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W. w cr<:-'.\ c M r, d^kw r mini'^ter Wr.:.ir Po-.^-nr Branch J. 8. CH'».Li;S, buPtKiN itUoti^l i "An rxamination of any ((ood map of our broad I3tmiinion. rcvcaU, a> its moit ttriking fcaturr. an pxtraordinary wralthy and rrmarkably uninter- rupted succciiion of l»l and rivrri. auRgcitive uf ampir rainfall, the . it vnt rrquititr m the occupation of any country. Over a length of several thousand milei, between Labrador and Alatka, and over a width of several hundred miles, there it an almost continuous distribution of lakes; lakelets and rivers: the lakes of varied outlines, dimensions and elevations above sea level, and many possessing facilities fr- the 3rage of their flood waters. !n ti:any places the outlet from the lake or the connection between a chain of lakes is a narrow cleft in rock where an inexpensive dam will hoM back the water supplied by the winter's accumulation of snow." ■' From ■ PrriKlrnlial adiirrM nn ihr Water Poweti of Canaoa ifiotr rhr i^oyal Sncirly ot Canada, in IM'^M-^W. hy the late T. C Kerter, C.E.. C.M.G., Honorary Mr "'^i o( ihr Inililute, American Society an .-ra- dian Society, oi Civil Fngineen 'ast President ot the Ameiii iti ind C . .^auian Societiri o! Civil t .^ir.- t»i Dominion Water Power Branch Department of the Interior Ottawa, Canada J * I Copyrighted Canada. 1915 By H. G. Acres TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Note 7 Introduction ^ Ottawa River and Tributaries ' ' Rivers Tributary to the Great Lakes '4 Winnipeg River and Its Tributaries 27 Rivers flowing into James Bay 2o International Rivers of Ontario 30 Summary of Undeveloped and Developed Water Powers in Ontario 35 Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission 36 Administration of Water Power in Ontario 39 I I I H THIS monograph on the Water Powers of the Province of Ontario, published by direction of the Honourable W. J. Roche, Minister of the Interior, Canada, was written by H. G. Acres, B.A.Sc, Hydraulic Engineer, Hydro- Electric Power Commission of Ontario, at the request of the Superintendent of the Dominion Water Power Branch, for distribution in connection with the water power exhibit of the Dominion Government in the Canadian Pavilion at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. This water power exhibit was prepared by the Dominion Water Power Branch under the direction of the Commissioner General of Canadian Exhibitions, with the object of showing visitors to the exposition the trcnfiendous water power resources of Canada, and especially the great progress already made in the art of power development and use throughout the Dominion. The outstanding feature of the water power situation in Canada is the fact that practically all industrial and com- mercial centres in the Dominion, from coast to coast, have sufficient potential water power within easy transmission radius and of sufficient capacity and assured economic feasibility of development to meet all anticipated requirements for the future. INTRODUCTION THE greater industrial centres cf the Province of Ontario lie along the shores of the Great Lakes, the nucleus cf growth having been supplied by agricultural settlement, subsequent development being largely due to the unequalled facilities for inland navi- gation, afforded by these great bodies of water, and by the canali/aticn of their connecting rivers. Up to 15 years ago the prosperity of the Province rested upon transportation by water, upon the development cf the agricultural and lumber industries and upon Pennsylvania coal. Since that tinne the Sudbury, Cobalt and Porcupine mining districts have been added to the list of provincial assets. Then came the commercial utilization of the immense power resources of Niagara, resulting largely from the rapid advancement of the art of high voltage transmission. The deve'opment of Niagara power has marked an epoch in the industrial history of the Province, not only through the displacement of steam generated power, but by reason of the fact that the availability cf large quantities of cheap water, generated power has served to transform laboratory experiments into immense electro-thermal and electro- chemical industries. The drainage system of the Province of Ontario comprises four main divisions, namely, the territory drained by the Ottawa River and its tributaries, that drained by the tributaries of the Great Lakes, that drained by the rivers flowing into James Bay, and that drained by the Winnipeg River and its tributaries. As the distance between the east and west extremities of the Proviiice is "50 miles, and the distance between the north and south extrem.ities 1,050 miles, the rivers forming the arteries of the drainage system will naturally possess variant characteristics. The extremes are represented, on the one hand, by the gently flowing rivers and creeks of the south- western peninsula, and on the other by the slack -water pools and turbulent rapids and falls of the Laurentian rivers along the north shore of Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Between these two extremes, each possessing characteristics peculiar to themselves, lie the rivers in the limestone region of the eastern counties and the large rivers which reach tidewater by way of James Bay and the Hudson Sea. WATER POWERS OF ONTARIO OTTAWA RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES FROM a hydraulic standpoint the more important rivers tributary to the Ottawa arc the Mississippi, the Madawaska, the Bonnechere, the Petewawa and the Montreal. The territory drained by these rivers at one time maintained a great lumbering industry, and while a small amount of merchantable timber is still standing, the lumbering industry does not now, and probably never will again, contribute materially to the prosperity of the district. The removal of the virgin forest has undoubtedly influenced the