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 '"' ™''i& 
 
 THE 
 
 V'tj* 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION, 
 
 WITH 
 
 EXPERIMENTS ON THE GASTRIC JUICE. 
 
 BT WILLIAM BEAVMOSrTyM.D, 
 
 Snriaon in the U. 8. Aitaj. 
 
 CORRECTED BT SAMUEL BEAUMONT, M. D. 
 
 BURLINGTON: 
 CHAUNCEY GOODRICH. 
 
 •#■ '1847. 
 
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 ^M 
 
 TO JOSEPH LOVELL, M. D. 
 
 STTRGEON GENERAL OP THE UNITED STATES' ARMY, 
 
 Whose merit justly entileis him to the rank 
 which he hdlds/ 
 And whose zeal ift thS cause of Medical Scf^cie is 
 equalled only by his ability to promote it, 1 
 As a tribute of respect for his public and private 
 
 virtues, 
 
 And as a feeble acknowledgment for a long 
 
 tried and unvarying friendship. 
 
 This work is respectfully dedicated, by 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 
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 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 BY THE PUBLISHER. 
 
 This work was first published in 1833. That edi- 
 tion, though a very large one, (3000 copies,) has been 
 for some time exhausted, and the present publisher has 
 made arrangements with Dr. Beaumont to publish ano- 
 ther edition. 
 
 Of the merits of the work, it is not necessary, per- 
 haps, to speak. It has been for some years before the 
 scientific public, who are the best judges of its value. 
 That the author himself has seen no reason to change 
 the views and opinions he entertained in 1833, on 
 the question then brought into discussion, will be 
 sufficiently manifest when the reader is informed, that 
 this second is simply a reprint, with a few verbal cor- 
 jections, of the first edition. 
 
 But if the verdict of the press, both domestic and for- 
 eign, scientific and secular, is to be regarded as evidence 
 of tnerit and success^ the author has succeeded beyoi^ 
 his most sanguine expectations. To insert these eoB^tr 
 mendatory articles in detail would be to swell this 
 face to a volume. With a view, however, of sb< 
 the^estimation in which this work is held by thoi^ 
 entitled to judge, it will not be improper to make one or 
 two quotatioiu : A writer IRJ^ ** Journal of Medical 
 
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 q:^|i<^ni qMl^e work, soon ailnr iti {ttibli^ioo) thai the 
 aiii^of, '< b^ bjsen Qnahled to ^lettl^^jCoiiclusiTdly many 
 ]>omtS) which haye^hoen . ubjects of dii^ptat^, and to throw 
 veiycQqaiderable, light upon others in relation to which 
 Qiir views ^ero formerly v^gqe und confused)" and 
 *<that the report of jij^s (Dr.Bv's) e^rimentsandabsor* 
 vationa cons^titutes, unquestionably, in many particulars^ 
 t^e n^pst impoJttant woflc ever published pn the physiol- 
 ogy, of digestion," , . ■ 
 
 In a v^ork oi^ the; "Physiology of Digestion, conaider** 
 ed in relation to the principles of Dietetics," by "An^ 
 drew Combe, M, D., Fellow of the Royal College of 
 Physicians of Edinburgh, and Physician in Ordinary to 
 tlieir Majesties, th^ King and <4ueen of the Belgians," 
 a gentleman well known to the medical and scientific 
 woyld, as an author of much celebrity, the following no- 
 tice is taken of Dr. Beaumont's work. " In preparing 
 the present volume for the press," he says, " I have de- 
 rived the utmost advantage from a very valuable work, 
 by Dr, Beaumont, an American writer, which, though 
 scarcely know:n in this country,* contains an authentic 
 record of j^ome of the most curious and instructive ob- 
 servations which have ever been inac^e on the process of 
 digestion. That excellent and enlightened physiologist 
 had the rare good ifortune to meet with a case where an 
 artificial opening^ into the stomach existed through 
 which he could see every tiding that took place during 
 V the process 9^.healthy digestion; and with the most 
 ^disinterested ^^eaV an|d adinirable perseverance, l^e pro- 
 ceeded to avail himself of the opportunity thus afforded » 
 
 " - ■■^ " "' ! " ■» ■'■ ' ■ ■ I — ■ II ■ ( ■ MM . L ^aiMI M I W I I !■ M i I " ' ' — — ^>iii^— **— IMP— — |P— »^ 
 
 * Ihfote tbe tH>H( WM pabtliJil^il in Oreat Britiin! 
 
 
pnK^AHAL tb Tito «k6dMb KDition. 
 
 of adTanbffig huftttk' ktibwl^|i6, bf tinf^ing the pa- 
 tient, at hidavy ex|wnse, to lire with him foir several 
 feari, and be^ttotfthe subject of niiiherotiB aiid care^ly 
 condiietod exp^imientB. Ofthei^esultib thuk obtained, 
 I hUre hot scrupled to ibt&keiHe'Mst and hiOst ^mple 
 use; both because tfady illnstrate utmost ev^ry point of 
 importance connected with digestion, and because, from 
 Dr. Beaumont's \irork being still indceessible to the Brit- 
 ish reader, it is a bare act of justice towards him^ and 
 also the best way of fulfilling the objects he had in view, 
 to make its contents known as' wide as possible ; for, 
 whenever they are known, they will be aclrnowledged 
 to- redound to his- crisdit, and not I9SS as.a man than as 
 a philosopher."' In the prosecution of his work, Dr. 
 Combe has quoted nearly 50 pages of Dr. Beaumont's 
 work. After giving a briof history of the case, he says, 
 on page •91, ^'Dr. Beaumont was sensible of iid xralu^, 
 (the opportunity of experimenting)^ arid al^cordih^Iy 
 pursued! his inquiries with a zeal, perseverance and dis-^ 
 interestedness, I ghly creditable 1(6 i.ts character, both 
 as a manand asaphilosophfer.'* Again/oit^ag^ 93. "It 
 ought to be added^ in justicO tO tho AmeWcati physiolo- 
 gial, that, from the excellent judgfuent^'witfi Vhicli he' 
 carded on his investigationis, and thJ scnipuloUs care*^ 
 with whith hc^announces hl^ rfestilts, aii(^ separates facts 
 from thecHfyi it is'imposSiWo nttt tbli^ce great'confidence 
 bd^ln kis^ personal qu«ilificat!mis IS ah obderver^ ailtd^ 
 im the general accuracy of his statements. Moreo^r, 
 as he enjoyed 'the rire advantage of Ismw^ What he de- 
 scribfes'to ha!v^ t^.kenrplace hi the stoniiich'dttrin^ healttiy 
 dJc^istS^ hts'evidetlii^ coioi^ before us #ith the strong^ 
 estpO^ibte clap^vOfl^^ouif atti^ntioi^^^^ After giving a 
 somewhat detailecl account ol^ these experiments, Dr. 
 
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 8 
 
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND BDITIOM . 
 
 Combe says, page 1S9, " Such then are the phenomena 
 and conditions of healthy digestion, and such is the 
 
 "8*^^ ^^OTiVfS'^ l^W,,lWl^^^^^^ ^pnbliqitionof 
 the Amencan physlolb j^ist." 
 
 It must be gratifying to the author to know that his 
 work has been republished in Great Britain, Prance and 
 Gwwany ; a^ that it)ias .been extensively , read ^d 
 quoted, apdi8,i;©gar4ed, as the best aulhq^ty by all the 
 "WiBilprsontb©"S"bjepts,pf yrhich it treats. 
 
 The publisher, in ofejing tl^is new, and, as he be^ 
 ]mn^ ipipfove4 edit^bapf. Dr. Peaun^oxif s wprk tf>.4he 
 pwW^C^aUers hii»ip^lf;thatbP is nojro^ily promoting, the 
 interests <?f8ci^ifce„W,;f>y miakipg the r^^der acquamt^ 
 ed with^he laws t^t gpyerjpi the digestion of aliment, 
 and.giv^ng. him the, ii^fpmaUpn necessary to^enj3?lejvW 
 tQ »m^m^ huptfi^l agents in. -the selection qiW food," 
 tM he is, jn nPi.mftlj; *egree, subserving th^cause ot 
 
 h(u»ajai^;,iiA- • ''- ^^. •.• ; ■. 
 Burlirigtbn/ Vt* 18»17-. 
 
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 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 'The present age is prolific of works on physiology; 
 tHkfrefOrd in offering to the public another book relative 
 to an important branr^h of this science, it will perhapii 
 be necessary to assign my motives, 
 "^liey aire, first, a wish to comply with the repeated 
 and tirgeht solicitations of many medicel men who have 
 become partially acquainted with the facts and obser- 
 vations it is my intention to detail; n^pn, in whose 
 judgment I place confidence, and who have expressed 
 their conviction of the deep importance of the experi- 
 ments, the result of which I mean herewith to submit 
 to the public : secondly, (and it is that which maiiily 
 influences me,) my own firm conviction that medical 
 science will be forwarded by the publication. 
 
 I am fully aware of the importance of the subject 
 which these experiments are intended to illustrate, as 
 well in a pathological as in a physiological point of 
 view ; and I am therefore willing to risk the censure or 
 neglect of critics, if I may be permitted to cast my 
 mite into the treasury of knowledge, and to be the 
 means, either directly or indirectly, of subserving the 
 cause of truth, and ameliorating the condition of suf- 
 fering humanity. 
 
 I make no claim to originality in .my opinions, as it 
 respects the existence and operation of the gastric 
 Juice. My experiments confirm the doctrines (with 
 some modifications] taught by Spallan2UNI, and many 
 
 
ipi3»?7 -^™^ X '■vli*' . ■ ^ ^^np^^"^^. *' 
 
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 10 
 
 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 
 
 z"^ • 
 
 * of the most enlightened physiological writers. They 
 are experiments made in the true spirit of inquiry, sug- 
 gested by the very extraordinary case which gave me 
 an opportunity of making them. I had no particular 
 hypothesis to support ; and I have therefore honestly 
 recorded the result of ea^'h experiment e lactly as it 
 occurred. 
 
 • The read*'* will perceive some slight seeming discre- 
 pancies, which he may find it difficult to reconcile; 
 but he will recollect that the human machine is eridbwed 
 with a vitality which modifies its movements in different 
 states of the system, and probably produces som^ di- 
 versity of cifects from the same causes. 
 
 I had oppc|;tunities for the examination of the interior 
 of the stomach, and its secretions, which have never 
 before been so fiiUy offered to any one. This most im- 
 portant organ, its secretions^ and its operations, have 
 been submitted to my observation in a very extraordin- 
 •ary manner, in a state of perfect health, and for years in 
 succession. I have availed myself of the opportunity 
 afforded by a concurrence of bircumstances which prob- 
 ably can never again occur, with a zeal and perseve- 
 rance proceeding from motives which my conscience 
 approves ; and I now submit the result of ,my experi- 
 ments to an enlightened public, who I doubt no: will 
 duly .appreciate the truths discovered, and the confir- 
 mation of opinions which before rested on conjecture* 
 
 I submit a body of facts which cannot be invalidated. 
 My opinions may be doubted, denied, or approved, ac- 
 tcffding as they cpnflict or agree with the opinions of 
 each individual who may read them; but their worth 
 Witt be best determined by the foundation on which 
 they rest— the incontrovertible facts. 
 
■ '■■'", :^ry' 
 
 PR£FACB TO THE FIB8T EDITION. 
 
 11 
 
 I avail myself pf this opportunity to maice my grateM 
 apkno\irled^^ii;i,ents to Doctor Joseph Loyei^l, Surgeon 
 Oc^nei^f^lt, ofi^Q^ United States' Army, (to w^om I am 
 uio^^i ppliigt^^ons for personal kindness and official exer- 
 tions in affording facilities for prosecuting the experi- 
 ments ;}--to Professors Silliman, Knight, Ives and 
 Hubbard, of Yale College, Dunglison, of the Vir- 
 ginia University, and Sewall, Jones, Henderson 
 and HAiif, of Cblumbian College, for their unsolicited 
 frienclshipj for the interest which they have taken in 
 the es^peri^ents, and fp]^ the gquevous encouragement 
 which they have given to the proposed publication. 
 To Doctor Samuel Beaumont, of Plattsburgh, N. Y. 
 I ampartijeular^y indebted for the assistance which he 
 has rendered me in arranging and preparing my notes 
 fpi[ the pr^ss* 
 
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 ^«^»' 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 # 
 
 The experiments »vhich follow were commenced in 
 1826, and have been continued, with various interrap- 
 tions, to the present time, (1833.) The opportunity for 
 making them was afforded to me in the following way. 
 
 Whilst stationed at Michillimackinac, Michigan Ter- 
 ritory, in 1822, in the military service of the United 
 States, the following case of surgery came under my 
 care and treatment, 
 
 Alexis St. Martin, who is the subject of these ex- 
 periments, is a Canadian, of French descent, and was, 
 at the above mentioned time, about eighteen years of 
 age, of good constitution, robust and healthy. He had 
 been engaged in the service of the American Fur Com- 
 pany, as a voyugeur, and was accidentally wounded by 
 the discharge of a musket, on the 6th of June, 1822. 
 
 The charge, consisting of powder and duck shot, was 
 received in his left side, he being at a distance of not 
 more than one yard from the muzzle of the gun. The 
 contents entered posteriorly, and in an oblique direc- 
 tion, forward and inward, literally blowing off thS in- 
 teguments and muscles for several inches in circumfer- 
 ence, fracturing and carrying away the anterior half of 
 the sixth rib, fracturing the fifth, larcerating the lower 
 
 ■■"■<* 
 
 
14 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ■i *« 
 
 portion of the left lobe of the lungs, as well as the dia- 
 phragm on the left side and perforating the stomach. 
 
 The whole mass of materials forced from the mus- 
 ket, together with fragments of clothing and pieces of 
 fractured ribs, was driven into the muscles and cavity 
 of the chest. 
 
 I saw him in twenty-five or thirty minutes after the 
 accident occurred, and, on examination, found a por- 
 tion of the lung, as large as a Turkey's egg, protruding 
 through the external wound, lacerated and burnt ; and 
 immediately below this, another protrusion, which, on 
 further examination, proved to be a portioitof the stom- 
 ach, lacerated through all its coats, and pouring out 
 the food he had taken for his breakfast, through an ori- 
 fice large enough to admit the fore finger. 
 
 In attempting to retun% the protruded portion of the 
 lung, I was prevented by a sbaip point of the fractured 
 'l^b, over which it h- d caught by its membranes; but 
 % raising it with m, finger, and clipping off the point 
 of the vib, I waa Mt . return it into its proper cavity, 
 though it "could not be retained there, on account of the 
 inoesfBHiit efibits to oougbi. 
 
 The |«>jectitag pbrtioa of the stomach was nearly as 
 large tie ihatef the lung; E passed through the lacer- 
 ated diaphragm and external woand, mha^ktg the food 
 il^ith thd l^ciody mudtts bte^^isi £rom the longs. 
 r After deaniing the wound ttHtt ^e ehsfge and oth^ 
 extraneous mtctc^r, find leplodBf^e stomaeh and h]iig<s 
 as far as praotieabl9| I i^pltM the«n^X}»BlBd^ fonnen^ 
 mgfx)ultice, and^kept the BUiioiindiiig psrti oimstaiitly 
 wet with a lotion «f miiriate of mkattSBiift andvmegar ; 
 und^gave intemally ^ aq* ftoet.nD.iinA icamph<«, in 
 libenil" ^tiantities. ■ '«.-i m''m>s0immii ssttto - 
 
 ;*y 
 
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 INTRODUCTIOJf. 
 
 IS 
 
 Under this treatment a strong reaction took place in 
 about twenty-four hours, accompanied with high arte- 
 rial excitement, fever, and marked symptoms of inflam- 
 mation of the lining membranes of the chest and abdo- 
 men, great difficulty of breathing, and distressing cough. 
 
 He was bled to the amoimt of eighteen or twenty 
 ounces, and took a cathartic. The bleeding reduced 
 the arterial action, and gave relief. The cathartic had 
 no effect, as it escaped from the stomach through the 
 wound. 
 
 On the 5th day a partial sloughing of the integu- 
 ments and muscles took place. Some of the protruded 
 portions of the Ijang, and lacerated parts of the stomach, 
 also eloughed, and-left a perforation into the stomach, 
 plainly to be seen, large enough to admit the whQ]« 
 length'fof my five-finger into its cavity ; and alap n 
 pftflsage iBto the lolieyt, half as large as my ^ -^^^0. 
 tag to .view a pail of Ihe jiung, and^permitting 1^a/il# 
 , escape of ftir and l;doQ4y x^ucus^at^yery iei^i];a|ifl|i^%v^ 
 
 rik 'Violent lever caDtanueii for ten dayi^ irunmag iiiti» 
 • typhoid 4ype, and lbi» woinni become very fcetid.. 
 
 On the eleventh day, a mor^xtensive 9]0^ghing to^l^ 
 plae^vthe ^brik symgifiOfm auhaided, and the "^^i^le 
 eur^M^of thewound^aasuineda^hsal^y andgi»nul% 
 liog i^^peavafiee. 
 
 Fof aeveiHeeQ idftys, aU Ihat enticed his stomach bf 
 thU'CBdophagiis, soon passed oiH thiough the womid; 
 •nd die only way of sMsfaMBwig ton was by means of 
 nutrioiflus ii^eotioiis, iintfl^ oentpi^esses and adhesive 
 stfapS^coald be applied saasito letainhis iood, Su»- 
 isg/diisfeiiod fio akrine eraonatiops cenld be obtain- 
 ed, altbeBgh catiiartic i^jsotlons were giwm, and tsi^ 
 «w other mesas were adopted to proiaote them. 
 
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 16 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 * 
 
 In n, few days after firm dressings were applied, 'and* 
 the contents of llie stomach retained, the bowels be- 
 came gradually excited, and, with the aid of cathartic 
 injections, a very hard, black, footid stool was procured, 
 followed by several similar ones ; after which the 
 bowels became quite regular, and continued so. 
 
 The cataplasms were continued until the sloughing 
 was completed, and the granulating process fully es- 
 tablished ; and were afterwards occasionally resorted 
 to, when the wound became ill conditioned. The aq. 
 acet. am. with camphor was also continued for several 
 weeks, in proportion to the febrile symptoms, and the 
 fcBtid condition of the wound. 
 
 No sickness, nor unusual irritation of the stomach, 
 not even the slightest nausea, was manifest during the 
 le time ; and after the fourth week, the appetite 
 good, digestion regular, the alvine evacuations 
 l1, and all the functions of the system perfect and 
 thy. 
 ly the adhesion of the sides of the protruded por« 
 
 »ns of the stomach to the pleura costalia and the ex- 
 ternal wound, a free exit was afforded to the contents 
 of that organ, and effusion into the abdominal cavity 
 was thereby prevented. 
 
 Cicatrization and contraction of the external wound 
 commenced on the fifth week; the stomach became 
 nqore firmly attached to the pleura and intercostals, by 
 its external coats ; but showed not the least disposition 
 to close its orifice ; this (the orifice) terminated as if by 
 a natural boundary, and left the perforation resem- 
 bling, in all but a sphincter, the natural ftouA, with a 
 slight prolapsus. 
 ^ Whenever the woimd was dressed the contents of 
 
 ' '*'^- '^"t^'i. 
 
 <?;• 
 
TirrRODUCTtOII. 
 
 the ttomaeh woid4 iow out, in propotUon to the qmty' 
 *itY recently taken. If the stomaeti hafvpened to be 
 «mpty, or nearly so, a partial inveraion wovld take 
 place, unleee pievented by the application of the finger. 
 Frequently in consequence of the derangement of the 
 dressing, the inverted part would be found as large as 
 ahoa'segg. No difficulty, however, wae experienced 
 . in reducing it by gentle pressure with the 'finger, or a 
 sponge wet with cold . water^ neither of which produced 
 the leant pain. 
 
 In the^eeventh week) exfoliatipn ef the ribe, and a 
 ^8epamtioB: of their* d^lagiaons ends, began to take 
 place. 
 
 , fThe aiaE^ rib was d^uded of itaperiosteum for aboi:: 
 two inches fiom^thf^. £raotured part, so that I was obli^- 
 ged to amputate i^ral^ut, three or four inches irom^ 
 artiGulatieavWith^tbafv9pme«« Thip { accomplisl 
 t^eseotMig^y jaacl^ thev^iiiiieK^f^} >ee$^iirittg the interc 
 artery, and sawing off the bone with a rery fine 
 ^sam rm^if>i^<^9iiffJi^^ the HI 
 
 "m^m^ msmMi^^m rHealtbyl 
 
 granulationa 9C¥3n af9m!^ail4^f<iMPle4 i9QunfiUy over 
 
 the?a«9putaie4>«!n4- 1 
 
 fi&h rib exfoliated,, an 
 
 of the 
 
 ;* * 
 
 .Mi. 'K' 
 
 of bonei I attempt- 
 
 g^er 
 
 f^yii^^i r - ^Mi ^i i iaff'^tifcifr^ WQIIP4., wa9aa^ 
 
 l«ftfi^^i(#MlM^l^ft|ii4:t|ii^#^ ill lliealosa^ neaj^ 
 
 Mm <ihnwn|(oa%lhis toth^ of th€ylfi|^UIiljB^r^ 
 
 ;jlki4riii»|.l^^ and 
 
 2* 
 
 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 1x3 
 
M. , 
 
 
 » 
 
 nrTRomndrioK; 
 
 K'j»f 
 
 
 f» v.. 
 
 I^^^i 
 
 v^' 
 
 teat of Imt, &ttod to the shape and. size of ^le perfbnlt' 
 tion, and confined there by adhesive btraps*. 
 
 After trying all the means in my power for eight or 
 ten months to close the orifice, by excithigiulhesbreJn- 
 flammation in the lips of the wound, without .the least 
 appearance of success, I gave it up as ^ impracticable in 
 any othei way than that of incising and/ bringing 
 them together by sutures ; an operation to which, the 
 patient would not submit. 
 
 ^ By the sloughing of the injured portion of the lung^ 
 a cavity was left as large as a common sized teacup, 
 ^on» which continued a copious dischange of pus for 
 llhree months. It then, became filled, with healthy granu- 
 lations, firmly adhering to the pleura, and;h«alecU 
 
 Four months after the iiajury was received) an abscess 
 formed about two inches below the wound, neairly ovdr 
 ^MKpartilaginous ends oLthe first and second false ribs, 
 ir0iy paiitful, and extremely sore, producing v^ioleat 
 symptomatic fever. On Uie application of an emolUent 
 poultice it pointed externally^ ^Itwas thei^ laid i«^n 
 |tf .the e^Ltent of 4hre&4nohe8, and several- shot atid 
 f)ieces of wad were extracted./' rAf ter. which a gunk- 
 ^[ibtstic bougie could be. introduced three on ibc^ inches 
 iii4he longitudmal direction of t^e eibSf > tow^s the 
 «pine. Great pain and. soreness extended from tip 
 xppening of the abscess, along the trnpt of the cartiJagoii- 
 ous iends of iher false ribs, towards^ the ^pijie, with^ &/»0f 
 fiious discharge. fnm the sinus. ./ 
 
 i>ilii£ve orsixidays^ftoartilage) onedncbinleBfth^ in#i^ 
 or seven days more^ another, an inch and a half l(»igytand 
 in aboErt thevsaiiieleiijB^of Ume, a4biidf4wo«ic h eg J ki ng , 
 ^*weiret4«Kbi»;ged. And tshey conUnued to com&away 
 i|vti|r five opaj^^day^iiinitil jfive Wfsre dpohiurged iopm 
 
 ■ . Ai- 
 
 y 
 
 
f 1 iJf i*ilj|!ilf w i^J iJi "iPjJff 
 
 IMTRODUCTION. 
 
 t» 
 
 the same opening, the last three inches in length. They 
 were all entire, and evidently separate from the false 
 ribs. 
 
 The discharge, pain and irritation, during the four or 
 five weeks these cartilages were working out, greatly 
 reduced the strength of the patient, produced a general 
 febrile habit, and arrested tho healing process of the 
 original wound. 
 
 Directly after the discharge of the last cartilage, in- 
 flammation commenced over the lower end of the ster- 
 num, which, by the usual applications, terminated in 
 a few days ipi . a large abscess, and from whiph, by 
 laying it open two inches, I extracted another cartilage, 
 three inches in length. The inflamation then abated ; 
 and in a day or two another piece came away, and the 
 discharge subsided. 
 
 To support the patient under all these debilitating 
 circumstances, I administered wine, with diluted mu- 
 riatic acid, and thirty or forty drops of the ^•▼^cture of 
 • assafoBtida, three times a day; which appeared to pro- 
 duce the desired effect, and very much improved the 
 condition of the wound. 
 
 On the third of January, 1823, I extracted anoth^ 
 cartilage from the opening over the sternuni; an in^ 
 and a half long ; and on the fourth another,* two inches 
 «nd a half in. length, an inch broad at one end, and 
 less than half an inch at the other. This must have 
 been the ensiform cartilage of the sternum. After this 
 the sinus closed, and there was no return of inflam- 
 mation. 
 
 From the month of April, 1323, at which time he 
 had so f&i recovered as to be able to walk about and do 
 lightwork,, eiijpying, his usual good appetite and digea- 
 
 '\!1. 
 
 ""^Hiy\ 
 
 i' 
 
 _/ 
 
 ifc«i^ 
 
'r^ •!■« J 
 
 w^^ 
 
 m 
 
 INTAObVOVtOlt 
 
 t 
 
 if- 
 
 
 lioiii h« oonliniMd with me, rapidly regainlnihii heftltk 
 «nd itrangth. 
 
 Bf the 6th of June, 1883, one year fVom the time of 
 the tooident, the itemed parti were all eound, and firm- 
 ly cicatritedi with the exception of the aperture in the 
 •lomaoh and tide. Thie continued much in the lame 
 eituation aa it waa aix weeke after the wound wai re* 
 ceived. The perforation wfti about two and aiid a half 
 inchee in oiroumferenoo, and the food and drinks con- 
 stantly exuded, unices prevented by a tent, oompresi 
 and bandage. 
 
 From this time he continued gradualdy to improve 
 in health and strength, and tho newly formed integu* 
 menis over the wound became firmer and firmer. At 
 the point where the lacerated edges of the muscular 
 coat of the stomach and intercostal muscles met and 
 uniited with the cutis vero, the cuticl9 of the external 
 8U|$iLce aud the intwrnal mem6r(me of the stomach 
 ojilirottcAeti each other very nearly. They did notunitey 
 like those of the lips, uo8e,d&c., but lefl an- intermediate*^ 
 tnaisiual apace, of appreciable breadth, completely su^ 
 funding the aperturo. , This space is about a line wide \ 
 the cutis and nervous papUlas are uuprotected, and 
 ^l^ensible, auidiirritab^ as a blistered surface, abraded 
 the cuticle. This condition of the^partf, still poo* 
 lues, ^and, constitutes the paincipal >an4^lmost only 
 cause 9f pp^aor distress, experienced froniU^e continue 
 anise of, ihf) jipjirmio^ tllie*/nt^uctiouvo£inatrumenta^ . 
 ^iik in tiNs expeiiments, or the exudatHMi of ^uids firona 
 tha,ga^tr^jjavit|?., ,„,^. ,. ..,.., ... .M.^r- 
 Fxequent dressinga n^th soft compresses and bi^da» 
 ges wsio* aeos88arily,appl)fid, to relieye his suffering 
 
 f'S*- 
 
 
 ^^1 
 
^ 
 
 INTKODUCTIOW. 
 
 81 
 
 "ni^ 
 
 At this timo, a nninll fold or dj^iMIng of llio conts of 
 tliu Mloinacli nppranMl at tli(> HU|MM'ior Iuar^in of ttio ori- 
 dee nliglitty protruding, niid iiinronning till it fiilod thn 
 apprtnro, w ns to Rii[)orsodo thn iiocc^Nsity of the cotn- 
 prcNN niid bandagn for rotaitiing Iho ootitonts of tho 
 Nlonmrh. This valvidar formation adaptod itsnlf] to 
 the accidontal oriflno so as complotcly to prc^votit tho 
 efflux of tho gastric contonts when tho stomach was 
 full, hut was easily depressed with the finger. 
 
 In tho spring of 1824 ho liad perfectly recovered his 
 natural heidth and strongtlj ; tho aperture remained ; 
 and tho surrounding wound was firmly cicatrized to its 
 edges. 
 
 In tho month of May, 1825, I commenced my first 
 series of gastric experiments on him, at Fort Makinac, 
 Michigan Territory. In tho month of June following, I 
 was ordered to Port Niagara, N. Y. whore, taking the 
 man with me, I continued my experiments until August 
 Part of those experiments were published in 1826, in 
 the 29th number of the Philadelphia 'Medical Recorder,' 
 conducted by Dr. Samuel Oalhoun. Al)out this time, 
 (August, 1826) I took St. Martin with me to Burlington, 
 Vt. and from thence to Plattburgh, N. Y. From the latt 
 place, he returned to Canada, his native place, withou 
 obtaining my consent 
 
 Being unable to ascertain the place of his resort, I 
 gave him up as a lost sulject for physiological experi- 
 ments, and returned to my post at the west again. I 
 did not, however, remit my efforts to obtain information 
 of his place of residence and of the condition of the 
 wound. 
 
 He remained in Canada four years, during which 
 period he mairied, and became the father of two cbil- 
 
 % . 
 
 ''*Vffi 
 
 *t 
 
PMiipi^iiJllPi' ii»,f 1^ 
 
 22 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 
 -si 
 
 dren ; worked hard to support his family ; and enjoyed 
 robust health and strength. In 1825, as he has informed 
 me, he engaged with the Hudson Bay Fur Company, as 
 a voyageur to the Indian country, ,Ho went out in 1827, 
 and returned in 18!lB; and subsequently labored hard 
 to support his family until 1829. 
 
 Accidentally learning about this time where he resided, 
 and that he enjoyed perfect health, I m»»de arrange- 
 ments with the agents of the American Fur Company, 
 who annually ;-isit Canada for the purpose of procuring 
 voyageurs, to find and engage him for my service, if 
 practicable. After considerable difficulty, and at great 
 expense to me, they succeeded in engaging him, and 
 transported him from Lower-Canada, with his wife a. . 
 two children, to me, at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chion, 
 Upper Mississippi, a distance of nearly two thousand 
 miles, ip August, 1829. His stomach and side were in 
 the same condition as when he left me in 1825. Tht 
 aperture was open, atid his health good. 
 
 He now entered my serdce, and I commenced an* 
 other series of experitoents on the stomach and gastric 
 fluids, and continued them, interruptedly, ixntll March, 
 1831. During this time, in the intervals of experinient- 
 ing,^ he performed all iSste duties of a common servanti 
 chopping wood, carrying burthens, A^. with little or 
 no suffering or inconvefnience from his wouiid. He la- 
 boured constantly, became the father of mare children, 
 and etqoyed as good health and as much vigor as men 
 in general. He subsisted on cmde food, in abundant 
 quantities, except w4ieti on prescribed diet for pwrticvi- 
 lar experimental purposes, and under special observ* 
 imoe; 
 
 la iSb» spring of 1831 circumstances made it expect 
 
 ■■? 
 
 %. 
 
\ . 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 S3 
 
 fnt for him to return with his family from Prairie dii 
 Chien to Lower Canada again. I relinquished his en- ' 
 ^agements to me for the time, on a promise that he 
 would return when required, and gave him an outfit for 
 himself, wife and children. They -started in an open 
 canoe, via the Mississippi, passing by St. Louis, Mo. ; 
 ascended the Ohio river ; then crossed the state of Ohio, 
 to the Lakes ; and descended the Erie, Ontario, and the 
 River St. Lawrence, to Montreal, where they arrived in 
 J'Qe. He remained in Canada with his family until 
 C /ober, 1832, in good health, and at hard labor. He 
 was in the midst of the cholera epidemic, at the time 
 it prevailed and passed through Canada, and withstood 
 its ravages with impunity, while hundreds r round him 
 fell sacrifices to its fatal influence. 
 
 In November, 1832, he again engaged himself to me 
 for twelve months, for the express purpose of submit- 
 ting to another series of experiments. He joined me at 
 Plattsburgh, N. Y., and travelled with me to the city of 
 Washington, where, with the facilities affo>rded by the 
 head of the Medical Department, the experiments were 
 continued upon him from November, 1832, to March, 
 
 183%r 
 
 During the whole of these periods, from the spring of ^ 
 1824 to the present time, he has eryoyed general good^ 
 health, and perhaps sufTeied much less from disease 
 than is common to men of his age r.nd circumstances 
 in life. He has bqen athletic and vigorous, exercising, 
 eating and drinking like other healthy and active peo^ 
 pie. For the last four months, he has been unusually 
 plethoric and robust, though rmstantly subjected to a 
 series of experiments on the interior of the stomach ; 
 allowing to be introduoed'or taken out at the aperture 
 
 ^■'^''M.i.i 
 
 
 A'-i": 
 
 ^„_ 
 
"% 
 
 24 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 different kinds of food, drinks, elastic catheters, ther- 
 mometer tubes, gastric juice, chyme, &c., almost daily, 
 and sometimes hourly. 
 
 Such have been this man's condition and circum- 
 stances for several years past ; and he now enjoys the 
 most perfect health and constitutional soundness, with 
 every function of the system in full force and vigor. 
 
 Mode of Extracting the Gastric Juice. 
 
 The usual method of extracting the gastric juice, for 
 experiment, is by placing the subject on his right side, 
 depressing the valve within the aperture, introducing a 
 gum-elastic tube, of the size of a large quill, five or 
 six inches into the stomach, and then turning him on 
 the left side, until the orifice becomes dependent. In 
 health, and when free from food, the stomach is iistLal- 
 ly entirely emrity, and contracted upon itself. On in- 
 troducing the tube, the fluid soon begins to flow, first 
 by drops, then in an interrupted, and sometimes in a 
 short continuous stream. Moving the tube about, up 
 and down, or backwards and forwards, increases the 
 discharge. The quantity of fluid ordinarily obtained 
 is from four drachms to one and a half or two ounces, 
 Vvarying with the circumstances and condition of the 
 stomach. Its extraction is generally atteno^ by that 
 peculiar sensation at the pit of the stomach, termed 
 sinking, with some degree of faintness, which renders 
 it sometimes necessary to stop the operation. The usual 
 tiitie of extracting the juice is early in the morning, be- 
 fore he has eaten, when the stomach is empty and clean* 
 On laying him horizontally on his back, pressing the 
 hand upon the hepatic region, agitating a little, and at 
 
 ::t 
 
'f- 
 
 INTROOVCTlOlf. 
 
 99 
 
 the same'time turning him to the left side, bright yel- 
 low bile appears to flow freely through the pyloruS) 
 and passes out through the tube. Sometimes it is found 
 mixed with the gastric juice, independent of this mani- 
 pulation. This is, however, seldom the case, unless it 
 has been excited by some other cause, , 
 
 The chymous fluids are easily taken out by depress- 
 ing the valve within the aperture, laying the hand over 
 the lower part of the stomach, shaking a little, and 
 pressing upwards. In this manner, any quantity ne- 
 t;cssary for examination and experiment can be ob- 
 tained. * 
 ^ ^vl'tt/i^e— *The vdlve mentioned above, is formed by a 
 slightly inverted ^itlon of the inner coats of the stoni- 
 'a0h, fitted exadiiy'to' the aperture. Its principal and 
 most external atflichment is at the u|^ and posteribr 
 ^edge bf the dpdrting.' ; its free portion haings pendulous, 
 and i^ls- the apfa^' when the^«tomieeh is Ml, aod 
 ^l%s tipandilti^, simultaneously wilh the respiiRUoi^ 
 ^itm9(i^e^^''i;rh^ viM oi^gfain' i# empi^^ y- '^ ^ 
 K jdn |)^s8i^ d^^nr^lhe t4lve whciiii the stomach is fuH, 
 
 m^\^riX^f^^ '^When the^stdifeaeh is 
 
 enifty';i^tiH' quiyicl^.t,:tht>5^teribr of the cavity 
 'tt>hf Ife %^ lb thbdepth of ive-Of 4lix-inohe8,. 
 ^l^|>t;^8lt^(!^H%ra^tiflci^^ thelbod^lii^ 
 
 krihkSB*m# te'sei^ 
 %n^, thrbugft tie rMg bf the iRisoiihs^U^ 
 tion^ thrill thi:wl^ll#^ o^ the -s«omBaeh, ' is ftboul^ t'hl^ 
 ifijs^S to thii'MI^ of ^ cardia, n€»r the leib ^ Mptti^r 
 ^rmittatioh of tlie!0^citrv^liJre.i Wwii^mirely^B^ 
 t%, Itit9 stom^&ieo^^ upon 'itSeH; «^ 4K)metiiii*8 
 "^IditsfeS^he i^aite tfiro«ihr:ihdo^ei,^^^^l^ i^n 
 
 3 
 
 ^*r'f.ji&. 
 
 4^^' 
 
 ,■ tm^'-n 
 
 f 
 
 -\i 
 
^iJi'liiWW"/'*'' ii^i'ii'Jmi-iwiii II y 
 
 HjTft0t)tTCTl6N. 
 
 
 *"'—.• 
 
 comes completely inverted, and forms a tumour as large 
 as a hen's egg. After lying on the left side, and sld«p- 
 ing a few-'lopurs, a still larger portion protrudes, atid 
 spreads oui o^rer the external integuments, for five dr 
 six inchesijiil circumference, fairly exhibiting the natu- 
 ral rugiB, villous membrane, and mucous coat, lining the 
 gastric cavity. This appearance is almost invariably 
 exhibited in the morning, before rising from his bed. 
 
 Plattsburgh, 1833. 
 
 -V '^~ 
 
 
 rtlW|f5 '•.jit '|,)5 f'lt'tt ' 
 
 a*li #t.h 
 
 iHI%*fHi ^liil? '' 
 
 ■- f^«»r*-- ■!-■. .' f- . 
 
 UsAjmu \^kitmM >' 
 
 .*iy ■ 'tr,.H i^.f_- 
 
 
 
 ^■#^-**%. 
 
»n(* 
 
 innJ|ippiiqTii9% 
 
 « 
 
 
 This engraving represents the ordinary appearance 
 of the left breast and side, the aperture filled with the 
 valve ; the subject in an erect position. 
 
 AAA The circumference and edge of the aperture, 
 within which is seen the valve. 
 
 B The attachment of the valvular portion of the 
 stomach to the superior part of the aperture. 
 
 C The nipple. ' 
 
 D The anterior portion of the breast. 
 B The scar where the opening was made with the 
 scalpel, and the cartilages taken out. 
 
 P P P F Cicatrice of the original wound, around 
 the aperture. 
 
 •VM^r- 
 
 

 
 19 
 
 LOI 
 
 HI 
 
 jfT-*-«*ji« '■•■ t' ,r 
 
 
 .'■i! 
 
 J 
 
 -V 
 
 Xmw 
 
 ' -"'An 
 - Ij lo oohl/i^iD H af a a 
 
 •>* 
 
^w 
 
 iSis engrating represents the appearance of th« 
 t^iertare with the valve depressed. 
 
 AAA pdges of the aperture through the integu- 
 m^ and intercostal^ on the inside and around which w 
 ^mm of the la^raited e^s (^ 
 
 ^|th|he int^rcostaUand skin. 
 
 , 1^? ^*y ^ ^ stomich, when tlie Vali^ :ia 
 
 17 
 
 € ;^RW%*pw^ tile oavityof the stonuw*. 
 
 Il |:E if Cicatrice of the originat wound. 
 
 -.jliiJSiii ^' "i^'^ ^4:*^ j- ■ , f., - . ^ ...-■. 
 
 ,: ^i^-tm 
 
 r 
 
 ■v< 
 
 &#-■ *s. 
 
 <*- V ^ 
 
 '« ^ ' 
 
 13 
 
 *f 
 
 ^^&i.,; 
 
 »s« '■ 
 
m 
 
 naiT:»^aouTUt 
 
 ■^■j-' 
 
 r■^^^• 
 
 
 70 
 
 ^ 
 
 ub y> itn^Hvm^fiiai tdJ '1070 ^jio bamqa btm M^mai 
 *«!J lo «|f>f>3 laani arfi lo se^tn to ablo*? A A A A A 
 
 i^: ^ ... 
 
 «■«" 
 
 ' '^ jj- ' 
 
 ,!»■•■*"'• \' 
 

 V^'. 
 
 tlTTftODUCTlOir. 
 
 k- 
 
 3i 
 
 Thw wpaTing reprewnti 8 portfon of the stomach 
 ^P^ *f«8»' «» apertme, with the inner .iirfaee 
 
 •Wwted, and .pwad out over' the integuments of the 
 Slue. ' • ■ 
 
 -^^1,^^^ ^*^^^^ rag® of the inner coats of the 
 stcnnach. 
 
 B B B B InteisUces, fiUed with mucous substance. 
 
 .^1 
 
 Ci^ 
 
 ':7^. 
 
 jws Vat* i^ 
 
 

 <;*> t*,,'' -.y/ .) ■» ) M^ / 
 
 ?«»«*|,^.V^.^ 
 
 ;W-» 
 
 (I 
 
 ^'^^Av^aBfio yiri.>?mimrr 
 
 
 
 'i<^; 
 
 .; .''. ,r , 
 
 ■'■■■ '■'^■V' r. 
 
 
 
 )«' 
 
 ■ ■■ ■/ , filial 
 
 ■ ; ■■ ■ • ' :■■ 'n)ii-^„a 
 
 ''^"": -.v^.L' •-.<«, v.ii.,„ ■„,.„, i, ■ •■'•■'"'■"'"'•qt* «%mfa a 
 .. tlr. 1* «> awtoTDftih rf.j,„ ,,^ «^ ,^~:* 
 
 
« 
 
 •^* 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 I do not design, in the following remaks, to present 
 a systematic treatise on digestion. Works of this 
 kind, investigating the subject both physiologically and 
 pathologically, have so multiplied of late, as to render 
 any attempt on my part, entirely a work of supereroga- 
 tion, even if I believed myself qualified for the task. 
 I consider myself but a humble inquirer after truth — 
 a simple experimenter. And if I have been led to con- 
 clusions opposite to the opinions of many who have been 
 considered the great luminaries of physiology, ^ and, in 
 some instances, from all the professors of this science, 
 I hope the claim of sincerity will be conceded to me, 
 when I say that such difference of opinion has been 
 forced upon me by the convictions of experiment, and, as 
 I think, the fair deductions of reasoning. 
 
 I shall not attempt an anatomical description of the 
 organs of digestion, for the reasons given above. In a 
 work professedly elementary, such descriptions are 
 essential The medical profession are acquainted with 
 these organisms. The general reader, if he have a 
 wish for information of this kind, is referred to anatom- 
 ical authors generally, or to the physiological writings 
 of Richerand, Broussais, Magendie, Bostock, Fordyce, 
 Paris, Jackson and Dunglison, the last of which, as 
 containing the sum of what has been taught in the 
 
 <»1 
 
 

 
 4tij0 ^ 
 
 34 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 schools on the subject of physiology generally, arranged 
 in a clear and distinct mannet, and with the assistance 
 of numerous plates, is well worthy his perusal. 
 
 With a view to comment on my experiments, and 
 to elucidate my opinions on the subject of digestion, 
 I shall divide my observations into the following 
 heads : — 
 
 Section 1st. Of Aliment. Section 2d. Of Hunger 
 and Thirst. Section 3d. Of Satisfaction (jind Sai^yety. 
 Section 4th. Of Masticationy Insa,livati(fn and deglu- 
 tition. Section 5th. Of Digesti&n by the ^Gastricju ice. 
 Section Cth. Cf the {.ppearance of t^c Villous Coat) and 
 of the Motions of the Stomach, Section 7th. Of Chyli- 
 f cation, and Uses of the Bile and Pancreatic Juice. 
 
 ,%:, 
 
 r. ■■*■■. 
 
 \Wfftm 
 
 <.f^- 
 
 ,*■ . 
 
*• % 
 
 
 jMPttrriLYVitMio 
 
 ^m 
 
 t ' 
 
 »*<i#l« 
 
 rf- 
 
 »ilt (I" 
 
 
 'If im 
 
 SECTION 1. 
 
 OF ALIMENT. 
 
 Man is said to bo an omnivorotis animal, destined to 
 procure his food from both the animal and vegetable 
 kingdoms. The inhabitant of temperate climates is url- 
 questionably so. It would be interesting to ascertain 
 by experiment whether he could be sustained by habit, 
 from infancy, exclusively on the productions of either 
 of these grand divisions. If the result should bo favor- 
 able to the demonstration of this proposition, though it 
 might still more unsettle the opinions of physiologists, it 
 would be an evidence of this truth, that man is a crea- 
 ture of habit and circumstance, carrying about him the 
 effects of primeval disobedience, destined not only to 
 earn his food by his own exertions, but to partake of 
 such as the climate in which he resides may supply to 
 him. Appfoximating to this are the habits of people of 
 different quarters of the world — those of Asia, who live 
 almost exclusively on vegetable and farinaceous food, 
 and those of the northern regions of America, who de- 
 rive their food principally firom fish, oil and flesh. 
 
 Other substances have sometimes been used as ali- 
 ment ; and Professor Dunglison mentions, on the au- 
 thority of Humboldt, that the Ottomaques, a tribe of 
 Indians of South America, are ii? the habit of using 
 "an unctions earth, or a species of pipe clay," as an ar- 
 
 
k^ ^ 
 
 if.' 
 
 m 
 
 PRKLIMliriM aAMiVATioirt. 
 
 tide oflA^t.' Th&tinitriimntf'can b» 'ftopfrtM hf tmk 
 
 jneahs iiloii6, ill llhlij^; extremely pM^Mttiatkah^NMI 
 
 .ihajwtnfhl sefistttldnof htit)|g«rffttybe Mlliiyea bf to» 
 
 iroclufsfng "^ipe day,'' or ixtif other subittoice,' wlMthtt 
 
 iiutrlciotls idif bth^vise; that ejc^^itea the tt^tioiy •! ito 
 
 gastric yess^Is, and stimulated th^ni' to dtodMifg^tMr 
 
 conteiits, is highly probable. In all ^6nfitr9es, peiMmi 
 
 roay bo foutid who are in the instant habit of eating 
 
 Iar|e qtiahthtes of d^y, chalk; sliJite sVone, 4tc. 0ikIi 
 
 practices may fee regafddd as eVid^incie, if not of a dii^ 
 
 ^ji8ed[,'at1esist of a vitiated A^^tite; ttiongh it often 
 
 ^m)'eris that alkaline and Hbeorbeht liibstsncoe ar^ Uied 
 
 medi^iriallyWith advantfeg^, t«ni(siilarlyiirher« inttcll 
 
 i&^itf of the stomach JjrovallB. r>i]T 
 
 ^ kiii r^p^^ts the ihhdbitanfir of Enrope^aoci tfaehr 
 
 Aml^iC^h delcendant^, as 'Well' ks most other natives ^ 
 
 i^^toeritfe bliifn'iites, it is wMl' Irftown ihat 1^6^^ dtoil* 
 
 ^^A!if ^n6ttrishii«ittt {iot^ bdth the aniAaal atid'vegetaWt 
 
 hiifadlity Of digestion Of different knict«t of dtat 
 ^jie (jnahti^ Of litJtrierit'pHlwi^li*^ which' th^iicfli- 
 IkHkavii b^^ii 'stiBgefets of fiia^^^di^ifepfeiil^^ 
 a^iSi^ pftji^i^6§fists. They'lWtir,-'Jio»wfeverj? settlei 
 Wvth iMWh^idfj i)t6biibif rf«j»1rteal^tM"'lrWli «fl^hw- 
 ti^able; that '^inal fbod iV jh^tr feadiiy ^siimi^^ 
 atid Ufibrdi ii^t% nUtHtion< in- ^ given qimntky, tibift 
 vePSible or iariiiiicebtte'i^d;*^^ • « ^i >n ' ; ^ 
 
 ' jMM m^h^^ ten'f&iVfided Intd fibiSti^^ felatiifi 
 andfi^ftuyh; airid U ^ihp^rmidti'^^m^miiAeh 
 
 TOi^ioll 6f iViliiiarfdbd: botl^^ 
 
 if- 
 
 
"i?i;;i-,-JT.' 
 
 '\* 
 
 OP ALIMENT. 
 
 10 a correct conclusion. The truth is, there can be no 
 general rule on this subject. The facility of digestion 
 is modified by so many circumstances, as health, dis- 
 ease, idiosyncracy, habit, and preparation of food, that 
 a rule which would apply in one case would be incor- 
 rect in another. It depends more upon other distinc- 
 tions than upon those relating to the chemical composi- 
 tion of the food. Albumen, (one of th'?f e chemical divi- 
 sions,) if taken into the stomach, either very sligbtly or 
 not at all coagulated, is perhaps asi rapidly chymified 
 as any article of diet we possess. If perfectly formed 
 into hard coaguiue, by heat or otherwise, and swalt^ 
 lowed in large solid pieces, it experiences a very pro- 
 tracted digestion. The reason is obvious. In the first 
 case the albumen becomes finely coagulated, and divid- 
 ed in the stomach ; in the second, it is less susceptible 
 of subdivision from its hardness. Fibrine and gelatine 
 are affected in the same way. If tender and finely 
 divided, they ».re disposed of readily ; if in large and 
 solid masses, digestion is oroportionably retarded. Mi- 
 nuteness of division and t idemess offibia are the two 
 grand essentials for speedy and easy digestion. By re- 
 ferring to my experiments, it will be seen that those ar- 
 ticles of diet which were submitted to the action of the 
 gastric juice, either artificially, when out of the stom- 
 ach, or in the stomach, by natural process, were dis- 
 solved in proportion to the fineness of their division or 
 their solidity — the one rapidly, and the other slowly. ^' 
 ifhe digestion of animal and vegetable diet requires 
 the same process, though one may afford a larger pro- 
 portion of the nutrient principle than the other. General- 
 ly speaking, vegetable aliment requires more time, and 
 probably greater poweis of the gastric organs, than ani- 
 4 
 
 ■m. 
 
 *»'■ 
 
38 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 m>^ 
 
 mal. Its digestibility is, however, dependent upon <her 
 same laws as those that govern the solution of animal 
 food ; and its digestion is facilitated by division and 
 tendernesSr 
 
 The ultimate principles of nutriment are probably 
 always the same, whether obtained from animal or 
 vegetable diet. It was said by Hippocrates, that " there 
 are many kinds of aliments, but that there is at the 
 same time but one aliment." This opinion has been 
 contested by most modern physiologists ; but I see no 
 reason for scepticism on this subject. Some imperfect ex- 
 periments which I instituted on the operations of the 
 hepatic and pancreatic juices, and which will be found 
 in a subsequent part of this volume, tend to throw some 
 light on the subject. Chyme, whether the product of 
 animal, vegetable, or mixed diet, was submitted to the 
 action of these fluids, and they invariably produced 
 similar ejects. A fluid was separated, varying slightly 
 in color, but of the same apparent consistence and 
 identity ; and was increased or lessened in proportion to 
 t^e quality of the food of which the chyme was formed. 
 Whether this fluid was or was not imperfectly formed 
 chyle, is a matter of opinion only. The circulating fluids 
 of the system are always nearly the same, in health, 
 and that which goes to supply and replenish them, 
 should consequently possess the same invariable pro- 
 perties. Chyle, after its separation in the intestines, is 
 probably further changed and perfected by the action of 
 the lacteal absorbents and sanguiferous vessels, before 
 it is completely assimilated. Chyme, from which this 
 nutrient principle is obtained,^ is a compound of gastric 
 juice and aliment. It may be regarded as a gastrite 
 of whatever it is combined with, varied according to the 
 
OF ALIMENT. 
 
 39 
 
 kind of aliment used. The perfect chyle, or assimilated 
 nutriment, probably contains the elements of all the se- 
 cretions of the system ; such as bone, muscle, mucus, 
 saliva, gastric juice, &c. &c., which are separated by 
 the action of ihe glands, the sanguiferous and other 
 vessels of the system. * 
 
 The action of the stomach, and its fluids, on aliment, 
 is believed to be invariably the same, in health, on all 
 kinds. And yet it is contended for by Paris, and ob- 
 liquely hinted at by some other modern physiologists, 
 that as animal food " possesses a composition analogous 
 to that of the structure it is designed to supply," it " rfr^ 
 quires little more than division and depuration," d&c. It 
 is singular that sensible men, and men of ficience, will 
 allow themselves to be led to such erroneous conclu- 
 sions, and will not perceive a simplicity and unifcfrmi' 
 ty, in the process of digestion, as well as in all the other 
 operations of nature. That the active solvent of the 
 titomach should produce the same effect on all alimen- 
 tary substances, is no more wonderful than that caloric 
 should liquefy all kinds of matter. In either case it only 
 requires a longer or shorter continuance, or more or less 
 concentrated action, of the agent, to produce the effect. 
 If animal food is only to be divided and d:epurated, blood, 
 which is an elementary part of the body, would require 
 no change in the stomach. But it is perfectly idle to 
 talk in this way. The most innutritious vegetable and 
 the most animalized substance, require the «ame action 
 of the gastric solvent, as the reader will find amp^y de- 
 monstrated in the following experiments. It is true 
 that one may be disposed of with ease, and the other 
 with difficulty ; but this is not always, nor indeed often, 
 in a direct ratio to their respective proportions of nu- 
 
 -^■i 
 
 y* 
 
^wiWHW^fHli I JI.I. IllPi^P^^f 
 
 t 
 
 40 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 •(■, 
 
 h,^ 
 
 trient principles. An innutritions diet may be disposed 
 of as easily, the circumstances of divisibility and tender- 
 ness of fibre being equal, as a nutritious one. I do not 
 believe that the one requires a more " complicated se- 
 ries of decompositions and recompositions" than the other; 
 nor that the chyle from animal aliment is more highly 
 " animalized** than that from the poorest diet we pos- 
 sess. The "digestive fever," or the excitement that fol- 
 lotrs the digestion of animal food, is the effect, not of a 
 di^SuPQnt kind of stimulus, but of the introduction of a 
 re^r quantity of chyle, or the nutritive principle of 
 , into the circulating fluids. It excites the system 
 ?l9omewhat in the manner that ardent sjHrits or other 
 diffusible stimulus does, with the exception, that its 
 eflfects are more permanent. 
 
 The quantity of nutriment required by different uor 
 dividuals, is as various as the individuals who partake 
 of it. As a general rule, it may be said that persons 
 who do not exercise much, require less nutritious diet 
 than those who are in the habit of constant labor. 
 What would be a natural supply in one, would be ex- 
 cess in another. With laboring persons, much of the 
 excess is carried off by perspiration; and probably a 
 great deal of nervous energy is wasted by laborious o&* 
 cupations, which requires to be replenished by the nur 
 trient principles of alin^ent. This is a subject, however, 
 on which we can only offer conjecture ; for it is diffiV 
 cult to argue on a -point of which we know so little* 
 Young people wiho are growing, require more nutriment 
 in proportion to their size, thaa those wiio have arrived 
 at adult agei. 
 
 The quality pf nutnmeat is a mailer of 'Conenderabl^ 
 ioipc^rtance ;iii dietetic regulations. Bulk is, perhaps^ 
 
0? AhmEws. ^^ 
 
 nearly as necessary to the articles of diet as the nutrient 
 principles They should be so managed that one should 
 be in proportion to the other. Too highly nutritive diet 
 is probably as fatal to the prolongation of life and health, 
 as that which contains an insufficient quantity of nutri- 
 ment. It has been ascertained that carnivorous an|mals 
 will not live on highly concentrated food alone. Dogs 
 fed on oil or sugar, which are both converted by the ^- 
 gestive organs almost entirely into chyle, will become 
 diseased, and die in a few weeks. The inference drawn 
 by Paris,* that it merely "proves that an animal cani^ 
 be supported on highly concentrated aliment alon^," m, 
 ] doubt, is a correct one; thoi^glL oppose! to the opinibfiv 
 ' of Magendie, who infers that c'.Qath proceeds froqi the 
 want of azote in these articles of diet, and that life can- 
 not be supported on non-azotized aliment 
 
 The following articles of the materia tUimmtarim 
 have, in the course oCt^^se. experiments, been subipitted 
 to the action of the stomach and the gastric fluids^ I 
 have attempted, in this table, to approximate tows^rds a 
 comparison of the digestibility of the several article* 
 ^^ there mentioned. Precision, as to minutes, has not been 
 attended to. When digestion has been accompMshed 
 two or three minutes either befwe or after * certain 
 number of hours and quiarters, I have set down the 
 quarter to which it approached the nearest 
 
 In a subsequent part of this volume a more particula* 
 and minute detail will be found, both of naturajl and 
 artificial digestion. 
 
 9^ 
 
 Vf.: 
 
 m 
 
 *Faxm on Diet, p. 78. 
 
 JCJ.Y 
 
'-y' 
 
 42 Hip 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBaERVATIONS. 
 
 ^' ■ f 
 
 a 
 
 PI 
 
 * 
 
 I I I 
 
 CO 
 
 8 
 
 k I 
 
 CO CO 
 CO CO 
 
 I i 
 
 j£ rt ,H rH ©» C»OJ <M(M(NC»COCOCOCOCOCOC«CO "«* 
 
 CO 
 
 ,•3 
 
 J3 
 
 ^3— 
 
 "O^ S 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 T3'« 
 
 
 «i 
 
 IJ 
 
 §§ 
 
 lis 
 
 s V s 
 
 ^•^^ 
 
 00 
 
 •Is 
 
 00 k 
 
 
 -.2 
 
 o 
 
 J3 
 
 i 
 
 fitm 
 
 O .r 
 
 r 
 
 •c -•>-** 
 
 •8 
 
 SrS* « « a bT ^ § a 2 s 
 
 « 2 H O St D O S^ >• H 
 
 o o o o o o 
 
 o o o 
 
 "w 'CO 
 
 ^ as S 
 
OF ALIMENT 
 
 43 
 
 ^ I ^ 
 
 I ^ I 
 
 I ■I'S ^ 
 
 i «t t * 
 
 1 ii § ^ 
 
 > § £3 & S 
 
 Q Q»ft ura 
 
 CO O i-» tH , , 
 
 _ - 
 
 till I ^^ I ^ 
 
 ^ CO , CO 
 
 CO, ,MC0Wi~tC0rHOC0C0C050 COt^CO^H COCO 
 
 CO CO « CO kO ""^ «n ® T*t Tj* tJ» T* CDCOTjtCO CO Tj* 
 
 m SD SB 00 CO 
 
 H ^ (4 .ed b .CO 1^ *^ .03 ^ .ed 
 
 S.s • S • '.a • « -S 2.aJ • S.s S • • 
 
 ^ ^ jO ;£ JO ^ 
 
 I - . - 1| .31 . . 
 
 o ...... ^ .......... d p . A p . . 
 
 JO , P S o fe 
 
 ^J 2 d • -Sia dns • • • 
 
 •^••J» • • •fl* •• •• • • • • • • • "^ • • • 
 
 jS O 0_0 O 00030 00 00000000 Oe* 000 
 
 ?§ § D 
 
 « j2 S 
 
 ^ ^ CO CO 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 *li.; 
 
 
p 
 
 ^■^T^TT^I^fPjp^^*!^ 
 
 -F* 
 
 44 
 
 PRELIMINARY OB^BRVATIONa. 
 
 b 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 ' V 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 >5 
 
 6 
 
 •si 
 
 ^ 
 
 :-§ 
 
 §^ a S ** ^'o?. 
 
 
 1 
 
 rs 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
 
 I I I I 
 
 «n 
 
 I I 
 
 II • I < *^ I I I i 
 
 I ^ » 
 
 CO 
 
 ^»o wcococo^«fteo ^^^^-"iit^^ «<• to ^ ^ -^ eo ^ eo 
 
 N^ 
 
 -^— ^ 
 
 ti hM iiM b>M 
 
 .O JO 
 
 
 ■s'^JS'^i' 
 
 ••I 
 
 
 '2'H'S 2 
 
 
 c -c • 2 -J • -S 
 
 » • » f » f 
 
 * A A <»> 
 
 » 
 
 TS-a 
 
 U no tfl fts 13 -a ^'O'O J 13 TS "P »© "O -O bTjJ ^ ^ (< (j 
 
 OQ 
 
 o 
 
 
OP ALIMENT. 
 
 45 
 
 Explanation of the abbreviations in ths foregoing 
 
 Table. ! 
 
 Br'd for bread — veg. for vegetables — mod. for moder- . 
 ate — inc. for increased — susp'd for suspended — dur'g. 
 for during — exp't. for experiment — h'rd. bid. for hard 
 boiled — h. for hour — m. for miimte, dtc. The figures 
 denote the time of digestion, under the circumstances 
 mentioned at the head of the column. 
 
 This Table is far from being complete. The experi- 
 ments from which it has been formed, were made prin- 
 cipally with the view of demonstrating other important 
 principles connected with the subject of digestion. The 
 only way of ensuring minutnness and accuracy as to 
 the comparative digestibility of different kinds of diet, 
 would be to try the effect of the gastric juice, in a se- 
 ries of experiments, first on one article of diet, and then 
 on another, repeating and adapting them to meet all the 
 various conditions of the stomach, and the vicissitudes and 
 irregularities of the system, until the whole range should 
 be completed-^a Herculean task, which it would take 
 years to accomplish. In the above table, the time is 
 counted from the reception of the meal of various ard- 
 cles to the chymification of the whole : hence the con- 
 elusions are frequently indefinite, some of the articles 
 being sooner disposed of than others. For instance, if 
 a dinner be ealien of venison steak and fat pork, the 
 time of digestion of the whole quantity would in all 
 probability, be twice as long jus if venison had been 
 used alone* Oily substances are digested with gieai 
 difficulty, and the tat <xf all meats is converted into oil 
 in the stomach before it is digested. Chymification is 
 
 ^ 
 
49 
 
 PRELIMINARY 0BSERTATI0N8. 
 
 most readily efTected on solid food, or rather on a soft 
 solid, which is easily divisible into shreds or small par- 
 ticles. Such is particularly the character of veSison, 
 which is ascertained to be one of the most digestible of 
 substances. The qualities of looseness of texture and 
 susceptibility of division bebng to most of those wild 
 meats and game which are generally acknowledged to 
 be easy of digestion. Beef and mutton, of a certain 
 age, possess similar qualities. 
 
 Thp opinidn advanced by Paris,* that the flesh of 
 wild animals is more dense than the domesticated, does 
 not correspond with the experience of those who are 
 well acquainted with the former. Although, on making 
 a section of wild flesh, such appearance may be indi- 
 cated, yet the fibres are found to be more easily separ- 
 ated by mastication, or other force, and are generally 
 tender ; at least, such is the case with the flesh of those 
 animals that are considered luxuries by the epicure. Com- 
 pare, for example, the flesh of the wether and the deer, 
 animals which have a near correspondence in their 
 habits, and the difference will be very obvious. 
 
 The digestibility of most meats is improved by in- 
 cipient putrefaction, sufficient to render the muscular 
 fibre slightly tender. 
 
 Vegetables are generally slower of digestion than 
 meats and farinaceous substances, though they some- 
 times pass out of the stomach before them, in an un- 
 digested state. Orude vegetables, by some law of the 
 pnimal economy, not well understood, are allowed, even 
 ^hen the stomach is in a healthy state, sometimes to 
 pass the pyforic orifice, while other food is retained there 
 
 * PuM OB Oti«^ p. 73. 
 
 .-#. 
 
OF ALIMENT. 
 
 47 
 
 to receive the solvent action of the gastric juice. This 
 may depend upon their comparative indigcstibility ; for 
 it is well known that cathartic medicines, various fruits, 
 seeds, <fec. which operate as laxatives, are not digested ; 
 are incapable of being retained in the stomach ; and 
 pass rapidly through the intestinal tube. When such 
 articles are in excess, they produce considerable de- 
 rangement, and sometimes fatal consequences. 
 
 Vegetable, like animal substances, are more capable 
 of digestion in proportion to the minuteness of their 
 division, as I have before remarked, provided they are 
 of a'^soft solid ; and I cannot, therefore, concur in the 
 opinion expressed by Paris,* that potatoes are better 
 when only boiled so as to be rendered tender, and have 
 their shape preserved, than when boiled to a '^dry, in- 
 sipid powder." They nxay be more palatable, and 
 contain more nutriment ; but they are not so easily 
 affected by the gastric solvent The difference was 
 quite obvious on submitting parcels of this vegetable, in 
 different states of preparation, to the operation of the 
 gastric juice, in. the stomach and out of it. Boiled, or 
 otherwise cooked to dryness, so as to be easily mashed, 
 potatoes very readily became reduced to a chymous 
 state, when submitted to the action of the gastric juice* 
 When differently prepared, and only boiled so as to be 
 rendered barely soft, moist and tenacious, entire pieces 
 remained long undissolved in the stomach, and very 
 slowly yielded to the action of the gastric juice in vials 
 on the bath. Pieces of raw potatoe, when submitted 
 to the operation of this fluid, in the same manner, almost 
 entirely resisted its action. Many hours elapsed before 
 
 m 
 
 ■A 
 
 * Paria on Diet, p. 75. 
 
 '«il>ti»>-#i>>* 
 
 
48 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 ■i^ 
 
 the slightest appearance of digestion was observable, and 
 this only upon the surface, where the external laminn 
 became a little softened, mucilaginous, and slightly 
 farinaceous. Every physician, who has had much 
 practice in the diseases of children, knows that partially 
 boiled potatoes, when not sufficiently masticated, (which 
 is aways the case with children,) are frequently a source 
 of colics and bowel complaints, and that large pieces 
 of this vegetable pass the bowels unaffected by diges- 
 tion. 
 
 These remarks will apply, also to most other vegeta- 
 ble aliment. 
 
 The variety offish, which are generally used by the 
 citizens of this country, may be regarded as easily sus- 
 ceptible of digestion. The lobster, crab, and sume 
 others of the testaceoustribe, are, perhape, exceptions. 
 
 Solid food is quicker disposed of by the stomach than 
 fluid, and its nutritive principles are sooner carried into 
 the circulation. It has been observed, however, thai 
 the exhaustion from abstinence is more speedily removed 
 by liquid than solid aliment. This is undoubtedly true ; 
 and it may be accounted for on the ground of a general 
 8yi[npathy existing between the stomach and all the 
 other parts of the body. It is only necessary, in proof 
 of this fact, to appeal to the experience of almost every 
 physician. The violent spasms, contortionsj d&c. affect- 
 ing different and remote parts of the system, that some- 
 times supervene on the introduction of crude or indiges- 
 tible food into the stomach, are pretty clear indications 
 of the powerful ^sympathy that exists between it and 
 other organs or apparatuses. 
 
