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•

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II ONTARIO ELECTIONS

' i

18 8 3.

//r

:'l

ELEVEN YEARS

-OF-

Liberal Government.

» ^ >

PROVINCIAL RIGHTS.

ELECTORS

\ ■:

— AKD-

Speakeks' Guide.

Printed by Hunter, Rose h Co., 25 Wellington Street, Toronto.

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ONTAKIO ELECTIONS

1S83 —

18
34
SI
31
37
49
45
ftl
56

ELECTORS' GUIDE.

In briefly reviewing the history of Liberal Government in this
Province for the past eleven years, we shall divide the work
into the following six parts : —

' ■■»

195

A.— INTRODUCTION.

I.— LEGISLATION.

II.— ADMINISTRATION.

IIL— FINANCE.

IV.— CHARGES.

v.— LEGISLATIVE AND TERRITORIAL RIGHTS.

VL— THE LIBERAL PLATFORM.

A.— INTRODUCTION.

The Duties and Powers of Provincial Legislatures.

We are about to give a plain record of the work accomplished by
the Liberal Governments of this Province during the last eleven
years. In order the more clearly to comprehend that work it is
necessary to understand dofinitely the sphere within which it has
been accomplished. That sphere is defined by our Constitution —
The British North America Act. The 92nd section of that Act

gives

The Provincial Jurisdiction.

It declares that : — " In each Province the Legislature may ex-
clusively make laws in relation to matters coming within the classes
of subjects next hereinafter enumerated, that is to say :

1. The amendment from time to time, notwithstanding anything
in this Act, of the Constitution of the Province, except as regards
the oflSce of Lieutenant-Governor.

2. Direct taxation within the Province in order to the raising of
a revenue for Provincial purposes.

3. The borrowing of money on the sole credit of the Province.

4. The establishment and tenure of Provincial offices, and the ap-
pointment and payment of Provincial officers.

5. The management and sale of the Public Lands belonging to the
Province, and of the timber and wood thereon.

6. The establishment, maintenance and management of Public
and Reformatory Prisons in and for the Province.

7. The establishment, maintenance and management of Hospitals,
Asylums, Charities, and Eleemosynary Institutions in and for the
Province, other than Marine Hospitals.

8. Municipal institutions in the Province.

9. Shop, saloon, tavern, auctioneer and other licenses, in order
to the raising of a revenue for Provincial, local or municipal pur-
poses.

10. Local works and undertakings (except those of an interpro-
vincial or international character).

il. The incorporation of companies with Provincial objects.

12. The solemnization of marriage in the Province.

13. Property and civil rights in the Province.

14. The Administration of Justice in the Province, including the
constitution, maintenance and organization of Provincial Courts*
both of oivil and criminal jurisdiction, and including procedure in
civil matters in those Courts.

] 5. The imposition of punishment by fine, penalty or imprison-
ment for enforcing any law of the Province made in relation to any
matter coming within any of the classes of subjects enumerated in
this section.

16. Generally all matters of a merely local or private nature in
the Province.

A. By the 03rd section the power exclusively to make laws in
relation to education is given, only with a reservation in favour of
the rights of denominational minorities.

Outside the Jurisdiction.

By the 91st section of the same Act they were precluded from
taking any part in such matters as trade, cominerce, navigation,
the imposition of a tariff, and customs generally ; criminal law and
many other subjects. These matters were relegated to the Dominion.
No Provincial Legislature could touch them. But within the
sphere laid down for the action of the Local Legislature there was
ample scope. The matters enumerated affect the material progress,
moral well being, and social happiness of every citizen. A mere
glance at the important subjects enumerated will show the folly of
those who represent the functions of our Local Legislature as being
on the same plane as those of our County Councils. In order to
accomplish the work thus committed to our Legislature by the con-
stitution, there is necessary both Legislation and Administration.
The first we now proceed briefly to review : —

'i .(1

PART I.— LEGISLATION.

10.
ment
purpoi

The
Acts n

We shall give a list of the more important measures of each
S'jssion during the eleven years, and point out the value of a few of
the still more important Acts. Pursuing this course we take :

8ECTION I.-8E8^ION OF 18T1 n.

Though Mr. Blake's Premiership followed almost without breath-
ing time that of the Coalition Government, yet not a single pledge
given in Opposition that coidd then be redeemed was allowed to stand
unfulfilled even for one session. In 1871-72 the following important
measures were passed.

1. An Act giving further Aid to Railways.

2. "An Act further to secure the Independence of the Legislative
Assembly," which prohibited members from holding, at the nomina-
tion of the Orown, offices payable by fe'^s.

3. A measure to Abolish Dual Representation.

4. An Act providing for the Institution of Suits against the Crown
by Petition of Right.

5. An Act to allow matters to be proved under oath for the pur-
poses of the Legislative Assembly.

6. Acts providing for the Remission of certain sums due by
Settlers in Free Grant Townships, and granting a long delayed i
measure of relief to Settlers in arrear on Common School Lands.

7. An Act enabling the Government to advance money upon
Municipal Debentures in aid of Drainage, at a charge for interest^
of five per cent, per annum.

8. An Act limiting the Incomes of Ref^strars, and providing that!
fees in excess of their legal emoluments should be paid over to thej
county.

9« An Act to extend the rights of property of married women*

The

that fo

in 1871

of 1872

"Th
compan
Asaemh
five hui
Executi
works. "

There

single a

interest,

The

stripped

Blake's

liberal

and Mr.

Municip

in aid to

TheK

there ar

under th

lOobourg,

jf each
i few of
:e :

breath-
le pledge

to stand
iportant

5gislative
nomina-

lie Crown
the pur-
due by '■
delayed]

Xiands.
ney upon
mv interest

10. At the same time the Act under which the previous Govern-
ment had taken arbitrary powers to divide counties for registration
purposes was repealed.

The following remarks respecting the more important of those
Acts may net be amiss : —

1. Further Aid to Railways.

The principle which has guided the Railway Aid Distribution was

that foreshadowed in the following resolution moved by Mr. Blake

in 1871, and followed by him in his Railway Aid Amendment Act

of 1872.

" That the decision of the Government to grant aid to any railway
company shall be subject to the ratification of the Legislative
Assembly ; so as not to leave so largea sum of money as one million
five hundred thousand dollars to be expended at the will of the
Executive, without a vote appropriating the same to particular
works." — Journals Leg. Ass., 1870-1, p. 140.

There is consequently not one shadow of suspicion that any
single appropriation has been made in any other than the public
interest.

The Railway Aid Scheme of Mr. Sandfield Macdonald was
stripped of its objectionable features in the Session held under Mr.
Blake's Premiership, and has been supplemented by a series of
liberal Railway measures passed under the auspices of Mr. Blake
and Mr. Mowat. The results have been that, in addition to the
Municipal Loan Fund distribution, there has been already expended
in aid to railways no less a sum than

$3,400,095.03.

Aided Railways Completed.

idine that! ^^^ Railways completed show a total mileage of 2,850 miles, and
to the! there are still some 809 miles in progress. The railways aided
[under the several Acts have been the following : — Canada Central;
iromeii* jCobourg, Peterboro' a|id Marmora; Grand Junction; Hamilton

and Lake Erie ; Kingston and Pembroke ; Midland ; Montreal and

Ottawa ; Nor.h Grey ; Port Dover and Huron ; Whitby and Port

Perry ; Northern Extension ; Toronto and Nipisaing ; Toronto,

Grey and Bruce ; Wellington, Grey and Bruce ; Canada Southern

Extension ; Credit Valley ; Hamilton and North-western ; London,

Huron and Bruce ; Brantford and Port BurweU ; Prince Edward

County ; Victoria ; Lake Simcoe Junction ; Belleville and North

Hastings ; Stratford and Lake Huron ; Prince Arthur's Lauding

and Kaministiquia ; Port Stanley ; Strathroy and Port Franks ;

North Simcoe ; Georgian Bay and Wellington ; and Canada

Atlantic.

The results of this liberal system of aiding Railways that vrere

opening up the country, are thus ably enumerated by Mr. Mowat

in a speech at Woodstock, on the 12th December, 1878 : " The
period during which this large amount of money was expended was
a period of depression, arising from causes which have been dis-
cussed considerably of late, which most of you are now familiar
with, and which did not affect one nation only, but affected the en-
tire commercial world. It is a remarkable fact, that though Ontario
shared in the depression, it suffered less than most other countries
did ; and one cause of that circumstance undoubtedly was, that,
during that trying period, these twenty-two millions of dollars were
being expended in the building of the local railways of the country.
It was not only the spending of that large sum that made us feel
the depression less than it was felt elsewhere. The Railways so
built increased values generally, as fast as the Railways were com-
pleted. They increased, in the country through which they passed,
the value of farm property, of farm labour, and of farm products ;
they diminished the expense and difficulty of bringing products to
market ; they led to the creation of new villages, and they increased
the prosperity of villages and townsjalready existing. These Rail-
ways served, too, to facilitate the settlement of our unoccupied
lands, to promote commercial and social intercourse, and in various
ways, directly and indirectly, they added to the wealth, the com-
fort, and the general well-being of the people. Our railway expen-
diture, leading as it did to so many direct and so many incidental
advantages, constituted a very important factor in the causes of the
comparative freedom which this Province enjoyed from the dis-
tress that prevailed in other countries, "

al and
iPort
iron to,
nthem
ondon,
Idward
North
auding
ranks ;
Daoada

at vrere

Mowat

: " The
ded was
feen dia-
familiar
I the en-
Ontario
sountFies
as, that,
lars were
country,
us feel
ways so
ere com-
passed,
roducts ;
jducts to
increased
ese Rail-
occupied
n various
the com-
\y expen-
ncidental
ses of the
the dis-

3. Rlgbts of IVIarricd Women.

Alluding to this measure, Attomey-Oeneral Mowat said, with
respect to the property of married women : — " You know how bar-
barous the old English laws on that subject were. They had been
modified from time to time in Canada, but until this time a mar-
ried woman was not entitled to her own earnings ; a dissolute,
drunken, or thriftless husbaiid might take the whole, unle.ss she
went before a magistrate, proved her husband's misconduct, and
obtained an order of protection. That was a proceeding which ex-
perience showed that few women cared to take, even though they
were great sutferers, and it was unjust to require that a poor wo-
man, besides the misfortune of having a bad husband, should be
compelled to expose to the world the unhaopy condition of herself
and her children. A law was therefore pasded which removed the
injustice, and gave to a married woman a right to her own earning'!
without that previous process."

3. Abolition of Dual Rcpreientation.

Of the important measures passed by Mr. B^ake, I m:y fust re-
fer to the Abol't^^i of Dual Representation, the disqu^ Ufying of
members of the House of Commons trom being mt tubers of the
Provinci." Assembly. The two jurisdictions are distinct and un-
connected, and demand so much time that it was thovght impos-
sible for the same person to discharge satisfactorily the important
duties of both. This was strongly felt by the people, and some
thing was done by Mr. Sandtield Macdonald to remove the griev-
ance. He procured the passing of a l;iw that no Senator or mem-
ber of the Privy Council should be a member of the Provincial
Assembly, and that no member of ithe House of Commons should
be a member of the Executive Council of the Province. He stop-
ped there, however. Under Mr. Blake's leadership, the Legislature
went further, and passed a law disqualifying members of the House
of Commons from sitting or voting as members of the House of
^Assembly after the then next election for the House of Commons.
Before that time arrived, and to prevent Mr. Blake and Mr. Mac-
kenzie from remaining in the Local Assembly for another session.
Sir John Macdonald and his party passed an Act disqualifying
members of a Provincial Assembly from being even candidates for
the House of Commons. — AUoi'ney'Qenerai Mowafs Speech at
Toronto.

It will be seen how thoroughly Reform principles pervaded the
whole of the mass of legislation enacted in the session of L871-2.

■. t.

SECTION ^.-SESSION OF 1813.

Following immediately upon the important work of 1872, the
administration of the Hon. Mr. Mowat gave still greater effect to
Liberal principles. During this session a^^ougst a number of other
Acts were passed the following :

1. An Act for the distribution of the surplus and the complete
wiping away of tha Municipal Loan Fund indebtedness.

2. An Act to establish Liens in favour of Mechanics and others.

3. An Act to establish a School of Practical Science.

4. An Act amending the Election Law and the Law relating to
Controverted Elections.

5. An Act to provide for the Incorporation of Immigrants' Aid
Societies.

6. Another Ministerial measure gave a more liberal system of
government to the University of Toronto.

7. The Licensing Acts were amended.

8. An Act to facilitate the adjustment of disputes between mas-
ters and workmen.

1. Surplai Distribution Act.

MUNICIPAL DEBTS WIPED OUT.

This was One of the ablest Acts ever devised by any statesman in

any Province. The municipalities of the Province had borrowed

•from old Canada various sums of money to make their gravel roads,

build bridges, town halls, court-houses, gaols, and such other works

of public utility. These debts amounted in 1872 to o ver $12,000,000.

By the scheme laid down in this Act the whole of that indebtedness

has now been nearly obliterated. Never has any scheme been more

comprehensive, popular and successful. It was founded on the

following resolution moved in 1871 by the Hon. Edward Blake when

leader of the Opposition : " This House feels bound to express its
conviction that the country will have just ground for dissatisfac-
tion unless some plan is adopted whereby, while making all just and
necessary provision in aid of Bailways and other public improve-

((

2, the
feet to
f other

»mplete

)theTB.

,ting to

its' Aid

stem of

en mas-

sman in

orrowed

3I roads,

3r works

000,000.

3tedness

len more

on the

ke when

press its
isatisfac-
just and
improve-

ments of Provincial interest in the thinly settled and unprovided
districts, a large part of the available surplus should be apportion-
ed according to population, and expended in such a way as each of
the Cv')unties, cities, and separated towns shall, as to its own allot-
ment, designate, in aid of Railways or othar permanent public im-
provements affecting the localities, or towards the redemption of
municipal obligauons already contracted for such purposes ; due
precaution being taken for the proper application of the money ;
and provision being made that the allotment to any Municipality in-
debted to the Municipal Loan Fund, should be applied on equitable
terms towards the satisfaction of what may be found due by the
Municipalitv on an adjustment of the Municipal Loan Fund in-
debtedness. — Journals Leg. Ass., 1870-71,2?. 129.

The principle thus laid down was carried out in this Act of 1873
by the Hon. Mr. Mowat, who thus describes the scheme, its objects
and its results in the speech already referred to delivered at Wood-
stock on Dec. 12th, 1878.

Enormous Indebtedness.

" In 1872 these Municipal debts, with the interest upon them,
amounted to something like TWELVE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS.
Municipalities which could have paid, and had no sort of equitable
or just defence for not paying, had not paid. Some of these, which
were owing very large sums to the fund, had for many years made
no payment on account of principal or interest to the Province, and
others had for a considerable number of years been equally neglect-
ful of their duty. All this time the body of the people, including
those who resided in unindebted municipalities, were paying the
interest upon the money which had been borrowed by the indebted
municipalities, and which ^they had not repaid. Those who had
derived no benefit from the money were thus paying for it, as well
as those who had derived all the benefit. And that was not the
only wrong connected with this state of things.''

Improvements Retarded.

((

Important sections of the country had been kept back in the
race of improvement in consequence of the heavy indebtedness
which lay upon them, and which it was well known that they could
not discharge — which it was utterly beyond their power to pay. In
some of these cases sums so large had been lent that from the first
it was beyond the power of the borrowing municipalities to repay
them ; and in other caseS| where it had not been beyond their power

! '■'

hi'

to repay the loans originally, it had become beyond their power by
the accumulation of unpaid interest. Property in these localities
was depreciated ; men were afraid to settle there ; and the conse-
quence was, that important sections of our country were not par
taking of the general prospeijity of the rest of the Province, and
which it was the common interest of the whole country that every
part of it should enjoy."

Political Bondage.

'' There was another evil which in one sense was a worse one
than those I have mentioned : namely, that the danger, which
every municipality in default was in of being at any time called
upcm suddenly to pay, had the effect of keeping municipalites to a
large extent in chains to the Government of the day, and was a
source of an undue influence over some of those municipalities,
from which the whole country suffered. ***** You
know that we took up the subject in the first session after you had
given me your confidence and elected me as your representative ;
and to settle the difliculty it was our good fortune to devise a meas-
ure which gave satisfaction to the whole country and to all'parties
in the country. "

Justice to all done.

" We found a way, which the Legislature adopted, and by which
the indebted municipalities were relieved, upon principles admitted
at the time to be just and at the same time satisfactory to the un-
indebted municipalities ; and we compelled those defaulting muni-
cipalities to pay that were able to pay, and had no equitable reason
to urge for not paying. We required these to pay to the extent
of their ability, and we defined certain principles by which that
object should be accomplished without favouritism to any."

^o preference Slioivn.

((

Tn that settlement no party preferences were observed ; we ap-
plied the same rule to Tory municipalities as we did to those which
were Reform, and as we.did to those which were neither Tory nor
Reform, if there were any such. Our scheme passed almost without
criticism at the time ; and although you may now and then hear a
little carping at this or the other feature of it, and there has never
to this day been suggested by anybody a comprehensive scheme
which it was even claimed would have been superior to ours ; and
I therefore venture to say there never will be. That was our great
provincial problem, then, which had defied our predecessors, and
with which we grappled promptly and successfully."

■-.

'
1

In
In
In

er by
klitieB
sonse-
t pai
5, and
every

)e one
which
called
;ea to a
, was a
alities,
^ You
ou had
tative ;
ft meas-
■ parties

which

mitted

the un-

g miini-

reason

extent

ich that

we ap-
se which
Tory nor
without
n hear a,
as never

scheme
irs ; and
our great
iors,

Under this Act not only has the vast load of municipal indebted-
ness been relieved, but the sum distributed in pursuance of the
scheme has amounted up to 3tst December, 1881, to no less than

On 31st December, 1878, there had been spent $3,333,37S,
so that the most had been spent in the first five years. From in-
quiries then made, it was found that this sum had all been spent in
works of gr^at public utility., as follows : —

Hour the money was applied.

In roads and bridges |1, 181,682 06

Jn paying debts caused by granting aid to rail-
ways 987,880 18

In paying other debts incurred for permanent

works not specified 28,579 56

In educational purpo8es,including school-houses
built, school debts paid, and investments
for school purposes 705,468 36

In building and improving town halls 147,346 40

(72 town halls have been built or paid for, and
a large number of markets and lock-ups).

In town and village improvements, by con-
struction of water-works, making side-
walks, planting shade-trees, and buying
steam fire-engines 76,432 65

In making and improving harbours 43,749 46

In drainage 27,642 27

Jn paying share of cost of county buildings, and
aiding in the erection of mills and manu-
factories 13,382 50

In buying and laying out public parks and agri-
cultural society grounds 4,964 26

In the purchase and improvement of ceme-
teries 1,917 02

In aid given to unorganized districts, in mak-
ing roads and bridges, and buildingschools 6,334 82

Tot?^r $3,225,378 54

and

3. Consolidation of the Municipal Laur.

The Session of 1873 witnessed the much-needed consolidation of
the Municipal Code. The work was a laborious one, but most com-
pletely effected under the direction of Hon. A. Crooks, who had
charge of the measure in the House. More than 1,000 sections
were reduced into half that number, and the whole of the numer-
ous Acts relating to municipal government were combined in one
statute. The result was to make this important class of legislation
plain and intelligible as far as possible to everybody. Subsequent
sessions have witnessed various improvements in the Municipal
Law ; among others the adoption of the vote by ballot in connec-
tion with Municipal Elections, and the voting on municipal by-laws;
and a measure providing for the preparation and purification of
Municipal Voters' Lists.

" A most perfect Code,"

** In our first session we made provision for facilitating the work
of self-government by collecting all the various Acts relating to our
municipalities. These Acts were scattered through the statute books
of several years ; considerable difficulty was consequf^v.tly experi-
enced by the people, who were not lawyers, and who had lo carry
out the^e laws ; and it was evident that the simplest law possible on
the subject was desirable. My colleague and friend, Mr. Crooks,
undertook the work, and during the first session of my premiership
a new Act was passed consolidating and revising all the old Acts,
and producing a result of which, in connection with the Assessment
Act, the late Chief Justice Harrison — who probably was more fa-
miliar with the subject than any other lawyer or judge — said,
* THAT THESE ACTS WERE THE MOST COMPLETE AND
PERFECT CODE OF THE KIND THAT HE KNEW OF IN
ANY COUNTRY OF THE WORLD.' ''—Atty. -General Mowat's
Speech at Toronto, Jan. 8, 1879.

3. Iie8[isIation for the l^orkingr Classes.

Referring to this class of Legislation, Mr. Mowat, in the same
speech, sa^ ; —

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.

■

" We have pasued laws securing to mechanics, labourers, and
others, a lien for their pay on the property on which their labour
is expended or their materials used, so far as this seemed practica-
ble without prejudice to persons not concerned in the transaction.
We have passed laws in the interest of masters and workmen, for
facilitating agreements between them for sharing the profits of the
business in which they may be engaged. The object of that law
is of great importance to the working classes. It is by such means
that their status is to be raised. Those who have given attention
to this subject seem to be unaware of any method by which so
large an amount of good can be looked for to the great mass of our
working population as some method which may enable them some-
how to share the profits of the business in which they are employed.
In framing these laws we had the advantage of what had been done
elsev/here, and we have placed on the statute book the best laws
that the example or experience of other places enabled us to devise.
We have also passed a law to facilitate, by means of a machinery
found useful elsewhere, the amicable settlement of disputes between
employers and employed." — Atty.-GeneraVs Speech at TorontOf Jan.
8, 1879.

8E€« 3.-FIR8T SE88ION OF 1814.

The principal measures passed during this Session were : —

1. An Act consolidating the School Laws.

2. An Act respecting Solemnization of Marriages.

3. An Act respecting Landlord and Tenant.

4. General Incorporation Acts.

6. An Act respecting Voters' Lists.

6. An Act respecting the Elective Franchise.

7. An Act respecting Escheats and Forfeitures.

8. An Act respecting the Rights and Liabilities of Innkespers.

9. An Act giving Municipal Institutions to Muskoka, Thunder

Bay, and Parry Sound Districts.
10. An Act respecting Free Grants.

Of thesu the most important are : —

1. Consolidation of the (School Lair.

In the Session of 1874 the High and Public School Laws were
subjected to a thorough revision. They were, after close examina-
tion by a committee of the Legislature, presided over by Hon. Mr.
Mowat, incorporated in two Acts, embracing the whole body of the
School Laws of Ontario. At the same time, the Council of Public
Instruction was reconstituted, the elective principle being intro-
duced.

Sx)eakiiig of these changes, Mr. Mowat said in his Toronto speech,
January 8th, 1879 :

An extensive revision of the School Laws was then made, so
that the Chief Superintendent, Rev. Dr. Ryerson, though he did
not approve of soi.ie of our amendments, yet publicly stated that
he regarded the additions and changes which we had made as on
the whole so important and valuable as to constitute a new era in
school legislation."

ft. General Incorporation Acts.

*• Before Confederation Reformers made it a prominent plank in
their platform that general laws should, as far as practicable, be
passed to provide for the establishment of corporations, instead of
special Acts being from time to time obtained. We have carried
out that sound Reform principle, and have passed various Acts for
the purpose. The object of these general Acts of Incorporation is
not only to prevent the expense and delay incident to obtaining in-
corporation in the old way through the Legislature, but to avoid
other difficulties which are independent of these two evils. In con-
nection with these Acts, we adopted the policy of resisting spe-
cial Acts wherever the parties calling for a special Act might be-
come incorporated, with the powers needed, under a general Act.
We passed a new Act for the incorporation of companies by letters
patent ; a ne«ir Act for the incorporation of Benevolent and Provi-
dent Societies without letters patent : and an Act for establishing
Immigrant Aid Societies. By means of these Acts a large number
of companies and societies have since been incorporated, and much
expense has thereby been saved to the parties and the Province*"
'—Mr. Mowat'a Speech at Toronto, Jan. 8, 1879.

The Obanoe Bills.

" We were of opinion that that influential Aasociation, the Orange
body, should obtain its incorporation under the appropriate general
Act, as others have done since our Act was passed, instead of
insisting on a special Act ; and we have tlierefore resisted a special
Act in their case as we have resisted special Acts in other cases,
leaving the parties to obtain under the general law the advantages
for which a special Act is sought. In ord'^r to make political
capital, the leaders of the Orange body have refused to take
advantage of this course, and have diligently endeavoured to
create the false impression that the Orange Societies are sutfering
some grievance at our hands, while the truth is that the object in
view could be served as well by their becoming incorporated under
the general law as in the way their leaders profess to prefer. There
is no special Act incorporating these Societies in Great Britain or
Ireland ; none that I have heard of in the United States ; and but
one instance (so far as I know), and that a recent one, in any other
Province or country. " — Ibid.

'. . <

3. CiruiitH to Cliaritiei.

** A large sum had annually been granted for many years before
Confederation and afterwards to various hospitals and public
charities, but the grants were made on no fixed principles, and as
the necessary consequence, it was apt to be importunity and
influence which regulated what institutions should receive aid and
how much they should receive. That was an objectionable state of
things, and we applied ourselves to the task of devising a remedy.
The public sentiment was against withdrawing the grants— and I
entirely sympathized with that sentiment — from these humane
institutions : but we adopted a syslenx by which the amount to be
received by each institution should depend on the amount of work
done and the amount of contributions received by the institute
from other sources. Since the passing of our Act for this purpose
all increases of the former grants have been made on the principles
laid down in the statute, and favouritism as to amount has thereby
been put out of the question. There are a few of these institutions
which were not entitled after the Act to so large a sum as they
had previously been receiving, but we have not thought tliat it
would be well to reduce the amounts during a time of deprespion,
and when the poor and afflicted would be the only suflfersrs." — Ibid,

Hospitals and Charities receive aid at the present time to the

amount of $78,000 per annum.

" '4

Official Inspection.

All hospitalit and charities receiving the Government grants are
subject to the rigid supervision of the Government Inspector,
whose duty it is to report on their efficiency and the amounts to
which, under the Statute, they are respectively entitled.

4. Marriage.

The provision made for legalizing marriages as to the validity of
which doubts existed, and the improved facilities for obtaining
licenses, as well as the reduction of the license fee, were also among
the useful measures of this period.

** We have passed Acts amending the Marriage Laws. There was
an increasing number of marriages in the Province which were
probably illegal in consequence of irregularities unknown to the
parties at the time of marriage. The evil was well known ; it had
long been before the Courts in some of its aspects. The doubt
was not only as to the legal status of the husband and wife, but as
to that of their children also. The attention of previous Govern-
ments had Been called to the subject In vain. We had the good
fortune by a few simple provisions to meet the whole difficulty in
regard to both the past and the future ; and the result of our legisla-
tion is, that, for the first time in the history of our country, mar-
riages by clergymen of all denominations are now on precisely the
same footing." — Atty.-GeneraVs Speech at Toronto , Jan. 8, 1879.

Marriage Licenses.

** Then there was a change of the law with regard to Marriage
Licenses, which were also formerly attended to by the Dominion
Government. That subject was taken in hand by the Provincial
Government in 1874, and 860 issuers of license in the Province
have been appointed, with whom the Provincial Secretary has to
correspond. The number of licenses issued from the Department
in 1877 was 12,957. The Provincial Secretary had the pleasure of
making nearly that nuniber of couples happy in that year." — Atty.-
Oenercd's Speech at Woodstock, Dec. 12, 1878.

bs are
ector,
nts to

Reduction op License Fees.

" Perhaps I may mention in this connection that, having in
view the well-being of the people, we took an early opportunity to
reduce the Provincial tax on Marriage Licenses, so that instead of
$6 the only fee now is $2 to the issuer. To the rich this difference
is nothing. To the labouring man, at a time that his expenses are
to be increased, the saving of $4 is an object." — Speech at Toronto j
Jan. 8, 1879.

Idity of
taining
) among

^ere was
ch were
n to the
; it had
B doubt
8, but as
Govem-
bhe good
iculty in
r legisla-
iry, mar-
dsely the
1879.

5. The Income Franchise.

Tlie eAtem 'on of the Income Franchise to persons not otherwise
qualified to vote at elections had been strongly advocated by mem-
bers of the Liberal party in the days of the Sandfield Macdonald
Administration, but was resisted by that Government and defeated
by its influence. In 1874 an Income Franchise Act became law.

** We also passed a law for giving votes to persons who had not
the property qualification previously required for voters, but who
had a certain amount of income. This Act has been found in prac-
tice to affect the towns and cities only. The number of income
voters in the rural districts is small, but there are a considerable
number in cities and towns, and some in villages." — Mr. Mowat'it
Speech at Toronto, Jan. 8, 1879.

6. Toters' lAsU.

The law relating to the preparation of Voters' Lists was entirely
remodelled, and placed on a most excellent footing.

" There used to be great difficulty at elections in knowing with
certainty who were entitled to vote ; and much fraud was the result
in various ways. Honest men of both parties felt the evil, and were
anxious that some remedy should be found for it. We therefore
j prepared a Voters' Lists Act, and provided in it machinery for judi-
cially settling the voters' lists before an election, and for having
questions decided beforehand by as impartial a judge in every
[county as it was possible for us to find, viz. , the Connty Court
I Judge. That measure received the approbation of all parties at the
I time. A more stringent Act was subsequently passed, in conse-

l!^:(;

quence of its beine found by the proceedings in the Lincoln case
that further legislation was necessary to acccomplish the end in
view. The delay in that case was in spite of our first Voters' Lists
Act, and might have been more easily accomplished by the litigants
if that law had not been in existence. But something more was
needed in the same direction." — Mr, Mowat at ToroutOf January
8, 1879.

Finality op Lists.

** We subsequently passed an Act making these voters' lists final,
and thereby making impossible such scandal as had occurred in
the Lincoln case." — Ibid.

8ECTI0N 4.-8ECOND 8E88ION OF 1814.

This session was held in December, 1874. It was in place of one
in the early part of 1875. The elections were held in the next
month — January, 1875. The more important measures of this ses-
sion were :

1. An Act readjusting the representation in the Legislative As-
sembly.

2. An Act amending Election Trials Act.

3. An Act respecting the boundaries between Ontario and
Quebec.

4. An Act respecting the northerly and westerly boundaries of
Ontario.

5. Limition of Actions Act.

6. Registration of Titles Act.

7. An Act providing for voting by ballot at municipal elections.

8. An Act respecting apprentices and unions.

9. Ditching Water-courses Act.

10. An Act respecting Benevolent, Provident and Kindred So-
cieties,

"Oi

DuflFerU

cable,

membe

Duffei

anotheJ

former!

very
8118 ap(|
was not
the couj
[part of
membei

case
ndin

gants
o was
nnary

i finivl,
rred iu

r4.

36 of one
the next
thia ses-

ative As-

■:j>t:

ario and

f • .
adaries of

jlections.

'i'

dred So-

1.— ReaiUuttment ofRepretentatlon.

The reaaons for and effect of this Act are thus given by its author
— Hon. Mr. Mowat — in his Toronto speech, from which we have

already quoted.

Re-dlstributlon.

'' The principle regulating local represention under the British
North America Act was, that there should be the same number of
representatives in the Local Assembly of Outario that the Province
had in the Dominion Parliament. That number was at first eighty-
two. The principle of representation by population being recog-
nised by this Act, Ontario, after the next census, got an additional
representation of six members, making tL<^ number eighty-eight.
There were inequalities in the constituenci^i in Upper Canada, and
the general feeling was that there should be added to the represen-
tation of the Local Assembly the same number of seats as had been
added to the representation for Dominion purposes."

No Pakty Object.

' ' It was said at the time, and is sometimes still said, that, in ar-
ranging the constituencies for the purpose of providing six mure
seats, we did so for party purposes, and without reference to other
considerations. The facts demonstrate the reverse."

DubTpbrin.

" One of the new seats we gave to the new municipal county of
Dufferin, all parties having always admitted that, as far as practi-
cable, a municipal county should have a member, or two or more
members, as the caso might be, of its own. We had no idea that
Dufferin would return a Reformer. I do not know that there is
another county in the Province where, in a party contest, a Re-
former would get a smaller vote than in Dufferin."

Niagara.

" I have said that the inequalities in the representation were
very great. For instance, the town of Niagara had at the last cen-
sus a population of 3,693 only. It returned a member, however; it
was not even the county town of the county; St. Catharines was
the county town, and had no member, but was represented only as
part of the county of Lincoln. The average population by which a
I member was elected was 19,766, when the number of members was

1 )'»

82 ; or of 18,418 if the number of members should be 88 ; and when
we were dealing with the subject of representation, it was impossi-
ble to defend, upon any fair principle, the leaving Niagara, with its
small population, to have a member for itself, while Essex, with
upwards of 30,000, had but one member. What, therefore, did we
do ? We added the town of Niagara to the county of Lincoln — its
own county — thereby, as we knew, making Lincoln a more Tory
county than it was before; but it being a fair thing that Niagara
should not have a member for itself, the only proper course, inde-
pendently of party considerations, was that the town should, for
representation purposes, be included in its own municipal county."

Ehsex.

'^ It happened that the effect of taking a member from Niagara
was to give two members to the county of Essex, which came next
in population, after the other counties had been supplied whose
population was larger. Essex at that time was represented by Mr.
Albert Prince, a supporter of the Government. He maintained the
claim of Essex to two members, thous;h he gave it as his opinion
that from local causes, if Essex were divided, it would return two
Opposition members. But, as on the principle of representation by
population Essex was the county next entitled to another member,
we felt it our duty to act upon that Reform principle, whether in
that instance it should work against us or for us. It did work
against us. At the next election the county returned two members
against us, and every election since that time has been against the
local Government."

SiMCOE.

"We gave three members to the county of Simcoe, which previ-
ously had two, and the three members returned ever since have
been members of the Opposition."

Grey.

"On the same ground of population, we gave a third member toi
the county of Grey, which returned three to the Dominion House;]
and we adopted the Dominion division for the county with one]
difference. We changed the arrangement with regard to the town-
ships of Holland and St. Vincent, putting the township of HollaiidJ
into the East Riding ; while for Dominion purposes it was in the!
North Riding. We did this because it was represented to us to be]
convenient for the people that Holland should belong to the East
Riding, and the township of St. Vincent to the North Riding. The
member for the North Riding, who was opposed to the Govern-j

[when
npoBsi-
vith its
I, with
did we
)ln— its
re Tory
Miiigara
e, inde-
luld, for
lounty."

Niagara
,me next
d whose
d by Mr.
ained the
B opinion
turn two
Ltation by
member,
hether in
did work
) members
gainst the

ich previ-
bince have

ment, told the house that he would rather have the Dominion ar-
rangement, but that it would make no difference politically, and
the result has shown that to be the case ; when the elections came
on, both East Grey and North Grey returned Oppositionists."

Other Ghangeh.

*' The districts of Wellin<j[ton, Simcoe, Grey and Card well lie to-
gether, and were represented by eight members. Of those eight
members, five were opponents and three were supporters of the
Government. Without going into details, I may state that the new
arrangement gave to this new territory three more members, or
eleven altogether. At the next election there were returned three
Government supporters as before, and eight Oppositionists instead
of five, so that the additional members were an addition of that
nnmber to the Opposition.

'* I go into these things so that you may see that we felt it our duty
in that matter, as in our legislation generally, to adopt that course
which should be defensible on sound Reform principles, whetlier it
should happen in the result to be injurious to the Reform party or
not. We believed t' • in giving effect to a sound principle the R«3-
form party would gaiu in the long run, and we looked not to party
gain except as the result of the permanent good of the country."

member to
ion House;

with

the town
of HollaT»cl|
was in the|
to us to h
the Eas
liding. Th
he Govern

It has been said that in this Act, Mr. Mowat made an attempt at
gerrymandering the constituencies. The statement is totally un-
true. The Bill changed the boundaries of twenty-nine constituen-
cies, including two which it abolished entirely. Home of the
changes were very trifling, and in a number of instances consisted
only in giving the whole of a village situated on the boundary be-
tween two constituencies entirely to one or other of them. Muni-
ipal limits, with the exceptions above mentioned, were scrupu-
ously adhered to, and constituencies were made as epual as possi-
le in point of population without undertaking a general recon-
truction of the Province and an indiscriminate overthrowing of
nunicipal boundaries. The evils of such a course were regarded as
oneKrreater than its advantages, and no demand for its adoption was
ade in any part of the Province.

Tlic Political Results of the Bill.

The following table shows the Counties and Constituencies af-
fected by the Bill, and their political complexion before and after
its passage : —

IN 1874 (before the bill).

IN 1875 (after the bill).

;=!

1
1
1

•

a
o

•

a
3

•

H-t ;

Huron

Gibson, Bishop . ,
McKellar

Gibson, Bishop,

Ross.
Abolished.
McKellar, Coutta.

Bothwell

Kent

Dawson

1
2

2
1

1
2

1
1

Jjambton

Pardee

Pardee. Graham.

Fssex

Prince

McManus

Scott, Laude. . . .

Clarke, Grow, Mc-
Gowan

Patterson. Wisrle.

Cardweli

Flesher.

Grey

2
1

Hunter, Creighton,

Wellington

Muskoka and Parry
Sound

Jjauder.
Clarke, Gow, Mc-
Gowan.

Miller.

North Victoria . . .

1
2

McRae

McRae.

Simcoe

Ardagh, Ferguson <

Kean, Long, Mac-

DufFerin

dougall.
BaiT.

East Peterboro' ....

West Peterboro'

North Renfrew ....
South Renfrew

1
1

Read

Fairbairn

Deacon |

Harrington \

Giles

O'SuUivan.
Scott.
Deacon.
Bonfield.

South Leeds

1
1
1
1

Preston.

Brockville

Fitzsimmons j

Richards

Cole.

Niatrara

Abolished.

Lincoln'

Rykert

Webb

Patterson

Crosby

1
1

"i
1

• •

Rykert.

Ferris,

Patterson,

Lane.

East Northumber-
land ...

West York

East York

1
1
1

North Lanark

South Lanark

Caldwell

Code

Moystyn.
Code.

South 13ruce

Wells

Wells.

IS af-
after

JILL).

[^outts.

ahain.

Wigle.

reighton,
ow, Mc-

|ng, Mac-

In other words, the altered Constituencies were represented in
the Parlif.ment of 1874, by 2 Independent , 14 Qovernmtnt and 13
Ojypodtion members ; in that of 1875, after the passing of the Bill,
by 16 Government and 19 Opposition members, the Government thus
gaining two votes and the Opposition six ! Nothing could show
more plainly or conclusively that Mr. Mowat's Government was
not prompted by political motives in the partial redistribution of
1874. On the contrary, a majority of the changes made resulted,
and could not but result, disastrously to the Administration, and
in giving increased representation to its opponents upon the floor
of the House.

Another objection brought against this Act was that it increased

the cost of our Government, But the following comparison will be

useful, showing pi it does the comparative cost of our Legislation

with that of other States : —

•/i •

A Comparison in Cost of Legislation.

Per head of
population.

Connecticut (average) 21 Cents,

Pennsylvania (1878) 17*

Massachusetts (1878) 16j\

New York (1878) m

Illinois (1878) 9}

Michigan (average) 8^ „

Wisconsin (average) 8^ „

Maine (average) adding Printing estimated at

$100,000 .. 8^1^

Average of eight States 12^ cents per head.

Ontario 6/^ „

In other words, the Local Legislature costs the people of Ontario,
in proportion to their numbers, little more than half the sum paid
for the same purpose by the populations of the States abo-^'e men-
tioned.

Per head of
population.
The expense of legislation in Quebec (1877) 14 ^^^ Cents.

In the other Provinces, excluding Ontario,

(1877) 16i

Average of six Provinces, excluding Ontaiio loi n

Ontario (1877) tJ „

ir:

OR LESS THAN ONE-HALF THE COST OF LOCAL
LEGISLATION (PER CAPITA) m ANY OTHER PART
OF THE DOMINION.

2, Land Titlei.

Another useful measure of the second Session of 1874, was one

giving repose to land titles.

" We have given repose to land titles by materially shortening
the period after which a man's title to the property he possesses
may be free from danger. It was constantly happening that defects
were discovered in a man's title to property of which he had been
in possession for many years, and the man and his family were in
consequence suddenly deprived of, perhaps, their all. To prevent
such hardships, Statutes of Limitation had been passed from time
to time. In England the period had lately been reduced from
twenty to twelve years ; we reduced it from twenty to ten years ;
and the result is, that every man possessing property holds it now
more securely than he did before. An equally short period has
been adopted in various other colonies, and in some of the 13 lited
States." — Atty-General Mowat at Toronto, Jan. 9, 1879.