regimen of the streams, but the effects of deforestation have beer to a certain extent neutralized by the development of second growth timber. This beneficial influence will probably be permanent, owing to the fact that the territory drained by these rivers is for the most part unsuited for cultivation and the extent of the forest cover is likely to increase rather than diminish. As a matter of fact the interests of this territory would be well served if all the Crown Lands in the upper basins of the Mississippi, Madawaska, Bonnechere and Petawawa Rivers were withdrawn from settlement, and a forest reserve established with the particular object of maturing the second growth of white and red pine, which is springing up throughout the district. The basins of these rivers contain a considerable pr' portion of lake and marsh, and their flow characteristics are susceptible of material improvement through the agency of artificial storage. The gradient of the streams themselves is generally steep, and concentrated natural heads, ranging from 20 to 100 feet, offer numerous opportunities for chean development. The power capacity of thee rivers is, however, not comparable to that of the Quebec tributaries of the Ottawa, owing to their generally smaller drainage areas. The basin of the Madawaska, the largest Ontario tributary, has only about one third of the area of the Gatineau basin, which is the largest Quebec tributary. For this reason, instead of natural capacities of 10,000 h.-p. und over, such as are common in QueSec, the Ontario tributaries offer facilities for the development of capacities ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 h.-p. only, except in one or two isolated cases. One exception is the High Falls on the Madaswaska, where the natural head can be increased to 150 feet, and 12,000 h.-p. developed under naicural flow conditions, and probably 20,000 h.-p. with artificial storage. The status of these water po\.ers as regards possibility of development is peculiar and unfortunate. With the possible exception of the I~{igh Falls site, their mdividual capacities are not sufficient to justify development for long di.«tance transmission, and at the same time are generally too great to permit development for local markets, most of which are now adequately supplied by existing developments of small capacity immediately adjacent to the point of consumption. Such development has taken place on the lower Mississippi at Carleton Place, Almonte and Galetta: on the Rideau at New Edinborough, Perth, Smith's Falls, Merrickville, and Andrewsville; on the Madawaska at Bancroft, Arnprior and Mountain Chute, and on the Matlawa at Maltawa. These developments have capacities II S 1 Th« Province c/ Ontario ranging from 40 to 1,000 h.-p. and supply power to a large number of labor uiing industries which contribute materiali' > the prosperity of the municipalities in which they are located. Renfrew, particularly, is developing into a flourishing industrial centre as a result of power development on the Bonnecherr. the business being divided between the recently completed municipal plant having 70G h.-p. capacity and the 750 h.-p. plant of the Renfrew Power Company. To meet the present and future requirements of the power users on the Donnechere River and on their behalf, the Mydro-Electric Power Commission has constructed a storage dam at Round Lake, and has reported at to the feasibility of creating additional storage should the same be required. Chauiiieri- Falls. Ottawa River, and Twin Fa!U. Ridrau River. In connection with the development of fwwer in the Ottawa Valley the important developments of the Northern Ontario Light & Power Company deserve special mention. This company supplies power to the mines in the Cobalt district, and it is a notable fact that the introduction of hydro-electric power has caused the use of steam to be almost wholly discontinued for the operation of mines. In 1909 the camp imported 63.739 tons of coal, between June and December. In 1910, subsequrnl to the advent of hydro-electric power, only 17,349 tons were imported during the same period. This company has two hydro-electric plants in operation, one on the Mttabitchewan operating under a head of 312 feet, with 8,000 h.-p. installed, and one at I lound Chute on the Montreal River, operating under a head of 33 feet and with 3,800 h.-p. installed. 1 he power is transmitted to Cobalt, and the vicinity, over wood pole transmission lines 25 and 13 IVaUr Powtrt of Canada 17 rnikt long rf»p»ctivfly. the Irinimmion preiiure being 44,000 voitt in the firit c«»*. and 1 1.000 volti in the Utter. The dutribution of the avenge load ii approximately at follow!. Electric Railway! 400 h.-p., dome»tic and commercial light 200 h.-p.. mining load 10,000 h.-p. The Metabitchewan tite i* now fully developed, and any additional power required by the Cobalt camp muil be supplied from the Montreal River. The mott important unde- veloped site on this river ii that known ai the "Notch," where a head of 100 feet ii available, and where about 7,000 h.-p. can be developed under ordinary low water conditions. These are commercial possibilities in connection with the development of this water power which merit serious consideration. Concerning the Ottawa River itself, mention has previously been made of the fact that with renlated flow, 600.000 h.-p. will be available to Ontario, between Lake Temiskaming and Carillon. This aggregate capacity will be capable of commercial development only in the event of the river being canalized, and will depend furthermore upon the creation of a market for power vastly in excess of that now existing. Power development on the Ottawa River, in Ontario, is at present almost wholly confined to the large industries which operate at the Chaudiere Falls, and under average conditions about 36.000 h.-p. ii now in use. Of this amount about 17.000 h. p. is used in the mills of J. R. Booth. 