 Condiments, particularly those of the spicy kind, are 
 not essential to the process of digestion, in a healthy 
 
.A^^.I^AfOF ALIMENT. 
 
 49 
 
 Btate of the system. They afford no nutrition, lliough 
 they may may assist the action of a debilitated stomach 
 for a time, their continual use never fails {o produce an 
 indirect debility of that organ. They affect it as alco- 
 hol and other stimulants do — the present relief afforded 
 is at the expense of future suffering. Salt and vinegar are 
 exceptions, and are not obnoxious to this charge, whe^i 
 used in moderation* They both assist in digestion — 
 vinegar, by rendering muscular fibre more tender — 
 and both together by producing a fluid having some 
 analogy to the gastric juice. . ^ 
 
 Drinks are nearly as essential to the animal system 
 as food. Though not subject to digestion, they enter 
 into the circulation, and become iijopprtant agents intl^e 
 ultimate changes' that are undergoing in the tissues of 
 jthe organism. Simple water is, perhaps, the only fluid 
 that is called for by the wants of the economy. The 
 artificial drinks are probably all more or le^ injurj^ous ; 
 
 ,/ipmemore so than others; but no^e cls^im ei^tir^ ex- 
 eipption from the general charge of unhealthiness. Even 
 coffee and tea, ^he conpmon beverages of all classes of 
 
 : pp9pje, , h^avp t^ tendency tp ^deb^litfite thf digestive or- 
 g^nSt Let a(iy one who is ;n the habit of drinking 
 these, {^rticles in a weak decoctiot^ take ^wo or.t()ree 
 cjup? made^vj^ry strong, and he ,\yiH soon Jbe aware of 
 th^ir injurious teudency, ^d this additionf^l strength 
 only Bidding to th^ amount of thejqfir^ptxc h« is iu the 
 co^9Xapi habit ojf losing,, Th^ whole class of alcohcdic 
 
 /jiqubrs, whetljer simply fermented, or distilled, may be 
 
 xponsider^ as n(ir,coticSi producing very little difference 
 in their ultimate effects on the system. 
 
 The jryury which a constant use of wine is known 
 to produce on some stomachs, has been sometimes at- 
 5 
 
 wW4 
 
 LX": 
 
0f' • PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 tributcd to the small quaniity of tartaric acid which it 
 contains. But it is not th' cream of tartar that ren- 
 ders wine so deleterious lo many stomachs. It is the 
 acidity produced by the acetous fermentation of the 
 saccharine matter contained in the wine, aided, perhaps, 
 by the alcohol which is in a state of combination with 
 it. Beer has the same effect on the same idiosyncra- 
 cies, or peculiarities of the stomach. Both of these 
 fluids are in a partial stage of acetous fermentation, 
 which is consummated by the increase of temperature in 
 the stomach. 
 
 It would be a task of great difliculty to designate the 
 exact kind of diet that would, if generally adopted, be 
 the most conducive to health and longevity. A consid- 
 erable variety seems to be necessary to man, in a state 
 of civilization. This want of variety is induced by long 
 habit, which it would probably be unsafe to break 
 through. Whether man was originally carnivorous or 
 granivorous, is a question which we cannot solve, and 
 perhaps it is not worth the attempt ; at present he is 
 both, and with his present mode of existence we have 
 
 to do, :^^mm J> 
 
 To ensure health and the integrity of the digestive 
 organs, regard should be had as well to the quantity as 
 to the qifMity of food. The system requires much less 
 than is generally supplied to it. The stomachy disposes, 
 of a definite quantity. If more be tfiken than the actual 
 ^ ' ^^ the economy require, the residue remains i» 
 *' iuach, becomes a source of irritatipn, and produces 
 i>nsequent aberration of function, or passes into the. 
 lOWer bowels in an indigested state, and extends to them 
 its deleterious influence. Dyspepsia is oftener the eflfect 
 of over eating and drinldng than of any other cause. 
 
 ■wj*, 
 
 * 
 
f 
 
 SECTION 11. 
 
 y'Si* 
 
 OF HUNGER AND THIRST. 
 
 Hunger is a painful sensation, referred to the region 
 of the stomach. It is a kind provision of nature, design- 
 ed to remind maM, and other animated beings, of the 
 necessity of replenishing the wastes of the system, as 
 well as of contributing to its growth. Much inquiry has 
 been made on this subject, and many theories have been • 
 given to account for the phenomenon. It has been sup- 
 posed by some, that the friction of the inteiiial ooats of 
 the empty stomach is the cause of the sensation. This 
 opinion is liable to several objections : — 1st. A healthy 
 stomach digests its contents in from one to three or four 
 hours, and hunger is not usually experienced until some 
 time after the latter period. If hunger be the effect of 
 the friction of the parieties of the stomach, it ought to be 
 experienced the moment that that organ has disposed of 
 its contents. 2d. In nausea and vomiting, the stomach 
 is brought into a situation, according to this theory, td 
 experience the sensation of hunger; and yet we know 
 how opposed it is to receiving any thing like food. 3d. 
 In gastritis and fevers the sensation hardly ever occuni, 
 though very little food shall have occupied the stomach 
 for a long time — ^perhaps not for weeks. This organ, 
 under such circumstances, is generally empty and irrita- 
 
 '■4-\ 
 
62 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 L>j 
 
 &' 
 
 ble, yet the peculiar sensation in question hardly evef 
 supervenes. Besides, hunger sometimes occurs when 
 the stomach is partially or wholly filled. The i)6tation 
 of spirits or brandy and water, or other indigestible liquid! 
 does not remove the sensation, although by this means 
 the parieties of the stomach are as completely separated 
 as by food. 
 
 It has also been suggested that the sensation of hun- 
 ger is produced by the irritation of a quantity of gastric 
 juice hi the stomach, which, by its stiihulus, excites the 
 feeling. The. principal objection to this doctrine is based 
 UDon the fact that the stomach contains no gastric juice, 
 .., at any rate^ but a very small quantity, in its empty 
 state, or when aliment or other irrita;nt is not present. 
 Besides if it were true that it contained a quantity of the 
 • fluid, such fluid does not possess the power of producing^ 
 any thing like irritation or inflammation of its coats. It 
 is as innoxious to the stomach, as the blandest substance 
 in nature. It exerts its influence on free aliment^ but 
 not on the living fibre. 
 
 By referring the sensation to *'an energetic state of 
 the gastric nerves, occasioned by an interval of inactivity, 
 during which the vital powers niay be supposed to ac- 
 cumulate,'^ it appears to me that we are venturing upon 
 unexploied grounds, of which we know but Httle. We 
 are not accustomed to call those painful nervous sensa- 
 tions to which the system is tometimes subject, states of 
 high nervous ehergy. Are they not rather states of 
 nf^itous debility? or, at any rate, irregular and un- 
 healthy motions ? 
 
 That the introduction of narcotics into the stomach 
 
 *Ptrw on Diet, p. 6& 
 
 "^'•,5;^ 
 
 
OF HUNGER AND THIRST. 
 
 # 
 
 ,■1 
 
 should destroy the appetite, proves only that they have , 
 the same effect on that organ as they have on other 
 parts of the body ; they paralyze the nerves, and render 
 them incapable of being the media of communication to. 
 their common centre. - 
 
 Many other causes have been assigned for this sensa- 
 tion, equally wide, probably, of the true one. It has. 
 been attributed to the "foresight of the vital principle,", 
 a phrase that means any thing, every thing, or nothing, 
 according to the construction which e^ch one may put ' 
 upon it. Such explanations conduce nothing to the pro- 
 motion of science. They are mere sounds and words, 
 which ingeniously convey a tacit acknowledgement of 
 thejr author's ignorance. 
 
 . Again, the mechanical action of the liver upon the 
 diaphragm, has been accused of producing the sensatioB 
 of hunger. Some proof, more thanjnere assertion, is 
 necessary to convince honest inquirers that so remote a 
 cause should produce such effects on the stomach, thq^^^ 
 immediate seat of the feeling. Of the same nature, is 
 the opinion of the fatigue of the contracted fibres of thi^^j 
 stomach, 01^ of compression of the nerves of that organ,- 
 
 ^Magendie, conyinced that »U the theories on this sul>., 
 ject were unsatisfactory, comes to the foUowiiig comprof ^ 
 hensive conclusion : tjhat " Hunger is produced like all 
 other internal sensations, by the action of thenervoufsj 
 system, and it has no other seat than in this system itself, 
 and no other causes than the general laws of org&nizaf ^ 
 tipn."* I cai^not perceive that such explanations bring 
 tfie .lind to any satisfactory understanding of the sub- 
 
 •Summary of .. hysioiogjr, p. 196. 
 5* 
 
 m 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 
 *-''i 
 
 ,.>' 
 
"H 
 
 H 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATlOICfT. 
 
 I** 
 
 ject In such broad propositions, it is difficult to asceiv 
 tain the exact meaning. If the design is to convey the 
 impression that hunger has no **iocal habitation ;" thai 
 it is an impression^ affecting all the neirves of the system 
 in the same manner ; then the sensation would be as 
 likely to be referred to one organ as another, w It is true^ 
 that without nervous commimieation there would be ncx 
 sensation at alL This applies as well to other parts as 
 to the stomach. The nerves are the media of commu- 
 nication from the sensible parts to the centre of percep-^ 
 tions. They warn the encephalon not only of the inju- 
 ries, but of the wants of the tissues. We are accustom- 
 ed to refer local sensations and irritations to the parts 
 apparently aSecied — desire for urination and defecation,, 
 to the bladder and rectum ; for liquids, to dryness of the 
 mouth and fauces : and we account, in like manner, for 
 other physiological and pathological sensations. When 
 we can arrive at the exact interpretation of an author, 
 who says that hunger has '^no other causes than the- 
 general laws of organization,?' it wfll then be time to 
 give reasons for an assent to or disseat from the propo- 
 sition. 
 
 This subject is, unquestionably, involved in considei^- 
 able doubt and obscurity,, ^nd will not, it is to be appre- 
 hended, admit of a very speedy elucidation. The Au- 
 thor of Nature is perfect in all His works | and although 
 we may not understand all the operations of His hands;^ 
 we are compelled to acknowledge their wisdom, propri- 
 ety and beauty. Man would be miserable and wretch- 
 ed indeed, if he depended solely on his own discretion 
 and judgment to decide upon the quantity and quality 
 «f aUment necessary to supply the wastes, and adminis- 
 ter to the growth of the system. This paucity of judg>- 
 
OF HUNGER AND THIRST. 
 
 ment and discretion is, however, more than compen* 
 sated by an irresistable sensation, which indicates the 
 proper time for the reception of food. The immediate 
 cause of this sensation, as we have seen, has not as yet 
 received a very satisfactory explanation, and perhaps 
 will not admit of one. But, although confessedly ob- 
 scure, we are not denied ihe privilege of patient investi* 
 gation, and persevering search after truth. Knowledge 
 is progressive, as well in this as every other science ; and 
 every new discovery, and every rational hypothesis, are 
 additions to the general stock. Persuaded of the truth 
 of these general propositions, and anxious mainly to 
 elicit investigation on the subject, I submit the following 
 Theory of Hunger, believing it to be as reasonable, to 
 say the least, as any that has preceded it. ^ 
 
 My impression is, that the sensation of hunger is pro- 
 duced by a distention of the gastric vessels, or that ap- 
 paratus, whether vascular or glandular, which secretes 
 the gastric juice ; and is believed to be the effect of reple- 
 tion by this«fluid. 
 
 One reason, among others, for this belief, is the estab- 
 lished fact, that the internal sensations referred to differ- 
 ent organs, as has been previously alluded to, are caused 
 by some modified action or condition of the parts in the 
 tissues of the organ itself. The modification in the 
 parts to which the sense of hunger is invariably refenedy 
 I conceive to be a distention, by the gastric juice, of a 
 particular set of vessels or glands, constituting, in part,, 
 the erectile tissue of the villous coat of the stomach. 
 The sensation varies according to the different degrees 
 or states of distention, from the simplest desire to the 
 most painful sense of hunger; and is allayed or increas- 
 ed in proportion to the application, or refusal^ of alimen- 
 
 # 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^, 
 
 ..*' 
 
 -v;,,. 
 
 rr,% 
 
■*r. 
 
 h. 4. 
 
 ^tf-* 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 ^f 
 
 i'^'- y^w^t 
 
 a.'' 
 
 tary stimulus to the excretory vessels. The greater the 
 di^^iilion of the vessels, the more acute will be the pain :: 
 hence, the difference between a short and protracted fest. 
 Appetite and hunger belong to the same class of sensa- 
 tions ; they differ only in degree. In this they are like 
 all other sensations. A little increased circulation in the 
 vessels of the brain produces peculiarly vivid, but not 
 Absolutely unpleasant feelings, and gives force and ener- 
 gy to the mental volitions : carried further, it produces 
 most painful sensations. It is unnecessary to cite fur- 
 ther examples. Indeed, it does not need arguments to 
 prove what is the subject of every day's observation, tt 
 is well known that the pain ffom acute inflammation is- 
 produced by distention of the blood vessels. Let any 
 oie, who is disposed to try the effect of vascular disten- 
 tion, place a ligature around the finger or arm, sufficient- 
 ly tight to r6tard the returning blood, and the truth will 
 be sufficiently obvious. 
 
 It is, therefore^ inferred from the pain, (and no one,, it 
 is believed, will deny that hunger is a painful sensa- 
 tion, whatever may be his opinion of appe^i/e) that ves- 
 sels of some kind are distended ; and it is demonstra- 
 ted, I think, in some of the following'experiment^ thjit 
 these are the gastric vessels. On applying alini^'to 
 the internal coat of the stomach, which,, in health, is 
 merely lubricated with mucus, innumerable minute, 
 papillflp, the orifices, undoubtedly, of the gastric vesselis, 
 immediately throw out a quantity of the fluid, which 
 mixes with the food. This effect is too sudden, and the- 
 secretion too copious, to be accounted for on the ordinary 
 principles and laws of secreting mucous surfaces. The 
 quiescence and relief froin> the unpleasant sensation,, 
 which are experienced as tsoonas the vessels are emp^- 
 ed, are,. I think,, additional proofs of my opinion. It is: 
 
 „ -I 
 
OF HUNGER AND THIB8T. 
 
 87. 
 
 certain, that at the introduction of every meal, or on the 
 appHcation of alimentary stimulus to the internal coat^, 
 of the stomach, a very large secretion of a fluid, which 
 has repeatedly been ascertained to bean alimentary sol- 
 vent, immediately takes place; and that when the 
 stomach is destitute of food or some other irritating sub- 
 stance, no such secretion can be found in it. And it is 
 more than probable — it, in fact, almost amounts to de- 
 monstration, that a large quantity of this fluid must be 
 omtained in appropriate vessels, during a fast, ready ta 
 obey the call of aliment. I would not be understood to 
 say that the whole quantity necessary for an ordinary 
 meal is eUminated from the blood, previous to the com* . 
 mencement of alimentation ; but that enough is con- 
 tained in the gastric vessels to produce the sensation of 
 pain or hunger. 
 
 If it be objected to this theory, that the vessels would 
 become ruptured, or empty themselves into the cavity 
 of the stomachy during a long fast, I reply, that this ap^ 
 paratus is probably constitiated like many of the other 
 organs of the system, and permits the absorption of its 
 secretions by the lymphatic or other absorbent vessels. 
 
 I offer this theory for consideration, pei[suaded that 
 the public will allow it such weight as it may have a 
 right to cla^: more than this, I have no wish to ask. 
 
 TAir^^This sei nation is felt in the mouth and fau- 
 ces. Like hunger, it is a kind provision of nature, 
 designed to remind men and animals of the neces- 
 sity, not of replenishing the wasting solids of the sys- 
 tem, but of diluting the fluids that are carrying on the 
 process of nutrition. Although Magendie has attempt- 
 ed to put a stop to all inquiries on this subject, in the 
 remark, that *^ Thirst is an internal sensation^ an in* 
 
 / M 
 
 rf^ 
 

 PRELIMINAJIY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 h "^^ 
 
 w 
 
 stinctive sentiment;" the result of organization, and does 
 not admit of any explanation ;" I apprehend a remote 
 cause of this sensation may be found in the viscidity of 
 the blood, which requires a liquid to render it more fluid, 
 and more susceptible of introduction into the capillaries 
 and secreting surfaces. The proximate cause may ex* 
 ist in an irritation, a kind of sub-inflammation of the 
 lining membranes of the mouth and fauces, the efiect 
 of the viscid state of the blood, and consequent imper- 
 vious state of the secretory vessels of these membran^. 
 The sensation of dryness, .r thirst, is supposed to be the 
 effect of evaporation, the mouth and throat being con- 
 stantly exposed to the atmosphere. When there is suffi- 
 cient fluidity of the blood, the secretion is so much more 
 copious than the evaporation, that a constant moisture 
 is preserved. The sensation of thirst resides in the tissues ; 
 and it is no more ; " an instinctive sentiment" than any 
 other sensation of the economy. To say that it is the 
 "jresult of organization," gives no explanation, amounts 
 to nothing, and is certainly, to say the least, a very un- 
 satisfactory way of disposing of the question. 
 
 ' % 
 
 ^A 
 
 ''X 
 
TfJ, 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 OF SATISFACTION AND SATIETY. , 
 
 In the present state of civilized society, with the prov- 
 ocatives of the culinary art, and the incentives of high 
 seasoned food, brandy and wines, the temptations to es;- 
 C08S in the indulgence of the appetite, are rather too 
 strong to be resisted by poor human nature. ' It is not 
 less the duty, however, of the watchmen on the walls 
 to warn the city of its danger, however it may regard 
 the premonition. Let them at least clear their own 
 skirts from the stain of unfaithfulness, whatever may be 
 the result. 
 
 There is no subject of dietetic economy about which 
 people err so much, as that which relates to quantity. 
 Medical men, have too often been accessory to this error, 
 in giving directions to dyspeptics to eat until a sense of 
 satiety is felt. Now, this feeling, so essential to be right- 
 ly understood, never supervenes until the invalid has 
 eaten too much, if he have an appetite, which seldom 
 fails him. Those, even, who are not otherwise predis- 
 posed to the complaint, ^frequently induce a diseased 
 state of the digestive organs by a too free indulgence of 
 the appetite. *0f this fact physicians generally are not 
 sufficiently aware. Persons who lead sedentary lives, 
 and whose circumstances will permit of what is called 
 free, living, are peculiarly obnoxious to these complaints. 
 Butby paymg particular attention to their sensations 
 
■■* 
 
 «f PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. . , 
 
 during the ingestion of their meals, these complaints 
 may be avoided. There appears to be a sense of per- 
 fect intelligence conveyed from the stomach to the en- 
 cephalic centre, which, in health, invariably dictates 
 what quantity of aliment (respondmg to the sense of 
 hunger, and its due satisfaction,) is naturally required 
 for the purposes of life ; and which, if noticed, and pro- 
 perly attended to, would prove the most salutary monitor 
 of health, and effectual preventive of, and restorative 
 from, disease. It is not the sense of satiety, for this is be- 
 yond the point of healthful indulgence, and is nature's 
 earliest indication of an abuse and overburden of her 
 powers to replenish the system. It occurs immediately 
 previous to this, and may be known by the pleasurable 
 sensation o{ perfect satisfaction, ease and quiescence of 
 body and mind. It is when the stomach says enough, 
 and is distinguished from satiety by the difference of 
 the sensations — the former feelings enough — the latter, 
 too much. The first is produced by the timely recep- 
 tion into the stomach of proper aliment, in exact propor- 
 tion to the requirements of nature, for the perfect diges- 
 tion of which, a definite quantity of gastric juice is fur- 
 nished by the proper gastric apparatus. But to effect 
 this most agreeable of all sensations and conditions — 
 the real Elysian satisfaction of the reasonable Epicure 
 ~ — timely attention must be paid to the preliminary pro- 
 cesses, such as thorough mastication, and moderate or 
 slow deglutition. These are indispensable to the due 
 and natural supply of the stomach, at the stated periods 
 of alimentation ; for if food be swallowed too fast, and 
 pass into the stomach imperfectly masticated, too much 
 is received in a short time, and in too imperfect a state 
 of preparation, to be disposed of by the gastric juice. 
 ...The quantity of gastric juice, either contained in its 
 
oi^'mfismmdti^ im^u^mmY. 
 
 A 
 
 
 pxnrwgKKSi 
 
 Mmm^)M^ 
 
 
 
 m\ 
 
 ^y *ilMiti3nmaias\ 
 
 fi^J^i^of 
 
 
 J*" 
 
 &il'^im:j' -ti^iUi^ ''^ini ^m'iS\tj yf yukm\fp r??f f 
 
 
 ^i'" 
 
--■!.!.„ 
 
 riaiLiMtirART oBaEnrArtoWi: 
 
 ton^t on an unuiually hearty meal ; the suhfleanenf 
 dmngemem of the digestive functions, and conw^uen 
 •gdities nnd vitiated content, of the prima vii^from 
 acetic fermentation in the rtomach, and imperfect for- 
 mation of chyle in the inte»tine«. 
 
 lo«*!»Oiq mU tti Mi»u {litiait.l M^j Ml cnA o«>rtT 
 
 Wftixl igiii(n(ixw .lion's. ..♦(.j^ 10 JU!>iu/ '*» iitiCHi Ax;i( ikW^Ji^ 
 h^njnn i^^mx ^tm mnU y^.'^hnj ,,.,i.:if ooomabtifxinrf 
 
 ^la u/jin liA \*4i<»iJiBV:'>xi)u 'io &iy<»^^»* i\'^Ai ^ih^m ya^i 
 -^y-rm :ilmii<mU \h tm, x'^tls ,h'u^. , mi; tiUuiim 
 
 kim'^^j-uoa tf*^.;h^ >t4 I .... ,j -^xuu '<o(if /.iij 
 
 #df ^iiJOf* bh4jUv*nVi^ ton«1»»vv <-fit) %| JioiJ4>iiii«Y^ Of 
 
 mfit m mHmmnnl ViliJtnhmin jKlit^mhaqxii ]s^ttlw. i 
 

 
 rf 
 
 
 .& 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 OF MASTICATION, INSALIVATION AND OEOLVTITI ON. ^^1 
 
 TlwM are the preliminiuy stept in the ptoceiM of 
 digestion. The comparative importance of these pio- 
 eeeie« has been elevated or deproned, according to the 
 preponderance which each of them may have receivdd 
 fkom the opinions of the different phyaiologists whir 
 have made them subjects of observation. As man and 
 animals are constituted, they are all absolutely neces- 
 eary to the digestion of food. But in an abstract point 
 of view, disconnected as a mean of introducing inge^ 
 i« 1^ ^e stomach, I believe I hasatd nothtog in saying 
 that they may be considered as perfectly toim-^MemiiS 
 Ift chymii||ation. If th^ iiurfw^a drfiwen/arto could be 
 introducer into the etomach in a finely divided state, 
 the operations of mastfoaUon, msalivation and deglutition, 
 would not be necessary. Aliment is as well digested 
 and asshHUated, and allays the sensation of hunger as 
 perfectly, when introduced Oitectly into the stomach, in 
 a proper state of division, as when the previous steps 
 have been taken, as fiiay be seen by some qt the fol- 
 lowing experiments. If particular importance is to be 
 attributed to any of these previous steps, it is certainly 
 ^e to masticatoi J 4ho^h an undue importance has, 
 <rf late, been jfi^n to the action of the w/tvd. Professor 
 /«*so^ of 1»Kfladelpliia, wto has lately published a 
 
 I?-"'-- 
 
 '$, -"^^ 
 
k 
 
 
 agent, of alimentaiy maiic^r/^'fiTllriiiJiilrieSrf' ih'tH* 
 
 1ow6ai^^»%oitf« s^^'fi^rt%t>.ofthr6e'of'tHfe ex 
 lji«s oh afti^iil dipl^ytfoA;* 1Hri<^li^ '^ti^-'iristittited'fbr 
 thy J^W]f>b«e'br doiiiparisort',"t»ilil 'tbtf >4tfiiltiii« of • saMf a 
 ^it*^ the gastric juice rather retarded its sofrent a^tiWi. 
 
 "if^fyy.^^^"^ ^^'1^ iMfoimtytd ai^stionj^.ns 
 
 fte foodi^'ind thus to (kimmmi ^^d6 of th# boMs 
 yi«»ugh m^diffektty ?5*f «^t(tidfti '' Hr this pd^^^f 
 
 ^ V!e^, rt i^e^fiar «^Dif ft6d*bah^rTt,e. <8t^^ 
 until it receives an «dmixture^ of ft fluid; whether it be 
 «*aliv«(t)r«oiiie^ther Ikj^aiA^ is m^I conceive, a matter 
 
 to swallow a mouthful of dry^i^mw^f; ifa^dl t#lJKg. 
 
 :l-r'-^' 
 
 '% 
 
 ># 
 
 ^ 
 
OF MAITICATIONi lir|IAJUiyATiqN^;J>KO|^TITIOir. 6| 
 
 nesia, H9 W^ ^^ ^^ mponihle to mpke Xhp oqgmis of 
 deglutition act till f^ quantity of fluid is v^iLod w^H U. 
 Water will answer t|;ie purpose, ^ef^rly Mir»iii^<9f^ifl»f 
 though the glutinous proj^^Wfj c)(,^^ia iiecD^^^iqi^ 
 give it a slight prefer^pce,,.,,,,, ^,.. , 1,. 1, .,. 
 , Pathology is not, in , my opinion, nwfjh indebted to 
 Ru3rsch, who attributed the Ipss.of appetft^ to,th0 w^fe 
 of saliva in a {)^rson ¥^ho w^ a^iqted iv;^i| a fistula 
 % one pf the saljivary ducts ; ,npr,t^ th^ ppimQU,a4vftn- 
 ^,oed by others,, tb^t the pot^tfuit ,fpftt|<ig of ipanioical 
 patients,, ind^cfif Ic^s of, appetite ')?}ifi,,^rti ^ 4l^t 
 .inboth c^ses, the effep|s,ajff.,pttr|bpted;^f^h^!wr9pg 
 causes. T,her^,isiinp,di%irtty j|fti,b^U^T:iT«ftjth^t ifpul 
 ulcer in the niouth wp^d 1^ Uftble to fp^^Q^;MUl^a 
 and want pf , appetite ; no|r thftli ;i|ap'%cal patients afe 
 generally, if not alw:ays^ .a^ecfed with diseafjed oraans 
 ,of digestion. I have known n^apy perjsons tp fpit ueejly 
 and constantly, wbosp appetites ^d^ge^tjoii^sve^e per- 
 fects * Those who smok?i, tpbcwpp, j^p cgitvitanfj.7,,^ 
 chwging li^rge quantitipp ofsfjiy^; if^pcjlypt J, a^.ppt 
 aware,that,dy9pepi?ia is more cpnunio]^^ yfit^,|i^ppa tjian , 
 with others,., ^f, , . ., ,,'„.; ,',j.^^ ',|,',. .■ 
 
 . I. entirely dissent, from. the .opifaipfi,;p4yagu9p<U^y the 
 authoriAbov;e refprrpd. to,.(Pari9,); |haf ,/'jii^j^ 
 as psisipntipL as, m^tication." The u?^ pjf ff ^^pA^iion i* 
 »itq aepaiata the food injtp small pajftipj^, 195^^1 ^® f»^- 
 yenC.9f.tbf» stpmaph/ m§y bp applied t<3i,agfpaf^r extent 
 fcolsurijwe. TJh^p, jsino my^ery. ^^bqut this. Eyery 
 
 I' ll ' .J'j ' U r l 
 
 ■ » ' 1 n > I II * ■ I 
 
 r *' t f > • <>*> . '. <', ; 
 
 *Iii oiing-tbe word ^oltent or MdltOi^ InieAranoA to the gnatt'w 
 jvio«i I irifb » |ie4i9flerjMU>o4 to ipfiMi a ohemifpfl «A^ii9li>3f 9»lofotaf t« 
 . thpt *kt^p a^.t|o»f»f mvaeralioidi ^ ^emetalit; ^ot like^^befolutiou 
 
 ■ii^f9mn^^^^jmi:^,i 
 
 !{.>.! 
 
 "'4^- 
 
 
 
 
 
i^«Vfv^nr' 
 
 M: ^^^mrvmrnkmrnrnmnmrnn^mrmmT^ 
 
 "19 
 
 jN^M)n^«iMjNtel3E^^ tofhealthy(idig«i<tioii^..jf 
 
 f^!S* ^^^ ***^"^ juice may act upon its surface, ciwS 
 2^!f ^^"^*'*^®^ '^•Jp^Iy. 'that other cfaangdtfVill 
 liWBljftl»/*oiniWMii?e ifcto^^ it willfiu- 
 
 a^ntri QOniplolf l^|d|flB(^ «Beside%.4he stqm§ch rwiU 
 m^imm lUiidigebediBiassei^ for ft ring timej -withdfet 
 l«u|»fm^^gliB«ixli$tu^tto^^ lis boverhedubi^ certain 
 towitwth respect to alimfent. . AaMrfood ihas .teen ife- 
 tolipdifeitt certain Wnilh of ftin» itodi^ested/ say from 
 «^tto^h'Iit)aw,,batt)^iii|. to^^^^ dr diseased 
 
 ^^dfi thart^orgMv^r/ the quantity i^ceived into it it 
 ^^•» r^ted byl vbmitihg,Mi6r tjs peimitted uto p^ 
 SL^i!!^***^ ^»d>4aw)er bo#el4,i wttteieitsupr^s- 
 
 '«M0»^ ltt>^^ife^etti(l3^s*«tairt^dnfQr tw^nty-fonif hoursJ or 
 t^L^ ? sometimes the cause of rv-^ostr digressing 
 
 , <SNi^^ i^^l^^tti l>mi .Sf'>.df| ^^d«j y'-fjwi pMi^^mM m 
 ^2f^^g^|»glUA^ ^hidk^ttaJc^l^^ few 
 
 
 I 
 
 tW 
 
OF MA8TieATI0N,^I«*4LIVATI0K,iIIS«II.UTITI0N. in 
 
 ^the fffiBficmfttstepofittiditiii^ shall not 
 
 ^be 40 liMyilb.eie inthis lattocone. 
 ImJ&ww^wingi retf^Jtipidhp^ prodnees irregular * com- 
 HMtbtioiw of tiie<iiiui0cular< fibres bf the <BSophagUB and 
 liBtomach ;^idia|iirbs the yermiculait nMHiofls of the ra- 
 ,{|;is^taiid*ikitevru|>t8' the 'Uniform '&ctioQ' of ^e* gastric 
 
 i(^^heH8l6mach- istnot, designed ito receive more fbod 
 ^dh can be duly mixed with the gastric solvit, already 
 !iivitS'prqpe|,vel»el8)'dr>ih a. i9tate>ofi preparation in the 
 )4}ldod''Vpssek.x»iBerfeol h Jiony of vaction oaiwt exir 
 £fthnnighout ^the ^ n^oie ;lipparatu8^ < 'or ^.derangement of 
 ^healthy action* will >eiisue.;. if. u'l ' .! 
 
 iltoThe stomach* o£jthaeubjectiof these 'experiments^ will 
 l0>0uiiglf[ni, o^f the^ » introduction of food, . «ven! of a liquid 
 H^lndy^ihroughi the apej^ure, at i a> rapid xate.« i If < a few 
 ^PQonfulS'Ofsoupi or other Uquid4iet,ibe put < in with a 
 -«fqp!(^aiiOF$ funnel^ »thet ruge««gemly >c]loseiupon it, and 
 ^gcaduaUyudiffuse it >tbzoughJ^e gastric, caBity^ entirely 
 
 «Xi:^H^»g more duriog^his I action^. xiWheJIi relaxation 
 i4ake»t place,. ; another quantity i will be r^eived in .th& 
 j^sMine? manner. !i> ':4ii(..-. t'i.'i •. ■Hinv»nt?><s ^a i-)iu\ ■ ■ 'i« 
 4ii M 4he tvalv(ular. portiotiiof thjB stcHnach;^ be depressed, 
 aandaoiidifQad boiintroduc^d, either^ in entire pieces, or 
 ,i^ely djtyidfd<^quantities^ M^he ! sam^ gentle contractioo, 
 
 or grasping motion takes place, and continues for fifty 
 •viipn jeightyaa^wndfili jaud,j:wiUynot( allpw-of the intro- 
 ,«ftiic$i0tl>QfiinoiJiei J quantity uptU ^bi^ above timci Ims 
 ■ leUpsed ; ■*. when tb^ valve \ may* again bit depressed, ^ and 
 jmoiSj^foadJbi^ pi)t iij|i,,i'opd and drioks wili^be^^J^jved 
 atb*P?ig^jrtl« ^P9r)airei|iQ.fa?t?r*-§y^;jVjbe 
 
 ^m^i^Yimf^M^ ibftnathey are},p|diw)!Xbrece^yi* 
 through the oesophagus. 
 
 
 ©*;. 
 
 i^*' 
 
68 
 
 PRBLXMINABT OBSBRVATIONB. 
 
 When the subject of these experiments is so placed 
 that the cardia can be seen, and he be allowed to swal- 
 low a mouthful of food, the same contraction of the 
 stomach, and closing upon the bolus, is invariably ob- 
 served to take place at the cBSophageal ring. 
 
 ■j-^Vi, :>li«Te!*,i'> 3 0T m 
 
 »«U HO 
 
 »>,> 
 
 mi. 
 
 si' . 
 
 ■ f ''^^ii 'i>(~)iii<> 
 
 :f'yt\H f'l iiuii^iuiia. 
 
 >i.iy\' --tt-i 
 
 f-H« 
 
 
 i.< 
 
 'i4 
 
 an 
 
 fii 
 
 ik 
 
 i» 
 
 
 * v.* 3 
 
 B 
 
 ^hi 
 
 
 » 
 
 litn xi. 
 
 'i.1. 
 
 »f ooiSin'iff':* ill 
 
 ;T -i;if 
 
 il ; n 
 
 •: .Ji., 
 
 '..••'tlj,. 
 
 -J* 
 
 0P. 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ■ . ' ' 'i.;i«i- 
 
 
 •'-•-.• --y ■•':>' l<* 
 
 :.:. 
 
 .„*j|K-il!l*'i >'-i«- 
 
 '^. 
 
■miiBmm.0^?^^ rutimhMMi*'^ 
 
 fl^ 
 
 ^T^^ 
 
 tiit 't<;>i|Cki^:5fc«?tHf''C» e*m-m< • '^ ■ ■■■• - ': lUu'.v. . 
 
 SECTION T. 
 
 OF DIGESTION BT THE GASTRIC JUICE. 
 
 Chymification is effected in the stomach. It is the ^ 
 0nt stage, proper, of the conTe;sion of aliment into 
 blood ; thdugh in the ordinary course of proceeding, as 
 animals are constituted, some previous steps are neces- 
 sary. After the aliment has been received into the 
 stomachy It is subjected to certain evolutionie^ or motions, 
 propagated by the muscular fibres of that organs and is 
 acted upon i)y the agency of some principle, which 
 changes it from a heterogeneous mij^ture of the yarioils 
 kinds of jdiet) submitted to its action, to an Jnifotm, ho* 
 mdgeneous semji-fluid, possessing properties aistinct fiom 
 the elements of which it was composed. The length of 
 ^me consumed in the operation is various. It depends 
 upon the quantity or quality of the ingestas, or the healthy 
 or diseased state of the stomach, &x. In the various 
 •experiments which I have made, the medium time may 
 be calculated at about three and a half hours. 
 
 It has b|9h suggested by many physiologists, and pos- 
 itively asJlrted b^ some, thit tiaere is 4 considerable in- 
 crease bf the tiemperaiure pf the stoi^ilefa during the di^ 
 ges^on of a meaL But Irom the result of a great muo* 
 Iber^of exp^ilm^ts and ^acaminations, niadQ with a vieW 
 of ascemm^f^ MK of^^t^^ opinion^ in the empiy 
 and foil state of the o^n, and during different stages of 
 
 j^ :^i4 
 
 ^; 
 
 
 •f \!->^:-K 
 
%' 
 
 f\^,'i.fm!!im. 
 
 70 
 
 4^R|^I|UNA1M7 \ 4>BtlfipiyiatOlt8. 
 
 i^pym&caiiQn^fl^m, conviiioedthfit there is nb alteniibn 
 of temperature, iinlessj aomo othen circumstances should^ 
 produce Jit. v/ Actiye exercisjB always elevaties the temped 
 rature <f{ thC; stomach, whether fasting or full, aboiit q#» 
 j^^ a ^^If; degrees. t ? : n j 
 
 With respect to the agent of chymififatioQ, that prin4 
 ciplf3^^]^^w,hich;Cpnverts the crude)i^liment intochytiie, 
 ajflfl je|:^ders it fit for the action of the hq;>atic audi paii*^ 
 c^l^s^^(} j^v^^s, an4 ^ual assimilation ajQd\conv;ersionrinto> 
 ^he, flii|%fU|;^dthe<vpriot» tissues of jhe,imimaloigan« 
 ii{mr|-^^^ . ps^ . of^ ^ysiology i hais, periinps,. - so earnettly^ 
 e^^ga^eGi,^)ie ^^tention of inanjrind, m m muoh oxJerdsfdi 
 1^0^ ;ijag^]^^|tytPfi iP^ysiplogists. It has been a frUilfob 
 ifOi^iiCO of ,f he9i^^iqid Jipecu]»tion,ii;omilie "^^.ther t>f uMa 
 i^e c(ovrft^,tjbl§ ipre^ent a^e. ijlt ^ould/ b9i«;wat3ta;ofi 
 t^^ tq,«^|t^»i^^ r^futq tho do<^tri»ei^ithet5okter wtitefBl 
 o:^ ^(ij[s ,i;uq||^t . j ^ $i#Go , iti ,to ^ sayi thait jtll^ theorfet ofi 
 
 <U#^#^^^^Mve hei^! ipstratiedi in, th^ dost^h^o 
 %e^^,%ljlg;^^,o£#ci^ncQ,fa)d the. dedutilioiia;0f exfieri^ 
 T^i^hiiM?^^^^^^^^ f^"" SitALLAMSANi>rto tnrm^ffiyfi 
 i^£^^ ^pfjpimd«4.fiy{)0th$se% anduto enictiq^oittlMi^ 
 n^p, §, ,thQpry,rWi^iGh. iwiUvfita^d jthaltQM>^ ae^ 
 e^^iina^on ^d experinijent. ^ • He estfathlished a! •thk)!)*' 
 cdt^Hs^fCAL soi*v?ioN| and taught tt|at f3hyani£oattoi|| 
 W0,i^yms ^ the^solFeut action (4 1 a fluid/ 1 secreted -^bj^ 
 th)| 8t|^I^L^, pini^^^OperatiDg asB true meaitfUtHoft^^^^ 
 o^e^^^, i^jbstiEUices. . To this ifluid he ga^tkeaname <if> 
 QAi^ij^q jiTiricjBu It does not] eomo^wi^in^tho'scope oITt 
 t^ ji9irQrlf^^^i:o ji deti|il o£ Iho^isi^QirimtotB lindi tenml 
 €s^tiwlai^\^ wroughtvconviction<>in< tl^^'iiiRd-^^^^^ thin; 
 great num./^ Itis Qi|ly;necessaiy tOfsay that it was ilset 
 iHnil^ 0^ pdtiftn^ an^ persairerpg uexptiriment and lb- 
 search. 
 
OP Dutnrrjmi ^Wf^tmp oiW-Rid'^AjicE. 71 
 
 - The l^lftr of a^iti/^kaUi^k theol^ l^^b^'^l^aM-^ 
 
 ia^nc^ of ft^chemfoal «oltbh^ by i^whd WaveM<l6^0^ 
 
 emeu itiQiii^kBd^lflK|ferijrttf«Si^ 
 
 peiiments of Tiedemann and GMELfir,'6f liE^felf sM 
 
 , By i far thet fliOflt^ iwi^^lstdfttfe^ Biia' itttdfli^tit |)hysi^kP 
 gists fc«re lio^^ettl^d^ '^^'liiHfe^^efigf ihat'dh^iji§ 
 
 aicreted! by miliar drjfiuf/Wfetf/ afAiF^^ 
 @l*tric Juice..=^<!P^dttf th%f|iatt6tli«f;^6^eVef;bf*SBl^^ 
 i% and sutimittiiig Ou^ !dikld:i6 ^th^ mt'b[ Vs^p^mMi 
 dnl^itbt divltt«ify»ofirdklt«»1h tfe^'iSjianiihMOT 
 
 hiiT*toei»awlv^'ttff ^^h&|i»ei3en<i^'df A^' Active Skfi^ 
 w^with«r arf« «difeNiii)tf^^ ilonfcksioh fttkh ib^^^SM^ 
 
 omfstBi^Mnei Be)lm|;i!ff td tb^ stdiiia^lf^am^^g^ 
 <si«lii|Bjr*(%{aiii^ifti0'officd df irhfieh ii^t(^fiihii^^i^ffii^ 
 tofifjfyixm ^he^aanmUatioief <^ 'iitf^tliF^''^iii!l^nlli:''^ 
 
 Ti|ei'diUlrobs^¥th«t i&4ny^ai^mab^^y'fifirltiiBia'WiM^> 
 0Wliie%Uatiib, dnjlplting tf digestiv® liquid."' Thij|«a^ 
 t%fr %Mfiprtt#«i tliffqj|^iiee<of it ^^I^rstk^yi 1^ "i^^t^'itc^ 
 
 fiiuii^f^^lisvitisxpMsedtcmi^oiii^^ gTa tli^ lt«iB^f> 
 pii^ll9^{^iiiriB]|i^to(0M^i^fl^~'W^^ 
 
 %l 
 
 ■■^.■^^ 
 
 jl ,V f 
 s-l.t 
 
 U r, 
 
 '& 
 
 #^:, 
 
 
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wjT' ^'^^^^'-'^wmm 
 
 ii Am^iIIi 'I 
 
 lyif:^S 
 
 ft 
 
 •Hal 
 
 ^USKHIUff 
 
 
 I ff) 
 

 wrm^^fm' ■w^tnm Mpniivw^jnf «"K<mviir||^' 
 
 OF DIGESTION BY THE QASTRXC JUICE. 
 
 73 
 
 • 
 
 ces, or who has tho liberality to credit the opinions of 
 those who have had such opportunities. 
 
 It has been objected to this hypothesis, that the seTist- 
 hie properties of the gastric juice contradict the idea of 
 its active solvent effect. But wo should recollect that 
 many things which make very little impression on our 
 external senses, produce nevertheless, most astonishing 
 effects. The air which we breathe, by which we arc 
 surrounded, and which, to our external Sv'^nses, is almost 
 inappreciable, is one of the most powerful agents in na- 
 ture — one portion of which combines with all grades of 
 matter, either slowly and imperceptibly, as in^the grad- 
 ual change of all substances, or rapidly, as in the com- 
 bustion of wood, or even the hardest metals — and, by 
 means inexplicable to us, sustains in life and being the 
 whole of animated nature. 
 
 The gastric juice has been submitted to chemical ex- 
 amination and analysis, with various results. Perhaps 
 in the present state of the science of chemistry it will not 
 be practicable to ascertain its exact chemical character. 
 The parcels heretofore submitted to analysis, have been 
 very impure ; but the result of even these partial exam- 
 inations, has been to show that this fluid contains a por- 
 tion of free muriatic acid, combined with the acetic, and 
 some salts. In the winter of 1832-3, I submitted a 
 quantity of gastric juice, with no other admixture, ex- 
 cept a small proportion of the mucus of the stomach, to 
 Professor DunglisoUj for examination, who, with the 
 assistance of the professor of chemistry of the Virginia 
 University, effected the following analysis, and was 
 kind enough to communicate the result to me by 
 letter. 
 
 
 ■K\ 
 
 <*Skl 
 
 ":;:*' :, :i':>^Mr'--!..^ -. .,%»if isi:**,^:^' 
 
 ■^^ 
 
4 
 
 u 
 
 PRS;.||^INARY OB8EaVATZON0» 
 
 ■HI 
 
 " UwiVBHilTT or VlRGlIf U, ♦ 
 
 February 6th, 1833. 
 »BfY Dear Sib: 
 
 " Since I last wrote you, my friend and colleague. Professor 
 Emmett, and myself, have examined the bottle of gastric fluid 
 which I brought with me from Washington, and we have found 
 it to contain free Muriatic and Acetic acid, Phosphates and Muri' 
 ates, with bases of Potassa^ Soda, Magnesia and Lime, and an 
 animal matter, soluble in cold water, but insoluble mhot. We were 
 ■atisfied, you recollect, in Washington, that free muriatic seid 
 was present, but I had no conception it existed to the amoun» 
 met with in our experiments here. Wo distilled the gastric fluid, 
 when the A^e acid passed over ; the salts and animal matter re- 
 maining in thi^retort. The quantity of Chloride of Silver thrown 
 down on the addition of the Nitrate of Silver, was astonishing." 
 
 r,' 
 
 ::.^ 
 
 '■Ml, 
 
 '•A 
 
 I had been long convinced of the existence of free 
 muriatic acid in the gastric fluids. Indeed; it is quite 
 obvious to the sense of taste ; and most chemists agree 
 in this, however they may be at variance! with respect 
 to the other constituents. The analysis of l*rofessors 
 Dunglison and Emmett is certainly as satisfactory as 
 any that lias been made. It is a question whether gas- 
 tric juice, in so great a stfiit^ of purity, has ever before 
 bteen submitted to chemical analysis. 
 
 It is to be hoped that no one Will be so disingenuous 
 as to attribute to Professor Dunglison the design of find- 
 ing the existence of certain chemical agents in the gastric 
 juice, with the view of propping the theory of the chem- 
 ical action of this fluid, which he has maintained in his 
 work on "Human Physiology ;"— oy, in other words, tp 
 sajr, tliat lie had determined to find certsyn results; an4 
 that he had accordingly founds them. Those whp iarf 
 acquainted with him, k]|^J^ ^^|^iy:«indor lug^d feirness 
 
 
 ^ 
 
OF mOBSTION BT THE OAiTRIO JtJlCE. 
 
 71 
 
 m 
 
 are abore ihe reach of suspicion ; and that he would be 
 equally as willing to retract a false opinion as to main- 
 tain a correct one. Another quantity was sent to him 
 for further analysis ; but I regret that no report has yet 
 been received from him. 
 
 In April of the present year, (1833,) a parcel was sub- 
 Ijnitted to Benjamin Silliman, M. D., Professor of Chem- 
 istry in Yale College. Professiional engagements pre- 
 vented his examination of the fluid until the 2d of 
 August, when he sent me the following result : 
 
 ** Examination of the Gastric Fluid, Aug. 2, 1833. 
 
 *' 1. The Fluid, after being kept in a cloeely corked vial, more 
 than three months, from April to August, and most of the tjme in 
 a cellar, remained unaltered, except the formation of a pellicle 
 upon the eurikce, slightly discolored by red spots. A second 
 pellicle appeared after the precipitation of the first It was thick- 
 ^1 and more discolored with dark red spots, like venous blood. 
 
 <^ 2. The Fluid was cloudy, like a solution of gum arable ; but 
 on filtering, it became perfectly clear, and of a slight, straw yel- 
 low tinge. 
 
 "3. The pellicles, which had the appearance of inspissated 
 mucus, after being separated firom the Fluid, became, after ex- 
 posure to the air, throughout of a brownish red color, resembling 
 the inner portion of a mass of coagulated blood. This change 
 seemed to result from a sudden oxygenation, 
 
 " 4. The Fluid exhaled a slight odor— 'not disagreeable— rather 
 aromatic— and very similar to that which it at first exhaled ; but 
 not so strong. It was then rather disagreeable, 
 ^j "5. Taste, feebly saline^— not disagreeable. 
 
 '*$. Test papers of litmus, alkanet, and purple cabbage, were 
 decidedly reddened. Turmeric paper underwent no change : but 
 when previously browned by an alkali, (ammonia) the gastric 
 ^uid restored the yellow color. 
 
 «7, Nitrate of Silver -gave a denpe white precipitate, wliich, 
 
 
 * !^ 
 
 :.«*, 
 
 Sfe*^ 
 
 p, #^ 
 
p invOTii mii imp ip 
 
 76 
 
 PRELIMINARY ODSERVATIONS. 
 
 after standing five minutes in the sun^s light, turned to a dark 
 brownish black; thus indicating Muriatic Acid. Mur. and Nit. 
 Barytes gave a slight opalescence, indicating n trace of sulphuric 
 acid ; not improbably, there was also sumc phosphoric acid. 
 
 "8. Specific gravity — when taken in a small, thin glass tube, 
 containing 201 grs. ofdistilled water — when filled witli the gastric 
 fluid, its weight was increased I gr. — weight of tlie gastric liquor, 
 therefore, 202 grs. The specific gravity is, therefore, about 
 1.005. But little solid matter in solution." ^,g^ 
 
 Tho following results have been obtained from partial 
 examinations and analyses of the gastric juice, or rather 
 in most instances, of the mixed fluids of the stomach. 
 
 Spallanzani, in 1793, after many experiments, declar- 
 ed thp gastric juice to be entirely neutral, a solvent for, 
 alimentary matter, tvithifi and without the stomach — 
 that it did not putrefy at the ordinary temperature of 
 the stomach ; but preserved animal matters from putre- 
 faction, and dissolved them, with the aid of heat. 
 
 Scopoll found in the gastric juice of the rook, water, 
 gelatine, a saponaceous matter, muriate of ammonia and 
 phosphate of lime. 
 
 Carminiti, in 1795, found it, in carnivorous animals, 
 salt and bitter, and frequently acid when they had eaten, 
 but not so when fasting.* 
 
 Viridet, Werner, Hmiter and others, found the gastric 
 juice acid. 
 
 MM. Marquart and Vauquelin found albumen and 
 free phosphoric acid in it. 
 
 Tiedemann and Gmelin found it to contain, on analy- 
 sis, muriatic and acetic acid ; mucus ; very little or no 
 
 * Probably because the fluid found in the stomach when fasting, was 
 not gastric juice. 
 
 
 • .i ■ .rt 
 
 
 *JSx' 
 
 ^.J^- 
 
OF 
 
 1^ 
 
 BBTION BY THE GASTRIC JUICE. 
 
 n 
 
 albumen; saliyary mat^r; osmazome; muriate and 
 sulphato of soda. In the ashes, carbonate, phosphate 
 and sulphate of lime, and chloride of calcium. Princi- 
 pally- from carnivorous animals. 
 
 Louret and Lassaigne, in a hundred parts, found 
 water, ninety-eight, lactic acid, muriate of ammonia, 
 muriate of soda, animal matter soluble in water, mucus, 
 and phosphate of lime, two parts. 
 
 Montegre, (1812) who could vomit at will* and "w4io 
 analyzed the fluid so obtained, declared it not to be add 
 — not a solvent — not slow to putrefy— m nmch like saliva 
 that ho regards it saliva swallowed. 
 
 Prout, 1824, declares the gastric juice to be really acid 
 — does not contain an organic acid, but free, hydrochlo- 
 ric, or muriatic acid. , 
 
 These opinions are certainly discordant. The major- 
 ity of evidence, however, is in favor of the existence of 
 pretty active chemical agents in the gastric fluids — .per- 
 haps not sufiicient, compared with the ordinary bpera- 
 tion|^ of chemistry, to account for the digestion, or solu- 
 tion of aliment. 
 
 The discrepance of results in the reports of those who 
 have had opportunities.of examining the process of, and 
 have made experiments on, artificial digestion^ by the 
 gastric juice, as well as in the chemical examination of 
 this fluid, has been owing moife to the difficulty of ob- 
 taining it pure, in sufficient quantity, and under proper 
 circumstances, than to any real diflerence in its efl!ects. 
 UndiCr the circumstances in which the following experi- 
 ments were made, I flatter myself that these difficulties 
 
 * Bee remaiks netr the cloie of tbii lection on Montegre'a experi. 
 ments. 
 
 V 
 
 < 
 
 / 
 
^ 
 
 ^»i 
 
 PRBLIMtNA«T OMBRVATIOlfl. ^) 
 
 4 
 
 tA '■■ 
 
 I 
 
 havo been obviatod; and if tho inferenots'be inoorreot, 
 tho blame muat be attached to the experimenter. He 
 can only aa/i that, the experimenla were made in good 
 faith, and with a view to elicit truth. 
 
 I think I am warranted, from the result of all the 
 experiments, in saying, that the gastric juice, so far 
 from being " inert as water," as some authors asserts, is 
 the great solvent of alimentary matter — even the hard- 
 oat b9ne cannot withstand its action. It is capable, even 
 out of the atomachf of cfiecting perfect digestion, with 
 the aid of due and uniform degrees of heat, (lOO** Fah- 
 renheit,) and gentle agitation, as will bo seen in the fol- 
 lowing experiments. 
 
 The fact that alimentary matter is transformed, in 
 the stomach, intp chyme, is now pretty generally con- 
 coded. The peculiar process by which the change is 
 effected, has been, by many, considered a problem in 
 physiology. Without pretending to explain the exact 
 modu3 operattdi of the gastric fluid, yet I am ^impelled 
 by the weight of evidence, afforded by the experiments, 
 deductions and opinions of the ablest physiologists^ but 
 more by direct experiment and personal observation, to 
 conclude that the change effected by it qn aliment is 
 pureljf cKemical. We must, I think, regard thia fluid 
 as a chemical agent, and its operation as a chemical ac- 
 tion. It is certainly every way analogous te it; and I 
 can see no more ol^ection in accounting for the change 
 effected on the food, ^^ the supposition of a ichemical 
 process, than I do in accounting for . the varied and 
 diversified modifications of matter, which are operated 
 on in the same way. The decay of the dead body is a 
 cheinloal operation, se p a ratin g 4t into its elementary 
 principles— and why not tbe soliation of alinient in the 
 
^ 
 
 OP DiailTION BT TRI QAfTRIC lUlCE. 
 
 79 
 
 itomach, aift iti ultimate astimnatibn iiifto fibrin'e, gela* 
 line and albumen? Matter, in a natural Bense, is in« 
 destructible. It may be differently combined ; and these 
 combinations are chemical changes. It is well known 
 that all organized bodies are composed of very few 
 •implo principles, or substances, modified by excess or 
 i^iminution of same of their constituents. 
 
 The gastric juice appears to be secreted from num- 
 berless vc&sels, distinct and separate from the mucous 
 follicles. These vessels, when examined with a micro- 
 ■cope, appear in the shape of small lucid points, or very 
 fine^ papillfle, situated in the interstices of the follicles. 
 They discharge their fluid only when solicited to do so 
 by the presence of aliment, or by mechanical irritation. 
 . Pure gastric juice, when taken directly out of the 
 '•tomach of a healthy adult, unmixed with any other 
 fluid, save a portion of the mucus of the stomach with 
 which it is most commonly, and perhaps always com- 
 bined, is a clear, transparent fluid ; inodorous ; a little 
 saltish ; and very perceptibly acid. Its taste, when ap- 
 plied to the tongue, is similar to thin mucilaginous wa- 
 ter, slightly acidulated with muriatic acid. It is readily 
 divisible in water, wine or spirits ; slightly efiervesces 
 with alkalis ; and is an effectual solvent of the materia 
 alimentaria. It possesses the property of coagulating 
 Albumen, in an eminent degree ; is powerfully antisep- 
 tic, checking the putrefaction of meat ; and effectually 
 restorative of healthy action, when applied to old, foetid 
 sores, and foul, ulcerating surfaces. ' 
 
 * I Saliva and mucus are sometimes abundantly mixed 
 with the gastric juice. The mucus may be separated, 
 by filtering the mixture through fine linen or muslin 
 cambric. 'The gastric juice, and part of the saliva will 
 
 t 
 
 t, ,f 
 
7W 
 
 ' 'j'^ i^T^ 
 
 '■'ii'ijt 
 
 80 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 tf 
 
 
 # 
 
 MJ^ 
 
 'n.jT, 
 
 
 > *' 
 
 ■4 
 
 pass through, 4hile the mucus, and spumSus or frothy 
 part of the saliva, will remain on the filter. When not 
 separated by the filter, ^he mucus gives a ropiness to the 
 fluid, that does not belong to the gastric juice, but soon 
 falls to the bottom, in loose, white flocculi. Saliva imparts 
 to the gastric juice an azure tinge and frothy appear; 
 ance ; and, when in large proportion, renders it foetid in 
 a few days ; whereas the pure gastric juice will keep 
 for many months, without becoming fostid. 
 
 The gastric juice does not accumulate in the cavity 
 of the s'^mach, nor is it discliarged into this viscus, un- 
 til alimientarv matter is received, and excites its vessels 
 to discharge tneir contents, for the immediate purpose of 
 digestion. It then begins to exude from its proper ves- 
 sels and increases in proportion to the quantity of ali- 
 ment naiurally required, and received. A definite pro- 
 portion of aliment, only, can be perfectly digested in a 
 given quantity of the fluid. From experiments on arti- 
 ficial dijyestion, it appears that the proportion of juice to 
 the ingestffi, is greater than is generally supposed. Its 
 action on food is indicative of its chemical character. 
 Like othei- chemical agents, it decomposes, or dissolves, 
 and combines with, a fixed and definite quantity of mat- 
 ter, when its action ceases. When the juice becomes 
 saturated, it refuses to dissolve more ; and, if an excess 
 •of food have been taken, it remains in the stomach, or 
 passes into the bowels in a cnide state, and frequently 
 becomes a source of nervous irritation, pain and disease, 
 for a long time ; or until the efibrts of nature restore the 
 vessels of this viscus to their natural and healthy ac- 
 tions — either with or without the aid of medicine. 
 
 Such are the appearance and properties of the gas- 
 tric juice. It is not always to be 6btained pure. It 
 
 
 
 ,*' 
 
 ■i 
 
"^'"■■■W'iiiliw^ 
 
 , * 
 
 OF DIGESTION BY THE GASTRIC JUICE. 
 
 81 
 
 ^r> 
 
 varies with the changing condition of the stomach. — 
 These variations, however, depend upon the admix- 
 ture of other fluids, such as saUva, water, mucus, and 
 sometimes bile, and perhaps, pancreatic juice. The 
 gpecial solvent itself— the gastric juice — is, probably, 
 invariably the same substance. Derangement of the 
 digestive organs, slight febrile excitement, fright, or 
 any sudden affection of the passions, causes material 
 alterations in its appearance. Overburthening the stom- 
 ach oroduces acidity and rancidity iii this organ, and 
 retards the solvent action of the gastric juice. Greneral 
 febrile irritation seems entirely to suspend its secretion 
 into the gastric cavity ; and renders the villous coat of 
 the stomach dry, red and irritable. Under such circum- 
 stances, the gastric vessels will not respond to the call 
 of alimentary stimulus. Fear and anger check its se- 
 cretion — the latter causes an influx of bile into tlie 
 stomach, which impairs its solvent properties. 
 
 .When food is received into the stcix.ach. 
 
 the gastric 
 
 vessels are excited by its stimulus to discharge their con- 
 tents, when chyraification commences. It has been a 
 favorite opinion of authors, that food, after it has been 
 received into the stomach, should "remain there a short 
 pciiod before it undergoes any change ; "* the common 
 estimate is one hour. But this is an erroneous conclu- 
 sion, arising from inacccuracy of observation. Why 
 should it remain there, unchanged? It has been 
 received into the organ which is to effect an important 
 change upon it — the gastric juice is ready to commence 
 its work of solution soon after the first mouthful is swal- 
 lowed ; and, certainly, if we admit that the gastric 
 juice performs the ofiice of a chemical agent, which 
 
 ;"»^ 
 
 » 
 
 • 
 
 :t1^ 
 
 1&. ,r4>' 
 
 -V 
 
 
 'f Paris on Diet, p, 39. 
 
 'jH^'^ !'■■?■?■ f 1^* 
 
 ■^fe:' 
 
 ■M 
 
um' wpi^^iiipti^iifpiiiiippiiiippmippippiipp 
 
 83 
 
 ^ PRELIMINARY OUSERVATIONff. i|# 
 
 ..? 
 
 F'tf' 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 most physiologiBts allow, it is contrary to all ciir notions 
 of chemical action, to allow it ono moment to rest. It 
 must commence its operation immediately. Timt it 
 docs so^ is distinctly manifested by close observation of 
 its afction on food, in the healthy stomach. 
 
 YiMi Paris is not alone in this opinion. It appears to 
 have been a favorite dwtrine ; and has been rogtdarly 
 handed down, from one physioloristto another, as a sort 
 of heir loom to the profession. The succcsssors in tho 
 physiological sciences seem to have Iwcn compelled to 
 receive it with the legacy of their predecessors, without 
 any doubt of its legitimacy ; when, by a little rational 
 examination, it would have l)een found a fair sul)joct of 
 rejection. It will be seen, by the fqllowing oxpevimcnts, 
 that it has not the slightest foundation in truth ; and to 
 them I refer the I'eader. 
 
 It has Ixjon said, that when one meal follows another 
 in quick succession — or »»\ other words, when a subse- 
 quent meal is taken beforo the provio\is one is digested 
 — that it some how disturbs the process of digestion. 
 This is generally true ; and it allows of a definite solu^ 
 tion. It is because more is received into the stomach, 
 in the aggrogate, than the gastric juice can dissolve. 
 and this disturbance will result, as well when too much 
 food has been taken at once, as wheii too much has 
 been received in rapid succession. But if the quantity 
 be moderate, no ill effect will ensue. Many childrcu 
 are in the habit of eating as often as once an hour 
 through the day, in small quantities, without experience 
 ing any bad consequences. Cooks are, also, accustom^ 
 cd to the practice of constantly tasting of the various 
 articles of food which they are preparing for the table ; 
 i^ aA yet I am not aware that they suffer any inconve- 
 
 ■ A. 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
OF niaSBTlON DY TltK OMTRIC JtJtCE. 
 
 83 
 
 nionce fnim tho habit. From thcie, and other facts, as 
 well as from direct experiment, I think it is perfectly 
 apparent that digestion must progress during the whole 
 time tliat food, in proper quantities, is in the* stomach. 
 It*, as has l)cen suggested, the ingestion of food, in ad- 
 dition to tho delay to itself, retards br stops tho chymi- 
 fication of that which has been previously received, 
 aliment, as it relates to those children who eat hourly, 
 would bo constantly accumulating ; and there would . 
 ronuiin in the stomach at night the wholo quantity 
 taken through the day : a supposition not to be credited, 
 cvcti by those disposed to make the most of a favorite 
 opinion or doctrine. 
 
 i Duotor Wilson Philip, in his Treatise on Indigestion, 
 says, "tho layer of food lying next to the suface of tho 
 stoinnch, is lirst digested, and in proportion as this im- 
 dcrgocs the proper change, and is moved by the muscu- 
 lar aclit)n of the stonmch, that next in turn succeeds, to 
 inulergo the same change." That chymification com- 
 mences on the surface of the food, I liavc no doubt ; but 
 L apprehend this to be tho case as it respects edch indi- 
 vidual portion, and not the whole mass. I have fre- 
 quently taken out portions from the stomach, a few min- 
 utes at\er they had been received into that organ, when 
 ihey appeared to havo received a full supply of gastric . 
 juice for perfect digestion, when submitted to the artifi- ^ 
 cialmode. When a due and moderate supply of food 
 has been received, it is probaiile that the whole quantity x-' 
 of gnstric juice for its complete solution, is secreted, and 
 mixed with it, in a short time. When an unusually 
 full meal has been eaten, the necessary quantity for its 
 complete solution, is not so readily supplied. If a tena- 
 cious mass of food be used, the external portion of tho 
 
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 wliolo qimntity is first digested, when atiecceding jwr* 
 tions ni"o presented. Tliero is no ground lor the opinion 
 inferred, that the gastric jniec never leaves the parietes 
 of the .<!tonmch, except as it cliyniifies food. It is a thin 
 lUiid, and is governed by the same laws that other tliin 
 lUiids are. Fixim nnmemus examinations of the stom- 
 ach, 1 feel warranted in saying, at least in the human 
 subject, that there is a perfect admixture of gastric juiro 
 and fwd — that tlie particles of I'ood are const.intly chang- 
 ing their txjlative situations with eaclj other and that 
 they aif mixed with a quantity of lluid, the gastric juice, 
 and liquids that have l)oon taken during the meal, and, 
 as there has generally lieen observed in the stomach a 
 large proportion of fluid) even after a dry and solid meal, 
 I have been led to suspect that there is also a synthetic 
 formation of water, from its elements. This mixture is 
 perfectly heterogeneous at first, nnd is kept in constant 
 agitation, by the chunttM^' motions of the stomacli. If 
 the contents of the stomach Ixj taken out in from thirty 
 minutes to an hour after food lias been taken, it will bo 
 found to l>e composed of perfectly formed chyme and 
 l>articles of food, intimately mixed and blended, in vari- 
 ous pix>i)ortions, accoixiing to the vigorous or enfeebled 
 state of the digestive orgaiis, or the (piantity or quality 
 of aliment taken. Most commonly, if the meal have 
 l>een moderate, the pixx'css of digestion will continue in 
 the iwrtioM taken out, when placed on the bath at a prop- 
 er temixvature, and the motions of tlvc stomach imitated. 
 From the circumstances that the introduction of 
 sjxwge, tulx^s, pebbles, &c. by Spallanzani and others, 
 <?xcited the discharge of the gastric juice, and from the 
 fact that the gum-elastic tube, in my experiments, pro- 
 duced the same etlett, when the stomach was empty and 
 
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 ,£■ --1 
 
^11 
 
 OP DIQEBTION BY TIHB,ai^;p|lIC JVICK. 8| 
 
 healthy, 1 infer, that the first effect of aliment on the 
 stomach, is one of irritaUon of the gastric popilliB ; thu« 
 exciting the discharge of the gastric juice, and stinmla- 
 ting the muscular fibres of the stoninclK The vermicular 
 motions, being excited by mechanical irritation, not only 
 carry the food into all parts of the stomach, and diffuse 
 its mechanicol influence throughout the whole iinier sur- 
 face of this organ ; but, they imiformly mix the aliment 
 with the gastric juice, which is constantly being secreted, 
 in proportion to the quantity of food received into the 
 stomach, (unless that be too much for the wants of the 
 economy,) until chymification is completed. Some stim- 
 ulus seems to lie necessary to continue the motions of the 
 stomach, ai\er chymification is accomplished, in order to 
 effect the complete discharge of the chyme into the low- 
 er bowels. And it appears highly probable that the 
 compound lluid of gastric juice and aliment, or chyme, 
 by its ac(piired acid properties, aflbrds this stimulus, and 
 propagates the contractile motions of this organ, even 
 afler the mechanical irritation of the crude food ceases. 
 This fluid acquires now chemical properties, becomes 
 more acid and stimulating, as chymification advances, 
 until it is completed. When it is all transferred to the 
 duodenum, the motions of the stomach cease. 
 J From a number of experiments on rabbits, by Doctor 
 j;rWilson Philip,* with the view of ascertaining the pro- 
 cess of digestion, this gentleman has brought his mind 
 to the conclusion, that when food has been taken at 
 different times, " the new is never mixed with the old 
 food." With every feeling of respect for so valuable and 
 indefatigable a contributor to physiological science, I 
 
 * On DigoBtion. 
 