..^,:J

SECTION. 5.— SESSION OF 1815-6.

In the session of 1875-6 some of the important Ministerial meas-
sures were Acts relating to :

1. Minister of Education.

2. Sale of Liquors (Licenses).

3. The system of voting by Ballot for Municipal By-laws.

4. Vital Statistics (Registration of Births, Deaths and Marri-
ages).

5. The Legislative Assembly.

6. Elections and Controverted Elections.

AL
RT

as one

tening
ssesses
defects
d been
vere in
►revent
m time
1 from
years ;
, it now
iod has
tinted

al meaa-

7. Payment of Criminal Witnesses.

8. Municipal Elections.

9. Voters' List.

10. Insurance Companies.

11. Fire Policies, and

12. Building Societies.

1. A ]flinister of Education.

One of the most important measures in this year was that substi-
tuting a Minister of Education for the Chief Superintendent. We
point out further on its etiects. Mr, Mowat says, regarding it : —

" Since then, on the recommendation of Dr. Ryerson and others
interested in the work of education, we took the responsibility of
having a Minister of Education instead of a Chief Supeiintondent ;
and all the proceedings of the Education Department are now subject
to be challenged in the House, and there tho Minister of Education
must defend whatever he does or omits to do in regard to school
matters. We splected for Minister a gentlemen of ability ; of high
moral character ; and in every other way fitved to be the head of the
educational system of the country. Mr. Crooks is a graduate of the
Provincial University,and has taken high hon;)urs in his university
course. His administration of his department has received public
approbation ; it has given satisfaction not to his own party only, but
to all parties. The school law has been further extensively revised
under his advice. Training and Model Schools have also been es-
tablished at a small expense in almost every county. The man-
agement of the Provincial University has likewise been popularized
by giving to its graduates a voice in its government. There were
not wanting those who predicted that by such a change the school
system of Ontario would be brought within the influence of political
considerations and objects. It is universally admitted that these
fears were groundless." — Mr. MowaVs S-peech at Toronto, Jan. 8,
1879. - - . . .

'S.

I Marri-

2. The CrookM' Act.

'*! .

In the first Session of 1874 the laws regulating the sale of intoxi-
cating liquors had been consolidated and, in the Session of 1875-6,
I the Government made a further successful effort to grapple with

some of the very difFicult questions involved. The Act then passed
abolished municipal intervention in the administration of the law,
and placed the authority to grant licenses in the hands of three un-
paid Commisioners for each locfAity. It limited the number of
licenses to be issued in cities, towns and villages, and gave the
Commissioners and Councils power to further limit the number.
Power was also given to Municipal Councils and to the Commis-
sioners to limit the number to be issued in rural municipalities.

The enforcement of the law was entrusted to a paid Inspector in
each License District, also appointed by the Crown. Regulations
as to the hours of sale, the qualification required from vendors, and
the licensing fee, were also adopted, as well as provisions to secure
as far as possible, the conviction of offenders.

Public Opinion.

Prior to the introduction of the Act, the Gevernment were, by
influential delegations, by petitions, by the action of the leading
temperance advocates, by temperance organizations — indeed, by
the friends of temperance of every class and of all political complex-
ions — constantly urged to take the issue of licenses and inspection
under their own immediate control ; and since its passage, and after
a fair trial, it is safe to say that the Act known as the ** Crooks Act'
has been almost universally approved by the leaders and friends of
the temperance movement throughout the Province of every politi-
cal opinion, and generally by those who, while not identified with
any temperance organization, yet look to the Government to regu-
late and keep within due bounds the traffic in intoxicating

liquors. . . .

The Licensed Victuallers' Memorial.

Some of the provisions of the Act were sugge 'ted by the " Li-
censed Victuallers," through an influential deputation of their mem-
bers, who waited on Attorney-Gederal Mowat on the 6th of Janu-
ary, 1876, and presented an elaborate memorial upon the subject.
The memorial stated, among other things, as follows :

Tl
pers
and

passed
e law,
ee un-
ber of
ve the
amber,
ommis-
itiea.
jctor in
ilatious
ors, and
, secure

■ ii/y.

svere, by
I leading
deed, by
complex-
iispection
and after
3oka Act'
friends of
ery politi-
fied with
t to regu- I
toxicating

" Wo are quite prepared to concede that the * Liquor Question, '
as it has been aflectedly called, is becoming a question indeed-
People are now beginning to allow that it is a question. They con'
fess, and we affirm, that it is a question which must be attended to I
that it is one which is growing and strengthening and deepening, and
which cannot any longer be paltered v.ith or avoided. People of all
classes and all parties are beginning to see that something is needed
to check the growing evils of intemperance, and something more on
the one hand than mere conversation, and something else on the
other than simple attempts at legislation, is required to meet and
remedy this great social evil under which we are labouring. This
is a truth which is now beginning to spread."

And again : " We are agreed in this, that the Act of the Ontario
Legislature known as the * Crooks Act ' is, on the whole a fair and
just enactment, and if its provisions were strictly carried out and
enforced (with some slight alterations, to which we shall hereafter
refer), we think that intemperance would greatly decrease, and the
public on the one hand and the tavern-keepers on the other, would
be generally satisfied."

The memorial further urged more rigorous inspection, and that
not once but frequently during the year ; statutory provisions re-
quiring better accommodation on the part of tavern-keepers ; and
that the character of the persons applying for a license should be
fully considered before the application should be entertained.
Further : " That the houses of parties selling without license should
be closely watched, and the law strictly enforced." And after
pointing out certain grave evils arising from unlicensed traffic, the
memorial proceeds to say : "To counteract this, we think that Gov-
ernment Inspectors should he appointed. Exjyerience has shoion that
such officers are far more efficient in suppressing such traffic and bring—
iiuf the offenders to justice than the police force, which is required for
the discharge of other diUies."

This memorial was published at length in the Toronto daily pa-
pers of the 7th January, 1876, and is duly signed by the President
and Secretary of the Licensed Victuallers' Association.

the "Li-
heir meni-
h of Janu-
le subject.

Public Satisfaction with the Act.

That the Act itself gave general satisfaction is further evidenced
by the fact that in the summer of 1877 petitions signed by over
5,000 of the citizens of Toronto, including all or nearly all the hotel
keepers and other licensed victuallers, licensed grocers and brewers

of the city, were presented to the City Council, in which, referring
to the License Law, it was deliberately stated that " the Crooks^
Act has been the most successful measure so far adopted.'*

rli

A Great Success.

Upon the whole, it may be asserted without fear of contradictioil
that the measure is all but universally admitted to have been most
successful, and to have met with the approval alike of the respec-
table dealer and the public at large ; that while, on the one hand,
it amply protects the respectable dealer in his lawful calling, on the
other hand, the public at large are efficiently protected against the
demoralising practices of the illicit dealer. We have given here
but the provisions of the Act and the causes for its adoption ; fur-
ther on under the heading of " Charges " we refer again to it in the
way of defence.

^. 3. The L<egislative A§§eiubly.

The Act of 1875-6 respecting the Legislative Assembly gave by
Statute to the Assembly powers, the right to exercise which, in the
absence of such provision, was doubtful, but which it has for cen"
turies been held necessary, in the public interest, that the repre-
sentatives of the people should possess. This Act secured the free-
dom and independence of members in the discharge of their duties ;
it gave authority to the Speaker's warrant ; provided for the attend-
ance of witnesses at parliamentary investigations, and thus secured
a thorough and searching inquiry into any grievance or scandal. It
also provided for the trial by a judge, and the due punishment of
any member of the Assembly who might be guilty of corruptly
'- * .g his position or office. It prevented any member from receiv-
)j 4' : y fee or emolument even indirectly, or through a partner,
Pi, \ 'cvjislation before the House.

Independence of the House op Assembly.

Although this measure provided increased guarantees for the

independence of the Legislature, the Attorney-General, in his

speech at Toronto, paid a just tribute to his predecessor's efforts in

the same direction : —

'^ It has in all countries and at all timos been found by experience
to be unfavourable to the independence of a re^^resentative of the
people, and therefore to the public interest, that he should hold an
office under the Crown yielding any considerable pecuniary advan-
tage ; and while some officials had been disqualified before JVlr.
Blake's time, there were others who had not, as, for instance, offi-
cials who were paid by fees, such as registrars. The public senti-
ment being strong that placemen of this class should, no more than
placemen paid by salary, occupy seats in the Assembly, Mr. Blake
swept away the last vestige of the evil referred to." — Atty. -General
Mowafs Speech at Toronto, Jan. 9, 3 879.

4. Vote by Ballot.

The system of voting by ballot was adopted by a measure passed

in the first Session of 1874, and the Parliamentary Elections in

1875 were conducted under that law. In the second Session of

1874 the ballot was applied to Municipal Elections, and in 1875-G

to voting on Municipal By-Laws.

" We have passed Acts introducing vote by ballot, first in the
elections for the Assembly, and then in elections for Municipal
Councils, and upon money by-laws. The introduction of the ballot
is another illustration of the observation which I have just made.
For I believe the general sentiment was then and is now that the
Reform party would be gainers by the vote being an open one. But
what is the theory of representation ? Is it not that every man
should give his vote as he really wishes to give it ? Without the
ballot you cannot secure that object. It may be of advantage to
the country sometimes that there should be an influence over a
voter, but it may also be a disadvantage. And the theory of our
Constitution is, that there should be no influence over him which
would prevent his giving his vote in whatever way he pleases ; that
his giving it should be entirely free ; that there should be no force.

and no undue influence of any kind, to embarrass or deter him ;
and the only way of accomplishing these objects is by means of the
ballot. The ballot is the method of voting in almost every country ;
it has been long iu use in the United States ; and it is now the sys-
tem in England and its principal colonies. I hope that the next
election for the Local House will show that if we have lost anything
by the ballot heretofore we are not to lose by it any more." — At-
torney-General Moivat's Speech at Toronto, Jamiary 8, 1879.

5. Payment of Criminal Witnesse§.

The Act providing for the payment of witnesses in criminal cases

removed a grievance of very long standing and no small hardship.

The amount paid for this purpose by the Government is over

$10,000 annually.

" At the last Provincial General Election, so thorough had our
previous legislation been, so completely had we exhausted the sub-
jects which our people had theretofore been interested about, that
I think the only charge of legislative omission which our opponents
pretended to make was, that we had not -up to that time passed a
law for the payment of Crown witnesses in criminal cases. * *
♦ * We framed a Bill for the purpose as soon as we had
thoroughly considered what was necessary and had collected the
needed information ; and our Bill provided such safeguards and re-
strictions that, though considerable apprehension had always been
entertained that a very large sum would be required, the amount
under our Act has turned out to be so moderate that nobody has
felt it a burden. The amount is paid, partly by the municipal
counties and partly by the Government, and in proportions which
have met with approval," — Attorneys-GeneraVis Speech at Ifoodstockj
JJec. 12, 1878.

6. In§urance— Fire Policie§— In§pection.

An Act of 1875-6 provides conditions on which Fire, Life and
Marine Insurance Companies may carry on business under the laws
of Ontario, and exacts from Ontario companies securities by way of
.deposit as a guarantee to the policy-holders. A further Act pro-

tects the policy-holders against vexatious and unjust objections
raised by companies to the payment of claims on fire policies. By a
Bill passed in 1879, the inspection of the affairs of Fire Insurance
Companies by an officer appointed by the Government is provided
for. The inspection is to be paid by a charge levied pro rata on the
respective companies. The Act has already proved of great service
in the protection of the public.

7. Yital IStatiHticM.

Until the passing in 1875-6, of the Act to provide for the Regis-
tration of Births, Marriages and Deaths, the system of registration
was very imperfect. Time has been requisite to familiarise the
public and local officials with the provisions of the Act, but already
great progress has been made in that direction. The Report of the
Registrar General last issued supplies a body of information of the
most reliable character as affi^cting the social condition of the
people.

SECTION «.-SESSION OF 1811.

Among the Ministerial measures of 1877 whore Acts relating to :

1. The Revised Statutes, and Amendments thereto.

2. Farmers Sons' Franchise.

3. Elections of Members.

4. Escheats and Forfeitures.

5. Voters' Lists for Municipal Elections.

6. Educational Law.

7. Encouragement of Agriculture, Horticulture, Arts and Manu-
factures, v^.

8. Drainage.

9. Intestate Estates.

10. References to the Supreme Court.

11. Free Grant Timber Licenses.

12. Mortgages and Sales of Personal Effects.

13. Territorial Districts.

1.— The ConMolidatioti of the l^latiitei.

The completion of the arduous and necessary work of revising
and consolidating the laws of, or affecting the Province of Ontario,
was the most important event in the Session of 1877. The Attor-
ney-General, in one of his recent speeches, described the character,
extent and benefits derived from this great work.

'* Again : the statute law of the Province was in a state of chaos
when we took oftice. It was many years before that time that the
statute law of Canada had been consolidated. Since that consoli-
dation annual volumes of statiites had been making their appear-
ance ; these repealed some of the laws as they stood in 1859, when
the first consolidation took place, and altered and amended others ;
dead law had necessarily become mixed up with living law in every
volume ; and no volume except the last of the series showed or
could show which of the enactments in it were still in force and
which were not. If you wanted to know what the statute law was
on any subject, you had to consult perhaps twenty indexes and
twenty volumes before you could be reasonably sure what the law
was ; and it was with fear and trembling that even a lawyer gave
his opinion on any matter of statutory law with which he did not
happen to be familiar, lest there should be some enactment some-
where which had some bearing on the matter in hand in some way,
that had escaped his attention. The form of the law and facility
for ascertaining what the law is, have been said by jurists to be as
important as the law itself, if not more important. Then in the
Consolidated Statutes of 1859, and the subsequent volumes up to
Confederation, laws now within the authority of the Provincial
Legislature and laws beyond our authority were necessarily inter-
mingled."

A Commission Appointed.

" To provide a remedy for the state of things which I have de-
iscribed, we appointed a Commission (of which I was myself a mem-

ber) for the purpose of assisting in the consolidation and revision
of our whole statute law, striking out everything that was dead,
and everything that was seen to be beyond Provincial jurisdiction ;
collecting the scattered enactments upon every subject, and fusing
them into one chapter ; classifying the Acts thus consolidated ; ar-
ranging them in the most convenient way for easy reference ; and
providing one index for the whole, instead of twenty indexes at-
tached to the existing volumes."

As Ahsuri) Charcje.

" One of the absurd charges made against us, is that we em-
ployed a Commission for the purpose of doing, or assisting in do-
ing, this work. There never yet was an important consolidation or
revision of the laws of any country that was not done by a Com-
mission, and it is impossible to execute work of this kind other-
wise than by a Commission. A majority of the Commissioners
held judicial otlices."

The Work Cheaply and Well Done.

" I may say further, that there never was a Commission for re-
vising the statute law of any state or country which, in view of the
comparative extent of the work, cost nearly as little as our Com-
mission cost. The work too, I may add, was done as well as the
work of the best paid Commissioners that had ever similar work to
do in any country I know of. Upwards of twelve hundred public
general statutes had to be examined, compared and arranged, and
these were ultimately reduced by consolidation to two hundred
and twenty-four. In the course of the work the whole body of the
statute law underwent legislative revision as well as consolidation.
And so we disposed of this very important matter ; and the people
are in poi^session of the results of our work." — Attoniey-Oeneral
Muvafs Speech at Woodstock, Dec. 12, 1878.

2.— Farmers' Sons' Fraikt^hise.

The extension of the franchise to income-tax payers who are

usually resident in the towns and cities, very naturally suggested

the propriety of passing a sii&ilar measure for the benefit of an

analogous class, the farmers' sons in the rural districts. This measure
.1

was indicated in Mr. Blako's speech, at Aurora, in 1874, and was

passed by the present Government in 1877.

" We have also made provision forgiving the franchise to farmers'
sons, and the propriety of doing so will be obvious to those who are
acquainted with agricultural life in Ontario. We had already pro-
vided an income franchise, by which residents in cities and towns
were chiefly benefited. Now, it is the well-known custom in this
country for one or two of a farmer's sons to remain on a homestead,
after coming uf age, to assist their parents in working and managing
the farm — an extremely desirable arrangement, and one to be en-
couraged, both for the comfort of the old people and the benefit of
the sons. These farmers' sons are, a« a class, well educated, and
quite as intelligent as either income voters or as those who live on
farms of their own ; having had the advantage of our excellent
school system, which perhaps their fathers had not. The Legis-
lature thought, therefore, that no sufficient reason existed why that
class of persons, living and working on their fathers' farms, and
being practically partners therein, should not be permitted to vote,
though they might have no separate property." — Attorney-General
Moivat^s Speech at Woodstock, Dec. 12, 1878.

3.— Encoiirag^cinciit of Agriculture.

The great industry of the Province has received the most liberal
encouragement from the present Administration. In 1877 the Hon.
S. C. Wood introduced a measure which consolidated the previous
Acts relating to Agriculture, Horticulture, Arts and Manufactures,
and made some valuable amendments, all in a liberal direction. The
administration of this and other Acts passed for the encouragement
of Agriculture is given more in detail under the head of Adminis-
tration

SECTION 1.-SE88I0N OF 18T8.

In the Session of 1878 important measures were introduced by
the Government and passed, relating to the following subjects :

1. The Public Setvice of Ontario.

2. Winding up Joint Stock Companies.

3. Building Societies.

4. The Magistracy.

5. Revised Statutes.

6. Drainage Debentures.

7. License Act.

8. High Schools.

0. Union School Sections.

10. Finality of Voters' Lists.

i 1 . Preservation of Forests from Fire.

12. Employment in Gaols, &c., &c.

1. Drainage.

The original Drainage Act of the Sandiield Macdonald Administra-
tion provided for Municipal Drainage Works being executed by the
Government, and that the amount expended should constitute a
rent charge on the land improved. The policy of the present Go-
vernment has been to adopt the far more convenient and economical
course of leaving the work to be performed by the municipalities,
the amount expended being covered by Municipal Debentures, which
the Government take at the very low rate of interest of 5 per cent.
In the Session of 1878, a Bill was passed providing that the aid of
the Government might be extended to tile drainage by private pro-
prietors under Municipal supervision, and in 1879 the privileges of
this Act were extended to stone and timber drainage. In the Ses-
sion of 1879, a further sura of $50,000 was appropriated for Munici-
pal drainage purposes.

Under the old method there was spent, up to the 31st De-
cember, 1881, the sum of $364,981, and under the new the further
sum of $239,094, making in all, as advances for drainage, the total
of $604,075. With this amount there has been drained under the first

method about 250,000 acres, and under the seoond about 225,000 — in
all. 475,000 acres of valuable land added to the cultivated area of the
Province within the counties of Kent, Lambton, Middlesex, Elgin,
Lanark, Lennox, Grey, Addington, Peterboro', Essex, Leeds, Wel-
land, Huron, Bruce, Durham, Perth, Hastings, and Haldimand.
And within the last three years municipalities are enabled to borrow
out of the surplus moneys to lend to private individuals for the
purposes of tile drainage — thus emulating the action of Great
Britain. It is to be hoped that the result in the improvement of
the arable land here may be as great as it has been there in conse-
quence thereof. Up till the Slst December, 1881, $21,652 had been
so borrowed.

(«
((
(t

2. Preiervatlon of Foreits from Fire.

In introducing the Bill Hon. Mr. Pardee said: **Tho Bill pro-
vided that the Lieutenant-Governor in Council might proclaim
certain portions of the country — those secticiis containing valu-
able pine — to be fire districts, for the purposes of the Act. The
measure would not necessitate the employment of additional offi-
cers. It simply imposed special duties upon the officers now in
the employ of the Department. "

3. Winding: Up of Joint $!>tock Companies.

In introducing this measure Mr. Mowat said : ** The Bill was
founded partly upon the law in existence in England adapted to
our circumstances. Its general character was to afford companies
*he means of winding up by their own act. It frequently hap-
pened that b ' Tipany was no longer in a condition to carry on
business without being actually insolvent, but there were rights
to be disposed of amongst the shareholders, and other matters
which rendered the winding up difficult. This Bill would obviate
the difficulty."

SECTION 8.-8ESSION OF 18T9.

Several very important and necessary measures were introduced
by the Government and passed in this Session . Among them were
Acts relating to —

1. Public, Separate and High Schools.

2. Jurors and Grand Juries.

3. The Northerly and Westerly Boundaries of Ontario.

4. The Administration of Justice in the Northerly and Westerly

parts of Ontario.

5. The Inspection of Insurance Companies.

6. The Female Reformatory and Industrial Refuge for Girls.
Building Societies.
The issuing of Scrip for Railway Grants in certain cases.

9. Investments in Trust Funds.
10. Elections to the Legislative Assembly.
Mortgages.

Limitation of Actions.
Registration of Deaths.

14. Investments of Public Money in Municipal Drainage Deben-
tures. *^

15. Stefim and Heating Companies.

16. The Heir, Devisee and Assignee Commission.

7.
8.

11.
12.
13.

1. Etluvutioii.

The measure carried through the Legislature during the Session
of 1879, by the Minister of Education, introduced some new feat-
ures into the School Law of the Province. In 1877 the Minister
had already given the educational system of Ontario the benefit of
his personal attention to its operation, and procured a number of
amendments to the law.

1 =

CHANGES UNDER THE ACT OF 1877.

By the Act of J 877 the Education Department was authorized to
reduce the subjects of study in schools ; to encourage Teachers'
Associations and Institutes : to receive the High School examina-
tions as equivalent to passing the Public School Teachers' examina-
tion ; to establish County Model Schools for the professional train-
ing of Third Class Teachers ; to conduct the whole examination for
Second Class Certificates ; to pay the travelling and other expenses
of candidates for Second Class Certificates at the Normal Schools.

The Public School Law was amended in the following important
particulars, amongst others : In dividing the school year into two
terms, one from the 3rd January to the 7th of July, and the other
from the 18th of August to the 23d of December ; in enabling the
Tru«tees to borrow on time ; in preventing the site of a school*
house being changed nvithout the consent of a majority at a school
meeting, and limiting the arbitrators to selecting a new site in case
of a diflference between the Trustees and such majority; in improv-
ing the machinery for the formation of Township Boards when
two-thirds in number of the School Section decide to form one,
and in enabling such Township Boards to be discontinued in like
manner ; and in empowering a Township Council to determine all
questions relating to school sections within the Township, subject
to the appeal committee of the County Council, two of which are
the County Judge and County Inspector. In cases of union school
sections the law was made clear as to the formation, dissolution or
alteration ; and the proceedings consequent thereon were subjected
to the decision of valuators, one appointed on behalf of each Mu-
nicipality and the County Inspector, instead of the former mode,
which had proved unsatisfactory. Provision was also made for the
payment of teachers' salaries quarterly.

The collection of school rates was made certain by requiring the
assessor and municipal officials to assess and collect these rates, and
giving the option to Separate School Trustees to invoke the aid of

the same officers. County Councils were authorized to grant aid to
the County Model Schools and to the Teachers' County Associ-
ations.

The High School Law was amended in the following important
particulars ; County Councils were authorized to abolish all High
School Districts, and to constitute each High School a County High
School ; the amount to be contributed by the County Council was
made equal to that from the Legislative Grant ; and serious diffi-
cultiei which had been discovered in the Law were removed.

CHANGES UNDER THE ACT OF 1879.

The changes made by the Act of 1879 included the following : In-
stead of taking the census of 1871 as the basis of population for the
apportionment of the Legislative Grant in aid of Public and Separate
Schools, the yearly returns to the Education Department from the
clerks of the Counties, Cities and Separated Towns for the preced-
ing year govern the distribution in any year in future. The fran-
chise in school elections was extended to income voters, while those
formerly qualified were confirmed in their right. The mode of
electing Trustees in cities, towns and villages was clearly defined,
and the last Wednesday in December was appointed as a nomination
day, provided for holding all school elections, that day being in
advance of the municipal elections. All public school rates are now
to be levied through the municipal officials ; children of non-resi-
donts are made liable to pay a school fee, but not exceeding
twenty-five cents instead of fifty per month , and further pro-
visions have been made for taking school sites, and also as to union
school sections ; deficiencies in the machinery of Separate Schools
have been supplied, but without altering the principles of the law
under which they can be established ; a much needed control over
expenditure on capital account for Public or High Schools by the
the municipal corporations has been provided, so that in the case
of cities, towns and villages, a two-thirds majority of the Municipal
Council can refuse to incur such expenditure unless a majority of

the ratepayers on a vote assent to it ; while in rural school sections
no such expenditure can take place without the previous approval
of a special meeting of the ratepayers called for that purpose.

3. Grand Juriee— The Jury S^yjitem.

NUMBER OF GRAND JURIES REDUCED.

The Act introduced by the Provincial Secretary " respecting
Grand Juries," and the *' Jurors' Act of 1879, " will be recognised
by the municipal tax-payers, and the County Councils of the Prov-
ince, as two substantial measures of Law Reform. By the Act of
1879 relating to Grand Juries, the number of Grand Jurors will be
reduced from twenty-four to fifteen, the consent of eight only be-
ing necessary to the finding of a true bill.

IMPROVED SELECTION,

. By the Jurors' Act of 1879, the standard of qualiQcation is fixed
and made uniform ; the exemption of Magistrates from serving as
Petit Jurors in the Superior Courts is abolished, with a view to
securing greater intelligence, and the services of a superior class of
men upon Juries. The Act provides for obtaining a just propor-
tion of jurors from each municipality, instead of many from one
and none from other municipalities, as too frequently happened.
The process of selection has been simplified and the labours of the
selectors have been materially lightened, and the cost of selection
to the municipalities has been considerably lessened. Instead of
the whole available jury population throughout the entire Province
being year after year returned by the municipal selectors to the
Clerks of the Peace, while but a mere fraction of them are selected
for active service, the names so to be returned have been reduced
to a number sufficient only for the positive requirements of the
service ; and such changes have been made in the process of selec-
tion by the County Selectors, as will enable them to place upon the

jury list the names of those best qualified, from intelligence and
probity of character, to perform the high and important functions
devolving upon them.

POWERS TO THE SELECT'JRS.

Power is also givan to the County Selectors, of whom the County
Judge and Wardeu are two, to reduce the number of jurors as the
particular circumstances of each County may recjuire.

GREAT SAVING OF EXPENSE.

It is estimated that, by these two measures, the expense to the
various County Councils of the Province incurred in connection
with the working of the Jury system, will be reduced from over
1138,000 per annum, to less than $?98,000 ; and that A CLEAR
SAVING OF OVER $40,000 PER ANNUM (as shown ly the
speech of the Provincial Secretary, on moving the second reading
of the Bill, reported in the Globe of the 25th of February, 1879),
will be effected in favour of the tax-payers of the Province, averag-
ing over $1,100 annually to each County, while, at the same time,
our Jury system is maintaiAed and preserved in its efficiency and
integrity. This is substantial Law Refonn.

The Grand Jury Act is to be brought into force by a proclama-
tion to be issued by the Lieut. -Governor on the settlement, of some
pending litigation necessary to determine the powers of the Local
Legislature to pass such a measure. That litigation remains just
now in abeyance because the Dominion Government want the ques-
tion to be finally decided by the Supreme Court, whilst the Ontario
Government desire to preserve intact their right of appeal to the
Privy Council.

3. Oai and {^leuui-Healiiig Coiupaiiios.

The discoveries of science, and the methods now coming into use
for economising artificial light and heat, having attracted the notice

of the Government, they determined to be abreast of the times,
and introduced and carried an Act giving to Gas Companies the
power to apply the electric and other systems of lighting, and one
to incorporate public steam-heating companies.

4. Election LaMr.

The Act passed in 1879 deals with the prorogation and duration of
the Legislative Assembly ; makes certain special provisions, found
by experience to be necessary in the case of Algoraa ; abolishes
some needless formal proceedings ; regulates the political location
of villages situated in more than one Riding, and not determined
under previous legislation ; and contains improved provisions of
much importance reLiVln^: . ^inco me voters, change of residence,
and marking of ballot papers. It also provides that no candidate is
to be held guilty of a ur>'*rupt ^"actice for any " LAWFUL and
reasonable expenses" incurred In good faith."

5. Female Reformatory and Olrl§' WLeUise,

These measures provide the neceesary regulations for the man-
agement of the institutions to which they respectively relate. They
will both be under one general head, but be kept entirely distinct
and separate, in order that the girls to whom the establishment is
a refuge, may have no intercourse with the women committed to
the Reformatory for crime. Under this Act the Andrew Mercer
Reformatory and Industrial Refuge for Girls has been established
in the City of Toronto, and is now being carried on. It was founded
by the money derived from the estate of the late Andrew Mercer,
who died without leaving any heirs, and thus the estate escheated
to the Province — unless indeed the Privy Council holds that it
should revert to the Dominion.

SECTION 9.-TUE SESSION OF 1880.

There was qui'te a number of important Public Bills brought in
by the Liberal Administration of the day and passed into Acts dur-
ing this Session. Amongst these were : —

1. An Act extending the jurisdiction of Division Courts.

2. The Creditors Relief Act.

3. An Act respecting the Administration of Justice in Nipissing
and Algoma Districts.

4. An Act respecting Mortgages and sales of Personal Property.

5. An Act to amend the Free Grants a'^d Homesteads Act.

6. An Act for the relief of Building, Loan, and Savings' Societies
and Companies.

7. An Act respecting Municipal Assessments and Exemptions.

8. An Act chartering the Agricultural College.

9. An Act respecting the Ontario Reformatory for Boys.

10. An Act establishing the County of Dufterin.

1.— The Division Courts Act.

The author of this Bill the Hon. Mr. Hardy, in introducing it,
made the following explanations regarding it : — ' ' It was proposed

to increase the jurisdiction of the Division Courts from $100 to
^200 in that class of cases where promissory notes, mortjages, or
other written agreements had been signed by the debtor. Ordinary
cases of tort and replevin were increased from $40 to $00. In
order that the character of the Court might, as far as possible, be
preserved, it was provided that cases involving claims of over
$100 should be placed in at the foot of the list unless in special
cases. Where an agreement had been made to pay in a certain
place the case might be tried in the division in which that place of
payment was situate, subject to a change of venue being made on
application to the defendant, and upon his showing that the case
can be more conveniently tried in the division in which he himself
resides. It was proposed that each juror should receive one
dollar per day.'*

In the Public Interests.

This Bill was evidently in the public interest for by it the coat of
litigation has been greatly decreased and the process of the courts
simplified.

Amendment to the Free OrantM and Homestead

Aet.

As this Act has l>een much discussed, we may indicate briefly its
main features. By the law of 1808, the settler was to get the pine
on his lot when his patent issued, which was five years after he
located on the lot. But the lumbermen were, especially as the pine
became scarce, accustomed to go on to the settler's land and cut all
the pine, usually, just before the time for the issue of the patent
arrived. Not only did they take the pine, but so slashed the stand-
ing timber in getting out the pine, as to depreciate the settler's pro-
perty, and the value of his improvements. Regarding this measure,
Mr. Pardee on bringing it in said : — **The Bill before the House

contained all the reservations in tht old Aot, and it proposed to
go further, so that even when the timber is not taken off after the
five years, the licensee shall have a longer time to take it off, and
and that one-third of all the dues on such timber shall be given
back to the patentee. The effect would be that the licensee would
have no interest jin removing the timber hastily or wastefully
after the five years. It would also be to the settler's interest to
see that the timber is taken ofl* without waste.''

3. The Creditors' Relief Act.

This Act was introduced by the Hon. Mr. Mowat, after the re-
peal by the Dominion of the " Insolvent Act," to prevent as far as
the Province could, any priority amongst executioji creditors. It
was in the interest of justic* and fair play, but the Dominion has
charge of •* trade and commerce," and the Province can do little.

1. The Agfriciiltural College and Experimental Farm

Charter.

This institution had been in existence for some five years previ-
ously, and having passed through its preparatory stage, was by this
Act chartered.

The Ac* provided for its establishment, prescribed the nature of
the instruction to be given, and the experiments to be conducted,
confirmed the existing rules, regulations and curriculum, gave
the sessions, terms and vacations, and appointed certain returns
and reports to be made annually.

By reference to the head of " Administration," it will be seen
what has under this charter been accomplished by this institution.

5. The Boy^ Reformatory at Penetangulshene.

By an Act passed this year, a complete revolution was made in
this Institution established in Penetanguishene since Confedera-
tion. Instead of being a Prison, it was by this Act made a Refor-
matory in name as well as in reality. The outer walls were torn
down, cells changed into dormitories, and schools and workshops
instituted for forced labour and punishments. The result has been
most satisfactory to the cause of humanity in our Province, and to
the lads themselves.

SECTION 10-THG SESSION OE 1881.

During this Session the principal Ministerial measures were

1. The Ontario Judicature Act.

2. The Rivers and Streams Act.

3. An^ Act Hespecting the Administration of Justice in the

County of Dufferin.

4. An Important Amendment to the Dower Act.

5. Timber Slide Companies Act.

6. An Act giving Stability to Mutual Fire Insurance Companies.

7. An Act making Provision for the Safety of Railway Em-

ployees and the Public.

8. An Important Amendment to the Municipal Act.

9. kn Act Respecting the Andrew Mercer Reformatory.

10. An Important Amendment to the Ontario Drainage Act.

1. Tlio Ontario Judicature Act.

The first step towards the amalgamation of the Courts of Equity
and Common Law was made by the Hon Mr. Mowat in 1874, when
he passed the "Administration of Justice Act." The same princi-
ple was carried out, but far more thoroughly, by this Act. In
moving the second reading of this Act on the 26th January, 1881,
Mr. Mowat said : —

" The object of the Bill was to simplify the administration of
justice, and to do away with the existing anomaly of the wide
difference between Courts of Law and Equity. The origin of the
Courts of Equity arose out of the necessity in England of finding
some way of mitigating the severity of the Common Law. The Ju-
dicature Act of England was introduced in 1873 and amended in
1875, and had given great satisfaction there. The value of that
system was attested by its success in England. The changes effected
by that Bill were so important that it had been termed a ' legal
revolution.' In 1877 the system was introduced into Ireland, and
he failed to see any just grounds by which he could justify delay in
introducing it into Ontario. Some thirty years ago the State of
New York adopted a code of this kind, and although no human
device could be perfect, yet no one thought of going back to the old
system."

The Act is'very voluminous, and extends over 220 pages of our
statutes. It forms the greatest law reform that has ever been in-

troducea into Canada, and stands as an enduring monument to the
ability of the Hon. Mr. Mowat.

3. The Rivcri and §treaiiiM BUI.

A great deal has been said about this Bill, and there is little need
to remark upon it here. Suffice it to say that in 1849 an Act was
passed in the Legislature of Old Canada m.king all streams that
could float saw-logs in the spring, summer, and autumn freshets,
public property. Whether streams that needed improvements came
under that category or not was not said. Lumbermen and all others
notwithstanding one or two incidental decisions of the Court of
Chancery, treated them as public property, and made arrangements
with each other about tolls to be paid for using the improvements.
At length one Peter McLaren, who had made improvements on one
or two creeks, largely making the River Mississippi, a stream run-
ning through Lanark County, refused to allow another lumbei man
named Caldwell to run his logs over the improvements he (McLaren)
had made, holding that these two streams were private property.
No less than 234 streams in the Province were in the same cate-
gory, and as the lower Court held itself bound by the decisions to
say that they were, according to existing law, private property, it
became necessary to make the law clear on the point, The public
interest demanded that such streams should be public property.
It would be monstrous that any man, by making improvements
at some narrow point scores of miles down a stream, could control
all on the head waters of that stream, and practically confiscate all
the lumber there. The public interests, the public revenue, and the
public necessities demanded such a Bill. ^ We will refer to it agai «
and in the meantime give the Bill in toto : —

Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legisn
lative Assembly of the Province of Ontario, enacts as follows : — .

1. So far as the Legislature of Ontario has authority so to enact,
all persons shall, subject to the provisions in this Act contained,
have, and are hereby declared always to have had, during the spring,
summer and autumn freshets, the right to, and may float and trans-
mit saw-logs and all other timber of every kind, and all rafts and
crafts, down all rivers, creeks and streams in respect of which the
Legislature of Ontario has authority to give this power ; and in case
it may be necessary to remove any obstruction from such river,
creek or stream, or construct any apron, dam, slide, gate-lock, boom,
or other work therein or thereon, necessary to facilitate the floating
and transmitting such saw-logs and other timber, rafts or crafts,
down the same, then it shall be lawful for the person requiring so
to float and transmit such saw-logs and other timber, rafts and
crafts, and it is hereby declared always to have been lawful to re-
move such obstruction, and to construct such apron, dam, slide,
gate-lock, boom or other work necessary for the purposes afore-
said, doing no unnecessary damage to the said river, creek or stream,
or to the banks thereof.

2. In case any person shall construct in or upon such river, creek
or stream, any apron, dam, slide, gate-lock, boom or other work
necessary to facilitate the floating or transmission of saw-logs or
other timber, rafts or crafts down any such river, creek or stream
which was not navigable or floatable before such improvements were
made, or shall blast rocks or remove shoals or other impediments,
or otherwise improve the fioatability of such river, creek or stream,
such person shall not have the exclusive right to the use of such
river, creek or stream, or to such constructions and improvements;
but all persons shall have, during the spring, summer and autumn
freshets, the right to float and transmit saw-logs and other timber,
rafts and crafts, down all such rivers, creeks or streams, and
through and over such constructions and improvements, doing nu
unnecessary damage to the said constructions and improvements, or
to the banks of the said rivers, creeks or streams, subject to the
payment to the person who has made such constructions and im-
provements, of reasonable tolls.

3. The foregoing sections, and all the rights therein given, and all
the provisions therein made and contained, shall extend and apply
to all rivers, creeks and streams, mentioned in the first section of
this Act, and to all constructions and improvements made therein
or thereon, whether the bed of such river, creek or stream, or the
land through which the same runs, has been granted by the Crown
or not, and if granted by the Crown, shall be binding upon such
their grantees, heirs, executors, administrators and assigns.

land all
apply

Ition of

therein
or the

I Crown
such

4. The Lieutenant-Oovonor in Council may fix the amounts
which any person entitled to tolls under this Act shall be at liberty
to charge on the saw-logs and different kinds of timber, rafts or
crafts, and may, from time to time, vary the same ; and the Lieu-
tenant-Governor in Council, in fixing such tolls shall have regard
to, and take into consideration, the original cost of such cimstruc*
tions and improvements, the amount required to maintain the same,
and to cover interest upon the original cost, as well as such other
matters as under all the circumstances may to the Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor in Council seem just and equitable.

5. The foregoing provisions of this Act shall apply to all such con-
structions and improvements as may hitherto have been made, as
well as to such as may be in •ourse of construction, or shall here-
after be constructed .

6. Every person entitled to tolls under this Act shall have a lien
upon the saw logs or other timber passing through or over such
constructions or improvements for the amount of such tolls, such
lien to rank next after the lien (if any) which the Crown has for
dues in respect to such logs or timber, and if such tolls are not paid,
any justice of the peace having jurisdiction within or adjoining the
locality in which such constructions or improvem iits are, shall,
upon the oath of the owner of such constructions or improvements,
or upon the oath of his agent, that the just tolls have not been paid,
issue a warrant for the seizure of such logs or timber, or so much
thereof as will be sufticient to satisfy the tolls, which warrant shall
be directed to any constable, or any person sworn in as a special
constable for that purpose, at the discretion of the magistrate, and
shall authorize the person to whom it is directed, if the tolls are
not paid within fourteen days from the date thereof, to sell subject
to the lien of the Crown (if any), for dues, the said logs or timber,
and out of the proceeds to pay such tolls, together with the cost of
the warrant and sale, rendering the surplus on demand to the owner:
Provided always that the authority to issue such warrant by such
justice of the peace shall not exist after the expiration of one month
from the time of the passage of such logs or timber through or over
any of such constructions or improvements.

7. Nothing in this Act contained shall be construed as interfer-
ing with the powers or rights of any company formed under the
Act respecting Joint Stock Companies for the construction of works .
to facilitate the transmission of timber down rivers and streams,
being chapter one hundred and fifty-three of the Revised Statutes
of Ontario, or with mill-dams, or the right to erect and maintain

wnr

mill-damtt on streams ; and the law respecting mills and mill-dams,
being chapter one hundred and thirteen of the Revised Statutes of
Ontario, and any other law conferring lights in mill-dams shall re-
main the same as if this Act had not been passed.