5.000 h.-p. by the Ottawa Power Company. 9.000 h.-p. by the Ottawa Electric Company, and the balance by the city waterworks and the street railway. With complete flow regulation it is anticipated that the minimum canacif of the Chaudiere will be 84.000 h.-p. or about 25.000 h,-p. in excess of the amount now developed on both sides of the river. The vrry considerable industrial prominence which the City i.. Ottawa has attained, through the development of Power at the Chaudiere. will thu.-, j« further enhanced by the future development of the surplus capacity provided by regulation. RIVERS TRIBUTARY TO THE GREAT LAKES FROM an economic standpoint the rivers tributary to the Great Lakes are now. awd will probably continue to be. the most important of the river? lying wholly within the boundaries of the Province. This is due to the fact that they produce motive power, either direct or through the medium of i-lectric transmission, for a great variety of industries, many of which are large users of labor and consequently contribute greatly to the population and general prosperity of the Province. Of the rivers flowing into Lake Ontario, the Trent is the most important. On this river and its main tributaries there is about 75,000 h.-p. capable of more or less easy development by reason of the works of the Trent Canal, which are now ncaring completion. Of this total quantity abojt 45,000 h.-p. is now developed between Trenton and Balsam Lake, which is the summit level of the canal. The most important developments are those of the Electric Power Company, which company has seven plants in operation, with \ n'-d capacity of 33,300 h.-p. installed. 14 Hfily F»lli. DrvrlopmrnI of Electric Power Cotnptny. Trent Syitem. Auburn Power Company. Electric Power Development. Trent System. Water Powers of Canada Through the medium of about 300 miles of 44,000 volt transmission line the company supply power to a large territory, extending along the ikc front from Whitby to Napanec and as far north as Madoc and Lindsay, it has also by the wholesale acquisition of local hydraulic, steam and gas plants, obtained complete control of the light and power business in the territory served by its transmission lines. "nprom the above figures it appears that the undeveloped hydraulic resources of the Trent system amount to almost 30.000 h.-p. The importance of these undeveloped resources is largely due to the fact that they are ...pablc of cheap and ea.sy utilization through the existence of the locks and dams of the Trent Canal, which concentrate all of the natural head between Trenton and Balsam Lake. In addition to this the large lake areas of the iMiKciim I alls. Hiavcr Rivrr 16 IVx rlopmcnt of Simcor Railway and I^owcr ("oinpany, Srvcrn River. UtiMiWi > 1 dil> Divt iopnutil. I ivilro-LU'clfK Pi)wir ("onnnissi.in ui Onlari) Water Powers of Canada Trent basin are controlled by the Dominion Government, largely with a view to improvement of flow conditions for power purposes. The regimen of the river had previously been seriously affected by deforestation, but flow conditions have already been materially improved, and still better results are to be anticipated through the further extension of the storage system, and the development of an efficient scheme of control. The existing market requirements of the district are now fairly met by the existing developments, but the undeveloped water powers of the Trent System, having capacities ranging from 1,000 to 10.000 h.-p.. offer fine opportunities for the establishment of new industries, especially in the vicinity of Peterboro. Campbellford and Trenton. Pipe Lin.- for Emb™!.t F.nlls Development. Beaver River, under Construction. 18 m f. ' .m. pms" ^p ■H m The Province of Ontario At the present time the canal water powers are developed under a form of lease issued by the Department of Railways and Canals. Latterly these leases have called for a rental of $2.00 per horse-power per annum for every horse-power developed. The Grand River is the largest of the Lake Erie tributaries, and the possession of 2,500 square miles of drainage area should properly class it among the more important rivers of the Province from a power standpoint. At the time of Confederation, and for some years thereafter, the Grand River supplied all the water used for power and navigation purposes on the Welland Canal. Since that time there has been developed in the Grand River basin one of the greatest agricultural districts in Canada, and an urban population supported by General View of Spanish River Pulp and Paper Company's Plant. industries of national importance. The combinec' "Fects of deforestation, drainage and extensive cultivation, which attended this indust. / Onlcrio Apart from the benehti which will directly accroe at a reiult / Canada Concerning ih Nipigon. t^ Urgcit of the Lake Superior tribut»riei. the followinR fact* nwy be »el forth- The river proper '■ . .40 milci long and dropi 255 feet in thia diitance. At the head nf the river i> Lake Nipigrn, with l.5€0 iquarc ntile» of water surface, receiving the run-off from alic ut '>,5odies of magnetic iron which would doubtiew yield to treatment in the electric furnace. bilver Kails. Kaministiquia Rivt;r. 26 '**:i',: ~^mm^^isx^ Tha Province •/ Onlarh The Nipigon water powcri arc within raiy tranimiiiion dittancr of Port Arthur and I'Ort William, iind whilr thrsc citici havr 50.000 h.