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 covcry was the rosult of accident, niul contrary to pre- 
 concoivtxl ophiions. I accotuit for it in the following 
 way. Gentle exeiviso increases the circulation of the 
 uystem, and the temperature o(i\\o stomach. This in- 
 crease of temperature is generally about one and a half 
 degrees. Now, if the gastric juice be a lolvent, its ac- 
 tion is similar to other chemical solvents, and its activi- 
 ty is increased in proportion to the elevation of its tem- 
 peratifre. Of the reason,. I leave others to judge. Tho 
 effect is certain. Severe and fatiguing exercise, on thd 
 contrary, retards digestion. Two reasons present them- 
 selves for this — the debility which follows hard labor, 
 of which the stomach partakes ; and the depressed tem- 
 ^raturo of the system, consequent upon perspiration, 
 and evaporation from the surface. 
 
 Exercise, sufficient to prod«ce moderate perspiration, 
 increases the secretions from the gastric cayity, and pro- 
 duces an accumulation of a limpid fluid, within the 
 •tomach, slightly acid, and possessing the solvent pro- 
 perties of the gastric juice in an inferior degree. This 
 is probably a mixed fluid, a small proportion of which 
 is gastric juice. 
 
 Bile is not essential to chymification. It is seldom 
 £)und in the stomach, except under peculiar circum- 
 stances. I have observed that when the use of fat or 
 oily food has been persevered in for some time, bile is 
 generally found mixed with the gastric fluids. Whe- 
 ther this be a pathological phenomenon, induced by the 
 peculiarly indigestible nature of oily food ; or whether 
 it be a provision of nature, to assist the chymification of 
 this particular kind of diet, I have not as yet satisfied 
 myself. Oil is affected by the gastric juice with con- 
 siderable difficulty. The alkaline properties of the bile 
 
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 OF UIOESTION BY THE OASTRIC JUICE. 
 
 8Q 
 
 may render it moro suscoptiblo'of solution in thin fluid 
 by altering its chemical character. Irritation of the py*, 
 loric extremity of the stomach with the end of the elas- 
 tic tube, or the bulb of the thermometer, generally ooca- 
 sions a flow of bile into this organ. External agitation, 
 by kneading with the hand, on the right side, over thei 
 regions of the liver and pylorus, produces the same 
 effect. It may be laid down as a general rule, however, 
 subject to the exceptions above mentioned, that4}ile is 
 not necessary to the chymification of food in the stom- 
 ach. Mugondio says, " I believe that, in certain morbid 
 conditioujs, the bile is not introduced into this organ,'' 
 (the stomach ;) inferring, that in a healthy state, it is alt 
 ways to bo found there. There can hardly bo a greateK^' 
 mistake. With the exceptions that I have mentioned,^ 
 it is never found in the gastric cavity, in a state of 
 health ; and it is only in " certain morbid conditions'' 
 that it is found there. 
 
 When bile is found with the gastric juice, the acid 
 taste is diminished, and the flavour of the bile prevails, 
 in proportion to the quantity in the mixture. ..^ 
 
 The resulting compi^und of digestion in the stomachy 
 or chyme^ has been described as '' a homoge^ieous, puU 
 taceous, greyish substance, of a sweetish, insipid taste 
 slightly acid," d&c. In its homogeneous appearance, it 
 is invariable ; but not in its colour ; that partakes very 
 slightly of the colour of the food eaten. It is always of 
 a lightisU^or greyish colour ; varying in its shades and 
 appearance, from thut of cream, to a greyish, or dark 
 coloured gruel. It is, also, more consistent at one tiiai 
 than at another ; modified, in this respect, by the ki 
 of diet used. This circumstance, however, does noi 
 affect its homogeneous character. A rich and consistent 
 8* 
 
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 90 
 
 rRELTMtfTARY OBSBRTATtOITS; 
 
 quantity is all alike, and of the same quality. A poor- 
 er and thinner portion is equally uniform in its appec^ 
 ance. Chyme from butter, fat meats, oil, dec. resem- 
 bles rich cream. That frStn farinaceous and vegetable 
 diet, has more the appearance of gruel. It is- invariably 
 distinctly acid. 
 
 The passage of chyme from the stomach into the 
 duodenum is gradual. Portions of chyme, as they be- 
 come 4brmed, pass out, and are succeeded by other por- 
 tions. In the earlier stages of digestion, this is more <^ 
 slowly effected than in the later ones. At first, the 
 chyme is more mixed with the undigested portions of 
 aliment, and is probably separated with considerable 
 difficulty, by the powers of the stomach. In the later 
 stages, as the whole mass becomes more and more chym- 
 iiied, and bettei^ fitted for the translation, the process is 
 more rapid ; and it is accelerated by a peculiar contrac- 
 tion of the stomach, a description of which will be found 
 in the next section. It appears to be a provision of na- 
 ture, that the chyme^ towards the latter stages of its for- 
 mation, should become more stimulating, and so excite 
 the pyloric extremity of the ston^ach, as to produce this 
 peculiar contraction. 
 
 After the expulsion of the last particles of chyme, tho 
 stomach becomes quiescent, and no more gastric juice is 
 secreted, until a fresh supply of food is presented for its 
 action, or some other mechanical irritation is applied to 
 its internal coat. « 
 
 Water and alcohol are not affected by the gastric juice. 
 Fluids, of all kinds, enjoy the same exemption, unless 
 *they hold in solution or suspension some animal or veg- 
 etable aliment. Fluids pass from the stomach very sooa 
 
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 'vf.-* 
 
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 OP DIOESTION BY THB GASTRIC JUICE. 
 
 91 
 
 after they are received, either by abeorption, or through 
 4he pylorus. . , 
 
 Since the general adoption of the theory of a specific, 
 solvent fluid, others have been proposed. 
 
 M. Montegre, who, it is said, had the power of vomit^ 
 ing at pleasure, performed a series of experiments on the 
 fluids of the stomach, obtained in this way, which in- 
 duced him to come to the following conclusion pn the 
 subject of digestion. " He conceives that what has been 
 supposed to be the gastric juice, is, in fact, nothing but 
 saliva ; that it possesses no peculiar powers of acting on 
 alimentary matter ; that the principal use of the gastric 
 juice is to dilute the food; and that the only action of 
 the stomach consists in ' une absorption vitale ct elec- 
 tive,' in which the absorbent vessels, in consequence of 
 their peculiar sensibility, take up certain parts of the 
 food, and reject others."* A complete refutation of the 
 conclusions drawn from the experiments of Montegre, 
 will be found in the fact, which has been tested by more 
 than t . 1 hundred examinations and experiments, made 
 by me, on the gastric cavity, that although there never 
 exists free gastric juice in the stomach, when empty, 
 yet when this organ is excited by aliment, or other stim- 
 ulants, large quantities are secreted. The fluid obtained 
 by Montegre was, in all probability, a mixture of saliva 
 (which had been unconsciously swallowed) and the mu- 
 cus of the stomach. Neither of these secretions are capa- 
 ble of digesting aliment ; nor could the peculiar products^ 
 generally obtained from the chemical analysis of the 
 gastric juice, be found in them. ^j^ 
 
 ""Nots in Bostock'i Physiology, vol. 2, p. 384. 
 
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 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 The hypotheses proposed by Professors Smith and 
 Jackson, of this county, are modifications of Montegr^ 
 theory. ^ ^ ■■ 
 
 4 The former of these gentlemen supposes that diges- 
 tion is performed " by the veins of the stomach, and by 
 the liv^rJ' He contends, " that the first step in the pro- 
 cess of digestion is effected by capillary veins originating 
 in the villi of the stomach, with obsorbing extremities,, 
 and terminating in the great branches of the vena poi'^ 
 tflB ;"* that this action is continued through the Small 
 intestines ; that the absorbing veins take up the nutrient 
 -ji principles of the food, and reject, as excrementitious, the 
 ^ innutritious part ; that these nutrient principles are mix- 
 ed with the returning blood within the cavity of the 
 abdomen, and are carried into the liver, where the final , 
 processes of animalization and conversion into blood are., 
 completed. 
 
 Professor Jackson, in a recent work, has proposed a 
 new theory, or rather revived, m some measure, the the- 
 ory of maceration. His hypothesis, as nearly as can be 
 collected from his work, is as follows :— He supposes that 
 digestion is performed by subrpitting food to the action 
 of different fluids, each of which has " solvent powers 
 for different principles ;"t thatj ^e nutrient principles 
 i exist already formed in food, and are released from prin- 
 ." piples that are not required for nutrition, by a species of 
 solution, or maceration. The different fluids, as saliva, 
 mucus from the mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, the 
 bile and pancreatic juice, are the solvents of the different 
 
 •^• 
 
 * Essay on Digestion^ p. 63. 
 
 t Principles of Medioioe, founded on the Strueture and Function* 
 of the Animal Org^ism, p. 354. _^ ^ _ ^,^„ .. -^.^i..^ .i.^'i 
 
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 OP DIGESTION BY THE GASTRIC JUICE. 
 
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 innutritive prmcfples, ancTseparatiB tliem from nutriment, 
 m attributes great importance to the action of the saliva ; 
 thinks it exercises a " very energetic operation on the 
 food," (fcc, and denies, altogether, the existence of a spe- 
 cific solvent fluid. 
 
 . It is unfortunate for the interests of physiological sci- 
 ence, that it generally falls to the lot of men of vivid ' 
 imaginations, and great powers of mind, to become^ 
 restive under the restraints of a tedious and routine modoC'* 
 of thinking, and to strike out into bold and original hy- 
 potheses to elucidate the operations of nature, or to ac- * 
 count for the phenomena that are constantly submitting^ 
 to their inspection. The process of developing truth, by * 
 patient and persevering investigation, experiment and 
 research, is incompatible with unrestrained gerius. The 
 drudgery of science, is left to humbler and more unpre- 
 tending laborers. The flight of genius is, however, fre-* 
 quently erratic. The bold and original opinions of 
 Brown, had, for a long time an injurious eflect on the 
 science of medicine*, and the later opinions of Montegre"^ 
 and others, have had a like eflect on the sister science"* 
 of physiology. It is, however, a right which men of 
 genius possess, in common with others, to propose hy- 
 potheses, and to support them with such arguments and ' 
 deductions as they may have it in their power to adduce. ^ 
 Great caution and circumspection ought, however, to be ^ 
 observed. It is dangerous to unsettle long established^ 
 truths ; for it is difficult to limit the extent of error. The'* 
 gratification of a morbid desire to be distinguished as 
 the propagator of new principles in philosophy, or as the 
 head of a new sect, is not a legitimate excuse for propa- 
 gating heresy. New opinions or doctrines, whether true 
 or fdse, will have admirers and foUowei s, and will lead . 
 
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 t6 pfKeiical re- \U8. And the oftoirs df one man miy 
 load t!ionsands into the samo vortex. 
 
 These, of course, are designed as general remarks ; 
 and I have no wish to apply them, so far as bad motives 
 are inferred, to the highly respectable gentlemen men- 
 tioned above. Honest objections, no doubt, are enter- 
 tained against the doctrine of digestion by the gastric 
 juice. That they are so entertained by these gentle- 
 men, I have no doubt. And I cheerftiUy concede to them 
 the merit of great ingeimity, talents and learning, in 
 raising objections to the commonly rec ived hypothesis^ 
 0JS well as ability h\ maintaining their peculiar opinions^ 
 But we ought not to allow ourselves to be seduced by 
 the Ingenuity of argument or the blandishments of style^ 
 Truth, like lieauty, when '< unadorned, is adorued the 
 most ;'' and in prosecuting these experiments and inqui- 
 ries, I believe I have been guided by its light. Facts 
 are more persuasive than arguments, however ingeni* 
 ously mad^^ and by their eloquenoe, I hope I have boon 
 able to plead for the support and maintenance of thoM 
 doctrines which have had for their advocates such men 
 as Sydenham, Hunter, Spallanzani, Richerand, Aber- 
 nethy, Broussais, Philip, Paris, Bostock, the Heidleburgh 
 and Paris Professors, Dunglison, and a host of other 
 Ittminarios in the science of physiology. 
 
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 SKCTION VL 
 
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 OP THE APPRAUANCK OP TIIK VILLOUS COAT, AND OF 
 
 ^\ THE MOTIONS OP THE STOMACH. 
 
 ■J* - 
 
 I? Tho inner coat of the stomach f in its natural and 
 healthy state, is of a light, or palo pink color, varying 
 in its hues, according to its full or empty state. It is of 
 a soft, or velvet-liico appearance, and is v^onstantly cover- 
 ed with a very thin, transparent, viscid mucus, lining 
 the whole interior of the organ. 
 
 Immediately beneath the mucous coat, and apparently 
 incorporated with the villous membrane, appear small, 
 spheroidal, or oval-shaped, grandular bodie'^j, from which 
 tho mucous fluid appears to be secreted. "^ 
 
 u By applying aliment, or other irritants, to the inter-' 
 nal coat of the stomach, and observing the efl^ct through 
 a magnifying glasti, innumerable minute lucid points, 
 and very fine nervous or valvular papillae, can be seetl; 
 arising from the villous membrane, and protruding" 
 through the mucous coat ; from which distills a pure, 
 limpid, colorless, slightly viscid fluid, This fluid is in- , 
 variably distinctly acid. The mucus of the stomach is 
 less fluid, and more viscid or albuminous, and some- 
 times a little saltish ; but does not possess the slightest 
 character of acidity. On applying thfe tongue to the 
 mucous coat of the stomach, in its empty, unirritated * 
 9||te|.,Qo acid taste can be perceived. When tbod, or 
 
 f-^^ 
 
 
uii WfnmW ^m'W»m nvmi m i m mm <'i<'iii'i"illllPHiPiiPIPPVIili[ 
 
 W 
 
 *^H»'',l,UnNA«V im^VlWVAVtrtHlli »*Vf ;t»v 
 
 
 ntHy pMvi^|MiM«\ *rho |m)\tl)i\s \ nu\ ronvihotMl. i^mu oh* 
 novvniiou, Wmw {\ prnl or\vl\rtl \n i'^IIimI by nuihovs, ih«» villi 
 
 M !<t>«Mv(ovy, o\>n\po»o t)\o hMOhlnthM'. T\\M m\\\\\^ j^^V- 
 
 tUMV 01' tl\o villi fi>vo\ ny<* »*^«Mv!tM'y \\\\\'\n \s( \\\\i> vi^moIh, 
 
 M' ^h\\\\Uy \ l\rtVo not iho Iim\m iloul»f, Oi»h» Iniuunovnl^ln 
 
 >>t^t^^\l!U" o\{\\uln!\llo»\!* or tho |mv»^f»!< \s( Ihn wv»iMltM» of 
 
 Irt^Mvio j\n\»tf^. *rho luvrtvlhbio i^troot of nj^plylnji: wll- 
 
 mont !x> tho iu!t>vuM. h\\\ oxposod ptul of Iho ^nMvIo 
 
 m»(^mlM\n\«\ whoh In rt hortltluMM>h«iUloh, !»«« W^w Iho 
 
 j,%t\v\rtiion of 0\o w^lvtMU t1\ii<i, l^iMu iht^ ht>ovtv-ni»^htlort-' 
 
 ^fti^ \V'\|mII«\ *\M\ouj^h Iho r»|irr^wfw of tht»»o vr»»w»lB 
 
 t<M\\\< no! l>o sfv^h) <ntM\ wiih \\m\ t\^n\n\mx'^ of tho ho«t 
 
 Wbioh \\\i\ i\m\ m\w\\ \\^\v el«»rtvly liutlr^nhMl hy tlm 
 |mt<\\rt1 rt|Hx^rti*rt^it^o of inn\i»n»^mMo, vt^vy rtn<^, iut^ld 
 Bjv^^kss Hsiug ih^MUgh \\\<' \>tAm{mv\\\ Minoovts tnvU) iintl 
 
 t5w th^ \\rhol<^ intt>riov jrrtstvio «utfiv«^^» This rt)[>p«^ar- 
 t%\w^ i» tvM«\>i<^\UM»8 rtuly tlitviMja: Ailiwiftntittio«) or chymf. 
 
 t*^m\^«MuM\ of iho «»5rtvtx>ry ilnct« of \\\^ gm\tk veBSpIs 
 t>r i^l-^n^v^ lho\<gh l!\o oKvmsf n»\il most ttceumto o!v 
 ;^>mih>n n\«y ttov>^r be i^bto to discern tlioir distinct 
 %jwrt\nt^ 
 
 Thtft tl\uil 1^ di»ch«rg!»ti, is ttlwotlwl by tbt» s\litncnt 
 in ctMtl^ct, vw w>\lp!Ct!s in small dt\>|-.s^ nnd tHckl«Mi down 
 the stales of U\e stK>m«cb, t\> the tmm dejieniling ptirts, 
 «tnd thew mittgles with the txiod, or whiiitetet else nmy 
 ^5e ^ontaitted in the g^stvit c<ivity» This fluid, ttie efll* 
 
 •- "-r '^^- 
 
■wppqnpwp 
 
 " mm 
 
 IT 
 
 viu.mti roAt ANI1 MotioNrt or tiiw riJiiMAcii. yf 
 
 olnMt rnttun of «llgnNtloii Ihn trtin ^iiMtin Jiiirn (»f flpal- 
 liittmtni, t huvn lut diMittt lutfl f;«Minritlly lH<oliolilMiiln(t, 
 fnmii[mHnuMit» by m«^«'!iinilr»il lnllMUtiinif llm liili'iiml 
 ront of llm Rlumiv»li, piddtHMMl liy llin IntnuliU'lldii of u 
 g\im-r>luMlr hiln«, llnon«li whh'li II lilts l)r«»«ii prdciiirMl. 
 
 MN«n mmlHi^ Jiilrn novni* it|i|H«urN 1(» l»n lUMMninilaled iti 
 ttttHmvtty of titn Niiunmrli wiiiln riiRiitif< ; mid In rjoldntii, 
 if r^Vr>r, dhiduir^tvl fumi Ur |Uu|itM' mMM«i*nliig v<'Nm«ls, 
 otoi^pt whnii ivxrll(^d l>y iIh» nttliiiMl MlttmliiR (»riillm«»iit, 
 mnHtiuHiMtl IrHtnlltm orinln'R, oiotlu'i-nxfllfinlR. VVInMi 
 ivllmnni In rwolvod, ilm Jtiirn Ih givpu «»ul in ttjtm'l [»h»- 
 prtrlioii to lis nMpilroriuMilFi for floliiilon, njtcnpl whoii 
 tnoi'p food hnn boon ttihoii tlitni In iioroNNdiy for (ho wanttf 
 of tho Rystom. 
 
 » When njoidundnril InHntion hy n noii-dlgpMllilo m\h 
 sinnro, n^ thp oIuniU* tuho, stRin of iho lh(M'momot(M',A.c. 
 In itNnd, th« Boriclioii In piohuhly Ionn thftii whofi the 
 IrrllrtUoh is pmdtn»nd hy mich RiiliNtmuM^ an {irn itnidily 
 dISBolvod In Iho gHNlilo JtHoo. AUnujni, whtui iukoii 
 Into lliw Nionmch, isdilfuNt?d over the whohi villous Niir- 
 face, and HtlniidiUos th« gastric. vf»NSolN, gotiorully, to 
 Nwroto Ihdr thild copiously ; whoronN tlin Irrlttttlou of 
 tubes^ iViC. In local, aiul pr(»dUo,(>s oidy a pavllnl oxrJlo- 
 motU t>f tho vobsoIn, lUul ooufietpioMtly a scanly How of 
 tho gUNtrlo juicoi Itoncp, tho dolay in ohlaining the 
 o.bmr Ihiid frotn tho rltipty stomach, through ^lin lid)o. 
 t havo tAovcr, on utunerous trials, been ahio to obtain, 
 at any ono tln\c, movo than ouo and a half, or two oiuiogs 
 of this thdd, ni\or the stontaeh had dlsiKiscd of its all- 
 nic»ntary mutters, however long tho period of alistiiitjtico 
 tiad been. Thd disclmrgn of this small (|imniify has 
 generally been excited by the introduction of tho tube. 
 IVnj, fU\cGn, or more minutes, were necessary to collect 
 
 iy' 
 
 $ 
 
 ^'■ 
 
 ■Mi 
 
 M^ 
 
X., 
 
 
 98 .AK. PREHMINAUY 0B9EBVATI0NS. .,.,.,>,, 
 
 even this small quantity. Whenever fluid was obtained 
 in larger quantity, as was sometimes the case, it invaria 
 bly contained more than the usual quantity of mucus. 
 
 On viewing the interior of the stomach, the peculiar 
 formation of the imier coats are distinctly exhibited. 
 When empty, the rugoB appear irregularly folded upon 
 each other, almost in a quiescent state, of a pale pink 
 color, with the surface merely lubricated with mucus. 
 On the application of aliment, the action of the vessels 
 is increased ; the color heightened ; and the vermicular 
 motions are excited. The small gastric papillae begin 
 to discharge a clear, transparent fluid, (the alimentary 
 solvent,) which continues abundantly to accumulate, as 
 aliment is received for digestion. 
 
 If the mucous covering of the villous coat bo wiped 
 off, with a sponge or handkerchief, during the period 
 of chymification, the membrane appears roughish, and 
 of a deep pink color at first ; but in a few seconds, the 
 follicles and fine^ papillae begin to pour out their respec- 
 tive fluids, which, being difl'usedover the parts abraded 
 of mucus, restore to them their peculiar soft and velvet- 
 like coat and pale pink color, corresponding with the 
 undisturbed portions of the membrane ; and the gastric 
 juice goes on accumulating, and trickling down the 
 sides of the stomach. 
 
 If the membrane be wiped off when the stomach is 
 empty, or during the period of fasting, a similar rough- 
 ness, and deepened color appear, though in a less degree ; 
 and the mucous exudation is more slowly restored. The 
 follicles appear to swell more gradually. T^p fluids do 
 not accumulate in quantity sufficient to trickle down, 
 as during the time of chymification* The mucus only, 
 appears to be restored. 
 
 ¥-- 
 
 ■■■- :'Jv-#'- f'^'-:W:- 
 
 >.: 
 
 /^i 
 
VILLOUS COAT AND MOTIONS OV THE STOMACH. 99 
 
 \ i 
 
 
 Tho foregoing, I believe to bo tho natural appear- 
 ances of the internal coat of the stomach, in a healthy 
 condition of the system. !" 
 
 In disease, or partial derangement of tho heahhy 
 function, this membrane presents variouSf and essential- 
 ly different appearances. '*^ 
 
 In febrile diathesis, or predisposition, from whatever 
 cause — obstructed perspiration, undue excitement by 
 stimulating liquors, overloading the stomach with food 
 -—fear, anger, or whatever depresses or disturbs the 
 nervous system — the villous coat l)econies somewhat 
 red and dry, at other times, pale and moist, and loses 
 its smooth and healthy appearance ; tlic secretions be- 
 come vitiated, greatly diminished, or entirely suppress- 
 ed ; the mucous coat scarcely perceptible ; the follicles 
 flat and flaccid, with secretions insufficient to protect 
 the vascular and nervous papilla from irritation. '^ 
 
 There are sometimes found, on the internal coat of 
 the stomach, eruptions, or deep red pimples ; not nu- 
 merous, but distributed here and there, upon the villous 
 membrane, rising above the surface of the mucous coat. 
 These are at first sharp pointed and rod ; but frequent- 
 ly become filled with white purulent matter. At other 
 times, irregular, circumscribed, red patches, varying in 
 size or extent, from half an Inch to an inch and a half 
 in circumference, are found on the internal coat. These 
 appear to be the effect of congestion in the minute blood 
 vessels of the stomach. There are, also, seen at times, 
 small aphthous crusts, in connection with these red 
 patches.* Abrasions of the lining membrane, like tho 
 rolling up of the mucous coat into small shreds or strings, 
 leaving the papillte bare, for an indefinite space^ is not 
 an uticommpn appearance, ;f fjit. 
 
mmm 
 
 ^ 
 
 r>, V 
 
 10)) 
 
 ■m 
 
 riiKUMiNAiiY onBRnvATioNi. <.4iy, 
 
 (I '' 
 
 m 
 
 not Ahvoys i%l!^ot, f»Mnminlly, thn gftMilo »|t|mrntli8. 
 y\\\v]\ oon»i(l(M'nl>lo, juul. ptiHioularly, wluMi thnro urn 
 ror»v»|MMwlinkr .sy»Mpii>nifi of iHsonnc, ns dryt»<'«« ol'iho 
 mouth, tl\|i'M, noorhMn''M \nil«o, vV^c. iu> gnMvU; julro 
 <*nn l>o oMvnotrd, not o\oii on tlio nppUontion oCaliiurn- 
 tnry MiiniiluN. Drinks roortviMl, nw imtncdiiiloly nb- 
 ffovboti, ov othorwiso ^li^p(>^^Ml of; nono n»umiuing in (bo 
 BU)nu»ob (on ntinndw nOor b(M(\u: «\vullo\vo<l. I'ood, 
 tnkon in (bi« ot>ntU(ion ol' ibo sUMunob, vontains undim^M- 
 cil lor tv\M>niy-lbur or rov(y-oii?h( bonr.-*, or nuutj, iniM'oas- 
 ing ()>o (kM'anitoniont ot' (bo wbolo nUiuonony oMntxl, 
 rtiul ng4<rrtViUinu; (bo ifonrrnl syinptoins ol'cbsoaso. 
 
 A()ov a otMnwo ol'oxoossivo oiUinu; or tb"inkin|»:, obyirti- 
 rion(ion isnM;uxUMl; umJ, obbooj^b (bo oppodto \h nt)t 
 ulwnys inipairvM n( (ust, ibo (Iniil'" liooon\o rtovid aiul 
 shnr|>, {\\\{\ (»xoorii\(o (bo otlgosol"(bo npor(uro; uml !\l- 
 !tK>s( i»»v«riably pixxbioo nphvhons pn(olio5» nnd (bo otbor 
 imUoa(ions o(' a disonsoil stalo of (bo intornal »no(nl»rano, 
 n\on(ionotl abiwo, Vi(ia(0(l bilo is also found in tbo 
 stoumch undor (boso oirouuKManoos; and ibtoouli of 
 muc\is aix^ nntob n)tnv abiuub\n( (ban in Jioablu 
 
 Wheuovor (bis morlnd iM>ndi(ion of (bo sion\aob oc- 
 curs> \vi(b dio Uvvual aooonip;<nying smyptoms of dis- 
 casC) iboiM^ i« gi^norally a corrosponding appoarauoo of 
 iho t^mguo, Wbon a beabby sta(o of ibo s(omucb is 
 restored) the itnuguc iuvavi.ibly becomes clean, 
 
 Mofhm <if the tStmtuKAx 
 
 With the (tt»«r/omy of this organ, I have> at present,, 
 nothing to do. It does not come within the limits whicK>v 
 1 h^ive prescrilKHl to myself, Its motims^ as conipris* 
 
m 
 
 ^pp 
 
 w 
 
 
 VILLOVI COAT AND MOTIOIff 09 ITOIIACII. 
 
 m 
 
 ing a part of thu procods of digoBtion, 1 have endoavor- 
 i;d to obsorvo as accuratoly as practicablo; and 1 give 
 tho rnault. 
 
 Tho hunmn itomach ii furniihod with ipuicular 
 fasciculi, so arrangod as to shorten its dianiotor in every 
 direction. 11/ tho alturnato contraction and relaxation 
 ofthcflo bnndtk, a groat variety of motion is induced on 
 tliis orgiin, sonictinics trniisvcrsoly, and at other times 
 iongiludinally. Tlioso altcrnuto contractions and re- 
 laxations, when adbcting tito transversn diameter, pro- 
 duce wluit are called vormiaUar ov perintaUic motions. 
 H'ho elloct of tho contraction of thu longitudinal Abrcs, 
 is to upproxiuiuto the splonic and pyloric extremities. 
 When tlicy all act togotbor^ the ctfcct is to lessen tho 
 cavity of thu stomach, and to press upon tho contained 
 uliniont, if thero bo any in the stomach. These mo- 
 tions not oidy produco a constant disturbance, or churn- 
 itiff of tho contents of this organ^ but they compel them, 
 ut (he same lime, to rcvolvo around tho interior, from 
 point to point, and from one extremity to tho other, lu 
 addition to ihcso motions, there is a constant agitation 
 of tho stomach, pre luced by tho respira "ry muscles. 
 
 Those contractions and relaxations o/ tho musculo i 
 fasciculi, do not observe any very vxad Jiode, Their 
 motions are modified by various circumstances, such an 
 the stinuilant or non-stimulant property of the ingesta', 
 the healthy or unhealthy state of the internal coat of 
 the stomach ; by exercise, and by repose, <31&c. ^^ 
 
 Tho ordinary course and direction of tho revohitious 
 of tho f(X)d, are first, afler passing the (esophageal ring, 
 from right to left, along the small arch ; thence, through 
 the large curvattire, from left to right The bolus, uh 
 it ent^M the oardia, turc^.^ J^ft kft;. pasjiw 
 
 9 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
m 
 
 )^)iL%\.m\Hkt\ ^toikuvAtmitii ^t 
 
 ,^ 
 
 W\\\i\y ^wWwwi^ yNV«v^N\^, m\\ <>>N^y\ \\\r^ {Aviy \\\^\ \\\\^ \s\\\h 
 
 >\Vt^V* i^MNSAx^^, W^ ^y^y^tv^rtM ^"' \\\^ i^\sS\i\\ y\\\>M\M\ \sU\\^' 
 I^V^^V "{^ ^'^M^I^HlIt y^l^ MNy^ y^<M<y\yi \y>S*^S yNf W^^V\Vrt!<yM\ h^. 
 
 
 •Mi,-. 
 
mm 
 
 <^ 
 
 ViM.OVIi r04t AHU M'»tlHfll! 01^ ■tUWArtf. 
 
 108 
 
 miMnin tif lK« ituMinrhi until ftiymifirittttriti fin nnm-ty 
 t«hhi|ihMn, HuhiMl It ttnh*hm»'ttmittH ttiMM of milltlN ntid 
 ttiilflAt ttnul Kttil nmO t »Mmtm« iutti nni*; chHltt rtiid cUytu- 
 inntl; till inMHmli«ly ittUmI, miuI I'lriMilrttlMi^ primiliinu^ 
 nunly flthitt^ll lltn ^hnlHt' OMVity, IIIim llin ttiittiil Hdit •ntfi 
 nfrt ftowMil vt^Mol, ^v\\\\y n^ltHliM),Mi'(iiHiNl in (In* lirifiil. 
 If It ttiMUlliOil m( niUMi* tiMiHi'iMiiN OutH Ik* |iiWMllnwt«i), 
 nOi^f il{u;««nliHU in iMtMNiilofMltly M(Iviui!*imI, i( wiil Itn kmimi 
 fihrinfi (lu« if)M«iiiii|}, (M (hn ^m,\ (MuvMiiii-ii) niul in flu* 
 t'lUM'Ni' ol mImmiI «mh« Miitl n liMlr ni' Iwm iiiiiinlppi, il wiil 
 tt»Mm»ir«tn", wilh |Ih» iiiMirM'til flriMilMlinw i*miii«'|iIn, iiimr' or 
 
 lltflll iuitltlMt \\) pil't'PM, (H- (iiVltilMl illtu NhltllltM pincPH | (tll(l 
 
 W^ty mnMt limrM i(H iiliMtlity. 1M(iN tt»ilMtiii^ uiMllntt liitft 
 ihn (^()^i>t, ntul i^ utuhMilitiMlly ilcNi^iirMl, to lupiilt np tliii 
 Ih^Iuk. \\n \\nA\ h« loNopMnHw lli»» ottliMiiiil »«*ul rliyiiiidHl 
 |HM'li«M( oMho piu-(it*li>nol Huul, Mtid mIIow (Iii« uiidi^i'MlHl 
 poHlonn lo »MMhM in I'oMttiri Willi lliM ^n«iiif |nl('i», ilioir 
 \m)\\t^' Kolvonl. li llw» iiioHoM MMii-n niiiiply involiHloti 
 wry, tlu> tMMiti'iil poiHonn wiMilil rnluiii liinir f<lliiMtioti, 
 \\)\\\\ \\\\^ (iuirM\ Ml' (*ln iiiilUMi ptiil, liiol pMNMMl into tlin 
 tlnodtMuun, in wii«M«»»«p*l\n pnhM-lw ; wliirii, it is i^viilnnt, 
 wouM vovy niiH'li ir^ttihl tlm piofr>wR oriii^nNtltm. 
 
 An (hi> i'ooti )«MM)ini>n tttoiM rtiid iitornrtinii^tMi froin jtn 
 nMuUMo [[n rliymittod Ptnl«», (ho iM'iiliiy ofllM'^umtHn 
 flulitN In iMMinidiMitlily iiiftiMiBHl j inoio m in Vp^f'tttlilo 
 thrtn Hhlnml ili»»t; tniil tlir» ^.<n»^i'nl rontiro'liln (oirti nf 
 tht> mnwdi»«oriht» nioinin li is nnKinmitiMl in »>vr»ry iHrec- 
 {{m \ i^Mving ittn onntalnt^d lluidB on inipnifto (owiirds the 
 
 U Is |mdml»lR» tlmt fitini thn vpry t*nmninnr«trtent of 
 i^hymlft(^AtloU- riiuu llio (line tlmt food In m'civml Into 
 Ut« Bttmittt^h—untll llnit or^nn hnooniGn onipty, pnrtioiiN 
 ^ diyme Are constantly pttsning into tlio duodetium, 
 
■f-,if^' -7^_^»,f ; » 
 
 104 
 
 PAIBLtlitMAIlY OBiBR VAT 10110. 
 
 »^ } 
 
 % 
 
 .'■<*■ 
 
 '.i# 
 
 
 through the pyloric oriAco, as the mass ii presented dt 
 ttaoh BUoccBBivo revolution. I infer this^ t'roni the* fact 
 that the volume is constantly dtioroaBiikg^ Tills decrease 
 of volumO) however, is slow at Arst i but it is rapidly ac- 
 celerated tovvaitls the conclusion of digestion, wheu the 
 whole mass t)ecomcs more chyniifled. This accelerated 
 expulsion appears to bo effected by a peculiar action of 
 the transverse muscles, or vatlier of the transverse bandy 
 as described by Simllannani, Haller, Cooper, Sir E. Home, 
 and others, in their experiments on animals. This band 
 is situated near the commoticementof the more conically 
 shaped part of the pyloric extremity^ three or four inches 
 fl^1m the smaller end. In atteuipting to pass a long 
 glass thermometer tul>e, through tho aperture, into the 
 pyloric portion of tho stomachy during the latter stages 
 of digestion, a forcible contraction is tirst perceived rt 
 this point, and tho bulb is stopped. In a short time, 
 there is a gentle relaxation, when the bulb passes without 
 difftculty, and api^ears to he drawn, quite forcibly, for 
 three or four inches,, towaitis the pyloric end. It is then 
 released, and forced back, or suffci*ed to rise again ; at 
 the same timo it gives to the tube a circular, or rather 
 spiral motion, and frequently revolves it completely over. 
 These motions am distinctly indicated, and strongly 
 felt, in holdiiig the end of the tube Ijetween the thumb 
 and finger ; and at\er the bulb has [mssed the transverse 
 band, it requires a pretty foitjible grasp to prevent tho 
 stem from slipping fit>m the band^ and being drawn sud- 
 denly down to ih© pyloric extremity. When the tube is 
 hH to its own direction) at these perioda of conuraction, 
 it is drawn in^ nearly its whole length, to the depth of 
 ten inches ; and it requires considerable force, and gives 
 to th« fingers tho sensation of a strong suetioH power. 
 
VlLLOVi COAT AKD MOTION Or fTOMAClI. 106 
 
 likG drawing tho piBton from ati oxhtinstrcf tuVxi, todmw 
 it back. Tills cdttsos tiB soon as tho rolrtxtitlmi ocriiri, 
 and tho ttibo lisos ngnin, of iin own nccord, fhrco or four 
 inches, whrn tlio btilb spoms to bo obstrtic'od from rising 
 further; but if ptillod tip nn inch or two, ihrough Iho 
 •tricturo, it movers freely in rill directions in the cnrdiac 
 portions, nnd mostly inrlineu to the splenic extremity 
 though not disiKisod to innlto its exit nt tho nperture. H 
 
 Above tho contrncling bnnd, nnd towards the splenic 
 portion of tho stomach, the suction or grasping motion 
 is not perceptible ; but when the bidl) is puslied tlown to 
 the transverse bnnd, it is dislinrtly fell to bo grasped, 
 nnd confined in its movements. ,^ 
 
 These pecidiar motions and contractions continue un- 
 til tho stomach is p(nlV'Ctly enipty, nn<l not a particle of 
 food or chyme remains; when all becomes quiescent 
 again. 4 
 
 If tho bulb of the thermometer be suffered to bo drawn 
 down to tho pyloric extremity, and retained there for a 
 •hort time, or if the experiments bo repeated too fre- 
 quently, it causes severe distress, nnd a sotisation like 
 cramp, or spasm, which ceases on withdrawing tho tube, 
 but leaves a senso of soreness and tenderness at tho pit 
 of the stomach. 
 
 These peculiar contractions and relaxations, mention- 
 ed above, succeed each other at irregular intervals of 
 from two to four of fivo minutes. Simultaneously with 
 the contractions, there is a general shortening of the 
 fibres of the stomach. This organ contracts upon itself 
 in every direction ; and its contents are compressed with 
 much force. The valvulav portion of the stomach is 
 firmly thrust into the aperture; closing the orifice; 
 preventing the egress of aliment ; and obstructing the 
 
 %I 
 
100 
 
 5"<ri 
 
 view of the Itttertor. During the intervals of tclaxntloti, 
 the rugre per^rm their vermicular actions, the nnduln- 
 tory motions of the Aulds continue, and the allmontaiy 
 and chymouB mass appear, revolving as before, proniis- 
 cuousljr mixed, through the splenic and cardiac por- 
 tions. 
 
 All these facts, taken together, will, 1 think, ration- 
 ally admit of the following explanation. The longitu- 
 f dinal muscles of the whole stomach, with the assistance 
 of the transverse ones of the splenic and central portions, 
 carry the contents into the pyloric extremity. The cir- 
 cular or transverse muscles contract progressively, from 
 lell to rigli* When the impulse arrives at the tram- 
 verse hand^ this is excited to a more foi'clble contraction, 
 and, closing upon the alimentary matter and fluids, con- 
 tained in the pyloric end, prevents their regurgitation, 
 The muscles of the pyloric end, now contracting u^wn^ 
 the contents detained there, separate and expel some 
 portion of the chyme. It is probable that the crude food 
 excites the contractile power of the pylorus, so as to pro-* 
 Vent its passage Into the duodenum, while the thimier, 
 chymified portion is pressed through the valve, in^o the 
 Intestine. After the contractile impulse is carried to the 
 pyloric extixjmity, the circular band, and all the trans^ 
 verse muscles, become relaxed, and a contraction com- 
 mences in a reversed direction, fVom right to left, and 
 carries the contents again to the splenic extremity, to 
 undergo similar revolutions. 
 
 It would appear, then, that the discharge of the chyme 
 ftfom the stomach, is eflfected by mechanical Impulse. 
 Out, t confess, I do not like to give an opinion. I state 
 the circumstances ai they have occurred. The idea of 
 mechanical force, I admit, ii liable to objection ; but| 
 
 \-'- 
 
VILLOUS COAT ANO MOTION OF STOMACH. 
 
 lor 
 
 po) iiapB, not moro so than that of the aetecting power of 
 tho pylorus. Wh|tever bias 1 may have in favor of the 
 former mettiod) has been forced upon me by the deduC' 
 lions of experiment and observation. 
 
 if/ 
 
 
 Vr 
 
 =-^ 
 
l.t^*L„ 
 
 ■k^Mf' 
 
 4 
 
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 01 
 
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 1 
 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 JYv. ' 
 
 XfF GHYLIFICATION AND USES OP THE BILE AND 
 PANCREATIC JUICE. 
 
 ^f^.*y| 
 
 As food becomes chymified by the gastric juice, the 
 contractile motions of the stomach send it into the duo-' 
 deimm, to receive further changes, preparatory to its 
 assimilation 'o the circulating fluids of the system, by* 
 the lacteal alreorbents and blood vessels. It is at first 
 slowly received into this organ from the stomach ; hw.f 
 during the later stages of chymification, its transmis-' 
 sion becomes more accelerated. The duodenum is 8(yf 
 constituted, that the passage of the chyme through it, 
 is considerably retarded ; and, hence, in some patho-^ 
 logical conditions of the system, the pressure on that 
 organ from repletion, is considerable j and frequently^ 
 produces great pain and distress. * 
 
 The vermicular motions of this and the other intes-* 
 tines, are propagated from the stomach, and are con-l 
 tinued, after this organ has discharged all its contehts.^ 
 They are more or less rapid, varying at diflerem sec-^* 
 tions of the canal ; of which it not necessary to par- 
 ticularize. These motions are excited by the stimulus 
 of the chyme, and occur at intervals, on the introduc- 
 tion of each successive quantity passed through the 
 pylorus. 
 
 The chymous mass is not changed until it arrives at, 
 
110 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 •» 
 
 or passes the mouth of the ductus cholodochus, when 
 the liver and pancreas are excited to discharge their 
 respective fluids. These mix with the chyme, and 
 produce an essential alteration in its sensible and chemi- 
 cal properties. At this point, the lacteal absorbents 
 commence. ^ ^r^m 
 
 ' That the change from a chymous to a chylous stage 
 is effected by the operation of the bile and pancreatic 
 juice, there can be no doubt. Of the nature of this 
 change, there is some diversity of opinion. Chyle ;s 
 generally described as " a white, opaque substance, con- 
 siderably resembling cream in its aspect and physical 
 properties ; " * though it is said to vary slightly, accord- 
 ing to the kind of aliment which has been used. It 
 is my impression, however, that pure chyle, taken 
 from the lacteals of a healthy subject, and produced 
 by natural food, is invariably the same substance in the 
 same individual. Changes that have been observed 
 must be reckoned as the eflfectof a pathological state 
 of the sytem, or the absorption of a non-digestible sub*j 
 stance. Medicines and other substances, which are not 
 capable of digestion, are sometimes taken up by the 
 lacteal absorbents, and may produce an alteration in 
 the physical and chemical properties of chyle. It is 
 possible that a small proportion of oil may escape the*i 
 action of the digestive apparatus, be absorbed by the 
 lacteail, and produce the opaque, white color, mentions 
 ed by authors, as sometimes appearining. Counizm 
 nance is given to this snggestion, by the fact, that the 
 more opaque colored parts of chyle are. found floating 
 on the surface ; and that it is always discovered after the 
 
 « BoBtock's Physiology, vol. 2d, p. 392. 
 
 
..^. 
 
 CHYLIFICATION. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ingestion of oily food. At other times, it is uniform in 
 its color and consistence, whatever coloring matter may 
 haV'- been contained in the food. «♦ 
 
 1 wish to bo understood to say, that all kinds of ali- 
 ment produce the same nutrient principles. With the 
 view of attempting an investigation of this subject, as 
 has been previously mentioned, I instituted some im- 
 perfect experiments and examinations. For the result, 
 see Experiments, Second Series, from 47th to 66th. 
 By the addition of bile and dilute muriatic acid, and 
 subsequently pancreatic juice, to chyme formed in the 
 artificial way, as well as in the stomach, it separated 
 4nto three distinct parts, a reddish brown sediment at 
 the bottom, a whey- colored fluid in the centre, and a 
 creamy pellicle at the top. Each repetition of the ex- 
 periment produced a similar result ; though not exactly 
 alike in all. Tl>e central portion, ' I suspect to be im- 
 perfectly formed chyle. The sediment, from its appear- 
 ance, and the coarseness of its particles, I judge, rs 
 incapable of being acted on, or taken up, by the ab- 
 sorbents ; the creamy or oily pellicle is not only liable 
 ^ to the same objection, but is in too small proportion to 
 i the iflgestoB. The fluid part is fitted, by its fluidity, for 
 the ready action of the absorbents ; and is, moreover, 
 i in sufiicient quantity for the purposes of nutrition. — 
 i The change of color and consistence is, probably, ef- 
 ' fected in the lacteal glands and vessels. The sediment 
 and pellicle, I apprehend, are both excremential. The 
 J ** irregular filaments," attached to the valvulae conni- 
 . ventes, mentioned by Magendie, and which he conclu- 
 ded to be imperfectly formed chyle, were, undoubtedly 
 portions of the creamy pellicle, found in the experiments 
 . referred to. 
 
 v-fjiirep «J-^'!!»|,it^i.3iJ»: t^\ 
 
 ..»># 
 
 \ 
 
 «, 
 
 1- 
 
 vSk. 
 
 ■■!-*»•.: - 
 
113 
 
 rnBLMINARY OBSRRTATIONr. 
 
 ^''- 
 
 
 
 But what is the nature of the changes effected in the 
 duodenum? Aliment, after hoing introduced into the 
 stomach, is dissolved in the gastric juice, and forms a 
 new compound with this fluid. The constituent ele- 
 ments of food are various. When compounded with 
 the gastric juice, they may, nevertheless, bo said to form 
 a simple compound, or a gastrite of aliment. I am in- 
 different about terms ; and this will at well convey my 
 meaning as any other. When this gctstrite is introdu- 
 ced into the duodenum, and mixed with the hepatic and 
 pancreatic fluids, are we not warranted,^ from all the 
 facts that have been observed, in saying, that there is a 
 general play of chemical affinities, in that organ, separ- 
 ating the nutrient principles, and forming various new 
 compounds from the elements of each ? The chymous 
 mass changes its color, and loses its acidity. There is 
 a sensible extrication of gas, as observed by Mageridre, 
 and others.* In the stomach, oxygen is found mixed 
 with a small proportion of hydrogen. In the intestines, 
 an increased proportion of hydrogen exists, with car- 
 bonic acid, nitrogen,, (fee. ; but no oxygen. Does not the 
 acid of the chyme unite with the alkalis of the bile, and 
 form new compounds? And do not other equally im- 
 portant changes take place? This subject, I confess, is 
 obscffre, and perhaps will not admit of a very perfect 
 investigation. ^ 's^ 
 
 The constant agitation which is maintained in the 
 intestines, preserves the chyle in a state of perfect ad- 
 mixture with the other fluids, until absorption has taken 
 place. By standing at rest, the separation mentioned 
 above, is evident and perfect. . w 
 
 * The escape of gas waa generally obaerrable in mizipg these fluids 
 with chyme, in my experiment! 
 
>*^ 
 
 CIIYLIFICATION. 
 
 v; 
 
 113 
 
 -* It has been supposed that the mucus of the intestines 
 has some agency in the formation of chylo. But 1 am 
 disposed to think, witli professor Dunglison, and others, 
 that the use of the mucus is to lubricate the internal 
 coat of the intestines, and, perhaps, to dilute their con- 
 tents. 
 
 It has been suggested that digestion can be perfected 
 in the duodenum and lower bowels, when the food has 
 not been submitted to the action of the stomach and its 
 fluids. Ii\ two experiments by Mogcndie, one failed, 
 and the other was attended with partial success. Too 
 much reliance ought not to be placed on experiments, 
 that require such severe and cruel vivisections, as were 
 resorted to in these cases. It is possible, as suggested 
 by Dunglison, that the presence of crude aliment in the 
 duodenum, may excite the discharge of gastric juice in 
 the stomach, its expulsion into the duodenum, and its 
 consequent action on the food, before it is affected by 
 the bile and pancreatic juice. Or, it may be that the 
 upper part of the duodenum is furnished with vessels, 
 which secrete a fluid similar to gastric juice. 
 
 Experiments have also been instituted with tho «riew 
 of ascertaining, whether chyle>an be formed without .' 
 the admixture of the hepatic and pancreatic fluids, with 
 various results. Brodie ascertained, by tying the duc- 
 tus communis cholodochus in young cats, that the pro- 
 cess of chyliflcation was prevented, and that no chylo 
 was found in the intestines. Magendie, Leuret and j 
 Lassaigne, on tying this duct, discovered matter of '< a ^ 
 rosy yellow color," which, afibrded, on analysis, thei 
 same constituents of chyle, although the animals, which » 
 were the subjects of the operation, hcui been kept soma 
 10» 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 vm- 
 
 
 
114 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 time without food. There is certainly an apparent dis- 
 cordance in these reports. But, it is possible, they may 
 be explained, and reconciled. % It is well known that 
 the absorbents are active during a protracted fast, (as 
 in these last experiments) and are constantly taking up 
 the cellular substance, for the purpose of supplying the 
 blood vessels with these broken up solids of the system. 
 Emaciation is the effect of absorption. The lacteals, 
 like other absorbents, have, undoubtedly, their appro- 
 priate stimulus; but if that be withholden, they will 
 feed on other substances, the cellular and other solid 
 parts, within their reach. If such be the case, it will 
 accoimt for the rosy colored fluid, found in the lacteals, 
 by Magendie and others. ,^ 
 
 )}. 
 
 ;l. 
 
 
 .■■M': 
 
EXPERIMENTS 
 
 
 AND 
 
 :.#■ 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 
'"'I.JA ( j 
 
 K«i^%.mj^'^*.^i^l|l»^^*■'• i'"'^;-* 
 
 ' J 
 
 
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 •V; ■■ 
 
 4^ 
 
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 - r. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS, &C. 
 
 iv^ 
 
 FIRST SERIES. 
 
 Experiment 1. 
 
 . A' s^ust 1, 1826. At 12 o'clock, M., I introduced 
 throug.i the perforation, into the stomach, the following 
 articles of diet, suspended by a oilk string, and fastened 
 at proper distances, so as to pass in without pain — viz. 
 a piece of high seasoned a-la-mode beef ; a piece of 
 raWy salted^ fat pork; a piece of raw^ salted^ lean 
 beef ; a piece of boiled^ salted beef ; a piece of stale 
 bread; and a bunch of ratr, sliced cabbage; each 
 piece weighing about two drachms ; the lad continuing 
 his usual employment about the house. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., withdrew and examined them — 
 found the cabbage and bread about half digested : the 
 pieces of meat unchanged. Returned them into the 
 stomach. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., withdrew them again — found the 
 cabbage, bread, pork and boiled beef all cleanly digested,* 
 
 * These experimenta are inierted here, u they were originally 
 taken down in my Note>Book, with very little alteratioa of phraie. 
 ology, and none of the aense. Subtiequent experrmenta have aome- 
 timea convinced me of errora informer onei. When thia haa been 
 the caae, I have generally made the correctiona in the way of remarka,, 
 or obaervationa, n in thta experimeat. 
 
■/-^i;i^T .- ■",^j;-M','. ■.".■;■ ■■■.•Lyi'?-irji;'''f'^''T"5ffll"-i 
 
 118 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 t)^' 
 
 ■% 
 
 and gone from the string ; the other pieces of meal 
 but very little affected.. Returned them into the stom- 
 ach again. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., eiamined again — found the a-la- 
 mode beef partly digested : the rmo beef was slightly 
 macerated on the surface, but its general texture was 
 firm and entire. The smell and taste of the fluids of the 
 stomach was slightly rancid ; and the boy complained 
 of some pain and uneasiness at the breast. Returned 
 them again. 
 
 The lad complaining of considerable distress and un- 
 easiness at the stomach, general debility and lassitude, 
 with some pain in his head, I withdrew the string, and 
 found the remaining portions of aliment nearly in the 
 same condition as when last examined ; the fluid more 
 rancid and sharp. The boy still complaining, I did not 
 return them any more. 
 
 August 2. The distress at the stomach and pain ia 
 the head coQtiiming, accompanied with costiveness, a 
 depressed pulse, dry skin, coated tongue, and numerous 
 white spots, or pustules, resembling coagulated lympih, 
 spread over the inner surface of the stomach, I thought 
 it advisable to give medicine ; and accordingly, dropped 
 into the stomach, through the aperture, half a dozea 
 calomel pillsj four or five grains each ; which, in about 
 three hours, had a thorough cathartic efiect, and remov- 
 ed all the foregoing symptoms, and the diseased ap- 
 peatance of the inner coat of the stomach. The efiect 
 < f the medicine was the same as when administered in 
 the usual way, by the mouth cind oesophagus, except 
 the nausea commonly occasioned by swallowing pill& , 
 
 This experiment cannot be considered a fiiirtastof 
 
 \iff\ -iW'.n.-»i 
 
 ■ -ir-^- ft ■•-*-'-;-•» ■■rwrvr 
 
 "* 
 
 
"" ' ^ ^w*w\ 
 
 bflSERVATIONS. i 
 
 119 
 
 the powers of the gastric juice. The cabbage, one of 
 the articles which was, in this instance, most speedily 
 dissolved, was cut into small, fibrous pieces, very thin, 
 and necessarily exposed, on all its surfaces, to the 
 action of the gastric juice. The stale bread was porous, 
 and, of course, admitted the juice into all its inter- 
 stices; and probably fell from the string as soon as 
 softened, and before it was completely dissolved. These 
 circumstances will account for the more rapid disappear- 
 ance of these substances, than of the pieces of meat, 
 which were in entire solid pieces when put in. To 
 account for the disappearance of the fat pork, it is only 
 necessary to remark, that the fat of meat is always re- 
 solved into oil, by the warmth of the stomach, before 
 it is digested. I have generally observed that when 
 he has fed on fat meat or butter, the whole superior 
 portion of the contents of the stomach, if examined a 
 short time after eating, will be found covered with an 
 oily pellicle. This fact may account for a disappear- 
 ance of the pork from the string. I think, upon the 
 whole, and subsequent experiments have confirmed th0» 
 opinion, that fats meats are less easily digested than 
 lean, when both have received the same advantages of" 
 comminution. Generally speaking, the looser the tex- 
 ture, and the more tender the fibre of animal food, the I 
 easier it is of digestion. ^^ 
 
 This experiment is important, in a pathological point 
 of view. It confirms the opinion, that undigested por- * 
 tions of food in the stomach produce all the phenomena 
 
 it 
 
 M 
 
 '^■S^ 
 
 *. :^ 
 
 f. 
 
 
 
 -'. ♦! 
 
 
k 
 
 120 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 * 
 
 of fever ; and is calculated to warn us of the dtinger of all 
 excesses, where that organ is concerned. It also ad- 
 monishes us of the necessity of a perfect comminution 
 of the articles of diet. 
 
 Experiment 2. 
 
 Aug. 7. At 11 o'clock, A. M., after having kept the 
 lad fasting, for seventeen hours, I introduced the glass 
 tube of a thermometer (Fahrenheit's) through the per- 
 foration, into the stomach, nearly the whole length of 
 the stem, to ascertain the natural warmth of the stom- 
 ach. In fifteen minutes, or less, the mercury rose to 
 100®, and there remained stationary. This I determin- 
 ed by marking the height of the mercury on the glass, 
 with ink, as it stood in the stomach, and then withdraw- 
 ing it, and placing it on the graduated scale again. 
 
 I now introduced a gum-elastic (caoutchouc) tube, and 
 drew oflf one ounce of pure gastric liquor, unmixed with 
 any other matter, except a small proportion of mucus, 
 into a three ounce vial. I then took a solid piece of 
 boiled^ recently salted beeff weighing three drachms, and 
 put it into the liquor in the vial; corked the vial tight, 
 and placed it in a saucepan, filled with water, raised 
 to the temperature of 100®, and kept at that point, on 
 a nicely regulated sand bath. In forty minutes diges- 
 tion had distinctly commenced over the surface of the 
 meat. In Jifty minutes the fluid had become quite 
 opaque and cloudy ; the external texture began to sepa- 
 rate and become loose. In sixty minutes, chyme began 
 to form. . , 
 
 ■ At X o'clock, P. M., (digestiott hi^ving progressed with 
 
 
 r\. 
 
OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 ■ mfm 
 
 yi 
 
 the same regularity as in the last half hour,) the cellu- ' 
 lar texture seemed to be entirely destroyed, leaving the 
 muscular fibres loose and uncoimected, floating about 
 in fine small shreds, very tender and soft. ^ 
 
 • At 3 o'clock, the muscular fibres had diminished one 
 half, since last examination, at 1 o'clock. 
 
 At 5 o'clock, they were nearly all digested ; a few 
 fibres only remaining. . 
 
 • At 7 o'clock, the muscular texture was completely bro- 
 ken down ; and only a few of the small fibres floating in 
 the fluid. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, every part of the meat was completely 
 diGTCSted. - 
 
 ■^ Th .sfric juice, when taken from the stomach, was 
 as clcii and transparent as water. The mixture in the 
 vial was now about the colour of whey. After stand-^i 
 ing at rest a few minutes, a fine sediment, of the color 
 of the meat, subsided to the bottom of the vial. 
 
 t^ 
 
 in' 
 
 ■4 
 
 Experiment 3. 
 
 n 
 
 At the same time that I commenced the foregoing ex»" 
 pcriment, I suspended a piece of beef, exactly similar to 
 that in the vial, (Ex. 2d) into the stomach, through the 
 %perture. 
 
 / At 12 o'clock, M., withdrew it, and found it about as 
 tmuch aflfected by digestion as that in the vial ; there 
 was little or no diflcrcnce in their appearance, lleturn- 
 yjd it again. 
 
 '■ At 1 o'clock, P. M.,. I drew out the string ; but the 
 *meat was all completely digested, and gone. 
 
 The eflfect of the gastric juice on the piece of meat, 
 * suspended in the stomach, was exactly similar to that 
 11 ■^:-:-^-- 
 
122 
 
 > > 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 '\- 
 
 in the vial, only more rapid after the first half hour, and 
 sooner completed. Digestion commenced on, and was 
 confined to, the surface entirely, in both situations. 
 Agitation accelerated the solution in the vial, by re- 
 moving the coat that was digested on the surface ; en- 
 veloping the remainder of the meat in the gastric fluid; 
 and giving this fluid access to the undigested portions. 
 
 Experiment 4> 
 
 I-'JB'w 
 
 ■#■ 
 
 » Aug. 8. At 9 o'clock, A. M., I drew oflf an ounce and 
 a half of gastric juice, into a three ounce vial } suspend- 
 ed two pieces of boiled chicken, from the breast and back, 
 into it, and pla<5ed it in the same situation and temper- 
 ature as in the second experiment ; observing the same 
 regularity and minuteness* 
 
 Digestion commenced and progressed much the same, 
 as in the second experiment, but rather slower; the " 
 fowl appearing to be more difiicult of digestion than the 
 ^ Jlesh. The texture of the chicken being closer than 
 that of the heef the gastric juice appeared not to insin- 
 uate itself into the interstices of the muscular fibre, so 
 readily as into the beef ; but operated entirely upon the 
 outer surface, dissolving it as a piece of gum arabic is 
 dissolved in the mouthy until the last particle was digest- 
 ed. 
 
 The color of the fluid, after digesting the chicken, 
 was of a greyish white, and more resembled a milky 
 fluid than whey, which was the color of the chyme 
 from the beef. 
 
 The contents of both vials, kept perfectly tight, re- 
 mained tree from any foetor, acidity, or oflensive smell 
 
 ' *' ■■■' ff 
 
mm 
 
 ^m^ 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 123 
 
 or taste, from the time of the experiments, (7th and 8th 
 August,) to the 6th of September ; at which time, that 
 containing the solution of boiled beef, became very- 
 offensive and putrid ; while that containing the chyme 
 from the boiled chicken, was perfectly bland and sweet. 
 Both we kept in exactly similar situations. 
 
 It is perhaps unnecessary to make any comments on 
 the result of the above experiments. Each one will 
 make up his opinion from the facts. These demonstrate, 
 at least, that the stomach secretes a fluid which pos- 
 sesses solvent properties. The change in the solid sub- 
 stances is effected too rapidly to be accounted for on the 
 principle of either maceration or putrefaction. I ishall 
 be able to show, in some of the following experiments, 
 that aliment undergoes the same changes in the stom- 
 . ach, as is effected in the mode here adopted. 
 
 ti 
 
 The young man who was the subject of these exper- 
 iments, left me about this time, (September, 1825,) and 
 went to Canada, the place of his former residence. The 
 i experiments were consequently suspended. 
 
 -•-6 
 
m 
 
 m 
 
 -«£hx . jieaaBC;..R!^i£.. 
 
$ 
 
 •.#l*i'?!^ 
 
 EXPERIMENTS, &C. 
 
 SECOND SERIES. 
 
 Fort Crawford, Upper Mississippi, 
 June, 20th, 1828. 
 
 Alexis St. Martin having returned from Canada, after 
 an absence of nearly four years, with his stomach in 
 the skme, or very similar condition, as when he left me 
 in September, 1825, 1 continued to prosecute the gastric 
 experiments, which were commenced before he left me. 
 
 L 
 • With a view (o ascertain the variations of tempera- 
 ture, if any there were, in the interior ol the stomach, 
 under different circumstances and conditions of the sys- 
 tem, and vicissitudes of the atmosphere, I instituted the 
 following experiments. 
 
 Experiment 1. 
 
 Dec. 6, 1829. At 9 o'clock, A. M., I introduced the 
 glass tube of a thenptometer (Fahrenheit's) through the 
 
126 
 
 SXPSaiMENTS AMD 
 
 artificial opening into the stomach, in a healthy and 
 empty condition, nearly the whole length of the stem. 
 * In six or eight minutes, the mercury became stationary, 
 at 98 deg. Weather cloudy, damp, and almost raining 
 ' — ground wet, muddy and thawing. Wind S. and mild. 
 Thermometer, in a North exposure, 63 deg. Com- 
 menced raining at 11 o'clock^ A. M., and continued all 
 day, with oppressive atmosphere. 
 
 Experhnent 2. 
 
 Dec. 7. Introduced thermometer at the same hour as 
 yesterday — circumstances of stomach the same. Mer- 
 cury at 98 deg. Weather cloudy — Atmosphere damp — 
 . Wind N. W. and light— Th. 27 deg. 
 
 Experiment 3. , 
 
 Dec. 8. Introduced thermometer at 9 o'clock, A. M. 
 — circumstances of stomach same as yesterday. Mer- 
 cury stationary at 99 deg. Weather clear — Atmosphere 
 * :* dry— Wind S. W. and light— Th. 13 deg. 
 
 Experiment 4. 
 
 Dec. 9. Introduced thermometer at 9 o'clock, A. M. 
 — circumstances similar. Mercury stationary at 99 deg. 
 Weather clear — ^Atmosphere dry — Wind W. and light 
 — Th. 10 deg. 
 
 Experiment B. . 
 
 Jan. 24, 1830. Introduced thermometer at 3 o'clock, 
 
 % 
 
■'^ 
 
 ^^WP 
 
 -r't 
 
 0B1ERVATI0N8. 
 
 197 
 
 P. M. Weather clear and cold— Th. 8 deg. below zero 
 — Wind N. W. and light — stomach empty, and coats 
 healthy. Murcury stationary at 100 deg. 
 
 Experiment 6. 
 
 Jan. 25. Introduced thermometer at 8 o'clock, A. M. 
 Weather clear— Wind S. W. and light— Th. 2 dog.— 
 Stomach empty. Mercury stationary at 100 deg. 
 
 At 10 o'clock, A. M., (one hour after eating a break- 
 fast of pork and bread,) introduced thermometer again. 
 Mercury stationary at 100 deg., as at 9 o'clock, before 
 eating. 
 
 Experiment 7 
 
 March 17. At 10 o'clock, A. M., introduced ther- 
 mometer. Weather rainy and foggy — Wind S. W. and 
 light — Th. 38 deg. — Stomach empty, having eaten noth- 
 ing since 7 o'clock last evening. Mercury stationary at 
 99 deg. 
 
 ** 
 
 vj 
 
 Experiment 8. 
 
 March 18. At 8 o'clock, A. M., introduced thermom- 
 eter. Mercury stationaiy at 100 deg. Weather clear 
 —Wind N. W.— Th. 6 deg. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, breakfasted on meat, biscuit and butter, 
 with coffee. Temperature of the stomach, immediately 
 before eating, 100 deg. ; thirty minutes after finishing 
 breakfast the temperature had risen to 102 deg. Diges- 
 tion rapidly advancing. 
 
 
 W-i'< 
 
 .At M, 
 
 I. 
 
 ■:; VI 
 
 "> 
 
 ,.»^'- 
 
128 
 
 SXPXRIMENTS AND 
 
 1 " 
 
 it appears, from tho foregoing exporimonts, that the 
 variations of the atmosphere produce cfTects upon tho 
 temperature of the stomach ; a dry atmosphere increas- 
 ing, and a humid one diminishing it. What would bo tho 
 effect of copious perspiration, in warm weather, on the 
 temperature of the stomach ? Would that of the interior 
 of this organ be lessened by evaporation ? I regret that 
 sufficient experiments hftvo not been made, fully to sat- 
 isfy these inquiries. From one or two experiments, it 
 would seem, that the heat of the stomach was increased 
 during the active period of digestion. This, however, 
 was probably owing to er.ercise, immediately after eat- 
 ing, though not particularly observed and noted at tho 
 time. Subsequent experiments have not shown this re- 
 sult. On the contrary, the temperature has been found 
 to be tho same, in its full and empty state. 
 
 The ordinary temperature of the healthy stomach, 
 may be fairly estimated at 100 deg., Fahrenheit. Some 
 allowance ought, probably, to be made, in these experi- 
 ments, for imperfect instruments. It appears, from sub- 
 sequent examinations, that there is probably some differ- 
 ence of temperature in different regions of the stomach, 
 it being higher at the pyloric than at the splenic end. 
 See subsequent experiments and observations. 
 
 ^iJf: 
 
 ^s^^mL 
 
 *ift.i.- ■ f 
 
■^pp 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 40II8EBVATI0NI. 
 
 129 
 
 To ascertain whether the gastric juice bo accumulated 
 in the stomach, during poric/uK of fasting, or even from 
 the immediate and direct influence of hunger, I made 
 the following experiments. 
 
 .•^ 
 
 Experiment 9. 
 
 ' Dec, 6, 1829. At 8 o'clock, A M., after twelve hours 
 abstinence from cither food or drinks, I introduced, at 
 the porforation, a gum-clastic tul)o, and drew ofTa drachm 
 or two only of the gastric juice. There was no accumu- 
 lation in the stomach. 
 
