarinu' ol' the-(! .sl.'ttenieiils, it nui-l lie noted iiiat the Aiit Indians of \aneouver Jsland and the .Makaii Indians of Capi' I'lailery, are the only ones systeniali/ally. and to a laii^e e.\len(, employed in pida'^ie sealiii'j; proper, 'i'he statements of Whites refer lo Indian liunteiN of these Irilies einpioved hy them. The .SiiL.a and Tshimsi.-in linnteiN' to whom a hiirh pereentai^v of lo.'-s is attrihiited, in so far as they i uua-e in se;il liiintin- do so almost e.\elnsi\ely in their own canoes from tlio shore. The statements I'eferrin- to these Indians :iie I'loted hy ilie Jiritish Comndssiouers, hut, have no direcL lieai'im;' mi the lo>ses of pela^-ie sealers. The sfati'iuriiis r>speei iiii,' .seals lo>t hy Indians may Ih' summari/.ed as lollow.s; — Urlti^ili Conniii>- sioiRi>' ItcjHirt, paras. jliS,.'!.;!, Jo(i. Iliiil., [lara. O'JS. Iliiil., para,-, (ij;, (J.'«. Mr. If. Fei'-iiiij^. — I.11S.S Ity Imlian.^^ i,,,i i; j,, |_ijo()_ '•,'/,/,U,l II. F. .S'lM-Vdv/. — V,.|y l',.u- l.i.sl (Willi .-.IICMIM. 190 f:.,ilniii W. (//...'/■//.— No-i'. "I- v.Tv few wiili -^U'-.w). r,sli.Tli;M'^.l" t" -I' l"i- c-cnt...rsciils T .:/■. .1. ,l/.i.;V. ,(:/•.- -Vrrv lew. iii.livd, List nf -I'lils slint. Mr. /,'. // lh'II.~\r\\U-\\ l.Kl. .1//. /,'. r,',,/,,;//-.'//;.- -f.iws m.iy iv.i.li L'O iii-r c,-.\\. in lliu ri;Hi. ol' T-liiii>->i:iii luiiiliTs, M.'l:,il, //;o(/.,N.— Willi ^|nMi-, l'i<^s ml. Willi u'lins, ]..'i1m1k J iM I |» 1- niit. 1! is I'aiv to sliitc tint iiKist. tlioitu'li hdI all, "I' till' •.tntrini'iit-; hcrcturorc ^ivcii have brni drrivcd i'l'Diii |)('rsiiiis mori' of li"-s diivctly inlcfcsii'tl in polau'i'' soalinu. IVimi wlimu alone it is ])ossiti|i" to olilain the fOMilts ol' cxti-nsivo ai'liial cxiicriciicc on tliu siiliji'cl ol' losses at sea. 'I'lic stalciiirnts avc, inorcovcf, also cliicily ol' a ucacfal cliiirai tor, lint in oviler to favthiT l;'sl the aciT.racy oi' snch stati'iucnts, the l^vilish Conunissionofs pvoircdcd to collect Tads as to tlic actnal nninliiT ol' seals sliol and recovered. Of shot and lost by indi\idnal lnii\lers in certain years, and in tiiis inaiiner Slice. 'eded in actually acconniini;' for nearly 10 (/IK) seals .>liot liy white Imnters. fn t ilni- latiim' lliese, a u'cneral a'^reemeiit is toiin.l as bet \-, eon the ])erc,'Uta^-es dediieed from the inui- vide.al st:ileineiits, and the averay:e loss n-iches but ; per cent. .W (he II (luesl ol' the I'ritish Coinjiiissioners. the masters ol' a nuiiiber oi' sealinii' vessels dire 'ted their huulevs to kee]) an aecnuit ol' the seals Iti-I by sinkiim' in .securMiii' their eatidii's. 'I'iii un-. done by many ol' the liii^Mers, aiu! i'roiu their suern statements rc'^ardinu' tlieir cateiies in ISltJ and in-evioiis vcars an additional 'J'ahle has been iirepared. \s\\\-\\ shows that tlic a verau'c s.i. Apiicm.'ix loss en ;V.)."'7".l seals shot by whi'.e hnr.ters was v..l. ii , |i. i . about ;'. per cent. AVlierc a L;'enci'al and a nitinerie.il stalemeal have both been made, it, is li.nnd tlial the general statement as lo loss alim-t invariably exceeded the numerical, so that Avlien a L;'ene"a! statement only has been made, it probably exceeds the actual loss. Similar li-ealuii'iil has also boon accorded io suidi actual inmhevs as could be obtained I'Min (n-licnil sUililllriil- ( lii-C-kfil iniliiriiral sl:ilcliiillls. hv if ;iM-r^i'.^r t'-s liy siiikilii; i.l scnl- kill.d at .-iM slr'.wii In l.r al.uiil :! nv I J)rr irlll. Hilly. T l!ll liritish Commis- sioiiLTi* Keport, para. 627. TliOiissuiiipiiriii tliMl till; lur-si'iil wlit'u killnl :il sell sinks iuiiuuiliiitcly, contradicted liy liicts. Ibid., pans, Ci9, G30. AppenJix, vol. i, p. 13U. Tlif us.scilii.n lli.ii l^iu'r Mumlicrs d' Wonmli'il s.'als t'.S(';i|ii; iind dir is so viiu'nc .IS .scuicdy In ;idniit '<( •ii'jiiniviil. Ap|ii'ii(lix, \(il. 11, pp. Il-Ki. Ir iid(i].lii.ii i.f 111,., sliiii-.^mi iioocssi- tillfs ii cliisi' iiii]ii(Mcli to tlir soal I'onderini; loss int'i(.'i]ucnt. •'■illlcii: inn ill, II 111,. i,s,.,i|„. ,,| ^.nliii. wipiiiiilcd iiiiinijils ii'iidM-.s siiiiiitiii- illi-;.;itini,i!i\ ',i;.jiii'co(lciilcd. .App'.'iiili.(. vol. ii, pp. 1S7 W -fy. Indian lumtcrs, and tliou^'li tlic wlioli> nuinlKi- of seals accounted for in tlii.s ca.se is small, and therefore not so satisfactory as evidence, so far a.s it ifoes this is in ^'eneral accord with statenicnts •made. [n con(lndinL>- thiir considt^ratiou of tliis snhjeet, tlie Hritisli Coniniissiniiers jioiul i.;it liow coniiiletely the recorded facts in the case contradict tlie i) prinil assumption tliat the fur-seal does, and must, sink imniciliately wiieii shot. Thi-y .state tiiat such an assunijitioii is ha.sed chielly on tli(! circumstances that various .species of litiir-seals t;eiierally tlais sink, hut show (1) that the two n'roups nf .animals dilfer greatly in respect to jjroportionaj wei!,dit of skeleton and size of liin--, and [2) that when fat, even hair-seals are W(dl known to iloat avIicr killed. 'I'wo hair-seals shot near .Mi(hlleton Island. Alaska, in the summer of ]s!)l', in -Mr. ]\l,-icoun's presence, holh tloated till llio hodies were recovered. In fact, a i;reat numher of siudi seals are annually laken hnth in tho Lahrador and (Greenland fisheries liy shoot ini;- in the water. -As to (he furllier assertion that larire nundiers of seals, hi-iiiL;' merely wounded Mlien lircd at, esejijie and suhse(iuently die ; it is ohviously didicidi to ni(>el such a statement hy direct (ividence id' a jireeise kind: for a seal lired at and not hit. or on(> hut slii^htly woundi'd, naturally dives inst;in(ly, and (hies not au'ain come to the surface for a lonn' time, and then at a ;;'reat distance from the Iiiuiters. 8e;ds seriouslv wounded are almost 'crlain to he recovered, for they either remain s'.iinulinL;' on the -urliice. or tr.avc! slowly ;iiid ric ol'ti^n. ;iml ;iiv. easily o\erl:iki'n. .Moieov,.r. the .'.;cncral adoptioiKd' the sliot-truu ii! placeof the rille, neeessitatiiiL;- ;i eom))aratively close approach to the seals, minimizes tluMdianees of missiiiLV the ;mini;il ; while the evidence ohtained IVoni sealers shows tli.ii In jiractice they m.'iki' sure of hitliiii:' hy liriii- .mly wln'ii at (dose (|U,arli'rs. It is not known Ih.it lie rsoap,. |,|' ;i ,.(.,.iniii IM'opnriiiin ,d' ain uihl animals siioi at and wounded, or killed and lost, h.is over liendolmv heeu advanced as a reasiii for (|i,- ahandoniiient ol the killini;' of such :ininials with ||ie uim. The li.-s of si'aliii- scdiooiicrs printed in the Appendix- are sutiicieul to show that, for any 192 lioat piiiiiloyid ill scalliii;', ("lU'li sc:il talain inviilvcs. oil tlic :ivonii;i', !ii:iiiy limii's of rowing :ui(l (-x]iosiiiv .-it sell. 'I'lid'c is, 1lieirron>, no t "stioii of a pi'omiscuous iinil veeklcss slaii^litur aiiioiiL;- (ii'iix- ili'ovi's or sfliools of seals. Tlio luiiitcvs aiv tliciusclvos rt'muiiL'ratcil on a princi|ial of sliavcs (lr|icii(liiiM; on lli(> niiiulicr of seals taken, and every imssiiile jiireaution a^•ainst loss is, tliei'ofore, naturally emiiloycil by the men so I'li^ai^'eil. The siilijoiiied slateiUPiils willi re^'anl to the seeuriiii,' of uouniled seals, contained in the allidavits by praetieal sealers, are here i,'iven in suininarized form ; Imt many details are ineorporaved in the depositions themselves, whieh should he referred to in order to aiipreeiate the means taken hy hunters of knowing; the amount of su'di losses, and also \vi(li the trouble often taken to secure a wounded seal : — ./. Ti'ir,!-:, lul. — Vriv IVw woiiinK'ii skills an! ln^l. r,:jil,ii,i .1. Jhnitihis. — ISiiillv woiiiiiluil rtuals .■iliimst Appendix, vui mtain lu l„. ,u„t. ' pp. 43-139. eal esealiinjr. Jfas taken 'j:!0. ^1. Midliisnii. — Very lew. IC. SIdilil.i. — The nnndier is very small indeeil. (;. ^t. ir////'(»i\— Very few. C. J.orl.r. — \'ery low. X. IlidiiloM, — Very few. /. (i'ijiii,iii.A\\tl 1.1 ill. -111. ,\'. //../(•/. .--Wuiimlr.l a r.w, ./. .y,','"!!'!. -N..1 111. a. lliaii I ill all \\iiiiiii|...| .-..-als Mill lii.' aUrlWllMU. A', .^^ /■■;,,.//.,/. - Vryy Irw. '/'. '.'.'//(./■.- \'riy iVw. ./. h',.t/,l. — r.a.lly \v..iiiii|,,| seals iiiaily always L'nt. '/. I'. !!■ rnii\- Xni many. ]!. Z/'.//., -Suiv iif p.llini; liailly wniinili.il si'als. .(. N/(i. /,(/,■.— Wniimli'il S 111- !l. 1.111 If lia.lly cn.jnj;!! 1. 1 .aiis(. ilcalh. //'. /;',/, .■.//•./...—Srals ilial aiv l.iilly \v.iiiii:li.il al'.vay.s u" .1 . '.'. /'. Fi-'iir/i. — X.ii many. //'. .1/. r/,,-,\/ ;„„.._.. I ,,,- :_. mig|,t havr cscaiifil au.l iliid. /'../,./,/.;...- \-, .IT Irw. 7'. "■/.. .'/•/,'. — T..nK L'lll .-..als III ISdll, aii.l \vmiii.l,.,l imt liMili. lliaii la llial l;..| away. /.. .l/''/,v,,r. W,,iin.l..| in, 1,111 iLirMi'i lliiiik any \v..iiM I ill'. //. /'. Si, intiil. — I'l'icciila.^i. Ill' w.iiiinli'.l seals liial i-raii|. i- \. ry -mall. /'. .1. /,r,/-i.s. — .V miiilally wuiiiiilnl s.'.il ilur.s iml ul'it'll .ji't awav. ■.|iiiin.ii-y III al \vlii ■\ liU'lhu .1 •ll seals an 111 ilislaiiccs sliHl. AVitli rerciTiu'i" lo llic ilishiiu'c at \\liieli seals arc >li(i( at, as l)l■a^ill^• on tlie eliaiicos of losiiiij woiiiiilcd M'ais, the rnllowiiii,' stat(,'nuMits rc- IVrrinsr to tli(> acliial [iraclicu of liiiiitcrj luny riii'tlicr lio cited : — liniisli C.i-.., ,/ //',/■..«. Sli.ii seals al n r.;ii-e iif rium In |,i j.'i ApitnHux. vi.l. If], ,_ _ •■UiiiU.,ISiai,s .^■"•1^ '1 'I- N.). J (IS'.ll),' |.li ;r. /•'. ir,„,/.s.--(ieneial laii;,'.. I'..| rill, , ii,ii (.\ei' ."ill \aiils, "'''''"■''^'" l.iiU'ew lilllileis iiUeiniite.l llial laie^e. In ee|. :,,._, .|i|i| i,, l^ST f^iili'il t.i eaplui-e aliiinl L'.'i slml ,u, ui- l.ille.l, iir \\,.ini.le,l, Kill wliii ll esi.a|iei| ( n. ,'!."iu). 104 C'tiitdiii ■!. I>. it'tu-i;>i. — SliM'in'Vs an; sliol :it from 10 lo l."i Minis niM-c. " Ic'ihI.'!:-;" froiii a few IVm'I to ]l)0 Viirds, tluiu-li liv, ;i!v liivd at al that ilistaiu-i' (|i. :'..■/")). r,/y.Af.,i //. /•'. flir 1 II |icr rciil. nilililiniiiil aiiiiiiuiiiliini ii.r wa-iti' -Iml. tlia.t i-. if raliiilaliii'.' on a call li of .".(lUO si'als.takc iiiiiiiHinilion for :!,:>(i(l sIidIs. Tliis i-i iliMil.lc till' cxi'i'^; the liiiiit'T-i wniilil ciiiisiili'V Ilci-rssiil'V, ami 1 iii'Vef l;iir\v thai, ["'ivilita;^!' (if wiu,l(t slml M !,.■ usi'il (|i. .".,"(11), (,'. //"/'■<. — r>i's .>1m.1-l'Iim inilii i|.all\ . rill.' milv f"f l..iiu lirilisli C'iif-i', , , ,, 1 ,, ■■--, Appcmlix, vol, ill, rail.:.', ,-i.iv, ,.(> 1:1 1,11 \aiil- ( '. .i.ii ). ., i ■. i i;,.. , f.ni/.ilii l'..1. K-lliii. — .Vvi'fa;.''' I,ili',i'- fur -Iri )iili,L,' seal-'. X-,, ,T ( 1S!I2)," pf . Ill i.i -iw yanl-. ("r ir.iv.lliir^ .val^ IM In :',«» yanis H", I'.'l, (|.. it;s\ r,il,l'i',ii. ]\'. I''!:!. — Avimml;!' r.iii.f fur .-li".'|,iiiu' -I'al,-; III lu I'll \,ii.l- ; III til "II yaul,- ha' ■■ iravrllns" (|i, |fi',i). r,i/,/ji,i ]!'. J:'. Ji'ihcr. — Ti'ii yafih is a .-iafi: 'li'f|n-r'^," an. I In l-y "iH at " travciliji'^ " (11. I 7:11. Ca/iliiiii. C. .V, '''I. — I'il'lrcr. yar.l.", ,';lifioliiiu- ilislaiico at cli" pillar - a!-i I]'- IT"'). r,. 1,1.1;,, .1. /::-<■//. — Shi.iii-: at slii'iiiii',' mmI wliuii ild to :;il I'.vi frniii il, ami at a travi'llrr wlu'ii -■> Ui oD yaiiU auay (p, I 77 , Ci/tf,',',: T. iC. .l/,';/,i. -. ,'. — Twenty -live yaiil-; .it "..-1. |.|irr.: " ami l.'ito.'o at - travi'lli'!-; " i- -iafc .^liuuliiiL.' ili^lanc.' '1'. I7S), //. <','■■!..,: — Till' ii-.^nal ili-^laiirr l"r ;-!inii(inu at a .-l,,.|i!li- .^r.il i- ■•il'iiul 1^11 fi'i't ,1'. l.'-'l-f. t;. A'...'., ,V,-. — SlioiiN al ^liT|iin'4 -ral-; ula-n I'll t.i "lO fi'Ct Il tliiiiuaml at '• liiiM'Uir- " •\vl:..ii liniii l!,"i tn :!ll lVi.-l, [vanN] li'.Hi tlii'in ()■. 1.^1 1. 'riio rollowiuLf iuldiiiduiil statements 011 the s.'uiii' siilij"ct, iiiclii(liii'_r ('Niii'riciK'c in 1S02, an' (•(>:it!iini'(! ill I lie alliilasiis nl' liniiii'is and lio.'it- stci'fcfs stili^'.'i|iii'iitly iililMiiu'd :-— ,/. T"iiii-,.u;i!,'..-VmM vi'i.f^' .•xi.rfi.ua': A 1-= A,.iKn.iix, vol, ii, al a .'iji'i'iiiii;,' .'^cal wlit-ti 10 nr ."lO fcrl frntii il. pp. ■t::-13'.'. (f. Uvhii-I.i. — l''inir yi'iiis' i'.\|ii'rii'nii' -two a.'i Imiili.r; ^ll,l,.|.< --lii-]iin|j: .--lal-i al fi"iii ;" tu l.'i yaril^ laiiiic, aial lii'M I l"..^l lull I'lii'Si'al >li"t al uliili' .-lrf]'iliu,auil llial \v,is liv ._'.ili;^ ;;lii-r amilln 1 s.'al aii'l lr,i\ iliu tlif lir..^l tmi ImiL.'. Il,' .-liiinls al a tr.ivi'llili- sral at iVniii lii) In ."lO varus laiiL."'. .1/, l.'i."-,:.. '.sli'i lia-: l.ii II .'■lalin'.,' l.'ii yc.n,^, .■^hniiti. il :-li'i.|iiir,' si'.il.-; wli.ii ii'in I- U' !"i \aiil.~ Iniiii llimi. ,/. S. Fini::iii;i. — l-'i'iir \.,'al--' i',\|ii'rii'iii'i' a.-^ Iiiin'.ir; .^lii'i,!- at h1. i.|iiii,i,' si'al.s wl'iii I" I'l I-" yards fiiini (liiiii. ami al liavi lliiii; S"i>!s wlan :!il in -III yar.ls away. I!'. '/'. y.'/i';/..'.' — lii^lil yiai.^' cNliclii 11. u ; .'•limit.-' al .'i'l. 1 iii;,^ teal,'- wl,. 11 at . iit ^d f.c t fn in tin i:', and L'l.l-i n.'- ci( ti' us jin.'jsilil.' In a " liavi'llia." Iv,-, C'ti^it'iiii (>. Iliiil.liu!-:. — '\'\i\vi: yciirs' ifXiK.-rk'Ucu ; iiKistcr mariner, Iml Iiuiil' ;i.s well ; sliooti iit slumping seals when, within 1" \M\h cl' them, aiiil iravi.'ller.i uheii iihoiit L'," or 30 y.iril-: i.ir. ]!. SliUT'il. — Three years' exjierieiiee a:J!]inUer; shuot.-! at a sleeiiin,!.; "e;!! when ahoiil 15 yanU In.nn it, and never at a travelling seal when more than 50 yaril.-> away, i/'. f'l'ii'ii. — Two years' e.vperienoe — oiiij as hoal-stt'oror, ami oia> a-: hunter; shoots at a «ieepiiic seal when I'roiu ill to 2(1 \,inls tVoni i(. and at .i tr.iveller never when it is I, lore than -10 yards away. /•'. '''(;/);ing seal when IL' or 1 .". ya,.ls ironi it, and say.s the average ilistanee at Vihieh hunters shool at " travellers " is aliout ;i5 yard-:. Ii'. /■'. /'/•■ /((/(. — Threi' years' experieiiee as hunter ; shoots sleeping seals v.hen III or IJ yards Iroia tlieni ; "travellers " he shoots ur .".H to 00 yaids range. 0. ISi'i'rj'. — A hunter of six years' expeiienco says: "I lise (he rille a great di'al 1 .shocjt 'slee]iers' with the gun al 10 or 'JO yard.s" range, and travelling seals v.ith the rille at a,-' long range as lljll yards. The seals 1 have Io.st are ]iriiieipally in lids v.ay.'' F, W. Sli-i'it'j. — I'oMr yea'.s' experionee; uses oidv a sliot-giin, and sliools " slei'pers ' IViaii lii to :iil yards, and " travidleis" from :;5 to '75 yard--' range, Knlly MO jier eent". of all the seals got liy him v,ere ".leepers," (r. tSiti'ild-^. — .Seven years' experieaiee as a hunter: shiiols al ii ,deeping ,seal when aliont 15 yarils from it, .o.ul at a Iravelling sea! when iwt more tliiii 00 y.inls aw:iy, that is, with a shot-gnn, Nemly eveiy one jir. lets a >hot- gnil to a rill", luit a gooil .-hot v, ill do as well with a lillo. '■ 1 laysell' would iru-t as miudi to a rille as :i shol-giin, heeanse when a huUet hit,; a seal it is sure to kill il, and we seldom f,ul to get the , seal" ('. J. Jl'i'i'-'i.i.i. — Fi.'e J'eiir.j' experieiiee; .■^ll00ls ,it a se.il when In. ill to 55 y;ird.s Ironi it. ./, //." ,/. ("iii-UI'tKii. — Two yi'ar.s' e.xperieiiee as hniiler. Sliools at slee].iii,^' .seals whin I ,"j In 'Jii yanis iioin iheni, and at "travellers" an.! hr, lehinu s.,ds when Jil to .^,0 yanh awa\. Ahout lwo-lliiids— [lerliaps iiioiv -ut the seals I ;iiil were shot slee|iiil:_'. M. M.<:rt(lh.-yhw year's .•.xiierienec. Siiuoii at .seals when I'll 1(1 ."U yaid> tniiii ihelii. Seldoiii, if e\er, move ihiin :'.U yards away.lnit at sleepiiii,' seals at miuh sliiirlLT ran;;'', W. Iliiiii. — Six years' e\|ierienee as lioat-iailler and Inur.ii. Sliiiiils at >lee]iiii'i .-eals at rrniii 1 ."> ti -tl yards' ran,;:e, and " travellcTS " troin li."i to .'.ll yards' ranye, ■' < her two-thirds III (he seals 1 ■j.iA were ' sleejiers.' " ,/. ./. J!irl:iiii//i,(iii. — Two years a lioat-steerer, .say.s: "Till' Ininter.s I liavo heen out wiili ■■hoot at .seals when l,"i or 'JO yards from them, and there is not time for a seal to sinU helore the lioat reaelie.s it." //. j:. .fn,ii_.<. — Kive years' exiierieiiee. (leiierally shoots at . ea!s wiieii from h'l to I!."' yard.; from llieiii. li'. Ihr„n,n,i.—-i:> to :;il yard.-. r>iiilii,ii C. Sn.n. — Hunts with a lille and a >hoi-;_;nii. ■ Wilh ,1 lille 1 wniild sh.iul ii|i to I. "ill yards, and with :i slml-^'iin 11)1 In .'III. " ^'. I/'. hiil-i;n'i when .'al lo l(|i| yards away, ami with a shiil-,i_'iiii li.'i lo :.'ll yards. r. 11,11-liioii sliouts al seals wilh a shut-,min al tieiii ID lo :;il yards laieje. and wilh a lille al from :l*l to jilil. ,)/. ,Se// .say.s: -Seal- an nearly, ill siiol wilh a Linn, and are lim.slly all lakeii at fioni in lo :;il yards.' Cildiiiii ./. N. W'fi-tli says; ■■'I'lie lan'.ie al wliiih I wouM l.ike iieaily all my seals is helwirn Id and Mil y.irds." r. /■'/■,(«...• shunts al sleeiiers at from 111 to lill yards' laiiLje. and " travellers " at from L'.'i to 40 yards. ./. ('i.liin-ii shunts al slee|iiiiL: -''.ds al linm In Iol'H yard.s' i.iie.'e, and liaMlleis al fmni 'J.'i lo .Ml yard.s. Cil.liiui ('. A'. Mo.lchr -:i;s; ■ Tjie raie.'e for a '.^un is from 111 lo :;(l yards. and mostof the seals are oot helweeii the.se 1 a le.'es. Wilhaiille .',e iaiij;e would lie anywhere ii{i 1.1 I Oil yaliU. ■ /,. ./. riiui-^ says: " Neirly all the .s. als are killed wilh a '41111. and al ;i disl.inee nf imui Hi In :'iU y.iriis. " W. II. Sliiif/ the shot-Linii and the lille. ■' Mnsl, nf ihe seals are j,Mt lietweeli lU and 10 yards with lllil sliiil"'_'un." 197 ;('. /■'. t'lH,,,! <:i\^ ill,, I jii,,>| ,,i lllr W'll.- ,-,ll.il ill ■ li I l.'l- 1 "■ y.iiiU iiwiiv. I'. I'riah !■ t^n\->i .ciilsiiir r.iiilif iiiii.i |i;ii| ■:h(ii \vil!ia -lii'l-^iiii ill t'ldiii 10 In ;;ii y;i|-'U' ran;,'.', //'. <'vii4iifs s.iy>: •■ S.mIs iiiv iiic..-~lly >iini IVniii 1.M i.i ;!li y.ini.H' ilisluiu willi ii sIiii|-l;iiii.' /'. A'. ]''/■ r^iiii n,.(s his s(m!s al IVnui S |i. ::ii y^nls' liup^i-. /A ./m//,I /.,',!■/ sll'inis ll|n>l i .|' llis SI'ill. wlicll 1"/ ll) IS \,inl.-.' ili^laiil. ■/. /;.)•./ --ays ; ■• .Mmsi si-al.s .n,- kill,.. I I'mni |ii tu ;;il mh.Is' [niii-i']." •/. /('. rcM/- .says tll.ll lilc sials Ire LjrH air llli.slly at a raML,c 111' I'lMiu III lu :;il yarils. J. Mr(;.irri( sayn he .slio.iis al a s|i'r|iii|i_' sral \\Ii>Mi 1." tn L'a yanls irnin n. ami wiaiM iicii slini.i al a ■ Uiivi'liiT " when illl yanls awav. 7'. '/(( /■»!/■ say .s: ■Siini will imt kill a M-ai il it .sliiki.s il ill llii' l..M|y ulicii 111. IV lliaii III yai.ls away. I .sli,...I at. a slci'|illl;; ,. A. I.it'-i< s.iys: ■ I .-1 1 seals al all .i\i la.ye dislamii nl' 1'.". yar.ls. and h.iM- killed a >...il aiii! '^ii\ him at, To y.inl.s." /'. Iliiiiiiiiil says; "Seals are killed with a slii.,t-L;iiii III In .".0 v.irds awav." l'.)8 [h.) Thiit from .-(O tn \Y) prr mil. nf /In- S,-iil< lolled (II Srii iirr /•>,,*';/''>■, nii'l Hint nf //I'W' "' '""•"' 7.") i)'T vfi\l. Ill- rilhrr jinijiiitnt nr ,uir.-iii'j. !ii ir-iKH'l (d tlii- cniitc'.itiini, it Is iiu', dciii.',! tliat a coiisidcniljli' iiroiiirtinn ol' the si'iils liiLeii •i1 SI- !iiv IViiKilfs. Mill fint s^.iric (if lI'.i'S" iuv liritisl.Conimi.- ' . 1 1 ji 1 sinners lI('|iort, \v:)!i youiiu'; Imt if is ;iliinii ■(! Hint ihrstalo- ,,„as. 78, C;ri. iiiri.i. ;is nli'ivc r.ii'iiiuluirl. is vcn ijrcatly -'x;'.^- UTiMi^'il. li is iilso siibmitli-'il, that lli > killiii^ of fcMitil.'s, within )iri)i)(n' limits ii> la ir.iiiilii'r, is jot ill ii-.i'ir luoi'i' iviiri>lH'n-i!il<' i'l t!i.' casr <>]' I'lir- scals than d' (Hhcr aniin:ils wl'-tln'v |)olyi;aiiioiis ()'.• I'lif, and wli(-thrr wild <>v donicsiif, witii rci'Mvacc io uhic, II i> sysicniiitically pnictiscil wlh':' thr Irniidcs '•;,.] I sliliis irii;--Ii Ciini)!iissi;iiu'i's d.'VuiiMi -pccial atli'iition t) this suliji'i't, and iiavi- asi'iTtaiiicd thai Iho polanic scali'i's tlu'iiixdvi-s fiivmii' siudi ri-uiil .lions as would jir-'Vi-ui any imui'ci's-.;iry llml., paras. 633, "^ , . .,, 1 ,. 1 64S. wast.' of sral life ; and i. will he loiiud, on cou- sultiiij,' tlii'ir Uciiort, that in tlu- s(di(nn(> of r("j,adations which is fonindatcd hy thnn as the inns' aiiin-Dpriat.', s]K'cial can- is taken to provide ii,ij„ paras. Ijj- au-iir.-t the possible killini; of irvavid feniah'S. Id. It must he ohserveil thai tile staf ei'.K-uts re.pe'!inu- the luinihi-r of feiuale seals inrluded ill t!ie pelanie eatcdi, wheiher those cnnlained in 111,. Case (d' tlu- UnitiMl States and its Apliendiees, or tlio-(- uiade in the lliporl of the I'.i'itish ' '(.mmissioiicrs, relate to recenl years I'lilv. durii;'^- whi(di attention has been ])avti- eiilarlv ealli-i! Io the seal lisiiers in eonseipieiiee of e;';iipl;iints re^'ardinL,' the ile.arth of l.-.ilhible male seals on the lireedimj-islaiuls. It has been est;il;lished by evideiiee dcaived rroin the olllei:;! Jieports of the I idled .Stales, that io/ siinie years jiast every n ale seal ea])able of yiehlin;?!! nunrbantahle skin whiidi landed upon the I'ribyloiV Ishnids has been killed if it eouhl be taken; and that the iieeessavy eonsequenee of the decrease in the niiinber of nialo seals is the (.xis'.enee of a ])re]ionder!inf. muubei' of fenude IVliijiic si'iiliTS fuMiur i;e;^iiliiliiiii~ such ns to uiiiiiiiiize this. rile r.\Ce-s el IrllKlli > la lAr ye.lls till' dircel lesull et Ivilliii- ..n I'lihylotr Iskniils On this point Ihi' IJritish Coniinissieaiers write; — -It iuvhI lie: lie fer-ot!eii, however, ill Pxaiiiiiiiii;-,' tliese Ilii.!.. para. C:!:"i. stiile'.u.iiH, til, a tile cniiii.leiiieiitavy iiifoniiat iou derive.! tniiii ill.: Iiive.liii;; i.daii.U • how- llwl llie [..'rsi ii.-iit kiliiir; ol \.r,ii'4 males has led if lite years to the exisli'iire ol a very largi! surilus uf feiiialcs, and that, therefore, llie pi-d- 19f> riorUuii <,r IVniiili's t.i ihc uholc inimlicr of swjIs, wIu'IImi- :it scii 111' iisliDiv, i^, III ihi' ]iiv.siMil liliir, .icx'iirdiii',' In llii- illfi.nii.ilinji (,1 laiiinl |,y ii-,. ijiiiti.. aliiiiiilil.il." Afiili^ Imvi' iiicic'iifieil at mm .siiirn l;illiii-nii l'rMiyl.ill'[s|:iii(lsliii,,l,,.cii IimIiiic'iI, Ajipcndix, vnl, i. \>. 151. Uritisli (onimis- sionnrs' Report, p;ir.i<. 1J2, ISO. liiiil., |niM. 91 p. 151 Ciuiscniriil iiii|iluvi'iia'iil of I'lpii- (litiiiii.- nil I'nliyltiM Islands, wilh (Militinilcil lii'lai,'ii; (alfli, .slinws llial ]MrviiMi,>iili'trriiinitiiiii 'liir \n killiiiL; on liiiM iliii'.'-i-ilaiiils. Kxliiiuriliiiarv (.•liiUiiclri uf rlaini nuw Ulililc li.V rilitrd Slati'S, I'olloniii:;' the iimit;iti<.«u ol' ilm cxccssivi.- sImii'. liter (ir wiuii- mules iqioii tlic I'rilivloll" -Islaiil.s in ]s!)i ;,iiil ls;ij. aii.l in .•.•vacl conv- spoiujeiici' Willi tli(! .^t:itciiu:il iiuidi.' ahovc. many "1 llic liuiil(.'i-s note a (li'i'idc:! iiicrcasr o!' males at s.-a ill 1S!)± v, .!.• a rnaikcd iiicrcas,.. in (1;.; same cImvs upon lli.' islanil. was (i])-.(>rvril liy My. -Mac'iiii,. It, tlins full- ,u-s j hat, simK'ss tlie taking' ol I'lir- scals niam l!ic lii._;>ii .(.as is ;;. itscll' riifircly ille<,'al, \vlii(.'li js wlioll;. denied, Uie men sd employed have.- in cniiity and. reason, ihir ,i,a'oimd (iT eomplaint as ay;ainsl tlie meliuids Ijraclii-cd upon tlie ])i'0L'din;4-islauds, wliicli liavc resulted in so seriou.sly depletiii:;' the mali! e'lemeiit (if the seal tribes, iind in sappiiiLj the foundations of Ih^' (•uiitiiiued [)ros]njrity of seal life 111)011 which their industry dcjieuds for its e.vistenee. '['lie methods heretofore jiraetised upon the rriliylolV Islands have iii faet assumed that the owners of these islands wen; the oiih jiersoiis intoresti.'d in ihe fur-sea! indii.stry. 'i'liefact that, as a eonseijueiiee of the restiieted iiumher of yoimg males killed on the I'riliyhiiV Islands in l.slUi, and the still smaller uumh"r killed undei' the o])er;i1iou oi the mcdii^ ciirnd: App.'iiilix, \ol. i. ol ]*■!>!, the euiidilion of the rookeries there showed distinct improveiiu iit in ]h'.)I and isn^. is ahMiesuflieient toshow that it has heeii the killin- upon the islands rather IJiaii timt at sea \vhirefore spec-iallr 1 . he noted. It is therefore wholly iinre'asonahle and iiuui- inissihle for tho.se interested in ;he islands liavins;- themselves hroiiiiht ahuul tin- dephiinn ol" Olio class of .s(-als, to demand for their .sole hcnelit the sui)p;vssion of another form of seal- iiiu', whi(di, in consequence (;f such action, lias IIKM yp'" aoo 1)1' hill', ,-111(1 iViini till- iifC'Pssitii's of tlic i-.\'>i', iisuUcd in til!' (nki!l^■ ol' a coii^iilin'alili' )iri)- pdi'tiimnf fcmalt;s rroiii tlic oxistiii!;' surplus of thai sex. L'iii! assert iim in tli<- riiHi'd Stales' Case as to tlu; jiropoi'lioii ol' fbniali's in the iicla^'io catdi. n;.sts ciiiclly ou tlic cviilt'iici! oi' i'mrirrf, vvlio have cvaiuiucd tin; skius in tlio eonilitiun in wliicii tlioy ivach llicni, that is to say, witlioni tlit- lifuds or t"\tri"uitii's, and strotdu'd out ol' thrii- oi-i:;iiial I'oi'ni. Willi' it is no douht qnitu iiossililc lor tli(--i" ^('iilk'niea to (.'DiTcctly distiir^-uisli as to si'X a <'('rtaiii jiroportion of tin' kir^cr skins, I'ro'.n liie colour ol' !lir I'ar and other indicalions, yet, theiv is so Iai'i;v a nainlii'r of skins, mori' par- ticularly skins of MVils under !? years, whieli pivseiil alisolulety no dislinetivo charact(~rs in this resjieft. liuit tl'.e oliiuntes of furriers cannot bo regarded as trust worthy. U is further In bo reuKivki'd :liat, In llie (■(;;u'se of tlieir lmsine>s, furriers have never had to eonsidor the (luesi ion of sex at nil. ^^hicll in no way enters into their I'aU'ulalioii.i. They do not buy or sell by sex, and it is never mentioned in trade catah).uues, so that therelore their retrospective statements ;ire not based u])on any trade classilications, but are merely surmises. With reference to the question of the number Aiipondix, |. '.'J? of n'ravid females eoiii])rised in the Xortli-we-.t Catch, -if tent ion iv called to the Table prepared bv Messrs. r. 11. l'(dand and Son, the well-known London fur inprehants. in which tliey analyze the sizes of liie whole Xorih-wesl Catch from the y.'ar IST;? to the; piTsent time. I'rom this Table, it will be seen tbat aboat 12 per cent, of the Norlh-west Caleb, aftm' dedudin^ then^from all outside skins sneh as the Japanese skins taken on tlie Asiatic. coast, are skins of animals too youui^- to be beaving'-icmales, and the balance ("iH per cent.) ■.\liieb, s:) far as si>,e u;oes, mi;^-bt be those of iiearimi-remales. It is admitted in the United States' Case that: 15 jier cent, rif the eiitin; catch consisis of males. This reduces the proportion of j,ravid females to less than 50 per cent. JAirtluM-, io arrive at a fair (istimatc of the ])roportion which could be aetuaily i^'ravid when killeil, this oer(,'en1aj,'e amount must b,' reduced by one-half, because at least one-iialf of the Xorth-wesl Catch i^ taken in the f:dl, liin^' after all tile females have -iven birth to their pu[is, thus making tlu- bigliest pj'-sible total of gravid females in the Nortii-west Clli.'l' ll,lsi,-< ..f all'-g.niiili-' Ml, lllirt |ji.iiil ill riiited Sl.ilc^' Ciise, e.-,-.iini.ill\ iiii ipiirllir i\i'. .Sii XuiiiIkv lit rriii.ilcs ill iii.-liigic calcli wliicli I'.juM ]iii.>silily lie yravid slmwii 111 !«' xni.'ll. •JOl • ■li lliif< ' I 'use, Ki'iti'ili Cuiinnli- -lOiii'is' H(!|iort, pill. (151. Cateli to l)c ali-xit. 2' \h'[- i-iil., •.vithmt iii:iL:iil; (iiiy alloWiiiU'c for lijirn-ii rcniiilc-. 'I"!ii> ilhnV" ••,'i!cllI;ifioii mv- ;:ni'-<. \vlt!i',iit ;i Imit- tiiiu', tln'coiTcfturs- cl' lli,- ili;-uiv- pii* ror,v;ii'iI liy til;- T'nitci! Sratr^' Cmh-. IT tlu- mnr.' iiuKlfratc and, it is siiljiiiiltcd, ludrc aciriivalc, lit;iiri's u'ivcii by Jli-ilish ui(ii('---.'s ai'i' (-kiMi a. a Iia.Ms, llio jxn'- cciitaL'cor rciuaii's -.vliicii cMuId p.jssiMy l)i< L,'ravid is rcdiifcd in an ius''4':iilic nil f.innhi'r. Till' I'l'iiisli (.'oiunii^siiini'rs:, al'tir caiTrulIy (•iiiisidfcinf^ all lln- fircnni'-fain cs iT>}i(>et:ai,- llic kiJIin;^' (il'srals at sea, wi'ilc as rnllows : -- ••Till! u'l^iiPl'iil l■llm•Iu;^illll t'llic i!:,.iii:iia- ii"a iii'dii' st.itoiiii'iits iilidvi: iinti'.l is.iliiii in |ini)irjrliiHi I) llic iniiuliiT iif nliiiiK iilitiiim.cl, lliiil iJiii'l iif lln! (ii'liiijic i'iili:!i iMM(!i' ia thi' I'.u-lypiit nf llic hni-un. iiinl tii liid suiitli cf till' Alciitir.ii Isl.iiiil-, is llic latist iluiiiiijjiii.y ti< .^I'ul lil'f ii-i II wliolo, whili) ilii' ..kins tnki-n iiCltr tliis ilnto wiictlii-'i- williiiiit or witliia lii'livin;,' i-'fii ui^o Mlitiiiiicil at iiiiuii !■ ■; iiiii|.i'rtina.-it.' cust .1' ,'ciil lilV." ■'iiiiaii.ny ii| . A'idiMiir ,!-• lo |ini|/.iitH,n ••f Ill.ll.- liHl li'lll.ll I'lltcll, 111 |icl.i','ir In (lie ii. '!).:. rt ol' il'i' Hriilsli Cinnn!i.sv 7. Tf-: I '. J. i\' ''\ii. — I'l'.!]!! r'.ii.ii lu' IV'ainlc^: aIv.-;iy.-> less liain tli.i'L oi' m;iii^-. r,/y,.v,'/,: /('. /v!.V_lu ISSi;, nif llar.^liiv .'■.laM, aok 104 .-I'al.!. or wliiili laily a wvi'i! .i'uiuli'.<. ia !! liirii 2 w.-ro IcaKiIcs. Ill IS','] i.'iit'-^!i vi-ii.s 7o I'l'r (*iil. muk-^. 01" 7(1") si'al.s killed, ].9 were fciiialcs with yoaiiu;. Cii/i/itiii W. A'. /I'lh'.ei: — rriiixntiiia oi' lii.s I'.-it'^h in !S',)J, ■i nialfs lo I I'lMihilo. Cf(j'lfi::i C. S. '".....--la I ,'.(, CO ivv ecait. of hi.^ fiuch laak'.s. Ill IS'Jl, of 8-1 S suals taken .smilli of Hu'liiiii;,' Sea, 75 Ver cent, wore iiialc.--. l.'i [icr eoiit. iViiiid.s with yoaii;.;-. Cdjitaiii A. Jlissii. — 'SUnv. ii:ak\s thai foainkrs tal;ea. la J. ''9 1, 70 to SO lior coat, of las catch males. Caplai,!. T. Mmjii'-iti ii.— h\ Felaaary to .Vjiiil nhoiit eriaallv divi.lcd as 1.. sex. Xn.ir l'„-ljria.^' Sea aliont. ."^O uiale.s lak-a to 1 i'eaiide. fa 1 ^'IM, alioat Iialf lii.s eatuli :ii-' I :m,iI .^ I:; tn i: y-l i'"m. I'.'iirill;,' li'lualr^, llir !i'*t M,: If. I'i;.,l..i:--(li iIh' ^i'iIm killi.l. Ml l"'i i' iji. iiinlis .1/,, J:. '/V,.w/w./r— or llio .-"■aU liiKrii, Til Im >" \vr ( I'llt. Wriv liill.'-i. .1/,. .( /."iirl. — Sdlllll •'( r.i'lllill;,' Sc:i, '.'< ill ."i liliil.'V lu l;rlllill'^ >-i'!l. i ill ."i Mlilll-'^, I'll/.tiliii ir.l'"i. — l'l:lll.lU<.llC' llli'--l iil.lllliliMl ill I'l'l 11-11. lI'V 111 .\|iril. Alioiit il.'i til- Til 1'1'r ix'iit. Ml' Kciil.-i inkcii iiiiili-i : i:, |...v r n;. 1 r till' l'i'iii;i!i-.s IkiitiMi. Ill' •J.t.'M sciiU tiikiMi i'l 1'. luili; ^'i :l "i I'i'l ri'lil Wrl'C IVlllllli'S \\ i til milk. (•■i^t.iia r. //„(•;.. .7. -Ill l.'C.MI. :l1i.il|| i.>|.-ri.,llill i.f lli-i iiil.li I'ciiiali'-i : ill l^i'.ll, ili'iiil Hni.-liiiU''. I'l' I,."."!." mc.iIs 111!;. Ml ill lii'liriiiu Sra IhMwi'i'M tli" iiiiiMl.' -irl > ii'l nl' •'"'>■ (iiily liMi wiTc |.-;iiiili', Willi yoiiii;,-. fVy/<'l;l i: .\i lh,ii.;ult—{){ IJOil -.•ilst.iUill ill I'.>'llliliu Sra, !'illl uri'i' iiialis. r./y,//,/./ .1. /A.;'./'.!.-.- -ll.i^ inilii'l mi'' II- twn rriiiali'^ wi'.h y'liili;^ ill ll -liiiun '-'fii i" .i •ni.Miii, (■.■j,lfilii ,s', ,s. .1/.-/,./'/ ,— Kiiiils iiiiit-t! Ill lU'-' lliaii I'l-m.-ilus SMill'.i di' I'li-lirill'^ >^'-.i ; ill l'"Iil-ili;4 Soil .-iliiilll i"|liallv ili\ i ;• :1. ill ls',11 lii . 1-at. li .-..iiMsiiil iif f.vn-lliinU niak--, niic-iliinl iVinali'S. r..,..'.!./! /In!. — 'I'iimU i'iIiii -^1 iI' ill Uriil-ili;: •'^(-•a, nl' wllidi I, <^ th.iii L'f> \M-i-.' Willi yi.iiii'-. Ill l.'f'.Mi, I'l' "J/iOii .soalri lali' :i liV -i'Ir'. iliil " Viv.i ' ill I'.i-liliii;,: .-^"i'. mily li WiTt l.lli ,). - Witll • IMIU'^. Aiucli :i(lilitii.:Kil I'viil-ncc im l!i.- s.-uii.- !.,iiil, ;),i''';'^'l'j;o'.™'' '' i;iclii:lini,' I'xiicriciici' in 1V,)1', is t-ontaiiu'il in tlii' still, iiKMils (il'si'alf'i'.ipriu'.oil in the Appi'mlix, niul of iiiis tin; I'dllowiii^' i-yivipsis niiiy be ;,'ivcii : — Mr. -f. T'lii'ir-.i iif'. — lias sfi-iu-i'il lui tlif cinist mid in IlL'liii'.iu SvM aljiiiit us many fciiiuk's a.s iiiak--.. Mi: C. I.'- Jlldic: — In l.S'.lli, limk iimi-e fiiuia. .-^ lliaii mal. - 111 tin: [Aiiii-i-ii-'i.iiJ i-nasi, ami I'li lln- Asiatid siilr nliiiu'. (•!■ .il iiumlii-ri uf i-a'-li ^i x. JI-n-.' iLaii li.ilt' ll"- i'liinak-i 1 till' rnasi wi-iv with yiUMiu. , ;.'.'/// /,'. II. /.'■•■rnihi: — Oil ma I ill 18!':; iivi-i- oiii.'- thiril lii^ i-at',li Win: fi inali-s. Ij-ns than halt ol' thi'Se liarri.-n. The siiim' in ullii-r years, in thi>;e seasuns ill lielnini,' Sea lie roiiml near the islainU niu.illy i'emale.s, hut liiiilii-i- eiil iiiiKtly males. '/". Math"seii. — riiiiit-sleerii- in ISIU ; tliiiik; tliat niil 111 Ti seals Uikeii 11 are femah -, .r. S. F>tiuuii:/.—h\ 18'J- t Hik l.'ifl -e.il.i, ill' v.hieh S 203 well' li'iiinlcs. Otlivr liuntcis in nuijiu vessel liail similiir exiii'iii'iic'i'. A. Jlillr(nl.—\U,\\l mir-IialC ,.1" . -ist v:\UU d-m-.Ar^, <,( wliii-li :ili(Uit iiiic-roiirlli wuii! in iiiip. IJ. liii'icitr, — III iH'.ii] todk morn mail's tlian ivr btrmc. Ill |iivviiHH yi^ars a very liul- iiihiv tlmn Imlf Wun,' fi'iiiiilca. Ill iJtlirin^' Sea aiiout hnir liis tutcli wcii! feinali's. Mi: 0. Iliirhhih. — On tliii Aiiioriciiii coa-t lias lalieii more t'ciiialiM lliaii iiiiil(M. Ml' U. iStiiinil. — Tllink.^ tlnTf ani niMn,' I'lUiali s ihan maliH aMiiJMi; tlic si'als lakni. C'l/'liiia ir. O'Laiiii. — Calc'Ius liavn uhvavs lii'cn coni- pdsnl (il'alidiit, i'i|iial iiniiilwiM (jI' njali.-i and I'.iiialrs, Ijotli on till' c'lpasl, ninl in llrliriiii,' Sea. t. L'linijiliill. — TcPdk li'i siiah ill KS'Ji', niiuniL; wliidi wero inline I'ciaalc.s tlian iiialos ; 'M t.i I'O wcic lareu females. V J. Lri)irn.~h\ ISilli ^ol mnre females than lualos. Ciiiiliini A. I!. J!U-iL~\n 1801, «() [irr cent, ul eateli were yuan- ma|,.s. In ISirj, alioiit imlf funiales lUi eoa.st. //. //. I'iiiiilli, — (111 Vai liver Island eeast earlv in scasen ahi.iit, half 1 lie seals taken are females, lialf (if Mliieli are in \m\<. A. Ilir srasuii l'Iuws fewer IVumIw are -ot, ami fewer dl' iIm-,i- in jinp. I/'. Jl<- (('///.— .V little more than hall' the .sials taken on tliu coast are leiiiales, aihl of lliese ahonl one-half are in ])iii). W. a. (Jum/i.-.—lu I.Sdi', of 2,(U0 seals t.iken on the eoasl ul/out l,;"iOO were hulls from 2 to 4 yuars old. Ahout Olio-half the souls taken in Behrinj; Sea are fumales, Ciqilinii L. .1/c/'ay<,(,— Ontsiile very many more, mules than finales are taken. Not nearly so many females as mail's in liehrini; Sea, J. Jr. //ii,ih—T\,tj f,M-eater jjortion of the catch of " Walter A. Karle " were males, ./, ,s/h>/<^.— Of the larger .sr;ils there are more females thiiii males, oi' ihi! ,sm,iller seals, more males tlian fenudes. In ilehrin.i; Sea more males than female!). G. ]•'. Fniic/i.—MAijs and females in about, equal numhers on the eoa.st. ft A'o'*/.— Males and females in about equal numbers Ijotli on coast and in ISehriiii,' Sea, /'. ir. ,sV;-(iH,/.— •riiinks that about two-thirds liis eatdi on the coast were females, one-h;i!f in pup. A. Mitthi.ion.—'Sloiv than lialf ihe seals taken on euast were females, Jfostly youn,- females and barren cows. About one-quarter females in pup, (/■, ,sy, /,/,/«,— liefoi-e 1,S02 thinks he took ,-. lew more females tlian males, lait in l,S02 more than two-thirds of his eateh were males, and this was the experience of the other luinlers on the " K. 1!, JIarvin." U. A. //'////am.-',— Se.Nes about equally divided in l^'.f^. In IS.Sl) and l,s;i| nrarly all bulls. (»„ the Asiatic side seals about equally divided as to se.\, C. Lode— Out in 1»'J-' a few more males th.an females 20 1. ,111 ilir ou-;, but Imth thero and on tlin Asiatic shl' ih.TO wltc iiImiuL fiuiil nniiibcrs circacli sux. y;, /,'-„»A,v.— r.c-r.iiv 1S!)L> kilU'.l inoiv iVi.uil'. tlian male-:. Ill 1891' ninri' niales lliaii cvt-r hvtitvc. fnidnui K. h.,;,i:.