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CeTYRIGHt SECUBICI), At tHt OrPICE W) OF TH£ PBOVINCIAr^ECRBTARY fS^^^^' Ak FlOO • C88 ,»^j4^r^K «M* WlJTCr (^•'wr*^ THE SKCOJVO EDITlOIf. ^1^ I HE rapid sale of the first impression of tJib little work has induced the writer of it to pub- Iwh a second edition. The circulation of a ti^ousand copies in the brief space of a few months, and the continued demand for it since tlie first edition was exhausted, is an ample ppiarantee of public approbation :— and, view- ^Hl as tlie first oflerin,? which the buoyant spirit of youth laid on tlie altar of his country- a reception of so flatterinor a nature has excited m the writer feelinor« of gratitude which can never be effaced by the progress of maturer yoara. That his personal gratification may be very far exceeded by the advantages the rising l^eneration will draw from so humble an errortm early intellectual labour, is thefer\'ent wish cf J. H. Cross KiLu Halifax, June 1st, 184-2. I I OEOCiRAPHV and IIISTOttV 1 3 KILL. OF lOBT. mon of tlib f it to pub- ilation of a f of a few for it since 1 an ariipio ■and, view- e buoyant is country, ias excited w^hich can >f inaturer on may be ' the risingr imble an he fervent f NOVASCOTIA. CHAPTER T. tITUATION, EXTENT, AND BOUNDARIKM W nota'scotia. <2mm.— What is Nova Scotlu ? „ . . . Jliis. - Nova Scotia is a Province of British America, and includes Nova Scotia proper aad Cope Breton. Q,— Describe Nova Scotia proper. ^._Nova Scotia proper \s a PoninBula, Rtanri- iug out in the Atlantic ocean, on the eastern coam of North America. It is of an irregular ligure iird stretches in a direction about north east and mmth west, 255 miles in length, and vanes in breadth from 2^to 80 miles. It embraces a Kor- fiicc of 16,617 miles, and lies between the t:5d cirxl 46th degrees of north hititude* and between the ©0th and 67th degrees of west longitude.t Q.— How is Nova Scotia bouuded ? ^^*_N^va Scotia is bound' d on the north east hy\he Cut of Canseau, which divides it from Cape Breton ; on the north by the Strait of Nor- thumberland, which separates it from Pimce hd- ward's Island ; on the north west by New Bruns- wick, to which it is joined by an isthmus, and by the Bay of Fundy ;— all other parts of the coas-t are washed by the Atlantic ocean. Q. How do you describe Cape Breton, and its situation with respect to Nova Scotia proper ? * Latitude, dntiincp from the fiquntor. t Longitude, distance from Groonwich, iti Uip-iniL A 2 1 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ^.— Cape Brulon is an Island of irregular fea- tures, lying one mile beyond the north eastern extremity of Nova Scotia proper. It is 102 mile* long and 63 miles broad, and it extends one de- gree farther north, and one degree further east than any part of the adjacent peninsula. Q.—VVhat distance in Sable Island from No- va Hcotia ? .>2.— -The Isle of Sable lies about 80 miles south east of Cape Canseau, tho eastern extremity of Nova Scotia proper. It is a low, narrow, sandy Island, 30 miles long, remarkable only for being dangerous to vessels sailing near the coast. Q. — What particulars can you relate of the name Nova Scotia and of its former boundaries ? Ji. — Nova Scotia is the Latin term for New Scotland. When tl>e name was first given, it embraced New Brunswick and Prince Edward's Island, as well as Capo Breton. It has super- seded the name Acadia, previously given to the Country by the French. CHAPTER II. History of Nova Scotia. ' To 1497, DVRITfG THE REIGN OF IIeNRY VII. Spirit of enterprise in Europt— Discovery of America by Columbus and Cabot, Qwes.— What was the chief cause of tho dis- covery of America ? Awi.—^orx after the year 1400, an ardent de- sire^ was manifested by the Commercial nations of Eiirop:? to discover a navigable route to tho Kast ladies. Q- — What tended to promote a spirit of enter- prise ? ORY J irregular fea- lorth eastern t is 102 mile* snds one de- further east ila. id from No- ) miles south extremity of rrow, sandy ily for being coast. slate of the boundaries ? m for New St given, it e Edward's has super- given to the tla. [eNRY VII. iscoveri/ of ahot, of tho dis- I ardent de- nial nations )ute to the it of enter- OF N0VA-8C0TIA. 9 ^.— In 1 136, John Guttemberg, a German, discovered the art of printing, which aided in the diifusion of nautical and scientific knowledge through Europe, and w^as introduced into Eng- land by William Caxton, in 1471. Q.__Wa8 the desired Passage to India disco- vered ? jf.— The Portuguese* at length found India by sailing round the African coast in 1487 ; but long before this event, Christopher Columbus, a distinguished Genoeset navigator, had matured liis plans for the grand discovery he soon after mad<». Q. — Relate this .ojreat discovery. ^.—Convinced *that the world was round, Columbus conceived the bold idea of finding In- dia by sailing west, and having after many disap- ^oijitments obtained the assistance of the Queen of Spain, he launched into unknown seas — en- countered innumerable difficulties, and at length on the 12th ofOctobe/, 1492, discovered Ame- rica, which was then emphatically called Thb New World. Q.—What effect hadthis discovery m England ? A. — A spirit of Commercial enterprise, already prevalent in England, was increased by the news of this event ; and John Cabot,1: an experi- enced and scientific mariner, having represented to King Henry the seventh-, that a shorter route might be found to India, his Majesty assisted Ca- bot and his* three sons to undertake a voyage of disoovery. ^' PcrtMjiuose, i>i Portugal, u kin^jdnm of Etiropo. ttJcaoesr', of Genoa, a city in tho north of Italy. t JuHx C\B()T u-as 11 native of Voaice, at that time a ■»■ .-» A O • OEOO.APHT AMD HKTOBV ttnont. "• ""^ e came in U ofZ'J 'i "J "'.* ^■"•' "^ J""* Co„tij.e„. h^^': ° htd'C'w'uhif Z"' "'■■"" boandaries of Nova Sctia H ' ,h ""'*"; •long the coast about 1500 milif ?" ""''^^ Mme distance south of Nova S^"; "'"'',• ""•• "■• «o England. °"'°'"'' »'«' retameJ londdi'coVcriC.hr'r'""?' '""^''«*" «''^ fi"' Cabot has rd'i.To:''^:;^^""'™"' "■- ^ v„., EDWA«n'v?:MA" v7f,?'' "'^"^ O'Aer t,„vao-f,_ »'"'*"/ '. Eliza bkth. U,r .?.""„ ^'''PAano Gotnez—Jaeaue, /^-./ . mewGnsuoid. ^""^"^ x»wj;,„„,„:„,";„"^,, - I ■•--.. ,,,„, „„„„ ji,,,,,:',";! «thers t M a na^ 1548. ♦Flo iHatna, t Np\ Great H miles f( STORY tion su«cossfal/ ii«ceed in findinj »ed a new cou- hot 8 voyage, with 7 vessels^ lie24thof Juna first part of tho »n the ancient. ' then cruised north, and tho *, and returned g*J bear to ih^ time extended islands ; con- been the first America, and ^n, Hknrv I2ABKTH. [—Oioranni neques Car- ^ir Walter —Jiartholch e have of a erce. There »»« ni Fmnoe and Spain. Jl. — In 1525, Giovanni Veraazano reached America from France, and sailing along the coast from Florida* to Newfoundland,! he named t]i« whole country "New France." A few years flflerwards Stephano Gomez, a Spaniard, per- I formed a similar voyage. Q. — What other French navigator came to America ? j2.— In 1534, Jacques Cartier visited Chaleur Bay, [see map,] and took possession of the Coun- try in the name of the King of France. Q.— What expedition afterwards sailed Com England ? jj.— Onthe 11th of June, 1583, Sir Humph- rey Gilbert sailed from Plymouth, by authority of Q^uoen Elizabeth, and on the 5th of August, land- Ad at Newfoundland, and took formal possessioa dor the Crown of England. Q. — When did Sir Humphrey quit Newfound- land ? jf.— After establishing Her IVTajesty's title and bonor in th« Island, Sir Humphrey sailed on tEe «thor8 to his son, SoUnRtian, who gjilne'l grent reputntion M a navigator, nnd was made (irrand Pilot of England io 1548. * Floridn, thn most aouthern extremity ot the Unit«4 Statos, about 1500 miles Houth-wost of Nova Scoria. t Newfoundland, a large island, now a province of Great Britain. Its south-westwardly point is about €• milon from Cape Breton. A 4 9 OEOGRAPHY AND HIiTORY 20th August for the Isle of Sable, with three of his ships ; one of which was wrecked on the shoals of that Island, another which Sir Humph- rey commanded foundered at sea, and the third arrived at England on the 22nd of September. Q. — What other voyage was made from Eng- land ? A. — In 1584, two naval commanders, sent to America by Sir Walter Raleigh,* visited and gave name to Virginia, in honor of Q,ueen Eliza- beth. Q. — Who made another effort to colonize Nova Scotia ? A. — In 1598, the Marquis de la Roche sailed from France, with the intention of forming a per- manent settlement in Nova Scotia. Q. — Did he succeed ? A. — He landed a number of convicts on Sable Island and after exploring some of the harbors in Nova Scotia, returned to France, without having accomplished his object. Q. — What became of the Convicts ? ^.— Of the miserable outcasts left on the deso- ]ate Island, all perished except twelve, who were icscued 7 years afterwards, and pardoned for their offences by the King of France, who likewise gave each of them 50 crowns. Q. — What voyage succeeded that of the Mar- quis de la Roche ? .yf.— In 1602, Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, fr»m England, gave name to Cape Cod. [See map.] * Sir Walter Raleigh was a famous historian and na*i- {^ator, of extraordinary parts. Ho was executed in the reign of James I. on a charge of High Treason. h three of id on the r Hunipho the third ember, from Eng- rs, sent to il nnd gave 3en Eiiza- mize Nova che sailed ling a per- 3 on Sable harbors in out having 1 the deso* , who were ed for their likewise f the Mar- / Gosno1d» fod, [See an and na*i- cuted io tha n. or sfovA 8CoriA. 9 CHAPTER IV. From 1602 to 1605— Elizabeth, James i. J^rst voyage and settlement of De MoniB— His return to France. Q.-^Who established the fiist colony in Nova j!— Monsieur Db Mowts, an intelligent and enterprising Frenchman, at length success- fully attempted to form a settlement lu Nova Scotia. . ^ - Q.—What was his first movement ? ^.—Having been appointed by the Kmg of France, Governor General of the extensive coun- try between the 40th and 46lh degree of north latitude, under the nppellation of Acadia, with a monopoly of the fur trade, he formed an exten- sive association to assist him in his enterprise. Q.— When did he leave France ? 3.— Accompanied by a number of volunteers,* De Monts set sail from France with two ships on. the 17th March 1604 ; and on the 16th of May he arrived at the southern shore of Acadia, and exercised his authority by capturing a trading ve»- Bel b.— Did he proceed any further ? ^ — \fter a months delay, he doubled Cape Sable, and anchored in 9t. Mary's Bay, where some iron ore and a mineral containing silver were discovered. ^ Q. How did he continn e his course i ♦ Tivo distinguished names among these volunieorn wero PoNTORA?. and Thamplain. The ft"n?ei made Tevoral voyages to Canada previous to thia period ; and irSVwa., accompanied by tJhamplain, vrno then se- lected the site for a colony he afterwards ostabhfhed. A 5 l^ GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY ^.— He then Sailed into the Bay of Fundy, and tatered a spacious baain, surrounded by roman- tic hills, from which descended refreshing riversy bordered with beautiful meadows and filled with delicate fish. Q. — Who formed a settlement at this plaee ? jI.— PontrincouTt, I )e Monts' personal friend* was so charmed with the beauty and safety or this harbor, and the fertility of the land, that he received a grant from De Monts, and sailing 18 miles inland, fixed his residence on a point of land, and called it Port Royal.* He soon after returned to France for his family. Q._Whither did the rest of the party pro- ceed ? Ji.—De Monts and his adherents re-entering the Bay discovered a oopper mine at Cape d'Or, and some valuable chrystals at Parrsboro* [seo map] ; whence they sailed into a great river on the north side of the Bay, which they named St John. Q._Were the adventurers pleased with ito tOtintry they were exploring ? jj They were here struck with wonder and admiration by the romantic beauty of the scene- ry, and the extent of the river, the ftsh with whick it was filled, and the grapes which grew on Us banks. . • » Q.-Where did the party go to pass tho wmter f j3.— Quitting the river, they coasted along the Say south westwardly, to an island which they named St. Croix, t where De Monts built a fort and resolved to remain till the spring. • Now Annipolis. [See map.] t The Day in which this island is gituated wat ltkewit» or NOVAtCOTlA. It dy, and roman- ; riversy ted with I plaee ? ! friend« afety of that he liling 18 pi)mt of ie soon irty pro- enterinj; pe d'Or. ro' [aeo river on imcd 8t. with tto nder and. ie scene' ith whicb }w on tfa » winter f silong tke Jiich they lilt a fort II likQwii* 0.-«What happened to the settlers at St. Crou^ 5.-Herethoy suffered for want of fuel and fresh water, and 36 died of scurvy during the q J-VVhere was the settlement removed to la «nscquence^ spring, De Monts was about to re- turn to France, but Pcitgrave, »"» ^'^»«"*«»7jJ' having arrived with supplies, and 40 men, the whole party re.no ved to Port Royal, and were noon comfortably settled on a commanding spot oif land* •-, } Q —When did De Monts return to Franco i 5— At the npproach of autumn (1605) D« Monti set sail for France, leavmg his friends to explore the interior. Q.^-How did the new settlers act towards the ^"S^Both at St. Croix and at Port Royal, tb. French had the good fortune to conciliate the ar fections of the Indians, who supplied them witb venison. CHAPTER V. From 1605 to 1607.