 Ex-perimcnt 10, 
 
 Dec. 12. At 3 o'clock, P. M., introduced tube — could^ 
 procure two or three drachms only — this was secreted 
 on the irritation of the tube. Stomach contained none ' 
 in a free state. 
 
 ^'- ^^.w^ 
 
 Experiment 11. 
 
 Dec. 14. At 10 o'clock, P. M., after eighteen hours 
 fasting, introduced tube, and drew off one and a half 
 ounces of gastric juice. It was clear, and almost trans- 
 parent ; tasted a little saltish and acid, when applied to 
 the tongue, similar to thin mucilage of gum arable, 
 slightly acidulated with muriatic acid. There was no 
 accumulation in the stomach when the tube was intro* 
 duced. 
 
 '>';'».■"?" 
 
•»1 
 
 130 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 Experiment 12. 
 
 March 13, 1830. At 10 o'clock, A. M.— stomach 
 empty — introduced tube ; but was unable to obtain any 
 gastric juice. On the application of a few crumbs of 
 bread to the inner surface of the stomach, the juice began 
 slowly to accumulate, and flow through the tube. The 
 crumbs of bread adhered to the mucous coat, soon be- 
 came soft, and began to dissolve and digest. On view- 
 ing the villous membrane before applying the bread 
 crumbs, the mucous coat and subjacent follicles only, 
 could be observed ; but immediately afterwards, small, 
 sharp papilla;, and minute lucid points, situated in the 
 interstices of, and less than, the mucous follicles, became 
 visible ; from which exuded a clear, transparent liquor. 
 It then began to run through the tube. 
 
 Experiment 13. 
 
 March 18. At 6 o^clock, P. M., after fasting from 8 
 o'clock, A. M., introduced tube — obtained one and a half 
 ounces gastric juice; after having kept up the irritation, 
 by moving the tube from point to point, for twelve or 
 fifteen minutes. No accumulation of free juice in the 
 stomach. 
 
 Experiment 14, 
 
 Jan. 26. 1S31. At 9 o'clock, A. M.— stomach empty 
 — extracted one ounce gastric juice, slowly through the 
 tube, with the usual admixture of mucus. Introduced 
 food, and it began directly to flow more freely through 
 the tube. 
 
 ,# 
 
 ifii^-.- 
 
 ^ /^ 
 
•^ 
 
 'mrtm 
 
 ir 
 
 ^Ti 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 131 
 
 Experiment 16. 
 
 Jan. 27. At 8 o'clock, A. M. — stomach empty— intro- 
 duced elastic tube, and obtained one and a half drachms 
 of gastric juice, by very slow distillation. Applied 
 crumbs of bread to the villous coat, and the juice began 
 immediately to flow freely through the tube. 
 
 Experiment 16. 
 
 March 6. At 8 o'clock, A. M., extracted two ounces 
 gastric juice, and added it to two ounces of Madeira 
 wine. No visible change was produced — no '^oagula; 
 formed. They united, like pure water and wine. Heat 
 produced no other effect. 
 
 Experiment 17. 
 
 March 7. At 6 o'clock, P. M. — stomach empty — 
 extracted one and a half ounces of juice, and mixed it . i ^ 
 with the i^ame ruantity of Jamuica spirits. Effect 
 same as with wine. 
 
 Experiment 18. 
 
 March 8. At 8 o'clock, A. M. — stomach empty — 
 extracted one and a half ounces of gastric juice. 
 
 Experiment 19. 
 
 March 12. At 9 o'clock, A. M. — stomach empty* — 
 extracted one and a half ounces of gastric juice. Put 
 this in a bottle. 
 
 ^' ^,^:.- 
 
 ■*»- 
 
 ''¥■.■ 
 
 
 
 ■'•i'^ 
 
P«|^I|IIIJ.«IPVIII il ) 
 
 132 
 
 '».' i 
 
 J.I 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 Experiment 20. 
 
 March 13. At 11 o'clock, A. M. — stomach empty — 
 
 extracted two ounces of juice. ' v: /■- , ; 
 
 V'if-'l ' 
 
 Experiment 21. 
 
 f^:"\'T,i.!, ■ 
 
 March 14. At 12 o'clock, M. — stomach empty— ex- 
 tracted two ounces of juice. 
 
 Experiment 22. 
 
 March 15. At 4 o'clock P. M. — stomach empty — ex- 
 tracted one and a half oiuiccs gastric juide. 
 
 Experiment 23. '^ 
 
 March 16. At 5 o'clock^ P. M., introduced tube — could 
 obtain no clear gastric juice. A little acrid fluid and 
 frothy mucus, only, could be extracted. Villous mem- 
 brane red and dry. St. Martin complained of some head 
 ache, pain and distress about the scrobiculus cordis, las- 
 situde and loss of appetite. Directed him to take half 
 an ounce of tincture of aloes and myrrh, at 9 o'clock, 
 P. M. This moved his bowels several times next 
 morning. Little or no change Avas apparent in the ap- 
 pearance of the inner coat of the stomach 5 if any, it 
 was a little more moist, and a shade paler, after the 
 operation of the tincture. Gastric juice could again be 
 obtained, but in less than usual quantity. 
 
 It would seem, from the preceding experiments, that 
 the stomach contains no gastric juice, in a free state, 
 
 :', ;^-- 
 
 
 ,*!*'•■ 
 
 .€ 
 
.OBfEBVATIONfl. 
 
 133 
 
 tirhen alimeMt is not present. Any digestible or irrita- 
 ting substance, when applied to the internal coat, ex* 
 cites the action of the gastric vessels. Hence, I infer 
 that the fluid, in these experimenfs, was incited to dis- 
 charge itself by the irritation of the tube used in ex- 
 tracting it. 
 
 If, as is contended for by some, a part of the fluid be . 
 discharged into the stomach during a fast, I see no rea- 
 son why nature should withhold the other part. If we 
 may be allowed to argue, independent of more certain 
 data, one great objection to the opinion that the stom- 
 i|ch contains gastric juice, in a free state, when food is 
 withholden from it, exists in the danger of its passing 
 out through the pyloric orifice ; and thus depriving the 
 succeeding meal of the benefit of its solvent action. It 
 is probable that the pyloric orifice opposes no resistance 
 to Its egress ; but is obedient to its summons. In this 
 way we may account for its admitting chyme, which i^ 
 an admixture, or rather, combination, of gastric juice 
 and food, to obey the expulsive motions of the stomach, 
 and pass out. They both appear to excite the peculiar 
 contraction of the pyloric end of the stomach, mention- 
 ed in a former part of this work. Besides, there would 
 be danger of the gastric juice being weakened, by the 
 introduction of large quantities of water, or other fluids, 
 in the intervals of eating,* and thus lose its energy, and 
 concentrated solvent properties. 
 The last ^xpefiment has considerable pathological 
 
 12 
 
 hM 
 
 'igU 
 
 * % 
 
134 
 
 EXPERIIHENTS AND 
 
 importance. In febrile diathesis, very little or no gas- 
 tric juice is secreted. Hence, the importance of with- 
 holding food from the stomach in febrile complaints. It 
 can afford no nurishment ; but is actually a source of 
 irritation to that organ, and, consequently, to the whole 
 system. No solvent can be secreted under these cir- 
 cumstances ; and food is as insoluble in the stomach, 
 as lead would be under ordinary circumstances. 
 
 f/- 
 
 The following, and most of the subsequent experi- 
 ments of this series, were instituted with the view of 
 ascertaining the relative difference between wa/wraZ and 
 artificial digestion ; to demonstrate the performance of 
 digestion out of the stomach, by the gastric juice ; and, 
 also, the continuation of the natural process, when 
 taken out during the period of chymification. 
 
 Experiment 24. 
 
 Dec. 14, 1829. At 1 o'clock, P. M., I took one and a 
 half ounces of gastric juice, fresh from the stomach, af- 
 ter eighteen hours fasting, into an open mouthed vial — 
 put into it twelve drachms recently salted beef (boiled) 
 and placed it in a basin of water, on a sand bath, and 
 kept it at about 10Q° (Fahreulieit,) with frequent, gen- 
 tly agitation. Digestion commenced, in a short time, 
 on the surface of the meat, and progressed in that man- 
 m/ettinifdrmly for about six hours, when its solvent ac- 
 tion seemed to cease* The meat was at this time, near- 
 
OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 m 
 
 ly half dissolved ; the texture of the central portion con- • 
 siderably loosened and tender, resembling the same 
 kind of aliment when ejected, partly digested, from the 
 stomach, some hours after being swallowed, as frequent- 
 ly seen in cases of indigestion. 
 
 The vial, continuing in the same situation, its con- 
 tents varied considerable in their sensible qualities. In 
 twenty-four hours, the digested portion separated into a 
 reddish brown precipitate, and whey colored fluid. 
 
 I now separated the undigested from the chymous 
 portion, by filtration, through thin mushn. When 
 squeezed dry, it weighed five drachms, two scruples, 
 and eight grains, which, deducted for the twelve drachms 
 of meat put in at first, leaves six drachms and twelve 
 grains, digested in twelve fluid-drachms of gastric juice.. 
 ^ This experiment was conduci id with as much pre- 
 cision and integrity' of observation as possible, with the 
 temperature of the digesting bath kept as near blood 
 heat as was practicable to regulate and continue artifi- 
 cial warmth — the Thermometer varying, during the ; 
 time, from 90° to 100°. 
 
 In this experiment, it appears, that it took twelve 
 drachms of gastric juice to digest six drachms and 
 twelve grains of aliment. No certain rule can, how- 
 ever, be given. Allowance must be made for the puri- ^ 
 ty of the fluid, or its admixture with mucus and other 
 secretions ; for it is altogether probable that there are 
 great variations in it, in this respect, as well as in all 
 the other secretions of the system. It is probable, also, 
 that diflerent kinds of diet require different proportions 
 of gastric juice for their solution. That its action is. 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 '\ 
 
136 
 
 E3CPERIMEKTS AMD 
 
 ' similar to that of other chemical agents I have no doubt. 
 A given quantity of the fluid acts on a definite propor- 
 tion of aliment, when it becomes saturated, and is iu- 
 i\dequate to produce any further eflfect. There is always 
 disturbance of the stomach when more food has been 
 received than there is gastric juice to act upon it. 
 
 % 
 
 Experiment 25. 
 
 December 1^ At 2 o'clock, P. M. — Twenty minutes 
 ; after having eaten an ordinary dinner of boiled, salted 
 beef, bread, potatoes and turnips, and drank a gill only 
 of pure water, I took from his stomach, through the 
 artificial opening, a gill of the contents, into an open 
 mouthed viaK Digestion had evidently commenced, 
 and was perceptibly progressing, at the time. This 
 vial and contents were immediately placed in a basin 
 of water, on the sand bath, at 90° or 100*^, and con^ 
 tinned there for five hours. 
 
 The digestion of the contents continued to progress, 
 until all was completely chymified. 
 r» At 7 o'clock— five hours after eating his dinner — I 
 took out a gill of pure chyme *, no particles of undigest- 
 ed food appearing in the mixture. 
 
 Very little differenre was perceptible between this 
 last parcel and that in the vial, digesting on the bath. 
 The stomach had digested a little faster and more per- 
 fectly than the vial. 
 
 In this experiment, it seems, that a quantity of ali- 
 ment, taken out of the stomach twenty minutes after 
 
 t' •:■„. y 
 
OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 m 
 
 having been eaten, had a sufficient admixture of gas- . 
 trie juice to ensure its perfect digestion when placed on 
 the bath. An ordinary moderate meal, taken into a 
 healthy stomach, is sooner disposed of than most physi- 
 ologists arc aware of; and in this case, it is probable 
 that a sufficient quantity of gastric juice had been se- 
 creted in twenty minutes, to digest the whole quantity 
 of aliment in the stomach. AVhen a larger quantity has 
 been received, though the powers of the stomach may 
 be sufficient, ultimately to dispose of it, it would un- 
 doubtedly be found that a portion taken from the stom- 
 ach a few minutes after having been eaten, would not 
 contain a sufficient quantity of gastric juice to digest it 
 perfectly. It is possible that the portion presented at 
 the perforation may be in a more advanced stage of 
 digestion, than the rest of the mass, and consequently 
 lighter, and float on the surface of the more solid por- 
 tions of the food. In ordinary cases, such would be 
 found to be the case ; but when much fat meat or oily 
 food has been used, the oil always maintains an ascen- 
 dency in the gastric cavity. 
 
 Experiment 26. 
 
 Jan, 11, 1830. At 3 o'clock, P. M., dined on bread 
 and ei^ht ounces of recently salted^ lean heef^ four 
 ounces of potatoes, and four ounces of turnips, boiled. 
 In fifteen minutes, took out a portion of the contents of 
 the stomach. The m^at made its appearance, in an 
 incipiant stage of digestion, 
 12' 
 
 9L. 
 
138 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 At 3 o'clock, 46 minutes, took out another portion. 
 The meat and bread only appeared, in a still more 
 advanced stage of digestion. 
 
 The texture of the meat was, at this time, broken in- 
 to small shreds, soft and pulpy, and the fluid containing 
 it had become more opaque, and quite gruel-like, or 
 rather, glutinous, in appearance. 
 
 I put this second parcel in a vial, and placed it in 
 water, on the sand bath, at the temperature of the 
 stomach, |(100^ Fahrenheit,) as indicated by the ther- 
 mometer immediately preceding its extraction, and con- 
 tinued it there. 
 
 At 5 o'clock, took out another quantity. Digestion 
 lilid advanced in about the same ratio as from the first 
 to the second time of extracting; and when compared 
 with the second parcelj contained in the vial on the 
 bath, littlo or no difference could be perceived in them; 
 both were nearly in the same stage of digestion.. That 
 contained in the vial had advanced regularly and rapid* 
 ly ; nearly all the particles of meat had disappeared^ 
 become chymified, and changed into a reddish brown 
 sediment, suspended in the more fluid parts, with small 
 particles, resembling loose, white coagulte, floating abom 
 near the surface. 
 
 On taking out the third parcel, small pieces of vege- 
 tables appeared, in a partial stage' of digestion. This 
 was also put into a vial, and placed on a bath,, with the 
 second parcel, and the same uniform temperature (100°) 
 kept up, with frequent, gentle agitation. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, P. M., digestion had progressed equally 
 in both. The only difference to be seen, was the par- 
 ticles of vegetables, in a less advanced stage than the 
 meat 
 
ODSEBVATIOirsri 
 
 I'm 
 
 The contents of both vials, kept on the bath, and 
 nearly in the< same temperature, until the next morning, 
 were completely digested, except the few small parti- 
 cles of vegetables, which remained almost entire. 
 
 The contents of the vials, at this time, were of th# 
 consistence of thin jelly, and of a lightish brown color; 
 tasting peculiarly insipid, saltish and acid. After stand- 
 ing at rest awhile, the brownish sediment subsided to- 
 wards the bottom, while small particles of whitish coir 
 ored, loose coagulee floated about in the fluid above. 
 The undigested particles of vegetables settled to the 
 bottom. 
 
 In the Preliminary Observations, I have endeavor- 
 ed to maintain the proposition, that chyme is homage' 
 neous in its properties. . It would seem from this and 
 some other experiments, that it contains a sediment. 
 This, however, it is believed, does not militate against 
 its homogeneous character. Many substances, that 
 are generally acknowledged to possess this charac- 
 ter, deposit a sediment, on standing. The heavier 
 parts subside, of course. It is not- necessary to cite ex- 
 amples. It is possible, also, that mixed food contains 
 some adventitious, indigestible substances, which are 
 not afiected by the gastric juice. 
 
 This experiment (26th) demonstrates the comparative 
 digestibility of animal and vegetable diet. In extract- 
 icg two parcels, one in fifteen minutes and the other 
 in three quarters of an hour, the meat only made itg 
 appearance, partially digested. In taking out a third 
 portion, at 5 o'clock, t^^ro hours after having eaten, imaU 
 
tid 
 
 RXPBRtMRIf rt ANt) 
 
 pttttlclos of vrcgctable made Iheir rtppcrtroiico* This tx 
 perlnvt^nl uppoftrw toconrtnti the opinion, prptty grnoml- 
 \y iMttndfHniHl !)y mt?diortl lUfln, llmt vogotrt1»l(!« mo Ipnr 
 onslly dlspowiMl of hy the grtMrlr. otgrtnn, tl»nn nnininl nr 
 frtHnnoi^otJs milmtnnces. With dyNpnplli^s thi« is im- 
 donhlodly tmo, ns ox|w«rinnco«vory ilt\y t»«nr!»pN ns ; nmt 
 i\8 thcit Btonvfxdis have t!»ostiiMf» orgnniKMinn as othiMf«, 
 ttto gt)VPvnod hy the Banic geneiol laws, ami aio only 
 moiliflpil t>y <lr1)ility oi* dispasp, th»3 conphtsloii is nattt- 
 ml, tlnU (hny ?ihonld apt on alinuMtt in tlm satno man- 
 ner, in pmportion to their Bln^igth, that the heallhy 
 BtxMnneh does* 
 
 It may ho inferred tmm this experiment, thnt the 
 more pevicctly cliymifted portiyiw of food rise to the bi\- 
 perior part of the stonmch, as stiggested in a ptoviouB 
 observation, and are eonseqnently exposed at the per- 
 foration, fi'om whetice pai'cels ai-e taken for cxperimtMit 
 and examination* 
 
 Afmxh 17. At VZ o'clock, M. — Drank half a t)int of 
 miik\ In Tirteen minntes, took a [wrtion out of the 
 stomach, in a line, loosely coagulated condition, per- 
 fectly wiute, atid suspended in semi-transparent, whey- 
 i^lorcd (Itiid. I placed this t^i the bath, and it con- 
 tiimed to digest tbr eight hours, when the coagulaj 
 * i-o completely taken up» A very small proportion of 
 light colored sediment, settled loosely to the bottom of 
 ;?i l^^eam coloreil, sweetish fluid* 
 
 
OttlttllYAVtOirM. 
 
 m 
 
 ■ft 
 
 At UioHnmo timn ttint'lio tlmtik ttio milk, t put nn« 
 ilrachm of gtiHtrlc Juloc, wtirm from lhr» Ntotimcli, Into two 
 dmchtiiB of fhilk^ iiiitl pluccid it on tlin Imtli, nt tlm tuil- 
 Mfttl totnfHjrnturp, (HMP l^\ihrniilirll.) In ilvn nilnnlrrt, 
 puro, wiiite mmgnlai foitimd, wtiii'ti, in llflonn niinitinH( 
 exactly nuninljled lluit tnknn out of tlm flidMimili. 1ji 
 twnnty nilnutnw, tlm saino Hon, loowo cott^nlm wnrr* wih- 
 pondwl in (i wlniilnr liqnld. TImitn two ilmclimN of inlllt, 
 mixed with onn dinchni of pnio guMirir Jnlrn, imt nf 
 the i*(nfnnvht gnvo llm nfinio loHidt, nnd nxliibiind tlio 
 ■ttmo nppnnnuu'o, in nnurly tho siinio llnm, ii/i ihnt 
 which wfts fiWfiUnti'ttf, nnd tnhrti fmm t/ic fttnmnrh, 
 Scarcely a wlmdo of dinbronco conld he perceived Ju 
 four liotirB, 
 
 .Two drachms of /;»///.', conmihiicd hy rnrfoifft add^ 
 produced ooagnim very RJinilar to the other ; Imt tho 
 whoyey part hore nore«end»lflnce, except in mere tlii- 
 idity ; that formed from tlio gastric ilnid lieiriK of an 
 opaline, sUghtly yellowish cast, and tho otlier tliin, 
 transparent and watery. 
 
 Tho coagnlio formed hy ttm f^nstrio Juice, continued 
 to digest regularly in their Ilnid, for ohoul eight lion^-s, 
 when they were completely taken up, and converted 
 into chyme. 
 
 The coaguitt) formed hy tho vinegar, renijiinod in tho 
 game condition for forty-eight honrs, with no other 
 change except mere subsidence helow tho Avatery 
 fluid. 
 
 It is well known, and this experiment was not ncccs- 
 iary to prove it, that milk is coagulated before it 
 roceivGS the aohent action of the gastric juice. But it 
 hai some degre* of importance in demonitraiing th« 
 
 h 
 
149 V^PIIIMBNTS AND 
 
 fact, that a dogrco of solidity is nocossnry for tlic oper- 
 ation of this agont. And it is a strong argument agninnt 
 tho doctrino of digestion by tho veins of the stomtich. 
 It has been maintained by some, that tho veins take up 
 the nutritious parts of tho food, immediately on their 
 introduction into tho stomach. If so, it strikes mo that 
 thoy should do so, as it relates to this kind of aliment, 
 while they aro in a iluid state, and more susceptible of 
 absorption by their mouths ; and not wait till thoy liavo 
 bocomb solidified. Wine, spirits, water and other fluids, 
 which conduce nothing towards alimentation, are nei- 
 ther coagulated, nor otherwise affected by tho gastric 
 juice. These fluids aro not digested ; and prol)al)ly en- 
 ter the circulatory system without much change. 
 
 It will be seen, by succeeding experiments, that other 
 fluid, nutritive substances, particularly the albumen of 
 eggs, are coagulated before they reccivo tho solvent 
 action of the gastric juice. 
 
 Experiment 28. 
 
 Jan. 25, 1831. At 1 o'clock, P. M., he ate a full din- 
 ner of roast-beef, potatoes, beets and bread, and kept 
 exercising about his usual employment, as house 
 servant. 
 
 At 3 o'clock, 25 m., I took out a portion of the con- 
 tents of the stomach. Digestion of the different articles of 
 food had commenced, and considerably advanced, — The 
 bread, reduced to a pultaceous condition, appeared float- 
 ing about in a reddish brown fluid, of a glutinous consis- 
 
OBSBRVATlONi. 
 
 14S 
 
 tonco. A few small particles of tho moat could also be 
 soon in the fluid. None of tho vegetables were discemablo 
 at this time. Tho fluids tasted slightly acid, givin(i the 
 flavor peculiar to dilute muriatic acid, and ver)' slightly 
 bitter. A few grains pf carbonate of soda thrown into 
 a drachm or two of this fluid, produced a slight efibr- 
 vesccnco. 
 
 At 4 o'clock, 20 min.— took out another portion, a 
 shade or two darker than tho first. This dark color of 
 tho chyme, I attributed to his having taken with his 
 dinner, somo of the outside, scorched pieces of the 
 beef. 
 
 No distinct parts of the food could bo seen at this 
 time. Upon tho surface of both parcels of fluids, 
 floated a layer, of an oily or lardaceous consistence, 
 which probably was tho remains of the fat pork which 
 ho had eaten for his breakfast. The first parcel con- 
 tained nmch more of this oily fluid than the last ; which 
 loads mo to think' that a considerable portion of an im- 
 perfect chyme, formed from the pork taken at about 10 
 o'clock, for breakfast, remained in his stomach when 
 he ate his dinner ; and then mixed with his aliment, 
 in an imperfect state of digestion. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, 30 min.— tried to extract another portion 
 — could obtain nothing, except a little gastric juice.— 
 The chyme formed from his dinner appeared to have 
 all passed from his stomach. 
 
 Experiment 29. 
 
 March 6. At 9 o'clock, A. JMl.— breakfasted on vetU- 
 son steak, cranberry jelly and bread, and drank a pint 
 oi coffee. 
 
 l! 
 
)li«l Wi^l 
 
 f 
 
 ^r» 
 
 ^■"■■PiPiir 
 
 A 
 
 ^144 
 
 KZPKRtMKNTI AMD 
 
 ^ Twniiy iniiiiurs ndor outing, I took a {tortion from 
 
 thn Ntoiiiacli, in iin incipiout atugo of digUHtion. IMacod 
 
 thin on tho Imth. 
 At \) oViooU, 45 niin. lootc out nnothor ()orlion, in an 
 
 ndvMitood Ntugo ot' di^^sti()n- vuiy few Humll purticlus 
 
 o( f«M>tl Nvoro tlisoonuiblo, 
 '" At 10 oVIock, 10 min. -took out lUiot'.ior iK>rtion, com- 
 
 pltHoly ol\yuillu>d. 
 ■' At 10 oVlooi(, i<5 iniu. - tlui stonmch wn« ontiroly 
 
 ompty iuid I'ltNiu uooltyuinoraliuioitt to bo tointd in it. 
 
 Tho l)ivai<l«Mt, oalou ul \) oVlm-lc, was ull digcntod, (ind 
 
 had |),)ns(hI througli tho pylorus, in ono hour anU thirty 
 jUvr minutr,\\ tu <■ , 
 
 This is an oxaniplo of tho groat vapidity of digostioti 
 in sonio instivnoos. This riipidity ih^ponds upon various 
 ii^ciivinuvslunoos prinoipally upon moderation in quantity, 
 ami the digosiihh' proportios of tho food used. Prom 
 various trials, 1 uui confident, gonorally speaking, that 
 Vonivson is tho uiost digostihlo of any diol of tlio fibri- 
 notis kind. In a few instanoos, it will ho perceived, 
 that other articles of diet weix> disjHised of in a shorter 
 periikl, than tho v^niison was in this cxperlinont. 
 
 t--4>-* 
 
 Krprrhnetit 30, 
 
 ■*i 
 
 ;>• 
 
 1.^' 
 
 >rh 7, Wif'h two drachms of <tfhrm^>n of a fVesh 
 
 with two drachtns of gastric, juict^, warm from tho 
 
 jtdfficti, and placed it on the hath, at the natural tom- 
 
 pc»rat\iro. The jiiico and tho albumen were so much 
 
 alike in their appearance, when first mixed, tliat tiio 
 
 ux. 
 
 ■■S '■•'•»'. 
 
^ oatMHrjffMira. 
 
 tans 
 
 ^ehAngfe'vAf notp^ntepiibhi; Vut iti ttn or i^fttttt min- 
 
 ^'fitoii,' Bmalt, whitft flocottli btgftu to appMrf HoMiDg 
 
 nboiit ; and tho tnixturo booome of an opaqufland whit- 
 
 ^Mi Appearance. Thii continued ilowly and uniibrmly 
 
 * to incroAM, for three houri| at which time, the fluid had 
 
 l)ocomo of A milky, appearance ; the imall floccuUt or 
 
 loose congiilie, had meetly diiappeared, and a little light 
 
 colored sodiinont lubsided to (he bottom. 
 
 At the Horre time of the above experiment, he iwal- 
 loM^od tho Hfhittf odwo $ifg$t unmixed with any other 
 foods The stomach was porfootly empty at the time. 
 >&" in thirty minntoA, I took out and examined a portion. 
 It oxhibitod a similar appearance to that mixed out of 
 tho stomach, in the vial on tho bath, only moi'O rapid 
 in its progress. ^ 
 
 In 9tie hour anU MiWy miHuUs^ I examined the cavi- 
 ty of tho stomach, and fi)und nothing but a little pure 
 gastric juico. Tho albumen was completely digested, 
 and disposed of« 
 
 Eseparimcnt 31. 
 
 March CK At 8 o'clock, A. M. — stomach empty — 
 temperature 98^— took out two ounces gastric Juice. 
 Divided this into two oqual partp, and put them into 
 separate vials — to each of which, I put equal quantities of 
 roasted beef— placed one of them on the bath, at 99^, 
 and the other in the open air, at 34 deg. 
 
 I then put the same quantity of the meat into an equal 
 quantity efol^ar water, and placed it with the cold gas- 
 tric juice and meat in the open air, at the same teropera- 
 iuie, 
 
 13 
 
 'Ai 
 
mwmmmmmnn 
 
 IPWP 
 
 146 
 
 EXPGRIMBNl:>a AND 
 
 ^^ 
 
 At 9 o'clock, ho had fmishod branlcrnsting 'on the 
 mme kind of mout, with the addition of wArm, light 6tV 
 PMiV, butter^ and a pint of eqlJ^ec. ToniporntuTo of the 
 stomach, innnediately 6</orc outing, 100 dog. In thirty 
 mimlion n/ier eating, tho tempomturo rose to 102 dog.* 
 Digestion rapidly advancing. 
 
 At 10 o'clock — took ont n portion, partially digested ; 
 the biscnit the most so of any part of tho breakfast. 
 t*!aeed this on the bath. 
 
 Tho moat, containetl in tho vial of gastric juice on tho 
 bath, was, at this time, in about tho same condition as 
 that taken from the stomach ; very little difference 
 copM be perceived. Tho biscnit which ho had eaten 
 "XV ..a his breakfast Oce.asioned tho only dilferenco ; that 
 b^ng reduced to a sot\ pulp. 
 
 The meat in tho cold gastric juice was, at this time, 
 much less advanced, than either that in the warm juice, 
 or in the jwrtion taken from the stouiach. 
 
 That contained in the vial of water was merely ma- 
 cerated, and had no more appearance of digestion than 
 what was effected by its being mastieaied, and mixed 
 with tho saliva, as Were the other pieces of meat, before 
 they wore put into tho gastric juice. 
 
 At 10 o'clock, 45 mills. 1 examined tho stomach, but 
 could find no distinct particles of food, and but veiy lit- 
 tle chyme. His breakfast appeared to have been com- 
 pletely digested, and had \ei\ tlie stomach. Tempera- 
 ture lOOdipg. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, P. M., the several parcels of meat placed 
 in the gastric juicfej on the bath, being aliout half diges- 
 tedj and appearing not to progress, I drew off twelve 
 dMohtiis of IrastVie juice fmm tho empty stomach, arid 
 
 > I IP ! II N ^y > » I ■ .. I IBIPi . I i« w «i » ■ * I ■ J l I I 111^ I I I I . Ill y . ! I I I Mi Hin I I I I I H W I " I ■ 1 I) I J ^ « I ■ 
 
 • : ■ ( ■ ■! . ■ .■■"'• 
 
 * Probably tho effoot orexeroite, but not noticed at the time. 
 
 i\' 
 
 4' 
 
0B»BRVAT10Ni. 
 
 w 
 
 addod four drachma to each, including the parccil taken 
 from the stomach, at 10 o'clock, A. M., that being iu 
 ak)out the same state of chymification with the others ou 
 the bath. 
 
 ^ J continued the two on the bath, at lOOdog. and the 
 others, (cold gastric and a(|uoous iluids) on the shoU^ at 
 34 deg. Digestion evidently racommenced in the pturcols 
 on, t1;Q hatli, and again ra^ulnrly progressed, after the 
 addition of the second |K)rtion8 of the gastric juice ; aiKl 
 more rapidly in the vial containing the meat digu8> 
 iug in the gastric Juico, taken out of the stomach first, 
 than in the one containing the chymous portion, taken 
 out at 10 o'clock, A. M., one honr after having oaten. 
 This parcel, liowevor, contained a solid piece of meat, 
 which appeared to have been swallowed without boiny 
 masticated ; and consequently did not readily yield to 
 the solvent action of the gastric juice. The juice was, 
 also, in too small proportion completely to digest it. 
 
 The vials containing the cold a<|ueou8 and gastrin 
 iwrtions, placed on the shelf, were, at 4 o'clock, P. M., 
 but very little changed, and much alike. 
 
 These four parcels, afior standing for twency-four 
 hours, and all sulfered to got cool^ exhibited the follow^ 
 ing appearances. 
 
 The portion taken from tho stomach at 10 o'clock, A. 
 M., one hour after having eaten, was the most perfectly 
 digested, and completely converted into a thick pultace- 
 ous mass, of a reddish brown color, with the exception 
 ofthepiecoof unmasticated meat, which remained en- 
 tire and undigested. This emitted a sharp, rancid smell, 
 and was slightly bitter. Th& vial containing the meat 
 digesting in the gastriejuioe first jtakun out of the stpm- 
 ach, exhibited appearances very similar to tho last, 
 
 ■ ♦ ' la 
 
fit : 
 
 148 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 jaife* *>.-t*f* 
 
 though the contents were less perfectly digested. It 
 was not of so thick consistence; but gave the same 
 sharp smell and bitter taste, with the addition of an en^ 
 pyreumatic and slightly foetid flavor. . Tfhe empyrcu- 
 ma, I attributed to a portion of the nM>at L)eing a little 
 dry and scorched when first putjnj and the fqDtor, to 
 the temperature of the bath , having been accidental- 
 ly raised considerably above lOO®, during the exi^cri- 
 ment. 
 
 The cold gastric and aqueous portions very nearly 
 i-esemblod each other ; both maceraUd^ but not digest^ 
 ed; dilTernig essentially from the other two, in not CX' 
 hibiting any appearance of chyme. The cold gastric 
 juice had very little,, if any, more etibct on the ment, 
 than the water; and retained its peculiar taste. Its 
 color was darkish brown, while the latter was of a red- 
 dish grey. At 9 o^clock, A. M., of the 10th, I placed 
 both of them on the bath, and continued them foj; twc||-, 
 ty-four hpurs, at the natural toniporature. An essential 
 difference in the gastric liquor was produce^!, after be- 
 ^ng placed on the bath. Digestion evidehtly advanced ; 
 the color became lighter and lighter; the m^at dimin- 
 ished; and a thin, light, ps^st^liko liqv or formed, as in 
 the other two portions, at first tplaced on tlie bath. The 
 aqueous portion exhibited n^o o^her appeariance than 
 that pf simple ii(\acer^tion. \i\ ]yarm, wate^^ ^At th^ eijid 
 of the last twwity-rfour hours, on tho bath, appearances 
 of incipient putrefactive ferinentation be'gai^ to be mani- 
 fested, as the evolution of sinall bubbles'of fcetid gas, 
 and' a change of color fh)m a reddish to a greenish 
 
 shader* "-i-H •''* ^hmu 'Mii \n .yyfjum.j^'Ji ujui iijuj.i\\^ -» ■ 
 
 AdilEefeitce in tho degress of chymiilca^On between 
 the several parcels, was now very evidenti. . 
 
 - i^'M 
 
 %* 
 
 ■'•^if* V^r-V. 
 
I IJf U I , ^ Hipiiiflll 
 
 pv^pnpppi 
 
 OBSERVATION!. 
 
 an 
 
 The gastric portion, or that taken from tho stomach. 
 
 1 hour alter hreakfasr, was the most digested. 
 
 iMie artificial^' or that portion ot'the' gastric Juice anJ^ 
 meat, 'first * placed ' on the warm' bath, Wos nejct, and 
 nearly as mucli digested j though a difference was ob- 
 servable. 
 
 hrhe third, or portion of gastijic Juice and meat, firs^* 
 placocl'ia acool situation, after having been on th^ Varnt* 
 bathi for six or eight hours, was th6 next, but consider- 
 ably less digested thai: the second. ' 
 
 /The. foiirih, oy aqueous portion, exhibited nb appear- 
 ance of chynitecatioh. 
 
 • u;- ,*.- 
 
 ItvoviUl seem, from this e3^poriment, that a certain 
 degree of heat is necessary to the action of the gastric 
 juice. One parcel of the meat, after being exposed to 
 the cold gastric juice for twfenty-four hours, exhibited 
 very little change; but being placed on th6 bath, at 
 the. end of this time, digestion commenced, and advan- 
 . ced, regularly,, as iiii thp other .parqels^ It also appears, ^ 
 that after tbe process of digjdstion bas ceased»! fo^ want 
 of a sufficient quantity of gastric juice, it will recom- 
 itmicQ oh the addition of a freshsupply^ ((U wastieces- 
 saty'to dddi &ttotherqUitnt%'6v^tt 
 ouV of iW^stomtich,'to'etisure ity pfect digestion. /This, 
 I thiiik, is' m evidence, thdt khe diiicl is discharged in- 
 tatliejstpniach g;ra^up)|y^ftpd,^pifp^^ifsiyeiy, acc^^ 
 toith^ii:?(luirQJ^eptJih9!f.th^ f4ip!^i^t,f,,.|fjUie,pQrtipi| left 
 in the stomach had received, at the time the parcel iviui^ 
 tim^tSWieut/thtfiifttoltt <iuantitf ii^mtdiitiiiod te il^ite, 
 
 
 S-i^- 
 
 3; 
 

 KXP«Il»f«JNT« AND 
 
 i(^pi^y>;ji,y,Q bpQ|i. imperfectly digested,, and have ro- 
 niftiiipd ^i.tl)o>8to<aacb> preciaely in, the situation of that 
 lyhicU we^s taken out, and submitted to artificial diges- 
 tion;* which is proved not to hsuve* received its full sup- 
 ply for perfect digestion. But subsequent examination 
 denjonstrated that it w>as . perfectly digested, and had 
 nearly all passed out of tho stomach, in two hours. 
 Hcucc, the conclusion is irresistible, that it received an 
 additional quantity affpr the portion was taken from the 
 stomach, one hour after eating. . 
 
 -ir 
 
 Experiment 32. 
 
 March 12. At 8 o'clock, A. M. extracted one ounce 
 of gastric juice. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, he breakfasted on fat pork^ bread and 
 jmtatdes'. One Hour iifterwards, examined coiiieufs of, 
 stomadh^-found a hettli'Bgehebus mixture,' resembling 
 thick' porridge. . ' 
 
 ^ At 1 o'clock, P. M.-^four hours after having eateur— 
 took out a portion, in a complete ctiymous state, without 
 any entire particlei§ of fodd^'to'^ be seeij.' It, was ^f a 
 piilk^^ or rkth^r'thin', i|ruel-likd consistefice, * aiid cqu- 
 sider^ly tinned t^ithyeUoAiirMj'a'c^^ which 
 
 I had but once befot^'bb6ei^edittmy experiments iipw^ 
 him. And this I supposed to have been the effect of 
 violent anger, which occurred about the time of taking 
 out this parcel. >^^ ^*^' "^ 
 
 ;■' :"■ ;J'.. , 
 
 This experiment shows the effect of violent ] passion 
 on ' tlris digfestive ajJpara^Ss. ' Tfie, presence \>( bile, in 
 
 
OBSERVlTtONS. 
 
 m 
 
 this instance, was believed to be the effect of anger. In 
 a healthy state of the stomach, atid an equitable framo 
 of mind, this substance has seldom been found in the 
 stomach. When so found, except under peculiar cir- 
 cumstances of diet, it may generally be regarded as an 
 indication of either mental or corporeal disease; and 
 may be considered a foreign and offending substance in 
 that organ. I believe its effect is to change the pro- 
 perties of chyme, (as it will be seen that it does, in sub- 
 sequent experiments,) alter its homogeneous quality, 
 and retard, or otherwise disturb its due egress into its 
 destined receptacle, the duodenum. 
 
 * # ■ 
 
 Experiment 33. 
 
 MarclilZ, At 1 o'clock, P. M.— dined on roasted 
 heef J bread and potatoes. In half an hour, examined 
 contents of stomach — found what he had eaten reduced 
 to a mass, resembling thick porridge. % 
 
 •At 2 o'clock* examined again— nearly all chymified 
 — a few distinct particles pi foqd,, still to be seen. 
 
 At 4 o'clock, 30 mins.jchyi^ification complete. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, jixamined. s(Qj|>a (iji— found nothing but 
 a liUle' gastric juice, tinged with bile. 
 
 ;Vi ^\ ". '■ ■-. ■> ; ■ p 
 
 Experiment 34. , 
 
 ounces i)f rorc/ro(w^^6|2£/, suspended by a string*, in- 
 to^ the stomacn ; and tx the same time, put one drachm 
 
 v% 
 
 .-f l-:< 
 
■^\%- 
 
 ll§ 
 
 ]j|9L experiments and 
 
 of the same kind of meat into twelve drachms of eastric 
 juice, contamed id a vial, and put it into ^is hosom. 
 The piece in his stomach, examined every hour, till 12 
 o'clock, M. exhibited an uniform, but very, slow pifo^ 
 cess of digestion, confined entirely io the surface of the 
 meat. , In four hours, about half of it, only, 'i^as dissblv- 
 ed and gone. That in the bosom, at th^e skme time, 
 digested still slower, owing, probably, to the circum-* 
 stances, that |he fluid in the vial had feeen taken but' 
 when the stoniacli was in a morbid conclition, atid'had 
 been permitted to get cold, even to the freezing point. 
 This last circumstance, hr-^'^ever, was probably, of less 
 importance than the other. The meat in the stdmach 
 was too puch confined by the string; was not permit- 
 ted to move about freely in the gastric fluids by the hat- 
 ural motiohs of the stomach ; and consequently did hot 
 digest so fast as- it otherwise would have ^orie.' ^ An- 
 Other circumstance or two, may also, have contributed to 
 interrupt the progress of digestion, such as anger and 
 impatience, which were manifested by the subject dur- 
 ing this experiment. , . 
 
 This experiment shows the necessity of a perfect com- 
 mii±iti6n of the articles of diet. The gastric juice acted 
 very slowly on a laYge, solid piece of meat. Digestion 
 or solution was* confined entiTelyjo the outer §iirface<| 
 Thisj^ to additipnu tq thei other causes, <meuti< led aboye^ r 
 produced the dday^in di^egti<?n. > i^t^^f>^ it«jff^m»fiiii 
 
 P^: 
 
tx^ '■»' 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 m 
 
 miautes^oun.d the milk coagulated, and the bread re- 
 duced to a soft pulp, floating in a large proportion of 
 fluid. 
 
 At 10 o'clock, 30 mins. — took out, and examined a 
 portion — found it a thick pultaceous mass of bread, 
 coagulflB and fluid, of k milky color, slightly bitter taste, 
 and acid smell. Placed it on the bath, where it fcon- 
 tinned to become more and more milky for an hour, 
 when every particle seemed to be reduced to a rich fluid 
 mass, resembling* milk porridge. 
 
 The portion taken out thirty minutes after having 
 been eaten, and kept on the bath, retained, the appear- 
 ance of the gastric fluid, with distinct flocculi of bread 
 and coagulflB, floating about, and suspended in the fluid, 
 and a little coarse precipitate at the bottom, after stand-' 
 ing at rest a while. 
 
 At 2i o'clock — examined stomach— ^found it nearly' 
 empty. The bread and milk appeared to have been' 
 disposed of, and were gone from the stomach. 
 
 . In this experiment, it took two hours for the digestion 
 of a meal of bread and mijk J something shorter than 
 the usual time for the disposal of an ordinary meal. Foii 
 those who have healthy vnidunsophiseated stomachs, 
 milk appears to bfe ohe of the best articles of diet we 
 possess. • It is less stimulating thatt flesh, diid more nui 
 tritious than vegetables. For -persons who are disposed; 
 to pyrexial complaints, ^ud who arp not obliged to per- 
 form h|rd and exhausting labor, it is the most ap- 
 propfiafe difet: But'the ^itoriacti il A c^atuW of hdBit. 
 it dak 'b^me ac&iMinid' to'lnf feiM W^dietf dm 
 
m 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 sudden changes are liable to derange its healthy actions. 
 To those accustomed to what is called high living, such 
 as strong meats, strong drinks, and high-seasoned food, 
 of all kinds, the transition to a milk diet, which con- 
 tains a considerably lowered stimulation, would proba- 
 bly be an imprudent change. When necessary, tho 
 change should be so gradual, that the stomach should, 
 by degrees, become accommodated to it. 
 
 JK 
 
 Experiment 36. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, 30 mins. — dined on fresh beef and vege- 
 table soup, and four ounces of bread. 
 
 At 3 o'plock, 20 mins. examined contents of stomach 
 — found a pulpous mass, of the consistence of thick gruel, 
 and of a semi-gelatinous appearance. The soup ap- 
 peared to have had its more fluid parts absorbed ; for it 
 was, at this time, much more consistent than when eat- 
 en. It was even thicker than the contents of the stom- 
 ach usually are, after eating more solid food. Placed 
 this on the bath. 
 
 At 5 o'clock, took out another portion, of a whitish col- 
 or, and more paste-like consistence, mixed with a little 
 thin, transparent yellowish fluid, of an acid taste. The 
 thick part had the flavor of bile, but not the color. 
 
 
 Here the uniform laws with respect to liquid diet, ap- 
 peared to govern the action of the gastric juice. The 
 soup could not be digested until it was formed into a 
 harder mass, by the absorption of the watery part.— 
 There was' a less quantity of fluid than is usual after 
 
 ■ '»^ !ji^'* 
 
OSSERTATfONS. 
 
 lis 
 
 eating more solid food. This is andther striking demon- 
 stration of the laws that govern the action of the stoi- 
 machic solvent. If water were permitted to remain in the 
 storfiach, ii'wbbid render the soup too liquid to bo acted 
 on by the gastric juice. 
 
 Ea^perimeni 37. 
 
 March 15. At 8 o'clock, 30 mins. A. M. — break- 
 fasted on fresh sausage^ light pancakes^ and a pint of 
 coffee. \ 
 
 At 9 o'clock, 30 mins. — examined, and found the stom- 
 ach full of fluids, mixed with the aliment; and a large 
 portion of clear oil floated on top, and presented itself 
 at the perforation of the stomach. 
 
 At 10 o'clock, 30 min. I took out a portion — found the 
 cakes and particles of meat about half digested, with 
 some oil, pure, bland and linipid, risi)ig upon the top, 
 untouched by digestion. Placed it on the bath. 
 
 At 12 o'clock. Mi, examined stomach — found no ves- 
 tige of his breakfast^ — not a particle of oil was to be* seen, • 
 nothing but pure gastric juice could be extracted, of' 
 which, I took out twelve drachms. 
 
 That portion of his breakfast, taken out at 10 o'clock 
 and thirty minutes, was at this time, almost completely 
 chymified, a fefw small particles of oil 6nly remaining." 
 The chymous mass of a milky color, and thick, gruel- 
 lik©, consisteiice. . > . ^ wn j i ♦ . s > h- 
 
 'Experiment 38. 
 on /re«A meat aru^v<sg^table hash, brea4 and a pii\«i 
 
 A... 
 
7 !. 
 
 tl«6 
 
 mCFSftlKSinra AND 
 
 <^' At l<y 6'clocik; 30 iiiin8i-*^z«toihied^fouBdtbutjr«i7 
 
 ?lbMK partiolM'of 'his bnakfast iii'the?itomach<rMH>in» oil, 
 
 and a few IIoqcuU of^ Inrowncolor) 4(110 outvwiih«t^u^ 
 
 -thin' fluids' '>'•''') «{■.'/.«»<<•»< ii- loun,.'' ^foiMMh j/v 
 /• At U o'clock->oexatnined again — found ndthingtbtUa 
 «little gastric jtiice. Breakfast was goae, And^the ftom- 
 ..a(ih.clean.H' ■*''•- ■ ;-•■ '•■ - 'nimlt^n^hl. 
 
 These experiments, (37th and 38thy) are continued 
 proofs of 'the solvent ncdbn of the gastric juide^ '' 
 
 Experiment Z^* 
 
 At 2.9'clock, P. Ml — same day — dined on recently 
 .salted, lean beeff pork) potatoes^ carrots^ turnips and 
 bread. 
 At 6 o^clock— exainihed— foimd the stoinach clear of 
 ' food, but containing fclquatttity of Wliite,' frothy mucus-^ 
 ii^villous coat inclined to dryness,: and deeper pink color. 
 St. Martin complained o^^some headache, pain and di^ 
 tresi^ at the pit of | the stomachr-4ry skin and thirst.— 
 Directed him to take four drachms of tincture of aloes 
 and myrrh at bed time. This operated two or three times 
 next morning, and gave relief. The gastric juice, how- 
 ever, was not obtaiUedsiu itau^u^ quantity and quality, 
 for twenty-four or thirty-six hours afterwards. 
 
 '■^^^ £{tpmmen^ 40, 
 Mm^ la Af9rmSck^'X:'m;M breakla^ k 
 
im>"j I 
 
 ^m 
 
 ODSBRVATIONf. 
 
 157 
 
 tion— found it in a half digested condition, tripe, pig's 
 feet and bread nil reduced to a pulp, floating in a large 
 prjportim of fluids. Placed it on the bath. 
 
 At 10 o'clock — examined stomach again — tried to ex- 
 tract another portion — could find little or no chyme — a 
 very little gastric juice, wilh a few small, fibrous parti- 
 cies of tripe, and some coflfee grounds. His breakfast 
 appeared to have been digested, and had passed from 
 the stomach, in one'hour. 
 
 The portion first taken out, and placed on the bath, 
 was also, at the end of one hour, reduced to nearly a 
 complete chymous condition ; a very few of the small 
 particles of tripe and coffee grounds only left) as in the 
 stomach. 
 
 ■A-4 
 
 This is an example of astonishing rapidity of gastric 
 solution ; and that, too, of articles generally regarded 
 as rather hard of digestion. That there could be no 
 mistake, I infer from the fact, that a portion taken out 
 of the stomach, thirty minutes after having been re- 
 ceived, and submitted to the artificial mode, exhibited 
 the same result. 
 
 k 
 
 #. 
 
 Experiment 41. 
 
 At 1 o'clock, P. M. — same day — ^he ate eight ounces 
 ot talf^s foot jelli/, and nothing else. 
 
 In twenty minutes, examined stomach, and took out 
 a portion of its contents, consisting of gastric juice 
 combined with the jelly, nearly all of it in a fluid form ; 
 ^^. few particles only of entire jelly, suspended in the 
 U 
 
 '*<%.*: 
 
108 
 
 EXPERIMBNTi AND 
 
 
 F^"« 
 
 ri*!* 
 
 fluids, with a few small, yellowish white coagula;, float- 
 ing near the surface, could be perceived. 
 
 At 2 o'clock — examined again — extracted a little fluid, 
 but found no appearance of jelly. 
 
 J- The operation of g&stric juice on gelatine, is very 
 diflicult to hp detected. Unlike albumen, it is unsusccj)- 
 tiblo of coagulation ; and it is probable that the gastric 
 juice acts upon it, in its soft-solid state. This was dis- 
 posed of in a short period. It was, however, but a 
 small quantity, and was much sooner digested than a 
 full meal would have boon. 
 
 From various trials, I am disposed to think that gela- 
 tine, if not in too concrete a state, is a very digestible 
 article of diet. 
 
 During the exaniinalion.at this time, St. Martin s^wal- 
 lowed part of a glass of water, and being situated in a 
 strong light, favorable to an internal view, through the ' 
 aperture, I distinctly saw 'he water pass into the cavity 
 of the stomach, ilirough the cardiac orifice — a circum- 
 stance, perhaps, never before witnessed, in a living sub- 
 ject. On taking repeated draughts of water, while in 
 this position, it would gush out at the aperture, the 
 instant it passed through the cardia. Food, swallowed 
 in this position, could be distinctly seen to enter the 
 stomach. 
 
 4 
 
 Experiment 42. 
 
 April 7. At 8 o'clock, A. M. — breakfasted on three 
 
 hard boiled eggSj pancakes and cqfee. 
 i 
 
 >tt 
 
OBSKEVATIOKt. 
 
 169 
 
 At 8 o'clock, 30 mins.— examined stomach— found 
 a hetorogcnoous mixture of the several articles eaten, 
 slightly digested. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, 45 mins. — examined again — found con- 
 tents reduced in quantity, and changed in quality — 
 about half digested. 
 
 At 10 o'clock, 15 mins., no part of the breakfast re- 
 mained in the stonioch. 
 
 This, and tlic four following experiments, throw no 
 additional light on the subject of digestion, except so far 
 as relates to the period of chymification. This, it will 
 be perceived, depends something upon the quantity 
 eaten. The quality, however, is not to bo overlooked. , 
 
 'm 
 
 M^ 
 
 Experiment 43. 
 
 At 11 o'clock, 15 mins., A. M. — same day — he ate 
 two roasted c^ffs and three ripe apples. 
 
 In thirty minutes, examined stomach — found a heter- 
 ogeneous mixture, in an incipient stage of digestion. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, 15 mins., M. — examined again — found 
 the stomach clear; no vestige of apples or eggs. 
 
 Experiment 44. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M. — same day — dined on roasted pig 
 and vegetables. 
 
 At 3 o'clock — examined, and found it about half 
 chymified. 
 
 At 4 o'clock, very little remained in the stomach. 
 
 -A 
 
mmm^mt^ 
 
 RiPPPPPiiiPl 
 
 
 160 
 
 EXPERIMfiNTB AND 
 
 At 4 o'clock, 30 minutes, nothing remained but a very 
 little gastric juice. 
 
 . t; 
 
 iV: 
 
 April 8. At 2 o'clock, P. M., he dined on wiid g'oosti 
 At 8 o'clock — stomach full of fluids, with a large por^ 
 tion of oil, floating on the surface ; the goose flesh in 
 small shreds, and soA ; digesting rapidly. 
 
 At 4 o'clock — contents of stomach two thirds gone — 
 that remaining, chymifled. 
 
 At 4 o^clock, 30 mins., the stomach was empty and 
 clean. 
 
 ■■Si 
 
 ,!»■•■ 
 
 #' 
 
 6v, 
 
 
 Ejpperiment 46. 
 
 April 9. At 3 o'clock, P. M., he dined on boited, 
 dried codjish^ potatoes^ parsnips^ bread^ and drawn 
 butter, 
 
 "^^ At 3 o'clock, 30 mins. — examined, and took out a 
 portion, al)out half digested ; the p..tatoes the least so 
 of any part of the dinner. The fish was broken down 
 into small filaments^ the bread and parsnips were not 
 to be distinguished. 
 
 At 4 o'clock — examined another portion. Digestion 
 had regularly advanced. Very few particles of fish re- 
 mained entire. Some of the potatoes wero distinctly to 
 be seen. 
 
 At 4 o^lock, 30 mins. — took out, and examined m 
 other portion — all completely chymified. 
 At 5 o'clock — stomach empty. 
 
 -s. 
 
 ■■< »■ 
 
 .'■:_ * 
 
OBSERVATION!. 
 
 *1.1LJI 
 
 The preceding Experiments, I think, plainly dom > 
 strato the soiveni proporties of the gastric juice. When 
 aliment is submitted to it, 011/ of the atonMch^ its opeiv 
 at ion is rather slower than when the process of diges- 
 tion is assisted by the nahtrnl vformth and motimis of 
 that organ. One reason, probably is, tho difliculty of 
 jnaintfiining a bath at tho exact, necessary teniperaturo ; 
 and another one may present itsdf, in tho impossibility 
 of porfoctly imitating tho motions of the stomach. With 
 all thcso disadvantages, however, chymo formed in this 
 way, presents the san uniform, sensible appearance, 
 as that, which is formed in tho stomach, by natu.*al 
 process. 
 
 That tho cold gastric juice should not act at all, or 
 but very imporfocily, on aliment, is no proof, in my-v 
 opinion, that it does not possess solvent powers, even on 
 the admission that it was a debatable (picstion. There 
 are but a few chemical combinations that do not require 
 caloric to effect their operations, and none, perhaps, that 
 are not facilitated by it. Some, and indeed, many of 
 them require an intense heat. I am under the impres- 
 sion, though I have never fairly tested tho truth of it, 
 that gastric juice would, in a sullicient length of time, 
 act on aliment, in a cold state. But I am not anxious 
 Vo contend for any extraordinary or unnecessary powers 
 of this fluid. Nor is it neceisisary to prove that it will act 
 on oold substances, or ia cold situ^tipj^s. It is perfectly 
 manifest, that its operation is that of a chemical agent ; 
 
M 
 
 fi^T^ 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 that it dissolves aliment out of the stomach, when the 
 wanpith and motions of that organ are imitated ; and 
 that it changet the various and heterogeneous articles^ 
 suhmitted to its action, to an uniform homogeneous se-. 
 mi-fluid, Varying, however, slightly in color and consis•^ 
 tence, according to the aliment used. 
 
 With a view to ascertain, if practicable, what effects 
 were produced by the Bile and Pancreatic Juice^ 
 when added to Chyme, I instituted the following Ex- 
 periment|3. 
 
 ;- Not being able to proture humaSi bile, in a pure state, 
 I obtained some beef^s gall^ and for pancreatic juice, 
 substituted diluted muriatic acid, (one scruple acid to 
 
 .^ 'i six ounces water.) I was induced to use this acid, from 
 a resemblance observed between its taste and that of 
 the pancreatic juicCj and not being able to obtain any of 
 that fluid at the thne. 
 
 These experiments are certainly very imperfect, but 
 such as they are, I submit them to the public. They 
 may tend to pave the way to more perfect experiments, 
 on these fluids. 
 
 -•If'-- 
 
 V * 
 
 Exj^efj,ment 47. 
 
 \ divided the chyme, produced in Experiment 24, S!&^ 
 C0n4 X Aftf, (Dec I4th, 182^,) intp two equal parts, 
 aboilt five draqhiiis each. To one of which, I added 
 on6 drachm of the Ox gall, Fine coaguloe were imme^ 
 
 ■:4l^ 
 
 <^i 
 
li«">l'<jp 
 
 TJijr 
 
 fw^ 
 
 W^ 
 
 OBSERVATIONS/ 
 
 163 
 
 diately produced, of a slightly yellowish green color. 
 To this, I then added one drachm of dilute muriatic 
 acid ; which immediately produced a white halsamic 
 mixture. This, after standing at rest a few minutes, 
 separated into three distinct parts ; a clay colored sedi- 
 ment at the bottom, a whey colored fluid above, and a 
 thin, oily, whitish pellicle on the top. 
 
 Experiment 48. 
 
 i-lfr 
 
 To an ounce of the chyme, formed in Experiment 
 26, (E'ec. 16th,) I added one drachm of the Ox gall ; 
 which immediately converted it into a milky fluid, very 
 finely coagulated. To this, I added one drachm of the 
 diluted muriatic acid, which at first, increased the coa- 
 gul^e ; but immediately after, threw down a brown pre- 
 cipitate, This, on the addition of more bile and acid, 
 varied in color, according to the different proportions put 
 in, from a light clay color, to a dark brown, tinged with 
 green, without any change in the color or conslstencs 
 of the fluid above. 
 
 On standing at rest, it separated into three distinct 
 parts, a brown sediment at the bottom, a yellowish or 
 whey colored fluid iii the middle, and a thin, milky whits 
 pellicle on the top. 
 
 /I 
 
 0i% 
 
 •^ 
 
 Experiment 49. 
 
 Having procured some fresh gall, from an Ox recent- 
 ly slaughtered, I added twenty drops of i^ to four; 
 drachms of the chyme formed in Experiment 26, (Jan. 
 llth, 1830.) A turbid, yellowish white fluid, or rather, 
 
 -f-r 
 
 '^R 
 
 m^-:-^ 
 
 i- -►. 
 
 h: 
 
>*. 
 
 't' 
 
 p/ 
 
 JUU EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 '^very fine, cream-colored coagulse, immeditely formed ; 
 
 ■ which, after standing a few minutes, separated into 
 
 bright, yellow colored coagulae, subsiding towards the 
 
 bottom, and a turbid, milk colored liquid above. 
 
 By adding twenty drops more of the bile to this, the 
 
 ti^coagulffi were increased, more collected together, and 
 
 •^hanged in color, from a yellow to a greenish hue. ; ' ' 
 
 The addition of twenty drops*more of biie, (making, 
 
 in the whole, one drachm, ^concentrated a deep grass 
 
 "^green, jelly-like deposition at the bottom of the vial. 
 1 The fluid above, became more milky in appearance; 
 %nd the coagula; and sediment bv came darker on the 
 addition of bile. '■' 
 
 *.■: I now added twenty drops of the dilute muriatic acid 
 to other four drachms of the same kirv of chyme, with- 
 out bile.^ This produced no change in the color or con-*^^ 
 sistence, but increased the saline, acid taste, peculiar to 
 the gastric and pancreatic juices, when uncombined 
 
 ^^with. chyme. 
 
 f By adding bile to this, the same effects and appearan- 
 ces were present as in the other similar experiments; 
 niriz. : a yellowish br'^wn sediment at the bottom, a whey 
 colored fluid in the middle, and a white pellicle on the 
 
 /♦top. 
 
 To observe the different effects produced between a 
 combination of bile and muriatic acid in clear water, 
 and that of the chymous mass, I mixed equal quanti- 
 
 . ties of the gall and dilute acid, one drachm each, with 
 
 Jwith two ounces of water. This at first produced an 
 effect, and exhibited an appearance, similar to that of 
 
 Siheir combination with chyme ; but gradually changed 
 to a bluish^ green colored, thin fluid, with a deep green,^ 
 Jelly-like deposition at the bottom, without anyi of the 
 
 K'-'f- 
 
■■•, i 
 
 0BSERVATI0N8. 
 
 165 
 
 milky appearance of the chymous mixtureS| or white 
 pellicle on the top. 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 le 
 
 ^t: 
 
 m 
 
 Experiment 60. 
 
 To four drachms of gastric juice, fresh from the stom- 
 ach, I added forty drops of Qx gall, which produced a 
 turbid, yellowish green fluid, yielding no sediment. 
 
 Forty drops dilute muriatic acid, added to other four 
 drachms of the gastric juice, eflected no change in its 
 appearance. 
 
 Equal parts of the bile and muriatic acid, mixed to- 
 gether, produced a fluid of exactly the same color as the 
 first ; but was less consistent. 
 
 On mixing the two first together, and adding two 
 drachms of chyme from the stomach, very fine coagulee 
 formed in a milky fluid, throwing down a brownish 
 sediment, from a whey colored liquor, with the same 
 milky pellicle on the surface, -as in the former experi- 
 ments. 
 
 To one ounce of chyme, formed in a vial, on the bath, 
 I 'added two drachms of bile. A turbid, yellowish 
 white, mixture formed, without sediment, or immediate 
 separation of any kind. 
 
 To another ounce of the same chyme, I added two 
 drachms of the dilute acid. No change in its appear- 
 ance was perceptible. .,ivM^i> 
 
 I then mixed them together, and the appearance of 
 both was changed. Whitish coagulse formed, and let 
 fall a brown sediment, leaving an opaque, whey colored 
 fluid above, with a pellicle or white flocculi on the sur- 
 face, . irui, ;^.vim^f^ ■ .^ii^^i.-« uju ;x ^pWiH,:--:^;., :j;;4i-« 
 
 
 m 
 
 4 
 
 K? 
 
 ♦ :? 
 
iww-srt^rng^ 
 
 i",V*'"^f 
 
 'ff... 
 
 t* ■•>: 
 
 t^? 
 
 
 'T9=^- 
 
 166 
 
 EXPfiftlMENTS AND 
 
 Experiment 51. 
 
 Bile added to the third portion of chyme, taken . 
 from the stomach one hour and ten minutes after a 
 breakfast of venison steak, &c., Experiment 29, (March 
 Bth^ 1^31,) changed it from a brownish, homogeneous 
 paste, to a milky fluid, with small, white flocculi, • 
 floating about, or adhering to the sides of the vial : and 
 a light brown sediment settled to the bottom. -h 
 
 The usual proportion of dilute muriatic acid, added 
 to this, produced no very essential change in its appear* 
 ance, causing only a little more deposition of sediment, 
 and slighly increasing the milky color. 
 
 A 
 
 <^ 
 
 Experiment 52. 
 
 ^ Bile added to the chyme formed from the eggs, di- 
 gested out of the stomach. Experiment 30, (March 7th, 
 1831,) produced a rich, milky fluid, with a small quan- 
 tity of fine, light-colored sediment, falling to the bot-^ 
 
 tom. 
 
 f The dilute acid, added to this, produced fine coagula?, 
 and formed a milk white whey, or fluid, from which, 
 more of the light-colored sediment was precipitated. 
 
 f;-- 
 
 Experiment 53. 
 
 
 y; More minutely to observe the respective changes by 
 the additon of bile and muriatic acid, in the several 
 parcels of chyme formed in Experiment 31, (March 9t^g 
 1831,) and to note their difference, 1 put equal quan-« 
 titles of each into glasses, and added a portion of hog's 
 gall. . 
 
 ■*'■'.' i' 
 
 'fps.. 
 
 ? 
 
 4 
 
 :<«?f ''»».* 
 
'f"'iip 
 
 HI 1,1 m< im 
 
 W I JIJ I «p 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 167 
 
 ed ; 
 ar- 
 
 jr 
 
 In the first, (that tak|n from the stomach at 10 o'clock, 
 one hour after having eaten,) iGlnc, bright orange colored 
 coaguloe were immediatelj; formed, equally diffused 
 through a fluid of the same color,exhibiting no perceptible 
 sediment on standing at rest ; but held the coaguls, 
 uniformly suspended throughout the fluid. The dilute 
 acid, added to this, occasioned a copious sediment to fall 
 to the bottom, and with it, all the color of the mixture, 
 leaving a transparent, semi-gelatincns-like fluid above, 
 in the proportion of about three-fifths of the whole ; 
 upon the surface of which, floated a thin, white pel- 
 licle. I 
 
 The second portion, (that produced on the bath) un- 
 der the same trcataient, exhibited nearly the same ap- 
 pearance, with the exception of the color, which was a 
 shade or two lighter. The sediment wap not quite so 
 compact ; the fluid less gelatinous ; and there was less 
 of the white pellicle on the surface. 
 
 The third portion, treated like the other two, diflfered 
 about as much from the second, as this did from the 
 first. They all exhibited the same general appear- 
 ance. 
 
 The fourth, or aqueous portion, under the same treat- 
 ment, exhibited a wide difference. The same propor- 
 tion of bile added to this, produced a similar colored 
 fluid, at first, with a very little coarse coagulte — not so 
 uniformly diflused through the liquid ; but inclining 
 more to precipitation. On adding, the acid, it let fall a 
 very small quantity of yellowish green sediment, leavr 
 ing a thin, semi-transparent fluid, in more than quad- 
 ruple the proportion of the other three. 
 
 1^ 
 
 ■'% 
 
 SjM" 
 
pnip^ypp^ppiil^iiuiii ^«wiiiiiiipi| 
 
 
 168 
 
 EXPERIMISNT8 AND 
 
 ( Experiment ^i. 
 
 I 
 Bile and dilute muriatic acid, added to a portion of 
 
 the bread and milk chymej formed in experiment 36, 
 (March 14th,) produced their usual coagulation and 
 precipitation, but of a lighter yellow: the sediment 
 forming about one fourth of the mass. The small, white 
 particles, forming the pellicle on the top, were in greater 
 proportion than in some of the other experiments, es- 
 pecially those on lean meatSi The fluid part was in 
 greater proportion to the sediment, and of a whey color 
 and consistence. 
 
 To another equal quaritity of this same kind of 
 chyme, I added bile, as in the other, and instead of 
 muriatic acid, I used pancreatic juice, fresh from a 
 recently slaughtered beef. An appearance exactly similar 
 to that produced by the acidj was exhibited, except that 
 the precipitate was more slowly thrown down, and in 
 larger proportion ; and the whit§ pellicle on the sur- 
 face was less. The fluid and sediment were a shade 
 lighter, and in more equal proportions. 
 
 W' 
 
 M- 
 
 Experiment 55. 
 