-On tim 1 Uli Au-Mst, ]8!)t), in IMii-iii,!,' S'a, his limit, vs -ft l:'.0 seals, of which ahout lOll v.iTc iiiak"^. Tliiiiks he U,it, hut that in I'.ehriii.i; Sea— lioUi sides— more males :iie taken. T. If. /<'■"•■". -Ifas always taken more males than feniiles I'll the co.ist. and ahout the .same nuuiher of each SOX in I'.ehring Sea. J. Miirrii. — More males than females. X. Mirri-im. — fii 1880 ahout two-thirds his catch were iinlls. In 1801 ahout half were females, and in 1802 ahout one-third. On Asiatic .side in 18!) I and 1802 about half were feiuale.s. //. ,S'. llmmr. — More males tli.iii fiunales in 1 S02, and more in pmiiortion than other years. Caph'ni V. ./('.•eA^e«.— About o out of .'. seals taken on the ceast aiul in '.eliriii',' Sea are females. CKjihiiii J. W. yW./.— Kemeinbers no year in which he took more females than males on the coast. In Ilehring Sea rather iiieiv than half females. ,/. (7/c;,i ,,r ilirsr \Ma.. • _\ . aiii;^ hulls. Ill IS',!;.', |:;!l ...als .III c(«i>I ; alif.al, L'll iVaiialrs aliiniii^ tlu'lii. <:. //."/./■.— In IS'.MI, in I'lcliliiij,' Sim. -naliT |ail .il" i.alih inairs; in Is'.ll.i.n c-fia.-l . iiiajniily \mi.. ynuiiu l.iill.s; ill 1S!)L'. iilli'-lllilll l/iiw.s .1. .\fr(;a,-m. — In |.s;iil inc.iv I'rnialrs ihaii malis: in 1S!I| aliHiu r.iual iiumlirirt u\ i-ach .■^r.\ ; in ISHi' nairu nialc'.s lliaii l'i'iiial>'s. A'. /'/,(.//,(//. .-.Mnlc mail's lliall Irlllaic'S ill ISHl'; niMii; I'l'miilcs in incsiiiiis years. ./. KiH/it. — .\liiiut hall' llir .seals lakeii liy liim females. F. \\'iiri-uiiil.',i.'--'S\ii\v females than males killeii. '.'. K. Mill',; — As a iiile miiie leinales than males. last ill l.S'.iL' lull 10 jiei eeiil. .ilealcll Were females. t'iiji/((iii ./. 1 1. ;(■((, ,v,i._.\ little ever hall' the lateli t'eliiales biitli en tlii' eeast ami in lleliiiii^' Sim. '■. (). /;,',■,-.<. — In IS'.M alieui li.ilr iVmalis; in l,s-.ij neaily all laill.s. M. /■;./„.,/. — ! II l.SUl less than half females, ill IS'.lli very !-w iViiial's ,,|i (east. I If .Ji'il taken in liehiiii- Sea, alieiii laii'-i'canili ueie iVmales. II'. (>. J/ll;//i' s, -\ii |S:i|. helll en eelsl alu! ill Helllin',' Sea, aliiiiil half females; in l.S!ij net meie than 10 ju-r cent, females eii eeast. ./. .l/./,'",._.\l,eiii half I'etiiale.s. ./. Uivii-ii. — Ahiiul half ef each sex. .A. >S'/7fWi«/(.^lli ISS.Saiiil IXS'.I alieiii h,ilf I'emales : in ISIIO nearly all nudes; in IN'.I^ lliree-lilth> males. In llelnim,' Sim eaeli ye.ir aheiit half the i aleh weie females. ir. /f' n, 1(1,1,1.-^1 females than males as a rule. <;.,^.,,ll. — (In the least ami -n itehiiiiL.' Sea aheiil \u.\i males am! half l'eu,.iles. '.'. !/■.>/. /-.— .Mieiit I'lll |iir eeiit. feniali's ell the i.ast; in lieliiiiii.; Sea aheiii half. ('. r.lltJill.-<.—.\]inM hall-lifths ef e.it.h lelll.iles. ('. y^nyf/'V /(.—Aliellt ral per rem. lelilali s h.th e|| !_],,. eeast ami in llehriny Sea. M..'^'M) anil Is'.U.alioiil t\vn-tliiv(ls .if I'll I eh fi-inalfs. In ISHli fimr- liflhs i.l' calrh lilalr.-. \V. II. Sli'ifl, ,:-' \'<^>\\\ nil 111!' loasl ami in drilling Soa iimii. ii. mail's than iiialrs. A, /■; r„,.A<„„.~-Mi.rr I'mialrs than males mi the cnasl. /.; rref/,.r.— :NFore females than males nn tin- muist; in Hehiinu Sea alu'ill lialf .iiii! half. ir. r„„»,,~.-- .Ml. 11- ihaii h.ilf females mi the rnast. /'. /•;. yw. ,.>e,/.— (In the e.iasl ahuul li.iU males ami hiilf fem.lle-. //. ./. Z»,i./. — .\liiiul 11. 1 \n-v cent. Ill' eii:il' maiiv more m.ile- than feiiiiiles on euasl. T. OV.K'iv/.— Mme females lliali male-. J''. Mnrriiii. — ."^11 lier eeiit. females. }'. r„,7.siw.— ll.ilf of eaeh .se\ mi llie eoa-l. P. //,(»/„/(•/.— I'll \>iy eeiil. mole h'liiales than m.iles. ./. r,-WA'e'.— .Vlimit I'll! I'er eeiil. h'liiales. Iiiilidii Eiiili'iicv.—Omp' flliiiii of Ciitrh. Ilil./,l/l,.~ M-ir females thali males otV San .Inaii. A-„.e,/,„-.i; mil of III h liiale-olVSan.lnaii. In llehiili;.' Sia always mme male.- than females, 207 I'rhimUiri'h, Cluminttiii!.. ,\,-i/-ii/.. 7'//. .»//«..„,,/,/,/ . 7',,,,. /iiiii'/i. iilhl ,H,ii„iii. — on' MUilli ciiil ..|' X'iiiiniuviT I.sl.iinl lllnir IrlnillS Hull] Hl.llrv; luilllCl llullll Uli.lT lll.llr- tll.il, I'cllUiil'S. Islllllll CM.-l lilnlr l',lhll.> 111. Ill Ml,lll>; riUllli'l llcilli lllolv mull s. ;,'■.'", );-,,//._Ai,illu V.IIRMIUCI l.-l.ilhl inii-l .iliMlll liall' I 111' .•.-.Icli — piTliiips II little iiK.i, — iViuiilcs, r/,,/,/,,._^AInllU lllr VimCdllVrl Islillnl Cnast .l>. lll.lliy l'l'!ll.lIl-.-t ;l^ Ilialr<. ii,f„„.„/l,,'.~~Vi\i- Ml six y, ii> ,1-.. hii.iv luiilr,- lli.m fcliialc's : ii,,\v .IS lll.lliy rnniilr-i a- iii.ili-. K ii;,'u |c»,k- iiLii.- !iia|.-s (liaii I'.'iii.-ili-.-, 1,111 iiMV, al/Miil ill, siiiir imiiilii-i nf ladi s.x is l.iki ;;, ,SV/. ,r, ii I lie ee.isl , liul in l.S!!^' mere males. Jf"'-/"-iihi//.—.\\u.m 111,, .sum.' niiniliiM ..f males ..s ieliiales. '',,/"/■-/, i„(„/ an, I .;/.././^,y„,._As many m.iles .is feniali^s iileliL; I lie ceasl . JA/"aii,l J/,,,"/, //.„./., ^ (HV \aiir,,n\,.i Islaiiil casi ni,.iv (eus. 1,111 fililliei II, .nil iia.ie lulls. ','"e'."./,.^-Alen.u 111,. .•.,,isl 111, .re fi'iiiali's il,.!,, males. I'l'l furlli.T ih .111,1 in Ili'liiiiiL; S,.a mere males ilian females. Ill;lli- ,t-i:,i—,lii,l — S <■ years 1,1,11,. I, nils, seine yi-ai- lllel,. i-,,\v.-. '■/,..,■/,, (,/""'". .V'-"/,.s,/„,, ...lul (|',,/,./,„._Al.,.iil hall ciius ami h.ilf hulls. ,A..s j,l,. .l,iH. ami .A,/,,,,,,/ //,,»!,„. .,!./. — M,,i,. nrile- ihaii I'lMiiales always. iS'"/i''.— r.li seals ; 11, 'ally. ill 111 ili'.s. r/,,,,'/;,. — M,,ii. males tliaii reiiialcs, ','/'>. — '.I." se.'ils : net many h'!iiales, /l,,l,,//,,s, .7:; s,..il- : ,,|ily I lelll.lle .A, .^ -H s.'.ils ; iii.l lll.lliy f.niaies 'hiilUu-. SS s(.,ils ; iii,,r,. iii.,l,.s III. Ill r,.m;il,.s. Ti'illlil'n. — ,VI seals; nil, 1,. Ill, lies lliiin t. males. [IIOJ [\ n 208 (r.)— Thill, ill coiisciiiicucc of the kiUimj of nursing Feinitles at Sen, dead I'ups have been found in iuvmisimi Nuuihe.-snn the I'lilnjlof lUmknies every yeiir since Pelngir Sealinij hei/nn in Behrimj Seu, ami Hint such ]'ups died from Starnition. It vemains to (li\'il with tlic tliinl of llii' main font cut ions above cited. This assertion is, liko several otlier nsseriioiis to which u,reat iiu- |)oi'taiice is now attached in tlic Case '<\' liio I'nit "1 Slates, entirely new. It is tlu'i'el'ore somewhat, ivniarkahh! to lind, notwithstaiidiu;.,' tlie ajiparently complete alisenec ol' cnmiiarablc oliscrvatioiis in the reports on the islands in previous years, that, it is now maintained, not only that- such results have been concurrent with the ])roij:ress of i>elai;ic sealincj, but that they liavo been observed to increase jiari piissn with tlii; growth of such sealini;- at sea. In previo\is reports on the islands, wliero the death of "pups" bas received mention at all it bas been apparently iinirormly attributed For lef'eroncps to to one oi' two causes, i.e., either to overrunniui,' ''"""' ^'""''' lis coiUciiUdii wliiilly novel. of the Youu'4' by adul llie vounu,- bv surl durini;' storms. ';\iili inL' i.ili.il liy I'nilcil States to sliow lli.it (Icail "imps'' soldiiiii seen on I'vilololl Islands till 1S.S4. olticial (lociniients, seals, or destruction of sec Hritish Coinmis- siotiers' Report, paras. 328-333. The mortality iu)ticed in l«!)l wis, moreover, Tln' inortaliiy of yonn.i; seals in 1801, ., 1 , ,1 „,,, , ,,. ,, .,,^. 1,,. ^,,,.1, ,,r (lie lir'^t. iioliicil liv I'piitisli Comniis- aitnljuled to the same causes l)\ sn( li oi uic .,i„ner.s officials and naiiv(>s on the rribylolV Islands as were first addrc-sed oil the subject by the Hritish Couunissioners, showin^' very jilaiuly that up to that time no olher eNi)laiiati"ii had been [>ee- ii,i,i, _,,,„;,. 34f;. sei * to their minds. fn preseiitinti,' the rviih'nei^ upon wbieli de- prndeneu is placed in this matter in ihc L'ase iS (be I'nitcd States, Dr. AV. II. Dall, who vMied (be I'ribylolV Ishnids in Tssii, :,'aptaiu i;r\:uit, who was on the islands from ]S7(» to I'-TT, Air. Afoulton, wlio was on St. (leoi'i,'e j ImihI from T^T" to l^sl, Mr. Otis, on ihe isluiiils fron.i 1'-7t> to l^>I, and .Mr. (iliddon, C.veiannent A;;'ciit from "IbSii to ISS,"), are lirst cited, to ])rove that dead jiups were very siddoni or scareidy ever seen upon Ibe islands u]) to the year is^t. I'.'ut Mr. II. AV. Idli'iit, wrilinu; in 1S7:>, and as the result of bis experience uaiued in I'^T'J-Tl, siieaks of llie normal pi'esence ol' — ■ (1. ( iviie' ( area^.ses oj' old seals and the miin;/ ini/''! wliiell •' Ucport on (lie iMvo'iiej;. killed ae.idcnu.My i,y the old laiiis wiiiie |;;;;l;;:™;;''j;^'l!|;;: li-liling with and elur-iie^ haek and forth aeainsl one .nether." I'ait tliis is conluidieled liy jireviipus iopoiU ol I'nited Stales' (ioveni- nient. •2()d •14tli f'oiii;., M Ss«., H. I!., V.\. Do'c. ■);), |i. 4. !.ii'iilcii:;iii \V. .Maviianl, rnlldl Slates' ii.uy, wi'iliii'j,- o!' tlu- i-l:iii(ls ill I -iT I, says : — ■■ .H'iinl ,,/ i,',,i,i [iliu ]iiiii>j ,!,i! killi'd liy tlie >:iiif, Ii.^iliriil.irlv ir tin; scusnii is a .slipiiiiy nms as \.\wy ,iic not •liMiij I'lKiii'jIi >u!iii:!iiix t.i yj\r tlii'iusL'lvcs IVdUi I..-in'^' ila-lii'.l aitaiiisl tlio Ini'K- l.y il." ■■■'■"''"-■■•H'''"'' ^''ill •■luaiii ill I'^TO, Caiifaiii nrv.iiil. iiolc, llu- iNnriii Aiiicncin , , . ,. , l'ii]iii|io(ls," (.esiriif'tioii (,l a lar^'e iniuiiHT oT ]iU]is in tin; IM'. ."^7, ;i9f^. autiiinn liy a slonn, a dcstruclioii so great in I'acl, ,, I, ,, ,. ll':'' III" aiitieinaled its cirect would appeai- in hull .Mils. ( onip. * ' J Zool., u,l. li, No. 1, I'^Sd; and llie same andioi'ily I'tirilicr rel'ds to ''■■'■ ill'" "leslnitiiou ul' yoiin;.^' steals -ivlneli always ivsnKs IVom a stainpodo of (lie older animals. Captain liryaiit rui-|Ii. ,■ alludes io anolliei- canse of (le;!th of yoiini.^ seals as fwllous: — ^'.MonoKniiiii <)(' •• Vi'lii'u tin: .sim sliiiifs lur two oiMlirne Iioiiisand tli« , i'"!vs 1 oiiK^ iu-atoil, llicrr ,nv ori.'a' ('riisiis I!i.j)i,r(, |.. .'iS. liririsli CoiniiiH. siolKTs' Ui'port, par;). .'i28. li'v-lniutiiin of ' |iii|i> ' iluu !o laiiis. Ihiiicil Slates' CaM: A|i|ii'iiilij, vol. ii, [). 'X'/. the 1 r.-i"li-i(iasteis ami very voaai,' |iii]i,-! iVom .siiiiilriiko, till! -^yiiiiiloiiis beiii.^' ;i iiervoiei Jrrldiii,' of llu? limbs, liillowcd liy CPjiiVHlsioiis and il.i!!i. J'oilinialely ilicsis oi'i'Urieiiees are ran', aia! it was only in 1.S74 ilia! .lay aiipiveialile nuuiler weni lo l iVuUi ihi, lau.-e. Tiial year iimny yoiiag .si'als died ahoiii ilio. Nl .\iigu.st." Aiirain in iiis :\rone,i;i"ipli, suomitted in Is-jO, i']llio!t i'(d'ors to the (lestriiclioii ol' larj^e luiiniicrs of jiiips liy (>(■(, dier Ljales. riic lU'itisli Cotninissioi'.ei's wen; likewise iii- formod l)y :M >. I). AVelister, wlio has been Tor ni;.ny years Oil the I'rinvloir [slands, that in oiifi vear "ill tiie seventies " lie had seen the heaelie-; at iiortl'.-east jioint of St. I'aid Island " striiiiij with d(\i{l ]ni|is." It is clear, lhorei'ori>, that the stutesneiits of witnesses espeeially quoted liy the Unite;! States' Case, wiio speak from past; leeollectioii only, •■ro not ill aeeordanee with faets. llaids made ii[ion lli(> hnvdiiiL;- rookeiies ir.ay also he eiled as a eause of ileath of yoiini^ seals, and that siudi raids have h<'eii rriHpieiit is e!s<- where shown. \n respect lo the destruetive elVeet of raids upon the youni;' se;ils, one ol' the \iilnes-.es eiled liy the United States may he ipioled. \\v. I. .M. Leiianlsays: — " When lai .1. raid wo Would watch I'or :t I'avoiiraMo opporlunily to mako ii landino, and then kill nuilo imd feiiiale fiir-srals iiidi>"riiiiiiiately. I'roliaMy lor evory 5(J0 iiiarkelahle skills siTurod, douhli> that uiimher ul' \ln\^si were deslroyod." 210 l-'i 1 the yi'.-iv l^'^l on waive, il is iniiiutaiiird in I Ik; Casi- ol' llic Unilcil Stiitcs Uiat Ihc iiiiml)Of iii' dcail pups hccame foiisidoniljlc, and iiK'rcascd :!iii'iially; luit. t!in<(> wihii-sscs only ai'c >pt'cial!y cited in siqiport oL' (his contciitiDn, ^lessrs. AFor^'an, Jjoud, and llcrcrdrd. Isotliin^' L'niicil StiUcs' f^n this iiiattci' serins to l)i; round in t!ie aiinuai ""-'• I'l'- - >- ;epov|-. of thL' GoveriHiient ollicials on the; ishiiu'.s In tlir--e years, thoui^h it must liu aihnittod lo have heeii iiiijioilaiit to l!ie interests which these a^'eiits were there to ii,a',ai'(l 'I'he aOldavits o;' ihe.-e li'enlleinen, spcalvini;' to the precise iiiir.iliers of dead pups in a lout; series oi' years, and iiiakini;- out that, these tally exactly with the niiiuhers oT females taken hy the iielaL;-ie hunters, are all dated in April 1^'.»-'. Mr. ^liurn-an's evidence is, liowever, very iiiip'n'feelly (pioted in the United States' Case. Jiesavs:— Eviili'iicc ciluil liy iho UuiUid .SuUi'.s to slmw [UMgiLSsive iiuaciisu nl (ll-'Uth ni " iJlips " Willi (l('V(.'ln]ilUCIll, ol' pchi^'ii.' .senlini,', wholly rctro- s|it'tti\u. •■ Fi.r iiif-l.uicr, cluiiiiL; lln' pcriml nl' my ii>iili'iicL nu S1.(m'hi;;u Isfiiiil [lirc,'iiiiiiii:4- ill IsTtJ. diiwii In tin; yiai Till- i|Unl;Uioll^ (it l\ iilulli;c u lllld ull nw uinnHivfr iiii]iiifect. , . , , I Ibiil.i Apncndix, IS-;, tliciv wciv :il\VMy;s a miiiilnr ol iliad iMips. the voi. ii, ]>. CI, iiii;i:!rtfi (if wliKh I cannot i:i\c i'\.ittly. .i< it vaiiuil I'loin year to ywir, auil was (k'poiulcnt upon ai'iiiK'nls or 1 lie ilis-l'.iK-tiviMics.s of .'itornis Hut rvoiii tin- year IKS I .I'.uii to tlie pclioil wlifll 1 Irlt St. duoiyi' Isf' .il [ill l,s,S7] tliuro was a luarkiMl inrli'iisi- in llie iiiiml;fi' ot (lr,.l Jiup seals, auiountiiri, Jieihiip.-:, lo .i trulililii,' of the nuiiii" i.~ iil.,~vrvud iu luriiui- year-, so that I would cstiniale tlio nunil.i'r of drml puj^s iu the year 1887 at .ilioi'l .",(1111) 111- 7,00t) as a niaxiniuni." Ho tlii'ii proceeds to aru'ue that the inereasc-d iiumlier of dead pups resulted from ]ielau'ic sealinij. .Mr. I/iud was (ui the islands e.aeh year from Ihid., p. KO. IS"^.") to ]^^U. lie speaks of seeiui; dead pups in alt thi.'se years, and lielie\es the mortality to htive oceiirred in conseciucuce of pelagic sealiuu'. |)r. Hereford li:i> lieeii stationed on the islands at various times from ISSO to IS'.)!. He says: — ■•'flio loss of tiff (.f pun si'als ou the lookirifs up to Ibid,, p. 3-2. l.ss t or tSS.j was coiupavativcly sli,L;lil. and was ucuri.dly alliilaitrd lo thoilcilh of tlio niollicT .seal from natural caiisi s (or I'loiu llnir u.iliiral ciicinics iu tliii water, or, us .souirtiiuis li,ii>iiiuril, suddiu ,s|oruis with heavy surfs idlliiii,' in I'roni certain dirc<;tions on the lnuedinj^ rookeries, liirf, never ut any lime woulil ii sullicieul, nunilier of pup.s lie Idlled to make it a .sulject of special cominenl, either aiuoiiu' the natives or the employis of tlie Company). (Joineident with the iuciease of huuliun seal.-i iu (he .sea, there was an incrinso in the deat'.i-rate of pup seals on tlio rookeries," &c. 211 I Slates i>limrlll ! n-trii- Unileil States' (-asf, p 214. hiM I'lUl conti'iitinii lii'lil do(.'.s nol. iifcord with iho (liitc lit sealing in liuhvin;,' Suu. Jt iiiiTiict, tlir iiinlentiiin slmw.s tli.it llir obsi'vvixl ili-atlis ri'sulti'il fmni acts on the Pfilivlell' Islumls, 'I'lic j)iil'(ioii ol' tills sfaloillf'iit lien- plfici'd in |rii'i'iillu'>i's is (iiiiitti'il IVoiii tlii^ cllntiou ;is gi\'.'i; in t!i(! ( 'as!' tif Ihr riiitivl Slides. ir, IIkmi, tliu I'coollL'clion ol' tliesi! tliiv.'i' ^i-iitlc- jucii (iT cii'oiniistniicos wliicli jiasscd uiu'ccdi'ilcd at tho time of tlicir (iccun'ciicc, both by tin lu- sclvcs and all oilier ofleials on tlie islaii'U- in tlie.'C vi'ar~, 111; aceenti'd as siili.sfaii'iallv in iicc'oi-datiee willi tlio (acls, wo find that an ilicveasiiu;- nmiilier of dead inqis oeeiHTed eaeli yoar since tilioitl J^S!.. In iho Case of the I'liileil states, it is claimed thai this took place ciiiiciiiT.'ntiy '.vitii iiicrcasi'd sealiiiL;' in i'eliviiiu' Sea and in eoiise(pieiicc of the death of siicklini;' female seals. Ihit in I'^St only one Canadian Hriti^li Conimis- sealinL:--ehi)i)nev is known to have entered sionors' Jioport, P.ejii'iiu' Sea, and ill 1^8." hilt two schooners, and p.-.ras. 67, .5S8, ."iSr*. ' 590. it wMs mil (ill lS8(i that as many as sixteen vessels enleird til-:.' se;i, anil the nnnih;-r of seals taken tlier.' Iieiv.nie larn'c. Tin.'fe is, lliei-cloi'c, iiii|)oi'tant ahsenee of eoiTcspondenee between the date above lixed ''or the lirst excessive deatli of l)n|>s as asserted, and that at whitdi ; lie operations of sealers in ISebi'iiii,' Sea can ])ossib'\ he siiiijiest'd ti have exercised any iieree()iilile elVeet. It will l)e' tound, on ihe other hand, on tiirniiiL;- la the cdiajiters uf this Coiiiiier-C'ase dialing; wilii the manayeinent of Ihe islands themselves, thai, followin-' the exiian- sioii oi' till' area of driving' initiated in IbT'J, the Djieratioiis of ihe C'oniininy in the elVorls to secure their " ([iinia " of skins win'c ]ivcssinii,' willi aniinaiiy inereasiiii:' se\'eiily mi the seals there throuuhout these very years; and it may well he asked whether insl suclire.stilts niiuht iioi, nauiraliy be e\jtecleii to follow fnnii such excessive ;ind repeated driving' of Ihe seals. Iliiil., p.11-,1!!. 6P4. CS,^, &c., aiu'i par;i 714. The I'linil.iliieiitiil ;is--iliniiliiiii-i nf tlie I'l'iiteiitieu lielil liy tliu I'liite.l Stilte.'-^ are ll"! ]>i(i\eii. Il is II. .1 liiiMwii iIkiI hreeiliii" telUille- '.;0 te, sea I'm i'nuii wllill' llie yevili;.; are ile[iendeiil eii liieiu. It niitst be borne in mind that tlie possible eonncenon between the death of yoims seals on slioii' arid the supposeil kill'in; of their niothers al sea. neiiessarily ileiiends upon severtil eirciim- staiici s -wliicli have not liitlierfo lieen adeqnaddy in\estii_i'a', ed. It is, for instance, not kiunvn that the niotber seals actually u'o to sea fur food dnrinu' all that pait of llie larly life of the pnp in which it is [no] ' 3 I 212 al)snliil('ly deprndcnt on the inotlicr. Hut if this 1)0 assuiiu'd, it h;is, i'lirthi-r, not hocu sliowu tliiit !i( lliis snasoii the nursiiii^ females go to Mieli :i (lishnu'f from the shores as to he taken in any considerable niiinliei's hy sea-sealers — tilways exehulill^' the ilie^'itimate Icilliui;' hy raiders close a]o;i.'^- the iv:!ikery Fi'onts. Some i'nrliier n-feiTneo will b(.' ]iiaii(^ to tliL'seilisjiiitiHl |ii>inls; l)ut, in the fu'sl nlacr, the actual eireunistaneeshearinijon the dea:li ()t yonn:;' seals in I'^Dl, in connection with uhieli the claim liow made hy the I'nited States arose, mav In; shortly noted. Partieular attention u:is niren to iliis s'diji.'ct hy the British Commissioners diU'inLj their visits ,:) the i'riliyloll' Islands in .lidy, Au^aist, and !Sei)lcnll)^■r ]i'.)l; for Ihonu'li, as above stilted, it had esca))ed the notice of those in charije of the Ishuids till tlieir attention was dirtjcted to it, it a])j)eai'od to the Commissioners to he a m;dter of ini]Hirt;in,ei;. 'i'lie result of their investiL,'ation is Britisli Com: given at sonte lengtli in their Ueport, v>liich must he consulted i'm' details. In summiny,- up tilt,' iaets, tiii'V write : - \ctn.il circmuKlanees (it llw morliiliiy (if "p\i]is'' in IS'Jl. nii,-- ionors' Uijiort, liar.is. Sa, VA-i-.ua. I'm' riic ilo.'tli III' '11 iiiiiiiy _V"ini'4 hr:il.s on tin.' i>liiinis in n,||]_ p^jd. 355 IS'.iL w;i- wlinlly cxt'ciiliiiii.'il iiiiii niipn'cuili.'iili'il. .niil it ouriirrcil in tlit^ vtTy swisim duriiiu: wliidi. in .k nmiinicu wil'i the iHoihin rlri mli. f\inpl IMal wIm-'m tlii-'ir .iUi'litiiMi Wiis lii-sL drawn Id il.aiiil Wen' I'ur soiin! tii.ii-' in iliiiilil a.i til wliat t'ausi' ii mii^lit Iji^ aiiri- lilUcil ■■ riir iiii.rlaliiy \v.,s .it lii-Jt 1 iitin.'ly lnca!, : iid llinui^li la'.''! a I'lrlaiii immlirr nl'ilrail iiiiii.s wivi' lianiil lai variiiiis rookt'iic.-i c'vaiiiim il. notliiiii,' of a I'liav.ii.'li'r < iii.i[>aialil(; Willi that nil Tolsliii ninkeiy was discoviu'inl." '!'he Commissioners then sliow, l)y refereiKM; to dales In detiui, that liie e.Kcessive mortality, ulien first ohsei'ved. had oeeiirrerl at a, lime too e,-iriy in the snmnKsr to he e.'<; plained hy tiie killisiLi,' et' tiidlhers at sea; and jioint out tliat, ;illiio-.ti;h furtlii.r di.'aths of yoiim;' oeciirred at later dates, there ajijieared every reason to ])cllev(! tliat. ihe whole n suited i'r(..n som(! one cause, 'vhit'li iual extended IVom tlio original localities, tind had hrcome more geiuu'al. Tin; Comnii.ssioners do not regard the a\ailahle Iliid., pani. ZiG. eviik'nce as suflieient to enalde them deltnitely to determine the cause of the nun'tality in IS'JI, out suLtgcst the following as among prohahlo causes : — .-^liiiViii I'j Ijc ini;oiii]iatibli' willi llie tlioory ad\"alH'i'il in tin' l'liil''d Statr.s' Case. iiar.ii Fill fen I, 2i;5 P.ritisli Coinnii,.^- sioiicrs' liopi)rt, par.n. 3-!i; ,:t mj. lOlliiliiy IJcciii reiRO ol' mon.ilily in IS'.il.', u lu'ii |)iMCti(\illy 1111 seals wi're killi'il in I'.i'lii-iii;,' Si';i, inovrr. absiilulcly tli.il till! idllilln ol' r.'lu.llrs Mt Si/;i ihIUKjL 1)1' iiccimiiiiiM.', villi llic I'liilnl .A|))'L'niIis, viil. i, w. UK. t'liMMctcr i>f fviili'iico iuMucL'il liv ilu! Uiiilnl Sialics i.i.ili.iwlliai iTiv.Iiii.,' fl'llial'JS ^'(1 fur 111 MM inj- |ii,„l. I'liiu'il Sla!c«' Cihr, jij,. 11,1-! I y, liil '., p. coa. (".) l)isl,iifl);i1lC(< ci)tlti:'c(.('(| with llir collrcli.i;! of •" (!riv(;-!," in wliiuli iiui'sinif females wvw. ii ■liided, whicli ;iiiiiiial.s, llioii',,'li oveiil iiiillv- spiiiv,], (li(! iiiii, .MieeeiMl ill rejoiiiini;- tlieir ^.ltlll^^ (/*.) l^iseascof ;m opideiiiic ohararler. ('•.) .S!ain])e(l(N and over-rmiiiitii: i,r Hio you 11;^'. ('/.) llaids upon (hs mokeri s sjicriallv affeetral. 'I'ho cireiini'^tanei; (luit ilic morlalily sses eiled in iLo Uiiiled States' Case in resiieet lo the mortality in this year sjieak of its oceurrenee on St. i'aul \s\.-am\ only. AIjsKiuti' eondniKition of the viev/ tha; liie 2. 'piie statements of sealers set out in lIu! Appei;(li\. the statement of Captain i'arr. the Senior jh-itivh \aval Ollieer, delailed lo patrol Jlehriiij;' Nea, and the earelal wateh kejit Iiy the United Slates' sliijis " .Mohican, '■ " \'orktou n," '• Adams," " l!aui,'er,'' '• :;u.sh," and "Corwin." and Her :\[ajesty's ships '-.Melpomene'' and "Daphni-,"' esiahlislied that not iiu.re iiiau oOO seals were killed in JSi'luinij Sea durinjj ls<)± Therelore, uo e.xeeptioaal mortality anioni,' jjiijjs could have arisen from the killing: of uursiiii,' females. It is, liowever, e.ndouhled that more dead juips were seen on Ihe islands in lSn2 than in iM)l. It was. jimher. a-ain nolieed that the exeessi\e mortaluy was as before conllued. to St. i'anl Island. Altentiou lo :Mr. ilai'oun's i;,'port on this Tnatter i.s respectfully invited. A eonsider;'ble body of evidence is cited in ilio Ca.se of the l.'uited States, to support the .-tati;- m(-nt that the iiursin;,' i'emales regjularly and frequently yo hm^- distauees lo sea iu search of food; and iu reeurrinu- lo this evid(-!ice onanotbei- paye, it is so mentioned as to convey the impres- sion that tlie females leave the rookeries fortius purpose almost immediately a ft(!r the birth of tiio youni,', or, in other Avords, almost immcliately ?14 ufii'Y ihcir arrival tlicrc; tlu)U-!i all ])r('viniis nil-- 'rvat ions, toi^-ftlu'r with many (iT tlic state- iiinili new fitod in tli.- l.'iiitfd Slates' Case ii,iii,!i Cmmnis- ilM'i;. sluAv that till- f(>in:il(-; do not sih'i. ' '"■ p.,,.,,. son. ' wal.T for anv puniosi- till some lime al'icr -iviii',' Klliott's ('.m.™. ' ' ' Ucpnrt, p. ;;u, &c l)iil!i. 'i'lii- I'nilL'd. Statos' CdnnnissioninN in their ilepMrt coiitcMii, thoaiselvoi with iiiakini;- tlu; fo!!ie,vinL;' alllnnation on this subject: — ■■('., AS \\ lion nuisiii;,' ri'vuliiily tv.iM'l lniij,' ilisl.niic'S l.i United St.iti's' IV. .1. They 111-.- rn-'Hiriitly rniiii.l loo ,,i- l.-.ll laile.-, li-uiu Casii, p. li-'O. ihr i-.!,iiuls. aiiil sniin-liiiu'.s la ,mv:iO-i- ilistaii--e-;." I'rol'ossor .1. A. Allen, in h\< ^peeiaily iu-e|.aiv(l l!i'(i')rl, merely says: — "1, i> nii-lli I- ('-.'/ /»',;-,( ill, It llie I'intlu'i- sciils h:iV'' ll>i,l„ AiJiic-ii.lix, tl,.- i-1 in.ls al m.|ia-ii! i.il.-i-val; ali.l i.l-,.i-.-ea lai- mii M ..,-a ^"1 '■ I'P- •!"■'• ■""• ill Maeh nC Inn,!;' ami -in lii-riiii; Sim tliry |tli.' IV-iiiale seal- 1 i-iaki' I'Hil; oxciir.iinn-; I'liv tni"!." .Neither the lluited State>' Commissioners nor rrol'ossor Allen have rel'erreil to the I'aets ii|Hin which they have reached these eoii- (•li!sir.:i.j. Tiie whole oi' the ailidavits speeialiy rel'ei-red In in the Case oi' the ("nited Stales on this s'.ihjeet, exeepf two, hear dales subseiiuent to that at whieh the Hi'iiort of the Ignited States' Coni'iiissioners w;is eonipleted, viz.: loth Aj.'i-il. l^'.ili; .•mdol' fhesofwoexeepti.inal aiiidavits, one. that of Dr. It. Jl. :Merntyre, sjieal^s only of yoiiiii;- (nor.-hearinu;) females n'oini; to feed. I'rofcssor All. n iias not cited tJie facts whieh have led hill! '.o assmne a new jiusition, thounh in his I'oriii'-r vvritiiiirs lie is found to he iully enni- mlft 1 to the statement that the female yeals do nni feed dnrini;- the season in whiidi they resort to t!: • hreedinn'-islands. 'llii- liahit (-f pr(ilonii,-.'d ahslinence at the 1ii-:h'i!!m!.;; .season is \m'1! known to lie noi'i.ial anionu- the I'iiiiiipnlia ;is a whole; and notwith- standim^- tiie niimher of years over which the lialiil- of seals have heeu oh.sevved, there is no leceird of J'ood liein;;- I'.jiind in the stoinachs (if leniales whc!! killed u]ion the ishiiids, or any facts that justify the statement that nuvsin;_;' l"(nna'es leave the islands on feeding excursions. AVriiin;,- ij.articularly of the eared-seals (or fur- seals and sea-lions'), Frol'cssor .\ilen says: — I'Ih- I'nilfil Slali.s' CominisMiiiu'r.s niui ri-.i||.s-ni- .-Mien nilducc im. f.iuls. Thr .illiila\il- ai-e MlliSi-'im-lll in 'l^ile 1., ilic IJi.]!..!-! Ill I'liit.-il States' ( i.niniissii.iiiTs. The ali.slilieiK-i- ll.'m {..oil ..f ].iliiii- peiis at the lii-eeilini; soasiiu is I'wiuriillv i-(.'ciii!iiii;od. I'nifossi.r Allep. on tlii.= Mil.jeii. <■(). r tli;. niiisl lli'ls Ullil visiliijL' llic Wiitcr. Aiiiuii.: iil lln' l'ivci]iii'.'-','i'iiiiiiiiiiiliit liic'i, JiiiH Irci-ii lonj,' known in r("^|ici'l Im llii' Wllhli-, wlln:;)' [icHoiI of f,l>lill_>, lloWL'Vl.r, Ml'Cllls tu lie slimti 1 lli.iii ll.al ul llic ciili-il-^-riil-i." fii liis :\1(.iiol;'1';i])1i oI' l^^o. I'loi'c-sur Allen writr> ''11 ilic siiiiii' snliji'ct ; — "MonosTipli of "Til" mull-, iliuiii'; iIm- lnvr.liii;,' -.-iioiii. ivmiiiii wlinlly Norlli Ainrriciiii Piniiipids," p. -jiJ?. "11 liiinl. I'll'! Iliry will siiMi'i- iIimiIi lalli'T tliiin Ih:is,. tin ir iliiwii -pi. I. Tiii-y lliii> -!i~liiiii. I'nr 11 pi-iinil ■•!' ^iwial Hi'fKs, an iliiintririlpUMJ last. Tlit-y urri\i' al I'lr Imi'i ilin.i; staliiiii.-. I'al airl viumnu-i. imhI Iimvc llirm wial, ami cmarialr.l.liaviii',; I'l-m imin i-liid llunu'jli ilirir luni; p' linil of fa-liii- uliii'ily l.y llic I'al of llii^jrown lioilios. Thi' I'l-niali'S rniiiiiiii nniiiti'iTnptcilJy on liunl l'.....vi,Uj.No. ..,,,,,„,,.,,,,,,,,. Jle further draws jiarliiMdar attention to the ahsenee of tilt exei'cnuMit uj)ou the rookeiy irroiiuiis. I'mlessor Allen liiniseir, in an ox[)laiiatory note to the jiassaucs jusi I'el'i'rred tn. in eontirniation of Ih'vanl's statement, writes thus: -- •■ Sk'lli r sl.iU'S llial. ill lla' uuiariou-. >iici.'iiiii'iis lie (lis.^cilcd ln' always I'lmml ilic .stoniaolis I'liiprv. .mil remarks llial tlii-y laki- im rmiil .hninj; tlio .several wrek.s tlivy n-maiii mi land. ^Ir. I i.ill i.iiilirms the .^aniu statniiont in vcsjiiTi to tho jiiT,-.('iil -^prcirs. ami ('aptaiiis ('uok. AVeilili'll. iiil o!lii'r>. wild have hail oiipoiiunitirs lor olwrvinu tin' ilill'iirnl Miiilhrin .ipeeius, allirm the same hirl ill iiLiaril tn ihr latin, l.onl ,S|iiihlli,im lonjr since stiitcil lii.ll llii' walrii;. Iiail the 'j.ime liabil, llmiij^li its immi.il fast hi ems snmi'what .'n when nm-l niaiiim.iN ii'ijiiiri' the tno.st [no] 3 K 21fi Kllll'l.' .Ml-U'liauii'---''I1I1S Mill Wlmliy cuiliMril l.ptllO \\.,iiii«i'.s Kiul i;iri'.l-^. Imi tl"' wi'iylit nl' ilii^ oviili'llii' ill li'.-i]'rrl 111 tliiH I'liiut siTliI^ til iniiinitr lli.it til' .|.fcii- f i->t< siiuiliiiiv 111 ilic iMivil-ii'iili 1111(1 uiihiisos, ilni'i'u ill"' |"Miiiil il ii'-^i'it- III '.l;i' laii'l to liilii;4 I'uilh ita VUlUl;.'. Ali: "It Ilinv 111' tli.il I'llirl- s).!' ; > 111' till' I'lirli-'i *c:ils iiiiil.i'^ii :-iiiiil.iv r.iHi-. l.iit il' -111, I livo lis yii .■■•rn iiu rccm-il 111' till' "lut." (';i|)f;iiii I'li'vaiil. in liis foiiti'ilmliiui n'.i liu" liiiliits oF till' i'lii'-M'iil, wiiii'li is iiiciir|)(ir:it('il in Pi'olVssor ,\ll('ii"s Jiitcr-ilutcil M.iiii>i;'r:i|)li, dues IK'I iTpciii till' (il) I'nrr.i i' tn'atisi'. Imt ri'lcis to tln'iii. and. in it,-;jard lo 111.' jiartiiailar Miliirct now in (|iU'stii)n, t'lcarly sliiiws tlia! Ill' inainlaincd tin- same imsilinn as lii'l'iirc. \\'i-ilinn', l'(ir inslancr, of llir i'l'niali- i'nr- M'al as I'dlliiws : — '■ Frimi ihal tiiiic [i.i:., tlnit of iiiiprPiiiiiiliiiii] .-ho li.'S citliiT sli'i']iii!i.' iii'iir !iir yoiiii;,' nr silihIs li.r linu' ll.iatiiig or ]il:iyiii'_' ill ihi' wiili'i- ii.ai' ill..' . liuiv, i"UuiiiiiL; i.f.'ii- sioiially to ."^iirkk', her pii)'. » » t • " Thii foiiiak'.s, nfUT 'jiviii;: I'iith t.i llicii- yonii;.', Icirip.i- " Monncrapli of rnvilv iviiaii- ii'-aiii l.i thi' v.al.'V, af..l i.n. thus lu'V.'!' all mi ^'"•"' ■V"''"™.',' . ' ' 1 lIlllipLll-, )). .;Mj. sli.iic ill (iia-r, !^.i thai l.y llif rial < \ I 'if lUilMiM llielii will 111! Iwifu IKS iiaiiiv \.iunij- M-als ..ii i-h'iv : ■ fuliialcs." Q'lio British Coiiiniissio.ic..-, ns tlie result of their invest illation of this snlijeel, sum uji :lieir conclusions in these words : — I '.'luliisii'iH .'i' ill.' liiiii.sli ('.iiumis- •■iiiiiicvs nil the Kiiliji'i'l. •■ It njipenre to lie icitiiiii that thi; iiialiiio males duiii^j; liritisli C'.iiiimi» , II 1* I ■ 1 i J' 1 , n 1 • s:' lit-port, duly on the. I'Veciliiiv; rooUeii.'s iln iint ieeil at all aiiuiii,' .^ "S-). the liieeiling seasi.ii, iiii;l thai I'..]- s.mie tiiiii'. at ha:-l. several wrek'.i. after laiiiliii^. till' hrc'iliii'^ t'ciiiali'-i liu nut Icav.' the ni.ihflT-ui'nun.N in -^I'linh of I'on.l. There is n.. apparent ivasuii why the ' hollii.seliiekie,' or yuiiiiu' males, .shoiilil luil •j.d to sea in ijiie.st of lisli. Siie^ularly (.■noii;_;li, however, thniiuh .■iiiiiiials nl' l!ii- I'l.i^s hav.- lii'.'ii killeil hy huii.htil.s of lli.aisaii.ls iip.'ii llie I'lv.liii'j islamis imdir all e.in.'.-ival.l.' i .imlitinns ..t wiiillii-r. ami olli'ii Milliiii le.-.s ihaii an liinir of tlu'ir iiepiirlalioii I'mm their h.iulin^'- <;r.iiiiiils, 111'' almost universal tesliiiiony is to the i.|;eil that their •■■loniaehs are invariahlv louii.l lo he In e rii.iii I'uoil.'' 1 1 I'. -M7 IlriiMi ('ciinmi«- hioiicrs' lii'i'orl, Olj.Mlv.ltiiill- lii.iilc hv lllclll. AllSl'lRI- III' nil ( Mri'llicIlL 1111 lilt.' lui'i'iliiiLr-liliu'i's. lliiil., jinta. 243. Ib'iii.. pan. 30b. .AiialoLiv 111 I 111' liiiir-siMl. liiiil., |):UMS. 207, 3US, G43. I I I'rllPllirs .,'11 III ;i-, 1(11' riilll!, lllis cloi'S \lut li.l|i[ii'll I ill llll- .IIUlUllM. K\ iili'lli'C rdlli'Cli'il liy !'ll■ili^ll C'lll- luissiniii'r.s. 'I'iii' f'iininiis'-|iiiu rs ilicii dciiil micIi oli ■•.■\:\' tinli. ,-i . Illl'V \M'I'.' (lu'lllM'I\i'S alilc t'> i:,:ik(', i ill'' 111 ; ill;;' till! ('\:ililili;il 'nil 111' till' .--iMniHclis n,' lOS VDi.Miif iiial.'ji (l'.-ili\i'i:i' Islaiiil . (iiir oM iirsl ■, ami two loiiialt.'s (lirlii'iiiy; Ishiinl). i'liiMihl male ;i:iil (111- I'-nialc-;, \:\>'. nii'iitiiiin'il, wri'r ilrivca u[» (iir'j'lly from llic runkci'v Imi illU _\ unU ili'-i.iiit, iiml at (lar- kilii';!, liiil u:. Irarc il Wmd was rmiiul ill the 'loiiiaijli.s. Till' i'liiiipli'tc alisi lice. 1)1' I'Xrn'iiii'iit oii tlic I'oilici'ii'S, ;ilri'a:i\' ri'l'iTi'^'d 1 i in :\ i|iiiiiatiiili l.-niil C-iptalii Hi'vaiit, \vas spocially iiiitr;! Ii_\ tin; Bi'iusli C'oiuiuissiijiicr.^, will) say: — •• II is I'l llir ali-ii'iici' 111' :^iii.-li iiinlli T .ilmn' lli.it llii! i.'iiiiliiiuuiis iiriiliii;^' tiM^i'lliii' nil iiiic >liiil jiir .■iiimr iiHiiitlH (if !-i\ iii.iiiy tliiiiisaiiil .iiiiiiial.s is nil siiiilaiy '^iniiiuls n'lnli'r'.'il |iii-:.ilil''. It 1j". aim: n'.ivinu- tii.it ;-ii s:hiii ,i. lliu .soals ('umiiii'iii-u ii!.';uiii to li'ml, il li:u.-l li • alisiiliiU-Iy liiu'W- sary tof tlirlii to aliaiiilnii ilii'ii' iruwili'il ijiiarliTS (ill .^l|||lv. Till' (.\iili.iiri', this a'liinl'l. llial llic rriii.:!'-; ila IinL I'ri'il L I any ILiLi'ili' rxlrlit. lili tlir yiillii,' .ili' ]ila"li- cally WiaiM'il, nr, al all ivuiils. until v.-ry lati' in llio i-iii'lililij.' M'asiii, is jii.'iliap'- niulit ilrliniu- than lli.it ;;ivi'il ill any ntli'T way." They :u Id:— "It. aii|ii.-.iis 111 us til lio iiuit'./ 1 1'lilialili', liiiWi'V I', tliat tow. nil ilio clii-t; 111' tlia .-la.-oii ul' ■.ilrlilin.^', ill.' I'l'liialo si'als may iatii.illy li.'L:iii to .-^iirii'l a rmsiik'ialil" ii:ii;iiiii (if Llifir lime al sl-.i in suaiuli ol' tnod. ' III llic I'tiSL' ul' ilic luiir-sc.'il, i'\|H'rii'iic('d srtilrrs jxiiiitDUt tiiat tboi'c i:i iiu l'XI-'I'oiulmI wliatcvcr on till.' ice resorted to by Imoil-.scalsaud iloc-vats, 1,'otli oL' wliicli spi'cics abstain allou'i'tiu'i- iVom I'l'i'ditrj; ■wliilst oil tilt; icit ; but tluit tlut ioo to Avliich (ho li;ii'|)-';e.il riv-di'ts, is coviM'cd '■.villi duiict'. tiad flie lf!i'|i-s(';il is kiimvii to t'oi'd tl;rouo'lii)iit ti:o Si'tlSOil. 1,1 will tlaisbo no(i;d that, v.Iiili' lu'cscutiim; tin; avaihible evidence mi tac siibj.'i't, the JSfitish Coimnissioiiei's did not feel thi'inselvi.'s to lie wai'i'anled in making' ;i perfectly deliiiite state- ment on it either in one sense or in the other. Tlicy, however, state their beliei' tluit if the females I'eed while siickliun'. it eamiot bo till towards the clos,' of the breediiii,' season, and ])roli;ibly not to any notable cMient lil! al'terilK^ middle of Sepieiiiber, :it wliiili d;iie [iela'.^io sealing- in iiehrim;- .'^•ea oecomes |!i'aetie;illy ini- jiossible, because of boisterous weather. The ih'itish Coinniissiiiners I'lideiivourv'd to obtain ail 1 eonpare as inip:;r. iaily :,-. possibh; ns ilic statements of nil iIhkc who li.'ul .'my limiiliarity witli sc;il life, as \:> Ilu- actual dislam'i's tn whieli -eah' sujiixiscd to lu- or:i;'au,-('(l in icediiiL!,' niiu'lit icn rroiii llw l)vc(>(liiip: islaiidi;. They foiiiid, in tin- first iilacc, tliat the naiiv-s ircncvally. li(i!li (if thr I'ribylolV and Coniniandrr Islands, licli(>v(-d that tlie l'einal(> seals did not I'eeil at all till the younn- had been weaned; while liriiish Commis- otlii-.- aiilhoi-ities staled very vaneil disianees loi j,.,^,,_ 3,)7_ ' the ]eni;'th of snjUJOSi'd i'eedini;' exeiivsions, talcing- I'di' '.'.vaiited in many eases that the mive ]ires(-neo oi'seilsat sea durin;,' the hreediiiL;' season, >ho\ved that ihe animals so seen had come away from tiie breed ini,^-islands in search of food. All availalile lliid-, F'as. aor O])inions \^\^ to th(^ date at which their RojOTrl was written are included in it, and serv(- lo show the aetii:;! inloi'mation at that time. 'I'he lii'ilish Commissioners then exjilain the result oi' (heir own observations in I'^'.U, ^^lli(■h show tiiat the seals are always to be found in con>i(lerahle nundiers (dose ahmu; tlu> roidvcry I'rov'.s, while comparatively lew seals are seen as mueii as half-a-inile from the rookeries, and that al a .iistanee of, say, !• miles to s(>awai'd 'A' TJiese plai'cs, it v\ou!d be diflicult for any idiserver to sav by a]>]iear.ances at se.a aloiu> where a rookery- inround existed. They then write to the lollow- iny; elTci't : — I'.U'C'ilini; Si'.ll.- d'l linl J^n i\:V llnlil lilt.' r(inl;cr;c^ I'l'V any inir]iiiso. " It is li..\V('V,T, < cit.iai, fv ,-|-.tpiiii'iils ulilaiiii',1, tlial Ibiil., ]iara. 314. f'eiiia'.r^ ill inilk :i\v (,rrasi..ii,illv kill.'d al sra iy p.'lapc Rcali-. -. mid [\u>yv^h it i.