-p. hydraulic capacity availablr within a radiui of 25 milm, the time will undoubtedly come when they will need Nipigon power. In 40 milei of river there n 100,000 h -p. in the mam, capable of ea»y development, ami in this fact, together with the great natural reiourcet of iti baiin, and the certainty of induitrial expansion at the ii^ad of the Great Lakes, the Nipigon basin affords a range of commercial opportunities which can hardly be duplicated on the Continent to-day. THE WINNIPEG RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES TtiE drainage system of Rainy River District is wholly tributary to the Hudson Sea by way of Lake Winnipeg, and forms part of the great basin of the ^Nelson River. Ihe rivers in this district are as a general rule Urge and full flowing, but with low natural heads. This disadvantage from a power standpoint is in a measure offset by the splendid storage facilities offered by Rainy Lake, Lake of the Woods and Lac Seul, which, together with a countless number of smaller lakes, constitute the outstanding topographical feature of the Rainy River district. The hydrography of this territory has been studied to a limited extent only, but such information as is available indicates that the total potentiality of the various rivers is not less than 250,000 h.-p. Of this total about 22,000 h.-p. is now in use, leaving 228,000 h.-p. undeveloped. The largest development in this district is at Fort Frances, where Koochiching Falls, on the Rainy River, has been Power Development o( Minnesota and Ontario Company. Fort Frances. Ontario. 27 IVater Powers of Canada developed by the Minnesota & Ontario Power Company. This is an international river, and half of the oower is supposed to be developed on each side, the present installation on the Cana '... m leing 1 5.000 h.-p.. practically all of which is used for the manufacture of pulp ' ;w,jer. At K . " 'ling flour milling industry has grown out ot the partial utilization of the large w... power at the outlet of the Lake of the Woods. At this point the Town of Kenora has developed about 2.500 h.-p.. and has 2,0C0 h.-p. of surplus capacity still available. The bulk of this plant's product is used for flour milling, and lighting load. At this point also the Lake of th. Woods Milling Company has large flour mills using about 4.000 h.-p. of hydraulic and electric power. At Dryden. on the Wabigoon River, the Dryden Timber & Power Company has a 2.000 h.-p. plant installed for the manufacture of pulp and wood products. The two principal sources of power for the district are the Winnipeg and English Rivers. In addition to a large natural mmimum flow, the hydraulic value of these rivers lies in the fact that the extensive lake areas in their basins provide facilities for practically doubling the low water flow Under such conditions White Dog Falls, on the Winnipeg River, would alone be capable of producing 75,000 h.-p.. and at each of several sites on the English River power could be developed in blocks of 20.000 to 40.000 h.-p. More particularly in the case of the English, the natural resources of the territory drained by these rivers are rather meagre, but the completion of the Transcontinental Railway will tend to hasten the utilization of their great store of energy. RIVERS FLOWING INTO JAMES BAY AVERY small amount of credible information is at present available with regard to the rivers of the James Bay slope, such detailed information as is available being confined to one or two rivers on which power has already been developed or is in course of development. The Conservation Commission in its report on the "Water Powers of Canada" quotes figures, compiled by Mr. L. V. Rorke. formerly Inspector of Surveys for Ontario. Mr. Rorke estimates the minimum power capacity of the James Bay Rivers to be 665,000 h.-p. under natural conditions. With controlled storage he estimates tlitir capacity to be about 1.700.000 h.-p. This latter figure is based upon an assumption as to the volume of controlled run-off. which may not obtain in many instances, but if the newly acquired District of Patricia is included, a capacity of 1,500.000 h.-p. may, with a fair degree of certainty, br assumed physically capable of development. Power development in this territory is now limited to the two plants of the Northern Canada Light & Power Company on the Mattagami River. These plants supply about 3,500 h.-p. to the mines and towns of the Porcupine mining dis'ict, and have about 7,000 h.-p. capacity available. The Abitibi Pulp & Paper Company has a 19.500 h.-p. plant at Iroquois Falls, on the Abitibi River, which will shortly be in commercial operation. This Company has secured 28 'iii^'Sa Water Powers of Canada leasehold rights to water powers aggregating 50.000 h.-p. capacity, with regulated flow from the available storage in Abitibi Lake. As in the case of the Winnipeg and English Rivers, the completion of the Transcontinental Railway will give an impetus to hydraulic development on the James Bay rivers, particularly as regards the larger water powers to the north of the railway, these having heretofore been quite inaccessible from a commercial standpoint. INTERNATIONAL RIVERS OF ONTARIO IN the water powers of her International rivers the Province of Ontario possesses a natural asset of the first magnitude, and one which is destined to have a great and beneficent influence on her future prosperity. The greatest of these is Niagara, until recently famous only as a scenic spectacle, but inherently a vast and inexhaustible storehouse of energy, which even now yields much, but which in the future must yield more and more of its bounty in response to the increasing pressure of economic necessity. While aesthetic opposition to the commercial exploitation of Niagara is more or less of a sentimental factor, which must fade in the face of more pressing issues, there are certain practical limitations which must always obtain, arising principally out of the fact that the proper development of power involves the diversion of water from the natural channel of the river above the main cataract and the upper rapids. Power House. Electrical Development Company. Niagara FalU. Ontario. 30 Water Powers of Canada Power House of Canadian-Niagara Power Company. Power is now v vdoped on the Canadian side of Niagara, under franchises granted by the Province of Ontario, through the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park Commission. Under these franchises a total of 405,000 h.