§. All persona driving saw- logs or other timber, rafts or crafts,
down any such river, creek or stream, shall have the right to go
along the banks of any such river, creek or stream, and to assist
the passage of the timber over the same by all means usual amongst
lumbermen, doing no unnecessary damage to the banks of the said
river, creek or stream.

9, Evevy person entitled to tolls under this Act may make rnles
and rejfulations for the purpose of regulating the safe and orderly
transmission of saw-logs, timber, rafts and crafts over or through
such constructions or improvements ; but no such rnles or regula-
tions shall have any force or effect until approved of by the Lieu-
tenant-Governor in Council, and the Lieutenant-Governor in
Council may revoke and cancel such rules and regulations so made
and approved, and from time to time approve of new rules and
egulations which the person so entitled to tolls as aforesaid, shall
have the power to make.

. 10, If any suit is now pending, the result of which will be
changed by the passage of this Act, the court or any judge of such
court having auth(jrity over such suit, or over the costs, may order
the costs of the suit, or any part thereof, to be paid by the party
■who would have been required to pay such costs if this Act had not
been passed.

3. Safety of Railway Employees and the Public.

Large corporations like Railways are notoriously careless of the
life of their employees, and in their case the Government whose
citizens these employees are should step in. Few Governments care
to face such a matter, but the present one in Ontario did not fear
it. A committee sat in 1880, and on its report the Hon. Mr. Fraser
in this session brought in this Bill. In introducing it the Hon.
gentleman said : —

" The House was doiibtless aware that the frequency of accidents
on railways had induced Parliament to appoint a special commie-

sion. The Committee had examined a large number of witnesses.
The result was the Bill they now had before them."

The Bill provided, amongst many other things, that all overhead
bridges should have at least seven i>=^t in the clear ; that the running
board on the roof of the cars chould be at least 30 inches in width,
and provided for the space between the guard and the guide rails
being one-and-a-half inches and insisted on the packing of " frogs. "

SECTION ll.-THE SESSION OF 188*^.

Amongst those public measures introduced and carried by the
Government of the day during this session the more important
were : —

1. An Act respecting the Land Improvement Fund.

2. An Act establishing the Bureau of Industries.

3. An Act establishing the Provincial Board of Health.

4. A further Mechanics Lien Act.

5. An Act for the removal of certain defects in the Law of

Evidence.

6. The Joint Stock Companies Act.

7. Gas and Water Companies Act.

8. Electric Companies Act.

9. Railway, Streets and Drains Act. '

10. The Free Libraries Act

11. Municipal Water Works Act.

12. Market Fees Act.

13. An Act making further provision for the Construction of
Drainage Works by Municipalities.

■i

1. Land Improvement Fund.

This Act provided for the payment of the sum of $124,685.13,
part of the trust funds in th<> hands of the Dominion Qovernment,
to the various municipalities of the Province.

3. Bureau of Industries.

This was one of the direct results of the Agricultural Commission.

By its establishment full reports on the various elements of all our

various industries, reports of the state of our growing crops, ^*

acreage sown, the quantity expected, and kindred informati. .*,

could be given. The author of the Act, the Hon. S. C. Wood, in

moving the second reading of the Bill on the 2nd of March, 1882,

said : —

" The bureau was for the collection of statistical information re-
garding crops, manufactures, live stock, implements and kindred
subjects. He expected hearty co-operation with the various States
of the neighbouring Union and with the Dominion Government.
The working of the bureau would provide a remedy for the want of
knowledge regarding the value of wheat, barley, oats and other
grains, now characterizing the farmer. The same was true of fruit
culture, butter, cheese and such products. It waa proposed to avail
themselves of the services of the Agricultural and Arts Association,
the Electoral Division Societies, Dairymen's Associations, Fruit
Growers' Associations, Grange Lodges, and school inspectorft and
teachers."

This year's experience shows all these expectations to have been
more than realized.

3. A Provlneial Board of Healtli.

With Vital Statistics the question of the public health is intim-
ately connected. In 1873 the Government carried a Bill, having
the preservation of the public health specially in view, and in 1878
a Committee of the House, presided over by the Hon. A. Crooks,
Minister of Education, also investigated the subject, and collected

185.13,
iment,

ktion re-
kindred
B States
nment.
want of
other
of fruit
o avail
elation,
Fruit
orR and

,ve been

8 intim-

having

in 1878

OrookB,

loUected

a great deal of valuable information. The report of the Committee
is to be found in the Appendix to the Journals for 1878. Follow-
ing close upon this action, and founded upon the abovemenUoned
report, the Government, in this Session, brought in a Bill estab-
lishing a Provincial Board of Health. In moving the Second Read-
ing on the 28th February, 1882, the Hon. Mr. Hardy said : —

" The first part of the Bill provided for a Central Board standing
behind, and urging forward the Local Boards, and disseminating
literature and information regarding sanitary and hygienic laws.
It was not proposed that the Board should have executive powers,
or that they should absorb the duties of the Local Boards. It was
rather to be an Advisory Board, with certain defined duties. It
was to consist of seven, one of whom was to be Secretary. It was
to keep on hand a supply of vaccine matter, and to it all cases of
infectious diseases affecting the community were to be reported by
the attendant physicians."

On this Act the present Provincial|Board of Health was founded,
and all the Province knows how thoroughly it has been successful.
Under the head of Administration an account is given of that
success.

4. The Further mechnnlcs' Lien Aet.

By various arrangements under the old Act, the Mechanics were
able to be cheated out of their wages. The connivance of the
owner and the contractor was the commoner one. The mechanics
in the cities had taken the matter up an^ the Trades' and Labour
Councils fully considered the matter. The Government after care-
ful consideration, brought in a Bill which has given complete satis-
faction to contractors and mechanics alike.

By it every mechanic or labourer is given a lien on the building for
anything over thirty days' wages. That lien can not be excluded by
any agreement between the owner and the contractor, or between
the owner and his wife. Priority is given to the lien over anything
else, and full arrangements W^ prescribed for registering and enforc-
ing it.

' I.-

J '

5. Certain Defects in tiie ]L<ai¥ of Evidence.

It had been found that the ends of justice were frequently being
defeated by the refusal of the evidence of agnostics on their refusing
to be sworn. It was out of the question that the want of belief in
a God, or in future punishment, should prevent important evidence
being given, and by this Act that state of affairs was remedied.

6. The Free Libraries Act.

The reason for this Act and the principles on which it is based,
are tersely expressed in the remarks of its author, the Hon. Mr.
Mowat in moving the second reading on the 28th Feb., 1882. The
Act applies only to towns and cities.

** Ho rejoiced at the public agitation which called for such a
Bill. They provided liberally for the education of the young, yet
it was desirable that they should not overlook the education of
those who had passed the school age. He hoped they would find
the same advantages from this Act, as had been realized from a
similar Act in Great Britain. It was proposed to levy a general rate
for the support of such libraries, after the manner in which the
Public Schools were supported, a rate so small as to be almost
unappreciable."

7. Tlie lHaricet Fees Act.

In 1881 , no less than ninety-three Township Councils, thirteen
County Councils, and the Provincial Grange representing over four
hundred G rand Lodges, petitioned for such an Act. On]y eight cities
and seven townsopposed it. The Act did not give all that the farmers
of the Province asked, and refused a great deal of what the cities
and towns wanted. But on the whole, it has, on all sides been
allowed that it was a fair and equitable solution of the problem.

In moving the second reading on the 2l8t Feb., 1882, the author,
the Hon. Mr. Wood said ; —

'' There was a mutual interest in the governing and care of
markets towards which the seller and occupier should pay. The
Government had therefore while taking the fees otf certain articles,
retained the fees on certain other articles, sufticient to pay in part,
or in whole for this sort of maintenance. They had endeavoured
to preserve the fair rights of the seller, and at the same time keep
in view the just claims of the cities and towns. They left it opti-
onal with the seller to have his hay weighed or wood measured,
unless the purchaser demanded it. The Act allowed a farmer when
he drove direct to a house and sold, and delivered goods on the
spot, to do so without being subject to any restriction. He would
not be allowed, however to hawk it roimd, but would be obliged to
take it to market and pay the fee. Those fees too they had tixed,
and in most cases greatly reduced."

SECTION l^.-THE SESSION OF 1883.

The principal public measures brought in by the Governro^ -fc
during the present Session were : —

1. The Consolidation of the Municipal Laws.

2. The Consolidation of the School Laws.

3. The Consolidated Jurors' Act.

4. An Act respecting the Law of Insurance.

5. An Act to establish Public Creameries.

6. Tree Planting Act.

7. An Act to provide for final settlement of Common School
Fund.

8. An important amendment to the Act respectin^^ Solemnization
of Marriages.

9. An Act for the establishment of Private Insane Asylums.

10. The Street Railway Act.

11. An Act for the establishment of Public Parks in Cities and
Towns.

12. An Act respecting Ditches and Water- Courses.

1. The Coniolidation of the municipal Iiai¥.

Since the revision in 1877 there have been no less than thirteen
amendments to the Municipal Tjaw. At the close of this Parliament
was thought to be an appropriate time for the placing all these amend-
ments in their proper place under their appropriate headings . This
is all that has been done. It has involved a great deal of work and
labour, but that has been undertaken in order to keep our Munici-
pal Law in the foreground as the most perfect code of the kind in
the world.

ft, ConsolldaCion of the High and Public School

In the same way the Public and High School laws have been
consolidated by the Hon. Mr. Ciooks. Owing, however, to that
gentleman's unfortunate illness, the Consolidated Bill, though
contemplated, had to be dropped.

3. The €on§olidated Jurori' Act.

The Hon. Mr. Hardy has been busy in the same way as the Hon.
Mr. Mowat and the Hon. Mr. Crooks. By the Act of 1879. as we
have already explained, a great reform was effected in our Jurors
Act, and every Session since there has been some amendments
made. These have been all placed in the Consolidated Act.

4. Street Railivay§ Act.

The reason for this Act was fully explained by Hon. Mr. Mowat

on moving the Second Reading of the Bill on the 5th January,

this year.

" The object of the Bill was to render unnecessary the constant
applications that have been made for power to construct Street

Railways, and f^ve the power to grant the application to Municipal
Councils in Cities and Towns in which it is proposed to form a pri-
vate Company to proceed with the work without the necessity of a
special Act."

5. Private Insane Asylums.

The Provisions of this Act were thus explained by the Hon. Mr.

Mowat on moving the Second Beading on the 23rd of Jauuary of

this year : —

" Owing to there being no institution of this kind in this Pro-
vince, many persons had to send their afflicted relatives to Private
Asylums in the United States. The present law which was framed
before we had an Inspector of Asylums provided that the licenses
to proprietors of such Asylums should tie issued by Justices of the
Sessions, but they now proposed that after a sufficient examination
of buildings and appliances, and a report by the Inspector, a license
might be issued by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. It was
also provided that such Asylums should be under the inspection
and supervision of a Board of Visitors composed of the Judge of
the County Court, the Warden of the County, the Clerk of the
Peace, and a local physician. And it was proposed if the license so
directed that these Asylums should admit such inebriates as vol-
untarily sought admission thereto, as it was found that consider-
able good had been accomplished in the United States and in
Lower Canada by institutions of that sort. "

I i"

6. Publie €reanieH«3s.

In introducing the Bill to establish Public Creameries, the Hon.
Mr. Wood, Minister of Agriculture, spoke as follows : —

" Itwas verydesirable that something should be done to encourage
the manufactured of butter, and also to improve its quality. They
manufactured about 50,000,000 pounds of butter annually, so that
an advance of even two cents per pound would aggregate
$1,000,000. In giving evidence before the Agricultural Commis-
sion, Mr. Broder, M.P.P., testified that creamery butter was worth
seven cents a pound more than any other. Mr. John Inglis,
of Teeswater, has said that when creamery butter was worth 25
cents,other butter would be worth but 17 cents per pound. The

Government proposed to erect three creameries, one in the east-
em part of the Province, one in the centre, and one in the ';vest,
under a competent foreman and careful economical management.
Subject to certain regulations, any citizen of the Province would
be privileged to visit these creameries and see the modes of pro-
ceeding in the manufacture. The management of the institutions
after they went into operation, they proposed to vest in a con-
sulting Board, to consist of the President of the Eastern Dairy-
men's Association, the President of the Western Dairymen's
Association, and the President of the Agricultural and Arts
Association "

7. The Ontario Tree Planting; Act.

The attention given by the present Administration to the advance-
ment of all the interests of the Province has been most marked;
but the vigorous and successful means it has employed to assist the
progress of our Agricultural interests has been, if possible, more
marked than in the case of any other industry. As an evidence of
this stands the two Acts — the one just mentioned and this. In
introducing the Bill on the 17th January, the Hon. Mr. Wood
said : —

** The Bill was one calculated to beautify the general appearance
of the country, and, so far as it was intelligently carried out, to in-
crease its wealth. No one could have travelled through older sec-
tions of the country without being struck with the rapid depletion
of the timber. The Bill was one calculated to encourage farmers
and others to set out small plantations, with a view of having tim-
ber for home supply, and to plant trees on highways, streets, con-
cession and side lines. It proposed to give authority to any and
all municipal councils, to grant aid up to 25 cents for each tree
planted, provided it was one of the kinds wanted in the Bill, and
reported by the inspectors to be in a healthy state at the end of
three years from planting. This would be paid by the municipality,
and upon a copy of the report being sent to the Provincial Treas-
urer, the Province would recoup half the expenditure. They pro-
posed to set aside $50,000 to form a fund, to be known as the
Ontario Tree Planting Fund,"

Suoh is a resume of the lefirislation of the Liberal
Governments of Ontario in general, and the Mowat Ad-
ministration in particular, for the past eleven years*
To the laws placed on the Statute Book of Ontario
since the changre of Government at the end of 1871 the
peoplo of this province largely owe the moral and ma-
terial progrress that hks taken place duringr the eleven
years just terminated. They have lightened local bur-
dens ; they have provided for the relief and protection
of the afflicted ; they have made justice more accessi-
ble; they have opened new fields for enterprise and
labour. Never in the history of any country did so
short a period witness the accomplishment of a larger
amount of useful and beneficent legislation. And it has
been legislation making great reforms, electoral, legal
and social. Such reforms have been the work, not of
the Opposition, but the Administration of the day.
They were spontaneous, not forced ; the work of those
sincerely desirous of ruling their country for that coun-
try's good.

PART II.— ADMINISTRATION.

In giving a short account of the eleven years of the administra-
tion — as distinguished from legislation — of the Liberal Governments
of Ontario, we may do so under the following headings : —

A. Inter-Provincial ^ueitions.

U. Crown Lands ; Colonization ; Immigration.

2. Public Works and Buildings.

3. Public Institutions.

60 .

4. Education.

5. Administration of Justice.

6. AORICULTUftB AND ArTS.

7. Miscellaneous {Vital iitatiatics ; Public Health; Jiwuratice ;
LicenaM, <tc.)

A. Intcr-Provinclal Qucstloni.

Under this we include all qneBtions of administration which
have arisen, either between this Province and the Dominion, or
between it and any other Province. The first of those is : —

The Ontario and Quebec Aiieti Ai»ard.

One of the important administrative achievements of the present

Government has been the settlement of the difficulty created by the

refusal of the Province of Quebec to accept as final the decision of

the arbitrators appointed to apportion the public debt and assets

of the old Province of Canada — other than that portion of the debt

assumed by the Dominion — between the Provinces of Ontario and

Quebec.

" There was another important matter which we found unsettled
and in controversy when we came into office. By the British North
America Act a certain part of the debt of the old Province of Canada
was assumed by the Dominion absolutely, and a balance of several
millions, which also the Dominion assumed as regards our creditors,
the Provinces of Ontario and Quebsc were to repay to the Dominion
Treasury; but in what proportion this balance should be repaid by
the two Provinces, and what division of the assets of the old Pro-
vince of Canada should be made, the British North America Act
did not determine, and that had to be decided by arbitrators. An
award had been made before we came into office, which, though not
giving to Ontario its full rights, was yet such an award as, for the
sake of a settlement, Ontario was contented to accept. But Quebec
objected to the award as being unfair to Quebec and illegal, and
the Dominion Government refused in consequence to recognise the
award, or to give to Ontario the benefit of it, until its legality
should be admitted, or should be decided by some judicial tribunf^.
Efforts were from time to time made to get the matter amicably ar-
ranged, or to have it referred to some tribunal for adjudication.
We were unable, however, to coifie to any amicable arrangement

with the Province of Quebec, whose people had been made to be-
lieve that millions of dollars had been awarded to us beyond what
Ontario was entitled to. The dispute had in consequence to be
referred to the Privy Council. Representatives from the two
Provinces repeatedly met, and we ultimately settled upon a case
containing all that, in the judgment of either side, was material to
the decision of the matter at issue; and not many months ago, the
Privy Council, after several days' argument, decided in favour of
Ontario, holding that the award was a perfectly valid one, as we
had contended that it was. And so another important question
was settled." — Attomey-GenercU's Speech at Woodstock^ December 32,
1878.

After some four years of negotiations, a basis of agreement has
been, in December last, settled upon in all the matters of detail,
by the Hon. S. 0. Wood, Provincial Treasurer of Ontario, Hon.
Mr. Wurtele, Provincial Treasurer of Quebec, and Sir Leonard
Tilley, Finance Minister of the Dominion. Questions of interest
have all been settled, and the arrangements of the respective Legis-
latures are all that is needed to settle the matter forever.

il. The Inter-Provincial Boundary.

Another inter-provincial matter that had been left for a Reform
Government to deal with, was the unsurveyed boundary line be-
tween the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Very shortly after
Mr. Blake's Government was formed, arrangements were made with
Lower Canada for running this line. The survey was entered upon
promptly, and has been completed to the satisfaction of both Go-
vernments as far northorly as the case required. And thus this
inter-provincial difficulty was removed.

3. Tbe Northern and We§tern Boundaries of

Ontario.

This is the question known as the '' Boundary Award Question,"
now in dispute between this Province and the Dominion. We will

elsewhcro summarise thu points at issue, but may best in the words

of tlie lluu. Mr. Mowat give a brief resum^ of the matter up to

and inclusive of the arbitration ^ —

" There remained the question of the boundary between Ontario
and the Dominion on our western and northern sides, and in this
matter tlie dithculty was immensely greater, and the land affected
of enormously greater value, than in the case of our eastern bound-
ary. Little progress had been made towards the solution of this
problem before Mr. Blake's Government came into power. But
immediately upon his assuming the reins of office, he took steps for
its settlement. I succeeded him in the work. Exhaustive reports
from able men familiar with the 8ul)ject were obtained. Some of
the questions involved in the controversy had been in debate for
two centuries ; the documentH,and papers bearing upon the subject
were scattered over hundreds of volumes ; nearly as many old maps
had to be consulti d ; and documents, books, ami maps had to be
searched for and examined in London and Paris, Washington and
Albany, Ottawa and Quebec. We managed to collect from all these
what was material, and to comprise in a single volume of no un-
manageable dimensions tho whole evidence on both sides of the
question ; and we had a map prepared which gave at a glance the
material results of all the maps which had been consulted. This
preliminary work was great and tedious, but it made ultimate deci-
sion easy and prompt. We arranged with the Government of the
Dominion that the matter should be submitted to arbitration. Ob-
jectors declared that we were sure to fail before arbitrators, and
that what we should do was to carry the case to the Imperial Privy
Council, instead of arbitrating. We did not concur in that view.
Though we estimated highly the ability and learning of the Judges
of the Privy Council, we thought that on our own side of the At-
lantic might be found men as capable as any elsewhere, to decide a
case of this kind." — Attovney-General MowaVs Speech at Woodstock,
December 12, 1878.

THE ARBITKATORS.

" Three arbi+,rators were therefore chosen. The Province of On-
tario selected Chief Justice Harrison,who has since gone to his final
rest after a short but brilliant career, and whose death is a
public loss. The Government of the Dominion selected Sir .:i

Hincks, a resident of Montreal, whose ability and fitness the
post all acknowledged as soon as his name was announced. The
third arbitrator selected was the British Minister at Washington,
who had been concerned in similar inquiries before, a gentleman of
great ability, and in whose jadgment and impartiality all parties

the
rhe
ingtun,
)man of
parties

could have confidence. I believe that the general sentiment was,
that it would not have been posnible to tiitd three gentlemen, either
in the Privy Council or elsewhere, who were more likely than these
were to arrive at a sound conclusion, or whose concluRion would be
more generally accepted as satisfactory. You know the rvsult ; by
the award of the arbitrators a large addition has been made to the
territorj' over which Ontario had heretofore exercised jurisdiction.
Among all the important questions which the Government of On-
tario has had to deal with since Confederation, none was of greater
moment to our future than this (question of the boundary between
Ontario and the Dominion ; and the award which we have obtained
gives to us not all that we asked for, and not all that we could and
did give pretty strong arguments in support of, but all that our
people really desire, and as much as the Province can make beneti-
eial use of. And so another of the important and ditlicult problems
which the Government had to deal with was settled, and settled
satisfactorily. " — IbiU.

THR AWARD.

The award declares that the following are and shall be the
boundaries of the Province of Ontario, namely : — " Commencing at
a point on the southern shore of Hudson's Bay, commonly called
James Bay, where a line produced due north from the head of Lake
Temiscamingue would strike the said south shore, thence along the
said south shore westerly to tJie mouth of the Albany River, thence
up the middle of the said Albany River and of the lakes thereon to
tiie source of the said river at the head of Lake St. Joseph, thence
by the nearest line to the easterly end of Lac Seul, being the head
waters of the English River, thence westerly through the middle of
Lac Seul and the said English River to a point where the same will
be intersected by a true meridional line drawn northerly from the
international monument placed to mark the most north-westerly
angle of the Lake of the Woods by the recent Boundary Commis-
sion, and thence due south, following the said meridional line to the
said international monument, thence southerly and easterly, follow-
ing upon the international boundary line between the British pos-
Ressiona and the United States of America into LakeSuperior. But,

f a true meridional lire drawn northerly from the said international
boundary at the said most north-westerly angle of the Lake of the
Woods shall be found to pass to the west of where the Efiglish River

mpties into the Winnipeg River, then, and in such case, th^ north-
erly boundary of Ontario shall continue down the middle of the said
English River to where the same wnpties into the Winnipeg River,
and shall continue thence in a line drawn due west from the oon-
fluenoe of ae said English River with the said Winnipeg River on-

til the same will intersect the meridian above described^ and thence
due south following the said meridional line to the said interna-
tional monument, thence southerly and easterly, following upon the
international boundary line between the British possessions and the
United States of America into Lake Superior." — North-Western
(hitario ; its Boundaries, Resources and Comriunications. — Ontario
paperSf 1879.

THE VALUE OP THE TERRITORY.

By the award of the arbitrators, to whom was referred the duty
of determining the northern and western boundaries of the Prov-
ince of Ontario, a vast and magnificent territory has been declared
to be within the jurisdiction of the Oiitario Government and Legis-
lature. This tine region contains within its limits timber lands of
great value, rich and varied mineral deposits, rivers and lakes of
noble proportions — abounding in fish, and opening up remote dis-
tricts to travel and commerce — and touches at once the head waters
of the St. Lawrence navigation and the shores of a great northern
sea, the treasures of which, when sought with the ardour and ap-
pliances of modem enterprise, may yield a return not even dreamt
of by those old ex^^orers and navigators who were most sanguine of
its resourced. The lumber alone is computed as being worth $125,-
000,000 to the Province in revenue. — Ibid.

AREA OF THE TERRITORY.

The district included within theno boundaries is of equal if not

greater area than the whole of the rest of Ontario, exclusive of the
akes Ontario, Superior, Huron and Erie. Omitting those lakes,
the Province, within the limits embraced in the proposition of the
Dominion, contained about 64,000,000 acres, or 100,000 square
miles of territory. From the Quebec boundary line — from Lake
Teraiscamingue to James Bay — to the Lake of the Voods, the dis-
tance cannot be much less than seven hundred miles ; while, mea-
sured from north to south, the new territory covers a breadth of
country varying from over three hundred to one hundred i^iles*
The Province of Ontario will consequently, in future, possess an
araaof fully 200,000 square ruiles. Tl '« is 80,000 square miles
greater than the area of the United Kingdom ; only 12,000 square
miles lesf! chan the whole German Empire ; only 20,00 square miles
less than France ; and equal to the combined areas of Holland,
PortogtJ, United Italy, Switzerland and Belgium. The awarded
territory alone possesses an area greater by 20,000 square miles
than the group of countries just named, excepting Italy. — Ibid,

AN UNJUST PSOP0»ALi

It should be observed that, according to the contention of th6
Dominion Government, the northern boundary was the height of
land forming the watershed of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes,
and skirting, at distances varying from dfteen tu fifty miles, the
northern shores of Lakes Superior and Nepigon. The western
boundary, it was contended, was to be ascertained by a line drawn
due north from the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers,
and which was found to be in longitude 89 deg. 9 niin. 27 sec. west*
Such a line would have intersected Thunder Bay, divided the ex-
isting settlements on its shores, alienated from Ontario a large dis-
trict — including the Village of Prince Arthur's Landing, the popu-
lation gatherinij round Fort William, the site of the projected
terminus of the Oanadi Pacific Railwi^y, &.nd the Townships of
Black, Crooks, Pardee, Paiponge, Oliver, >4eebing and Mclntyre,
already under Ontario jurisidiction— and left within the Province
only a narrow strip north cf the lakes and south of the height of
land. {See Correspondence Sessional Papers 44. — 1873. )

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS.

■■'I

■ :

The Dominion Government, as is well known, at first said nothing
at all, and after some nine despatches had been sent them at length*
by despatch of 27th of January, 1882, definitely repudiated the
award.

THE ONTARIO OPPOSITION.

During 1880 and 1881 the Opposition in the Local House, with
the exception of one man, along with the Ministerial side of the
House, voted for the following resolution :

** That this House deeply regrets that notwithstanding the joint
and concurrent action of the respective Governments in the prem-
ises, and the unanimous award of the arbitrators, the Govern mont
of Canada has hitherto failed to recognise the v&lidity of the said
award, and that no legisUtion has been submitted to Parliament by
the Government of Canada for the purpose of confirming the said
award."

But in 1882, on orders from Sir John A. Maodonald, they turned
round and voted against it*

I ,

THB ONTARIO QOVERNMBNT.

The Administration demand the ratification of the award. THby
are not willing to spend yean in an appeal to the Privy Council)
unless they are first ^xven possession under the award.

The whole question^ however, is discussed elsewhere.

I. CROWN LANDS; COLONIZATION; IMMI-
GRATION.

We place the last under this department because it is so inti-
mately connected therewith, though in practice it belongs to another
department altogether.

We take them in the following order .

1. €roi¥n liandf.

1868 1871

to to

1871. 1882.

Sales of Lands in acres . . 237, 712 877,640

Increase 35 per cent.

AnntuU Average.

1st 2nd

Period. Period.
49,400 80,000

■■ (if.; , '

9. Woods and Forests*

(1) TIMBSR LIOBNSES.

1868 1872

to to

1871. 1882.

Ktimber of Iioense8...o 754 4640

Increase 124 per cent,

AinMal Average. Iscrei

1st

Period.

188

2nd

Period.

422

(2) SAW LOOS AND SQUARR TIMBER.

1868 1872

to to

1871. 1§89.

Number of Saw Log and
Timber Returns re-
ceived and checked. . 6,625 47,778

Increase 182 per cent.

Annual Average.

Ut
Period.

2nd
Period.

1,382 S,889

, ^'

■ >

B. Colonization Free Grant* :-~

The principle which Ontario has adopted in settling her wild
lands is the giving of a free homestead to the actual settler. We
have no railway monopolies, no colonization companies. If there be
anything of which we can be proud it is our system of colonization.
For to still more encourage settlement the Province builds the
roads into the Free Grant Lands. These are known as Coloniza-
tion roads. We may pass the subject^ under review in the follow-
ing points : —

1. Increaie of Population.

In 1868 the Muskoka, Parry Sound and Nipissing District was
almost unknown. In 1871 the population was 6,919, in 1881 it
was 27,204. The influx of population to the Free Grant Territory
is now at the rate of from 2,000 to 3,000 pe aniium.

m-lh

9. Area of Free Grant Territory.

The Free Grant Territory covers an area of about 10,750,000
lacres ; of this, there is surveyed an area of about 9,000,000 acres.
Trom the passing of the Free Grant Act in 1868 to the end of 1871,
M townships set apurt for Free Grant purposes numbered 64.
B«t from 1868 up to the end of 1882 the Townshipa set apart for
Qranti numbered 123.

■;, - , -1! ■:
' 1 ,'i '

i(i;

3. Acreage lioeated.

The acreage located from 1868 up to the end of

187), was 410,880 acres ;

Less cancellations for non-fulfilment of settlement
dues 62,100 "

Total acreage deducting cancellations to end of
1871 348,780 "

The total acreage located from 1868 to the end of
1882 was 2,324,866 **

Less cancellations about 692,700

But the total acreage deducting cancellations
from 1868 to the end of 1882 was 1,633,166 "

as compared with 348,780, th*^ total acreage lo-
cated up to the end of 1871.

4. Number of Liocatecs.

The number of locatees from 1368 to the end of 1871

was 3,390

Less cancellations 621

2,769
But'the total number of locatees from 1868 to the

endof 1882 was.., 17,637

Less cancellations 6,927

Leaving 7,700

as compared with 2,769, total number located to end uf 1871.

5. Colonization Roadti Built.

Number of miles constructed from 1868 to end of 1871 ... 213
'• '* " " 1872 to end of 1882 1,850

Total length of Colonisation Roads constructed siiioe 1868 2,063

Average per annum from 1868 to 1871 63

'« " •' 1872 to 1882 168

6. Roads Repaired.

Miles of road repaired, 1868 to 1771... 441 or 110 miles per annum.
" " * ]872tol882...36l7or329 ** '*

7. Bridges Built.

Bridges Built, 1868 to 1871. . . — 18 or 4 per annum .

" " 1872tol882 154orl4" '*

In feet, the bridges averaged 668 feet per year in the former,
and 1982 feet per year in the latter period, or an increase of 1314
feet of bridging per annum.

8. Expenditure on roads.

The expenditure on Colonization Roads for the development of
the country from which a large portion of the Provincial revenue in
the shape of timber dues is derived, in the eleven years since 1872
has amounted to the very large sum of

$1,084/411.

every dollar of which is fructifying to the benefit of the people of

the Province.

f i ■■

? . ■*!

Iff-

9. Sett^eifient of Free Grant Dlitrlctf.

The following 8tv%tement condensed from .the Reports of the Oom>
missioner of Crown Lands, shews the progress of the settlement of
the Free Grant Districts since 1868 :—

Yeab.

I-

1868

16
24
14

1
18

6
10

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1876

1876.

1877

4
1

1878.... i

1879

1880

23
6

123

1881

1882

Total

611

566

1,200

1,113

875

757

919

1,387

1,463

1,914

2,116

1,506

1,292

1,077

932

17,627

46,336
66,011
155,427i
153,105i
116,065
100,603i
119,070
186,807
192,858
260,801
274,238
199,500
181,745
153,764
129,535

2,324 ,866i

S O

148

139

110

149

188

laj

110
155
150

2,120
956
4,585^
3,452i
2,2681
6,038
2,144
3,896
2,261

6,6:m

6,637
4,911
3,621
8,870
5,562

flil

Ia 6

1,728 61,856i

148
381
453
381
462
691
1,118
1,068
870
781
624

6,927

755
670
646
542
472
613
487
487
602

4R/4

(^Ite^Htrt on Immigration for 1882.)

Grown Land Businkss.

Taking the two periods we hare been comparing it will be readily
seen that there has been a great increase of business, and to show it
more clearly, it is but necessary to say that whereas the correspon-
dence about the celonization roads alone was 474 letters received
and 276 sent annually during the Ist period ; in the latter it was
1,466 received and 718 sent — an increase of 160 per cent. In the
Free Grants branch the increase has been 330 per cent.

Success in Administerino the Department.

It is perhaps .nneoeosary to enter upon a defence of the manner
in which the Crown Lauds Department has been administered since
a Reform Govemmeni came into power, as no serious attempt has
been made to irapugrii that administration in any way. The steady
flow of settlers into the newer districts of the Province, notwith-
standing the induc^iments offered by other portions of the Dominion,
the advances ma<rjie in developing the resources — agricultural, min-
eral and forest — of those districts, and the accurate and satisfactory
way in which Che large and increasing revenue derived from the
timber trade is collected, are but instances which testify to the
honest and capable manner in which the administration of the De-
partment has been conducted ever since it was entrusted to the
present Government.

Charges of Mismanagement.

There are two charges, not of any wrong doing, but of wrong
systems of management. These are

1. €ontra<$t System vs. Overseers.

One of the petty, unfounded accusations which have been made
against the Department is, that the system adopted in the construc-
tion and repair of Colonization roads is erroneous and extravagant,
and that instead of having the work performed under the super-

vision of overseers appointed by the Department, it should be let
by contract to the lowest bidder. Those who urge this course can-
not have given the matter the consideration to which it is entitled,
and cannot be conversant with the character of the work to be done,
or with the difficulties which experience has shown to be inseparable
from the building or repairing of roads under the contract system
in the newer portions of the Province. The first cost of an ordin-
ary Colonization road averages from $200 to $250 per mile. The
Department, feeling that it would be relieved of a good deal of
responsibility if these roads could safely be built by contract, made
an attempt in former years to have the work done in this way.
Tenders were asked fur in the usual manner, and it was invariably
found that large numbers of persons offered to do the wor^ , many
of whom were totally unacquainted with the method of constructing
roads, or with the carrying on of public works of any kind. Those
who tendered lowest were frequently found to be of this latter class,
and the Department being as a rule unacquainted with the parties
tendering, or their c« npetency to do the work, were bound to ac-
cept the lowest tender, and were, in the majority of cases, saddled
with an inexperienced and often incompetent contractor. The
' result was badly made roads and inefficient and unsatisfactory work
generally. It was found impracticable to get compensation from
bondsmen ; and even if the attempt should be successful, it would
not give the settlers what they wanted, viz : good and well built
roads. Again, it was impossible to give the exact location of
a road at the time of letting the contract, as variations, in nearly
every case, have to bo made when men go upon the ground and be-
gin actual work. Where this occurred, the contractor made it an
excuse to claim damages on account of the change in what he alleg-
ed was to have been the original location of the road, in respect to
which he had framed his tender. In fact, it became evident, after
often-repeated triads, that for these and other reasons it was impos-
sible to instruct or repair Colonization roads under the contract
Oivstem in an at all satisfactory manner ; that mone^ was annually

lost in the attempt ; and that the work done vim not performed so
well or so economically as would have been the case had it been
imder the supervision of competent overseers. After thoroughly
testing the matter, the Government, although reluctant to abandon
the contract system, came to the conclusion that the true policy in
the construction and repair of Colonization roads was to place good
overseers in charge, who were required to make proper returns an^
produce proper vouchers for all expenditure, and to keep complete
and careful control over them by means of experienced inspectors,
whose dut«^ it was to report to the Department from time to time
upon the progress and performance of the work.

The second of those alleged wrong systems is the practice of put-
ting Timber Limits under sale without consulting the Legislature.
That will came under the head of "charges," but here we may
give a short resume of the two sales of such limits, and the reason
for and the results of these sales : —

3. (a) lit. Sale of Timber L.iinils.

It may be noted, in the first place, that neither the Premier of
the existing Administration, nor any of his present colleagues
except the Hon. Adam Crooks, were members of the Govern-
ment when the sale was made. It took place in October, 1872, the
Hon. R. W. Scott being Commissioner of Crown Lands at that
time.

Area of the Land. — The area put under license was about
5,000 square miles, or seventy miles square, lying on the north
shore of Lake Huron.

What the Sale Yielded. — If all the purchasers had completed
their purchases, the transaction would have yielded to the Province
a bonus of $5!)2,C01, and ground rent ($2 a square mile) ^10,064 ;
making an average bonus of $117 a square mile ; and affording to<

geiher an annual return of about $40,000 for interest and ground
rent, eKclusive of timber duos on the timber, whatever the quantity
may be, which is out from year to year, and which forms a very
important item in the annual Revenue of the Province. Several
parties, however, failed to comply with the conditions ; in conse-
quence of which 586^ square miles of area offered, remained at the
disposal of the*Province.

What was Sold. — All that the money bid at the time covered
was thejirat rightlto obtain an annual lieen$e to cut the <im6er, subject
to the dues payable on every log cut.

The Sale accordino to Law. — So neither was the land nor even
the timber disposed of by the sale, which took place in strict accord-
ance with an Act that had been on the Statute Book SINCE 1849
(12 Vic. , c. 23), and which has been constantly acted upon from
the day it was passed up to the present time. The licensees are
absolutely under the control of the Legislature and the Department,
and have no vested rights or interests in the territory whatsoever.

At the time of the sale, the losses by robbery and fires were be-
coming increasingly great; the timber was becoming more valuable;
the population on both sides of Lake Huron was increasing fast ;
there were already several mills which got their supply -from the
territory, and to a large extent without paying for it ; and the ter-
ritory was being traversed by increased numbers engaged in min-
ing explorations, and otherwise interested in tue territory. In view
of the operation of these causes men familiar with the subject have
expressed an opinion that if this territory should not be put under
license for thirty years, it would not then contain more timber than
after thirty years of cutting under license, and that Muskoka now
contains no more timber than if it had been put under license fif-
teen years earlier than it was. The time for the operation was an
exceedingly favourable one. Subsequent experience in regard to the
timber trade has more than proved this.

7»

(b) and. Sale of Timber lilmlto.

A very tneceuful sale of timber limiU in the Districts of Mus-
koka and Parry Sound, adjacent for the most part to the waters of
French River and Lake Nipissing, was held by the Department on
6th December, 1881. It was found that in the interest of the pub-
lie revenue, as well as of the settlers who had taken up lands in
some unlicensed townships in the section named, it was necessary
to deal with the pine within the territory before it became jeopar-
dized by the clearing of the land and the fires raised in process
thereof. In this way timber of the finest quality is often cut down
and applied to uses for which inferior lumber would be suitable,
the result being a depreciation of the value of the timber limits be-
fore they are brought into market, and a consequent loss to the
revenue, without being of any advantage to the settler. The ter-
ritory placed under license at the sale consisted of the townships
of Mowat, Blair, McConkey, Hardy, Patterson, Mills, Sinclair,
Bethune, Proudfoot, Gurd, Machar, Strong, Joly, Laurier, Prin-
gle, Lount, Nipissing and Himsworth. and cove^od an area of
1,379 square miles. These townships were placed under license
simply because large numbers of settlers were going in upon the
lands, and the timber would have been destroyed by fire and
otherwise ; the only way to prevent such a waste of the natural re-
sources of the country, and to secure the timber for revenue pur-
poses, was to place the territory under license, as before stated.
And as it was necessary to place these few townships under license
for the reasons given above, it would have been inexcusable negli-
gence on the part of the Government not to take advantage of the
favourable condition of the market existing at the time the sale was
made. The prices obtained at the sale were beyond precedent. The
total bonus paid was $733,675.26, or an average bonus per square
mile of $532, and this without taking into account the ground rent
of $2 per square mile, which of itself produces an annual revenue
of $2,700, and without taking into account, either, the Government

dues of 75 cents per thousand feet board measure, and $3 per thou*
sand feet cubic measure, leviable upon the timber when cut. The
proceeds uf this said, as compared with former sales of timber limits,
are most satisfactory, and it is gratifying to know that almost the
entire amount bid as bonus has been promptly paid in according to
the terms of sale. It is to be observed that, as has been previously
stated, what was sold was only the right to cut the pine timber upon
the territory, and that the timber when cut will be subject to the
Government charges mentioned above. In this way a large sum will
be paid into the revenue annually as a result of the sale. No right
or title whatever in the land was conveyed to the purchasers at the
sale, and the licenses issued to them are strictly under the control
of the Legislature and the Department. The time selected for the
sale was extremely opportune ; parties engaged in lumbering had
just closed a successful season's business, and having the means
were prepared to invest in limits. As a consequence, the attend-
ance was large^and the bidding spirited.

An Absurd Charge.