— James i. Second vnyaac of De MontB-^HU return-^h deprived of his Commisnon. Q. —When did De Monts again sail for Port Royal ? ______ U callo.l MDSaEW'J-'VKt ■'•'"• ^^"' '""''•1 13 GEOGllAPHY AXD HISTORY ^.--On the 13ih May, 1606. Do Monls and Pontrmcourt quitted Franco in a vesao! of 150 tons, with Rapplies lor Port Royal, where ihey arrived on the 27th of July. Q.— What took place on the arrival oS. Do IMontg ? ^ 1^.— The infant settlement now revived, and improvements were made in the culture of the soil. Q.-— What new voyage did Pontrincourt un- dertake ? ^.— De Monts, having been unsuccessful in former voyages to find a better place for settle- ment further south on the American Coast, now prevailed upon Pontrincourt to renew the attempt. Q.— When did Pontrincourt sail on this voy- age ? ^ oQ*f '"^'^° accordingly quitted Port Royal on the 28th of August, and on the same day*De Wonta embarlcud in the other vess I and returned to r ranee. Q.— How did the voyage of discovery termi- nate } ^ ^.— After suffering many disasters without irneoting success, Pontrincourt, on the 14th of November, arrived at Port Royal, where he was received with an interesting display of honors and general festivity. ' Q.— How was the social disposition of the French manifested ? •?'"7;'rhey spent the winter in a pleasjint and ^amicable manner ; the Indians were extremely pleased with them, and supplied them with pro- visions. ^ Q'— Relate a remarkable circumstance that we are informed took place at this period of the his- iory of Nova Scotia? lY IMont9 and gI of 150 krhere they ra\ oL Do ived, and }f the soil, court un- cessful in for settlo- >ast, now i attempt, this Yoy" n\ on the De Wonta urncd to ■y termi' without I4th of e he was honors, 1 of the sant and ttreinely i^ith pro- I that we the his- or NOVA SCOTIA. }» J —We are told thut so mi d was the early part of January, 1007, that the nettlers went om. Sunday two leagues in an open boat, to visit tlieir corn aelds -recreated themselves with music, and dined in the sunshine. Q.- What took place when tho winter hatl terminated? . « i -^j ji.-Early in the spring, the French prepared their gardens, erected a m.ll, huiU. two vessels and caught plenty of fish, several hogsheads of which they sent to France. Q.— What interesting scene were they gratihert ^""'if.— In April, 400 Indian Warriors who had assembled neai Port Royal, passed down the river in their canoes, with great regulanty and order-a sight which the French viewed with admiration. . , ^ „ » i>^„.,i Q. -What intelligence arrived at Port Hoyal from De Monts ? . . .i jJ.-On the morning of Ascension day, a vessRi arrived from France, bearing tidings from De Monts that his Commission was cancelled, m consequence of misrepresentations made to the French court by persons who were jealous oi the privileges it conferred upon hirn. O --Mow did this measure effect Pontrmcouit ? l—ThouMi distressed to find that De Mont<» had quitted all connection with Acadia, Pontrin- court was determined to reside at PortKoya ; and taking an affectionate adieu of the friendly fndians, he returned to France for supplies. Q._Did he arrive in safety ? A —Ho landed at France in September, and presented to the King some valuable specimens of the productions of the country. 14 6E06IIAPHT AND HISTORY CHAPTER VI. From 1607 to 1608.— Jamhh i. Formation of the London and Plymouth com- panUs — Sir John GilherVs mrrival in America — his death. Q. — tVhnt extensive measures had been takeo by the English to commence eettlements in Ame- rica ? A. — Previous to 1607, two associations wem formed in England for colonising America— they were called the London and Plymouth comp»- nies. Q. — Relate what progr.ss they had made in 1607. A. — They had received from the King, grantp ff the whole country lying between the 34lh and 45th degrees of north latitude ; and in the sunn mer of 1607. by the agency of the London Com- pany, James Town was built in Virginia. Q. — What other attempt to colonise was then made ? Jl. — During the same year, iir John Gilbert revived the claim of Sir Humphrey, bis brother, and landed on the banks of the Kennebec river, now in the State of Maine, [see map] intending to establish a colony ; but he died during the en- ■uing winter, and the aftempt was abandoned. Q. — Did not this settlement influence the clainw of Britain to her transatlantic dominions? A. — The residence 1 in Amo- ions went ica—lhey h compu- made in ig, grantf I 34tli and the sum- ion Coin- u. was then in Gilbert s brother, bee river, intending; ig tho en- idoned. the clainrik' t, as well imiphrey, dereii tbfi ngland to CHAPTER VII. From 1608 to 1(}13.— James i. Ptnlnncourt renews ihe Bf^ttlement at Port Royal'-J^ew Colony at La Have. Q.— How was tho sottleinent at Port Royal "^^l-The Ktnpr of Friinco, having canfirmed t)» Monts' grant of Port Royal, Ponlrincomt return- •d thither early in 1608, with several families to renew the plantation. , j .^ .u. Q.— What addition was afterwards made to tho ^'^A^Itwo Missionaries. Fathers Beart and Masse, were likewise conveyed to Port Royal. after much opposition on the part of Ponlrmcourt. Q.— How did he as Governor act towards !/J 1-He forbade them to intermeddle with ihft itffr's of the Colony, telling them that it was hw pa. J rule them on earth, and theirs' merely to iraide him to heaven. ' Q.-Whal melancholy incident occurred at this * ™S.— Much grief and sympathy were now caused by the death of the Indian Chief, Mambertoo, who was 100 years old and a warm friend of tho '^^Q. J-Was he not buried with nmch ceremony ? W.— His funeral was attended by an immense concourse of Indians; and his remains were m- ferred at Port Royal with military honors by the Q.— How were the Missionaries treated at Port **i.°~The Colonists were not ploaaed with tlw 16 OBOGRAPHY AND HISTORY jesidenco of the priests among them, and in the absence of the Governor to France, Bioncourt, bis Ron, even threatened them with corporeal punishment, in return forth'iir apirituul anathemas. Q. — What was the consequence of this treat- ment ? ^. — The accounts which they sent to France, induced tl "ir patroness, a French Lady, m th« spring of 1613, to despatch a vessel to Acadia with 25 umiijrants. under the command of Mon- ■ieur Saussaye, who removed the priests to La Have, estahliahed a new Colony, and called the place St. Savior. CHAPTER VIIL 1613. — J AMIS I. Captain Argall dettroyn the aettlements at St. Savi§r and Port Royal. Q.—Did the settlers at St. Savior remain un- molested ? ^jJ. — Scarcely had the new cotoniata efTccted a •ettlement, when they were surprised by the ap- pearance of an enemy. Q. — Relate the circumstances which led to this surprise. ^.— The English settlements at James Town had not been neglected, and in one of their fish- ing and trading expeditions on the coast of Aca- dia, Capt. Argall, who commanded a ship of fourteen guns, discovered the French at St. Savior. Q,. — How did Captain Argall act towards iheuk . -^. — He immediately captured their voss'^is*, destroyed the settlement, pillaged the fort, und conveyed the settlers to James Town, where they narrowly escaped being executed. yi.— Sa duce the Captain i that he u the prisoi death as rity. Q.-H ^.-Sl he had e der, Cap had actei saved thi mission : vernor o and he i armed v and ent( ed 40 n a recipr twcen ] Indian I'rench '^ and otl ried to ments i or MOVA iCOTlA. 17 nnd in tht; Bioncourt. corporeal iiiathenniu«i. this treai- to France, (]y, in the to Acndiii i of Mon- iests to Ltt calleil the ?ment8 at I. emain un- effected a by the ap- ch led to mes Town their fish- st of Aca- a ship of St. Savio'". firds thetit . ir voss' t , I fort, and CO, where O —Under what circumstances ? ^5.-Saussaye, when required, could not pro- duce the Trench King's conunission to hun, aa Captain ArguU had discovered and concealed it. Uiat he might not be reprobated for plundering the prisoners, who wore forthwith condemned to death as pirates-acting without national autho- ^^ « —How were they rescued from execution ? I-Shocked a the f.'ul issue of a •tratagom he had employed only for the purpose of pua- der. Captnia Argall i/ankly confessed the part he hadactec' ./oduced the royal commission, and saved the lives of the unfortunate Frenchmen. Q.^What facta were disclosed by the Com- mission ? . ^ , I w 1 u r«« A —This document informed the English Go- vernor of the French settlement at Port Royal, and he immediately despatched Argall with three armed vessels, to destroy it. Q.— How did the expedition proceed ? JJ —Father Beart accompanied Argall as Filot ; and entering the Basin of Port Royal, they land- ed 40 men. « . « u Q. -What took place at Port Royal ? i J?. -The French Fort was destroyed, an^after -^ a reciprocal assertion of counteracting claims be- tween Biencouit and Argall.-during which an Indian endeavoured to conciliate them— the French settlers were dispersed. Q.— What became of them? Ji —Some of them mixed with the Indians, andothrs went to Canada ; the rest vrere car- ried to England, and thence returned to France. Q.— For what reasort were the French settle- raents thus destroyed by the English ? 18 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORT Jl. — The destruction of tloned, nnd the expedition rized by the Goverror of Vi position that Acadia was limits of his Government. Q. — What conchision is nriade to the precedhjf account ? ^.~The first effectual America, thus terminated, istence of 8 years. St. Savior was sane- to Port Royal autho- Virginia, under the rap^ within the chartered settlement in Nort>i in 1613, afhsr an ex- CHAPTER IX. From 161S to 1627. — James i, Charles i. Sir Wm. j^lexmnder prepares to Coloniae JSTo- va Scotia— Formation of the Company 0/ J^ew France— Capture of their vemels. Q.— How many years elapsed before the Eng- lish prosecuted these advantages, by preparing V» settle in Acadia ? JJ. — Eight years after this period, in 1621« 81K Wm. Alexander received from James L a grant of the whole country lying east of a Ha« running northerly from the river St. Croix to tho Gulf of St. Lawrence. Q. — What was peculiar in this grant, and Sir William's intentions ? .^, — In the patent given to Sir William, (being written in Latin,) the country was named *Nov« Scotia,' and he intended to colonise ;t with Scotch* men. Q.— Were efforts made to commenco a settlt- ment? j3.--For this purpose, Sir William, in the au- tumn of 1622, despatched a number of emigrants, who arrived in Nova Scotia in the ensning spring. or NOVA SCOTIA. 19 vas finne" al Rutho"- r (he Bup' chartered preceding in Norih er an ex- ^RLES I, nise JVo- pany 0/ tieis. the En«- Of paring 14 in 1621, JameB I^ of a liQ« )ix to tha » and Sir (1, (being d 'Novm bScotcib- a settl«- n the au- T)igranl«, g sp:iaj- f ■I I Q -What became of these emi-rants ^ ,5 -Finding the country pre- occupied by .i .umber of the%arly settlers and ^ther adventu^ !^rT they returned to England, and published an I^trkvagantly filtering 'account of the chmaf and productions of Nova Scotia. <^.- What other encouragement did bu WiQ- Alexander receive ? , j .u„ Tr««i;«K '^' J._..„ 1625, Charles I. ascended '!» Eng^'" ihrone ; and warmly patronizing Sii 'Vm- aie* .„der he confirmed hU grant, and created tb. ^dcr of Knights Baronet of Nova scotia. Q'iundeT these circumstances how did Sir '"I'-^.Cencoara.ed, Si- Williani. in 1627. „,f«ed by Sir David Kirk,* fitted o„t an arma- Tiato dislodge .he French, and commences sattlenient in Nova Scotia. Vmnhm Q - What efforts were now making m Fran** tn p4tend colonization in America ? , 7 Tn April 1627, " The Company of ISevr, IVan^'wts organized upon an excellent plan, LrSie Flinch K^ing and many d.«t.ngu^^i^^ blemen of his court, for colonizing No.th Amo ,ica upon an extensive scale. ^^^^ ..„„, , Q J-How did they commence operations . ,i -In the same year, the company despatch- / un/nf irinsDorts filled with men, can- ted a r.umher ot iranspons « i>^»^,.,i nnil Ton, and supplies, to strengthen Port Ro>al and Cluebec t ... — — French C.lvniHt,,and ^'^ «°"f ^^f ,'"if,,-d to'have po.- roligiouB persecution •" trance. »«^;^Yj^"„^„„.i energy. if'Sbcd srront tirmnoss of character. ' ®f°', ^f <\.niH-i nine* t The Citv of aueb..c was the cnpUal of^n^^^ ^^^ vifltsv settlemenl. It was foua ded on the 3r Q.— llow did the French again get possession ? i A. — While great preparations were making by ':}2 OKOGRAPHT AND HISTORY I ihe Conip.iny of New France for the recovery of^ CiuebeR, Churles I. ceded tha whol6 country la Franco by the treaty *nf JSt. Germains, in lfi32. CHAPTER XL From 1G32 to 16r)l.— CiiaRLKs i, Common- wealth. Razi'la'h^ Gorernor of J^ova Scotia— Dies—Is jfuccecderl hy M. d Aunay de Ckarnisi^, — Hostili- ties between < harnis6 and La Tour — Madam La Tout d- fends the fort at St. John — Is betrayed Her surrender and death. Q, —When and how did the French take pos iiession of Nova Scotia ? A. Immediately after the treaty of St. Ger- mains, a new Governor named Ruzillai, arrived in Nova bcoliji fram France, bearing a cornnnia- Mon as Conamander-in Chi f, and a grant of the liver and buy of St. Croix. (^ — What otI>er persons had grants in Nova i^^eotia. A. — The other parts of the Province were di- vided between Charles Elienne de la Tour, (son of Claude de la Tour,) and Monsieur Denys. Q. — To what river did Razillai's Government oKtenfl ? A. — The river Kennebec was then considered the south west boundary of Nova Scjtia. Q,. — What happened to produce a change in the Government ? A. — Razillai died shortly after, and the su- preme comtnand passed by Royal < 'Ommission to d'Aunay de Charni86, who took »p his resi- dence at Petiobscot rivdr. CI. — To whom did Charnise become hostile ? A. — He soon became involved in open hostili- IBes with ■ ian order i 1641, to 0oner to 1 vishing to degrade the intrepid spirit of the wo- man who had met his power with defiance, his «ar wuh forbearance, «nd his treachery with de- testation, he compelled her to witness the inhti- hTnrr "' '^' '""^'^^^ '"''''^' ^ halter round Q,.