-p. is to be developed, 100,000 h.-p. by the Canadian Niagara Power Company, 125.000 h.-p. by the Electrical Development Company and 180,000 h.-p. by the Ontario Power Company. The Canadian Niagara Power Company began to deliver power in 1905. and the importance of cheap hydro-electric power as an mdustrial factor is impressively di>monstrated by the fact that, in the space of nine years, the three above mentioned companies have 369,000 h.-p. either in actual use on maximum load, or in course of installation to meet immediate requirements. The Ontario market is served principally by the Electrical Development Company and the Ontario Power Company, the former serving the City of Toronto, while the latter serves an extensive territory in Western Ontario, th.'ough the medium of the transmission system of the Hydro- Electric Power Commission. Although the water powers on the Welland Canal ar" not international, they are mentioned in connection with the boundary streams through the fact that the water which creates them is drawn from Lake Erie. 32 The Province of Onlai At the pres»nt time power is developed on the old Well.md Canal to the extent of about 12.000 h.-p., and the important industries in connection with which they are used embracing the manufacture of pulp and paper, tools, cloth, carbide, rubber, etc., contribute largely to the prosperity of the City of St. Catharines and the Towns of Merritton and Thorold. The most important power development connected with the canal system is that of the Dominion Power & Transmission Company. This company draws water from the summit level of the canal and carries it over ^he Niagara escarpement at Decew Fans, where power is developed under a net head of about 265 feet, 57,000 h.-p. of capacity being now in active use. Through the medium of 213 miles of 10,000 to 40,000 volt transmission line power is supplied for the operation of an extensive system of radial and street railways, and for the lighting and industrial requirements of a number of munic'palities in the Niagara Peninsula, as well as to Brantford. Burlington and Oakville. The present commercial prominence of the City of Hamilton is due in a large measure to the fact that power developed by the Dominion Power & Trap.smission Company was made available at rates sufficiently attractive to encourage the establishment of industries. The normal difference in level between Lake Superior and Lake Huron is about 20 feet, of which, about 18 feet, is concentrated at the St. Mary's Rapids. The minimum flow at this point will produce 90.000 h.-p. under an 18 foot head, half of which capacity belongs to Ontario. For some years past this power has been partially utilized both in Canada and the United States, about 17,000 h.-p. being now developed on the Canadian side by the Power House of Electrical Development Company. Niagaia Falls. Interior View. 33 Water Powers of Canada Algoma Steel Corporation and its allied industries. This company has under consideration the ron-cdclling of its hydraulic plant and an increase in capacity to 30,000 h.-p. So far as the Province of Ontario is concerned, the power possibilities of the St, Lawrence River are limited to that portion lying between Lake Ontario and Lake St. France. The normal fall in this portion of t!,e river is about 88 feet, and possibly 70 feet of tuis could be effectively utilized for power development. On this basis the aggregate effective capacity, under normal low water conditions, would be about 1,000.000 h.-p.. of which 500,000 h.-p! would be available for use i.T O.ntario. S»ult Stc. Marie Pulp and Paper Company. At the present time there is no development in this reach of the main river, present development being confined to various small water powers created along the shores by the St. Lawrence canal system. Hydraulic plants connected with the canals are operating at Cardinal, Iroquois, Morrisburg, Milles Roches and Cornwall, their aggregate capacity being about 5.800 h.-p. The bulk of this power is used locally, the two largest plants supplying the Town of Cornwall. As regards the feasibility of developing the international water powers of the St. Lawrence on a large scale, it is to be understood that such development would require the consent or co-operation of the United States. Furthermore, the construction cost of permanent works for the proper development of these powers will be abnormally high, and a market demand very largely in excess of that now existing will be necessary to place any such development scheme upon a feasible commercial basis. 34 The Province of Ontario SUMMARY OF UNDEVELOPED AND DEVELOPED WATER POWERS IN ONTARIO TAKING the various figures for power capacity mentioned above and adding thereto the estimated capacity of a number of smaller rivers not specifically mentioned, the following approximate summation is derived for the total amount of power capable of development in the Province of Ontario: Ottawa River and Tributaries 688,000 h.-p. Great Lakes Tributaries 4'16.000 " Hudson Bay '^lope 250,000 " James Bay Slope 1,500.000 " International Boundary Rivers 2,045,000 " Total Potentiality 4,929,000 h.-p. Similarly the totals, for the developed power, may be summarized as follows: Ottawa River and Tributaries 71.000 h.-p. Great Lakes Tributaries 137.000 " Hudson Bay Slope 22 000 " James Bay Slope 70.000 " International Boundary Rivers 462.000 " Total Developed Power 702.000 h.-p. Of this latter total, about 574,000 h.-p. is electric energy sold for light and power, about 69,000 h.-p. is used for pulp and paper manufacture, and about 59.000 h.