An absurd charge of inconsistency has been attempted to be fas-
tened upon the Government in connection with this sale of timber
limits, inasmuch as they should, it is said, having previously inti-
mated their intention of making the sale to the Legislature, and
obtained the consent of the latter thereto. Now, apart from the
fact that there is nothing in the statute-book requiring such a
course, it has always been the contention of the Reform party, that
the interests of the country demand that responsibility of ordinary
administrative acts should not be removed from the Government
and placed upon the Legislature. To the Government are entrusted
matters of routine and administration, and the true policy is to
hold the members thereof individually and collectively responsible
for the proper performance of such duties, not to deprive them of
the power of taking action. This principle, so far as the disposal
of timber limits is concerned, was embodied in iv resoli^tion moved b^

. ;

Hon. E. B. Wood in the session of 1873, to the effect, that the berthf
or limits should " be offered for sale by public auction at the upset
price ... at such time and place, and upon such conditions,
and by such officer, as the Commissioner of Crowrn Lands shall di-
zect by public notice for that ptirpose."* This resolution was car-
ried, not only by means of the votes of members supporting the
Government, but also by the aid of several members on the other
side of the House — includhig Messrs. Cameron, Meredith, Lauder,
Deacon and Merrick — only four of the Opposition;, in fact, record-
ing their votes against it. The course of the Government in this
matter has been thoroughly consistent, and strictly in the interest
of the Province.

. i

€. imnilORATIOlV.

Immioraiion Necessary.

To say that immigration is necessary to the progress and prosper-
ity of the Province of Ontario is but to utter a truism. Immigra-
tion to Ontario, is everything. Ontario is a community of immi-
grants, and only to immigration does it owe its existence. Every
third person in the Province was bom beyond the limits of the Do-
minion, and probably as many more are the sons or daughters of
immigrants. Only by filling up our waste lands by immigration can
we continue to ^ow, and thus rival the great nation to the south of
us, which owes its marvellous expansion almost entirely to the en-
couragement given to immigration.

In connection with this subject it is necessary to bear in mind the
depletion of population in the older settled portion of the country
from the opening up of the Free Grant Districts, the inducements
to take up new land in more recently settled districts, and the flow
of settlement into M . o a and the North- West now proceeding at

* Journals Ont. Assembly, 1873, p. 142.

i,ii:H

an extraordinary rate. The miigration of farmeiv and farmers' sent
from Ontario to Manitoba and the North- West ia very great, and
nothing but advantage can accrue from the immigration of persona
able to take their places, especially those with some capital. The
progress of settlement in the Free Grant District is referred to an-
der the head of Grown Lands. Always provided that the immigrants
ap3 of the right class, it is obvious, that no reason exists for the
attempt of panic- mongers to decry immigration. Such a policy
would be not only foolish but absolutely suicidal.

Thk Valub or ak Immigrai?!.

In what estimation our astute neighbours in the United States
hold an immigrant, may be seen from the following extract from
the Special Report on Immigration compiled by I>r. Edward Toung,
Chief of the Bureau of Statistics at Washington in 1871. He says :

** The wages of labourers and unskilled workmen throughout the
country average very nearly $400 per year. Assuming that the
families of those men consist of four persons, we have $100 dollara
»a the amount which each individual produces, and to which also
he is restricted to consumption. The estimated yearly expenditure
of the fami?y of a labourer consisting of two adults and two small
children (if any are larger it is probable ihey earn something in ad-
dition), is as follows : — For tea, coffee, sugar, and other foreign
goods, $(>Q ; flour, 'meat, and butter, about $150 ; rent $50 ; fuel and
U^ht, $30 , vegetables, $30 ; milk, eggs, etc. , $20 ; leaving $60 for
ciothiug, housekeeping, goods, etc. As most of these expenditures
are for articles of domestic produce, which pay a succession of pro-
fits liot only to the retailer, wholesale dealer, and producer, but to
tha transporter th'^ sum of these net profits constitutes the aggre-
gaua amount which this family contribute to the wealth of the coun-
try. A careful computation gives $160, which sum is the measure
alike of their production and consumption. As producen and con-
sumers, iben, each is worth to the country $40 per annum ; which
capitalized at 5 per cent., gives EIGHT HUNDRED DOLLARS
AS THE AVERAGE VALUE OF AN IMMIGRANT."

( •

are

COQ-

hioh
IAR3

KUICBSR or IMinOKAMTf.

Tiifl following table taken from the Report of the Commissioner
of Immigration for thi« year shows the number of immigrants set-
tling in Ontario each year since Confederation :

1863.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.,
1882.

Total.

SS>

26444
17656
11432
11654
13055
W407
19291
18233
22091

6276
4096
7691
6225
4885
4420
6435
6967
11516

165,862 \ 57,610

10873
16893
25690
26842
28129
39184
31720
21761
19123
17879
17940
28827
24726
25200
34203

No returns reported.

366,883

((

<«

RetarnR not completed.
9S2H9M 00
279138 00
305662 00
311117 00
244«18 00
258919 00
314076 00
603032 00

$2,644,797 00

TT"

POLICY OP GOVERNMENT.

It has been the policy of the Qovernment of Ontario to assist on
other immigrants than domestic servants and farm labourers with
families.

The result has been a class of immigrants fewer in number, but
for the most part of the best possible description. Up to 1873 the
immigration had been of a somewhat indiscriminate character, con-
sisting very largely of the poorer industrial population of towns and
cities. Although it is believed that most of these persons have
proved useful members of the community, and are doing on the
whole well, it is obvious that they are not the class to be encouraged
in periods of depression and stringency. It is equally clear that,
for farmers with a little capital, or farm labourers, or domestic
servants, the demand is unlimited.

TI. Pir'<!>llc Works nnd Buildlnfft.

These are all under the charge and supervision of the Public
Works' Department. The following table condensed from the Re-
port of that Department for the years 1871 and 1882, shows the
nature and expense of those Buildings and Works up to the end of
those years respectively : —

r. PUBLIC JUILDIN08. EXPENDITURE.

18t7 to 187 L 1807 to 1S82.

1. Government House $ 10.">,337.77 I 164,434.81

2. Parliament Huiiding ryj,33().78 8C,Gl(i.38

3. Insane Asylums 484,017.5J 1,423,U08.%

4. Deaf and Dumb Institute, Belkville 90,215.11 1U3,5G!).76

5. Blind Institute, Brantford 69,318.75 199,029.30

6. Keforniatory, Penetanguishene 12,08074 102,645.00

7. A-neultural Cuilega and Farm 47,350.00 291,677.62

8. Central Pri8..n 10,925.00 634,947.34

9. iSchool of Science... 38,501).34 104,241.0"

10. Normal and Model Soh.x>ls 13,613.50 200,701.10

11. Andrew Mercer Reformatory 80,140.99

12. ')sgoode Hall 48,307.00

ssist on
irs with

[)er, but
L873 tho
,er, con-
wns and
)n8 have
5 on the
couraged
ear that,
domestic

II. PUBLIC WOBKS.

1. Registry Offices and Lockups 7,387.31 66,297.29

2. Locks and Bridges 80,292.81 154 333. 32

3. Rivers and Lakes 41,330.22 222,4lU.38

4. Surveys and Drainage 129.313.79 392,088.66

5. RoadsjFences, Clearings and Houses

&o 31,710.94 106,990.30

91,213,773.59 ^,367,839.18

From this table it will be seen in the first place, what these
Works ;ind Buildings are ; and in the second place it will be noticed
tliat f amount spent on them since 1871 has been no less a sum

tlma

»3J54.065.59,

•mgw

18 Public
I the Re-
hows the
he end of

The jrr^pcrtance of the Works especially can not be overestimat-
ed in oyoirlr.^ up our new country, administering justice therein,
and improving navigation upon our inland lakes and rivers. The
amount spent in this way in the Public Works, and the Counties in
which it was spent, is shown in the following table. The^^e with
the exiienses and the alterations of County Gaols iucluded will be
found iu table A. of the appendix : —

•

JKR.

to 1S82.

(54,434.81
186,016.38
23,608.%
1U3,56'.).76
199,029.30
102,546.UO

]9l,57r.5'-J

134,947.34

]04,24X.0T

Ioo,70l.l0

]80,140.V)9

148,307.00

A.— Extraordinary Public Woriifi.

Under this head may be included as in the charge of the Depart-
ment of Public Works the following :
1. Aid to Railways,
r. Muuicip&l Drainage.

1. Aid to Railways.

Almost the only railways serving the Province in 1871 were the
Grand Trunk, the Great Western, the Northern (half what it now

is), and the Midland (one-third what it now is). It was felt by the
whole community, especially by the comm )rcial and agricultural
classes of it, that increased railway communication was imperatively
necessary. The Hon. J. S. Macdonald set aside 91,500,000 for this
purpose out of the surplus. His successors stripped his scheme of
its objectionable features and set aside from time to time still more
Sot the same purpose. Up to the 31st December, 1882, there had
been paid out of the surplus towards the construction of 1522 miles
of railway through almost every county in the Province the sum of
$4,176,868.26. The expenditure of this amount of money during
the last ten yev.ii has tended greatly to encourage industry, give
markets, stimulate trade, and relieve depression. And it was
directly brought about by this second mode of the distribution of
the surplus.

Railway! Aided and Counties Benefited.

The following table shows the amount spent through railwi^ aid
in the various counties : —

Amounta granted
to lUilroadii.

County. 9 o.

Algoma 11,990 00

Bruce 223,649 12

Brant 36,400 00

Carleton 25,120 00

Dufferin 125,849 00

Elgin 8,400 13

Essex

Frontenac 283,129 00

Grey 236,737 00

Hastings 135,162 00

Hamilton

Halton 131,378 10

Haldimand 53,723 17

Huron 382,192 73

Kent

Kiuffston

Lteds and Grenville

Unark | f 10,393 60

t by the
cultural
iratively
for this
iheme of
till more
liere had
522 miles
e sum of
y during
itry, give
d it was
ibution of

ailway aid

Its srranted
ailroAds.
C.
)90 00
H9 12
IGO 00
120 00

m 00

too 13

129 00

737 00

162 00

378' io

723 17

192 73

Amounts pr»uted
to Uailroads.

County. . $ o.

Lambton 70,441 11

Lennox and Addington

Lincoln

London ,

Middlesex, , 90,184 61

Muskoka and Parry Sound 33,860 00

Nipissing

Norfolk 55,572 13

Northumberland and Durham 74,250 00

Ontario 184,726 96

Oxford 186,600 00

Oltawa

Priyice Edward 57,600 CO

Peel 62,759 00^

Peterboro' 36,808 00

Perth 76,686 00

Prescott and Russell 21,778 00

Renfrew 11,349 00

Stormont, Dundas, etc 73,617 00

Simcoe , 103,984 00

Toronto ,

Victoria and Haliburton 47,851 00

Wellington 85,681 00

Waterloo, 55,213 00

Welland 34,355 00

Wentworth 158,278 00

York 460,110 00

Unassignable 106,745 00

Total 3,067,406 00

393 60

3. Municipal I>ralnagc.

Throughout many counties in the Province, especially those along
Lake Erie and Lake St Clair, there were great areas of wet lands
which could only be drained through concerted municipal or gov-
enr.uental action. The latter course was adopted by means of the
surplus. But the method pursued was different than in the last
two cases. It was two-fold. Under the first the Government did
th» drainage aiul charged the municipalities benefited. Under the

second the Government lent the munioipaliiies the money on
twenty years' debentures bearing five per cent, interest. In both
cnses the money is to be repaid, is being now repaid. Under the
first method there has been spent, up to the 31st December last,
the Slim of ^64,981, and under the second the further sum of
$1231,087, making in all, as advances for drainage, the total of
$596,068. With this amount tliere has been drained under the
first method about 250,000 acres, and under the second about 225,-
000 — in all, 475,000 acres of valuable land added to the cultivable
area of the Province within the counties of Kent, Lambton, Mid>
dlesex, Elgin, Lanark, Lennox, Grey, Addington, Peterboro',
Essex, lioeds, Welland, Huron, Bruce, Durham, Perth, Hastinf^s,
and Haldimand. And within the last three years municipalitiea
are enabled to borrow out of the surplus moneys to lend to private
individuals for the purposes of tile drainage — thus emulating the
action of Great Britain. It is to be hoped that the result in the
improvement of the arable land here may be as great as it has been
there in consequence thereof. Up till the 31st of last December
$26,147 had been so borrowed.

111. I*ublic InMlilulioiiH.

We may class under this )teadiiig :-

1. Thk Lunatic Asylums ;

2. Dbak A^D Dumb Institute ;

3. Blind INvSTItute ;

4. Central Prison ;

5. Boys' Bkf(>rmatory ;

6. Mkrcbr Reformatory ;

7. Hospitals and Charities.

ley on
n both
der the
ler last,
Bum of
botfd of
der the
lut 225,.
lUivable
>n, Mid-
terboro',

lastingB,
cipalitieB
o private
kting the
It in the
has been
December

INSPECTION.

We may now appropriately point oat that the whole of these
as well as the Common Guol are under the charge of two inspec-
tors, whose duties may be thus summarised. They comprise the
general supervision and control, as well as the statutory inspec-
tion of the following institutions, exclusively owned and managed
by the G>>vernment of the Province, namely : — Four Asylums
fur the Insane, the Asylum for Idiots, the Institution for the
Education of the Deaf and Dumb, the InstHution for t::u Educa-
tion (»f the Blind, the Central Prison in Toronto, the Provincial
Reformatory in Petetanguishene, and the Mercer's Reformatory —
ten institutions in all ; the supervisory direction .f the affairs, and
the inspection of thirty -seven County Gaols and five District Lock-
ups; the inspection, includiu'^ the annual examination of the book)
and general operations of Hospitals, fourteen Houses of Refuge,
five Magdalen Asylumns, and nineteen Orphan Asylums, receiving
aid from the Provinoci under the provisions of the Charity Aid

Act.

1. The Lunatic Asylumi.

At Confederation, there was but the. Lunatic Asylum at Toronto.
During the first fuur years thereafter it was enlarged and the one
at London built Since the advent of the present Administration,
both have been greatly enlarged, a new one at Hamilton erected,
the Uockwood one at Kini;8ton purchased from the Dominion, re-
fitted and enlarged, and the Asylum for Idiots at Orillia opened.
On these works, for building alone, since Confederation has been
spent ^l,u77,09O. The development of accommodation and the
maintenance and management of the unfortunate inmates on the
best and latest curative, humane, and sanitary principles have con-
istantly been aimed at, and with unanimous consent, attained by the
present Administration. The annual amount spent on those five
Asylums is about $340,000, and the average cost of each patient is
$13&. The total number of inmates last year was 2,822. Of thes«

8(5

475 were paying patientn, fn)m whom was received $43,937.64,
leaving the actual cost to the Province of these humane institutions
as about $300,000. The utmost diligence has been used in making
all pay that can, and four times as much is received now as was got
a few years ago. Did the Province not maintain these unfortunates,
the municipalities or private individuals would be obliged to do so.
The relief, therefore, given by the Province in this way is about
$300,000 per annum. But when we consider further the skill and
latest appliances used in curing as many as possible, the incalcula-
ble valve of those institutions becomes all the more apparent. And
we must not forget to mention the Asylum at OriUia for the caring,
and if possible curing of idiots. The number there last year was
233. The nmount spent annually in maintaining it is about $20,000.
Few, if any, States in the world have shown such a national anx-
iety for the care of the afflicted and unfortunate as has Ontario.
And few, if any. Administrations have met and overcome the dif-
ficulties incidental to the management of such institutions so
promptly and successfully as the present. We have but to read of
the heartless, careless, and scandalous treatment of similar classes
in similar institutions in other parts of the world, and contrast it
with the satisfactory treatment here, as evinced by the total silence
even of adverse criticism, to understand the success of the Mowat
Administration in its care of these classes.

COST PER PATIENT.

The basis of the whole is the cost per patient, which in 1882

was as follows in each : —

1882.

Annual Cost Weekly Cost

per Patient per Patient.

$ c. $ c.

Asylum for the Insane, Toronto 135 41 2 60

'* '* London 146 16 2 79

" " Kingston 138 29 2 65

" '• Hamilton.... 125 66 2 41

** Idiots, Orillia 128 99 2 48

{Inspector's Report^ ISSX.)

37.64,
utions
naking
traAgot
Linates,
do so.
I about
:i\\ and
calcula-
,t. And
I caring,
^ear "was
|J20,000.
inal anx-
Ontario,
the dif-
itions 80
o read of
tr classea
mtrast it
silence
te Mowat

kly Cost
Patient.
9 c.

2 60

2 79

2 65

2 41

COMPAAATIVB COST.

The following is the annual average cost per head of patients in

the Lunatic Asylums of the United States compared with that of

the Ontario asylums. It shows with how great economy the latter

are conducted. The Inntitutions named are, moreover, not by any

means the most extrnvagantly managed ; recent inquiries show

that in some, in New York State, a far higher cost per head is

attained. The figures are taken from the Budget Speech of Mr.

Treasurer Wood, in 1879.

Per Head.

Utica(N.Y.) ^-'83 96

Madison (Wis.) 269 37

Kalamazoo (Mich ) £53 24

Dannvilie (Penn.) 233 44

Massaohusetts Asylums $195 00 )

189 28 } $186 52 average.
176 30)

8AVIN0 TO THE PUBLIC.

It is doubtful whether any one of these persons could have been
maintained, in security and with proper medical treatment, by
their friends for the amounts they paid for their support in the
Asylums. But there were at the same time under treatment 2,347
who paid nothing, and who, it may be assumed, would have been a
direct burden on the municipalities, or the charity of the people, if
they had not been sheltered and treated in Provincial institutions.
It can hardly be sup^'osed that even the miserably imperfect treat-
ment and insufficient care of a county gaol would have cost less
than the very low average expense per week of efficient and cura-
tive treatment in the asylums. To say nothing of the restoration
to mental health and usefulness of 230 persons, who would probably
huve, but for proper attention, become incurably and dangerously
mad, the actual saving to municipalities, or ratepayers, at $135 per
head of the non-paying class, is $317,845.

lIRNEFtY TO MUNICIPALITlEfl.

A careful analysis has been made of the statistics relating to the
Asylums for the Insane and the Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb
and the Blind, for the twelve years ending 30th September, 1882,
for the purpose of ascertaining to what extent each county of the
Province has been pecuniarily Irenefited by the operations of these
Institutions during that period.

Had the maintenance of these Institutions formed a charge
against the respective counties of the Province, as is the case in
many of the States of the neighbouring Republic, the Provincial
exchequer would have been relieved of the major part of this enor-
mous expenditure, and the counties would have to bear the burden.
The extent of this burden in the different counties may be shewn
by the fact that the County of York and City of Toronto have been
relieved by the sum of $517,096.00 ; the County of Wentworth and
City of Hamilton, by 8102,590.00 ; the County of Middlesex and
City of London, by $259,813.00 ; and so on in each county down
to that of Peel, which has benefited to the extent of 94,301.00.

This return, broui;ht down to the House this session, shows : —

1st. The number of Insane persons in the Asylums of Ontario on
the 30th of September, 1871, and the counties they were admitted
from.

2nd. The number of Insane persons committed from each county,
from September 30th, 1872, to September 30th, 1882.

3rd. The entire cost of maintaining the Asylums during the
twelve years, 1871-1882.

4th. The amount assessable to each county for the period above
named.

1 Dumb

r, 1882,
^ of the
)f these

charge
CMO in
■uvincial
lis enor-
bnrden.
e shewn
,ve been
arth and
jsex and
tty down
1.00.

)w» : —

ttario on
admitted

county,

ring the

)d above

COUNTIES.

ill

•Sfl
life?

Brant

Bruce

Carletou (including Ottawa)
Elgin

Kh8«X

Frontenac (including Kings-
ton

Grey

Hnldimand

Halttm

Hastings

Huron

Kent

Lambtnn ••

T^anark

Leeds and GrenviUe

Lennox and Addington

Lincoln

Middlesex (including Lon-
don ,

Norfolk

Northumberland and Dur-
ham

Ontario

Oxford

Peel

Perth

Peterboro'

Prescott and Ktssell

Prince Edward

Renfrew

Simcoe

Stormout, Dundas and Glen-
garry

Victoria

Waterloo

25
16
52
2»
21

61
24
22
2(>
27
87
25
27
25
20
16
28

66
47
30
26
»8
25
U
9
10
36

49
16
33

I 1 1 J

HIS

jir

*** "■ M .

§£|fe

O ••N

i^-'J

.9,

104
119
142
119
66

195

137

180

126

159

132

121

104

377
77

203
167
151

89
128

H
44

16
191

112
89
«8

^ V.S o
Eh

129
134
194
148
87

246
161
1U3

88
120
217
151
186
167
150

99
132

466
103

269

204

181

115

166

227

161
105
121

s g
c a

1.93
2.00
2.90
2.21
1.30

3.67
2.40
L54
1.30
1.80
3.24
2.25
2.80
2.34
2.24
1.48
2.00

7.00
1.64

4.00
3.04
2 70
1.72
2.50
1.20
0.71
0.79
0.37
3.39

2.40
L66
1.80

Total fOHt of
maintaining

AMylumn,
1871 to 18N2,
•3.067.406.

Total to each
county.

$!i9,20(f 00
61,:M8 00
88,9.55 00
67,789 00
39,876 00

112,573 00
73,617 00
47,2;J7 00
39,876 00
65,213 00
98,279 00
69,216 00
83,887 00

71.777 00
68,709 00
45,:<07 00
61,;M8 00

214,718 00
47,237 00

122,(J96 00
93,248 00
82,819 00
62,759 00
76.«)8i") 00
36,808 00

21.778 00
24,232 00
11,349 00

103,084 00

73,617 00
47,861 00
65,213 UO

kjiJu

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

m 11^ i^
-^ IM 111112I

2.0

1.8

1.25

1.4

1.6

^ f^>r _

►

'^1

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

-^^

'^^

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♦'
. /=,•

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

t-p^-

f/j

COUNTIES.

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a
o

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•-• 2-2

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u 5 S

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"is*

a"5a3 S

•^^

a ai 8
o " fl
h c S
'•-> 'i^ 1^ •

« a pS

I— * 2-- o
a,a ooo

Welland

Wellington

Wentworth (including Ham-
ilton

York (including Toronto) .

Algoma Difllrict

Muskoka District

Unassignable

Total.

18
41

198

1,366

^ z2 C *^

h^^.S a;

OOO)

a§a='^

57
146

2^0

171

5,329

187

346

1,011

233

^«
2 -2

fee ^
c8 >>
■•^ +»

8 a
S8

Total coat of
maintaining

Asylums
1871 to 1882,

$3,067,406.

Total to each
county.

fii

6,696

1.12
2.79

0.16
15 00
0.14
0.09
3.48

34,355 00
85,581 00

1.58,278 00

460,110 00

4,294 00

2,760 00

106,745 00

{Budget Speech, 1883.)

3. The InstHution for the Education of the
Deaf, Dumb and Blind.

The Belleville Institution for the care and education of the deaf
and dumb portion of ogr population was established by the Hon. J.
S. Macdonald, as was the Brantford one for the care, education,
and training of the blind. Since the advent of the Mowat Admin-
istration both institutions have been more than doubled in size and
in the numbers of those unfortunates in attendance. These have
grown in Belleville from 100 in 1871 to 303 in 1882, and in Brant-
ford from 34 to 167 within the same time. The average cost of each
])upil in Belleville is 3157 ; and in Brantford, where, of course,
more attendance is needed for the blind, it is $235. The coat of
maintenance was at Belleville in 1881, $37,636.50 ; and at Brantford

$33,617.71. The amount spent in the former place on building and
grounds since confederation has been $193,569.76 ; in the latter,
$199,002.35. And in both the results have been most satisfactory.
Hundreds, indeed thousands, of deaf, dumb, and blind are now
earning comfortable livings by their own industry and by the exer-
cise of trades and the education obtained at these iuvalvable insti-
tutions; whilst hundreds of others, not working but supported by
friends, are enjoying all the blessings of Lfe as they never could
have done but for the zealous, diligent, and enthusiastic exertions
of the officers of these institutions, and the parental care of the
present Administration.

COMPARATIVE COST.

At the Institution for the Blind, New York, the cost

per head is $283

At the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, New York,

the cost per head is 304

At the Institution for the Blind, New York, the cost

per head is 313

At the Institution for the Blind, Hartford, Conn.,

the cost per head is 235

While at the Belleville Institution for the Deaf and

Dumb it is only 161

And at the Brantford Institutioi for the Blind, the

cost is oiUy * 303

BELIEF TO THE MUNICIPALITIES.

The same return of which we have spoken as being brought down
this Session shows :

1st. The number of deaf, dumb and blind persons in the Institu-
tion on the 30th September, 1871, and the counties they were
admitted from .

2nd. The number of deaf and dumb, and bliud persons admitted
from each county, from September 30th, 1871, to September 30th,
1872.

3rd. The entire cost of maintaing the Institutions for the Deaf
and Dumb, and the Blind during the twelve years, 1871 — 1882, and
the amount assessable to each county.

■I 1 1

■v. 1 1

S'h-

^'4

•r

COUNTIES.

Brant

Bruce

Carleton (incl. Ottawa). , .

DuflFerin

Elurin

Essex

Frontenac (incl. Kingston)

Grey

Haldiinand

Halton

Hastings

Huron

Kent

Lambton

Lanark

Leeds and Greuville

Lennox and AUdington. . .

Lincoln

Middlesex (incl. London)..

Norfolk

Northumb'land & Durham

Ontario

Oxford

Peel

Perth

Peterborough

Prescott and Russell

Prince Edward

Kenfrew

Slmcoe

tttorm't, Dun.& Glengarry

Victoria

Waterloo

Welland

Wellington

Wontw'th (incl. Hamilton)

York (incl. Toronto)

Al^oma District

Muskoka District

Unassignable

Total.

tn a T.

2 fl 9

4) o 5

rr^ £ S

g^ -

4»l«-l

13
bo

1
1
1
2
1

6
11

6
1
1
1
1
9
5
13
3
1
2
5
1
2
1

2
6
3
5

C >- B +»

s o 3_r

"5 -*J > •»

2 "^

« 05 S

na c o

•^ e

o a3 13
P. ®

S IS"*
125

CO
J5 -

03 P.

•5ai

^ o fi

-o ^;-

ei a ^

as C "^

^4-1 U

o «e

V, a*

-J^ 9

E C

-, S

107

30
28
21

1
13
17
18
37

8
27
37
29
13

7
23

9
11
52
H>
29
20
14

36
21

22
30
21

8
26

6
35
44
73

822

«2^
.an

> c

35
29
24

1
14
18
19
39
10

8
33
48
29
19

8
24
10
12
61
21
42
23
15

6
41
22
10

8
22
36
21

8
26

8
41
47
78

929

^ g

c ^
V o

a a

3.77
3.12
2.60
0.10
1.51
1.94
2.04
4.20
1.07
0.86
3.55
5.17
3.12
2.04
0.86
2.60
L07
1.29
6.57
2.26
4.52
2.48
1.61
0.64
4.41
2.37
1.07
0.86
2.37
3.98
2.26
0.86
2.79
0.86
4.41
6.00
8.39
O.IO
0.86
0.48

Total cost of
maintaining
Institutions
1871—82.

•$686,375

Total in each
county.

$25,876

21,415

17,485

686

10,364

13,315

14,002

28,827

7,344

5,903

24,366

;?5,486

21,415

14,002

5,903

17,845

7,344

8,854

45,095

15,612

31,024

17,022

:i,060

4,392

.30,268

11,267

7,344

6,903

16,267

27,317

15,512

6,903

19,149

6,903

30,268

34,318

67,686

686

6,903

3,294

00
00
00
00
00
90
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
(JO
00
00
00
00
00
00

00
00

9686,375 00

Budget tpetch 1883.

3. The Central Prison.

All citizens are aware of the difficulty of finding labour at all —
far less labour of a remunerative character — for the prisoners in our
county gaols. Hence the design of having a Central Prison, which,
with its superior disciplinary and industrial arrangements, should
meet the want mentioned, and make imprisonment, in some sense
at any rate, both a punishment and an attempt at reformation. It
has been built in Toronto at a total cost of $514,366.14. This in-
cludes all the machinery, plant, and other appliances necessary to
fit it for an industrial institution, and all the needful provisions for
the perfect security of the prisoners, combined with the measure of
freedom incidental to their employment in mechanical and other la-
borious occupations. The work has all been done since the advent
to power of the Mowat Administration, and the institution was
opened in June, 1874. Since that time for longer or shorter sen-
tences there have been committed to it 5,371 prisoners, and at the
date of the last report there were 324 incarcerated within its walls.
There have been very few escapes. The annual cost of mainten-
ance is about $52,000. The labour of prisoners last year represented
some $542,142.97. The avocations of the prisoners are chosen so
as to interfere as little as possible prejudicially with free labour.
They have been principally the domestic and ordinary repair work
of the prison itself, the manufacture of suits, boots snd shoes for
the inmates of all the public institutions, the work of the Mercer
Reformatory beside it, and the manufacture of brooms and brushes,
pails, tubs, chums, and hollow wooden-ware. It is speedily be-
coming self-supporting, has relieved the counties of great trouble
and expense, and by its superior industrial and disciplinary arrange-
ments has had a salutary effect in checking the progress of crime.

4. The Boy's Reformatory.

This old institution has within the last three years itself under-
gone a complete reformation. All walls have been taken down, and

the diucipline has been made of a completely reformatory rather
than a punitive character. Schools, chapels, apprenticeship, and
constant work, with necessary drill and recreation, rather than stone
walls and iron gratings, have been depended upon. The result
upon the poor children in crime sent there has already been of the
most successful and salutary character. The number of boys re-
ceived since Confederation has been 1 311, and the number at the
Reformatory in 1882 was 335. The annual cost for maintenantte is
about $35,000— last year it was $38,606.12 — and the amount spen*
on it since Confederation in improving and enlarging the building
has been $103,045. As a proof of the wisdom of the humane policy
of the Administration, we may quote from the Inspector's Report
for 1883 the following :—

*^ In view of the facts that disobedience and other misde-
meanors are recognised quite as quickly and treated from just
as high a moral standard as such offences are in the majority
of the common schools, it is pleasing to be able to state that
two months of last year passed without it being necessary to inflict
a punishment at all. In the other months too, the number of pun-
ishments in proportion to the number of inmates was extremely low,
and would compare favorably with the punishment record of any
school in the country. All of this is confirmatory of the happy in-
fluence of the improved system. Still stronger evidence of this in-
fluence is the docile and contented condition of the lads, for escapes
or attempts thereat have now become rare. All of this, in a large
measure, to be ascribed to their knowledge and appreciation of the
efforts being made to better their moral and physical state."

■■■;■?

'Oil

5, The Mercer Reformatory.

This Institution built with the money falling to the Province on
the death of the late Andrew Mercer without heirs, is doing good
work, ^he following from the Inspector's report for 1882, will
give an idea of the reasons for and the value of the Institution.

" Prior to the opening of this Reformatory, all convicted female
prisoners, who were not sentenced to the penitentiary, were de-
tained in custody in the common gaols. They remained there dur-

inf; the time of their punishment in associated idleness, no effort'*
being made to reclaim them from their vicious courses ; therefore,
as soon as liberty was regained, they once more mixed with the
outer world — not benefitted, but demoralized by their punishment.

In order to improve upon such a deplorable state of affairs, the
Reformatory was established, and a place provided where these pri-
soners could be at least kept out of idleness and all its attendant
evils, and brou^^ht under such influences as might make their terms
of imprisonment a lasting benefit to them, by sending them out
prepared to lead better lives.

This Reformatory las now been in existence for two years, and
experience has shewn the importance which must bo attached to
the conditions under which success is likely to follow the efforts
made for the reformation of the inmates.

"Another and important item in the conducting of this institution,
with a view to reforming the inmates, is the selection only of such
attendants as are likely to be thoroughly interested in their work.
It is hardly necessary to enlarge upon thn value of the influence
and example of a staff, each member of which is thoroughly impress-
ed with the importance of her work for the benefit of the inmates
iu her charge. The fact that the inmates are daily and hourly in
contact with those attendants, and have the opportunity of consult-
ing with them for their benefit, is sudicieut evidence that in the
hands of the staff rests one, if not the chief, agency for the refor-
mation of those committed to the institution."

Good work is being done by the earnest endeavors of the mem-
bers of the Ministerial Association, the superintendent and teachers
of the Sabbath School, and the Roman Catholic clergy and Sisters,
who devote themselves to the moral and religious instruction of the
inmates. "

It has been but a couple of years in complete existence. The

number of inmates in 1883 was 340, and the average number at any

one time was about 145. The cost of maintenance was $30,248.07.

INDUSTRIAL KEFUGB FOR OIBLS.

This corresponds with the Boys Reformatory and though in the
same building as the last is quite separate from it. Regarding it
th3 Inspactor says in his report for 1882.

t ;

■ 11

'■

'Mi

The total population of the Refuge during the year wat thirty-
three, five of whom were discharged, leaving twenty eight in the
institution, on the 30th September, 1882, being an increase of
eight over the number in residence on the 30th September, 1881.

That much good is being done by the training given in this ref-
uge, is manifest from the improved character of the inmates as a
whole. The results of the kindly discipline of this place are shewn
in the increased confidence and respect evinced by the girls toward
their teachers. '*

■ ■ ''I
ill

6. Hospitals and Cbarlties.

The 13 Hospitals, 14 Houses of Refuge, 5 Magdalen Asylums,
and 19 Orphan Asylums of the Province received as an annual
grant during 1882 the sum of $78,095,79. That amount was given
on the recommendation of the Inspector, who examines each twice
a year at least, makes an annual audit of the receipts and expendi-
tures of each — whether those receipts be from the public treasury
or private charity — and reports to the Government as to the man-
agement und condition of each.

IV. EDUCATION.

By the 03rd section of the British North America Act there was
left to the Local Legislatures, under certain conditions, the right
to ''exclusively make laws in relation to education." When the
present Administration came into power the educational affairs of
the Province were under the charge of a Chief Superintendent.
By the School Act of 1871, County Inspectors were to be substitut-
ed for the old local superintendents. The papers for teachers' ex-
aminations were to be prepared by a committee of the Council of
Public Instruction and sent down to the newly created County
Boards of Examiners. First and second class certificates were to
be made permanent. The regulations for the uniform classification
and examin-Ation of teachers, for the revision of the programuie of

I thirty-
; in the
rease of
jr, 1881.
this ref-
ites as a
'6 shewn
B toward

Lsylums,
L annual
^as given
ch twice
Bxpendi-
treasury
he man-

lere was
le right
len the
fairs of
endent.
bstitut-
ers* ex-
iincil of
County
were to
ification
iiipe of

study and the selection of text books, and for the training of teach-
ers had yet to be made. All this work in carrying out the Act was
done during the regime of the present Government. In 1874 the
Acts relating to our Public and High Schools were consolidated and
bomo new features added.

In 1876 the Education Department, constituted by a committee
cf the Executive Council, and a member thereof as Minister of
Education, were substituted for the Council of Public Instruction
and the Chief Superintendent. The additional interest imparted
to the discussions in the House by the presence of the responsible
head of the department, and the very exhaustive explanations given
by the Minister of the working of the system and the measures ha
has 'adopted for giving it increased efficiency, is one of the benefits
of the change. By that means every facility is given for criticism
and for bringing public opinion to bear directly upon every measure
intended to advance the cause of education. In 1877 various
amendments were made and the whole once more consolidated into
chaps. 203, 204, and 205 of the Revised Statutes of Ontario. By
this important act the foundation was laid for the establishment of
County Model Schools ; for the separation of the professional from
the non-professional training ; for giving second as well as first
class certificates by the examination and the report of the Central
Committee only ; and for encouraging Teachers' Associations and
Institutes. The work of doing all this and seeing that those
changes were faithfully made has fallen to the lot of the present
Administration. Under it, indeed, it may be said that the whole
programme of study, extended work, and high state of efficiency
of our High Schools and Collegiate Institutes has been wrought
out. And the friends of education who remember the old County
Board certificates, the inflexible programmes and time tables, the
wide differences in examination standards between counties, and
the perfect and despotic independence of the Education Depart-
ment to any requests or appeals, will be the first to recognize and
acknowledge the advance that haa been made.

:'U

iiHl

COMPARATIVB PROORKSS.

The following table shows the progress of our Schools in all their
details : —

SUBJECTS COMPARED.

Population .

Population between the ages of five and six-
teen years

3 County High Schools

4 Normal and Model Schools

5 Total Public Schools in operation as reported

6 Total Roman Catholic Separate Schools

7 Grand Total of all Schools in operation*

8 Total Pupils attending County High Schools

9 Total Students and Pupils attending Normal
and Model Schools

lOiTotal Pupils attending the Public Schools

1881

13
14

Total Pupils attending the Roman Catholic
Separate Schools

Grand Total, Students and Pupils attending ^
Public, Separate and High, Normal and >
Model Schools* )

Total amount paid for the Salaries of Public )
and Separate School Teachers j

Total amount paid for the erection or repairs '
of Public and Separate School-hou8e8,and
for Libraries and Ajjparatus, Books, I'uel,
Stationary, etc

Grand Total paid for Public and Separate'
School Teachers' Salaries,the erection and
repaira of School-houses,and for Libraries
and Apparatus; etc

1020951

486615

102
3

4438

160

5004

7490

800

425126

21200

463057

$1181476

!S6118]9

$1803294 1$2822052 $2844271

104

•

4941

6043

196

195

5254

5384

12910

13136

900
457734

1000

451449

25311

24819

496955

476268

$2113180
$708872

$2106019

$738252

10
17
IS

20
21

SUBJECTS COMPARED.

Total amount paid for High School Masters'
Salaries

Total amount paid for erection or rejjairs of
High School-houses

Amount paid for other Educational purpos-
es, etc* . . . .

Grand Total paid ior Educational purposes .

Total Public School Teachers

Total Male Teachers

22,Total Female Teachers.

23 Average number of months (or days) each
Public School has been kept open by a
qualified Teacherf

}

1871

1880 188 L

$113962 $247894 $257218

$24164 $06416 $23703

$356374

$2297694
5300
2641
2665

11-5

$277905 $226167
$3414267 $3351350

6747

6922

3264

3362

3483

3560

208

* Including Collegiate and Private Educational Establishments up to 1876.
"t* Holidays and Vacations included up to 1876 ; not afterwards.

FINANCIAL COMPARISON WITH UNITED STATES.

It may be useful to compare our work and condition with that of
other countries. In such a comparison, Ontario does not suffer, as
the following shows : —

I. Table as to Six States.

STATE.

School
Population.

No. of Pupils
Enrolled.

Percentage of
Pupils enrolled
to School Pop-
ulation.

Total
Expenditure.

Cost per capita
of SchoolPop-
ulatiion.

Cost per capita
of Pupils en
rolled.

Illinois

Massacnusetts

Michigan

New York

Ohio

Pennsylvania

1,000,006
303,836
486,993
1,628,727
1,043,320
1,200,000

439^924

693,634
301,528
342,138
1,0:30,041
734,651
935,749

69
99
71
63
70
77

%
6,190,700
4,894,700
2,775,600
10,464,000
7,711,300
7.747,700

$ c.

6 18

16 43

5 70

6 42

7 39
6 45

$ c.

8 93
10 56

8 11
10 16
10 51

8 28

Ontario ......

464,395

2,822,000

5 76

6 08

100

A. CMIBF SUl'KHINTENDKNT VS. MINIHTER OF EDUOATIOV.

The change back again is urged from Minister of Education to a
Chief Superintendent of Education. Now, the only reason that
can be urged is either that it is impossible for a responsible Minis-
ter to manage such a Department, or that politics have entered into
the administration of the Department. Now :

1. Not a single atom of proof has been adduced showing that
politics have entered in — not a single case has been brought forward
— far less proven.

2. The principle of having a Minister of Education is the true
one under our system of responsible government. Under a system
of a Chief Superintendent it has been found

(1) That there is a tendency not only for that official but for all
the Education Department to be almost wholly out of the reach of
public opinion.

(2) That evils creeping into the mana'^ement cannot so easily be
stopped or brought to light as when the whole management has to
undergo the criticism of the Legislature.

(3) That the voice of public opinion being more easily heard is
more constantly attended to and the management is in sympathy
with the advancement of education.