 ,i Pancreatic juice, combined-with the chyme of roast 
 beef, formed both in and out of the stomach, increased 
 its thin, paste-like consistence, and gave it more of a 
 cream color. Bile, added to this, produced fine coag- 
 ulee, suspended from the top to the bottom, without 
 depositing any distinct sediment. Diluted muriatic acid 
 darkened the whitish color, a shade or two, threw down 
 a more copious sediment, and increased the white pel- 
 licle on the top. 
 
 % 
 
 !.% 
 
# ■*■-' 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 •i 
 
 « 
 
 4 ;rt4|>;i.t. ♦'; 
 
 H-'in viiitH 
 
 >♦'' 
 
 .P^;.'j 
 
 . ^>,:v 
 
 
 ■. % 
 
 
 'H-«7*5j 
 
 ^W*i- ^H /.-VH 
 
 -'•-V .- i^jiti-?:,ii 
 
 
 i^m 
 
rmfp^' 
 
 
 
 ,4-^»!t>M 
 
 .ffnfeffii.f; 
 
 EXPERIMENTS, &C, 
 
 THIRD SERIES. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 1832. 
 
 > 
 
 1 Experiment 1. 
 
 _ ■ '* 
 
 December 4. At 2 o'clock, 30 mins. P. M. — Weather 
 cloudy, damp and snowing— Th. SS""— Wind N* W. and 
 brisk — the temperature under the tongue was 99° ; in 
 the stomachy 101^. Dined, at 3 o'clock, 30 mins., on 
 heef soup, meat and bread. 4 o'clock, 16 minsi— took 
 out a portion — particles of beef slightly ijaacefated, and 
 partially digested* 5 o'clock, 15 mins.— took out an- 
 other portion — digestion more advanced — meat reduced 
 to a pulp ; particles of bread and oil floating on the 
 top. Temperature df^ st(^mach, lOOf. 6 o'clock, 45 mins. 
 — digestion not completed— contents considerably di- 
 minished. 7 o'clock,/45miii8.— stomach empty— chyme 
 all passed out. 
 
 Experiment 2. 
 
 Dec. 5. At 7 o'clock, A. M. temperature of the stomach, 
 iOO' ; of thd atmosphere, 30°. 
 
 «^ r 
 

 171 
 
 At 1 o'clock, P. M. — temperature of stomach, 100^ — 
 atmosphere, 40® — he ate eieven raw oysters^ and three 
 dry crackers ; and I suspended one raw oyster into the 
 stomach, through the aperture, by a string. 1 o'clock, 
 30 mins. — examined — stomach full of fluids — digestion 
 not much advanced. [|^herOy9tc)r oa the struig appeared 
 entire, though perhaps Slightly affected on the surface. 
 2 o\lock — examined, and took out oyster — about one 
 third digested, but retained its shape. 2 o'clock,' 30 tfi'ms. 
 — oyster gone from the string, except a small piece of 
 the heart. Tcmpcratiird of the stomach 101 J*^. Fluids 
 less considerable. 4 o'clock, 15 mins, — stomach empty. 
 
 Experiment 3. 
 
 At 3 o'clock, 45.mips-, P. M., same day, he dined cu 
 roast turkey^ potatoes a,nd bread. 4 o'clock, 30 mins. 
 — examined, and tooji^j out a portioik Turkey nearly 
 all dissolved — vegetables half reduced. 5. o'clock, 15 
 minutes— took out another portion, almost completely 
 chymifiod. 6 o'clock, 45 mins. — examined again — 
 stomacli nearly empty,. 6 o'clock— some chyme yet rc» 
 
 majning. 
 
 o'clock, 15 mins. — stomach empty. 
 
 Experiment 4. 
 
 Dec. 6. At 8 o'clock, 30 minisl, Ai M., he breakfasted 
 on bread and butter^ and one pint oi coffee.- 9 o'clock, 
 45 mins.— examined — stomach full of fluids. 10 o'clock, 
 30 mins.— examined, and took out a portion, resembling 
 thimgruel, in color* and consistence, with the oil of the 
 butter floating on the topj a few.^msHll particles of the 
 
 my^. 
 
172 
 
 ' EXFKai|lJ£KTIf AND 
 
 bre^d, and so^l9,muc^f)^f^lli^ ,fp tjhe;.bottom-^-%l)out 
 two thirds digeste(^. I^^hfi^ a sharp, acid taste, Tem-^ 
 pcratiire of the stomocl^,,,10p*='— tatmosp'lioro, 38°.; H 
 o'clock, 30 mins,, stornach empty, f^ ' 
 
 '().-; I 
 
 ^m^^mfih 
 
 'ii 
 
 At 4 o'clock, 30 itiiiis.',' P. M., same day — He dined Oij 
 sausage and bread; full meal. 5 o'clock, 30 mins. — 
 stomach full of fluids; digestion but very little advan- 
 ced. 6 o'clock, 30 mm's.— digestion considerably ad- 
 vanced: few distinct parades, of sausage anjl b^ead to 
 bo seen entire. 7 o'clock, 30 mmp., stomach. qnjpty. 
 
 If) t{im1m^'^ 
 jEx^qtmenf 6. 
 
 Dec, 7. At 9 oi'ctock, A. M., — examined stomach, 
 and took out, with considerable difficulty, an omice only, 
 of gastric juice, and that not very pure. Some yellow 
 bile came mixed with the latter portions. Temperature 
 of the stomach, 99 ^--atmosphere, 28.^ He breakfas ed. 
 at 9 o'clock, on corn and wlieat hread, butter and coffee. 
 
 At 10 o'cloqk, ,45 mius.-^examined,^ ajid took aCju' ^ 
 portion — food paxtLy jiigest^d ;■ fe\^ small' particles tojbe 
 seen . Storaofjh, f?i|l Qf| ^uids, with a thin pel^i^le. o^jf ^il 
 on the top. Teipper^,ivir^,oC4l}p,stqmach, 100°^fi;.t Ui, 
 
 At 12;^clock, J^,fr-gtor»aqh iuU, of fluids— digecjtion 
 not con^lete-7-particl^^ pjf jbread floating about ixi a pul- 
 pous stab— oil flqating.x]ta t}i.e surface., ' .,- „ 
 
 At 13 o!clocJlfc^,^P iW^^r -l^)"~T«X%W^®<H:^0^t6P^^ 
 of stomach half 4i^>^4^QdTTHl|stinct pattic^es of : qH lOn 
 the surface, v , ■, n. 
 
 Ui 
 
 ^T 
 
.^> 
 
 '^'"tMmfMmih^ 
 
 «Jf» 
 
 16 be 8e<J«iHtu«titHf bf ililtd'dHhinllMhl.'' " ' 
 
 ' At ^i>k^ote^***P>M;-~Jd(iJftiiict*"^^fc^^ o^ Wia* ■fill 
 
 floating — ^fluidless. . .v - 
 
 At i o'clock, 15 rnins. — stomach empty. 
 
 Some indicatlbns of gastric d^htngement this mom< 
 ing : small aphthous pa^hes on the mucous membrane : 
 juice acrid an<l sharp, with bile mixed- with it. 
 
 Experiment 7. 
 
 At 3 o'clock, 30 mins., P. Mi, same day, he dined on 
 toasted mutton^ bread and potatoes, 4 o'clock, 45 mins. 
 — examined — stomach full — digestion advancing.- 6 
 o'clock, 45 mins. — contents of stomach three quarters 
 reduced in quantit3^ and almost completely chy mi fied. 
 6 o'clock, 30 mins.—stomach nearly empty; a little 
 pulp of the bread only to be seen, floating in a little 
 ^uid, 7 o'clock — stomach empty. ; 
 
 Experiments. 
 
 Dec. 8v At 6 o'clock}' 30 mins!,* A. Iff. — temperature 
 6{ fetomach, 99°. 9 o'clock-^finished breakfasting '6n 
 
 ^firiedhaumgej'drytotistf ahd^ pint of co^. 10 o'clock* 
 30 mins.— stoniach fultof fluids^villous coat red And 
 
 ^^taWe, incltein^ to dryhes»*^A-th1n,» whitish bdSLt on 
 ^^1) tplitgud; ^nd a simildir appearati#^.the prbtmded 
 portion of tHe stomach.' 11' o'c)oek^^^i^ns.^^bh)»th 
 
 '^iUBPs^llflteffll on thelop^ atnd rSn& If^empefature 
 
 **^ttbifta<Sft/ ^^ deg,-*4tm6^ 
 49inp and cloudy. ' 
 
 16* 
 
 
y 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 
 rti* 
 
 Experiment 9. 
 
 ^6ijtd dhd ^hiutt^MliiA&nt, i Mken «from.4h9\ptopia(^^, qn 
 ttie 5th^inst.> (fiskperhnent 4,^ at halft pasD IQ q'cjippkjr^i 
 Mif wat'plaeed'bnTth»'l:^tbrfon four hdurs^^ >ui, the^usm^l 
 tditii^dratiire.' betwceni 93 deg; f an^ 100< ideg.i . DigestiQi} 
 cdmihbncea^'eitid ad^rairced regularly^ partially; redui^- 
 ihgthei*ioil»t6 n milky flilidi>4" . 'J\w m< • f.^tf 
 
 />6c. 9. At 11 o'clock, A. M. — added one ounce pf. gas- 
 tric juice-,, and continued it on the bath for eight hours, 
 when the oil becarre more but not completely digested ; 
 particles ^^ 1 imili^ oH' t?^ii|^ r*til1 perceptibl e. 
 
 li^This affords an ex?impIa.of.;the re-commencfeinem of 
 cligestioD*^ aftfjr Xm opei^atipa.had ceased, . by the addi- 
 tioaof plimnk supply ^of gastric juice. ^ , ^ h'^jr^TH 
 
 ^n 
 
 rv: 
 
 Expefiftient ^tO. 
 
 i 
 
 At 2 o'clock, 45 mins., R? tM.j same day,. (Z?cc* 8,)J 
 
 IrbJ&^'c^OTer,* weighing, when .raw,,ipur 
 dt&chnii^^iny i^&^ stomach, > «nd he .ate twelve oC> t^o 
 same kiiid; ^iBHih^^reigKlngiabont the same.- i .,™u i ^t^ 
 At 4 o'clock, 30 mins.--€xamined-*Hiy5^pr{Ee|»ai|U||g 
 on the string, not half digested— fluid in the stomach 
 r&ncid. Complained of headache, las^itude^ dull pains 
 
 « 
 
 4':' 
 

 iki'tigiK^eftpsid^^ ahdf across the brecnit-ntppg^e furred, 
 •^pritl^if^ttiii:,', )|^<9y?i8h <;oat,j, and ixicliiied to ,dry;nes»— 
 eyes, heavy, and countenance 8alk>w. The villQus inemi- 
 brane of the proticuded |)ortions of the stomach, very 
 much r4*semi)le<i('t!^y** appeAtaii^e of the tongue,* ^i'ith 
 small aphthous patches^ in several places, quite irrita- 
 ble and tender. 
 
 I suspended observations, and dropped into the aper- 
 ture dt night, six grains b^e pill^ and four aloetic pUls, 
 jfcbmmon size,) and sprinkled on the exposed surface of 
 tte stdmach, five or six grains of calomel. Medicine 
 Operated early the next morning 'y relieved the symp* 
 toms of indisposition ^ changed the appearance of the 
 stdrrialch and tongue ; and removed the aphthae. On the 
 9th, he felt quite well ; and the coats of the stomach 
 looked healthy again^ 
 
 Experiment 11. 
 
 ' )'■■ 
 
 '1o fi%i^?* .fM?^^^'?^°^^» A« M*— temperature 100 deg. 
 -r-^illoi^s niembrane perfectly healthy, of a pale pink 
 color, and uniform — mucous coat smooth and uven. 
 Extracted two ounces of ^ktric |uice. It distilled more 
 freely than common. More could have been obtained. 
 I had never before seen the pure juice flow so freely. He 
 felt in perfect health r had taken neither food or drinks 
 femtie 9'd'clock, last evening. 
 
 '^'At 9 tfclock— breakfasted on broiled br$ast ofmuttorif 
 bf^ddf butter i in usual quantity, and a pint of coffeCf and 
 kep: exercising. Digested in three houra and a half;, 
 itomaeh empty and clean.. 
 
 H',- ^.- 
 
 ^—^i ♦*"••■ I- 
 
 ..«^^.©c,w ^4*/ "<-i../|i.#M.''.^ li^'ltiFf 
 
 ^'^^.. 
 
 s!»"4i^ 
 
ff^'^mm-'v' 
 
 m 
 
 BXrVRmBinW'AND 
 
 At 2 o'clock) P. M. same day-stomach empty— cOats 
 clean^h^ dined onthtrde sbft baim'iigisii)cid: mm 
 and drank heUf a pint of wo/ei^." 3 t)'clock^^rge^tioh 
 advancing. ^ 4 o'clock— contents nearly gone fi^om^he 
 ftoniach^-yolk of eggs still visible^ with a few particles 
 of oil. 6 o'clock — very little chyme in the stomach. 
 5 o'clock, 15 mins.— some still remaining.' Gomplairis' of 
 a slight headache — ^pulse full and crowded-contents 
 of stomach acrid--c6untena\ice rather sallow;* eyes 
 languid ; tongue a little coated with thin, yiglloWish W. 
 His bowels have not been moved since yesterday iiioni- 
 ing, at 10 o'clock ; then inclined to costiveness.; ^'^ 
 
 N. B. After taking breakfast, he exercised modeiate- 
 ly. Abou|vl*2 o'clock, M., he walked* about two'inil^s 
 very quick. After his return to his lodgings,' he threw 
 off his coat, am went into the open air again. Soon, 
 after which, he began to-fe^ the pain in his head, d&c. 
 
 Experitnent l^j 
 
 Dec. 14. At 7 o'clock, A. M,— stomach deeper color 
 than ordinary, and inclined to diryness — some small, 
 aphthous patches, and spots of darker color — mucous 
 <^oat not uniform and even ; some praces thicker, a little 
 elevated, and rolling up, like thin membrane, leaving a 
 spot beneath, red and irritable. . Very, little juice could be 
 extracted. I obtained a small quantity of fluid, mixed 
 wi^ yellow bile^ It did not yield the peculiar acid 
 taste (^thegi strio jmce. . Temperature of the stomach, , 
 100 deg. St. Martin did not feel hi^ usual appetite. 
 
 '*V-^: 
 
 
'^^■,}^' 
 
 T-'"^'' 
 
 'i-ffmaEB.VATiov»< « 
 
 }K 
 
 At 9 o'clock, he breakfasted on. the same kind of diet 
 as yesterday — liad less appetite, and was laDonng un- 
 der sonjQ gastric derangement. He 'continued quiet, 
 n>ost o£ the time in a- recumbent, position. 10. o'clockf— 
 , »tomacl> full— globules of oil floating about— appearance 
 of yUlous membrane, about the tame ; no perceptible 
 phange. 11 o'clock— stomach still full — appearances 
 similar to those in last examination. 12 o'clock, M. — 
 ; contents half diminishedf—praticles of bread,' and coat of 
 oil on the surface. X o'clock, P. M.---rSome fluid 'still in 
 tjbe stomach, and a larger proportion of oil than at last 
 examination. Taste of the contents, more sharp and 
 rancid ; fast leaving the stomach. At this time, I ob- 
 served several small, sliarp pointed, white pustules or 
 pimples, here and there disper^d oyer, the exposed por- 
 tion of the inner coat. 1 o'cloclc, 30 mins.— stomach 
 .clear and clean. ^ 
 
 'f¥i 
 
 fj» Jjw^rt *jti f!f 
 
 Ea;pcriment 14. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., same day, he dined on three soft 
 boiled egg-s, bread and biUter, and half a pint of water, 
 (same as yesterday, 2 o'clock.) Digested in three 
 hours. 
 
 Experiment 13'. 
 
 f ■ -' . ■ . 
 
 Dec. 15. At 8 o'clock, A. M., I examined stomachr— 
 temperature 100 deg. Appearance of coats, more nat- 
 ural and healthy than yesterday morning ; less of those 
 small, white, pointed pimples, and aphthous spots. Very 
 Uttle gastric juice could be obtained ; not more than 
 
 ':'-•• * ''' 
 
 -.-^ WV ■;> r^ .;t^ ^'.^. 
 
 .',. "(;. 
 
 :.,'«"'*... 
 
 
 m 
 
 *!l!S8' 
 
•:^f 
 
 ^!»*f^W 'i''i<^' iJUiiiinivvi^ 
 
 178 
 
 EXPERIMENTS A^i> 
 
 
 one ounce, and that mixed with an unusual quantit]!" of 
 mucus, not so clear ds common. Complained, as he fre- 
 quently ^ces, duf iiig this operation, of a sense of sink- 
 ing, and vertigo, after extracting this quantity. This 
 feeling, however^ subsided.in a few minutes after rising. 
 At 8 o'clock, 30 mins. he breakfasted on' beef stcaky 
 bread and coffee. At the same time, he thoroughly mas-^ 
 ticated four drachnxs of the steak, which I put into the 
 gastrid juice, just before taken from the stomach. To 
 another similar quantity of gastric juice, I put the same 
 quantity of the steak, unmasticated, and in one entire 
 piece. I placed them both "on the bath at 100 deg ; and 
 at the same time, I put the same quantity steak into one 
 ounde of simple water, and treated it with the others* 
 on the bath. ' 
 
 At 11 o'clock, I examined the stomach, and found his 
 breakfast ' nearly digested, and more than half gone- 
 fi'omthe stomacn. I took out an ounce of what remain- 
 ed, -which was almost completely chymified, a few par- 
 ticles of the bread, in a soft, pultaceous. condition, only 
 reriiaining. Compared this with the three parcels on 
 f the 'bath. It very nearly resembled the masticated 
 meat in the gastric juice, but more digested, and thiner, 
 and contained particles of oil (melted butter) and bread, 
 which were not in the masticated food in the vial. 
 Tho'unmasiicated meat differed considerably. It wa^^^ 
 not so thick and gelatinous-like ; was of a darker color*;: 
 and the piece of meat retained its shape; and was noi- 
 much diminished in size, the surface only a little wast-* 
 cd, softened, and covered with a cineritious coat. The 
 contents of* the vial of masticated meat and water, suf- 
 fered very little or no change since put in ; no more 
 than had been effected by simple mastication. Contin*' 
 u«d them all on the bath. 
 
 ,-*' 
 
 V ■ lS-°> : i^' 
 
 u 
 
OBSERVATIONS, j, .. 
 
 in 
 
 1?he contents of the yicil3) continued on the bath for 
 twenty-four hours, exhibited the following^ changes. 
 The portion taken from the stomach at 11 o'clock^ re- 
 mained nearly the same as, when extracted, perhaps 
 more completely chymified. That "which was mastic 
 cated, and put into the gastric juice,, was reduced .to a 
 thick, pultaceous, semi-fluid mass, but retaining some 
 distinct fibres of the meat, which, after standing awhile, 
 subsided to the bottom of a yellowish, whey-colored 
 fluid. These remaining particles of aliment, I con- 
 ceived to have been left for want of a sufficient quantity 
 of gastric juice ; the quantity at fifst being too small to dis- 
 solve the. whole of the meat put in. That portion in 
 the vial of water had undergone no other change than 
 that of incipient putrefaction, which was very evident. 
 The unraasticated piece of meat had undergone an evi- 
 dent process of digestion. It was about half diminished, 
 and the texture of the remaining part loose and soft. 
 The containing fluid had become of a. greyish-brown 
 color, opaque, with a fine, brown sediment, settling to 
 the bottom, similar to that of the masticated meat in the 
 gastric juice. The gastric juice, containing the un-» 
 masticated meat, when taken from the stomach, some 
 sixty or seventy hours before, was not so pure as com- 
 mon; was mixed with yellow bile; and was in too 
 small proportion to the meat. The color and flavor of 
 the other two portions were very similar, except that 
 the one with the masticated meat was more sharp and 
 acrid. ' 
 
 ^.w^v 
 
 This experiment shows the necessity of mastication : 
 and also demonstrates, th^^ simple macfe^ation, at the 
 natural temperature, will not effect digestion. ,^ 
 
 .#*i«.U JM** *i*>f:iiy*|;.:*Si|S!**«^ ,i^ 
 
 ■^"'- •-i#- 
 
 '\*»Si£j. 
 
 • 
 
 ^Si^*^^'^ 
 
w^^ 
 
 .' *• '■* '"' ' wa 
 
 "^•rw,iiii n iijf||^)Wi"SWf,l|||i«P|!Jli.M 
 
 ^ 
 
 4W 
 
 B^wtHiysirjii ijTD 
 
 >Uv 
 
 M^jmmmt U. 
 
 .». 
 
 it 
 
 jP, M. same day-^igcitett tu thre,f hours, forty-fire 
 
 .nilhutds. 
 
 >. 
 
 Experiment if. '■'' 
 
 Dec. 1% At 9 o'clock, A. M., he breakfest^d on coldj 
 pork steakf bread arid one liirit' coffee. Digestion com* 
 pleted in thre^^ho^urs. , ^w;9t hoijrs after haying[.eat^i}j a 
 pellicle of oil \v-as found floating on ^the top of the gaJs- 
 Mc^coiitents. , \''' " ' ', ,',^'' . .^ '■.■.""' 
 
 On* et^inirimg ihe stomach j, an lj9iirtiftei*^tl^^^ytine 
 hid passed put, several red sppts and patches, abyadc^d 
 of me mucous coat, tender and irritable, appeared spread* 
 oyer the inner surface^ .T/he tongue, tpc^, had upon it a 
 tHin,.vwiiitish fliri Yet his a|)pet|te "w^s re^ther cra^ 
 
 At 2 o'clock,, 30 mins. V.M^ be. ate a full pinner, of 
 
 Experiment 18. 
 
 iyOm^Vfi. ,AtiS sQt^cloak, 30 mkiB. A. M., I put two^^ 
 drs^i^ms fresh friedi sausage inrfifine muslin bag, and ' 
 susfi«ftde* it ipitaihe^stottiach. ^ He'imni6dial6!y*^^^iiftet" 
 br^fa#ed-«tttth^Wi]|<Siv'kind^<yr%ail5a:^^^ 
 
 tenfeof bags Ibotil half diminisI^K' *^^'6^m^^1^1^ 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 
''■■'^FW^PipPBPIlliPPWfP^PP^^lP 
 
 0DSERVATI0N8. 
 
 181 
 
 stomach empty and clean — contents of bag all gone, 
 except fifteen grains, consisting of small pieces of car- 
 tilaginous and membranous fibres, and the spice of the 
 sausage ; which last weighed six grains ; leaving only 
 nine grains of the aliment put in. In consequence of 
 being called out, I delayed the last examination longer 
 than was necessary. 
 
 I ^ 
 
 Exp^mncni 10. 
 
 Dec. 18. At 8 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M», I su'.pend- 
 cd two drachms masticated, fried sausage, confined in 
 a muslin bag, into the stomach, and he breakfasted on 
 the same kind of food, with bread and coffee. 1 1 o'clock, 
 30 mins., stomach half empty— -contents of bag about 
 half gone. 1 o'clock, P. M., stomach nearly empty — 
 very little left in the bag. 1 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach 
 clear, except the bag, which contained a little of the 
 sausage : took this out, and it weighed one drachm, 
 spice and all, of which there was less than yesterday. 
 The bag, when drawn out, came from near the pylorus, 
 and was covered with a coat of mucus and yellow bile. 
 The contents of the stomach have been unusually acrid 
 since yesterday morning, and he complains of unusual 
 smarting and irritation at the edges of the aperture ; coun- 
 tenance sallow ; tongue covered with a thin, yellowish 
 coat ; and several deep red patches on the inner coat of 
 the stomach i does not feel his usual appetite. o'clock 
 —dropped into the aperture, twelve grains bhts pill, 
 and five cathartic jnlls — operated early the next morn- 
 ing ; removed the symptoms ; and restored his healthy 
 sensations and functions. 
 
 16 
 
 S' 
 
 
 ■'ii..^';Ali( )i('>£. 
 
•mKMi 
 
 IIRFIM'.'IIIII 
 
 r;* 
 
 1^ 
 
 182 
 
 >^ 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 'Experiment 20. 
 
 II I 
 
 J9ec. 19. At 8 o'clock, 45 mins., A. M., I suspended 
 three drachms broiled bass, in a muslin bag, into the 
 stomach, and he breakfasted on the same kind of fish, 
 with bread, a small piece of sausage, and a pint of cqf- 
 fee. 2 o'clock, P. M. — complains of smarting at the 
 aperture — I took out the bag — remaining contents weigh- 
 ed two drachms, having lost one drachm only in five 
 hours and a quarter. Coats of the stomach did not ap- 
 pear healthy — deeper red than natural, with patches of 
 still deeper color, spread over the protruded portion. 
 Mucous covering abraded in places, and rolled up ; re- 
 sembling shreds of epidermis, torn from a blistered sur- 
 face. '^V" . '1 
 
 :'r$v 
 
 I* 
 
 /:«■ i.r. 
 
 i-j'i' ^^■- 
 
 ■/<:rm <(^ 
 
 Th^se three last experiments, are examples of the 
 solvent or chemical action of the gastric juice. It pene- 
 trated the muslin bags, dissolved the food, and allowed 
 the chyme to Strain out. They also indicate that irri- 
 tating substances, (as, for Instance, the muslin bags, in 
 these experiments,) produce a diseased state of the 
 
 stomach. 
 
 -,.^, ..:,...-. ■ ■■'■■ :y^.i(^y^..: ^^ 
 
 
 ■>,-. 
 
 
 ' Experiment 21. ■- ^m- ^\ii\'.imky 
 
 ' Dec. 20. At 8 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M.-— Coats of 
 stomach appecur healthy ; considerable fluid plainly to 
 be seen. It ran out of the aperture on turning him 
 down ; was transparent, and contained flocculi of mu- 
 cus. Breakfasted on broiled bass, toasted bread and 
 coffee. Digested in five and a half hoursi 
 
 «J% Vt^-, ta . 
 
OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 183 
 
 Experiment 22. 
 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., he dined on boiled chicken^ and 
 vfhtat bread. Digested in four and half hours. '^ 
 
 '1*1 
 
 f ■♦> h^ 
 
 Experiment 23. 
 
 ■7 
 
 Dec, 21. At 8 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M., stomach not 
 perfectly healthy ; several small, deep red patches, on 
 the exposed surfaQC. Extracted four drachms gastric 
 juice, tinged with yellow bile. Masticated one and a 
 half scruples of the thigh of a boiled chicken^ and half 
 a scruple of bread : put them into thiis gastric juice, and 
 placed the vial in the axilla. Into the same quantity 
 of pure water, warmed to 70 deg., I put the same quan- 
 tity and kind of aliment, and placed them in the 
 same situation. He breakfasted at the same time, on 
 the same kind of diet. 1 o'clock, P. M., stomach empty. 
 At 2 o'clock, he dined on same kind of food. 6 o'clock, 
 30 mins., stomach empty. 
 *'f 'The masticated portion put into the vial of gastric 
 juice, placed on the bath, and frequently agitated, di- 
 gested regularly and uniformly until about 2 o'clock, P. 
 M., when the particles were all dissolved, except a few 
 ifibres. That in the vial of water, kept in the same situ- 
 ation, had not changed its appearance from the time it 
 
 was put in. ...-. ,'.•: . v ■..:,?.. -Vv .' =.:.-.......■.;:., ... •■...:.>•;:. :. 
 
 • On separating the remaining particles of food, in the 
 
 gastric juice, at evening, filtering on thin muslin, and 
 
 ' drying with paper, it weighed fifteen grains, and left 
 
 ': four drachms and a fraction, of an opaque, milky color- 
 
 ' ed fluid. m'^^^'^m 
 
 : That in the water, taken out at the same time, weigh- 
 
 '^:i 
 
 
 
 
•>'f^'W •' 'If. 
 
 184 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 -f 
 
 ed forty grains, and left four drachms of a turbid fluid, 
 like water, with flour stirred in it, and had a mawkish, 
 insipid tasto and smell. The first had the acid smell 
 ar^d taste, peculiar to the gastric contents. 
 
 Experiment 24. 
 
 -^'.■;*>' 
 
 Dec. 22. At 8 o'clock, A. M. examined stomach — 
 temperature 100 deg. Extracted about four drachms 
 gastric juice, pure, but not free. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, 30 mins., he breakfasted on bread, cheese 
 and coffee. 9 o'clock, stomach full of fluids ; tempera- 
 ture 100 deg. 11 o'clock, stomach full, with the cheese 
 in a fluid form, floating on the surface ; bread reduced 
 to a pulp ; temperature 100 deg. 12 o'clock, M., food 
 still in the, stomach; but considerably diminished. 1 
 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., some of the cheese yet remain- 
 ing ; stomach nearly empty. 2 o'clock, stomach empty. 
 
 The coats of the stomach havi) not appeared in their 
 usual healthy condition, for several days past ; the color 
 darker ; mucous coat unequal ; some patches of a pur- 
 plish color, with aphthous edges ; surface inclined to be 
 dry ; very little secretion of gastric juice ; digestion 
 Slower, and less perfect than usual ; bowels inactive) 
 nothing having passed them for sixty hours. 
 
 It would seem from this experiment, that cheese was 
 diflicult of digestion. In addition to its closeness of tex- 
 ture, it generally contains a large proportion of oil » .^. , i 
 
 Experiment 2^^ [,^] ' .,._^^\:M,,;{i^^.^,^, 
 
 •'i.fm''-».r 
 
 %/r- 
 
 Dec. 23. At 6 o*clock, A. M., temperature of stem 
 aeh, 100 deg ; pulse 66 a minute. 9 o'clock temper 
 
 ;^Slk 
 
 
 '7 
 
 ^lil 
 
 i-t^ 
 
 
 1?- 
 
OBIBRVATIOMI. 
 
 w 
 
 ature of stomach, 100 deg. ; pulse 75. Villous mem- 
 brane inclined to dryness, and of a darker than natural 
 color; papillfB small and sharp; mucous coyering 
 scarely perceptible ; bowels costive ; tongue coated with 
 a yellowish fur, and its edges pale. I poured in, at the 
 aperture, one ounce Ol, Riciniy and sprinkled over the 
 surface of the protruded coats, five or six grains of cal- 
 omel. IIo ate a light breakfast of com bread and crack- 
 era, and drank a pint of coffee, immediately after. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., stomach empty ; coats look 
 healthier. Medicine not having moved the bowels, I 
 put in, at the aperture, twelve additional grains of cal- 
 omel, per se. 
 
 ^ At 5 o'clock, the stomach was in commotion ; indica- 
 tions of the cathartic operation of the calomel: slight 
 nausea ; stomach full of a white, frothy fluid, running 
 out at the aperture, like fermenting beer from a bottle ; 
 slight pain and motion in the bowels; and increased se- 
 cretion of saliva. No motion from the bowels. Tem- 
 perature of stomach, 101- deg. Pulse 80 beats in a min- 
 ute, 
 
 ^i At 8 o'clock, calomel had operated twice, copiously, 
 commencing at 7. Temperature of stomach, 100 deg. 
 Pulse 62, soft and mild. 
 
 1 
 » ■*■ 
 
 Experiment 26b 
 
 i Dec. 25. At 8 o'clock, A. M. — weather partially clou- • 
 dy — atmosphere dry, and smoky — wind E. and light — • 
 Th. 31 deg. Temperature of the stomach, 100 deg. * 
 and a fraction. Pulse 55, in a recumbent position ; 66, i 
 sitting erect. A few small, red spots, on the mucous 
 
 ^ 16* 
 
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 Cf^t-:: 
 
 /\.li'-' 
 
 Af .; 
 
 iMi 
 
 ,:-:vr. 
 
 iiifliiii 
 
 mmm 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 1.0 
 
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 ■ 30 
 
 2.2 
 2.0 
 
 
 1.25 |U 
 
 IllUi^ 
 
 
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 6" — 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 A 
 
 
 
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 jS^. 
 
 ^. 
 
 Hiotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 -■■■M-'-rZr'' '-'• 
 
 ■■■■( 
 
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 15f»T1 
 
 MUfP"' »J"H' 
 
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 'w-'fm 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 surface. The gastric secretions appear as healthy Oj^ 
 usual. , * 
 
 ' ^ At 9 o'clock, he breakfasted on boiled, salted, fat. pork, 
 corn bread and coffee. 10 o'clock, the stomach at the 
 •jsame temperature as at 8 o'clock. Pulse 65 in a recum- 
 bent, and 75 in an erect position. Gastric cavity full of 
 a heterogeneous mixture. )fk ;^i?.^itb-'\, 
 
 •swAt 11 o'clock, 30 mins. — just returned from walking 
 moderately, about an hour, a distance of two and a half 
 miles ; not to produce free perspiration, but gentle dia- 
 phoresis. Weather clear, calm and dry. Th. 50 deg. 
 TempcFature of the stomach 101 ieg. Pulse 72, in a 
 recumbent position ; 82, sitting erect, and regular. Con- 
 tents of stomach half reduced^, and nearly homogeneous. 
 
 At 12: o'clock, 30 mins. M. — temperature of stomach, 
 100^ deg. Pulse 62, recumbent ^ 72, erect. Contents 
 nearly gone. :^i$.r.mv:%'wu 
 
 At 1 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., wtomach empfy. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, weather cloudy, atmosphere dry, no 
 wind, Th. 42 deg., the temperature of tlie stomach was 
 99^ deg. He drank half a pint of water fifteen or twenty 
 minutes before examination. Pulse 62, recumbent ; 
 72, erect. .^^ 
 
 This is an example of the increase of the temperature 
 of the stomach onexercise. See, also, subsequent ex- 
 periments.. , , 
 
 Experiment 27* 
 
 .'■t#:tl)«y- 
 
 Dec. 26.. At 6 o'clock, A. M. — weather cloudy ; at- 
 Bipspheire damp I wind N, E. and light; Th. 38 d«g.;. 
 temperature of the stomach, 99 J deg. Pul&e 55, recum- 
 
 i 
 
 ■yr-i J"* 
 
 'vs 
 
 ;Tf 
 
 ''if^- 
 
 
 m;:^ 
 
^l^^^gllW^ III Hill IW 
 
 "^i" " »■ 
 
 ^ 
 
 < " ■'■'1^" 
 
 .j.i"j.vn»^m.j-Ma 
 
 OBSBRVATIONS^. 
 
 187 
 
 bent ; 65, erect. Respirations in a recumbent position, 
 15, and in a sitting position, 18 a minute. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, he returned from a walk of two miles, 
 but not to produce perspiration. Weather damp and 
 raining lightly. Th. 36 deg. Temperature of ths 
 stomach, 101 deg. Pulse 65, recumbent ; 85, erect. 
 Feelings of impatience here evidently accelerated his 
 pulse, in the erect, position. He was vexed at being 
 detained a few minutes from his breakfast. ' *5*' v l ', 
 
 At 5 o'clock, P. M. — weather rainy ; wind N. E.; Th. 
 41 — 1 examined the stomach. Temperature, 99 J deg. 
 Pulse 60, recumbent ; 70, erect. At 8 o'clock, temper- 
 ature of the stomach, 101*^. Pulse, 50, recumbent; 60, 
 erect. Respirations, 15 a minute. * ^Mi^^iiv^vt ^v i^^*^ 
 
 His diet through the day had been confined principally 
 to farinaceous substances, wheat bread and crackers, in 
 moderate quantities. • 
 
 %• .^\'-->^ei'. 
 
 « 
 
 ■i-i^ 
 
 ^ fi «■ tt 
 
 ExperimerU 28. 
 
 A'j4- 
 
 I .•' 
 
 '*■?" 
 
 '.'.-< ^-i 
 
 ¥ 
 
 Dec. 27. At 6 o'clock, A. M. Weather unpleasant ; 
 atmosphere damp ; wind east ; Tn. 38 deg. Tempera- 
 ture of stomach, 99 J deg. Surface clean and healthy. 
 No dark red, or apthous patches, nor white, elevated 
 points. Mucous coat uniform and even, of the natural 
 color. No excoriation or smarting at the edges of ths 
 aperture. I extracted oneounceof gastric juice, slightly 
 tinged with yellow bile. This,. I conceive to have been 
 entirely accidental; and occasioned by the regurgitation 
 of the bile through the pylorus,, as he turned upon hii 
 back, from right to left, to favor the exit of the gastric 
 juice. The same thing has happened several tijoce^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■'M 
 
 f' ,-4 
 
 •*(•;, 
 
 ■t 
 
 <: *»« 
 
• ' »# 
 
 TF^ 
 
 far 
 
 *^"|in 
 
 "¥!■■•«»» 
 
 188 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 /' 
 
 At 9 o'clock, he breakfisted on three ounces broiled 
 breast of ^mutton, four oUiices of wheat and corn bread, * 
 very thoroughly masticated, and a pint of coffee. At^ 
 the same time, I put two drachms of same kind of food, 
 • equally well masticated, into the ounce of gastric juice, 
 taken from the stomach at 6 o'clock, and the same quan- * 
 tity of same kind of food, masticated in the same man- ' 
 ner, into an ounce of simple water; placed them, both * 
 together, first in the axilla, and afterwards on the bath, 
 between 96 dcg. iind 100 deg. mm: mm-::.%- *^» t^^-:^*/! ; 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M., stomach nearly empty. Was just' 
 able to get out one ounce for comparison, almobi com- 
 pletely dissolved ; a few small particles of bread only ' 
 visible. Temperature 100 deg.^^ v^^ -'^ .^^^.^^mt^'V ^^^■■ 
 
 At 12 o'clock, 30 mins., no distinct particles of food to 
 be seen. All chymified, and passed from the stomach. 
 Nothing but a little frothy mucus remaining in the stom- - 
 ach. Coats clean ; color, pale pink. Temperature 100 
 
 At 2 o'clock, p. M., he dined on the same quantity 
 and kind of food that he had taken for his breakfast, 
 {broiled mutton and b^ad.) Drank nothing since morn- 
 ing. Temperature of stomach 100 deg. Th. 62 deg.. 
 Wind S. Weather fair, since 12 o'clock. 2 o'clock, 30 
 mins., stomach as full of fluids as when he drank a 
 pint immediately after eating. No perceptible differ-t^ 
 ence in appearance. 6 o'clock, stomach empty and^' 
 clean. 9 o'clock, temperature of the stomach 100 deg.^ 
 Weather same as at 2 o'clock. 
 
 The changes effected in the contents of the two vials,*^ 
 mentioned above, and kept in the axilla till 9 o'clock,^^ 
 P. M., were as follows. ^5 
 
 In that-containing the gastric juice, the food was about 
 
 
 4 
 
 iMt 
 
 »?'jJ5? 
 
 W^ 
 
 m 
 
 •M. 
 
 \lTk 
 
 
w^ 
 
 iwk WJ' 
 
 fmiff^f^mmimtiiiigK!' ' •i""^™'' 
 
 »' 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 189 
 
 half dissolved, and loosely suspended towards the bot- 
 tom of a reddish-grey colored fluid. 
 
 That in the water exhibited no other appearance of 
 digestion than what was effected by mastication, when 
 first put in. The masticated food had subsided to the 
 bottom of a transparent, watery fluid, as clear as when 
 first put in. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, A. M. of the 28th, I added the two 
 drachms of gastric juice, taken from the stomach, at 
 that time, to the vial containing the gastric juice ; and 
 the same quantity of water to the watery mixture ; and 
 placed them in the axilla again. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, P. M., examined vials — digestion liad 
 re-commenced, and advanced in the gastric juice, in 
 proportion to the quantity added. The sediment had 
 become more dissolved, and the fluid part increased. 
 This sediment taken out, filtered through muslin, and 
 pressed as dry as when put in, weighed forty-five grains 
 only, having completely dissolved one drachm and 
 fifteen grains ; and produced a gruel-like milky color- 
 ed fluid. ,r- i ,' 
 
 That in the water, remained unchanged ; and when 
 taken out, and pressed dry, through a piece of muslin, 
 like the other, weighed one drachm and thirty-five 
 grains. This reduction, I suppose, was the effects of 
 mastication, and maceration in the water for thirty-six 
 hours.;, . V ,,. w% _--:■-. -A . ' 
 
 These two parcels, kept tight corked, in a tempera- 
 ture between 50 deg. and 70 deg. remained free from 
 any fo&tor for forty-five days. The gastric portion, at 
 the end of this time, emitted a caseous flavor; and 
 the aqueous portion smelt musty and sour. "i 
 
 fl^ . w. 
 
■■1 pm 
 
 190 
 
 ZXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 This is a comparison between solution by the gastric 
 juice, and maceration in water. These results are in- 
 teresting, not only as establishing physiological princi- 
 ples on certain data ; but they have an important prac- 
 tical application. They have, consequently, been fre- 
 quently repeated. 
 
 The fact, that the stomach contains a quantity of fluid, 
 soon after the ingestion of dry food, which was alluded 
 to in the prclimary essay, is here perfectly demonstra- 
 ted. 
 
 tl vv 
 
 I I 
 
 '^i: 
 
 Experiment 29. 
 
 Dec. 28. At 8 o'clock, A. M. Weather clear. At- 
 mosphere dry. WindN. Th. 34 deg. Temperature 
 of stomach, 100 dcg. Coats clean and healthy. Gas- 
 tric juice scarce ; extracted two drachms only, and that 
 with considerably difficulty. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, A. M., he breakfasted on same kind of 
 food as yesterday, in usual maimer, slightly masticated, 
 and swallowed fast, without regard to quantity. 1 
 o'clock, P. M., a small portion still in the stomach — 
 nearly dissolved. 1 o'clock, 30 mins. stomach empty. 
 
 .vv 'uHx.'' 
 
 
 Experiment 
 
 30. 
 
 i\> 
 
 At 9 o'clock, A. M. 
 
 Dec. 29. At 9 o'clock, A. M. Weather clear and 
 dry. Wind N. W. and light. Th. 34 deg. Temper- 
 ature of stomach, 100 deg. Coats clean and healthy. 
 He breakfasted on fatpork^ dry toast and coffee — ^full 
 meal. 1 o'clock, P. M., stomach half full of a lardace- 
 
 nWP' 
 
 •#■, 
 
 iS^'.. 
 
 mi 
 
 WHtUR'. 
 
 ^-. 
 
▼' » ' ' f !■ ' ip* 
 
 ■ iV'i«pi| 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 191 
 
 ous fluid— no particle of any thing else but gastric fluids 
 to be seen. Temperature 100 deg. 2 o'clock, 30 mins., 
 stomach not empty. 3 o'clock, stomach empty and 
 clean. 
 
 The protracted period of complete chymification in 
 this meal, I conceive to have been principally owing to 
 the unusual quantity of food taken, being dispropor- 
 tioned to the gastric secretions, and more than was re- 
 quired to replenish the natural waste of the system. 
 The quality of the food had, undoubtedly, some eflect. 
 
 Experi7nent 31. 
 
 Dec. 30. At 8 o'clock, A. M. Weather clear and 
 dry. Wind N. W. and light. Th. 26 deg. Stomach 
 clean and healthy. Temperature 100 deg. Gastric 
 juice pure, and distills more freely than common. Ex- 
 tracted one ounce, without any difficulty. ' 
 
 At 9 o'clock, he breakfasted on two and a half ounces 
 of boiled, recently salted, fat pork^ three ounces of 
 wheat bread, masticated in usual manner, and one j)int 
 of coffee. 
 
 At the same time, I took two parcels, equal quanti- 
 ties, of the same kind of food, (pork and bread) half a 
 drachm of each kind, both masticated in same manner : 
 put one of them into the ounce of gastric juice taken 
 from the stomach before eating ; and the other, into the 
 same quantity of simple water, of the temperature of 
 the gastric juice ; and placed them in the axilla. ^' ''' 
 
 At 11 o'clock, I took out of the stomach, one and a 
 half ounces of its contents ; put it into a vial, and placed 
 
 '1% 
 
 ti '«fe. A-,. 
 
 , .:.4.- 
 
 :<j,:^^, 
 
 f^^ 
 
 ' «&._, 
 
fl^l^ 
 
 "•v-nr 
 
 ■W^F 
 
 ^W^^ 
 
 ■•■^'^^^^^^P^pwpil 
 
 %s 
 
 192 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 lif.. 
 
 S»( 
 
 '^ 
 
 f^. 
 
 it in the axilla, with the other two. The difference be^ 
 twcen this taken out of the stomach, and that in the 
 gastric juice, was quite perceptible. The particles of 
 aliment contained in the last, appeared more nearly dis- 
 solved, very few Tomaining distinct. That taken from 
 the stomach contained a larger proportion of the entire 
 food and floating oil. The color of the middle por- 
 tions, as well as the smell and taste, were very similar. 
 That from the stomach was rather more rancid and 
 sharp than that in the gastric juice in the vial. Both 
 possessed the peculiar gastricj acid flavor. 
 
 At 1 o'clock, 30 mills, the stomach was empty and 
 clean, and probably was so at 1 o'clock ; but owing to 
 accident, I did not examine at that time. He became 
 intoxicated in the afternoon, and interrupted the exper- 
 iments. 
 
 On the 2d of January, 1833, 1 added half an ounce' 
 of fresh gastric juice to the parcel of chyme taken from 
 the stomach at 11 o'clock, in the above experiment, 
 which, at this time, contained a large proportion of un- 
 digested lardaceous matter, floating on the surface* Put 
 the vial in the axilla. 
 
 On the 3d) I added three drachms more of fresh 
 gastric juice, to the above. 
 
 On the 6th) I added three drachms gastric juice to 
 the above, and placed it on the bath. 
 
 On the addition of each of these portions of gastric 
 juice, chymification recommenced, and the lardaceous 
 portion of the aliment continued to be reduced for several 
 hours, till the solvent power became expended, when 
 its action would cease. 
 
 m 
 
^ OlBSERVATIONS. 
 
 * 
 
 M> 
 
 * ' Ewperifnent 32. 
 
 ^'' _ 
 
 ^ jDec. 31. At 7 o'clock, A.M. Weather cloudy. At- 
 mosphere damp and chilly. Wind S. Th. 30<^. Tem- 
 perature of the stomach, lOOi— color darker red than 
 natural, and arid. Mucous coat abraded in spots, and 
 rolled in small shreds; more irritable than usual. 
 . At 8 o'clock) 30 mins.j breakfasted on same quantity 
 and kind 'of food as yesterday, (pork) bread, &c.) At 
 il o'clock, took out one and a half ounces contents from 
 the stomach) in appearance half digested. 12 o'clock 
 M., took out anotlier portion, more completely dissolved. 
 Stomach nearly empty. 1 o'clock, stomach empty. 
 » At 1 o'clock, 30 mins., he dined on salted^ boiled beef^ 
 potatoes^ parsnips and bread, full meal, without regard 
 to quantity or mastication. 4 o'clock, 30 minsi, stomach 
 perfectly empty. 
 
 - ' The one and a half ounces, taken from the stomach 
 I at 11 o'clock, A. M. very nearly resembled the contents 
 of the vial of gastric juice and masticated food of the 
 30th, (yesterday,) in almost every particular. That 
 *; taken out at 12 o'clock, M. had more of the lardaceous, 
 f and less of the distinct fibrous particles of aliment. 
 
 , ^The diseased appearance of the stomach at this ex- 
 amination, was probably the efiect of intoxication the 
 ^^day before. - . 
 
 ":Ri 
 
 
 1 
 
 •** 
 
 Experiment 33. 
 
 *^ iak. V, 1833. At 8 o'clock, A. M. Weatfier dark 
 and rainy. Wind S. Th. 50. Temperature of stom- 
 ach, 100 deg.— healthy and cle-n. Extracted half an 
 ounce of gastric juice. 
 17 
 
 *^) 
 
un .wt* 
 
 it^mmmmmm 
 
 m 
 
 104 
 
 EXPERIMENT0 AND 
 
 ■if. 
 
 "^At 9 o'clock, I took two scruples salted, lean beef, 
 (boiled,) chopped very fine, with a knife : put one scru* 
 pie into the half ounce of gastric juice, and the other 
 scruple into half an ounce of simple water ; and placed 
 them together in the axilla. Vt the same time, he 
 breakfasted on two ounces of boiled, salted, lean beef, 
 bread, n.nd n ])int of coffee. •"^ .'i»twr- 
 '' At 12 o'clock, M. I took from the stomach one ounce 
 of its contents, not fully digested ; bread principally 
 remaining, reduced to a pulp. Compared with the 
 gastric juice and food in the vial, the jnirticles of nioitt 
 seemed rather more dissolved. Stomach about half 
 empty. ^ ■ 
 
 At 1 o'clock, P. M., stomach empty and clean. '.■^•^ 
 
 At 8 o'clock, 30 mins.j A. M. on the 3d, I added ofl6 
 drachm fresh gastric juice, and chopped be jf, and one 
 drachm of water, to the watery mixture, and placed 
 them together in the axilla. 
 
 On the 4th, the feecf in the gastric jiucc not being 
 completely dissolved, I added two drachms fresh gas- 
 tric juice to it ; and two draclnus of water to the aque- 
 ous mixture. Gontihued them on the bath, or in tlie 
 axilla. The watery portion began now to smell quite 
 foetid. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, on the 5th, the meat in the gastric juice 
 was completely dissolved, and a fine, reddish grey sed- 
 iment had fallen to the bottom of an opaque, gruel-like 
 fluid, with a pellicle of greyish white particles on the 
 top. The aqueous portion had become more foetid. 
 The particbis of meat were the same as when first put 
 •in, only a little macerated, and paler — the fluid transpa- 
 rent, but becoming darker, and a little greenish ; no 
 appearance of solution, a:, ^^ ^4^, ^.j .a-j^i.*:* i: iA 
 
 ^ 
 
 af *'«-•; 
 
OBSERVATIONS. * 
 
 m 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 ^\ On the 10th, the contents of the aqueous jwrtion were 
 quite fojtid. The gastric portion was perfectly sweet 
 and bland. 
 
 nm-Mm^ ^*ii,mf>' '^'^ Experiment 34. ' i»»ifw^wr*» iiwt* 
 
 At 1 o'clock, 30 mins. P. M. same day, ho dined on 
 lean, salted beef and bread. Digested in three and a 
 half hours, ^^>■^f■'< ♦ r)jrt*^>i^j,, v,"' .t '.^Ju-^^ri^.u? >.. 
 *r 'f '{'-I'.' jii^, >■ ■'■♦-V'M ^ri' ■«!' J. '-ji'if. Ill' r, ,^|fnJM/iiiif4 
 
 ^^'■■»M ffU'v.-^', v>i,» •. Experiment 35. {^Hi^ ,iLt£6s-iiH»Mtii> 
 
 i ' 
 
 Equal parts of alcohol and gastric juice, mixed to- 
 gether and agitated, produced a turbid, milky white 
 fluid ; which, after standing at rest, raised a thin, white 
 coat of fine, loose coagulai on the surface. When the 
 juice and alcohol were first put together, and before 
 agitating, the gastric juice settled to the bottom, and the 
 alcohol remained on the top, indicating that its specific 
 Gravity was less than the fluid. 
 
 '-A ii^, -fc ^^r>^^ :iiiv Experiment 36. ' ^ m, -m^ 
 
 Jan. 2. At 8 o'clock, A. M. — stomach empty — ex.- 
 tracted half an ounce of gastric juice. 8 o'clock, 30 
 mins., he breakfasted on dry bread and a pint of coffee. 
 
 11 o'clock, stomach nearly full of a pulpous, semi-fluid 
 mass, resembling thick gruel. 12 o'clock, nearly empty, 
 
 12 o'clock, 30 mins., empty and clean. 
 
 * 1 
 
 »*..>* 
 
 'tttA*^ 
 
 Experiment 37. 
 
 iiim ^:'"j^ifi 
 
 * 
 
 f- 
 
 7 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., he dined on boiled potatoes^ a 
 
 m 
 
 p:. ,.; r- 
 
 u. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 p ::-■■■ 
 
 
 . '■' -i^ft^' -' 
 
 .'■??- 
 
 k 
 
 .'*..:. 
 
 ■ -I* 
 
^^'mmmmm 
 
 m 
 
 wxrhhrMWNtK Awn 
 
 nKnu. i\ oN'\o«*K» (<t«Mut\«*l\ <MupU\ . 
 
 -\il» ■■y< 
 
 ^•^ *' 
 
 i%V|»rf'»mf'tfif !^. 
 
 Mwt.v/ oftyvr/. AmVfYi^ ^)»)frt<f)f\v. t\n«l Afvrtr/. \\ Ou» s!\n\o^ of 
 \V<0^h\ rtf^ooi) <nn\\\h*!< o( ti^o tio\o, \ Mtsp»»n\loil ioio tiw^ 
 
 'M) \\)\\Mi., (\\\ \i^^\\\'^ \\\^\\\ \\W MOO^\rl\» OWOjX S\w \\\\\%\\\\ 
 
 K\ ^i oV)tvK. \ \\^A \m \)w h'A^ of Vo;^l {\\\i\ \\\vs^\\\^ 
 it ^* v^ry «s \ xM>\Ul \viiho\u t\Nh inii tho wrnhiniog »vu'- 
 t^h^t^wt^^'frnt^j^t t1\\\N\^h tho olo<)^, i\ woi^htv^ too ^\rtiri«^ 
 V«!is\^^\g tiN^t tiM\ )fi:vrtms \Ny t^iijvj^tioo. in i"o\tv {\\\\\ [\ \u\\( 
 1^M\>i». Tht^ \^S"^\, \vh<^^\ tlvst j^'ii u\ 0^0 bng:, n\\«l stis- 
 
 %\>W ; bm \vM\ t«Wn o\u rt\\«\ \v\M')j:hoi!s was of i^ 
 |vM<?!h ixhI. t>v light rtt^sh tv»\ts\\ {\\u\ of {V jiUUinou!« nj^. 
 
 . --;*."', 
 
 ** 
 
 tt 
 
 •U . 
 
 e 
 
OtlNfenVAtlMNI 
 
 V 4 
 
 k 
 
 inr.tffit 'Vi'Ha.trl 
 
 N.tittfiimvnt tlti. 
 
 If 
 
 
 «| l(«f«t 
 
 im»U»t«nr^, httil lii'Huh linir M pint Mrfrcf^rr. lMm»MHl 
 ill tWM lioniN. ,, 
 
 ii> 
 
 .-<; 
 
 f ■'■^' 
 
 .js; 
 
 ill 
 
 NrfuttrntHt 40. 
 
 ^■.#j' 
 
 if"' 
 
 JftH. i'- Afl^ »iS»l0i'h, A. M. ' HlMlluii'li ll»v»llljy, fil* 
 <'iii'l«««1 f\\SH|»i\t'liin«i ^Mslrlf |ultM» I'niin' jniic, lull vi«ry 
 
 t i^ 
 
 ,f {.. 
 
 '■■>fi' -'triih 
 
 t"-' 
 
 .V, t. 
 
 f<!.vitviimi^ttt 41 
 
 At oS'loi*lt, liionKfnwlVil uii hvnilrd vrnf, htt^nit nwll 
 ^Ifr^i II oSlni'h, nlohiiii'li lull; oil llnMlili^ ou tll(^ 
 «inrn»M», mimM mmiI »*;liin|», oxciMlnllnf^ llio vi\^oh (»rilin 
 MptMhnn Mild sKIm. I'4 n'rlnvh, M., rhymo jKtwHlii^ ndl. 
 »*^iiMUMrh i\v(» (liiriln I'lnply. I n*('l«M'lt, P. M,, plmnfuli 
 
 At '^ o'l'locK, P. M., RuniH liny, lu» iIiiumI on hrratit uf 
 hvf)ih'd rviil niul htnuf^ mul tImnU 11 Ii"*»I»I«M' oI" watett. 
 5 o'oloi'K, '.10 nvinw., Rhuuiicli n«»aily rniply. o'cluek, 
 oxuminiMl siomiu'li -ohynn^ ol' u mllUy wliiln rolor. 
 oVliv k, lU) ni!n«., cliyiUM sllll ^nmuilllll^. 7 oVlock, 
 Rtoiudoh luU oiupty. MViuk out liiiil' im uuiico nl' ccm- 
 toulB. It was lunilky whito llnid, willi a pmtillrtr RHitill, 
 mul slightly notd ruul lilttor trtsle. T o'clock, 10 iniris., 
 BtouKioh tnnpiy* 
 
 \r 
 
 
 r- 
 
 -^.' 
 
 /J 
 
 i 
 
•^m^mmmif 
 
 *"«i"^;^^nnn«^aiiMipmmiin 
 
 ''7rr 
 
 -,-%■ 
 
 m 
 
 -.'t^ 
 
 EXPfiRtMENTS AND 
 
 Experiment 42. 
 
 ^1 iM^m Kiel a 
 
 :fM^. & At 8 o'clock, A. M. Stomach hcalttiy ttfffi 
 {Olenn. Extracted lialf aii ounco of gastric juice. Pijit 
 it into a vial, and immersed in it fifteen grains of firm 
 tendon of young beef, in a solid piece. Kept it either 
 in the axilla, or on the bath, for twenty-four hours, when 
 all was completely dissolved. ^i^ 
 
 At 8 o'clock, 45 mins., he breakfasted on broiled vedl, 
 bread and cqff'cej and kept exercising. 12 o'clock, M., 
 stomach about half empty. Took out half an ounce, 
 completely dissolved — no distinct particles of food to be 
 seen. 12 o'clock, 30 mins., M., all gone^ 
 
 V 
 
 ■«» 
 
 , This affords an example of the digestion of tendon. 
 Hard, solid substances require a greater quantity of gas- 
 tric juice than more tender fibre, and take a longer time 
 for their complete solution. 
 
 •«W »*■• *.'4»'i»»*(S« 
 
 ■'^'- ■:-> 
 
 '':h: 
 
 . j • E.Tj)crimciit 43. > : i * 
 
 I At 1 o'clock, p.' M^ same day, dined on broiled veat 
 >«nd bread, and half a pint of watcr^ Digestion com- 
 pleted in four and a half hours. ^^ t^,i» f^i vi 
 
 f Jan. 6. At 8 o'clock, A. M. — Examined stomach. 
 ■Coats generally healthy — few sma'l, erythematous 
 7 patches, on mucous surface. Secretions pure. Ex- 
 ^^racted one and a half ounces clear gastric juice, con- 
 ^tftining less than the usual quantity of miicous flocculi. 
 
 ^'y -^'S;rj*^;;r'i> "-"""•, \ :' ' : -' 
 
 t 
 
ti OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 109 
 
 It ran more froely than common through the tube. 
 Moro ODuld have been obtained ; but a sensation of 
 fHAitrrass, and sinking at the pit of the stomach, being 
 Alt and complained of, I desisted. This sensat.'on has 
 almost uniformly occurred, whenever the gastric juice 
 has flowed more freely than usual, and has been suffer- 
 ed to run out to the quantity of one and a half, or two 
 ounces ; foUoved by dimness of vision, and vertigo, on 
 rising. These feelings, however, subside in a few min- 
 utes, and he feels as usual, and eats his meals with a 
 good appetite. m» *>;.'•>'' n* «♦>* ..t i^^<«, ^. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, he breakfasted on broiled veal and bread 
 again, as yesterday, and kept exercising. 1 o'clock, P. 
 M., stomach nearly empty— several small spots of dark, 
 grumous blood, exuding from the papillsB of the inner 
 coats, made their appearance. 2 o'clock, some appear- 
 ance of the breakfast still in the stomach. 2 o'clock,^ 
 15 mins., (Stomach empty. , ;, . . , , . , , ' , '7 . 
 
 W 
 
 ■':¥ 
 
 Experiment 46. 
 
 1: 
 
 >■$'■ 
 
 At 2 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., same day, he dined on 
 one pint of barley gruely sweetened with molasses. 4 
 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach empty — none of the barley 
 gruel to be seen. - *'i^>>«f i^itiHf *j 'fei^ %w^ i^ ii^ 
 
 Several small, sharp-pointed, white postules made 
 their appearance on the inner surface of the stomach, at 
 this time ; and the surface, generally was of a paler 
 color, and more flaccid, than usual. ^ f i^-l f 
 
 Experiment 46. 
 Jnti 7« At 8 o'block, A. M., weath^ iploudy, damp and 
 
 "1.S 
 %. 
 
 t 
 
 "* S'ft;'^' ^-tp^*- 
 
 ^, •*■;*.«■-: 
 
 
 
t 
 
 I ( 
 
 200 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 disagreeable ; Th. 48 deg.; Wind N. E.; Temperature 
 of stomach, 100 deg. Less of the small pustules and 
 red patches than yesterday. Color of the coats n^tulil 
 again ; but little secretion of gastric juice this morning; 
 Could obtain only a drachm or two. ^«<^»<* vi; iJfli^ 
 
 At 9 o'clock, A. M. — Temperature of stomach, lOO*'.' 
 He ureakfasted on soft boiled eggs^ soft toast and coffee!^ 
 12 o'clock, M. stomach empty. • ?> :'^>^ ^fm^*' ii^v^f^ 
 
 At 12 o'clock, 30 mins. M., same day, he dined o^ 
 three ha?^d boiled eg^s and bread. 3 o'clock, 30 mins., 
 stomach half empty. Remaining contents acrid. Edges 
 ^ of the aperture excoriated. Some pimples, and erythe- 
 matous patches on the surface of the inner coats. 4 
 o'clock, 30 mins. stomach and contents in nearly the 
 same condition as at last examination — very acrid and 
 sharp — coats red. ^ 6 o'clock, stomach empty. **^ 
 
 V^ 
 
 These three or four last experiments demonstrate, that 
 a diseased state of the stomach retards digestion, vv iv«.,f 
 
 
 Experiment 48. ''''''■,^-'ii,:,,^^^k^ 
 
 Jan. 8. At 8 o'clock, 30 mins. A. M. — examined 
 stomach. Coats healthy. None of those white pus^* 
 tules, and erythematous patches, observed yesterday and 
 the day before, to be seen this morning. Color of the 
 lining membrane rather paler than common. Surface 
 moist. Extracted half an oimce of gastric juice, with-;' 
 out difficulty. A slight and momentary vertigo was felt 
 
 *|£ !^iim 
 
 liil^i'-'^'l-^iil i.i 
 
 %■ 
 
ra!f^ 
 
 m 
 
 OBSERVATIONS, , 201 
 
 in rising upl No faintness or sense of sinking at the 
 Bcarobiculous cordis, at this extraction. I divided these 
 four drachms of gastric juice into two, equal parts, and 
 put them into separate vials. In a third vial, I put two 
 drachms of simple water. To each of these three vials, 
 I added eleven grains of the muscle of a sheep's hearty 
 in an entire piece. Kept one of the vials of gastric 
 juice and meat in the axilla, and placed the other, with 
 the aqueous vial, in a cool place, at about 46^, agitating 
 them alike frequently. 
 
 At 7 o'clock, P. M. the piece in the warm gastric juice 
 was half digested ; the fluid of ar .paque, reddish brown 
 color. That in the cold gasitric juice was a very little 
 affected, the surface being covered with a thin, glutinous 
 coat, and the fluid a little turbid. That in the water 
 was not in the least effected. The water was perfectly ' 
 transparent, as when first put in. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, A. M. of the 9th, these several pieces 
 of muscle exhibited the following results. That in the 
 warm gastric juice, when taken out and pressed dry, 
 as when put in, weighed seven and a half grains. 
 That in the cold gastric juice, treated in the same man- 
 ner, weighed twelve and a half grains, having gained^ 
 by the absorption of gastric juice, one and a half grains. 
 An that in the simple water, weighed eleven grains, 
 the same as when put in, having neither lost i?or 
 gamed. ^ 
 
 , The three and a half grains, that remained in the 
 first vial, were in one entire piece, of the same shape 
 as when first put ih ; but very soft and tender, hardly 
 able to sustain sufficient pressure to be raised by the, 
 finger and thumb,^ It was a mere pulp. ^ 
 
 Tf^he meat in the second vial was increased a little in 
 
 feV 
 
 «. -;■ 
 
 -.^■■- ,-» 
 
^mi^mm'immm'mmif^''^'mimim'^i''^^^^^f^ 
 
 
 lihtf.ttLi 
 
 202 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 size ; appeared swollen, soft, slimy and tender ; but had 
 sufficient firmness of texture to resist considerable pres- 
 sure, when taken up. It was not dissolved. 
 t That in the water ratained its firmness, and was un- 
 altered in appearance, except a paleness of surface, 
 occasioned by maceration. ^ 
 
 At 8 o'clock, next morning, (the 10th,) the following 
 appearances were evident. 
 
 The first piece, in the warm gastric juice, weighed 
 one and a half grains^ having lost in the last twenty- 
 three hours, two grains only. It retained the samo 
 shaple, and was about the same consistence as yester- 
 day. A reddish brown sediment subsided the bottom of 
 a rich, whey-colored fluid. ^ .' ; 
 
 The second piece, in the cold gastric juice, weighed 
 nine grains and a fraction, having lost about three and 
 ahalf grains. ,, ,. , .f^! '"- 
 
 That in the water was unaltered, and w'cighed' tfie 
 saine as when put in — eleven grniiis. 
 
 It may be proper to remarl that the two pieces in 
 the cold gastric juice and water, ^^ere moved from their 
 first position in a temperature of .t.out 46°, and placed 
 for the last twenty-three hours on> the mantle-piece, over 
 the fire, in my room, in a temperature of about 60°. 
 
 The loss of the two and a half grains of meat, in 
 the cold gastric juice, was evidently the effect of diges- 
 tion, occasioned, no doubt, by the increase of fourteen 
 or fiften degrees of temperature. 
 
 On the 10th, I added to the vial, containg the warm 
 gastric juice and muscle, one fourth of a drachm of fresh 
 gastric juice, warm from the stomach. Continued it in 
 the axilia, and in five hours it was dissolved to a mite, 
 scarcely perceptible. ; ■■- i . ; i< v - ,^ < " v^-^--. 
 
 .rt»»aii-«rtH^i^lS>ri'.'.^.-^<i>. i..«J.,Vn: 
 
 t< ''• 
 
OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 ;»» 
 
 203 
 
 'The piece in the cold gastric juice, kept on the man- 
 tle-piece, in. a temperature between 50® and 60*=>, till 
 9 o'clock, A. M., of the 11th, weighed seven grains, 
 retaining the same shape as yesterday, and a similar 
 texture. The fluid had become more opaque and milky, 
 and the sediment had increased at the bottom. 
 .The piece in the water at this time, remained unal- 
 tered, and weighed precisely the same as at first — eleven 
 
 grains. 
 
 tl-vt: n&V. ik> .1'^ 
 
 ■\* :'eL . ri lir^'^l* 
 
 At 9 o'clock, A. M., I placed both these in the 
 
 axilla. 
 