-, ]iiis.si)ilc tlial lliere arc feiiiaU'S wlii'li liavc (IcsciU'il the island-: in cniisi'ipicni'i' <<( liavini; lifi'U Mvivon nn to tlir killiiifr-nnanMls willi lla' li.;!lu>- cl'i'!;ii'.or liecausc nl'sHnii' uiIut ^MU^:l•llf ili.'ilm-tjanii'.; inli as {]:r duiith iil' their ycniii;,', it is hijjhlv iirn|.al>li' that in till' laliT Minniii'r mat aiilunni the (lisliuico towliirh Ihu fciiiah ■ ;_"! I'io'ii till' liii'cilini;-iilai'i! la'rnmcs jiiadiially iii(i\.i vil. ll is, la'vrvllipic'Ss.'^calTrly cVMtilih' thai, iiniicr anv (i,. uni-lanoes, llic tcinalcs cMi;a,c'cd i:i fiedin;; their Yo';.:'.;- can iiavi;4nto tn yreat distances fmiu the isl.ui''-: an t'lialic cciiirscs, and snh.sfiiui'iilly rrtiirn •■nclually and witlic'Ut fail to their rnulievii's ; and any a«.-^uni]itiiai laadc on t!ii-; l.a-i< iiinst he le^aidi'd as vniiiirini,' proof of a chiira.irv Vfiy iliif( iviit to thai f-:o l.ir advanced by tlajsi; lioldin:; such a, liclicf.'' (■'i-li Tn exaiuinimr tin- eVK.Lllce on tins subje:.'t '-.■c l)allK■mal•ly , . , . . ,1 1-1 1 ■ r 11- I'liilcil Sliitm' which IS spcei.aMy relied upon iind is relevrod to in Case, iip. 117. i:^'. the Case (d' llic I'tiited Slates, in support of the theory that the death of youn;^ seals on lite isl.aeils is due to the killiti!,' f>r the molhcr- at sea, ii will be ii'dieed that severtil l^ iu milk at Ioiil;' (listaiiccs IVoiii (lie I'riliyloir J ski nils, ^ililli; ill (itlif^r cases it is iakeu Tor granted lliat any seals scr'u in Ikdu'ing' Sea dln•inL'1ll(!l)^eedina,• season ir.ust lie females eriii/.iii^' from the islands in seareli of fond. Several witnesses afllrm that largo niunliers of lireediiig females in milk an; taken at long disla)ices from tlio islands. Unt sneh females, it may well ho assnnn'd, are hut strays, drivim from llie islands hy llie eonstant disturhanee.s there, or which have di.'serted them l)eeanse of the death of their young ; though in th(> aiitinmi it is also possible that somu cows wliose pu])s are already practically or entirely weaned, may eventually travel to considi'rahlo distances, and possihly with no intention of returning to the islands. Some explanation of this kind must he fouiul to aceoinit for the killing of a few seals in milk, late in August, in and ahout the [lasses of the Aleutian fslands, refi^rred lo hy s(!veral witnesses UnitcilStaiea'Casc, cited hy 'he United States. In the evidence of P^^aaU Siirfb^s. ''^'''^''''"^ <'ontained in the Ajiiiendix to this Counter- Case, 3Iessrs. W. Shii-lds and .T. lirown state that Apprailix. vol ii, they have kilkd females in milk, indin'erent years, '"''' "' ' '"' off Kadiak Island. E. Loreiiz and G. C, Errow ha\(' similarly round IVniales in milk in several years. In none of the ahove eases can the females so killed he supposed to have le'fi sucdding yoandiate vicinity of the hreeding-islands, it appears to he certain Ihal these are nut preyed upon to any great e.vtent hy the iiiassi's of seals frequeuiing tite shores. The l!rili.-h Commissionei's report thai such llsh as cod and halilmt are taken hy the natives al distances varying from 1 to ;j miles from the [UO] a L ilUT youii,:,' Ibid., |ip. 22, 'J.l Appendix, lol p. !;;•. 220 roolvcrii's on St. J'aul ami St. CcDvy'o Islands, and add that wiion at anchor witlnn Ifss tlian Unlf-a-niiU; niV llio largest voiilcci'v on IJcliriu^' Hritish Commis- island, cod and oth.n- llshos w.'n- cau-ht in p^^o's";''""' al)iindam;i' at a dojjtli of (i to 7 fathoms. \iv. IMacDun, as llio result of his ohscrvalions in ISO?, i)r(>s(;nts rurthcr evidi'ucc in detail, such as to sliow that ll-;h aliound in the iinniediate vicinity of both the IMhylotV and Conmiauder Isl'uuls, and adds : — ■' It is thus evi.K'iit llwl. siiuiild sc.ils, -wliotln'r iiiide.H or Appemlix, vol. i, fi'iualc'^, ri'iniiiv lliod (hn-iii^' the tiling tlicy resurt to llie. ■' islaiuls (whidi liiis nut Inrii j.r.iw^l), il is to \v Lud in IlllllmliUlCl' lll^SO t I Uli' VniiklTiuS." The tacts abov(! alluded to .ari'. lio\vevi-r, diiiH'tly in contradiction of (he siatenient iuund in iho Case oi' the tinted States, to the eifeet lli^t fish are very scarce in tin- waters in the Uiiiicil Siatci .... CI 1 I- • I 1 MM • ' V J Cage, p. IIG. ■•■icHuty of llie brcedniLi-islands. ilus in i.-uect '' is merely an unsujiijorted and hyi)othetical assnmiition, and it i- ilitiicult to detorininc whetiier it is tho hasi;; (jf tlie furthor statement as U) excursioiis of seals (o ;;'reat distances to feed, or is conse(iuent on that siateinent. W'itli tlie facts in c\idence, it !s(nute unreason- ah!e to sii])pose that female or oilier "^eals seekiny; food go to great distances in this quest, widlo ample supplies ndght be obtained by them without this eiVori. ft is submitted from tho facts contained in tho foregoing clia|)ter th.at. it is established t'i:it any .abnormal de.atli ofjjupsoii the islands is not duo top(da-;ic sealing; and that pelagic scaling \- not an illpgitimate, improjjer, or wasteful metliod of TliuU'^li otho> .'.•i'-e Uiiitcil tcilling' se; Us. That tho coutentioii in the LTuitod States" Case that pelagic sealing is wholly dcstriictivo of 'ho seal ])n.)icrty, is without fotnidaticni; and that it is a len'itiniate devi'loiniu'nt of tlic origiival me'diod of faking seals ]>raetised by the Indians auii otiier iidiabitauts of tlu' (!(jasts of ,Vine'''"a. That tho allegations n'sjiecting its injurious eifeet upon seal life are greatly c.-cairgcratei!, and that any incident connected therewith. ])roved to h(^ harndul, can ho clfcctivoly dealt with by a scheme of neni'ial rci^'uiatlons. Tlnii' is th. ■rrhir, It 1 rraMPii u Mil paM' tl lit Sral.-J, if iiiokiii.n r jr lulii ^Imuld H" tcj 'Ml lit ilistiiliCL'.--, 221 aiA]'Ti:n xir. ^bnviriciiicul of the Priliiihjf' lahtiid.-: by Ilu.said and hy the U.illed Utates, Ilifloricul oiiiHiip cif Munaijcmcnl. Uuitiil to .siip- I'mi' I'uihI, TirK Uniti:!! Statk.s' C.inh;nii(ins. (1.) T'liiti'.l Sditof' C';isc. ;i. 131 — '• iJiuler till' i;oijoial proticiivc sy^li'iii a'oplcd by iiue.siii for seal liUi mui the iv sirit-nniis iidilid irniii il i c tii time, ll.c feu\ lim-il ci.iitiuMHl to ii.dTase, r.iitil the .Maii!r','ii-i of tlic lliisMiiii-AiiKi'iraii C'()ni|miiy ccii.-i;!- roil it ])n-sil)l^ and cxi.cdii i;t to take 70,000 skii'f.- limr St. Paul Ivlaiid wiihciit ilaiimr if cltjilctirL;' i!.e m nl pojadati'iii." (•2.) T'niicd States' Case, p. 71 — " Ft was the i'ur iiidiiktry iiioiv than all otlic- rnimir;: r:,ti(mn wiiifli dccicird thf' United States to pav the moii of 7,'J0O,(10l) doliars reqoircii liy Uiissia f n' tlio ees-io;i and tiausfer ol liei- ^ove^Ti'„'ll ii;:lils ai'.d ir.-operfv." (3.) I'nited States' Case, ]i. l,'!-i— " Ayhen tlie- t,'iiit' <1 States eaine into possofsion oi' lliese islands l>y t'.ie eession ot' 18117, it vve.s inipossiblo ia.n.e- (iiately to io:iuula;e an U'iniinistr.ilivo system i'oi- nil poiti' ns 1 1' tlu' teniloiy then so little linown and so liislant IVem the seal iif ndv,rnment. 'Jlie ye::r IR'IS w;,s oae I t in/ci-i-r^itum in the rril.'ilif Islands."' i,l.) United S'atis' Cue, p, l.!;i— ••'ll-.e I'oUowi:;',' spring' (ISO'.)) the Ooverninent A-eat, Dr. II. II. .MeTnlyre, iie,.i n revenue Vessel, under e^im- iiiandort'nptain .loin .\. lieuriipies, reached the islands, and inueediately tonU preeaulions to protect tliu seal herd Ironi inidostatioii.' ("i.l United Slates' Case, p. 1.') : — " \'ariou< reeoniiueudatiuns ai.d siejijestions were iii.id.' to the Cimyress of the United States in ivlatinn to this loattcr. but after n therouuli and ear.l'id eianiinatinn of the various laelheds piopesed the most e.-ijiedi, nt wiis lound to he the le.tsini; nl the islamls to a sinfjie. reiiahlo t'ompany. inuier the immediate su|» rvisioii nnd e ntrol of A^'enls of tile Uuiti'd State-' I'reasnry iJej irfneut duly appoiiitid for that [lurpose," ((1.) United Statet' Can', p. 1.5:'. — "I do not see how it i.s possiMe to inndnet the se.eiuij proc"— wi'.h i;rialer eare or Jud;imeiit.'' (7,) Utiited Stales' ('a^e, p. oyO— ••That the ]ire-ent exist.Mre" of the hevd iis due wholh to the eare and prottetion exercised by tilt' United Strtes and hv l!us-ia." SCMMM-.N-" Ml I'.auisii r.i:i'i.Y. A hislorieal review .if the iimiia:;enieiit .if the I'lihylolV Mandn by Uussia, sh,.ws ihat tdi Isdi', praeiie illv'no eare was e\ereised; tiiat between ISlUi and IH.'i.l tin- iiamliiT.it seals (;eair.dly dimiuisli.'d j thai from ahaut ISl:; it 222 j;rii(Iviii!ly inovoasril, imdci- iin improvcil conti-ol ; and tliiit till' rt,i>l;('iii-s \vm- in cxri'lkMil (•(iiiHitiou when AliisUa was cedea to tin- Uiiitiil ;-l:i'(.'s in ItSfiT. Dui-ini; till' vi'Mix fioni IS^D to ISi;:. i-liiM-lii'* i^iunv tliiit the ^iininiii! iivc'riij;>' imnilur of m-uIs Killed did vut ixn'i'd .ir),(ilHl. In 1SfiS, llic liiissiiin control lioin;,' witlidiawii, nil fxcc'sivo slim^iitcr of seids was iiernutti d to oi-cnr. ovl-v 'JJO.OOO hi'ii.Z' K-ilU'd. In iWi'J an 1 1870, a partiid l>nt, vciy iiiroiniiloto conti-ol o.f tliu islands uas I'slalih^iod i>y Ino Unitril Status, aiul tlu- iiuuilitr of seals ki'.ie:! in t!u-=u years is only apiiroximately known. Thoiy.rh it was fUiil-'Osted by -cveral eoniiieli nt aiitliovlties tlmt tin- < iovennreut slionld assnnic sole em-.trol nf the seal iotnie-ls on tlie I'liliylolf Wands, these ii:teres;s were V 'SI cl in a C'oHiniercial Comiiany !iy lease in 1S7(I. Xotuitli i' .' expericneo gained in previous years, the „,„, .,1,, peruiitled to he killed I'.n' skins annually on thi :' was at the same lin-.e eNperiinentally Used nt ll>0,l ' The aelual inunher killeil i-seeeded this amount. Tlie •• (pio!a ' tiuis eslaldi-hed 1 ecnnie iu effict a fi>:eil nnmlier, and was not redueed liy the (iovernoH nt dnrnii; the entire iwen'y years' term of lease of ihe Comiiany, thoueh repeatedly mentioned in olli'.'ial Kepnrts as liei' j; too '.:re It. 'I'lie e'lects ..f this excessive kiliiiii; ean now he tiaeed, in the eomlition of the setil rook.'iies, as recorded in the eontempoiain-uus Keiiorts of vartona years. ■jhe lestrietinii of rpan'ii(, IVmiian cxaiiiiiKitidn of ilic liisldi'v ii!' lilt' islamls, and piirticulavly !'rfi;:i the fnUcftiiiu ttn'I (liM'tl-simi nl' tlii' kiii>\\ ii l';if:-. srl out ill lilt' PiC))!!!'! (if tllC IWilisli i'l'lifiim' Si'a ('iiminissii)rn'i's, that tiif f.ils wliidi liavoai'isfii on tlif islamls aio largely attriluitublc io tlii' inclhoilsor nianajji'tm'ut ami control (lirrc cmiiluycil, wliit'li li.'ivf I'l'imi the lirsl lu'iat iiii- pfrlVfl, nol only iu fouct-ption, liul iilso aiitl to even ,1 o'l'i'iiti'i' (Icu'vct' in cxccutiou. Tlic iuiiii.'iliatc iiilfi'cst in tlu'sf nn'tliiiiNon tlu- lii'ccdino'-isltimls, isolivioiisly "a'catcst in vcnai'il to tlh' manttu'.'imni liy tin- liiitcd States, Init iiii'itii'lanl coiifliisiDns of fact may lie dt'duci'd fnan a coniparisim of llif two pcvioils, tliat hol'oi't' ami tliat after tlie e.'sslon of Alaslva to the United States, J!ii-si.tii ami Uiiili^il Slates* iiiaii.iC'Ciiielil. 223 SlMlfmeiil,'^ ill T'liitnil States' C'lisc; rpliifiu',' Id JJussiaii maiiiiijeiiic'iit iiiaccuiale. Unileil States" r,i.c, |). 130. liritis'u Conmiii lliollcr^' Itoport, paras. S!1-41. ptMidii, \i)\. li " Unileii Sialc-i No. 2 (is;m)," pp. 58-50. (JiUlinu (.[ the IJiissiaii KtiiiuL-, lU's' Til (lie Case (,r tlic Uiiilril S(,il(N, a b.'.Vf siiilciiii nl is iiiiMlc icspcftiiin' I he luaiiaLjciis.'ut (liii'iiig til." liiissiaii rugiini!, liy which it is mad.- to apiicai' 1hat, IVc.m tlic time at wliicli llic Russiaii- Ainri'icau Cmiiiiaiiy \vas oi'^aiiizcd ia 17!)0, aa oHiciciii ci.nli-ol and syslcin was adoiitcd, iiiidcr wliicli (he fur-seals rcsrirliui^n to the islands v.on- tiniHiusly iiicivasi'd (!u-iiiiL;-li(Jut, and ii]) Id the dal<,> or (he cession of Alaska to the I'iiitcd Staff"-. 'I'his contention is, howevei', ww I'a.i' fniin licini,- in accfird widi ilie hislorical facts, wlii'-h are i^t-neraliy well known, chielly hy me.aii-. of (lie writinLis of ihc llussi.an chronicler, Veniainin.,v. 'i'liese fads will lie Innnd in lli(> form of a Snnimary in the Iteport of llu .lirili:-li J5elirinir Sea Comniissioners. It is considei'cd io l)e unnecessary here io enter inio any detailed criticism of the mana'^e- nuMit of the Prihyloir Islands hy the llnssians, lor which reference may lie made to the authori- ties slated, as well as to .Mr. i-;iliott's synojisi.> or llriiUh Case, Ap- the conditions contained in that part of his l'><'l'^rt of ISOO which has lieen pidilished, and Mhich is jirinled in one of the .'u)[iendices to Iho J5rilish Case. ft isknown tliat practically indiseriieinaK' kill- ini,' continued from the discovmy ol'lhc islajids iu 17S(i down to ISOd, when the Ilussian Andiassador i'es.anof visited the islands, and learned that 1h;; .seals had decreased 0(1 per cent, since the earlier years, lie ordered 1 he killing- to stO|> for a t'Uie Mor.ers Itoport, , . . i- , . p. 7s». '"" noiwilasiandiiiL;' this and other prei antionarv measiii-es, insulllcienf i'l themselves or imper- feeily carried out. a continued decline in the numlxa' of seals look place initil ]«;.!!• or 1 ;>:>,"). From ahoul lsj.2, an increase commenced, which (with j.ossihly M.,m(> liriel' periods of arrest or reversal) was '4-( ncrally tna.intained till the dose oi' the Itu.-sian reijinn'. ft is fur:li"r ^hown tint the dcca-ease dcjiended lar-ely upon the killini,' at. certain limi\s of arcat iiumhers of seals, and it is even asserted Iiy Veniaininov thai lielwecfilSOl aiidistii. the Company hadacenmu- lati d aliout SOO.OilO skins, many of wiiich roltcd for want of care, and AVi'rc rlestroyed or thrown a May. hi the earlier year.*, both males and lemales, as well as younu', were killed; Init even after the- killini,' was directed chacily to yonnt: males, the had cll'ect of killinjjf these in e.vcossive niimher.s was well known. Thus :^^r. Yanovsky, rcpoiiin? [110] 3 M Uritisli Comrni*- llil.i.. p.un, 76G. I!,Mi( ruirk ••.■\l:i.k;i,-'p. 417, •2-11 on hi-i iiispjjlijii oL' tho ro oki'vics iii l^-'>, rcuKivk'^ : — ■'..., iliat ,.vi-iv vi;,ir llio x'liuiv.; b^ulrfluv ■..•als ai'C Uuviscii traiisli- liilli'.l, luiil lliMl I'iily llif cows, • ^eULilfli, .lU'l liilf ,,„i_ j^ p. ji. ',-:ck;it li' are M't to |.rfi|ia;.':ilL> tin' s|iri-ii'S; i! I'ollnws that only ilio uld sraU aiu li'll, v.hil,'. if a.iy uf tin: lia'Iicl.n-s R-maiu alivi; in tin: anltnun. tlu'V arc n\m; tn Im killu.I llio next spriiiu. The (-rmsuiiurn'H' h, that tin! mi I 111 >r 111" soah oblaiue'l diaiiiiislii.'s m-ery yoar, and it i-: CLTliiii that the a])ui-ii;-i will in timu lioooinc cuinct. ■• Tliid view is e(iiillnii'.:il hy rxiii.'ricnco." N'uiiiliciMif .seals killed dnriii.u iln.ssiaii cuiilvid iiuipar.iiivrly iimduiali'. ,Mi'. Yaiiovsky iln'ii !rc(inimrn(ls dial not more Ihai! :>0,000 seals in all should lir lak.'ii annually IVoni lilt! rnl)yloir Islands; 1ml tlio ivductiou in numbers nf tlic seals wiiicdi liad already taken place did not ])eriiiit even lliis number lieiii^ taken in succeeding' years. .In one importard res^ieel, liowever, f lie lliissiau manau^ement is round in eoiilrast. very lavoiiralily «itl! thai under tin United Stales, i.e., in tho coiiij'aralividy small number oC seals actually killed. From the year 1817 accunito data on this subject arc available, and for tbc; whole period nf -'c Jiiissian control a lairly exact estiniale of the averan'o annual killin.'; may be jnade from various smu'ces. After a eandul cxamiiialion of the data, lln- Urilisli ("ummis- sioncrs write : — "C'uliiliinilig (lie wlaile ]ieiio,l coveird I'V llie fmiivs Kritish Comniis- 11- 1 ■ 1-1*1 : 1 ,,. 1 sioiiers' lU-imrt, al.DVO qiiiiteil, and adiliii- llie year in whieli llie i^lan.t- 3g_ ' wore disoovcrcd, we find lliat tho killin.u on the I'l-ihylelV Islands averai;ed for this toriii "t uighty-uno yoars rtbout; ;;4,(.i()0 iinniially." For the years subse.inent to ISKl tlie actual i;cas..n ot exee^ssive killin.^ iii h,si, ' , ,. . 1 . , veai nl Kussiaii emiliol. numbers are -iven in tabidar lorni, rmm v.liich ,,•,,,,.„,,, 77 ,.- ' it appears that thea\erai;-e numbers killed from 77y. 1817 to ls:S7 fall from over 50,0(10 to less than 20.000. After till' iailer year the numbers taken remained uiuler an annual avera-c i(k'ri!il a .Siil'c: iiiaxiiiiuiii muiiljL'i-. Unitnii .StaipV Til" killiiii,' , 01)11 ill iiic last vi'a;' 'iC tlio '""'''■ ■ niissiaii ti'iMii'i' iv, liciwi'vcr, so rcfi.Tfcd lo in liie Liiilcd Slates' Ca->.- as io appear I:) lie a im'iiral consequence of an inrrea-in^ abuiulance o|' . seals, and is appaivnliy jnlended Id lead up to ilir; l^illill,H■ "i' lOK.OOO ainliorized soon al'tei' bv ihe l-iiiied Slate,-," (Jovei-niiicnt. All e.vaiiiination of d!a^•^aIn Xo. .", in ihe J^cjiort ol' the lirilisii Coiuniissidiiers will. 'low. (■viT, show nil, re disiiMctly ll;aii any mere leiVu- cnee to li^ui'es. tli'/ acliial cliaiaeter and ainoniit of killin- dtiriiii,' tin" Lcveatcr pari of the ilussiaii n'n'inie. \ I'iiiaminov.t.liu chief autlKH'iiyoii ih- eondiiiou of the I'ri'iyloir Lsi-inils duriiii;' llie earlier years, (.•liaract(-ri/.es the killing' of about 10(J,0'IU seals on the i^-huids, wliicii otHMirred previous io .170!). as " horrilile killiii-4-," and tlinf of ,"t).()00 se;i!s, occiirriiiu- about 1820, as c.v;c'essiv(> and leadini,' to diiniiio.ii.iii ; while the Jioard of .Maiia-enient of the Piu.sslati Company, following' -Mr. Yanov^kv's lieport in 1^2T, express the opiniim that lO.OOO iiii-lu, safely be taken on St. i'aul ;iiid Id.Ohi) ou Si. (Jeorire, in conjunction with a jicriod of total rest every fifth year. l>ryaid. likewise, referriiiL;' to the later \ears of the J'ui>sian reyinie liefore lsC,7, writes: — Q" 1 iv AlliMi ill 'I''"' iiiai!\- ywii- lla-v wx-iv alile lo icill niily a siuall Nolirsi'L;;! '!""'"■'■- '"•' "^ ^-'^''^ ^'•■"'"^'•'>- '"'■'--''■ - 'I'^'tti^.^ I'iimilii'ils," p. rjS'J. '''"'■'' '^^ "''"'.^' '"* -'"."UO ill one year." -Mr. W. 11. Dal], who visited the iskmds in IStjS, may also be quoted tc tlie .same elfeet, as follows : — • l{>'i-,mmr.'''I,.'4yG. " '^^ ''''"' ''"' ''"''■-''•'' "o^' '^i"'''! hi iiinuciisr. miii,l„.is liy I III.' Jliissiaiis, .\l ,,ir' tiiii..' IIoip^iiik) .skins wcii; (li'stn.yi'il, in enler that llie inarkrl nii-lit in.t l.i' ,.\-,'i'- ,stucki.'il. It was uuly wlim ihcir numliLTs u,ti; vrry gi'fally iliniini.sliod Unit llic iniinl.i'r annually kiilnl was !iin!li.'il, anil the ntlior pn'vii.nsly nienlinniil rcsiiirii,,ns wort' iniiiiLseil. of late yeais n,,i. luere llian ."n.iioii inj- scal wii,.. allnw.i! t., l,r killi.l annnally.' It is evident fi'diii the fore-diin^ remarks tli.-ic an tiiiiMial killini;' for skins of about -"O.OOO si'als upon the rribylolf islands was thoiie'lit to be, ;,s the resiill of experiences gained by the Itussi.Mjis, a safe ]n,'ixiim;m killinu;' at times when ilu- rookeries ujion these islands were in excelleiit, condition. Asa matter of fact, ii appears tiiat. under the iiu.ssian ri'-ime, for a period of ei-hty-oue years, IVoni the discovery of the islands, to iS(it), Hi,, aver.'iyc annual killing reached about ,'! f.OOOonlv. iiri'i!-." |). 4yC. l)i'ili.».i Coiaiiiis- siiiiu'i'-.' Rc'jioi-t, para a3. 2m In IXiT, Itu^'-iiii A'.uiiMca, iiow kiiMun ;is Al'i>k;i, wns (■(■(ir.i !iy llii-.sia to Ini- ruilfd SliU;'^ ;uu\ IIk' ri'ilivlolV lsl:'iiils ;is a ])art of tlio Ici'i'i'ury ['.ixril iulii tin.' I'iMilViil 111' ilii' U; itcd States. 'rii()iiL;li I he 'i'r;-;ity of C'rssii'ii Ava'i c'liichKliMl ;is rally a-. llii' .">Olli Alafcli, 1 ■"CiT, the l!ii--siiH'- .'iiiii'i'ii ail Comiiany V''lai",',Ml possi's^imi nF tin- rrllivloll' Isla:u's llir.iii-liout tlir f-uiniucr or (yCisiim (if Al:isli:i to t'liilcil States ill 1807. F.iiMiuoiis slaiinliterrosulliiic; in 1SG8. "• Britif-h r(iniiiii.<- scaliiin' sras.iii of (Iiai year, in ilii' I'lillcwin vi'ar (I'^iiS) a niiiiil.'ri' of jiiv.ali' n'lvciilui'i'Vs, siom-r-' licport, cliif'lly IVoiii t!i<' l/iiiti-d Suites, toiik piiss,>ssioii of 'I'-jifjJtf^'t'pi.s,,, Ili(> ishiiiils and inocccdcd to carrv liave heeii mo.-t disasimns io seal nvitisli_('()tmirn. liTe. The results ot the extraordinary slaiii;iiter j,,,„.. -^^ ^^,.j_ ■\\liieli tlu n occurred are traced in the J'eport of the !!ritisli Coininissioiicrs. Sixteen month-, alii r the date of the Alaslia C( >-:(ai, an Ai\ was ]l!l^^e(l hy the l.'niled States' C'oii<_q'ess, which, uilh (itlier provision-, reiuh-ied it unlawful to kill cerlain fur-hearing animais (iiududiiit;' the fur-seal) in Alaska; and in IbDO Government control of the Trihylotf I.-lands to a limited extent a])pear.s lo liave 1"^'''" ,,,;,, .„,^, >,„.,. attenqited. A',,n'nts of lh(- Uuited Staters' Cniic,! Sen.-' Government v.eic certainly u]ior, the islands, hut yj','7;2, 4 ut c".'-., tlie actual nuinher of seals killed is not known, -.iiiiS,^..^ the e-limales made by vaiious olilcials raii!-;in,i;,' ■''''" firm ahoul riMW to about 'jn(),U()(i. Air. 11. AV. i:ili,,it iu his monograph giv.s the nun.her kil'ed f;'"'';'' 5:!;;;^;' a.s ST. 000. p. -'J- \':!hie (pf rrihyldll T>fui(].>! n[ first im- liiiuwu in tin; United Stales. IVirlial liut iiieffoctive control ostn- lilLslied |py llm I'liitod States ii l.Sii'.i. Nuin' cr of stal^ Idllcd an known. l-ll states Aliniit .',00,000 H'.-ils killMliii ili, yoiirs ISOT-On, ill 18G8. It is fliiis a)i|)an'!il iliiil, ilnriiiiv tlu- llin:c l!,.,,„ilt.,S,.r,vt,uy ^''"'^ ^''^''' > ■'•''"''' ■""' l'"^''''- "Vor JO' 1,000 s, als ot Will- liy Ci'iioral wcr,' killed, Jiiul if. is iirohabU' that, iil(•lll(!il^• AuKii»t 20, 1S70. t'"' ■!0,ni)(; (iv .i>,0()() killrd ijii ^t. iJcoiV;!; Islan.i, Avilii citlicr iinr''ciii'(lci! killings, tlic ;:ctiial iiumbin- was ui'ai'ci' 500,000. No Mi|)('rvisii)n was cxc'rciswl as to llu; kind of seals killed, and ihou^'U tliore is vcason to iioliovo tliar, in conspqucnce nf the previous t^ainitl^• of the .Vlciils under the llussiaiis, tlw.se wero cdnellv males, it is known that at least, 10,000 females were iiududed, in the sini;l(> year 18()S. ,\h'. 11. W. i'dliolt writ'js, eoiK-ciTdnL,- tlie niaii- at;enu'nl of the I'rilivlott' Islands previous to tli(i eoiiir.)! of i\M Alask.i Cmnnu-reial Company: — r.rilish r>inimia- sioiiers' lli'port. " ilcjiort ( n Coii- (iili(tii (if AlVriirs ill Aliivl::i," p. 240. (ir.st un- des. '■ ll was II ilisniiii'i-ly iiii'ii!' V 111" i-ivil aii.l liiiiilary iiiitJii.rily, iciiii, as iiiiir as 1 tan Irani, ivIIm:!-; iio .qTaiul er.'uii (111 iiiiy of iIil' uilici'is (.■oneeriKMl mi tlic jmrt of Iho (iovfriiiiifiit. " 'I'Ik! proposal to Ic^aPL- ttio I'riliyl'.fi's to II Company conilcnmcii. in 1870, United States' Uovernnicut de- cided to leasi' the rin'lit iil' kiilinn' si-a! ih llr. Wa^lilnu-iiL. 3ni .Ses?., p. :i41. rnl est 1 1 ^tat('s ii illud nil J[r. Fowler. Mr V. N. \\\ PrihyioiV Ishnids to ihe highest responsible l)idder ; an -Vet of Conyress was ])assed I'er this purpose, and a lea.sc was a(;c(n'ded to the Alaska Couunercii'l Company J'or a period of tMcuty years. 'I'he wisdom of tiie step tluis taken was very seriously ipiestioniMl in tlie United States at the time. .\ir. AVaslilairne, iu the House of llopresenta- ' ( 011TI*( S^ioiKll t;i<.hc,"40iliCoi).L'., tive-:, (111 the i;iih danuary, .ISGl.), in ;i debate ou a iSill t.) provide territorial ^'overnmont for -Viaska, i>j)[iosed seetion 7 o)i the plea that it would elfeet a monopoly of tin; seal iisherie.s in till! i iterests of a few. Several Companies, he sl;i!ed, were endeavoiu'iii'^' i'of a "mere song''' to (d)tain the exeliisivi' right of earryiiuj; on these ti-heril.'S. AVhen in ihe mouiJi nf I'ldiruary 18(i',) the pro- posed lease to the Alaska Comnrereial Comp.-uiy ^^as before Congiess, }.[r. Eowlor resisted the Bill as thi^ lirstof the kind ever projiosed in Cono-ress, andsligm:itized it as a most hold- faced monopoly and an infamous proposition, wiiliout .n solitary reason in its favotii". I'ra.nk ^. "Wii'ker, United Stiites' Speeial Treasury Airent (Itii November, iMiO), roeom- meiided the pnssivje of a Hill authorizing the (ioveriiment to assume sole control of the .seal ii.>.heries id" St. Cje.n'o'e and St. J'au! Islands; to " CoiiL'r.'--.ira;il Glubc." I'lil II, •lOlIi Cm.': , Ird Sc-«.,'i.. 1497. •*cii., IVla-u.iry 23, Vu.'.:;- M;s. D-e. N". 1 1,4 15.1 Cong. k'llll I^ctP., Mil. i. [110] W N 22S I'l'inovi' ail tnilcr: :'XC'.'])t tlio native-, whn ^.IkmiIiI 111- ■•;niitovi'(l Id 'dl! seals at Fair r'luuiiri'al ion ; and to aj)i)!i;ni ills|)^'l'l()l•.^ a( lilicral salaries io eai'ry out n's(ri<:ti(ms impuseil. 'Datl, ill Iiis w'li'k en Alaslia, sii^»i;'esls a nietlMu! Dr, Dal), nl leaaiig Willi the iuana;;'emenl o! l.ie ishuuls in n, Hcsouitp*," the event "[ a mouoiHily lii-iniT coiisidereil incon- p. 407. sisieut \vi;li the sp'ril of the United Slates' iiislilutions. Sivretury 'if the Treasury !!oiilwell _ Mr. IVmtwclI. 111 IS/U l'e[)0rl(-d tliat the siuciiestioli had I.eeii 4|siCmipr., ni:;de to tlie Department in various lonns that Sml Sc?». the islands should he leased to a Conipauy. Il(! lielieveil the plan To lie open t> very Ufravc olije-.'tions, in tint it erejited a monopoly in an indi:sl i-y iia[ioriant to the peojile of the Fiiiteil Stales. Such a monopoly, he slated, w.as oitposed to the iileas of tlie pe iple ; while, as the evpira- tion of the lease apiil'oaehed, the iiidueiMiieiils to pvoteet till' interests involved would diminish. lie could not coiuau' in the lease, Hi' then siiu'^'ested a method of (Jovernmeiit control. Professor Elliott says ;— Mr. Klliott. '■ It will III! i-eiiieiiilierL'il tliiit at llic limo llic (|iii'sliiiii Elliott, Consiis of Ira.siii^' the islaiuls was lifl'ur,' Cuii^'ivss aiiu'li u|,],M-iii,,u ''I""''' P' ^''• to t1ie pi-cpjio-al \va> iiiailL^ on .srvcral j^Muials l.y Iw.i cla.s.ses — Olio ol' whicli ar<,'iioil ii,L;aiiist a ' iiioiiuiioly,' the olliwr urjiiii;^ tliat the (lovia-MiMoiil itself would rrali/j ninre liv takilip tlu' whole inaiiaeeiueiit of the husiness into its own haiidrj." No cITieh'nt ]«70, the Ho added, lioMovev, that as he was ahseiit at tlie time of the discussion, and not- knowing;' the amaiments {■m[)loycd in it, he found himself, at the time of writing, of o])ini(m that tlie lea-^in^' ot' the islands to the liio-licst hiddcr w.as the correct mode of dealing with them. The lessees, in eoiiso(iucuee of tli(> late date at which they obtained their leasi', did nut enter into any full control of the rriliylolV islands in I'^TO, and the niimher of seals killed in this yeai" is ai,'ain not known with certainty. The nalivis were allowed (as in the [ireviousyear) to kill seals not only for food, hut also for the purpose of ii,'v.-iit in " Menu- ohtainiii',' sinndies hv the sale of the skins, s-;"!''' "'' ^''''-'i'. ^ ' * , . , . AnuTtc'iii 1 iniu- Caplain Uryant, who was at the islands in this |i,.(l,s'' pp. ;iin, year, and flcuoral Davis, cstimati' that the ■■^|;:^. ^,,^^^^___.^_ natives thus killed SojODO seals. An olliciat -inn.'iV Itqim-t, return of seals killed of which the Government h"']'!.*^!;:;. i).u..k:), oflUa^rs had actual comii/.aiu e (ni;ul(> iq) in I'-Tl) 4iili Con-.. „ ,. 1 ■ 1 1 ji I"' Si'ss. Lilioll* shows a killiiu^ oL i:),) i'^, ol uiiieli less than Ccnsn* Kpp.at, 10,000 skins ill all umr saved. P- '"• olllrol esl. first year > hli.lie.l ill f lease. The K.iriM wliii'li sluinld linvc uiiidcil ihc l-'iiildii Slalcs ill ostnhlisliiii'^' tlia iiuiiiImt of .soalrt to Ijo killcil hy tlic , ('i)iii|Miiy. -\rici' a full cvaiiiliKili HI ol' Hio diita rcspccMii!* Mic '■iiiiililii.ii .i|' i!i(. |'ril,_vl()IV rshmls (lnKiiij ill!' Itu-siaii iniur.', t!ic Hrid-'i ''oiiiini^^iuiii m write ; — Urillsli C»mnii.-.. "I'l'Mii llii' i-\|."ni'iiivs llm.s i,M'(,nl,Ml, it I'lipi' irs tr) Iio ^llin(■l■■>' lU'iinri, v-ry r|,,.aily -ilinwii tliut. ia lliu uvpniL'i^ nryuiiis tliu IsiUiii'r ''"■"■ ''"• "f ■K'."l'll l'> oO,()00 .M-.il.H ui, St. I'niil vva I ii..,.. tl„in tliis" Uio iiriiiriiml ^vil-li.Miin;.. isliiml, im.iiI.I ?t!iii,i, wliilr llml; imictiM'il , luring ill- laici' yciii-i (tf l!ic Iliissiim cniiiml .-■'•uivi'ly fell sli.iit 1,1' iln. (igiiiv at wlii, li all I'oiiliimoJ iiii:reiiBU in uuiiiImm' «( -cals woiiM r>,M-ii..," Tlieso, wei'C not cipiisitli'vcil, laii a "qUiitll" IIK.IIV lliall llnlllllr ijiat liutup' taken was ilxuil cm. (/iiiilraal.s to lie taken in acriirdMi(;c '.villi rornii'i' experience. in,.'ver;i! xears rollowiiin', •""' li' 11 suhsei|nenl pei'iiii.ssio!! of a unidnal iuere.ase, it' tlie conditions aeliially cxistiiiy from year l.i year should he found to warrant sucdi iiicrotise. Xo .siicli .safo policy was jnirsued. 'I'lie niimlier of slviiis to be taken annually was, on the 11h>I . ii.uMs. 47, cenlfary, arliitrarily and withoiii s.ilUciei.t data, I'nilHs'm^'.?' .-uid, as it was admitted at Ihe time, experiinen- s™ai,',i-.x.i»,jc 32, lally, lixed at 100,000. While it is true that """' the .\ct of Con'.''ress reserved the ri^■Ill to tlie Secretary of ''e 'rreasuiy of redueini;- the ntimher ii' fouiut necessary, n.o reduction was ill fact atlemjiteil dnrin-' tiie conlinnance of tlio lease! of the Alaska ('i)innier<'ial Company, or till the year iS'jn, tllou^■ll information was iioi, wantinu' in some snhM'iinent years, as to the d(.'lefei-ioiis chaiiLic which had heuim and \\::s J)roLrressin^' upon the rookeries. No Mieh niindier of seals had liceii killed in any y:\\- under Ihe Tae-sian control since lSw(,. 'I'he cliaraeter o( tlie new and iiiiiuccedenled (halt which thus he^an iijion se.il life is Ncrv ele.irly shdwii liy dia'^jram No. '> in the lleport of ilie lirilish ( ';immi^>ioiii'rs. It is fuither to he noted that Ihe niimher llxi^d liv riw a])[)lied to marketaLle skins only, -wiiili' 111:' actual numher of seals killed exee<-ded L'nd Scss., Drill's "Aki^li.-i pp. -tOU, 407. '-'.'.I) KKHXll) ii, .-Viiv^^.n, -..,. til. , I-.' !■■ A^asbv Cii'iir.ipiria! CdmiJfiiiyV U'.'isi', nud in some yonrs vcrv ;•!» i-^i(!rv:i1)l.V cxcfcdivl tins miitihi v. (liir;u;,' til.' iv.'vioil of tliis Ic-asc, nol 1. - ... U".'..',;)') scats ((•(^iiHistlnu,- lur tin" liu-^vr \)[\y\ ot iiiuviwnnl .vounu;) iw.>;liinvn by (In* ofllcial ll.u;utv^ )n ; " Ivilii'd for foiiil or oilier iiiii'pn.jes, ot' ^vIj: , ';nis wcri! not innrki'tnblr. This :\1( , ji'vA M-ilhoiit countiai,' olliei- l•^us^!^ of lt),>-^ (w: "h Avill 1)0 subscriiKvilly voiY'iTod to) inciil''!!' )'! '■' , nvi'tlioils pniflis -il, itniount.'i toiiwastr o" nv,. 7 1..M- cuMit/on tho .vlu)l<> munl.or of skins J!;;;;|^,^~- srcnr.'d. I.;i,i«. •!!), oO. 'l'!i:' fl" 'L'l of ll.f I'xnc-sivi" r;'lr of IviUini;' i'mi^ lt..v,- in/ ':'ti>d!Uid allowed to eontinin' .m t hi- islands, un ! !'u' c'liiinsi's wliifh it prodneiMl on tlie oi;;'nni- '//dV.o'A of Hie Im-i'dio!; rookeries, all oC a n.ittire deleteriou-; to seiil life— and vesnlliim' in tlie nniir, in ;;'!no>-t eontiiiu-i'is (l"er>':i';e ii) fo!:il iiumlier of si'als from til.' tlrst. years of the ( iiited Slates' control — are referred to in some detail hy til.' Itriii-.)! Commissioners. In iricini; this elfeet, reli:;nce is chielly plared (,n ill.- oindal llejions ^.^^^ ,,,„.,„„,„.iy ]n''.!e from time to tim,- to tli" l.'nited Slates' liritisli Comiriis- Gov.Tnm ■lit, but tf ■ evah'nee tnus allonteil is ,,..ira«. 47-.^>:'. «u2- fnlly oonlirinc'il by persona! in(]Uiries and iiifor- :o;!, si l-sa-J. ibse'.iuently ohtained. AV;i..lo sli'iwu liy ellifi.d liyuvc:i in hr DVtT 7 |« '' Ci'lll. he cllVcts of ill.' )K.li(.y initiated 111,1 V t'c Ir.Mji'il. ni'it 11)11 siil)se..[ Wiiih' the eontemiioraneousoilieial l!i ports ar.' not ia all respeets so full and explieit as eoiild he desired, it is snbmitted that tlwy now form the best av.iilabu' evidenee, and are for all pur])os.'-. sup rior in authenticity io Ih.' retrospective state- menls whieh ;ipp.;"ir in be almost exehivively depended upon in the Caso pre.si-nfed by th' Unit .1 Stati'-' (ioverniuen;, in re;j,'a.id to llu- (pie^tions licre at i'^^sue. It is not. maintained on tlie pirt of (ii'e.'i: Ta'i! lie that the i!])erations of pelas,'ie s.,'alt'rs jiave been without elTeet on thi! total volume of .vimI life in the Xorth Vaeilic ; but, on the eoiitrary, i; is admitted that this has in late years, thon:;'!i in n minor decree, eontribntcd to jjroduei,' the !:,vi)(';rd deereaso in numbers Avbieh is pointed out as haviie.;- oet'urred, in the doinl Itepnrt of Ihe Eritisli and United Stales' Commissioners. It is, bowevtn', maintained tliat the avaii-.iMo eviileneo is araiily su(ticient to .show that Ihi.s di'eroaso bp,fflui,and had alrenly aitained a cunr.!- l.ative ehara.cter, loin;' before the development of pilai;-ie scaliie.;' bad reaeh(!d such proportions as to render it of importanee in this cennection. Ii is Thi- excfs-sivo killing mniiily respoii- , U\v tliiU it. eoiild no lonijr'r l)cii,'iiovi'd 111)011 till' I'l'iliylofi' Isljiiids, llir imiiilxn- ol" seals |)cniiittc(l to be kijlod tlicic by tlio TJnltcil States' GrtvcniniiMit liad prnrMically liOL'oinc a Ji.icd iii'inhir, which w;> not reduced oVeii U> fciTespoiiil with tlie evhleilt reiiuinv meiil-. of tlie c'a:-e. '! lie iiiiperfeei and waslcful metliMd. einpli.yeil wen; not amended, and even the (now adniitie !ly) iisdcs.s slaiighler oC uiiweaii'd yDinii;' .se.iK •,va> iilh)\ve(l to eoiiliaiio uueiuM ked till the year 18'.)1. ItolVmii!,' particularly to the luMorien! asiH'cts o!' this (iiiestion u\ the ma;ia'_jeiiieiit on the rribylo,; Islands by the United .States, niul M'itliijiii vu|)uatiii!j; the ih ! dls er cifations of authdi-ilies to b(! I'oinid in I lie lleijort of the i5rJtish Comniissionei's, the following ehrono- logieal notes on this snhject. may 1)e given, hi evidonee of tii(! eonliiaied dreadence of seal life iiv.der the jnanadvnienl of the United States :— Bi-iiisli Commis- sioners' Heport, pur.T. f>OU et set/. rcspoii- lamls. luls soon " nuota" ISii'.i. — (hiiiicihal'ly ahiT tln' cxci.-^iN,. mi,! inv'^ular slaii.u'liloi- (if ISflS, tj,;nl,s arc ri'iierlcil to Iinve ili^aii- I'l-aivd rapidly tVoiii tlir I'ril.ylolV Islands (P.aii.Tuft, vel. Nxxiii, p. i',:isi, aiai cuiiifidiMilly seals v.-cre ob- .'-••ivcil in unusual nundicrs on the coasts ol' Orc_i;oii, \Va-~liiiiL;i„ii Tcrritoiy, and llritish Colninliin. — (liiyjut.) i''^~----'i''ii' nnnilicror \iiiU. mdcs not aclnally upon tlic 111 ceding -j,'ruun(U. was oljscrved to lie decreasing, vhile that of female- Was iucreasiui;. — (liryunt.) f87.'j. — Tlic launlier ol' \irili> males was ri>d:iccd to lialf ^^llat it liad Iiceii liclnre, while the I'cmalos v-c le still im'rensiui.', and tlie siz,. (,f ilu^ ■■ harems " was likc- Mi- ini na-inL.'. with oilier grave changes in lialiits. ■-(I'.ryanl.) 1^7-1. -I.ii'UtenaiiL Jhnnard speaks doulitfidly of the (■lie. t of killiiig the large legal ipiola of srals, which ho -a.v-: i^ ■■ .•ntirely expciimclH.il." II,- notes the s'liiill iimiilirr nl'liulls in jiropmiiuu to cows. l.'^Tri.—li wa,> ill this year lirst oiliciully reported that the killing of 100,(100 viauig males annually did not haw ,1 sidlicienl iiumlier to mature in proportion to th" iVniales. The useless killing of jiups was also jn-'itested agaiiin.— (iiryaiit.) IHTC. — The decrease in tully malured m.iles rcMiltin" I'lom ilie slaughter ui' young males in IStnS and IS(>'.) w-.i- iu this year iirealcst. Tt was again rejiorted that tlir ninii'ui li\ed for killing was too hi-h. {I'.rvaul.) [llO] 3 U 233 IST'.I. — III iliisyiiir it l.ioi-'iiiue iiCft'SSiiVy to fxleiul llic arua (if ■' iliiviuL; " I" iiii'liiilo rodkcrics wliii-h I'.iid uot IpL't'ciiv lu'i'ii drawn iii"iii, in uvdi'i In nlilaili lln' quota of skins. 18S0.— CuKiiic! .1. .Ariin-iiy dati's llic lir-iuiiiiij,' ut' ii stiady dci'iva-ir ill niiiiilicrs rnmi llii-^ yi'iiv. lS;il. — TIh- killiii,^' ul' iJii]is I'oi- food aUinu, was iv^ain stniiijjly jn-utestL'd iiguiiist. — (Kllinlt.) 1882. — Till' ri'(|uiii.'d iiuiiiliei- ol' laruc skins cinild iiu lon,t;ur In: iiljliiiiu;d iu lliis ycur.