—pid she long survive her misfortunes > nn^i^JTr'^"! °"/^^'' *^^^^^" disaster, ana the ey.ls it produced, upon the mind of Mai ?; ^^J«"^^ that she died soon after. A '3n,T f ^^^h^'?»^« profit by this enterprise? talue'^St Tnhn ^"*^ ^'^«r .F^Perty oHmmense taiue at bt. John, were all removed to Penob- >s€0t, and La Tour, poor and dispirited, went to trade w.th the Indians in Hudson's Bay. From 16oI to 1667.-Commonwealth» , _ . Charlks n. Lo. Tour reinstated hj the death of Charnise-^ (.rant to La Tour, Sir Thomas Temple, and fn^Crowne-^Treaty of Breda U.~ In what year and in what manner did a 44ia .' ! A.- "^death marric •ion ai Q- Tour ? A.- Tour iained "♦■" Jpower ^r A.~ md s€ Bay, Have, J St. Jo iMajoi |weH,* Htia. f Q.- ^^ thus posset *Th liamen SOth Ji affairs termed ofOHv in 1653 Wtllw •OKY 3 Swiss, when mted the wall, ►f her little ai- wiib hirij. desist ? twice repulsed )n, which, to s, was accept- ately broken ? ered the fort, arvivors, and rit of the wo- defiance, his hery with de- ess the inhu- 1 halter round sfortunea ? this disaster/ mind of Ma- ter. is enterprise? ^ of immense Jd to Penob- ied, went to Jay. rEALTHy Charnise-^ cdgewick^— '■mplcy and da. anoer did a «ff if«AT aeon 4. 25 ange occur in the Government of Nova-Set- A.—In 1651, LaToar was recalled by the 'death of CharniR6, whoflo widow he soon after married, and became retnvested with the poi- •ion and title of Nova Scotia. Q.— Did not another rival rise against La Tour.? A.—He did not long enjoy tranquility: La "Tour le fiorgne, a creditor of Charnis^, ob- 'iained a decree from France to take possession. rNova Scotia. Q.— How did Le Borgne make use of h'm ower.' ' • A. — He suddenly fell upon Mpnsieur Denye nd sent him in irons to Port Royal, destroyed, fiis establishment at the head of Chedabucto Bay, [see Map,] burned the buildings at La Have, and was preparing to attack La Tour, at ^St. John, when he net an armed force under i Major Sedgewick, despatched by Oliver Crom- Imellf* in 1656, for the recovery of Nova Sco- «*tia. ¥^ Q.-^ Relate the success of this expedition ? (4 A.^The English soon subdued La Tour, Le #8orgne, and the garrison at Penobscot, and ^1 thus found themselves for the third time m '^ possession of Nova Scotia. Q.— What became of the French inhabitants? m H4 *The civil wan between Charles the First and his Far liament, ended in the execution of that Munarch, on th« SOth January. 1649. From that time till May, 1660, the affairs of the kingdom, (or Commonwealth as it was then termed,) were managed by Parliament, with the aRsistanea of Oliver Cromwell, who Was chosen Prctector of England til 1653, and held the office till his death, in 1658, Crom- wsll w«i a IBAD of great courage, ambition and hypocnsy. M GEOORAPHT AND BISTORT A.— While the English resided only at Port iloyal, the French still extended their settle siientg. Q— -What new misfortunes befell them? A. — They did not enjoy perfect tranquility a wooden fort which they erected at La Havf •was soon after destroyed by the English ; an« Alonsieur Denys who had again resorted tc Chedabucto, being ruined by the aggressioji! (>fone of his countrymen, and the ravages o; Jfire, quitted all connettion with Nova Scotia. . Q.— What became of La Tour? A.— La Tour having placed himself undet the protecti(}n of the English, received, in con- nection with Mr. Temple,* afterwards Sir Tho 3n«8, and William Crowne,t a grant from Oli- Ter Cromwell, of, the whole of Nova Scotia, dated 9th of August, 1656. •Thii gentlsman was born in London in 1628. He b" .longod to an ancien^fumily and received a liberal educa lion. Before losing his possessions in Nova Scotia by th« Sreaty of Breda, he returned to England. In 1660, he'be ?*"J2n*;'l""*""''®.** *' * member of tho Irish Convention, n««c u "® *^*'' ele'^ted a member of Parliament: and in ^605 he vfOB created a Baronet of EngJand, by Charles the ■second, in whose reign and service Hit William becaim «n eminent Statesman, and by whom he was created a Jrivv Ceuncillor in 1697. He died in January, 1698. an4 Jill body was interred in Westminster Abbey, where a anarble monument was erected to him in 1722." His writ angs wore considerable and curious. He is described ai »n aocompiished gentleman, a sound politician, a patriot, and a scholar. ' '^ . t There is reason f6r believing that this Wm. Crown* ■was a minister in Nova Seotia, and the father of John Crowne, who flourishfld in England in the latter part c! the seventeenth Century. Johw Crownb, was a Nova tva Scotia by,th« In 1660, he be rish Convention, rliament; and is rl,by Chades the William becaino 10 was created a nuary, 1698, ani Abbey, where a 1722. His writ s is described ai itician, a patiiot, lis Wm. Crownt i father of John he latter part e! fSt was a Novs ity, whose morii usy of even Dry- ch better knowti Q.—What look plate under this grant ? A.— Sir Thomas Temple piirehttped the Bhare >f La Tour and expended £16,000 in tortifying lova Scotia. . Q.— When did Sir Thomas's grant termi- "*A.-In 1667, bv the treaty of Brpda, the eduntry was again ceded to France by the title of Acadia; and Sir Thomas Temple, after an ineffectual attempt to save some portion ot hi« noosessions by drawing a distinction between Mova Scotia and Acadia, was obliged to resgn tili authority. CHAPTER XIII. fjioM 1667 tc 1690.— CiiARLKS II- James n. 4 William III. AND Mary Ji. ^atecflhe Country—Sir Wm. PhipfstonquirsU }L-Distress of ^cadians—thc Chevalier Vdlahon. '] Q.—What succeeded the treaty of Breda? : A.— For 20 years after tjiis period iNova Sco- tia enjoyed comparative repose. Q.— In what state was the country at this time .? A.— It possessed a thinly scattered popula- tion of 900 Frenchmen, and was not well forti- fied. , . * . ;| Q.—When were proposals made to improve *^i:t5 defences ? • A.— When England declared war against France in 16S9, several projects were proposed to protect Nova Scotia; but while the Govern- iiient of France was deliberating upon them, an armed force from Massachusetts conquered the country. f SI8 OEOORAPnr 1N» BISTORT Q. — When and how wai this conquest efTect" cd? ' A.—On the 20th May, 1600, Sir William Phipps* appeared before Port Rojal with 3 .ships, mounting $4 jruns, and transports with 700 men; and the Fiench Governer,Manival, havinif only 86 men under his command, sur- rendered upon honourable terms. Q. — Was not this treaty violated ? A. — The agreement was only verbal, and Sir William Phipps violated its provisions by plundering the Governor, and suffering pif- iage. He compelled the inhabitants to take an oath of allegiance to England, and re-em- barked his men, carrying with him the Gover- nor, a sergeant, 38 privates, and two priests. Q —What other fort did Sir William Phipp» subdue ? A.— He then laid siege to Chedabucto, which was bravefy defended by Montorgieul, the suc- cessor of Monsieur Uenys, to whom honoura- ble terms of capitulation were granted and ful- filled. Q. — When did the Acadians sustain another disaster? A.— Soon after the departure of Sir William Phipps, the crews of two piratical vessels land- ed amidst the defenceless inhabitants of Port ♦Sir Win. Phipps wa»4)orn in Nrw Gngland in the year IfioO. Ho was th« son of a Blac.k««iith, who diod while Sir W. was a lad. He was suoceKsively a Shepherd, a iS hip-carpenter, a fortunate sea Captain, a Baruiiet of England, SheriiFof New England, a commander of nxpe- ditiong by land and water against Nova Scotia and C;ina- ' da, and Governor of Massnchusoits. He was a man of en- terpriBing geniu« and powerful spirit. He died at London, in Pebrury, 1695. Roy»l» * with the Q.— V A.-T ifrom Fr the Eng Q.-V A.-F but his ^ inerely liind reti m From IC ans. Colony Q- f bar villi Newpo tion w *The Capital French Dutive n or IOTA SCOTIA* uest effect* I R<*y*^ ir Wiltiam f&} with 3 iports with r^Manival, mand, sur" 39 othern >Ti8ions h} ferinjr pi erbal, and t ts to take ind re-em- the Gover- > priests, am Phippf cto, which il, the 8uc> 1 honoura- )d and ful- in another ir William ssels land- tts of Port d in the year died while Shepherd, a 1 Baronet of ider of nxpe- ia and Cfina- ' a man of en> li at London, langed iome of them, buined wiu. u.Hr houses, and slaughtered their cattle. O —Who viaited them in their diatresi . A— The Chevalier Villabon now arrived ^rom France, and substituted iM French for the English flag at Port Royal. Q _-Whitber did Villabon proceed ? A —He then sailed to the fort at St. John, ^ut his vessel being captured by the pirates, he fnerely conciliated the favour of the Indians, lind returned to France. ii CHAPTER XIV. ^ROM 1690 TO 1697..-WILLIAM 111. AND MaRY H. '^JVora Scotia annexed to Massachusetts— yiLUi' ^boH regains possession-- Colonel Church rata- W ees the country— Treaty of Ryswir.k. a Q.— How was Nova Scotia now Governed? I A.-Upon the conquest of Nova Scotia by \ Sir William Phipps, it was placed under the ♦ Government of Massachesetts. / Q.— What French commander again invest- ed Nova Scotia .' , ,, . at i„u^ A.— Villabon returned to the river St. John in 1691, and assembling the French and Indi- I ans, seized Mr. Nelson, the Governor of the # Colony, atid sent him captive to France. 1% Q —What succeeded this transaction ? 1 A.— A long contest ensued, during which, 1- ■ berville, a friend of Villabon, captured the Newport, an English frigate, and in conjunc- tion with Villabon, the Baron Castine, and • ,5 ft — TJ *TheBAnoN of St. Caitikb was borne at Berne, the ••f Capital of Switzerland. He became an ofticer in th« .:: Frinch army : but preferring the forMt«ot Acadia to h.* t nutiTe raou^ains, knd the simple habits of the rovms I«- b3 30 GEOGHAPHY AND HlfTORY 200 Indians, compelled the garrison nt the ri ver Kennebec to surrender. . Q^How did a re-action occur against the ^T-lberville then proceeded to Newfound, land ; but Villabon, while returning o St. John, was captured by an English fleet, and carried to Boston. , O -How was this success followed up ? A.-^Colonel Church, a" EuKl-sh Comman der, then sailed to Chiegnectn* with 50f» men whi plundered the Acadians, burned the. houses and Chapel, destroyed their cattle, and left them in a deplorable condition. Q.--HOW did France rtgam possession o ^^^ A^^Massachu^etts having petitioned to h relieved from the Pr«te/.on of Nova Scot,a , was once more restored to l^rance on the lOt December, 1C97, by the treaty of ^VB^'^k;^ which the'boundary between the Ij^'^g i;»l P^ .essions and Acadia was itTe d at the river bt ^'°''''^ CHAPTER XV. Renewed hostilities- Lonqutst of ^ova Scotia^ Q._What was now the conduct ot th French ? .r.an to the blandishments of civilized society, he coj nio^Ll himself with the Abenaqui trib« by marrmge, aJ the Indians, that they created him their Chiet foacneni Lsaderl and reverenced him as a superior being, I ♦ Now Cumberland. [See map.J g, tltstiU continues a question whether *»'« "^^' J C Jdix! as then understood, was the river which at H or N«VA9C0TIA. 31 )08session ol A- — Scarcely was the Peace of Ryswick pro- claimed, when Villabon threatened to encroach upon the Engliih possessions as far as the ri- ver Kennebec, and upon the declaration of war ii 1701,. Brullion, who was then Governor of Acadia, and resided at Le Have, employed pi- rates to plunder the traders of New England. Q.— What measures were adopted in eonss- quence ? A. — To retaliate these injuries, three men- of-war, 14 transports, 36 whale boats, and 550 men were despatched from Boston under the command of Colonel Church; who, proceed- ing successively to Penobscot, Passamaquod- dy. Port Royal, Minas,^ and Ghiegnecto, de- stroyed several populous villages, robbed and imprisoned the inhabitants, burnt their houses, and demolished their dykes. t Q. — What other steps were takea against the French ? A. — Two successive attacks were made upon Port Royal in 1707, but the brave resis- tance made by Baron Cascine and Monsieur Subercase, who succeeded Brullion as Gover- nor, rendered them unsuccessful. Q. — When and how was a third attack made? A.—On the 24th September, 1710, four men- of-war, carrying 4000 men, utider the eommand of General Nicholson, arrived at Port Royal from Boston, and attacked the fort. ■ont bears that name, the river Magaguadavick, or the iSt. John. * Minas, or Grand Pre, in the present township of Hor» 1 ton jDyko — an embankment of earth to protect marsh land from the encroachments of the sea. There are dyked marches ofseTtral miles la extent, in farioua parts of Nova Scotia. b4 •k m GXOORAPHr AtlV fifSTOIir Q.—What wan the conduct of the French Crovernor ? A.— After acting a week upon the defensive, Subercase, who had only 260 effective men m the fort, on the 13th of Obtober, complied with a summons to surrender upon honorable terms, and the garrison was soon after transported to France. Q.—What force was left to retain posses- sion ? A.— Colonel Vetch was appointed Governor of Nova Scotia, with a garrison of 200 marines, and 250 volunteers. Q.