 ■ oi.!).;. .i»>,v-'-''y|i-:'...;^rtAi"''-ii»v-.«<»'i<» 
 
 •Aft^iiU 
 
 ^At 9 o'clock, P. M. the piece remaining in the 
 second vial of gastri:i juice, placed in the axilla this 
 morning, was nearly all dissolved, one grain only re- 
 maining — a soft pulp. , jij4i 
 
 tj-The piece in the water remained unaltered, and 
 weighed the same as at first ; but began to emit a strong 
 foBtid odor, and in a few days became very putrid. This 
 was, however, almost entirely corrected, by the addi- 
 tion of three drachms of fresh gastric juice on the 21st. 
 The meat still continued its original shape and size, and 
 no doubt, its weight, though too putrid to handle, or 
 take out, before the addition of the gastric juice. Pla- 
 ced it on, the bath, and it began to digest, and soon be- 
 came chymified — lost its foetid smell, and acquired a 
 sharp acid, or rather, acrid taste. 
 
 m 
 
 H' 
 
 ^^^iiif:mmsmm' 
 
 The result of this experiment is interesting, in de- 
 monstrating the solvent properties of the gastric juice. 
 Maceration alone will not dissolve foodj, noi separate 
 its nutritious partjs. |t appears, also, from this experi- 
 ment, that gastric juice corrects the putrid tendency 
 
 ,,*;*■)♦■ 
 
 16. V ^■. 
 
304 
 
 EXPfelltlflEMl'8 AlfD 
 
 ( v 
 
 
 .tl^ 
 
 
 
 of alimdtitfi ; and that food is more readily dissoWM 
 after that tendency has occurred. 
 
 »,^y . Experiment 49, k4 
 
 0;^Lk tit>l ■*.> 
 
 ^ Jan, 11. At 8 o'clock, A. M. — Weather cldar and 
 dry. WindS.W. Th. 15°. Temperature of the stom- 
 ach, 100°. Coats healthy. Extracted one ounce of 
 gastric juice, clear and transparent — few flocculi of mu- 
 cus — taste distinctly acid. Complains of the usual 
 sense of distress at the pit of the stomach, and vertigo* 
 
 At 9 o'clock, 30 mins. he breakfasted on pork and 
 bread. Digested in four hours and a half. .J 
 
 
 trhrrtfu. ► ,\^ r^i Experiment 60. 
 
 ■ 1 ' ■ ^jM^l 
 
 At 9 o'clock, 30 mins. A. M. same day, I took three 
 vialSj and put into each two drachms? pure gastric juice, 
 fresh from the healthy stomach. To one, I added one 
 drachm of albumen— vfhiiQ of egg — to the second, half 
 a drachm of the yo/A:— and to the third, another drachm 
 of albumen. Put the two first, in axilla, and the other on 
 the mantle-piece. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, Pi Ml the, all^umen in the warm gastric 
 juice, in the axilla, had become quite opaque, with loose, 
 light colored sediment at the^ bottom. The albumen in 
 the cold gastric juice; remained unaltered. That con- 
 taining the. yolk,, exhibited; the appearance of a mere 
 Tnl»ture of , fine yellow cpagulsB, resembling sulphur 
 and millf, piixed together. ,^k^.k»..ii , u u 
 
 ^,.Oft tjt)e.l2th, atSp'clock, P. M*, both vials having 
 be^a continued on the bath, or in the axilla, through 
 
 .t- 
 
 
 i#i 
 
(1^ OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 206 
 
 the day^ the difference observed last evening, between 
 the cold and warm vials of albumen, was very little in- 
 creased. 
 
 The yolk was considerably altered from a loose coa- 
 gulo;, generally diffused through the gastric juice, to a 
 fine compact body of coagulee, rising upon the top of a 
 perfectly clcar^ transparent fluid, free from a particle of 
 sedimentv 
 
 " f^' 
 
 I 
 
 \ ,( 
 
 /^::: 
 
 Expetiment 51. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, 30 mins., A. Mi — Stomach healthy. 
 Extracted one ounce of gastric juice, a little tinged with 
 yellow, whether from bi!e or tobacco, it was diflicult 
 to determine. He had taken some tobacco into his 
 mouth, an hour and a half previous to the examination, 
 and the fluid was not perceptibly bitter. There was a 
 larger portion of frothy saliva, and flocculi of mucus, 
 than common. . ,,..;s . ►, , . . ^^ » .L 
 
 At 10 o'clock, 15 mins., b*^ breakfasted on hoiled^ sal- 
 ted codfish^ bread and cojfee. Digested in two hours 
 hours and a quarter. / \,i^--, u i 
 
 '"<■•■'» '^ 
 
 ?^= t. 
 
 Experiment 52. 
 
 ,1.,.. 
 
 Jan. 13. At 8 o'clock, A. M. — Weather overcast, dry 
 and smoky. Light wind. Th. 12 deg. Temperature 
 of stomachj 100 deg. and a fraction. Pulse 60, in a re* 
 cumbent, and 70, in an erect position. Coats not per- 
 fectly healthy — general surface rather paler than usual 
 — some red spots and pimples to be seen. Extracted 
 three drachms of gastric juice, slightly acid — ^not so 
 18 
 
 ^': 
 
 m 
 
 
 .;|&i^ M ■„ t\ 
 
 
 vj^ 
 
•" "^r- %'" 
 
 dOd 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 m 
 
 *• 
 
 "a I. i « 
 
 •^!.' -a- 
 
 much as usual — less mucus, and more saliva than com- 
 mon. 'Neither tinge nor taste of bile. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, he breakfasted on boiled, fat pork and 
 bread. ' 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M. — Stomach two thirds empty. — Tem- 
 perature, 100 deg. and a fraction. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M. — stomach nearly empty — very lit- 
 tle pulp of bread, and lardaceous fluid to be seen. Has 
 just returned from walking two miles or more. Tem- 
 perature of stomach, 100 J^. , 
 
 At 1 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach iempty. Tempera- 
 ture, 101 deg. ,^. , ' v., o '■■>.■ v. ^y,ii, 
 
 ■n.. 
 
 I ^i 1'!.'.' '.-?''■ .' 
 
 Experiment 53. 
 
 
 Jdh. 9. At ^ o'clock, I*. M. same day, he dined on 
 boiled, fat pork, boiled cabbage and bread, and drank a 
 tumbler of water. Digested in five hoUrS. 9 o'clock, 
 temperature, 100 deg. 
 
 y-i^'-^J^' 
 
 ■I'^J'iH^il:'' 
 
 
 \ ',' JBxperiment 54. •Vr^'^^^fr^l ^';,^,^^f '■^.; 
 
 Jan. li. At 8 o'clock, 40 mins., A. M., — Weather 
 clear, dry and serene; Wind N. W. and light. Th. 
 28 deg. Stomach healthy. Coats clean. Tempera- 
 ture of stomach, 100 deg. Elxtracted nine drachttifci of 
 pure gastric juice — distinctly acid — few flocculi of mu- 
 cus, and a little appearance of frothy saliva. A slight 
 sense of faintness and vertigo Ensued, as usUal, on ris- 
 ing, after this quantity. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, breakfasted on boiled, fat pdrk and bread. 
 12 o'clock, M., stomach about half full. Temperature, 
 
'•^.'rTi^s 
 
 OBSEIIVATIONS. 
 
 8or 
 
 iritmediately after walking two. and a half miles, 101 J. 
 I o'clock, P.M., stomach empty and clean. Tempera- 
 ture 100 deg. rr~„,.,. - ... . 
 
 in^j^rr^-'^if^niii^f:'^'' 
 
 ■ ■ *■ -r- 
 
 '^■' 
 
 
 ♦ ■-•r .... 
 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., same day, he dined on boiled^ fat 
 2iorkf and bread. Digested in three hours, ^' ' ^'V '"' ' 
 
 /.',■. '* ',» !■> 
 
 ^^.' 
 
 :*!>. 
 
 '■;>»{i,v) '1 
 
 *;•''' Experiment 56. • i^a I 
 
 T f 
 
 Jan. 14. j\t 9 o'clock, A. M., I put a solid piece of 
 rib bone, of an old hog, weighing ten grains, into a vial, 
 containing three drachms of pure gastric juice, taken 
 from the stomach this morning. Placed it in the axilla, 
 and continued it there for twelve hours ; then placed it 
 on the shelf, in a cool place, till next morning. 
 
 — 15. 9 o'clock, A. M., surface of bone evidently 
 dissolved. Fluid quite opaque. Took out the piece ; 
 and when wiped, and dried with blotting paper, as dry 
 as when put in, it^eighed just nine grains. Immersed 
 it again in the same juice, and placed it on the sand 
 bath at 100^. Continued it iii that temperature for 
 twelve hours, frequently agitating it ; then, as yester- 
 day, placed it on the shelf, until next morning. 
 
 * -— 16. 9 o'clock, A. M., appearance similar to yester- 
 day morning. Juice a little more turbid. Bone cover- 
 ed with a thin, cineritious coat. Taken out and wiped, 
 the piece weighed eight and a half grains. Immersed 
 again in same fluid, and continued on bath twelve hours ; 
 
 kithen set on shelf again until next morning. 
 
 Wffi*— 17. 9 o'clock, A. M., very little alteration sinca 
 
 
 M0»- 
 
 ^' 
 
 -^'^P 
 

 w^ 
 
 ^m 
 
 208 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 yesterday. Bono taken out and wiped, weighed eight 
 and a quarter grains. Put in again, and continued on 
 bath fifteen hours. 
 
 — 18. 12 o'clock, M., no change effected since last 
 examination. Bone taken out and wiped, weighed pre- 
 cisely same as yesterday, eight and a quarter grains. 
 Conceiving the solution of the bone had ceased from a 
 deficiency of the gastric solvent, I now added one 
 drachm fresh gastric juice, and continued it on the bath 
 again, for eight hours. • 
 
 — 19. 12 o'clock, M., bono taken out, and wiped, as 
 usual, weighed eight grains. Returned to bath, and 
 continued twelve hours, it weighed seven and a half 
 grains. Returned, and continued on bath thirty-six 
 hours, and frequently agitated, between. , ,:,.;.-> 
 
 — 20th and 25th, no visible change was effected. 
 Weight same as on the 19th, seven and a half grains. 
 The solution having ceased again, I added three 
 drachms more of gastric juice, and continued it on the 
 bath twenty-four hours. . . .. 
 
 — 27. 10 o'clock, A, M., laminaj of bone separated, 
 and opening on one edge. Fluid mqp'c opaque, with a 
 little fine, brown sediment, precipitated to the bottom of 
 the vial. Weight of obne, five and a half grains. Ad- 
 ded two drachms of gastric juice, and continued it on 
 the bath for eighteen hours. 
 
 — 28. 10 o'clock, A. M., lamina) of bone opened, 
 Weig it, four grains. Returned, and continued on bath 
 twelve hours. 
 
 — 29. XO o'clock, A. M., laminse of bone entirely sep- 
 arated, thin as paper, and elastic as honi. — Weight, 
 three and a quarter grains. Returned to bath twelve ^ 
 
 # i- 
 
 » f 
 
ODSEAVATI0N8. 
 
 I 
 
 W 
 
 ■»■/ 
 
 b;,' — 30. 10 o'clock, A. M., opacity of fluid, and fine 
 sediment, increased. Weight of bone, two and three 
 fourths grains. Continued on bath. . 
 
 ^ — 31. 10 o'clock, A. M., no change since yesterday. 
 
 Weight of bone, two and three fourths grains, Added 
 half a drachm of gastric juice, and continued it on bath 
 twelve hours. 
 
 Feb. I. 10 o'clock, A. M., laminaj very thin and clas- 
 tic. Weight of hone two and a half grains. — Took out 
 the pieces of bone, and put thcni into one dracliii fresh 
 gastric juice, iii a separate vial, and continued on bath 
 six hours. '^^^y*^ ' ''^^' ^'''' '''\ > '\:.l 
 
 fN^itwg;* 10 o'clock, A. M., weight of bone, two and a 
 quarter grains. Continued on bath six hours. ^ 
 
 -' •'—3, 10 o'clock. A, M., weight of bone, two grains. 
 Continued on bath till the 5th. * 
 
 .' 1^5. 10 o'clock, A. M., no change since the 3d. 
 
 * Weight of bono same. Added two drachms gastric juice, 
 and continued on bath twelve hours. , 
 
 ..■•^^^■j— 6, 10 o'clock, A., M., bones nq^irly all dissolved^ — 
 three fourths of a grain only remaining. • 
 
 — 7. Weight of bone, half a grain, very thin and 
 transparent. The solution not being quite completed, I 
 added two drachms more of gastrjc juice, and continued 
 it on the bath twelve hours. " -^x, ; 
 
 — 8. 10 o'clock, A. M., all dissolved to a mitc 
 U]uarter of a grain, or less. 
 I After the solution of the bone, the menstruum was a 
 
 greyish white, opaque fluid, nearly of the color and con- 
 sistence of clear, thin gruel, with conciderable fine 
 tbrown sediment at the bottom of the vial, after standing 
 at rest awhile ; and had a peculiarly insipid, sweetish 
 -taste, and smell — not the least foetor or rancidity. 
 
 vvi 
 
 si J 
 
 * ' 1 
 
 >1 
 
 * I 
 
 *-\ 
 ■J 
 
 H."il 
 
 
 ./J 
 
 %.■: 
 
 &.'■•'- ., 
 
 -.■i*V;,. 
 
 
^^^ 
 
 '^F^T^^w^'^^mmiff^rwff^Btimm 
 
 210 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 ( I 
 
 v 
 
 ■0 
 
 It will b^ seen, in this experiment, that the piece of 
 bone was dissolved in proportion to tfie quantity of gas- 
 tric juice applied, and that the solution ceased at longer 
 or shorter intervals, as a large - or smaller quantity was 
 added. When the juice became saturated, as well as 
 when the vial was removed from the batii to a low tem- 
 perature, the solution ceased. It appears that it took 
 fourteen and a half drachms of gastric juice, to dissolve 
 ten grains of solid bone, '^"'^''^ ' ^'^* *'"^' ' ^•^'^"' 
 
 Experiment 67. .n«i}rrf ^rn M»«»i; 
 
 'Xixaii m^nU f«'>'>;!!«i I 'ii'Vl 4*»'t 
 Jan, 15. At 8 o^clock, A. M.— -Wieather cloudy and 
 
 dry. Wind N. E., an^ light. l*h. 35°. Temperature 
 
 of the stomach, 100®. At 9 o'clock, A. M., he breaks 
 
 fasted on fat pork and bread. 2 o'clock, P. M., stoni", 
 
 ach empty and clean. Temperature, lOlS, ^^.^^ ^^^ ti'^thii 
 
 ' ^^tiiM.«.fTi r Experirnrnt 58. » '■ ''**^' ^''''^' '^'^M 
 
 ■ hWm ^ttitt ft W m>th'^ ■ ,* m\l^ ,M • ,JrhjhH^, %'t YK 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., same day, I put fifteen grains of 
 ravf beef steak, divided into small pieces, into three 
 drachms of gaiMific juice ; and fifteen grains of broiled 
 beef steak, into other three drachms of gastric juice. 
 At the same time, I put the same quantity of broiled 
 steak, divided like the others, into three drachms of 
 saliva, fresh from the mouth. \ then placed them, all 
 together, alternately in the axilla and on the bath, and 
 kept frequently agitating them. # 
 
 At 4 o'clock, th& meat in the saliva exhibited the ap^ 
 pcarance of simple maceration ; the other two parcels/ 
 
 :■■#-■ -^>- 
 
 „..-... 
 
 
 
 
 '^•:.•'■:•-. . i.,i 
 
./^ 
 
 OBSERVATYONfl. 
 
 211 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 ^ :■ 
 
 in the gastric juice, woro considerably diminished and 
 partially dissolved, the fluid of an opaque, whitish ^| 
 color ; the cooked pUce, rather the most dissolved. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, the salivary portion was not much 
 changed in appearance ; the other two about half dis- ^ 
 solved ; the cooked meat in advance of the raw. ^ 
 
 At 9 o'clock, the saVivary portion began to smell* 
 slightly foBtid, and to change color. The other two | 
 were perfectly bland, and of a sweetish flavor — the .) 
 meat about three-fourths dissolved, with a fine, brown- ^ 
 ish red sediirent at the bottoms of the vials. Took 
 them all off" luo bath> and placed them on the shelf till 
 next morning. 
 
 At 7 o'clock, A. M.y, on tho 16th, I placed them again 
 on the bath till 9 o'clock^ when the salivary portion had 
 become foBtid, and was of a greenish color. The fibres 
 of the meat retained their shape and size ; and had be- 
 come pale on the surface. Light, loose coagulae had 
 fallen to the bottom, leaving a reddish-.green colored 
 /fluid above. The gastric portions were almost com- 
 pletely dissolved ; the cooked meat still in advance. 
 
 At 12 o'clock^ M.,.the salivary portion was very fcBtid. 
 The remaining portions of aliment, taken from the 
 three vials, filtered through thin muslin, and dried with 
 blotting paper, weighed as follows : — ^the broiled meat, 
 in gastric juice^ one giain ; the raw meat, in the same, 
 two and a half grains ; and that in the saliva,, twelve 
 ^ains. 
 
 This experiment demonstrates that saKva does not 
 possess the properties of a solvent ; but facilitates putre- 
 faction, See^ also^ subsequent experiments. It also 
 
 '..*'' ' 
 
 -Vi 
 
 ■!i^':'<^- 
 
 'iv^tf^ 
 
mm^^l^^m 
 
 rw 
 
 l»ff<»W5WW 
 
 I^^W 
 
 nmm 
 
 212 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 shows, that raw meat is susceptible of digestion by the 
 gastric juice, though in a less degree than cooked meat. ^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 u* 
 
 Exjteriment 59. 
 
 Jan. 17. At 9 o'clock, A. M. — Weather clcrtr, and 
 dry. Wind N. W. and light. Th. 19°. Tempera- 
 I ture of stomach, 100*^. Coats clean and healthy. 
 • Extracted tcil drachms of gastric flnid ; not so clear and 
 . limpid as usual ; some streaks of yellow bile, and more 
 . appearance of saliva than common — acid not so per- 
 ceptible as usual. I divided this into three equal parts, 
 three and one third drachms each. To one part, I put 
 fiteen grains firmly coagulated alhinncn, (white of egg) 
 — to the other, fifteen grains of soft coagulaj of the 
 same — and to the third; fifteen grains of raw albumen — 
 and placed them on the bath and in axilla, alternately. ^ 
 At the same time, he breakfasted on three hard boiled 
 egg's, bread and cofec. ■ 
 
 "^ At 11 o'clock, examined — stomach full. Tempera- 
 ture, 100*^. Some small red spots. Contents acrid. 
 • ^* At 12 o'clock, M., just returned from walking one 
 mile, and back again. Weather clear, dry and serene. 
 •• Wind N. AV. and light. Th. 23 deg. Temperature of 
 stomach, 102 dcg. ; nearly empty. Took out one ounce, 
 almost completely chymified ; a little pure oil floating 
 on the surface. Put this on the bath. * 
 
 '* At 12 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach empty. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, P. M., examined the parcels of albumen, 
 placed in the vials of gastric juice this morning, at 9 
 o'clock. Of the firm coagulse, there remained one and 
 a quarter grains : of the soft, none ; of the raw, three 
 fourths of' a. grain, in loose, white coagulse. 
 
 .»^^^|•*^#^,■*fn'■■«?|^^|f#*.*;''■^>ri^■' ■#4*t':I •-■■■» *^*r- 
 
 '^^.^'mX' 
 
 /*. 
 
 *v\ 
 
■"""yif 
 
 t-V 
 
 OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 Experiment 60. 
 
 213 
 
 'K-t*.- 
 
 1% n* 
 
 Jan. 17. At 12 o'clock, 30 mins., M., I put twenty- 
 five grains lean, broiled mtitton, divided into small 
 pieces, into five drachms of gastilc juice, and same 
 quantity into five drachms of gastric juice and fresh sa- 
 liva, mixed together ; and placed them on the bath. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, P. M., the meat remaining in the gas- 
 tric juice, taken out and dried with paper, weighed just 
 twelve grains ; that in the mixture of gastric juice and 
 saliva, weighed eighteen and three fourths grains. The 
 texture of the first wac considembly more dissolved and 
 tender than the second. Returned them into their re- 
 spective vials again. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, 30 mins., M. of the 18th, examined them 
 again. The meat remaining in the gastric juice, weigh- 
 ed five and three-fourths grains ; was soft, glutinous, 
 and of a dirty brown color. Tiiat in the gastric juice 
 and saliva, weighed thirteen and a quarter grains ; the 
 texture was quite firm, and retained its fibrous form, 
 and reddish, bloody color. Put them in the bath again. 
 
 At 4 o'clock, P. M., of the 19th, the meat in the gas- 
 tric juice weighed two grains. Consistence and color of 
 fluids, same as yesterday. The meat in the gastric 
 juice and saliva, weighed nine and a half grains. Fluids 
 of a reddish brown color, and less precipitate. 
 
 In ten days, the salivary mixture became very putrid ; 
 but the gastric portion was perfectly sweet, and so con- 
 tinued for thirty days, or more. 
 
 ^-ii-i >.-^ti^^ :'^i >-*^^ 
 
 ■"^f:^'"-*' 
 
 .t>-^i.'-:-^.^:-ij^i-«i ,■ ■■ r^'T^fjffc;'?'''^ 
 
 f > ,. -■ . 
 
 Experiment 61. 
 
 Jan. 18. With a view to ascertain the antiseptic pro- 
 
 ■■^ 
 
 
 \. f^ 
 
I;''. ■•' ' 
 
 214 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 perties of the gastric juice, I took a portion of very pu- 
 trid animal matter, and added to it a quantity of gastric 
 juice, Ti^e fcBtor was at once almost completely cor- 
 rected, leaving only a slight putrescent smell, with the 
 usual flavor of the gastric juice. • 'ii.*^ > 
 
 
 
 i'M)*B/''#Wii ..^kf^^ iimiiiimu ii4sy.,:y:\iHM^4vi 'ih' 
 
 ;,. 1 Experiment 62. 
 
 ^.H 
 
 ^i^^'**^' ■-^'^*'^'' 
 
 At 9 o'clock, A. M., same day, extracted one and a 
 half drachms of gastric juice, and added it to two and a 
 half drachms of milky , The whole was formed into 
 loose, white coagulse, in less than five minutes. At 1 
 o'clock, P. M., remaining coagulee, after filtering through 
 muslin, weighed thirteen grains. Returned it into the 
 vial, and placed it on the bath again. At 9 o'clock, no 
 coagulee remaining — all completely dissolved. 
 
 . .' >. ^,s,k:H^^l^^t^ '^ E^perimmU 63., *^ <'^'^'H~*^^ '^m 
 
 • I;*; Jan. 19. At 9 o'clock, A. M., coats of stomach perfectly 
 healthy and clean. No appearance of morbid action- 
 tongue clean — and every indication of perfect health. 
 There was no free fluid in the gastric cavity, until after 
 the elastic tube was introduced, when it began slow- 
 ly to distill from the end of the tube, drop by drop, per- 
 fectly transparent, and distinctly acid. I obtained about 
 one drachm of this kind, and then gave him a mouth- 
 ful of bread to eat. No sooner had he swallowed it> 
 than the fluid commenced flowing more freely from the 
 tube, and I obtained two drachms, less pure, however, 
 with saliva and mucus mixed with it, and slightly ting- 
 ed with yellow bile. The surface of the protruded por- 
 
 
 ',y * 
 
' -T ■'^ ,_7\T'- ■•.'■ 
 
 '■•■W 
 
 .'.T JI." 
 
 I 
 
 i DBSERVATI0N9«.»£ 216 
 
 lion bf Ihd Villous coat at this time became covered with 
 a limpid fluid, uniformly spread over its whole surface, 
 distilling from myriads of very fine papillary points, 
 and trickling down the sides. After letting him rise 
 and walk about two or three minutes, I again introdu- 
 ced the tube, and obtained about two drachms more of 
 very pure gastric juice, making, in the whole, five 
 drachms. . ^^ , 
 
 Breakfasted on boiled pork and bread. Dined and 
 supped on the samev , 
 
 ■-(-, I ■■ 
 
 I 
 
 Uf 
 
 Experiment 64 
 
 t.M -.i. 
 
 «%•* 
 
 Jan. 20. At v^ o'clock, 30 mins., A. M., examined 
 stomach ; appearances healthy. Extracted three drachms 
 gastric fluids, colored with bile, slightly acid and bit- 
 ter. It ran more freely than yesterday. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, 45 mins., he swallowed four ounces of 
 pure gelatine, (ichthyocoUa,) prepared with boiling wa- 
 ter, transparent, and of a tremulous consistence. , ^ 
 
 At 9 o'clock, stomach appeared nearly as full as usual 
 after eating his ordinary meals ', fluidj clear, and of the 
 consistence of the albumen of eggs. It appeared to be 
 the gelatine, dissolved, or diflused in the gastric juice. 
 The juice and the liquid gelatine so much resembled 
 each other, that I could not distinguish th^m apart. 
 , At 9 o'clock, 45 mins., examined again— found the 
 stomach almost entirely empty — was just able to obtain 
 two drachms of fluid. It appeared to be a mixture of 
 gelatinous chyme, gastric juice and flocculi of mucus, 
 more opaque and ropy than the gastric juice alone, and 
 more acid than the fluids of the stomach immediately 
 before the gelatine was swallowed. Not the least ap- 
 
 * 
 
 .di. 
 
 ■ m 
 
 s. 
 
 ..%it,.._..,. .. ...W.* 
 
PPWpP«^ViiiflP-"Ti^F*iii^^ii^Wpi^lP^«P(l»WPPMii^ipPPPPPI^|||^ 
 
 216 
 
 EXPEUlMENtS AUD 
 
 * 
 
 pearance of bile or yellow color in the gasttic cavity, ot 
 fluids, after taking the gelatine : considerably vertigo 
 followed the extraction of this last fluid. It soon pass»- 
 ed over, however, and he ate his breakfast, {pork and 
 bread,) with his usual appetite. 
 
 The process of the solution of gelatine^ is difficult to 
 ascertain. It is not subject to coagulation ; and the ac* 
 tion of the gastric juice is not easily perceived. It is no 
 doubt dissolved by the gastric juice, in the same man- 
 ner as other aliment is>, See subsequent experiments. 
 
 Experiment 65. 
 
 ' To ascertain whether the sense o^ hung^lr would be 
 allayed without the ifood being passed through the 
 oesophagus, he fasted from brieakfast time, till 4 o'clock, 
 P. M., and became quite hungry. I then put in at the 
 aperture, three and a half drachms of leau) foiled beef. 
 The sense of hunger immediately subsided, and stop- 
 ped the borborygmus, or croaking noiSe, caused by the 
 motion of air in the stomach and Intestines, peculiar to 
 him since the wdundj and almost always observed when 
 the stomach is emptyi 
 
 ,1"^'' 
 
 -jiS''fv' 
 
 This experiment proves that the sense of hmiger re- 
 sides in the stomach, and is as well allayed by putting 
 the food directly into the stomach, and when the previ- 
 ous steps have been gone through with. Not that I 
 would deny the utility of the previous processes, in ordi- 
 nary cases. Even the sense of taste is essential. It is 
 placed as a sentinel, to prevent improper articles from 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 
^OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 ^1? 
 
 re- 
 
 jvi- 
 it I 
 rdi- 
 |t is 
 )m 
 
 ? 
 
 being introduced into the stomach. See, al^*ind)iA- 
 <lUent experiments. 
 
 im<j44,..r% 
 
 jU* 
 
 Experiment 66. 
 
 <-ri; 
 
 \f»*»".TW 
 
 ^ IMw. 21. At 8 o'clock, A. M.— Examined stofrfach. 
 
 Gould obtain but few drops of gastric juice. Sent him 
 
 to exercise in tlie open air for half an hour. Secretions 
 
 increased — gastric juice flows pure, and more freely. 
 
 t^xtracted three drachms. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, 30 mins., he breakfasted on bread and 
 coffeej and a small piece of lean pork. 
 
 At 2 o^clock, P. M., stomach empty. Extracted two 
 V drachms of gastric juice, tinged with yellow bile; and 
 llhdn one drachm of pure, transparent juice, distilling, by 
 IWtops, from the end of the tube. 
 
 i» -At'^ d'clock,^ 30 minSi, I put ten grains of raw suet 
 pntotwo drachms 6i gastric juice, tinged T^ith bil^,^ ah& 
 i^n grains of the Same, intdt\to drachms of pure gastric 
 '-juice. Placed them both on the bath. 
 ^^ ^At 9 o'clock, the piece of suet in the juice that was 
 ttinged with bile, was <?onsiderably more dissolved than 
 ^ha^n the clear gastric juice ; and whem examined with 
 the compound microscope, the globules appeared moi^ 
 numerous and much smaller. This appearance was, 
 lal:sd,'i61feaflir perceptible to the njikfe'd'%fe,' as the mix- 
 ;|Ut^ Stood in the vials. ' '^ 
 
 ivAtrK) o'clockj the piece in the yellow juice T)<fds all 
 liissolved'^the other, not entirely. 
 
 This, with Other subsequent experiments, indicate 
 
 *that oily or fatty food is sooner digested when there is a 
 
 small admixtutie of bile with the gastric juice. 
 19 
 
UPPI^^IF^^W'-^r^F- 
 
 ... .,.,...^,^,,,.J„,,l^,,»l,^^vp^^p,p«^ppp,lpplllp 
 
 218 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 \ I 
 
 Exercise, it seemS) promotes the discharge of the gas- 
 tric juice, as well as digestion in the. stomach. 
 
 
 Experiment 67. \ Mnn\% m\*V 
 
 ■1 
 
 ,4 /an. 2k t 8 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M. 
 
 
 Stomach 
 
 clean and healthy. Extracted five drachms of very 
 clear, pure gastric juice. The first three drachms ran 
 out quite freely; the other two drachms distilled by 
 drops. It was not the least tinged with bile, and tasted 
 distinctly acid. Breakfasted on beef steak, bread and 
 
 ^^-^^^^ U 4*K''t^o 4s:l Ilk 
 
 At 1 o'clock, P. M., stomach empty. , ,. \ 
 
 'Mil f^. Experiment 68. 
 
 Ilv .i^^l. 
 
 it 
 
 At 9 o'clock, P. M., same day, St. Martin having eaten 
 nothing since 2 o'clock, and feeling quite hungry, I piit 
 into the stomach, at the aperture, eight ounces of beef 
 and batley soup, introduced gently through a tiibe, with 
 a syringe, lukewarm. It caiised no unpleasant sensa- 
 tion, but allayed the sense of hunger. It satisfied the 
 appetite ; and he said he had no desire to eat. 
 
 At 10 o'clock, he said he felt a little hungry again, 
 and ate eight ounces mbre of the same kind of soup) 
 which had a similar effect as the other. 
 
 . * Experiment 69. 
 
 45 Jan. 23. At 9 o'clock, A. M. — Weather rainy — Win4 
 N. E; and light. Th. 39 deg. Stomach empty, clean 
 
 ,c ■f r. 
 
\ I 
 
 
 jam, 
 sbiip, 
 
 llean 
 
 ,,'!. i A^^S-- 
 
 ^ii^ OBSERVATIONS, t 
 
 m 
 
 aVfd Tieamifr^'TeTfeperattiire of stomach, lOOJ dSg.* 
 Breakfasted on sausage, bread and coffee. 
 
 At 10 o'clock — Aspect of weather same as at 9 o'clock. 
 Th. 40 deg. Stomach full of fluids — temperature 101 1 
 deg. The spirit became stationary at that point, after 
 keeping the tube in the aperture eight or ten minutes : 
 after which, it did not vary for ten minutes, when it was 
 taken outi " ' • 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M., he returned from a walk of twd 
 miles. Stomach nearly empty. Temperature 101^ 
 deg. — stationary after being continued five minutes in 
 the stomach. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach empty. ^'\m**: 
 
 ' Experiment 70. 
 
 Jan. 24. At 8 o'clock, A. M., weather cloudy and 
 damp. Wind N. and moderate. Th. 39 deg. Stom-Q 
 ach empty, clean and healthy — temperature, lOOj deg. 
 Extracted four drachms gastric juice, very little tinged 
 with yellow. *' *' ' '^ 
 
 At 9 o'clock he returned from a short walk. Tempc- 
 rati^'e of stomach, the same. Breakfasted on bread and 
 coffee. 12 o'clock, stomach empty. 
 
 Temperature of the stomach, after walking two miles 
 
 Experiment 71. 
 
 c«l 
 
 V'iV-: 
 
 At 1 o'clock, P. M., same day, St. Martin complain- 
 
 » ■ ■! 1 W I H -ll ■!■ ■ ■■■■■■■III . ■ , I ■■■ ■■■ II- II I W II I I I II A ■» -l-l I ■ I I II ^ II ■! I ,- 
 
 *In thia, and the subsequent experiments, I used a spirit thermom'. 
 ^er, takeii from PboI*s Barometer, which varied half a degree froni 
 
^wm^m^ 
 
 '1* M'«f!MiiiWW>liiPW^|^P| 
 
 220 
 
 * I 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 ing of being quite hungry, 1 put into the stomach at tlie 
 aperture, twelve raw oysters, more than middling size. 
 The sensation was allayed, and the appetite satisfied, 
 the same as if swallowed. He was not hungry again 
 till half after 4 o'clock, when he ate a dozen more of the 
 same kind of oysters, with bread. 
 
 At 10 o'clock, P. M., stomach empty and plean. 
 
 Weather damp and rainy. Wind N. E. and brisk. 
 
 • Temperature of the stomach, 99J deg. He had been 
 
 covered in bed, and sleeping, for two and a half hours, 
 
 » from which I awoke him to introduce the Thermome- 
 
 tifmi, (He fell asleep again during the examination — only 
 
 awoke while putting in and taking out the glass tube. 
 
 Experiment 72.^,^, ^^^nm udi^ 
 
 Jan. 25. At 6 o'clock, A. M. — Wind Southerly, and 
 light. Th. 36 deg. Examined stomach before rising 
 from his bed. Temperature 99 deg. Extracted fifteen 
 draohms gastric fluid. It flowed out unusually free; 
 was rather more opaque, and contained less flocculi of 
 mucus than common for the quantity. Particles of the 
 bread eaten with his oysters at 4 o'clock, 30 mins., yes- 
 terday, were distinctly to be seen in this parcel of the 
 juice. 
 
 ' At 8 o'cloct'^ §0 mins.— Tem^fetoufe'ig^ t'Re'' stoniach, 
 
 ^ *idOJ deg. Coats clean and healthy. Th : 88 deg. ; 
 
 ** ' At 9 o'clock, he breakfasted on raw oysters and bread. 
 ' 1 1 6'cloclt, temperature of stornach, 101 deg. 12 o'clock, 
 
 "^^ M., he returned from d. wallf of two miles. Stomach 
 empty. Temperature, 102 deg. 
 
 4, •■»» ~'f1' 
 
 J«T 
 
 .m- 
 
 «»-* 
 
 ^ 'pks' 
 
 ''^' 
 
" r'. Eiperimennt 73. 
 
 ™^j^ :.... ...». . Experimennt 73. ' " -^--^ ,r ^ 
 
 •" Jan. 26. At 8 o'clock, A. M. — Weather clear and 
 cold. Wind N. W. and light. Th. SOdeg. Stomach 
 
 ' healthy, empty and clean. Temperature, lOOJ deg. 
 Extracted one. drachm gastric juice, containing more 
 than usual flocculi of mucus. 
 
 f'" At 9 o'clock, he breakfasted on sausage, bread and 
 
 * coffee. 10 o'clock, T^h. 34. Temperature of the stom- 
 ach, lOOf deg., and full of a heterogenous fluid. 12 
 
 '' o'clock, M., returned from a walk. Stomach empty — 
 
 * temperature, 101 deg. and a fraction. Weather clear 
 and pleasant. Th. 39 deg. Wind N. W. and mod- 
 
 4.S 
 
 ^, 
 
 erate. 
 
 u^ ;ii; 
 
 \ > M i ! ■ - ■ * If 
 
 From this, and other experiments, it may be clearly 
 
 inferred, that in the most natural and healthy states of 
 
 the stomach, there are little or no fluids, of any kind, in 
 
 ; the gastric cavity, until excited by aliment or other irri- 
 
 i, tants; and that digestion, under this condition, is the 
 
 ^ most rapidly and perfectly performed. ^_ 
 
 ■ i^*j»a I f^ 
 
 .Experiment 74. 
 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., same day, he dined on raw oysters 
 ^, and bread. 5 o'clock, stomach empty. ? '._ in 
 
 At 6 o'clock, 40 mins., immediately after drinking a 
 - tumbler of water of the temperature of 55 deg., introduc- 
 ed Thermometer — spirit rose very slowly, and did not 
 jv become stationary at the natural temperature until the 
 tube had stoo4 in the stomach for thirty-flve minutes. 
 12 o'clock at night, temperature 99^ deg., after sleeping 
 in bed thee hours. i 
 
 ,«;» 
 
 ■#. 
 
 %: 
 
 *>«•- 
 
KiliiipHpiw 
 
 mmi^mw^^iffglip 
 
 '™ 
 
 Ik'* 
 
 BXPSKIMEVT9 AMD 
 
 " Esrperiment 76. 
 
 Jaw. 27. At 6 o'clck, A. M.— before rising from- his 
 bed— Weather cloudy and dry— calm— Th. 32°— Stom- 
 ach empty, clean and healthy — Temperature 99t|®, spir- 
 it stationary in ten minutes — he swallowed a gill of 
 water at the temperature of 55 deg. wh^:h immediately 
 dilTused itself over the interior of .the stomach, and dis- 
 charged some at the aperture, by the side of the stem of 
 the Thermometer, which had not been withdrawn. 
 The spirit immediately fell to 70 deg., stood at that point 
 one and a half^r twoiininutes ; and then began again 
 very slowly tqi^^j^ Thirty minutes elppsed after tak- 
 ing the water, li|for the spirit regained the 99th degree. 
 Before the end of that time, there was no appearance of 
 watei ill the gastric cavity. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, 30 mins., he ate a full breakfast of /re^/*, 
 hroUed heef^ mostly fat, bread and coffee^ and continued 
 unusually smart exercise, walking for two hours,.tillrhe 
 became fatigued, and perspired freely* 
 . ^t 1 1 o'clock, 30 mins. — Weather clear. Th, 4? deg., 
 Just returned from walking. Stomach contained con- 
 siderable chyme and oil. Aliment about two thirds 
 gone. Temperature, 101 deg. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, 20 mins,^ M. — Stomach nearly empty ; 
 a small portion of the fluid remaining, reduced to a more 
 perfect chymous condition. With less 6il, and that in 
 itiuch finer globules. Appeared tinged with yellow, an^ 
 jtasted bitte»r. r 
 
 At t o'clock, P. M., chyme gone. "Very little oil re^ 
 CDaining, ? ^ ' a 
 
 At IJtiJoioclr,— Weather unchanged. Temperature of 
 ittOKaaoh^ lOli deg^ No chyme to be seen. A few |>ar-^ 
 

 '' OB0IBVATION8* 
 
 J 
 
 «88 
 
 tides of oil still j}einaiiyng, floating on the surface of a 
 small quantity of fluid, exhibiting considerable spiimous 
 froth ajfid mucus. ' 
 
 A circumstance occurred here, not before observed in 
 my experiments, which it may not be unimportant to 
 mention, i. e. — the variations of the temperature obser- 
 ved in moving the Thermometer up or down in the 
 stomach. The spirit in the tube varied proportionally 
 to the length of the stem introduced. When the bulb 
 sank down to the pyloric portion of the stomach, to the 
 depth of six or eight inches, the spirit rose to 101^ deg. 
 when only immersed two or three inches, it would 9tand 
 at lOOi deg. making a difference ofthfep fourths of a 
 degree. These variations were unifortrdly observed at 
 every Thermometrical examination. 
 
 Perhaps the difference of indication of the thermome- 
 ter, may result from a more complete envelopement of 
 the stem in the gastric cavity, at the pyloric examina- 
 tion, and a less one at the splenic. I give the reader 
 possession of the fact, without pretending to account fo^" 
 it, with certainty. 
 
 i' 
 Ejpperiment 76. 
 
 « 
 
 At2 otlock, 30.mins., P. M., same day, he dined on 
 taw oysters vJidi bread. 4 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach 
 not empty. Food about half gone. Small pieces of 
 heart.of'oy8tersr, and pulp of bread, to be seen, floating 
 Jn a thin, pultaceous fluid, quite acrid and sharp— nolnl- 
 l|er taste, or yellow color*.' Temperature 101 1 deg. 
 
 'A striking peculiarity in the movement of the spnrii 
 
 v^,'-^ 
 
itumm^^ 
 
 mmimm^r 
 
 ■XPBRIMBMTa ANP 
 
 rin thfi Thermometer was observed ia this experiment. 
 It rose from about 68 deg. to its stationary po*nt, 100^ 
 deg. in less than five minutes after the bulb was put in- 
 to the stomach. At last examination, 2 o'clock, it was 
 fifteen minutes in making the same range. Sometimes 
 it has been twenty-five or thirty minutes before it be- 
 came stationary, and under no appreciable difference of 
 circumstances. He had been moderately exercising, 
 (walking) immediately before the last examination. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, he returned from walking. Tempera- 
 ture of stomach, 10^ ^ deg. Spirit rose, and became 
 stationary, at that poiint, in less than three minutes — 
 food almost completely chymified, and half gone. Took 
 out one ounce of thick, pultaceous, porridge-like fluid, 
 with some small pieces of the hearts of the oysters, re- 
 duced to a jelly-like appearance — plainly acid — and 
 slightly bitter ; and had the flavor of the oysters. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, 15 mias., stomach empty and clean. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, 30 mins., he ate a full meal of cold, boil- 
 ed beef (considerable fat) and bread, 10 o'clock, 30 
 mins., stomach empty. 
 
 Experiment 77. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, A. M., of the 27th, I mixed one drachm 
 of the clear decoction of coffee with three drachms of 
 fresh gastric juice, with a view to ascertain whether it 
 would destroy the flavor of the coflee. It had no per- 
 ceptible effect. The flavor of coffee remained for ten 
 hours, as distinct as at first. Added half a drachm of 
 loaf sugjar to the mixture, and placed it on the bath. It 
 remained there forty-eight hours: no different effect 
 
 n. 
 
'^mm^mm"^ 
 
 waPpltiifficeiS on ibo Td??w'brtho coffee. It remained 
 the same as at first. ' -^ ** ** 
 
 9 r I; is probablo that the decoction of coiTce, like inany 
 many other artificial drinks, does not admit of diges- 
 tion ; possesses no nutritive principles ; and is carried 
 into the circulatory system without much change. 
 
 
 Experiment 78. >f 
 
 At 1 o'clock, 30 mins. P. M., of the 2rth, I put fifteen 
 grains firm beef cartilage into tlirre^nmlims of gastric 
 juice, and placed on bath. , #k 
 
 ^^ At 10 o'clock, A. M., of the 28lh, tooK out and wiped 
 dry, it weighed six and three fourths grains. 
 
 At 10 o'clock, A. M., of the 29th; it weighed one 
 
 grai^fv . ,. 
 
 When put in, the cartilage was cut into different sized 
 pieces : these retained their original forms till complete- 
 ly dissolved — the largest piece being the last digested. 
 
 ^Experiment J9. 
 
 Jan. 28, At 6 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M. ; before ris- 
 ing-:- Weather clear and dry. Wind S.- W. and light. 
 TH.,36 deg. Stomach empty, clean and healthy. Tem- 
 periature 100 deg, and a fractioii— spirit stationary in 
 five ininutes. No gastric juice could be procured. Ex - 
 tracied 'aboi^t half* ai dradhm of fluids, principally miicus.. 
 *'J ' At 8 o'clock^ 45 mins. — Temperature of the stomach 
 IpdJ deg.,, when Thermometer was put three or four 
 inches only' into the spletilc portion; but rose to 101 
 
 si 
 
 li-Vi» 
 
SaCl»llttMeNTS AND 
 
 deg, wheii the biilb.was let down, eight or nine inches, 
 towards the pyloric extremity. i^ 
 
 : A^ circumstance occurred here; which I had not notic> 
 ed beibre. , On setthng the stem down into the stomachy 
 a strong contraction of the muscular fibres was indica- 
 ted, when the bulb had descended near to the pyloric 
 end, by a sudden and peculiar movement of the tube, 
 communicated to the thumb and finger that guided it, 
 and also felt by St. Martin himself. The stomach ap- 
 peared to contract at that point forcibly, arid grasp the 
 bhlb, giving it a sudden impulse downwards, so much 
 so as to require a quick compression by the thumb and 
 finger to prevent it from slipping suddenly into the py- 
 loric end. This' grasping sensktibn would continue for! 
 half a minute or more, and then appear to relax aga?n. 
 This action occurred every time the bulb passed this 
 point, either up or down. When the bulb was below" 
 this ^int, the spirit rose three fourtlis of a degree ; when 
 raised above, it fell the same. Sometimes the suction 
 motion was stronger than at others, and when the stem 
 was released from the fingers, it would be drawn down 
 towards the pyloric end, its whole length, ten or eleyen 
 inches, occasioning considerable distresr^, vertigo, and a 
 sense of sinking at the scrobiculus cordis. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, he breakfasted as yesterday, and kept 
 quiet, most of the time in a recumbent position, on a 
 couch. »o*"i W »V. 
 
 At 11 o'clock — Aspects of weather same as in the 
 morning. Th. 46 deg. Contents of stomach about two 
 thirda diminished. Temperature, lOOf deg., at threeor 
 four inches deep, and a fraction less than 101^ deg., 
 when sunk to the pyloric extremity, varying proportioni» 
 abljr to the length of the stem introduced. 
 
 ^^A 
 
lipiuiLiniii iiiHp«mpii,«fl|P'i 
 
 ^ OBSKRVATIONi. 
 
 ,1 
 
 'At 12 o'clock, 30 mins., M., stomach nearly empty^ 
 Temperature, 101 deg, , \ 
 
 At 1 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach empty. Tempera- 
 ture, lOOf deg., splenic end — 101^ deg., at pyloric ^d. 
 
 Esperiment 80. 
 
 ,i'i 
 
 At 2 o^clock, P. M., same day, he dined the same as 
 yesterday, on raw oysters and bread. Temperature of 
 stomach, immediately before eating, 101 ^ deg., at pylor- 
 ic extremity — lOOf deg., at splenic end. . . 
 
 At 4 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach half empty. Tem*^ 
 perature 101 J deg., a|,i)yloric extremity — rose quick. 
 Took out on^Mrachln of the chyme. Digestion nearly 
 complete — aAiew particles of bread an^ oysters to be 
 
 ' \ ■ nil'-' 
 
 seen. ■ ^ t 
 
 At 5 o'clock, 30 mills., stomach nearly empty. — Tenaf^ 
 
 perature 101 i deg., pfloric extremity— rose quick. 
 
 ^ At 6 o'clock, stomach still contf^iied alimentarj' fluids 
 
 •^uite acrid and' sharp^* - 
 At 6 o'clock, 40 mitjp., !§t<^mach ^mpty. 
 At 7 o'clock, he -supped on boiled heefand bread. 
 
 n 
 
 Experiment 81. 
 
 ^1- 
 
 Jan. 29. At 6 o'clock, A. M.j before rising — Weather 
 clear and dry. Wind N. K. and brisk. Th. 28 deg. 
 Stomach perfectly healthyj empty and clean. Tempet^J 
 ature 100 deg., at pyloric extremity, and 99 deg. at the 
 other. No gastric secretion. Could not extract t^n 
 drops of either gastric jiiice, mucus or saliva. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, ' 30 tniris.—Stbma'<Jh empty— coats per- 
 
 m^. 
 
 
 ''<u. 
 
mmFT^fwwTfrm^WM 
 
 228 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 ■'t 
 
 1 Sli 
 
 '■^ 
 
 fectly healthy, and free from any appearance of aphlbs, 
 pustules or red dpots. The mucous coat was even and 
 uniform, soft and smooth. Temperature from lOOi deg. 
 to lOOf deg. — rose quick. Extracted three and a half 
 drachms pure gastric juice, containing some flocculi of 
 mucus, but no bile. 
 
 At 9 o'clock) he breakfasted on sausage and breads 
 and kept exercising — walking smartly for two hours. 
 Returned from walking at 11 o'clock^ 30 mins. Stom- 
 ach two thirds empty. Temperaturcj 102 deg. and a 
 fraction, at pyloric end, and 101^ deg. at the^ other — • 
 rose quick. 12 o'clock, 30 mins., M., stomach almost 
 empty. Temperature, 101^ deg. and 100| deg., — rose 
 moderately. 1 o'clock, P. M., stomach e^ipty. 
 
 rih,* 
 
 'U ji^ili 
 
 Ekperiment 82. 
 
 
 ' At 1 o'dock, 30 mins.', P. M., same day, he dined on 
 stewed oysters &nd 6re«fc?, and kept still. 5 o'clock, P. 
 M., stofnach emptyi Extracted three and half drachms 
 pure gastric juice. At 6 o'clock, 45 mins., stomach 
 empty. Temperature 101^ deg. and lOOf deg., — rose 
 moderately. .i^^ixs ^m^u^ /u. ^, i/i-.<. <,u,.ii 
 
 i4M ^^♦* Experiment B^. ' ' * '1^ 
 
 .,, Jan. 30. At 6 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M. — Weather 
 cloudy and damp. Wind N. E. and light. Th. 39 deg. 
 Stomach empty, clean and healthy. Temperature, im- 
 mediately before rising, 99^ deg. and 98f deg. — rose 
 slowly. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, temperature of stomach, lOlJ deg. and 
 lOOf deg. — ^rose quick. Extracted three drachms gas- 
 
 if 
 
 
 ■^ ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 
BnppwiP^ 
 
 f-y^mm. 
 
 m.mm> 
 
 fi WBiBSBlSiMFiMan* 
 
 bile. He hnakieiSteA' on heef'^eakj brecutaxid coffin, 
 V aM b'ateck, etcimcteh afmdst e^jityr *> 'Temj^itttti^ 
 
 Vabe'des^^eflded tow'atds' the pyloric extremity, the stom- 
 ach evidently contracted upon it, and dre^W it forcibly 
 tclown. ' If left free to'its O^^motiOns, the tube would 
 sink* to the pylorus, the whole length of the stem, ten Or 
 elev<^n inches, and ihen'rise again of its own ttccortjl. 
 When drawn above this point of apparent cfdntraction, 
 into the splenic end of the stomach, toi^ards thepistSo- 
 ration, the motion of the bulb was reversed, in ai direc- 
 tion towards the fundus of the stomach, not inclining, 
 however to make its exit at the perforatioa; lut took 
 a sort of irregular motion, revolving the tube from right 
 to left, so as to turn it completely around, in the space 
 of ten or fifteen seconds. This motion was not always 
 presept, nor constantly continuous when present; but 
 interrupted, and. alternate with the appearance of con- 
 traction at the pyloric.end ; anddjstincjtly evident only 
 frojn ^.boutjOEie and a half to three hoiurs, or more, after 
 eatingj^and aji the^time when the cliyme was most rap- 
 pidly leaving the gastric cavity. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, 30 mins., M., he returned from a smart 
 walk — had been.allfthe moining,\ since breakfast, hard 
 at work, wheeling coal, an unusually severe exercise. 
 Temperature, 102® and lOOf® — ^roseqiiick. StothacH 
 'fempty. ^ 
 
 ■h-: 
 
 • ■tu 
 
 ' pi'ii 
 
 Experiment 84. 
 
 '^^n.*li./ A 9 o'cfocfi, 30 mins., A. M.— -To two 
 
 .a»M^ "/ 
 
38Q 
 
 EX1*SIIIMANT8 AMD 
 
 L-*- 
 
 
 drttdims of gastdc juicef I*'piitone ismal], raw oyster j 
 weighing one drachm ; and to^ another two drachms of 
 gastric juice, I addv<;d one drachm of stewed oyster » Set 
 them <^ the bathj afnd Agitated them frequently. 
 
 At 5 o'clock/ 30 minsl, P. M., the residue of the (raw 
 oyster, weighed four grains — that of the stewed weigh- 
 . ed eight and three-fourth grains. Continued them on 
 bath. > 
 
 At 9 o'clock, A. M., of the 30th, the raw oyster was 
 coinpletely dissolved ^|,,not a particle left^ except a trace 
 of: dirty brown sediment, the excrementitious part.^ 
 j^- grfiin only of the he^^t of the stewed oyster was* 
 left, with a trace of the same kind of sediment, ap ir^ the 
 raw one. The flavor of the oysters was retained to the 
 last, and Gvaa the chyraous mass partook of it. 
 
 .>In the article here submitted to the action of the gas*. 
 trie juice, cooking hardens, the fibre, and renders it less 
 susceptible of digestion than the raw. This is what we 
 aY[(Midly a priotij judge^' frohi'the^ known properties of 
 
 this s'olvent. 
 
 ;i'5''« IhxH 
 
 *«**;i, .. .-(.v. jffffHf 
 
 W'- hfi 
 
 Experiment 85. 
 
 ^^^1^. 30. At^O. o'clock, A.M., I put ten. grains of 
 b^^^^jmbeef^t&ngm^s ofrc^Wylean heef^ each piece ^ 
 whole and \xr\^y^^^^y.^^\X^x\.%^^ \ean heeft' 
 
 c%vwf^jgi«^|nt^ t^^fl^ ^^^\^^^^ gptrip j[ui^e^ 
 and placed them on the l)a^,;jf^f^uej|itly. a^it^^Jng^^ 
 usual. • ^ 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M.,of the 31st, examined and weighed 
 them. The iatr piece weighed the same as when first 
 
 II 
 
oBSBitv^'ciaNa* « 
 
 2SI 
 
 putrinv-utha lUanr:»botledrrbpdf woiffhed/^igHlb gr^^-^ 
 ilie chbpp6dyth)reo< grains;! tAdded]t#»*drachn)^/gfi9l'io 
 
 At IQ o^clockv' A. M., Feb. Ist^ balance ofi diopped 
 meat weighed one grain ; ■ 'boiled-pieGe^ five |;rdilt8 ^ r* w, 
 ten grains. ■ » /o 
 
 u4 ill 
 
 erimcni 
 
 
 Jan.^9; At *10 o'<il66V A^M.f'l'ii^ft'tht^'^q^^^^^ 
 parts oi cdbbag^j one part rttW,' atohef iiW?«/, imitW6 
 third, shaved^nc, (raw) arid mdtei^kted in'i^e^iitiieA 
 grains each, itito the three drachms of gastric jiilce, aiid 
 placed them 09 the bath. 
 
 At 5 o'clock, 30*mins., P.M., I took out and pressed 
 dry the respective parcels. They weighed as follows : 
 the shdved, three and three-foin-ths grain^j^. Jhe raw, 
 five and a half grains; the boiled, six an<L a quarter 
 grains, • . ■. , ., . }#« 
 
 At, 10 o'clock, A. M., :;oC the 30tb,,|top^L, pjjt ^an^^^^-, 
 amined— the raw weighed five and a quarter grains^ 
 the shaved, three and a half grains; and the boilea, 
 the same as yesterday evening, six and a quarter grains. 
 I added two drachms gastric juice, and continued them 
 on bath. m, 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M., of the 31st, the raw weighed two 
 grains; the shaved, one and ai half grains; boiled, fiw 
 graiiij. Added one drachm of gastric juice. '* 
 
 Feb. \. Raw, weighed one grain ; shaved, one grainj ^ 
 . boiled, two anda half grains. 
 
 a^ 
 
 rfT* 
 
 
 .■K**.- 
 
ana<7»rc^i»«chk^fc:feiltll« 1>WW8«k •>rf6"^iff«; MrfHf?^ 
 eiioplyO^ if»eftlp«lltttti#^i Itwtta^* aM'lWf aeg}?'<*p?ft 
 
 ofstm^tM bhld f '10 6'^W^, ^^tm^m ^fhptyj " > " - 
 
 K^. ' St'^'mac'^'empty.'aean and lie^^ Tempera: 
 
 td¥l'l6tt'd^\tillW^:^dsem;ife^ :#o fluids 
 111 tne. gastric cavity. Could, obtam , but half a. drachm, 
 he, pecuuar contraction and relaxation Off suction and 
 Msioii mo^pn, were ej^ideptly ex^a^^^fb^ • 
 
 ^H ^f^^^^ r ^^ ^fe® ^th^pi^i^etei;,^ b,^tj, l|Q|, fj^a? ,so 
 
 a minujte jOr two, it gives seyete pain ai^d^i^tressEitthe 
 
 
 ^ (T* ? % r~^§ffi6-^*H-® Qf ?tQ?jiach lp:^Jjdqg.-T7-he 
 tapeaTOsteci on two ap^a Ijalf pui^ces.of 6j^ four 
 
 and alialf ounces ,$'6f£ tigc^t^ W^ coffeq. ■ i . r ,/tjj^ 
 
 ^ .^t 9 clbpk^ ^ juifts. , ^iB lai^,^ hi5Bself 49W^ P?^A^is 
 jiaiiet, ^^ndj[ s^tjtlje T,^9fiT|ionGie^rinto,^is:stoipQ^di, ?a^(| 
 continiied fajthful,ly}a)c^ cpn5;ta^]y^ jto qbf^ry^its^ n^gligj^s 
 and variations, We hour and forty minutes, until ten 
 minutes past eleven, (two hours and ten minutes after 
 
 ■■*i 
 
 
 '% 
 
 
!^i^i^ppHp^iini^i^pRi|ppiqp^|iiii.p> JiuiR^ ''« m 
 
 OB8EBVATION0. 
 
 eating.) At first, the stomach was full to overflowing 
 of heterogeneous fluids, in much commotion, as indicated 
 hy the movement of the aliment, &nd of that part of the 
 stem left out of the aperture, nearly four inches. This 
 commotion continued about half an hour, to ten o'clock. 
 It then seemed to subside ; the general muscular action 
 became less, as indicated by the stem of the thermome- 
 ter, and motion of the fluids, until half after ten o'clock, 
 when a diflerent motion appeared to cominence, indica- 
 ting considerable forcible contraction upon the bulb of 
 the tube, now about. six inches from the aperture towards 
 the pylorus. Ah irregular turning and twisting of the 
 stem, and a simultaneous downward movement, was 
 succeeded by an apparent relaxation and expulsive mo- 
 tion. These alternate motions and appearances contin- 
 ued to recur every two or three minutes — not uniformly, 
 but at irregular intervals. A sense of distress and un- 
 easiness was felt at the point where the bulb lay, every 
 time these contractions recurred, so as to occasion invol- 
 untary manifestations of pain, expressed in the muscular 
 motions of his face. The thermometer did not percep- 
 tibly vary, during all this time, from the usual standard 
 temperature of the interior of the stomach. It was 101^ 
 deg., at the pyloric extremity, and 100^ deg. in the 
 splenic end, and continued so, during the whole time, 
 ranging between these two points, according as it was 
 moved higher or lower in the gastric cavity. At this 
 time, 11 o'clock, 10 mins., Ihe stomach was about half 
 empty — and chymification rapidly advancing. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, 30 mins., M., the stomach was empty 
 and clean. Temperature lOlJ deg. and lOOJ deg. Ex- 
 tracted two and a half drachms gastric juice. 
 
 20^ 
 
 ■V!Uiv ^Ml'-^'i^Up 
 
 'W „"i 'v 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 t 
 
 
 ^l 
 
:r 
 
 23i^' 
 
 EXPSIlilMENT» Alfl> 
 
 Bxperiment 89. 
 
 Feb. I. At 6 o'clock, A..M. — ^before rising — Weatbep 
 clear. Wind N. W. Th. 28 deg. Stomach empty^ 
 clean and healthy. Temperature 100 deg. and 99^ deg. 
 — rose moderately. No gastric juice secreted. 
 
 At 8> o?clock — Weather clear, and growing cold. Th.. . 
 26 deg. Temperature of stomach, immediately before 
 going out, 101 deg. and 100 deg. Returned in 30 mins. 
 Temperatui^ of stomach the same. Extracted four 
 drachms gastrip juice. ^ . 
 
 ^ At 9 o'clock, he breakfasted on hredd^ satisage MiA. 
 coffecy and kept exercising^ 11 o'clock,.30 mins., stomach 
 two-thirds empty. Aspects of weather similar. Th. 29^. ' 
 T^emperature of stomach,. 101^ deg. and 100 J deg. The 
 same appearance of contraction and dilatation, and alter- 
 nate piston motions were distinctly observed at this ex- 
 aminii^ion. 12 o'cld^k, 30 mihs^ 'stomach empty.. 
 
 Experiment 90. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., same day, he dined on potatos- 
 and meat. 9 o'clock, weather clear and pleasant. Wind' 
 N. W. and light. Th. 32 deg. Stomach nearly empty- 
 Temperature 102 deg,^aQ4 IPl^i^f^eg., after walking. 5 
 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach empty. 
 
 
 Experiment 91. 
 
 Feb. 2. At 8 O'clock, 30 mins., St. Martin finished 
 breakfasdng on full meal of two and a half ounces ^'gtf 
 smtsage, seven and a half ounces vrsiTiticombreadf^kn& 
 a pint of cq^cc. Kept gently ejcercising for bn6 bMir,^ 
 
 ,t! 
 
PVWPWnVHini^ 
 
 iwiin I «u»P'iai"Piwi,iuij,«i I loniifl 
 
 OBflER^ATIOlff. 
 
 235 
 
 and then increased hit ezerciae to severe walking, two 
 or three miles, for two hours. Stomach full when he 
 started,'at9 o'clocKp46 mins. > » Mt' 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M., retnmcd from walking. Stomach 
 not '-(dntirely empty.' Oil and bread perceptible. 12 
 o'clock 30 mins., considerable fluid in the stomach, 
 tinjB^lsd with yellow bilo. No distinct particles of food to 
 be distinguished. ' 1 o'clock, P. M., stomach empty and 
 cXeUti, Extracted two drachms pure gastric juice. 
 
 Severe exercise, in this instance, is supposed to have 
 
 I ■ t ( . 5 
 
 retarded digestion, as well ds' the peculiar kjnd of food 
 eaten.,, i . 
 
 ^s(\'V 
 
 .n'-ii»i 
 
 Experiment 92. 
 
 At 1 o'clock, 80 mins., P, M., same day, he dined on 
 four ounces oi fresh, boiled heef (cold) and five ounces 
 bread, and continued walking smartly, for three and a 
 half hours, till 4 o'clock, 45 mins., P. M. Stomach 
 nearly empty. Dinner almost completely chymified, 
 5 p'clock, stomach empty;. ,\ '■ 
 
 ^ EicperiihenV^'i, , 
 
 Feb. 3. At 8 o'clock, 45 mins., extracted four drachms 
 gastric juice. He breakfasted on full meal, two and a 
 half ounces boiled beef, seven and a half ounces bread, 
 and^toiie pil^t !of co^cfi/.^nd? kept perfectly still. 18 
 <i'^loeky,3<|)Lfjninsi,,M^ stomach not empty. 1 o'clocl^' 
 P<.M., stdm^ich eippty and clean. Extracted one and a 
 h*Jf,drafihi?isigastj?ic;iuice,| ;,^ _ . 
 
"TliWr'*^ '^^ii' "W 
 
 336 
 
 EXPERIMENTS ANi> 
 
 This indicates that a complete state of repose is un- 
 favorable to speedy digestion. 
 
 Experiment 94. 
 
 ' At 1 o'clock, 30 mine., P. M., same day, he dined on 
 four ounces freshy boiled heef^ five ounces of hread, and 
 potatoes. 6 o'clock, istomach not entirely empty; but 
 none of the meat remaining. C o'clock, 15 mins., very 
 little of the bread and potatoes to be seen. 6 o'clock, 30 
 mins., stomach empty. 
 
 ,'''■ 
 
 ..^^ f 
 
 Experiment 95. 
 
 Feb. 3. At 12 o'clock, M., I put two equal and entire 
 pieces of parsnip , ten grains each, one boiled, and the 
 other raw ; the same kinds and quantities of carrot ; 
 and the same of potato — into four drachms of gastric 
 juice, and placed them on the bath. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M., on the 4th, the vegetables taken out 
 and wiped or filtered as dry as when put in, shewed the 
 following result : 
 
 The piece of raw parsnip, weighed three grains ; the 
 boiled, one grain. Raw carrot, three and one-fourth 
 grains ; boiled, half a grain. Raw potato, eight and 
 a half grains ; boiled, no entire particle could be dis- , 
 tinguished — a fibrous and farinaceous residuum of six 
 grains remained on the filter. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M., on the 5th, the pieces of parsnip 
 and carrot were almost entirely dissolved, a grain or 
 two of the raw carrot, and fibrous centre of the parsnip, 
 only remaining. About a grain of roughish white fari- 
 
 V 
 
 #■ 
 
't.'' 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 •ill 
 
 nft dt tnenGoilea potato, iemaineai Jpne raw potato 
 wasaHttle softened and^'lVa^t^rolfi^lfi? SuFA^<«b/m 
 weighed the same as at last examination, eight and 
 a half grains. i^' i«*M^\^v>^..l , 
 
 "^irf^is'rfJi lirii^tMtfdn %" '(tie*«^felSft/df 4dh4oV^css 
 kSd jilscditibility bf diVisi^ii'oi^lfed'aAiclis of diet, iKi 
 
 fedy solution by the gastric juicc. The raw potato 
 lincjd i^q»rly,jiji|^ vycight, af^e^^ tj^i^^^ojtjier articles wefp 
 
 dissolved. 
 
 .'i^JfJUl** ll,/ia:lUl«! j^aiiun 
 
 Experiment 96. 
 
 At 3 o'clock, P. M., same day, i look two equal quan- 
 ^§9r two drftphms.each; p//saU¥|j, aeidulatcd taalout 
 U;)j9 !]^a.v<?fl: of gastric juice— onp with v acetic, tlie -oth^r 
 wi^l^ flju^riivti^. i fwift^T-aud; pieilf iut^ieach^ i .two/ pieties ,of 
 p,£^fsnjpi and. two of carrot, one of each boiled, and the 
 ^other raw; ^each weighing ten, grains ; and placed 
 thengtjon thg 'bath. ^f 'i .. ?/< t w,, 
 
 ,/At3Q'aloqk,P. M., ol^,th^ 4th, the carrot in. the sali- 
 va and muriatic acid, had lost nothing— the parsnip, 
 Oj^jytwp grains.'' iln the acetous monstfuura,. bothtkinds 
 pjepiained, th^ sam^, > as. when, put in», .. The, , fluids of 
 |)qUi weifb unaltered in : their sensible, qualitps and ap- 
 pearances. , ,) i>i) ,jiiiiiK< 
 V , After iCCjntinuing them on the bath, With frequent agi- 
 tation, for twenty-four hours longer, the parsnip, in the 
 muriatjcimfinstruumi had^ lost four \ grains— the' carrot 
 ipLOthipg. The parsnip .in the acetic mixture, had lost 
 six grajns, and. the carrqtifour grains, but appeared to 
 have bepn ra^©r maperated;aiiddiflILised, than dissolved 
 or digested. '' 
 
 ■^' 
 
 
 .^rm. 
 