— (Moliilyro.) Tlic siimu yoiitl'-iiiaii ]ilaci!.s llif lir.uiiiiiiiii; nf di't-reasi: in lliia year. A diMaxaso in tin: iiiiiiiliiT ;it' •■ Icillalilvs " oil Si. (iror^i^ Island was liuti'd. — (Wardiiiaii.) 1835. — Xo incroa.ie in .«eals 1 n't wcun 1882 or 188:.! and tliii yuar. — •(Mnulti.ii, (Uiddon.) 18SG-87.— Till' Ktiindiird woij^iit of skins was luwori.'d in thuss! years in order to alluw the (.'onijiany to uiaku n]i !t.s qirpla liy kiUiii',' sniallei' animals. 1888. — .\rc:liityie states tlial tlie imiidiur of .seals liiid decreased since 1882, llial the rookerie.s did not jiro- duco eiiotiyli to lieiir liio killing of "lOO.dUO liy marauders in addition to the lOH.OOO killed lawfully." lie a;4;iiii rccoiumeiids that the killing of pups sliiaild be slnjiped, and notes that there were too lew hull seals on the rookerie-'. He adds that the size of skins ruled .still smaller than in ISS:!. The standard weiglit was actually lowered IVom I') Ihs. to 41 lbs., so as to enable nil seals down to 2-yi r-old.-- to be taken. 1889.— The standard wi-ight of skins was still further lowered, for the pnrpipse of allowing the nunibi'r of 100,000 to be taken. .Some lO.UOH very small skins were ineluded, many lieing those of yearling' seals. A searcity of full-grown virile males in ]iro|iortioii to females was evideneed by ihe large niiiiil'er of barren females in ISiMi.— (Klliott.~) Igijil, — f'iuiling thai it unuld be impossible to seneral tcmloucy of all'airs coiiucctLvl witli se.il life on the islands under tlic management of the I'liiled States, and to b/ar out the eoiicbtsiou tliat the numiiei- originally fi\-ed for killin^• and retained as tlie leijal quota till rhe year ISO!) ^vas tllrou^'h• out too liiu'h.and h;id thus from the lirst l)een a leadini; cause of d(>erease (if a PribyhilV Islands under the '"nited States' regime, some of the ixilnts above alluded to must. hoW('Ver, be considei'ed in greater detail. It i.s, in tiu' iirst place, i|uile ajiparent, tiril tli(.> natur.il eoiulilions of seal life were, fnnu t''e verv be;.';iiniing of connnerci.al killing liy man, int;'r- fered w'iAi, and that the balanee establisheil bv 234, iinhr.o lioiiig tlnis distiivhcd, various coiifurrpiit cliaiii;os alT'.-cting sral liA- ucuc-savily "oliowi;;!. It i.s i'urt-lKT seen, fi-o!!) tin- hisiovical ikiIos wlilfii ai\: :;v:iilii;)!i', tliiit siK'h (list urhunco liycoiiu's ]n('r.' ami moiv si'vious and i'ai--r(!a-liin;^ in its oH'cts. b) coiTospoiulov.oc ^vitll tlic yearly i;!ci'"siiiir (>xti'nt ol" iutcn-forciicc witli tlu', iia'tr.i-al coiulitimis. If lUc l on land l.ad 1>..v>u so r.-ulatcd that a ':^^;i^'^°''- pr. .;n-ti(ma{(' mmd.u'r ol' males and iejnalcs were tala;i, k'avins luiall'i-ctcd tlu> nr.tu;;il ratio li'.-lw.'Oii till; sexes, llio wliole niiniiicr would douli.less liave liei'ii rediieiMl, but ili>! i'avouraLlo condition--, of latuve would nut have lieen otliisr- Avis ' ail'oiMed. "Wlien, howovei', f lie killing wa> di!-.'ot"d siilcly to on;' si-\-, llu- oeeimviice oC vcny gvave elia:!i;'es liocinu; iuevitahle. The British Coniiiiissiouers Avrit(!: — '■ .Siii h i-!i;uiui-j :.fo nut jip cul'il liy Uu' Vi--lrirliMU (if Ihiii., jiava. 4( kniiii- luiii;ilr,<, fur ai. l^x. v>i-. iu muul.cr u!' male.; i^ a i^avl (if ilif iialiiial I'ljiiililidiis;. nml any ihaiigi' in lln^ ihdimh- tii.n (II Jiuilivs o\m\ if nnl llU^^,'■ll s.i i'.w a.; to liwrnio in it-rli a caii-i'. lit ilccrcasi' in ininJuT.; limii, tMlistiliitfS ii tiur can.'C' 111' i-li;niL;i- in lialiit-, ai.il lur-i a x'.'iy i^iiftial fife ; uutli.' liiiii'a.nd lilai'i'i'l'!aialin,;iir llii; frniilrs .... .\ii cx.Bi.s ill nninViirur lnaK■^. witli tla' ciinscijucnt CdUi- jii'litiiin tdv rcinalcs, laiiM, in all im.lialiility, inrtluT bu iv;,'ar.lfil !i^ a iiruvisidii tm- niaintainii.i^ tlie .stroii,2:tli of tlic riii^i; a>- a wlinle liv moans >■{ natural selcctiuii, ami in tin.- «■ ca^^i' of the fuv-Sfal it is 'int pussible to .subslitiili: fur sr,i li piiivisimi l!io ".rCI'aia; Nulwliuii el' linH'tling inak.s, as i.s dciii.' wiUi aiiiiiiais hui!i'" (he cuiitrol of man." Tl:e jiarlieular poi.it last alluded to in the aliove oxtiacl is ait.iiHMii(o on llni isliimls di'Ii-. icrioiis mill iimiatuMl. lirilisli Commis- sioners' Ki'poit, para. 7C. aiiim;ils sire liy oivilizid jinijilcs granted a pi'i'lod oi' rcspifc IVoiu (listurbaiicc and slaii'^litcr, and tliou<,'li ill this instaiic- it has ln-cu ••xcoptionally lidd, as a theory, that the rion- breediiii,' yoiiii!,' males eaii he secured and killed without disturliiiig the acdially lireediii- seals, tin's is not in i'ai't the case. Isohatioii and (piie; are ihr nilin- eaiiM' ol' the resort ol'lhe seals to these particular islands. This is suHleieiitly ],lai-i IVoin an examination of the ''ireuniManei.s in the Xortli J'aeilie, and it is un- necessary to go rurtheralleld in search of climatic or [ihysical conditions ol' a peculiar kind. The known facts respectinn. seal rookeries in otiier parts ol' the \v(,rld laay, however, h,. rrferred to as all'ording conllrmntorv evidence to the s'lnie elVect. The Uritish (Jonmiivsloners write as Follows im tiiis snhject : — " It IS lluis clr„i tl,,,; tlir .d.iiiglilfr of si^uls upon the I'nrclin',' isl.iii.f. i^ in i-svlf :,„ es.suntially critical mid (l,iiif,'erous ni.'tlicxl of killin- wiiifh, tlioiifjli .■stiiMislicl l,y Ion;,' (ustoni, ciniiot 1«- ollicnvis,. jnsiilie.l. .Vo ivguLitions Whidi h.lVO hulvtof,,!,. 1„.^.„ ilovisfd iiaVf, fVtMlUuM.rr'ti- I'ally ivniuve.l •-in !i il.iii"(rs." process uik'S. lb,.l.,paM ;j5 The faei that the I'riliyloir Islands are now pennaM.iuly inhaliited Iiy man, apart IVoni the mor, .pecilic disturbae- of the iireedinu'-placo wliicii results from tlh methods of takini;: the seals, must in itself he regarded as nn anomaly. The smoke and movement incident to Imliitatii'm of the islands, an ' the o(h)ur of the manv thousand putrid .'arcasses ujion fh,. .ariou's killiiig-oTouiids, nuisl have :\ disturbin- cIVecl upon the seals. Jt remains to he noted, in eoiineetimi with th.' (piestion of tlie niana-eniciil of tlie i'ribyloll' islands, that expressions to he found iii'i].,. writings of various authors, referring in terms of approval to th, methojs nf m.anagemonl, are liaseil. |ii'oliahly in i^very in-lance. on I lie slate- nieutseoniaiiicd in the earlier works of :\Ii-. ||. \\\ Kiliolt. TliiMugh these alone has any -eneral account of the I'riiiylolF Islands olilaineil wide publicity. Mr. Klliott has, in fact, been aecepled as the cbiel' aulbmaty on ,se;il life in the Xorth I'acitic. Ci^nmendalory (Expressions of the kind above alluded to ;ire cited in the Case of tile L'nited JSfales, bnl .Air. llllioirs uorks nre no liiiiger referi'ul to ,,u any pi>i:il. nor has hislau,! [iK.j ,.j ^: 23G \ic\Mv\, resulting lV();n liis spocial investigations on tlio Pribyloir Islands in 1S90, I)oen piiblislicl by t!u! Uniicd Stales. Sucli imrtions tit' this jicpi.rl as the autliov lias Iiimself made [mblic show that h" lias found v(-ason to change his I'onucr opinions as to the propWety ol: the methods eni[)loyed on the islands. :.'i7 CllAlT!'.!! Xlll. Maiwiji'iiii ,it 'if lb I' Priliijlolf !.-htit
  • lie Kiiicd iinmiiiliy by tlio lefsocs was, iVoni 1871 t) l^S'J iricSu-iivo, IfJD.OOi.r but tliis ninn!i(T is Viiiialilo, .iiiil c'i:tirily wiiliiii l\v: euiitrol i.t' tlif 'l'rr.-i--iiry D^pni'tuu'iit of ihv X'lritcd St:itnv. In 1 Hs;i, Chariis J. (ioll', tlii-ii ili- (i'..\M'n-iii'T;; Aui'iit on til-.' i-l:iMN, i-i'j)(>vl<(l to lIiL- l)c;)arlnii'!',t tliat h.' i;i>ii- sideriMl il lu'co-sary t i i-eduw l!ii! qiiosa of skills to bu taken in isyo." ri:itc(l S>:;irs' CasL.', p. IT I — ''i'.w liiiliii'.- of a portion of tlit' surplus nialc> liO' is r.n(lou')tiyl.i/f Islands is chiefly in re.-peet lii teiuales, mill that lliore has liec'i no want of virile males, is pontiadieted by the pnhll^'ed i;e|iir,ts ,,f ihe officers of llio t'liiled States on the islands. The retros|)(.<.(ive -'atenienl^ of the few witn''«ses, ipioted to support this new position, are in several ca-es direct'.v negatived by pievious ollici; 1 Hepiit. .1' I'r.' ..ame gontleinen. ■Mr. il. W. F.llio't, vvl;.i liMil iiivcsiliiitid tlic fa"ls of suiil life 111 tlic ishiiids ill lR":2-7-l, was in 1890 sent ti) roiii'W lis ihVfsli^iiliim^, in i)Misir:iiiL'i-' of » .iju'eiiil Act of C'l'iifru-"-. 'J'lic Hi>pi:rt m:ii\v \>\ liini cm l]i~ ictuvii «:is iirt |.ulilis!u(l 'V tfc I'nitcd Siatt'S ; Imt in portinn< of ilii< Kcjiori ]iulili~liiil liy liiiir-cli', and in otlirr ])nl>li-lii(l iic'co\i;il.s of Ills imniirii's, In; slron'_;Iy rii!!il('nins tin nianiiuinunt of tl'.L' islands, lavinj; slit^s on llu' i'ls-itVn iont nnnilicv of virik- nialo s;als tlii-ri,'. (aplaln llnant, fiovurnnHMit Aficnt on tlu' I'liliylolf I>Iands f;(an IM'/.I to 1877, in Ufjiorts pulilislK'.l in Ih'ii, 187('i, and I'SSII, spc'iially advirts to iho dccicasi' of males ai'd till' :i«ino incaase of fomak'S, and statos tliat tlic kiiliiii; ol 100,tKUI yiain^ niak's is too ^nat. 'I'l'.o fctali'im nt~ of scvcial oiIkt Ayoiits of ll:o I'aiti'd States' (lovcrnnuait npnn tlii' I'liliylofV islands, roferiinii to IMSI. 1S8'J. ai.d 1HH15, hear ont iho olixrvations of t'a])tain liryant; and Jlr. \V. I'alnief and Dr. W. II. Dall, iiotli otlieials in tlie siTvieo of the I'nitid States, speak of a similar laek of male seals in IS',10 and IS'.U. TIh' Jlritish Conimissnaiers likewise eunt'nent on the execs. ive intmher of females, as compared wiili males, upon the lireedinij; rookeiie.- in IS'Jl. Y.\t lenee emifirminu' the scarcity of virile males U further afl'onleil by the l:crf,'e pmport'on of barren or nnimpreir- natcil females found anion;; seals killed al sea. This is 1 ttested liy inar.y v, itnes.MS. and il is iiirtlier sliown that this svmptiim of deercasi.' of \irile males has lieen in- erei.siiitf in late years. Tile f.i-ls adduced are saeh as to prove that the contention now held in the Case (d' the I'niled Males as to the relative scarcity of females is nni'tuiided. Ill llli' Case dl' till' riliti'll Stilfcs, il !■; thus maiiiiaini'il llial the luaiiiifi- (if lakiui;' seals upmi til" rribvllill' Ishilllls (VHIlKit be ili'.ill'OVc:! llllCll. i'nitcd states :ill(l lliat - t.'ase, p. 155, C'oiiteutioiis Iiehl ill tlie riiileil Stales Cist 011(1 "11 tlie liait i.f ('.loat Ulitaiii. lie- killiiiL; of a [i.aiiuii i.f llie .iiijdus male lib- i-. mi- |l,iu., p. 154. willi oilier ili'iii;-lie [s.V| anil J;' dy uaiiiiuis nliiliiel-." rt is I'lirtlKM- ai'ijiK'il. at c'Diisidi'i-fiiilc Inu'tli. thai llicrc lias at no time hccn an iiisiilficiciicv of tualcs III si'l'Vr till' il lli.ilrs on till' lil'i'iMlillL,' islands, and tlirvrroi'i' t'lal a paucity of virile males c'aiiiiot lie aeeepled as a cause of decrease in the Ihicl. p. 17;'(/ vp^ wli'ili' minilier ol' seals. On the par! of (ircat Bi'itain, and as the lesull of the investit^alinns of the I'rilish t'lininiissinners .•iial otiiei' evidence, if is contended, iiol that a ]):uiei1y of males oi' any olher siiiule cireiiinslance is ■I'eonnialde I'oi' the \\liole I'ediiclion ill nrmliei' ol' the seals, luit that I he de:irlh of males has (•('iistif iited one of the [irineipal causes of such decrease; and that, in conjiinelioii with other matters coiinected willi 'lie iiianao'cment of llie isLiMils. il is aceounlaMe ill ]avL;e pari for thai (Ic'i^ase, 'i'he cvideiire already leHrred to shows how t'av!\" in the hislorv of the control of the islatiils. 239 t'piitcl Shto?' et itvn, Sl:i|pn.(-iil ill I'liilicl suites' Criso llml, w.iieily (111 i.s];,ii(ls lias Ijucu in f'eniiilcs i-i \vh(,lly uovol. LiUlu I'viilc'iicc is cited in supp.irt of the stjteineiit, ami is in most, caspr. ilis)iioved liy ]irevinuH slali'iucnls "I' \vitiie;-.se;<. Uiii'.oil Sluice t'asr, 11.172. and 1..)u- irpc'itcdly in Milisc,|i;|.ni, yravs, Jlio sc'wciiy ..riualr^ uas iHilr.l: and furtlirr, ( lial it was SI, i!(,i(..(l aiid iil)si-rved, no!, only in respect to t]icM..i.allrd-'l.:iilMl)lc"r,in!es, l),it'a!s:)ii, nspect 1o III'' fiili--r,,wii adult male, or "Imlls"o;i tin; actual la'oedin- rookeries. It may i'uitli.'r lie ndded !!,at. lliroiigliDut tlie odiejal Iteports ou tlie island-, no relereiico !i:;s lieeii f'oiiud i.) a di.sprojKirtioiiately small uiimIkt of feinaks in ;'.iiy year. in till' (.',,,e now presi.>n!ed hy the United State?, entir-ly tiev, -round is taken, and a novel contention ■■nirniin- a scarcity oi feniales is cndeavoiuvd to lie supiiortery recently olitained, \vlii!o 1]|<^ pulillslieil ,'.;cord- dcaliii- wilii tlie islajids are '•nlirely i!:;nored. The evidence aetually (luo'.eii in ,!ie rni;.'.! Sl.ates' Case in snpport of tiiis new position is c.vcei'diniily sli-ht. ft consists, in laci, of certain slalemeiits made iiy Colonel ,f, ,^Inrray, LMajor 'VVillianis, .\[r. ,). C. RediKitii, and .Mr. .)'. Stanley lh-<,Avn, with that of two natives, lint the hv'o natives alone directly aflirin any searcily of tcniales, 111,; iiilHT witnesses coniinin-' themselves to reniarks as to the aliundaiice of inah-s. -\n examination nf the contemporaneons Iteports made l,y some, of the disponents tliem- .s<'lve.M all'nrv rv iiiw with a pup !.y ii,.r ..id, ai„i hlMKln.il.s of vi;.;oii IIS Iiiills wiilami aiiv low-^ " [IIOJ ■ ' ' 3 Q 240 in his ^>nri'ii i!i'|i)i't C>;' l^S". li >'V>'vor, tlio " . -,1 1 t .1 It. ATnti imix, vol, in, ,„l.iu',in,c.l fiwni liuM' indmiiiuu.l llii'.v Im.! llionm-liU .. |V„,,i si,ii..« ili.scu-i^.'il llii' :i"i~l iiii|",il;iiiM|ii(slii.in Viii-i-.l,:iiiil ■a\ llif \o. -i (1891)," P- '9. l.,.i .MiTliii" '.•■M -II ;!.^' l':'.i.l M'v, thrv uii;mi.,ioUMy ;'"'"■'' ^';"''^, l.i.->i imiun_, .1 ni . . ^-p|mtP, nist CoiiR., (lei'l.ilrd tliiil il Nva< llirir iinii nrlirl ;illil liniicsl u|,iiii"ll ;,„i Scss., Kx. Umi llic .mmV. Iiipl iliiiiiuislKHl lUhl wouM .liniiiiiili I'n'iu l>»c. i'.i, p. S. v,nr :., yi ;ir Ih.imu-.' all lln^ nialc ■^<':ih hml lu'cii slaii-htcicd wiiii.'Ul allnwiu,; any I., -mw I" lualuviiy Inr usr on llii; liic.',iiu.u-4r.aiu(l. 1 ma. If a n(.tc -r lli.' .Mi'_;.ui-'Sli"n in ll»' juMi-nal tlial .lay, an.l I am m.w fully conviu.v.l liy pc'r ih<- fnll qniila ul" i:i,(MlO skin-^ was niilaiiira \vir. lull I kn.Av unw (wliat I .liil nnl uiKU'i-slanil llaMil ilial in ordiT U> lill llio (|U(.!a Ihcy Inwfn-d iho slan.lanl lowanls the oU.si; of tlui scas.ai an.l kill.' 1 liuu.lr.^ls nf ycarlin- s.mU. and M..k a f,'iva'i. 1- nuniiii r i'l small skins than .■vfV liflna'." 'I'lie ;il)ovc may hi) rel'cnvd to also in veply fo thr two stat.Miifuts of natives (ittoted in Ihr [?'^';''\|^' ',':?,'_, ^.j, L'nitcd Stales' Case. :\]r. (.'. .1. (ioiV, (iovei'iiineiit A^r^iit on tlie i'riliylofr Islands, and to whom .Mf. ^riiiTay's l!fl)ort last cited is addr.'ssed, is ([iiolcd as lestiryiiii;- — •■ that.iillliou.Lsli tho lessees had iiiiieh diiruMilly in |iruenriii;.! llml, p. 173. ihei" 4mita in tSSO, a siiiiuieul immbef <<( males weic! reserved inv l.i.-i .iin.u' lairijnses." In the allidavif upon whieli litis slatenient is Ijiised, lite lollowitii;' i>:ts-auv Is, howevef, fottnd ; — ■■ 1 have no d,,nhl, that I repurled, that the lakinu nt [•„i,,,,i siat.-s' lIKIIiOil >kin- in ISS'.I alVeete.l ihi' male life .ai 1 he (. a>u. Apmai'lix, ,' I I ,, ,■ ( . vol. li, p. 1 1 -'. islaials, and (Ut mle the reserve i.l male' -eal- neee.->ai\ to preserve a'.imadly lor hreedinu pitrpese^ in th- future, hut this faet ilid not hre.aue eviilenl until i'., was in.i late I !i']iair the laul; that yi'ar." Mr. doll's He])Oft oC 18S1). to whieli lie here vel'-r.. tliotliili not ptiblished l>y the United Slates" (lovernnieiil, lias lieen prodnee;! in reply to a Xotiei" i^'iven in eonl'ornnty wilh tin; Treaty oi: Arbitration. In litis Iti'port lie writes :-- "The ]ilnsperitv lit tlii'se wnrhl-lennwued 1 keries is l|,i,!., Aai'.'aili';, last ra.Iin- away '/',»/• ,■ //,. ,.,•....../ u,n,„;l r„t,i, „//„,/•,../ ve', .. |. S",. /,„/'»■. and llii.^ indisereel slau.i;liler imw h'in;,' wa.u'ed in these wat. as will only hii.-ten t! ))d ..r the liir-.-eals i.f ihe I'rihylnll l.~lands." nis llcport ol' 1S90 was protested ai,';iinst by tlie Norlh Anieriean Coinniereial Company, and ;.''_^-^.'^~ v'„|.'u ' Ileralil,' M;iy.', IVJl Celonel Murray in ISOO. Natives in 1890. \atives in 1892. Afr. (hiHin t8'1i;. Mr. (lolf in l.S«9 Mr Cull in |S'.)i) I!rcli-li V:\m: Ainiu'.hiix, vol, iii. " Uiiiti'il htiitfs Xo. 'J Of-'iiJ," pii. Ifi, 17. l/iiilfil Staica'- ^'t';^.'^I(^ Tjlsf Con*.' •2im1 .Se«„ Kx. Doe. •)',), ]). r,. llO WnS I'l.'lllUVi'.l ri'.tlll odicc, ,-!S he l):'li;'VINl, ill coiis-.-quciici' of lliis |)ri)ti'.>'-f . lii hi,- IJcport I'dp l^-'DO, lio coiu.-iU'.'i i^'iMiri'.illy in -M'.r. I'liiiott's views (i[ii lied l)l>il)^v), and wrilos as i'oUow.s :- - !l iii 1 \ii'fiil llial llic many ]iii'viu;; evils n].i,;i .-cil lilt: — 'Jic. killili;,' 111' Uiii sy;\U ill till,' I'licjlii', Oi I'llll alii||ir • lie AL'miau T,'i!iiM(l-=. ini'l iis ilioy cimik^ llir.r.u!' llii^ J)ii--.si'3 in ill" i'.rhiin,!,' ■<'■■■'. ly ilii! [liriiU's [.<«] in lliu.'ii ,-viil iini«ivrri;ln,il n- ..litimi, ami to .sni'li an uu'-'iiual ili.stri'.nitiun nf n'^,-, ami si-.ki-s tjiiit it is bill a (lUcsiiiMi (ij'ii lew years, uiile-i.s immi'iliuii'ly alU'iiileil tci, bjIWrc ihc .>ioal (aniily of llio riiliyb.v .^najip of isliiiidi will 111' 11 lllill- n{ 111,- l,i,,|, XnlwillHtiUliii.i'.,' the lllvt tliiit tlu; .seals wi'iLi Im.kcil nj;i,ii as imj.vlian:-;il.!i', ninl woio iillieiaily ri'iKirti'il to In incrivising iis late a,-i ISS.S, the tinii' has .sudilriily noiiic wIumi i'X]K'rimc!ii ;ii.| im,i,iiiatioii iiiu.st I'Casi', anil ihc Initli lie tuM.' ri.it.,1 sintps- y^.y y w. il. \Vil!iai;is, (Invcnimem A-i'ut l.a^c', p. 1 13. . . on llic islands in TS'Jl, is ihc only wliici' v.ilness .s[:(.'(;i;illy cited liy llie Ciiited Suit< s in sujiport oi' (he existence of a sullieieiii niuuher ol mah'.'i. lit! Iiiid nol jin \ iunsly vi.-ited llie islands, ;ind his Hei'oii. I'lir llie ye:ii' in ([Urslian lias nii! In eii jiuhiisl ed. Ualir.l '^t.-iics' lii^-eni'iiis and elahorafe diauranis aecom- " piiiiy.iL;' lie (tejioi't el the ^ inieil Males tnin- inissioi.i I's, are inler.ded to (h.-nn-nstraie in what way a hiVLi,'e [)ro|)(n'tinn ol' youni;' inale seals niav he aiumally killed wiihout deli-inieiit to liio gcnei'al rejuddiiclive ^ii'wers o!' the J'nr-.scal.s colii'clively. Tiurse diaij,T.Tiiis may he aeeojiled as an el,-ihoi':iiiiiii .-iiul e\|ilaii.-Uien of t!ie llicory iii accordance with ndiich the killin;.;' ol' .seals uiiou tlie I'rihylolV Isl.'inds lias heretolore ]itou'i'essc(l, hut are very I'ar iVoni provini;' the ex[)edieney of .suL'h killini;'. 'i'heyare hascd entirely ou assimicd data, I'di' i- i.s not p.is^iiile, as in tlie case of doini'stic animals, to ohlaiii any facts resjiectini;- many of even the more im[)ortaiit points connected wilii the history of the I'lir-seal. Not only are the' dal-i respei'liii'^' tlie life hisliiry oi' ihe fur-seal thus a--siinied, hut llie prepol-, ni (.'lleets of natural causes, eliiiiatic and oilier, ar>' necessarilv omitted I'roni coiisidei,ilio;i in ihe ealeniatiolis ]n'esented. The liinilamenlnl assumption of llie intricate C(;mput;i.li'-i!s npon which these 'lia^^'ruuis inw .'M 2 1);lSi,,l is I'llllU'.l !•) Ill' t!!!l!, Ill CDli.-l'llUl'll".' of till; ])iily.',;'.mi)ns hiiliii- ul' tlir l'iii'-sc;il, :; ':U'i;';! jiiMpDr- 1i. II , r iimlos may 1k' kiliod cjk'Ii .vivir witlioiit (Irlnini;!)!. if only Hii' 'i.-nirili's lie spai'i'd. Tiio r:illa''y of iliis pvunosltiou as a|)])li<'il (,) uij.l !nii'M:il>, 1)1 nsin-ct 1) v.Iiii'Ii (!u' soloctioii of l)r,'i'iii,iH' mail's by man iv iiol jio-sililc, has tilroidy l);\'i! pointi'il out. !!'. ill L'il'i'ct, any sclcftioii is prarii'-i'd in Idtliiii^' iipji'. (In- islaiuN, il i.; l!i.' liiii ■>! iP.a'.i's Avliii-'!i avi> cIiosimi lor kiliinL';, tluis broailly roviT>in'j,- the ojicraiions >'' iintin'o. !'>:!! ill!-, is o;ily 111!' !ivs! of I'unicro'is '•uc'i'cd- iiii^' a---cimi'tions iipon m hicli t he wholi! <'alc'ulaliiin is Imilt no, iTi'oi's in any ont' oi' \\Iiirli iuu'4 ma',, liilly a!ti r Hi:' n'siilis avvivi-l a1 : :iiul, in C'liriscniifurt' oL' tin; uncoi'tainiy alt aching to al! of lln'm, tluMliaii-rains in-ciciitt'd cannot h,; (_'on- siiliTi'd as posscssiiiy; any pmctical Aaliir. l! is slaii'd that— • 'Ji;iiei S' tps (':iM', 1- \ 3 ■ iMifi.iUhi:: , i;-, v.-(_' Ii.iM' 111 'T:ilil'-i 111' ^rnvlilily ' fi.r Jb. I., j,. ;j,",2. 8t' al.s ; wu !;au-.v only .liiiinixiiuatL'ly lln-ir iimxiiimiu n.m'. iiinl \vi; li;"i' litlli) kinnvleJyi: ii-^ U> tlio ilistrilmlioii of OaAv t!.'Hi!i-;. ir." 'I'liis, howiM-oi', do.'S ilov ilctrr (lio roinimlci' 1'roiii assiniiiiin- i!n' iiov'n.al lifi; at twenty yi^ars, iVoia nssr,i!iinn' tliat (nio-li.alf llio youn:v horn, die wit'iiii thi> lirst year ai'toi- birth, ov rroiii assnminrj au '•a])i)iT,xiiiiatf" death rati' for tlio alivady a^MiMu'd furlhi'i' yoars of normal lifo of thi' seal, if. is thon still furtlior ;ist';irs to li," a pro- bahli' oiu' irom aiialngy v.ith otlicr animals, no snti'-i'ictory i'\idont'o is I'orllicomin^' in th'' <'ase in ipu'stion. '!''::■ luimii.'r of yoars duriii;'; \vhi(;h tli'' i'mialo liny i-,'nia,ii! fcrtih', or Iho male may retain his virility, are likev.isc quite uuknov.ii. J'ixjievience gaiiail in the ciseoi' sheep, and lli.at also resnllini;' i'rom the kaepini;' of deer in parks and uiidc^r observation, shows that, t!ioiu;h yiolyganions, the ma!.', oi' these animals are nnalih; to maintain til ir virility unimpaired (iu L-onseiiueneo of the demands mailo upon it) for more than a i'eu seasons, after which their propa;;'af ing power falls oi'f vi-ry rap'd'y. If, therefo'.'e, the same ruh; holds ill Iheeas,' ol'ihe fur-seal (and the analo^^y is verv e!.,-", ])ar:!en!;v. ly in resjiect to the ile.'i'), the ii'.uul;>r of males acliially rcipiirod '.vonhl h- l-'ii 213 l-'i:rtl](r I'viiluiHc fil' (I I en 'i I. SI,' hI' hkiIc s.'Ms. vcrv iii.'ilcrially iiicivnsrd. 'I'lu' (iiiic of IVrlillly (jT (lie iii:ili', ill siicli cnso. is, in aWtrv WHi'iis, iiiMcli '-Ikii'Ici' tiinii (li!i! (if ilii' I'l'iniilc. Il iiiii^t iKil he (iiiiidi'd ti) iiiiti', in till' casi' ol' the rui'-si':il, dial llic ul;'' 'if |iiilicrl y I'l'tln' rniialo is atliiinrd al least lliri ycar-i IkjI'iht ilia' of ('IFci'tiM' M'inici' liy llii' luilr, (liii~ I'didcriiig llic vhk of prcviiiis dcatli niiicli ^I'l'alcr in mules (liaii ill l'('iiiali'>. As 'ill' dcatl'.-ratc I'viiii siicli caiiM's is ndiiiittodiy iiiikii.iwii, the vcsulu in roi^ai'd to (lie niiiiilici' of males reacliiiiL,' ii virili! aiAv in |iri)|itirlli>i\ id liii-tlis must likewise Ik; wliiilly iini'ci'Iaiii. AVIietlier the ai;-e of ei'lV'cl ivc servici,' hy tla- iii;ilis has in natnri' liecdnu" u'radiiaily increa-ed ill (Mins('((iii'iic(' (>r the pidygamoiis hahits of'^oals ujioii llie rookeries, ami tile im|)i)ssi!iilir\ of any Imt the larL;'ei' and (dder mah-s holdiim' jilaees on tlio rookeries, (u- whether llie later ihite ol' fertility ill the case of the male, resulting.; in e-rcater losses of males, and aetiiiu' on an ef[iial hirth-rate in respeet to sexes, — has led to saeh |)olyi,'amous hahits, it is inijiossihle to determine. In any c'asi>, tables or (liat;rams rounded on sueh a train ol assiiiii|itions as those ahove iioieil, cannot he aeeepted as ])roviiiLC aiiythiiit; to the' point in coiineetioii with seal life, thoiii;'Ii they serve, as above stated, to show in u hat manner the methods practised in ihe' lircediiin'-islamls liave heen jnstilled. A'eniaminov, iiininu' the iiiissi.an coiitnd orilio islands. s]H'nl much inyeiuiity and doubtless much time in elaboratinu' verv similar t.ahles, hut no rclVreiiee appears to have been madi' to these when il wi's decided to lix the number ol' seals f(n' killii'.e' al l(i(),{)(K) annually under the control of the Cnited States. 'I he a\ailable data are too imcertaiii for anv theoretical discns^ion such as that atti'inpied by the l.'iiited Sfativs' {'ommissioners. An ajipeal must be made rather to r;i(is;;nd results, and these, it is maintained, show in tlu' clearest |)ossil)le manner that the redmtio!', in iinmber of seals met Avilli on till' J'libyloir islands is idiii'lly diieioihe iiumluM' of seals kiileil ii]nm ihes, islands, and to the manner of killine- there jiractised. In order to shinr sliil more clearly, however, the untenabli' cha'/acler of liie idaim which is VA!\v made in tl;e I'nitod fcUatos" Case, to the cli'ect that ilieoliser\ed (k'crcnsc on the islands ha.s been primarily in I'emak's. the foHowinii' LiiOl 3 1\ 214 Uritisli CiM', AppuMdix. viil. lii. " t.'nili'll Si.itc* No. 2(1S'J1)," p. -21. I'nitcd States Si'iiatc, 5l8t ConL'., •Jim! Si'ss., lix. Due. 4',i. !>. '.I. SU U. W. ml(lit!(iu;ii v\i\v N ffom ilcpDVts ol' ( LivcnimiMit <,irircrs iiiiii'.i till' i-.liiu(ls luiiy 1»' n-IVrivil In. hi iv;)(>. A>si>;,i.nt .\'j;cvA A. \';. huwin'M-f writi's ; — •■ Tlii^ wiilcr v.'.i' .-ni'iiri-i'il v.hi'ii he Ursl visitr,! lli.' riii.kiMM'S I. fillil ,"i IlinniiJ hi'll s,ith ii/inii lliiMn ; llii-i Incknl -tmlp^.' io liiiM. mill lie lit",'.ni b> I'U'k up lln' iM"-r, 1111.1 il oi'cimvil li> liiiii Hint Uic iMiiisii.iit iliiviii- "f .villi'-; liial,- -vals iili.l til.' killiu- nf all ill- 'J-. :;-. t-, ini,| ,-,-V. al- l.M-', thill II" I, ,'■■,: ,!■> nuii.i.j I'lilU hj'l hi :i ' '/" rn,,/.:ri..^. iiii.l willM.iii yuitiii,' lil.HnI ill'' !iir-.-;i'iil iinliislry will lir -.ililr'.llill.' <ni:ii-nl in ihari,'c, who wiMit up in thfi .^prills of thai year for his liv,-l si'a-^ou of .-ivir- and rxpe- ,.|,.i„.t._n(il uiilil his ll-porl came ilowii lo the Treasury U-lurtiueiit; has ili-r- heen the sli.yhtesl intiniatioii in tin; aiiiinal dr':lamtions of ill- ollie-rs of the (o.v-rnment of Ilk- least diminution or de-r-aso of seal life on these islands siiUT. my Work of lti74 was linished and given lo the world.'' IJc tlien [>ro(-eeds to specify the nature and causes of the decrease, and writes : — " Hail, however, a eheek heen as shrwly and steadily aiiplied to that ' driving ' as il progressed in 1 S7!)-S2 upon those, greal reserves of >;apa'lni-. S.ailli-v.esl I'oi'il.aiid Ml. A. W. Livellde I'.lliolts IJepolt, unpublished Jilstiiii iirlhi -All. Guii; cd K-itiiiiuli: ill ruJiic:li.iii In niiiiilifi- nf lllilluS. I' 'luviii'i, Own llv iii\s:ul cuiiili/ioit (/ nJiuwsh'iiii, cu.irMe I 'limi.ilnil nf III! iiri'jtlin .tUfip/i/ „J' llnil]ilj lltuir iKnln, Wlllllll llcil lie (ilfSiTvi.M!— it Wlllllll Tint IlllVl' llll|i|v!lr(l, |!l|t,|iiiW- I'viT, nil iittfiiliiiii s\iiiili'V('i' \\i\* givi'ii I.) l)ir I'lct I'laL in \H^'2 till! rriiTVi'S WiMV siiiMijiily, vi'i'V suiM.'iily, diMwn ii]iiiii,iitiMililyaiiil li.Mvi!\ l',!!- tin. |ii>t tjiin'. '.-.i unii'i' |!iiil a liiMiiilil lilliii'.;!.!' iliM ii-iimI iiuniiii! ((iinui >.li..:il,l lie in:iilu llljl'im- l/r li,\' lllr Uf.ll;li tilllM i.f (ln.-iM;4' tin' < ■uiillj,' ilM.'Klll I'lir till' vi.ir. vi/., 2tilli .Iiil\,' I'l'l'iTfiii:; ;iL;ai!i to lioii's lii'pinl lii' l-^^O, and 111 l'!i" clt'i'cl tliciviii iitlrihittdl to {cbuii- soidiiii,', 111' riiiiliiiiirs ;. — . ■t WHS invimnjl |m lim! |.y ||„.s,. (ii,'mv^i tli;:! till! l,ivi.iiii','-,i;inmiil-. l,;;il li-t liiMvily. Im! lliiif i!;.! nut cvi'ii llii'li siitisl'y nil' a.-; tii lii.~i sliiteiiirlil, v.hi.l, emir' so k;ii1- il.'iily ill 1SS',», tliiit liltic' iiiori! tliaii ImIT tlic^ .;,stnMi:lu"it ^llllinnl l|ill.l.a lif IIMI.IMIO Illlllll;,l'ilirliil' [liilrllrllir mmIs] siiitiilili' riirlcilliii;,'c-c.iiM or w.iiiM l.r M^cuinl l,iiv in IStK); I'or, ;.'rL-iit as my r^liiiiiilrd ..|iriii!iii';i' „\i ihr liHTiliiii,'- LrrnuiiiU WHS, il;ii' (u III,' wnili of |,c,iu-lii'r-. Vfi ihat wmiM lint, I'liiiM nut, I'.Nplaiii t linii!iir_'-;.'i'.iiiiiU wliiili must I'xi-^t. or il,- C.ii.dOo ymnif,' malrs mi-lu l.c i-a«ily liiki 11, .iiiilj;iii,u' li'MU lay iintrs m" siiili work in I -C:;." .Attain, lu; wri(i-s : — '• A.s inattiTs stand tn-iiay ii]iiiii tlii' Sea! Islands llit; silnntiiui is vfi-y iniii'li llic saiiif as it was in ls:t-i. 'i'licii it was i'X|iiii|.d that I'll.oili) sials would lie tak'ii.tiUt only 1 J. mill wnv s.Tuivd -will! all [inssiMc omtiIhu.' This yi'ir ii was i-xpi-, Lid i!,at IJO.OIIU liiir skins wmill Lu tiiki'U, iiiil Hilly 21,0110 have lircii swiired witli ;i!! iius-iMi! fXiTtiuii, nearly halt of this lateli henin sin, ill, nr .V. 11.. tu (J! 111. sl,i!(l() Trinrilc seals •• no', bearing' or no! scrrci! last year and this." -Mf. -Lllioit is, lumi'vcr, i.'von tiiorc jiivcisc aial deiiuitv.' on the .nibjcft, lion- in iincstioii in a f(iiuiiuinii':i!it;u lo " J'on.st ;iiui Sti\>;iiii.'" Ho Avrilcs: — ■At llu' cUrii' (if til.' lii-ccilin.i; swisnii of ISOO on tlie New York, M.iy 7, I'lilylnir 1-1, mils, iil'lr:- the iiinst caivfiil ami lixlmilcil '"'■^ ■ i^r.mh. >urvfyii};4 rvciy .snunlici.il font «! each oiii' of ihu lirii.ii ilili'.'vclil roiikiaii-; with cTus-^ l.cariiii;^ tVoiii a .'iival iiuiiilir..l'iM('a..--invil lia-c lines. . mil .viviiiucld.-i' alti'iitimi to ihr ivliliv nuniliri i! -Lulls' aii^l t.iws,' J f„inive\v wy, ami lliuir skiii,s ,scait to I Inn, Thoivt'on' tliiw biei'ilin.u rookeries, iliinn;^ the la,-; -i.\ yrais, have nut heeii iieriiiittecl to reeeive the aiin-.r.il sapi.ly of fie-.li tiiah^ life, whieh \v„s then, as il i., iiuv., ahsi.liitely iieei'.ssary h.r their |.evi'elii,ili..-.i aii.l su]i]i..r; iu uoo.l finiii and niiiaher If, however, thi-e yoini;; male s.mIs thai live to relniii mxl, smiimer are i!,,i driven -are not di.-turl'ed hy diivrs lai the islands— in four years' time from date, quite ii hn;4e imiiiher of them will have matured so an to Ik' al.le to take ii]i 'lalioiis on the rookeiy-uiiiiiiiiis that are in-day vaeaiil. alio ill the charge of a,L;ed and ini|ioleiil hulls, whieh .slate of aliairs. 1 ail as il is, nuisV ,v'el worse and worse, until tli.-e vunni: sires arrive on the liehl 7/" in^i-nu'l r.ii:.. iij .It'll, ■: Iu J',i,:iil,.< 11,1 Hi-- /.,v.v/;„,o-'/,v,/m./.s ,;/' llir J'lihlhiir lsl,i„i',< i,l l.'^T-'-Tt i",'-- "It lift If If II/ I /«"/■■ /,. 1." ,.,■ i;il /•iiii'Ik. In ISOil this ratio (des|iite the (leadlv wor'. of the o|iun water s.-alers among the i'emales') /-■.-,.; ,1,1 in: i-.i.fr of 1 Itl.' Ittul- h' • f i .H H ' •-•I' /'i:'"''^ (I saw many siniile harems in wliieh 1 i.niinteii over l(l(t .■iiw ) .... In 1S|)4 ;he lirst relief that ean j'O.ssihly come lo them will eonie, provided that hamli'ul of young l!-vei,r-oUl inale.s left alivii on the i.sland.'? last Bummer is luidi-turhid hy man llieie ne^t suiiinu'r and thereafter, and in l.S'.i.'. tlie yeailiii-- thai w.i.' s|,aivd last summer hueh of them as shall return, will have then matiire.l and take their iilaees 111! the iaeeiliie.; grounds lint one very iniiioitant feet shiaild he ke|it in mind: that faet is. thai when killin;.; \\\i iheie is again n Hewed for tax and sliij.iiient, no enlling of the driven herds must he allowed ; all the .Seals driven must he taken ; for unless llii ■ is done, then hisloiy will rei.e.it itsi If— every :'.- and -l-year-eld male vdl he killed as it grows nii, and the n.okeiies snnii he a':,;iii deinived of tiial regukil su].i.ly of fre-h male hlnod, whieli is alis,)lulely neeessaiy hn- their m.iinlename in their full I'oiin and iinmher," 'ilic ("viilctu'c oivin I'll litis subjcc! I'V Cajilniii ( litiilcs l!r\;nit, i.- n t Ihtc :>iicci:illy fid'ci'ird lo in 111' rnitiil ^^^•;' ^' CiiM', lull til. ja. 'tis .ill 11,0 ..\l>]ie!;(lix ti) 11.: I V o, 111 Ills tiHidtnil I 1" -Vj til Cai'Liin I'll y. lilt's evidellei, i|Uoled ill rnilid .'^tatci-' Case 247 United Pt»tes' Casp, Apucndix, vol. ii, p. 7, I'iovious oUiciiil I'lCiJort.- bj iliu y.\mL' officer in 1875. |lli'l0>l ill I''-!)!', al'1('^sl,■lfill^■llis cviHTii'iKV on lhi> I'ril.x I'.IT I'ilniKls, uhich cviciHlcil iViHii ]'-(\'.) 1;, T '4' vifJiiVdiit; Lulls roilM always l„. i'amiil 11|kmi till' ri'..l;,.|;c^ awailiiij.' a:i (pi>pciitimity iip iisuij. l\v jilan; ul' suim' nKl ,,)■ woiiiuliil liiill. uiialile lnjii^tr t" inainlaiii liis jilarc u\u;i tiiu lai'iiIiiiL;-'^n.iii!iil;!. I s'luuli! cn.-..],! Iioni liiis .^.anTai Statciii.-i.l ill., s.asniis ,,f |S7:l aial lo I S7."i. wla u tlir (l(;.s(riictiuii (iryiii!ii,u M!.,!,-^ in !Si;s.;,n(l i^.' inur ijia.lr \,y tli(t Cniiiiiaiiy midci' ihcir iiiisai.|jn-liinsiiiii as to lla' cluiraciiT of llio skins ti, 1„. t,,krii In!- laaikil. ] circiitiMy ull'cclc.l lia,' uuth:< :■[< lla- lirir.iiir^'-ninnn.K, ll is iiut certaiii iSil liw itMiVi/.uv^ nf ilir irinalcs was lia-ivliy adcfti".!, aii.l I his i;a|i was lilli'.! ny. aial iVoiii this tini)- on tliL'ii' Was at all iijuis not only i siiiikifni-y iait a .-iivohis uf malo lil'i; I'or laxHiiliii!: jmriHisis." As C;i))tfiiu I'ryanl'.s notos on il..- ('(jiulitioa of the l»)-('cuiiii;-isl:iiifis coiitainr-d in liis Rcporis, runiislici! 1;) I'nilVssor Allen and joililislu'd in tbat wrilcr's inono^'i'apli, ailVovl bumc of iho most Iriistv.-ortliy inrTiriation rcsin'clinu: Ihe carlic" pi;i<,d oi' t!ic I'liili'd Sl:ii,s' maimn-i'iii.'iit, it is iicc'rs:-ary to |ioiin .an !liav Captain iSryaiiL's recollcciion oi" IIh-sc ovmts. as cniliodicai in tlio ilhovc-inoulioui'd aliida\ il, is not cut iri'ly accnvato. In I:is oHlcial ijpjjori I'oi' l>>7o, addrossod to the .Scicrotary of llio Tivasiny, Captain iinant writes as follows : — ri. K,, ].\. Doc. ■ .\t li ol' \viiliii'4 lay il.aailad llrport (,ii the laibits T.The-''"'^™'' "'' ^^"'"' '"'i'li'''^. ''''i'''! !'"■ oi'il' .VoVfUiW, LSGO, il was pp. 175-176. statrd to In- IMO.IIOO. This luiiiihcr was hascd on tho bos! inl'iTiaalion olplainabla at thai lina; iVoni iho nativw of iho i'-laial and iho few oniploy.'s of ihc iVaiaor liiissian Fnr Cfniiiany VI laainini.' in iho toriiioiy. ■^in;o llan a K^siilcni-;- 'if saviii snci- ssivo soasnos on ihr isi;nal. in cliai-Li- ol' thrs,. animals. ha,~ I'niiMshril uu- M'iIi ila' (ic^ii-nl o|iii.alnnil\ i'nr ilil.Miainin- lliis siuphi- jaoda.ri byaitnal j^tmly of thtic haliil.s and ir.|nii(Mninls. and tho nsnll is. //ir l.illiii,! „l lUtJ.OOtl //,,■ ,1,111111,1 iltf.l (if,/ /.,.,■, ,1 sillli.ii,.! Ill, hill, I- „f )iiai<---< III viiiliiiy j,r Ihf iriiu/s of t/ir inciviix, ill I/,,- „,i,„l,,- nf fn,i"l,x. .And. a.s it is ik'siinb!,. 10 stale sonio of ibv uii-lhoil . by wldib il:i s.' cuiiidnsiiinn have b. eii rcaohdl by mo, a liriof slatonicilt ol' flic habits of tlios. unini.ds and Iho udl'i't of th. Idllin^j' of |i'li,ll(l() ]i|.|- vc^u- b.r the jiast livo y«irs nvw.ii n;i •■^-•iv. * « n * •■ 'I'lirai' h;inliiis,'.j.'ioiilnls nro swojit. iind liilvoii twai mi- iIum' tinii's u wi'fk linvinu' th>' naviitli- of .Inni' ulid dnh. and iho |irinia snib, i idinl i.Mt t,,|' killin;,', an.i Mciy -«•; 1 {;ro\\in'4 up lias i,. lun ll.is ^lanitlit for his 1IIV> hissi'cond, thin', and f'luth vc ar bilorc la,, rsciipca lo •■row np ai a ■Mi, liiviaiii.i;- li-.iU. Ilni- ii will 1h' sreii tin: iiu'llunl (j1' killing ilur; nut luluiil (pl ill'' -L'tliiiL,' ;ilKirt tpf a n\nr'hi\ nuiiibcv .'Mill liikiii;,' liir it'iiKiinilcr U t 1 n-liirl llir iniiiiliiT tu lie killi'd so far witliiii th.: iiVM.Iurt a^ tcj iiisuiv riinuoh i-.-aipni'^ I'ur thi-; ul.jrct. " When ihi.' Ira-c wa ■ ]n,[ in prartii'al (ipi'ialii.ii in 1^71, tli"ii' was a virv lar^o rxccss dC liri'i'dini,' nial( s i.n liaml; sinof llirn luis s-,n-|ihis lias lici'ii liiiiiinislicil I'V tin' dying out of tlio old seals faster llian lln-n' has Iwu y,,nn,L!(!r seals allowed to escajie and j^row uji to lill tlieir jilaces, until flic pirwnt slock i-i iitsujlhlrnt lo iiii'if th' )\insnth.-i vf III'' iiii-ru'iiii'j niimhcf of hrrcJini/ fcmaUs. ■?■»»* "duo ollar cause should he slaleil thai has direc.-tly eniilrilmied In diniiiii^hini; th" imsi'iu Mock of lav. 'ding uialcs, Dai-ing thi' mmsou of iyils, hcfuiv llic ciiacMiicnt of ihr- jivoliihildi-y law, the scxciid iiaities scaling there tiuik J4n,ll00 seals monthly [.er annum added to tile original stock, v/ul. Ilw ^I'tii. nf },r,.tliiuj hnlh liati tkcrf(iu-J, by loss from age and other eauscs, .se „/("■/(, fii.