— How did England assist in this enter- prise ? A — The expense of conquering Port Royal, amounting to i;23,000, was borne by the Eng- lish nation. ^ CHAPTER XVI. From 1710 to 1713.— Anne. Attacks of the French and Indians-^BattU of Bloody Creek — Treaty vf Utrecht. Q. — What succeeded the reduction of Port Royal ? A.— The French Court soon began to awaken to a sense of the importance of Nova Scotia : but could find no person to undertake its reco- very. Q.r-Who was induced to make the attempt? A. — At length, Baron Castine, having been appointed Commander-in-Chief of Nova Scotia by the Governor of New France, attacked Port Royal, and only waited succors to complete its conquest. Q.— By what circumstance was he discom^ mted.' OF nor A 8C0TIA, m A.— AMistaneefrom Canada was intercepted *>y^he arrival of an English fleet in the QvAf of St. Lawrence ; Castine therefore abandoned the seige» and the Acadians within three railee ot the fort again submitted. Q— What memorable reverse did theEng- Jjsh sustain ? ^ _ ^'^^ detachment, sent up the river from '^^OTtRoyfil to reduce the ether inhabitants to obedience, was surprised b)» a powerful body of Indians, who killed the Fort Major, the En- gmeer, and all the boats' crew, and took be- tween 30 and 40 prisoners.* Q- — What succeeded > A --Emboldened by this success, 500 of the Acadians again took up arms to attack the fort, but they soon after dispersed for want of an ex' perienced commander. Q— When was peace effectually restored ? A.— In the midst of these troubles, by the treaty of Utrecht, on the Hth of April, 1713, France ceded to Great Britain all right to No- va Scotia. . * CHAPTER XVII. From 1713 to 1744.-Anne, Geo. i, Geo. ii. Annapolis Royal-- Governors Mcholson and . Phittips— The Acadians. Q.^What were the first acts of the English. after gaming possessi on of Nova Scotia .' * The reflective mind cannot view the scenoof this dia- aster without mentally contraeting the stillness whicU now reigns around, with the terific warvvhoon of the la- «nH"-^y»,"*"'!i springing from ambush upon their victims, JnLtlnl^^ °i- u »'?"0'-s incident to the calamitous cir' cumstance which gives the spot historical celebrity. It' 18 called Bloody Creek, and can ho seen by the pa.sin" pi'it^rd'tS'S^ufiJa'x"''" ^'^'^ Annapolis.^on tlfo ini?^ b5 f^ 1 34 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY A.— The name of Port Royal was now chang- ed to Annapolis Royal in honor of Queen Anne, and in 1714, General Nicholson was comraia- «ioned as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of NoTa Scotia. \ Q.— What course did he pursue towards the inhabitants of French origin who then remain- ed in the country ? He proposed to the Acadians to become sub- jects of the British Crown, and retain their possessions, or to leave the country within one year; but they uniformly declined taking the oath of allegiance. Q.— In what year was a new Governor ap- pointed ? A.— In Aprils 1720, Governor Nicholson wa« Bucceeded by Colonel Phillips, who immedi- ately appointed a Council of 12 persons for the government of the Colony, and summoned the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance. Q. — How did they meet this summons ? A.— Only 880 of them eventually complied ; the rest declined, alleging that they had been refused leave to depart from the Province. Q.—What privileges were they allowed to exercise ? A.— They were then permitted to choose de- puties to make known their wants to the Go- vernor and Council; they enjoyed their own religion, and paid no taxes. Q.-Whatestimate is formed of their strength? A.— The male papulation of tlie Acadians, capable of beraring arms, amounted to 4000. Q.-i-Haw was the settlement of Nova Scotia retarded ^ A.— Fear of the Indians and French, at this OF NOVA SCOTIil^ S5 lime very prevalent, prevented English emi- gration to Nova Scotia. CHAPTER XVTII. From 1713 to 174^.— Concluded. Louislmrgh founded— Indian Wars— Peace. Q.~What wore the French about at thi» time ? A.—Cape Breton being now *he only place of prelection for th(- French fishermen, that Government adopted a plan*, equally minute and judicious, for making it both more secure and populous. Q.— What part of this plan was soon after executed ? A.— Having selected a harbour on the South- east side of Cape Breton, they laid the founda- tion of the celebrated fortress and town of LOUISBUBG. Q.— Who took refuge at Louisburg.? A.~The Indians soon resorted Slither in jrreat numbers, and as they still continued hostile in Nova Scotia, the Governor remon- strated with them that the whole coutitry had become English property by treaty. Q.— How was this remonstrance regarded ? A.— -Amazed at a transfer they could not comprehend, the Indians broke out in unre- lenting hostility ; and finding at Louisburg an asylum from their enemies, and a market for their plunder, they committed the most daring outrages upon the English at Can- eeau, Cape Sable, Annapolis, and Passama- quoddy, plundering the inhabitants of their vessels and stores, and sacrificing those they captured with savage vengeance. 16 * GKOCIIAPHT AKI> HISTORY Q -.What Signal loss did they 80«t?j^« ' - ^ a' i; Aimuat 1724, an expedition trom A.— -In Augusi, *'v» .„ ^*t victory over Boston, of 208 ™«^g.""«tri£e on the^Wer them, at their principal village on which re'gned for the next 20 years. • CHAPTER XIX. From 1744 to "4^. -Geoeg e u. ^"^-« aThlVr Etrl,^:ut^"aU. *"A"'on the 20th March, 1744, France rt.- cU^^JrlUtEn^andan^^^^^^^^ 'Ztt:7! EngU h seXment.. the Go.er- i Lt Ulan/detennined to '^k-dvan age of theoircumBtance,by surprising the Eng isli- "^q!!ho«, was this resolution earned oat? A-He immediately despatched an arma- ment, which, being jiined by la'g'bof « «J Indians, destroyed the f^rt and bnildngs^at ^f^rri^M selgflL Ann'i;'oiis': but after re- mainingfo" wfeks without making a regj^Ur attack, the Frenc h were obliged to retire. • Fere Rall6, a French Missiopary , wns killed rore IV411C, . ,., „ aUainmenU had been l«g colebnuii the litM »f leUg-oa. OP NOVA aCOTIA* 37 From «»ver riTcr 3rity, uility sbUT'T. Ly d'lH- ce »1f- of tbi« ;h ear- Grover- antage nglisli. out? arma- dies of ings at the 2nd fter re- regular ire,— an IS killed had beon (y the In- jeir tears, re be had fingliah reinforceme»t having arrived from New England. Q. — What measures followed this assault ? A.-— The women and children at Annapolis were then removed to Boston for safety, and the Government of Massachusetts denounced the Indians as rebels, and offered premiums for their scalps.* Q. — What other measure was projected ? A. — The English then prepared to elude at- tack themselves, by effecting the conquest of Louisburg. Q. — How was this bold attempt commenced? A.-— 4000 men were raised in New England, and under the command of William Pepperal, Esq., sailed for Louisburg on tlie 24th of March, 1745. * Q. — Where did thejr receive a reinforcement? A —At Canseau they were joined by Com- modore Warren, who proceeded to cruize be- fore Louisburg, where he was joined by the fleet and army on the 13th of April. Q — How was the assault commenced ? A. — The men being landed, Lieutenant Co- lonel Vaughan first brought up a detachment, saluted the French city with three cheers, burned their warehouses, took possession of their Grand battery, and turned its guns a- gainst the fortress. Q. — How was this advantage followed up? A. — The Go,/ernor having refused to sur- — ■ - -■ .■....■ .. II I IMIBIIH._lil|^Mf *Scahp, the integument or skin of the head. It is con- cidored a most valuable war trophy by the Indians, whe deprive the victims of it with amazing celerity, by pass- ing a knife round the akuli, and tearing off the scalp by the hair. 1 38 GEOGRAPHY IKD HlBTORt m. render, the seige was pressed with great ti- gour and spirit by th*e provincials, who over- came incredible absticles. Q.— What new advantage did the English gam? A.— Commodore Wairren captured a French 74 gun ship — a pircumstance which he turned into an advantageous stratagem, by directing" the commander of the captured vessel to write to the Governor ofLouisburg, informing him of the friendly treatment he and his men re- ceived from the English. Q.— What effect had this letter? A. — While attacked on all sides, and des- pairing of succour,, the Governor ofLouisburg was thus assured of good treatment from the English, and accordingly s^urrendered on the 17th of June. Q. — Was the city found to have been strong- ly fortified ? A. — On enter! no- the fortress the stoutest hearts were appalled at its strength, and ac- knowledged the impracticability of taking it hy assault. Q.— What fortunate occurrences had caused success ? A. — The mutinous spirit of the French gar- rison — their want of provision — their incorrect ♦jstimate of the number of the besiegers — the remarkably fine clear weather that prevailed — the capture of the Vigilant — and the general, though unaccountable concentration at Louis- burg of every British ship-of-war in America — all combined to throw into the hands of a lew undiciplined volunteers, the strongest and most regularly constructed fortress in America. «» NOTA 8C0TIA, 3D Q.— What succeeded this conquest ? */. tT,- !! ^"g^'sh garrisoR was soon after sent to Louisburg- Prince Edward's Island wbk taken possession of by the English-areatT PeppTal'rnd 'c'' '" England'--and '^GelVrll rS t^ ♦K^,.^*'."''"^^'*''* ^^"-en were ele- vated to the d,gn.tyofBnronets of Great Brl „ CHAPTER XX. jrom Boston^Defeated-^Frenck fieU destroyed {\ TT —Peace. ^ Q.-How did the French bear their loss ? V "T V?® capture of Louisburg roused thp French Court to attempt reven/e; and eallv in 1746, a force of 1700 men was sent from c/ mda to invest Nova Scotia, in conjunc oTwIu; • powerful armamentof 70 sail, and ut^iZot frbm France, under command of the Duke d' e1.refa^ndVbU^{r^^ ^^'^" courage,?.!;:^. A^Y^T^ l^' f"*" ""^ *^ '« ^^«' disastrous .^ A.—Atter a boisterous passage of 90 davw in which many of the vessels lere lost 7h J iffi'spo^r^*' '"''''''' shipsof warand i>y^i;7lL7orh" 1 1'?"'^ '' ^"^^"^ ^^-**^ ^Art"" P°^«'''''»"3^ rnor Cornwallis had a brengtwork erected Tottod HaJifax, and in the spring ofT/OO, des- patched Major Lawrence wit4i a few men to ■ecure the obedience of the Acutiiaiis at Chiei?- iiecto. ^ Q.— How was Major Lawrence received bv UieAcedians? A.~-At his approach they burned their town to ashes and put themselves under the protec- * Ir^^^*^"""^®'^'^"* increasing his adherenu to 1500 men. , Q.— What course did the English cornman- cer pursue ? » A.—Beinor too weak to attack such a supe- nor force, Major Lawrence returned to Hali- ftix, whence he was soon after disputched a- jr«»nst Chiegnecto with 1000 .nen. • Q.~What use did he* make of his niililarv lorce ? •' A.— He made a bold attack upon the French and Indians, pursued them to La Corne's fort (•called Beau Sejour,) and erected a juw fort* whrch was named Fort Lawrence. ' , Q-— How far were these measures unavail- ing? '^•— :Though the Indians and French were thus vigorously repulsed, and their incursions restrained, they still harrassed the English set- tlements, and erected two new fortsr— one at Chiegnecto, (called Barge Verte,) and the other at the mouth of the River St. John. Q.~How were these injuries rco-arded in i:«ng]ami ? ° A. —The British Government demanded of the French Court reparation for the outra^res 46 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTOKT committed in Nova Scotia; but received eva-^ «ive answers, merely sufficient to protract « formal declaration of war. CHAPTER XXIV. From 1752 to 1755.— George ii. _ Peregrine T. Hopson, Esq., succeeds to the Go- mrnment—Settlevfient of Lunenburgk—S,'C. Q.._When did a prominent change occur m the Government of Nova Scotia.' A.— In 1752, Governor Cornwallis relumed to England, nnd was succeeded i» command by Perifrrine Thomas Hopson, Esq. Q._ What settlement was made during his admini.stration ? A.— In the summer of 1753, the town of Li*' nenburgh [see map] was founded by 1458 Ger- mans, who suffered much loss of life and pro- perty in their struargles with the Indians. Q._ What legaftribunal was soon after eita- blished ? A.— In 1754, Jonathan Belcher, Esq., w»» created Chief Justice of Nova Scotia, and * new Judicatory, styled the Supreme Court, was organised. Q._What other occurrence is worthy or mention ? _ ' A.— During the same year, Maior Charle» Lawrence assumed command as Lieutenant Governor, in the absence of Governor Hopson. CHAPTER XXV. 1755.— George ii. The French 2)Oioer in JVova Scotia subdued. (^._What warlike measures were commen* ced in 1755.'* OP NOVA SCOTIA. 47 d eva- ;raot « the Go- ccur in? ilurned mmand ring hi» I of Li*' 58 Ger- ind pro- is. let eetK' sq., WM I, and aE } Coutt, ortliv of Charle» eatenant Hopson* iMued. comnnen- ^A '"^^^^y '" *^® spring, 3000 men were rais- t? ? JWassachusetts at the Expense of the Ji^nglish Crown, and placed under the com- mand of Colonels Monkton and Winslow, to in r?^^ the French from their encroachment. m JVova Scotia.* ^^j^— To what extent was this force succcss- th^oZl^l^ f ^ovincials sailed from Boston on the 20tii of May, and on their arrival at Chieir- necto,be,ng joined bj 300 regulars and a small rrfl K J^'^'l'tf^ on the 4th of June, they rout- ed a body of French and Indians at the river Massag-uash, captured fort Beau Sejour on the Sarg^ Verte" ^"^^"""'"'^ ^'^ '^^"^^^ '''' Q.