3. The system of having a responsible Minister is being adopted
all over the world.

(1) There is a Minister of Public Instruction in France, Italy,
Prussia, Austria, Belgium (created in 1878), Baden, Bavaria, Den-
mark, iireece, Finland, Holland (Minister of the Interior), Portu-
gal (do.), Spain (do.). In Switzerland the proposal was carried in
April, 1882. In Japan, Egypt, Cape Colony, South Australia,
Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and New Zealand there is
a Minister of Public Instruction.

(2) In the most of the United States there is a Chief Superin-
tendent, elected by the whole people of the State on strict party
lines. We want nothing of that here.

WHAT HAS BEEN DONE.

It cannot be because of anything left undone, for besides what
we mentioned under the head of Legislation at page 37 there has
been the following accomplished.

101

From 1870 to 1881 the matters dealt with by Orders in Council
or minutes of the Education Department were in 1876 (from March)
56 ; in 1877 87 ; in 1878 114 ; in 1879 117 , in 1880 132 ; and in
1881 91.

In 1876 the subjects (amongst others) considered and approved
of were the following : — High School programme and apportion-
ment of Grant; Central Committee, appointment of additional
members ; Intermediate and Teachers' Examinations ; appoint-
ment of sub-Examiners ; subjects for First Class Certificates ; Sep-
arate School inspection ; amended High School programme and ap-
portionment of the Grant and Examinations.

In 1877 : — Entrance Examinations and programme of study and
Intermediate Examination in High Schools ; Superannuated
Teachers' Fund regulations : Tshool accommodation ; Public
School course of study and regulations ; sanction of Library and
Prize Books ; Model Sciiuol inspection and Model School regula-
tions.

In 1878 : — Revised regulations, as published in the " Compen-
dium of School Law ; " certain Text books authorized and library
and prize books sanctioned.

In 1879 : — Text books authorized, prices fixed [and new condi-
tions required ; amended regulations as to Teachers' certificates ;
Poor School Grant regulations ; printing of new edition of Read-
ers sanctioned.

In 1880 : — Regulations respecting the non-professional examina-
tions for first and third-class certificates ; amended regulations for
certificates of qualification as public school teachers, and High
School programme for 1880 ; amended regulations respecting the
training of first and second class teachers ; regulations respecting
County Teachers Associations.

In 1881 : — Regulations as to the examination of candidates for
Public School teachdrs' certificates ; amended regulations as to
Publip School text books ; High School progran>me for 1881-? ;

102

regulation as to teaching of hygiene in the Provincial Normal
schools.

If!

■ £>

COUNTY MODEL SCHOOLS.

Some fifty County Model Schools have been established since
1877, in which intending teachers after passing their non-profes-
sional examination are reqiiired to spend some months in training
to tit themselves for teachers. In 1877 there were in them 1,277
pupils; in 1878 there were 1,391; in 1879, ],295, and in 1880
there were 1,413. Of these, 1,255 in 1877, 1,339 in 1878, 1,217 in
1879, and 1,317 in 1880 passed and received certificates. To give
an idea of the advance in this matter and the raising of the stand-
ard required for obtaining a certificate, we may point out that in
1871 out of 3,733 applicants for certificates 1,846 succeeded ; in
1880 out of 6,589 applying only 1,801 succeeded. In conclusion we
may remark that the total cost of these County Model Schools was
in 1880 some $5,200 to the Province, and about the same to the
municipalities.

Diitributed to the People.

The following table shows what has been, dv.ring the last ten

years, distributed to the people of each county in grants in aid of

Education : —

Education— High, Pub-
County, lie & Poor Schools.

Algoma 113,957 44

Bruce 96,216 06

Brant 78,602 36

Carloton 52,639 32

DufFerin 7,007 06

Elgin 77,882 34

Essex 63,286 73

Frontenac 52,209 22

Grey 108,792 38

Bastings 100,970 53

103

Normal

i since
-profes-
training
n 1,277
in 1880
1,217 in
To give
) stand-
that in
led ; in
ision we
Dols was
3 to the

last ten
n aid of

igh,Pub-
chools.

22
t 38

Education -Hiffb, Pub-
County, lie & Poor Schools.

^Hamilton 82,552 20

Halton 41,093 92

Haldimand 54,985 00

Huron 122,736 64

Kent 72,864 54

^Kingston 38,180 80

Leeds and Grenville 122,556 32

Lanark 85,786 46

Lambton 71,666 28

Lennox and Addington 61,629 32

Lincoln 98,091 12

3:London 44,542 58

Middlesex 121,470 13

Muskoka and Parry Sound 20,064 95

Nipissing 190 00

Norfolk 67,063 49

Northumberland and Durham 1 79,799 1 1

Ontario 1?3,376 03

^Ottawa 52,404 96

Prince Edward 39,237 59

Peel 51,973 87

Peterboro' 78,630 76

Perth 110,902 77

Preacott and Russell 55,261 80

Renfrew 76,769 96

Stormont, Dundas, etc 119,244 43

Simcoe 152,165 84

^Toronto 123,376 27

Victoria and Haliburton 105,070 44

Wellington 129,576 06

Waterloo 93,281 47

Welland 61,757 75

Wentworth 62,247 33

York , 116,003 21

Unassignable

Total,

$3,572,013 74

Y. Administration of Jlu!«tlee.

This is the office so ably presided over by the Hon. hir. Mowat,
the Premier and Attorney-General. It is so little known to the

, 'I.

104

IS'

general publio that we give rather a full resumi of the work con-
nected with it : —

ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES.

To this department belongs the supervision of the administra-
tion of justice throughout the Province, including the investi-
gation of complaints made in respect of the conduct of magistrates,
the prosecution of criminals both for offences committed against
the laws of the Dominion and those against the statutes of the
Province, These "prosecutions at the Assizes are conducted by
counsel ^appointed by the Attorney- General, and at the General
Sessions and Comity Judge Criminal Court by the County Attorney,
but cases are constantly arising, upon which the advice and direc-
tion of the department is required, while in many offences of a
serious character, the evidence has to be obtained through officers
directly instructed by this department. In connection with crimi-
nal prosecutions arise applications for bail, which in^all cases may
he made to the Judges at Toronto, and in many serious cases must
be so made ; also applications to be relieved from forfeiture of bail.
This department has a great deal to do with both especially the latter.
These latter can only be favourably entertained where the circum-
stances are of a very exceptional nature, and careful enquiry into
the facts uponjwhich it is claimed relief should be granted, is always
made. Though in the administration of civil law, and also of cri-
minal law in our higher courts, legislation has freed us from many
of the technicalities which formerly made the forms of law an
enigma to those who had not devoted many years to a study of its
nicieties, yet the same advance has not been 1 made. It advises as
to proceedings before Justices of the Peace and other inferior magis-
trates, for notwithstanding that the forms provided for ordinary
cases, the applications made to discharge prisoners on Habeas Cor-
pus, or to quash convictions on account of irregularities, or insuffi-
ciency in the proceedings before these officers, are very numerous.
In many of these, this department finds it necessary to make en-

105

quiry and to intervene. Cases of difficulty are also from time to
time reserved by Judges at the Assizes and other Criminal Courts
for the opinion of the Judges of the High Court, sitting together
at Toronto; and these are, wherever practicable, argued by the offi-
cers of this department. To the Attorney-General also belongs the
consideration of applications for writs of Error, for leave to file
information in his name in connection with supposed invasions of
public right ; for entries of nolle proseque ; the admission of crimi-
nals as Queen's evidence, &c., &c. Also as to appointments to all
offices connected with the administration of justice, such as Justices
of the Peace, Police and Stipendiary magistrateSj'^Coroners, County
Attorneys, and officers of the various courts in the different coun-
ties.

ADVISORY DUTIES.

It is the duty of this department to advise the officers of the
other departments of the Government upon the numerous legal
questions which constantly arise in connection with the varied mat-
ters coming before them, and advice is constantly required by
County attorneys. Crown counsel, coroners, and sU others employed
in the administration of justice.

EXECUTIVE DUTIES.

In another place attention has been called to the Legislation which
the Mowat Government has promoted in the Legislature. It is need-
less to say, that most of these measures, which where not drafted
by the Attorney-General himself, were drawn by thr officers of this
department, and that all other bills, both public and private, are
carefully examined, so that by constant vigilance the Province may
be saved the expense of a second chamber, while no evil results are
experienced from its absence.

The officers of the Attorney-General's Department also attend to
the business of the Executive Council, the same deputy head hav-
ing charge of both departments, while the present Attorney-Gene-
ral is also de facto President of the Council,

rTTTF-

'!^ ■^3J"'M51.

106

The duties of the officers of the Executive Council are chiefly
confined to drawing up, in proper form, the orders necessary to
give effect to the decisions of the Council upon the report of the
various Ministers, but it is needless to say that very frequently this
is work of a very different character than merely clerical labour.
The number of orders of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council drawn
up is very large during the year 1881, amounting to 495, and in
1882 to 483, while the orders of the Education Department which
now by law belong to the Executive Council, numbered during
these years 79 and 99.

ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE DISTRIBUTION.

It is from this department that the whole of the administration

of justice for the counties is carried on ; though the distribution is

done directly from the Treasury Department. The following is

the amount which has been given to each county during the last

eleven years :

Administration of Crim-

County. inal Justice.

Algoma 8133,471 10

Bruce 29,073 27 '

Brant 44,481 36

Carletoa 45,142 31

Dufferin 2,674 91

Elgin 51,457 19

Essex 39,464 61

Frontenac 30,457 17

Grey 34,491 88

Hastings 25,416 62

^Hamilton 9,707 70

Halton 15,861 23

Haldimand 26,839 97

Huron... 30,966 66

Kent 39,596 04

;]:KingSton

Leeds and Grenville 24,457 36

Lanark 14,110 17

Lambton 36,909 62

Lennox and Addington 16,333 95

chiefly
jary to
; of the
itly this
labour.
1 drawn
and in
b which
during

istration
jution ia
3wing is
the last

1 of Crim-
stice.

L 10
\ 27
L 36

2 31
i 91

7
1
}

19
61
17
88
62
70
23
9 97
6 66
04

36
17
9 62
3 95

107

Administration of Crimi-

Couuty. nal Justice.

Lincoln 36,987 64

:!:London

Middlesex 94,198 98

Muskoka and Parry Sound 45,302 75

Nipisaing 29,399 13

Norfolk 37,877 75

Northunberland and Durham 39,173 98

Ontario 37,548 07

Oxford 32,829 70

tOttawa

Prince Edward 13,925 90

Peel 16,593 02

Peterboro' 16,135 55

Perth 28,905 27

Prescott and Russell 12,712 10

Renfrew 21,676 29

Stormont, Dundas, etc 23,216 97

Simcoe 52,739 21

fToronto 39,623 93

Victoria and Haliburton 33,501 60

Wellington 34,835 04

Waterloo 31,732 80

Welland 37,209 52

Wentwerth 64,276 55

York 127,928 70

Unassignable

Total $1,559,324 36

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SURPLUS.

In the same way the Attoi nay-General originated the scheme
whereby the Municipal Loan Fund Debt is being wiped out. The
most of it has now been liquidated. The following are the sums
paid out in that mode of the distribution of the surplus to each of
the counties indicated, in the last ten years. The sums are paid
directly from the Treasury Department ;

tT' Sir

108

Distribution of the Surplus to
County. • wipe out Municipal Debts.

Algoma $20,922 82

Bruce U3,490 42

Brant 153,357 33

Carleton 68,205 74

Dufferin 46,033 60

Elgin , 114,784 61

Essex 47,953 42

Frontenac 58,905 19

Grey 107,755 81

Hastings 26,241 03

^Hamilton 50,044 81

Halton 40.359 47

Haldimand 78,850 83

Huron 309,103 63

Kent 73,017 62

^Kingston 25,713 19

Leeds and Grenville 110,844 23

Lanark — .

Lambton 75,685 80

Lennox and Addington 57,450 01

Lincoln 34,539 72

tLondon

Middlesex 167,045 29

Muskoka and Parry Sound 14,172 27

Nipissing 4,525 06

Norfolk 38,027 82

Northumberland and Durham

Ontario 133,284 56

Oxford 78,097 14

tOttawa

Prince Edward 44,639 18

Peel 68,01114

Peterboro' 51,166 90

Perth : 25,481 52

Prescott and Russell 51,709 95

Renfrew

Storraont, Dundas, etc 125,198 33

Simcoe 114,741 79

fTorcnto 176,072 12

Victoria and Haliburton 61,299 88

Wellington 165,545 13

Waterloo 129,850 43

WeUand 101,337 01

109

Distribution of the Surplus tu
County wipo out Municipal Debts.

Wentworth 63,694 66

York 139,697 66

Unassignable

Total 3,378,851 61

56
14

18
14
90
52
95

33
79
12
88
13
43
01

YI. Afj[riculture and Arti.

The object the Government has in view in aiding the Agricul-
tural, Commercial and Industrial interests, is the increase of the
national wealth and the progress of the Province. But they have
done so in a zealous and liberal manner. What is thought of it and
^''hat it is, is best shown by the following address of the farmers of
' je legislature to their brother farmers : —

To the Farmcri of Ontario.

The undersigned, as practical farmers, and specially representing
that class in the Ontario Legislature, desire to call your attention
to the growing importance of agriculture in our Province.

We point with pride to the fact that the value of the products of
the Farm now reaches a vast sum yearly, and it is steadily on the
increase.

For richness of agricultural products, Ontario now takes the
first place — not only in our own Dominion, but in the whole Ameri-
can Continent. We have skilful farming, a rich soil, and a favour-
ing climate.

At no period in our history has more enterprise been manifested
among our agricultural po]3ulation or more solid improvement
made, than at the present time.

In every department of our business the watchword is onward .

It is worth while to ask what has caused this rapid develop-
ment ? — what influences have been at work aiding us to reach this
high position I

Certainly, every one looking at the past history of Ontario will
admit that much of the progress is due to the liberal treatment
that our interests have received at the hands of the Provincial
Government. The various agricultural societies, headed by the Pro-
vincial Association, liave undoubtedly done much in the past to stim-

110

ulate and encourage the Farmer to improve all along the line — in the
tillage of his fields, in the use of labour-saving implements, and in
the care of his Flocks and Herds. Those societies are liberally
aided by the Government. Last year the total amount of grants
made them was about ^70,000, and it is quite true that many of
them could not have existed but for the help thus received.

In addition to the general aid given to Agricultural Societies
special attention has been paid to that most important interest,
Fruit Growing. Through the grants made to the Fruit Growers
Association, the Government has placed the great field of h< rti-
culture on a basis unsurpassed on the Continent for enterprise and
success. So, also, in regard to the Dairy interest. The continued .aid
given to the Diarymen's Association has enabled mnch to be done
in the way of scientific research, and the practical application of
knowledge so acquired. As a consequence, the cheese industry of
Ontario compares favourably now with that of any State in the
neighbouring Union. The cash value of cheese produced in the
Province last year alone was not lesp than four million dollars.
Coming to a later period, the Government has devised means,
and made liberal provision for the drainage of the land of our coun-
try. This is admitted on all sides to have been a most important
step. Much of our land has been improved — many thousands of
acres have been brought into a state of cultivation, and the Govern-
ment has placed it within the reach of large numbers of Farmers to
double the produce of their lands by taking advantage of the pro-
visions of the Drainage Acts. Our Agricultural College and Ex-
perimental Farm at Guelph is doing excellent service in the
promotion of a generally improved husbandry. The practical
fruits to flow from this institution — while to some extent seen
fr(»m year to year — can only be properly estimated in its
educational eflects in the future. The degree of raccess al-
ready attained is highly gratifying ; and, compared with simi-
lar eflforts in other countries, the results are a matter of just
national pride. The College is worthy of our Province. It3 Re-
ports are eagerly sought after by farmers, and through them much
useful agricultural information is being annually distributed.
Above and beyond all these, we point with the utmost satisfac-
tion and delight to the appointment of the Agricultural Commis-
sion. Perhaps no other Act of the Government has met with
greater approval, or has been more thoroughly useful to the coun-
try. The Report of that Commission has stimulated and incited our
Farmers everywhere to a degree hitherto iinknown. Undoubtedly
its enquiries and researches, which have been far-reaching and ex-
haustive, will form the basis of further Legislative action in the
future. We have two excellent instances this year, in the Bills to
establish Public Creameries and to encouraging the planting of

Ill

trees on highways and boundary lines. Following closely upon
the work of the Commission, and growing out of it, has been the
establishment of the Bureau of Industries, whereby much valuable
information in the shape of statistics, andrelating to crops and live
stock, is collected and published. The reports of the Bureau
have already commanded attention in other countries, and will
certainly do a great deal to put our Province before the world in
the high position it deserves to occupy. We mightalso refer
to the measure of the Government giving to Farmers their
just rights in the delivery of their produce in the centres
ot trade, free from the impositions of vexatious market fees.
The uudersigned are convinced that a Government which has
thus been so pertistont and so zealous in aiding and promoting this
great interest of agi'iculture, among others in our Province, will not
fail in the future to take still further steps in the same direction.
We desire to record our own high appreciation of the Govern-
ment's eftbrts, and we feel that it is our bounden duty by eveiy
honest effort to aid in keeping its members in their present posi-
tion of usefulness to our Province. We confidently appeal to our
brother farmers for their hearty co-operation to attain this end ;
being assured that while we point with pride to what has been done
for the advancement of agriculture, every other interest has been
equally well guarded and fostered.

The Government of Mr. Mowat has always combined liberality
with prudence and wise economy. In proof, we need only say that,
notwithstanding the large increase of population during the past
eleven years, and the consequent additional expenditure necessary
for the administration of justice; the education of the pf;ople; the
care of the insane; the training of the deaf, dumb, blind, etc., the
finances of the Province have been so well managed that the Treas-
ury can to-day boast of a surplus of five millions of dollars. And
this, too, after distributing a very large sum (over three millions of
dollars) among the Municipalities, and giving an equally large sum
for aiding the construction of new lines of railway. A Government
with a record like this deserves to be warmly supported, and we feel
sure that the farmers of Ontario will cheerfully do their part in sus-
taining it.

John Dryden, M.P.P» Charles Drury, M.P.P.

John Watterworth, M.P.P. Peter Graham, M.P.P.

James Laidlaw, M.P.P.
Albert Hagar, M.P.P.
Isaac Master, M.P.P.
John B. Freeman, M.P.P.
Nicholas Awrey, M.P.P.
Thomas Blezard, M.P.P.

John Waters, M.P.P.
Geo. D. Hawley, M.P.P.
Archd. Bishop, M.P.P.
Thomas Ballantyne, M.P.P.
D. D. Hay, M.P.P.
Thomas Gibson, M.P.P.

Nothing need be addvd to this ftble document. It speaks for itself.

^?nr

112

In the encouragement of agriculture there has been distributed

to the various counties of the Province in assisting their Agricul.

tural Societies and Mechanics' Jiistitutos, during the last eleven

years, the following sums: —

Agriculture, Arts and
County. Mechanics' Institutes.

Algoma ^7,«C0 00

Bruce 19,940 06

Brant 24,824 38

Carleton 7,700 00

Duflerin 6,400 00

Elgin 19,310 00

Essex 13,000 00

Frontenac 12,584 00

Grey 24,952 34

Hastings 25,392 50

^Hamilton 8,145 00

Halton 11,460 42

Haldimand 10,060 00

Huron 39,172 46

Kent 18,200 00

i^Kingston 3,150 00

Leeds and GrenviUe 31,600 00

Lanark 15,800 00

Lambton 20,277 00

Lennox and Addington 16,600 00

Lincoln 20,957 50

^London 11,800 00

Middlesex 31,306 64

Muskoka and Parry Sound 5,750 00

Nipissing

Norfolk 19,734 00

Northumberland and Durham 33,636 14

Ontario 23,145 76

Oxford 17,970 00

3:0tttawa.,, 10,500 00

Prince Edward 8,100 00

Peel 15,256 84

Peterboro' 16,719 20

Perth 28,206 30

Prescott and Russell 15,400 00

Renfrew 16,790 00

Stormont, Dundas, etc 15,400 00

Simcoe 33,963

^Toronto ,

12
17,600 00

i4 00

16 14

:5 70

K) 00

)0 00

)6 84

L9 20

)6 30

)0 00

t)0 00

00 00

l63 12

loo 00

113

AKricultiirt', Arts and
County. Mechanics' InntituteH.

Victoria and Haliburton 19,100 00

Wellington 38,($53 34

Waterloo 32,078 72

Welland Ki.OOO 84

Wentworth 22,278 58

York 20,971 60

Unassignable

Total $859,l?b 10

(a) THE AORICULTUBAL COLLEGE AND EXPERIMENTAL }!'AKM.

The organization and management of this highly important insti'
tution, has fallen to the lot of the Liberal Administration, though
it was established by the Hon. J. S. Macdonald. The farm of Mr.
F. W. Stone, near Guelph, was purchased for the purpose. On it
was an ordinary two-story house and extensive out-buildings. The
foimer has been gradually converted into a large college building,
capable of containing 140 resident students, and having within its
walls the requisite class-rooms, laboratory, museum, reading-room,
library, offices, and dormitories. The farm has been brought into
shape for model experimental purposes by thorough underdraining,
fencing and cleaning. It consists of 550 acres ; on it have been
erected dwelling houses for the professors and foremen, additions
to the barns and stablcct, mechanical shops, and garden conserva-
tories, hot-houses, and workshops. Some thirty acres in front of
the buildings have been laid out, and are now worked as lawn,
kitchen, and flower gardens, and orchard. Fifteen acres are used
for particular experimental purposes, eight being divided up into
one-tenth-acre plots ; though the whole farm and all the stables are
used for the purpose of general experiments. Seven different breeds
of cattle, six of sheep, and three of pigs, for the purposes of educa-
tion and experiments are kept. The cost of the whole institution
—farm, buildings, and stock — has been $220,982.

The institution was opened in 1874. Since that time 597 pupils

have entered its halls. During 1881, there were 217 entered on the
8

114

roll. And at the date of the last report, on Ist of January, J883,
there were 125 in actual attendance. The work done by this insti-
tution in the way of experiment is of incalculable value. There are
annually carried on some thirty or forty experiments in breeding
and feeding cattle, sheep, and pigs ; and experiments on the best
methods of cultivation and manuring over 350 different varieties of
grains and grasses are undertaken every year. And the results are
published. The effect on the progress of Canadian agriculture can-
not be over-estimated.

And the work of technical education in agriculture is carried on
by means of lectures inside and outside, and instruction in the sta-
bles, yards, shops, gardens, and fields outside. There are six lec-
turers and five foremen of departments. The annual charge is about
$22,000. The institution is doing a good work, and as years flow
on and its graduates pass into the ranks of the farmers of the Pro-
vince, as some eighty per cent, of them are at present doing, we
may expect the direct effect to be highly beneficial. Even the in-
direct effects have already been felt upon the progress of the great
agricultural industry of the Province.

ORTEt'TIONJI.

Exception was taken during the last Session at tha amount of the
Mfming expenditure on the Farm. Something was said too about the
farm being dirty. The last is untrue, though being very dirty when
bought, it is not as yet thoroughly cleaned.

The Public Accounts do not fairly represent the ordinary expense
of the farm; as under the "Experimental Farm " are included ex-
penditure on capital aceount, on experiments and on education as
well as the ordinary farm expense.

As the above quoted document remarks^ this was perhaps one of
the most thoughtful acts of the Government. It was appointed in
lfi79, and during 1879 collected from our prominent agriculturists

tici

115

, 1883,
8 insti-
lere are
reeding
;he best
ieties of
lilts are
ire can-

rried on
the sta-
six lec-
is about
jars tlow
the Pro-
sing, we
1 the in-
he great

nt of the
3out the
ty when

expense
uded ex-
,cation as

pg one of
ointed in
culturists

and others in all parts of the Province, a vast amount of informa-
tion on every subject pertaining to our great agricultural industry.
It sat at difierent times and in different parts through several
mouths. The evidence so obtained has been thoroughly compiled
and indexed, and upon it has been written a very valuable report.
This, and the evidence, extending in all to over 2,000 pages and
five volumes, has been published ; and so great has been the de-
mand that a second edition is being issued from the press. It
forms one of the most complete works on Canadian agriculture.
And lastly we may mention —

BUREAU OF INDUSTRIES.

This Bureau was established r 1882, and is attached to the De-
partment of the Commissioner ot .Agriculture. Its objects are to
collect and publish useful information relating to the agricultural
and manufacturing interests of the Province and to the supply of
grain, breadatutfs, etc., in those countries where the surplus prod-
ucts of the rovince usually find a market. In this way, knowing
the extent ot the supply at home and of the demand abroad, farm-
ers can form their own opinion on the probable course of prices,
instead of being at the mercy of speculators who have special
facilities for procuring early information.

During the growing season last year five Special Reports were
published, treating of crops, live stock, and farm operations gene
rally ; besides giving statistics of the acreage and produce of grain
and root crops, the number of horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, the
value of farm property, the rate of rent and wages, the condition
and progress of agriculture, and much other information of a prac-
tical character.

Over twenty thousand copies of those Reports were published
and distributed to correspondents and others, and the most import-
ant facts of each Report were furnished for early publication in the
newspapers — all journals, irrespective of party connections, being
treated alike. The Reports were an authentic record of the state

pf-r

116

of crop3 and live stock in all parts of the Province throughout the
year. »

The statistics of the acreage and yield of grain crops prove most
conclusively that Ontario is entitled to rank foremost among all the
States and Provinces of the continent, as a grain-producing coun-
try, and a knovy ledge of this fact has been the means of drawing
marked attention to the Province throughout Great Britain and
Ireland. The natural effect must be to bring large numbers of well-
to-do tenant faimers of the Mother Country to Ontario, and with
them a goodly number of much-needed farm labourers. Improved
prices for farm lands will follow, as a matter of course.

The Annual Report gives a summary of all important facts con-
tained in the Special Reports relating to Agriculture, together with
the statistics of crops, live stock and values. It also contains a
table of average prices for the principal products of the Province at
the leading markets throughout the year, and statistics of our fac-
tory industries. The tables of produce of cheese and manufactures
make a most valuable showing, and mu3t greatly aid in establishing
the reputation of the Province abroad as a promising fiel(' *'>r capi-
tal and labour. Fifteen thousand copies of this Report have been
printed.

l^'m.

B. Aid to Commerce and the Arts.

1. The Government has aided railways to every part of the coun-
try, by which commercial facilities have been greatly increased.

2. It has also given liberal grants to aid exhibitions of our manu-
factured and native products at exhibitions in foreign countries. A
notable example was the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, in
1876.

3. It steadily gives liberal grants to similar exhibitions in our
own Province.

4. For some years it kept an agent in Europe, to find if possible
new markets for our manufactured and native products.

5. A::d we must not forget

>ut the

re most
r all the
ig coun-
drawing
ain and
of well -
^nd with
nproved

icta con-
her with
ontaina a
ovince at
I our fac-
ufactures
ablishing
"nv capi-
lave been

Ithe coun-
sased.

lur manu-
itries. A
jlphia, in

)s in our

possible

117

THE SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL SCIENCE.

This institution was established by the Hon. J. S. Macdonald in
1870. He spent some $38,500 in purchasing the Mechanics' Insti-
tute building in Toronto. It was, however, very deficient in itself,
ii<? location, and its appliances, and hence was sold, and a new build-
ing erected near thp University, which was opened in September,
1878. The number of professors and instructors is eight. The
number of regular students in attendance is 16 in engineering, 53
in mineralogy, 58 in biology, and 197 in chemistry.

As the Act specially provides for '* instruction to be given to ar-
tizans, mechanics, and workmen by evening classes " that has been
given steadily for ten j'ears. The attendance of these classes dur-
ing the winter of 1881-82 numbered 141, and comprised carpenters,
joiner.^, machinists, smiths, and other skilled artizans of almost
every class. The appliances are still scarcely what they ought to
be, but are steadily improving. The annu&l cost is about $4,500.

6. Nor must we omit to mention in this connection our

mechanics' institutes.

These are established in 75 of our cities, towns, and villages.
They furnish libraries of current, standard, and technical literature ;
and in all cases are expected to have evening classes and lectures
for the benefit of artizans and other members of the industrial classes
during the winter season. Each of those 75 institutes receives a
grant of from $80 to $tOO per annum, according to the work it does.
During 1881 they received from the Province $23,652. From local
sources they roceived in the same year $48,321.

The world may be sought in vain to find a Government that has
been more liberal in assisting every industry, than has the present
Liberal Administration of Ontario.

7. And lastly we may mention,

THE BUREAU OF INDUSTRIES.

This Bureau by collecting and disseminating all possible inf or-

V ' 'fi'.'

118

mation on our oommerce, arts and manufactures is destined to do
a great work for this Province. Its last report in 1882 contains a
pretty full resum^ of our standing as a manufacturing Province.

Till. ]IIIS€ELLANEOIJS.

We will use this to include two or three miscellaneous matters.
And we may first of all take,

(1) Vital §ttttli(ffc§.

The importance of collecting vital statistics is clearly recognized
in every civilized community. The first Act, providing for the reg-
istration of births, marriages, and deaths in Ontario, went into op-
eration in 1869. It has been improved and very faithfully admin-
istered since. During the last ten years 332,025 births, 11,6342
marriages, and 145,124 deaths have been registered ; or 592,303
registrations have been made. In 1871 about 75 per cent, of the
marriages, 50 per cent, of the births, and 32 per cent of the deaths
in the Province were estimated to have {been registered. In 1880
that had increased to 90 per cent, of marriages, 70 per cent, of births
and 60 per cent, of deaths. Many important questions, such as the
rate of increase of the papulation, the average annual mortality
rate, the marriage rate, the birth rate, and the prevailing type of
disease — all of great value in social science — can only in this way
be determined. By this means our Province can for salubrity be
compared with any other country in the world. And we do not fear
the comparison.

And following closely in the same line we may consider

(2) Provincial Board of Health.

The important work of sanitary improvement of the public
health was begun by the Act of 1882, establishing a Provincial
Board of Health.

119

1 to do
itains a
ince.

Matters.

cognized
the reg-
into op-
f admin-
11,6342
I 592,303
t. of the
le deaths
In 1880
of births
ich as the
mortality
y type of
this way
ubrity be
o not fear

he public
Provincial

Balow will be found a short account of the w.>rk of the B.)ard«

(a) IXVBSTIOATION OF OUTBREAKS OF CONTAOIOUS DISEASE.

This important work of this Board has been energetically entered
upon, there having been made, —

1. An enquiry into epidemics of typhoid fever at Samia, Strat-
ford, Lambton Mills.

2. Action taken to suppress outbreaks of smallpox at Windsor
and Ayr.

3. An enquiry "into epidemics of Malaria at Coboconk and
Madoc.

4. Advice to Local Boards for the suppression of nuisances of
any kind, arising from impure water, collections of noxious ma-
terials (Src.

(b) COLLEOTION OF SANlTARVf INFORMATION.

This work, so necessary upon the establishment of such a Board,
has been extensively carried out. Visits were made by Commis-
sioners of the Board to : —

1. Michigan State Board and Sanitary Convention.

2. Detroit and Toledo City Boards.

3. Massachusetts and New York State Boards.

4. Boston, New York, Portland and Albany City Boards.
These visits enabled the Board to establish intimate relations

with the Boards of these places, and were the means of obtaining a
large amount of important inforraation concerning their methods of
working, and extensive collections of sanitary literature.

5. A member of the Board, while in Europe, was delegated to
coll^ct sanitary literature and information, and returned with a
large number of sanitary works and arrangements made for the ex-
change of sanitary information with the principal Boards of Britain
and Continental countries.

0. Communication was set up with municipalities throughout the
whole Province asking for information concerning the condition of
local sanitary regulations, and at the same time urging upon them,
through the Council and physicians the establishment of local
Boards of Health.

This work, so urgent and necessary, was instituted by the cir-
culation of pamphlets on

I. 15..

120

1. V How to Check Contagions Diseases/'and ** How to Resus-
citate the Apparently Drowned," amon&r municipalities, physicians,
clergymen, High School teachers and Public School inspectors and
teachers.

2. By the holding of a Sanitary Convention, at which a number
of papers were road on important sanitary subjects and much in-
formation elicited in the discussions which followed.

3. The Secretary further delivered successful lectures in several
towns on important sanitary questions.

4. The weekly dissemination of a Bulletin setting forth the pre-
valence of disease as obtained from reports obtained jrom 100 phj'-
sicians in various parts of the Province.

(d) ARRANGEMENTS WERE ENTERED INTO

with State Boards and the Dominion Government with the intent
of providing for a thorough inspection of Immigrants at the ports
of entry and departure of the Province, whereby the danger from
the spread of contagious diseases imported by them may be pre-
vented.

Such is a brief resume of the work undertaken and accomplished
by this energetic Board under the active supervision of the Provin-
cial Se(a:etary during the eight months of its short existence.

In the third place we may include

(3) Insurance.

The insurance of commercial and farm property and of the hogies
and lives of our people is one of the most important subjects that a
Government or Legislature can deal with. The Liberal Legisla-
ture on this subject rightly began with

PROTECTION FOR THE WIDOW AND THE ORPHAN.

This question was among the very first to engage the Liberal ad-
ministration and was legislated on during the sessions of 1871-2,
1873, and 1878. A married woman may now insure for her own
benefit or for the benefit of her children either her own life or

i'.-j\

121

(with his consent) that of her husband ; so^ also the husband may
a policy on his life for the exclusive benefit of his wife and chil-
dren. To prevent policies of this class from being forfeited through
inability to pay the premium a loan to the amount of the premium
and interest thereon may be raised on the security of the policy
itself.

hoipes

that a

jcgisla-

THE PUBLIC PROTECTED AGAINST VEXATIOUS AND RUINOUS LAWS.

A policy-holder under the old law often found, after he had lost
his all by tire, that the insurance could not be collected owing to
some obscure or crafty condition in his policy. An effectual stop
was put to such fraud or evasion. The paymant for just claims
for the future was secured by an Act passed in the session of 1874,
giving the judge power to disallow such conditions and formalities
as were in his opinion unjust or unreasonable. In order still fur-
ther to guard the interests of the public a Commission of Judges
was issued to prepare such conditions of Fire Insurance as were
equitahle to all parties. These conditions, having become law in
the session of 1875-6, now govern all fire insurance contiacts in
Ontario, no variation being permitted unless conspicuously printed
on the policy, and unless held by the judge to be just and reason-
able. The Privy Council of England has decided that this Provin-
cial Act governs all insurance companies whether licensed by the
Dominion or by the Province ; so that at one stroke the public
were by the Statutory Conditions Act relieved from an immense
mass of most vexatious litigation. In order still further to lessen
the chance of policies being forfeited by oversight on the part of
the insured an Act of 1877 gave the directors of mutual companies
discretionary power to pay claims which under the old law would
have been absolutely void.

OFFICIAL OVERSIGHT OF INSURANCE COMPANIES.

In order to encourage and strengthen honest companies and to
discourage speculative or fraudulent insurance, a system of o-

122

vincial Licenses was introduced in the session 1875-6 ; companies
transacting insurance for profit were compelled to deposit securities
with the Government, and all companies were required to make
annual statements of Assets and Liabilities, receipts and expendi-
tures. For the more efhcient oversight of such matters a special
bureau was organized in 1879 and placed under an Inspector of In-
surance who is responsible as a deputy head to one of the Cabinet
Ministers. The cost of the Bureau is assessed upon the Insurance
Companies. The Companies are required to keep their books in a
systematic manner, and two reports of their financial condition are
published annually, one in abstract, the other in detail. The An-
nual report of 1881 contained as an appendix the whole body of in-
surance law then in force, grouped and analy/.ed, tor ether viith an
analysis of the iniportant judgment of the Privy Council respecting
insurance. During the session of 1883 jusi ended, machinery was
provided whereby the public will obtain exact information respect-
ing Insurance Companies that have gone into insolvency or are
winding up their affairs.'

And lastly we may here include

4. The AdniinUtration of the Liquor £iicen§e Law.

By reference to Part I " Legislation " the nature of the Crooks
Act and the raasons for its passing are fully explained. And on
referring to Part IV "CHAKaBs" the administration of it will be
found fuUly discussed. (See also License Pamphlet of January,

1883.)

wmmmmmmmm

mpanies
scuritiea
)o make
jxpendi-
i special
)r of In-
Cabinet
isurance
)ok3 in a
ition are
The An-
dy of in-
: \\ith an
jspecting
nery was
I respect-
;y or are

PART III.— FINANCE.

Law.

18 Crooks

And on

it will be

January,

We shall consider this under the following heads :

A. Introduction — Policy.

1. Our present financial position.

2. An eleven years' Ledger.

3. Tho surplus saved.

4. The surplus spent.

5. Amounts distributed to the people.

(1) Objects spent upon.

(2) Counties in which spent.

B. Appendix.

Statement of Assets and Liabilities.
In the first place then we take

A. Introduction— Our Policy.

Few countries can exhibit so satisfactory a financial condition as
the Province of Ontario at the close of the seventh year of a Liberal
Administration. Its revenue has been more than ample for all pur-
poses ; not one object legitimately claiming the encouragement of
the Government has gone unaided ; a wise liberality has dictated
the management of the public funds ; and after pil>viding for all
obligations, a handsome surplus remairis in the treasury.

The Policy of the Sandfield Macdonald Government during its
terra of office had been to keep down the expenditure to as low a
point as possible, with a view to accumulate a surplus. The Ad-
ministrations of Mr. Blake and Mr. Mowat recognized that they
were the custodians of the peoi)le's money ; that the proper expen
diture of those moneys in accordance with the wishes and require-
ments of the people was one of the most important and responsible
duties they had to perform, and that the accumulation of a surplus
should be subsidiary to the advancement of education, agricul-
ture, arts and sciences, assistance to hospitals and charities, r:.oper

F|'" II

124

provision for the insane and idiotic, the deaf and dumb and the
blind, the opening up of our back country, and the developing of
the weali'- of our country generally. Their financial record shows
how fully they have acted up to these liberal principles.

1. Our present fliianeial poMition.

This is fully shown by the table at the end of this Part II 1.
But that may be clearly shown, thus :

Assets.

1. Investments $1,156,708.44

2. Money in Banks 1,009,483.85

3. Trust Funds in hands of the Dominion

Government bearing interest 2,801,047.37

4. Miscellaneous 195,723.40

Total 15,253,023.00

Liabilities.

1. Railways and Municipalities

(Railway aid and surplus distribution)

2. Quebec's share of Common School Fund

3. Land Improvement Fund

{balance due Municipalities)

28;382.15

385,527.05
13,526.30

• Total — I 427,430.19

Thus leaving on the 31st Dec, 1882, a surplus of

$4,8^5,580.87.

Comparative Surplus.

By a glance at Tables A. and B. in the Appendix it will be seen
that when The Hon. J. S. Macdonald, left office, he had a surplus
in money and investments on the Ist day of January, 1872, of
$3,810,965. Of that $1,500,000 was set apart for aiding railways,
leaving the surplus actually available $3,310,965.

125

Of the "miscellaneous," $00,187.40 is cash due. Adding that
we have the amount owned by the Province in money and invest-
ments on the 1st day of January, 1883, as

$*^,346,434.50.

That is after carrying on the Government in keeping with the pro-
gress of the Province and distributing nearly $§,000,000 of a sur-
plus as we propose to show we have to-day, as much in money and
investments as we had eleven years ago. So much for comparative
surplus !

.05
.30

,19

2. An Eleven Year's Ledg^er.

By examining tables A and B in the appendix it will be seen

that the amount of the ordinary revenue and of the ordinary and

controllable expenditure for the last eleven years has been as shown

by the following table. We do not of couise include any amounts

paid out of the surplus.

Revenue. Expenditure.

1872 $3,0G0,747 97 1,847,056 57

1873 2,962,315 56 2,460,212 23

1874 3,446,347 89 2,342,339 77

1875 3,156,605 81 2,063,550 61

1876 2,589,222 83 2,155,185 05

1877 — 3,227.699 37 2,363,806 17

1878 2,308,925 66 2,408,534 02

1879 2,250,269 73 2,285,282 10

1880 -s 1,451,935 49 2,243,663 54

1881 : 2,746,772 93 2,286,304 29

1882 2,880,450 40 2,427,230 50

31,081,293 69 24,884,064 85
Surplus. 6,197,228 84

31,081,293 09 31,081,293 69

In other words the surplus saved in the eleven years notwith-
standing our progress and growth as a Province has been

126

3. The Surplus SaTed.

In order to show more clearly what that surplus has been each
year we take the ordinary and controllable expenditure of each
year under the Supply Bill from the ordinary revenue, and find
that the following is the correct statement : —

Surplus.