^lii- limn III' IX hits lifiii i/uiiiii/ Kciils i/ivirii lip III n /ihlii- llnill. Ilml ilx I'l-i-lriil inilililiinl is lullii n/in'l I" III, ,„;s,ill ihliliiilll, 'III'/ III'- sinrl. ,;/■ llillf-lillil-, e,' //.cm I" lll/lllll-l ill III' II' 'I I'I'll If-lll'^. in II"! Siifli, il III 1,1 ,!l,,l III, iirinis III' III,- iiiii-iiis, ill III, /,, nulls. I'mler these circumstances, I feel it my duty to recommend lluit for tlu' ne\l two years the mtmlier of seals lo he taken fir their skins he limited to M,"i.llilll per alinnni, tn he appurliiaud het ween the two islands as follows: fir St, I'aids Island 70.(100, and fur SI, (h'eigc Isliiml l."i,ll(10," It will lie observed fi'oni llif above Hint, in bis <'onlomi)oran('ous I!oi)ort, Captain JJiyant nUrilmles tbe defieicticy of males priuinrilij to llic liii^-li rate of killing,', Hioiir^li he. also im'iiti.irt. In llic .siki.scui iif I'Si;."-!, liii'i.n- liic lii-dliiljilniy l.iw was |'a.--si'.l nr uiifurr, il, niiiiiiioii-i i«:ilii'.s si'iili'il nil liir i-hmiU al v.ill.ainl ii.,,ii aijoiu ll-lil,i|iii| ur L'aiMidii s.-al-. Tlii-y kjlli'.l lau-lly all tin' lau.lucL (,f ISOu-OT." In I'SSO. In his slalcmciit dr.iwn ii)! lor I'rofi'ssiT Alien, fiL,Miii, C;i])laiii Iti'vaiit -writLv-i : — • "MmiO'jiMpii of ■' The iliicli'.i.si.' in tli.j milillu'r (if lirui'ililig males ii.av )to. North Anicriciin . ■ i i i ■ i i ■, • ■ , • -, • i ^~ . ' , .,. .,|„.K",, ^un '-■'ii'^iili-'ii'il as liaviiiL^ ri'acliL'il lU iiiiiiiiiiiiiii[.Mi-Jiii l>l,i,. In \>^'7. lliu last srasipii I .-jiciu al llir- i.-lamls. tlii.if v.a.s an rviiKiit iiK'i'iasi' ill till' iiiiailin- nf this L'iass." Mr. AV. li. T.ivlnr, ISSl. .'•Ir. A\'. n. Taylof was Assisliiiit 'IVcasury .'Vijeiil on (111" Priliyloll' islands in 18^1 . li'loi-c the Conijivssiiinal Coininittcc in ISSJ), IVoin his o\'iierieuce 'gainod (huaiig tlial time, he li'-iilied as roljijws : — H. R.. oOtli fong., ■• 1 iit'lifvu Llial the i-'apaiily nl' tlia liiill siial is liiiiiti'i!, licnorrafJs;!. p 5U ''"' ■■'■"'"^' '''"* '"'-^ utiiiT aiiiiiiiil, aiiil I liavi' viTV l'r(.'i|iii'iilly iiiiiiitiil I'rnia iliiiiy 111 tliirly-livc. ain! rvi'ii, al uin- tiiin', till'ly-lWO IIIIWS tu 'MIL' llllll, / ////,(/. //■ //(,,•. ,',,•, „,„/•(' /i?(//-'< l/irr' in;'l,l I,. I, s.s r.,ifs I; ,„„• hrii . ,',i,l i,, //,,-/ lai./ /lu l,i(;yisr ,r„„/,l l„ ./,•.,//.,■ //,,',! /(..,'■," Dr. If. n. M.Tiitvri-, ISS2. United States' C.iM". Appcmlix. vol. li. p ,K Dr. II. 11. .MelnlM'e also writes : — ■ r wa-. till rcrmi'. always alert tn see that the iliie pni- |inrtinli 111' lireeiliiiL,' males of .-ierviceiilile iiL^e was ailuwcil til lelurii til the iipiikeries. This was a eiiiii|iaralivelv cii.sy task |ii'i(ii' tu IS'SJ. /'ii> lifCfiiu j'linii III",- III i/.'(,' liiiii'c llimriill IIK III! sails iliririlmiL" Mr. T. .1. IJv.iii. I'S'HO. Air. T. J. I'yan, .\ssislanl Treastiry Auvni in ;lie islands in 1^^.") and issd, inelttdes (ho riillouini;' remarks in his i[('|ion for l.'sSfj :— II. I!., ."iC'lh Coil!;,, ■ .\s llie h'epnii will ,~Iimw. we lulleil iait I'eM !.u|I-i, Uepu^Ia8b3.p.2ir. ''""'-'' ''"■ '''l"l'''"y «^i-< .inlherize.l tn ki,"- !, .l-ui, all ■ iM ti'uiihh'-eiue lelluws ■iiiiiin;.; ill their wav t'l the iiiiiiiher (if thirty, ihe skill.- 'il' which were waiite.; hy tho imlivi'.s I'lir ilimr iniil.s. I'/n niirji/iis iij iilil )ii:ih I -/urlnl If l« liiinii/ ilii! iii'i uiiil.i: lli,ii- ii/i/iiiiiii,ir, 111 jhi' .liivi'i iiri'ii llie ri.'iikeries llii-i .seasmi ; ami, I think mr.v. uur last se.iseii either. .Mr W. IMiiiti I'S'.in, On lliis -nlijecl .Mr. W. 1','tliiiei', m' the I'liifeil Slitles' >i'atiunai .M tiseiim, may also l;c i[tiutei!. 2.j() As the result of liis olisorvatinus in I'^-DO, lie ^M'iics : — '■ it wii; 111' sriMi .']>ci'S- llit' Brilisli Couiniis- ■2- r.r :l-yr.i-„M.. whirh .,v tl,..'oi,ly ..m-. I .■■!' yi.iiii- ;.!a!i - : ihl■r^^ is iiu; i).i\v .1 siillieitiit iiuiiiiii-i 111' mall'-, in !!»■ IniTdlnj,' gluin-ils 1. ii,,iii!taiii till- sjiTii'S. lie a.li^ils llnit tlie liKlhnil m| ,hivii!,u ivl'cnvil l'> liy Mr. I'aliin'f i^ uls,. vny tlcslllU'liv!'. 'I'lic I'vc-i'S-ivr llc.stnil-linll nf llKlll'S luL'-'ll ill l.ST:: anil has ninliimnl In tlir liivsciit, liiiic." iJr. \V. H. D.ill. 18'.)J. Ml a li't'i.'i' wrilli'ii l)v !):-. Dall and indilislii'd Ihiil.. NrMirlipi- fl, in a -lU'i'iM.'dinjj; imnibiT nl ilin sauif j'lurnal, no stall's tliat his romavks tiii'iiii //iK'/i.'/ v//r.'.'i . lall rr lliall tllr illjuiirs rall-cil liy iUi\ilr_'; l.'.C lat'.i 1 lieili;.; a virw nmrii illsisliil mi liy Mr. I'alliHi.' .\icfjitini;' Dr. Dall's ci'i-r.'ftion, it. is \i he n nnirki'il at least that he rei,'o,4inzi.'s tlii'ec I'actdrs tending; to dimiuiilion ol' the species, of which two arc conneeteil wilh the praeliees on Hie .I'rihylolV Islands. tlvi'ii sii ion'.;' a^o as ]^2T, J^ulke, who visited the I'lihyln!!' Islands in tlnit year, cdearly iioin'ed out Ihr iiilurent dtire^er to the ei.iiitiiinrd .siipiri\ di' virile mail' seals A\liieh nuist n.'.siill IVdinlli" nielhdiis iollowed. Jle vvrit'.-s : — "I i.n'r.duiiiii ill' si''ii,.ivv li ,s '.u.i.i iiia!(< d'avLc ci'ii.x "X rMiuc Aniniir liii ' . , . . . , . ■ 1 .Vliiaiii-.' 1. iiic i, iiui III .Milt ilii' tins, I'sl ni'iii'.--., jcinii ,s sunt I'.xIcnniiuV, i|',,u Knrliiniil I'l 111 liii |,.,~ ^11, < iiii'ili-s ; 1,1 s cliii^si'urs lAjM-ri.. inriiir.-- nil! ,,li,,;'i\,. i[iii. l|.s oiii-< iiiariiis vivi-iit ili' 'luiiizc I'l vinyl liii;; il ,-u ivsiilti; ini'iivi-i' n-lti' iiu'lliiiilr ilmn viiM,'l iiii.s il m: il"i(, |ihi.s cu renter uii -eiil." Eequisite proportion nl' laulcs to fcimik's, uikI incrciis.ijil ni/x- ui " liiireins." Tlir rciiuisitc in'iiiiortion (iT jmilcs to r'niales (v('([ui-:if(' I'or i\u' inciv purposes of ])r(ipei' .'-crvici! and wiiliout ivIVtciici! to tlu; -wiiior (pu'stions (!('|)('iiiliiiL;' on till' natural excess of males about, the liiTeiliiiL;- islands) has lieeii carel'iiliy iuvesti- i;'ateil hy the iJritish Coininissiouers, who eon- elude that at least .lue viri!.; ir.ale is required t'ui' ever\ tw.'iitv lemales. 'rh(>v write : — Brilisii C'onimis- " \\'Ih'!i, liu-rulnii', \vr liml tin ii.iivm^ in llir I'ril.ylnll' sionors' Hfport, Jsl.incls -inwiii"' voavlv hravw I ill nl tlir im-'iit liiiic li„-v nara?. 54-/ji:, i92, , " . " ,' . ' ■JU4. 43C. SIUI'IISS ill!' ]Jrn[luH:i.illS lllmVl' lllfUllMllL'il Irnlll InUr In liL,'lll tiiiii's, it is R'asiiiiiiMo til ciiiii'Uiile lluit ill lliis cliri'ii,'^ tlie (.'Iti'it ii!',i]i rNrr-.-ive siiiiii^jitiT iiryiiiiii.i; niiilfs is ninlrrcd ii|ipiiiviil. Our iiwii .iiiil all ullier Inciil nliserviitiuiis mi til'- i ia-rii-i iliiiiii:,' till- 1 1--1 li w yrar.- prnvi- it is nu uiii/iininiuii I'Vi'iit t'l liiiil a ■••iiigli' male seal \villi a luni'iii inuiilii-iiii;4 IViuii I'lirly In lilly, iiinl eviai as many as sixty to i'ii;litv li'iiiales." Appi-ialix. vol. I, '1'lie exeiNsive iiinuher of females in proportion ''' ' to males is ;ils(i reiintked hy 31 r. ^laeouii, in his liep.irt for 1S1)2. lie als!, shows tliat fhi' few iinatlaehed old hulls lotDid alioiil the vuikeries are not all virile. Other ehaiit,''' s re .iiltini;' from the same cause and all'eetinn- the h.ahiis ;ind mode of life of the seals, evidenced in irri'niilarity .and ovi'riapjiiiiij of dales of hindinn', birth, &c., have also been ol -ei-ved. anil it is obvious that ntider the circiun- l!riti«li Coiiiiiiis- si allies ill ' breediiii^'-islands tend to jjueume less Bioiiois' Hcpiirt, ,, ,- ill- 1 1 • , l)iiia.<. ■),M-43U attrnetive to the tem.ales, winch consi^ipienfly reviirt h'ss punctually .and for sliiirter times to them. FiU'lher evideuee oi' llie paueity of nuiles can be found in the ima'cased number of barren females. 31:.'. i-^lliott litis already been (jnolcd on liiiii., par.-i^. 431- this siibjeei. Tjie sanu> fact is vel'eiTcd to liv llio Ihalisii (■iiinmissiimei.s, and is stated to have been [iiulieuhirly noticed by pelan'ic setilcis. Kviileiice of prhi-ir soali.i"< ns tn :\l;„iy of flio scalers wliose evidiaic- has bi-eii obtained in I's'.iiJ refer dii'cctly to \\w taNiiin' of l;u'i!(! numbers of barren females. The loUowiuL!; notes OH this sLiiijeet are based ii|)on tlii' stalc- menfs of si'alei's coiilained in the -Vpiicndiv. : — I not -A T Ml. JI. W. Elliott on liarrcu fumole I'aurii I'l'inali's. V» Ciipli'i.i J. p. War,' II. — Not hull' ilir t'clii;ili-s taken «n I!riliali Commis- . , Honors' li'-nort, tlio cu-t mv v.iil) VMUU!.'. j,.„,.,^_ 6J,i-iJ4G. Ctrituiii ir. V'Uitiii. — I'crliaiis Iwn-tlanls llif, cuws arc Willi .viiiiiig. Ciijil'i'u ir. /'.///.— Ml 'IV l.nnvii cnws aiv kiUcil than thi.,-r liiMiiii.u' y(imi;4-. V'liiliiiu n'.J-:.Il"hr,:—'n\f iirnviilatjcof liarrcn frliiales tonsil ItTal ill'. Cojtliiiit 0. X. Cot.— 10 I"'!' ci'iit. lianvii IcmaU'S. r..,,M/„ 7'. .1/: .l/.'//;y.^. ».— IL' 1" I I I'lT n'lit. .'f ffiiialPS braiiiii; ; nlhcrs l.ancn. C'flifin ir. (.'"..— 1' \,vr criit. of rati:li Innvu Irnialt":. C^'jiliila Ch'i,h.i 7/t(i7,t«.--tiiiile a iuuiiIh'I- nf JMrrcn cows. Cuflolii ('. .1/.7'""./.'//.— t'lic lianvn cow to Icii l.caring. C'lltill,! S. .y. Mr/.,, III. AlloUl ." Jiol- CTllt. of I'.MIiaU'S are liarrrii. C'/iiniu C. •/. Il„i-ii-. iiiasioi- of iho •• ;Maiy Taylor" ill IS'.iii, savs : •■ AVo securi'il iiuilc a mniibcr of liarrun cow^ I'lis yi'ar." Chiiih-.s I.. r,hi,h\ Immor. — In l^rii! yot "afji'ml many .Appendix, vol. ii, hinvii cow- liolh on the r last aii.l oil tlio Asiatic siilf." P^' *^-^^^- Ciij'l'ini -i. Di,iin,uiil yoais in tlio scaliiiu' Inisiuess, s;iYs : " liavu si.cu a oroat many liarii'ii rcnialrs." (i /i'<»'... ;■/«. — Fou ml aliout oiio-liiilf of his cali.h of fiinalu s;als in 1S1I2 to he harroii cows ami young leniiilos. C'liii/'ilii /,'. ". /..((v,o/. ,■.— Five vfai-.s' cxiifrioncc ; tiiids that on iho idast he gets over oiiH-thiril liis catch in tcnialcs, of whiiih less than oiu'-half arc liarron cous, /•'. C,i,.ijifi,ll.—\n 1S!)J look tj.j si'al;, of whieli 20 or o'l wiTc iiari'en feinalos. ((■ (;. 6'.///i/e . — Says thai ahoul half the females lie look on the coast wule willi |mi]p; the other half hairell cows ami young i'eniales. ./. A', //"o/.v,— States that iluting the season of 1802 he seciii-ed iiilile a nuniher of haireu feniaie seals. ./", ,S'A"/'/s (who has hunted seals in ricliring Son for lour years) savs: " Kveiv year that we wont into Beliring .Sea we got harreii cows.'' (;. F. /■',■<,('/(.— States that of the females he eol oil the coast 25 iK'reeiit. wouM hewilhyoung; the lein.iiudcr harren eow.s and young female-. (/. ,Vm/7', --Six yeai'r, a hunter; live year.s in li iiriiig Si-a. (oil h:irre!i eows overv year. 253 ./. Jfiil/iiMiii. — Si'ViMi years' ('.\]iorii'M'jc, .sivs: "Mnr,> ihiui lialt'llic sijiil-, 1 Linl (ill llic coasl in imcIj yi iiwiTi) It'iiKili's. .Mu-it 111' lln'sii wi/iv yiiuuj,' I'l'Miiilcs iiiul I'.invu cuws." i.'. /iVocAw. — liiis, liiilh nluiiu Uiu ciuisl miil in l'.''ln iui; Sl'H, soon l>;iiTon odws— ircjdil l'nll-j;rii\vn rnwr.. /. i'Q'i'/',i. — 'I'ud ycMi-.' o\[ioiioiicr iis a Ihuil or, > i vs: " In Iiiilh yi'.irs' f liavo l.oon v.ihu- 1 liavo ^..t a -n.i.l many liarnn Icnial.'s, )irinoiiially lai tlio cua-^l. Al loast nno-ijuarl.i' iiliill Ihi' Conuilos \ ^nl \wiv liarnu." /'. /."/,»/.— Says thai ho has kiiloil hajron o.jws, ami that thi-y wore i]rinri|.ally nlil soals. Ciijiliua A. J;(/i/un. — Xino yoars' oxporionoo. staii-s thiit (|uito a iiunibor oC harron fonialos av Killod im 'Ji(> OuUdt. ir, II, ,1,1, — I'ivo yial.s' oxjiciionoo as Im ll-slia-lor ami f.no as htnitor. 'I'uok.in IS'JL', KiS soals, .if wliii'h 1'.". ..r .'ill were Iiarron cows, and says: " Tho lunilors I was wilh in fovnnr yoars lihi almni iliat ninnhor uf harron i;,w<, Th"V ','' norally IraM'I with yoiinj; Iinlls." (•,,, ,1,11,1 II, II, ,/o/o .. — l-'iv,' yoars' o\|iorionoi — ihrou as niaslor — says: "This yoar I iiutioo.! a ;_'imiiI inanv Iiarron lomalos. My himtois ufton oalloil my atienlinn to this this yoar, ami wo wdiihl oxaniiiio tlio soal ami Hml tint it was ii 1 o\v, lait that thorowas nu yiuno^ .mo in lirr. I m'vcr iKilicTil this hehiro ti> surh an oxionl as this vo::r." (,'"/. t\', ',■,■,! says that ahoiil half the fonialos taken on the oo.isi uoio voiinu so.ds and lurion oo\ss. 2r>i ('. II. lli'.-ii^ siiys tliciv \v,i- .1 iiiniilHV i.r liiiircii cows in tin: lici;il ho \v;h in in IS'Jl. ;in.l lli.il in \:^V1 w ;.h"j,| in;iny I'liiTon I'liw.-! wciv l: 't. //'. ", lfi',i'ir.i ^t!ll.•< lli;;t !il"iut liillf llir iVni;ilcs tiiki'M li\' l;il.. in IS'.ll lUlil IS'.l:.' wire ill l>ll]i, illlll lllilt Kill "IH- lliJM ..r iImmc tiil;cn liy liini in licliiiui,' Sea in ls!U sh'iv,. ,1 >i:^ii- nl' milk. ./. /;,..<'■,/, si \ yn;ivs' tixiKTirliri', iT'il Ikhtcjii ciiWs on t'lC (■i;i>'. i>, ly yrar.l'iit, s;iys Unit ill !'.i!ll ill;,' Sr;l lu- rcllM Ui^t l,.li \\1 .-ihiT i! \vs \v,r,' l.;invn nv u. J. >■:',„,■',! s;iys thai in IS'.m im.-t uf l!i.' rmi ilrs takiii liv t!r Vi's^rl lie v,-a> in wiT" yiniiiL; I'l'mali-i anil liair.T, r..w- ; in IS'.'!, aluiul liall' tin' rcniiil.'S lakoii nviv Ikutou ni\v, .<•■ yc.iui;,' l''jniali-i ; in IS'JL', alnail llilXM-liflliH of tlio cat.h v.viv mail's: "nearly all nl' tli,. iv^t w.av l.anvii i.iw-. ■ Inly a law cuws willi |.a|i wciv -inl 'Il»' M;,.m:\a' wa-- i'nur cv I've ilay- uImiiiI "^0 inilfS nil' slaav Iriim Mniint Si. Klias in -luiir. Tin; ImiitiTs ^i.t lUKint 1^(111 s. ,ii- tlmr.anil iia-l <■'' llani wiTc Ijam-ii cciw.s. Thi.-i lia! W.I- iparli.ailarly n.'tin.l when tlir srals wcr(! l.rni|.!lit (Ml Iinai.l anil skiniifil. Xuitlu-i' myscH' imr any ju'ivuii mi tlir '(U'liova' liail vwY ston .so many liarn;ii tv.ws licfnio." )!'. //. ,■,/!".( .'sUilcsUiai lie I'lviueiilly take- cnws witlimit ]aii'- ■If milk. (;. >'...(/ I .all year lakes " ipiile a alier III' lia.nen i;. iT.v/.,' eslimales tlie niinilier oi" liavreii cows taken liy him at Irian 'Jit lo S^ per eeiil. ol the mimln'V of female-. C.n./n.i C. /.////.,(.< says: " Aiinl i.ne-liliU ot tlic^ eows taken ;iiv liarivn." ('. l!.'rtiir.i\ s.iy- tiiai lie has killeil "a ;iieal manylar-e cow - thai hail nu milk, ami are iml eairyiii;: iaiji." M.Sr.,lf says; "On the eo.i-t this year |1S!IL'l we pit yen- leweiiws earryine pnp. 1 know this, l.eeaiiso we were trviiij lo;-'et a luimher of iiniiorn imps, iiml ronml it ilif ill to eel what we waiiteik ( li' the total take of cows nliiii'^ liie coast— ahein iltlil -not more tlian 11)0 were im-nant, the others heiii'i too ymin- to hieeil or hariun cow." lie ha- :ilso taken haireii cows in I'lehriii^' Sea. IJiil.l.ini .1. S. W'n.lh has -taken si.nie li.irreii ceiws that h.al neither Jiuii nor milk." M. K ■fcA-AW-^ thai his ves-el took, in ISI'-'. lSi> ^'•'i on the eoast.of whiili very few were cows, , mil none in ,.ni.. This WHS rcmarkeil at the time hy the Imntcrs am! crew a^ sonielhin.u' r.nnsii.il. His eN|ierieiiee has heen th. 1 not naa- tliaii -JD female- in I (HI taken are in laip. ,/. (':liri:i says I hat none of the females he j,'ot on lie coast in 1H0L> were females in IHM. ; "they were cither yoiinj: cow,H or harriii cow.s." In luevioiis years .ahi-nl taic-half were ymint; :inil liarreii cows. iiL 1. -.! w. vc in milk ; tlio i'et.t lie "Win Uiiublo U> siiy wl. wriv b.uTi'ii ur bml liwl il, ii pups ciTi.iinly thiy \vi' ■ iiui, ciinyinL; tliwr vmuig i.i- in milk." l.ainMi C'W: '.villi mill m t ]ili nly of .". /i'. I'lin-Sfiii *iy.s : '■ I li.n. kill -il Ii.i- i,|' b;in-i>i-, ./. /■;.,./ stairs i;i:'t inlly imli tlie pmvs lie b:i> taken on tlic mast, wore iicitlioi- in pup uoi- hi..! milk i-.i llu.in. J. ir. ^V.w.siy^; tli::t, !;.• b ^s ;,'.,! m great nianv banv.n fi-liml.--.- -f. //'. Unhtnd says tiuit nn |in> cnast only alinut Iwll" tlu- li-iiiaK'^ taki>n by biui wen; wiii: j.nji. ./. Mi'llhcir^ says lli.il iialf lliy „-i,. t.;keii by liim un tbu tna-;t wi'i'i' IVmak's, anil tliiit nol oiii' in five .-ii'als takoii wa-i a IVuiali. lanyini,' y">;n;4. A. M,:Klrl statts tb.il bnt tiiio-lil'tlis '•■ tak'Mi f.n liii' coast afi' with pup. '.'. ll,,it'\- .slali'.v th.U aliont 'iio-thiiil Iiis n,!. v, , ■ iVinalis, orwliicli S'lnn' wriv liani.n, O. ('. l.'inn'; fivu years' rxprrionce, stali-.s: '■ Jn a .uoiwl season'.s catch then- woulil be about 100 to 1,"0 barr.!, tcmalij." Ciiji!.::,, S. II'. J!,ifL,':n> says: " lianvn females ur. ofti'ii i'onuil." f'l'f/i'iii W. /'.'/■/,. svven yours' cxiii-rii'r.oc, say i: "Aiiion. llif Iriiuilos taki'li this yi>ar [iN'.'i'J w.i.. a uo.i.l luai.v barn n I'lMualcw. Tho last •\:\y'., i:Mrli (.lopo^iiii.n nia'i • li'itli .Inni'} was Ibur biivron lonialo* auil I'our niak-i." Ci'il^nii C. /■' Dilion says: " Tbinv werr a c'ooil maiiv l.aricn ;'>ni.il<'s anions' flii' l:i.-l si-als I tonk this yrai." ,.(. Suiclai,- had taki-ii I'iLhly-.si:; smls at tiiiiL' ilupo,siiiun was luailc, aial .stati-i: '• 1 notifnl two barrrii lomalcs lllllollu' (hisr I ;..oi ■■ 1.110] .". t; 256 .'.". J'^ilwariU, \\\\n i("'K- l-"'.*^ souU bi'furi' llii! ITlli ■'uiie, lM:v.;^^:,ys: "Tlicrc wnv vciT I'l'W VuiiTfii li'iiiulos iimoii;,' tliu sciils 1 -,.i; '/. /•'. FiYii'li. \\nOi'. viMis' f\]iciiriiii' n.-j laintrr, sn^-s : "l)ui uf tlie Wo sfiik l.il; liini'e than liiill' Wi'iv barren I'lJW,--." /'. ./'.//■/'/< Stat''-; that in ISllJ nt ihiily fuliialos a iVw \vrri> liarroii low-. '.. }[•!!,■ "ic says: " T.asl year I iiotici'il a ;,'nn,l many liai'i'i'ii ciiws a!iiiiii;_; llin-ir laki'ii. but not any lliU yiai." Ciijit'iiii II. /•'. .s'lV'/'.'ni s'ly^ : " I iiuly iiolici,' I ono ur twu bavfcii ffinak's in my catcb,' /''. .\[iii-"ii savs : " \Vi' ,:,'''! iili'iity I'l' barren cow.-^." /'. Cd-h.ni i'(jiiin1 llial a ;j.i'"l many i.iws to tlie iiorlli of Silk.t ha'l ncitliir ]iui' n"r milk in lliuin. J>. J. A' i«'s siiys : " 1 liiiVi' Uiih.'d barren cows, but it is a 111 ilLcr 1 Iiavi' not nolicuil vi'iy i-losi'ly." /'. Jf.'uihi.l alMi"-: "I lrl\i' ldll'"l plenty of Ij.irrell i:o\vs." ./. C'dihriil saw: " Ifavo liml a good many liarren k'.K-oilo sa'/s that -jll' the coast lie sometimes i>ets cows Appendix. Tol.il, not v.iib iMiji. hi r.ehrin.i.; Sea tlicre wmiM be mure males I'l'- I-10-16C. ihaii iV'inales taki'n, :mil of tlie females ball' woiiM lie voaim females ami eows witliont I'lijis in iliem. '< 'ii'hitliri,!., and six Indians who were ('xamined with I'iia. s'ly of till," female seals taken ne'ar the villa^;o of (Ihial : " I'.ols of tlnMii ar;^ "M ines wilbonl imiis." ' ''ifip inn id, Jill imimnii, iiiiti <7"//"((/'j say 'hi't four out . femak's taken by tliem vouM lie eari'yin:^' y.inm;, I'.rlfrr Wiif/ : "Three out of six femiile.s taken along the are liarre'n eo'.vs and jiiijis. f!et i|nil(! a few barren (J/iiliiti : Has taken ' ].lenty of th./ni " [old eows] • ■ 'ryiiii; no |inii and Ihivin;^ no milk. ' , ''(;//('': " I'nlly half the eow:; we get have )>nps in ' ; the rest arc yniin^j; females or eows withoii! j'ups." '.'-,' ,\lon« the coa.sl have sonieiimes got r.,w.s not liii'viiig [inps and nut i;i milk,' Uf P.eliriug ' ' siivs: "Of the rows 1 kilk'il many did not have ; were not in l.'Up. ' "' a;;il ' 7i''c//')', who lii'aiil what (.^liek-ladicnito '.i.A lle'ir e'-.perieiKe b.- l"-.'ii the .vame as his. LU < a. O > x Q Z LU Q. CL < LU _l CO < t- o LL o LU _J Q- 2 O o < oc o < .^(.W /w/ ^MW (,»W WW iWW WW (WW i;im nyi hi HI i:Lm r ' < H O SllO\ L'57 Clatw !■■;.■ wyn: "I .IM iini -rt nriy i.M cmws ilii.s ywip timt (li.l not luivfl i/iij.-i iii ilifiii, I. Ill Imw sivn plciiiy." ICliCDi-h' ■ .'f Iiiis tilkcri ;■ f'V\- ■ M rMWS uill I ]iil|,-i ill tlifiii, Alfli' ;illil .\!,-,l,ih.>juuk ll.lW ..ll.Ml kill.'il uia v.llil.l- wliislii'Ved ciiws llmt Iiiivu no yw^^ in lliciii. Qui-un-ah sayn tluit lie ^'els oM loUi, n..i e-UTviii;.' iiiii>. ,A')iw<()s,.ti ".[iiilc II r.'v.- .i!il iinvs ii'jt ciiriyiiif; piijiH. ami not h.-ivin;,' milk.' i:;. v. ii csIht Iniljiiiis wlm woto pi'O^cllt wlliMl KllOi.t:) \v;n .•N.llllilli'.l tc>liiy 1') li.f ll'lllll (if Jiis stjiteniriit. Hrlii-iilJih.^lni'l sonictiiip'S (iilxiM iild I ,,ws llial iin^ imt. Ciirniii.L; pups ami .iiv m/. in milk. CI ",■/;, n„,\(ii say.s tli.it .^nnic of tin; l.ii',^'o ciw.-i iiavo no pups ill tlioni. ,S'v-,./;..s-i/,„ ami U'.ni-t:,, iunv.ImiMt,' \\lial !,liii-:lo .=ays. Snnic, n<',l,'r, (!^pL iiu (•omit ol' tlii.ir niDiikir. ■^kin~: ol'lVin.ilcs iiicrt'.i.siiiL' in I'rihylol) riitcli. A]ijii>iulix, vok li, I'll. L'4a-25(l. iiiid,, p. •J4G. I'nlilM .sliiiwin^' .sizc.H (if wlidlo rri'nyloll ' iit(>!i r.ir t.vi'iily ye:!!'.-:. Ilii.i., p 1235. Allows nearly coiilimKjU.-^ diiuinulion in sizL' of skiii-i taken. No I0.SS lliaii cin'hl of till' J.ciiidoii i'lir mci'- cIi.-uiU, ill stati'iuciils made liy 'Jiciii. explain tlial, \vliil(> rormci-jy (he i.'(iiisii,'iuiii'iit.s J'rom Ww I'l'iliyloil' Islaiuls \v('i\: (!\-t'lii,'-iv(;ly coniiKtscil of male skins, lur llic past si.v years a mni'ki.'d and iiicira.sing riuinl)er of I'einalo .skiiN iias lu'conic no! i(.ral)](.', \\w ptvsciico of wliicli tlicy aUribnto to llic Ihcf that the lessoo.s liavi^ liccn cx])eni.'iirii!'^ .'i dillliailly ill olitaiiiiiv^' tlicir ijiiola ol' )iiali\s, and liave bi.'Oit compelled (o resort to (he female seals ii) make up their full mii-.ibcr.. Such skins were lirst. noled Iiy ?.lr. l!iee as e.avly as I'^T^, and in later years have eontlniially increased. In tills eonncctioii. iiartieiilar attention is drawn 1 o 1 he Analytical Tabic, prepared by Ifcssrs. P. :;. L'olnnd and Son, of :>il (•ala!ot,Me.-i velatin.!;' to ihu .sale of sikius from the rriliyh;!"" Islands from fho year 1S73 to 1892, from Avld:'!! it appear; th.-it, iVoiii 1S77 to Ifs'JO, the pr()p(n'tioii of small skins in (,'acb year's consin'nmenis had been rapidlv increasiiii;' ,\'udi year, t'lc proportiouiulS7.". beiniv :)SV7-1, iind in I8S!) as much as 7'.V50, -ImiwIh;;- coufdusively that the Com[iany \v\Te c.. ■died bv the de:uth or nialo killable seals to r.'sort exleiisivdy to youii!5(>r and smaller .seals not loivmerly rci^'arded as killable. (Se<> Dia^'ram.) The facts disclosed by this T.able and fli,> diiiU'ram b:ise(l iIiei('ou ai'c of (Considerable impoilanee, in.asnuudi as it alfords a comp!el(_> record of ihe nature of the killin- in pi-o-r.'-s ,1,1 ih,- l';il.ylolV Lilrinils. Tli- Ta'^ir pvaclk'nMy inciii(l(>s all ll.f skins taken ou the i-lands diu'inu,' tiie ]):!s( tv.-inily ycaiN, UDd cacl'. skin has liccu ^'ptirattOy Mioasurci! in oni'.'v to ln^ classiiic';! lor tho jinvpiis.! ol' tlio trade sales. The Table sliows an aiir.osi cnntinuous dcerease iji (he size of the. :m;''>s taki'u since tlic year ISTo, The tomporary uujivov^-niojit iu uzi' noticed in lUld and I'm is eviileady dii-cefh connected with (iio smaller luniiher o!' skins taken in these two years, which ei-i1i!eil h\v;.^u seciuvil, t'ii' aAerai;-(> .'iizc a'j:ain l)ceauu> lari,'cr. .V slii^'lit relapse is shown iu 1891, when 12,071 skins were taken, and a very decided improvenieui in i-ifi', Avhej! llie killiui; was reduced to 7,"0'>. WiiL'u examined in connoeliou witlithe i;-eueral staicincHts respcctiuii' the condition oi: seal lil'eon the i-l'inds elsewliere e'U'd, anil wl'a the T.ahlc .liii.'winu' I'll! niuubcr oL' '■-■ iU-< killed annually the-e, the Tal)ie here S'i"'^" alVords lli^' most eomjileto cfmilnnatiou nF the statements already lia'-eil (111 tlie.-e, tv.il of th;' coueluslou rcL.rhed in this Chapter. I'^i'oiu the oulliaes above ^-iveu relatius to t'le per'^islent killiaa' of mahs upoii the brei'ilin^' islands, i(. is likewise easy (o iinderstnnd that, the alieuatiuus resjieetinL? the hup^ proportion ol' female seals iuchaled iu late years iu the ])ela!;-i(! catch may to some csteiit at least be founded ou Tact; the aclniii ratio 11 us brou'^ht about as belMeen !lic sexi"-- reudcnn;^' it certain that in sea-sealim,' a niiu-ii larifcr luuubei' of leniale- tlci'i "f uiah.'s nuisi be ni'-t wifh. .; i- si;linnUi'd thai, in \ir\v ri' the lorei^oinj;' I'aels, the new conii'Ution eiidcavoured to be up- held by the rniti'd States, to liie elfeet thai liieie ha-- nexcr bi'cn any scarcity ^i' males upon tl'i' I'oukerics, which conl(>nliou i-. (/i.'viously ])ut i'oiuard iu connect ion wiih the defence of the mai.a L,i-inent r/ the li!b\lolf Islands by the ^'nitcd States, is cieailv iiulenabli . If iheslaie- I'.rilir:!; Cuiicii-.;-- siiiiii'i-s' Heiioii, ]). IM-2. .-hmI Dl:t- ■_r.iii! No, V. Kxoo.-'ivi' IvilliM,^ C.I uialosuii I'iii.}liji; Jslaml> U'^ulb iugreuU'r |MM|ii.iti'Jii iif I'cniiil'.'s ill pelagic csitili. Unlisii Coinini'- sioniMs' l!i|v.in, p;i:a. 7f>n, 39 iiicnts ([iioled al)ovo IVoiu (jITicial Reports ai'c en-oncous, it. must. loUow tliat llio ofTicials ia cliai'Ljc of tlie islands were untrustworthy or ineoiiiiietent, and in either {'as(^ sulisequeiit. and rckospei'tive staleiiienls l)y the same wioa cannot be sueeessfiilly ap[iealed t^i in evidenee. I'liUykiil iul.iiVti'Jli Liwj 3 X 200 CllArTl-l! XTY. Dr }[finrrjeiii<'if 'if /he Prilnilot}' Islands In/ Riis.s/ii intd III/ the Utiilvd Slldlps — (contimicd). TliP '•' Dririiiij ' nf ^cdLs •iiid its cjl'crls. Tin: UNjrr.ii Staiks' Costkntmns. (1.) riiited Slates' Cnso, p. ' IT — •' A hi'rtl of scnl-J i'; :i< r';i|mbli' ni^ heiiii: 'In'vi n. si'jjiivatoil, nnd (■iiuntfil lis ;i herd t)r<-aitlo cti tlir |ilalii>." (■J.) I'liiti-il States' C'a«r, ji. \'t2— ■■ 'I'lic most strinyeiit nik's liavo lioou anil an' riiforeed by tile Govcrniiu'iit to jn'ovcnt any (iisluvliatieo of tlic liri-cdiiii; seals." :;,) I'nitc'd States' Case, p. 1 "i:) — '• T do not see how it is possible to eOndiiet llu* sealiiii; proeoss witli •.■roater eire or jiid^rniciit." (I.) rniieii States' Case, p, l.W — " In I'aet it may i)e >i(jir,rs write t') the ^n.n-: c-ll'i (•!, .■iml piirit i.ut i I piuticul':!- tlio iiiircM^uJ iiijui-y itidicli'd liy llic jinjcc's^ ol'driviii'^ uikIit tln' I'irc'iimM.-inces at tlio tiiiii' (if tlii'ii' invosti^!:ti ')(' < lilt :ii lied I'oi' l!ii' use (if liKiii, tlic aiiiiiitiN imist l)i> Isilli'd. and llir> jiivcisc luclliiid of llie killiiii;' is a iiiaifrf of {'Daiiiarativcly siiiall iniliortaiK'i'. 'I'licic is, lio'.vi'vcr, (nic sjiccial iVatui'(! iiicidrut Id till' mode (if lakiiiL;- seals iiiiim till' islands wliifli. I'loni (he inss ofoasioticd liy ii, lias lir;d a. direct eifeet dit t.lie winilc ntiinliei' of seal- , and lins operated pai'iiculafly in tin- dircc- tiiin i>r ivdiK'iiiL,' t!i(- already tim small niiiiilier nf vii'ile mail' se;ils, and in :iii'i;ravalinu- iiiaierially tlie resnlt ;il' a in') lii'j,'!i I'ate iil' killinu'. Tliis is Mil' praeiice kniiwii as '• drivinu-." S ii^-.iiinilei nu lli(' '• liaiiHnn--!T'l'ounil-. ■■-^~ uiiieli sd Imei' :is tli" iiDVina! (•(indifions p'/evail, and tiefin'c ilie re.iiiu- tion in iiunibeis hecaiiic Si'rimis. \\e:\' a 1 .least; lliciifetically s('p;ii'al!> rnnn tli(> actual lireediiiL,' I'onlvi'i'ies — ihe seals ai-e di'ivea nveilanil it llio kiilini;' pla;s ol" drivnii; :,i!ini:,l- s(i orn.-.nizcil, llio actniil cITcfls ol' (lie .il)cl:iiic.n luivr l)i cli I'ouiiil in >Ihi\v iIichim'Ivcs in tiic tlralli liy tlir \vay, IVoni cxliaiistion, ol' drivrn .-..iiinials; llic inii'.airrd ..r totally dcslroycd virility (,r ilic males llui> IViMiiU'iUly dvivci!, and tla- disuirlianc' caused by snidi (iri\iiiu-, leading' U> til., avoidaiuv (.r the lireedin--i-lands or to tlicir aliandonninil l)y lavuv nundnas ol'-eals. 11 uill l)c understood tlint, wlien larnc uiunliers or yoiuiL; •■Idllahle" males still existed upon the inlands, tlie evils uientioned weiv eomi aiativcdy sii:all. l.ut with the inerea.-in- searcilv oi' "liili- alile" seals; ever lar-er nunihersol' those of .itlier elassi's uei'r neeessarily driv-n in the elVorts to seeui'e the " fpiola," and oL' those thus use- ie^^.ly driven many were iuehuhMl a-ain and anani m sneeeediii- drives. While as the '■ hauiin-- uaMinuls'"hee;uue, in eonseipienee ol' the decreased iiumher ot bachelor seids, less and less ch'arly separated I'rom the hreedinti'-u;rouuds, considerable nnnibers of I'eniales eiii;a!,'ed in sucldiii^ their vonni;' npon these ui'onnds hecauie unavoidably ineliuled in the drives. At the time at wbieh Mr. 11. \V. l-niiolt ri corded his observations of 1^72-71- in liis oiriciai Iteporl whicdi I'onned part of the records of the KHli Censns of the l.'niied States, and was reijrjiiled by tiie I'niiod Slates' (lovernnient, with sli-ht alleratioi;s, in llie •■I'ishery Industries of the Tniled States," la. held thi. \i.'\v that the mode of taking' iuid killin- the fin-se:il uimn the I'libylotV Islanils could not. be improved ujiou ; yet even in this nionoi>Taph. which has ever since r.'mained the prinei]ial sniu'ee of Information on the fur-seal ol the Norlh I'aeitic. the follow in- references to ruiim!, in 1 1111,1 iiiiiisi wi-ailii'i'. iiiii; lie iliivi'ii Willi .siilVty at; tb.; i;i;>- i.f liiill'-u-iiiil<' an limii : tliov ciui !«■ in;.'i".l iilniiL', with tl:c'v\|'.ii(lil\irri.| li •jivat. liuniy live^.liewever, :il tlu> .sin'cil , 1 1 iiiilr 01- I \ lull. - l>r li.iur ; l.ut llii^ i- seMeiii dulii'." further on he speak.s of tiie di'-[)osilioii of ll'.e (lid seals to tiuht — ' iiilliii ihiiii ciiilia llio piU'lili;^ tipillii, iif tliivi 1 :" r-os.s Kvil (.•ffoct- iueren.sud with iu(-r.'a>iii'j .-.ranity of killiihle^. (il,.,.iv,. liens l.y Me II W. i;ili..tt, l^<7-'-7t. ('l'11^11^ Kop'iri. ,,p. 71.72. ami lai the iie\; pa^■e wiiirs: — ■'II... iirii..ri..«si.iii of lli(. whole i-iira\ nil is a sitceL..ssioii el tlail.s sl.tisiii.'li-. ^''i'l iie m'.h- iii;..le . vny li;w uiiuutus, md fxw^l cif H'als (lur til ''illiNilly ' ,il thai fiiMc. iiieuli'ii.im .M lyiiard, l^^7-i liiitt, till' SL'iil> lian-iiiL' III i-alih llii'i; iiiialli, ami liiaki;, a.- it were, a jilainliM' sni-\"y ain! imiiIi: [inili'sl. ]u(.Ty iinv. ami llion ii .soal will ;;ct wciik in llii.' Ituiiliar ivj/iuii, tliuii ilia.i,' ils jiiistcvicir.s iil(iii;4 fnv a A.'nt ilistany ail' driVL'ii, and in the inngcr drives. >iiili as L'i.aud ." niik'S fi'nlii Zaiiadniii nii tllc Wf'it, or Pdliiviiia i.u ilii.' nmiii, t'l i1r' villh^n at .St. I'aiil. as niucli as ,". Ill- I |ni rrnt. i.f lln' wlmlc drive will in' tliiis dri'|i]ii'il mi till' Iliad: hi-iini I I'oid .satisliud, rrmu my nli- .st'i'valimi a'id clusi; iiltiinliiin to this t'oaliiri', thai a cmi- sidi'i'alili.' nuinhc'i' uf ihust,' that arc tlius ri-'jcetml friini tin- druvi', and au' alilc tu rally and nliiiii In tliR water, dif siibsriiiii'iitly IViiiii internal iiijiiiiis sustained on the til[i, snperimlueed liy this over-e.xeilim;." Liciilrnani ^(;i\ tuird, IJ.S.X., in his Special Jii'poi'l (i\' 1>71. nUij writes : — H. R., 44th C'oni.'., ' Tln're lias Ihtii .i waste in takili:; the skins dm' ].artly 1st Sess., Ex. ii, ill,, inexiierieiiee uf the I'oniiianv'.s leivnt, and itirtlv tn Doc. 43, p. 9. ., ', , , ,. , . I ,'■ aeeident ainl tlie carelessness ol the niitive?. In niakiiiu the drive, jiailii iilaily il' tiny ale Imej mi, and the ,~iin h.t]ipiiis r-i pj.Tii- thrmiijii the Iul:, sfniu uf the seal- lierniiie exliau-li il .Hid die at smh a distanei- irmii tin .-all- housi's thai their .skins eaiinut well l.e carried tu them hy hand, and are theri'rore leli upon the budie.s." Veiii.iiiiin.iv, 1.S4!.'. Cciisiis III porl, |i. 141. The obsi'vvatioii.s abovr (]ttoli>(l arc. liowi'vcr. but till .'iiiiplilicalioii ;iu(l ri'[pi'lili()ii of tlic still <'ai'lii'i' uiiji'sof till' Ititssiaii Lliniiii('li'r,Yeiii'iiniiio\ , Avlio, rrl'i'iTiiin' 111 tilioiil llii' year 1SI2. wfiti's : — ■•Nearly all the old men think and assert th.it tin- .seals wliioli are spared I'Very year, ('.(., tinwu wliieh have nnt hein kilhil fer .sovurnl yeirs, are truly of littlo n.-' for hroedinjr. Iviii!-' flhmit a." if they were outcasts or di- enfnuieliised." Capluin Scainiiioa ?^jii';ikiii'4' id' llii' tU'Ii'.ai kiliiiit,' of sc.'ils U|ii)n tli.' Pi'ilnloil' Islands, itiuler llir liiissian iiitiiiau'i'iin'iii . C'apliiiii Sctimuviii liirlln r says: " Mnrino Mam. '■The loud 'I liie nnim.iU win n ihe ^^ ■ malin," p. 156 slau;,dilerin[.' i lieyyiirs desi'n|i(iiiii ; m fa. ; iuaiiifesl vjvidiy to luiy oli.Serviiie rye a tonileriieKs . fuelin.U III"' '■• ■ 111!-: kill ICviMl the ^illlple-he'iMe. , Aliiiiliaii -iu-d t««rs.' " Niii witlistaiidiiio' rtn^sc early strktiires mi ih mctlidrl III' (hivinir, tiiirt its offecf in luss of si-ti 3 N' 204 niul inipnirrd vii'ility of tlir survivors, llic mctliod lifi« ])i'i-n (•(iiiiiiiH iiisly ]ir;u'lisc(l on llic islands, wUh scai'ci'lv a word of I'c-ordiMl rciuonslriini'i-, till within till' jmst I'cw y."irs,11ii' rcdiu-cd uumlicr oi' seals roiu'wrd iiii|uiry anddrcw atli'iilioii to tiic modi's onijiioycd. Wlicn Mr. Elliott a^aiii visited tlir I'rilA-lofF Islands in 1890— in the iiL;!it of 1'aots. lie fell eom- pelled to eluinm; liis |)rcvioiisly-rornicd opinions as to the perreelioii of the inetho(l> thi re in use. lie writes as I'ollows* : — ■ I iiiii »■,• now. ill Ilk' liVlil "t the reruni ef llie wmi liriusli Cusp, ,. ,. , , Appendix, vol, iii, ef sixl.vll Cnllse.MllVe Vi ill's «i SimIiII;,', VclV flelll I V ■■Me ., |'„|„,J y,.,i,,s (.1- iwii puiiits whiili Wfiv wl.uliy iiivisilile 1.1 my siLliI m No. 2 (1S91)," 1.s7l'-74. I (Mil now see whul ihiit ellerl cf .Iriviii^ over- I'l'- •'''• 57. l.iipl i> ui.i.ii til.' j.liysi.iil w.'ll ].i'iii;4 nf a ii.iniial riir-seal, an. I, iiii.'ii lliat si;_'lil, tV.l wairaiiti'il iu taldli;,' the lol- LiwiiiLf ;,'r. ■lui.l. "■riie least roliectieii will ilfclai'e le an nli.sei'Vc!!' that, while a fiii'-;:eal iu.i\es easier on laud, anil IVeor thnii any or all ..lli.'i' s.'als yei. at llie same lime, it i^ all uiiusiial an.l lali.. lions .■ll.'.it, .■veii wli.ai it is voliiulavy ; thi'iefore, wlien t!i..ii>aii.ls ..I' y..mi:_; mal.' seals ale su.M.nly aioiiseil lo tli.'ir ntniost j.ower el' lainl loeoniotieii. over roirjli, shavji ii.eks. rolliii.4 eliliKir slon, .s, .lee], lo- -e' saiiil. mossy l.nss,.,l;s. mill ..iher ..(Ually ~evei.' !iii|., .lii.ieiila, lliey in tlieir li'iijhl oxevt llieliis.'he- iia-l viol.'iilly. i l.'U.I in .■..nfiised .swelleiin;^ heaps ..lie up. ii ll.i' otlpT. -.. that many are often ' sm.ilh.'i.'il ' lo death ■, aii.l in this iiianuer of most eN(va..iiliu;;ry .florl, to 1." iir','e.l alou.!,' over stri'telies of mil.lek.'U iiiile>. they ,il.' oMi-e.l lo use mus.les ami iierve.s that Xatui'i' nevi-r inl.'ii.l.'.l iheiu lo lisc. ami whiih me not litle.l for llie aetioii. This ]ii,,l.,u-,,l. siiiM.n. an.l imii-iial elloit, uunalnial .iii.l \i..l.-u' strain, ii.iisi leave a l.i.stin.i,' mark upon Uie phy^iial i.i.iiililioii of eviiy seal tlni.s ilnven, ami then .suti'ere.l lo esealie frolii llie ehlliheil piMl.s oil the killing- •.'I'oumh ;, ihr-y aio alternal.'ty h. at. d to the point of >iillo- eatinii, gasping, pantin.U- idi.'V..'.! l.. .... 1 il.iwii a' intervals, I h. '11 a!. I'lii.tly still-ted upon lie.: I'.ia.l for a fresh reiievvid .if thi- lieatiii.i; as they luti.c'.'. sli,,mlile, and ei'eop aloia,'. When ihey anlve on ihe killiii,i,'-,iji''nilids. idlei' four or live h. .Ill's of thi.s distl'i'S-ill;; elloit oil iheil jial't, tlley ale then oMildenlv coolud ell' for th.' last time prioi |.i the liiial ..I'lieal of elulMiiii.;;:; then vvlion driven iqi into the last sniTiiun.l or 'pod,' if ihe .seids are spared I'loin eause of being unlit 'o lake, ton hig or too little, l.ilteii. \'i., they • ire peiniitl.'.l I.. :.;o otf from the killin,L;-,i;i'eund haik 1.1 the s,,,, ,iiit\Mii.lly uuhur, most of ihem : '.u' 1 am n.iw saii.-lie.l that they sustain in a vast Miijorily of ea.^is lilt, anal injiu'ir.s of oi„aler ot le.s.s di',i;iee. that remain to .,. ik pliyd.al ili-al.ilitvor ih'iuhllitreaftev lo nearly every :-.al Ihns 11 ",e., sell, ami eerlain desttncti.iii of its vii'dity * Qoiialioii is a;;iiiii m.nlc from tint [K-irt of lii» lii'ii.ii't ul .ill lu' '.i:\-- l.liii-i'Kiail.'i'livil :\ir II w. Kiiii.ti, i.'^rio. Mr (' I, Coli; 180(1, illlll ,_'ijl|l,i'^,- 111 r.'^sarv r..r il slillinll nil ]]>,■ InuKl-iy v\,\\ r I" it laii ]H.