-How were these successes followed up^ A^t'T u f^«*l'a"s ^o«nod8 *' Q -ReJapituUte the results of these suc-^ ^'^r^The English had about 20 men kille* and about the same nutBber wounded in he thole of this expedition, the success of wh ck r.cured tranquility, and the ascendency of tiie British flag in Nova Scotia . CHAPTER XXVI. _ 1755.— George II. . Increase of the French pewer-^Exputsion of the Acadians. Q_What succeeded the conquest of Wot* ^""a !!-The congratulations attending the re- , ;7nnfi he French power in Nova ScoUa :^^;;?oon'dampernpo^ntelligencethat^^^^^^ veral En-lish attacks upon Canada had beea irustraied': that Louisburg had been remforced, and thit the Indians were let loose upon the .ipf<»ncelcss English settlements. "^Qlwhat measure was forthwith, adopted ^"frAware'that if the TVench again made «n irruntion into Nova Scotia, they would ex- 'ct coMr butions and assistance from the Aca-^ 5- !n« 1 i-utenant Governor Lawrence and h.s^ Co nc 1 on the 28th of July, 1755 after grave de at and with the approval of Admirals Bo. cowenand Movstyn, resolved to expell the Acad^ltns from the Province, and disperse them nmoncr the other British colonies. '"q -What was the state of the Acadiarw at this time .' w or NOTA SCOTIA. ii) 18^)00 1 **'®. I''^'^^*' ^^*^^«»e people v-a, 18,000 souls; and they aie described as living t he west perfect association of industry benev^ lence, peace, piety, and contentment ^' '" th^yT^oLf"' "'"" ""''''' ^-^-- --- A.--They were termed Neutrals, as thev nr« DJ the English, thev were h-ifp.? ni * ''"^''^'^" ■no effect the decree of tke Goveno and r„ ^^'^ cl, peremptorily summoned the Aeadia^s 1?.' «».b e at their eharches, in diftereut pa : If I: o,^»rf *""■"""'""'" ''"""'"■ning them. Q— What ensued „pon thi, proclamation ' a.— Ihose who oheyed the summons wb,. ■ formed that by hi. Majesty', con mm^d thev !• "' to be transported from the Pro"""! '?d h? ' their possessions were forfsited to The^o,! stJArth^A-cfdtrh'''^ '^"'^'" ''•'-"-" woods Acaduns. however, escaped to the themr^*"" """'"''' ''"" I'-'^'-^d 'ovvarc's A.~In order to prevent their sulwistcnce tl„ coantry was hid waste hr «ie • i „ J bnildines were bumeH L „ • ' "'"""""''s <>f ..«.j . 1 "•""' "•"ned. the prisoners wore thrw . rlr '''™=^«"'« victinlsofthe ob inacv .ir the dehnqnent,, many of whom at length S;' c *'!• 50 GSOGRAPHY AND HIITORY I dered voluntarily, in preference to hazardmg their lives amid the active terrors which surrounded them ; while others escaped to Canada. CHAPTER XXVII. From 1755 to 1756.— George ix. Expulsion of the ^cadians — concluded. Q,. — What particular scene is here worthy of notice ? A. — ^The removal of the Acadians from Grand Pre or Minas (now Horton) was peculiarly inte- resting. At that place were assembled 1,923 souls, and the 10th of September was the day fixed upon for their departure. Q,. — How were they affected at this crisis ? A. — Although they had received their sentence with resignation, and borne their confinement with fortitude; yet, when the hour arrived, when the ties of affection were to be severed— when they were to leave the land of their nativity for ever — to part from their friends aad relatives without the hope ef ever seeing them again— tnd to be dis- persed among strangers, whose language, customs, and religion were opposed to their own, they were overpowered with a sense of their miseries. Q,. — How were their feelings of affection ex- pressed ? A. — Being drawn up six deep, at the chapel, a mile from the shore, the young men refused to go on board without their friends ; but. they were compelled to proceed, followed by their seniors; and the whole road was crowded with women •nd children, who on their knees greeted the pri- soners with tears and blessings, as they slowly advanced, weeping, praying, and singing hymns. Q.— Relate the particulars of their removal ? 6mg thair irrounded IX. ided. «rorthy of Dm Grand iarly inte- led 1,923 3 the day crisis ? r sentence meat with when the vhen they y for ever es without [ to be dis« I, customs, they were iries, Bction ex- ) chapel, a used to go they were jjr seniors; th women ed the pri- ey slowly ng hymnsr jmoval ? or KOVA 8C9TIA. 61 A — The males were embarked on board of 5 wivpTf!! «i^.^/"*'?«d by 86 soldiers; and their wives and children being put in other vessels, they were all transported from Nova Scotia, leavl dl^ Hn'' ^'"''^ *'^^"*'*'"' ^^^^' ^"^ comfortable dwellmgs m one vyide spread mass of Hmoulderinir rums, whilst the lowings of their cattle, and thf inoanings of their faithful dogs sounded in doleful tones amid the surrouiding desolation. U—How does this description otherwise apply? from 7 "^ r ^^ S"^ f "^® *"^"»er the Acadian. Nnvn R""fP'''''' ^"'"berland, and other parts of J^ova Scotia, numbering in all 7000, wore con- lonies.^""^^' and dispersed among the other co- Q, — Where were many of them landed ' A.— 1000 of them arrived at Boston, and be- came a publie expense. 450 landed at Philadel- SfJV"r^ P'**'?^^® condition, and the Govern- ment of Pennsylvania, to relieve itself of their maintenance, proposed to sell them, with their own consent. Q. — What answer was returned ? JnJT'^P® Acadians rejected this expedient with ind gnation, urging that as prisoners they expect- ed to be maintained, and not f.,rced to labor. U.~What remarkable desire did they evince ? nffh J i"^- ^'*^"1'"^ *^^ revolting retrospect of heir sufTerings, the forlorn Acadians sighed in exile to revisit their native land. theraT'^'' "^^""^ ^''^''"' ^^ ^^^ ^''^^•"g P«>»^^P' to'^r'^-^lP'"'*'*'';,^^*^^"'^^'^^ had been sent to_Geoigia ^ actually set out up on their return ♦Now the next State north of Florida «2 52 GBOGRAPHY AND HISTORY .„d, by a ^-r "howevl"'' IhTwer: dXfd; «d Boston, where, howc\er, mey wc *l'LThe others drew up a pathetic memorial ./the KinV. bewailing -h^'f ^1^ ^^y -a accusations against them, a" »t™>y ^ .rroundless, and petitioning for a legal healing o '"t.lwhat effect had their memonaU A —This appeal failed to accomplish a 'edioM .fth^ ereva^n'ees, and the majority of them pe- 1 J if^X bv disease and distress, proceed. '£tZ a" tcon^erable antipathy to their dis- "S -wttt™ you .0 remark in conclusion "^frSer the ..pulsion of the Acadi- ,V„t Nova ^-tia 7-; - not a ps.fi.rb, act. t^rSrcS S ed "..uires the im- paitial voice of an unbiassed tribunal. CHAVTER XXVm. rnoAi 1756 TO 1757.— George II. list- rs ofthej'cct. ^ a _!Iow stood the English efforts against the rrfnch power i» other parts of.'imerica, at this '"1"' Some reverses befel the Engli.h arms on „,ef™Ss of Canada, during tb« campaign of 1756. OF NOVA SCOTIA. ^3 Tcacli- tained, ians a> jmorial ty, ind Ise and ir'mg of , redress hem pe- pvoceed- heir dis- )nclusioii Acadians iabl« act, bate, and s the im- : II. / Loudon fax—Dis- igamst the ca, at thb ih arms on impaign of Q. — What new operations were projected ? A. — Lord London, then Governor of Massachu- setts, hud required tho attendance of Governor Lawrence at the annual Military Council at Bos- ton, in January, 1757, where it was determin- ed to direct the whole disposable force of the colonics against Louisburg, and to make tke re- duction of that post the commencement of more extended operations. d. — What were the first movements for that purpose ? A. — Halifax being fixed upon as the place of rfindezvoas. Admiral Holborne arrived there on the 9th of July, with a powerful squafiron, and 5000 British troops, under the command ofViw- count Howe; and was soon after joined by Lord Loudon with 6000 men from New York. Q. — What detained the armament in Halifax harbor ? A. — Information received by Admiral Hol- borne of the strength of tho cnamy at I.ouisburg, deterred him from attempting an attack till thu middle of September. (^. — How did he then proceed ? A. — Having received a reinforcement of 4 ships, be sailed from Halifax, and; arrivi.)^:; before Lou- isburg, endeavoured to draw the enemy into bat- tle, until the 25th, when he vvaa oveitahon by a violent storm, lost one of his shlp.s ox. the rocks, and returned to England with the ie;^t in a ahal- tercd condition. CHAPTEll XXLX. From 1757 to 1758. — Gj:oKc;r; ii. Second CAniqm'st, of Loii/sbur.'r. Q. — What succeeded the unfertanals occur- t3 m u OEOCJRAPHlf AND rtlitORY r«ncei with which the foregoing chapter con- cludes ? , . , TT IL 1 A.— The discomfiture of Admiral llolborne a fleet, and the success of the French arms in Ca- nada, left the colonies in a gloomy state; but in the autumn of 1767, they received from England assurances of zealous co-operation agamst the French. , ^ , . , . (^.— What were the first results of tnig dater- inination ? ^ , * A.— Earlv in the spring of 1758, General Am- herst, who' had arrived at Halifax vvith 12,000 Provinctial and regular troops, was joined by Admi- ral Boscawenwitha formidable fleet from England. Q.— Whether did these forces proceed ? A. The whole armament, consisting of 157 ■ai1,and 14,000 men, quitted Halifax on the 28th (Sf May, and having anchored on the 2nd of June within 7 miles of Louisburg, the troops, headed by Krigadier General Wolfe, landed on the 8lh, under a tremendous fire of musketry aud cannon. C|.— Was the expedition eventually succeisful ? A. Ably aided by the spirited conduct and de ■ termined courage of the gallant Wolfe, theEng- llah Commanders compelled Chevalier Drucor, then Covernoi of Louisburg, after a vigorous re- sistance, to sign a capitulation on the 26lh of July. Cl, Particularize the terms of the capitulation ? A.— By these articles, Cape Breton and Prince Edward's Island was surrendered to the English, with 5037 prisoners and 239 cannon, beside which, tho enemy had lost nine men-of-war. Q._VVhat measure was forthwith adopted ? A. —Captain Amherst was immediately dis- patched to England with intelligence of this con- queit. OF NOVA SCOTIA, 55 : con- lornc's ill Ca- but in ngland 1st the 1 (later- al Am- 12,000 rAdmi • ngland . 5 of 157 lie 28th of Junfi headed ;he 8lh, cannon, ceisful ? and de • he Eng • Drucor, rous re- of July, ujation ? d Prince English , , beside \'ar. ipted ? ely d»8' this con- Q. — What ti'ophies did he bear ? A. — He presetfted eleven pair of French Colors to his Majesty, who ordered them to be carried to St. Paul's Cathedral, where they were tlopogit- ed under a triumphant discharge of cannon and general rejoicings. Q. — What ot'ier signs of gratulation vv ere ex- hibited ? A. — His Majesty received addresses frpp; over/ part of his dominions, congratulating hhrj upon ihs success of his arms against Louisburg.^ Q. — What other advantages were gained by tha English ? A. — During the same year the French were de-» prived of two important posts in Canada. CHAPTER XXX. 1758. — GsomGE ii. Convention of a General Jisscmbly — OutUne of the Constitution^ by a correlative view of the hn* perial and Provincial Governments. Q. — What important event occurred in 1 758 ? A. — In compliance with an order from his Ma- jesty, Governor Lawrence had convened a Gene- ral Assembly of 22 members at Halifax, and com-, nienced the business of the session with an open- ing speech, on the 2nd of October, 1758. * In the following year, General Amherst and Admir.nl Boscawen received a vote of thanks from tlic House of Commons for their services in reducing LouiRbnr;^, Ge- neral Amherst was an active officer in the Can;idiaii cam- paigns of 1759 and '60; during which he look possession of Ticonderoga, Crown point, Isle Royal, and Montreal. H« was afterwards Governor of Virginia, Goversof of (iuern- •ey, Baron of Holmsdalo, twice Commander in vJhief of the British army in England, and a Peer of the lealni. Hi» luilitary character stands high in the histoiy of England. c 4 9^ GF.0ORAPI1T AND HISTORY t> Hnw w«s the Goverament compo«ed ? ^iThe Guve"nn,ent of No"«coUa now .agisted of the Governor ; a Councofl- ,„eiii'jers, actini both «««''.'""'', "'"t'f,,,, : Kxcelkncy, and as a distmct h'»"«h jftl^ •'-eH^;»?^^^rrt^e".?rtue *^A^''Thus the Monarch of England who sdvised by a privy tounci , or V. '^'a^' What branch did the Council resemble ? ^iThe Council m its Legislative capacy bofe resemblance to the House of Lord«,--com^ ^ore reseu ^ ^j ^t various periods by r;:rrtlg"nin'>^Monrr:L of England, and «hos» "a -Tli'. British House of Common., .body 4" ''^. '^fhvTat"; tlfe Si" nr'':L^u':e^«ai\GeneralA^^^^^^^^^^^ .:"cr„'i«.h" interests of the ™>.f Em^-re^ Q_WlVat exclusive powers did the Kms escrcise i' or NOVA aC0TI4. 57 A —-The Kinff alone declared war, and maQ« nil appointments ofoflicerj*, both civil and. mi- litary ; he could at his pleasure convene, pro- rorruc, or dissolve the Parlinrnent ; and the Go- vernor in obedience to his Majesty's couimar»us, oAorcisod these powers in the Colony. Q — What exclusive power was possessed hy the Commons ? A. — Neither branch except the House -of Commons had any right to originate a bill fur granting money or taxing the people ; and the General Assembly claimed the exercise of th« same power in Nova Scoria. Q. ~ What power was commou to all of them ? A. — No law couW be enacted or enforc*^ Without the concurrence of the whole threis branches : — King", Lords, and Commons ; or Governor, Council, and Assembly. Q. — Who represented the Governor in his absence ? A. — The Governor was generally assisted by a Lieutenant Governor, who represented him in his absence ; and in case of the abseuca .:h was tiie vicrour of their operations that tl - campaign of 175!) terminated in the conqucsf. of the forts at Ticonderoga, Crown Point, r^'ngara, and Quebec. Q. -Which was the most important con- quest ^ A. --The fall of Quebec on the 18th of Sep- tember, was an event immortalized equally by its n;tt! 