1872 $1,212,791 40

187ii 502,103 33

1874 1,104,008 12

1875 1,093,055 20

1876 434,037 78

1877 863,893 20

1878

1879

1880 203,271 95

1881 460,468 69

1882 453,219 90

Deficit.

99,608 36
35,012 37

Surplus.

6,331,849 57

134,620 73
6,197,228 84

6,331,849 57 6,331,849 57

This shows more clearly still that the surplus of revenue ove^
expenditure out of revenue has been $6,197,228'84. The deficits
during 1878 and 1879 were due to want of revenue from " Woods
and Forests," which again was due to the stagnation in the lumber
trade. In 1880, however, that trade had once more brightened,
and dues and arrears of dues were paid up.

4. The Surplus Spent.

The position was taken by both parties in 1871, and endorsed by
every sensible man in the Province, that the surplus of income
over expenditure should not be kept and invested in stocks, as it
had previously been, but should be used in the advancement of the
material progress of the country. By its means, therefore, the
question of the municipal loan dehU has been settled ; the railv^ays
have been aided; about half a million acres of land have been added

127

en each

of each

and find

it.

18 36
2 37

20 73

28 84

p 57

nue ovei^
le deBcits

*< Woods
he lumber
Tightened,

dorsed by
of income
Dcks, as it
lent of the
refore, the
e railv^ays
leen added

tu the arable acreage of the Province ; and a few other similar ob-
jects have been assuited. The payments out of this surplus began
in 1872. For whatever schemes may have been projected, nothing
was paid out till the advent of the Liberal Administration. Since
then the following sums have each year been paid out of surplus: —

Amount paid out

■ Year. of aurplus.

1872 $ 372,780 00

1873 480,591 2^ ^

1874 1,629,163 05

1875 ' 1,540,973 81

1876 985,442 60

1877 749,097 97

1878 493,854 36

1879 65(5,432 17

1880 274,623 26

1881 298,749 07

1882 492,9^46

$7,874,236 96

In other words there has been paid out of the surplus since the
1st of January, 1872, no less than $7,174,336 69.

DISHONEST CRITICISM.

But some financxai critics would add all the items paid out of sur.
plus to those met out of the annual revenue and charge, the whole
against that revenue. Thus in 1882 there was paid, outside of ex-
penditure on surplus, on ordinary and controllable expenditure,
§2,427, 230. 59, whilst out of surplus there was paid ^492,930.46,
making in all the sum of $2,920,161.05. This is a little more than
the income, which was $2,880,450 '40. But that method of calcu-
lation is so palpably wrong and absurd that it needs but to be men-
tioned to be condemned.

The payments of the debentures by the Dominion as they falj
due might as well be counted out of ordinary revenue. Oar ex-
penditure each year is regulated by the Supply Bill. Net expen-
diture — the only correct one — we have given. Any other paynnenti.

i-0'

128

are made out of surplus ; and are under statutes or Orden-in-Coun-
oil, dependent on statutes.

ft. money dittrlbuted to the People.

Such is our proud financial position after fifteen years' existence
as a separate Province. Compare our position with that of Quebec
or any other Province of the Confederation , with that of any State
of the neighbourina^ Republic, or with that of any country in the
world, and we do not suffer by the comparison.

But not only has the Qovernment carried on the regular legisla-
lative and administrative functions of Government, but it has, dur-
ing the last eleven years, distributed to the people of the people's
money for the following objects the following sums, since the 1st
day of January, ] 872 : —

Education : •

Common, Separate and Poor Schools, High
Schools and Collegiate Institutes, Libraries,
Maps, i&c. ,

Superannuated Teachers' Refunds ^,347,140 68

Administration of Justice :

Criminal Justice in Counties, )

•* " Districts, V 1,870,845 14

Officers in County Courts,&c. )

Public Institutions maintenance 4^ 51 0,204 79

Hospitals and Charities 68 1.647 51

Agriculture and Arts 3 ,088,226 75

Immigration 726,946 11

Public Works and Buildings 2,820,264 02

Colonization Roads 1,084,211 34

County Gaol alterations 96,269 70

Aid to RaQways 3,400,096 03

Municipalities Fund 645,678 68

Land Improvement Fund 197,949 20

Surplus Distribution Fund 3,378,846 66

Crown Lands Refunds 189,200 83

Board of Health 3,668 32

>Vidow8' Pensions 2,347 U

129

n-Coun-

xistence

Quebec

ny State

J in the

■ legisla-

las, dur-

people's

the Ist

r,140 68

1,845 14

,204 79
.647 51
s,226 75
,945 11
,264 02
,211 34
,269 70
,095 03
,678 68
,949 20
,846 66
,200 83
,658 32
,347 14

Misoellaneoui ' 46,348 15

Loans
Drainage, Drainage Debenture Fund 630,92154

. Total ^5,623,600 59

(3.) To ttae Counties.

And, as will be seen by a glance at Table of the Appendix lo
this whole pamphlet, the amounts distributed to the counties from
the most important of those objects hav^e been : —

Algoma ^'576,341 49

Bruce 601,031 93

Brant 422,802 42

Carleton 305,247 37

Dufferin 194,050 57

Elgin 335,9S7 27

Essex 222,896 76

. Frontenac 663,916 68

Grey 623,173 41

Hastings 434,473 30

^Hamilton 150,449 71

Halton 291,922 14

Haldimand 285,079 97

Huron 817,937 12

Kent 296,070 70

♦Kingston 67,043 99

Leeds and Grenville 377,516 32

Lanark -. ; 203,770 13

Lambton 374,868 71

Lennox and Addington 295,435 40

Lincoln 260,777 98

♦London 56,342 58

Middlesex 766,355 02

Muskoka and Parry Sound 727,317 30

Nipissing 34,114 30

Norfolk 281,0J4 19

Northumberland and Durham 482,579 23

Ontario 602,351 38

Oxford 60U,<»58 24

♦Ottawa 62,904 96

Prince Edward 193,637 67

Peel... 403,524 11

Peterboro' 341,890 96.

130

Perth 408.455 21

Prescott and Russell. 255,085 21

Renfrew 429,747 51

Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry 517,792 23

Simcoe 944,«09 05

^Toronto 350,072 32

Victoria and Haliburton , . 899,981 75

Wellington 074,070 32

Waterloo 408,707 84

Welland 204,894 38

WWtworth 477,279 15

York 1,020,14123

Unassignable 135,588 38

*For most purposes the cities are inchided in the Counties in which
they are situated. Hence the small and correspondingly large amowdz
in each case respectively. *

Criticisnii.

■■<rj Ti

These are fully considered uuder Part IV. " Chaiges " to which
we would refer the reader. They are only general. And the very
men who bring the general charges have concurred in ninety-nine
hundretho of the particular items. For, as will be sepn by reference
to Part IV during the last four years, out of ten millions of expen-
ture they have not objected to one hundred thousand dollars of it.

Through the care, economy, and judicious management of her
Liberal Government, Ontario to-day financially occupies a proud
position. The rev ue has been more than ample for all purposes ;
the ordinary business of administration has been thorougly carried
on ; not one object legitimately claiming the encouragement of the
Government has gone unaided ; a wise liberality has dictated the
management of the public funds ; many matters that in other
other countries are left as a burden on the municipalities or on pri-
vate benevolence have been undertaken ; and after providing for
all obligations, a handsome surplus remains in the Treasury, whilst
not one cent of Povincial debt has been contracted.

mmmm

131

455 21

('85 21

747 51

792 23

(i09 05

072 32

981 75

670 32

707 84...

894 38

279 15

141 23 :

588 38

les in which

rge amount:

APPENDIX,

(Statement of A§get§ and L.iabilitics.

/ I. A§iet§.

1, Investments :

Dominion 6 p. c. bonds $500,000 00
Market value over par

value 30,000 00

^ . $530,000 00

Drainage— 5 p. c. deben-
tures invested 31st
.Dec, 1881 $271,214 44

Tile drainage— 5 p. c. '

debentures, invested
31 St Dec, 1881 .... 27,028 00

Overdue interest on ac-
count of same 1,152 00

Municipal rent charges

for works completed. 327,374 00

$626,763 44

$1,156,768 44

2. Special or Trust Fund within Dominion of Canada :
Upper Canada Grammar School

Fund, 2 Vic. cap. 10, and 250,-
000 acres of land allotted to it-
(This fund is bearing interest at
5 per cimt) $312,769 04

Upper Canada Building Fund (un-
der the 18th sec, Act 1854),
Seigniorial tenure set apart for
local purposes in Upper Canada.
(A large portion of this fund
should bear interest at 6 per
cent. , but we have received only
5 per cent.) $1,472,391 41

Land Improvement Fund, being
one-ft)urth of the collection on
account of Common SohoolLands
sold between the 14th day of
March, 1853, and the 6th day of V

June, 1861, as per award 124,685 18

In^fi

132

U 'i

Common School Fund (see Consol-
idated Statutes, cap. 26), 1,000, -
000 acres set apart (proceeds re-
alized to Ist July, 1867), after
deducting Land Improvement
Fund, $1,520,954 24, portion be-
longing to Ontario, as per popu-
lation of 1871. (This fund is
bearing interest at 5 percent.). .

891,201 74

3. Value of library share assigned to Ontario, as per

Award

4. Balance due on account of Municipal Loan Fund

debts, 31 Vic. cap. 47

5. Balance due from Mechanics' Institute, Toronto...

6. Balance due on account of sale of lota at Mimico.

Balance in Banks, current accounts

Special Deposits

II. Liabilities.

2,801,047 37

105,541 00

70,000 00

7,6G1 79

6,520 Gl

. 249,483 85

. 850,000 OO

$5,253,023 06

RAILWAY AID FUND.

Canada Atlantic Eailway | ^ ^ ""'"Jf ^ ^* |^'^^ | . . $17,160 00

SURPLUS DISTRIBUTION TO MUNICIPALITIES.

Balancedue $11,22215

Quebec's share of common school fund, made up ^s follows :

Collections on account of Itfnds sold
between 14th June, 1 853, and 6th
March, 1861 $813,105 24

Less 6 Pi c, cost of
management $ 48,786 31

One quarter for Land Im-
provement Fund on
account of lands sold. 203,276 31

252,062 62

$561,042 62

immmmmmmmmmmm

mmmrnmmmmmmmmmmmsz

2,801,047 37

105,541 00

70,000 00

7,6G1 79

6,620 Gl

249,483 85

850,000 OO

5,253,023 06

133

Collections on sales made

since 6th March, 1881 $393,685 91
Less 6 per cent., cost of

management 23,621 15

$370,064 76

$931,101 38
Quebec's proportion,according to population, 1881 $385,527 65

LAND IMPKOVEMENT FUND.

Balance due Municipalities for collections on lands
sold between 14th day of June, 1853, and 6th day
of March, 1861, as per Award 13,526 39

$127,436 19

Assets ., 5,253,023 06

Liabilities 427,436 19

. $4,825,586 87

Thus leaving a surplus of

$4,835,586 81.

§17,160 00

$11,222 15

B FOLLOWS :

'I
1

J*; i.-.

PART IV.— CHARGES.

These are contained in a set of resolutions manufactured to the
order of Sir John A, Macdonald at the Conservative Convention in
September. These resolutions were again moved as amendments
to going into supply during the present session, thus precluding any
amendments to the amendments by the Government, and demand-
ing a straight vote upon them. The first resolution has regard to
the

1. Disalloirance Que§tion.

•

' Eesolved, That it is the undoubted right of the Provincial Legis-
latures to exercise without interference by the Government of the
Dominion the exclusive powers vested in them by the British North
America Act, if these powers are ^xerc)sed lawfully and constitu-
tionally, and not in a manner prejudicial to the interests of the
Dominion, and the Liberal-Conservative party is prepared at all
times to maintain and defend this right ; but Provincial legislation
which provides for the taking of private property and applying it to
p'.iblic uses without making adequate compensation to the owner is
contrary to natural justice, and the fundamental principles of legis-
lation in civilized communities atul prejudicial to the interests of
the Dominion, and it is the undoubted right and manifest duty of
the Government of the Dominion, in the exercise of the powers
vested in it by the same Act, to prevent such legislation remaining
in force by disallowing it ; and the Act known as the Rivers and
Streams Bill, inasmuch as it provided for the taking of valuable
private property and applying it to public uses without making
adequate compensation to the owner, was therefore rightfully dia-

135

tured to the
invention in
imendments
icluding any
nd demand-
as regard to

incial Legis-
nent of the
ritiah North
nd constitu-
rests of the
pared at all
,1 legislation
)plying it to
;he owner is
)le8 of legis-

interests of
fest duty of

the powers
n remaining

Rivers and

of valuable
out making
[htfully dis-

allowed, and, in the opinion of this convention, Ilia Government of
the Dominion would have failed in the discharge of its duty had it
permitted that Act to remain in force.

The answer to this statement of the case is contained in Part Y.
and in the resolution of the Liberal Convention of January last to
be found in part VI.

Regarding it, however, we may here briefly point out :

1. The point in dispute in the courts is as to whether McLaren's
property is public or private.

2. The whole question turns according to their resolution on the
adequateness of compensation, for the Legislatiure constantly takes
or authorizes the taking of private property ; whilst here it was only
the using of it.

3. The compensation was amply adequate and according to the
custom and practice of lumbermen.

4. The whole question belongs not to the Dominion Government
but to the Legislature and people of Ontario.

5. The Rivers and Streams Bill touching the case referred to in
the resolution only incidentally is a public necessity in the public
interests, affecting 234 other similar streams in the Province.

6. The Disallowance is without precedent and a violation of the
Constitution.*

2. The Boundary Question..

•

Besolved, That the Liberal-Conservative party is at all times pre-
pared by lawful and constitutional means to maintain and defend
the territorial rights of the Province, as defined by the British North
America Act, but this convention most earnestly deprecates as un-
wise ane unpatriotic the course which the Government of Ontario
has pursued with reference to the boundaries of the Province and
the award in regard to them since the refusal of the Parliament of
Canada to assent to the award — a course dictated solely by a desire

* See the Bill under Legislation and also Part V.

136

to assist the Dominion Opposition in the recent elections for the
House of Commons, opposed to the interests of and calculated to
disintegrate, the Dominion. And this convention also desires to
record its approval of the mode proposed by the Government and
sanctioned by the Parliament of Canada for the determination of
the boundaries in dispute as the most satisfactory mode now open
for arriving at a final settlement of the matters in difference, and
which, while securing the just rights of the Province, will be satis-
factory to and obligatory on the whole Dominion.

The answer to this is also given in Parts V. and VI., but we may
here point out :

1. The reason given for the firm adherence of our Government to
the Award is utterly false. If we gave up the award and began an
appeal to the Privy Council, it would be years before we got the
case to a hearing and decisioiu In > ite meantime all the timber
would be stripped off.

We demand the recognition ^f *^he award and possession under
it as a prior requisite to any seitlfcru it >uy appeal to the Privy
Council.

2. The Opposition during 1880 and 1881 voted with the Govern-
ment for the following resolution : —

" That this House deeply regrets that notwithstanding the joint
and concurrent action of the respective Governments in the prem-
ises, and the unanimous award of the arbitrators, the Government
of Canada has hitherto failed to recognize the validity of the said
award, and that no legislation has been submitted to Parliament
by the Government of Canada for the purpose of confirming the said
Award ."

3. They now allege that they should not censure the Dominion
Government for refusing to ratify the award but declare their ap-
proval of its repudiation and the present demand of the Dominion
Government for an appeal to the Privy Council ignoring the award.

4. Their inconsistent and unpatriotic position is abundantly
made plain by their present attitude. For the reason why Sir John
A. Macdonald refused to ratify the award was disclosed by Mr.
Mousseau who, when speaking at Quebec, said, " I laid down, the

137

condition on which we would be members of the Government at
Ottawa. I said that if the Province of Ontario is to acquire an ad-
ditional territory of 62,000,000 acres more than she was j<iven under
the British North America Act, Quebec would have the right to
demand an equivalent."

It was to secure the alliance of a section of his Quebec followers
who were unreasonably jealous of Ontario. For that he betrayed our
interests. And before finally determinining to do so, he persuaded
Mr. Meredith to forsake his former patriotic attitude and assume
the position which he truthfully describes when he says : — ** It
will be said that I and the Opposition I lead have proved traitors
to the best interests of Ontario, and false to our true position as her
representatives. "

3. Our Timber lAmlU,

•

Besolv&d^ That the revenues of the Province being to a large' ex-
tent derived from its timber, the supply of which is rapidly decreas-
ing, the public interests demand that greater care should be taken
for the prfeservation of it, and that it should be provided by law
that no aiditional territory shall be placed under license without
the consent of the people's representatives in the Legislative As-
sembly.

In answer we say :

1. Great care has been taken for the "preservation of our
timber supply." An Act has been passed* for the preservation of
forests from fire. The sale of the limits to those interested in
preserving the timber on th^m is an evidence of it.

2. The placing of such limits under license is an Act of Adminis-
tration of^ which the Government must take the full responsibility

*See parts V and VI,

' 138
under our gystem of responsible Government without cowardly

sheltering themselves behind the Legislature.

3. Such a course would, from a business standpoint, be suicidal,
as the favourable moment for a sale might be gone.

4. The Reform Government's course here, for letting these limits
to the highest bidder, is in striking contrast to that of the Conser-
vative Government at Ottawa, which disposes of such limits pri-
vately to prominent supporters. Not long ago it sold, by a private
sale, a valuable timber limit in the disputed territory, for a nominal
sum which afterwards changed hands at $250,000. Or again, it
privately sold limits at $5 which soon after sold for a bonus of $2000
a square mile.

It is also in strong contrast to the action of the Conservative
Government of old Canada, under which 13,000 square miles were
placed under licence for $52,000. The present Government have
placed under license only about 7,305 square miles, and have re-
ceived for the right to cut, leaving out dues altogether, the sum of
$1,530,725.

5. The present system was inaugurated by the Hou. John Sandfield
Macdonald, has been continued since, and found to be highly ben-
eficial. All parties recognise it, and none more so than the present
leader of the Opposition, who in 1873 supported it. He then voted
for the following resolution : That the berths or limits should '*be

offered for sale by public auction at the upset price at such

time and place, and upon such conditions, and by such officer, as
the Commissioner of Crown Lands shall direct by public notice for
that purpose."*

4. FREE ORAJVTS.

The men who for years were constantly objecting to the moneys
spent on colonization roads, whose party in the North- West have

•1 [i

* For full information as to time acts and reasons for them^ see under the
headinff of"Adrainistration."

wardly

iiicidal,

e limits
Conser-
its pri-
private
lomiual
bgain, it
)f$2000

ervative
ies were
mt have
lave re-
) sum of

landfield
hly ben-
present
jn voted
uld'*be
at sach
fficer, as
otice for

I moneys
'^est have

! unda the

139

placed almost everything before the interests of the settler, desire

now to pose as the settlers' friend, and so at their Convention

moved the following resolution, and a similar one in the House.

Besolved, That in the promotion of the settlement of the free
grant districts of the Province, every eflFort should be made to fur-
ther the interests of the settlers by a liberal expenditure in the de-
velopment of the resources ot the country, and by returninej, as far
as practicable, to the principles of the Homestead Law of 1868; due
regard being had to the interests of the Province at large in the
revenue derived from the sale of timber as well as in the preserva-
tion of such timber as may be requisite for home consumption.

We may say in answer : —

1. A more liberal expenditure than the present Government is
making could not be conceived of when we consider they have
spent on colonization roads throughout Algoma, Hastings, Adding-
ton, Peterboro', Renfrew, Victoria, Mushoka and Parry Sound, in
twelve years, no less than $1,018,371.63, as a glance at Table of the
Appendix will show. The men who were constantly objecting
have now no right to talk of ' * liberal expenditure.**

2. They do not propose to give the settler the pine as well as the
land on settling. No country in the world does that. They will,
as is now done, hold the lumber for the Province as its property.
That is the meaning of the words " due regard being had to the in-
terests of the Province, &c."

3. Under the Free Grants and Homesteads Act of 1868, the Con-
servative Government made the following regulations.

(10.) All pine trees and minerals on the land are reserved, and the
Commissioner of Crown Lands has power to issue Licenses to
cut timber on lands located or sold under the Free Grants Act and
Regulations. The locatee, however, may cut and use such trees as
may be necessary for the purpose of fencing and fuel ; and may
also cut and dispose of all trees required to be removed in actually
clearing his land for cultivation, which l;ttter shall be subject to the
payment of the usual timber dues to the Crown.

(11.) All trees remaining on the land at the expiration of the tim-
ber license in force when the patent issues, become the property of

140

(12.) Holders of timber licenses have the right to haul their tim-
ber over the uncleared portion of any land located or sold, and to
make such roads as may be necessary for the purpose, and to use all
slides, portages, and have free access to all streams and lakes.

(13.) The Crown reserves the riyht to construct on any land located
or sold, any colonization road, or deviate from any allowance for
road, and to take from such land material for that purpose without
compensation.

It will be seen that the abuses of which the settlers complain
would not be remedied so long as !Nos. 12 and 13 remain. No. 10
is still in force* The only departure from the principle of the Act
of 1868 was by the amendment of 1880 which virtually took away
No. 11 above.

But in practice it was of little value, for as the pine became more
valuable and scarce, the lumbermen knowing when each patent
would issue came on the land the last year and stripped the whole
of the timber oflF leaving nothing for the purpose specified in No.
10 ; and slashed in such a way as to spoil the standing timber, ren-
der the land harder to clear, and hurt the improvements.

By giving, as the' amendment of 1880 did, a joint interest to the
settler and the lumberman in the standing timber, it is left as long
as may be agreed on the lot. The settler can thus get what he
■wants, the lumberman takes it away carefully as he needs it. It is
an honest attempt at the solution of the question, as fairly as pos-
sible to both parties.

5. The IVational Policy,

If the last was a bunkum resolution, the next is still more so.

In going into supply the following amendment was moved: —

" The National Policy, twice endorsed and approved at the polls,
has amply fulfilled its promises by increasing the prosperity and
promoting the closer union of the Provinces, and ought to be recog-
nised as part of the settled policy of the country, and it is highly
inexpedient that the Government or Legislature of Ontario should
assume an attitude of hostility towards it."

The Local Legislature has nothing to do with " trade and com-
merce," or the " imposition of a tariff." They might as well 4is-

SO.

141

cuss the questions of a Frcncn crisis, an Egyptian war or a German
budget. The resolution is simply a clumsy attempt to raise Domi-
nion issues in Provincial affairs.

6. The Elective Franchise.

As an amendment to going into supply, the Conservative Opposi-
tion moved the following : —

" This House is of opinion that justice to large and important
portions of the community demands a liberal extension of the par-
liamentary franchise, particularly in the direction of conferring
upon the sons of mechanics and others, not now entrusted with the
franchise the same privileges as are now conferred upon farmers'
sons,"

As another amendment, the following was moved by the Liberals:

** That the Liberal party of this Province stands pledged to ex-
tend the franchise; that if this House should now legislate to extend
the franchise, any law passed for that purpose could not be brought
into operation in time for the coming general election ; that any
considerable extension of the franchise is especially a subject upon
which the people ought to be consulted; that the approaching gen-
eral election will afford an opportunity for so consulting and ascer-
taining the wishes of the people, but the House meanwhile does not
hesitate to affirm its opinion that no such extension of the franchise
will prove satisfactory, which does not, with proper checks and
safeguards, give the right to vote to all classes who can fairly and
reasonably claim to be endowed therewith."

1. It was the Liberal party which gave the Income Franchise
Act, and the Farmers' Sons Franchise Act. From them has come
all former extensions of the franchise, and to them all look for any
further wise and judicious extensions.

2. The only difference is- that they desire to consult the people,
the Conservatives do not.

y. Alleged Centralization.

The following were moved at the Conservative Convention :—"

ttl^olvedf That this convention disapproves of the policy which
has been pursued by the Government of Ontario of taking from the

142

people powers which they have lieretofore exercised through their
municipal bodies, and of centralizing those powers in the Govern-
ment, and is of opinion that the tendi ncy of legislation should be
in the direction of extending, rather than curtailing, the powers of
the municipalities, so as toltave to the people, as far as practicable,
the management of their local affairs.

Retiolved, That this convention strongly disapproves of the usurp-
ation by the Ontario Government of the power of appointing Divi-
sion Court clerks and bailifs ; a power which has been used for
partisan ])urposes, and has been prejudicial to the due administra-
tion of justice in those courts.

These two were in the House amalgamated into the following : —

" The centralizing policy of the Government of this Province, as
exhibited by their usurpation for partisan purposes of powers before
possessed by the municipalities and the judiciary, has struck a
serious blow at the principles of local self-government under the
municipal system, is calculated to Impair the efficiency of the public
service, and if unchecked seriously menaces the rights and liber-
ties of the people."

1. The charge of centralization is totally untrue. It was the Re-
form party which gave to Canada municipal government and as
shown by the 15th resolution adopted at the Liberal Convention
still maintains them. {See Part VI.)

2. The only proofs of the alleged charge are

(1) The appointment of Division Court clerks and bailifs by the
Government instead of the County Court Judges.

(2) Concurrence of the Government in the appointment of
gaolers.

(3) Issuing of liquor licenses and restricting the liquor traflSo
by the Government instead of by the municipalities : —

3. Regarding the first we have but to say,

(1) The former mode was in very many counties greatly abused.
The judges had appointed their own relatives to the offices of
clerks and bailifis, and it was almost impossible to get suitors' money
out of Court. Other abuses had too crept in. The judges were
not responsible to the people in any way. They were responsible
only to the Government at Ottawa.

(2) In obedience to the principles of responsible gotemmenti

143

the Local Government assumed the power of appointing its own
ofhcers engaged in the administration of justice. That is the cor-
rect plan, the only one defensible on Liberal principles. The old
plan — a remnant of the days of the Family Conip.ict was abolished.
(3) T^>" municipalities had nothing to do with this.

4. T cond is simple nonsense. The sheriffs appoint the gaolers,
and they in turn are appointed by the Government. Neither the
judges or the counties have anything to do with the appointment.
The Government pays a portion of the gaoler's salary, and inspects
the gaols. It has, therefore, enforced its right possessed since Con-
federation, to see that the gaolers were paid enough to ensure an
eiBcient and proper man as gaoler. It has fortunately needed to do
BO but once — in the case of Belleville gaol, where disgraceful con-
duct was the result of a too low salary.

5. The third is considered at length in the case of the next re io-
lution. ^Ve may here remark —

(1) 1 the Government assumed the responsibility at the de-
mand of public opinion, expressed in the usual way by petitions to
the House, and by the public press.

(2) Not a single municipality has petitioned asking for a return of
the power. Public opinion is against the change.

'^§

§. The License i^iicstloii.

Besolved. That the present system of issuing tavern and shop
licenses through Government otficials having been instituted and
systematically used for the purpose of rendering those engaged in
the liquor traflic subservient to the Administration of the day, it
is the opinion of this convention that, without interfering with the
laws regulating the liquor traflic and limiting the number of licenses
that may be issued, the power of issuing licenses, and the fees de-
rived therefrom, should be restored to the municipalities.

But the verdict of the people in the byf^-elections, and the un-
mistakable voice of public opinion made the Opposition leader
trim his sails, and so the motion in the House defining the Conser-
vative position was : — *' That this House, while recognising the

144

ifll

7 ,, -ijl
1 k''

necesnity of maintaining the other provisions of the existing liquor
license laws, and strictly enforcing them, is of opinion, that it is not
in the public interest or calculated to promote the cause of temper-
ance to continue the mode of appointing Boards of License Commis-
sioners and License Inspectors now in force, and is further of
opinion that these Boards should, in order to remove them as far
as possible from the influences of political partisanship, be ap-
pointed in counties by the County Councils, and in cities and towns
.separated from counties by the councils thereof : and that the
power of appointing one or more License Inspectors in each license
district should be vested in these Boards , and that the House re-
grets that legislation providing for this change in the law, and for
handing over to the municipalities the whole of the license fees ex-
cept a sum sufficient to pay the expenses of the License Branch of
the Provincial Secretary's Department, has not been proposed for
its consideration by the advisers of His Honour the Lieutenant-
Governor."

1. The complete change of front will be noticed. Before, in
September, the proposal was to give the powers back to the Village,
Township and City Councils. Now the latter only are proposed,
and the power in the rest of places is to be handed over to the
County Councils, where it never was before. They do not want it.
Nor do the other minor municipalities want it. They have never
asked for it. No petition has been presented asking for its return
to the old, nor for handing it to the proposed new source. |

The change has been brought about by the undoubted voice of

public opinion, and by the expressions of that opinion. Thus for

instance, the Conference of the Methodist Church in Canada, when

in session in Hamilton, passed the following resolution : —

" Resolved — That,although we cannot accept as righteous absolute-
ly any License Law, yet if we must tolerate some one as the tenta-
tive regulator of an evil till we can have it removed, we must regard
the ' Crooks Act ' as the best instrument for this suppression the Pro-
vince of Ontario ever had. We would emphatically deprecate any
legislation that would impair its efficiency, and we would respect-
fully recommend our people, where this law obtains, to use their
voice and franchise to prevent the control of tlx licettse system reverting
to the^municipalities, where the industrious ward politician and th*
interested liquor dealer so largely manipulates the election."

In obedience to this all but unanimous voice of public opinion,

the Opposition have wheeled round.

145

2. As we pointed out in speaking of the last resolution) the Go-
vemment had this duty of regulating the liquor traffic forced on
them hj the voice of public opinion, constitutionally expressed.

3. It is said that the Act has faUei us a temperance meaattre.
That is false. It has materially assisted temperance. For we may
in the first place look at

(a) THE NUMBER OF DRINKING PLACES.

Number of licenses (Tavern, Shop, &o. ,) issued in

1874, under former Acts. 6,185

Number issued in 1876, under the ** Crooks Act*' 3,936

" inl877 3,676

" "1878 3,715

" "1879 4,020

" "1880 4,049

'* "1881 4,133

— (See License Report ^ 1881, page 17.)

Number of Tavern Licenses issued in Toronto in

1876, with a pop. of 70,000 299

Reduced under Crooks Act in 1881, with a popula-
tion of 86,455, to 210

— {See License Beport, 1881, page 16.)

In the second place we may examine the number of

(b) COMMITTALS FOR DRUNKENNESS.

1877 4,032

1878 3,785 '

1879 3,581

1880 3,795

1881 3,328

Between 1877 and 1881, therefore, under tho Crooks Act, the de^
crease was no less than 704, or 17 per cent.

On the other hand, under the old law, between 1869 and 1875,
the committals for drunkenness increased from 1,793 to 3,363, a
total increase during that period of 1,570, or §7 per cent., a con-
siderable increase taking place every yt%i, with but one exception.

In the third place, we may take the amount of liquor produced
and consumed in Ontario. And first, let us consider

'* 11

146

Spirits Produced. Malt Liquors Produced,

Gallons. Gallons.

1874 5,423,070 6,780,441

1875 6,615,154 7,526,965

1876 3,111,119 5,872,411

1877. 3,546,877 5,628,106

1879 3,654,536 5,987,043

1880 2,981,242 6,427,736

1881 3,032,153 6,765,929

f'1

' Let us now turn to the amount of lictuor consumed. We will
take the Report of the Minister of Inland Bevenue for 1881, and
there we find in Appendix A a statement signed by '* A Brunei,"
Commissioner, which gives per head of the population the con-
sumption in gallons of liquors in Ontario. We have reduced it
Approximately to pints :

•

Gals.

pq
Gals.

•
V

Gals.

Pints.

•
0)

a
Pints.

1871

1-420

3-758

•057

11 1-3

9-20

1872

1-539

3 005

-082

12 1-3

13-20

1873

1-444

3-522

•094

11 11-20

28 1-5

15-20

1874

1-923

3-379

•103

15 2-5

16-20

1875

1-256

3-6%

-055

291-2

9-20

1876

1-369

3-383

•066

10-20

1877

1-019

3-109

•028

8 1-6

24 4-6

4i-20

1878

1-002

3-013

•021

11 1-4

3-20

1870

1-404

3-281

•030 '

261-4

5-20

1830

■708

3-478

•020

5 2-3

27 4-6

8-20

1881

•936

3-648

•026

7 1-2

281-3

420

ffRMn^y

(Irdarid Bwenue Report, 1882.)

tH^ I T

*Atn

'reduced,

ns.

441

,965

411

,106

,043

,736

,929

We will
S81, and
Brunei,"
the con-
duced it

Pints.
9-20
13-20
15-20
36-20
9-20
10-20
4i-20
3-20
5-20
8-20
4-20

147

These figures cannot be controverted, being in the official Domin-
ion Report. By them it will be [seen that the consumption of
liquors, which in 1874 was 15 pints for every head of the population,
was in 1880 only 5§, and in 1881 only 7^ — a decrease of 100 per cent.
The consumption of beer, which was 27 pints per head in 1874, and
29^ in 1875, was 24 in 1877, 26^ in 1878, 27 4-5 in 1889, and 28^ in
1881 — or an average decrease of about 5 per cent. The decrease in
the consumption of wine does not depend so much on the Crook's
Act. But it is satisfactory to note that it has been very great. But
the great decrease in the consumption of liquors has been most
marked.

4. In the second place, it is asserted that the expense is very great.
Now, that is also untrue. The following table shows clearly the
total expense.

l§76-7

Actual expenses of the License Commis-
sioners for the Province, and salaries of
the Inspectors, for the license year 1876-7 $46,097. 01

* From this sum should be deducted the hnes
collected for the year, and which are by
law to be applied towards these expen^jos 27,910.49

Leaving the actual cost for above service at,
but $18,186.52

Or average cost for the year for each License

District or Riding of, only 213.96

Or average cost for the year for each Muni-
cipality in the Province of, only $29.00

Deducting therefrom | payable by the Gov-
ernment 9.66

Leaving an average cost per Municipality
of only 19.34

(See License Beport, iS78 page 58-9.),

Actual expenses of the License Commis-
sioners for the Province and salaries of
the Inspectors for the License year 1881 -2

46,796.40

148

Deduct fines collected 17,301.44

Leaving the actual cost for above service at
but $29,494,96

Or average cost for each License District or
Riding of, 'but 347.00

Or foi each Municipality in the Province
of, but $42.38

Deducting therefrom ^ payable by the Gov-
ernment 14.12

Leaving an average cost chargeable to each

Municipality of only ■ 28.26

(See License Report 1882, page 72. )

The average cost per Municipality during

the past six years would therefore be 25. 26

It will have been seen that the slight increase in the net expense
between the years 1876-7 and 1881-2, inclusive, is not owing to a
perceptible increase in the cost of enforcing the law, but to a reduc-
tion in the amount of fines collected. It would be impossible to
have a more economically administered efficient License Law.

5. But it is asserted in the last place that the Crooks Act has
been administered for partisan purposes. But not a single instanda
is brought forward to prove it. There were a few named only to
be at once fully disproved. They were the cases of Mr. C. B. Do-
hertyf a license commissioner ; Mr. Elliott j of Windsor, a license in-
spector, and Messrs. Hanlan, Patterson, and Mead, hotel keepers, of
the City of Toronto. Prompt and indignant denials were at once
sent to the papers, and the charges totally without proof have been
dropped.

1. The facts, as usual, are against it. The following table showg
conclusively that the charge is without foundation. From it it will
be seen that actually 4 per cent, more of Reformeri mrere
refused licenses than Conservatives, whilst 67 per cent, of
all license holders are Conservatives,

140

Class.

Reformers

Conservatives .
Non-politicians,

Total ....

^
S

o g
da

1,266

2,978

319

4,563

-i

o
125

1,102

2,704

252

4,058

oS C2 VQu

tf § fl d
c S-^ o

*> ••5

27-74

65-26

7.00

100-00

Persons receiving Percentage Percentage of

licenses. granted. refusals.

Conservatives 67 9

• Reformers 27 13

Non-politicians 6 21

{License Report, 1882.)

^For further facts, if necessary, see License Pamphlet, issued con-
currently with this.)

6. And lastly, it is said that the Crooks' Act is robbing the mu-
nicipalities. As usual, the facts are against the charge. The fol-
lowing table shows that most conclusively. It will be seen that the
municipalities get about three times as much as under the old system:

Trar.

8763
3551
36 {4
3956

8987

1
1
^S

147
67
52
42
40

(1
"S

3916
3H18
3rt86
3998
4027

Amounts that would
hive been paid to
Municipalities un-
der former Act.

Amounts
that were

actually paid
under

present Act.

Difference

under

present

Act
in favour

of the

Muuioipal-

itibs.

Amounts
that would
have been
paid to
Govern-
ment
under
former
Aot

Amounts

that were

actually

paid to the

Ck>vern-

ment

under

present

Aot.

1876-7

1877-8

187H-9

1S79-80

1880-81

104,740

92,380

9;i,400

100,C95

100.560

• c
276,787 04
249,257 65
229.902 52
269,647 28
278,467 38

t c.
171,047 04
156.H27 56
.3«,502 52
169,65J 2s
172,917 88

$ c

75,S60 00
74,oeo 00
74,3S«» 00
79,025 00
79,W50 00

1 c.

79,5h9 81
74,916 65
72,313 05
87,198 19
89,207 14

491,116, 1,208,061 77

806,946 77

3^3,875 00

403,224 74

150

ia£

9*. Chief Superintendent at Sllnliter of Edueatlon.

This is not a change, but a request for a change of system.
Education is not yet a question of politics, and it is to be hoped
never will be. The whole question is considered under Part II.
Administration and Section IV. Education, to wliich the reader is
referred.

S. The ProTlnclal Flnaneei.

The Province is in as sound a financial position as any country
in the world. The policy of the present Liberal Government has
been to assist everything possible whilst keeping within our in-
come. That they have done. We have $4,800,000 of a surplus,
and are always within our income. But the Conservatives at their
convention moved the following : —

Resolved, That the state to which the Mowat Administration has
brought the finances of the Province — with a rapidly increasing ex-
penditure on a stationary or diminishing revenue (the ordinary ex-
penditure having doubled from 1871 to 1881), living year by year
largely on capital for the ordinary expenses of government, and our
formerly largo available surplus now nearly gone — is one calling
for the earnest consideration of thoughtful men of all classes, with
a view to interposing a check on recklessness which,if not stopped,
must at no distant date bring the Province to direct taxation. This
resolution, manufactured to order, is identical with that moved by
the Opposition in the House which was : — " The rapid increase in
the annual expenditure of the Province (the ordinary annual ex-
penditure having doubled between 1871 and 1882), while the annual
revenue, a large part of which is derived from receipts on capital
account, has remained nearly stationary, and the rapid dissipation
of the formerly available surplus, are in view of the increasing re-
quirements of the Province matters which demand the earnest atten-
tion and consideration of all thoughtful men, if the Province is not
in the near future to be driven to resort to direct taxation to meet
expenditures which have hitherto been defrayed out of the annual
revenues. "

Regarding this charge we have but to say ; —

(1) The expenditure of the Province has increased, but it has al-
ways been within our income. The policy of the Government is
not to hoard up the people's money, but to give it back to them in

151

assisting everything necessary to the Province. Still they are eco-
nomical and careful to stay within our income as is seen by the
fact that the surplus of revenue over expenditure in 188 L was
$480,468.69, and in 1882 it was $454,553.91.

(2) And in the second^lace that expenditure has only kept pace
with the progress of the Province. To show it we have but to
consider that the expenditure which was in 1868 only $1,193,030
had risen in 1871 to $1,816,866, an increase of 51 per cent, whilst
the $1,816,866 of 1871 has grosvn only to $2,425,896.49 in 1882, an
increase of 22,^ per cent.

(3) But again, the increase has been only that which has been
going on all over the Province, The following table taken from a
return brought down to the House during this session, shows that
most conclusively. From it the fact is clearly brought out that
the expense of the municipalities is increasing faster than that of
the Government, — has to increase with the growth of the country,

Counties. Expenditure in Expen^dkur in

Brant $ 65,745 ..$ 82,305 '

Bruce 88,336 .. 317,929

Carleton : 77,014 .. 120.752

Duflferin 20,457 .. 83,033

Elgin 91,069 .. 235,897

Essex 131,064 . . 442,653

Frontenac 75,099 .. 109,585

Haldiraand 88.484 .. 95,011

Halton 55,180 .. 102,012

Hastings 123,932 .. 175,482

Huron 217,310 .. 342,522

Kent 148,549 .. 363,998

Lambton 180,070 .. 298,568

Lanark 69,320 .. 108,941

Leeds and Grenville 113,098 .. 204,109

Lincoln 79,397 .. 118,819

Middlesex 287,151 .. 447,282

Norfolk 64,266 .. 109,222

Northumberland and Durham 209,990 . . 359,033

Ontario 1 J,900 .. 234,928

Oxford 4 la0,894 .. 258,005

Peel 73,346 .. 88,168

162

Expenditiire in

Counties. 1872.