-^^il,ly mil lln.' '^: lid, nl' iliivili;,' IIuhipjIimiI i-MiT -raliii^ -rasiiii I'nr live nr -ix < i)iisi'!iili\i' yrars; (Irivi-ii iiViT iiiul ovi-r ii>;iiia ,i-> il is iluiiii;^ i-m-Ii oiu^ of tliou .si;iiUii<{ si'asijlis. ■• 'I'licivrmi', il iiiiw ap]irar.~ iiliiin li m. . :li:it llmsi' yiaiii;^ mail' Iiii--imIs wliii Ii naiy liaiqirii in Mii\ivi' lliis trnililu -liaiii ul' stiVCMI yi'als ol' .liixilii; nvnlaliil am ivmliTi-.l l,y tins iicl 111' ilnviii;4 wiioliy v.-iiitli!,'-s lor lilTc.liii.u ]air|.fi.-c,i — iliry iirvrr uu in ill'' iii.'iMliiig--iniiiii|s ami lakr ii]i stations lli.-ic. liriiig mlc-rly driiiurali/i'il in sjiiril and in IfoIj-. •■Willi lllis kliowl.il'jr, till II, llir lllllf!lrcl I'f MlivillL' lifi-oiiifs a]i)>iiv:it. and llail n.^iili, ol -li.wly Inn sinvly roliKin^ lint r.iiili.rics nj' a lull and -usiainnl 'np|i!y ul' In 11 yiiinii,' niiili' Mood, di-iiiainlfil ..y Niiluir iiiii.i'iativi-ly, lor llii-ir .snpiiorl up to tliu stundi'id of full rxji.insion (sncdi as I imiiiivil in 1S7l'-71), — iliat i(,'.sull lic-an, it now .sc'i'iiis rl,-iir, lo M'i in fmni tin' Ipcuiiiniiii,;. twiiity M-ars aL,'o, rindci- >Atr. |iio>rnt sy-t.„-ni." licr.TriiiL;- In tlic miiiii' yiMV, iiiu! ii\ ilhisiiatioii ]ini'ti('u!;a']y (if thi' cuniiiiai ivc lus.si's iiillictiMl liy tills pniccssol' (li-iviiig- when liii.' iiuiiilior of yiiuil!; males ul' " killalile " au'e Ikis liceniue iimcli redueed ^lii^ses wliiidi must liave liceii in promvss for inniiy yeitrs, l!iiuii;'li they did not ciilniijiatc iu inlensity till the yeai- ] 800— Treasury Ayciit (JoU may lie i[ii(ifed as I'ldlows: — ■ Xiiv., ill iiiimiiiL;' ll • --ra^oii, it is in ;!uiiuiiy t.j s.riui! lirilisli f'iisp, ill till- L'-yi'ai-i'lds and iiinvards possilili' ln'foiv lliu Viar- - ni!ii!rs^!.;'''' •'"-' ^""-"' '■' '■•' "1' ""' l''"il"iK-.;'-"»i"'l^ and iiiix\vitl> Nil. 2 (18;il)," 'hi,' liillalilii s.,'als. Uy so doiiij,' it is luiu'li I'asirl' to lio the pp- 1-5, IG. '.vork. anil llic vi'avlir/^s am not t"i'tnird liv lii-iiii; drivi'ii Initcil States' . , . " ,',■„. , ,r « • Si'imli'. 51st Colli:., "" "■''"^'■" t " !lii' Killili;i-'jiv,uiiil-. Ifi'll'tofoi'i.' i! was •-'mi Si'ss , I';x, Doc. si'ldniii that mon' than l."i jii'i' I'um. of ;ill the simIs driven No. 41), pp. J, 5. ,iu, j,|j^,j. j,.|,,^ ,,!' jiiiij. .,|,,| (ii^, jjj.^,, |.,^^, ,j,|y^ jii jiii^. ^^.^,|.^, ton .small to lie Killcil, hut this si.ii.,,,u i|n. rutu- was n-vfr.sed. and in ninny instances .SI) in .s.~ pei' cent, v.oii' Uh'IHmI iiwny. The ari_'oui])anyiii;,' |K'rceiita^r« eMimple-. will sliuw [lie di'sposili.iii of iliis ye.irs dri^c. The tirst killing of I'ln-i'.ils liy tin' Icssres was on the I'llli .Time, and till' : killahle seal.', was .'.iipaveii; to nil. ■■The .-r,<-"ii rliM'd on the L'Otli •'lily, iiiul the drive- in .Inly shmv a deeided iner.'asi' in the per-'oiitaj^es of .small .srals tiiriieil away, and a di'i-D'ase in the killaliles over the drives of ,Imie, deinim.itiatiii;j ooiichisively that tlieie wore hut {'■■w kili.ihle sonl.s arviving, and that the larger Jinit of thostt ii'tuniing to the islands were thi; pii[is of List year. Tho aver.ige daily hilliitL; for (he season was 4(10, iir a d.iily average of 'i^^ ini'luding only llie d.i'.s Workrd. " Wi; opi'iiid the .season liy a drive fnaii the l!eef rooki-ry, and turned away .S;3J per ii'iit,, when Wi' slmnld havelunirl .iw.iy ahmit I."' piri.iilof the sr.iK diivoti. 20(5 ;iii,| uv il.iM'il Uk' -.;i-iiii 1 .v luniing iiwny SU juT ct'lit., ii l.ni wliiuli IM'uVis 111 rviiy ilii]i;iltial inilld lliiil wr WiTi) ivchiviiii; ll;r yiMvliiiu<, ami CMii-iili'riiiL: tin- iimiilirr c.f sUiii> nl,|;iinril llint it Wii-^ iiiiii..ssil.]c' to sciuir till' iiiniil^rr iilln\v,-.l l.y llir Ira^^o, th:il v.v wnv iii.'nly Icitiiiii]- llio yi'Uii'i ■^(•al-.. iiijuiiii;; llu- ruliuc lil'i' iind vitality nl' llii' lilvc.lill;^ l.iuk.liis ti. the ilftriimllt nl' tin.' ll'SSdl'^ luiUvfi, aii'l till' (liivirmni.ul." Ai,'(Mil .\. W. LavL'iidcr, roiioi'tin;;' upon the saiiic [Kiint, snys : — Ml. A. W. l.a\i'Uclcr 1SI"I. British Case, Appondix, vol. Hi. •■ All the mall' -I'als .Iriviai -liuiiM lie killf.l, a-^ il is my .. ll„it,.,l Suites (1891),'" p. 21. iiinkciir^ a'.'aili." ITniteil Status' , . I ■ 1 1 i. 1 *''nci So'is.. Kx Doc. Ai!i>llirr. imd (Milirrly iii(lppi'ii(!i'iit oI)m'V\(t, ^-^ ^,| ,, .,. ■.\Un ivIVri'inn' !i! till' Vi'.-ir IMK). in wliicli iiiKnvst l)('c:iiiii' (Ih'octoi! to tlic stati- ui' l!i(- r.K)k(>rios niid fill! fiiiisc-. of tiicif (U'ditic, is I'litiiKl in .Mr. ^V. rnlnun-. dl' tlir riiilnl States' iintiontil mtiscum. in a papcf fcad bcfofi- tlii' liiolnu-ical Siici.'ly uf AVasliiiiijton .aftcv liis rctiini i'l'oni the rriliylotr Islands, :Slv. I'.aliiici- tivats (his snbjcct ai lamsidcrahlc Icn^'th, nnil (-vidi-ntly as the vi'snl! (if (ddse oh.scrvation. J"iillii\vinL;- some ivii'ai'ks on pcla^'it- sealiii:^' (of wliicli, lidwcvof, he dues not prolVss to spoak Tfoin personal ku'wliMlgc), he writes: — "Hut pi'la-ir soal li-liinu is iic.l tin; i.Iily ( .ilisr oi' tlic -Muic-^t Mil "* Strciiiii, ilfcriMsr i.l'.si;al lilV nil tlir I'riliylnlis. Ol-IoIht U!). ISill. '■ I'lnl.aMv an (.'iiu.il laUsu is llic iniiiatiiriil iin'thii il..!|si. lurd- !iii'. wlicri' llii-y iil'n I'l'iiiiiiiiiilly in ,, I cidv.i.liii',' t'ai'll iiUil'l-, lli( lire 1'. .Ill ilitcliM- I'Ni i;,.; ., lllc kilHll.U ^:iiMniil,:Mi'!, iiiiiilly. ii. . iHiulitio:] litlli' licUw tli.nii iiiit.l- iii'.-.< riisliiiiu iiii.. ir_v-ri,iil uiilci. I'lu-ivilizcd (ii']iiuth- civili/i'.i iiiiili li.i;, 111. jiity for diiiiili liJuU'ii, ;;iiil us tlica; ilvives;iri!i.-oiiiliiftuiUMitiiv!yl.yf.liu. iijlivi;s, who priifin-iiiil"- li'lii-.' ill till vill.it;L- ti) till' tliscillllfnlt:! nf il dlivi.' ill iIr' I'll;:; iiii'l iiriii, il fiiUiiwi lIiiiL ilif si'iils lU'ii iiftfi! ilriwii inm ii l':i-lii lli;!ii lliry slii.iiM Ik., iiml ali-nluli-ly willmut tlmiljiliL orniii'. Uiii iliis i^ iiui :ii;. Tlir .■jciil.s Umi lu-e .siiiuv:! sciiu liiiiil-mit :i.!,'!iiii in-iii- i\ njiikri-y, ailil iicilpiiis tlio Vriv lii'M iliiy lire iiMiVcl t„ n-pcjit llic [.riifis-^, iiiid in^uiii uml iimiiii lliidiiyliimi. the SL'ii.scn, mili/ss in ilio un'uiitiiiiu they li,".i-i-rii\vli'd iiiitoH il iiiM,-l: In die, cir Imvi' .nuik e.\li;uisli'd iM ll,(; lililtlllil, TllO d.:'tllS ol' thl-i' .-.■:di I.- .Hv.-M-. Ciinsi'il lis I ,-liall (■>,]. Iiiiii and, .S(i lii: . ' liu-iiiiMiird now fur ihi' In.; liuu." !Ml-. I'alliioi' I. II ai tual laii-i ul dfalli iirdii\i 11 «i'a!-. 'S\f. I'aimer i In"! .sintrs thai lio iiplitnTs rk-ath til iTMili cliiclly iVniu I ill' cuii.suinijtioii oi tlii- iiaiiiral -inn. ,,;■ i;,! wlijii. ijie ;nn'mal is tim cxhau-inl III ui. ill siiiivli (if I'li.iil. Jlr <-,,:.- timic- : — •• I iviiiniilii r li.iil;iii;4 willi n'n-at t ii|-ii,i,*iiy li.i i . iil in -citin.i,' :ai .■Niu'vioiiT ..rilicMlmi'^. H-"-' ■my iliiiikllul tln.'y „,,,•,. tlii'ii ,'.!■. Mr ..I' liinii- ili.'ir i.ri'i«'V I'uii.aii'iis mi tlii> niiilciTii'- ' •■TIlU lliltiVrs iMVr lirrll plnvi'lr.l uilll u!um|.'^. .UhI wlii.li il lioal liii'U ils.-ir ll.utr .1 1 luMT (iiihl a imlclHT lor iu i.!v<,.|ir.' is .'isily IhuiiiI; -.""1 n^:' is iii,..l" ..r tlu^iu, wilii a rMii-.^iU. Ill .•ail'ilHinii .nil. '11,' :i:.' ■'■■•'-■■ ■'"'' " IHuImIiIi' ilicrra^" in ill'' "'•'il ii'"iiiiii;j'- 'Iri'."- Aii'l y! a ,tl-aimci' 1.11 till' i-.lali.l-. is 1..m.i1.....z1".1 "iHi l'"' im-nua- tioii Ilia' liis i.n.siMic'u a Y.'W vanls IVoiii 111" vill,a-i. is ., .,, i|, ,, jil. .V.I .1..n".'r 111 I'll' ('..iiipaliy's iiiU-V'sts/' Aflcr s|l(>akill^■ dI' Hh' L-ai'c cKciriscil in i'i"j,'.'ir(l to t!io (h'iviiiu' III' snals upon tin; Ihissiun (Cmii- ttuiiuli-r) -Isliuuls, yir. !':xliHi>r coiitrasls ilic state n:alV;iii"^ lis (ilisoi'Wi! by iiini "U tin" I'nliylttlV [-lands as follows : — •Oil tlic Am..iii-aii -i.U', nil l!n' ...iitravy. Ilii' ^nl-* .nf ai'ivi'U as I'asl as iinssil.U-. tin' ..ii!y "ii.- '"'in'-; w. .-I.- i .mt. Ijl.iu.^' ihW) tn.l W.-ak 1.. U" I'llVllli'l-. wllilr ..f lll.iS.. lvlll|.lf.l „], nil thu KilliM.^-yi-,.iiii.l l.y fai' til" .yi'i'.-it'^i' nmnl«.i' mvp a!!..uv.l to tsoavB. Out Ilia ilviv.' ..f 1,10:'. ('..uut ■.! I.y nw .ailv i'.'ll w.'i'i' killi'il ; Ui.'lvsL Wuiv ivlcas...!." riii> nrhisli Coinniissionrrs. in ii'oalin'^: Ci'' snhi.rt ol' driviii-' s.-ils on i!ic islamls, ami its .•fr.'cts, say : — On.. ..f till" illo^!t iiinii.rlaut li.iiiil- .(.nin'.n.l willi tln' liritiah Coiiimis- iaUhM,<,rtnr.s.vU„n.!,.-iTil.ylnlV Ulan.ls i. thai nf tin- ;;™;;^^:'""^'' iiii'tlioil r.f .Iviviii- l't..iii til" variniis liaulin:,'-:4l-..iiii.ls I., •.li,. UiUiug-gnmiias. U.iW.v.T .^ar.-uai.k-.l ..!■ iv.milatol, il„. la.-iliiHl nf .IriviiiK rur-miis ..v.-ilaii.l i'.ir omisi.l..iaM.i .;i-taiic('S nnist l." Lntli a .vii.'l aii.i .L.^riwlivc nil..." 'Cliis proi-css of (h'ivini;' Is limn cxplainnd and ■ xaniincd. and inslanccs of its cnVcts, as nolu'i'd liv till' rotnnr-.-iuni'1's tlu'iiisclvrs. ai'c i^'ivi-n ; and ilu' foUii'ui.';-;- i'uvilu'i' n'liiai'ks an' madr:-- ■ It it, wcM'.' |..j«iiiii' '-'I 'liiv. 'Illy lii"-- ■^'•'il-- ■^iii'l' '' '*" lliiil ■ V-m. 707 i„l,.ll,|,..l t.i kill, litlli' .■s.-.|.li.ill .-111.! l.n laM'll In 111" „„.ri„,a .if .liiviii.u' ill llii' iilwii.;.' .11 any Ult.T iii.-lli...l, l,ul tlin miii'Jili-' ..I' -.'mIs of \aii...| :v;r^ u[""' ''"• liaurnijx-yi'nini'l^ li'"'ii "■'''^''" ""' '''■'^■'■•'' ■"■"' '■'''''"•■ ''^'""■" niiil..vtluMivi;4iiial aii.l iiinn- ravour.i'..l.> (•..ii.llli.Hisnl I'.nuu'V viMi'S, ivii.Uns il ii(' Kt'|)i-i-t (i;ira 7lfi. .\l("iilliip U Ukmi c'lllcil \'> II,.' inti'n>ilM''iliiiii f)f (III" ciils iiiciilciil ill ili-i\iiiij; wlicii lli(> wliolc iiuinlicr cif " l\ill;ilili- " sivils lirroin 's luiicli rciliiccd, ;iiul, ill jmi'ticuljir, a\!ii:i i( is uiiili'i- micIi <;irciinislfiiic(>s slijl nlfi'inpliil In •.(•ciin' a Imt!,'!! ininiial 'Vfinnla" ol' sLins. 'i'lu' ni'cis'^ai'v injury fo vitalily ill I 111' casr ,,( fh'r ^aU (irivcii bill, not killi'il is iiDticcil, (ouillirr with !li.' far'l lliat sii('l;liii!;' rciiialcs avc nl'lcii inclui'i';! In tlic drives. On Uw |iii'iil l:ml iiHikIihI I i ii i-. -ai!' :- - iiii'l iiicir'tisiiij; liuml:i('i'.i nt' lireiMiin;,, jvmnl.'-i lijivi' ln'Cii iliiv.'ii tn till' I>il!iii.;,'-.i,'nmii.l.'i willi lli" iiiiliilili's, tlniii;,'!) v.iii'ii i-i'i-ii<;iii/:f.I tlicrii in tin- |iiijcis< tif sfli'ciiii'^ I'dr killill'.', l!|l",' |l-|\l' '(•■•ll iclr.l i " ;ts .)£ .Ajipi-inlis, vol. |i. !.V.'. Hritisli romiiii-- -ioui'is' Jd'j'oit, pa'.-.i. 71 -. l!ull. .\iii. Cm,,: Zoo! . vol. ii. r„rl I. |,. \l)-,. lM,|,(,^~il.ilily (if uxiiiulili'j k'liinli'!- IVoiii • ilrivi's." ll>i.l,. para. 7! 7. l.'„ii<'.! Slatci' (Vnsiis l{f|ioii. p. 7 J. i'cl'i'rriiiL;' 'o liis nlis,.i'\-alii,iis ,.ii fl;,' I'riiiv I'llV Isiaiiils ill l'-!!:;, .Mr, ■.iai'oiin ■.'.l-n rciiorls iliai in )"^!)2 111' I'oiml.'il till' si'r'ls Icilli'd jmii iiiose alloui',1 fii (•.scape ,'r, I'lnir •' drivis.' am! Iliai tin- niiiiih.T kilii'.l vavi.'il iVnm 1:! i, 1 7 jicr eeiil. ni" til,' wliiili' iiiiinlii'P dri\('ii. Ill' alsi) ini':;i iniis li.'ivin;r S(M':i many l;ai)iy injm'id ■.,'als drlvi'n i'l'iiin llii'\illiiiL,'-uTi, mid. Ilia; w.aiM in'ohalily die ; and llial al'inu' liie roidL' nver wiiicli .seals Iiad lii.'iMi driven, many eai'casses nl' s-ils tlinf liad died w.'i-,' li'iiiid. '1'.) sliiiw llial the iiielusiiiii in th,. driv,'> ai se.d- nut iiiiemuNi Id ii,- ivillei], ineliidiie.;' remal s, is nil new Mmiil:, (.'iiptain !!ryan! may aijai,! Iil- 'iniited. In llie pass.ii;,. ••■■•,1,'. l:,' r'Ti'i's pai'icii- larly l;i ilie year is(il) ; — " .\l tlie'i'In.Si' 111' this ivriiiil 1'., .. ,, .; •I'al.s ,irrivi-. Tlif.'-e, niKiii:.; with it,!' vciim..'. 1 • ' ;. :lil iivt'V till' upliliui-i : i ,. i .: ■•!" priiiii' .sixiii'-. lull 'I,,. ■ iiilu'iilty lit' kil!iii'_' imip'-'i'lv. li.'.viiii; 1,1-i'M nil i'i'iiiiili'.>t Willi . ;!,- .iMv.-i, uh mv killilij.', it. was uniy iifvi.'.-siiry i-i ,!i>iiii;.;inMi -.I'^v^. ; i,],!.- ||,„ liifi'iTi'iici' in >ii:i' I'lmlili's ili.'iii, tn '!■> v^'iv i'ii.-i]y. Xuw, IliAVi'Vi'r, lliilliy ullii-l,:,!:' . r :■■;!,.,',. .,ii,; ;;„■ -",■]]<. iliil'T' li'i' 'ii'twei'll llii ,:,,, iu'i-f>siry I'm- tii,' Ii^;,,! ni.n; ;■• -■ •■ .a.-.; .-_,ii kill. li. ..ml iiiilv I .su'Miiu' iiiti'i-rst ill (111- |iri"^i'rv,,tiiiii ,11' ilie -ii,.-k can iiisiuv pijii'iT i-ir,'." A-.ain -.peaUiin- el' I la- ye,ii> l^lliiilt wrili.s:— !, Mr. " ll i- i|iiil.- iii,|.M,-.n.|.-. l]o-,v, \,T, t.-i ■.■,-\ tii.ni all iif niK- a','i' wilh.nil an •■\lia"iiiin:,iv aanHnii nt' siir ami lut.stk', wl.iih til,' .\!,iit.; ,1,1 n„i lik,.' t.i ].;v,-ipitiiii. ; liem'f tlia .%, ^>. .^«r w IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i4^.4L^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 1^ 1^ 12.2 - lis IIIIIM iiiii™ V] <^ /a ^l. c- V '/ /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 lo 270 diivi' will \'r l\ liii.l to tdiixi.M usually iif ii liavc miijnrity ..r:;--.iii.l-t-y,;ii-t.l(l.-.llif iv^st lx'iu:4--'-yiMi-ol.Ui.iiiiinisilly, i;iiil :i vi-iy 1\«. ill \vi.!«" iutfiv.il-, .".-yi-ar-ol'W, tlir yrailiii--! S'.'Mi'lU rVll M'MillL,' llliMll nil." Even .'!:■ i-arlv ;i'< 1S7:2-7I. t'lc inMJor povlion nT Uriiisli Conimis. ':iio ciikli IS ivporltvl toliin.' coiiMvtcd ol _'- nnil ,,„,,_ ;i,,/ :5-yc;ir-o]il seals, niid luidcr sticli (■irfmii-l;\iicfs n,,,]., paras, fi'.'s- thc in-acliial iiii]M)..siliilily ol' c-cliiiliui;' ymmu- 700. l\'inah's ri-om tlic huihIkm' killi'd is polnK-il out l.y ;<..-;ilso vviaonc,. in laiitiMi .States the ]!i'ilisli ('fiimnissiolK-l-K. Casis p. :!03. Oil till' sulijcct last iiioiitiniicil. ^h: S. X. I'my- (I. R., 44ib O.ul'.. iiil/.ky's r.oiK.rt cif ISTO may alsc. 1m- ivlVrrcd to, Iv,',.''!;'!,'',. ^ j. wlicn- lie ^'lys thai feniali's arc easily lui.stakoii i'or vouiii; nil'.!-. r\i'ii liv (lie unlives. The sji.'cial elVccts pmliR-ed l)y the distiirlianc-e and alarm oftlKi .se.als upon llie l)iv,din'.':-islaiuls, will! otlior faets, are al^o treated >•[' in this eon- iie:-tion hy (lie Hvili^li Cominissioiiers ; Imt for (le'aiN thei;' Cepo,! (partieiilarly parau'vaplis 7(M-7i'1) slinnld lie referred to. In eoiieludiiii; tlli'. siiliiei't, (lie Coiiuiiissioui.'rs write : — '■ Tlu: ai'greiiiili' loss iiK'Uvrcil is tliiis tlic iv>uU ul' viiriiui.-. ISritlsli Commi-- t:,i-.-..ul',?.'irt..L:i't!.ri- invnhv il„. kiUini,' i.r i,iiiiiy s.mIs sioiuT,' U.poi-i, vl.i. li iillllllt Uiit to \-<- Iciilc.l. tlll.l it i< (.•viiiclit lll:lt ill' t.r l!:n.N ot iliiviii;,' mill Killin:,' ou the I'ribyloli' I--l;iiiil-i, ii • now i,n:rii-..l ;in' .'-iis''('liliMi' I'i' viTy ;;iviit iaipioViiiii'iil." para. / ;l. 'i'lio I'liiled States' Coniniis.-ioiiei's, tiioi|Oi, ni .'Stil a \. ry (pialilied iiiiiin-.er, Milislaiitially admd Ilie exivieiiee el' \\i:- -;ime i viN. Their iiilniissiini apjieai-. to iiieaii in eiVeet (hat while siieli disas- trous pvieliee.s have hien allowed eontiiuioilsly tuv Iweiily year.- or more, (h.ey may af some I'liture liiiii' he remedied, if il he llioiiuiil ev- jieiHeiit. 'J'hey w rite : — ■ Wliili' ihro i< 11'. (loul.t tliiil ill soiiiC' iii-liitlci'S I \c(-- l.'iiiioil .S;aU'.<' ,MV (lii\iiu ha- l.iMi iillowcl.Uiilt s..;ils liavf hocii ihivni <'■'•"■■!' 3'^'- liiilhcf llum i.-- liuliiiiliy lifi.'i"aiy.Miiil tlml iirop^r uiii; lia.s iioi lufii taken tocliniinatc thr noii-kill.il.li- seals a:t f-ir us |io..iil.l.. lirlnro l.lir iliiviir_' i. Uill iimlri' Way, tho.S',) iirc liial'.ir; that, aii; .-o eiaiiviy miilcv iniile.l that a propfr ui!Jii>tnieiil may he seiailvd at unci;." ■lllfllt ot ill ( 'omnii- I'liitnl .•~l,,l. -ioiiei^. ;7i ClLVl'Tlli! W. Maiuiiji infill iif llie I'lihi/ltill' [.•i/iiiids bi/ Itiissl'i mid by liir I'liUcd Slii/rs — ((■(iiitiimr'd"). Absence nf Pioper Control by Cun-rnnnent Aiionh 'I'l[l; I'SMI;!! SlATLs' CuNTKNl (1.) T'nitfil St;itis' Ciisc, jip. 13''., I:i7— "The (iiijiiii iiT.d I r.wtical winkings ni tlio IcMse of ISTO wore iiMili' tlic sulijci't iif 111! ililiunito invcstlpitioii in 1H7G Iiy tlic C.mniiiUre of Way-i :iiul .Nfoiins of the •I llli f'oimri S-, wli" rcpiM ti cl tluit ill till ir well' lii;,'lily f.ivniirahlc to tlio GovcjniKtiit mill nil j-artirs (.■duci.thciI.'' (2.) Uiiiicd Slate' t'liM', 11. i:;r— ''In a hiibj-cfiuinit inxi'stigatimi in 1SS'^ liv tlic Conimiltco on Mricliiiut .Mariiu- ami Fi^henV'^ cil' tlif oUtli Congress, lliu samt' (■(,nclu''inii ua> roacliid '' (3.) Tniti'il Sl;iU>' f'a-e, Ji. 13!l— "It is ovidt'iit friiiii lliu natuic ol' th.' indu^tn' tliat in try ; a- it is now ilir lessees mid Ayoiits are restraints upon each otlnr." (1.) Unilid Stales' Caio, pp. 13;', 110 — " Ininiediate (iovi-rnineiit inanagtnient i.H at once seiii to In,- iiiipriieticalile iir.iliT tlii'se eireuiir-taiipes and tlio piesent metli".' eiiiployid t'j lie llie only I'lasilie' one. "Tile oaiel'id iiiM-tigatioiis niado liy the Congrossiuial Coniniitiies Miiiwi d that tlio .\laska Coiiiniereial Cinii- jiaiiy had rullllled tho tera,s if the lease in all rospee!~ aceoniii.g to the roiinir, Hunts ol the .Vet of LSTO." (5.) L'liiled States' V.\~k', p. I i:i — "Tho liandlini.; of the seals oa the i-laials, lieing entireh cloiio liy tho unlive-, !s diiietly under tho Mipia\isiou of the (ioM 111:1. (Ml .\^i ots. " (G.) I'liilod Si.ite..' Ca-e. p[i. ll(i, 1 17— "I'hderiliis lea»o [thai of 1See how tlio l'liiled Stales ooidd iiiivo II more i oinpleto ouiilru! in or the seal industry in the isliiiiil", even if it tiiok tlio entire nianauemeiit of the Imsiiiess. Leasing iiiidi r such tenii.s (;ives the (invorniiu lit ah.-oluto puwor in iWin.; the (jiiula iiecordiiig tn tlio eonilithn of tl.e In nl, and ai the Minio linii' avuiil.s tho details of nianageniei.t and dinpi'siiij; of the skin.-., which aro the e-puial dillieidtiis in the way (if til" t'nited .^tate» working llio rmkerie-. ilnelf. The eimr.se thus adopted liy the I'uileii Stales M'ijni.s as liee from i rilicisiu or iiiipioveniei.t ; s anv that can lie suggested." [linl 4 A 272 (7 ) I'liitfil Siat llir iiuota ol' sUin< t > \y talieii in IS'JU." StMMAllV OP r.KI 11-11 Ki ri.v. The su|)ei\i>;.ui and i^.iitul ui tli" lessees nf the Priliyliifr 1-laiuls liy til.' (j.i\eniii!enl A;;.nt< of the Tiiiteil .Siate< Ins ihKni'Alniiit been l.ix anil ini'llieiiail, anil nut siieli as to all' .I'll i>ro],(T safeiinauls tii seal lilo upon the islnnds. Mr. li'iutwe'.l, Seeietary nf State when the le.a-oi^' of the islands to a Company was llr-t prop 'sei. aiitieipatod this result, and his f.>ivca-t has lieen (ally pistitio.l by fVOlltS. The faet thai. thonf;li reported a;;ain:>3. Smiiinary (if United Slates' c (lii'_;innin'j,' in i'^iJDj, like tllo ihe i.dii'i.-iis of Ihe ('(iiniiimy h'asing ihi' inlands !i)}pe;u' in reality to havo conlrolied The (Io\ernineai A'^viUs; fha;, iViPui tiir.e In lime aeen.N.-i lions fif iiiij-.rdpei- eondiict li.-ive III- n laid against the .V-enIs ;ind (dlleers, Ijoll. of the (loveiaunenl and Ihi' t.'oinp.anv; and thai, as a inallcrof f,-iei, Ihe sni)er\i..i<,n of the; natives, and of the handling of the seals there, have piaelieally heen under ll.e eonind of ihe Company, and not of the vlovermnent \' i,ts. Sjieaking in lb?'.' of thi' ()roposai at ihai linio lirst mid.er diseussion for the leasing of llu' I'lihv- loIT Islands to a Com[iaiiy foraierm of Vi-ars. Mr. BonlHill, th'n Secretary of Male lor tli^' i'liiied Stiiles, took exception to if on tile grounil Ihal it would create a nionoptdy, and added : - 41-t Coil}.',, " M.ir.'iiwr, llii. iiativ.'.i i.;' ilie i>iiiii,l< would In- iiiidt'P' \' Hn" ' " '^""' *■'" ■"""'"' "' ""' '''■'i"l'''"y. I'lid ■!-• tliu ■■xi'iriliuii >,[ il,,.. ll';i->' .ipl'ii ;Miiid. till' iii'li,.,. 111. Ills t,.i [.r..!.'! 1I1..111 luid 271- ]irc ■■r.(,' lilt-' lUln-lii- wi.iiM iliiiiiiihli, I'spi'i iallv il' tin; rdiiipiiiiy SUV, il- WMiiM prolMMy I'l' llic ciisr, lli.u ii li;i^l i„, hui.,. i,r It irniw.il I'l' il-^ i>ii\ilc',',;fi. Iiiili'i- tli''M' , ilrilln-lllllrcstllr ( m .\ rl 11 Illl'Ul nl {U: I'llilrll Sl.llr, W.UlllI l;(V.--nlilv Itf f.lll'.i'i'l'il t" l^llMl I'XI't'H^"' illl'l I'' "''''• I mil i,r oi.iiiii.ii lluit it is l.i.'ltn- llial tin' » inviniiiifiil .sliMiilil a-iiiM.' til.' ciiliiv iT'iilrul lit llir liiisinc^^s i.f llio i.l;iiiil-, .iii'l cxrliuli- 1 vnyl.n.ly lull il< "Wii -in.iiiN .■iiiJ ;ij;iMil-; tluiL il -Ii'iul^l i-tiiMi'Oi :i ri-iil ,-y.stiiii cf imli.-r, .•xrliiiliiii: rmiu ill.' i-lainU .li-iillr.l >ipirils iiml liir-.u-iii-, ■.'A.,\ MllljtTt Vl—,(ls tllUt l..Ui:ll tll<-l>' tu rul-ri'illllV, CXCCl.t wlu'ii llii'y luv iliiu-ii to sui'k >licltur. i>i- f"!' m.-i.vs»;iry iv|';:ii^." It i-; Mihniitlrd lli:il (lie iili'ivc rnniirks of Smvtiivy liimtwi'll liavc ln'i'ii entirely jiistificil liy tl.e Milisi'.|iiciil lii-toi-T of Ihc i'l-iliylolV iNlaniis under llie (i|iii'atic>n "I' the lease wliicli wa-^ entei'eil into nut lonL; itftenvavds. 'I'lie 4'\aet eiiiulitiiins wlliell were I'lil-eM'en liy the Secretnfv in elVeel ilid urow up; and at tlie (■\])ii'y el' the lease, and evt'n since nnder tlic (i|i, :-iti(ins (>r a new lease, some of tliosi' licst iii!ii-;iie(l on the uhole snlijeut are t'lnnid to ad'i.'cate the sani.' systeni t>\' ilirect rioveniiiii'iit I'o'iinil as tiial siit;'u'esteil liy Seerelafy lionlucll. h: conneelion with the anionnt and cnieiency (,1 iiie control actually (•xerciseil over the o|ieva- tiois of tlie Company on llie l'ril)yloll' Islands Ir, the I'liited Stales' ( liA ernnient, the most iin- ]iorliiil i|urstio!\ is tliat oi' the number ol' seals alloM-ed to l)e Killi'd, and oT tlie relation oT that iiuniher to the aetnal state oC tlie seal rookeries on these hrecdin^'-islands. It has already heen shown thai it 'v\as in tin- |,owei' ol' the Secretary of the Treasury to redncf the nnnihei' of seals to lie liilled annually on the islands, hnl that thon^'li refieated ollieial Kcjiorts si'oke ol' tlie deteriorat ion ol' the rookeries, no sncli reiluel ion took ])la('e. U i-. in Tact, in the Case now jiresented by the riiitel States, allc^'ed that, Ii-(ii!i jv.SO to 1?"^! S.'i, I lie nnmiier ol' s(-als resor! 'nu' to the isJMiuls remained statioiiarx . and ' that in issf, il marked decrease hei;an, wlliell lias , siaei' continued. This contention is clscivlicre l'»i'i'i f^i"i''> i!i;,]nM\('d, lint even if it he admiltpii, it is clearly apiiaicnt that if the nninlicr roinaiiu'd .stationarv duriiiu' the venrs inenlioncd, the ,,„. I.llinU, ( i'ii,sii> I'eeiini'iice of cliiiKitic'illy disaslrons years like IJcpnit, p. •!.'). th. s' of 1^:i{i, I'^r.lt, and ]S7(; wei.1,1 "have pro- l.^"'\^^^^' (Inei d most s|.|-i(iiis elVecN, It is, indeed, llryant, in '• .\I(lll(>- evident that only tlie coni lUlleil increase ol tlie .Anicrican I'innU peds," p. ;J99. lui'lliiJciKV oi c.aitrol s|iitially ovi- dfiicod I'V iii'ii-ri'dui tif'U nf (inotri. ALliiiiui.ll ill riiitdl .Stall ••' C'a.-cs lo wliidi lliry arc liaMc; wliiji' i'roni ISSt, when il is asscurd tlial a stcadydiiiiinutioii first l)ci;aii, llw i'lihvldir Islands nuist lie admitted to liavu lieen in a slill more alaiininu; condition. Kotwitlistandiii!; this, jiowever, no olianuv in the number to he killed, or " iiuota," was nian L,'i'iiiii.ls n.it ]iuli|i, ly sinners' Report, cxiihunr,!, ii iviniiiiicd unilicivil. mii.I 1 miih> u li\ud P"»- •'^- li.uii; And, further: — Ibid., paras. 71-73. '' ^^ '"H -^ (h'lTciiMi liccanic a|']inn'iil dii Ihi; ishmds, liriMliiiri' ,-li.iiild hiivc' dii-tatcii simii. rmiailmciit nf Ihi- iiiiiHKil >l;iii-hlcr Ihfiv No surli nnlailiiirm, how- c'vuv, ipci.nrutl. 'J'Ik. (■(unjianv hdhliim thi' lua.-i' nf \\w^i: is'ands mi lixoil tn-nis wen- m.i iiitcrlcicii with, Imi cciu- tiniu-(l In i:il;c iIkIi- full h"_:al iiimla nf skins withmiL ri^'ar.l I., ihr H-U ;,, s,.,,] li|„ ,,s a whnlc. Nni niily so, hm ill-trad nf i(jilii,'iiii4 111,, rat.h. the Maiidar.l nf uui^iliL of skins taken on Jir ishiiiil.s was stcailily Inwi'ivil so a.i to iiiiliiih' a yoiiiiu'LT t-las.s of .seals iin.lei' the dosi^'natioii oi' 'killahles.' ■'a.si' that d whih: nsin;' ill Interests of Hie lessee Conipniiy alone ri'''aide(l. '■■file I'niMlialiy hnhliliL; llie h'ase of Ihi' I'linvlnlf Islaiuls lia'k of eijiiise, its own inliivsts ill \\f\\. ami thi> peiinil nf ill,, hasi' was illav, iie.; In a einse ; inn il iiuist he adiled that no explanation 1ms Ijeeii ottered hy llio Govennni lit Awnts in chart.'e of the islands* nf the piin- * Th.■.,■^v,,,.: .A^nii. 11.(1. (Hi-. II. .\. (iii.lilen, C. H. Tin.jric, im\ ('. .1, (miIK ( I'hf 1 i-t-ii,iiiif I .(pi.iteil .•ii;-.imst the cunliniii- killiiiir iif til,' •• f|iii,i:i," ami Has ninovoil.) Asjislaiit .Ajenl.- \V. II. Waniniaii, I,. Kiniini I, 11. Ci. I'nwler, A. 1'. l.oud, T. .1. Uyaii, .1. r. .\|aii(ii,-i,.r. W. Caviti, .1. .Munav ,iiid S Ii. .Vf .|nil. 'llie innies i,t seviial of il,,.-,. clli.-irs iifLiu- prominontly uiiiuMf; (liij.-i (ji pel soils row piuiliiei il in ender'e In tli,. UuUfd klMvt. [IKij 4 B 270 riplcs imkIi'I' wliirli tlioy were '.'iii'l'il \'> ;i!l'iw lliis low. ^ill^' 111' -liiihhiril>. willi lln iiiniiiilMMl ■iirKPiicli- iiicnl nil ilir liiiiit< III' liivi'ilili;,' ni.ilii'rii'>, .iinl llio C'Nli iisinii hC ilic iircM III' iliivinu In [iliiii's liilliiTl" licld ill iL'SC'IVl'." r.ul Till' iMrcunistMiKT' thus disclosed by Hii- slatc- mnils iiKidc ill llic Case iiT^iMitcd on tlir iiavt (if till- riiili'd States, u'<> Tar towards rstalilislunu; tlio statciiicnt s.i ric(|ui'ii11yiii:idi', tliat ilic Ci)iii|).'iuy hdldiu- llic Irase ol' tli" ]'riliylolV Islands (•xi'i'fisrd a very ^lowcvl'ul iiillui'iici- nviT tlu; (iiivcvmunit iiUlcials uhu wiav apiioinli'd to s\i|ii'rvis(' its o|)('rations. Tliis ])avticular pliasc of tlir "I'oiiln.l" or '■iiianaii:<'iU('nt " ('xcrcisiMJ liytlic (loviTiimrnl is vciy liiA'litly toiiidiod u])oii in iln' ("asc ol' llm I'nilcd States, wlicro it is said : — I'liU iis-ii'iliuli, llial. till' "il'li illiiliT (liiVi'l'iiinrMt rnilll'iil iriiiaiui'il uiiulliTril, lining; tidii iiuocshiiry, is llioid' Iciuliii;:. ita WHS , wlu'ii il. Ii ifdiir- iiri' iiiis- •■TIr' iiiimi1ii.'1' 111' st.'iils alliiwi'il to In' killril aiiiiiinlly liy Unilcd Stati-s' Ihr lissuos was, iVoia 1S71 In ISSil, liirliwiM., llioooa, lua Case, pp. 153, |-)-l. llii-i iiiMiilirr i-' vaiiaMi; ami I'liliivly wiiliiii llif rmilrnl nf tlir TriMMiiy Ui'iiaituicMl iil' tlir I'liiUMl Sial.'s. In ISS'.I ihaiK-i .1. (li)IV, llii'ii till' Cnvcniiiiml .\:j.rnl .m llic i.-laials, ri'iiorli'il In tin- Drpailiiifiit tlial ln' nmsii'iTi'il il ii.Ti'ssarv tii icduri' I'lic iumta nl' skins tn In' taken in IsOl). Till' Ciivrvnnii-nt at .mic inlurr.l ihr niuiilirr to ea.lHlO. a 'il nrilrinl tlin liillin'j nt seals In rra- i tlio 20tli .lulv." It is suliinitti'd that the statement abo\o quoted does not represent the Tacts as they occiirrod. TIk! United States' Commissioners write as follows : — Admissions in I'nitcd States' Caso tlialni.nsnal and in.jnrinus nioasiirrs i.',,;'ii'd to till uncliani^i.'il "iinol.i" .n late years. Dr. •Ml is well known lliat during' the last few years llir Ibi.l., j,. 33H. {•Ill, -III In;/ Gim/Kini/ Imil r.,i„i-i,,ii;,l iVtJi.iillii i,i jiinlin:/ n xlllflrlCllt ■llUmllCI- of /lillll-lllls.': diii-^ l« vll II" 'jl't'tll I'li-utitlcd hi llir Gorrfiiiiinil. and llwit linally lliat f|nota was Ltreatly reihieed liy order of tlio IJeiireseiilalives of the (luvernnjeiil on the islands." On the otlier hand, I'rofe.ssnr J. A. Allen says : — "Diiriiij; the last two or thivo years, Imwever, and in L'niteil ^"tites" eoiweiinencoof the ileeline from the I'ornM.r .stains ..I' the ^,7;' ■^i';'";^;^''^,,^,, lirld. ;/ A.'- '"'» lee.-..,,/,,-// In I mm- II, r „,/, .;/■ s,vh scUrlnl /e,- Ulh',1'/. "ml "Imi in i-nl/ir, /.../7/m,i.< i;/' Ihr hrnl, ill nrth,- In .iifirrc rrni lln- iiirnll,/ r, slrirln/ >/ii"f" n/lmm/ In l,r fiflyn ill )MM. the last vear ol' killin.1,' for roniinercial liuiiioses ■ I I Pint these' niliiii^'ioiis virv iniin'ifcct, iuid, (•()ii9i''iiii;iilly, iniMlfuiliiii,'. WHS lii'ii il. liiis- H. .Mi«, Dno. Xo. ll.4l>lt (|iiiilr;!, aiv in llicai- schcs ".iiU'icii'iit Id '-liuu iliai n,|s dl' s'al iif'' on IIks I'riiivioll" Islands liy llir I iiitcil Stairs' riovcrn- incnt. linl llicsc n(lniis--iiin.s fall --Iidi'I oI' liii- rai-l.> as known and iccoi'dcd in ilic olllciid l!r|iiirls III' thai I Io\ ciainii nl. Il l.as iiln'aiiy lii'rn >liimn iiv I'l'iVrcnci' Id these );e|poi'|s, imd CDnllvnie'l hy asein'laineii facts respeel iiii;' the, skins M)li( li\ tlie (/oni)ianv, llial a iidiietioa in llie si/i's ol' skins liad liecil delihel'alely aiiowtid I'rmn year to yeai', at least since 1 •^"■'i. wliei'cas no veducticin in nnnd)er uas cnl'orci'd l!ll l^DO, tlie llr-.t \ear of lln- lease to tlie siew ( ''iniji my. 'I'lial IJie -'(inDla" of l(l(),IKl() JKuh in eli'eet, lieconie a llxed nninlier, as staled jty I'le Hiitisli C'Dniniissionei'-., is shown Iiy rmressDi' Alli'ii's remarks as to liie extraoi'dinary ineasnres I'Dnnd Id he •■necessary,'' and practised in cnih !■ to seem ' liie " (|uofa." 'I'lie iDlJDwinn' nDtes and ([notations all'ird rurlher ovidenco of the ahsence of |iid[)ei' UI. 11. I!., 44ili Con?., •■ I will iinw il.,^.. ihis leUcr with oin' innaik, wliirh 1st Si'5S., \,\. Uoi;. , . , ,■ -.1 ,1 .■ ■ 1 . 1 ■ I 1 .sa 11 •''"'' '■'■'G ' "" ~l"^''''''' |'"iaii'.'tiiin wall llic ItHVi^uniL;', lull wliicli I lirlirM' (.r Millie iuiimilallre, This is, llial it Wniild Im vi'iy ile-il-aMe that the oIliLrrs ,,( tin' I'liilril .-'^latis fiiil.luy.-,! CM the rrihylnll' Maiuls shniiM ]«■ ]iiMliil,ii,.,l tiii-.ii 1 iviii;4 pay IViiiii, m- rrinlrriiiL; >rr\iri's ior |i,iv In, till' I'liiiiiiaiiy whdiii, piaL'tifally, thi'y are plareil them to walrh. That this has (leeiinvd in srvenil iii^laiu-es I am a\v,U''. anil )HMhalily ill smue rases willimil any iiH|i..i]nT inli'iiL nil lillier side; hut il is I'videiit al miei; that it opoiis a wide tlniir for .SLaudal, if not for fraud.'' 278 (iiiicral U. <). Iliiu.ird, while I'linaircil in liis olHci:il iii'<|M'('lii)ti ill Aliisk.'i ill I'^T"), UMs I'vidi'iilly iiiiii'li iiii|ii'i'^--eil \\itli Mil' (•ii'ciiMi-'I'iiiiT tiiiil liii- Allis^M ( oiiiliiiTciiil ('inill);ill\ , llir icssrcs iiT llic i'rili\ loll' i'-lMiid-i, I'MTci-Ncd ;iii !dln:;'ctli,'i' uinliic illlluiiiil n\' iiillllcnri' llirl'i'. 'I'llis is |i;U'liclll:ii'ly f\ ii'.i'ucrd liy llir lolliiw iii'^- vcin.-ii'ks in ids nlVici-i! I!i'|ii.i'l : ^ '■ A riti/-|l nf IiiIil; .St.UlilillL; nil llll' cnilsl \1 lilr- iJlr ll|. 1:j1. lj!>, (i''iii'r;il ilnuard traiisriiiUi'd wiili Id^i itriini'l :i icj (Ini'Mniciil cntillril "A llisldi'v I'l' till' \V routes 111' Aladx'i," wliicli was n-printiMl with that Itrpoi'l as a Ciiiiu'rcssiotial (lociimciil. In it, iiumci'Diis i,'l'a\r charn'rs, (.'oiu'i'fliiii!;- the L;railtiim' nl' ihr lease of the I'riliylolV Islands and the coiidiiel ol' (he lessees, were made. .Most ol' these are iili- iniiiiu'taiit ill \ho. prcsonl (•oiinection, liiil the jirai'tiees ol' the Company comidaiued ol' are said I0 Iia\e licr'n^reiidcreil jiossilile — " ].lilli'illllllv llll'lill'.;ll till' USsisIUIIrc 111 till' I'llitl'll Sliltl."*' I'lJVl'lllIC Illlici'l'S." Cielii'ial lliiVMird's (itisi.'rv;itioiis in to tliu lusHeo C'ompuuy, 1875. Anioi.L''st those s])C('iriei' are Sainiiet T'alkiier, ai one time .Vetiny Coininissioiier at .Silka, and il. II. .Arcintyi'o, Siii'cial Ai;'i'iit ol' tli(> Treasuiy Department, who hoth al'lei'wards heeaino (Miiployes of the Alaskan ('oninievcial Com])any, and lioth now also appear as jiroinineiit witnesses in ciiniKH'tioii with the (,'ase ol' the- I'liited States. (I'l iieral Howard ohsi'rved thai he was jieison- ally unable to jndj;'e of tiie eharaetei ol' ilie statements contained in this docuiuenl. Imt add.'d :— "[I I ilu lii'licvo it Id bi' 11 iiiisUiki', ami a dnniiinui.ii ]iii'et.'ili'lit, cii tin.' imit of till' (liivi-Tiiliii'ilt, to irivc iiidi the liiiii'U I'l' iiiiy Ciiiiiiiaiiy. ImwciVt'i' liciieviiliul in ils irteu- tinll,'^, so viist a IllOllnlllily. ' Danger of iiionoiuily. .Ill Ids olileial lie; orl for L'^'sJ, A.l'.Swiiieford.. Govi'inor oT Alaska, writes as I'ollows ol' tlie opera! ions and ])owcr ol' the .Maska C'oiinnereial Company, v hicli lie jirol'esses liinisell' to he imaiiie to control : — fifiverni'i Swim I'nrd.s i li.iiu>'.s a.^'aiust till- Ci'iii|iaiiy, l.SST. 219 IS as to C. " Ri'purt of the (iovt-nior of AliAa," 18H7, p. ;ia. " While all lIjH iiiiil ijjiii'li iiinrc i>i Irui' cciricfriiiii^ itt ticiitniciil iif till' liiitivc iii'ii].Ii', iiisliiii'cs ari' licit linkiliK wlirri' it, liiis lF(iy('(i||cil mikI iIiImh ;i\v.iy Iimih llif i-liiiiil.s (jijvcninii'rit nlliiiiil> wlm, inicii! iij."!! ilir liuiiivst, I'liillifiil disi'liiir;;!' (pf tlicir iliilii -J, li;i\c iiiriirii'il llir ilisjilraslLI'c iir rcl'ilHMl III ilii llic I'idiliii;; 111' il, Aj;clits. In fart, it jiossfs-is till' piiwii- to riiiii|icl iMiupli iiH'c with its I'vi.'ry t'xaulinii, ami whrii'Vcr il li:is nliLiiiinl :i rnnihuM iii'ithir whiti" mall imi' milivi' cmii iln iiiuii' than ckr nut a iiii--iT- abli' rxistuniic, siivn hy in siilli'iaiicu." His roiiiiil lint (if its action. Ibid. 'I'lic !irtii:il rclntions of flii! (lovi-i'iior and noinliial JAcciitivi' Head of tlic 'ri'rritoi'yni' Aliiskti to III!' Aiai^ka ('oiiimrrcial ('iiMi|iaiiy arr wi'll illu'^l^at(•li l>y tlio fact Ihat In- docs not licsitatc to (•oiii]il:iiii that thr aL,'i'nt>; of tjic ('iiin])aiiy iiildci'- rniiH' hi-, own jiowci- at; its soiirci', uritiii!.;: — " Fis ]iaiil llL;l'nl^ .■iml Inhliyi-it f iiri^ kc|'l at tlu' iiiiliniial I'ai'ital In o|i|iiisi' any and fvrry cflnit thai may hi: liiailo to )iriiiiiii|(' I he wrlfaiv of ,\la.sl;a thimigli siirli Ic^jislation a.s will incimra^^r imniigiation and the cnli-^tnu.nt of capital in the di'Vi'lnpnwnt of tlip natuiid Wcallh hiililcii away in Ih.t forrst-;, stniani-!, anil mountains ; its rviTy aim aiidclloit i.^ in thudiri'i'tion of prolon'.;iiiL; its oxi-itiMuo and .stivn^llKinini.,' its tyraimiual luild hy a hlookini^ of the wheels of pro;,'res.s." His characterization of the Corporation. Ibi.1., (1. 34. AVJiih' oil anotlicr ]iai:c hi; clitiractorlzivs Ihi' samir Corporation in tlu; followinu; terms :^ " Com lived (^as thi'ic is alnindiiil I'viU'iicr to -howj in oomiplion, horn in iiiii|iiily, ami nurliucd ;iml ,L,'rown Rtroni.' iiiid in.-iolrnt mi ill-LtotU'ii i.'aiiis wnin^ IVoni a liajili's- ,ind hrlnli'^s ] plo, this iiiant. monopoly, which rests like a hli'^'htiiii; euiso iijioii the prni/ress and wrlfarr of this .,.ri.at ti.'rritory. .should hi' shorn of its eorrii]illy- soeiiri'd. niuih-ahiHcd lramlii<), in the I'ai e of a " reply '' iiiaih' to liis former .state- ments hy the Tresiileut of the Company, rejieats liiese slatemeiits. iji! writes: — " I now and Inrr ri'itiT.ili' every one of tlio^c charues. ihoiicdi 1 know full widl ihal an investioation made hv a (-'oiiiniitlee of t Vjiijiress, holdin;.; it.s ses.sions in 'Wa.'ihinotou. and ealliii^' as wilnesse,^ only tho^i' wiai had heen 1 1101 4 C 2S0 rrc l|iiint-' iif ihi' riimii:Miy'.< fnvniiivi, i< not likclv in mrlvo lit iiiiy Ju.'^t riiiu:hi'iii!i iw to tlii'ir tnitli or fnUity." |;i Mil' saiiii' !!(" .>rt, (lnvcnt'ir Sw Iiirl'Mnl riMini'l^s, ill fliisc ai'' I'l'iin'iil it will l)i' tiliMrVL'il vvidi ihr (■.irlicr (miicIusIoiis of (ioiicral Howard, a> I'liildws :^ ■' I ciiii SCI' 111) yiiiiil icn^nii wliy llii' iirc-tflit iiiniin)pcily " Rpporl of the .' I i ■ 111- .1 1 T I I . t ..l.f Governor ol" 111 til'' jliii-—i'.il) iMisiiic-^ri limy Hut 111' m1iii1i-.Mi'iI. 11 it iiiily Ai,,!,," i8ug williuiit ln-is ti> tho (liiViTiiiiu'iit, liiil 111 its vi'iy i,'r('ut p. 44, iiilviuitii'^i' SI) far as tlic iiiiiniiiit of ri'Vi'iun! to In' ili'rivod is (iiiiLi'riinl. Tin- |iii'si'iit aysti'in of rarniiii;,' mit tiie riiiiUi'iii'S i-- Hut only iiliiiii\iiiiis til i;vi'i'y si'iisti of ri'^lit and jusii(;«', lull, as 1 tliiiiU I liave slmwii, is in a vivy ^;n.'at dL.;ri,'ii iiiiuiical to tlic licsl iutLTo.its of lliu tcrrilmy.' Hin objection to the monopoly. .