'Jial importance and by the death of General Wolfe, who fell in the arms of victory, at the : iriie moment finishing the glorious ca- reer he so bravely opened at Louisburg, and sealiri,: with his blood the ascendency of the Britisl) arms in America."* *Afl'. joverril unsuccessful jitiempts to reduce Ciuo- bcc, V\' lift coiicoivod find na boldly executed the desi^Mi of ascf'i .iii^'a prf?ci|)ice 200 feet lii?li, by which he roach ■ thej)l;ii;' ofAI)ryhum, and drew the enomy into .in cn- gagouii r', Durin;; the baltlo, Wolfo received wounda m «0 0E0CP.4PHT ASD BISTORT Q._How was the event celebrated at Hali- '"•! The people of Halifax di'moi.stratea :rrersrnre'7an'::ipatro''n1n the ge„e.al '' o"-How was Canada wholly subdued ? A Ater the fall of Quebec, tl.>- French riV.;;,for ret red to Montreal [see map] ; V,., .»,^n"receWed intellisence of the approach ot :„'rd "CoWme, with a VO^^^^^^^Z^^y lifax, and bemg "^'""^.V he surrendered thi ^!;L?^o1ta„^2r4^it:«nicMo,e.y.,,n ''■«Q'!!l"v^ha7cot;iet!d'the disasters of the ^'T-TUe destruction of » French arn.ament iiThe Gulf of St. Lawrence, by Capton. By- ron then senior officer at Louisburg, conip.et- od 'the annrhilation of the French power ,.. '^ Q'-i-Recapitulatethe English successes over "T-Th"En.rlish had deprived them nfevery potsslon except the i„farUCoW<>f^^^ of -.ho,, run," "71"" S'-'Thon .«« l"M.py," «"'l .txpirod. Ine l< rent, i 2^ , .^omoiit Tlio ac covin t fell, mortally ^^'^^.'^'^ .M.arn s wLh lil-.l in Great Eri- ofthiHtiuunphoftheBi « ani.s^v^i^^^^^ tain with t!u, most «"tbusms c an 1 '^^^^^^, ,,,,iii,u liSn!:>uL:nt/:;rS!«Wesnnin... Abbey. or NOVA SCOTIA. 61 Hali- ratefl lumi- 'iieral rench I ; b.t acM ot in Ha- ide by ed th*? on ity, of the :iament liii By Dvnplet- >wer in ies over if every ■ Louirii- he roar of ird the cry t was thn ,)py," a«ul Monlcnlm, he account Great Bri- lut exprps- 'olf'*, by «- )boy. ana ; and soon after procured the submission of the French inhabitants and Indians of Ca- nada and Nova Scotia. Q.— What measure succeeded the English victiories •* A.— As the maintenance of an adequate gar- rison at Louisburgf was deemed disproportion- ate to its value, its fortifications were wholly destroyed,- the cannon were removed to Hali- fax, and this once celebrated military depot, has now become an inconsiderable fishing port. CHAPTER XXXfll. From 1760 to 1763.— George it, George hi. Death of Governor Lawrence— Is succeeded by President Belcher — Capture and re-capture of Newfoundland — Peace. Q. — What melancholy event happened a- boiit this time ? A. — Tlip general joy attending the success of the British arms, was suddenly overcast by the death of Governor Lawrence, on the 19th of October, 1760. Q. — Did his death cause much regret? A. — He was as deeply regretted as he had been universally respected and beloved; and the House of Assembly honored his memory by causing a monument to be erected to him in St. Paul's Church, at Halifax. Q- — Who now assumed the Government of Nova Scotia. A. — Upon the death of Governor Lawrence, His Honor Chief Justice Belcher, succeeded to the administration of the Government, as Pre- sident. 62 OEOGKAPHY AND HISTORY Q.—What was the first important measure ^'^A^^The Assembly having been dissolved by the death of George the Second, on the ibtii of October, 1760, President Belcher and h.s Council altered the scale of representation, and made an increase of members. _,. ^ . Q —What were the other acts of his Fresi- ^T-On the Igth of December he made a fa- vorable representation of the state of the Co- lony to the Board of Trade ; convened anew Assembly on the 1st of July, 1761 ; and exe- cuted a treaty with the Monguash Uwe ot In- ^^'o^.'-What change occurred in the same year ? A'^President Belcher was created i;^^f"te. nant Governor of Nova Scotia, on the 2Jst of November. . , , ., ^ Q.__What advantage was gained by the French, in 1762? A —The state of tranquility which succeed- €d was disturbed by intelligence of the de- gtruction of the English settlements at New- foundland, and the capture of that Island by a French fleet, which arrived there on the ^4tli of June, 1762. . . Q._-How was this intelligence received m Nova Scotia ? _ . . j .u A —The people of Nova Scotia received the account of this petty triumph with the utmost alarm ; the Lieutenant Governor laid an em- bargo* on the shipping, and declared the exis- fence of martial law. t * RinhafO. s. prohibition to sail. jThc principal ftaiuro of which is, that persons accus- OF irOVA SCOTIA. 63 leasure Ivedby le 26tli ind his on, and s Presi- de a fa- the Co- I a new nd exe- e ofln- le year? Lieute- J 2 J St of by the sncceed- ■ the de- nt New- and by a the 24th ceived in eived the le utmost d an em- the exis- rsons ar.cus- Q— What other extravagant measure was adopted ? A.— More than 130 Acadians were forthvvith collected and transported to Massachusetts ; but as the Legislature of that Pro\rince would not permit them to land, they were returned to Halifax, and again imprisoned in October. Q.— How were the French at Newfoundland subdued ? A.— Lord Colville had, in the meantime, sailed from Halifax with a small fleet, and re- covered Newfoundland with the loss of about «20 men. Q.— When was a pacific treaty executed ? , A.— Further hostilities were arrested by the signing of preliminary articles of peace, on the 3rd of November, and on the 10th of February, 1763, a definite treaty was signed at Paris— by which the Government of France yielded to Great Britain, all Nova Scotia, Canada, Cape Breton, Florida, and the Islands in the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence. CHAPTER XXXIV. From 1763 to 1783.— George hi. Domestic affairs- Political ^ Statistical changes. Q.— What local occurrences succeeded the peace ? A.— About the middle of the year 1763, Lon- donderry was settledj)y Irish emigrants, the township of Horton was founded; and on the 26th of September, Mr. Belcher was succeeded as Lieutenant Governor by the honorable Mon< tague Wilmot. ed of treasonable practices, are judged ia a uumuiarr mode by a Court of Military Officers. '^?, ^:<\ 64 GEOGRAPHY ANn KlSTORY Q -What were the principal events of th« '^T-^lVZmsi of May, 1764 Lieutenant Governor Wilmot was elevated to the office of Governor; and daring the same y^/'J*^; burne was settled, the townsh.p ofj^r^^^^^^^^ was granted to 158 proprietors ; and orde" came^from his Majesty, that m case of the death or absence of the Governor or L eute- nant Governor, the Chief Justice should not assume the administration of the (>overnmenl. Q —What alteration was soon after rnadt A^-lnlTGo, an alteration was made in the scale of representation, by which Cape Breton was entitled to send two members to the Ge- neral Assembly. . , Q -iName the chancrps of the ensuing year: A —Upon the death of Gov. Wilmot, m May, 1766, the hon.Benj.Green, as sen.or Councillor, administered the Government til the appoint- ment of the hon. Michael Franklin as Lieut Governor, on the 23rd August. Mr. Frankln. was relieved on the 30th of November, by the appointmentof the Right Honorable Lord Wil- liam Campbell, as Govefnor of N6va Scotia. Q— Relate the principal local occurrencesi of Lord William Campbell's administration. A — Durino- the six years after his appomt* ment Prince°Edward's Island was jrranted K. 76 proprietors, and placed under a separate Go vernment; Yarmouth, Clare, and Argyle were settled ; Cape Breton was annexed to the Countv of Halifax, and deemed to be repre- gented by its members, and m 1772, the total population of iNova Scotia was stated to be near 20,000, f>iP^«^A SCOTJA. 65 ^Q.~Who succeeded Lord Willind "; Lieutenant Governor. "^, n* CHAPTER XXXV. From 1763 TO J78.3 —CoNTiNUKD. The American Revolution. Q—Whatpubject here demands some attcrt- A.~From the domestic affairs of Nova Sco- tia, our attention is naturally turn-d to the great revolutionary convulsion, which burst in sunder the bond of connection bctvv. ^n Great Jiritam and mo,n of her American colonies. H.---In what state were the colonies at thi^ period ? A.—At the termination of hostiJittes, by the treaty ot Paris, in 1763, the Briti.l) continental colonies from Nova Scotia to Florida were in- habited by upwards of two millions; of people ; it II 55 GEOGBAPMV AK" «""»"» Who generally PO-'^^^l/S'regtd t ' ^4l"^hK^^r" wCp"i^"ua, that prov- ed dissatiafactory »» them ? j j, A. -In the yeaj "6f' »1° 'uidi e*teiij ^m ? ^ ^^ A.- Upon the death of ^^J^JJ Rj^j^^d the 25th of November, ;^^.„^ent as se- Bulkely administer. ,^ ^ -j^^g^ ?-ZTh/Great Pictou Road was on.npA du. xmg Uie admlnistrationj^^ Bu.Keiy. CHAPTER XXXVII. From 1792 to 1808.-Geoege ni. Q.-.Name the principal event in the ne^ Administration ? a«»ainst England, A.-France ^f ^^/.^i^ J^Yalts of this declara; in 1793 ; and one of the ream ^^^^^^ lion, was the cap ^re of two Men ^^^^ :;i^;h^erseKiv:d^^^^^ with their prizes in 1795. „„--onrpa are worthy of ^ Q.__.What other occurrences are w j mention? „^o wpar Governor Went- ^••^:i»;v'-.d:n^e»"orUberaiitv were soon after shown? of Assembly voted ' — - — ' " ' . . ... -r tUttir Maiestie :S^S«^»^«-St?- I» OF SOVk SCOTIA. 71 , on liard 8 se- ,792, into ddu* 'ution. e new gland, eclara- nen-of- lussar, I their ntby of r Went- Baronet nted an npleling ere soon )ly voted ar, to be afKent,* • Majesties ,UBBN VlC- and the inhabitants of Nova Scotia subscribed about X10,009 for the support of the war witli France.* Q.— What calamity happened in the same year ? A.— On the 25th of September, a dreadful storm destroyed property at Halifax amount- ing by estimation to £100,000. Q. — When did the war with France termi- nate f A.— On the 18th of November, 1801, a gene- ral peace was announced; upon which the town of Halifax was brilliantly illuminated. Q. — For what was the ensuing year distin- guished ? .A.— In May, 1802, a Royal Charter was granted to King's College; and the ship Prin- cess Amelia, bearing the furniture of His Roy- al Highness the Duke of Kent, was lost on Sable Island, andevery person on board, 200 ii^ number, perished. Q. — What results succeeded these occur> fences ? A.— In the following year, an establishment was erected on the Isle of Sable for the. relief TORI A. Hia Royal Highneas waB born on the 2nd of No- vember, 1767 ; and thirty year* afterwards, having visi- tei Halifax as Commander of the Royal Fusileers, he built the Prince'R Lodge, on the margin of Bedford Basin, about six miles from the town. His Royal Highness wa« appointed Commander-in-Chief of the forces in British North Amorica, in 1799, and it was from him that Prince Edward's Island received its present name. On the 5ih of June, 1800, the Duke laid th« corner stone of Mason'» Hall, in Halifax. He died in J n., 1819. * Towards this object, the boys of the Halifax Orammar School gave £23 I83, sterling, out of their own pocket noney. J.t 72 OEOGRAPIIY AND iHSTORT of shipwrecked mariners; and in Septeni?)or, the University of King's College was opened ibr instruction. Q. — What national calamity was proclaimed: A. — Renewed hostilities between England and France, by the disaolution of the peace, were announced in 1803. ~" Q. — Name the principal local event of the cnsuinjr year? A.— No appropriation Bill passed in 1801, in consequence of a disagreement between th«* House and Council, upon which the Lieute- nant Governor uriderlook to pay tlie fseveral items which bad been agre-d to by both bran- ches, and likewise the nsuul salaries. Q. — What important event transpired in Europe ? A. — On the 9nd of December, 1R04, Napo- leon Borrj^PARTF, who, by his military genius and ambitious views, kept Europe in arms for 20 years, was crowned Emperor of France. Q, — Where not hostile movements progres- sing^ in America ?^ A. — The pacific relations between En|G:land and the United States, were violently disturb- ed by the discovery of several English desert- f rs on board the American frigate, Chesapeake, from which they were taken by his Majesty's ship, Leopold, in 1807. Q. — What were the consequences of this collision ? A. — A war between England and the United Spates was now anticipated ; exports of provi- sion from Nova Scotia were prohibited ; nnd tlie militia in many parts of the Province called out and armed. OF NOVA SCOTIA. 73 Q.— What measures were taken by the Unit- ed States ? A.— The American Congress, in retaliation of the commercial restrictions of Great liri- tain, imposed an embargo on all American ve«- flels, and commanded all Uritish i^hips to quit tiieir Portd, Q.—fiovv was the administration chanf^cd ai this time ? ^ A.—Iii the midst of these difficultieB, «ir John Wentworth's :idmini8tratiou terminate*;, by the appointment of Sir George Provoft, as Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. Q.— Was Governor Weutworth popular^ A.— During his administration of the Go- vernment for nearly 15 years, Sir John Went- worth gained the esteem of the people of Nova Scotm, and the Assembly voted him a pension of £500 per annum, on his retirement. CHAPTER XXXViri. From 1808 to ISH.—George hi. Sir George Prevo&Vs Mministratcon. Q.—When did the new adiplriiatraticm com- mence ? A.— Sir George Prevost was sworn into oT fice on'the 13th of April, 180H ; but in the au- tumn of that year he sailed to assist in the re- duction of Martinique, a French Island in the West Indies. Q. — Who now administered the Govern- ment ? A.