Perth 179,709

Peterborough 96,911

Prescott and Russell 30,916

Prince Edward 47,114

Renfrew 50,404

Simcoe . 96,010

Dundas, Stormont and Glengarry. . . 38,398

Victoria 107,640

Waterloo 114,516

Welland 68,378

Wellington 190,066

Wentworth 132,619

York 2,141,870

The contrast between an increase of 22^ per cent, and that of
most of the counties is so marked as not to require a single com-
ment.

(c) And again it will be seen that Ontario has increased her ex-
penditure almost less than any other state of the same size. In the
following statement, the comparison is made with States of the
Union, nearest our own in eize, population and progress.

Expenditure in
1881.
442,282
90,324
60,193
77,600
93.236
228,754
157,646
202,230
216,792
144,130
271,417
157,309
3,467,344

Michigan . . . .

Ohio

Ohnada (Dom)

Quebec

Ontiirio

Population.

1870 (1)

1,184,059
2,6(i5,260
3,485,761
1,191,616
1.620,851

18 0(1)

1,636,937
3,198,(J62
4,324,810
1,359,027
1,923,228

Expenditure.

1871.

$ 1,274,364

5,259,046

15,623,081

1,659,496

1,816,866

1881.

Expenditure per
head.

1871.

I 2,392,569 $1.07
6,740,053 1.97

26,502,654 4.48
3,700,901 1.40
2,286,304 1.12

1881.

Incr.

91.46 $0.39
2.11 0.14
6.89, 1.41
2.73 1.33
1.181 .06

{d) But that the matter may be fully tested we take the two years
1871 and 1881, ten years apart, and contrast the ordinary and con-
trollable expenditure of t ^ ose two years as given in Table B of the
Appendix. There has been an increase, but we are prepared to
shew that every increase has been necessary and for the publid
benefit.

153

■SiiiiiwhIi

Incr.

81 .06

years
d con-
of the

ed to
publid

T. Ordinary Expcndiiure.

Service. 1871. 1881.

1. Civil Government $1 11,413 99 $174,803 12

2. Legislaiion. 74,761 47 178,954 86

3. Adminiatrati >n of Justice 182,621 71 251,119 ]0

4. Maintenance Publiclnstitutions .. 171,423 17 551,663 61

5. Miscellaneous 60,815 23 43,820 24

6. Crown Lands 45,906 94 67,692 98

7. Refunds 186.241 25 42,207 85

8. Stationery Office 3,187 50 5,251 08

II. Controllable Expenditure.

Service. 1871. 1881.

9. Education $351,306 40 $502,824 31

10. Immigration 29,712 56 34,826 37

1 1. Agriculture and Arts 76,381 90 106,936 01

12. Hospitals and Charities 40.260 00 78,092 75

13. Public Buildings 296,071 83 126,552 28

14. Public Works 134,543 47 24,369 94

16. Colonization Roads 55,409 94 97,289 80

$1,816,866 78 $2,286,304 29

Now, prior to any explai ation of the increases, let it be noted
that the increased expenditure was $460,473 69 under the income*
and the estimated surplus of 1882 is $520,515 03. So that what-
ever the increase may be it is still within the income. That increase
in ten years is $450,000. How is it explained ? In general, we
might answer, by the growth of the Province, the great increase of
business in all the departments, the settlement of the back country,
the vastly increased number of the afflicted, and the largely in-
creased grants for education. But we will take each increased item
by itself and explain it. And in doing so we vPill commence at the
last item :-^

16. Colonization Bocids. — ^During 1863-71 the average number of
mUes of road built annually was 53, and of road repaired 110, whilst
the average annual cost was $44,600. During the ten years 1872*
188], th^ average number of miles constructed annually was 162,
and of road repaired 314, whilst the annual average cost was $97,351.

154

f.: "• J
' '■' ' t

.1, i

So that during the latter period three times as much road has been
built and repaired as during the former, at double the cost.

12. llottpitals and Charities. — So long ad the Government has the
money, few will object to expenditure on such objects. In 1871
they contributed to the maintenance of eight hospitals, four houses
of refuge, one Magdalen asylum, and nine orphan asylums. In 1881
they contributed towards the support of twelve hospitals, fifteen
houses of refuge, 5 Magdalen asylums, and twenty-five orphan asy-
lums. The number of inmates has proportionately increased.

11. Agriculture and Arts. — In the first place, annual grants are
now given to the Dairymen's Association of $3,000, to the Poultry
association of $700, and for miscellaneous purposes of $2,000. The
grant to the Fruit Growers' Association has been increased from
$500 to $1,800, and to the Entomological Society from $500 to
$1,000. And to the Agricultural and Arts Societies have been
granted nearly $18,000 more per annum, v

If any cIeiss of a community should receive Government grants
to the full extent of the Treasurer's ability, that class is the in-
dustrial. Fur it is that class which produces the national wealth,
the increase of which is the end sought by the increased liberality.

10. Immigration. — In 1871 nothing waa paid for the carriage of
immigrants from Quebec, and although the arrangement with the
Dominion government to that effect has now been rescinded, there
was paid in 1881 $14,803.55 on the disputed balance from 1878,
1879, and 1880.

y. Education. — The money paid to Public, Separate, and poor
schools in 1871 was $173,975.10 ; in 1881 it was $253,407.37. The
amount paid to High Schools in 1871 was $()9,986 ; in 1831 it was
$34,469.32. In 1871 the cost of inspection of Public and Separate
Schools fell on the counties ; in 1881 the Government paid half,
amounting to $31,022.44. This as well as the Superannuated
Teachers' Fund Act was passed under the previous Administration.
Under the latter, there was paid in 1871, $6,143.88; in 1881,
$54,962.56. Of course a great deal more was received from these
teachers in 1881, but that is shown under revenue, on there. On

as been

has the

[n 1871
: houses
In 1881

fifteen
lan asy-
d.

ants are
Poultry
30. The
ed from

^500 to
ave been

it grants
is the in-
wealth,
berality.
rriage of
with the
)d, there
om 1878,

and poor
37. The
31 it was
Separate
laid half,
innuated
istration.
in 1881,
om these
iiere. On

155

account of the Normal and Model Schools In Ottawa, which were
not in existence in 1871, was paid in 1881, ^19,083.88. For the
training of teachers was paid the county treasurers in 1881, $10,-
336,02 — nothing in 1871. And for departmental examinations,
principally for teachers' certificates, was paid $9,448.95 — nothing
in 1881. Every item — and these are the principal ones that ac-
count for the increase — shows the care with which the progress of
our educational system has been assisted*.

C. Crown Lands. — In 1871 the number of townships opened up
under the Free Grants Act was 54, and the number of land agen-
cies was 10 ; in 18SL the number was 122, and the number of land
agencies 17. The increase of the business in this branch has been
exactly 257 per cent. In 1871 there were 348,870 acres located ;
in 1881, 1,170,486 located. Since 1871 thousands of square miles of
timber limits have been placed under license, requiring additional
inspection. The average annual number of saw log and square
timber returus checked in 1868-71 was 1,381 ; in 1872-81, it was 3,-
586. The annual average sales in the first period were 59,400 acres,
in the latter 77,400.

4. Maintenance Public hhstitutions. — The following in existence
in 1881 were not in 1871 ; and the following are the sums spent on
their maintenance in the former year : —

Lunatic Asylum, Hamilton $ 43.508 99

Idiot Asylum, Orillia 19,581 52

Central Prison, Toronto 49,195 85

Industries at Toronto 16,627 61

Lunatic Asylum, Kingston 38,328 10

Blind Institution, Brantford 30,878 69

School of Practical Science 4,877 55

AgriculCural College 25,354 49

Mercer Reformatory 24,072 01

$252,434 81
Nothing was paid the Dominion on account of the Kingston
Asylum in 1871, nor was anything paid for Brantford. Of course
we are considering the maintenance at present, not the building of
the instutions.

166

Besides these new institutions the old ones has been doubled and
trebled in size and accommodation. The number of inmates has also
increased in proportion. The cost per patient in Toronto Asylum
(the only one in full working in 1871 — London only being half
built) was $125.09. In 1881 the cost per patient over the whole of
our Asylums was $124.98. That is the basis, and the extra expense
is simply from the extra number of the unfortunates-

3. Administration of Justice. — In 1871 there was paid to the
Counties as the Government's share of the administration of justice
in them, $104,409 06 ; in 1881 there was paid $122,733 10. In
In 1871 the sum of $7,092 05 was spent in governing the outlying
districts of the Province. In 1881 so much had they grown through
Algoma, Parry Sound, Nipiasing, Muskoka, and to the northward
generally, that $27,045 67 was needed for the purpose. Shorthand
reporters for the Courts to expediate business were in 1881 paid
$9,798 56 — there were none in 1871. Three new judges were paid
$3,000. The county judges received for travelling in doing Pro-
vincial work $1,855 98. And generally, the increased work in the
Courts has required an increased number of assistants and increased
expenditure.

2. Legislation. — In 1881 the sum of $63,000 was paid for printing
the Agricultural Commission Report. The sessional indemnity of
members has been increased from $400 to $600 per annum. The
Speaker's salary is now charged. Additional returns and reports
are not only brought down, but printed and distributed. The
sessional papers have increased. Additional sessional writers have
in consequence been needed. More books have been bought for
the library. And, by the consent and approval of both parties,
salaries were raised. The table at the close shows well the truth
of these statements.

1. Civil Oovernment. — This was so fully explained in 1879, when
the Civil Service salaries were bo thoroughly criticised, that we will
do no more than indicate the general reasons. By the consent of
both parties salaries were raised in 1873. There has been a vast
increase of business in all the departments. It has been occasioned

157

by the general prop^ess of the country ; the distribution of the inr-
plus ; the aid given to railways ; the general management of the
license system, including the supervision and audit of all their
accounts; the receiving and taking charge of deposits of insurance
companies and tabulating and publishing their returns ; the con-
stantly increasing area of lands sold and located ; the large number
of public institutions, and a host of such things. So great has it
been that an additional building had to be rented for two of the
departments, involving extra charges for rent, fuel, gas and wateri
In addition to all this many officials previously charged to buildings
under construction are now paid directly.

(e) We hope we have now proved conclusively that the increased
expenditures were necessary and in the public interest, but the
strongest proof lies in the fact that the Opposition did not object
to them. During the last four years the expenditure of publio
money as the following table shows has been

Total vote under the Supply Bill.

1880 $2,373,003.83

1881 2,374,110.73

1882 2,588,948.28

1883 2,707,652.07

$10,043,72 J. 91

And yet the only items in all that sum objected to by the Oppo-
sition were

1. To strike out item of[$800 for salary of Lieutenant Governor's
Official Secretary, and to reduce the item for *' contingencies " of
Lieutenant Governor's from $950 to $500.

2. Salary of Secretary of Immigration $1,200 and expenses $200.

3. S Uary uau travelling expenses of Inspector of Division Courts

±. Expenses . or maintenance and apparatus at School of Practi-
cal Scie ioe, $9,759.

5. To reduce item of Immigration Service, from $49,950 to
$30,009.

158

6. To strike out item for expenses of Agricultural Commission,
$5,000.

7. To strike out item of $5,000 to defray expenses of " New
Territory awarded."

And yet the Opposition, which has failed to adduce any instances
showing where the expenditure not only was extravagant or cor-
rupt but could even be decreased without detriment to the public
interests, now talks in vague general terms of increaried expend!-
* ture.

Dl§honc§t Criticism.

Another piece of dishonest criticism — though not a charge — is
often resorted to by adding in the payments out of surplus to the
ordinary expenditure under the Supply Bill, and making a state-
ment like the following : —

Receipts.

1872 $3,060, 74<

1873 2,&G1,&15

1874 3,446,347

1876 3,166,665

1876 2,589,222

1877 2,502,666

1878 2,285,201

1879 2,250,269

1880 2,451,935

1881 2,746,772

1882 2,880,450

Expenditure. Surplus.

$2,220,742 $840,005

2,940,803 20,712

3,871,492

3,604,624

3,140,627

3,112,904

2,5)02,388

2,941,714

2,518,180

2,585,053 161,719

2,920,161

Deficit.

425,145
447,919
551,405
610,338
617,187
691,445
66,245

• ••••••

39,711

1,022,436 3,449 395

Net Deficit 2,428,959

We have referred to this uuder Part III. " Finance " and pointed
out its absurdity and dishonesty. Into ev ^ry yearV expenditure is
counted the payments out of surplus as will readily be seen by turn-
ing to Part III. and adding togeth^ those payments and the correct
expenditure. Those payments are made directly out of sufplus
under statutes or Orders in CuuncU depending on Statutes, and
are not iu the regular Supply Bill. It is as if the City of Toronto^

169

mmiJiBion,

or any County, or the Dominion, were to add in to its yearly
expenditure the amount of the debentures as they fell due. No
one but dishonest critics make such statements. It is the only way
they can bring a charge against the financial management — by
deliberately falsifying the record.

* The following table shows the increased volume of reports
printed now as compared with twelve years ago : —

B'EPORTS, etc., issued for the years 1871 and 1883.

Public Accounts

Estimates

Crown Lands

Public Works

Insptector of Insurance

Inspector of Division Courts

License

Board of Health

Regristrar-Goneral

Immigration

Stipendiary Magistrates

Legi* ative Library ...

Educe tion

Expeiimental Farm

Education and Institution of the Blind . .

Asylum for the Insane

Hospital? and Charitable Institutions. . . .

Deat and Dumb

Gaols, Prisons and Reformatories

Agricultural and Arts Association

Agricultural and Horticultural Societies

Entomological

Fruit Growers

Forestry

Agricultural College

Catalogue for Museum, Agricultural College.

Bun>au of Statistics

Poultry ,

Report on Herds and Flooks

Miscellaneous in 1871

Statuten

1871.
Volumes.

2,6fr0

2,000
2,000

1,250
5,000

2,000

1,000

2,750
2,000
1,000

7,950

32,600
r.,0(jo

1883.
Volumes.

2,500
r..500
2,800
2,2.50
3,000
2,500
4,000
6,500
8,000
2,.500
],500
2,000
4.000
50,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
3,300
3,300
6,000
5,000
8,000

11,000

11,000
15,000

5,000
15,000

5,000
50,000

243,0.50
10,00(>

38,(K)0 ! 253,650

PART v.— LEGISLATIVE AND
TERRITORIAL RIGHTS.

In taking up those subjects we can not in this pamphlet give
more than the briefest epitome of tho facts and the arguments relat-
ing to each of the subjects. For all who desire to study especially
the latter we would refer them to the " Ontario Boundary Papers"
brought down this session (1883).

We will now prooeed to consider

1, The Legislative RIglits of Ontario.

THE PRINCIPLE STATED.

These may be included under the one phrase — the. right of local
self-government that it was supposed had been conferred upon us
by the British North America Act. It was that which the Reform
Party in old Canada had fought for so strenously and so long. That,
it wa,) supposed was secured by the Confederation Act.

The 92nd Section of the B. N. A. Act declares :

' ' In each Province the Legislature may exchmvely make laws in
relation to matters coming within the classes of subjects next here-
inafter enumerated, that is to say : — Inter alia

13. " Property and Civil Rights within the Province."

By the 90th Section of the same Act the Federal Government is
given that same power of disallowance over Provincial laws as the
Imperial Government has over the Federal Acts. After carefully
examining all the cases inwhich thelmperial Government had exer-
cised that power, Sir John Macdonald in a state paper of June,
1868, laid down the constitutional doctrine and practice of disallow-
ance in the following terms :

" It is of importance that the eonru of local legislation should he
interfered with as little as possihUf and the power of disallowance ex-
ercised with great caution, and only in cases where the law and

161

general interests uf the Dominion imperatively demand it, the un-
dersigned recommends that the following course be pursued :

*'The Minister of Justice is to make a separate report or separate
reports on those Acts which he may consider :

"1. Ab being altogether illegal or unconstitutional.

" 2. As being illegal or uuconstikitional only in part.

*' 3. In cases of concurrent jurisdiction, as clashing with the leg-
islation of the general parliament.

'*4. As affecting the interests of the Dominion generally. And
that in such report or reports he gives his reason for his opinions/)

This state paper was sent to all the Provinces and assented to by

them. It is clear therefore

I. That the Dc

dominion Government nas a veto power.

2. That it can only be constitutionally exercised when a Provin-
cial law is —

(1) Illegal or unconstitutional.

(2) Contrary to Dominion interests.

3. If the Provincial law be within the jurisdiction of the Prov-
ince and of neither of the last two classes, the Dominion Govern-
ment can not constitutionally touch it.

4. Any other ground would make otir Provincial Legislature a
sham, take from us the right of local self-government <«.nd leave us
not a federal but a legislative union.

5. It is the ground taken again and again by Sir John Macdon-
ald himself who, in speaking on the New Brunswick school case in
1872, thus laid down the principle :

"The Provinces have their rights, and the question was not
whether this House thought a Local Legislature was right or wrong.
But the whole question for this House to consider, whenever such
a question as this was brought up, Wiis that they sliould say at once
that they hid no right to interfere so Ion* as the diiferent Provin-
cial Legislatures acted within the bounds of the authority which
the Constitution gave them. (Hear, hear.) There was this fixed
principle — that every Provincial Legislature should feel that' when
it was legislatinc:, it was legislating in the reality md not in the
sham. If they did not know and feel that the measures they were
arguing, discussing, and amending, and modifying to suit their own
people would become law, it was all ahum, and the federal system
was gone forever. If this House undertook the great responsibil-
ity of interfering with the local laws, they must be prepared to dis-
cuss the justice or injustice of every law passed by every Provincial
Legislature — (hear, hear) — and this Legislature, instead of being, as
now, the General Court of Parliament for the decision of great Do-
minion questions, would be simply a Court of Appeal to try whether

1G2

the Provincial LegislaturiS were right or wrong in the conchisionB
to which they came. (Hear, Lear.) If this House was prepared to
take that course and adopt that ) rinciple, then the Government of
the day, while it would have mwch n.ore responsibility, would also
have much more jKwer ; for btsidcs conducting and uc ministering
the afiairs of the whole Dominion as one great country, it would
also have the puicer, the authority ami the control of a majority over
every Bill, every Act, ertry coticlvsioii, evety iitntitntiony every right of
•ev^.ry Province in Catuida.^'

rf; '1

ii--i

(4, -

The principle violated.

In 1881, this principle was for the first time in the history of On-
tario violated. The Rivers and Streams Bill was disallowed.

The Bill will be found given in full at page 48. Its history may
thus be briefly given :

By an Act of the Old Parliament of Canada, passed in 1840,
the public were given the right to float logs and timber down all
streams during the spring, summer and autumn freshets. This
right has tended greatly to develop our country. Under it millions
have been added to the national wealth. It has been the custom of
our lumbermen to make arrangements with each other about im-
provements made by one another on streams. But no one thought
of claiming the stream on which he had made improvements as his
own private property. That was always supposed to be public pro-
perty under the old Act mentioned, until the necessity of declaring
the intent oi the old Act anew arose under the following circum-
stances : — Two lumbermen owned large limits on the Mississippi —
a tributary of the Ottawa. It seems that one of them, Peter
McLiren, had made certain improvements on two streams largely
making this river for his own benefit and at his own cost. H. C.
Caldwell, the other, owned limits above McLaren, and in order to
get his timber to the market, it was absolutely necessary to pass
through McLaren's slides. He was willing to pay for the use < {
McLaren's improvements, but was refused leave ; and lest he
should proceed to use them, McLaren applied to the Court of Chan-
cery for an in j unction to restrain him.

103

The Judge there held on the basis uf an old case (Boale vs. Dick.
«on), decided in 1803, which touched the matter incidentally that
streams which were not in themselves floatable in a state of nature,
but were made so by improvements were private property.

2. Now this was not the intention of the Legislature in 1849, as
is proved in many ways. In the second place, it has never been
the custom. In the third place, it was clearly against the public
interests. For any man by getting hold of the land on both sides
uf a stream could practically confiscate all timber on land on the
headwaters. Hence there was passed the H'uers and l^treams BUI.

The Exc'iiNC for Disalloivuiicc.

That as finally put forth at Jlhe Conservative Convention in Sep-
tember, and repeated in the House is

1. Not that the Bill afients matters without our jurisdiction.
12. But that it c^iinopriates private property without (jiviny adequalf
e^>mpensatioii.

Tlic True Position.

Regarding this higli-handed exercise of the prerogative of disal-
lowance, we have but to say : —

1. That the Bill was strictly within Provincial jurisdiction, and
was neither illegal, uucunstitutioual, or antagonistic to Dominion
interests. And, therefore, by the principle laid down by Sir John
Macdonald in 1868, drawn from our Constitution and acted on for
fifteen years, this Bill wa:* unconstitutionally disallowed.

2. It was a public necessity in the public interest. The Provincial
revenue in part depended on it ; the rights and equities of lumber-
men and settlers depended upon it. No less than 234 streams in
the Province were affected by it. The two streams making tliu
Mississippi wore only two out of 234. The case of McLaren rn.
Caldwell was only incidentally touched by it.

3. The principle of the Streams Bill had been acted on by all

Qovemments ; thus by the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, " no sale
or grant of any Dominion lands shall give or convey any right

164

or title to any slide, dam, pier, or boom, or otuer work for
the purpose of facilitating the descent of timber or saw-logs pre-
Tioualy constructed on such land or on any stream passing through
•r along such land, unless it be expressly mentioned in the letters
patent or other documents establisiiing such sale or grant that such
slide, dam, pier, booms, or other work is intended to be thereby
sold or granted/'

" The free use of slides, dams, piers, booms, or other works on
streams to facilitate the descent of lumber and saw-logs, and the
right of access thereto for the purpose of using the same and keep-
ing them in repair, shall not in any way be interrupted or obstructed
by or in virtue of any sale or ^rant of Dominion lands made
subsequent to the construction of such works.''

And again one of the regulations adopted by the Crown Lands

Department under Hon. J. S. Macdonald was : —

(4.) Holders of timber licenses, their servants, and Agents, are to
have the right to haul their timber or logs over the uncleared portion
of any land located as a Free Grant, or purchased as before provided,
and to make such roads thereon as may be necessary for that pur-
pose, doing no unnecessary damage, and to use all slides, portages,
roads, or other works previously conistructed or existivg on any land
BO located or sold, and the right of access to, and free use of all
sti earns and lakes theretofore used, or that may be necessary for the
passage of timber or logs ; and all land necessary for such works is
reserved.

4. Being undoubtedly a public necessity in the public interest

aflfecting " property and civil rights within the Province " its

disallowance was the first blow at the right of local self govem-

ment and home rule secured to us by the Act of Confederation.

lrVcakne§g of the Conienratlve Position,

To show this we may point out :

1. That the Provincial Legislature has often dealt with questions
affecting private rights in a way similar to this, and any such Acts
had never been disallowed. We may instance the Goodhue Will
Case and the Government Road Allowance Act.

2. That compensation is given — compensation according to the
custom of lumbermen fer 30 years and compensation that can by
the Act be made ample. ( See Rivers' and Streams' Bill, page 48.)

3. That the whole question according to the Conservative con-

165

tention is as to the adeqnaienejis of conipemation. That is a matter
with which the Local Legislature haa alone to deal. To it and the
people of Ontario must any appeal be made, and to them alone.
Any other method is unconstitutional and subversive of the prin-
eiples which are the basis of Confederation.

ALLEGED PRECEDENTS.

As we have said, no such Act of Ontario has ever before been dis-
allowed. The two main cases relied upon are the Prince Edward
Island Land Purchase Act of 1^75, and the "Half- Breed Protec-
tion Act " of Manitoba.

The first not only affe ted the rights of the Crown, and of Her
Majesty's subjects, not residents in the Dominion, coming therefore
under the Governor General's instructions, but there was no com-
pensation at all provided.

The second had to deal in the first place with the Indians who
were wards of the Dominion ; and in the second place, with lands
which were the property of the Dominion.

II. Tlic Territorial Ritfliti of Ontario.

For a full account of this question, we must refer the reader to
the " Ontario Boundary Papers, 1883.'' For a brief resume of the
Boundary question, we would refer him to Part II. Administration,
page 64. And having possessed himself of the general outline there
given, we now proceed briefly to give the various steps in the his-
tory of the

Ontario Boundary <|ue8tion.

1. The southerly snd westerly boundaries of the old Province of
Quebec were defined by the Act of 1774 to be the Ohio river, west-
ward to the banks of the Mississippi river, " and northward to the
southern boundary of the territory granted to the merchants ad-
venturers of England trading to Hudson's Bay." The Act of 1791

16C

divided that Province into Upper and Lower Canada by a line drawn
due north from Lake Temiscaniing to Hudson's Bay, and Upper
Canada was declared to include all that part of Canada lying " to
the westward and southward of said line." (Imperial Act*, 1774
und 1791).

2. By the Confederation Act the Province of Ontario is declared
to be the part of Canada which formerly constituted the Province
of Upper Canada (J5. N^ A . Act, 1867, section 6) ; and the admis-
sion of the North-West Tarritory into the Union was made subject to
the foregoing provision (section 146).

3. For a number of years prior to the acquisition of the North-
West Territory, successive Governments of Canada claimed that
Upper Canada extended as far west, at least, as a line drawn due
north from the head waters of the Mississippi.

4. A minute of the Canadian Government dated 17th January,
1857, approved by the Governor-General, asserted the general feel-
ing in this country to be, that " the western boundary of Canada
extends to the Pacific ocean" {Ontario Boundary Papers, 1882,
p. 2).

5. In a memorandum of Hen. Joseph Cauchon, Commissioner
of Crown Lands in 1857, it was contended that under the Hudson
Bay Company's charter it was difficult to arrive at the result that
the Company had any territorial rights at all in the North- West
(0. B. P., p. 20); that the westerly boundary of Canada was either
the White Earth River, several hundred miles west of Lake of the
Woods, or the summit of the Rocky Mountains ; and that the
northerly boundary was either no particular limit, or the shore of
Hudson's Bay (p. 24).

0. In 1857 Chief Justice Draper was appointed by the Canadian
Government a special agent to represent Canadian rights and inter-
ests before a Committee of the House of Commons on the subject
of the Hudson's Bay territory (0. B. P., pp. A and 5). Judge
Draper advised a reference of the question to the Imperial Privy
Council for decision, and he confidently hoped that such deoisioB

107

•*to

Privy

would give to Canada '' a clear right weat to the line of the Miss-
issippi " {p. 47) ; but for the purpose of such reference *' the consent
of both parties would be indispensable " {p. 57).

7. In 1864 a report of the Executive Council recommended
*' that the claim of Canada be asserted to all that portion of Central
Hritish America which can be shown to have been in the possession
f)f the French at the period of tlie cession, in 1763" (0. B. P.^
p. 101) ; and in a second report on the same subject it was intimated
that '' the districts on the Red River and the Sascatchewan are
among those likely to be desired for early occupation " (p. 103).
[n 1866 a similar repurt was approved by the Governor-General,
asserting that Canada had always disputed the title of the Com-
pany to the fertile belt, a tract of land described as " stretching
along the northern frontier of the United States to the base of the
Rocky Mountains " (p. 118).

8. In 1867 a joint address of the House of Commons and Senate
of Canada was presented to the Queen praying that Rupert's Land
and the North-West Territory might be admitted into the Union
under provision of section 146 of the B. N. A. Act (0. B. P.,
p. 128).

0, In 1868 two members of the Government, Sir George Cartier
and Hon. William Macdou_;all, were sent as delegates to England to
arrange terms for the acquisition by Canada of Rupert's Land
(0. B. P., p. 142). In a joint a^Mress to the Under-Secretary, and.
and replying to an assertion of the Deputy-Governor of tlie Hud-
son's Bay Company; that the country between Lake of the Woods
and Red River was " the freehold territory of the Company," the
delegates declared that ** Whatever doubt may exist as to the utmost
extent of old or French Canada, no impartial investigator of the
evidence in the case can doubt that it extended to and included tho
country between Lake of the Woods and Red River (p. 150-1).

10. Rupert's Land and the North- West Territory were admitted
into the Dominion by an Imperial Order in Council approved 23rd
June, 1870 (0. B. P., p. 200).

168

Vii

1^ ^

11. In 1871 an Act of the Imperial Parliament was passed giving
to the ParliAment of Canada authority from time to time, with the
the consent of the Legislature of any Province, to increase, dimin-
ish, or otherwise alter the limits of such Province (0. B. P., p. 206) ;
and in the same year a joint Commission was appointed by the Go-
Ternments of Ontario and the Dominion to determine the boundary
line between the Province and the North- West territories {pp.

UC6-9).

12. In October, 1871, a report was prepared by the Dominion
Surveyor-General^ at the request of Sir Jtthn Macdonald, in which
it was contended that the westerly boundary of Ontario was a line
drawn due north from the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi
Riv. ;, and the northerly boundary the water- shed between Lake
Superior and Hudson's Bay (0. B. P., /i. 211). The Dominion
Commissioner was instructed to trace and survey the boundaries
according to the terms of this Report (p. 218). The Ontario Govern-
ment refused its consent to laying down the boundary us so defined,
and its Commissioner was instructed to take no further action
(pp. 22G 7).

13. In May, 1872, Sir John Macdonald proposed to refer the dis-
pute to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (0. B. F., p.
231) ; the Ontario Government made the counter suggestion of re
ference to a Commission sitting on this side of the Atlantic (p. 233),
but which the Dominion Government refused to accept {p. 238 ;
see also p 437).

14. In 1874 both Governments concurred in referring the dis-
pute to three arbitrators — one to be named by each Government
and these two to agree upon a third, not being a resident of Canada
Orders in Council were passed by the respective Governments iR
which referees were named for the purpose, whoso decision (or that
of a majority of them) on the boundaries should be final and conclu-
sive, and a pledge was given by both Governments to obtain such
legislation as might be necessary for giving binding efifecfc to the
decision (0. B. P., pp. 246 7-8). Similar Orders in Council were

IIJO

passed in 1878, when new arbitrators were named (/). 26G). Infor-
mation with respect to the progress of arrangements were from t«
time communicated to Parliament and the Legislature (p. 442).

15. The arbitrators met at Ottawa in August, 1878, and after
hearing the arguments of counsel on both sides they made a unanir
raous award (0. /'. P., pp. 304-370). Their decision, as stated by
Sir Francis Hincks, was arrived at "after a careful study by each
arbitrator of the evidence in the case, and without previous con-
sultation or communication of any kind with one another " {p. 429)
" The only questions of doubt were decided in favour of the Do*
minion" (p. 431). ** I believe," Chief Justice Harrison wrote,
" there never was an award made in a matter of such importance
that is so little open to honest criticism " (p. 424).

16. The Legislature of Ontario in the session of 1879 passed an
Act giving its assent to the award (0. B. P., p. 372), and various
despatches were sent to the Dominion Government during 1879
1880 and 1881, urging a settlement of the (|ue8tion, but without
eliciting any further reply than an acknowledgement and a promise
of consideration {pp. 371, 373, 377, 403 and 461).

17. In the session of 1880 tlie Legislature passed a series of reso-
lutions with respect to the award, expressing regret that *' the
rights of the Province as determined and declared by the award of

the arbitrators " should be firmly maintained. Every member of
the Opposition voted for those resolutions (O. B. P., pp. 386-7).
Another series of resolutions was passed in the session of 1881 ,
affirming that "it is the duty of the Government of Ontario to
assert and maintain the just claims and rights of the Province of
Ontario as determined by the award of the arbitrators." Every
member of the Opposition but one voted for those resolutions (p.

40C) ; but in the session of 1 882 they voted in a body against a

similar set {pp. 485-9).
18. In 1880 a Committee of the House of Commons was appointed

to enquire into matters connected with the boundaries of OntariO')

and after hearing a mass of ex ptrte statements, not under oath, thia

17U

Cummittee expressed the opinion that the award did not. describe
the true boundaries of the Province (0. li. P. , p. 447). In the >es-
Hion of 1881 an Act wan passed extending the boundaries of
Manitoba eastward, and making that Province a party to the dis-
pute, in spite of protests by the Ontario Government {pp. 408-13)*
Fn January, 1882, the Dominion Government addressed its first
despatch to the Ontario Government on the matter in dispute, and
formally repiiLJiated the award (p. 408). \n the session of the same
year a resolution was passed by the House of Commons proposing
to refer the subject to the Supreme Court or to the .Tudioial Com-
mittee of the Privy Council (p. 400).

10. The <Jntiirio Opposition have, at the command of tlio Domi.
nion Premier, turned their ba'iks on their former position, and
betrayed the strong rights of their own Province. They now speak
of a reference to the Privy Council, and uphold the Dominion Gov-
ernment in repudiating at the dictation of a section of the Quebe :
Conservatives, a unanimous award to which the national faith was
pledged.

20. For areas of Ontario, of the disputed territory, and of all the
other Provinces of the Dominion, see the Map accompanying the
Ontario Boundary Papers, 1882.

PART VI.— THE LIBERAL
PLATFORM.

This was laid down at the late Liberal Convention. The resolu-
tions then passed contain the principles and beliefs of the united
Liberal Party of Ontario on the issues now before the electors.
They are :—

T. Fidelity to Liberal FrinoipleM.

1. That this Convention of the Rtiformers of Ontario recognis*
with pride and pleasure the fidelity to Liberal principles which ha*
been evinced through a long series of administrative and legislative
acta by the Reform (governments and Legislatures of the Province
for the past eleven years, and deems it to be the bounden duty of all
true Liberals to strengthen to the uttermost the hands of the Hon.
Oliver Mowat, our worthy leader, and his colKvigues, at this critical
i)eriod in our Provincial history.

II. Proviiieiul Rigliti.

2. That by the British North America Act the Provincial Legis-
latures have exclusive powers of legislation on subjects placed
by that Act within their jurisdiction ; that the power of disallow-
ance by the Federal Government should be exercised only when
such legislation is beyond the constitutional jurisdiction of the Pro-
vince, or antagonistic to Dominion interests ; that the Rivers and
Streams Act, which dealt with subjects left by the constitution to
the exclusive jurisdiction of the Legislature of Ontario, was in no
manner illegal, unconstitutional, or antagonistic to Dominion inter-
ests ; that the repeated disallowance of the Act was, theref^ire, in
the opinion of this Convention, a violation of our Provincial auto-
nomy, and an attack upon the fundamental principle of local self-
government provided by the Confederation Act and secured mainly
by the earnest, consistent and long-continued effortn of the Reform
party ; and that the action of our Government and Legislature in
asserting and vindicating our Provincial constitutional rights, de-
mands the approval and support of every patriotic citizen.

172

III. TcrritoHa! Risbts.

7i. Thai Huh Province came into Confederation with the territory
which formerly belonged to Upper Canada ; that the extent of that
territory on the north and west was at that time undetermined,
but was in the month of August, 1878, finally determiaed by the
unanimous award of able arbitrators of the highest distinction, ap-
pointed on a competent reference by the respective Governments of
the Dominion and this Province under an agreement, to which the
ffood faith and honour of both were pledged, that the award should
be tina^ and conclusive ; that this award was accepted by the Gov-
ernment of this Province an in honour bound, but was repudiated
by the Government of tho Dominion ; that such repudiation is, in
the opinion of this Convention, a violation of public law »,nd na-
tional faith, and ar. indefensible denial on the part of the Federal
authorities of the just claims and territorial rights of this Province ;
and that the manly and persistent assertion by the Government of
Ontario of 'hose cluims and rights, and their demand for the imme-
diate ownership and government of the awarded territory ilcserve
the sU[,port and co-operation not only of the Liberal party, but of
every citizen in the Province.

IV. The Federal IJnionv

4. That this Convention earnestly desires that the bonds which
unite the Provinces of Canada, may be strengthened by the deve-
lopment of a feeling of affection for and pride in the Federal Union
which connects them, and believes that such sentimtiuts will be best
promoted by the maintenance of the Federal principles of the Union,
the full recognition of the rights of each Province to control all
raacters which are pl'^sed under its exclusive power, and the adop-
tion of the principled of justice and fair play in the adjustment of
all questions arising between the Dominion and the Provinces.

T. The Eleetive Franehlse.

5. That this Convention rejoices in the successful operation of
those extensions of the franchise which have from time to time been
placed on the statut^j book, records its opinion that a further exten-
sion should form a plank in the platform of the Reform party at
the ensuing elections; and expresses its hope that the popular voic«
will eridorse the proposal, and wi!! return a Liberal majority autho-
riised to accomplish this reform.

173

territory
at of that
lermined,
d by the
stion, ap-
unents of
vhich the
rd should
the Gov-
tpudiated
ion i&, in
r and na-
s Federal
*rovince ;
nment of
be imme-
f iCserve
y, but of

da which
he de ve-
al Union
be best
Union,
ntrol all
le adop-
inent of
ces.

ation of
ne been

exten-
}arty at
AT voice

autho-

VI. The I>efflflallve Record.

6. That Ihis Convention expresses its gratiOcation that, under the
auspices of the Reform Government of Ontario, our election laws
have been greatly improved ; that valuable reforms have been
effected in the laws relating to real and personal property ; that our
municipal and school laws have been much improved ; that the
Statute Law of the Province has been revised and consolidated ; that
great and radical reforms in the procedure and practice of our
Courts, tending to the promotion of simplicity, economy, and expe-
dition in the adininistration of justice, have been Buccu&.^f ully accom-
plished ; that prompt means have invariably been tuken to estab-
lish such administration in every outlying dihtriet of the Province,
contemporaneous with settlement; and that justice has been admi-
nistered throughout the Province with purity and uprightness.

T19. Railway and municipal Aid.

7. That this Convention desires to record its gratification that the
Reform Governments and Legislatures triumphantly solved the
difficult problems presented by the Municipal Loan Fund, and the
best means of applying to profitable ends a portion of the surplus
in the Treasury; that the municipal loan fund debts were success-
f;^lly settled upon an equitable basis ; that large sums out of the
surplus have been returned to the people under conditions requir-
ing their expenditure for objects of great public utility; and that a
judicious system of railway aid has given to the Province 2,200
miles of new railway, and in this way gi'eatly assisted the develop-
ment of our agricultural and comiuercial industries, and promoted
the general advancement of our Province.

Till. The ProTincial Financei.

8. That in the opinion of this Convention the management of the
Provincial finances by the Liberal Govemnitntsof the Province has
evidenced their fidelity to the Reform principles of progri^gs and
economy ; that whilst these Oovemnjents have not hesiiated as
responsible stewards of the public funds to {.ropoee such expendi-
tures as the public good required, they have bien careful and
provident in their administi ation ; and that it is a proud fact that
whilst the ordinary business of admiuibtration has been carried oa,
the education of the people assisted, the vicious and afflicted cared
for, burdens lifted of^ the municipalities, all our industries en-
couraged, and the progress of the Province in everyway and on every
side advanced, a large surplus still remains in the Treasury of the
Province.

174

IX. The Agricultural Interestn.

9. That this Convention recognises with satisfaction the vigor-
ous, judicious, and timely steps, which, under the Reform Gov*
ernnients of Ontario, have been taken to render assistance in the
development of our agricultural industry, by the encouragement
given to Agricultural, Horticultural, and kindred Associations, by
the continued drainage of our low-lyirg lands, bj' the initiation of
the tile drainage scheme, by the satisfactory adjustment of the
vexed questi( n of market fees, by the expansion of the Agricultural
College and Experimental Farm, by the invaluable labours of the
Agiicultural Commission, and by the establishment of the Agricul-
tural branch of the Bureau of Industries; and rejoices to observe
that the Government is contemplating other plans for further pro-
Uiiotii)g the agricultural interests of the Province.

X. Commerce und HIunufUctureM.

10. That this Convention rejoices in all healthy expimsion of tht-
manufacturing and mercjuitile interests of the Province ; is pletised
to know that within the range of their coasUtutionai powers, th«^
Reform CJovernmeuts of Ontario havo encouraged those industrit.s,
byaidirgthe building <jf railways, oy assisting to give at heme
arid foreign c'xhibi*ions the ftillcst possible disp'ay of our manufac-
tured products, and fur pr«»viding through the Bureau of IndustriiH
a faithful record of the state of the manufacturing industries, which
cannot faii to be of substantial beUetit to such in^-Uiatries, and to
the Province at large.