\iniini,' tlu' (luucs of tin- f lovcfiior of Alaska, as cli'lincil in section .')fii" tlic Act ol' tlui 17tli May, IS**!', ciititicil "All Act to create a Civil (lnvern- niLMit Cor Alaska," is that ol' iiuiiiiriii^' inl) tho o|)L'nitioii ol' the lease ol' the i'rilnlolT Islaiuls. Till- Act |)rovi(l(>.s : — •• 'I'lii' (liiwiiiiir iiii|iiiiiiii il iimliT till' |irovisiiiii~ iif tliis Ai : -liall tViiiii lime tu tiiiif iiii|iiiii' into llir o|ii'iMtiiiii3 of till' Alaska Swil and Kiir Coiiiii v, ami shall aiuiually r(.]iiii't til (i'liiiiiri'ss the; ri'SiiU. o!' -.aid iiniuiiii-i, iiii'i any and all viulatioiis liy said Cinniiany of llio A'^ii'i'iin'iit cxi-tin^; Ijetwi'on tho I'liiti'd Siati's and said (,'oiii|iaiiy." 'riioiii,'Ii Governor Swineronl succeeileil in visitiiii,'tlie rribylolV Isliuuls in 18HS,the circimi- stances are ]iractieal!y such that it is ordinarily iinpossibh' for the (lovcnior of Alaska to cany out the ahovo provision. The eaiiital of tho territory, Sitka, is situated at a distance of about 1 ,200 miles from I'nalaska, the nearest jilaee of any importanei! to the rribylolV islands, which lie at a further distance of about 200 miles. There has l)(!cii no regular means of eommiinieatioii between Sitka and Unalaska till l.S!)l, when a monthly mail was for the first time established for a jiart of the year. Thus, unless by means of some clianeo vessel, it has been necessary to send any communications jiassin;,' from Sitka to Unalaska, or ricr versil, by way of San Francisco, involving a sea transit of some 3,'')00 miles, while from San Fraiicisco to Unalaska there has ay:iiin never been any reoiilar mail service. It has thus very naturally happened that the whole of the wcvtern part of Alaska lias been practically beyond the control of the Governor, and that the powerful Duty of thi' (iuvt'rnor of Alaska to imiuiro annually into operations of till' Company. Tho impossibilitv of execntion of this "ilntv. 1 ly- Mr. KUiuU nil lvliltiiill.4 i,f CruVirll- iiii'iii iinil ('Hiii|p;inv':< A>,'(nit^. fi'iisiH l!ip(irl. i> lii7. ska to ions <\\a_v. .Mr. II. W. riiliii'.t, ili')iii;ii iliriiiii^lioul c ulivi. vouriiig to s.;ij)jii)ii I he jii-ncocdiiij^.s nf \\\" Alnskii Coiuincfcinl ('()in|);uiy, dues imt li'iivi- tli'' suliji'ct of tin; iiniliii^iioiis rrlatioiis hctuciii t Im' oilic 'I's ol' ilic Ci)iii|)aiiy aiid (iovcriiiiK'iit I'litlicly iiii- jioticfd, wi'iliiii^ ill Ills olllcijil lli'piirt : — ' TIm'Iv IV, I liii-. all uiiwiill''ii I'a-.;' in lii'' lii.il -ry nf llio llrlinll ul' lllr (InM-lllllli-ll! I'lW.inl-! ill'' pi ■ il i ■! i' ■!! I'f ;i-!ll lifo on llir I'liliylov Islamls, iiml il in I'liilin istly piopup tliii' it slioiild lie iiiscrilii'd iinw, csii.Tially ^o .•-liiro tlio lUltli "I 'if tl'i^ Mi'.aiiii' wa^ an i\ i-uiiiir--. iind .111 arini' in t\w M ■Ml'. U'llrll lir (il'^l \isilr.| I'nr Sral I-l:ll|iN. ill 1S72 -T'l. Ill' "in i'"lii|ii'll"il t'l lalii' iMs.a'.'i' I'M ihi' \r-.i.l3 of til' C'i)iii|iaiiy li an,' tin' i.slaliil.s; luinpillrd, licdiii.to till" (JdvcfiiiiHMit lit tli.'it time liiid no niriin.- i>f rra.'liiii^ the ti'lii 111' .iclimi, 1 xrrpt liy tin- favinir ami llir iniuli'.sy of 111.' Ala.skii (jnnnn Trial Coiniiaiiv. Tlii-^ I'avnni' and tlii.s courtesy, ii.s niiulil lu' I'.Niii'rlid. was always i.rii!ii|itly ami ;,'iiioroiisly iirnlfcaril, and lia-^ iii'\c ■ lui'ii allndid In as I'Vi'ii :in ii)ilii.'atiiin nr si-rviia' lianlcird lln' Tna'-iiry Di'lMltnii'iit. I'ait, ri N-ciiliidi'-s. thn lliiui^hl di'miivd to nic lit the tinii', and was .siniifillmiu'd into iniiviition liy l.'<74, llml this indilVcicni'f to Its nwn m'II' rrspcft mid failure to ,-u|.poii |iru|ierly thi' aims nf iis a-i'iil.s np thcie slioald end; ami lliat the 'i'lrasiiiy 1 lepallnielit >liiiuld detail one iif its nwn \esselslci \ isit, tralispnrt, iiiid aid its ollieei'.s l|nU iu'^ llulll H. 1!.. .'.Oth Coll^., , , , -.'lid Si's«., Hcpnrt [llir ii;iliv(-| lli.il tlir (luviinmiiil (inmh nn.l -uvnus tlir {^u_ 3888, p. aM. r,i".|)('ctiiin' 11\r iiu'difirnl (•(iiitrn! liy (hi' Uiuf'.'il St;i!,'.' (iin-cniini'iit. Mr. AV. I'liliiu^r, (jI' llu' Siiihlisonian liislitiition in "WasliinuMdii. speaks ns I'dUows in i\ ]):i]i'ic;il Socictv ill Wasliiimtnii ill 1M)1 : — Mr. W. rainier on the clmractcr of llic {luvoriiincut Agents, :iud iLcir rtUaiuns lu llio Cunii)iiiiy. ••But tlicse ,hive< finm l'nl;iviii;i ali.l 7.i\r.u\uu; iind tlie ,,|,j,.^,^ Cmnniis- (lecr(-:i--e in ■t in th,' mimLs of the ( 'iiliiiiiiny's peoid,'. that they own the seals and the islands, while the duty ef tlie CdVernmenI is t.i cilleet the tax and a]'|ieinl .\gents to stdiserve the interests of the Cdiiiianv only, 'i'he natives are utterly de|iemh'nt on the ."seal f,im)iany lor tlieii saiiiKHl. aial wliil" having a xeiy vague i.lea that siuiielimv lli,' ( ;,,\, rnm,'m is a hig thing, they naturally h',,k l.i the f,,mpany fer everything allci'ting their interests. Jtui .s i " I have only ton, 'led li'jlilly u]„in s,\,mI ([ni'~li,,ns of the se ding industry, i,ml have hy no i uis exhausted the puhj,', t; hat eiiengh has heeii said. I think, to slmw tli.it if !iii indu-trv which eighteen meiilhs ago wan expected to jiay the' (hivernment a net ]iriilll of over L'.IKlH per ( , a'.. and is, hesides, a great nalitial exhihit, the only one of the kind .\merica can produce, is to he saved, reform is nee, s- sary. I'ur twenty years the fur-seal has hcen the sjidii of polities, ami the victim of tin' jidaelici'. IncNp.'rience >ai the cue hand, and avarice on the iither, ha\e well ni 'li ruined the industry in Aineriean waters.' ]!esnlting danger to seal interests 2S3 The Clovcriinicnt, slinnlil l.ilic outin- control. Assistant A-oluli' cniitiul >•( those A)i|i('iiilix. vui. iii. i-li.iiiN." " llnili'il Stall's N(i. •-> (lhyi),"i> -Ji. 'i'r-.i^nvy Ai^rnf, C. J. (lolV likewise iv'com- lui'uiN — Uniti'ii Stales' Scnati', 5 1 St Coiij •Jnii S.■^s.. Ex Doc. VJ, pp. G, '.) ilml., pp. 17, If". ■'TiMt tliij |lr|iilltliHlll, laki' 111!' .Iltirc Iil;llt(f (it ].l(i- li'itiii'.; lliL'sii i-()ul;ufit.s iiiiilor its iiiimiiiliati; .siipfivisiuii, I'm- I ii-j^-.inl liny dtluT syslciii u( ]iri)tfinii..li i!iiii;,'i'i-(iiis to tlio I'litmc lit all iiiti'i-u-iteil." Jtuiiiiirks (i| railnl .Siatrs Coiiiiiii.s- .sioiii'fs ilrjiloiih;^ tVi'r|in.'iil cli.ingi; ill (iovirmurtit A.Liciits. Tiir Uiiiii'il Statrs' Commissioiii-rs muke Uic follo\vini,'(iiiiIiru'il illusion to tlic waitLoC pi'iper siiiirrvisiim luid control Iiy thr Govrniiii.nt A<,'i'uts oil till' rrilivIolV Ishuuls : — Iiiexpi'riciici'il iia'ii smt in thr islands. Uiiltcil States' " 'n afl.liliMii i,, ().• i-lal.lisluui'Hi ,,f such IJrmiliiliniis Case, pp. 378, 57a. ,,,, „,„|l,| ,,,.„ tj,,,]]^ -iippie.s,, prlagic siialiii- it i.s'..lr,,iiyly n'oiiiiiiii'Uili'il that killiuy mi tlii' i.-^lamls In.' sulijuctfd in sniiirwhat inoio strict and r.iiii|n:tuiit Miiicrvisiini. While il is lint lii'lii'\i'd thai any sciinus ijiimschuiiilcs havi' ivsiillcd IVuiii l,„,-.,in'-s ill tiii-. rcsiifct, the iiitci'L'st.s iuvolvi'd ai'i' -n iiii|Kiiiaiit, ami in sninc ri'spccts sh i.'oiii- liliratcil, tliiii I iiurli care canudt he v;ivcii tn the scleetiiiii lit the ]ii..i)ei' perMins tu he intrusted with tluir CHnsi'r\ati..|i, The imic-.ice nt tieiiiienl i liaup', in the (iuveriiiiieiit Agents i^ deplciralile. Tliey slnmld he .so I'aiiiili.ir thfoiifih as3oeiati.in and ohsorvatiun with the itiipi.'iirani'e of the varinii., t'l'nkeries as tu he !|ie lirst to notice any cliiuiges which hmv lake ]ila.cc." Tlii'V- I'lsi'wiici'c state lliat.iiilKDO, ilii. (iiivi'iii- iiii'iit .Vgciits si'ut to (lie isliinds wi'i'i — Ibiil., p ;;42. '■ 11'. u uieii, iiie\p,iieii,e I in hialler- ivlatiiu to >e.il lit'.- AhsclUe III pi.,, el illall'tl. li'.lls to |,„i1 A-r-it on Si. (m'oi.^,. Isl-iiid] instnictiim.s wlien lie I'litcrcil iiimn liis ilutios ; — ../. \h' wixs !issij,'iicil !i\' tlic Dciiaitniuiit to St. Cli'iir^'i' I'iliiiiil, mill I w.i.s iiiilcrcd lu jiLicii Ih'iu ilinv aii(i iii.-liULt liiiii ill Ill's ihi'.ii's. I iii.-tiiicii'il liiiii ii.s I'.ii- as lio wii.s ciiiiiilik' of ipcciviiif; iii.slriictidiir., went .a.-limv witli liiiii, ami sliir.vi'd liiiii llic luiuks in llit; iiHicp, and Imw 111' was to kw[i till 111. I placL'd a. nijiy of tlu; Law .iiiil K.M'i'iitivi" nrdi.TS in tlw nliir.' III. 'it', and L;avr Idni in-itiiu;- tions ns to !lii' di.jcliar^e 'if lii.s duties." Till' natives and ihr ialcin,u' of .^t.ds '\^'lia1('Vi'r Ilic fiicorcf icnl I'rhitioiis mi'.y I:;;\i' on llio islands liav.. lii.Mi iindor tlic ],,;,,n ,,^ l,,-.t„c.|i (]„' (;oveniin('ut. o(]lc(-rs uud i lie control ot till' Company s a'^cnts . .... ilii'oush'ait. ' iKinvos, i). M evident liiat tlic natives thcnisi'lves, as veil as ilic liaiidlini;' ol' tlie seals, have iliriiu'.rli- oiit lieeu iu iiraclice actually iinder the conu-ol of the agi'iits of tin,' Company. The suh joined extracts liave special hesrini; on the lasl- iiientioned suhject : — ■ Mr U W. Kllioii, is-i;-7i. -Mr. 11. W. Hlliott says; H If.. .vOlli Cong.. "Till' nativis and the Cunipaiiy are juinlly iiite.e.-^;i ! in 2iiil Pi'sa,, Uoport No. ys83, p, 138. iml S'sa,, Uoport .^...nin^, iJie \,.,-y lirst skins, nnd f^ettini,' tln.'ni as .luiekly .is jiossilde. . . . (In the inorniii'; of a killinj; day the Cmii- pany's ai;rnt yetsnp at tla' Imak oi'day and Ljne.s out wiili liis party." .Vnd says, I'lirtlier : — II W ICjlioit, ill Wlh'ii llii' ,. a'.iu^f ,.ra:.oii epulis t!ie men ;.:et In^ellier. II I!.. -l-ltl, Conn;., „„nj„. ,.,,j,.f ,.,„, J,, ,],>. c.mpmiv's aL;ent un a certain isl Bens, Hiport . . i ., .-i No. as, p SO. ninrniii.L; a]id asks if he is ready In u'< to v.Mik. The ('oni| any's .iLieiit says; 'Yes; in your jirl-inent ;j;iiimli(is.'' Captain liiyaiu, l.STd. Taptain Cliarles Mryanf, who was on the I'riliyloir Islands as ;t Special Ao'cnt, fnnn T>7(t to 1877, liel'ore the CiinnTcssional Committee iu 187(i, in ar.swer to the (|neslion — H. 'i, ■44tli Cong., 'Who has the direeiion ol' ilii' natives in ilieii' uoik, 1st Sess , Itcport the a-elit of the Company .'" No, G23, p. !)C. said: — " \o ; their rhicfs. In killing tlie seals the a-enl. of the Company direels the eliiel', ^ayini,' to liini that he wiints lilni to "0 ahead and kill seals as last a.s lie eaii. '2S6 Wlu'ii lliL' Piah niv on llio gvniiiid llic ii<;ciit of tin.' Alaska Cnmiiicirial Cinuiiiiny stands liy tlio liovil wliilu Ili,.y aiv \nhvj, killed, ami, afU'V llu' .Idrl's have sidfutrd .sucli .--oaU as they cunsidi;)- priiiK^ llicy iisl; tlic iVJ.eM I'l' the rcimiiaiiy if tlinv arc any niuro in tliat lot wliiili hr. wauls, ir he chooses any of tlie otlieis, lliey kill llieni " Mr. .iM'oh Moulton, Spcfiul Treasury A^vul at till- Seal Islands from 1877 to 1885, rc-jiorts tliiit— ■•(lie atjents of the Company have tho killing in charge. II. 1!., SOtli Oonp , 'I'll,' killin.i; is done hy the natives, anil the ayents have ^o. assa', p. 251. ehai'_'C nei'essalilv." U\: .1. Monllon, 1877-S." .Mr. ^^'. .1$. Taylor was a Special Agnil of the Treasury Dciiartinont on St. G(?org'o Island hi 18S1, and says of the nalivcs : — ■These j.eolile are alisululelv in their [llie Coin- Ibid., r 52. p.ui}'-] eUarge. that is, in le-ard t.i their eare and eond'al" :\Ir. II. A. Glidden, a Speeial Ao'ent of the Treasury Department ;»t the I'rihylolT Islands from l'iS2 to ISS.", in auswei lo the (|iu'slion — ■■ .\iid then at the killing-efonnd who sniierinti'iids the II, I!., SOlh Cong., 1 , , . 1 1 Ml 1 y " -"^^ S'.!8S., .selee:inn ol thuse to lie kiUe.t ^^ 38g3_ |,_ ^q. Mr lavlor, LSSl. Mr. Clidden, 1882-85. ■They are there huddh'd np, and then they are IJ. w Ellioli, in .seiMialnl, ahoiil liftv at a thiie— eoralled as it Wen and H. If . -l-ldi Cong., ■ , , , ■ 1 ■ . !■ ,1 1^' *~es> . Itoiinrt the Siiperiuleiident oi that |tlie sep.iraliii,-| i-^ fm ..I iln x„ y^a. p. :!o. niiplou s of the Coiiipaii.'i. " Our of the wittiesse- (|Uoteil ill the Case of the United Stiiles, Mr. If. N. t'hirk, ;^-ives tlie foUou- inu' evidetiee, from whieh 11 eleavly appears that \u; as a Comiiaiiy's odieer, \\;ts personally in idiarne of the sealing' ;>iid natives eondttetniL;- it ;— ■ fVelii 18.S4 to IS.S'.I. iialusive, I was in the employ el [^;,||„,,| j^,,,^,^. the .\laska fonmieivial Coiiipanv I'l' San l-"raiiei>eo, nii Case, p 14S; , , , , .■ .Apiiciiitis. vol II. .^t.Ceoree Island. Alaska, en,i,M^!ed ihroii.Ji each sealin;_ |,|, ' ,;,j| |;,3 M'a>oii as lioss of a \iiMii of seal-hunters, and in the wintei (■\rep'uim tliat ol IS.SC, and ISS" as learher ami store- keeper on the i.shind. Aly work as the leader of the .sealiiiL; eaii.u ,i.'"vc me as perfeet opportunity as c^ould he laid lur stiidyinji llie haliits and pei.niiiaritics of the seal :ind deteriiiiniii;4 the hest maimer of earin.u' for them." Mr, Clark, ISSl-S'.i. .Mf. :Maeoun, also, repoits that ail work eoii- jieeled with the choice of haulius-Si'ounils from The ColiipaiiVs ayeiils e.\erciM d .-iliii- l.ir eoiili'ol of killiii;; in 1S',)i', i'S7 A|.i.,'n,lix. vol. i, wliic'li seals sliinild li.- di'ivcii, tin- drivliii;' ol' tlio '' '■'•-■ seals til tlu; killiiii,'-i,"niHii(l, and the select ion llirrc I))' flKise that were to he killed, wis done hy tlie a-jents of the Company, or the nati\i's a<'tin,u' under their insi ructions, diirin'j' the season of T->'.l:i, ulien he \v;!s on the j>laruls. I .-iiiii- [lloj ■i li 288 ciiArrivR XVI. Maii(i(j'':iii'iil of Ihf Piiliylotf Ishtiuls In/ Ru.ysia und hii Ihf I'niUul ,S/«/m— (foutiiuiod). Iiui(lii/tt/irii of Pi-Qlvcllun : Raids. Tin: rNniii) SiATKs' CoN-ir.xrioNs. (1.") Uiiitc.l Stall's' Casf, \t. 171 — •• Raids lip ai tlu' lOiiUi'i-ifs, 111- till' unlinvl'iil Killiiv^ nl' sciils III! till' i.-binils liy uiiimtliorizi'ii p.rsoii-, tlimiu'li injurious til M';il lili', Iiavi- playi'il ii'i iiiipiii'laut part in tlio liistni'V •if Ihr r.iiikorii's.anii"thi' tiw tliimsmiil skins thus M'oureil nevei' aH'oeti'il tli.' iinnilii'r ul tliu soal lii.'iil to any extent. " CJ.) I'liiteil Stales' f'ase, pp. 174, 175 — ••Tlio Maid theory." tlierelore, may be dismissed as un- wortliv .... of seriims eonsideiatinn It' otlier raids had taken plaee besides iliese, the I'aet wimld have eer'.iiinlv been known on the islands. ' {■2.) Unitid Si.ttes' Case, p. l"!) — "A I'unlu'r evidence of the inlreiiiieney of Mieh maraudini; is !''nther slmwii by th:' aHidavit iif Mr. Max Heilhronner, Seeretary ol' the Alaska Ci.minertial Ciiaiiiany. as enm- piled I'ni'll: the reuorils i.f said ciiin|ia»y. and tiie state- iner.t eompiled by the Tnasuiy IJeiiarlnieiit from tlie reiiorts iit tl-.eir ajenls ibuinir .Vinerieaii uceiipation, tlii-ie b. inn bat sixteen .saeli inva>iiiiis r'.'pia'ted. If other raids had taken ]ilaee besides these. tb'J Taet would have eerlainly biive been seen on the brredinu-ttroands in the shape ol' dead eareasses of imp-: anil other seals.'' All l',:ll'l; iim SrMM.vRv ur ISuirisii Hiiri.Y. The proteeiiou of the I'ribvlofl Islands n<,'ainst tlie i.perati.-ns ol "raiders,'' nnlawVully killing seals upon the islands, lias been inadeqeate, if not v.hoUy ineft'ieieiit : and the eonsi ipient liaiiiiiKe to .seal lile upon these islands lias been very great. The licporls of Ajjenls. whether these of the fiovcrniiient or tile Coinpanv leasiii;; til ■' is'anils. are praetieally uiiani- iiious to' this ell'ect. Tboii;;h \e.ssels were Kr.invu, at h'ast as early as le7;). to he i Hi^ai-ed in raids, no Government •vessel was sent to pro;eet llie i-lnmls Irom raids till 1877; and. thereafter, as lately as IHHS. il is shown that, n siiijile vessel was ehariied with the whole jiatrol liutv in Uehrins Sea, and thai this ve-scl spent luiist I.f ih'e time hundreds of miles to ti.e iinrlii ol the I'rilnh'll' Islands, loi.kint; after the whaling int'.rests. Tlie Prihvh.ir Islands have tbruiijrhoat been uturly defenii'less-, and Caiilain Abbey. I'.S.li.M.. nporled in IHSli that twenty n.en iiii:;hl larry away the whole ea!"h of seal- skins froai the island-, ami similar evidinee exists ol'the inadtiinitle jn'oteetion '.f tiie rookeries up to liie y.ar 1892. Th-' defii live knowled^ie as to ihe number and eharnetrr of BU'.'h " raids "' po-s ssed by liie Company !e.is:i.- lie islands aud by tl..' iiovirnnieiit of tiie L'niled States, iu itself all'oriis pr of of the insallieieiiey ol proteelion. DilHe (bi fur L'SO All initlioritic's concur in clKivac- liM'i/.illl,' ]irnti'Cti')ll ,,\ I'liliylnir |iLirnls as imniiii'iil. Kirly iiHiaiici'.s dl' .suoccssl'nl iMiilin;; iimliT l.'iiilcil Suites' niiiiitii^rmciu. ITiilttd Stutcs Caso, p. 1?;! el srq. Uilliniliy in illlllll■i|l^ Tiiiliil M.ilr-^' ( I'lviTniiii'iii I.I siMul rr\i'inu'-cu:iii' I'm- jirMicciiuii. Til (ImCMsi-of tlurtJiiilfd Sl.itns, it isattcniplcd to iiiiiiiiTii/c tile IVc(|ui'ci,-y of nids willi liicir .■lttrii(!;illL (•(iiis.(jU('iic('s (111 tlif I'ribvloli' Islli'hls. Sttilriiiciits arc I'lirf licr i|iiiilcil in siippmi of (lie assertions (iiat raidint;- inii-l, iu' so liiHiciilt, and llio cliimci.'s of dctccliou so luaiiy, ihal i; is lU'ccssarily vury seldom jiractiscd. 'J'lie iMjulciition (liiis advanciil forms part of a l^ciicral di>f(>iR'(' of (Ik; nicliiods cnijjloynl on the i'rihyloir Islands, uliicli is made (lif |ii'cli:uii!ary to till' assertion (liat, the killiiii.; of s(-als at sea is the sole eaiisi; of the decrease in miinliers observed on the islands. ll re(jiiires, ho\v<'V(;r, only n reference to the various oflieial Jfejiorts of tliu United Slates' Govenimeui lo find, that however divr-.c tlio opinions ex[)ressed liy those wiio liave held oilieial jiositioiis on the rrihyloii' Islands, whether under ilie Government or under the Company, they are almost completely in aceord iu statini; iliai the measures lakeii io prolecl ilie islands have been insnflleient from tirst to \\u{. Iu a larg(! l)roportiou of tliese iJeporls, and in evich-nee i^iveii at various times, this insiiii'ieieney of proiei'tiou has in faet lieiMi a chief subject of complaint. I'o sulislantiate this statement a few j)articiilars will b:' ijiven, and soim; speeitic eomplaint-s from nmoiiu- many cited. The e.Kcessive slaui,'hter of st'.ds on i,lie I'ribylolF Islands by men who were viilu.-iUy r.aiders in ISOS is elsewhere alluded to. .Vumerous vessels are known to have eiiLja'^ed iu raiding' tlu'si! ishuids as early as ISTIi, some years after tin; dale al wliieh, aeeording lo \\\r i.'nitcil ,*!tates' ('a>e, etlleient possession and control of Ihi? islands had heeome assured. ilr. II. W. Klliott may In." quoted as aulhoritv on fliis ))oint, and to estahlish the t'aet that not uiiti! ^'^l~l, and (bi'ii only as the result of ln's own persistenl endeavours to thai cud dui'liiLj four years, was a ri'vcnue-(nitter detailed for I be |iurposi' of i^'iving a eeriain measure of protee- ti.m to the rookeries as against these raiders. ]M'r. I'^liolt's stall nieiits are cuntaiie.'d in his ollicial Report, j)ni)lished by the < iovi'rnmeiit, and are as follows: — I.'iiiti'i! .'•'i.-ito' Census lit'port, ii|). 1117, u;s. •• K.nly in 1873 iL liwaiiie well kiinwii cim tliu I'acilio I'lViat. tliiit llu) ollic.'crs of llio law nii the -cal i^laiiils ImiI no nie.ins of Piifmriu;.,' the lii'^ulalinMS [irofcciin^' ilie seal life on tl»! same or in wiilers ailjaeeiit ; licnce, ii iiunilier of mnall d'atl, lilted out ill San Friincisco atid eonti.'iioiis 2U0 poll . whi.li clciiiva fm llir \.. nil-west cua>l ;iu.l t!ic Alciiimii lsliiii(l-i (Ml • ti-^liiii;^ vi'iiliin;i ;' l>ut, in ivalily, tlicsi' vcssi'Is pviK-'cfclcil ilircclly Id llic water-; ami rm-k^ iuljai>iit t'l tlie M'lil islamls, \vlier." yiv. ^y. B. Tnylnr, Assistniit dovornmcnt AiriMit on the rriliylolV Islands in 18sl, says :— No such prniectioii till ltS7 Aue'ii W. 11. Tayhir oil jiowiilessness to iirotect in 18S1. •■ These ves,sels will take oecasimi to haii.i^ around the II. R., 50tl Coup , .... ,1 2nJ Sps?., Hrpert islands, anil when there is a ■ heavy toy to f^o on tin- >^-„ 3x^,3. rookeries very often The Governnient Ai^ents ,,;, n4-53 there are utterly powerless to jirevent the killing; of seal, or ti' protect them in any way." And, fitrlhcr, in siicakin'j,' ol' tlio single rcvonuo- oiilt"!', .'.nys : — •• They never happen to he there when needed, ami as far .,- their rendering,' any service whafi'Ver is coneerneil, Ihev were |iraetically useless so far as the Seal Islands ueie .oiieiMiied. That lias been lie- experience, I helieve, of all who liaVe been there." 'I'lic saiiic o'ontlciiKin riirilicr says : — Ml, '■ .\ man that was desperate eiioUL;h to take chances, and 11):, f, ;i. i}A. knew the situation, I dn not think it would he at all a dillieuk joh to load a schooner. If I wanted to make an outlaw of niy.self I could take all the .skins I wanted, and not liave any trouhle at all." Mr. {.(litis KiniiiK-l, Assistant 'i'lrasury Atienl v)u St. (Icuru'c Island I'font :May 18S2 to Aiii,'iist ISS:;, after dcscriliiiii,' a raid, say.s : — " It [seal Hie] ouulit til he more protected l,:i.iiiijlaiM,« (if mills ill ]S82-Sr,. I>I>. 2C-28. Jlr. Jr. A. Oliildcn, ndvcrmii'iit Aircii! in „ , , , „ clinv^p (if llic I'rilivldIV Islands Irom 1.^82 to H. U., .lOlli Con;.'., ^ , . . iJnd Hess,, Heport l^^.i, n\ uuiMi; I'vidi'lU'c ln'rnn- tlic Coll^'l•('ssioll;ll No. ,SH8d. Ciiinniilt.'c i.u (lir T'lii-.sril rislici-ics (.r Alaskn. statrs (liat lor( he made he reeoinniended that this shi'idd he done. Atii'iit Wiiriliiiiin ])(i\vcilo-'s in I.SS^. ^Ir. "W'iudnian, Assistant (lovei'innenl A<,'eiif, A'jcnt l.'v.iii (.11 iiK^tlicii'iil jirntcclidii ill 1S87. Mi.T, Mnitjau, ii>,'(i]t III' till' C'iiiii]iaiiv. iss8. lbi(i., p. C4 IWil, pp. 3-), ;io, on St. fleoru-e, inlSs;) uasalisolntelv " ilhoiit aiiv 3H,:i\ ideni'c oT the inollieiency of the |)roleclion, and the Tact that the reNcmie-eutlcr was (d'ten a«ay IVoni the islands at the very time she w;i-- i'ei|iiired there. ^rr. T. 1', Ityan, .Assistant, (iovernmiMit Au'ent on St. Goori^e island from l.'^s.") fo ISsy, state-; lbi,l„pp, I'll, 212 ^, ,,, , , , ,. , , . . that ho had a i,M'enr deal el troiihle in ])roiectinu' the rookeries I'rom ]iarti(Ns IriiidinLr on them. IFe (,'onijilains of the inefiiciency id' the service of protection hy the i'e\-eMUe-enlters, lint lielieves that one vessid properly managed wonld serve to l)rot(;et the islands. ^Tr. T. J'\ Jlorgan, an ai:ent of the Alaska Comnu rcial ('(iinpany.with liinn-expcrieiiee of the J'rihylolV fslands, in giving evidence heforo tlu; Coniniittec of Compress in ]8P8, sjicaks of '-aids upon the I'ookcries in several seasons, and states that hy takini; advantauc of circumstances it would not he difficult to load a scliomu'r Avith. slciiis there. .Ml. (r A A\illiaiiis. iii.iu.i-ci i.f th- ( 'iiiiijiaiiy, tSS.s. I'liiil.. p lOi" A.yiiit C. i!. Tiiiule- 188.j-.St), ll)i(J , p lS-1 ilr. G. A. AViUianis, one of the manau'crs of the Alaska Conimci'cial ('iim]iaiiy, .also, in 18S8, stales that the jin^tection accorded to the Prihyloff Islands was insullieient : ihai there liad hcen incre:is(-d depredations annually upon the rookeries; and that tlie revenue-cutter was frequently ahscnt durini: the greater part of tlu^ sealing season. r\lr. (J. !!. 'i'ieu'le, (iovernnient Agent on the FrihylolV Islands from l^-Tj to 18S'J, l;eforu the C'oniinittee of Congress, in JS88. said: — " Wlii'ii ! IimjU (.'luiiu'u ol' llki i.^lamls lliuy w.-r.! jiv.icti- ..'ully willioiit I'rulectioii. Tliu (.iovernuit'iit liml uiie cutter [110] 1. F •2'.)-2 l„ , i-ui/,.' ill llciinu Si-.i mill tin- Anlii; n.ruii. Slic lilrr.lv c.iIImI al tlir 1'ur-s.ml islaiiils, Imik a lunli at IW, (lui/.,! inlllul IH illnl UllMl Wl.Ml •HI Up I" tin' Anlil^, iviii liiiiii- Uiuro nil Miiiilmir miil llit ii I'liiiii! iIdwu in llii- lall, •;illiii'4 al tlii^ >i-.i\ i^lallil.-', tdciU ■nii.ll.fi' I'.iik al u.i aial lliri- Ii'l'l I'ur San l'i.im!i-ii''i.'' raiihiiii riuirli's A. Ahlx'y wii:;, in lf*Pr., in (•(iiiini.uul of ilir Uniti'il Sluice' ivVi-mic-ciiftLT "C.invin." Ill' Avas cii^a-cil tlial year in pro- ti'diii'^' Uir stTil niokerics, and siiys: — ■ ThrrcMs iiu iva.snii why iIk; ciilrli al liio -I'lil i.slaials jj, ](., .-iOU, (•oll^^, .-annul !..■ .-luliM, anv, ,hiy if auyl.o.ly i. ,lis,,.-..l t-. I •^';' 'a;:*^,' '';;''?f' lu'licve t roul.l lake u vossc'l wilh Uviity good ur-u iiiid g^,,^ !^o thure ami stuiil tliu wliolu catch iiml K" »W"y ^iUi il. There is iiior.i llaui ii inillimi clolliirs' wuith uf .seal-skins al tlie mercy nf any maraiuh'i-, and h.is heeii for years." In a i>apcr rc:ul lii'fori' tlic J5i()li)i,'ical Socioty in Washington, :Mi'. W. rnhucr, as the result of his invest i-af inns in 1W>() on tho Trihylolf Islaniis, speaks as lollows reuianlini,' the in- ellieieney id' the proteetion aeciirdetl to these Islands :— •Sealers have im .Imilil .ilinnl tlio (ale tlial would he " Fovcst^ami tlieir h.l if eaii-hl p.iaehiii- on the Cuiiniiaiider Islandsor y^.(^""'|. .,,,_ jgg, willdu :t mile.- ef iheir shuivs, and aeenr.liii;4K have j;iveii tlieiii a wide heilh. but iheV have heivtelnie don, as they pleased ahoul ihe I'rihyloir Islands, aii.l even 0,1 tho rookerie.s. In :he alpseiee of the leveiiue-eutteis thfi islands are uileily defenceles,. and liahle al anytime to lie raided." Caiilain Ahhey on iiiefllcieiit iirott.'elion, Mr. \V. r.ilnier ISdU. Tn tin olHeial lleport, dtifcd the 2lth Oetoher, 1800, and written IViim St. (.ieiii-i,'c Island, Assistant A-ent A. \V. I.avender writes ;is follows vespectini,' the inadeiinate means ;iv;iilahlo for protectiiii? tiie rookeries: — ■ 1 have ai.;ain to i,;que--t >oii to do your hesl to r.!.tai;i Hrhisli Case, arm. and anmmnilion h,r tlie-e islands, and hope tha. v,,u Ap,,,.,,,li^, «1 ^ ih. will he able lo seiaire lliein, lor wilh<.iit them ihe keiies \u,o(isu|),- ,,.50. cannol he prolceted in a pro|ier manner. The old rilUs United St.-iics' ,. ., 1 .; 1 I ,, , Senate, 51st Conir., that answered h,r the |.rnteclmn ot the io,,keiies l.rlon,' o,„i Si.j«., Ex. to ilie iiati\e.-, and .lie of liiil little use. In addition to Doe. 4'.', p. 3a. Ihe fivu l-illes owned hy the natives the Cempaiiy has hjimd small Colt's rillcs iind uno lar-c .Sharp's, v.illi \ery little ammunition for any id' them." A'-ieiil. A. W. l,avcnd.'r in ISOO. After qnotintJ,- nmeii evidence respeetinu' raids, the liritish rontinissioners write : — ■' ll will thus lie sreil that raidiiii; en the rrihyloli' Hritish (',mimi»- Islands has heen earrie.l on ,.ersistenlly at least Miieo "Ve*)'!"?^) IStiS, and that from that date the authorities have known jleniaiks on inadiMniate protection by liiiti--h l.'oiiimi.s.sioner.s. ■J'M 111' ilii' i:iiiN,iiiii| irfiiii lln' •'.nlii ~l liiii'' urji \d\\ ili-n . .nlnl |l|iMillllillllS ill |'|c-M'llli"ll Ill -llMlI, milliT ) )i 'Ullt W'^iiliiliiilis iMi>l iiinMi;jr;iii'iit^, llic-|-f is ii" clitliriiliy or iliiiiL'i'r wliMii'Vi r 111 vi'ssi-l-i riiiiUMii iilnii;^ Amiv iiiiv i.iulit, nr ill ;iliy III' llii- rii-i|iii'iil I'li;^^ M M;\i:\»\ ul' llli' I'i'st rmikc rii's, I'M'i'pl wInMi ii ii'Vi'inii'-i-riii/fi- i Ihum i-- ii lii,' ftci'i' liy, nil iiifiiisiniril imiiiucih'I' well kiiowii tn ivciy llliir.lMiiill" ■■■■liMiiMIM'." IiriiMi r iimiiis- sioni'is' Ui'port, para. 703, 'I'hi' I'li'Ili-li ('()iiniii'.--iiiiirr< aild : — II iriiy Iir ) mJIiIimI iillt ||i;ll ill no i ,l-r Vi.l llll.) i! I'lOII hIi.iv.ii i.r I'luvc tliut ;iiiy I'.rili^li vi'-.scl ■ vi.-r iMiiiiii:. '1 in niiiliiii; III! ill'.' rrilivlnll' Nl.iiiils." • li'c.ii injury iMiisnl liy iiiiii-^. lliid. [lara. 7(i2. Si'c also Unilcil States" Cise, A|i|H'nili.\, rui. ii, II. -.'I-. 'I'licy l';irl!:r'r mUiiiI" lo llic vufv iiijiirions re- sults oi' i-iiidiiii:, wriliiiu:; — ■ li i> 1p>' (m till' iiii'st ili'siriiiiivf fciiiii ipf :-Miliii'_', i-mu- Ijiiiin;; nil till' ili-;iilviiiit,ix<'>' "'ul "'Hi'' "I' llii> :iilvinit:igea 111' ilie ollicf I'liiui''. 'I'lic Killiii;^ i^- iliiully of l.ivi-.liii}? reliiMli's, iis IJii- niiiifi'^ raiiiiiil |i»iivli;'li' I'iir i-iniii^li inland tfi iilitiiiii llio yiiuiij} kiilic'liirs nr iiniiKiUne I'etniilc seals. TlllH, till! .■.Ivill-i tlli'V (illl.lill lll'i! lIliKf I'l' fulll.lle^, ullirll MIC. I'illu'f -;ill willi |iU|K ■n- av«! ^uuKliii'^ ihi'ir viiiiiiu'. .M.ilv- iivii-, llii' |i:i. '-S inil'liii ili^l.niliiiiii.i' ul' tlif lui'i'iliil,:; Viiiikclir^. till' ■!-..lill'^ I'f ihi' f.r:i\: illlling lilrir liriM..!il|ir tiiiii', liiulo, i'n.i.ilr. mIhI ymiii;.'. iinil llic ^tainiiLHliii^ nf wli.'li' icinlii-iii'.-. .vlii'ivl.y, ivilliiiiil iloulil, Uieic ■■ii.i'.lr.s ;!i:n ■jival Itilliiiu' "f lii!l]il(!-- liii|ji wlii.li v.l' lia\f alrcaily 1' '.nitc-il Ul- i.li-i 1 veil ill ci'iMiii riii'kcriKs." Absciier 111' ]iiii|ii'r |irecaulioiis in IS!):;. ApjiLMniix, vol. i, p|i. lo;i, l.J4, 0(1. 'I'liiil (111' |)"i;lt.'('lion IV.iiu raiils liiis r.iii liii'ii inatr.ially ini|in)\ cd (!ven in ]>'.)2 is sliov. u liy !!i(' lacl iiii'utli.'iu'd liy 'Sh. ^Macouii, tiiat then; \M'i'." Ill) L;iKirds ^t:itiniii"d a(, vonkcrii's ou St. Taiil f>iaii(l ('\cr|)l al: .Xiirtli-ca'^l Puint, .•iiid thai al'ti'i- Ilii- iiiiddli' oi' .\i!H'nst till' li'li'phoiu' liiu! coiini'i't- iiiu' this "iilai'c \^■ilh fln' viilai;i! was (■Diiiiiiumi'-ly out 111' (II dor. 'L'lic iiitly moki'i'v on St. (i'-ori;!! [-.land on wliicli tlici'i- was a n'liard was Zapadiiio, .■i;id ihcii' till' ;,iiard consisted of an .Vii'ut iiiau and ;i Imv. I'uii li-.ts 111' liiiiU in I'nilril .'Si.iii's' (.'.i-'i- ilii nut riinL.s]iiinil, ami Imili all' iiii iiiniilcti', t'uiti'il States' Linn liy ■flic stalisiics i'nnilslicd in llic C.isc oi' (lu> (Tr.itcd Slates on this subject coiinivisi' lists coiiiiiiled ky the I'liif mI Slates' 'I'l-easiiry Depart- nieiit and 'ly Mr. .Icillironncr. Secretary oC the Ala>ka ('oniaieieKil Cienpaiiy. 1 1 so liappons, C':i«r, Appi'iiiiix, liiiwever, that tlics;' lists in ilieni.setves alTord an vol. I, ;i. ,j1',i ; ai)il Appiiulix, uil. ii, I'Vi'i'lli'iit index oi' the e.\ec''(Iinnly iinjierri'ct '"'"'' kiiowleilg'c (•!' hotli the (invrriiineiit :iii,l the Company as to the aeiua! freipi.-'iicy oi" raids upon the islands. The Tre.isnry i)(.'pai!iiient list I'ec'irds elin'en raids only, li'.'tw ci'l IST ! an I 904 ]s«-:», liiitli yKW- iiiclii^ivi' ; M-liilo (lu! Com. ]!!iii..'s list, ^liDW- III) iMoiv t!i;m siv rniils in tlio Mini'' licrinil, Mliil iiiir m' llicsi' i-^ 11)1 (>ullllH'i;il(.'(l in I'll' 'iVcn.iiry ii>t. 'I'lic Ijsl nl' drli'i'lcd raids liiTc sidijoiiii'il n1i()\\> ill)'!)!! tliirly in tli!- saiiu' y('-r:<, of wliicli lil'li'i-ii in'i' r.'i'onlrd ii: varimiH (iIIm ';il n. ports Id til.' VvMr.\ .Stall's' liiivi'l'll- IIKVlt. 'I'Im' I'.ill.iwi'r^' li-i, litiu.'vcr, liii-n'ly includes km/viii raids -inc.' 1^7 1 : — I,i-l i.f ;if liiiilly rrouidi'd liiids fruiu Is74t.. ISIH. |;Vt.--l;:iMl nl' "Cy.;!!.'!." I. II ntl.T l-!..iid, :UitK ' Auj,u-.t, IsTI — (Will. .1. M. lii'iMr, II. l.'.Kx. 1).»'. X.i.s;!, 4 itli I' ;r.:-i, 1pi S!--iiiii. ji. 1:;'.'.) IM.I (if ' rv^nil ' l.II Sl.drnr-.' Isl.unl, IM S.|.l. hllnT. is7.1 _;\V,n. ,1. M.luUiv, II. I;,. I'.v. I).i.'. N'... s.".. t llli ( 'ijii:.'ri>-s, 1.-if^'(i " laidrd nil.r Islnu-l in l'-;7";iiul tiM.li l.iidO skiim.— (riiiti'd StiiU's' Ciisi', vcl. i, ).. ."I'.i.; "I'vjTiiel" r.iiii'd S[. (I,., ,!■..;(. MmimI, 1 ST.".— (I!"l'"it nf l;rlt:.-li ('uiiimi.-r-i.iirrs.) l,-;;!',.— ■' Cv^jiir! " and " drriiii Siii;)y" laidi'd (Htcr l.^^l.r.l -Mm .Iiii:.\ l-syr.. -- (l:.],..!! of llrili-li I' - Illis-ii'lllT.'i.) ]s77. — 111 |s77 (Ii|. " Iiidiisliy " i- n-dndi'd lu liiive tiillrlM.(I nl .Sl. (Ii-rilyi' t.dulld ji.r llir |.m|i.,yc (.r liilcili^' .■^|.|l^. (l;c).Hrl iiiiiiu Alu--k.i mill il"^ jkmjiIiv I'mik-y, 1.. i::) ].';t K'lik'Vx. .'-^1. (lioiL'i' Idaiul, rai.l'd lXSii.--(\V|.l,s|,.i- in Ki'i.dit (iT Uiiti-h ('unn!ii.iniiiian.l(-l and aiintliev ani'limril nil' St. I'aul Islaiin ■' '''• rrnin .liiiii' iinlil SopU'lidiiT, iiinninL; in aii'l raidiiii;' tlu' riinlo'vii^ wlii'iu'vcr till! wi'atliiT ] I" niitl..Ml. Tln'si- vi'^^i'U wi-iv prulialily ll, (>-..• r.'i'i'inMl t.) Iiy (,'a]itaiii Min.-r vln-n 111' M\;; " I liavc' I'rL'.iUi;'!!! ly Iwaiil oi'vaiils lii'ini,' liiaili' mi li.id , p 7:!. Ihi' I'iiliylulV lslallll^^. 111 1881 ov IWSli two si.'lioiiiii'i-.i 205 niii'liiiii" 1 lu ill" 111 llllW^ 1-.! ..|- SI 1 ■mil I' .1' II. irly Ili.> ttlr.lr IHtllrl. Til y \v.' .. Ilir iiii,. ■" 1. I'l ■•.\!. \aii. l.i,' Vi"iS.;l-; ■ «llr.| liV 1, ,.l...s .11.1 r, .. T 1.' I ■'1 t'liii^ ..r 1 li.'ll' Vr*".'!- t 'h\ Ml- S.p ll .•111".' U'S. |M,s;i,- — Srli.Killrr li.MI'i ...1 .iir St. ClM tv • Ul lllll lliu lOtli (ii l.llu.l-. ISSII •MU) -ikiii-i Wllv ..|i ... Ihl.- (i;,. iVLiU ^Vu^lul. .... II, l;. 1, '|ii.|l N... ." ■.'^.'1 .-.nil 1 ( '..Illil .■"I, :.'ii iumI while ll lew w .TM . i.-.hMri'.- -((II i.l.li II [l.ss L'-l- •■'M. 11. i; :.|,..,, N„. ,"„':■■!:' , :.m!i Cull _ty,.^ -'ll.l S,s igli, 1'. -X-) ISSI.- -■■ A.I.I.'" sci/u 1 ill l-isi W !.■ 1 i;i .liii'. ll riHiki'T,-. — ( rnii.'il Slain' ( 'llMl', \ nl. li, ].. .■ 10,1 I!:,i.l . .11 /, i|i.nllli.j l;....l; ■IT. S, dr., ,,„ M aii.l. ll.. nth (Icli.'.t !■, |S.S4.--(.\pl..'li.li,\ t.. I'll.,. ,,r Criil..,! Stitrs Vol. ii, p. 2',i.) lH.t(.-,._li, |,-:s.-,, \V,.|i,,tiT I'.iilli.l tliiit iiirii hi.l .Miulu.l u-Im.iv .it Si. (;,... r^,. l-i, 111. I. ..-(!;, 'jinrL .,r r,iiti.,|i l;.liiiinr St'.i < '..iiiiiii ■^i..ii.'i,-, ]i,ir.ii;ra].h T'.l.'i •Inn.' JH-i,",. .",11.1 „al-, \v,r.. killuil Il.Tihv vi.-.sil .li't.'.-li.'.l. — (.\|.]>.'ii.lix !■• (■,!(!. Island If^.'^li. — (Till;.;!... ii! il. l;. l.'.jport No. :i!-:,S:!, ."Olh Cuivl-R's.-^, llnd Sr.=si;,ii, p. 1 7 i.l 111 IS.-^iI. .M..r.;aii t'liin.l iMrca8,S0.? of .SOO I'.'inal.; seal ; on shore. — (l,'ep,i:l .,!' Hiiiisli I '..laiiiis-injiei-.-., parajj-ajih 7C>2.) Itai.l on St, (.lenn;.' l.sland. .^tli Auyusl, IS.-^l.i. — (.\],peu- dix to f'ase of the fiiitc'.l Stales, v.il. i, p. 519.) [llu] 4 G '.m " Siiii Dii'jjo" (Miitured in lS8('i with ."71 skins on !;iiarii, ,1, IV, 'II 113 cliiljs. iniji skin'-, &(■., iirnviiiL; raiil.— (Tingle; in H. li. Kcpiii -No. ;!SS:;, TiClli L'un.nrcs.), L'i.mI Si\ssion, I.. 17.-..) '■ l.jok-l.tnl " iMidi;J Soul Islands in ISSO ami 1H87. — (Ui'jvirt of livilish Coiiiinisssioiirr?, ]piirii;_'raiili 7"'-.) IJiiiil ill aiitunni hT ISSti (ir lS,s7 [not tlic oni> noted alioVf].--(.MMri;iiii in II. 1!. llv[nn[ Xo. i'.^.s:;, .'.inh ('ou- UH'«v. l^iid S, ■^siuii. \i. '.10.) I.~^s7. — Fii 1:-!S7, Piliouniir was .seen .shootini; P,:!l',) .s^teiun-srhnnin;!' shot at I'riini Xortli-oasl roiiii, Ith An;4nst, |.'<.s7. Seized ly " Kusli," and jiroveil to be '■ Kate and Anna." — (lleport of Urilisli (.'oinini.s.siuner.?, p.ir.iui'apli 7."i.'!.) Siany Arterl Itonkcry, Si. Cleorgc Isliiiid, raided in Aii.'iist 18S7, Sions I'onnd liy Widistur. — flieport of I'liilish I'oiiiiiii.-sionor.s, para^;rapli 7."i.).) Itaid on IJeef Kookeri.'S, St. I'aiil Island, 1,'^S7. -l.oOO seals taken. — (Tinj^le in JI. K. lo-porl Xo. .'!Ss:k ."lOtii (Jon- i/iess, l;iid Session, p. llIC.) In IS.'^7, Welister heard hoat.s .shoolinj,' close to shore.. — (ru])orl of liritish (,'ommi.s.sioners, paragraph 76o.) "Anfzel Dolly" raided SI. (ieorge l.-land in July 1887. — (Appeiidi.x to Case uf tho I'nitKl Slates, vol. i, p, ."illt.) ISSS. — In 1.^8,-.!. .^rlinon.er aiiehored at South-west Hay and sent hoats a>liore. — ^Iteporl ol lirilisli < 'oininissioners, liara:.'r.ipli 7."4. I 'nited Slates' ( 'ase, vol. i. p. ."I'll.) 18811.— In 18s9 111,. •■ .\n;,»,d I-'olly," ■ .Mli,. Aloar," and olhi'i' vessels riiidi'd St. Il,.,iri;e. — (Iteporl of liritish Coni- niissioners, paragraph 7.",."i.) Kaiil ou Si. fleniL;,' I-lan,l in Septi.|iil„ ■■ 1880.— ■ (.\ppeii,li\ 1,1 Ca-e .it ill,' riiiti'd Slates, vol. i, p. .'■211, .111,1 Vol. ii. jl. -'.I.) The " Kilward Widister" raid on St. (Ii'or.j,' Islan,! in .\||ii,.,'s miili'iico 188'.1. -The eaptai,. told me of this hiniself." A|iii('iiiii.v, vul. ii, p, 7:.'. 18111). — Vessel n'p,'il,',l killinu seals n,'ar s|i,,r,' in .