— In the absence of Sir George Prevost, the Government devolved on the honorable Alexander Croake, who refused his assent to an appropriation bJl' nassed by the Assembly f d f 74 GEOGRAPHT AND HISTORY in January, 1809, one item of which he consi- dered improper, and the whole bill extravagant. Q.— How was the national commerce re- lieved ? A, — In April, a partial intercourse was open- ed between Great Britain and the United S'tates. Q.— When did the Lieutenant Govornfor re- sume the administration ? A.— On the 12th of April, Sir George Pre- vest returned successful from Martinique, and in June, the Legislature voted 200 guineas for the purchase of a sword to be presented to him as a mark of their approbation for his conduct at the taking of that Island. Q. — How was the administration of Lieute- nant Governor Frevost conducive to the pros- perity of Nova Scotia ? A. — Sir George is said to have been the first Governor who discovered the real importance of Nova Scotia ; or who had the abilities to di- rect its resources into proper channels. Q. — Enumerate the measures which led to this opinion ? A.— He introduced order into the public de- partments; established schools in the town- ships ; carried into successful operation a new style of training the militia; founded thatsu- purb edifice the Province Building ; had new loads opened; and extended the agriculture, trade, and fisheries of the colony.* Q.— When did Lieutenant Governor .Fre- Tost's administration terminate ^ A.— On the 20th of August, 1811, the hono- * Sf 9 McGiegoj'n BiiUiU Ab«uc», 1b( £d., p. 144. OF NOVA SCOTIA* 75 rable A. Croake assumed the Government; Sir George Prevost Iia/ing been appointed Governor General of the colonies. CHAPTER XXXIX. From 1811 to 1816.— George hi. Jldministration of Sir John Coape Sherbrooke. Q.— Who was the next Lieutenant Gover- nor of Nova Scotia ? A. — Sir John Coape Shtrbrooke, having been appointed to succeed Sir George Prevost^ was sworn into office as Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia on the 16th of October, 1811. Q.-- What important event distinguished the ensuing year ? A.-— The United States declared war against Great Britain in June, 1812; and the arrival of His Majesty's ship Belvidera at Halifax, an- nouncing that she had been chased and fired into by an American squadron — her captain and 18 seamen wounded, and two killed, indi- cated the necessity of meeting the declaration with vigor and spirit. Q. — What measures were immediately a- dopted ? A.—A press-warrant was forthwith granted to the Admiral on the station ; the militTa were Called out and armed; letters of Marque* were issued, and privateers fitted out against the A- mericans. Q.— How were the interests of education advanced? A.— In January, 1813, the National School at Halifax was opened; and in May, a grant of 20,000 acres of land was made to King's College. ♦ Marau e, a., [pr. mark,] license for making repiisaJ'j. d3 i J t^ GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Q. — What happened in the following month? A —On Sunday, the 6th of June, his Majes- ty's frigate Shannon entered Halifax harbor, with her prize, the American frigate Chesa- Tieake, which she captured near Boston harbor after a severe engagement of eleven minutes. Q. — How were the ships greeted at Halifax ? A. — As the Shannon and her splendid prize {*Jowly passed up the harbor, Ibe inhabitants of Halifax covered the wharves, and rapturously cheered the victorious sailory, who rejoined by waving their hats insikiice, fearful of disturb- ing tho rest of their gaJlimt commander, Cnp- Lain JJroke, who had received a wound on his head. Q. — Who was the American Captain in this action ? A, -The commander of the Chesapeake wfi3 Captain Lawrence, a brave and noble hearted ofdct r. Being killed in the engagement, he was buried at'Halifax with all the formalities due to hh- rank and valor— honors which gene- i vi-.^o runqnerors ever extend to the remains of a fallen foe. Q._How did the contest with France termi- nate ? A.— Irt April, 1S14, Bonaparte resigned the throne of France r.nd Italy, and in the ensuing month, peace was concluded between Great Britain and France. Q. — How fc-tood the war in Anierica ? A — Hostilities against the United States were prosecuted with much vij^or, to the de- cided advantage of the English power, until the treaty of Ghent, wiiich was {rign«^d ou the S^4th cf December, 1B14. « - 4<0.-GrouGE „r r m. Ihc^LarlofDalhousie. H—liy whom was Sir Jolin Coaoe Sho*- broke succeeded ? v^^ape csne.- into offi.*^ ? ^^^^«"«'e, wa« next svvoru «nto office as Lieutenniit, Gov-rn-.r of N.ivt fecofa on the anh of October, HK; Q^-How dui tl,e Earl of Daiiiou.ie r^overn A --His administration was exceedinfflu a- dl^nt:-',' 'h^t^'^P^' "^'^^^'^^'-^ Scotia, aird'vvL dFft.n.rn shed for ^rreat and useful uieasur, a V.^».— Mention some of them ? e. Lroughont the Province T the buildup. ,.' Dalhousie College at IJal.lax, and the ^^u- II f'u 1 ■■¥ 78 OEOORAFBr AND RISTORT mencement of a bridge over the Avon river at Windsor, were among the most important of his measures. Q.— Through whose exertions were affricul- tural societies formed ? A.—The people of Nova Scotia were first roused to a sense of the importance of culti- vating the soil by John Young, Esq., who, un- der the signature of » Agricola," published a series of able and scientific letters in the " A- cadian Recorder," which were the chief cause of the formation of agricultural societies. Q.— What interruption happened in this ad- ministration ? A.— His Lordship, the Earl of Dalhousie, was absent from Nova Scotia from the 3rd of April, 1818, to the 1st of May, 1819, during Which period the honorable Michael Wallace administered the Government. Q.-What melancholy event occurred in 181 9> ■ A — His Majesty, King George the Thirds died on the 29th of January, 1819, after a glo- rious reign of 59 years ; and upon the receipt of official intelligence of this event, Kinjr George th« Fourth was proclaimed in Nova Scotia on the 7th of April, 1820. CHAPTER XLI. From 1820 to 1828— George iv. Sir James Kqmyt. Q-— Who was the next Lieutenant Gover- nor of Nova Scotia ? A — The Earl of Dalhousie, having been up- pointed Governor General, was succeeded by Sir James Kempt, who was sworn into office on the second of June, 1820. ftdrain A— deserv Q- guishei A.— tration to Nov Provinc comniei 1824; t and the Nova S( of Com I t^ompaE tind the ting Cat A.-L Rbsont fi his admi] irom 182 "^ada, fro 18J8. S vernor G ment ? A.~Di rivalcfai lace admij Frobi 182« Q.-.W1 )n river at portant of e figricul- were first > ofculti- , who, un- iblished a the »A- lief cause ies. in this ad* •alhousie, he 3rd of ', during Wallace 1 in 1819? e Third, .er a glo- i receipt t, King in Nova ©F W«TA «COTIA. 79 Gover- •oen ap- eded by to office I8S4; the opening of ttefe?'''* ?""?■ '" ^.— Wow many interruptions occurred? A.-- Lieutenant Governor Kempt was tivin- vernor General, on the 28th of August' W^"' me^tT ^' was administrator of L%l^rn^ ,.:/i~^^"''"fi^ *^®S3 recesses, and until thp nr rival of a new Governor, thehon. Sel wSf" lace admmistered the Government aXJiS: CHAPTERXLH. From 1828to 1834.~GEORaE ,v. Wir ua« it. o XMu ^*^//^^ffrine Maitland. ^.--Wllen did a new Goyerucr ftydre ^ z) 4 80 GEOGRAPHT AND HISTORY A,— On the 29th of November, 182S, Sir Pe- regrine Maitland arrived at Halifax, and waa aworn into- office as Lieutenant Governor of Nova fScotia. Q. — When did he again leave the Province ? A..-After administering the Governoient for nearly a year, His Excellency sailed to a warmer climate for the benefit of his health, and was ab- fi(^il from the 15th of October, 1829, to the 30th of May, 1830; during which period the honora- ble Michael Wallace acted as President of the Province. * - . a:— When did His Excellency finally quit the Provmce ? A.— After his return to Nova Scotia, Sir Pere- grine discharged his Executive duties with much <'-redit till the 9th of October, 1832, when he sail- ed to England; and the administration devolved on the honorable 'J'homas N. .Teffery, as Presi- dent, by seniority in the Council. Q.~What important events occurred during that period ? " ° A.— Sir Peregrine Maitland's administration was distinguished as a period of general peace prosperity, and health; by the death of the King and the accession of William the Fourth on the 6th. of July, 1830; by the prosecution of the works at Fort George; by the formation of Bank- ing .and Steam-boat Companies, a Mechanics' Library and Institute, and other useful institu- tions. CHAPTER XLHi. From 1834 to 1838.— Wm. iv. Victoria i. Sir Colin CampbeU. Q.— Wheh was President Jeffery relieved of his duties ? OP NOVA SCOTIA. 8J ^\ T-^'PO" the arrival of Sir Colin rnmnKoii - L,eu,e„a„. Governor of Nova S 1 "„^ h" ■^nd of Jmio, 183-1, the honorable T. N Jofforv wS?i^ had V'^" of President, the duts 7f m^k^!:j "'"" ""^ "'^ "'^ administration re- A.--The administration of Sir Colin Cflmnhaii wa.^d,s.u,g„i.,.eu by ,..an, importateveM Q.— Enumerate them. we7eZ"L '^ ''^;'*' appear of inost consequenbe of Kh^^^ WnS an rr»«^»<>f 1834 ; the death i^J It ^^ ""?.'"» and the accession of Ilor Mi jesty Uueen Vi«toria, on the 20th of Le 1827 • the ^^construction of the Council of Nova Scotil' orbit's c"'^^ ""^ the celeb" '::':f O if' ^ Coronation, on 28th June, 1838. Rr^To compliance with instructions from the hlo «%f i ^ I^ecembar, 1837. nna its mem- .^.t Ta- ''*^^' genllemen we.o formed into two thnnft ^^!v' ^;?« P»«««ssing the Legislative aiid he other the Executive power,, both previously exercised by tho councU of twelve. Q.—IIow many members were m the new Councils ? , '^•"~'{'>® Lagi^ljvtive Cpuncil was composed of -" members, and was in more perfect assimila- tion to the House n/l.ords ; and the Executive Council coneiste^I of 12 members, and bore ana- log' to Her Majesty's Cabinet of Mmisters. d5 83 OSOOIAPHT AND RllTORt Q.— 'When did the Canadian rtbelUtn con»* intnct ? A.— The first blood by ths nbellion in Canada wai shed about the last of If «^mber, 1837. Q.— What measures wero forthwith adopted ? A.— Upon receipt of this intolligtnce, the ttoopa in garrison at Halifax were despatched to Canada, and a public meeting was held, at which resolu- tions were adopted expressive of attachment to Her Majesty, and of a determination to support the wives and ehUdien of the absent troops. Q. — How was this feeling reeiproeated ? A.— The expressions of Loyalty thus sent foi-th from Halifax* wore reiterated by every other town and settlement in Nova Scotia.* Q.— How did the rebellion terminate ? A. — The mLled people who had been persnad- •d to rebel were soon subdued, their rkhts as Bri- tish subjects were suspended, and the Earl of Dur- ham was sent from England as Governor Gene- ral of British America, with authority to recon- cile the Provincial dispates which bad causid the rebellion. Q.— How was the coronation observed ? A.— The 28tb of June > the day appointed fot the coronation of Her Majesty Quebn Victo- ria, was celebrated in Nova Scotia in a style «n- lurpaseed In the annals of Provincial History. Q.—- What mtaog wtre employed to honor the occasion ? A.— Tb» ceremonies ^t Halilks consisted of royal salutes, a gi« aa4 dispt^f of colours, ringing *Ue% proo«edingii of the meetin? at iHlifax, reported by J. U. CrMfkill in th* Timeiof 29th •ftiet^mhev, 1837: or lee'othtr Newspapers of the lamo week, and sncoead^ ing numbeii fot Ue preosed'ogs of ether loyal meetings. -r .?-.m^.:,^^_^rimim.^~imim»Mmm-mmmmmt'. ov ir«Tj| seoTiA. of church bellg, a pompous procession, a public fealival, sports and games, illuminationfl, mar- tial music, balls, entertainments, bonfires, and a succession of splendid fireworks. Q.~What proved that the desire to honour Her Majesty was universally felt in Nova Sco- tia ? A.—Other parts of the Province joined in ce- lebrating this event with similar demonstra- tions of gratulation. CHAPTER XLIV. The year 1838.— Victoria i. Local events^^Lord Durham — Rebellion in Canada. ^ Q. — What local occurrances succeeded tho events related in the foregoing chapter ? A.—The dose of the year 1838, was marked by the opening of Dalhousie College under three Professors;— a riot in Halifax on the 31st Augiist ; and the execution of Maurice Doyle for murder in the County of Cumberland. Q — What other matters are worthy of recol- lection .' A. — About this time, also, several societies were formed in Halifax— as the St. George's, the Highland, the Agricultural, and the Horti- cultural Societies. Q.— What movement took place affecting our political afiairs ? A.— In September, a deputation of five intel- ligent gentlemen of Halifax were appointed by the Lieutenant Governor to proceed to Canada, for the purpose of conferring with the Gover- nor General on the state of the Colony. Q.— What happened in their absence ? M^ ifmBm^h 84 CEOCRAPHY AND HISTORY A — Jn the meanwhile, news arrlvpd from Entriand that iho acts of the Earl of Durham had been pronounced illejral by tlie Parliament —and that he had been deserted by his politi- cal friends-lhe Ministry nnder whose auspi- ces ho had acted, and from whom he expected ai;J, instead of discouragement, in the arduous duties he had undertaken, Q.— What followed? ^, . r • a A — IndiD-nantatthe treachery of his friends, more than at the open hostility of hi^ enemies, the N<.jble Earl immcMliately threw uothe vice- retral command as Governor General, and em- burked for England on the 2nd oY November. Q —Did be prepare any valuable Document? A —The report of the noble Earl on the Po- litical Institutions and social state of the coxO niesof North America, is an important slate paper— the contents of which should be fumi- iiar to every intelligent colonist. Q,_What ensued upon Lord Durham s de- parture ? , J 1 .