XI. Our ^fhool ^yMtem.

11. That the progress and development of every part of our Pub-
lic and High School system during the past eleven yearn, in the
more thorotmh training, claesitication, and examination of teachers*,
the m<i>re tttieient inspection and classihcation of schools, and the
cmiplete rt modelling and great advance of the work . t s»^condary
education, are matters for congratulation ; that the c )niplicati(ms
and ditticuities winch necessarily surroimd such a subject are to be
met, HH they have been met, by vigilantly watching over the work-
ing of the system, with a view to such changes in detail as from
time to time t'xperit?uce may Hh<»w to be necessary ; by a due re-
gard to the reasonabl*' wishes and feelings of the various sections
of the community ; and by the applicati n to the utmost extent,
uonsi««>'nt with etticioncy, of the principle of local control over
local atfairs.

I7i

le vigor-
rm Gov-
e in the
-agement
ions, by
iation of
it of the
icnltural
lis of the
Agricul-
observe
ther pro-

n of thi"
i pletvsed
rers, the
clnsiru-8,
at hciiiti
laniifac-
ustrifs
, which
and tu

work-
s from
ue re-
Bctions

xtent,
I orer

XII. Forest and Timber liiterettA. y

12. That the manner in which the Forest and Timber interests of
the Province have been guarded and managi I by the Reform Amo-
ciations and Legislatures, the safeguards thrown around these in-
terests by the provisions which retjuire public competition as the
condition of license, the caution, skill, and judgment which have
been displayed by the Executive in determining when sales of
licenses shall take place, and the care and integrity displayed in
the sale and management of our Crown lands, are sul jucts of just
pride to the Liberal party, and of national congratulation to every
inhabitant of the Province.

XIIV. Free fiirantK mid Iiiiiiiigralioii.

13. Thi" r, avontion, while looking with pleasure on tl.e growth
of the Canadian North-West, and recoijiiiiiing the drain of late years
on our population and n soiirees towards that and other fields, yet
views with satisfactioi 'he great development of the newer districts
of our acknowledgiHi territory durini; tiie last eleven years, under
the liberal system of free grants from the Crown; and rejoices that,
by a judicious expenditure (»n coloni/ati >n roads and internal im-
provement?, so tnt.aj of ou** sons, together with the people of other
countries, have is*^ vithstandin.j gre;it attractions elsewhere, found
homes within our bv^rders; and trusts that the immigration policy
of the Ontario Government will, in the present circumatunc^es, con-
tinue to be one of vigorous cti'urt to secure larye additions to our
agricultural p<»pulation.

XIV. Fiildk- liiNtltiilloiiN.

14. That this Convention views with approval and satisfactioM
the vigt>rous and succehsful nninner in whicli the Reform Govern-
ments of Ontario have pri>niptly met every puV>lic re<iuirement f'»r
the restraint and coirection (jf the vicious, as well as the care of the
aMicU'd and unfortunate portions of our population, by the erection
of such buildings as were needed, and by the successful maintenance
and management, on the latest curative, sanitary and hunianu
methods, of our various penal and charitable institutions.

XV. !llH<ii<'i|»til lii*ititiiti«>ii<<(.

15. That the Reform party, the parent of the system of local in-
stitutionp, municipal libertic^i, and generally of the principles of
self-government, lealtituis, after an >xperience of more than forty
years, the value of these institutions, and will in the future, ns it
has done in the past, guard, cherish and develop them by all means
in its power.

176

Wl. The Liquor LIccdmc {HyMteni.

16. Thai this Convention views with gratitude the great impkove-
uients which have, under Reform Governments, been made iu the
laws atfecting tempdrance ; protests in the strongest way against
any of the retrograde changes lately advocated, such as ejctending
the hours of selling, lessening the restrictions in the number ot
licensee, creating vested interests in licenses, and re-transferring
to Municipal Councils the responsibility of issuing license* ; believes
that the general interpretation of the Constitution, acted on in all
the Provinces ever since Confederation, has been that the Provin-
cial Legislatures have authority in the matter, and that such inter-
pretation is in accordance with the spirit of the Constitution ; con-
siders that it is for the best interests of the Dominion that the
Local Legislature should have cuch authority ; deprecates any as-
sumption of powef by the Parliament of the Dominion in this re-
gard, beyond what may be needed for passing a general law as to
prohibition ; declares that the Local Legislatures can best interpret
and give effect to the feelings and wishes of the people in each Pro-
vince as to the license system ; and insists that action by che Par-
liament of the Dominion would be an undue interference with Pro-
vincial rights, and detrimental to the cause of order and sobriety.

XTII. The Record and the Platform.

17. That the principles of local control over local affairs ; of par-
liamentary independence and purity of elections ; of legislative and
administrative reform as requiied by the development and progress
of the Province ; of the wise and discriminating extension of the
franchise ; of the judicious encouragement by the State of all our
agricultural, mercantile, and manufacturing industries ; of the
speedy settlement of our unoccupied territory by free grants of
homesteads to actual 8ettl«rs, and the active encouragement of
proper immigration ; of public competition for public property and
public works ; of Provincial care of the afflicted and unfortunate
portions of the population ; of a free primary education for the
whole people and the reasonable encouragement of higher educa-
tion ; of the maintenance in their integrity of our municipal insti-
tutions ; of economy and retrenchment in our tinancial afiairs con-
sistent with the promotion of progress and the development of all
the resources of the Province, and the encouragement by every
legitimate means of all moral and social reforms, are principles
which the Liberal party have always maintained ; and so long as
the Reform Governments of Ontario in the future, as in the past,
uphold and carry out those principles, they shall receive the hearty
and united support of the Liberal piurty in this Province.

impiove-
ie iu the
' against
[tending
niber ot
laf erring
belie yes
}n in all
Provin-
:h inter-
n ; con-
:hat the
any ai-
this re-
w as to
titerpret
tch Pro-
;he Par-
ith Pro-" >'
briety.

of par-
ive and
irogress

of the
all our

of the
mts of
lent of
rty and
tuuate
fir the
educa-
1 insti-
rs cou-

of all

every
iiciples
ong as
I past,
hearty

INDEX.

PAGE.

Abolition of Dual Representa.

tion 7

Accumulation and SurpIuH, IBG

Action,iMr. Blake, N.W Bound-
ary 62

Actions, Limitations of 37

Address to FarmerH of Ontario. . 10J>

Administration of JuRtic<> 103

Administration of Justice, N. W.

Ontario 37

Agriculture, Encoura^^ement of

:U 109

Agricultural Comniission 115

Agricultural College Charter ... 46

Agricultural College .109, 113

Agricultural Societies, Aid to.. 109

Agricultural 6tatiHtic8 109

Aid Societies, Immigration K

Alleged Annual DefioitH 158

American Legislation, Cont of . . 23
Andrew Mercer Reformatory,

The 4H, 94

Apprentices 18

Arbitrator8,Th« N W.Boundary 63
A rea f )f Tei-ritory ( N. W. Ontario) 64

Arts, Encouragement of 110

Adsembly. Legislative 24

AsHets and Liabilities 131

AHylums, Lunatic 86

Asylums, Private Insane 57

Award, Ontario and Quebec
Assets 60

Ballot, vote by 29

Births, Deaths and Marr'ages.Sl, 118
Blake's Mr., Amendment to Rail-
way Aid Bill r»

Blind, Institution for 90

Boundary, Inter- Provincial 61

Boundaries of Ontario 61, 135

Boan) of Health, Provincnal 52

Building Societies 25, 43

Boys' Reformatory 9S

By-Laws (vote by ballot) 18

Bureau of Industries 52) 117

PAOK.

Caldwell (Jte«Hstribution) 21 •

Causes of Increased Expenditure 15S

« Central Prison 93

Centralization, Alleged. . . 141

Changes, Educational, 1877 and

1879 S8

Charges, Part IV 134

Charges of Extravagance, An-
swer 153

Charities, Public 96

< 'ode, A Moat Perfect 12

College, Agricultural lOJI

Ckdonization Koads 67, 68, b9

Commission (Consolidation of

Statutes) 32,33

Common School Lands arrearages 4
Coniparisons

'• in cortt of Legislation 23

( ■(msolidation of the Statutes. . . 32
CouMolidation of Municipa*

Law 12,56

Controverted Election Law 8, 24

Contract System vs. Overseers

((^olcmization Koads) 71

Cost of Legislation 23

' 'ost of Lunatics 86

( 7ost of Territory, N. W. Ontario 64
Committals for I )runkenneB8. . . 145

Consumption ot Liquors 146

County Model Schools 102

Creditors Relief Ac» 44

( 'rirainal Witnesst- s, payment of 30

Creameries, Public 57

Crooks Act, The 25

Criminal Justice Distribution . . 106
(Vown Lands Administration.. 6(>
Crown Lands Department, Busi-
ness 71

Coimties benefited by Railway

Aid 82

Counties benefited by care of

Insane ,? 89

Counties benefited by care of
Deaf, Dumb and Blind 91

178

PAfiB.

f'uunties benefited l>y Educa-
tional Grants 103

Counties beuefiteil by Crindnid
Justice Grants 106

Counties b^neffited "by Surpln»
Distribution 108

Deaf and Dumb Insti' ?ution 90

^Deaths, Registration of 31, 118

Deficits, Alleged Annual 158

Depression Alleviated, The 6

Di8all«)wance Question IM

Distribution of P*iblicMoney,128,129

Dishonest (Criticism 158

Division CouHv, Act respecting. 43

Dower, Law ri 46

Drainage '<\b

Drainage Debentures, Muni-ipal S6

Drainage Operations 83

Drainage, Tile 84

Dual Representation 7

DuflFerin (Redistribution) 19

Dufferin (County of) 43, 46

Duties of Pri8o»> and Asylum In-
spectors 85

Education Department 99

Education Change8,1877 and 1879 37

Education Law 13, 14, 37

Educational Progress 98

Education, Financial Compari-
son 99

Education, A Minister of 100

Education, Chief Superintendent 100

Election Law 42

Election Law, Controverted 8, 34

Electric Companies 51

Employment in Gaols W. . . 93

Employment in Central Prison . 94
Encouragement of Agriculture . . 109

Escheats and Forfeitures 13

Essex (Redistribution) . . , 20

Experimental Farm 45, 113

Expenses (Legislative) 23

Extravagance, ( -barges of 163

Expenditiire, I^»blic Works and

Buildings 80

Expenditure of Counties 151

Expenditure, United StateH,

some of 152

Expenditure, Votes by Opposi-

tion 157

Evidence, Laws of, Defects in . . 54

PAor.

FarmevH Sons' FranchtM 83

FarmerjH of Ontario, Address to. 109

Fees for Marriage Licenses 16

Female Reformatory 42

Finance, Part III 123

Finality of Voters' Lists 18, :V\

Financial Po.*«ition, Our Present .124

Forests' Preservrttiou 36

Financial Policy, Prevent and

Past 123

Fire Policies 120

Finances, Provincial 160

Fire Insurance Companies (In«

»i ection) 120

Franchise, Income 17

Franchise, Extension of. . 17,33,141

Free Grants 68, 70, i:J8

Free Grants, Settlers' 70

Free Grants and Homesteads

Act. Amendment to 44

Free Grants Settlers' Arrearages 4

Gain to Ontario (by Immigration)

Gas Companies, Powers of 41

Gerrymander, No 19, 20, 21, 22

Girls, Industrial Refuge for 94

(■irand Juries 40

Grants to Charities and Hospi-
tals 3, 96

Great Saving of Expense (Juries) 41
Grey (Rediettribution) 20

Health, The Public 118

Health, Provincial Board of 118

Horticulture, Encouri^ement of 110

Hospitals an<l Charities 96

Huron Timber Limits, Sale of . . 74

Immigration 77

Immigrants, number of 79

Immigration Policy 80

Improvements retarded (Munici-
pal 1 oan Fund) 9

luconcM: Franchise 17

Income of Kegistrars' Act 4

Incorf oration Acts, t^eneral .... 14

Industries, Buraeu of 117

Increased Expenditure, causes of 153
IncreaHed Frovisionrj for Insane,

&c 155

Increaserl Representation 19

Innkeepers, Rights and Liabili-
ties 13

179

VAur.

t 8;i

reHs to. 109

M Itt

123

18, ;«

Preiient .124

3«

nt and

123

.^^.... 120

150

ies (In-

120

17, 33, 141
68, 70, 138

eateadfl

i&THgeia 4

ration)

f 41

>, 20, 21, 22
)r 94

Hospi-

3,96

Tunes) 41
.... 20

.... 118

of.... 118

ent of 110

.... 96

|e of. . 74

.... 77

... 79

... 80

unici-

... 9

... 17

... 4

1.... 14

... 117

8«8 0f 153

isane,
... 156
... 19

abili-
... 13

PAKK.

Insane AHyluniM. private 57

Inspection of Fire Coinpanit* s 30, 120

Institutes, Mechanics' 117

Institutions, Public 84

Insurance Companies 30, 56, 120

Intestate EsUtes » 32

Interprovinoial Questions 60

Institution for Blintl 90

Institution for Deaf and Dumb.. 99

Joint Stock Companies, Winding

up 36

.luror.i, f/on8oli<?->ted Aft 56

Jurors, Grand 40

Jurisdiction, Provincial 2

•Tustice, Administration of 103

Judicature Act, Ontario 46

Land Improvement Fund 52

Land Titles 24

Law of Dowers 46

Ledger, An eleven s'ears' 125

Legislation for the Wovking clas-
ses 12

Ijegislative Expenses (Ontario

and States) 23

Legislature (independence of) . 4, 29

Legislative Rights 160

Legislative Assembly 28

Liberal Platform 171

Libraries, Free 54

Licensed Victuallers' Memorial.. 27

Licenses, Marriage 16

Licensing Acts 144

License Question 144

Liens, Mechanics' 8, 63

Limitation of Actions 37

Liquors, Sale of 122

List of Voters 17 i

Lunatic AsylumR 85 !

Locatees, f^ree Grants 68

Macdonald, Sir John A., Opinion 161 <
" State Paper 161 j
Manufactures, Encouragement of 116

Market Fees 54 i

Marriage Laws and Licenses ... 16 I
Married Women's Property Act 4-7

Masters and Workmen 4

Mechanics' Institutes 117

Mechanics' Liens 8, 63

Mosseau, M., Speech on Bound-
ary Question 136

PAOK.

Memorial of Licensed Victuallers 27

Mercer Reformatory 46, 94

Minister of Kducation 25

Monevdistributed to the Counties 12!* '

Model Schools, County 102

Money distributed to the people 128

Mortgages 32, 43

Muttial Fire Insurance Com-
panies 46

Municipal -Debentures, Drain-
age 36

•* Expenses 36

" Law C'onsolidation . .W

" lioan Fund <i

Ballot (Vote by). .. '3

Niagara (Redistribution) 19

National »'olicy, The 140

Northerly and Westerly Bound-
aries of Ontario til

Number of Grand Jurors reducetl 40

Number of Immigrants 79

Number of Drinking places 145

Orange Bills, The 15

Ontario and Quebec Award 60

Boundary.. 61

Outside the Jurisdiction 3

Ontario Judicature Act 46

Opposition, Position of, the B.

Question 65

Parks, Public Uli

Petition of Right 4

Platform, Liberal. 171

Practical Science, School of 117

Precedents for Disallowance of

Str«BQ8 Bill 166

Preservation of Fqrests 36

Production of Liquors 146

Property of Married Women ... 4, 7

Provincial Jurisdiction 2

Public Health, The 118

Provincial Finances 160

Public Service of Ontario, The. . 35
Public Works and Buildings.. 80
Public Works, Extraordinary . . 81

Railways Aid 81

Railway Employees, Safety of. . . .50

Railways Aided 5

Railways, Streets and Drains. . . 51

iLailway Grants, Scrii> for .'^7

180

Keadjuiitinent of Reprwentation Itt

Redistribution of Seatit. 19

Reformatory, Boy^ 46-03

Reformatory for Women 42-04

Kefuge for Oirlf 94

Reportii, Increase of 169

Repreeeutation of the People Act 19

Revised Statutes 32

Revenue. 1872-82 126

Rivers and Streams Bill 47

Sanitary Information 119

Saving to the Public 87

Schools, High, Public, Normal 13

14, 37, 97
SchoolH, Consolidation of Law . . 66

School of Practical Science

Selectors, powers to (Juries) .... 40

Session 1871-2 4

1873 8

Ist of 1874 13

2nd of 1874 18

1876-76 24

1877 31

1878 34

1879 • 37

1880 4.3

1881 5

1882 61

188:i 56

Settlement, Free Grant 6H-70

Settlers Arrearages 4

Simcoe (Redistribution) 20

Societies, Immigrant Aid 8

Statistics Vital 118

Statistics, Bureau of 117

Statement of Assets and Liabili-
ties 131

PAOK.

Street Railways . 66

Surplus 1872-1882 MH

'* present 124

" Distribution Scheme . . 8
" (How

m(*ney Spent) 11

Surphis Distribution Scheme

(Where Spent) . . 108

Surplus " Scheme Saved 126

'♦ " Spent 127

Territory, Area of N. W 64, 169

Territory, Cost of N.W 63

Territory, Value of 62

Territorial Districts 32

Timber I/imits. Sale of 74, 76, 76, 137
Territorial Rights of Ontario ... 166

Tree Planting DnUrio Act 68

Timber Licenses 66

Union School Sections 36

Value of an Immigrant. 78

Vital SUtistics 31, 118

Voters'LiHt 17

Voters' List, Finality of 18, 36

Water Works, Municipal 61

Wellington (Redistribution) .... 21

Witnesses, payment of Criminal 30

Working ClasHes, Ijegi«lation for 12

Workmen and Muters 4

Works Public 80

Wtxids and Forests 65

. fid

126

124

erne . . 8

(How
U

> Saved 126
Spent 127

■ . . 64, 16»

,76,76,137
rio . . . 166

* 58

7»

• ■ 31, 118

... 18,35

) . . . . 21

minal 110

an for 12

k,^ J^j 1883.

9
7

1878

1879

168721 64

126463 03

295369 62

482466 76

78901 33

70509 14

56148 29

656056 84
31975 09
97028 62
70673 19

272294 83
26:313 26
85612 48

« c.

154276 84
114072 98
274013 22
469190 80
124539 93
67776 17
53421 26

2408534 02

232529 05

108171 16

590 40

34496 45

96500 00

5442 95

627097 24
39650 12

105900 80
73720 44

140190 90
26867 27

114564 13

2285282 10

479064 02
66766 76

86602 39

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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I.I

1.25

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IM IIIIIZ2

IIIM '""^
2.0

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1.4

1.6

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Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14590

(716) 872-4503

C/j

(i^

^:7^

Comparative Statement of the 1

SERVICE.

ORDINARY EXPENDITURE.

CONTROLLABLE EXPENDITURE.

SUB-SERVICE.

1867

Civil Government

Legislation ,^

Administration of Justice

Maintenance Public Institutions

Miscellaneous

Crown Lands Expenditure

Refunds

Stationery Office

3889(
1595(
3997;
7747;^
2688«
1415S
2416

Education

Immigration

j Agriculture, Arts, Literary and Scientific Institutions .

'Hospitals and Charities

Public Buildings

Public Works

Colonization Roads

SURPLUS DISTRIBUTION. INVEST-
MENTS, ETC.

259602
'65724
'27987
'15358

Expenditure under Supply Bill .

574440

Aid to Railways

Muuicipal Loan Fund Distribution

Drainage Works

Drainage Debentures

Rockwood Asylum, Kingston

Refund — Brewers' Licenses

Common Gaol Alterations

School of Practical Science (Special Account)

Osgoode Hall (Special Account) ,

Common School Fund

New Parliament Buildings

Mercer Estate

Widows' Pensions

Land Improvement Fund (Special)

Board of Health

Total Expenditure

574440

OJRDI^CAR"s Expenditure

Controllable Expbndituke

Surplus Distribution, Investments, Etc.

215767
358673

Total Expenditure.

Ppovincial Auditor's Office,

Toronto, January 9th, 1883.

574440

mt of the Expenditure on account of the Province of Ontario ^ form 30^

1867

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

•

$ c.

38896 86
15956 19
39977 57
77473 23
26888 17
14159 69
2416 18

$ c.

108964 69

90370 67

180805 33

155499 17

23554 39

30190 14

13229 39

3118 86

332423 86

« c.

90652 86

81283 49

178800 39

14670^ 96

44060 32

46341 69

183341 01

3736 03

275938 84
17609 00
71151 41
40000 00

251897 63
21187 39
35589 94

$ c.

102427 68

37146.82

176004 02

157925 80

29366 90

68163 07

92631 40

1686 66

316887 92
32087 66
68072 20
42510 00
282908 52
123844 67
60000 00

« c.

111413 99
74671 47

182621 71

171423 17
60815 23
45906 24

186241 25
82 67

a51306 40
29712 56
76381 90
40260 00
296076 98
134643 47
55409 04

$ a

141103 24
92373 27

191647 66

214967 89
34331 37
95760 68

128864 70
3187 50

421703 63
57750 49
81612 10
42100 00

206071 83
00693 12
75799 19

$ 0.

156646 82
119650 10
204604 84
234040 76
17610 12
110491 66
168848 62

156647
174244
208373

286088
21917
78968

163568
788

487444

134640

86438

4::«)20

291558

117880

90762

259602 34

462963 22

159178 66
82817 93
43020 00

472859 60
81530 21

145950 00

65724 67

71182 66

390i0 00

113051 70

678 90

36901 15

27987 36

16358 77

574440 93

1199030 91
t

1488291 85

1680663 21

1816866 78

1847956 57

372786 00

2460212 23
426642 00

2342339

113812
1361101

53949 22

64238

::::i

■ •■■•••••••(«■• •

574440 93

1199030 91

1488291 85

1530663 21

1816866 78

2220742 57

2940803 45

3871492 i

215767 79
358673 14

605792 64
593238 27

774917 74
713374 11

665352 25
915310 96

833176 43
983690 35

902226 31
945730 26
372786 00

1
1011892 82

144831t> 41
480591 22

1090695 3
1261744 4
1629163 01

574440 93

1199030 91

1488291 85

1680663 21

1816860 78

2220742 57

2940803 45

3871492 8J

\nOyform ^oth June, 1867, to 315/ December, 18

1873

$ c.

156646 82
119650 10
204604 84
234040 76
17610 12
110491 66
168848 52

462963 22

159178 55
82817 93
43020 00

472859 50
81530 21

145950 00

2460212 23

426642 00

53949 22

1874

$ c.

156647 16

174244 10

208373 36

286088 12

21917 22

78968 02

163568 70

788 68

487444 80
134640 66
86438 24 .

4:3020 00

291558 14

117880 14

90762 43

1875

1876

9 c.

152450 16
66263 43

219462 91

362710 51
89494 38
67249 89

107669 78

2342339 77

113812 90
1361101 59

603311 77
94060 63
94444 83
52346 16

125059 06
25515 32

103511 89

54238 56

2063550 61

417334 00

986243 48

55660 03

81736 30

$ c.

166565 59

106940 66

286591 40

368046 02

74270 39

70769 60

57392 09

1121 99

524493 51
44001 10
97348 42
65495 07

183012 53
33206 35
86931 43

2165186 05

372306 65

452151 28

53443 78

24809 95

67830 81

14900 13

1877

$ 0.

159996 43

122321 21

277302 47

427044 74

81937 76

78469 56

97215 04

550984 36
46265 34
97234 55
64151 48

252916 68
30666 56
77300 00

2363806 17

343613 74

317711 04

11425 96

49243 26

17143 35
9960 63

1878

^ c.

158721 64

126463 03

295:369 52

482466 76

78901 33

70509 14

56148 29

556056 84
31976 09
97028 62
70673 19

272294 83
26313 26
85612 48

24086J4 02

232629 06

108171 15

590 40

34496 46

96600 00

6442 96

16124 36

2940803 45

3871492 82

36ai524 42

3140627 66

3112904 14

2902388 37

)11892 82

1448319 41

180591 22

1090695 36
X251744 41
1529163 06

)40803 46

3871492 82

1066301 06

998249 55

1640973 81

3604624 42

1121697 64

1033487 41

986442 60

1244287 20

1119618 97

749097 97

3140627 65

3112904 14

1268579 71

1139964 31

493864 35

2902388 27

member, 1882.

1878

1879

i$ c.

158721 64

126463 03

295:369 52

482466 76

78901 33

70509 14

56148 29

1880

$ c.

154276 84
134072 98
274013 22
469190 80
124539 93
67776 17
53421 26

1881

{g c.

173732 67

111585 44

265070 31

5«5598 41

91293 19

59046 47

34558 23

556056 84
31975 09
97028 62
70673 19

272294 83
26313 26
85612 48

24085J4 02

232529 05

108171 15

590 40

34496 45

96500 00

5442 95

527097 24
39650 12

105900 80
73720 44

140190 90
26867 27

114564 13

505104 86
52982 19

107282 72
72832 63

14136 i. 12
2637"> 31
9683 > 99

2285282 10

479064 02
65765 76 I

86602 39

2243663 54

182032 48
22061 41

19 c.

174803 12

178954 85

251119 10

551663 61

43820 24

67592 98

42207 85

5251 08

502824 31
348if6 37

106936 01
78092 75

126552 28
24369 94
97289 80

51279 30

2286304 29

205528 37
8182 22

41026 48

1882

$ c.

187081 23

165016 04

262731 46

608387 17

66806 61

83547 16

41348 93

1334 10

511268 48
30414 67

131182 53
78095 79

129226 17
20140 25

110650 00

2427230 59

254445 82
57458 73

37519 47

16124 35

25000 00

2902388 37

1268579 71

1139954 31

493854 35

2941714 27

15000 00
4150 00

25000 00

112 00

18000 00

25000 00
1342 19

2518186 80

2902388 27

1257291 20

1027990 00

656432 17

2941714 27

1240884 72

1002778 82

274523 26

2585053 36

2347 14

111158 79

3658 32

2920161 05

2518186 80

1315412 83
970891 46
298749 07

1414918 60

1010977 89

494264 56

2685053 36

2921061 05

C. H. SPROULE,

iS^^

mfmmmmm

•[■

■i

i,
1

i
I

1881.

1882.

Croti
Caau
Pub]
Edu«
Reft]
Mud

! $ C.

1116872 80
1 80000 00
il36696 52

L934850 41
i 32752 50
i 98782 01
I 31450 42

$ c. -
1116872 80
80000 00
136696 62

1039730 84
30578 77
81146 00
30052 86

Intel

Algo: 82156 49
Licei 16258 56
Law 91604 01
Mutt 57502 10
Comi 19676 46
Agri. 37977 14
Draii 625 65
Publ 9053 27
Cent:

101927 93
14099 22
92360 72
52399 89
25786 6o
29635 77
707 95
6547 55

Mai

1 514 54

i ..__

Draff

Law 41973 80
Toroi

41907 Sr>

■;

Jr8874C 78

2880450 40

Statement of the 1

DOMINION OF CANADA.

Subsidy

Specific Grant

Interest on Special Funds.
General Account

Crown Lands Revenue

Casual Revenue

Public Institution Revenue

Education*

Refunds

Municipal Loan Fund

Interest

Algoma Taxes

Licenses

Law Stamps

Municipalities Fund

Common School Lands

Agricultural Farm^ Mimico

Drainage Assessment

Public Works — Miscellaneous . . .
Central Prison Capital Account ,
Marriage Licenses ,

Drainage Debentures

Law Society

Toroxito Mechanics' Institute

$ c.

$ c.
1116872 80

40000 00

214354 38

72 00

3782 28

11066 62

*"'5273'99

80000 00

136696 62

180 68

632113 65

31550 05

8591 90

24742 06

11867 88

202872 21
15000 00

*" 246i*37

29854 17

11792 71

9878 00

95 34

74517 43-

11225 00

31710 11

t339700 52

J2366810 63

339700 62

2366810 63

* Includes Receipts from S
t Includes Receipts by Do:
t do

§ do

lateMflMCMBiki

of the Receipts on account of the Proving of Ontari

1868.

1869.

1870.

1871.

1
1872,

1873.

i:
I

• •

• *

• •

$ c,

1116872 80

80000 00

136696 62

180 58

632113 65

31550 05

8591 90

24742 06

11867 88

202872 21

15000 00

95 34

$ c.

1105751 18

80000 00

136696 62

283 99

653257 12

12083 78

8780 65

24976 07

1186 55

191463 28

80236 43

2664 11

58924 74

88228 21

98015 30

128269 92

$ c.
996729 84
80000 00
136696 62

552888 03
20810 91
19457 90
26649 17

$ c.
803303 38
80000 00
136696 62

707203 46
23567 20
20675 07
35450 65

• •••••••••

38508 10
148703 60
5014 12
58558 55
77650 97
85038 20
77343 70

$ c. ' $ c.
823303 38 950088 09
80000 00 80000 00
136696 62 136696 62

1214545 19 ' 897371 92
26776 99 77355 83
25295 66 31664 51
58797 63 51480 21

158469 70

146123 65

2547 56

60652 26

78477 94
88634 25
94903 82

**56i79*i6

221757 95

7685 27

75355 96

87165 S8

141859 86

80967 47

28951 26

258040 43

3801 90

82152 78

95249 08

150126 78

73765 76

3713 14

74517 43-

■ •••••••••

sino ii

2653i 66

37654 05

35466 00

35361 00

41057 00

$2366810 63

§2697348 95

2500695 70

2333179 62

3060747 97

J961516 31

2366810 63 2697348 95

2500695 70

2333179 62

3060747 97

1961516 31

4, ;

Eeceipts from Superannated Teachers.

Eeceipts by Dommion $156800 89
do do 106G34 14

do do 72169 66

::^

p/ Ontario, from ^oth June, 1867, ^^ ^^^^ Decern

1873.

$ c.
950088 09
80000 00
136696 62

897371 92
77366 83
31664 61
51480 21

" '2«95i*26

258040 43

3801 90

82152 78

95249 08

150126 78

73766 76

3713 14

41067 00
)1616 31

1874.

¥ c.

1116872 80

80000 00

3.36696 62

524358 66
28548 80
30700 99
65307 31

'831909' 33

248130 68

6571 43

115499 17

76164 01

91623 64

101266 09

1810 20

3443469 62
2888 31

)1515 31

3446347 93

1875.

$ c.

1116872 80

80000 00

136696 62

538892 10
24178 85
27832 30
57808 25

652565*49

232101 06

5045 45

107590 10

63950 93

46171 94

56282 30

1233 04

3146161 23
10444 68

1876.

1116872 80

80000 00

136696 62

534446 72
19457 23
34210 75
57806 66

■ ••• ••••••

113444 44

164170 43

4993 07

85257 56

66055 26

41933 89

63635 31

1487 50

16211 71

137 84

2636816 78

27406 05
26000 00

3166606 81

1877.

1116872 80

80000 00

136696 62

529207 49
29526 35
39876 07
57781 38

222251 18

1032 36

78820 96

68766 99

37466 67

62039 84

1925 71

570 88

117 16

2689222 83

2462940 35
29625 69

*i6666'66

2502566 04

1878.

1116872 80

80000 00

136696 62

360384 66
20292 85
67999 76
51793 61

"10288*82

156251 46

581 04

76629 85

66291 82

28988 73

55906 53

5138 46

11883 40

621 91

9000 00

2264421 32
30780 13

2285201 45

^BteM

t December J 1882.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

$ c.

1116872 80

80000 00

136696 62

360384 66
20292 85
67999 76
51793 61

$ c.

1116872 80

80000 00

136696 62

390165 93
26642 32
66089 42
47961 95

1116872 80

80000 00

136696 52

557454 67
29592 91
75404 83
44284 27

$ c.

1116872 80

80000 00

136696 52

934850 41
32752 50
98782 01
31450 42 .

$ 0.

1116872 80

80000 00

136696 62

•

1039730 84
30578 77
81146 00
30052 86

10288 82

156251 46

581 04

75529 85

66291 82

28988 73

55905 53

5138 46

11883 40

521 91

900000

1652 36

127645 70

9948 96

85220 17

71383 83

20186 49

46987 85

%26 63

15289 70

51735 35

101812 26

1863 92

91207 68

66984 00

18613 87

40243 42

885 99

19734 97

18 00

4166 66

"82i56*49
16258 56
91604 01
57502 10
19676 46
37977 14
625 65
9053 27

'"5i4'54

101927 93
14099 22
92360 72
52399 89
25785 63
29635 77
707 95
6547 55

6900 00

2254421 32
30780 13

•

37681 66

•

35609 11

41973 80

41907 85

14363 27

••••• y

228520146

2287951 39

2487544 60

2T88746 78

2880450 40

tiod obj

-%
c
u

» lip ^'

^1|,990 00
{1^549 12
^! .460 00

V;Si2o 00

i;|\849 00
^1^:400 13

Ha'

Ha-
Ha.'
Hu;'
Ke'

:k-

Ler
Lai

129 00
.737 00
,162 00

378' io"
723 17
192 73

Lai,

,393

Lei'
Li-

.441 11

Statement showing Amounts paid to the undermentioned Counties to:

i^.

COUNTY.

Algoma

Bruce

Brant

Carleton

Duff erin

Elgin

Essex

Frontenac

Grey

Hastings

:}:Hamilton

Halton

Haldimand

Huron

Kent

^Kingston

Leeds and Grenville

Lanark

Lambton

Lennox and Addington ,

Lincoln

[iLondon

Middlesex

Muskoka and Parry Sounu . .

Nipissing

Norfolk .....]

Northumberland and Durham

Ontario ,

Oxford

fOttawa

Prince Edward

Peel

Peterboro'

Perth

Preseott and Russell

Renfrew

StorTiiunt, Duudas, etc. ......

"j» • ♦.• • '

SaSsignable.
Total .

I *

^ a o
-503 02

$ C.

13,957 44
96,216 06
78,602 36
62,639 32
7,007 06
77,882 34
63,286 73
52,269 22
108,792 38
100,970 63
82,552 20
41,093 92
54,985 00
122,736 64
72,864 54
38,180 80
122,556 32
85,786 46
71,666 28
61,620 32
98,091 12
44,542 58
121,470 13
20,064 96
190 00
67,063 49
179,799 11
113,376 03
88,459 90
52,404 96
39,237 59
51,973 87
78,630 76
110,902 77
55,261 80
76,769 96
119,244 43
152,165 84
123, S76 27
105,076 44
129,576 06
93,981 47
61,767 75
62,247 33
116,003 21

3,672,013 74

$ c.

133,471 10

29,073 27

44,482 35

45,142 31

2.674 91
61,457 19
39,464 61
30.457 17
34,491 88
25,416 62

9,707 70
16,861 23
26,839 97
30,966 66
39,596 Q4

24,457 36
14,110 17
36,909 52
16,333 95
36,987 64

94,188 98
45,302 75
29,399 13
37,887 75
39,173 98
37,548 07
32,829 70

13,925 80
16,593 02
16,135 55
28,905 27
12,712 10
21,676 29
23,216 97
62,739 21
39,623 93
33,501 69
34,835 Oi
31,732 80
37,209 52
64,276 65
127,928 70

1,559,324 36

•^1

$ c.

7.660 00

10,940 06

24,824 38

7,700 00

6,400 00

19,310 00

13,000 00

12,580 00

24,952 34

25,392 50

8,145 00
11,450 42
10,100 00
39,172 46
18,200 00

3,150 00
31,600 00
15,800 00
20,277 00
16,600 00
20,957 60
11,800 00
31,306 64

6,750 Oo

19,734 00
33,636 14
23,145 76
17,070 00
10,500 00
8,100 00
16,256 84
16,719 20
28,206 30
16,400 00
16,790 00
31,003 50
33,963 12
17,600 00
19,100 00
38,653 14
32,073 72
16,000 84
22,278 68
26,971 66

853,176 10

9 c.

22,667 92

6,000 00

6,000 00
6,000 00
6,000 00

6,000 00

6,000 00
6,000 00

1,761 60
1,504 4i"

6,000 00

2,336 47
134,478 28

2,000 00

2,232 50

6,000 00

9,402 57

883 90

14,997 99
6,000 00
9,383 25

150,000 26

2,612 42
8,330 66
6,000 00

25,549 38

*454,14l 51

* Several of the Counties received aid for Gaols prior to 1872.

t Doas not include sundry small expenditures in several Counties. , r^ ,

t Expenditure for Iu8*ne, Deaf and Dumb, and Blind, for Cities, included in the Counti

Toronto, January, 18S3.

Provincial Auditor's Oppicb,

oned Counties for the undermentioid objects, from 1872 to 1882 inclusive.

iP c.

22,667 92

6,000 00

6,000 00
6,000 00
6,000 00

6,000 00

6,000 00
6,000 00

1,761 50
1,504 4i'

6,000 00

2,336 47
134,478 28

2,000 00
2,232*50'

6,000 00

9,402 57

883 90

14,997 99
6,000 00
9,383 25

150,000 26

2,612 42
8,330 66
6,000 00

25,549 38

*454,141 51

$ c.
160,692 21

41,711 62

11,990 00

223,549 12

36,460 00

25,120 00

125,849 00

8,400 13

$ c.

4,294 00

61,348 00

59,200 00

88,955 00

283,129 00
236,737 00
135,162 00

131,378 10

53,723 17

182,102 73

84,690 12

465,026 05

10,393 50
70,441 11

67,789 00
39,876 00
112,573 00
73,617 00
55,213 00

39,876 00
47,237 00
98,279 00
69,216 00

9 c.

686 00
21,415 00
25.876 00
17,485 00

686 00
10,364 00
13,315 00
U,002 00
28,827 00
24,366 00

90,184 51
33,860 00

41,452 98

HS.'^iO 12

78,858 53

55,572 13

74,250 00

184,726 96

186,600 00

57,600 00
188.538 24

75,308 00
107,122 46

90,880 00
125,957 15
124,000 00
450,314 84

68,709 00
71,777 00
85,887 00
45,397 00
61,348 00

5,903 00

7,344 00

35,486 00

21,415 00

214,718 00
2,760 00

398,391 04

190,211 06

44,790 00

47,237 00

122,696 00

93,248 00

82,819 00

24,232 00
52,759 00
36,808 00
76,685 00
21,778 00
11,349 00
73,617 00
103,984 00

66,186 13
97,850 00

tl,018,371 63

4,176,868 26

47,851 00

85,681 00

55,213 00

34,355 00

148,278 00

460,110 00

106,745 00

3,067,406 00

17,845 00
5,903 00

14,002 00
7,344 00
8,854 00

45,095 00
5>903 00

15,512 00
31,024 00
17,022 00
11,050 00

5,903 00
4,.392 00

16.267 00

30.268 00
7,344 00

16,267 00
15,512 00
27,317 00

5,903 00
30,268 00
19,149 00

5,903 00
a4,318 00
o7,586 00

3,294 00

686,375 00

m ^

20,922 82

143,4iK) 42

153,357 33

68,205 74

46,033 60

94,784 61

47,953 42

58,905 19

100,755 81

26,241 03

.50,044 81

40,359 47

78,850 83

309,103 63

73,017 62

25,713 19

110,844 23

75,685 80
57,450 01
34,539 72

167,045 29

14,172 27

4,525 06

38,027 82

133,284 56
7?,097 14

44,639 18
68,011 14
51,156 90
25,481 52
51,709 94

125,198 33
114,741 79
176,072 12

61,299 88
165,.'H5 13
129,8.50 43
101,337 61

63,694 56
139,691 66

3,378,851 61

TOTAL.

$ c.
376,341 49
601,031 93
422,802 42
305,247 37
194 650 57
335,987 27
222,895 76
563,915 58
623,173 41
434,473 30
150,449 71
291,922 14
285,079 97
817,937 12
296,070 70
67,043 99
377,516 32
203,770 13
374,868 71
295,435 40
260,777 98
56,342 58
766,355 02
727,317 30
34,114 19
281,034 19
482,.579 23
602,351 38
500,058 24
62,904 96
193,637 57
403,.524 11
341,890 96
408,455 21
255,0a^ 84
429,747 51
517,792 23
944,609 05
356,672 32
899,981 75
074,670 JJ2
408,707 84
264,894 38
477,279 15
1,026,141 28
135,588 38

icluded in the Counties in which they are situated.

0. H. SPROULE,

Auditor,