-p. is used for the most part in the form of hydraulic power directly applied. According to the above figures, the developed capacity of the Ontario water powers is about one third greater than the capacity developed in Quebec. Ontario's advantage is mainly derived from the capacity developed for purposes of transmission, as is indicated by the fact that in Ontario 2,200 miles of 10,000 to 1 10.000 volt transmission line is in operation at the present time. The result of this widespread transmission system, and extensions to the same now under construction. 18 to make hydro-electric power available to all the cities and large towns in Ontario, and to a rapidly increasing number of smaller towns, at prices ranging from $15.00 to $40.00 per horse-power per annum. 35 Water Powers of Cannda ONTARIO HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION WITH the history of hydraulic and hydro-electric development, in Ontario, must always be associated the epoch making operations of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission in connection with the development and transmission of pow^r, under joint governmental and municipal auspices. When, about the year 1900. definite schemes for the development of Niagara power bcjan to take form, public sentiment became awakened through fear that the only source of hydraulic power available to the south-western peninsula of Ontario might be exploited wholly for the benefit of private interest, and that the people of this part of the Province might be laid under the yoke of a power monopoly. Public opinion in connection with this matter rapidly gathered strength, and the first result of the agitation was the report of the Ontario Power Commission, issued March 28th, 1906. This Commission was created under the terms of the Municipal Power Works Act of 1903. and its duty was broadly to report upon the feasibility of the co-operative develop- ment and transmission of Niagara power by and for a group of seven cities and towns in Western Ontario. The report of this Commission opened the eyes of the public to the commercial value of Niagara as a source of power for this portion of the Province, and rapidly accelerated the development of public sentiment. Partly in deference to public opinion, but largely upon its own initiative, the then recently formed Whitney Government appointed a new commission, called the Hydro-Electric Power Commission, to investigate power conditions generally throughout the Province, under direct governmental auspices. The result of these investigations were published in the form of five valuable reports in which were set forth the locations and estimated capacities of the Province's water powers, and also the estimated cost of various power development and transmission schemes, whereby the industrial centres of the Province might be cheaply and adequately served. Among other important results, the investigations of this Commission amply confirmed the findings of the Ontario Power Commission as to the commercial feasibility of trans- mitting power from Niagara to the municipalities of south-western Ontario. In view of this fact, the Provincial Government felt itself justified in making provision for the practical realization of these possibilities, and the Hydro-Electric Power Commission, of Ontario, was formally created by statute in May. 1906. The powers vested in the Commission under the Power Act were enlarged and amplified in 1907. and it is under the terms of the latter Act and some subsequent amendments, that the Commission is operating at the present time, and by virtue of which wonderful and far-reaching results have been achieved. As previously explained, it was the public need of the manufacturing centres of Western Ontario, as related to the potentiality of Niagara, that led to the creation of the Commission, so that the efforts of the Commission were naturally first applied in this direction. It is not possible within the space available to do full justice to the history of the Commission's subsequent activities, but a few of the more important facts in connection therewith may be briefly summarized. 36 The Pro^fince of Ontario The power companie. at Ni.g.r. Fall, were ..Iced to .ubmit tender price, for the .upply .nd. .fter protracted negof.t.or,.. . 30 year cor.tract wa. entered into whereby h ot JV.UO per hor.e-power per annum. the^irT'"' "^' ^'■''"" ""' •"'""'"''^ '" '^ '"""i-P«'i'i- for the purpo.e of raising the .urn. of money nece..ary to cover the co.t of locally distributing the power to Z the by-law. carried by large major.tie, in 12 of the 1 3 municipalitie.. The defe.tedly-law wa. alui »ub.equently carried. """ica oy law After thr pa..ing of the by-law. the Commi..ion entered into a contract with the P II ^ ^''^ "■ P*?""""'- ''••««1 "P«" the actual e.timated co.t of .ervice all cU .« '„7 r"r"°" °^ "*'• ""'"''• •"'''^* ""' "-"P'^'^d •"<' '"d". called for all cla..e. of con.truction and equipment nece..ary to complete the Niaaara tran mi„i„n .y.tem and early in the fall of 1909 all con.t-uctio^ work wa. under way " Work on the erection of the tran.mi.»ion line began on lulv 22 1909 «nJ k„ fk jji of 3.040 .teel tower. 12.896 m.ulator. a...-l 1812 mile, of wire. The telephone and relay hnem connection w.th the .y.tem wa. al.o completed, and involved the building of S mile, of hne mcludmg the erection of 12.368 pole, and 1.548 mile, of copper wire. During th., period al.o. 1 1 .ub-.tation. were built and equipment in.talled ' ^« m' ^?Mn'^'' °? ^"'"'«='- 3I«. 1914. the Commi..ion had built and in operation The above figure, include the con.truction of the Severn Synem. the Port Arthur Sy.tem and the S . Lawrence and the Wa.dell'. Fall. Sy.tem. all of which have been developed ,„« the completion of the original Niagara Sy.tem in December 1910 '^«^«='°P«'' ""« In place of the 13 municipalitie. .upplied in the early part of 1911. the Commission i. now supplying 73. and in place of a load of about 1.000 h.-p. in December. 1910. the a erag load on the Niagara System alone is now about 63.500 h -p ^i^O^r'^n °;,^°"»7"» """^=t»d to the whole Hydro Sy.tem on December 31st. 1912 nearW i ^".'''"'"'