^ 1 A —The military command now devoWed on Sir John Colborne, who, on the 4th of No- vember, found it necessary to proclaim the ex- istence of Martial Law. O. — For what reason ? \— Denionstrations of rebellion appeared immediately after Lord Durham's departure, and spread through various parts ot Canada with fearful violence. Q —Mow were the rebels quelled ? A —Troops were withdrawn from Nova Scotia and New P>rnnswick, to aid in snppres- .sincr the robellion ; and S> the assislunce ot the^Loyal British Colonists, and his own ener- OF KOVA SCOTIA. 1^ getic mrvvements, Si John Colbonie b icceed- I'd in RubduiiifT thoso who had taken up arms Hi open Iiostility to the Government. CHAPTER XLV. The ykau J830.— Victouia i. J'Ornl PoUtic^^Stirrini!: cvr.vls—Projjosed In- va.non of A'cio limns wick— Despatches — "itorm. Q.-— What were the leading occurrences of the new vear ? A.— The year 1830 opened with several im- portant movements in the capital of the Pro- vince. Meetinjrs wf-rc held for thefonnaLion of a Society for the encoura^jenient of Trade and Manufactures, nnd for the relief of ihe Cana- dian Loyalists who had suffered by the rebel- lion ; and tho " Judge's fees" were abolished. Q.—For what other local matters was the be- /rinniufr of thii year remarkable ? A.— Some disputes between tiie Le^nslalivo CJouncil and AsKenibly of the Province ripenid into hostility, nnd the tv/o branches sent dele- jrations to Knf»-land to represent tiieir respec- tive views to the Home Government. Q, — What iritervont'd t A.-— TJie political deliberations of the As- Hembiy were suddenly disturbed on the 2b*th of February by the arrival of intelligence that the jnhnbilants of the slate of Mnine\vere pre- parinn- to invade New Brunswick. Q.~How way this news greeted ? A. — The moment: this Jinnouncement was niad«? in tho Assembly, party feeiinii instantly .Mib.sided, and the House,' voted £100,000 and 8,f)00 men to aid the New Bruusvvickcra in re- pylling their invaders. It" IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // V// / * V %^ & 1.0 I.I 11.25 '^ 1^ iiiii -f ^ ill ^ 1^ 12.0 12.2 '- u UUi- i£ 1116 />< <^ /a / * C>;^ Photographic Sciences Corporation \ m '% v •O^ <> <-*'^ '^Cs' o^ '^ n? 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ) ^'4i. ^ t/x ^ 86 GEOGRAPHT AND BISTORT Q.— Did this movement meet with publie sympathy ? A.— The inhabitants of Halifax evinced the most intense interest in these proceedings--the Gallery and lobby of the building were throng- ed with spectators ; and when, after the space of only a few hours, the report of the Commit- tee was brought up to the House, all the mem- bers, with the speaker at their head, siniulta- neously rose, and gave three soul^stirring cheers for Her Majesty the Queen, and three more for our brave and loyal brethren of New Brunswick. Q._What novel scene was presented ? A.— In this patriotic demonstration the dense crowds which thronged the building were per- mitted to join. Q.~For what else was this year remarkable ? A.— The latter part of 1839 was noted for the appointment of Sir C. Poulett Thompson (afterwards Lord Sydenham,) as Governor General of British America, and for two im* pdTtant despatches from the colonial office. Q.-What was the purport of these documents.^ A.-— The first despatch was dated the 14th of October, and declared, among other things, that Her Majesty would govern these colonies by affection — not by force ; the latter was dated the 16th of October,and made the tenure of office dependant on motives of public policy, instead of on the good behavour of the office holder, as heretofore. Q.— What happened in December ? A.— -On the 19th of December, a violent storm swept over this continent and did consi- derable damage along the Atlantic coast. ■*|hn OF NOVA SCOTIA* 87 CHAPTER XLVI. 1840. — Victoria i. Q.— Relate the leading occurrencei of the ensuing year ? A. — The Legislative session of 1840 opened with renewed hostility between the Councils and the Assembly—and the deliberations of the Commons resulted in a vote of want of confidence in the Executive Council, and an address to the Queen asking for the recal of Sir Colin Campbell. Q.— What became of the latter document ? A. — The address was not presented to the Qiieen because it had not been transmitted through the Lieutenant Governor. Q.^Name some of the principal events of this year ? A.— The Marriage of Queen Victoria on the 10th of February, was celebrated with great ce- remony in Nova Scotia-~the Cunard line of steamers was established in the sammer of 1840 ; and there was a general convention of the Governors of British America at Halifax, where the Governor General arrived on the 9th of July. Q.— What change took place in the local Government of the Colony ? A. — On the 16th of September, a now Go- vernor arrived at Halifax in the person of Lord Viscount Falkland, who assumed command on the 30th of September. Q.— What became of his predecessor ? • A.— Sir Colin Campell embarked for Eng. land on the 3rd of October — to proceed to the East as Governor of Ceylon, ftn extensive Is* Iftnd in the ladiaa Ocean. ■Pi m GEOOR/kPHY AND lIISrORY O —What characterised his departure ? A -So enthusiastic was the affection evmc^ *d for Sir Colin on his embarkation, that some of the national societies formed a procession •n honor of the event, the populace took the horses from his carriage, and drew it m tr,. umph to the wharf, where an assernbled mult.- Tde of thousands rent the air with cheers a« Hi^Exceilency stepped on board of the stea- mer which conveyed him from our shores. Q_What was one of the first acts of the "7 !:?{:^:^ ^S^nd immediately cn^ed to W.« c^incil some of the leaders of the Reform pIhT" solved the Assembly and had a ina- Ky returned to support his administration ^ Q Jwhatelse deserving of notice happened '"fiT'lie other prominent events of this year which we have not yet noticed,^were--an a - ^mnt on the Queen's life, which happily fail- Ti Effect -?the pass,., of t^ Bill by the Legislative Council; the elevation nf the Governor General to the Peerage of the Realm ; and the breaking out of hostilities between England and China. Q __For what else was the year 1840 re- '^ A^^The imprisonment of Alexander Mc- Ledd.bv the Americans, formed another source of contention between Great Britain and the United States. McLeod was a British subjeet, and w «^ l^Anr.apojis J «j § rCiipe lireton ^'S •( Richmond' ^03 l^inveuiess 1(5,9^0 17,436 (),770 10,884 ]2,7ti0 n,75'j 5,'281 15,0PJ2\ 1-2,32G • 37,500 2 9 2 1 2 o 2 2 I 1 I 1 1 1 J Halifax Guysboro Dorchostor Pictou Amherst Truro Windsor Ki-iutville Lunenburg Liverpool Shelburne Yarmouth 13iT[by Annnanolis Sydney Aricliar, Port Hood Mem- bers, 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Miles dist. 17^ l'« 91* . 64 •15 li*. (>;") 100 27'^ 22 i 160 l.TC« m 193,409 20 added to 15, uilh n memher for each of tlio townships of Onslow, London derry, Falmouth, Newport, Morton, Corn wi:!li8,Granvilif., Harrington, Argyle, and Clare, (10,) gives u total of 6i members to General As-!eml)ly. 'J'ho ntnnbor of inliahiimts'iibove is nlitained by an in- crease of one-fourtii on fPie census take;o in 1827. Thw distances to Sydney, Aiicbat, ;ind I'ort Hood are by laml Jo Guysborough, thence by Wi ter. If yon embark ut Pii.- tou i'or Port Mood, the distance is o;i?y 151 miles. Si HHW 92 •EOORAPHY AND HISTOET A.— For the better administration of Govern- ment, and the equal distribution of justice, Nova Scotia is divided into circuits, counties, and townships. • Q.—What are the characteristics of each of these divisions? A.— Each circuit embraces several counties, and has one or more judges presiding over its courts ; counties are divisions, serving the bet- ter regulation of taxes and representation ; townships are tracts of land, each granted to a number of individuals, associated together for purposes of settlement. Q.— Do lakes and rivers abound in Nova Scotia.^ A.— About one third of Nova Scotia is co- vered with lakes and rivers, which are scatter- ed in every direction over its surface. Q — Which are the principal lakes ? A.— The largest lakes are the Bras d'Or and Marguerite, in Cape Breton ; Rosignol, in Queen's County, the Grand Shubenacadie, in Halifax and Hants; the St. Croix, in Hants; College Lake in Sydney and Guysborough; and Porter's Lake in Halifax County. Q.—What are the rivers .'' A. — The rivers are numerous. Though none are very great, some of them are naviga- ble for many'miles ; such as the Annapolis ri- ver, the Avon, the Shubenacadie, the Musquo- doboit, and St. Mary's ; East, West, and Mid- die rivers at Pic'tou, and the Miray in Cape, Breton. Q._What mountains are in Nova Scotia ? A.— The surface of Nova Scotia is hilly and undulated, but not mountainous; the princi- ^^ OF 50VA flCOTIA. 93 Rrnr^J'^ ^*'!^.'' "^ "'® ^^""'on Mountains ; dnn ♦ n'?","**^?' """"'"Sr from Cape Blovvme- in rl?'S^'^ ?"U '^' Cobequid Mountains, Koad , and Aepotagen, a mountain rising from a point of land between Margaret's Bay in County! Mahonejay, in Lunenburg ' CHAPTER XLIX. Climate, Soil, Productions, and Education. tia ? "~ '°^* climate has Nova Sco- r',.tC^^^ f'^^^^ of Nova Scotia, though va : nable is salubrious and healthy, and, iSdeed. may be considered one of the best in the world for we have neither the continual sultry and un! healthy heat of more southern countries, nor the everlasting winter of the more northern. ^ AiSu ^'1^ °^ "^'^ '^as Nova Scotia ? A.~The soil in the interior parts of the country is excellent for vegetation, the por- tions on the Atlantic shore being compara- lively sterile; but the beautiful fields that now cover the once styled barren peninsula of Ha- lifax, prove that the quantity of soil incapable ^^'"iJu^"^® ^®'*^^^' '^ comparatively small. t^.— What are the chief productions of No- va Scotia.' A -The soil of Nova Scotia produces al- moot every kind of grain of good quality, abun- dance of vegetables, excellent fruits, ind fine timber trees; its domestic animals grov/ plen- tifulasthe wild ones become scarce ; its har- hours, rivers and lakes abound with fish, its forests with birds, and the earth contains valu- able minerals. qpRPn r ' Q. What colleges and academies arc \\ in Nova Scotia ? . r* i / ;^__TI,c cliief places of education are Ual- housie and Kin^r's coUeijes-llKJ Pictou, Ilor- ton, Windsor, Yarmontli, Annapolis, and Ari- chat academies -the Hivlifax Gnvmmar, Nati- onal, Acadian, Si. George's, and Catholic schools, besides numerous clasaical and other academies, taught by private genllonien. ciiaple:r l. TScc IiidasMss olT'^foi'lilB America. ' Q.— Describe the oriijinal inhabitants .of North America? ... a Q__.When North America was discoverert, it was inliabited by a scattered but robust and hardv race, ol'an athletic iVame ot body, anc! a vigorous and warlike spirit; wild and terrific in appearance; grave and. dignified in man- ners; poi;scssing an unconquerable love ot i- berty, a ferociou.s thirst for glory, aad incredi- ble viinlance and fortitude. Q.__Wlr;it other qualities were perceptible ill them? _ A.— AUhouirh their bravery partook ot sa- vage vengeance and cruelty, and they weiv deslitute of European refinements; yet they exhibited many traits of character whicn would have ad«)rned persons in civilized soci- eiv ? ' Q._What were their means of subsistance ? A —Chiefly by the noble exercise of hunt- ing,' as well as by fishing, and by some slight attempts at agriculture, the roving Indiana gained a sufficiency for an appetite, amazingly limited and easily satisfied ? I ^^P" "4^ OF NOVA SCOTIA. 95 iias tneir primitive Q — By what means stale been altered ? thii;7olf7''S*''\?"^ '^"" -^^" wrought m in Wic?'" '^''" -ttlementof Kurfpea„« Q— Describe tliis change „»M~J'"'"^""'''' <•'■""'"• have since been cut cr.,rrf? ? "'"'einan, or in colonial war* frefast «. I''.''»«"""S messi.re, which the [»;,\,^^'"»""ai'nff them from the face of ^Q.-In what condition are those who re- I- ^:~TH greater number of them driver, far back from the eastern shore" r'etain.^ cZttrr .-riiel^ ."'■ ''-- "-^in^rha'biu ". n" cnaracter , others have willingly adopted som*. of the arts of civilized life ; and a W who have degenerated from the stern virtue of their fo efathers, wander about in towns and citiJ' -l.vmg p.etures of misfortune, dra^klnno:: A ■'~'}^^''^r ^ r'''''"' ^""^ ^" ^'«va Scotia ? Mi. .\^"'^''''"' "^ ^°^a Scotia are of the. at;Troo;"'^ih';r:?:t\^.iT ^:-'''?'» with ';.lankots by^tltrC rGorer'nm^n""" They live ,n bark tents, called wigwams a™ pn^^erb,ally honest, and harmlessTnSpr™ THE END. ./' / / / / 96 Thosf. who wish to gain ^ijftore extensive knowledge of the matters contained m thii toregoing pages may consult the following works-Haliburton's Nova Scotia, Bromley a Description, Morsom's Letters, McGregors British Colonies, Gesner'a Geology, Humes and Smollett's England, Robertsori s North America, Hawkin's Picture of Quebec, His- lory of the United States, London Encyclo- pcedia, Cooney's New Brunswich, A Sketch of New Brunswick, Bouchett's Canada, and the several works mentioned in Haliburton'i Preface, Bromley's Preface, and a list at the endof Murray's North America. , . ^ . The writer of the foregoing work intends preparing a more complete epitome of the Geo- graphy o"f Nova Scotia, to be published m a form similar to this. k^f m .k I« ' i ■IKI