 «^ ■' I 
 
 Mtfi 
 
 AiiiiiiiiiiM^ 
 
296 
 
 EXP&RlMEyTf AND 
 
 I now mixed thorn all together; ond continued them 
 on the bath, for twonty-four hours longer ; at the end 
 of which tiaie, the whole regaining mass' 6f veg^tlaWe 
 matter wtighed twelve grains. The fluid appeared 
 now a little more chymous, and Was rather turbid*. 
 
 'm 
 
 This is an example of a species of solution, performed 
 by chemical agents, having some resemblance to di^^s- 
 tion. It is not at all probable, however that this mix- 
 ture was in a state of preparation for the action of the 
 pancreatic and hepatic fluids ; but if placed in ihe stom- 
 ach, would require the same action of the gastric juice, 
 as other diet would. 
 
 't* 
 
 Experiment 97. 
 
 %-'. 
 
 Feb. 4. At 9 o'clock, A, M., he breakfasted^pn, two 
 and a half ounces of boiled beef, six ounces of 6rea«J and 
 one pint of cojfee. Exercised smartly for thxpe hours. 
 At 12 o'clock, 30 mins., M., chymification completq. 
 Stomach empty. • , 
 
 Experiment 98. 
 
 f^eb. 5. At 9 o'clock, A. M., he breakfasted same as 
 yesterday, and ker '•']. 11 o'clock, stomach nearly 
 full. 12 o'clock' considerable yet in the stomach ; 
 
 oil and bread y to be seen. 12 o'clock, 30 mins., 
 
 contents of sto.^iach not yet gone. 1 o'clock, P. M., 
 stomach almost emptyi 1 o'clbcfi^ 15 mins., stomach ' 
 
 
mi^ipvi 
 
 f^m 
 
 a l>B8BltTlTt0lf#r^^' 
 
 2SSti 
 
 Erperiment 99. 
 
 ^JF^,7,, At 8 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M., I put twecty 
 gtainn. boiled codfish into three drachms gastric juice, and 
 placed, them on the bath. , ; i ? ; t .. ** . ^ 
 
 At 1 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., fish in the gastric juice, 
 on the lyith, was almost dissolved, four grains only re- 
 mjaining— fluid opaque, white, nearly the color of milk. 
 2 o'clock, the fish in the vial, all completely dissolved. 
 
 Erperiment 100. , 
 
 Feb. 7. At 9 o'clock, A. M., breakfasted on boiled 
 codfish and breads Digested in four hours and a half. 
 
 J^xperiment lOL 
 
 Feb. 8. At 10 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M., I put two 
 parcels, ten grains each, of strong cheese, one mastica- 
 ted, arid the other an entire piece, into three drachms 
 gastric juice. At 6 o'clock, P. M., the masticated por-; 
 tion was all completely digested, scarcely a trace left on 
 the filter. The entire piece had lost four and three 
 fourths grains — five and one fourth grains remaining 
 undissolved, and of the same shape as when put in^ 
 having lost its superfices only. This piece continued 
 gradually to diminish, for twenty-four hours, when it . 
 wa^ completely dissolved. ? 
 
 
 -.vv 
 
 ExperimeM \Qi2* 
 Feb. 12. At 1 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., he dined^iik''^ 
 
 ■>e- 
 
 -s^^* 
 

 mutton^ and barlffjt^Sup^iMdL^mA. Digested in three 
 
 , jPeftM;i3., A^ ^ o'clock, 46 .riunf^, P| T^.,)^„6^ on 
 ^#|jd a, quarter .110111%:, I ^,»,f^ ,„f| ^ ivy>nUj ^mm^ t^u 
 
 ■ ^ PF*6. 14v At9\ J0lcfc,>AL M., I tobfc forty grains. mcw- 
 Hcated broikd he^ «fcaAr> divided into i two equal parts 
 —put one into four drttchmsgastricjaicej and the other, 
 »%td ^oui^ drj^chftis* bf !ft finkture of i dilute muHatU)fiXidi 
 'to/«<^ iibidsj rddticbd'wiih waterto theiflavjor of tHe^g^ 
 ' trK^'fliiid/' as^' il^arly ' as practicable^-^three partsdfe the 
 miirlalib ^o one -jitot ^Of th# a^ti(SS> ^Placed them to^lh- 
 eF"^ Ih^ bathv' lr^^o'ol5ckpP.'M:y the mea4; ia^the 
 ® |iitKft-Julce M's^fiiU'OiBsOlx^ed j't^ in the dilute acids, 
 ^^h^eu fllterfed, Mr a t^siduum of nine girains, eff a^^eRy- 
 like dphsisten<i^. ' The fluids, also, differed ihvappi&r-. 
 ance. * That from^ the gastrie juice was opaqu6, and of 
 a' lightish gr^ colorj leposithig a bmwijf sec^im^ll on 
 standing. Thfe othMfWii^tfldO'dpaque,! andlk)f kiseddish 
 tov^^cfloiVbAtas^sitsgdnd^s^imen^ ^m 
 
 This was an attempt to imitate thf| g^tripjmc^.y. It 
 was not satisfactory. Probably the gastric juice con- 
 
 
 m MA 
 
 •i'^ 
 
Qvuuv pipfw fr*im.;'>9.vn ■" ' '.."i 
 
 i>wiii,"(n. w'l^^ymfij'vi "''^■y'l'* 
 
 !W"^ 
 
 cee 
 
 QBpflliyATIOI^S. 
 
 Experiment 105. 
 
 !941 
 
 At the same time of the above experiment, (104) I 
 put the same quantities of pure dry gelcUinCy (ichthyo-* 
 coUa) into exactly similar quantities and kinds of fluids, 
 and placed them all together on the bath. 
 ' lA.t 6 o'clock, R M.) the gelatine in the gastric juice 
 was all -completely dissolved — that in the dilute acids, 
 after being placed on the filter, left a residuum of three 
 grains of a jelly-like substance. These two fluids dif- 
 fered in appearance^ That from the gastric liquor was 
 of an opaque, whitish color, with little fine, brown sedi- 
 ment—that from the acid menstruum was also opaque, 
 but of a reddish brown color, and of a thin, mucilagin- 
 ous consistence, with no sedim.ent. 
 
 ^ One drachm of infusion of nutgalls, added to the gas- 
 tric solution, immediately afibrded a^ rich, cream-like 
 fluid, and slowly precipitated a fine, compact sediment. 
 The same, quantity of 7 Tifusion .of galls, added tp the 
 
 yiother, immediately formed the whole mass into a coarse, 
 brown coagulum. After standing a while, it afforded a 
 large, loo^ep brownish sediment, . and alight colored 
 flui4, which, on. standing, became white F^milk; and 
 
 i the sediment became coiQpact and remained so. 
 
 »The precipitates, after, the addition of the ton. taken 
 out and filtered, weighed as follows— tha^ in the gastric 
 solution, eighteen grains; the other, forty grains^the 
 diflerence of weight being about equal to the quantity 
 of gelatini put in. - - i. 
 
 JBxperitnent 106. 
 
 Feb, 15. At 9 o clock, 45 rnins.^ A. M'» r^ated the 
 21 
 
 ,^^^r: 
 
Ui 
 
 BXPSBXMENT9 ASD 
 
 \&it (105th) experiment) mt\igela(inef and the gastric 
 juice, and dilute acids, in the same proportions. 
 
 At 3 o'clock; 16 in^ns.J P/M.; the gelatine in gastric 
 jiiice, itU dissolved, to' a mere mite — that in acid mix- 
 ture, rieariy so, six grains only, remaining on the filter, 
 of a jelly-like consistence. The fluid of the gastric por- 
 tion had a bluish white color, and the other, yellowish, 
 6r dbout the coloir of dry gelatine. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, the gelatine in the acid menstruum, all 
 dissolvied. fluids of both, nearly similar. 
 
 One drachm infusion of riutgalls, added to each, in- 
 stantly formed loose, lightish colored coagulae in both ; 
 threw down a compact sediment in the gastric solution, 
 and left an opaque, Inilky fluid, ^he coarse coagulie 
 in the aci^ menstruum, continued suspended through^ 
 Qiittjieinass oif fluids, Jfor a long tiiiie," gradually ^ubw 
 siding, j , ^t the end o^' forty eight hours, it had becorhe 
 ,|jreci|)itated tp.th^ bottom into a compact massj'ahd ex^ 
 hibitj^distiqcjt particles of the entirei undissdlved gefla- 
 tinC) ^.i?9<J! with SI dirty white colored, curd-like siib- 
 
 stance. 
 
 hiV^ llumi mi'V 
 
 ■ 
 
 ExptnmeiXt 107-. 
 
 
 1^/ 
 
 Eek. 15. At ■ l/o'6li>^k 30 imiqs., P. M^k he dined . on 
 boiled codfish Bind bread. Digested in four ho^rsLdud a . 
 
 .(»- 
 
 
 Feb. 16. At 1 d'lfocfc, 45 B^rf^, P. M., he dined on 
 mutton soup^ and bread-^6 o'clock stomach empty. Di- 
 
 
 o 
 
 Miiii^MiliiiiiS 
 
iiiiiiyipip ^iiwipii 
 
 npi 
 
 fpPH 
 
 ric 
 ric 
 
 )r- 
 
 *, 
 
 ill 
 
 ^lliliERVIITIOirBC^ 
 
 Mpcrt^nwif too. 
 
 £U3 
 
 'i'»- 
 
 Feb. 19. At 9 o'clock, A. M., I put\twenty grains o!" 
 boiled fat porA:, cut fine, into tbxee drachms of cljBar 
 gastric juice, and the same kind and quantity into three 
 drachms of gastric juice, strongly tinged with yellow 6i7c, 
 with a view to ascertain whether there be any differ- 
 ence in their solvent effects upon fat meats. Placed 
 both on a:i|[illa. At 1 o'clock, P. M., the pork in the 
 gastric juice, tinged with bilej dissolved to less than one 
 grain — that remaining undissolved, in the clear juice, 
 weighed two grains and a hal£ 
 
 -**( 
 
 Experiment 110. 
 
 Feb. 20. At 1 o'clock, 30 mins. P. M., I put three 
 parcels, ten grains each, of boiled codfish, into three sep- 
 arate portions of gastric juice, one pure^ another con- 
 taining bile, and the third, a clear, limpid, slightly acid 
 Jiuid, taken from the stomach after active exercise and 
 profuse perapiration, in more abundant quantity than 
 usual. Placed them all on the bath. 
 
 At 1 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., of the 2lst, I took out 
 and weighed the three parcels of fish. The result was 
 as follows : that in the pure gastric juice weighed two 
 and a half gra:ins'; that in the yellow, three grains ; and 
 the other, six grains. 
 
 This shows that other than oily food is retarded by 
 the admixture of bile in the gastric juice. 
 
 Ih^ii V Experinnent III. r tV^ 
 
 F^. 23. At 9 c^'clock, 45 min&, P. M., I took out 
 
 M., 
 
iw"*»"i" ii->*wiiiiinp mff)fm 
 
 244 
 
 EXPER^l^lli;^! AND 
 
 two parcels, ope drachm each, of gastric juice, one pure, 
 and the other of the clear, limpid fluid, extracted under 
 the circumstances mentioned in the last experiment, and 
 put eight grains of lean beef, finely cut, into each ; and 
 placed them on the bath together. After being treated 
 alike on the bath for six or eight hours, the residuum 
 in the pure gastric juice, weighed three grains. 
 
 Experiment 112. 
 
 . • / 
 
 . Feb. 24. At 9 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M., having ex- 
 tracted gastric juice, containing a large pi^oportion of 
 yellow bile, I put twenty grains of strong cheese, cut . 
 small, into two drachms of it j and the same quantity 
 and kind of cheese, into two drachms of pure gastric^ 
 juice: placed them together on the bath. / 
 
 At 9 o'clock, P. M., residuum in the yellow juice, 
 weighed five grains ; that in the clear juice six grains. 
 Returned them to the bath. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, A. M., of the 26th, the cheese in the yel- 
 low juice, all dissolved ; of that m the clear juice, two 
 
 grains remained. 
 
 <fi:^%y^ 
 
 Experiment 113, 
 
 'i at 
 
 ■-n 
 
 March 26. At 8 o'clock, 15 mins. — Weather clear»v 
 Stomach empty ai^d healthy. Introduced Thermome-( 
 ter (Pool's glass) three fourths the length of its tub%| 
 eight or ten inches, and continued it five mii^utes. Spirt-i 
 it stationary at lOOJ®. ,0 
 
 At 9 o'clock, (Suspended, through the aperture, inta^ 
 tlie stoij^|^,^^9lo^^^UsUi^^g,j,fo]^.g^^^ 
 
^'wr 
 
 "^wimntmy 
 
 m 
 
 'Experiment 11 
 March 
 
 clear of food, *JiAp^kt^tC*^ 
 
 ^^.t&M the gastric juice, as nearlYUHiJig^^Sfte 
 three drachms ; dilute ticetou^ aci^, to about the rame 
 flavor, one drachm— mixed them together,,and. pat in- 
 to this mixture, one.ttWi^«rfr«iKfiBd s^coA:, cut fine ; 
 and the same quantity and kind i^J^^^JS^ 
 
 H»f*iiottra anMTtiwiwj uaam— ^— -, 
 iiot di«KAved } ,bi%had lost its 
 
 ■■M- 
 
 h^ 
 
Ektiiimmsmm--mKiy 
 
 first put i«rdl*llilmii!^^ 
 
 that in the gastric juigs. 
 
 cHi|ti^tio£fltb»'M|dYh]iii|tcire hiftl become <iiearlff«di^i^bi^ 
 
 m^&^^mt^k^f thejelly^yke ,inase,^o abupdai^^ 
 
 a dark brown sediment on standings that from iMtMm' 
 iiaeii«tniiira^r|wasrh1^o€|{aq«r, of^reddish^'brawn' ^olor,. 
 b«iikid^pesitcd,ii0isq(idine^t$>ttr// yi4in^;j> x* lewaw 
 Two drachms of the infusion eC nutgall^ adddd^toi^ 
 t^eegaisUi^ ^portion, thivelvv dowtn) at fine^ qreddisU Ibrdirn 
 piOGai^te^ andfiaffordidiai^'opat^^ flittd} of ilinii1aT«ool« 
 cm ft^iwo^drachmsiof tbe^lififusion^i i ^ddedt' t(y the fSdic^ 
 ml^twtei t|irew ]dq^wn a i more? i copious |>recipitate^n aiid^ 
 left a clearer and/4buiike(i^#uid^lofLavjl'6llow|Eih ocHo^^andi 
 
 ; Experiment llff. jiii)fji 
 
 ^^cSl^dS'kyodki^pfi^led'^bt^^ 
 
 of Labarraque, was added to*UM*hlittl6fM^lt^ 
 
 ♦uot^flidii imicfirfks: ybljsw isl fedj^tsrsiimi (fei^ htm 
 
 m 
 
 >^' I. 
 
 J V 
 
 ai*e1( 
 
 W'i^' 
 
 t'^w' 
 
w^m 
 
 lipiWWH' .'Jii 
 
 ilpiiJli I . IJiilli! 
 
 a ^fSIIV^TIONl.4 .1 
 
 en 
 
 .•>^.tn' '";i - ftl fli Ji' •" 
 
 »£i5n^ftiflllowmg»MicropQDpy?f exacDinatians, \yQr© made 
 
 itith Jon^s^ compound Mk^oscope^ iii presence of Profes- 
 
 tbr^Dufig'lisoh and of Captain H.^Stnith, of the Army* 
 
 TWy kfford, however, ver^'' ISttli' it^foi^sitioh on the 
 
 . l.j Pure, gastric juieey ^UKhil\ited the appearance of 
 water, except tha*; there were perceptible, a) very few^ 
 mintut^: gloJJdlesuf £ "k* acnfuHtu .1] > < . i ' I < i' 
 !. JI. tlThe chymous product of thie geistrif juice, and 
 unmastiedtedy {e<m 6e^, ^exhit^ globules pf^'^a^ous 
 i^i^es, resembling those, of! blood, having a trans|i^rent 
 <Sei(itr^,randjiopa^ue)m^igin,i<witlv varicfu^vecj} ^efilak 
 ment^ of . appardntty uhd%esfced fibrine. b « rt^i 
 
 III. Product of gastric juice and albumeif^-^eTh\hiied 
 appearances resembling, considerably, those presented 
 by the gastric juice alone-.-no distipct globular arrange- 
 
 exhSbite4*^tisiderabie naoie pakicles,^ and *a ^greater 
 1Su^)elf(lr^obulfes. 
 
 ^^^/'ilie^teduct of the same |cind of aliment, (fowl 
 Wt^)! macerated in water, exhibited numerous; 
 
 '-^K^^. 
 
 '^Mnii^M^' 
 
 ;iil,ii*.;'% 
 
fjlhdifbolted particles, with few gilobules ;— the glbl^^ 
 xldr so iregularly formed, as 'in the foregoing ^experi- 
 ments. 
 
 VII. Product of gastric juice and soupy made fiom 
 ' fresh b^ft exhibited globules extremely numerous, and 
 
 distinctly form^^,fa<?if^(i5Hf |»g*>ir of the pre- 
 (bdii^g experiments — and a few particles of meat* 
 
 VIII. Impure gastric jutce^ or that with an admiX" 
 ture of green bilBj when taken from the stomach, ex- 
 hibited numerous f^ESlrimsiF!>1IPi'99)1^^t^ few globules.' 
 
 IX. Chyme, artificiallp farmed from pork and breadf 
 exhibited numerous § lobules- of different sizes, appa- 
 
 tenths oily. .^ t^ 
 
 'S^iOKynw^'pfMUfof gastric juice and /a/ jpor^, 
 femaMUKeMomaek^ea^^ 
 
 ^I. |Fw pw, macerated in pure water, P[5g^tflj^ 
 appeariinces of globules precisely similar to tl^80 m 
 
 ti 
 
 . -• -k • - 
 
 'Ttfettj 
 
wppppnpwpp^fniwwu'^ipppp 
 
 ■MM 111 
 
 ^ I 
 
 9 
 
 
 EXPERIMENTS, &C. 
 
 
 FOtTRTH SERIES. 
 
 •Kfi' 
 
 Plattsburgh, N. Y. 1833, 
 
 The following Gastric Experiments, and Examina- 
 lions of the stomach, have been made since the manu- 
 script of the previous part of this work was prepared for ' 
 
 the press. 
 
 ■ . kj'jiq .... 
 
 EXAMINATIONS OP THE TEMPERATURE AND Al^PEAR- ' 
 ANCE OP THE INTERIOR OP THE STOMACH. 
 
 I. July 9. 6 o'clock, A. M. Weather cloudy and 
 damp. Wind W., light. Stomach empty and clean. 
 Introduced glass thermometer, at the aperture, bulb nine 
 inches down towards the pylorus — temperature 100^, 
 Fahrenheit, before rising from his bed. 
 
 II. My 10. 6 o'clock, A. M. Weather clear. 
 Wind W., brisk. Th. 63 deg. Stomach emr' ' and 
 clean. Temperature 100 deg. before rising. 9 o'clock, 
 P. M. Weather clear and calm. Th. 75 deg. Stom- 
 ach empty. Temperature 101 deg. after moderate ex- 
 ercise in open air. 
 
26G 
 
 EXPiaiMEMTt ' JiNO 
 
 %hIIL Julff ' IL « ! 6-? o'clock^' A. M. Weather cloudy. 
 Wind N. E., brisk. Th. 66 .deg. Stomach empty and 
 clean. - Temperature 100 deg. before rising. 8 o?felock, 
 30* mins. Weather clear and dry. Wind S., brisk. 
 Temperature of stomach 101 deg. after exercise. '9 
 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M. Weather hazy. Wind S. W., 
 light. Th. 75 deg. Temperature 101 deg. 
 
 *^Vf. My 12. 6 o'clock, A. M. Weather clear. 
 Wind W., brisk. Th. 70deg. Stomach empty. Tein- 
 peratUre 100^ deg. after going out into the open air. 9 
 o'clock, P. M. Weather clear. Wind W., light. Th. 
 ^6 deg. Temperature 101 1 deg. Stomach empty. 
 
 ,^ V. JulyA.2. 5 o'clock, 30 mihs., A. M., Weather 
 clear, serene and calm. Thermometer 69*^. Stomach 
 empty, healthy and clean. Temperature 99^*=*, before 
 rising from hia bed. 6 o'clock, 30 mins. Weather 
 same as at last examination. Stomach empty. Tem- 
 perature 100|^, after rising and and walking in the open 
 air, twenty or thirty minutes. 6 o'clock, 45 mins.. 
 Returnad from a smart walk, exercising so as to pro- 
 duce gentle perspii^ation. Temperature lOOf^. 
 
 VI. July 14. 5 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M. Weather 
 variable — heavy thunder shower, during the night. 
 sWind S., moderate. Th. 75o. Stomach empty. Tem- 
 perature 100=* on rising from bed — lOOf ° after walking 
 out into, the open air, and immediately back. 9 o'clock, 
 P.M. Weather rainy — atmosphere oppressive. Th.,799. 
 Wind is., light. Temperature of stomach 102c>. St. 
 Martin has been in the woods all day, picking whortle- 
 berries, and has eaten no other food since 7 in the morn- 
 ing, till 8 ia the evening. Stomach* full of berries. find 
 chymifying aliment, frothing and foaming like ferment- 
 
mmmm^^ ""■■ ' ■ ■ ^w^* '^' " "'"' 
 
 i ■' 
 
 0B8EETATI0N8*ffll 
 
 261 
 
 ing be«r or cider — ap^)ear8 to have been drinking liqudlf 
 too freely. 
 
 VII. Julf/ 15. 5 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M. Weather 
 clear. Wind W., light-—air damp — ground wet. ' Th. 
 74*'. Stomach empty. Temperature iOO°, before ri- 
 sing. 7 o'clock, Sir mins. Weather, wind, 6cc. same 
 as at last examination. Th. 74. ®. Stomach empty. 
 Temperature 102*^, immediately after smart exercise. 
 I o'clock, 30 mins., P. M. Weather clear and pleasant, 
 since 8 o'clock, (till within fifteen minutes, in which 
 interim, has fallen a light shower of rain.) Wind W., 
 light. Th. 74^. Stomach empty. Temperature lOO^*' 
 — has been at manual exercise for four hours. 9 o'clock, 
 P. M.— Weather and wind, same. Th. 72«'. Tem- 
 perature lOlf ^. Stomach full of chymous fluid, oil, 
 and pulp of bread arid cakes, eaten for**supper, two 
 hours previous to examinatiort ♦ 
 
 VIII. Julij 16. 7 o'clock, 30 mins, A. M. Weather 
 Cloudy. Wind W., light. Th. 73<'. Stomach empty. 
 Temperature 101®, after rising and before exercising. 
 9 o'clock, P. Ml Weather cloudy, damp antf chilly? 
 Th. 70*=*. Temperature 101i«>. 
 
 i 1LX.' July' 2S, 9 o'clock, A.M. Weather clear. Wmd 
 -N.; W., brisk. Th* 66®. Stomach empty — not healthy 
 ^-iiflome erythema and aphthous patches on the mucous 
 surface. St. Martin has been drinking ardent spirits, 
 pretty freely, for eight or ten days past— complains of 
 n6 pain, nor shows symptoms of any general indispo- 
 sition-^says he feels well and has a good appetite. 
 ' X: August i. 8 o'clock, A. M. Examined stomach 
 befbre efating any thing^ — inner memhrafie ihorbid-^ofi- 
 fliderdbl^' erythema and some aphthous patches on the 
 ^pdsed surface— secretions vitiated^-extracted about 
 
BXVSRlMlim AMD 
 
 ^\{ an ounce of gastric juice^not clear and fnlre tiH 
 in health — quite viscidi 
 
 XI. Auguat 2. 8 o'clock) A. Mt Circumstances and 
 appearances very similar to those of yesterday morn- 
 ing. .Extracted one ounce of gastric fluidb —consisting 
 of unusual proportions of vitiated mucus, saliva, and 
 some bile, tinged slightly with bloody appekrii/ig to exude 
 from the surface of the erythema) and aphthous patch- 
 es, which were tenderer and more irritable than usual. 
 St. Martin complains of no sense of pain, symptotns of 
 indisposition, or even of impaired appetite. Tempera- 
 ture of stomach lOl**. 
 
 XII. August 3. 7 o'clock,' A. M» Inner menitJrane 
 of stomach* unufually morbid— thef erythematoiis ap- 
 pearance more exti^hsive^ and spots more liVid than 
 usual; from the surface of which, exuded small drbps 
 of grumous bl(»od— ^-the aphthous patches larger arid 
 
 ^ more numerous— 4he mucous covering, thicker than 
 common, and the gastric secretions much more vitiated. 
 The gastric fluids extracted this morning wiere mixed ' 
 with a large proportion of thick ropy mudus, and coh- 
 siderable mujjo^urulent matte*, slightly tirt^ed 'with 
 blood, resembling tha discharge from thfe boW^ls'ln' 
 some cases of chronic dysentery. Notwithistaiidmg thii^ 
 disease^ appearance of the stomach, no (very essential 
 aberration of its functions Was manifested. St./Martin <iom- 
 plainsof no symptoms indicating any genetal'd^range- 
 ment of theclrfBtem, except an uneasy i^hsation arid-a ten- 
 d^tness at the pit of the btomsachl audkime vertige^ With 
 dimness and yellowness of vision, onstodpiiig dbWh iM 
 
 tongue, and his countenance is 4Mther'akllb#Mp!tdse 
 
 ■i, ■$!* ■ 
 
 
»r 
 
 f'l"« w 
 
 M V^Wi*'l ■ WW" 
 
 ''^11^ 
 
 
 f . 
 
 rt>OB8ERVATION&iC . 
 
 263 
 
 uniform and regular ; appetite good; rest quietly, an# ' 
 sleeps as well as usual. 
 
 ;, XIII. August A. 8 o'clock, A. M., stomach empty ; 
 less of those aphthous patches than yesterday ; erythem- 
 atous appearance more extensively difl'used over the in- 
 ner coats, and the surface inclined to bleed ; secretions ' 
 vitiated. Extracted about an ounce of gastric fluids, f 
 consisting of ropy mucus, some bile, and less of the r 
 muco-purulent matter, than yesterday ; 11a vor peculi- 
 arly foetid and c a3reeable; alkalescent and insipid; 
 no perceptible acid ; appetite good ; rests well, and no 
 indications of general disease or indisposition. 
 
 XIV. August 5. 8 o'clock, A. M.,» stomach empty ; 
 coats lest morbid than yesterday ; s^hthous patches 
 mostly disappeared ; mucous surface more uniform, soft, , 
 and nearly of the natural, healthy color ; secretion*^ y 
 less vitiated. Extracted two ounces gastric juice, more y 
 clear and pure, than that taken for four or five days last 
 past, and slightly acid ; but containing a larger propor- 
 tion of mucus, and more opaque than usual, in a heal- ' 
 thy condition. 
 
 XV. August 6. 8 o'clock, A. M., stomach empty- 
 coats clean and healthy as usual ; secretions less vitia- 
 ted. Extracted two ounces gastric juice, of more natu- 
 ral and healthy appearance, with the usual gastric acid 
 flavor ; complains of no uneasy sensations, or the slight- 
 est symptom of indisposition ; says he feels perfectly 
 wall, and has a voracious appetite ; but not permitted to 
 indulge it to satiety. — He has been restricted from full, 
 and confinjsd to low diet, and simple, diluent drinks, 
 for the last few days, and has not been allowed to taste 
 of any stimulating liquors, or to indulge in excesses of 
 any kind. 
 
 ftiii 
 
 i 1 
 
 22 
 
 ".'"FT'j'.'T 
 
 ".'■•.ji 'irv.^iKfS t.f'.'.^.V'i 
 
 m 
 
2S4 
 
 •€ 
 
 » •• 
 
 BXPERXMBNT8 AND 
 
 f#^ 
 
 IDiseacod nppoarancos, similar to those montionod 
 above, havo frequently presented themselves, in the 
 course of my experiments and examinations, as the 
 
 • reader will have perceived. They have generally, but 
 not always, succeeded to some appreciable cause. Im- 
 proper indulgence in eating and drinking, has been the 
 most common precursor of these diseased conditions of 
 the coats of the stomach. The free use of ardent spirits, 
 wine, beer, or any intoxicating liquor, when continued 
 for some days,, has invariably produced these morbid 
 changes. Eating voraciously, or to excess ; swallow- 
 
 fVing food coarsely masticated, or too fast : the introduc- 
 ^tion of solid pieffi^of meat, suspended by cords, into 
 
 i the stomach ; or of muslin bags of aliment, secured in 
 tho same way ; almost invariably produce similar ef- 
 fects, if repealed a number of limes in close .succes- 
 sion. 
 
 These morbid changes and conditions are, however, 
 seldom indicated by any ordinary symptoms, or partiCf^ 
 ular sensations described or complained of, unless when 
 in considerable excess, or When there have been cor- 
 resi)onding symptoms of a general affectioh of the sys- 
 ^lem. They could not, in fact, in most cases, 'h&V6 been 
 anticipated from any external symptonos) and their ex- 
 istence was only ascertained by actual, occular ae« 
 tnonstratiou* im ^ 
 
 It is interesting to observe to what extent the stomach, 
 perhaps the most important organ 6f the ttnirndf rjw- 
 tem, may become diseased, without mariifesting any* 
 
 J # 
 
w 
 
 «Jt>BSBllVATIONS. 
 
 m 
 
 ^xtefftal tymptoms of such disease, or any ovident 
 signs of functional aberration. Vitiated secretions may 
 also take place, and continue for some time, witliout 
 afTocting the health, in any aensiblo (Jiogroe. 
 
 Uxtensivo active or chronic disease may exilt in the 
 membranous tissues of the stomach nnd bowels, more 
 frequently than has boon genenerally believed ; and it 
 is possible that there are good grounds for {he opinion 
 advanced by a celebrated teacher of medicine, thrit 
 most febrile complaints nro the oilbcts . gastric and 
 enteric inflammations. In the case of the subject of 
 these experiments, inflammation certainly does exist, ^ 
 to a considerable extent, even in tk% apparmt state of 
 health — greater than could have been believed to com- 
 port with the due operations of the gastric functions. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS, &c. 
 Experiment 1. 
 
 *il 
 
 September 18. At 8 o'clock, 46 mius., St. Martin 
 breakfasted on four ounces of /rosA salmon trout jfried^ 
 three ounces otbread^ and drank half a pint of water. The 
 coatt of the stomach were not' perfectly healthy ; some 
 aphthous patches and dark red spots to be seen on the 
 raticous surface ; gaatrio juice slightly viscid ; acid taste 
 distinctly perceptible. At 10 o'clock, 15 mins., stomach 
 notify empty. Breakfoft qpmplctoly chymiftedand 
 
256 
 
 EXPEaiMEN'Ts 'and 
 
 ^one ; nothing but a little gastric juice and flcx^uli 'of 
 mucus, remaining in th6 stomach. 
 
 ■^.iifcSSi -^ 
 
 j^_u 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 Experiment 2. 
 
 ^'ep/. 18. At 2 o'clock, P. M., he dined on six ounces 
 of boiledf fresh, salmon trout, three ounces of bread, 
 and a potato, and drank half a pint of water. Con- 
 tinued at work, sawing and splitting wood. He had 
 eaten nothing from the time he took his breakfast ; had 
 been hard at work all the time ; looked, and said he felt 
 iilquite fatigued. ^ 
 
 \y At 3 o'clock, 40 mins.,' stomach about half full of a 
 *|,nearly homogeneous semi-fluid, of a rich milk or cream 
 color, and about the consistence of fine corn-meal gruel 
 —a few small particles of the fish, and some of the 
 potato, could be distinguished. 4 o'clock, 15 mins.; 
 V stomach empty and clean. ; 
 
 .-*- 
 
 '•*:)l»*t 
 
 :* 
 
 Experiment 3. 
 
 Sept. 20. At 1 o'clock, 15 mins., P. M., he dined on 
 three ounces fat pork, and one pint of corn and 6eaws, 
 (green,) two ounces of 6r<?arf, and half a f'nt oi water ; 
 
 ^ and kept Exercising. Digested in three hou^s and three 
 
 ^quarters. 
 
 Experiment 4. 
 
 Sept. 21. At 8 o'clock, A. M., he breakfasted on eight 
 ounces of beef *s liver, broiled, two biincea of bread, 
 and drank half a pint of water. Continued u^ual 
 
 %.■ 
 
 
OB8ERYA.TIPI78. 
 
 287 
 
 exercise. 9 o^clock, 30 mins., stomach full of partially 
 chymified food, considerable oil, (melted butter,) float- 
 ing on the surface ; black pepper mingled with it, and 
 emitting a strong aromatic odor of the spice. 10 o'clock, 
 30 mins., stomach empty and clean. Extracted two 
 drachms of gastric juice. 
 
 Experiment 5. 
 
 ' At 1 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., same day, St. Martin 
 dined on one pint of, rich beef and vegetable soup, made 
 of the joint, marrow bone and muscle of the leg of an 
 ox, three ounces of bread, and continued moderate ex- 
 ercise. 3 o'clock, 15 mins., stomach nearly full of 
 thick, greyish-white, porridge-like semi-fluid, with a 
 thick pellicle of oil floating on the surface. 4 o'clock, 
 P.M., stomach empty. ^ 
 
 %, 
 
 Experiment 6. 
 
 iSept. 30. At 7 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M^, he break-^ 
 lasted on bread and milk, and continued his usual exer- 
 cise. 8 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach nearly full of milky 
 fluid, pulp of bread and coagulee. 9 o'clock, contents 
 of stomach considerably diminished since lat^ examin- 
 ation — took out a portion, nearly chymified ; very little 
 flne coagulffi perceptible ; bread in small particbs, redu- 
 ced to a greyish, soft pulp ; the menstruum of a whitish, 
 whey-color and consistence. 9 o'clock, 30 mins., chymi- 
 flc^tion coniplete. Stomach empty and clean. 
 
 The portion ta)tea*QUt.of the stomach, at 9 o'clock, 
 into a vial a^d continued in the axilla, till 12 o'clock, M. 
 22* 
 
 .^:- 
 
 * 
 
 
 ■'«••*? 
 
 
 i*^ 
 
EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 • I 
 
 Was almost completely chymified ; small pulpous par- 
 ticles of bread only discernible ; the fluid of a rich 
 whey, or gruel color and consistence; a little lodse, light 
 colored sediment fell to the bottom, on standing. 
 
 . ' ' 4 
 
 Experiment 7. ^ if 
 
 Oct. I. At 1 o'cl()ck,'30 mins., P. M., St. Martm dined 
 on boiledj fresh, lean beef, potatoes and bread, and con 
 tinned his usual exercise. 4 o'clock, 15 min^., sibmacl 
 empty. . 
 
 • - 
 
 Experiment 8. . 
 
 Oct. 2. At 1 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., he dined on same 
 kind of food as yesterday, lean, boiled beef, potatoes 
 and bread, dressed with a liberal quantity of strcmg 
 mustard, and vinegar, and continucKi th^ same di&ircise. 
 3 q?clock, 30 mins., stomach nearly Ml of heterogeneous 
 mixture. 4 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach stul contains 
 chyme and some undissolved food pfliiids* taste and 
 smell quite strongly of the niustard^^^ complains of more 
 smarting at the edges of the apettur6, Uian usual ; somo 
 slight morbid appearance on the mucous surface. 5 
 o'clock, stomach empty. 
 
 These two last experiineut^ were made under almost 
 exactly similar conditions of the stomach, with a view 
 to notide the efie(!ts of this 'kind of ^tinmlating condi- 
 metit. The resull was, that it appatently retarded the 
 proci^ss of digestion ; bo other apprecial>le cause exited 
 for this differendifr of tesulf: The'j^maeh ipresentedk^e 
 usiial healthy appearance immediately pi^tidus to the 
 ingestion of the meal. Nothing occurred to interfere 
 
 #^ 
 
>x 
 
 •^ 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 m9 
 
 with, or interrupt. the digestive functions. The slight 
 
 'morbid appearance on the mucous surface, towards the 
 
 ^lose of chymification, I conceive to have been more the 
 
 effect of the over jexci ^ment of the mustard than any 
 
 other cause. 
 
 It would seem then, that stimulating condiments, in- 
 stead of being used with impunity, are actually prejudi- 
 cial- to the he£^lthy stomach. They can only be requir- 
 ed, and taken with benefit, when the gastric apparatus 
 is languid and relaxed, and requires stimulants to excite 
 the tone and action of its vascular tissues. 
 
 ■*■ 
 
 • ■(•"'■ 
 
 '^'':^ ' Experiment^, "tf ', ; 
 
 /»(t-?l ■■ ' '-■',■ ,' 
 
 ^^»;IOc^ 3.^ At 2 o'clock, 35 mins., P. M., St. Martin ate 
 
 riii^^ouncei* of raw, ripe, sour apples. 3 o'clock, 30 
 
 ixfli]piBt«^Qmach full of fluid and pulp of apples ; quite 
 
 acffaf ffilji irritating thetcdges of the aperture, as is al- 
 
 •^-aysth^tease wh^i^ie edts acej3<itent fruits or vegettikles. 
 
 4 o'db^kJ%t<4na<jli.iiQt ^nijfty ; eototents more sharp and 
 
 >'acrid;' pl^^t*|tf*ap|)tfii'Wiil *to be seen. 4 o'clock, 40 
 
 ftains., SoiAacli fjiiaAty'f mcXbid appearance of the gastric 
 
 ■^^isurface considemwy ihcreased. 
 
 
 i. 
 
 Experiment 10. 
 
 * Oct»7. At 8 o'clock, A. M., he breakfasted on bean 
 
 soifp^Mmade with fresh beef and bread. Digested in 
 
 .three hours. And at 2 o'clock, P. M., he dined on the 
 
 '*ifllRine^ which was digested in three, and a quarter hours. 
 
 ^fij ',* -• 
 
 ''n-n*im wi 
 
 ^yj^.s .jiiiiiUii^y. XtkH/' ini W 
 
 .% 
 
 )Mf^- 
 
 L#7 
 
 .i^.. 
 
 feSili 
 
m^ 
 
 260 
 
 • I. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 Experiment 11.^ 
 
 «« 
 
 Oct. 10. At 8 o»clock, A. M. Weather fair. Wind 
 W., light. Th. 61 deg. Stomach empty and healthy! 
 Temperature 101 deg., after moderate exercise. Break- 
 fasted on baked potatoes and bread. 10 o'clock, stomach 
 nearly empty ; a little chymous fluid to be seen ; quit# 
 acrid. Temperature 101 J deg., after usual exejrcise. 
 10 o'clock, 45 mins., stomach empty. Temperature 
 lOli deg. • , 
 
 Experiment 12. * 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., same day. Weather hazy. Wind 
 S., moderate. Th. 61 deg. Stomach empty and heal- 
 thy. Temperature lOlf deg., after exercise. Di^eipn** 
 roast beef, bread, potatoes and boiled cabbage, ,4 o'clock, f- 
 wind S. W., brisk — raining. Th. 61 deg^ St6i||ftite}ialf ; 
 full of heterogeneous mass of acrid^uid, oil: beef and 
 caBbage. Temperature 10^ deg.* ^had bej(h smartly 
 exercising for two hours. ^ o'ojqpk, 30,n4p«i^,wind and' 
 weather same as at 4 o'clo^rk. Th. 63 fieg. Stomach ' 
 empty. Temperature 102. Exercise continued mode- 
 rately till this examination. 
 
 t 
 
 ; In this experiment, the temperature of the stomach ' 
 rdse to 103 deg., one degree higher than I haye ever 
 before observed it to rise ; and chymification was pro- ; 
 tracted. ,J 
 
 ^Yhether these two circumstances were occasioned by i 
 uhukualiy increased exercise, ^nd the consequ^t fatigiier 
 of the system, or from the naturil of^the aliment €^9^n, 
 and the unusual fulness of the meal, I am not iable 
 
 
 
 jm 
 
 ii liiiiiifiliiiiiii li 
 
w^f^ff^m^m 
 
 *^ 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 ■m 
 
 positively to say; but am inclined to think, from previ- 
 ous observations, that they are attributable to the latter — 
 as the usual morbid appearances, consequent on too full 
 alimentation, followed this meal in the course of twen- 
 ty-four or thirty-six hours — as may be seen by the two 
 aubsequent experiments. 
 
 
 mv 
 &?*- 
 
 Experiment 13. 
 
 Oct. 11. 7 o'clock, 30 niins., A. M. Weather fair. 
 Wind N. W., brisk. Th. 32 deg. Stomach empty. 
 Temperature 100 J deg., after moderate exercise in open 
 air. 8 o'clock, 45 mins., wind and weather, same. Th. 
 38. Stomach empty. Temperature 102 deg. — had 
 been smartly exercising, shovelling dirt, for an hour or 
 more, and was quite warm. Breakfasted on stewed veal 
 and bread. 11 o'clock, stomach not empty. Tempera- 
 tute 102 deg. — continues exercise, 12 o'clock, stomach 
 contams a very little chymous fluid, and a trace of the 
 muscular fibres of the veal. 12 o'clock, 30 mins., stom- 
 ach empty. 
 
 SI- 
 
 Experiment 14. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, P. M., same day, he dined on /rierf veal 
 and bread, and continued moderate exercise. 6 o'clock,j 
 30 mins., stomach empty. Temperature 101 f deg. Somei 
 morbid appearance on the mucous surface. 
 
 At 8 o'clock, 30 mins.j weather fair and calm. Th,,. 
 3Gdeg. Stbnikdh empty; slightly morbid, with few^ 
 aphthous spots. ' Temperature lOlJ^ deg* ; ^^^ ^e^ 
 still and quiet for three or four hours. 
 
 
 •m. 
 
 '.t-! ,]!»«!«■. 3? ^■ .mi '-.fjire:,- 
 
 ■'t, 
 
 
 
.' *-7<firT"' >f«'T«T ^''i-^iT • 
 
 Usa 
 
 eXPCKIMEN^ AND 
 
 EX 
 
 Experiment 15. 
 
 f*.-n»»; 
 
 
 LSfc-! 
 
 Oc/. 12. At 7 o'clock, 30 mins., A. M. Weather 
 hazf . Wind S., light. Th. 36 deg. Stomach empty 
 — coats not entirely healthy — some erythema and aph- 
 thous patches. Temperature 101 deg., after usual 
 morning exercise. 8 o'clock — circumstances same as at 
 last examination. Temperature 101 deg. Breakfasted 
 on fresh beef fried drt/j and bread. 10 o'clock, stomach 
 full of fluids ; particles of beef, bread and oil, distinctly 
 to be seen. Temperature 1 01 deg. 12 o'clock, stomach 
 empty. 
 
 Experiment 16. 
 
 Oct. 13. At 7 o'clock, A. M. Weather rainy. Wind 
 N. E., brisk. Th. 42 deg. Stomach empty. Temper- 
 ature 101 aeg., after morning exercise. 9 o'clock, tem- 
 perature same. Breakfasted on old, salted porkj fat and 
 lean together, (fried) four ounces of bread, and the yolks 
 of six eggs, fried hard with the pork. 11 o'clock, con- 
 tents of the stomach heterogeneous ; distinct particles of 
 lean pork, egg and oil to be seen ; fluid sharp and acrid. 
 Temperature 101 deg. 12 o'clock, M., oil and egg still 
 to be seen, floating in a milky, chymous fluid ; the oil, 
 or lard on the surface, and the egg, in firm coagulee, dif- 
 fused through the fluid. Temperature 101*> deg. 1 
 b^clock, 16 mins., P. M., stomach empty and clean. 
 Temperature 101 deg. — was quiet and inactive during 
 this experiment. 
 
 Experiment 17. 
 At 2 o'clock, 20 mins., P. M., same day, St. Martin 
 
 ^W'' 
 
 ■*■ -it 'l - 
 
 
mm 
 
 HillP'^^f^'^WPPil 
 
 0B8£BVATI0N8.^ f 
 
 263 
 
 dined on six ounces of the spinal marrow of an ox, 
 steamHxx)ked, and seasoned with a little buiterj tinegarf 
 salt and pepper j and three ounces of bread. 4 o'clock, 
 P. M., contents of stomach a perfectly milk-white, semi- 
 fluid pulp. Temperature 102 deg. 5 o'clock, 10 mins., 
 stomach empty and clean. 
 
 Experiment 18. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, P. M., he ate a full meal of boiled rice, 
 simply cooked in water, and seasoned with a little salt. 
 7 o'clock, stomach empty and clean ; not a vestige of 
 the rice to be seen. 
 
 Experiment 19. 
 
 Oct. 14. At ^ o'clock, A. M., he breakfasted on the 
 albumen of six eggs, fried hard, in pork fat* 12 o'clock, 
 15 mins. M., all chymified — stomach empty. 
 
 ' ^ Experiment 20. 
 
 At 1 o'clock, P. M., same day, he dined on eight 
 ounces boiled beef's brains, seasoned with salt, and a 
 small piece of bread. 2 o'clock, stomach full of milk- 
 white, pulpous, pr porridge-like semi-fluid ; slightly acid 
 taste, and of a bland, insipid flavor. 2 o!clock, 30 mins., 
 stomach almost empty ^ scarcely any of the white, pulp- 
 ous mass to be seen. Temperature 102 deg. 3 o'clock 
 15 mins., P. M., stomach empty and clean. 
 
 ■•0 
 
 
 M. 
 
 ■K' 
 
Wm^ 
 
 BXPSBIMENTS AND 
 
 Experiment 2L 
 
 At 3 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., same day, St. Martin 
 ate a small head of raw cabbage^ weighing ten ounces. 
 6 o'clock, 45 mins., not a particle of the cabbage in the 
 stomach ; little albuminous, or greyish, chymous fluid, 
 only remained. 
 
 r» 
 
 Experiment 22. 
 
 At 6 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., he ate six ounces boil- 
 ed leg of fresh mutton^ rare done, dressed wit^ a little 
 melted butter and vinegar^ and two ounces of bread, 8 
 o'clock, stomach empty and clean. » 
 
 Experiment 23. 
 
 ■'..' ■ .. . ,\ 
 
 Oct. 15. At 8 o'clock, 45 mins., breakfasted on three 
 fresh eggSj softly coagulated, by being broken and put 
 raw into boiling water, and three ounces of dry bread, 
 12 o'clock, M., stomach empty. 
 
 Experiment 24. 
 
 » _•, 
 
 At 1 b'clock,^ 30 mins., P. M., he dined on apple dump- 
 lings, made of wheaten dough and sweet apples, boiled, 
 one and a half pounds. 4 o'clock, all chymifi^d, and 
 stomach empty. . . 
 
 Experiment 26. 
 
 Oct. 16. At 8 o'cbck, 45 mins., A. M., he breakfasted 
 on broiledy salted pork and bredd, 12 o'clock. M., all 
 chymifled, and gone Irpm the Eftomach. , ,-m 
 
 ¥"■ 
 
 .^^■' 
 
V 
 
 OBaERVATIONf. 
 
 Experiment 26. 
 
 866 
 
 At 1 o'clock, P. M., same day, he dined on ratpf salted 
 porkf cut thin, and eaten with dry bread. Digested in 
 three hours. 
 
 Experiment 27, 
 
 . At 4 o'clock, 30 mins., same day, he ate half a pound 
 of raw cabbagej cut fine, and macerated in vinegar. 5 
 o'clock) 46 mins., stdmach entirely empty, not a vestige 
 of cabbage to be founa. Extracted four drachms of gas- 
 tric juice, mixed wit]^ very little greyish white, chymous 
 fluid. • 
 
 Experiment 28. 
 
 Oct. 17. At 9 o'clock, A. M., he breakfasted on stew- 
 edj salted pork^ potatoes and bread. Digested in three 
 hours. Extracted gastric juice. 
 
 X 
 
 Experiment 29. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, 39 mins^, P. M., same day, he dined on 
 boiled muttoUj recently salted^ squashy potatoes 9i.vA bread. 
 Digested in three hours. 
 
 Some morbid spots begin to make their appearance on 
 the mucous surface again ; grumous blood exuding from 
 several small points of the membrane ; tongue slightly 
 coated ; contenance rather sallow ; dull pain acros the 
 forehead, and through the eyes ; appetite not impaired ; 
 at bed-time, put in through the aperture four drachms of 
 23 
 
 .;?;: 
 
 .jS,>-^^ 
 
 
sea 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 tinct. of aloes ..id myrrh^ diluted with water. Tliis 
 had the effect of correcting the morbid appearance of the 
 stomach, and removed the pain in the head, d&c. 
 
 ;i^ 
 
 I 
 
 Experiment 30. 
 
 Oct. 18. At 9 o'clock, 45 mins., A. M., he breakfasted 
 on boiled carrots^ and nothing else — full meal. 12 
 o'clock, M., examined stomach ; considerable yellowish, 
 pultaceous scmi-fluid,remaining. 1 o'clock, P. M., stom- 
 ach empty. 
 
 Experiment 39 
 
 At 7 o'clock, P. M., he ate three large roasted -pota- 
 toes^ with a little salt — nothing else. 9 o'clock, 30 
 mins., stomach empty. 
 
 «■■' 
 
 Experiment 32. • 
 
 Oct. 19. At 9 o'clock, A. M., he breakfasted on broil- 
 ed mutton and pancakes. Digested in three hours and 
 forty minutes. 
 
 Experiment 33. 
 
 At 2 o'clock, 15 mins., P. M., he dined on stewed 
 mutton and pancakes. Digested in three and a half 
 hours. 
 
 Experiment 34. 
 
 
 Oct.^. At 9 o'clock, 45 mins., A. M., he breakfasted 
 
 
OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 # 
 
 \. T:. 
 
 tf III I iii'i^iiOi 
 
 on one pint of saffo, boiled, thick anci ricTi, sweetened 
 with sugar. 11 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach cmptf and 
 clean. 
 
 There was no acrimony of the gastric contents, or 
 smarting of the edges of the aperture, during the chym- 
 ification of this meal, as is usual in most vegetable and 
 farinaceous aliments ; it seemed peculiarly grateful to 
 the siirfaci) of the stomach ; rendering the membrane 
 soff, uniform and healthy. 
 
 ' Experiment 3i5. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M, ho ate four eggs, roasted hard^ 
 without any thing else. 3 o'clock P. M., stomach empty; 
 no trace of the eggs to be seen. 
 
 Experiment 36. 
 
 At 4 o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., he dined on roasted dude 
 and fried onions. 8 o'clock,. 30 mins., stomach not 
 empty — distinct particles of food to be seen. 9 o'clock, 
 stomach empty. 
 
 m 
 
 Experiment 37. 
 
 Oct. 21. AfO o'clock, A. M., St. Martin breakfasted 
 on one pint of sago, boiled and sweetened with sugar. 
 10 o'clock, 45 mins., stomach empty and clean; no 
 vestige of the sago remaining ; no acrimony of the gas- 
 tric contents, or smarting of the edges of the aperture, 
 during the chymification of this meal. 
 
fcH.ii 
 
 268 
 
 Bxperin^ 38. 
 
 * 
 
 ■J1'..l 
 
 Oc/. 22. At 12 o'clock, M., he ate four fresh eggs^ 
 roasted hard. 3 o'clock, P. M., stomach empty; no 
 trace of the eggs to be seen. 
 
 At 4 o'clock, P. M., he dined on roasted duck, (domes- 
 ticated,) dressed with onions. 8 o'clock, stomach empty. 
 
 Experimetit 39. 
 
 Oct. 24. At 2 Q'clock, 30 mins., P. M., he ate a pint 
 ofiwft cftsiard, and nothing ilse. 5 o'clock, 15 mins., 
 s:^omach empty and clean. • 
 
 .At 6 o'clock, he ate three ounces of ^/row^ old cheese, 
 and a piece of bread. 9 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach 
 empty. 
 
 '/ . Exreriment 40. 
 
 
 Oct. 26. At 9 o'clock, A. M., he breakfasted on 
 fricasseed chickens, bread a Ad Cyjfee. 11 o'clock, 45 
 mins., stomach empty and clean. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M., he dined on roast chicken, bread 
 and potatoes. 4 o'clock^. M., stomach empty. 
 
 ■^^' 
 
 Experiment 41. 
 
 '.*'■ 
 
 '^^Oct. 27. At 8 o'clock, A. M., he breakfasted on 
 broiled chicken, bread and coffee. 11 O'clock, all digest- 
 ed, and stomach empty and clean. * 
 ' At 12 o'clock, M., he dined on chicken soup and rice. 
 3 o'clock, stomach empty. >%- -^^.^ '-* -«^ ^#':,^^;#«*.-*H-;^«i* 
 
 4*^' .«■.■.■ ■* 
 
 ii; 
 
 V*-%^'^ :m 
 
 
 ■^/^^ 
 
■■■i' ■"">"", nr*J^--"^.»' 
 
 n OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 im 
 
 r At 5 o'clock, P. M., h*^ ate a meal of oyst^ soup and 
 crackers. 8 o'clock, 30 mins., stomach empty. ^ 
 
 •(■I 
 
 ^•' 
 
 Experiment 42. 
 
 ^i 
 
 '*?V 
 
 Oct. 28. 10 o'clock, A. M., stomach empty, healthy^ 
 and clean. I suspended through the aperture into St. . 
 Martin's stomach, thirty grains precisely, of each of the 
 following articles of diet, severally masticated and sepa- 
 rately contained in small muslin bags, viz : — Fricasseed 
 breast of chicken ; liver dinA gizzard of do.; boiled, salt- 
 ed salmoi,; boiled potato, and wheat bread ; and he kept 
 moderately exercising. At 3 o'clock, P. M., took out 
 and accurately examined the several parcels. The 
 breast of chicken was all digested and gone from the bag, 
 to a mere atom, less than half a grain. The liver was 
 almost as completely dissolved as the breast, half a 
 grain only, remaining — of the bread, about the same ; 
 less then a grain. The residuum of the gizzard, con- 
 sisting principally of tendinous fascia, weighed seven and 
 a half grains. The salmon, twelve grains, and the po- 
 tato, six grains. The bags containing these several ar- 
 ticles, were attacned to a string, at equal distances ^rom 
 each other, a'bout an inch apart; and I allowed length 
 enough for them to move freely through the stomach, 
 and pass even to the pylorus. They were attached in 
 the following order: — 1st, the breast of chicken — 2d, 
 liver — 3d, gizzard — 4th, bread — 5th, salmon, and 6th, 
 potato. When I withdrew them, they appeared to be 
 retained quite forcibly at the pyloric end, requiring con- 
 siderable force to start them at first, but after being 
 (]jawn two or three inches, they pfime easily., The bags 
 
 
 '"*.\ 
 
 ^kl 
 
 », 
 
 
 S-wJ 
 
 h ■ 
 
 tn:< -S' 
 
J270 
 
 EXPERIMENTS IND 
 
 PV v- 
 
 
 \>. 
 
 
 t/too, appeared to have been compressed, in proportion as 
 ^ they had been settled into the pyloric extremity, and 
 *■ were emptied in about the same proportion, with the ex- 
 \.. ception of those containing the bread and potato, which, 
 .though above, had less remaining than that containing 
 «, the gizzard. This, however, may be accounted for, 
 V from the more difficult solubility or digestibility of the 
 , tendinous parts of the gizzard. The bags sec led to 
 . have been as forcibly pressed, as if they had been firmly 
 grasped in the hand. The four first on the string, 
 v- (counting from the lower end upwards) more so, than 
 ». the other two; and the fourth more than the third. 
 ■ These circumstances coincide with the apparent con- 
 tractions of a band, or circular muscle of the stomach, 
 indicated by the motions of the glass tube, observed in 
 former experiments. In comparing the length of the 
 string, and situation of the bags, with the stem ajpd bulb 
 of the tube, it brought the fourth bag to that point in the 
 stomach, where the contraction upon the bulb of the 
 thermometer has invariably been observed to take place ; 
 the third bag just below, and the fifth and sixth above 
 ^if^m. The sensations expressed by St. Martin, on the ex- 
 traction of these bags, were also indicative of the same 
 facts. Wlien I first commenced pulling the string, he 
 complained of a sense of pain and distress at the pit of 
 the stomach, and towards the pylorus, which increased 
 wliilo the bags were withdrawing, and particularly at 
 this extremity, for the first three or four inches, till they 
 had passed the band, into the splenic end. 
 
 The effectp of this experiment, upon St. Martin's feel- 
 ings and appearance, were vtry manifest, and afibrd in- 
 teresting and important subjects of pathological conside- 
 ration. . He har, not eaten or drunk any thing, that 
 
 :%k 
 
 
 , 'i ---; 
 
i'i.i OBSSRVjLTlONS. 
 
 .' T0(^' 
 
 morning, and felt and looked in perfect health, when the 
 
 bags were introduced ; continued moderately exercising 
 
 and ate nothing but a small piece of dry bread, till they 
 «*^were taken out. ; 
 
 St Soon after they were suspended in the stomach, he 
 
 felt a sense of weigh^ and distress at the scrobiculus 
 i^cordis ; slight vertigo and dimness of vision. These 
 ,1 continued to increase and become quite severe, accom- 
 ^ panied, at the latter part of the time, by slight pain in ' 
 ^the forehead and through the eyes, and a sense of tight- 
 I ness or stiffness across the breast. His countenance had 
 J changed from a florid, healthy, to a sallow, sickly ap- 
 .t^ipearance, during the time of the experiment, and a sere- 
 in ness at the pit of the stomach continued after the extrac- 
 ,^tion of the bags, for eight or ten hours, and had not en- 
 .-.tirely subsided the next morning. 
 
 Morbid action of the inner membranes was evident 
 ; next day, with considerable erythema and aplithous ap- 
 , pearance. . ^^ 
 
 The first, second and third bags were covered with 
 
 , a thick mu. us coat, tinged with yellow bile ; the others 
 ^ had very little or none of this appearance. This cir- 
 ,. cumstance I conceive to have been owinsr to the irrita- 
 jf tion of the bag, at the pyloric extremity, inviting the bile 
 
 , from the duodenum to the stomach, in the latter part of 
 .this experiment. Hence the pathological indications 
 
 which ensued. The same appearance and ci^cumstan- 
 ' .^ ces have before occurred during these experiments. 
 
 ■?.'**' 
 
 ■f-i':^.''S^:- 
 
 
 '■^^ 
 
 ii;i#iThe following experiments on artificial digestion, were 
 *t instituted with a view of ascertaining more particularly, 
 *j^ the relative digestibility of many of the different kinds 
 
 
 
 
 'M 
 
 ■¥•■ 
 
 
 v. J.:. , 
 
 ■.aa**ai.. ^■'. 
 
 l^. »■ 
 
':,->,r' *'-">". 
 
 272 
 
 EXPERIlIENTfl AND 
 
 ^^■■ 
 
 ^i-:4^' 
 
 
 t 
 
 '^. 
 
 
 
 of aliment used in the foregoing gastric experiments, on 
 natural chymification, and to test the correctness of the 
 results. They are minutely detailed for the purpose of 
 showing the manner, progress and operation of the gas- 
 tric solvent, on the alimentary substances, subjected to 
 its action. How far they may illustrate these subjects, 
 the reader will judge for himself. 
 
 The gastric juice was taken out of the stomach in 
 different states of purity and put into vials ; when food 
 was submitted to its action, it was placed in a temper- 
 ature between 96'^ and 100*^, Fahrenheit, and kept 
 either in the axilla, or on a sand bath, and frequently, 
 though not constantly agitated. 
 
 The discrepance of results in some similar experiments 
 will generally be found to arise from the variable de- 
 grees of purity of the gastric juice, or different circum- 
 stances of the experiments. ■^y.^V^^'-'Mt' 
 
 *^^ 
 
 % 
 
 ■■■^'j,- 
 
 Experiment 13.V'' 
 
 (» 
 
 
 ISeptember 18. At 8 o'clock, 45 mins., A. M., I put 
 one drachm oi fresh salmon trout, fried, and masticated, 
 and one drachm of wheat bread, into two ounces of gas- 
 tric juice, taken from the stomach yesterday and this 
 morning. The juice was not perfectly clear, but con- 
 tained some viscid mucus. Placed them in the axilla and 
 kept moving. 10 o'clock, 15 mins., residuum of aliment 
 taken out, filtered and pressed as dry as when put in, 
 weighed one drachm and five grains. The menstruum, 
 after filtering, was white and opaque, about the color 
 and consistence of rich gruel. Mixed the residuum and 
 fluid together again and placed the vial on the sand 
 bath, and kept it constantly agitated for one hour. 
 
 
 kM 
 
tt^am* >«lu>--' . tJk4M^ 
 
 ■«^*^ 
 
 ■je^siKSti'k. 
 
 OdSERVA'fkONd. ' 
 
 V 
 
 IP 
 
 Taken out, filtered apd dried%s before, the undissolved 
 residuum now Weighed jiist thirty graiiis. The fluids 
 had becom^ thfcKIr arid richer hi color and consistence/ 
 Put them togetHlbr» agieim Into the vial, and continued 
 them on bath and*ih axilift, another hour, though not so 
 cdbstantly agitated, as during the last hour. The resi-' 
 duum. treated ih the same mtnner as before, now weigh- 
 ed twenty-four graim. Mixeil together and continued 
 in axilla two. hours more, the resid(iu|a weighed ^t^c^t^c 
 grains. After continuing 'f /tree hours longer 'in^the 
 axilla, the uijdissolved portions of rajMient,* consisting 
 princlpallypfparticles offish skin; weighed /owrg'^atTW 
 wbich'beokme gptodually diminished during its contin- 
 uance anTiauf l«figer in tfie axilla. 
 . The mtinstruum at this time, was of a rifth gnielly^ 
 color ana tjof^sislence, slightly tipged w^th a reciWIh 
 cast, or «qK* of thelish. Set this aside'for thirty-eight 
 or nine hours. ♦ 
 
 iSep. 20. . "9 o'clopk, A. M., food alniost*^ ^WWte^'re- 
 duced.to chyme, of a rich, lightish colored, gruelty-c^- • 
 pearan/3e f some few particles of the skin of #ie fisfi ^f 
 maining undissolved, with some sinall^ apparently (or- 
 oign anal indige&tfble substances, which were probably 
 adventitiously mixed with the food. ^ 
 
 To observe the effect produced on this chyme, by the 
 £<ddition of bile, and having very opportunely obtained 
 some, from"the human stomach, by the operation o#an 
 emetic, I added one drachm of this pu^e, albumingus^ 
 orange colored bile^ to six drachms ofthfe chym^. 'Th» 
 first apparent' changCj'Vas m the color, which partook 
 6f the bile; then a slight effervescence was perceived, 
 and very^ne coagulte were formed. The fluid becamd' 
 
 jrfcher in appearftnde, ahd less opaque. The foreign or 
 
 .■^ *,♦'>♦ # ■'«* %. »ll # I '■■ d% 
 
 
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 V 
 
 .-h 
 
 
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 V* 
 

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 2M 
 
 EXPEIUMENTS AND 
 
 '"«• 
 
 u.' 
 
 t'T 
 
 ;^A^vv; 
 
 
 
 indigestible particles, we» more perceptible;*lftnd small, 
 bright particles, resembling tery minufd scales* or skin 
 offish, were also»qiiite plain to be secfti. • ' '' 
 
 I now divided this into two cqtial ^arts ; to one of 
 which, 1 added half i\ dracMn of ditute muriatic acid, 
 and set it by to subside. Examined at lO'o'clock, the 
 21st. I'he TiiaU'containing the mixtureC of chyme, bile 
 and muriatic acid^ Qijfliibited the Allowing* appearance: 
 It HiicNt thick, cj^nso sediment, of a^ yellowish green 
 coldl, \vliich occupied abouf ond quarter, of the space, 
 ^he ilnid »bovo,*w^s of the color of whey, ahd about the 
 consistence. The^vial containing the mixture of chyme 
 s$ni bile only, showed the following a^earaiJce** The 
 sediment was not so dense, and its, co4^r, as Ifell as the 
 supernatai^t liquid, was rather more yellow* •Standing 
 aHliet a fc\^| days, th6 sediment, at. the Botton^s of both 
 vials, bc(jp,nic more compact ; that <in the m^riglic mix- 
 ture, n^ore so than the Other, and was of a. deeper green 
 color ; dit fluid continued of a rich, whey coloj: and 
 con#Bteftce, and a "\jery thin pellicle, or snrjall tyhitish 
 flpcculi, ro^c on the top, or adhered to the sides of the 
 vial. 
 
 
 'i'f;^; 
 
 
 •'»■• 
 
 »> • 
 
 
 r*. 
 
 I*** 
 
 ■ffe«^-'* Experiment 44. 
 
 ^; ■ . ^ ' . . 
 
 ^1 >SI?p. 20. At* 1 oxlock, 15 mins., P. M., I put' one 
 drachm ^f boiled, gremi corn and heans, Anio twelve 
 drachms pf gastric juice, and kept the vial in the axilla, 
 
 ^r on tlje liath^" aij usual, frequently agitating it, till 7 
 o'cIq^, p. M. The reslflifum, Ikt tnis time, taken out, 
 weighed tvfenty-eight grains, consisting wholly of the 
 
 tJ^iuUs or cuticular parts of the broken kernel^ and one 
 entire bean and a kernel of corn j the first of which 
 
 #» 
 
 '4"* 
 
 ^ 
 
 -w » 
 
 
 A^? 
 