^^ ''''• '^'^- '^e "umber of consumer, wa. 96.744. .n incr a e of nearly 200' , in two years. 3lst^9?4'l" ^'''' .'^'^' 'J'^ C"--'--'^ '°'''" investment was $4,579,830. On October 3l.t. 1914. this investment had increased to $10,130,049. or 250' , in two year. Up to December 3l,t. 1914. the Municipalitie. taking power from the Commission had themselves invested $14,303,857. in local distribution plants, making a combined tot«1 investment of $24,433,906. on the part of the Commission and it. curmerstrje o^.t on th " '° ^ T'^ '" """'u '"" """^ '^' investment that it is in no shape or form a charge on the general tax payer, either a. regard, the Province or the Municipality. Every dol£ 37 Water Powers of Canada of the carrying charges, on the invotmrnt of ihe CommiMion and the Municipalitic», comet out of the pocket of the hght and power consumeri, and the price paid by the individual consumer is so regulated as to provide jufficient income to completely cover all annual interest and sinking fund charges on the combined Commission and Municipal investment, as well as all depreciation, niairitcnance, operation and administration charges. This Statutory requirement is also retroactive, in that all surplus revenue, after meeting the above charges, must be applied to extension of plant, to depreciation reser'e. or to reduction of rates, and must under no circumstances be used to reduce the general tax rate of any municipality. As related to the present financial standing of the 1 iydro-Electric enterprise, the following statistical summary, from the 1914 report of the Commission is of interest. Ihese figures are derived from the annual audit of the books of the .Municipalities: Dec. 31st. 1912 Dec. 31st. 1913 Number of Municipalities included in report , . 28 45 Operating and Maintenance expenses $1,086,135.(10 $1,511.04800 Debenture charges and interest 291.033.00 479.995.00 Total annual expense 1.377.168.00 1,991,043.00 Total Revenue , . , 1.617,674.00 2.611,918.00 Surplus for Year 240.506.00 620.875.00 Depreciation Charge 179.847.00 230.480.00 Surplus Less Depreciation Charge 60.659.00 390.395.00 Total Plant Value 6.349.711.00 9,196,483.00 Net Debenture Debt and Overdraft 5.882.15600 8,353,819.00 Accumulated Surplus Invested in Plant Exten. on 861.381.00 Accumulated Depre i on Reserve 410.327.00 Surplus from Opera.' ■ 451.054.00 Approximate Number of Consumers Light . . 33.568 63.157 Power 1.399 2.532 Total 34,967 65.689 These figures are an impressive answer to the bitter criticism to which the enterprise was subjected during its formative period, and the firm basis upon which it is now established would seem to preclude the possibility of ultimate failure. As to the future of the Commiss'on. its aims are well expressed by its Chairman. Sir Adam Beck, in an address delivered before The Conservation Commission of Canada, at Ottawa, in January, 1910. "If the const. action project now nearing completion answers, as I have every confidence it will, the expectations formed of it. the future of the Commission will be devoted to the completion of the work begun. The Government is not a Trustee for the interests of any particular group of municipalities, or any particular part of the people, to the exclusion of the rest. Its obligations are the same to all the people and all their municipal institutions. 38 2 S b 8 e 2 8 8 8 8 1 § r«i ^* 8 8 8 8 S S 8 8 9 3^ s 5( 00 t^ # « 8 8 2 :?; i 8 S 8 8 « ? F 5^ 2.041 2.617 575 262. •A — 1^ 8 S — 1^ C ^ S 8 8 i s 63.1 2.5 r 1 r^ s? I ^ S 8 8 — o — 18 8 8 8 168 674 ^ g & - ? 5; fN — •^ ~ S 8 S 8 8 ^ - ^ - ^ »/> t>. — r^j r^ ^ i^f ^' ^ i 2 — — ^ q6 ^ 'N 8|| S g: op rr\ _ -i! '^ # s LU u .8 1 E 3 Z c C ID -o s o : .? 3 C Ji c — 3 >- « C 3 u !; C > O c «i **■ a D ■I i > O c J3 t2 c - ^ s J z d - - '- ^ ^ Z7 <*^ *r* o 3 C/1 C^ o 3 CO c .£ t a Q :i I ■? T » ,£ E 9 -2 JS '^ J! E 3 Z < < - 2 The Province of Ontario In Prosecufng th.s work, however, just as it will not be deterred by ,lar,der. neither will it be hurried by .nr,pat.ent clamor. It will proceed cautiously and prudently step by step tesung and prov.ng .ts way. that its progress may be real and enduring. An abundant t is tLir"""";^ '^TJ' '° the manufacturing arts what blood .s to the human body. 1 s their very life. And upon the progress of the manufacturing arts depends the future of this country .n the mternat.onal markets of the world. Supremacy in these arts gives mployment and prosperity to the people at home, influence and power to the country abroad, and m combination with the unbounded granaries of the West, it assures to the Ucminion a beneficent as well as an honorable place in the civilization of that, as yet un haped Imperial future to which we all look forward. Nor would I forget the patient toilers of the land. Back of. and sustaining the manufacturing arts, are the g ^ Si" f''"",^''-r °f ^^^ «»-ries of Empire the'ultimate source' and these! K Tl '"'^ ^''V"' ''""«'^' ^' "^" ^» °f '"^'"-' «^-'-ss. To raise of the prime objects of the Commission. That it will ultimately be accomplished I have no manner of doubt. mv Jhi' '',?" T^ '° ^'^'V, ^'^' ''' ""^ ^'""^- '^^'^ '» '^' '"I' '° ^hich I shall devote the vSfi' ; ' I "° ■'""^■'^ r''- ' "" ""' ^^^^'"^'^ °f ■'• -d ' - -II assured tha he viliification o the present will give place to the vindication of the future, and that its consummation will contribute to national strength and national greatness." ADMINISTRATION OF WATER POWERS IN ONTARIO BYmR °^ TfT. p""f "' ^''" ^°''"'- ^''''^ ^y '^' L^«'^'^'"- °f Ontario .n 1898. and of the Regulations made thereunder, water powers, the property of the of the ir"' '"?I!'"u° T'r: ^L'"''"'' °" "'*^'" '°"ditions. The administration of the law IS in the hands of the Minister of Unds. Forests and Mines. Following IS a synopsis of the regulations :— ""owing The applicant for a water privilege is required to file in the Department of