\iij.'ii,^l, I81II1. — (l;,pnn ,ir r,iilisli ('oinniis-i.ineis. parn'^raph 7."'ii. Iliile,! Slate-' I'aS,'. vol i. p. .".L'd.} S,.]it,iiili,.r l."i. 188i\— Si\l ts' iTi'Ws landeil at /apa,!- ni,', 1111,1 kill, , I all, ml l.-sK seals. — { .\p]M'iiili.\ to ( 'asi' of llie, rni',,',1 Sl.it,.... v,,l. i. p. ."'liO) \,.v.iiili,r IMIHi. "-•■ .\,l..l,'' rai,le,| -I'liI r,„,k,'ri,'s.— (App.ielix 1,1 I a^,' ol' Ih,' rnilcrl States, vol. i, p. .'iL'il.j 297 Minor''- I'vidpiitc, Appt'iiilis, vol. ii, p. 73. .ippcmlix, pp. 183, 1S5. Ill 1>*'.)0 in S.'pteiubiT l\w ' C. Ii. Wliiio" umh' .i r.ii.l "11 !!:>■ i>liii)il.s, riiid I'nJiii wliiit I v.a> '.■■M Ijv lli" iiirii mi Imar.l of luT iiMihiiiL; was kii.iwn ni il mi tin' i^himh.* Sovrral mills ur iiUi'miiliil laiiis in Si. (l.'ni.;,- in l.s'JO. — (IJopurl 1)1' r.rilisli < ''i;iiiiii,..ii)iims. p. 7'7.) ■' i ■linllcii^i'" raidfd inuki-iv nii SI. GrMi;;c' l-huui ITlli Xi'.i'mluT, IS'.il. — lAi'iiiMidix to Oisn' ul' ilii' l'iii;i'd Slat,'.-, V(j1. i, ]i. .-,20.) ■' ii'ivali-- ■' laidi'd runkciii-s ■■u .^i. i'.aii ^7\'i XdVondu'i', l^'^'.'l, ami rvidriiii' is l'iiiili<'midii'_' !r"in iiicii v,1im Umk- jiiii't in lliL- raids In sIkiw ilial at tin.' .iinr a iiitlrr wii.i anclinrod al tlic villa;.;c ii'-r liuiil^ in .siuht. Tin! raid wa-i mad.' lijiuii Soiilli-wcil i!ay. — (.Vlij'riidi.-v i' I 'u.i.' i I' iljij riiiliil .-lat.'^, vol. i, jp. ."il'n.) N'malwr '•( iindrb'cli'il raid- laiimil lie rsliiiiatcd. (Jiinni'ctiiin ni II. I.iidics and Cd., witli raids and wiili Xnrlh .liiipricaii I '••iiiinrn ial i 'mci|iaiiy. ll i.s liMi'il In I'linii ail csliuiali' id' liu- uu'iilii'i' of iiiKlctceti'd raids; but the I'lict^ ]irovii)iisly H'ivcii with these now iiU'iitimii'il iiiilicatc vhat it luilsl iiavo been vriy ;,'ri'at. It is I'lU'lJirr i!()t(.'\\()rt!iy tliat 1lu' linii of 11. Linhos and Co., oi' San I'l'aiR'isco, of wliioli -Mr. Isaac IJohcs, ilu- ]ir"S('nl {'ri'vidcnl ol' tho Xorth Anii'rican Commercial Company, is a nicmhor, have owned two vessels, llu,' ''Otter" and the " Ale.xaiuler,'' i.vliieh are widl known to have persislently rai(h'd llie rookerie's on botli tiie I'l'ilivhiir and Commandor islands. * As III raids uf •' Ceorgi' Ii. WlilU'," "D;inirl Webster,'' •' Miillie Aclaiiis," ".Allele,'' niiil '■ I.dok-Oiil," see affidavits uf (V.). Kelly, |i. li'.J; Will. l'iti;,|i. 171 ; W K. ll.iker, p. 1?4; (', N. Col, |i 177; 'X'liio. -Migm f-eii. p. 170, in llrilkih ("use, .■\pp.'iiili.\, Viil. ii'. ■' riiilL'il St;itei No. J (Ifiili;." 208 At ClIAl'Ti; xv Majiiii;cvii::l of the PrU-iilntJ l.-lmuls iij tlnsfhi and Ini the U III fed Sliitcfi ^(cnntimu'd). Cnii'lllion i:f the yiilircf Tin: I'siiKH Si..n>' ('i'NTKNtion>. (1.' I'lLiU'd H!..t<-.' Ciisi, pp. 1 10. 1 II — "Tlc' impii vi'im-iit ir tl^'- (.ii'i.tjMi nf tlir ii,.livi-i ,.t^ ti,i' Priliil-r Is^iiii^Is :>. one mI' t! f inui-kc-il IV.iuro ol' llio li'iU'fit wlii.-li Iwis v.su'Uil IVo'.n tl'.c r.iMiniL'ciniM.t in tl.c^.' i>]:M:,U uv.dvr lUr >\ -tin; ailopiiil ■" rwO liV llir tdlinio* 1)!' llll' I'llitvll St.ti-." (■J.) Uhilcil >:;iii'-' l'..sc, p. Ml— , , • t ■, •■Whiii till' rniti'il St;,tis !i>Min ri! r.rln'l il iti' l „r .\!ni-!vii the cciniiiti. ii <>( U^i's.- i :iiiM> was vvii'Win.l iii till- I'Mrtnu', ti-.i' i;us!.iar.-Anu'rica!i (■"iiipiiny li;ivii)}{ iH.'li' t.Vi lluir wi'.liiiv, iii.l lomil ll.ciii i:!o pviiitK'al 4^ (:l.l riJti-il Stau>' CaH', jip. ! !!. 1 l-'i— ., . , •• . . Tlir nmrin-. ni.ii' iT the IViLi!..!' M.r.,.;- liy t.u Tnitfl Sta'is lias 'ais ,\ the ml.ah.tr.nt^ ii. a l.'w yrai- Irdiu r. !-tati- nf i-iioriiniM', «r.-t(rlR'(liu>s ai.il -i ini- bavliari>ni, wliieli M'vcntv \c'a:» I'l' ihv K :"iaii I "tii- panvV iu-ciipatin!i lia.l lailcil to allcviat.-. to ii ei.mliiPoii (,f I'iliTtv ami civilinitiiiii, wliiili Hai"j;i' ami AniiTioa I i-ucl r.'-i'li.! a^lamied t») fiml iiaunii; iIilmi- citizt-iis "Tl.i- <-ivil tnvi'iinniiit it tlif Uliiu.ls is provM.'l !<'i- !■> -ictidus Hl7;i-l'.i7liiil't'iic li'.-viscd Matiitrhol'lln' llnit.a St.it. s, undcf wlii.l.i till! Aii'iit and Ids as-i-taiits arc- piactii-allv tin; (ioviii.ovs nf tin; i-lands. Tluy have tli<' entire oimtrel of tlie imtiv. s, pvnlee' ilieni Iroai llie innu.sitiolisoltl.eles-e.MU.da-eiJs. ifM.eliaiealtenipl.d. and see tl al, ilie ^aiiplie- luiuiied l.y law lor dieir mi-- teiiiine.' are [irovided." Sl-MMAllV III' llniTIMI r.I.lM V. Tl:,' i.ople ia,w ,e-i,lep.t upM, tie IVii.vl.dr l-l.M..:s uie int iK.iiv... ji.ep.iiv ■.".(alied. l.Ul Aleuts, of the de-eer.,:ants of .\leiil-. hhiiort.d hii- the piirpcif IdPin- Mais and eMrin- the !-kh\s. The islands wci-e i.niidiahaed «iiei. iHveav. red hy tla- l!i. -iani ; and tia' i.nmlii r of n.-pidhd rntivi s is now so sm..l. that pt., vision nniv easily he made fcr tlieif .-niM""'. inespeelive el any i|iiestiuii.s'relalii:|; to the K-alii.,' in In-tiy. •ilie eond:tien of the native i.d.ahitai.t- of the rrihyl.dV Islands is feit^er. liv no n:ean- so sal'-fie'ory as tlie stalon'.eiits L-i\eo pionilnenee to in lie Case of t).e fnit .'. states «,.iihl iedlraie. ClUeial Ke].oits ■ ho>v thii! their a-!- vaneeni.iii tov.ardseiMhzati. n is .-lui ll.and their ^aM'.:lly (c li;li;io;i hid. • Til tuaiiiiuii aiienUd to ihe nati'es l:y t'n, Comiuny 1 asi..L: t'e island- has iliioi -lieut 11, en '^ov. rued hy 1 uneipli s of sell-imaist; nwl ii.t, iler.nre hy the fiovernment. in till' intnisi ,,| ,l,e niitiv, -.has Im n vMinliii'.; or i r:'( In aia- ilu II'. t'tiv, . 299 Arsimients in United States Tasc Special promiiioncn is i,'iv('ii in tlio Case of liasod on improvemcut iu condition ii TT-i.it..ii , l . , ,■ of natives * '^ Lnitcd States lo statements respecting: tlu? iiii|)V()ve(l condition ol' tlie natives of tlie Pribyloll' Islands, ivsiiitin',' fi^om llie Ix'neliei nl ell'orts and condnel ol' the Government A^:ents, and lliose of the Company lioldinn- tlie lease of the islands; and in addition to statements Unite.l States' of tile (diaiMcter cited above. ^Messrs. ]!i'vant. Case, np. I4i-144. . ^Mcintyre, and I'alconer arr I'm-ther cited to pres(!nt an extremely lavonralile t)li'tiire of tlie coiidili(]ii ;\nd sun-oiiiiilin;,'s ol' tlie Aleuts liviiii. upon the islands. W'r are, in fact, it would a|i])ear, asked to eon-.idci' the commercia! mono- |)oly endeavoured to he sustaine(l liy tlie United States as a i)Iiilanthro)iie enterprise, lar;,'ely .insti- lled hy an imjirovenu^nt .alle|.!;ed to have Ijeeu bron^fht fallout by its means in respect to tlie so-called natives of the rrihylolV Islands. Tt is suhniitted that all the stalemelits above summarized are uliolly irrelev.'int to any ([iiestion with uliifdi tlie Arbitration is couvi'rsant ; but as the (Government nf \\u'. riiited Slates have im- jmrted them iiitii tln'ir Casi', it is not desired to leav(! tlu'in entiridy unnoticed. Faels di.'^clnspd hy oflicial r;.|iorl< Tlie notes and (|uolat ions fnim ullleial IN'jiorts I'oiitivulicttliccomeutioiisiii l.iiilLMl , „i , ,i i- -j. i cj . ' <• ^ i Slates' Case made to tlie I mted Slates Liovernment, and from other pidilished sources in ('onnertidu with the u'eneral history and nature of tin- manage- ment n|' the I'ribylolT Islands since their cession by lliissia. pill a \ cry (liH'er'^nt aspect on the state ol' alVairs tlirre from that set forth intln' liiiti'd States' Case. In addiiioii to incidental remarks already made in connection with other hranclics of the subieet. a fev.- notes speellically refiu'rini;' to the circiim- slanees .aiiil IreatinenI of the natives may here be addeil. (iciiiTul JiLivi.s oil coiiditiun of nativc.H ^Iajoi'-( ioneral .felV''rson T. Davis, Commander '" I'^'^O. of the District, (d' Alaslv-i, in his ollleial Keport, dated tlii' lidth Aitu'lisl. ISTO. addressed to the Diiiled Slates' Secretary of U'ar, writes: — I!i-|inrl of UiTvcl, "Tin! iiiilivi-: ,ui' iiraci'l'iil, Iiiiik">1. and cnoal'li' of M.-oor-fliMiiM-al I i.iiisiirl iim i.idiiiaiv I'll -in. -> .|iiili' w.ll. ami wnnld t^oniiiiainlin;: i , . ', , ■ . , i , . . i Dc'iiwlniiMit of iloiil.tliNS iinpinvi' llii'in-ilvis it ilirv liau a lair rliaiiri' ; AI,l^k,■l 1(1 Srcrctary lint lliidr pivsi'iil roiiiplctc i nslaviiiiciit and lohlu'iy. Iiv 187o"''' '^""'" ""' "" iiii-'HU"d"a.*riii.i,".l'-.iHTiilalM|s.v.ill.:\.riaovcnl siuh |aO'.;lr.-s." Dr. AV. IF Hall ill isri In AiimiM isTf Dr. A\'. II. JXail, then in cliaruc (d' liydrourajdiie Mir\('\s in^Vlaska, in a leltcr lo .Messrs. JJliolt and ilaynard, Cioveni- [110] ' I H 800 nuMif Commi. 233. rrihi'ss for injiifv for any citi/.t'ii ol' thu rniled Status, to say iiiithinu ot'iuitivcs Siiii]misii .sunn/ art ol' uros.s iiijiislifu shonlil occiii-, in wlial way would thr luiroitiinatL' Ali'nl make his [voulilcs known, it his loni; I'xporionei; iiniliT the llns.sian.s, and disaplioinlcd Impcs iimhT Ihu vaiious visits of T'nili'd .States' ollicials, had not taught him that thu lifst way was to lirar it in silcnee f " In respect to the ahsciiee ol' law and any Ibid, p. 2 7. prosjiect of redress at this time, .Mr. l:lliott I'uUy concurs with Dr. Dall, though contesting' some of his other statements. Hr. Dall further writes :— ■ There ale no ;,'rounils I'm' slalini.;. nor is it my npiiinin, Ibid., p- '-33. iliat llie present (oiiLiiany lias a I nisei I it^ ]io>ition iiime than aiiv other woidd do in the saiuu case ; this, however, is not the i|Ueslion at issue, hut wliether it is emisistenl with the ^ honour of the (iovernnient and with its duty toward a I |ile who oerU|iy the |i.i>iliiili iit waiils of the IJiiited Stales, to liMVe them in a eondition wiiure the grossest tvraiiiiv is possible, and where gradual degeneraliini and relapse into liarbarisni is eeilaiii." Lieiileiiant AV. Maynard, U.S.X., in his I'eport tfansmitted in iST'j, alludes to one of Ihe matters rel'erred to hv Dr. Dall its I'ollows : — Absenco of law or redress. I.iiulenant Maynaid, IHT."". ,\- the Special .\ui 'Ills of t lie 'rri'asuiy l)e|iarlnieiil. who II. 1!.. 4i!h Coii(r., are llie only ie|iresentatives of ilie ( hiveninii ill al I he islands, have net been inve>led as yet willi any goMining Kt, Scss. b.M. I),ic. ^■.', |i. 301 ])o\vcr, it spciiis iioi:us-iiry lliiit .siimi) mi'iiiis sliunlil !.■ ]ini- viili'tt I'ni' -cnii-iii;; til .ill i'|iiiil )iniicL'iion in ilii' lij'iis of pfiMimniiil |iin|ii r!\ . Tlii^miiM !"■ ^^c inij.lislii'il I'.r llio ]in'S(iiil, ;'l Ir;i-t, liy ;^iviim them iiullunity snuu'Wliiit siiiiiliir 111 lliMt uf a .liHli.;i' uf tiir IVmii', iiiaUiii;,' tliem lVS|inli,-iililc 1.1 illr ."^iMlTtMiy 111' lllr TlVil^Ul y for llii; |Moln'l' ]i.Tl'niiiiiini.i' nf i]i;,t duly,!!- llii-y aiv lor llial ot UiM.sr wiUi which llirv iili' uiiw i:iiar'_;iMl. " Agenl W, 15. Taylor. 18S1. .\Ii'. ^y. I!. 'iMyloi', wlin \\-,t; !'. Sjicciiil A^'ciit of llic 'I'rrasiiry DcpartnuMit on St. (Jci>i'u;i' Isliuid in 18S1, says of tin' ci>:iilili(i:i cii' the iiativi' |ii':i)il(; at flial linii' :— H. R., SOili CoiiR., ■When I laiiiiiil I'll .-^i, I'.ml l-!;iii.l I ruliuil ihal ihu 'JnJ Sess., Kaport ]ii'ii|,Ic wry,: in a \ri V rn'|ili.iahli' nunliliuil- — Iiiaih' ^lO Ky llio No. 3883, p. 42. r,,.,ni,.|,i ami cniiv.aiil ii>r of wlial in kiiuwii as iiiia-.s, ii lii'VciMj,'!-' wliirli ihi-y lirow wlirii tliry arr imt iiinleslril liy till' S|ii'L-ial ,\j,'cnt (if thr 'rrcasury. i luiiiul liiat at ioiist iiiic-lliinl llu' ]icn|.!c wciv ill a riiinlitioii wliiiii iiiaih^ it iiiiinKsihli' iM ,1 1 wlial was I'M.rilcii ..f llnMii hy tliu ( ■i.iiniany : in nllirr wmil.^-, llicii^ aiv s.i many nn'ii nn tin; i'-iauii, ami tiirir si_'ivii-rs are alisoluti'ly iirucssary tn lairy on ail llir Iiu-iiiu'ss ami liu tin' -cal wur'; ; Imt oiu'-iliinl I'f llimi Will' iiiraiiarilatnl Inr ih.' rra-nii 1 havr ,~tatcii. Aini 1 rhai;4.'il llnan.aml I rliaru;- mi.i. ihal llic .\u'-iil who liail ciinU'oi i<\i'y ilhin was ilirnils iihin- a ^aiiilaiv -vMiaii ..f xaiuc until wo No, 2 (isyi)," laxvi' lii'ltcr wali'V ami a iimri' almmlant -ii|.]ily ihaii i.s I'- 19. [Kissiliii' iiniiiT (.'xisliiii; nniilitiMns. UnileJ Sl.atcs' ■ Tin' ]iir-iail siip|ily nt wall r fnr i|iiiiireiil les.see,s or on ll" I ir|iaitiiienl in h.ive it altiied at oiite. 302 "TIk! suliji.'ct is so iibdiiiiiiinili' I iiii'L' iinl wrilr il ill a l.iililii' li'i'i'iirt. ■■ ll i^ :ili~n!iiti-ly iirc'i-suy, l'"i. iliiit nl lia^t six ut tlic ilwc'lliii.y-lKiiisi'S lie (Miliir^'i'il, lis ilu- I'aiiiilii'S iMW iicciiiiyiii,i; tliriii liiivc nut Viiulu 111 live as liiiiiia!i lii'ili;js sliiiuM. It may 111' tiiK , as many assci!, thai iiiidci' Ku^-iaii iiilr llii' iialivrs wen' liol limisi'd (iiic-lialf ^n wi-U as lIu'V arr IH'W ; liu! -lu-li arjiimciits arc nf im a\ail in a cHiititry likf uiu,-,. Will il a laiiiily ul' siviii ]i.rsci]-;, nl' all a.m'S ami si'X("=, mv I'a.L.d ill a sli'i liilii;' a].aitiiM'lil im'asiiiiiit; 10 mv lOCiH't. tlicy arc iml tn.alril ri^:lil, iiia "Inrs uur (iiiviiiiuaul ititiii'l In liavr siic'Ii lliiii;,'- cxi.-liii;,' wlicii' it lia- Jini-- (lictiili. " T! !■ il\vrlliii;_'-linii-ios arc l.aiily in um] of rcjiairs. and tlic ;-,;ciifi,.n i.r ilic Iccal a^ciil, ^Ir. ^V^^sl(■^, has In-cii callc ! I'l tlirir iMiidilicai ; lir.t a.-, lie is In leave ilic islaiul tins year, it may liu necessary for ynti tu mcntiun il to tlic ficiicial Jlaiiaucr of the North Aiiifricaii Comnicrcial ComiMiiy." 'i'l,"' l!ri;i^li C'oininissioiici's in tiirir Ci'iKir! do iird I'liti'i' :it any u'n-at Iciiu'ih into llic qin'stion of tl.c loiiditidU anil tfoalnieivl ol' tlir so-calii'il natives (in tlic L'riliylolV Islands. , 'i'licy iioiiit out, liowi'vei'. iluit these iH'opli- arc not in realiiy "ir.ilivt's" of tlu> islands, Init dcscondants of Aleuts iVom till- Aleutian Islands, broimht tliitluM' l)v the llnssians, mixed with iveenl iniiiortations inmi the sanu; islands. 'I'liey alliido also to die fact that the whole itnmher td' those i)Oi>ph> is so iii^iiinilieanl (about ;;()()) as to I'eiuU'r th(> (|nestion of the eost and nKUUtei' of providiiii;' for their suiipovt one which caii scarcely hcallowcd a jdacr in the discussion of the ii'cncral ((ucstions irlatiui;' to tlic condition of the nati.ves ms a whole, or to the measuvcs aiipvoiifiaii' fov the j)rot(-ction ui' \\\< r-ar-scals. Tlicy also note that, althouu'h the niale-ial condition of these people has been improved hy the industry of taking' seals on these islai:i;s, it is dillicult to uiider.-.tund on what ^■rounds — "the special advaiitie^cs (,!' a laaleiial kind alluided ['■ lUitl.li C'enimis- (he-e i.aitieiilar piM-lile a-, distin-uishcd lV..m others of fioncrs' Hqv,;!, (he same race, and luilly at the cNiPcnsc (jI iiilciicroncc uilh ihe lights of huiitiii:,' of tlm-e iidial.iliiiL; the Aleiaian Islands, can he advanced as a valid aruumeiit in tavoiir of the perpetuation of a coimiicrcial monopoly of t'lii-sialine." It is still fiuthcr slated that-- "it is also cleiir that the so-called natives cf tie ibi.l., pur .. 7.M. islam' , thniudi tinder onlinaiy circumstances jirovided iV-r in eeilain res) ctts hy the lessees uecordiii« to legal liemark.s on orijiin and treatment of so-called natives in British Com- siouers' lieport. 303 Hritiht) Cduiiiiis- sioticr--' lfc'])()rl, |),ira. 72-1. iirl;lllu'Mlli/llt, li;iVi' ill [M-l lilut- llul aluil3> liurlj iillKilly llir lir-it (ilijii Is i.r llifii -iiliuiliiili' V .>inj,'lo iii-l.inci.', In uliicli it iiaiiiiL'iiiicI lliiil uur iiUciitiuii w.is ilr.nvM. limy In' cit'jil fni- tln' |iiir|iii^c dl' slmwiii^; lliut tlie iMlivL's, rvcii ill i( iciil yi:ii'-. iirrivcil hii limn tlinii sliiilh ' rciiiiiin ii-i:il ' triMtiiiriit." Till' fcl'i'i'iiicf 'ii'vr iiKulr !■- to till' (.'uliruly iiui(lo(|uiili' ;illo\\auc(' ol'coal ^iveii to the natives up to tliu vcar IbUl, on account of wliicli, and in tlic alisencc ol otiicr tiii'l, llu' [iropic roLiiid it ucccssavy to i.'iuploy tliciv rai'Jiing> to liuy acldi- tiuual coal tniiu tlic. Company at its own price, whicli was fixed at .'id dollars ((1/.) per ton. 110] 4 t •joi. C'TlArTEn will, I'm: Skai.-skin i.vDL'si'iiv, < to the ■.l^^ll t'll- .r.iii|i^nii iniju'lus •ally tlic world. try, tlu> iliibitcil, Til]. 1'mti;I) Staii.s' CoNTtNTiiiss. (1.) I'liiKd Stuti's' Ciiso, p. 2r>(i— "I'rior to 1H70 nil tin." fur-si^il skins, s:ivi' ;i ffw tl]ou*!iml, were markotcil mul sold in Cliiiii; A IVw skills lioWLVcr wcri' ])iirclmsO(l in lCir.;liinil.'' (•2.1 Unito.l StiiU's' Cnso, p. SfiT— •' It WHS not until t'.ie leuso "i' liif I'l-iliiloi' Isluinl \UA lirnily established." (.•).) Tiiited States' Case, p. 281 — ■' It is very (pieslionable, however, whether there .is any real investnie: t in l.'aiiiulii in pehciie scalin;;." (fi.) United Sl.atcs" Case, ]). •J'.)8 — ■■Tliat the investment oilhese adventurers in jieli^ic seiding i.i spiculative, ;;ciievallv un;n-elli;dile, and, when com. pared with ti.e seal-skin industiy of Great iSritiun, France, ;ind the I'nited Stilted, which is dependent niHiii this sell hill, very insij^niKeaiit : and that the piolits, if iiiiy, ii-idtiMi; rriiiii pehi-ie - idiii;,' iin- out ol all pro- portion to the destrmtion that it produces."' SrMM.M-.Y OF niiirisii Kkvi.V. The fm-scal hiisinc ss, prior to 1H7I). ( .astitui.d a considerable part ot the fur titule of Great liritaiu. ■JTc existence of pelanie sealiiij; does not necessarily cecasion an irreg'dar i-apply of skins. The priiieipiil fur inercliants arc pnielicilly uiiiiiiimous in oppnsini; tlie sup])ression of pelagic seaUllL^ The ciipital so invested by Cuiiida in the seiilin;.; industry eNcieds the capital permanently invested by any other countrv. The propositions st)iii;'lit to be estaljlisbcd in tlic; Cliaptof of (lie I'nited States' Cavic from ;> i.) whi'ii lilt- ,'i!ii)\(! cilitiijii-i .■lit! takfu would ;i])jii III' to 1)1' llif riilltnviiii;' : — I. 'rii;i! ;li.T" is ;> (li-;i!,f'. i\i' lUKi -i'|i;n'a1i' fur ^(■■il->kiii iiii'iiisdy, .-11111 lliaf this iiulusti's, m» I'iir ■•IS (Ireat I'riiain is i liiici'rnci!, •was |)i'iiir Im 1^7'* insiu'iiilicaiil, iiiid \mis i:i liiat yivir isi.-ilililicil lln'uiiuli liic UiiitiMl ('!!orl ; i/f ;!ic .Miska Cdiu- iiK'i'fi il Cumjiaiiy and llii'ii' ai^'iiits in Loiidim. II. 'J'li.-i! i.cln^i'ii' si'aliiig' priitliu'i's ;m irn'i,'ul!ir .siij))il;.' wliicli is riiiiKiiis to tli.' iiicalinu\: and tliat, <■ 'iiijiaird widi tl.c I'lir-Mai ir.dii^li'it's ol' ilwrd IJritain, Fv.'M'.co, and tlio Unilp:! Sf^ilfs, tlu' Canadian iudsislrv is scai'ci.'Iv wurtli L'on.sidcvalioa. N'l -i'|Mi!itf indii-tiy. fXCffil al ■JOilVi't-^ 111' ^illililv. I'llil.ci Slalus' C.is,-, p. -JTS. AuiH'iulix, vol, ii, As I'fuavils tht; fii"-l )iri)i)nsiiioii, no dould tlus jiiM'stms actually oii;;'au(', I in (.■.■iptni-inL; tlio seals at ill ' s.uifrs 1)1' supiily i'Drm a S(,'pi\vati' and disliiudivt- iiidiislry, nHirediiVftly intcivstcd than all iilhcrs in tho (iiicstioiis at issue; hnr, exfcpt. ill t'ais ../ivse, it is siiliiiiiiti'il thai iicilhci- in (ivcat liritaiii, nor i;i i!ic Un' d Slat.-s nur in other (Mnnlries, is tln^re what can properly ht) called ;i se])ar;U(' and disiinel- fur-seal industry. The cireniiislanees in Crea! Ihatain will suliico to (hanonstv.i;.- tlial. this s(ate!v.ent is eorri'et. U is stated in tli(> United States' Case that there ;;re eiiip'-ived in the !'ur-seal skin iiiilustry in Creat Ihit.aiii from 2,01)0 to ;],()00 ]ieisons, wlio would he conipele'd to he.rn r.th.er trades in ease the iudie-lvy v.cre lo I'i.il. IT such fiilure were po-isihle, it is (ienied that any siieh I'Mult. Avould follow. Ineludini; hrolars, ilyei's drfssers, i.tit'liaats, furriers, \\ho!e>ale ami retail, :;nd their respective t'niployt's, tliere an^ at least t!ie nuniher of iiersi'iis aho',1' ni'-iif ioned eii[.;ai;'eil in the I'lir-seal skin liusine-s: hut th'-y are not st) ceeupiiul exclusively, nor are tl'ey ahsolutely depenilent upon 1hi> fur-seal skin hiisines.--. But a '. ery -mall part, "f th.e ahovo clashes are at .viiy iimn entirely oeeupied with or dependent upon the Im-iness eonueeted with fur-se;d skins, all of them lii'iiii;' (.oncia-iuMl .at the sanu' lime ,vith fills anil skins of otlier desia'iptious. The fur-se.al skin husine-.s forms, no tloiilif, :i considerahle part, hut still ir,ily a pari, of the ■whole fur irade of Creat rualain. lis relative position lo llie whole fur ti'ade may lie rnu^'hly 80G n-aiiL;ril \i\ iMiniLirinu' llu' tiilal smiis jwilizcd l)y sales of all raw I'lirs ami skins in l-ondon with tlm-i' vcali/.i'd I)y t'liv-scals. It is i-.tiuKili'il llial I'urs ol' ail doc'i'ipl i^ns sold in (ii'cat Hritaiii ivalizf aimiially ovor 1,:2(>1),I100/., and the total sales of liir-si'al skins (takinu: lor exaniide 1.SS7) anionni to ahonl l.W.OOO/., so tlial the I'mifil Stales' . ••11 Cast', Appendix scal-skiii i.iduslvy coniiMises ni jioii.l ol v:iiii<" yui. ,,, p 501, les:; than ;i« l>ei' cent, el' tlu> total I'lir trade (>: Great Jiritain. Of this ir)O,0O()/., at least ITii.OO;)/. vepri'sents scal-sl^i-is derived froni other sources of supidy than the I'nhyhjIT Islands, so (hat it will he seen that the value of the seal- skins coming' from tiie I'ribylolV Islands doe- not exceed L' I per cent, of the wholi,' fur trade of (ireat itritain. As rcii'ards the aniouul of the total lahonr bill to be apportioni'd to seal-skins, it should he rememhered that other furs, beini,' for the most pari cheaper, are more numerons than seal- skins proportionately to their respcctivi! prices, and therefore would, as a matter of fact, require more hands to deal witli them. It should also ho borne in mind, with refcver. (! to the larije capital eni;'aL;cd in the business, that so i';ir as hrolicrs, merchants, and -wholesale and retail furriers and dressers are coucerncd, their capital is not in any way sunk in the business, but is only temporarily embarked in it from year to year, anil is not ]U'rnia;ienlly invested, as the \ cai'.ital of the Canadian, schooner owners is^y invested. Should the seal-skin trade dinunisli, either threU'.;'h ehaiine in fashiim or scarcity of supply, other furs would no doubt be made rashionaI)le in their stead, and inrrievs would at (mce, without loss or dilllcully, trimsfer their eajiital to them. ■this is also ivne. to a lesser dej^ree, of the dvers i'ni,'n^'ed in the business, whose plant would, to some extent, he avr.ilahle, provided the new skin made fashionable was one which reiiuired dyeinu'. it is. therefinv, obvious that apart from those i'ln^a^ed in the actual capture, there caunot be said to be a separate and distinct fur-seal industry in the sense suL;'i;ested by tlic Luited States, but that the trade in seal-skins forms in truth but ono portiou of a lar;,'er and more important industry. 'I'he contention, that the seal-skin business in Civat Jlritaiu owes its existence to the ed'orts Sc'iil-skiii l.iisiiii'i'S piirt lit fiM' I null'. I'lll'lul Ciipil.il loi tiie.~i pint mil -iiiiK in liiisincs.-i. riii> scal-slciii Imsiiicss I'.vi.slcd in Hirjliiiiil iivier in I.STO. ro7 •ml A|j|i. ml-: in Ibill Isi-.J ISIvi isr.l isi;.') iHCi; 18(17 isi;s ISil'.l AliMUiil 'I'l.tal Aniiual Yi'iir (iu;ii titics if (iu.'iimtii'S (ifti red I'ov Snlc Oh i^l•i^ in I.oikIoi . if Ten Ycar.s. lh-.'7 77..-M - 1 IH'iS "l.'.UO lhL'!» 7J,(i.il i \HW .-.il.l.s.-, 1 1 \K.V1 ;if..7-ii) ■hmji 1 ^ IS,:i71-J w,;] :il!,L^^!' l«:il :iJ.-'j:; IH:1.-, ■J7,i(;8 ]H:\r, i;'.i,!isj J lH:i7 ;i2,i'.i7 is.'is ;i7.i;;7 WM a8,7-J7 1810 iit:.:,.r. 1811 •j:.,().-.:i - '.".Mr, -2 IML' 'J(l,ils2 I8i:; ■_'7,'.ini 1811 Jll,.'MH 18 1.) i.'i,-'.;u 1811) l!iMr,!i 1817 •JII.UI.J IMS •Ji,7i'.J I.Sl'.i :ij.;'.i:i I8:i() ;ii),i7l ISJl 18.V.' 27,s:lJ ;i.j.'.i'j.i > :!J,.U4oi 18.>; :!ii.:i!M; 18.-, I ■ll,7'.i'.i IS.'ij •I8,ii;.", l8.'>i'i o-',08ll 18.-,7 ;!."), 101 1 IS.JH •lii.toJ 1 S.V.I :;7.i-.'J0 I8li(l ;ii,i;j7 ! 41 41! 11 ('.;: III) .'pS 121 Lui; .141 ,411;; ,i.-)i ,ii;i ,427 .iiii ,2 IT ,742 )■ 47,471-: 182 18C'.i 1. ".Hill ."i 18 il in IIOJ i K :jc8 il.i ali()\i' Smiiiiiiuy (Iocs iiol iiuludc saU's liy private ('(iiitnict, i-\ri'\)\ lliiiM' uiaili- llilMllj,'U Mosi's. i»|i|HiiliiMm. No li'.',ui'fs as to otiior liriviitc s!il('s arc avai!al)lc, alllKuiyh iii> duiilit lliry mii^t liavc Im'imi I'dnsidcralilr. 'I'll!' NCi'iiiid foiitciiliiiii iilidvi' advaucL'd liy tin; Vniti'd Slates in I'avdiir <'l' tlir siiiniirssion of |icla:^ic -.caliiii; Is lliat it pi'odiiccs an irrciiulav Mipply, whicli i'' an iiiulrsiral)!'- (•ivi-uinslancc I'oi- thr tiir Iradi', as ii {'aiisi's iinci'i'lainly ai.d .•()nsfi|U('nl s|ii'('iilaliiiii. Tin' adiiiissiliility of tliis pica in tiir dci'isidii of aqiii'stioii liisc the present, even if it w(mM'orre(!t, 1- denied, lint i< is n(d eorreel. Xo donlii, in llie last W'W years IIk- variation in liie supjily and price lias l)ee-,i consideialde, linl tliis is dne to tlic I'l'sidt oT liie ojiiration ol' the uwdiin (■(Vt;if//, and to cxaii:2;oraled rniuoiirsor all desiu'iption-. cirenlated in eiinni'ction witlitlie present Arhitraliou and Ihi' anlcedenl uesotiatioiis. When these <'leinenls ul' nneertainly pass away, there is iio eonceivahle reasi.ii w'liv the seat-sly Ihe I'nv traders ol' (ircal I'.rilain and Jmvuk'c is pi'oved hy ihe lacl that, with ih(! execjition of Ihi; agents of the X.aMh American (.'omniercial Company, and iheir pavlners m trade, Messrs MiU'tin and Sens, thoM> en^'au'cd ill the seal-skin hnsinoss of (ireuf Hritain, and ali), iM'(ai;.su llii' liital value 111' III!' Ilei'l and ils value jier Imi ill till! Veai- l^!)il are in eseess nf lliose ^'iv n. T'T flu; year T^S'). And tlie ivniark is made lliat it, is (Ijllieult h) see li.iu tlie Wear ami lear <>t' a vosel can aiiine'-i'..',:! ils viilii(>. Il will lie M'eii, liu\V!'ver, (ill ail e.saii.iii:.(ii)ii dI" (iu* {locmiienJs in (|iie-liu;i, llial in the year ISO.'J (lie uuiniier (if the ileel lia.l ceiisideralily iiicve;is('(l, and not; (,nly this, hut li.e new vesM'ls .ndded ar.' of a hl:;lier class and of a much liiiire costly (l(X'ri))tioii. The rut is. tleit each ye.ir ,houId ail'ord gr.'atv'r I'acilities for llayiuLT and s.iltin;,'. 'I'iicm- innirovcd r.ieihods li,-iv.' .ad K'l (I ulil an iiii|ioU.;nl eiiee; in rnlnr.iciut;' tii,' vaiiio ol' nertli-west .-.kius. Mr. .Miliie\s linanvs I'or the year l^S'.) are praclieally Cijiilinued by .Mr. T. 1. Wiliiaiu.s, a "eetleinan idiiellv citeil hvllie full. 'il States mi the iiiu;slio:i of tlu' value ol' !hi' Canadian llect, aiiil lie rnrther Icstitics to .Mr. .Milne's liouesty and correciiK'ss. II i.-; trui> thai he diiri-rs from ^\v. .Millie in the total of Iiis values Tor that year, liut i!ie diiiercncc is not, v, ry coiisidera hie, ami ihere is no reason for sui>iio.~inL; lliat '.Mr. Vrillianis, a San Francisco journalist, is on this point a befiei' autliority tlian Mr. ^lilnc, who i;; aa exiii'rt in such nialters. As U':;"r.'ds the actual value ol' ; he iloi.'t at the |)i'eseut lime, ihc Canadian Fislii>rics' Report estimates ihe value I'or I'-i'.ll at 125,150 dollars, ;uul the British Conunissioners at .'JoO/lOD dollars. As, liowevei', the' louuage ineve ised from O.iiljl ton-, in IV.ll 1 1 l',5oU tons in ]s;!):>, the [ire-ent, value of the ileet on I'le, busij of these tw.) estimates viould he aiioul 57:2,!)l)!^ dollars and ■l8o,7liS dollars res[)ec!ivcly. It is now, however, possilile to replace thesu esliiuates by more exact li^'ures. It. will be seen that sworn statements have be, mi nl; lined f'rnni the owners of .all the l.'anadi:ui '-;di ooners, and f510 llic nsillis uill l.r I'iuiihI set out iii ;i Talilc in llu> AiipciKlix. 'I'lic rollouin- is :i Siimman- nl' ilK''lal;le;- Y.ai-. To! Ill ! Tonnajio I Totni ol' ' Viiluf. yiei't. ! ]iir Tciii of ihr Fk'ct. On till- I l!:i-is i>r On till' ' l!ie ViiliR' l!ii>l« (if ' ;•/"» thu ViiUu'. tin.' Valuf ' ol 1 t'.io Outfit. DciUiivs. Dollars. Doll^iiv I)(»!;ir>. i-.il u.-.'r.i-sT :u;."i,l()0 l!)l,"2.s ni-'j: ; in-c/i 1 IS'.'J i,:.:i(i- IS .".nT.Td" 'JTi-Mi''-' 1 n • .■) 17I-:;T hi lliis coniuH'tiuu it is worthy of nolo tiiat an cMimateol" tlio value of tlio iiola-'ic lloet of flic Tnitcd Stall's \'nv 1881) is given in the rniteil Stales' Census Bulletin, No. 123, IS!)], and from (liis it appears thai the value per Ion, ineliulin- oiitlit, is IGO (U.l. ."!■ e. This would tend It. sliou, when the iinjirovi'd sehooners of liiii'her value, Imilt in 18s',), 1^)0, and 1>-91,arc taken into account, that the value of 171 dol. (".3 e. is ]iiii excessive. 'J'he capital thus permanently sunk by Canada in liie induslrv e()m[iares favi>nralily with the capital similarly invcted hy Creal ISritain and hv ii;e l.'niled States. The eaiiitai permanently invested in i-ondon is rei)resenteil hy cerlaiii permanent ])lant, estimated hy tlie I'nited Stales i;i„i,a Sui.-' at SO,0(K)/. (100,000 dollars). The eapilril simiiaily ''"''• ''■ -" ' ,.i,.r;i"('d ill (h(> rnited States jimoiiiits to 100,000/. i;riij-i, c'dimiKs- (5(TjuiO , hut a>. only a lew tluuisand skins pe:' annum are d>, cil there, this addition must he iiieonsidcrahle. A Memorandum is yivcu in the Appendix hy :\lr. (Ileadowc, of ihe lirilish 'i'rcasiiry Depart- .Xppon.liK, vo! V;ihi.' ..1 riiii,-(l St.ili'.-' lUi-t (IdM'nil ili.UiwUi "f ill'' ll"'-'i. ]m'iit,wlio, in April 1S02, was sent hythe Hritisli (i.iveninieiit t" ass(>ss ilic amount of damau,'e sustained hy Canadian Malers ly reason of the ■moihi- vivi'Hili havini;' liceii put into force after p. iC"). 311 Cost of coiisti'uotioii. A''!', of vessels. United btaU'j' C'asi', p. 'J7(i. tlic seal season liad actually commenced. Mr. Glea(lo\v(;'s inijuiry -was in no way made iu cou- nettion uitli llu; ISritish Case or Count(;r-Case, and his .Memorandum is eonliued in tin exi)!ana- tiou oi' llio general position and eliaraeler ol' the fleet. Speaking' ol! tlie sealim; fleet ^cuerallj, he states : — " As roijiu-ils tlio si'linoncT.-i, I liavc 1il>(_'!i imicli impressed •with the cxcclloiici' of the \v;iy iu whirh, as a guiural rule, thoy aiv liuik ami fnuud in eviiry respect Coiupaied with traft of a siiiiilar tiniuage in other iiuhislries they aro expensively iilleil up, anil everythiug about thein appears f,'ooi1, more like yaelits tli.ui lishiii;_'-ljoats." Till' .Memorandum explains tliat the sehooncrs have aeeommndalion for twenty ortliii'ly men, and all are arrani,'ed and lifted in a w;iy tliat would be out of place iu an ordinary tisliing or trading schooner. In tiie United States' Case, ilr. ililae's estimate of 100 dollars per ton as the cost of building these schooners is questionod, and .Mr. AVilliams' figures (if 80 dollars are stated to rejiresent more nearly the actual cost. .'V reference to .Mr. Gh^adowe's ^lemoraudum, however, will sliow lliai Mr. [Milne docs not ex.ag- "erate the cdst. The ilemorandum, after ex]>hiiiiim;' that the liesf and most lasliu';' vessels came from tlie Ivastern States of Canada or America, (ir from Voknhama or some other port of .lapaii, states that the schooners engaged in the trade cost from oo del. oO c. per ton up to l-h"> do!. 50 e. per tou. As regards the ago of tlie vessels, it is sug- gested in the Inited States' Case that a con- siderable number of the vessels of this lleiit arc old and unseaworthy : but from Mr. r;ieadowc',s ^Icr.iorandum, il will be seen that the majority and the most valuable of the forty-four vessels into tlui value of wliieh he inquired have been liuill withiu recent years ; — • eet. i.il'>j 4 L iiU ISO;', mill pioviously 1S(,S 1S72 1S7,5 1S77 1.SS3 1884 18Sj ISSO 1SS7 18SH 1 881) IS'JO 18!ll Tliat vessels onp'agod m s!"nliiii>; arc specially constructed for the pursuit m wlilcli tliey are employed, and are unavailable fm' any oilier, is shown hy Iho lollowing extract Tnnn the allidavit of Eichard ITall, Secretary of the A'ictoria Scalers' Association : — " Tiiuro is no coast tnulu tlicy ran onf;ngi' in. mul deep- Appendix, voi. ii, sea lisliinj; is so fur u liiiluiu owiii;.^ to tlio gioiit lUsliiucu P" """ I'nim iiKukcts and grr;it cost of tKiuspovtation. That if tlio ' scalin;..; Imsinoss werr stoippcd fioni any cause, llio entire I i fleet now i-ngaLied in that p\irsnit wculd be practically / valueless. It would cost more to take any one of the lli^et / to the North Atlantic coast than such schooner wmdd ho / worth when there." This is confirmed by the Report of the British Commissioners, ivho write : — •■The .'iciding-vessels are seMoni used in or littxHl for lJri;is|, Coniniis- iilhrr cniplovnienl, and ueaily all of them remain laid up ?ioiu-rs' Itcport, in harliipui' helwrm the dales ol the chismg and opening ol ' llie sealing season." Commeutino- upon the persons ownin;^ the se]io(mers, the United States' Case states that thcv arc as varied in their occupations as the '"""''''' ^J,"';"'' . Cusp, p.2.So. purchasers of lottery tickets ; and the same spirit which induces persons to risk their money in the latter lias persuaded iheni to taki? their chance in llic si'iilino' business. 'i'lie facts show that the jiersons owiiino; tlic schooiicis are what one would expect them to be, vi/., iiersons \vlio wiaild dtlicrwisc inv(si tiicir mcniev in coast ship]dn!;-, and mi this point 'Mi: (rleadow' states : — "Someof Ihem werr ohl sailors, wh. haw iiivp^tcd iIiom \p|u'mlix. vc' .1, nioiiey in a schooner and sail with lur Iheniselvos, l,ul the niajorily are men engaged in Hade who ha\e lidid The schooner; n^'elcsc; : ' er trades. The scliooiier-uwners. 318 Number of persons einiiloyi'd. Appendix, vol. ii, p. 265. rades. out Hclidoucrs ii3 they wouM invest their money in uny other speculation." It is submitted tUdt llio ouiicrs of schooners ^vill licar cnniparisoii A^itli llic shareholders coinposiii!.? (lie Nortli American Conmiereial Company, or any other mercantilo undortaldiii,'. i\s regards tlie number of ])cople employed in the Canadian industry (as distinguished from those owning or having interests in the schooners, or engaged in transportntitm), the Taldes already re- ferred to show that there are now employed in, and depending for subr-istei'ce upon, this industry 1,45S |ier.sons, viz., 1,007 whites and 151 Indians. As to tlie wages obtained by them, ^fr. Gleadowo reports ; — '• The i.ien eiupkiyed upon a scliooner ore paid, some l.y tixed wages and some liy coT;iniis.?ion or hiy on skins taken, and .some by lu'lb. Tlius, cooks and seamen are generally jiaid wayes only, and those ln;;li wages from 1)0 t" ilo dollars a-iiioiith, besides lioard ; liut hunters, wlielhiv white or Inilian, ari^ paid by lay oidy, and the amount of each varies from 1 dol. oO c. to 3 dol. oO c. a skill, or even iinav, the average being about :l dollars. . . . A gond liuntcr may easily iiiak(^ l.tmil or l.oflO dollars in a.srac :H'ef;ssavy lor llieir elVeelivi^ working; thai, couoi •• with such regulations, Iherc should 1)0 en 1 proper limitations and restric- tions upon the taking of seals upon the Prihylolf Islands therasclvcs. That any regulations must 1)(! assented to by all nations -whose sul/jccts rr(M)uent, or arc likely in the fixture to frciiucnt, t!i(^ waters of Behving Sea. for pehigie .-caliiig, and must be framed so as not unduly to restrict 01' iiiterfero Avitli tlie justifiable exercise by all nations of the i idustry of sealing at sea, whieii is in itself a perfectly legitimate method of obtaining the bcuetlt of a natural product. 3ir. CHAPTER XIX. Damages. "Witli rorovoTico to tlic claim f.ji- damn^'es mcMitioucd !it, [). VI ol" tlio JiiMlish Case, an 1 lliu purticulai's set out, in Uio Scliwhilc tliiu'clo, {'a\-:\t Mritain will claim, in juhlifiou to tlu; anioimt liii'i'(! stated, tin: sum ol' (ii.sij cen taken by i)elai,'ic sealci's iu lli'liri)!;;' 8ea willnuit un.lui; diminution of the seal herds durinijfhi,' pendency of the Arbitratiim. In eomicetion wilh the latter claim, ii will bo shown that the (iovernnient of (Ireat J5vitaiuliave paid to certain Canadian owners of sealini,'- sehoouers the sum of 100,231 dollars as compensa- tion for disbursements made by them in (Mmtcmplation of a voya^•e into JSehrini;' Sen, which had to be abandoned by reason of the enroremncnt of the iiidtluf! liviiuli of 1S91.