 
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iJiilJill^fW "iipipppiffW^ 
 
 •r^ 
 
 ^wi 
 
 I 
 
 
 OBSERVATIONS, t 
 
 275 
 
 "W^ghed thirteen, and the other eleven grains, leaving 
 ipva grains of the skins of the broken, dissolved grain. 
 The two entire kernels, (the bean and the corn) were 
 Resignedly put in whole, to test the effect of the gastric 
 juice upon them, in the entire state. The other portion 
 of toe grain was mashed soft before put in. The pulpous 
 Pinion of the broken kernels was all dissolved, and ap- 
 peared completely chymified. The fluid was nearly as 
 white as milk, and of the consistence of clear rich gruel. 
 ■^. JThe gastric juice used in this experimeni, was con- 
 si^lerably vitiated when taken from the stomach, some 
 thirty-six or forty-eight hours previously, and was quite 
 foetid when used. This fcetor was, in a great measure, 
 corrected after cliymitication of the food had commenc- 
 ed ; the *harp, axjid flavor, so peculiar to forming chyme, 
 was increased* , , ».,;*-: .»^ .,iW - 
 
 
 
 ^' ^ 
 
 Experiment 4«^^-^J^**^*f* , 
 
 ij^- 
 
 r^ Sep. 21) At 8 o'clock, 15 mins., A. M., T put thirty 
 grains of fresh beefsteak and thirty grains oi fresh beef ^9 
 liver, (broiled and masticated) contained loosely in sepa- 
 rate mlislin bags, into one ounce of fresh gastric juice, 
 and kept them in axilla. At 9 o'clock, 45 mins., the 
 two parcels of aliment, taken out and pressed as dry as 
 when put in, weighed as follows : The steak, seventeen 
 grains; the liver, eleven grains. Put into the vial 
 again, and continued in the axilla, till 1 o'clock, P. M. 
 The steak weighed fourteen, and the liver eight grains. 
 Put into the vial again and continued in axilla for four 
 hours; no further change was effected. They both 
 weighed the same as at last examination. The solvent 
 
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 il 
 
 **^' 
 
 
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 yfi 
 
 
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 d^'^^'k^ 
 
 
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-m 
 
 ■-^BM' "^ : 
 
 276 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 % 
 
 action having ceased, I added one ounce more of gastcic 
 juice, and continued in axilla, two hours and thirty min- 
 utes. The beef weighed Ave grains, and the liver four ; 
 the residue of the liver consisted mostly, of membranous 
 particles, like sections of the hepatic bloodvessels, of 
 which I conceived them to be portions. 
 I now mixed them both together, in one bag, and 
 .. continued them in axilla, three hours, when the whole 
 were completely dissolved and chymified, and the bag 
 empty ; with scarce a trace of aliment left on the inside. 
 The fluid was of a greyish white, gxuelly appearance. 
 ^ A brownish sediment was deposited on standing. 
 
 •#P 
 
 '^ 
 
 H 
 
 C-ir 
 
 -1 
 
 .4.,. ,'^.j, 
 
 Experiment 46. 
 
 Sep. 22. At 12 o'clock, 30 mins., I put thirty grains 
 of new cheese^ (masticated) into three drachms of gastric 
 juice, and placed it in the axilla, eight hours and thirty 
 'minutes, when five grains of the cheese remained un- 
 dissolved or rather imchymified, as the residuum was 
 in nearly a liquid form, consisting, principally, of oil, 
 sombined with a soft caseous substance, floating on the 
 surface of a rich, milky fluid. A little very fine, white, 
 compact sediment, at the bottom of the vial. At this 
 time, it had acquired a strong acid, or peculiar acrid 
 taste, and emitted a strong, caseous smell, even stronger 
 than the cheese itself presented, when put in. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, M., I put one drachm of sago, boiled so 
 as to leave some of the grains whole and entire, but soft 
 and gelatinous, into three drachms of gastric juice and 
 kept it in the axilla. When first mixed, they were so 
 much alike, that they could only be distinguished from 
 each other by the globular forms of the grain. But by 
 
 .S., _i T, »^i 
 
 n4a 
 
 vi 
 
 .::V, 
 
 *^' .- 
 
 ^ 
 
ilkt- 
 
 these, however, the gastric jlike coiild diitinctly b^per- 
 ceived to diesolve the grains of sago, till the;)M>|wtt}^ " 
 disappeared.' '' . ;,v» .».; i, .^^^^^ 
 
 The fluid hadnow becomeTnore opaHne attd%hilil»h, 
 ^Cind in two hours aiid tWeiity itrirtut6s, notrac^of^tUe 
 sago could be discerned^ At this tinie the fluid htid be- 
 come more opaque and- milky. No '^edilnentwns? de- 
 posited on standing for twenty-four hours*. A slight'acii^'^k 
 was perceptible. i - 
 
 '• ■ At' 1 o'clock, P. M., I took thee vials, the first com«i!!h- 
 ihg two drachms of gastric juice; the secottil, tWo 
 drachms of common vinegar ; and the third, tVo df^Wa^s 
 of simple water. Into each of these, I put ten grains of 
 raw albumen of a freshegg. lyhen first put together, 
 they presented the follo^ving appearances ; The albu- 
 men put into the gastric juice, at a temperature of about 
 76 deg^,- produced loose coaguliae in a few minute^ gene- 
 rally diffused through the juice but soon coHected into a 
 more compact mass, and subsided towards the bottom of 
 the vial. That put into the vinegar, produced similar 
 coaguloB and loose mass, and fell down; Thsiti&tbe 
 vial of water produced loose, light tiolored flocculf, 
 equally suspended through the water, but not inclining 
 to collect together, like the Other two. 
 i' These three parcels, kept in the axilla, and agitated 
 for two hours, presented the following appearances ; 
 The coagulai in the gastric juice, was half dis^lved, 
 and the menstruum of a milky appearan(;e^ ^ 
 
 Those in the vinegar and Water, ijmained the same, 
 and their fluids unaltered. In five hours, that in the 
 gastric juice was entirely dissolved, and the fluid more 
 opaque and white; the other two remained of the same 
 appearance as ^at fast examination; the coagul« in the 
 
 
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 ,^j»'. 
 
 
 * , 
 
 •'' t 
 
••.^' 
 
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 V 
 
 
 EXPBRIMENTS AND 
 
 vin^ar, taketi out, weighed nine grains — that in the 
 \^at^ WHs too loose and frothy to be collected and 
 weighed* 
 
 t* 
 
 'rWh' 
 
 \* 
 
 ♦.I 
 
 
 Experiment 47. 
 
 A§pp. 25. At 7 o'clock, A. IM., I put t\^enty grains of 
 J^iMghf sponge cake into three drachms of gastric juice, 
 ^ and kept it in axilla. It was all dissolved and chym- 
 ififed, in seven hours. The fluid was rich, yellowish 
 white, or cream color, and of the consistence of gruel 
 with a little loose, broWn sediment at the bottom of the 
 vial,*ififter standing. 
 
 Experiment 48. 
 
 At 9 o'clock, A. M., I put two purple fox grapes^ one 
 skinned and the other entire, into six drachms of gastric 
 juice, and kept them in axilla, six hours, with very little 
 alteration in their appearance ; the skinned grape, weigh- 
 ing, .when first put in, thirty-four grains, weighed now, 
 thirty grains^ retaining its shape and texture. The 
 whole grape was not affected in the least, either in 
 shape, color or texture. It weighed fifty-four grains- 
 when put in, and the same now. Continued in axilla, 
 twelve hours, they remained unaltered, and weighed ex- 
 actly the same as at last examination; Added one 
 ounce of fresh gastric juice, and continued them in axilla, 
 twenty-four hours, unaltered. The texture of the skin- 
 ned grape, was as. firm and hard as when first p tit in ; 
 r.nd the fluid was unchanged inUts appearance, except ' 
 a slight foBtor, perceptible at th^ end of three or four 
 
 days. 
 
 :. ;v-^v4.- ■-« -^m^^^im r f^'-»fE» IJ 
 
 ■<%. 
 
 *f 
 

 T 
 
 ODBBRVATIONI. 
 
 *' Tbis, rthink,- is a fair sp^imen of ^he indi 
 hatiii^ of this kind of fruit 
 
 
 «.?! 
 
 Experiment 49. 
 
 .n: 
 
 
 Sep, 26. At 10 o'clock, A. M., I put thirty grains o{ 
 ripcj mellow peach, and thirty grains of ripe, l^ird apj)U>J 
 into one ounce of gastric juice, and kept them in axillflr;*r 
 till 8 o'clock, P. M. At this time the residuum of the 
 peach, weighed eighteen grains — the apple, twenty-four 
 grains. They were neither of them mashed or^paasli- • 
 cated, but cut' into small, square pieces, strung on a strirfg, 
 and suspended into the juice in a vial. rjp 
 
 At 10 o'clock, A. M., of the 27th, after having been ; 
 continued in axilla, six hours longer, the peach weighed 
 ten grains, and the apple the same as at last examina- 
 tion, twenty-four grains. The peach had now become 
 soft and pulpous, and fallen from the string. Eight 
 
 ^ hours longer continuance in axilla, completed the diges- 
 tion of the peach; bu the apple remained near] J the 
 
 l^ame. 
 
 >!«> 
 
 
 -. ■•^f 
 
 \ 
 "p 
 
 Experiment 50. 
 
 <n 
 
 '• Sep. 27. At 2 o'clock, P. M., I put one drachm of 
 ^alhvanen. of egg into four drachms of gastric juice, fresh 
 ifrom the healthy stomach. At first, the albumen fell to 
 .* the bottom of the vial; but in being agitated, it was dif- 
 •; fused through the juice, and in a few minutes, loose 
 ^■^coagulee formed,, and. remained suspended near the 
 
 bottom of the fluid. Kaised the temperature to 100 deg. 
 
 and placed the vial in the axilla. 
 
 
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 ' ^ EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 le same^Jiime, I put one drachm oi albumen into 
 hm|j|;||' simple water, at the same teraperatnrcj 
 a«^^ it with the other in the axilla. When first 
 tn^r, the albumen was diflused, .in loo^e, light 
 ; through the water, not coagulating and collect- 
 ing .Uli^e that in the gastric juice, and subsiding to the 
 bptt0|n. but adhered to the sides of the vial, or rose to 
 ' e iliirface. 
 
 Wlien both vials were smartly agitated, a white, 
 frothy mass, formed on the top of the water, fdling the 
 two ounce vial in which i was contained. The vial of 
 albiiifen and gastric juice exhibited the coagula^, broken 
 intCLSfhuU particles, falling towards the bottom again. 
 
 eptin the axilla and fiequenlly agitated, for*bne and a 
 tliilf hour, the gastric mixture had become semi-opaque 
 and the coagulai considerably diminished in quantit3^ 
 The aqueous mixture reaiained luichanged ; the frothy 
 portion on top, and the fluid, perfectly limpid and clear, 
 below. No appearance of the albumen in any shape, 
 could be seen, except the floating froth. Indeed, the 
 albumen seemed to have clarified the water, and ren- 
 dered it clearer than at first. At G o'clock, P. M., the 
 albumen in the gastric juice was completely dissolved; 
 the fluid was white and milky, with a little very fine, 
 dirty white precipitate falling to the bottom, on standing 
 at rest. That in the water was strikingly .4ifft^rent in 
 appearance. The agitation had beaten up the albumen 
 completely into beautiful while froth, and it lay like a 
 snow ball or bunch of clean, raw cotton^ on the surface 
 of the water, npw transparent as crystal, without the 
 least particle of secliment to be s§en. 
 
 At 7 o'clock, I added, two drachms of gastric juice to 
 the vial containing the wAter and albujiien, and contiti- 
 
 ^: '. 
 
 r* 
 
 nij 
 
 ;::■'"■'':* 
 
iHL ii pil ' H i l^ l 
 
 3 
 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 iT» 
 
 ued it in axilla. In two hours, the solvent effm of tm 
 juice, upon the frothy mass, was very^ evident jfejETtaA 
 white froth upon the top, was almost enti|ely ^nMsn^ 
 ed and gone. Neither could agitation re^prod|^ it as at 
 first ; small white coaguke, like those seen in ih^Sfftk^^^^ 
 vials, were now distinctly visible ; the fluid had become 
 opaque and whitish, like the other, and a little fine sed- 
 iment settled to the bottom, on standing. Continued in . 
 the axilla, two houra longer, it resembled, almost ^xact^ \ 
 iy, that in the other vial, in every particular. * 4 ^ • 
 
 'M 
 
 ^t 
 
 fit 
 
 Experiment 51, 
 
 ■■>» vjiirf 
 
 ■; Ai 2 o'clock, P. M., I put one drachm of yolk of egg 
 into four drachms of gastric juice, and another drachm 
 into four drachms of simple ira^er, and kept them, as 
 usual, in the axilla ; no difference at first could be per- 
 ceived between the gastric juice and aqueous mixtures ; 
 each exhibited a yellow mixture, like the egg, simply 
 beat up with any white or watery menstruum. Six 
 hours continuance of this treatment, produced little dif- 
 ference in the appearance of the two, and effected a 
 slight modification in the gastric mixtuife only ; this 
 seems to have been converted into a very fine coagulee, 
 of a rich cream color and consistence,and of a paler yellow 
 than the other. In twelve hours more, a striking dif- 
 ference was manifest — that in the water remained the 
 same as when first put together — a dull, yellow colored 
 sediment, in the proportion of about one fifth of the 
 space occupied by the whole, had subsided to the bot- 
 tom of a thin fluid, of ^ the saihe color, and now emitted 
 a foetid odor. That in the gastric juice had become 
 
 ••,'^\, 
 
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 4. 
 
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 EXPERfMENTS AND 
 
 •4 
 
 W'^ vdore cream-Iikc and lighter colored, separating, on 
 
 ^ ^9tan$lpg» into. th. je distinct portions — a loose^ coagula- 
 
 ^df yellow niass, rose to the top, occupying more than 
 
 ;y . .Iialf the^pper space — a clear,^ whey-colored fluid below, 
 
 4r witira dirly^ yellow sediment at the bottom, in about 
 
 " the proportion of one-twelfth of the whole ; not the least 
 
 foBtor was perceptible. 
 
 ^ ^m^^^-^^--^- EiperimeiU^. 
 
 •»\ 
 
 ■v-.t 
 
 t. 
 
 ■^< 
 
 \«%' 
 
 •Z^; 
 
 ';> At \ o'clock, 30 mins., P. M., I mixed one drachm of 
 olive oil with three drachms of gastric juice, and kept 
 fcequently agitated in axilla, for eight hours. When 
 first pu,t together and shalken, the mixture resembled 
 water and oil', precisely; after continuing in the axilla 
 four or five hours, the oil had. perceptibly diminished 
 jand chyme began to be formed, rendering the juice 
 ^aque and milky. At 10 o'clock, P. M., the oil was 
 ■ftbout one-sixth diminished, the menstruum nearly the 
 color and consistence of milk. 
 
 :: Sep. 30. 8 o'clock, A. M., continued in the same 
 manner, in the axilla for twelve hours, the oil was pro- 
 portionally diminished, and the opacity and milkiness, 
 gradually increased. 
 
 Oct. 1. At 8 o'clock, 'A M., I added one drachm of 
 ga«tric juice — not clear, but considerably vitiated. Con- 
 tinued in axilla fourteen hours. Similar proportional 
 decrease of the oil, and change of the color of the fluid, 
 %-we producedj and a slight foetor was perceptible. This 
 la^tcircuttistanciBj'^wb' doubt was attributable to the 
 titrated juice addied. 
 
 ' Oet. 2. It) 6'eldck, A. Ml, added three drachms of 
 pure gastric juice, aad continued in axilla, ten hours. 
 
 l;* 
 
»«WF»'fPP«"'*5'l"lf \ 
 
 
 
 0B9ERVATIdN9. *• .4 
 
 283 
 
 This addition- corrected the foBtor in a great measure. 
 The stratum of oil was not much diminished in bulk, 
 but considerably changed in appearance, having become 
 quite white and frothy, exhibiting myriads of minute 
 globules ; and the color and consistence of the fluid, 
 were more rich and milky. 
 
 On the 3d at 10 o'clock, A. M., I divided the contents 
 of the vial into two equal parts, and put them into two 
 separate vials. To No. 1, 1 added two drachms of pure 
 gastric juice ; and to No. 2, two drachms of fresh ex 
 tracted gastric juice, containing a large proportion of 
 yellowish green bile, and continued, as usual, in axilla. 
 The following changes were produced : The portion in 
 No. 2 vial, which had received the yellow gastric juice, 
 at first partook of the yellow color of the juice added, 
 generally diffused through the whole mass — a separa- 
 tion then took place ; the bile seemed principally to unite 
 with the oil, breaking it down and reducing it to very 
 minute and almost imperceptible globules; and after 
 remaining in the axilla ten hours, and theiJ standing at 
 rest a few minutes, the under surface of the supernatant 
 stratum of oil exhibited a milky or creamy appearance, 
 and small, white flocculi, resembling coagulated milk 
 or albumen ; these soon became dissolved, and increas- 
 ed the richness of the fluid below — no sediment to be 
 seen. The portion in No. 1 vial, to which the clear 
 gastric juice was added, at the end of ten hours, had 
 -undergone some change. The pellicle of oil on the 
 surface, was reduced to minute globules, of a whitish 
 color. The same appearance of white flocculi, or coag- 
 ulw, were exhibited upon the under surface of the super- 
 natant stratum of oil, as in the other, but not so abundant, 
 a]«,4 the fluid was not so rich in color and consistence, 4,. 
 
 ft; 
 
 ••VH 
 
 1 
 
 S^ 
 
 '■?•' ». . 
 
 . ■ ■■«• 
 
 .M- 
 
 >' 
 ■i.^ 
 
 > .^ 
 
 r. 
 
 -l-r 
 
 ■'*r%-' 
 
 
 
 

 '% 
 
 ■f, 
 
 xf 
 
 '% 
 
 284 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 ♦ .V 
 
 '4^ 
 
 
 li. 
 
 Oct. 4. At 9 o'clock, A. tkl., I added two drachms 
 more of each kind of juice, to their respective parcels, 
 and continued them as usual^ in axilla, for eleven hours. 
 The difference between the two parcels, was now con- 
 siderably increased. The fluid in No. 2 vial, was of a 
 rich cream color and consistence ; the supernatant stra- 
 tum of oil was converted into a light yellowish mass, 
 .resembling a mixture of gelatine and coagulee ; few of 
 the globules of the oil could be distinguished ; yellow 
 flocculi adhered to the sides of the vial, above the fluid, 
 after being agitated. When suffered to stand at rest a 
 short time, loose yellow flocculi rose on the surface, oc- 
 cupying more than twice the space of the oil, before the 
 last addition of gastric juice — no sediment subsided. 
 
 The parcel in No. 1 vial, had regularly progressed in 
 chymification, in ratio proportional to the juice added ; 
 the supernatant, oily stratum was diminished, in thick- 
 ness, nearly one third, since the last addition of gastric 
 juice; had changed from its oily appearance, into a 
 white, semi-gelatfinous mads, intermingled with milk 
 wl)ite flocculi ; the fluid of the same milky appearance ; 
 a little white sediment at the bottom. 
 
 Oct. 5. At 10 o^clock, A. M., I added six drachms 
 pure gastric juice, and six drachms of fresh extracted 
 juice, containing about the same proportion of yellow 
 bile as the other, to their respective vials, and put them 
 on the bath, and kept them continually agitated for five 
 hours. Thtj effect was palpable and ylain. The super- 
 natant stratum, in No. 2 vial, was now completely 
 broken down, and not a globule remained ; ^, thin, yel- 
 low pellicle, or loose flocculi, rose upon the surface, on 
 standing, and the fluid was of a rich cream color and 
 
 
 ^5J! ■;'^P' = 
 
 ■'is>XK\ir-^:' 
 
 
 >?^^ 
 
 
 #. 
 

 •"Mfl 
 
 <6, 
 
 ^W^ 
 
 W 
 
 #» 
 
 
 f 
 
 ,'■* 
 
 OnSERVATIONS. 
 
 .\.f- 
 
 m 
 
 286 
 
 consistence, sligntly tinged with bile — no wdimcnt per- ^ 
 ceptible. .,, ' . t L 
 
 The contents of No. 1 vial, n ad undergone considera- 
 ble change ; the oily pellicle on the surface, was dimin- 
 ished but little in volume, but changed in appearance ; 
 had become converted into a white semi-gelatinous, "bf 
 rather saponaceous consistence, and the milky vichncss 
 of the fluid was increased. . ., ^ . 
 
 This experiment is raiiiutcfy anS accurately 'detailed, ^ 
 with a view to demonstrate the slow, but certain digcs* ^ 
 tibility of oils, and the manner Ihoy are acted upon by 
 the gastric juice. It may be tedious, from its prolixity, "^ 
 but I considered its comnumication might be of sbmn 
 importance and usefulness to physiological science, the 
 interests of which liavc been of pttramount consideration 
 with me, in all those experiments. 
 
 It very clearly appears, by this experiment alone, that 
 hilc accelerates the solution of oil, by the gastric jnice; 
 and I have no doubt, it facilitates the chymification of 
 all fatty and oily aliments ; and is required, and neces- 
 sarily called into the stomach onli/ for that purpose. 
 This has been frequently indicated in the course of these 
 experiment^, by the effect which it has produced on fatty 
 or oily aliments, when adventitiously mixed with the 
 gastric juice. / * 
 
 ^mv4m^^ 4*tofij Experiment 53^. ^ m-^w^ 
 
 '^ep. 29. At 1 o'clock, P. M., I mixed one drachm of .-^ 
 sweet creaifi, with three drachms of clear gastric juice, 
 and placed them in the axilla. When first put togeth- 
 er, the juice fell to the bottom of the vial, and remained 
 distinctly separate from the cream, till agitated, whe%- 
 
 M'i 
 
 # 
 
 •.^ 
 
 c* 
 
 '■■ U^:^f 
 
 -m 
 
 fcfaT:;^^ 
 
 -tP* 
 
fm 
 
 EXPERIMEMTS AND 
 
 
 ' ^thf y unitei||^ut exhibited no other immediate change of 
 ^^searance. When the temperature was raised to about 
 80 4eg«) the whole gradually formed into very fine 
 creamy coagulo). Continued in axilla twelve hours, 
 
 tis coagulated mass was 'more than half diminished, 
 id rising to the top of an opaque white, whey-colored 
 liquid. Small globules of oil were now seen on the up- 
 per surface of the supernatant coagulne — no sediment ^ 
 III Oct. i. 10 o'clock, A. M., I added one drachm of 
 3 clear gastric juice, and continued in axilla ten hours, 
 Hj^cn the creamy coagulse were still more diminished ; 
 the globules of oil on the surface increased, and the 
 Miquor below, resembled clear, rich gruel, occupying about 
 one-sixth of the space of the whole. •* 
 
 Oct. 2. 12 o'clock, M., I added another drachm of 
 gastric juice, and continued it in axilla, eight h urs. 
 the creamy coagulaj were now reduced to about one- 
 fourth, and more loose and white than at first. The 
 globules of oil were now much increased, and formed a 
 complete pellicle over the whole upper surface, nearly 
 resembling soft butter, and emitted a slight rancid fla- 
 vor. The richness of the chymous liquid below was 
 proportionally increased. No sediment 
 
 Oct. 3. 12 o'clock, M., I divided the contents of the 
 
 vial into two equal parts, and put them into two separate 
 
 vials. To No. 1, 1 added two drachms of pure gastric 
 
 juice; and to No. 2, two drachms of fresh extracted 
 
 ' gastric juice, strongly tinged with yellowish green bile, 
 
 H and kept them in axilla nine hours. The changes ef- 
 
 , i fected, after thip addition, were strikingly evident, and 
 
 different in the two parcels. That in No. 2, to which 
 
 added the yellowish green juice, exhibited a per- 
 
 y homogeneous, rich, gruel-like liquid, slightly ting- 
 
 4 
 
 "■::.A? 
 
 ■J. t 
 
w 
 
 T^ 
 
 w ii't ■ ■ i in ni 'ii 
 
 OBSERVA^IONt 
 
 lirliseftlv-' 
 
 ; 
 
 ,ed with the bile ; the creamy coaguls w« ^, 
 ed^nd not a globule of the oil to bo "seen ; all appeaild 
 chymified — a little dirty white sediment fell to thejbot- jfl^ tk 
 tom. . „ .M ^^jf* ^ 
 
 The creamy coagultt of No. 1 vial, were not cond^ - ' ' 
 plotely dissolved, but reduced to a thlrt, loose layer, afH(»- '^ ^ 
 the oily pellicle was scarcely perceptible; the globules; v» 
 extremely minute and whitish, and of^ a saponaceous A 
 
 consistence. The fluid below, was of a light colored, # m*.# 
 rich, gruolly appearance. No sediment deposited. To 
 complete the chymificution of the contents of No. 1, I 
 added two drachms more, clear gastric juice, and con- 
 tinued it in axilla, twelve hours longer ; at the end of * 
 this time, the coagulas were reduced to a very thin lay*- 
 er ; the oily pellicle entirely dissolved, and the liquid oi 
 a rich gruel ly color and consistence. No sediment sub- 
 sided on standing. 
 
 '*n'^. iff I •-> 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 t^Ji 
 
 f' 
 
 'h^ti 
 
 Experiment H. ^*»^, ^^ '^^^^, 
 
 
 Oct. 1. Mixed four drachms oi sweet, skimmed milk 
 with four drachms of gastric juice, and kept in axilla. 
 The juice fell to the bottom, when first put together, as 
 with the cream ; but when shaken, and raised to 90 deg. 
 or 100 deg. temperature, formed into loose and coarser 
 coagulce, than the cream, which were diffused and sus- 
 pended through the milky fluid. Continued in axilla 
 eight hours, the coagulae were more collected, firmer and 
 more than half diminished. The fluid of a light whey, 
 or thin gmel-color and consistence, with a few loose, 
 white flocCuli, and a creamy pellicle on the top* 
 
 Oct. 2. Continued i". axilla eight hours more, j^ 
 coagulae were almost completely dissolved ;' fluid ^ 
 
 :^^' 
 
 .%. 
 
 ^1 
 
 '•■^''. 
 
 -/" 
 
 '■.-■ ■-■-% 
 
 ■^.)j,. 
 
 ■«. f ■ 
 
•w 
 
 ■"ll 
 
 j'#' 
 
 XPERIJjIENTS AND 
 
 W^cbijf on\M^mB.{x\ed gruel^ a few light flocculi on the 
 ^ sifRace, buTno creaky pellicle ; a little coarse sedimAit, 
 ||K||j^fti*-lMse, white coagulfiB at the bottonh - -^ -■^ ■-■ > ^■ 
 ^^ ^"f 4, .u« JJ.KI ffMiAii 'tiMiv. i-ijtt ,e•|vi*»»«i■»^«>l,'lWf• 
 L Jl f„ ' rExperimcnt 5o. . ^.4» .* iv,'iNih**'4rt 
 
 ^» %H Oct. 3. Put fifteen drops of gastric juice into thrfee 
 dtathms of sw6et fnil/c, at the temperature of 65 deg. ; 
 ■♦.anslight appearance of very fine coagulae, was first ex- 
 hibited, but not so as to become distinctly scpoiated, till 
 « afjter the temperature was raised to 85 deg. or 90 deg., 
 ^when the whole mass gradually formed into a tremu- 
 lous, jelly-like curd, which, after cooling, and standing 
 at rest a few hours, separated into two about eqUal 
 ffarts; a soft, caseous substance, and a thin light color-^ 
 ed Whey. 
 
 
 
 
 
 •<fU.. 
 
 Eccperiment 56. 
 
 Oct. 3. Put two drachms' of the soft, caseous stih'^ 
 stance formed in the above experiment, (55) into one 
 ounce of gastric juice, and placed in axilla, six hours ; 
 at the end of this time^ the curd, or caseous substance, 
 was nearly all dissolved ; the menstruum of a white'" 
 oruel-like appearance, with a thin pellicle of loose, white 
 coa^'ulfB oh the surface. In four hours more, it was all 
 dissolved ; the fluid richer, and perceptibly acid. . . 
 
 r->i|^t^?^*A#>^ E:,periment 57. ^ ^ ' ' ;„. 
 
 -^ Oct. 13. 9 o'clock, A. M. Into one ounce of gastric * 
 iuice I put one and a half drachms of the medulla 
 
 ¥i 
 
 ■■w 
 
 *>!,,»: 
 
 .'• .,> ,1^4. ^. •:' ■?: 
 
 
 ^•A.-'.-Mi'' "•^■. 
 
1^ 
 
 •1^ 
 
 apinaiis of ah ox, enveloped > in' itA' ^ 
 
 and placed it on the sand bath, or f^axillli, 
 At 3 o'dpck, P. M^ examined^»-the^ ^medulla Had 
 out of its envelope, and when taken out and^epa 
 fi^m the fluid, by the filter, weighed fifteen grains f 
 neurilema, at the sume time, weignMI eighteen grai 
 Put these remaining portions into two* drachms fres: 
 gastric juice, and continued in axiUi^ Ax hours. Att^^. ^ . 
 o'clock, P. M., the remainder of the medullary portionL f^^ 
 weighed eight grains, and the neurilema, nine grainJT \ 
 Continued in axilla, three hours longer, the medullqnr '^ 
 part weighed three grains, and the neurilema, fo^^l 
 grains. The menstruum was now a rich, iriHk whi 
 lic^uid, of nearly the consistence of cream. A loose, jjj^^tif 
 sediment fell to the bottom, on standing; thefiuiare% 
 tained its rich, milky whiteness and creamy consistence. 
 
 
 
 'f 
 
 Oct. 14. 9 o'clock, A. M., put half a 4rachm oi med- 
 ullary substance, the brain of an ox, bo'^'^d, into four 
 drachms of gastric juice, and kept it on ti'o bath, fre- 
 quently agitated, six hours, when it was al" dissolved, 
 and had produced a rich milky fluid, with a loose, light 
 sediment. 
 
 ■^ Experiment 59. 
 
 Obt. 15. Put twelve grains of solid* tee/* hone, broken 
 
 into small pieces, with the periosteum attached to one 
 
 side, into one ounce of fresh gastric juice, and kept in 
 
 axilla twelve hour^. At this time the periosteum was 
 
 25 
 
 ■■%-uf' 
 
 - y" 
 
 ■Jat. 
 
 i"' 
 
 •,: :^ 
 
.^' 
 
 la^r 
 
 BRN»NTB AND * 
 
 weight of th« bone, ten grains. Ad- 
 
 decTsix drachms of gfestric juice, considerabfy vitiated. 
 
 't^'iieatly dfSi 
 
 i g ^^nd continued in axilla nine hours, and the bont jseigh- 
 fj2 v^fi'd nine grains. The menstruum was now a wni'i-'h 
 lue fluid, about the consistence of clear, thin ^rueL 
 a little light brown sediment, settling to the bot- 
 tom, on standing. Added one ounce more gastric juice, 
 
 * and,continued it ia axilla, twelve hours. The weight 
 
 • r of the bone, at the end of this time, was six grains. The 
 oi)%rity and richness of the fluid increased; smell, 
 slightly fa;tid. DiscoDtinued the experiment. 
 
 . ^ "'< The result o.f this, confirms the correctness of some 
 ^ "^rmer obecrvations, in similar experiments, and suflSi- 
 
 ciently demonstrate the solubility of solid bone, in the 
 
 l^stric juice of the human stomach. 
 
 itf"' 
 
 H- 
 
 Experiment 00. 
 
 c,f^ Od. 17. 1 o'clock, P. M., I put twenty grains of 
 
 boiled mutton sitct, cold, and divided into small pieces, 
 into six drachms of gastric juice, tinged with bile, and 
 kept it in axilla, seven hours. The undissolved resi- 
 duum, separated by the filter, now weighed ten grains ; 
 and the fluid was as white as milk, and about the con- 
 sistence of thick gruel ; there was no appearance of any 
 oily particles ; it seemed to have been coagulated, and 
 converteltl i.uto chyme, like milk or albumen ; the chy- 
 mous part very jnuch resembled that formed from med- 
 ullary substance. , Continued in "axilla, three hours 
 longer, it was all dissolved, and the richness of the fluid 
 considerably increased. 
 
 
-\>Kl 
 
 r* 
 
 W V 
 
 ^l^OBIiRITATtOira. 
 
 ^ 
 
 %;^ »i 
 
 ' Oc/. 261 ' 2 o^clpck, P.. M., put. 91^8 drac)»n c^ttaj-t^ -* . 
 into o^iG ounce of gastric juice, fresh froip the stpina9hi 
 and placed it in axilla. 8 o'clock, 30 ipinss, all dissgtlv- ^ 
 ed and chymifi^d ; fluid, as usual, from sucli alimq^t^of, ^fr 
 iioioT and consistence of rich gruel. 
 
 ■i-iiS' 
 
 Experiment 62. 
 
 ..fe 
 
 1 1/ 
 
 Nov. 1, 1833. To pne ounpe of gastric juice, tafcen 
 from the stomach iti J9eo., 1832, (and whicli was as pui^ 
 as when first extracted,) I oddc4 tliirtj^ grains of /cow, 
 boiled mutton, masticated. Kept in axilla, six hours, it 
 dissolved sixteen grains. The iluid exhibited the usual 
 appearance of chyme. 
 
 #' 
 
 
 If 
 
 > 
 
292 
 
 EXVSftTMENTS A17D 
 
 TABLE, 
 
 IShomng^the mean time of digestion 0/ the different 
 Ariiaea of Diety rwiurallyy in the Stom>ach, and arti- 
 ficially j in Vials, on a bath. 
 
 Tbs proportion of fattrio juleo to aliment, in artifictni digattion^ wai gtntrallf 
 ciUeaiaiad at one ouuee oftiie former to one draohm of tlie latter, tlie bath Iwinf kept 
 a* nf«r as praetioable at the natural temiierature, 100 deg. Faliionhek, with fluent 
 agitation. 
 
 Articles of Diet. 
 
 Rice, 
 
 Sago, 
 
 Tapioca, 
 
 Barley, 
 
 Milk, 
 
 Milk, 
 
 Gelatine, 
 
 Pig's ftet, soused, 
 
 Tri]^, soused, 
 
 Brains, animal, 
 
 Venison, steak. 
 
 Spinal marrow, animal^ 
 
 Turkey, doinresticated, 
 
 Turkey, domesticated, 
 
 Turkey, wild, 
 
 Goose, wik], 
 
 Pig, suckir^. 
 
 Liver, beers, fresh, 
 
 Lamb, fresh. 
 
 Chicken, futl growr^ 
 
 Eggs, fresh, 
 
 Eggs, fresh, 
 
 Eggs, fresh) 
 
 Eggs, fVesh, 
 
 Eggs, fresh, 
 
 Eggs, whipped. 
 
 Custard, 
 
 Codfish, cured dry, 
 
 Trout, salmon, fresh, 
 
 Trobt, salmon, fVesh, 
 
 Bass, striped, firesh. 
 
 Moan tim£ of Chyn. ification. 
 
 In stomach. 
 
 In viah 
 
 . 
 
 prep. 
 
 h. m. 
 1 00 
 
 prep. 
 
 h. m. 
 
 boiled 
 
 
 
 
 1 45 
 
 boiled 
 
 3 15 
 
 boiled 
 
 2 00 
 
 boiled 
 
 3.20 
 
 boiled 
 
 2 00 
 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 2 00 
 
 boiled 
 
 4 15 
 
 raw 
 
 2 15 
 
 raw 
 
 4 45 
 
 boiled 
 
 2 30 
 
 boiled 
 
 4 45 
 
 boiled • 
 
 1 00 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 1 00 
 
 
 
 bbiled 
 
 1 45 
 
 boiled 
 
 4 30 
 
 broiled 
 
 1 35 
 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 2 40 
 
 boiled 
 
 ^%^ 
 
 PCiASted 
 
 2 3ft 
 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 2 25 
 
 
 
 roasted 
 
 3 18 
 
 ' 
 
 
 roasted 
 
 % 30 
 
 
 . . 
 
 roasted 
 
 2 30 
 
 « ' 
 
 
 broiled 
 
 ^00 
 
 cut fine 
 
 6 30 
 
 broiM 
 
 2 30 
 
 ' 
 
 
 fricasseed 
 
 ^45 
 
 
 
 hard boiled 
 
 3 30 
 
 hard boiled 
 
 8 00 
 
 soil boiled 
 
 3 00 
 
 soil boiled 
 
 6 30 
 
 fVied 
 
 3 30 
 
 . * 
 
 
 roasted 
 
 ^15 
 
 
 . 
 
 ^'rav? 
 
 2 00 
 
 row 
 
 4 15 
 
 TftV 
 
 1 30 
 
 whipped 
 
 4 00 
 
 baked 
 
 a 45 
 
 baked 
 
 6 30 
 
 boiled 
 
 2 OCV 
 
 boiled 
 
 5 00 
 
 boiled 
 
 1 30 
 
 boiled 
 
 aso 
 
 fried 
 
 1 30 
 
 
 i 
 
 broiled 
 
 aoo 
 
 .-.<;-' 9 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
pi"* P |;" ' * ' ,ff f !^^ <!• ^ M^ 
 
 eBSEHyATIONR. 
 
 mr- 
 
 *^M 
 
 T A^l^T^Contiiiued. 
 
 Articles of Diet. 
 
 \i »*»■*»«>; »4 
 
 >.»-,-ni. 
 I ii< i ■ 
 
 Plotintld^ fresh, ' ^^* " 
 
 Catfish, fresh, 
 
 Salmon, salted. 
 
 Oysters, i'resh. 
 
 Oysters, freish,* > ,* 
 
 Oysters, fresh. 
 
 Beef fresh, leai^, rare, 
 
 Beef, fresh, lean, dry, 
 
 Beef steak, 
 
 BeeiJ steak, 
 
 BejBf,,steak, 
 
 Beef, witli salt only, 
 
 Beeif, iiv^ith mustard, &c. 
 
 Beeif fresh, leap, 
 
 Beef, 
 
 Beef, old, hard salted, 
 Porl^, steak,, ,,j ^^ ( 
 Pork, fat and lean, ■• > 
 Porlt, recently saltcdy , 
 Pork, recently salted. 
 Pork, recently salted, 
 Pork, recently salted, 
 Folk, recently salted, 
 Mutton, J fr6ah, 
 Mutton, 'fr^sh,.,,,. 
 Mutton, fresh, ^,^ . 
 
 Mutton, fresh, >f^ ^ 
 
 VeaJ, fresh, 
 Ve^j. fresh, 
 Fowls, domestic, ,,; 
 Fowls, domestic, . ^ . 
 Ducka, domeftticated, 
 Duj^B^wild. 
 Su^beef,fjr^. 
 IBuejt, mutton, ,u,, . , < 
 BuHt^r, .;,,,; 
 Cream, 
 
 Cheese, old, strong, .y^ 
 Cheese, old, strone. 
 25* 
 
 Mean time of Chymificctio^- 
 
 \ 
 
 In stomach. 
 
 prep. 
 
 fried 
 
 boiled 
 
 raw 
 
 I roasted 
 
 stewed 
 
 roasted 
 
 roasted 
 
 broiled 
 
 broiled 
 
 raw 
 
 l^oiled 
 
 boiled 
 
 boiled 
 
 , boiled 
 
 ! hoiled 
 
 broiled 
 
 ^rqastqd 
 
 boiled 
 
 broiled 
 
 rajy 
 s^wed 
 rpijisted 
 bjToiled 
 br.oiled 
 j Ijpiled 
 broiled 
 . fneiiM. 
 bpil^ 
 ^roasted 
 rpaated 
 roiled 
 bpued 
 boiled 
 melted 
 
 i raw 
 
 h. m. 
 
 30 
 30 
 00 
 55 
 16 
 30 
 00 
 30 
 00 
 
 2 45 
 
 3 30 
 
 00 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 80 
 15 
 15 
 00 
 00 
 15 
 
 3 00 
 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 
 00 
 00 
 30 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 
 3 30 
 
 Invialft. * 
 
 1 i -u i"~ 
 
 prep. 
 
 h. m. 
 
 boiled 
 raw, entir 
 
 Stewed 
 roasted 
 roasted 
 masticated 
 cut fine 
 cut fine 
 
 masticated 
 entire p. 
 
 masticated 
 
 raw 
 
 masticated 
 unmas'd 
 
 masUc'.d^ 
 
 ])■■■■ 
 
 entire p. 
 divided' 
 
 raw. 25 30 
 magUckU; 7, 15> 
 entire p. 13 DC 
 
 12 30 
 
 6 30 
 
 8 30 
 
 6 45 
 
 8 3a, J 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
 ,>■ * •'■a 
 
\ / 
 
 ^A 
 
 
 m 
 
 'if^. 
 
 IM'^ 
 
 Articles M Diet. 
 
 ..|Wfc»^ . 
 
 ExiPERiMl^Nlfs AND 
 
 TABtE^eoniinued. 
 
 Cheese, new, mild, 
 
 $oup, be0f, veg. and bread, 
 
 Soqp, marrow bunes, 
 
 Soup, bes(n, 
 
 Soup, barley, 
 
 Soup, mutton, 
 
 Green corn ami beans, 
 
 t)liicken soup, 
 
 Oyster soup, 
 
 Hash, meat a^W veg. 
 ^ Sausage, fresh, 
 ^l^rtj animal, 
 i(Tf(ndon, 
 j,|rendon, 
 
 Cartilage, 
 
 Cartilage. 
 -^ApPbneuro'sis, ' 
 jh'Boine, beef's solid^ 
 , 3046, hog'sj solid, 
 
 Beans, pod, 
 
 Brei>d, wheat, fresli^ 
 
 •'Bredd, 6orn; 
 
 Qake, corn, 
 Ygttke,. sponge, 
 ' Dumpling, apple, 
 ^Apples, sour, hard, 
 j|^^ X jjples, iiou\^," mellow, 
 
 Apple*, sweety mellow, 
 
 Parsnips, > ^ 
 
 f 
 
 Parsmps, ,jj 
 
 «V- 
 
 Carrot, oif&hgfe, 
 
 M 
 
 Carrot, orange. 
 
 ljf 
 
 Carri^ orange, 
 
 £■ 
 
 Beets, 
 
 i. 
 
 Turnips, flat, 
 
 m ■ 
 
 Potatoes, Irish, 
 
 '$r 
 
 Potatoes, Irish, 
 
 i- 
 
 Potatoes, Irish, 
 
 Mmn time of Chymification. 
 
 Ih stomach. 
 
 In vialsl 
 
 prep. 
 
 h. m. 
 
 prep. 
 
 h. m. 
 
 
 
 divided 
 
 8 30 
 
 . « 
 
 
 raw 
 
 60 oa 
 
 boiled! 
 
 ^*0O 
 
 ti 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 4 15 
 
 
 
 boiled' 
 
 3 00 
 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 1 30 
 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 3 30 
 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 3 45 
 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 3 00 
 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 3 30 
 
 
 
 warmed 
 
 2 30 
 
 
 
 broiled 
 
 3 20 
 
 
 
 fried . 
 
 4 00 
 
 entire p. 
 
 13 30 
 
 boiled 
 
 5 30 
 
 niasticated 
 
 12 45 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 entire p. 
 
 24 00 
 
 boilecl 
 
 .lib 
 
 masticated 
 
 10 03 
 
 •'■'■■■ -' • Vl M? 
 
 I'tTTv ' 
 
 divided 
 
 12 Oft 
 
 boiled 
 
 3 00 
 
 boiled 
 
 6 SO- 
 
 
 ! •>/; 
 
 entire p. 
 
 SO 00 
 
 
 
 entire p. 
 
 80 00- 
 
 >oiled:' 
 
 '2 30 
 
 
 
 'baked 
 
 3 30 
 
 masticated 
 
 4 3a 
 
 baked 
 
 3 15 
 
 
 ] ' 
 
 baked 
 
 3 00 
 
 . ' 
 
 
 . baked 
 
 2 ,30 
 
 ., broken, ^ 
 
 6. 15^ 
 
 boiled 
 
 3 do 
 
 ,■' \ 
 
 
 r^w 
 
 2 50 
 
 entire ps. 
 
 IS 00 
 
 faw* . 
 
 12 00 
 
 niastipated 
 
 & 30 
 
 raw ' 
 
 1 30 
 
 masticated 
 
 6 45 
 
 boiled, 
 
 2 30 
 
 ■i mashed 
 
 6,45 
 
 boiled 
 
 
 entire, p. 
 
 13. 15 
 
 raw 
 
 
 entire p. 
 
 18 00 
 
 boiled 
 
 2 la 
 
 -mashed 
 
 6 45 
 
 
 
 entire p. 
 
 12 30 
 
 
 
 ra,w, do. 
 
 17 15 
 
 boiled 
 
 3 45 
 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 3 30 
 
 
 
 boiled 
 
 3 30 
 
 mashed 
 
 8 30 
 
 
 
 entire p.. 
 
 14 00 
 
 roasted 
 
 2 30 
 
 
 >* Xi 
 
I ll ■ JV.p i i!p ■ ' Jiii ii '^-'!iiPjyf'iJ '' *>^ ' mm 
 
 
 
 Meian time of ChymiJicatiortS^ 
 
 Articles of Diet 
 
 In stomach. ^ 
 
 m^ In viala. 
 
 .(» .«f , 
 
 prep. 
 
 h. m. 
 
 prop. h. m. 
 
 Potatoes, Irish, 
 Cabbage, he^d. 
 Cabbage, with vinegar. 
 Cabbage, 
 Peach, mellow, 
 Peach, mellow. 
 
 baked 
 raw 
 raw 
 
 boiled 
 
 *2 30. 
 2 30 
 2 00 
 4 30 
 
 masticated 
 shaved . 
 boiled 
 
 cut small 
 mashed ^ 
 
 12 pO 
 10 16 
 20 00 
 10 00 
 6 00 
 
 1'.l»' 
 
 ' The foregoing table is formed from all the experiments made 
 iopon St Martin, since 1825, taking the average from such qb 
 were generally performed under the naturally healthy condition 
 of the stomaoh, and ordinary exercise. 
 
 • The mean timec of artificial chymification, have been taken 
 frbni Bubh experiments as were generally made with the piiire 
 gastric juice, or such as was too slightly vitiated, to impair its 
 spl vent e0ect, in any essential degree. 
 
 They exhibit the average, w Jiear as practicable, for the di- 
 gestion of one drachm of alimentary matter, in one ounce of gas- 
 tric juice; or in about that proportion, counting the time actually 
 kept on ti:ie.bath, or in the axilla: 
 
 i Kxcepijlons, however, must be made for the bone, oil,' cream, 
 and one or two other articles, which chymify much slower and 
 more diflSculily, than the less cpncentrated aliments. * 
 
 ,, Severll experiments have beeh omitted, especially when th^y 
 Tfcjrp oflb^^jiatne kinds, and j^roduced similar results. 
 
 
 
 #■■ 
 
 m "$ 
 
 i- 
 
 ' 
 
 4 
 
 :^\ 
 

 1^ 
 
 .^«^-','A*t'' 
 
 m 
 
 EXPERIMENTS AND 
 
 iSKdwing the temperature of the interior of the tSfornach, 
 in different conditions, taken in different seasons of 
 the yedr, apd at various ti^nes of the day, from 5 
 o'clock in the morning ^ till 12 o'clock at night. 
 
 Pat*. 
 
 1829. 
 
 DeoG 
 7 
 8 
 
 
 1830, 
 
 Jaq24 
 25 
 
 Mr 17 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 18^i^ 
 
 o 
 
 •^6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 r25 
 
 t 
 
 27 
 28 
 39 
 80 
 3 
 1833 
 Jan-1 
 
 Wind 
 
 ; HI' 
 
 9 
 N W 
 
 N W 
 
 s w 
 
 N W 
 
 N \Y snowijng 
 
 E 
 
 N E 
 
 S 
 N 
 
 N W 
 W 
 
 ft 
 
 Weather, 
 
 cl'dy art! damp 
 cl'dy and damp 
 clear and dry 
 clear 
 
 clear and cold 
 clear 
 rainy 
 clear 
 
 Toitn . k. opniiir'nofitoini 
 
 Tb 
 
 ',tii 
 
 Empty. 
 
 rop«t 
 
 cl'dy and damp 
 
 variable ,, 
 cl'dy and l^amp 
 foul and damp 
 clear (. 
 
 clear *** ' 
 clear 
 clear 
 cl'dy and damp 
 
 rainy 
 
 ■AiS 
 
 
 63 
 27 
 13 
 10 
 
 
 
 35 
 30 
 
 38 
 28 
 46 
 
 31 
 38 
 38 
 62 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 930 *- 
 98'* 
 99 
 99 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 99 
 100 
 
 98 
 
 100 
 
 [V\) 
 
 )9 
 
 >0 
 
 1( 
 
 100, 
 100' 
 100^ 
 100, 
 100 
 9i 
 
 ei'oii 
 
 
 100 
 
 1 
 
 *;i 
 
 00 
 
 ooil 
 
 loo 
 
 ■ 1 'r 
 4lt 
 
 101 
 
 101 
 
 101. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Ml 
 
 %m 
 
 '■ burlng 
 OhymiAcat'ti 
 
 rtpoa 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 99 
 
 100 
 lOd 
 IQU 
 
 m 
 
 lOQ 
 
 IrWOWJ « S:Slft» 
 
 •NlWi^- 
 
 «x'oU 
 
 rrr 
 
 »JKii i 
 
 102 
 
 ■ h 
 lOli 
 
 101 
 101 
 
 .^i 
 
 '>..i. 
 
 Romarka. 
 
 
 
 iTK; 
 
 ,.* >»<•■• 
 
 atomach mprbid,< { 
 stomach mprbici* 
 
 stomacSi, morbi4 
 stonaachi D^prbii^; 
 
 .. i ■•■ i : 
 
 stomach morbid| 
 ston^n^Clh morbid. 
 
 »i 
 
 {*'..(• 
 
 f i-ri ■ 
 
 »i 
 
 .) . iitfUii} weitwv 
 
 sK^HIJ^jnorbWi 
 
 i 4 
 
W '"^ 
 
 wm 
 
 
 • 
 
 *'dB8EiivATION0. 
 
 
 ">^ 1 
 
 TABLfj—Continued. >lH | 
 
 
 Wind 
 NE 
 
 W«tthor. 
 
 Th 
 
 Tani. <e eundii'n of •(om. 
 
 Remarkf. fl 
 
 DaU. 
 
 Em|ity. 
 
 J^urinf 
 cHPmificat'n 
 
 
 npoi 
 
 ox'cii 
 
 repoi 
 
 os'cii 
 
 '^ki\ 
 
 Jan 7 
 
 cl'dy and damp 
 
 48 
 
 100» 
 
 
 
 
 fX% 
 
 11 
 
 8 W 
 
 clear 
 
 15 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 > m \ 
 
 18 
 
 cl'm 
 
 cloudy and dry 
 
 12 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 100 
 
 1004 
 
 titomach morbid. S 
 
 1^ 
 
 N W 
 
 clear 
 
 28 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 1014 
 
 '.^M : 
 
 NB 
 
 cloudy and dry 
 
 a5 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 .u 
 
 17 
 
 NW 
 
 clear and dry 
 
 19 
 
 100 
 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 fltomack morbid« "^m 
 
 23 
 
 N E 
 
 rainy 
 
 39 
 
 looa 
 
 
 
 1011 
 
 'i cwM 
 
 24 
 
 N 
 
 cl'dy and damp 
 
 39 
 
 100^ 
 
 loii 
 
 
 • 
 
 '^1 i 1 
 
 24 
 
 NE 
 
 rainy 
 
 
 9Qii 
 
 
 
 
 after sleeping. ^^B 1 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 
 36 
 
 99 
 
 
 
 
 before rising. ^^H i 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 1001 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 -Jh 
 
 26 
 
 N W 
 
 cleijr 
 
 36 
 
 loei) 
 
 
 1001 
 
 101 
 
 004 after sleeping "^B 
 
 27 
 
 cl'm 
 
 cloudy 
 
 32 
 
 09a 
 
 
 
 lOU 
 
 994 before rising. ^m 
 
 28 
 
 8 W 
 
 cletir 
 
 35 
 
 101* 
 
 
 
 1014 
 
 . .';^,: iJH 
 
 28 
 
 SW 
 
 clear 
 
 46 
 
 ion 
 
 
 1014 
 
 
 ""^ilB 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 lou 
 
 
 1014 
 
 
 <<^B 
 
 20 
 
 N E 
 
 clear 
 
 28 
 
 1001 
 
 U)14 
 
 
 102 
 
 100 before rising. '''^m 
 
 30 
 
 NE 
 
 cl'dy and damp 
 
 39 
 
 lOU 
 
 lOli 
 
 102 
 
 994 before rising. ^1H 
 
 31 
 
 NB 
 
 rainy 
 
 45 
 
 1014 
 
 lOU 
 
 
 100 before rising. fl 
 
 Febl 
 
 NW 
 
 clear 
 
 28 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 103 
 
 100 before rising. *^ 
 
 Mr 26 
 
 
 clear 
 
 • 
 
 1004 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 v-fl^l 
 
 JttJyO 
 
 W 
 
 cl'dy and damp 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 Before rising. 'wm 
 
 10 
 
 w 
 
 clear 
 
 63 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 I^^^V 
 
 11 
 
 N E 
 
 cloudy 
 
 65 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 IB 
 
 12 
 
 W 
 
 clear 
 
 70 
 
 1004 
 
 1011 
 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 13 
 
 cl'm 
 
 clear 
 
 69 
 
 1001 
 
 1015 
 
 
 
 jft^^^H 
 
 . 14 
 
 8 
 
 variable 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 W 
 
 clear 
 
 74 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 clear 
 
 74 
 
 1004 
 
 • 
 
 
 1011 
 
 'f^^^H 
 
 16 
 
 W 
 
 cloudy 
 
 78 
 
 101 
 
 1014 
 
 
 
 '.^^^1 
 
 28 
 
 NW 
 
 clear 
 
 66 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 
 H • ^1 
 
 OctlO 
 
 W 
 
 fair 
 
 61 
 
 100 
 
 1014 
 
 
 1014 
 
 gjH 
 
 
 8 
 
 rainy 
 
 61 
 
 
 101} 
 
 102 
 
 103 
 
 .J^^H ' 
 
 11 
 
 NW 
 
 fair 
 
 32 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 
 102 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 1011 
 
 
 1011 
 
 
 xi^^^H 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 cloudy 
 
 36 
 
 101 
 
 . 
 
 101 
 
 ''w^M 
 
 13 
 
 NE rainy 1 
 
 
 101 
 
 
 101 102 
 
 '^m 
 
 *At thill and th« ■ uh Mqnant examintlioiut lh« bulb of the tli«rinoimt«r was plaead 
 throe or four iiiohea nearer the pylorui than before, and exhibited an inereaM of tem- 
 perature, indicating t difference of three-fourths of a degree, between the iplenic and 
 pytorio extreipetiea. * 
 
'P**.1»"'''^FW 
 
 rr^m^ 
 
 998 
 
 BXPBJIIMCNT8 &C. 
 
 Abstract of Dmipcraturc of thn Stomach. 
 Whon empty, and In repoio, highoit, 100| ' ) }liQ^n^ I00i» 
 
 Whon ompty, and in tfipoio, luwost, 08 
 
 When empty, and cxorci«hff, highest, 102, 
 When ompty, and exorcising, lu\V(«pt, 100, 
 
 I Moan, 10U<> 
 
 Full, or during chymifloation, in repose, highest, 103, ^ kf . innio 
 
 Full, or during lUiyniincation, in repose, lowest, 09, S ' ' 
 
 Pull, during chymification, in exorcise, highest, 103, ^ »* ,„ miio 
 
 Pull, during chymincalion, in exorciso, lowest, 1004, { ♦ * 
 
 
 In all tho obsorvations ptcviously to*tho 4tli of De- 
 cember, 1832, tho cxumiiuitions wore made with a Mer- 
 curial Thormomctoi', (Fahrenheit's) and north of latitude 
 43^. Subsequently, and to March, 1833, tho examina- 
 tions wore made at Wasliington, p. C, in latitude 38^ 
 53', with the spirit thermonjetfer, from Pool's Barometer, 
 vr\\\c\L varied half a degree from the mercurial one. 
 From July ^, to Novcrnbor, 1833, 1 used Pool's Glass 
 Chemical Spirit Thermometer, (Fahrenheit's scale) at 
 Pittsburgh, N. Y., in latitude about 44° 40', N. 
 
 ^Pi 
 
 w=^'> 
 
 

 .*. 
 
 fv> 
 
 
 f-i, 
 
 INFEIIENCES, , , 
 
 i 
 
 fVum thvfo?^g0ng Experiments and Observations. 
 
 1. That rt»t//i«/ and /ammceon* alihieiits are more* 
 easy of digustion than vvji^ctabta. * 
 
 2. That tlip Niiscoptibility of digestion does not, how- 
 cver,,c||>jpojtid^jiflltogethoj:>iijnpn natural or c/^ewtca/ dis- 
 tinctions. , * ^ *, , ' , 
 
 3.,Timt.digesi^ion is IJiciUtated Jby minutcnoss o{ di- 
 vision and tciiUcrnass Jn fibre, cyjd rotardod by opposite^ 
 qualities.* 
 
 4. Tliat the ultimate principlefoi aliment arc always 
 the same, from ^ivhiitover food they may be obtained. , 
 .^6.. That thpj^ct^on, of the stomach, and its fluids are 
 the same on all kinJ.3 of diet. 
 
 G. T.hHt!t}ie(/i^e5^%7i^y^ of aliment does not depend 
 upon the quantity of nutrient principles that it contains. ,^^. 
 
 7. That the quantity of food generally taken, is more ^p| 
 than the wants of the system rcquirp ; and that such * !► \ 
 excess, if persevered in, generally produces, not only . . - 
 functional aberration, but disease of the coats of the 1| f 
 stomach. 
 
 8. That bul/c, as well as nutriment, is necessary to th9 '*^ 
 articles of diet. 
 
 9. Thcft*ot/y food is difficult of digestion, though it 
 cott.ta;in8 a large proportion of the ijutrient principl^^^^^ 
 
 m 
 
y"- 
 
 10. That the time required for the digcst^ofupf food, 
 is various, depending upon the quantity and^qualitv of 
 the food, state of the stomach, d&c; but thartKe^uM^ 
 bhlinariiy required for the disposal of a modbJilte hieal 
 of the fibrous parts of meat, with bread, ^c^ is**5rroft 
 three to three And a: half hours* ' "^ *' 
 
 11. That solid food, of a certain texture, isedsiet'^bf 
 . digestion, thaa/uie?. f ♦ ^* 
 
 12. That sffmulating^onrftmeyt/g ai#injuriou*t6''the 
 it^^ealthy stomach. •^ ' "* ''tf*^ 
 
 ^ IS.^hat the use of ardent spirits always produces 
 disease of the stomach, if persevered in. fv»*f«w-«« 
 
 14. That hunger iS the effect of rfw/en/»on'^of the Ves- 
 sels that secrete the gastric jifice. . » «t#^ V;^ »* 
 
 1 fi'5.' That the processfes tW mastication^ itisali9htion ahd 
 
 deglutitiony in an abstract poin^f vievf, do not,' in in'j^ 
 
 way^ affect the digestioif of foodf or, in*othfl6f woirds, 
 
 when food is introduced directly intt) the stomach, in a 
 
 finely divided state, without these previous stips, it ih as 
 
 readily and aft perfectly digested as when' tKey have 
 
 becntaken. "'* ^^ ^ ^ 
 
 16. That saliva does not possess the properties of ah 
 
 alimentary solvent. " "* ' > **v «^ 
 
 ,i^'17.' That the first stage of dig;estion i§ effected in the 
 
 stomach. » ' .j* 
 
 f ' 18. That the n^tuiaUemperature of the stomach is 
 
 IQfif deg. Fahtenheit. > . -B 
 
 ^M^^That th^illilperatuire is not elevated by the inges^ 
 tioirof food. '' • " ' ^^ 
 
 ■ zOr That^^er^fi elevates the temperatu|e; a^^^t^at 
 
 ste^^^eMi in a ]recumbeggpQ9^tipn, depres^^^t 
 2)k. Thatt^ agenf of chymification is the 
 
 ■M. 
 
 :.|P'. 
 
 kM>^ 
 
*! 
 
 V , ,. 
 
 INFERENCES. 
 
 301 
 
 ^' 22. That it acts as a solvmf, of j^fejiL ^^ alters its . ^^ 
 proportios. 
 
 23. Tliat its aqtion is facilitated by.thu ^varmth ^.w\ 
 motioiis of tho stomach. 
 
 24. That it contains free Muriatic Acid and sonic 
 other active c/tewMcar principles. ' "%. 
 
 25. That it is never fonnd free in the gastric .':avity;.^ r**' ' 
 but is always excited to discharge itself by the kitro- '••* 
 duction of /oof/, or otlier irriturttfi. '♦^^. 
 
 26. That it is secreted from vessels distinct f|gm tho ;^' '•, ^J 
 
 ■ i't 'J 'i 'Imi 
 
 n 
 
 mucous follicles. 
 
 27. That it is seldom obtained pure, but is generally 
 mixed with mucus, and sometimes with saliva. When 
 pi^re, it incapable of being kcpt^ for months, and per- 
 haps for years.* ,L 
 
 28. That it coagulates albumen, and afterwards rfw- 
 
 solves iho coagulai,,-> *f\s'<'^^*i'\^f^mWv**'" m ''^ 
 
 29. That it checks the progress of putrefaction. 
 
 30. That tho pure gastric juice i» fluid, clear and 
 transparent; without odor; a little salt, and perceptibly 
 add, <♦ .'..•>'.-•♦- aifv^ v>ji, fi*. : ■ ' ♦ 
 
 31. That like other chemical agents, it commences 
 its action on food, as soon as it comes in contact with 
 it. '-■^-- • 
 
 32. That it is capable of coiuhining with a certain and 
 fixed quantity of food, and when more aliment is pre- 
 sented for its action than it will dissolve, disturbance 
 of the stomach, or " indigestion," will ensue. 
 
 ♦ I Have now (Nov. 1, 1833) in my possesion, some clear gas- 
 tric juic^ possessing all its original properties* unchanged and 
 undiminished, which was taken from thd stomach in December, 
 1832, about eleven months ago, and has been kept tightly corked 
 in vials. ■'^'' , ,, " t','-- ;^:'>"^5v'-i. 
 
 26 
 
 u 
 
 
 •;;..v*^ 
 
 i 
 
 ■'iv.. 
 
 ^ 
 
'4' 
 
 ^ 302 
 
 A- 
 
 INFERENCES. 
 
 ***» "#1 
 
 * i* 
 
 ^. ♦ 
 
 33. Th^ it beconjes intimately ^nized and blmdcdjtft 
 witli dhe iiigestu; in tlic stoniacli, by the motions of that 
 
 34. That it ia invariably the same substance, modi* 
 jfied only by admixture with other fluids, j 
 
 B5. That gentle exercise facilitates the digestion of 
 food. 
 
 3^ That bile is not ordinarily found in the stomachy 
 and is not commonly necessary for the digestion of food : 
 but _^ 
 
 37.^hat, whei}. oily food has been used, it assists its 
 digestion. i . : , ., 
 
 38. That chyme is homogeneous, but variable .in its 
 color diiidi consist&ice., ^\ 
 
 39. That towards |]he latter stages of chyrtiificatflfe,' 
 it becomes more acid and stimulating, and passes more^ 
 fapi^y fton^the stomach. 
 
 40. lUjat water, ardent spirits, and most other ^?«*rf* 
 are not affedte^ by the gastric juice, but pass from the 
 stomach soon after they have been received. 
 
 41. That the inner coat of the stomach, is of a pale 
 pink color, varying in its hues, according to its full or 
 empt^ state. 
 
 ' 42. That, in health, it is constantly sheathed with a 
 mucous coat. 
 43. Thgit the gastric juice and mucus are dissimilar 
 * indieir physical and chemical properties. ^ 
 
 *, 44* That the appearance of the interior of the stom- 
 aJckf, in disease, is essentially different frpnithat of its . ^, 
 healthy state. ^; ^ ^^' * % 
 
 •#^^j^^a| the motions of the stomach produce a con- 
 stant cKur^ing_of ijpcontenti^ and admixture csf|^pd 
 and gastric jiSie. W *^ ' * f * H, . 
 
 
 '■■srh,At 
 
 ^*'- 
 
 it 
 
 % 
 
 ♦ 
 
^1 .1 
 
 IttYEREJ^CJEB. 
 
 303 
 
 # 
 
 46. That these motions are in t>^o directions ; trans- 
 versely and longitudinally. 
 
 47. That the expulsion o/ the chyme is assistedf% 
 a transverse band, ^c, ^ 
 
 48. Thg^chyle is formed in the duodenum and snijill 
 intestines, by the action of bile and pancreatic juice^ 
 on the chyme. 
 
 49. That crude chyle is a semi-transparenty whey- 
 colored fluid. *** 
 
 50. That it is further changed by the actioi^f the 
 lactedls and mesenterid glands. Sf hie is only an infer- 
 ence from the other facts. It has %ot beeif the subject 
 of experiment. ' . :' 
 
 «.. Tb^i no other fLuid produ^^the same effect^on ' 
 that gastric juice does ; anomat it is the onlysQl- 
 veni of aliment. 
 
 4 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 
 
 ^*r 
 
 
 ♦- . 
 
 # ?-;' 
 
 » 
 
 '*-•. 
 
 ■-^ 
 
 <*.'.!l'. 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 ■&■ 
 
 
 ^(wtJiTJ 
 
 
^^^^m^ '• 
 
 '0C 
 
 
 it 
 
 #1 "^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 .r. 
 
 ,«(<•• 
 ^ 
 
 :i 
 
 '* HtwkCK to 2nd Edition, 
 « %^ £(!Ktion,« 
 
 ^TION, 
 LRY OBSettVATIONS, 
 
 n|tlLI]l||§lRY UBStiltVATIpNI 
 # ipc. I. Of Aligk, 
 
 , . « '* V "• oc pi«nP 
 
 4\. 
 
 and Thirst, 
 
 9 
 13 
 33 
 
 i 
 
 «i 
 
 ' •* " ^"' OP5||ti8f8UJtion and Satiety, - - 59 
 
 ^ V^ jVy JK^^ Of HNtication, Insalivatiori; and Deglutition, 63 ** 
 
 H 
 
 > y^ Of Digestion by the Gastric Juice, - 69 
 f||[jj^Of the Appea ran ce of the Villous Coat, and 
 « • ^ of the Moiflp ^f the Stomach, - 95 
 
 ^ M* '* VII. Of iSttylificauK, and Use of the Bile and 
 " ' # Pancreatic Juice, 
 
 Bxra|iMlwTS— First Series, 
 
 
 Second Series, 
 il^ird Series, 
 Jffontih Series, 
 j[o Examinations, - ' ^ 
 
 |il_ri||PrTTT1Tli1 OF CSTMIFICATION, 
 
 4r 'J^MPE'EATCftB l&.^lpMACH) 
 
 % ' 
 
 
 
 109 
 
 ■^ ^ 117 '^ 
 1S!S 
 
 17a 
 
 '249 
 ^ 247 
 2fii3 
 
 296 % 
 8 
 
 
 
1 
 
 # 
 
 .«. - 
 
 
 
 ^ffL 
 
 ♦■ «,. 
 
 :^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 .*^' 
 
 J'*!'"-^ 
 
 m 
 
 ;*- 
 
 ri»^ 
 
 4." 
 
 r* 
 
 '>^