Lands. Forests and Mines, plan and field notes by Ontario Land Surveyor, showing the water power and the land required in connection with the same; also report by a competent engineer, satisfactory to the Minister, giving the height of the fall, estimated capacity of same m the natural condition or at the average low stage of water, the height of the dam if any. which it is proposed to construct, and the consequent increase in the level of the waters. The applicant is required to file the plan by which he proposes to develop the water privilege, also to state the estimated cost of development, and the form in which the power .. to be used or transmitted, that is whether by direct energy, electricity, compressed air. etc He must indicate the lands to be overflowed, or otherwise affected, and the nature and location of the plant, manufactory or other industrial establishment in connection with which he proposes to use the power: and also furnish satisfactory proof that the 39 Water Powen of Canada water privilege is required for bona-fide industrial or mechanical purposes, or to supply an anticipated or actual demand for power within transmission di ta".e. If required by the Minister, the applicant shall likewise furnish all measurements, plans, applications, etc.. as may be required, and the same may be submitted to the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario for its approval, in which case the works shall not be proceeded with until such approval is given. The applicant must also submit proof of his financial standing and ability and intention to develop the water privilege. Before the lease is granted the applicant must deposit, with the Treasurer of the Province, a sum of money, say $500.00 or upwards, proportioned to the capacity of the water power, as guarantee that the development conditions will be duly carried out. this sum to be returned to the lessee upon fulfillment of the same, otherwise to be forfeited to the Crown. An annual rental is charged, based upon the number of horse-power to be developed. The term of the lease is twenty years, the lessee having the right of renewal for two further and successive terms of ten years each, upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon or fixed by the Minister. Navigation, which is under the control of the Government of Canada, must not be interfered with, and if the stream is used for log-driving purposes, the lessee must provide facilities for the safe and convenient passage of logs and timber. The lease will require the holder to develop and use, within a given period, a specific quantity of horse-power. If such quantity is less than the full capacity of the privilege, upon report of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission, the lessee may be required to develop the privilege to its full capacity, or to such other extent as may be requisite. If there is a surplus of water or power not required by the lessee for his business, plant or manufactory, he shall supply other parties desirous of power, and failing agreement as to terms, the matter may be submitted to the Hydro-Electric Power Commission, and upon their report the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may fix and determine the rates and conditions upon which the power shell be supplied. Any engineer appointed by the Hydro-Electric Power Commission shall have free access to all parts of the works, and all books, plans or records, etc., for the purpose of ascertaining whether the works are being constructed according to the plans approved by the Commission, and also to compute the quantity of power developed. During the continuance of the lease the lessee shall maintain the works in good repair and condition, and at the expiry of the lease the water privilege shall revert to the Crown, but where permanent buildings or structures have been made, the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may, on report of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission, compensate the lessee therefor. Where a water privilege is required by a municipality for the purpose of supplying water power, light or heat to the inhabitants, the Minister may issue a lease upon such special terms and conditions as are recommended by the Hydro-Electric Power Commission, and on such rental as he may deem proper. Water power leases are subject to general regulations made or to be made by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, and may be cancelled for non-compliance with any of 40 The Province of Ontario their term, or condition, or upon neglect by the le„ee for the ,pace of one year effectually to produce power from the water privilege. The Hydro-Electric Power Commi„ion ha, the right under the Statute, of Ontario, to oflhrorner' '^'''" ' *'°''" ^^ ''"''^'"' '"''' °' °'^"^'"' °' ^''*'°"' '^' ""*'"' The foregoing regulation, are not applicable to water privilege, which, in their natural hor,eZer '""'*' '"^' °' """"• '''^' "°' " «'"'" "P^^^'^ '•^^" '^^ Mint! Wtlt:"" '"^"^ ''""" '^ "'^''^ " ''^ ^'"'"" °f ^^"^'- '^--^ -<^ 41 For further information regarding water powers in Canada, application should be made direct to the following administrative officers of the Dominion and the various Provincial Governments: Provmce of British Columbia: The Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta: The Superintendent of theDomir- ion Water Power Branch, Ottawa, Ont. Province of Ontario: The Deputy Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines. Toronto. Ont. also, to the Secretary of the HydroElectric Power Commission of Ontario. Toronto, Ont. Province of Quebec: The Chief Engineer, Hydraulic Service, Department of Lands ar.d Forests, Quebec, Que. Province of New Brunswick: Surveyor-General of New Brunswick. Fredericton, N.B. Province of Nova Scotia: The Secretary of the Nova Scotia Water Power Comn Halifax, N.S. imission, mm • I •"l t », 3 3286 09127760 ^ *J'